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I* 3 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 f llnltKh.\mt>rti-HHlb>iil« NulflK \l«mlmd 0. ^' ^'rr>^ « .a .1 - '^'•mmmmmmff C A i\ A I) A f^DKH THE Ar5\ffNlSTKATI0N OK TMt EARL Of DnFFERlN. »K:'., PW., "■"<" ?-»»£, I &# UPvLONDON: -m I ARK TON, BEARLE, d: HIVINGTON, aw8 P-iU)ii«w.. 188, Flekt Strekt, 4 ' Jl' '^^BS?; ^c^^-d^^^y^ 'p'P^f CANADA UNDER THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE I EARL OF DUFFERIN, BT GEORGE STEWART, Jr., AUTHOR OF "EVENINGS IN THE LIBRARY," "THE STORY OF THE OREAT FIRE." ETC., ETC., ETC. f LONDON : SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE, & RIVINOTON, Crown Buildings, 188, Fleet Street. HDCCCLXZVIII. /5d 779 TO FRANCIS PARKMAN, Oy UOSTON, MA8H., ^liijei Volume IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED BV THE AUTHOR. '\ PREFACE. '^■V%-X%'\i\ V\,X\\ -V^ %\A.X\* REMARK or two on the tjeneral plan and scope of my work may not be out of place here. I have endeavoured to pr&<««nt, in a thoroughly impartial way, the various political and social events which have from time to time arisen during the brilliant adminis- tration of the Earl of Dufferin in Canada. Political topics, I am aware, require quite delicate handling, and if I have succeeded in keeping out of very hot water, I shall not be unsatisfied with my labours. Lord Dufferin ha.s very kindly and courteously revised his speeches for me, but beyond this he ha.H had no connection whatever with the comDosi- tion of my book, nor has he in the slightest way inspired a single line of its contents. I, alone, am responsible for the opinionc( it contains. ' In order to afford a convenient vehicle for the beautiful and eloquent specimens of Lord Dufferin's oratory; which this book contains, I have described the different journeys he has taken throughout the Dominion, and presented cer- tain aspects of the country as they appeared at the^ time, and which called forth many of the utterances of His Excel- lency. In doing this, I have sought to exhibit the natural xiT FRBFACS. chaiacteristias und i-esourccs of each province, city, town, and village through which the Viceroy passed. Loitl Dufferin has been aiieful to familiarize himself with the geography and history of the land over whose destinies he has so success- fully aad gracefully presided, and his delightful and omat« speeches show the deep interest he has always taken in our uffaira. These eloquent speeches, many of theuj delivered on the spur of the moment during th*^ hurry of continued jour- neys from place to place, and under conditions which rendered their serious preparation a physical impossibility, have done much to make Canada known abroad, and hr.vo materially helped forward the various schemes of emigration to this country. He has presented in an attractive way the unri- valled resources of Canada as a grazing, an agricultural and a mineral country, and his words have borne good results. It ie not necessary to speak of the incisive, sparkling and epigrammatic character of His Excellency's addresses and speeches. They are given here in all their freshness, spon- taneity and brilliancy, that everyone may read and enjoy them for himself. I have allowed the cheers, applause and other indications of the feeling of the audience to stand, as they give life to the performance and exhibit the manner in which His Lordship's remarks were received at the time of their delivery. THE AUTHOR. ToBOMTo, Out. 24, 1878. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. The Nhw Govonior-Ge-inral- Lord Diifferin— HiH Previous (Career — Ap- Ijointinent to Canada— The CouuteNH tif Dufferin — Arrival at Qiiebi c ~ U^j the Ottawa -In the < Capital Thp Pro^renn throiiKh ( )ntario — Amval at Toronto — The Exhibition at Hamilton At Niagara —The Trip to London- Araong the OollegeB and SchfHila -Upper Canada College— The lJnivernity- Trinity (!ollege--The Roman Catholic Halls of Learning. -...-._ Page 17 CHAPTER II. Return to Ottawa— Lord Dufferiit in Montreal — The B-\ll at .Quebec — In Montreal again —McOill University— St. Mary's College ^.Jonvent of Villa Mari.t 'Montreal College — St. Patrick's Asyluni. s;< CHAPTER III. The Second Parliament — The Pacific Railway— Mr. Huntington and His Resolution— Mr. McMullen— Sir Hugh Allan's Affidavit — At Halifax — Return to Ottawa — Angry Politicians — Resignation of the Ministry — Triumph of Mr. MaokenEie and His Party. 115 CHAPTER IV. Embarking on Boart^ the "Druid"— The Maritime Province Tour— Lady DiifTerin Kil'3 a Salmon— Gasp^ — At Dalhousie — In Chatham— New- castle— Prii>«e Edward Island- Arrival in Pictou — Cape Breton — Halifax- Arrival in St. John, N.B.—Fredericton— Woodstock, N.B. — Return by Rivifere du Loup— Quebec — Ottawa a^aiu. - - - 247 CHAPTER V. Third Parliament of Canada— Louis Riel — In the Villages of Canada- Prince Arthur's Landing— Arrival in Chicago— Speech before the Board of 'IVade— In Windsor— Detroit- Sarnia—Guelph—Brantford Woodstock - IngeraoU — London — St. Thomas — St. Catharines — Niagara — Toronto— Whitby— Cobourg— Belleville- Napauee -Kings- ton — Brock ville- Arrival at Ottawa. 277 CHAPTER VI. The British Columbia Difficulty — Mr. Edsar Despatched to British Columbia — The "Carnarvon Terms " —'Hieir Acceptance— Mr. Mac- kenzie's Bill thrown out in the Senate. 354 "«M" XVI CONTENTS. CHAPTER VII. Page TheAmiieBty Question— Bill in the BritiBh Parliament— The North West— Beinnning of the ^Trouble— Hon. William Macdougall— Louis Kiel- Archbishop Tach^— Mr. Howe's Letter— Lord Dufiferin's masterly Despatch— Settlement of the Case, -381 CHAPTER VIII. Their Excellencies leave Canada— Arrival in England— Grand banquet by the Canada Club— Lord Dufferin's Kemarkable Speech— In Belfast— Clandeboye— Return to Ottawa— The Banquet to the Supreme Court Judges. 417 CHAPTER IX. Gaieties at Ottawa— The Quebec Banquet-- The Female Normal School- Departure for British Columbia— Arrival at San Francisco— In Vic- toria— Nanaimo— Bute Inlet— Metlakatlah— New Westminster— In Ottawa again. 432 CHAPTER X. The Visit to Toronto- The Rinks- Dinner at the National Club—The To- ronto Club— Retum.to Ottawa—Parlour Theatricals at Rideau Hall. 501 If CHAPTER XI. En Route to Manitoba — At Emerson — Arrival at Winnipeg — The Mennon- ites— At Gimli— The Icelanders— Oak Point— Portage la Prairie — Rideau HalL - 518 CHAPTER XIL In New York— The American Geographical Society — A Greek Speech at Montreal— At the Windsor- A Toast— The President of the United States— The Fish Question. 561 CHAPTER XIII. The De BoucherviUe Dismissal— The Lieutenant-Goveraor and his Minis- try—A Coup D'Etat— The Ministry Dismissed— Mr. Joly forms a Govenmient— Principal Acts Passed in Parliament. - . . . 537 CHAPTER XIV. Address in the Senate Chamber— At the Ontario Artists' Association Rooms —The Queen's Birthday in Montreal— Harvard College— Speech at the Alumni Dinner— In the Eastern TownKhii)8— Latly Dufferin Leaves for England. 597 CHAPTER XV. Visit of The Municipal Delegates— The one drawback to the Picture— The Marquis of Lome and the Princess Louise— Laval University— St Jean Baptiste 8ociety-In Toronto— Speech at Exhibition— Other ad- dresses- Jleturn to Quebec— Farewell to Canada -Departure of the Earl of Dufferin. - - - 636 APPENDIX. A. Lord Dufiferin's Speech in the House of Lords. Agi 3. List of Medale given by His Excellency. ggs Index -■•-.... ^^^y^ CAN"ADA UNDER THE ADMINISTRATION OV THE EARL OF DUFFERTN. CHAPTER I. The Announcement — The New Govbrnob-Genekal — Lord Duf- FBBiN— His Previous Career — Appointment to Canada — The Banquet at Belfast — An Eloquent After-Dinner Speech — The Toast — The Countess of Dufferin — Lord Duffbbin at Derry— The Ladies of Ireland — Departure for Canada — Arrival at Quebec — The Reception — Addresses — Up the Ot- tawa — In the Capital — Visit to the Camps — Return to Quebec —Gaieties in the Ancient City^ — The Progress through Ontario — Arrival at the "Queen City of the West" — The Exhibi- tion AT Hamilton -Back to Toronto — Tremendous Enthusi- asm of the People — At Niagara — The Trip to London — Third Visit to Toronto — A Month in the Western Capital — Among THE Colleges and Schools — His Excellency's Speeches — Upper Canada College— The University —Trinity College — The Ro- man Catholic Halls of Learning — The Lorftto— With the Presbyterians— Termination of the Festivit es- The Grand Ball. [HEN it was announced officially, in 1872, that the Earl of Duffei'in was to be the new Governor- General' of Canada, a marked feeling of sur- prise was manifested in many quarters. His name was new to the great body of Canadians, and except in cer- B r ti 18 A SPEECH JN THE HOUSE OF LORDS. tain literary circles few had ever even heard of the elo- quent peer. He was known among cultivated readers as theauthorof a very entertaining book of travel, and as the son of a lady who had written "The Irish Emigrant," and several other delightful Irish ballads, and a jeu d'es- frit, consisting of pen and ink sketches, illustrative of the supposed adventures of an old maid on her travels in Egypt. The illustrations, executed by herself, were ex- ceedingly good, and the humour of the letter-press was very gentle and delicate. The rich blood of the Sheridans flowed in his veins, and the Honourable Mi-s. Caroline Nor- ton was his aunt. Mrs. Norton was the lady who sat at the head of that distinguished circle of sweet singers forty years ago, and whose poetry the quaint Maginn once said was " as fluent, as clear, as lucid, and as warm as the liquid distilling from the urn." It was remembered by some that Lord Duft'erin had delivered in the House of Lords one eloquent speech,* — a speech full of scholarly giace and beauty — on the occasion of his moving the address to Her Majesty in answer to the Speech from the Throne. All England rang with prais- es of this masterly utterance, and the touch""'"' allusions to the loss which the nation had sustained in the death of the Prince Consort, awakened many a responsive throb in the hearts of the people. Scotsmen, too, recollected that Lord Dufl'erin had delivered a stirring address at the Centenary Celebration of Sir Walter Scott's birth-day, in Belfast, and * Thin Hpeech was delivered ITiuriiday, 6th February, 1862. A long extract from it will be found in Appendix A. i 1 ■^PTI A LORD IN WAITING ON THE QUEEN. 19 his eloquent words in praise of the " Ariosto of the North," wOii for him a fresh host of admirers. But beyond what was known of the new Governor-General in a literary way, he was looked upon by the mass of Canadians as an untried man, and information about him was eagerly sought after. Information, however, was scant, for though Lord Dufferin had filled, with a large measure of success, many important trusts in his native land, and had served his sovereign in foreign countries, his labours were of so unostentatious a character that they gained for him little publicity. He was born in 1820, and succeeded to the Peerage in 1841. In 1862 he married Harriet Hamilton, daughter of the late Archibald Hamilton, Esq., of Killyleagh Castle, County Down, Ireland. He was educated at Eton and Christ-Church College, Oxford, and in 1846-47, after taking his degree, he devoted himself to the amelioration of Ireland, then enduring the horrors of famine. He was a Lord in Waiting on the Queen from 1849 to 1852, and again from 1854 to 1858, and subsequently served as Under Secretary of State for War, and in the same capacity at the India Office. In 1860 he went on his fiist important mis- sion, and accomplished a work which earned for him at the time much renown, and for which he received the order of a Knight Commander of the Bath. He was sent to Syria as Commissioner of the Crown,* and entrusted with the set- tlement of the difficulties between the natives and Chris- * A full account of the Syrian maasacres and the part taken by Lord Dufferin will be found in " The Eastern Question : its Facts and Fallacies," by Malcolm MacCoU, M.A. r- ^« — Iff li i: 20 LORD DUFFERIN AND MR. MILL tians. He succeeded in mastering the details of this deli- cate mission, and not only satisfactorily arranged the Turk- ish troubles, but he also compromised matters between the French and the warlike Driises. He gave a Constitution to Lebanon, and we have here the first evidence of his ability as a statesman and a diplomatist. Soon afterwards he was offered the Governorahip of Bombay, but declined it on account of his mother's health. In 1868 he was made Chancellor of the Ducliy of Lancaster — a po.sition which was once offered to the Earl of Elgin on his retirement from the Governor-Generalship of Canada. In 18GG Lord Duf- fei-in published an able work, entitled " Contributions to an Enquiry into the State of Ireland," and two years later there appeared his keen pami)hlet on " Mr. Mill's Plan for the Pa- cification of Ireland," which dis[)layed not onlv a thorough knowledge and practical experience of the subject, but a sin- gular power of satire and much argumentative skux. Every point he made was indisputable, and while the essay bristled with facts which no one could gainsay, its humour Mas subtle ane. penetrating. In politics Lord Dufferin is a Liberal. His party was in power in 1872, and it is to the Ministry of Mr. Gladstone that he owed his appointment as Governor-General of the Dominion. His succes-, in Syria and the adaptability he exhibited in dealing with Oriental peoi)]es has frequently caused his name to be uientioned in connection with the Vice-Royalty of the Indian Empire. Lord Dufferin is one of the few Peers whose privilege it is to hold three orders of knighthood. THE BELFAST BANQUET. 91 He received his appointment in the early part of the j'ear 1872, and as soon as it became known, the people of Belfast determined, irrespective of politics, to tender him a public banquet. It was held in the Ulster Hall on the evening of the 12th of June, and no more distinguished gathering had ever assembled in that place before. It was a representa- tive meeting, and people of every creed and class united in doing honour to a 'countryman of their own, and one who had so well deserved that honour. The rooms were superbly decorated. The statuary, paintings and bronzes, the softened lights, the rare plants and flowere, the rich drapery, the orna- ments on the walls, and the skilful grouping of the flags, pre- sented a scene regal in its magnificence. The guests began to arrive at an early hour, and when all had assembled the company sat down to a dinner of the most recherche charac- ter, the mayor of the City presiding. After dinner a num- ber of lettei-s of regret were read, including a tender note from Mi's. Norton, who contributed eight lines of a tuneful song she had once heard Tom Moore recite at the country seat of the Marquis of Lansdowne. After which the usual loyal and patriotic toasts wei'e proposed, when the senti- ment of the evening was given from the chair. The toast was honoured with enthusiastic applause, when His Excel- lency arose and made the following response : — Mr. Mayor, my Lords, Ladies and Gentlemen, — I am sure it will be easily understood that to any one in my situation to-night it must be very difficult to find woi'ds, either simple enough or strong enough, to express his thanks. Those whom I see around me are representatives of all that r 22 A DEMONSTRATION OF PERSONAL KINDNESS. is most distinguished in the social, mercantile, political, and professional world of Ulster and the North. They are, there- fore the very men whose good opinion it has always been my chief ambition to acquire. Amongst them are included not only my personal friends and political associates, btit numbers to whom it has been my misfortune to find myself opposed on many moment,ous public questions, and on whose indulgence and sympathy, therefore, I could have no claim beyond what their nati v^e generosity of feeling might sup- ply. (Cheers.) Yet all have been pleased to join together to-night in a demonstration of personal kindness and good- will towards Lady Dufferin and myself, so cordial and so unanimous, so diyerse in the (juarters whence it proceeds, and so magnificent in its outward characteristics, as may well render the object of it speechle.ss from surprise and grati- tude. (Loud cheere.) Yet, ladies and gentlemen, however unequal I may be to making you understand all that I feel at this moment, there i.s one assurance I must hasten to wive you, and that is that I fully comprehend that it is not to anything I have done, or been, or am, that T owe this su- preme honour, but that I am indebted for it to that instinc- tive feeling of sympathy which all Irish hearts show towards those who, in the discharge of anxious public duties, are called upon to leave their home and native land. (Applause.) You, Mr. Mayor, have indeed been good enough to lay some stress on my humble efforts to promote the advantage of this town and neighbourhood. (Hear, hear.) But, althougb I am conscious that the desire to serve my country has • never ceased to be the great passion of my life— (hear, hear) RESPECT FOR POLITICAL OPPONENTS. 23 — a sense of how little I have been able to do towards so great an end has not failed to supply me with a store of humiliating reflections. In one respect alone is my con- science at ease, and that is in the knowledge that, from my earliest entry into public life, neither from fear nor favoui", neither from a love of applause nor from a dread of running counter to any dominant tide of popular sentiment, have I ever been turned aside from advocating what T believed to be fair, and just, and right. (Great cheering.) As a conse- quence, I have found myself opposed in turn to many of the phases of political thought and feeling which may have pre- vailed in this country. Probably there are many gentle- men in this room — I trust no lady — (hear, hear) — to whom at one time or another my words and conduct may have been displeasing — (hear, hear, and cheering) — but I hope I may regard their presence here to-night as an assurance that, in the warmest moments of controversy, no matter how strong my personal convictions, I have never failed to pay to my temporary opponents that respect and deference which was due to their high character, their conscientious motive?,, and their intellectual eminence. (Applause.) On the other hand, I trust I may take this opportunity of as- suring those of my entertainers with whom I have been po- litically allied, that I retair. a no less grateful appreciation of the confidence with which they have hrnoured me, of the encouragement with which they have greeted my humble efforts on their behalf, and of the genial and affectionate cordiality which has invested our political intercourse with the attributes of personal friendship. (Cheers.) Ladies and 94 PARTY ALLEOJANCE. gentlemen, Constitutional Government must necessarily be canied on by party. (Hear, hear.) Allegiance to one's party is the first obligation on eveiy honourable man. (Hear, hear.) Party warfare is as necessary to our political existence as thof-e corflicting forces which hold the world in equilibrium and refresh and purify the face of nature. But if there is one respect in which public life in this country has the ad- vantnge over public life amongst other nations, it is that our statesmen, in respecting themselves, have learned to re- spect each other — (hear, hear) — it is that each section of the community, in advocating its own opinions or interests, is content to do so with sobriety and moderation, and that a mutual spirit of forbeaitince leads to the settlement of the most burning questions, under conditions in which both sides can eventually acquiesce — it is that political con- troversy seldom degenerates into person*; I rancour — it is that, when once Her Majesty has been pleased to invest one of her subjects with representative authority— whether as a judge, an ambassador, or a viceroy — (cheers)— no matter what may have been the vehemence of his political ante- cedents—his countrymen, of all classes and parties, are con- tent to regard him henceforth as their common servant, champion, and representative — (hear, hear)— as emancipated from all taint of political partisanship — (hear, hear) — and as actuated by a simple desire to serve the nation at large. (Cheers.) It is this generosity of sentiment on the part of the British people which seems to have acted like an in- spiration on the minds of those great men whose services abroad have added so many glorious pages to our hi!-.tory. y be )arty lear.) ce aH brium lere is he ad- 18 that to re- lion of berests, id that tlement 1 which cal con- ) is that, one of ler as a ) niatter jal ante- are con- servant, LEAVING THE FAMILIAR SHOliE. 25 It has purified their natures, elevated their aspirations, in- vigorated their intellects, until, as in the case of Lord Can- ning — (cheers) — Lord Elgin — (cheers) — and our late lament- ed countrymen, Lord Mayo — (loud applause) — their reputa- tions have expanded beyond the anticipations of their warmest friends, and in dying they have left behind them almost heroic memories. (Loud cheers.) And how could this be otherwise ? As the ship he sails in slowly moves away from the familiar shore — as the well-known features of the landscape — the bright villas, the pointed spires, the pleasant woods, the tonent beds that scar the mountain side — gradually melt down into a single tint, till only the broad outline of his native coast attracts his gaze, something of an analogous process operates within the exile's mind, and as he considers his mission and his destiny, the landmarks of home politics grow faint, the rugged controversies which divide opinion become indistinct, the antagonisms of party strife recede into the distance, while their place is occupied by the aspect of an united nation which has confided its interests and its honour to his keeping, and by the image of the beloved Mistress he represents and serves. (Loud cheers.) It is thoughts like these, it is the consciousness that he carries with him the confidence of his countrymen, the good wishes of his friends, the favour of his Queen, that compels a man to forget himself, his selfish interests and feelings, and makes him wholly his country's — which gives him courage to in- cur responsibility, to sustain odium, to confiont danger, to sacrifice health, and, if need be, life itself, at the simple call of duty. (Cheers.) Ladies and gentlemen — As far as such '( '11 » I 26 A HTRICTLY CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT. inspirating auspices as these can ensure success, few wilT have left their native shores under more encouraging cir- cumstances than myself. (Hear, hear.) I only wish I could feel that the friendly anticipations you have expressed were more certain to be realised. But, after all, perhaps a <]eep and almost oppressive sense of the responsibility of one's position, a humble hope to be enabled, in spite of one's deficiencies, to do one's duty, a due appreciation of the hon- our of one's post, is a better preparation for a future career than a more confident and self-.satiafied frame of mind. (Cheers.) At all events there is one function of my great office which will prove a labour of love, and to the discharge of which I know I shall not be unequal, that which will consist in presenting myself to our fellow-subjects across the Atlantic, as the embodiment and representative of that kind feeling— (hear, hear) — of that deep sympathy — (hear, hear) — of that ceaseless and indestructible pride and affection with which all classes and all parties in this country regard the inhabitants of our gieat Dominion. (Cheere.) Ladies and gentlemen, you are, of course, aware that the Govern- ment of Canada is strictly constitutional— (hear, hear) — that it reflects in all respects the institutions of this country, and that this resemblance is maintained not merely by the outward form of its machinery, but what is of far greater importance, by that spirit of dignified moderation and saga- cious statesmanship which inspires the conduct of those dis- tinguished men who have successively administered her afrairs,and directed the councils of her legislature. (Applause.) Why, the mere creation of the Dominion, the union of the pro- will r cir- ish I •es3e<\ laps a ity of I one's B hon- career min«l- f great jcharge ch will ross the at kiml r, hear) ffection r regavtl Ladies 3overn- hear) — country, y by the r greater nd saga- hose dis- ered her pplause.) f the pro- CONQENIAL DUTIES. 2T vinces.the concentration of power in the hands of an Imperial Parliament, whose jurisdiction now extends from ocean t<> ocean.isitself a proof of the patriotism, of the ability, and of the organising power of the Canadian people. (Hear,hear.) It is not to be 9U[»posed but that many local interests, prejudices, and traditions must have imagined themselves compromised by the absorption of the local legislatures into the bosom of the mightier body, but not only have the wisest councils on the subject been permitted to prevail, and all minor jealous- ies been obliterated, but even those who most vehemently opposed the arrangement, when once the controversy was concluded, have acquiesced in the settlement, and with a loyal and generous patriotism have ^ne their very best to re'\der nugatory their own misgivings, and to make the system, they at one time found it necessary to oppose, work to the best possible advantage. (Cheers.) I^adies and gentlemen, who can now doubt the constructive power, the statesman- like instincts, the vitality or the future of a community, whose Parliament and whose public men can already boast of such notable achievements in the art of government ? (Hear.) But, ladies and gentlemen, to be the interpreter of thegood-will of the people of Great Britain towards the inhabitants of Can- ada, is not the only congenial duty imposed upon me by my office. There is another of an analogous kind which it wiH give me hardly less pleasure to discharge. Side by side the Dominion of Canada, along a frontier of more than 2,000 miles, extends the territory of a kindred race — (hear, hear, and applause) — who are working out their great de-itiny imder institutions which, though differing in some of their « PLEASANT ANTICIPATIONS. outward res|)ect8 from our own, have been elaborated under the inspiration of that same love of freedom — (hear, hear) — that reverence for law, that sober, practical statesmanship — (hear, hear) — that capacity of self -discipline — (hear, hear) — which characterises the English-speaking race. (Applause.) As the Chief of the Executive of Canada, as the representa- tive of the British Crown, as the servant and spokesman of the British people, it will be my agreeable duty to exhibit on a'l occasions whatever of hospitality, courtesy, and friend- liness to the citizens of the United States, may most accu- rately exhibit that genuine sympathy felt by this country for America, which, in spite of any momentary and super- ficial disputes which may trouble the outward surface of their amity, descends too deep down into the hearts of both peoples, ever to be really shaken or disturbed. (Loud cheers.) It has been my good fortune to know a great number of dis- tinguished Americans — some of my dearest friends are na- tives of the States — and not the least of the pleasant antici- pations which await me is the prospect of acquiring a better knowledge, and becoming more intimately acquainted with the social and political organisation of that great and prosper- ous nation. (Loud applause.) But,of course, the most constant and absorbing duty of every one connected with the Govem- ,raentof Canada, and one not less agreeable than those to which I have alluded, will be that of developing the latent wealth and the enonuous material resources of the vast ter- ritory comprised within my new jurisdiction. Few people in this country have any notion how bles-sed by Nature is the Canadian soil. (Hear, hear.) The beauty, majesty, and CANADIAN INhUSTHY AND WEALTH. » iiiaturial importance of the Gulf of the St. Lawrence i8,indeeil, the theme of every traveller ; while the stupendous chain of lakes, to which it is the outlet, is well-known to afibrd a system of inland navigation such ns is to be found in no other part of the habitable globe. The inexhaustible har- vests of its seas, annually gathered by its hardy maritime population ; the innumerable treasures of its forests are known to all ; but what is not so generally understood is, that beyond the present inhabited regions of the country, beyond the towns, the lakes, the woods, there stretches out an enormous breadth of rich alluvial soil, comprising an area of thousands of square miles, so level, so fertile, so ripe for cultivation, so profusely watered and intersected by enor- mous navigabk' rivers, with so exceptionally mild a climate, as to be destined at no distant time to be occupied by mil- lions of our prosperous fellow-subjects, and to become a cen- tral granary for the adjoining continents. (Cheers.) Such a scene as this may well fire the most sluggish imagination, nor can there be conceived a greater privilege than being ))ermitted to watch the development of an industry and civ- ilisation fraught with such universal advantage to the hu- man race. In fact, ladies and gentlemen, it may be doubted whether the inhabitants of the Dominion themselves are as yet fully awake to the magnificent destiny in store for them — (hear, htc^r)— or have altogether realised the promise of their young and virile nationality. Like a virgin goddess in a prinieeval Morld, Canada still walks in unconscious beauty among her golden woods, and by the margin of her trackless streams, catching but broken glances of her radiant majesty, 30 A GENTLE CRITIC. as mirrored on their surface, and scarcely recks as yet of the glories awaiting her in the Olympus of Nations. (Loud and long continued cheering.) Later in the evening Lord O'Hagan proposed ihe health of the Countess of Dufferin, and this brought out a neat and humorous reply from the Earl of Dufferin, who said, among other things : — "I well know that although, generally, Lady Dufferin is a very gentle critic of her husband's speeches— (hear, hear, and laughter) — on this occasion, if Demosthenes himself undertook to speak on her behalf, she would tell the disconcerted orator when he had finished, that he had not given utterance to one-half of what she felt. (Hear, hear, and applause.) You must not, therefore, judge of her gratitude by my feeble expression of it. But, indecl, I thank you again and again from the bottom of my heart ; and perhaps after all there is nothing in this world which so deeply moves the staid, impressive nature of our northern lace as any homage rendered to those who reign within our homes. In spite of our commonplace existence, there is not one of us whose soul of souls the dreams of chivalry have failed to vi8it,or who much values advancement or distinction, or the external symbols of success, except for the sake of lier at whose fecc he is privileged to lay the wreaths he wins. (Applause.) Work for ourselves — (hear, hear) — honour for those we love — (applauae)— is what we covet, and in thus honouring the Countess of Dufferin, you have given her husband as gieat satisfaction, probably, as it would THE LADIES OF IRELAND. 31 be possible to afford him. (Loud applause.) In her new sphere, Lady Dufferin will have important duties to perform, and I only wish I could feel as certain of succeeding in my own office, as I do that she will give satisfaction in the dis- charge of her duties amongst that kindly and loyal society amongst whom she is to make her home." (Loud cheers.) In this little speech, and the gieater one which precedes it, Lord Dufferin foreshadowed the policy which shaped his rule in Canada. Before leaving Ireland, he was presented with several addresses from various bodies, and to all of these he made a reply. At Derry, the Town Council entertained the Earl and Countess of Dufferin at luncheon. The health of Theii* Excellencies was proposed by the Mayor, and in his reply, the Governor-General paid a fine tribute to the ladies of Ireland. On the K'th of June, the steamship Prussianleit Movillo harbour with Lord and Lady Dufferin on board, and after an unusually pleasant voyage, Q\iebec was reached on the morning of the 25th instant. The ancient capital wore her holiday attire. Every ship in the harbour was gaily decorated with bridges and streamers of flags, while hundreds of yards of bunting fluttered proudly in the breaze from many a veteran flag-staff. From an early hour in the morning the people were astir, and every street was lined with the citizens of old Stadacona, and every house-top had its occupants, and the Battery and Durham Terrace were black with the multitule which gatheved 32 A BRILLIANT LANDING. there. Lower Town was alive with the moving mass, and the hooming of the cannon from the "Prussian" was the signp.l for a grand and impetuous rush towards the landing place. Music from many bands filled the air with sweet sounds, and the various bodies of military and police took their stations. A guard of honour of one hundred men from B. Battery, Canadian Artillery, in command of Major Monti- Lambert, had been detailed, and at nine o'clock every man was in his place. The Provincial and Water Police Forces guarded tiie landing place and protected the entrances to the depot. The Vice-regal party were met by the Premier, the Right Honourable Sir John A. Macdonald, Hon. Hector L. Langevin, Hon. Sir Francis Hincks, Hon. Mr. Cauchon, Hon. Mr. Chapais, Hon. J. G. Blanchet, the Mayor of Quebec, Aldermen and Councillors, Sir Hastings Doyle, His Honour Sir Narcisse Belleau, Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec, Major Amyot, A.D.C., Colonel Bernard, Hon. Mr. Chauveau, and many prominent citizens. The landing was effected amid nuicli eclat, and the great guns of the Citadel thundered a salvo of welcome as His Excellency's foot touched Cana- dian soil. French and English Governors had arrived at Quebec many times before, and they had experienced many warm gieetings at the hands of the citizens, but the enthu- siasm of the people in its fullest sense had been reserved for the Eaii and Countess of Dufferin. The reception took the form of an overwhelming ovation, and the joyous populace formed themselves into a pageant, and vied wit."' one another in doing fitting honour to the Peer, who had crossed the ocean to preside over their destinies. The prediction which AT SPENCERWOOD. 33 liad been made yi the character of the welcome which His Excellency would receive was not in the least over-estimated. The people felt a pride in their new Vice-roy, and they de- termined to convince him that he arrived among them as a friend and not as a stranger. After the landing was over Their Excellencies were driven to Sptncerwood — a charm- ing retreat, nestling in a perfect bower of beautiful trees, now clad in their tenderest verdure, and foi many years the residence of the Governors of the Province. The drive was one of great attraction to Lord Dutferin. On every hand strange sights met his view, monumsnts greeted his eye, and historic battle-grounds appeared before him. The old JVIartello towers, the menacingf walls of the older Citadel, and those wonderful buildings erected by the Jesuit Fathers centuries ago, and whose walls still stand defying alike the attacks of man, the elements and time, passed like a panorama as the swift carriages glided along the road. Stately churches, representing almost every order of archi- tecture, monastbries and convents, seminaries and colleges, in turn surprised the visitors as they came in view. But the attractions or old Quebtj, her libraries, her relics, her paintings, her tapestries, and her rich stores of ancient and historic emblems were reserved for another and a more minute inspection. The travellers contented themselves now by merely glancing at the fleeting spectacle which they saw from their carriage windows. As soon as luncheon was over and a biief rest had been taken, the Governor-General repaired to the Executive Oouncil Chamber. He arrived at 3 o'clock, and shortly 34 DEPARTURE FROM QUEBEC. afterwards the ceremony of administering the oaths of office and the presentation of addresses took place. An address was then presented by the Mayor on behalf of the Corpora- tion ajid citizens, and His Excellency replied in these words : " It is with feelings of no ordinary pleasure that I have received yo'^r address of congratulation on my airival at the ancient City of Quebec. I trust that I shall fulfil the antici- pations which you have expressed in terms that I cannot but feel as only too flattering. I can assure you that my best endeavours will be directed towards forwarding your views and interests. I thank you in behalf of Lady Dufferin for your kind expressions of welcome, and hope that manj' opportunities may oflfer for a further acquaintance with a c'uy which unites in itself many historical recollections, much natural beauty, and the .promises of great material prosperity." Addresses were also read from the Board of Trade and the St. Patrick's Society, which were duly replied to, when the proceedings terminated. An official dinner at Spencerwood closed Their Excellencies' first day in Canada. The next day, after paying a visit to the Volunteers' Camp .at L^vis, His Excellency left for the Dominion Capital,* which was reachei.: by steamer up the Ottawa, whose tide celebrated in song and story, was thus the first tributary of the " father of rivers " to greet the representative of a great • The Literary and Historical Society iiresented an addresB to His Excellency at the boat, before she left Quebec. 4 UP THju OTTAWA RIVER. 36 lis Excellency Queen. The legendary waters of the Ottawa, famous alike in history, romance, and literature, now shining in repose like a huge sheet of burnished silver, now dashing along at a headlong pace, awakened many memories in the suscepti- ble mind of His Excellency. It did not need the bright spire of the little church at Ste. Anne's, which stands out against the sky, embowered in a leafy gi-ove, to remind the visitor of a witching song of Moore's; nor did he require to see the four noble elms near Como to remind him of the wood-pecker tapping the hollow tree. The spot which the melodious Irish poet immortalized in his sunny verse, is still pointed out to the traveller, and a portion of the house where he passed a night, is yet to be seen. Softly one goes over the hallowed ground, but in vain the eye peers through the " lone little wood " to catch a glimpse of Moore's blushing maid. The rapids, the island-home of the Oka Indians, Como, and other attractive features of the trip, in turn presented themselves, and the variegated scenery on every side at once charmed the poetic nature and testhetic taste of the new Ruler. His fine artistic sense and his love of the beautiful were rewarded by the sights he saw. And when night came, and that moon which looks upon many night-flowers — though the n^ght- flower sees but one moon* — shone out bright and clear in the azure sky, the water and the landscape appeared mere gorgeous still, and the softened light glorified every changeful, every passing scene. The evening had grown old before thb' steamer touched the shore of old By town, but her arrival had been long expected. The wharf was crowded with * Sir William Jones. 86 ABRIVAL AT OTTAWA. G I '» J people, and on the brow of the hill above the wharf and in the streets near at hand, the eager populace walked in great throngs. Men, women, and children, crowded every space, and the members of the City and County Councils, and the members of the different societies with their insignia and badges filled every avenur. A guard of honour, under com- mand of Major White, formed on either side of the passage leading from the boat, and the Civil Service Band took up a position on the hill. The fire companies in their neat uni- forms turned out and presented an effective front. Four splendid greys, richly caparisoned, awaited the Earl and Countess, and a carpeted platform extended from the wharf to the carriage. His Excellency accompanied by Lady Duf- ferin, Lady Macdonald, Sir John Macdonald, Sir George Cai-tier, and Col. Bernard, soon appeared, and the address of welcome was presented by the Mayor on behalf of the Cor- poration of the City of Ottawa. Addresses were also read from the County of Carleton, the Board of Trade, St. George's, St. Andrew's, St. Patrick's Literary Association, and St. Jean Baptiste Societies ; the Canadian Institute, the Irish Catholic Temperance Association, the Irish Protestant Benevolent Society, and the Metropolitan Canadian Society. These were all received singly and replies thereto defen-ed. The party then proceeded to Rideau Hall, His Excellency's arrival was peculiarly well-timed, and the annual military camps which had been formed in diflfer- ent sections of the country afforded him a fine opportunity of witnessing a certain phase of Canadian national life. He paid visits of inspection to the camps at L^vis, Laprairie, EFFICIENCY OF THE CANADIAN MILITIA. 37 Prescott, and Kingston, during the early days of the month of July. At Kingston, on July 1st, and at Prescott, on July 2nd, His Excellency attended by a numerous and brilliant staff, after the usual " marching past," witnessed sham-fights by the troops, and, at the close, the men being formed into a hollow square, he distributed the prizes earned by the differ- ent marksmen at ball practice ; after which, His Excellency on both occasions addressed the troops in glowing terms, ex- pressing his surprise at the " magnificent physique " and general appearance of the men, their steadiness and pro- ficiency, and stating that he should report to Her Majesty's Government the efficiency of the Militia of Canada. On the 3rd, His Excellency, accompanied by Lady Dufferin and suite, left Prescott for Montreal. At Montreal, Their Excellencies remained during their stay at the St. Lawrence Hall, whence the day following their arrival, which was unattended by any public reception, Lord Dufferin proceeded to Laprairie to inspect the volunteers, then in Camp. On his return, in the afternoon, he was waited on by a deputation from the City Council, headed by the Mayor, C. J. Coursol, Esq., by whom an address of welcome was presented, tu which a reply was forwarded from Quebec, to which city Their Excellencies i)roceeded immedi- ately, en route for Rivi&re du Loup, where their children were spending the summer season. About the middle of August, the Governor-General and Lady Dufferin returned with their family to Quebec, and took up their residence at the Citadel. Here Their Excel- lencies began that series of brilliant entertainments, which 88 A SECOND DUBLIN. has made their residence in Canada so marked, A constant succession of dinner parties, receptions, dances, and balls, brought back to old Qiiebec the long forgotten memories of the ancient rSgime, when the proud and courtly chivalry of France held sway within its confines. The days of the old French Governors had come again, and for a time, at least, Quebec assumed the character of another Versailles, and of a second Dublin, and the Vice-regal hospitalities at the Citadel, vied in splendour with those of the famous Court at the Castle. Wor did the intercourse between the Governor and his people stop here. Visits of inspection were paid to the leading educational and other institutions of the city. The Laval Normal School, within whose walls so many accomplished French Canadian Litterateurs re- ceived their education, the schools of the Christian Brothers, the High School, the Convent of St. Rochs, the Ursu lines and the Beauport Lunatic Asylum, were in turn visited. Athletics received a fresh impulse through the influence of His Excellency, who long regarded sports of this charactei- as important factors in the education of youth. He attended the amiual races and games, and Lady Dufierin presented some of the prizes to the winners, amid the cheers of fully five thousand spectators. ' But His Excellency could no longer delay his visit to On- tario. It was necessary that he should see the great western portion of the Dominion before the incoming of winter, and accordingly preparations were made for an early departure from Quebec. The 23rd of September was the day fixed upon, and s'jch was the popularity of Lord and Lady Duf- mm LEAVING QUEBEC. 89 constant md balls, memories J chivalry lys of the a time, at Versailles, vitalities at he famous etween the inspection institutions whose walls •rateurs re- an Brothers, e Ursuliues ,urn visited, inttuence of lis character He attended rin presented leers of fully is visit to On- great western of winter, and rly departure the day fixed ,nd Lady Duf- ferin that it was determined by the people to signalize their departure by a public demonstration. Preparations on a grand scale were begun, and when the day arrived, the city presented even a finer appearance than it did three months » before. Flags and banners were hung across the streets, and part of the way was decorated with evergreens. The shipping in the harbour was gaily dressed with bunting, and the public buildingp and the oflices of the foreign consulates and many private dwellings displayed flags and streamers. Bands of music played, bells rang, students and pupils sang songs, and guns from the Citadel and from the wharves thundered out salute after salute. The streets again were filled with people, and the mighty concourse moved slowly along towards the wharf. A guard of honour awaited Their Excellencies at the pier, and the band played the National Anthem as they appeared in sight. The Mayor and Cor- poration, and a deputation from the citizens presented an address, and His Excellency replied briefly in these words : Mr. Mayor, Ladies and Gentlemen : I can assure you I find it diflicult, adequately, to express either on Lady Dufferin's behalf, or on my own, our deep sense of the kindness of yourself and our other friends in thus coming to bid us good-bye. The delicacy of feeling which has suggested so graceful a compliment doubles its value in our estimation. When we first arrived here we were un- known to you all, and strangers in the land. When we next come to Quebec we feel that we shall be ret^-^ning to a circle of warm friends, to a most charming and agreeable 40 COURTESY OF THE CITIZENS OF QUEBEC. i ! society, and to the sight of kind, familiar faces. Our only- regret is that circumstances have not permitted us dviring our brief biay amongst you to make greater exertions on your behalf, for I am well aware that the social duties of my station are as imperative as my political functions. Encamped, however, as we have been upon the rock above- us, and confined within the narrow casemates of the Citadel, it was impossible for us to open our doors as widely as we could have wished ; but though in one sense the space at our disposal for your accommodation has been restricted, in another way, at all events, we can make ample provision for you all. In the chambers of our hearts there is room and verge enough for many friends. Their avenues are guarded by no state, nor ceremonial ; — no introduction is needed to- gain admission there, and those who once enter need never take their leave. (Cheers.) In conclusion, Mr. Mayor, I would desire especially to- express 10 you and through you to the citizens of Quebec at large, my sense of the courtesy and consideration which I have met on every side in the streets of your town. Whether alone or attended by my staflF, whether in the pub- lic thoroughfares, or in the lanes and alleys of St. Rochs's oi Champlain street, all classes I have encountered have nevei failed to show me the gi-eatest courtesy and politeness, evincing by the respect they paid to my person their deep- seated loyalty to the Throne and Sovereign I represent. Both on my own behalf and on Lady Dutferin's, Mr. Mayor, I accept with gratitude your kind invitation to a ball later in the year. THE ''MONTREAL" AND HER ESCORT. 41 No one could wish for anything better than such an opportunity of paying his devoirs to those fair ladies whom I see around me, and whose grace and beauty so ap- propriately adorn the homes of tlie most beautiful city on the American continent. (Cheers.) Their Excellencies and suite then embarked on board th& steamer, and the Montreal shortly afterwards steamed away amid i\alutes from a hundred cannons, and the cheers from thousands of people who lined tiie wharves, the streets, the walls, the Lower Park Garden, the Tenace, the Grand Bat- tery, the Citadel, and indeed every point overlooking the scene, and the music from the bands. An escort of steamers accompanied the party, and the whole spectacle presented a sight seldom witnessed in the walled capital, or indeed in any Colonial city. The fleet passed up the river, and at every village and cove the people gathered near the shore and cheered. The children of the Sillery School turned out near the Church, and with flags and banners, and their voices, expressed the joy they felt. At Cap Rouge the escort took leave of the Montreal, and after hearty cheers and a salute from the steamer Napoleon III. the Vice-regal party pur- sued their way onward. The hearty recognition of the Governor's amiable quali- ties of head and heart, on the part of the Ancient capital of the Dominion, found a ready echo in the West. To To- ronto, the " Queen City," must ^ o conceded the honour of having made the most magnilieent public demonstration which ever greeted any Governor-General of Canada, and 49 ENTUUSIAHM OF THE WEST. though the formal jeception by the city was defon*ed tixl His Excellency's return from Hamilton, yet the night of September 24th, saw the new ruler received in a most enthu- siastic manner. Ample preparations had been made. The Ontario Government had erected a triumphal arch of wel- and where education is itself the battle-field upon which the conflictirs; denominations encounter each other with the greatest acrimony, it is the greatest pleasure to have met here to-day the distinguished representatives of so many PROMISING MATERIAL. 6B different religious communions, and I must say it speaks very favourably for the liberality of sentiment and for the general enlightenment of the ecclesiastical bodies in this country that this should be the case. In this respect also, i^entlemen, you have my hearty sympathy. It has always seemed to me a disgraceful thing that, in the great conten- tion wliich we are waging with ignorance, and consequently with crime, the various religious denominations of Europe should not have yet learnt to put aside their jealousies and combine in so catholic a cause. I can only say, in addition to the few observations with which I have ventured to trouble you, that since my arrival in Canada I do not think I have ever found myself in a building which seems to com- bine in so favourable a degree all the necessary mechanical appliances for the dissemination of knowledge ; nor, indeed, to judge bj' the intelligent and smiling faces of the nume- rous pupils before me, have I ever seen more promising materials on which, indeed, gentlemen, it must be a satisfac- tion to you to expend your energies and time. Again thanking you for the kind reception you have been good enough to give to Lady Dufferin and myself, I would con- clude by wishing you, from the very bottom of my heart, the utmost success and prosperity in the time to come, and I trust that each succeeding year may enable you to extend he sphere of your beneficent labours." After the performamce of some excellent vocal music by the pupils of the Norisal School, hearty cheers were given for the Queen and Their Excellencies. The party then pro- ceeded to inspect the literary treasures of the library, and M VISIT TO UPPER CANADA COLLEGE. the curiosities of the museum. Two hours were passed profitably heie, when after expressing the gi-eat pleasure he had experienced in the inspection of an institution equalled by few of its kind in Europe, the Governor-General entered his carriage and drove off. On a further occasion, His Excellency visited the Noiinal School during school hours, and listened attentively f r three hours to the recitation of the classes. On the fifteenth of October, Lord Dufferin visited and in- spected Upper Canada College. He proceeded immediately to the boarding-house and the class-rooms, and with great interest he familiarized himself with the mode of instnic- tion pursued at the College. After spending some time in the inspection of this hall of learning, the Governor repaired to the lecture-room, the body of which was filled by boj s, and listened to an address which was read to him by the Principal, Mr. Cockburn. Lord Dufferin replied immediately in these words : — " Mr. Principal, Ladies, and Gentlemen, — " I can assure you that it is with very great pleasure I find myself within these walb. Any institution which contains within it such a specimen of the youth of a country must be one of the most interesting sights which could be presented to the eyes of those who are in any way connected with its administration, and I am sure that both to the Lieute- nant-Govemor and to myself the aspect of so many bright and intelligent faces is a matter of the greatest satisfac tion. I have had the pleasure already of passing through A DMIRARLE PRINCIPLES. 66 the various class-rooms, of informing myself of the course of instruction communicated at this college, and of making the acquaintance of those gentlemen who superintend the studies of the pupils ; and, from first to last, I have seen nothing but what appears to me to be based upon the most admirable principles for the instniction of youth. As I undei-stand, it is the ambition of those who direct the internal affairs of this establishment, to assimilate, as far as possible, the principles of its moral government to those which have proved so suc- cessful in the administration of the great public schools in England. Well, then, sir, I ask myself what are the leading features of an English public school ; and here I would lay aside for the moment any reference to the particular course of study which may be pursued at those establishments, because they vary in different localities and are influenced by different considerations, but there is one feature which is common to them all, and tl'a*' is, that the authorities who are charged with the respou- ioilities of the education of those young lads have laid down for themselves this golden rule, that they will not treat the boys placed under their care as mere children, as incapable of themselves discerning between what is right and what is wrong, between what is honour- able and what is dishonourable; but they endeavour to create among their pupils a healthy public opinion, and through its instrumentality to maintain the proper discipline of the .school. I am certain that there is no more fruitful principle, no more certain mode of gaining at the same time the confidence of the pupils and enlisting them on the side of order, regularity and good conduct, then by thus making M aCHOOL-DAY RSMINISCENCES. an appeal to their honourable feelings. Educated myself at a public school where, perhaps, this principle of ti-ustfulness towards the boys has been carried out to the gr^test extent, I know how it acts upon the minds of the individuals who ■are thus honoured by the confidence of their masters. Al- though, of course, like other boys, we were very often idle, «nd occasionally disobedier Ithough we committed inany things for which we desei mishment, and ior which, I must say, we received it, yet we each of us had this feeling, that, placed upon our honours, as it were, we disdained to commit a base, a dishonourable, or an unworthy action. (Loud applause.) Perhaps the distinction between what was strictly right and wrong was somewhat confused, though we gave rather a liberal interpretation to the code which we thus set ourselves, yet notwithstanding any imperfections of this kind, there was not one of us who, if discovered in a fault, or accused of any act of disobedience, would have hesitated to avow this fault, or would have sought refuge in any- thing so dastardly as a lie. There was also another principle to which an appeal was made with success, and which worked with great benefit among the boys — the principle of endeavouring to impose upon the elder lads a certain degree of responsibility, not only in regard to the example they set, but, in reference to the active influence they exercised among their junior companions. This was a very healthy principle. I do not think that the authority thus delegated was ever abused, or that the boys who were the most conscientious in its exercise were at all unpopular upon that account with their younger colleagues ; and I am sure a kindly word of A HEALTHY PlilNCIPLK W warning from a boy whom we felt to be superior to ourselvef , not only in his moral character, his age, or learning, but alpu in his skill in manly sports, exercised a most healthful, an.-senting the prizes to the successful candidates. An address was prepared by the Senate of the University, conjointly with the Council of University College. At three o'clock the process ic^n entered the hall, in the following order:— A.Bs., M.Ps., LI Bs., M. Pi CONVOCATION OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. m T>s., M.As., and LL.Ds., officers and members of the Uni- versity, Senate and College Council ; Esquire and Yeomen bedels with maces ; V ice-Chancellor of the University, and President of University College. The graduates and under- graduates took their seats on benches running down each side of the hall, and the members of the Senate and College Council occupied positions on the dais. In the centre of the dais His Excellency sat, supported on his right by the Rev. Dr. McCaul, and on his left by the Hon. Adam Crooks. Lady Dufferin sat on the President's right, and other dis- tinguished ladies and gentlemen occupied equally piominent places The joint address was then read. The several prize- men were called up, and presented to His Excellency, who distribiited the prizes with a kindly word to each .student. The ordinary exercises of Convocation being over, Lord Dufferin rose and made the following speech : — " Dr. McCad, Ladies, and Gerdlemen, — " I ca inot quit th^ presence of this distinguished com- pany, without desiring in a few words to express to the Chancellor, to the Vice-Chancellor, and the authorities of this institution, and to those who, upon this occasion,, have associated themselves with them in the pleasing welcome which they have been good enough to extend to- Lady Dufferin and myself, my best thanks for the kind and hearty reception which they have accorded us. I have been looking forward for a considerable time with the great- est pleasure to this occasion. I had long since heard of the admirable system of education which had been established in the Province of Ontario, and especially in the University «0 A FINE SPECIMEN OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. •of Toronto. (Applause.) But I must say that any expecta- tions I may have formed, howe\er pleasing, have been infi- nitely surpassed by the pleasure I have ex.perienced in my visit. (Applause.) Until I reached Toronto itself, I confess I was not aware that so magnificent a specimen of Gothic «,rchitecture existed upon the Ajnerican continent. (Ap- plause.) I can only say that the citizens of Toronto, as well AS the students of this University have to be congi-atulated, in the first place, that, amongst the inhabitants of their own Province, there should have been found a gentleman so com- plete a master of his art as to have been enabled to decorate this town with such a magnificent specimen of his skill; and, in the next place, on the liberality and public spirit of the Government and t ; i people, which placed at his disposal the means of executing his design. (Applause.) But it is not only on account of the material appliances for the distribu- tion of instruction that I have to congratulate you. I must also felicitate those whom I see present still more upon the fact that they have been able to collect within these walls, and to furnish this Hall and its chairs with a President, and with a body of Professors, amply worthy of the building which they occupy. (Applause.) Thanks to an intimacy I had the good fortune of forming with some relatives of Dr. McCaul, before I reached Canada, 1 was in some measure ■aware of the successful nature of his labours, and of the noble work upon which he was engaged. (Applause.) Since my arrival here, I have also been able to assure myself that, perhap.,, in no other educational establishment is there to be found a more competent body of Professors, or a collection A MATTER FOR CONGRATULATION. 61 of gentlemen who, in their several departments, a. e more qualified to do jj tice to the subjects which they undertake to teach. (Applause.) It is a special matter of congratulation to the inhabitants of Toronto, that there should be residing in their midst a body of gentlemen of this description, be- cause it cannot fail to be an advantage to any society that, mixing upon familiar terms with them upon every occasi'^n, there should be found gentlemen of erudition in the several dep8.rtments of human knowledge, inasmuch as their pre- sence and th( ii conversation cannot fail to stimulate the intelle* al and the mental activity of all who have the happiness af befomins? acquainted wit)' tluim. But, of course, ladies and gem i d, it is rath^T in their professorial and professional characte. that we have now to considei them, and I must say that nothing has tak' me more by surprise, while, at the same time, nothing has given me greater pleasure, than to have perceived, that, within the walls of this Univei*sity, a greater num er of subjects is taught, and a more practicable direct is given to the education and to the studies of the students than within the walls of any University with which I have been hitherto ac- quainted. (Applause.) All I can say is, that I my.self, who have been educ«».ted at Oxford, should have been extremely grateful, if the same means, the same appliances, and the same advantages for pursuing the vai'ious branches of study, which were not then considered by any means a necessary portion of our curriculum, had been placed within my reach. (Applause.) But, while I hasten to pay this compliment to the practical character of many of the departments over 62 THE GREEK AND ROMAN CLASSICS. which these distinguished gentlemen preside, I trust it will not be for a moment imagined that upon that account I am one of those who are disposed to undervalue or to desire to see relegated to an inferior position that which I consider to be the backbone of a liberal education. I mean the study of the Greek and Roman claasics. (Applause.) I am happy to think that, amongst the many students to whom it has been my good fortune to deliver urizes, there have been, several young gentlemen who have distinguished themselves both in Latin and in Greek, and I think that, especially in a new country like this, where there is such an exuberant display of all the riches of nature — where every one almost is primarily concerned in material pursuits — it is a point of the very greatest importance that the lessons and the expe- riences of antiquity should not be lost sight of, but that a knowledge of the learning, of the poetry, and of the history of the past, should liberalise our modern ideas. (Applause.) In considering the educational system of Toronto, so far as I have been able to make myself acquainted with it, it seems to me as though its University were the key-stone of that educatidal arch upon which che future prosperity of the Province must depend. (Applause.) Owing to the very high standard which has been fixed for matriculation, there is naturally required of every educational establishment of a lower degree the maintenance of a correspomUngly high standard, while that standard itself becomes the platform from which the students, when once they have succeeded in entering your walls, take a new departure, and endeavour to reach, before they have finished their University career, HINTS TO THE STUDENTS. 63 it will b lam sire to ider to 5 study happy 1 it has ve been. ,mselves cially in :uberant e almost point of ihe expe- ut that a e history .pplause.) so far as „ it seems le of that ity of the very high n, there is ment of a ngly high e platform icceeded in endeavour lity career, even a still higher elevation. And now, in conclusion, I would ask permission to say a very few words more, especi- ally addressed to the students of the University themselves. I by no means venture to read them a lecture, or to preach • them a sermon; but I woald simply remind them that per- haps in no country in the world, under no possible condi- tions which can be imagined, do « body of young men, such AS those I see around me, start in life under more favourable auspices, or enter upon their several careers with a more assured certainty that, by ixiaustrj^, by the due cultivation of their intelligence, by sobriety of manners and of conduct, they may attain the greatest prizes of life. I would remind them that they are citizens of a country in which all the most chex'ished prizes of ambition are open to all — that, how- ever humble the origin of any one of them may have been, there is no position in the service of the country which he may not hope to attain, and such a position is one of the most honourable objects of ambition which a young man could put befoie him as his aim in life. And I would further remind them that they may hope to attain to, not only the prizes which exist in this country, in the several professions they may adopt, or in the public service of the Dominion, but that there are other prizes of an Imperial nature within their reach — for the Queen of England does not stop to en- quire whether a deserving citizen is an Australian, or a Canadian, or a Scotchman, or an Irishman, or an Englishman, it is enough that he should have rendered the State good service, and this is his title to her favour and reward. (Ap- plause.) Already we have in this county a distinguished ex- «4 A SIGNAL MARK OF ROYAL FAVOUR. H It !l ample of the truth of what I have said. Within a few^ weeks past, to a native born Canadian, and at the same time one of the most distinguished ser'/ants of the Empire, the Queen has been pleased to extend a signal mark of her favour, and has invited Sir John Macdonald '■/) become a member of the Im- ' perial Privy Council. (Applause.) There are others, friends of my own, who, in their eUrly life having been Colonists, on vretuming to England, have fought their way into Parlia- ment, and are now counted among the most distinguished and successful rulers of the Emjare. It will be enough for me to make this slighc allusion to this subject. I am sure those I am addressing will lay it to heart, and the lesson I have ventured to inculcate will not be lost upon them. Ladies and gentlemen, I have to apologise for the extremely imperfect nature of these remarks. It was not until a very short time before I made my appearance among you I was made aware that I should be called upon to do more than make a formal reply to the very cordial address with which I have been honoured. Had I known that an oppor- tunity would be afforded to me, of addressing for the uist time since I have been in Canada, an audience so distin- guished in every respect, both for its learning, and, I may say for its beauty (applause), I certainly should have made that preparation which I feel to be necessary, and the want of which I trust you will kindly excuse." (Loud applause.) Trinity College was also visited by the Vice-regal party. They were received at the principal entrance by the Rev. Provost Whittaker and Dr. Hodder, Dean of the Medical WITHIN THE WALLS OF TRINITY COLLEGE. 65 Faculty. The Chancellor of the University received the visitors in Conv' ation Hall, which was richly decorated. The address was then presented to His Excellency, who re- plied verbally : — " Mr. Chancellor and Gentlemen, — " I beg to return you, both on my own behalf and on behalf of Her Excellency, our warmest thanks for the very kind re- ception which you have been good enough to prepare for us. I can assure you it gives me the greatest pleasure to find my- self within the walls of Trinity College. Myself, a member of the Church of England, having the profoundest veneration for that communion, and the firmest belief in the purity of her worship, in the soundness of her doctrine, and in the bene- ficence of her ministrations, it is naturally a source of satisfac- tion to me individually to find r^stablished in this countiy an institution whose objjct it is to provide the Province of On- tario with ministers of che Anglican communion, whose duty it will be to preserve unblemished and intact ih? principles and the faith of the English Church, and to maintain in their several parishes that reputation for pastoral charity which has so much endeared the Mother Church to the popu- lation of Great Britain, and has even gained for her the admi- ration and respect of those who do not belong to her. On the other hand, it is no less a satisfaction to me, as a scholar, to think that, thanks to the methods by which instruction is administered in this establishment, that high character for learning and that tone of refinement which characterize the ministers of our Church at home should be maintained d6 UNEXPECTED DIFFICULTIES. and preserved in this country. I have to thank you, Mr. Chancellor and gentlemen, as the representative of Her Majesty, for those expressions of loyalty to her person and her throne which have found a place in your address, and still more, perhaps, for those expressions of sympathy with your fellow subjects in the Mother Country which distin- guishes you, as it does every other Canadian corporation and all the inhabitants of the Dominion. I am well aware that, in some respects, this institution, may be considered to have been the child of your misfortune ; that, in times gone by, you suddenly found yourselves confronted by difficulties which were unexpected ; and that, unlike those other de- nominations in this country who, from their earliest infancy had been taught to support themselves without any assist- ance from the State, you suddenly found yourselves con- fronted by an unforeseen emergency. But the very fact that, so soon after this change had taken place, such an institution as this should have been established, should have flourished, and should now possess so fair a prospect, is itself a proof that the devotion and the zeal of the members of the English Church in Canada were fully equal to the occasion. In con- clusion, I can only trust that you may continue to enjoy the confidence of your fellow-churchmen, and that you may continue to send forth, year after year, to the various parishes of the Province, ministers of the Gospel who shall maintain and extend the influence of the Church of England, and that you may supply recruits to the various learned professions, whose lives shall prove a credit to her teaching." WELCOME TO ST. MICHAEL'S. er roM, Mr. of Her ■son and ress, and thy with jh distin- ation and Arave that, ed to have 9 gone by, difficulties s other de- test infancy any assist- rsolves con- ;ry fact that, a institution re flourished, itself a pvoof f the English ion. Incon- I to enjoy the lat you may ,rious parishes ihall maintain rland, and that ed professions, The guests were then conducted over the buildmg, and with the officers of the College, visited the library, the chapel, and other apartments. The Colleges of St. Michael and St. Joseph — Roman Cath- olic Institutions — were visited on the 21st of October. Lord Dufferin's arrival at St. Michael's was prefaced by a call at the Society of Recluses, accompanied by His Grace Archbishop Lynch. The College was gay with evergreens, flags and tasteful devices. The steps leading to the centre door were spanned by an arch of evergi-eens, bearing the words, " Wel- come to St. Michael's," surmounting which was the motto of His Excellency, " Per Vias Rectas." The students were gathered in front of the building, forming a line on either side of the carriage drive. A band composed of young men belonging to the college, was stationed near the door, and their uniforms and banners presented a fine appearance. On Their Excellencies' arrival at the College, they were intro- duced by His Grace to the Very Rev. the Superior, who, in turn presented the members of the College Faculty. In reply to an address, Lord Dufferin said : — " It gave him the greatest pleasure to have the opportun- ity of paying this visit. He was well aware of the excellent work which they were prosecuting, and of the success which had attended their labours. Connected, as he was, with a country which annually sent forth from its shores thousands of Catholic emigrants to this country, it was a matter of very gi;eat satisfaction to him to think that there was, in one of the principal localities to which they naturally resorted, .an 68 THE QUEEN AND HER CATHOLIC SUBJECTS. i i institution which not only provided a means of instruction for their children, but furnished forth those ministers of re- ligion, upon whose beneficent operations so much of their spiritual as well as their temporal happiness depended. (Ap- plause.) As the representative of Her Most Gracious Majesty, he received with thanks those expressions of loyalty which they had addressed to her throne and her person, and he felt that he could not do any official act which would be more consonant to Her Majesty's own feelings, or more in accord- ance with those high duties she had been called by God's Providence to pei'forra, than when he testified in her behalf to the interest which she took in every tiling which concerned the welfare of her Catholic subjects. (Applause.) Happily, in this country, those religious animosities, to which from his infancy he had been accastomed in his own, seemed to have been considerably assuaged, and, in every city of the Dominion through which he had passed, he had met fresh instances of the hai'raony and the liberality of sentiment which all the religious denominations of Canada maintained towards each other, and the common feelings of loyalty by which they were bound to the Throne. He thanked them on behalf of Lady Dufiferin, for the kind way in which they had included her in the welcome they had extended to him- self. (Applause.) In return, he wished that they might enjoy every prosperity, and that the sphere of their labours might be continually increased." (Loud applause.) Shortly afterwards the party, still accompanied by the Archbishop, drove to St. Joseph's Home. They were met by A DELICATE COMPLIMENT. 60 ruction •s of re- of their sd. (Ap- Majesty, ,y which id he felt be more n accord- by God's tier behalf concerned Happily, jrhich from seemed to city of the met fresh E sentiment maintained loyalty by anked them which they nded to him- they might their labours use.) )anied by the y were met by the Rev. Mother Bernard and the Sisters of St. Joseph's. After some minutes passed in conversation in one of the neatly arranged rooms of the Home, Lord and Lady Dufferin were conducted into a large parlour wliere the pupils of the Sisters were assembled. Here three young ladies, charming- ly and simply attired, advanced to the foot of the dais and one of them read some words of welcome to their guests. This little address was beautifully illuminated and touching- ly worded, and His Excellency's reply was quite happy and full of feeling. A delicate compliment was paid to the visi- tors at this juncture. Miss Payne sang with much taste and spirit that well-known song which always touches the heart, " The Lament of the Irish Emigrant," — a song which has won its way to thousands of homes everywhere. A pretty feature in the proceedings was an address pre- sented by a number of very little girls, one of whom, Minnie Paddon, aged seven, acted as speaker for the rest. In a firm and distinct voice this little Miss said : " Dear Lady Dufferin, the little children of St. Joseph's wish to present you with an address as well »is the young ladies. Sister says that flowers have a language, and we are sure that you understand it, because you are a very wise lady ; so we have brought these pretty flowers to say every- thing beautiful for us, who do not know how to say anything but — thank you for your kind visit." ^ She then presented the Countess with a floral tribute of affection. On the afternoon of the 23rd October, three other institu- : 70 rUE LADIES OF LORETTO. tions belonging to this body of Christiann were visited. The first was the Loretto Abbey, conducted by -he Community known as the Ladies of Loretto, where somewhat extensive preparations had been made. The decorations, legends, mot- toes, &c., were arranged with faultless taste, and the rooms presented a very beautiful appearance. The young ladies however, in their neat costumes of white and blue, and the ladies of the Loretto in their sober . irnr'umty dresses, formed a picture of themselves, which addiid much to the general beauty of the scene. The pupils were assembled in the drawing-room overlooking the line grounds, and in the ante-room a large number of ladies from all parts of the city were seated. At the door, an Archbishop's Giutrda Nobile of little boys, wearing sashes, on which were inscribed Per Vias Rectus, and carrying crosses from which bannerets de- pended, awaited the arrival of the Vice-regal party. Their Excellencies were received by His Grace, who presented the Rev. Mother Teresa, Superior of the whole Order in Canada, to them. Afterwards Rev. Mother Ignatia, Superior of the Toronto Community, was presented, when a hymn of wel- come was sung by one of the pupils and an address was read. The Archbishop followed with a brief sketch of the ri.se and progress of the institution, when Lord Dufferin in reply said : " Young Ladies, — *' I can assure you that I find it very difficult indeed to discover words which will express with sufficient earn- estness my deep sense of the kindness with which you A HENEFICENT MISSION. Tl have received me to-day. When I look around and con- sider all the preparations which have been made for njy welcome, I scarcely know to which to refer with the greatest admiration. The young ladies themselves, ranged like a bed of flowers in the sunshine of spring- tide, — the beautiful music which has been sung with such taste, delicacy, and feeling, more especially the song which was wi'itten by my mother, to which, naturally, I can never listen without deep emotion — all have combined to make an impression upon me which will never fade away. I have been extremely interested in learning from the observations which fell from his Grace the Archbishop, the origin of this community, and I am proud to think it was from Irish shores it set forth to this country upon its beneficent mis- sion. I congratulate you heartily, young ladies, upon the fortunate circumstance which has placed you within these walls, and I am sure, from all I have heard and witnessed of the noble work in which the sisters are engaged, that the benefits which will be spread abroad through the Dominion cannot be over-estimated. In speaking of a certain lady, an English writer, famous in his time, concluded a brilliant passage in her honour by observing that ' to know her was itself a liberal education.' I would venture to recommend you to lay this observation to heart, and to remember that the character and conduct of the women of a country do more, perhaps, than anything else to elevate the tone of feeling amongst its inhabitants, to inspire them with high thoughts and noble endeavoui-s, and with that spirit of chivalry which raises our nature far above its ordina.y level. 72 A DELIGHTFUL REMINISCENCE. When,ho\vever, these sentiments ate still further illuminated by a spirit of devotion, and directed by the counsels of religion, we have just cause to hope that the careei' of such a nation will recbi .e the blessirg of God, and will prove a benefit to the world at large. I wish more especially to express to the sisters themselves my deep and hearty sympathy with them in their lives of retirement and self-sacrifice, and I cannot imagine that there can be a greater consolation to their own minds, or that a more perfect tribute could be paid to the utility ar>d high character of their work than the fact that the pupils placed under theii guardianship, and beneath the infiuonce of their saintly lives, should incJude the flower of the Catholic ma denhood of Toronto. I can only say, in conclusion, that > in my own ])ehalf, as well as on behalf of the Countess of Duiferin, I thank you again and igain, and that I wish to each one of you individually, and ^x the com- miinity collectively , all the happiness that this wo/ld can give. I make no doubt but that, whatever may be the dangers, the anxieties, the trials, and temptations which, in your fu- ture lives, vou will have to encounter — and there is none of us v/hose life is entirely exempt from them — the instruction which you have had here will do as much as any earthly thing can do to sustain and comfort you, and will prove to the end of your lives a delightful reminiscence." (Applau.se.) The De La Salle Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools and the House of Providence were afterwards in- spected, and short addresses were delivered by His Excel- lency in each. THE YORK PIONEERS. 73 Lord Dnfferin was kept pretty busy during his stay in Toronto, which lasted about a month, in seeing delegations from various bodies and institutions, listening to addresses and responding to the same, and in attending several places of amusement. One of the most interesting addresses pre- sented was that of the famous " York Pioneers," in whom the Toronto of the present recognizes links which bind it to the " muddy little York " of its early days. Some of these veterans had, indeed, endured %reat hai'dships for their countiy. The venerable President had lost his arm in battle in 1814, and others in '812 had experienced in various ways the horrors of bloody war. All present bore marks of age in their silver hair and wrinkled brow, and every breast wore a blue silk badge on which were inscribed the names of Brock, Simcoe, and Tecumseh. The address was feelingly read and as feelirgly replied to by Lord Dufferin, who said : — " Mr. President and Gentlemen, — " To receive an address from those who, associated with the noblest achievements of the past, still share the ever brightening and widening as])irations of the future, is indeed an unmitigated pleasure both to Lady Dufferin and myself, and I can assure you I take it as one of the greatest compliments which I have received since my arrival in Toronto that so many of the York Pio- neers should have been good enough to assemble here to welcome us to-day. When I look around me, and ob- .serve in the streets of Toronto such evidences of an ad- 74 TRADITIONS OF THE PAST. vanced civilization, and of a continually increasing pros- perity ; when, in visiting your schools and institutions, I see on every hand the progress which is being made in art, in science, and in literature ; and when, on the other hand, I consider that only a few years ago the whole of this great territory was almost uninhabited, and that the very site of Toronto was encumbered by a forest whose trees overshadowed the lake, which could not boast of a single sail ; — then it is, gentlemlfti, that I well understand the pride which you naturally feel in remembering and record- ing that great work in which you have been engaged, or in which those from whom you are descended, or whom you represent, have played so distinguished a part. You are indeed, gentlemen, right and wise in thus making every ex- ertion to preserve the traditions of the past, and to cement the foundations of a histoiy which hitherto has been defaced by not a single ignoble record,and upon which, I trusty each succeeding generation is destined to raise a firmer and a loftier superstructure. T know well the patriotism and the loyalty by which you are animated, that not a few of your number have shed their blood, and tluit many of you have encountered danger in the defence of your Queen and of your homes ; but I trust that in future, thanks to the wise legislation of your statesmen, thanks to the position which the United Empire occupies in the face of the world, your energies may be solely directed to peaceful pursuits, and that you may be occupied with the noble object of still further opening up tlie avenues to the far West, which is now extending its ample tenitorics to receive une over- THE SABBATH SCHOOL ASSOCIATION. 76- flowing population of Great Britain and of Europe at large. I have to thank you, gentlemen, especially for those kindly words which you have addressed to Lady DufFerin and to myself. E^•ery day of our stay in the Domixiion of Canada has only increased the satisfaction which we felt when we originally set foot upon your shores, and it is with the utmost assurance that I look forward to spending many and many a happy year amongst you, and I can assure you that during the whole of that time, my utmost endeavour will be to foster the good work which you have commenced, and of which you rightly may be styled the fathers." The Government Emigration Office, the Hospitals, and a number of public and private schools were in turn inspected by His Excellency, who seemed never at a loss for words in which to express his kindly appreciation of the efforts made in his behalf. In reply to a deputation from the Sabbatli iSchool Asso- ciation of Canada, which waited on the Governor-General at Holland House, His Excellency remriil^^d • — " Gentlemen, — " I have to thank you very heaitily for the kind address with which you have presented me. I am well aware that in a country like this, where there is no Estab- lished Church, and where the State does not recognize in any very marked degree sectarian teacliing^ all the more obligation rests upon the various religious denomi- nations to pay strict attention to the training of the f. ) ; 1 4 i 76 AN ABSOLUTE DUTY. young of their individual flocks. Although I have seen with very great pleasure the kindly feeling which prevails between the religious bodies into which the community is divided, and although I have taken every opportunity of expressing the extreme satisfaction with which I have re- garded such a Uberality of sentiment towards each other as prevails amongst them, I am nevertheless impressed with the absolute duty which rests upon each — especially upon those who, in accordance with my own convictions, belong to the Evangelical Church — to be very vigilant in vindi- cating the sacred principles which they have adopted, and in guarding the children committed to their care from being led astray into religious error. For this purpose, there is evidently no more efficient and practical instrumentality than that of Sabbath schools, and I rejoice to hear that, thanks to your exertions and under your guiding superin- tendence, the Sunday schools of Canada are in so very flourishing a condition. T hope to-morrow, in company with Her Excellency Lady Dufferin, to have the pleasure of visiting one of those schools before morning service, and I shall then have a better opportunity than has yet been afforded me of observing the mode in which your instruc- tions are imparted. I thank you very heartily for all those kind expressions personal to myself which are contained in your address, and it is indeed a great pletusure to find that everywhere in Canada, from one sea to the other, even in the midst of the remote districts which are only inhabited by the Indians, the efforts of so Christian a body as your- selves are conducted with such zeal and success." WITH THE PRESBYTERIANS. 7r The next day (Sunday), Their Excellencies attended the St. James' Cathedral Sunday School, and were conducted through the building, when Lord Dufferin took occasion to address a few remarks to those assembled, embodying the views expressed to the Sabbath School Deputation on the previous day. Two addresses were presented by the Young Men's Chris- tian Association, to which Lord Dufferin replied in fitting terms. The reply which His Excellency made to the Presbytery of Toronto, is deserving of more than a mere passing refer- ence. It expressed very happily his sentiments towards the Church of Scotland, and gained for him the esteem and good will of every Presbyterian throughout Canada. He said: — " Mr. Topp and Gentlemen, — " I can assure you it gives me peculiar pleasure to have the honour of receiving you licre this morning, and to accept at your hands the veiy kind address with which you have favoured me. As you are well aware a great part of my life has been spent in Leland, on my own estates, whicli are cultivated almost entirely by Presby- terian tenants, and consequently I have long enjoyed the most intimate relations, not only with the Presbyterian laity, but with the Presbyterian ministers, with whom I thus had the good fortune to become associated ; and like every one else who has been placed in such a relationship, 1 have had opportunities of appreciating all the eminent qualities by which that body is peculiarly distinguished. It has long. i 78 A FLOURISHING CHURCH. been my opinion that in no part of the world is there to be found a more industrious and energetic population than that which inhabits the western counties of Ulster ; nor, as the statistics of the Province show, is there any population so remarkable for a paucity of crime. I have also had, in con- sequence of being closely connected by friendship with many persons in Scotland, the advantage of becoming acquainted with the Divines of the various Presbyterian churches in that country, and of making myself familiar with the pulpit ora- tory, for which, for so many centuries these churches have been famous. It affords me great delight and satisfaction to know and see that the Presbyterian communities which are there established, should also have branches in this country, and that they are carrying on in this great Dominion the beneficent wjrk, which they are prosecuting with so much vigour at home. I am glad to learn, from the observations with which the convener has prefaced the presentation of the address, of the flourishing condition of yor.r church, and I am still more pleased to be told that there may be a pros- pect of uniting in a single body all the Presbyterian commu- nities inhabiting the Dominion. I am well aware that there are two qualities by which the Presbyterian church is emi- nently distinguished — by its unswerving loyalty to the Throne, and the noble way in which on all occasions, tlirough a long history, it has vindicated the freedom of religious thought. I ti-ust that in this new territory your church will flourish in a congenial atmosphere, where the prejudices and illiberality of sentiment, which so unhappily have prevailed — though they are now gradually disappearing — in the Old LOYALTY OF THE PBESBYTEMIANS. 79 Country will not obstruct your endeavours to disseminate the truths of the Gospel. I thank you for the loyal expres- sion which you have addressed to me as the representative of Her Majesty. As you are doubtless aware, the Queen, while residing in the northern portion of her Kingdom, attends the service of the Presbyterian Church, and considers herself a member of the Presbyteidan congi-egation. It can- not fail to express her satisfaction at the knowledge that her Presbyterian subjects on this side of the Atlantic are ani- mated by the same feelings of loyalty as inspire her subjects of the same persuasion on the other side. I have also to thank you for the kind manner in which you have expressed yourselves with regard to Lady DufFerin and myself, and in return I can assure you that as long as I live, I shall never cease to remember with gratitude the friendly reception I have met with at your hands." And in the brief speech with which he received the dele- gation from the Church of Scotland, Lord JJutferin ooserved: " It gives me great pleasure to receive an address from the Synod of the Church of Canada, in connection with the Church of Scotland. Myself, descended on one side of the house from Presbyterian ancestora, and the landlord of a Presbyterian tenantry, I have had good opportunities of observing the character and work of the Presbyterian Church. The Church of Scotland has in all times been distinguished for loyalty to the Crown, and love of intellectual liberty. Whei'ever a Presbyterian congregation is established there you are sure to find energy, industry, sobriety of life, and all 80 A BALL IN TORONTO. I ■ the noblest virtues to which the race can attain ; and where- ever the Church of Scotland has planted her standard this result has invariably been secured. I thank you heartily on behalf of Lady DufFerin and myself, for the good wishes you have so kindly expressed. I can assure you that from the timo we set our feet on the shores of Canada nothing has given us greater pleasure than to observe the harmony which characterizes the relations of the various religious commu- nities to one another." Lady Dufferin's interest in the several charitable institu- tions which abound in Toronto began to shew itself early. She paid numerous visits to the General Hospital, the Boys' Home, and its sister refuge the Girls' Home. At the Hospi- 1,1 her kindly hand soothed many a fevered brow, and her generous words of sympathy went far to comfort the minds of the afflicted. Like a second Florence Nightingale, she moved among the wards, and many an hushed " God bless you " fell from murmuring lips as she passed fi'om one worn patient to another. The close of the memorable visit to Toronto was signalized by a grand ball, which Their Excellencies gave on the even- ing of the 24th of October, at the Parliament Buildings. The Council Chamber was elegantly decorated with gar- lands, wreaths and festoons of fir, dotted with roses and bright-hued flowers. Crimson cloth lined the sides of both chambers. In the larger room, in addition to the usual decorations, there were two handsome trophies of bayonets and ramrods, supplied from the armoury of the Queen's Own. These attracted considerable attention. LEAVING THJ: CITY. 81 At nine o'clock the guests began to an-ive in rapid succes- .sion, and by ten o'clock, when Their Excellencies reached the ball-room, the Council Chamber presented a most brilliant appearance. Dancing commenced shortly after ten, and at three o'clock in the morning one of the finest and grandest balls ever given in Canada terminated, Lord and Lady DufFerin remaining to the end. On the 28th of October, Their Excellencies took leave of the city, their departure being marked by the pres- ence at the Railway Station of an immense concourse of people, and comprising the principal citizens of Toronto. In acknowledgment of the magnificent reception, a letter was subsequently forwarded to the Mayor, expressive of His Excellency's appreciation of the sentiments which his pre- sence had evoked. CHAPTER II. Keturn to Ottawa— The Rival Cities— Anothek Round or Plea- sure—The "Season" — Lord Dufferin in Montreal— Inaugu- ration OF THE Queen's Statue in Victoria Square — His Exoel- lenoy's English Speech — A Few Remarks in French— The Ball AT Quebec — A Visit to Montmorenci — In Montreal Again — A Snow-Shoe Tramp — McGill University — The Arts Students AND Their Excellencies— Lord Dufferin's Speech in Molson Hall— St. Mary's College — A Canadian Snow-storm — Convent OF Villa Maria — Lady Dufferin's Spr-ECH — Montreal College " — St. Patrick's Asylum-^Thb Carnival and Tournament at the Rink — Home Again. I M JROM Toronto, Lord Dufferin proceeded to Ottawa to begin the more onerou.s duties of his position, in earnest. Wherever he had been, he had left behind him a reputation such as no previous Governor- General of Canada had ever gained. The splendid style of the Earl of Elgin had been eclipsed ; the magnificence of Lord Sydenham's entertainments had been more than surpassed. Lord Dufferin won all hearts from the very first. Former rulers, with few exceptions, had governed Canada as India had been ruled, and no allowances had been made for the differences of race and caste. Lord Dufferin had been in the East, and his quick, discerning mind had not been slow to compn^hend the character of the people, and the wide difference which existed between th tni wwwRwmB^w tf THE RIVAL CITIES. 88 The natives of the Orient had been held in clieck by the rod of iron ; the people of the " true North " brooked no other law than that of kindness. Lord Dufferin'a tour thiough Ontario partook of the nature of a triumphal march rather than that of a mere pleasure trip from one city to another. He studied the pleasure of his hosts more than he did the ease and comfort of himself. With every successive step his popularity increa.s' 1, and when he reached Ottawa in the declining days of a delightful Indian Summer, the whole city rose to meet and welcome him once more to his retreat in New Edinburgh. Here, as in other places, his desire seemed to be to understand the people with whom he was brought in contact, and to learn their several peculiari- ties. And here, as in Quebec, he inaugurated a series of princely entertainments, such as Ottawa had never seen be- fore. The dull capital became even gayer than Halifax, which, up to this time, enjoyed the reputation of being the most fashionable and aristocratic pity on the continent. People had long regarded Halifax as a gigantic ball-room, and the scene of constant " kettle drums " and never-ending dinner-parties. The Nova Scotia capital had seldom been without an Admii-al, two or three Generals, an Archbishop, (who entertained regally) a whole army of soldiers and a pei"- fect fleet of British and French war ships. The hospitality of Halifax was as well known as her Citadel, and not a day passed away without its accompanying festivity. For years, the old town of Ohebucto held indisputably its position, and other cities, by common consent, yielded the palm to her. The advent of the new Governor-General at Ottawa, how- I I !i , ■ ! if 84 A STATUE TO THE QUEEN. ever, placed a rival in the field, and Halifax no longer en- joyed its supremacy. The luncheons, dinner-parties, receptions, and " at homes " began, and Ottawa became the scene of the most exceptional gaieties. The long carriage driv^ to Ridciau Hall resounded with the clattering wheels of coaches and landaus, and ■ he " season " was only broken into when Their Excellencies left the capital for a brief visit to Montreal and Quebec. In 1861, the late Bishop Fulford of Montreal conceived the idea of a statue to the Queen. He had already done much to beautify the city in various ways, nnd he regarded a statue as the culmination of his labours. He took an active part in the mat<'3r, and he felt that the little square which bore Her Majesty's name was incomplete without a sculptured likeness of his Queen to adorn it. Accordingly he made several attempts to secure the co-operation of influen- tial citizens ; but, for several reasons, the scheme failed. The visit of Prince Arthur, however, provoked enthusiasm in the project. A subscription was opened, and a large sum of money subscribed ; and finally Mr. Marshall Wood exe- cuted a plaster bust of the Sovereign which gave such emi- nent satisfaction that it was at once ordered to be cast in bronze. The pedestal was erected by the City Council, and when the statue was ready, it was duly placed and veiled. On Hallowe'en the veil was withdrawn, and Lord Dufferin was invited to be present at the inauguration, which was fixed for the twenty-first of November. The day was observed as a partial holiday, and both nationalities united with the sincerest enthusiasm to do honour to Her Gracious A LARGE OATH EKING. 86 Majesty, and to her esteemed representative, wlio was to make hw first public appe ranee in Montreal in iiis official capacity. The stores were closed, and the city was hand- somely dressed with flags. At two o'clock the buildings near the square were occupied in every part by the people, and it is estimated that fully thirty thousand spectators were present in the streets. One hundred men of the Prince of Wales' Rifles lined one side of the square. The platform which had been erected on each side of the pedestal was decorated with evergreens festooned akmg the sides, flags and banners interspersing here and there. Three tasteful arches built of evergreens, and bearing appropriate mottoes, faced St. James, McGill, and Bonaventure Streets. The Statue committee, the members of the Common Council, and a large number of the clergy of all denomina- tions, assembled in the inner circle, and at half past two the escort which was furnished by the Montreal Cavalry, No. 1 trooj), under command of Lieut. Tees, appeared in siglit. His Excellency was greeted with cheers, and the guard of honour presented arms, when Mr. William Murray, Chair- man of the executive committee of citizens, conducted him to the dais, and the ceremony of presentation took place. The address was read, and Lord Dufierin replied, first in English, and afterwards in French. Both speeches are here given. Gentlemen, — " I find it difficult to express in words the extreme satis- faction which I experience in being called upon to perform f i I i ' 1 ? ' \ \ i '1 ' \ 86 THE GENIUS OF THE SCULPTOR. a duty so appropriate to mj office, and so congenial to my own feelings, as that which you have imposed upon nie to-day. (Applause.) Among the many circumstances which make me feel at how fortunate an epoch I have arrived in Canada, perTiaps there is none more agreeable than the fact that there should have been reserved to me the opportunity of taking part in proceedings which tes- tify in so marked and genuine a manner the unfailing loyalty and devotion entertained by the inhabitants of this great, prosperous, and wealthy city to the person and throne of our Sovereign. (Loud applause.) It is, therefore, with the most heartfelt satisfaction that T undertake the function which has been allotted to me, and that I now become the teuiporary depository of this unique and precious gift, with which you, gentlemen, who are subscribers to the under- takinir, are desirous of adorning your town, and which you now commission me to hand over as a perpetual ornament and possession to the citizens of Montreal and to their children for ever. (Loud applause.) And, gentlemen, I must say that it is no mean hei'itage that the future gene- ration will fall heirs to, for thanks to the magic power and the genius of the sculptor there will remaiu to them, and to t hose who come after them, long after we and others who have honoured and loved Queen Victoria shall have passed away, this breathing representation of that grace and dignity, that frank and open countenance, that Imperial majesty of aspect which, .i her lifetime, rendered the presence of the Queen of England more august than that of any contem- porary Sovereign. (Hear, hear, and loud applause.) It is -*'.': !;!a!Ouii«iiik.c*v> PATIENCE, PATRIOTISM AND DEVOTION. 87 to you then, citizens of Montreal that I now turn ; it is to you I confide this sacred deposit ; it is on you I lay the charge of preserving for yourselves and the thousands who come after 3''0u this fair image of your Queen, this gracious impersonation of the Majesty of Britain, this stately type and pledge of our Imperial unity, this crowned and scep- tred symbol of those glorious institutions which we have found so conducive to the maintenance of individual liberty and of constitutional freedom. (Applause.) Gentlemen, it was my good fortune, in early life, to ' e allowed to serve near the person of our Sovereign. At tl at time no domestic calamity had thrown its ineffaceable shadow across the threshold of Her home. It was then, as a spectator of Her daily life, its pure joys, its refined and noble occupations, its duties never neglected; but their burdens shared by the tenderest of husbands and most sagacious of friends, it was then that I learned the secret of that hold which Her Majesty possesses over the hearts of Her subjects in every part of Her extensive empire. (Loud applause.) Anl in later days, when death had forever shattered the visions of Her early happiness, and left Her to discharge, alone and unaided, during the long years of widow-hood, in the isola- tion of an empty palace, the weighty and oppressive func- tions of Her Royal station, renewed opportunities were afforded me of observing with what patience, patriotism, and devotion to the public service, Her brave aad noble nature bore each burden and discharged e;;ch daily task, (Applause.) From dissipation, gaieties, the distraction of society, the widowed Sovei'eign may have shrunk, but from BLAMELESSNESH OF EXISTENCE. ■1 duty never. (Loud and prolonged cheering.) When, there- fore, you cast your eyes up to this work of art, let the image of the woman as well as of the Queen be enshrined in your recollections, and lot each citizen remember that in Her whose sculptured lineaments he now regards he has an example of prosperity borne with meekness, of adversity with patience, of the path of duuy un^;''eringly followed, and of a blamelessness of existence which iidS been a source of pride to every English heart, and has shed its holy light upon a thousand thousand British homes. fLoud applause.) Above all, let each Canadian patriot remember as he con- templates with pride the ever-biightening destinies of liis native country, let your children and your childrens' cliil- dren remember, as generation after generation this great Dominion gathers strength *ind power, that it was under the auspices and government of Her whose statue I now confide into your keeping, that these mighty Provinces were confederated into a still mightier State, and that the foun- dations of that broad Dominion were laid, which, I trust, i>. destined to prove the brightest ornament, and, I trust, the most powerful adjunct of the Empire of Great Britain. (Loud applause.) Gentlemen, I again thank you for the opportunity you have given me of taking part in these pro- ceedings, and for those kind expressions you have addressed to me personally. I feel I can make no better retv.rn than by saying that in the discharge of my ofHce in this country it is my desire, and hope, to follow, at however humble a distance, the exarnpj*- of our beloved Sovereign, who, lias faithfully trod in the path of the British (Constitution, and 'If: IBBBSB A BRAVE AND HARDY RACE. 89 who, during a long reign, has never once failed in Her duty to Her Crown, Her Ministers, Her Parliament, or Her People." (Loud cheering.) Messieurs, — " Je le ferai, sans doute d'une manit're bien iniparfaite, mais je ne saurais voir cette c^rdinonie solennelle se terminer, sans essayer de vous exprimer dans votre propre languecom- bien j'ai 4i6 heureux d'assiscer a cette belle f^te, et de pou- voir apprdcier renipresseinent que vous avez mis a y pren- dre part de votre c6td. " Je n'ignore pas, messieurs, que dans nulle partie de son vaste empire, notre Souveraine saurait compter sur un dd- vouement plus complet que celui des Canadiens-Franoais. "Biave et noble race qui, la premiere, iournit h I'Europe les moyens d'importer la civilisation sur le continent d'Amc^rique. Race valeureuse et bardie, dont les explora- tions, dans I'intdrieur de ce continent ont permis a I'indus- trie europ^emie de s'implanter non-seulement sur les bords du Saint-Laurent, mais encore dans les riches vallees de rOhio et du Mississippi ; les premiers forts qu'elle drigea et les premiers dtablissements qn'elle forma sont devenus aujourd'hui, grfi,ce au jugement droit et ^ I'espece d'instinct qui la caractdrisent, le noyau de grandes villes et de puis- santes populations ; et c'est a leur cooperation actuelle et h leur intelligence naturelle, que nous devons une bonne partie ie la condition prospere de cette Province. " Le spectacle de deux peuples composes de nationalitds si diverses s'efforeant h I'envi I'un de I'autre, do prouver leur 90 RETURN TO QUEBEC. i i loyaut^ a leur Reine et au Gouvernement, et travaillant de concert et dans \me harmonie parfaite au bien de leur com- mune patrie, restera Fun des faits les plus remarquables et les plus heureux de I'histoire du nionde, en m^me temps qu'il t^moignera de la sagesse politique et des sentiment* magnanimes dont sont p^ndtrds tous les membres de la grande famille Canadienne." To this latter speech, His Worship the Mayor made a reply. The cannon then boomed forth a. salute, and the band performed the National Anthem. The children pre- sent sang " God Save the Queen," and " G(> ' Bless the Prince of Wales," when His Excellency drove away to Ravenscraig, where a ball was given in the evening by Sir Hugh Allan. Lord Dutferin returned to Ottawa, and spent the month of December in the capital, during ivhich he availed himself of the opportunity presented, and visited the schools and other institutions of the city. In Jj.nuary Their Excellencies left Ottawa, for the purpose of attending the grand ball which the people of Quebec contemplated giving in their honour. On the 8th inst, this entertainmert, which was conducted on a scale of great magnifi*'ence, took place. It was held in the Masonic Hall, and the decorations were ample, elal)<)rate, and exceedingly tasteful. Upwards of eight hundred per- sons were present, and dancing began at ten o'clock, and continued uninterruptedly until four the next morning. The next day His Excellency accepted an invitation from the Stadacona Hunt and Driving Club, to join an excursion t<» Montmorenci. At twelve o'clock the members of the VT SI TING THE CONE. 91 club met, with their tandems and teai)is, on the Place ci'Armes. Half an hoin' after, the "assembly "sounded, the line was formed — Lord Dufferin and Major Montizarnbert leading- — and the sixty sleighs flew over the crisp snow at a rattling^ pace. On, on they went, now over the feathery hills, anon through the deep ravine, again they darted along the nar- row and bleak Beauport road, and entered the old^oods. The sharp and nipping air rang with the shouts of the hunters, and peal after peal of laughter awoke the echoes of the place. For two long hours they hurried along, when the party arrived at the seigneurial residence of Mr. George Benson Hall, where luncheon was served, and the guests spent some little time in looking through the quaint manoi-ial house. A visit to the Cone was determined on, and the party entering a number of country wood-sleighs, made the descent of the " corkscrew," — the zig-zag and tortuous road which carries its follower to the base of the Falls. Here sleighs and toboggans were drawn up, awaiting such of the visitors as desired to make the descent fit ^he Cone. Lord Dufferin was the first tu attempt this feat. He pro- ceeded to (he top with a guide. The spray from the Falls was quite heavy, and both the Earl and the other gentlemen who joined him were very soon drenched with the chil- ling water. The ladies remained below, amused specta- tors of the scene which followed. After some time had been spert at tlie Cone, the ascent of the long hill was next in order, and the party proceeded homewards again. The picturesque cliaracter of the place, the wild sublimity of the Falls, the huge boulders of ice and snow which speedily formed here Ki*:.,H*\.- '92 OR AND SNOW-SHOE TRAMF. and there, the siin shining in full glory on the sheet of sparkling water, and the cheering drive back through the white forest, surprised and delighted the visitors, to whom certain features in the scene, at least, were new and strange. The city was reached before six o'clock, and at eight o'clock that evening, Their Excellencies attended the ball which the Stadacona Sknting Club gave at their rink. Dancing was commenced at an early hour, and His Excellency took an active part in the proceedings on skates. On the tenth of January the visitors left Quebec for Mon- treal, where the balance of the month was spent. Their first Dra wing-Room in that city was attended by over eight hun- dred persons, and what with l)alls, parties, snow-shoe tramps, skating tournaments, and visits to the various educational, religious, and charitable institutions of the city, the time passed pleasantly and profitably enough. On the fifteenth i.ist., Their Excellencies had an oppoi-tunity of taking part in a novel entertainment. A gi-and snow-shoe tramp, by torchlight, given undei- the auspices of the Alexandra Club, assisted by four sister associations, set out on their march over the crusty snow. Ujiwaids of two hundred gentlemen, clad in their picturesque costumes, and all armed with flick- ering torches, were soon in line and eager for the order to advance. The start was made at eight o'clock from Sher- brooke Street, between McGill College and McGill Avenue. The Governor-General and Lady DuH'erin acccmpauied the party in a sleigh, and witnessed the tramp as it proceeded. After driving round the mountain— that drive so dear to «very Montrealer— His Excellency turned and put off for the L. HMJ W I' WWIumi^ » SCENE AT McGILL UNIVERSITY. 9» residence of Alexander McGibbon, Esq., on the St. Catherine road, arrivinjcr there a few minutes before the ringing cry announced the near approach of the foremost van of snow- shoers. Tlie host kindly received his guests, and at supper Lord DufFerin made a speech to his " brother snow-shoers," and eulogized the manliness of the sport he had witnessed, and commended snow-shoeing and skating, and kindred pas- times to the favourable consideration of the ladies. After a few pleasantly spont lioui-s, the party took leave of their host, and the members of the Montreal Club escorted Thpir Excel- lencies home. A tour of inspection, similar to that which was pursued, in Toronto, was now commenced in Montreal. The Fire Brigade was first visited, and the wonderful activity of the firemen displayed with telling effect, the thoroughness of the system employed. The Catholic Commercial Academy was !H'\.t inspected, and Lord Dufierin made one of his charac- teristic s^p»'\'ches to the pupils, in which he took occasion tO' compliment them on their protk-iency, and to remind them of the many advantages which were ^K)fore them. McGill Universitv was visited on the 22nd inst., and a scene took place which was all the more prized bee«,use of its rarity. As soon as the visitors' sleigh reached the college gates, the Arts students made a rush for the horses, took them out of the shafts, and attaching ropes to the vehicle proceeded to drag it up the drive to the entrance, to the great amusement of His Excellency who remarked that the incident reminded him of his man-iage day, when on hia return with his bride from church, a similar ovation aAvaited him. On leaving the 94 COLLEGE " COACHEti" AND " HORSES." ^ sleigh Their Excellencies were met by the Chancellor and the principal officers of the University and conducted to the William Molson Hall wliere the Governors, Fellows, Faculty and Graduates had already preceded them. The Hon. Charles Dewey Day, Chancellor of the University, read an address, to which His Excellency made this I'eply : Mr. Chancellor, Ladies and Gentlemen, — " I can assure you that I am deeply sensible of the warm and flattering welcome which you have given me, a wel- come not only conveyed in the words of the address which you, Mr Chancellor, liave just read, but which has been still further accentuated by the ceremony which preceded my ad- mission to your halls. Only upon one other occasion, and that the most important in the lives of each of us, have Lady Dufferin and myself been treated to similar honour, And that was upon our marriage day. I can only say that if the " coaches " of this college are as good as the " horses " — (applause and laughter) — the students cannot fail to take very high and creditable degrees. Ladies and gentlemen, I do not propose td tt'oul)le you upon the present occasion with anything tttdfe thai! tt very brief but very warm ex- pression of my thanks, not only hv Mm wnlponio wlilch you have addressed petHonally to uiysoU tiiid U\ lUi\ OoiMitoM of Dufferin, but still more for that exhibition of loyalty with which you have gratified me as the representative of Her Most Gracious Majesty. Ill return t oa?i assure you, with the most i)erfect truth, that there is no University in any part of Hei Majesty's dominions which the Queen does not 4 MR. GLADSTONE AT LIVERPOOL. 9ft regard with interest and solicitude. (Applause.) At tlie same time I think it right to mention that I feel 1 should not be treating tliis great institution with icspect if I did not pro- mise to myself on souie future occasion, when I shall have had more leisure than has been possible to me dujing my present visit to Montreal, — to take advantage of the privi- lege which belongs to me as visitor to address the students. (Applause.) And I am less inclined at the present moment to trespass upon your time, because within the last few weeks the whole subject of University Education has been most exhaustively discussed by three of the principal states- men of England. If any of the Professors, if any of I'se students should happen to have read the speech of M ■. Ciladstone, at Liverpool, of the Duke of Somei-set, at Ply- mouth, and of Mr. Bruce when addressing his constituents, 1 am sure they will feel it would be impossible for any one to add anything to the combined treatment by tlmse gentle- men of this subject. Of course, we are all aware that in England and elsewhere a very violent contest is raging be- tween those who regard the Art courses sis amply sufficient for all the real purposes for which edixcational establish- ments are founded, while upon the other hand, a school orjually respectable, and supported by equal authority, is in- clined to denounce a system of classical education as a pre- judice or superstition of the past, and to set up the material and applied sciences as their onl}' curriculum. Mr. Glad- stone on the one hand, with a very natural affection for his own Alma Mater, went so far as to say that he considered even the unimproved course which prevailed at Oxford when m THE HACKIUtNE OP A LI HE HAL EDUCATION. ent, was young r furnish ite sufficient as tlie neces.sities of tlie age it'quiiod, and that by the occasional training which was there given, the mind was more fitly prepared than it could have .been by any other means, for the various difficulties, struixirles and contests of life. On the other hand, the Duke of Somerset took an opposite view, and referring with something like disdain to the assertion made by Mr. Gladstone, that the constniction of a violin had exhiljited as much ingenuity and intellectual power as the invention of the steam engine, called upon his audience to compare the respective achievements of material and political science. Now, I confess, as far as 1 myself am individually concerned, my ov.-'^ training naturally leads me to regard perhaps with undue favour a classical curriculum as the back-bone of a liberal education, but, be that as it may, and without ven- turing for a moment to pronounce a dogmatic opinion up(jn so debateable a topic, I cannot help remembering that in this country, at all events, the almost overwhelming reasons which, on the one hand, may be urged in favour of para- mount attention being given to the physical and practical sciences, are confi'onted with arguments of corresponding force in favour of the arts and cla.ssical learning ; for while on the one hand the prosperity of the Dominion almost en- tirely depends upon every one of its inhabitants using every exertion and straining every nerve to develop its material resources ; on the other, the fact of the whole population being engaged in these necessaiy occupations, and in the ac- cumulation of wealth, renders it all the more a matter of vital /ffi A GREAT WORK. importance that the purely intellectual life of the community shoulfl be ennol)le(l, enibelliHhed, disciplined and refined by the wisdom, the wit, the poetry, the experience, and the philo- sophy of the classic ages. Leaving, however, this part of the subject, I will conclude by addressing a very few words to those young men who have shown in so gratifying a man- ner with what indulgence they will probably listen to any- thing which falls from a well-wisher and a friend. I would ask them, then, to remember that the generation which has preceded them has succeeded in bringing to a successful issue one of the most difficult beneficial achievements which statesmen have ever undertaken. The generation which now lives and superintends the affairs of this great country has been able in spite of no ordinary difficulties and im- pediments to weld into an united Dominion, the whole of those magnificent provinces of Canadian America which are contained between the Atlantic and the Pacific. It is to the guardianship and improvement of this inheritance that in due time those I now address will be called, — and a heavy responsibility lies upon them to use to the best ad- vantage of the glorious birthright to which they will fall heirs. I would further remind them that happily they live in a land whose inhabitants are as free as the air thej'' breathe, and that there is not a single prize which the ambi- tion of man can desire, to which they may not aspire. There is not one of you here who may not rise to the highest offices of the state, who may not render your names illustrious for all time to come, who may not en- grave for yourselves on the annals of your country an IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 2.5 2.2 ^ 2.0 U 11 1.6 ^ v] / <%. fi^rj»' ^% ^v Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STRKT WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 877-4S03 ^ s J M ANCESTRAL PRIDE. imperishable record. Finally, ladies and gentlemen, I must congratulate this university, this town, this Province and the Dominion at large, upon the fact that an establishment 80 well conducted,foundedupon so wide % basis.endowed with such a healthy vitality, should be daily pouring forth into the world a band of young men, who each sets out upon his separate career, endowed with all the advantages which a university education can give ; and amongst those advan- tages you must reckon not merely the learning, not merely the intellectual training which is the end of all education, but that more subtle and even more important quality which will enable the most casual acquaintance to distinguish be- tween a university man and one who is not. I cannot con- clude these few remarks which I regret not having had the opportunity to consider before I ventured to address you, without commenting upon the fact that it is to a citizen of Montreal that we are indebted for this great establishment, and that it is to the continued and repeated munificence of other citizens of Montreal, who have imitated his liberality, that the usefubess of the university has been continuously expanded. In this country hereditary dis- tinctions do not take mch root> or become so completely a part, of the social system, as in Europe, but I will venture to say tiiat the very fact of any man having connected his name in so honourable a manner with an Institution of this kind will ever prove to his descendants as legitimate a source of ancestral pride as any that ever originated in the Lettere Patent of a Sovereign. I thank yoi; again, Mr. Chancellor and gentlemen, for the sentiments of kindness contained in **«*»*»« AT McQlLL NORMAL SCHOOL. 09 your address to Lady Dufferin and myself. I trust that during our residence in this country we may have many op- portunities of improving our acquaintance with you, and I consider it a matter of no small advantage that whenever we come to Montreal it will be possible for us to recur to the intimacy of i body of men that represent so ably eveiy branch and department of human learning." (Applause.) The members of Convocation were then presented, and the visitors after looking through the library and museum, drove off amid loud cheers. An address was presented to the Earl of Dufferin duiing his stay at the McQill Normal School, and he replied in the following discourse : — " Ladies and Gentlemen, — " I can assure you it gives me the greatest plea.sure to have had an opportunity of paying you this visit and of showing you by my presence here to-day not only what an interest I take in the general subject of edu- cation, but how much importance I attach to those par- ticular functions which you will be shortly called upon to perform. It would be almost iinpo.ssible to exaggerate the responsibility which rests upon you, because it is upon you, upon the teachers who are spi-ead abroad in every village and district from one end of the country to the other, that must depend the due education of the great mass of the people. I am happy to think from what I have seen in Toronto aad here, that every precaution has been taken. 100 AN EXUBERANT SPIRIT OF SELF-CONFIDENCE. and tvery means has been furnibhed, which man's ingenuity can contrive, to fit you for the successful performance of your important task. It is a delightful thing to know that a" number of young m^n and women, whose intelligence is printed on every lineament of their countenances, should year after year be sent forth from each of these parent establishments, to spread abroad in all directions sound teaching and whatever is necessary to develop the intellectual vigour and activity of the country. I do not know that there is any practical suggestion I have to make to you, and yet there is one thing of which I would venture to re- mind you, viz : that in your future relations with your young pupils you should remember that your functions must not be confined merely to the development of their intelligence and the imparting of information, but that there is also another duty as important as either of these, and that is, that you should endeavour to refine, discipline and elevate their general behaviour, rendering thom polite, well-bred, deferential, respectful to their parents, to their elders and their superiors. Perhaps in a new country, where on every side we ure surrounded by the evidences of prosperity, where a spirit of independence is an essential element of success, where at a very early age young persons are called upon to fighttheir own battle and to undertake their own responsibil- ities, it is very natural that there should be developed an ex- uberant spirit of self-confidence. Now, what I would ven- ture to ask you from time to time to impress upon your pupils is this, that although upon the one hand there is no quality more creditable than self-respect, yet on the other \ utmm. w-jpSJNsp-^njsrr!.'.* -> RUDE CONDUCT. 101 hand, the very idea of self-respect excludes self-assertion, and I say this the more readily, because I confess if there is any criticism which I have to pass upon the youth of this new country — I do not say of Canada especially, but of the continent of America — it is that I have been struck by the absence of that deference and respect for those who are older than themselves, to which wo still cling in Europe, Now, to use a casual illustration : I have observed, in travelling on board the steamboats on the St. Lawrence, children running about from one end of the vessel to the other, whom more than once I have been tempted to take up and give a good whipping to. I have seen them thrust aside gentlemen in conversation, trample on ladies' drosses, shoul • der their way about, without a thought of the inconvenience they were occasioning, and what w&s more remarkable, such thoughtless indiscretions did not seem to attract the atten- tion of their parents ; when I ventured to make an obser- vation on this to the people with whom I have been tra- velling, I was j^lways told that these peccant individuals came from the other side of the line. Well, I only hope that this may be so; at all events, without enquiring too strictly how thrtt may be, I trust that the teachers of the schools of Canada will do their very best to inculcato into their pupils, the duties of politeness, of refined behaviour, of respect for the old, and of reverence for their parents, that they will remem- ber that a great deal may be done by kindly and wholesome advice in this particular, and that if they only take a little trouble they will contribute greatly to render Canada not only one of the best educated, most prosperous, most success- IM SPEECH AT ST. MARTS COLLEGE. ful and richest, but one of the most polite, best bi*ed, and well mannered countries of the American continent." St. Mary's College, which is one of the largest and most important educational establishments in the city, was visited by Lord Dufferin and Lieutenant Hamilton, A.D.C., and after a brief inspection of the library, His Excellency listened to an address which was read in behalf of the Professors by Father Lopinto. In his reply, after briefly referring to the regret which Her Excellency felt at not being able to accom- pany him to St. Mary's College, Lord Dufferin .said : " I am well aware how very much tvery one who desires to see spread abroad amongst all sections of our ^xtpulation, a feeling of patriotism — of dfevotion to the Throne, and to the constitutional institutions of their natiye country, is indebt- ed to the admimble education, and to those loyal and sound principles of conduct which are here inculcated. The reputa- tion of the Fathers who superintend your studies, had already reached my ears before I had even set my foq^ in Montreal ; and as I look around upon this vast assembly of intelli- gent youths to each of whom is being extended every possi- ble advantage which the most earnest solicitude can contrive, to fit them for those struggles and responsibilities, which within a very few years they will be called upon to under- take, — I cannot help entertaining a personal feeling of grati- tude to those, by whose self-sacrifice and self-devotion those safeguards and advantages are secured. Again, I am well aware, that within the walls of this establishment, are large numbers of my own immediate countrymen — a great quan- BEWARDS OF INDUSTRY. 103 tity of Irish students yearly receiving their education — (loud applause) ; and, although of courae, my 8yin])athies are equal- ly shared by every section and by every class among the people of Canada, I may be very well excused if I take an especial interest in those who come from the same country as myself. (Renewed applause.) Ladies and Qontlemen, I am proud to think that in all probability, the Fathers them- selves will bear me out in saying that the youths who come from Ireland, or who have the honour of claiming an Irish descent, will not be found the least intelligent of their pupils. (Applause.) In conclusion, ladies and gentlemen, I would say to the young students, and in now addressing them I am addressing the united body, no matter what their birth- place or descent, that the path of distinction lies free and fair before them without reference either to their natiornlity or their religion, that within the ample and liberal bounds of our Imperial constitution all the rewards of industry are open to them.that each and every one of them has an equal chance of distinction, of enrolling himself amongst the bene- factors of his country, and of attaining those various prizes in life, whether in the law, profession of medicine or other civil career, which are won by those who bring to their pur- suit that industry, application and single-minded desire to excel which commands success. I would end these few observations by thanking you, gentlemen of the professoriate, by thanking you students, for the kindly welcome with which you have received me and by assuring you that, inasmuch as there are few things which I more highly appre- ciate than a good play, it will give me the very greatest 104 VILLA MARIA. pleasure if, on some future opportunity, I am able to be present at one of those scenic representations in which, I understand, the students of this establishment so much excel." (Loud applause.) The performance of a little music by the choir and Ijand brought the pr(5ceedings to a close, when His Excellency took his leave of the college, and then drove to the school of the Christian Brothers, where he received a cordial recep- tion from a large number of the clergy and several promin- ent laymen. After the presentations had been made, the party repaired to the large Exhibition H^U. Here an ad- dress was read, and an extemporaneous reply wa.s made by His Excellency, who spoke in both languages. On the 24th inst. Lord Dutferin accepted a kindly mes- sage of welcome from the Canada Presbytery, and then set out in a blinding snow-storm to visit the young ladies of Villa Maria. There was a keen north-west wind blowing at the time, and the snow da.shed round the slopes of the mountain in savage gusts, and completely filled the level reaches. The win'd blew and roared like a hurricane, and the great mountains of snow drifted into the roadways and byways. In some parts the roads were impa-ssable, and al- most within sight of the Convent gates, one of the horses vif His Excellency's sleigh floundered and plunged madly in the drift. The weather was bitter cold and the piercing wind, eager as a knife, swept through the stoutest garment. For the first time Lord Dufferin experienced, in itfi fullest sense, the rigorous severity of a Canadian winter, and when the A BOWER OF FLOWERS AND GREENERY. 106 Academy was readied, the Convent |)ortals were as welcome A sight to him as ever onwiM wa.s to the traveller crossing the desert. The great doors were thrown open and the visitors has" toned in. They were conducted to the hall, and a scene met their eyes which well repaid thorn for the trouble and fatigue of the journey which they had taken through the storm. On a high platform, shaped like an Amphitheatre, the young ladies of the institution, all dressed in white and grouped according to size, were assembled. The strains of a triumphant march from harp, guitar, and piano, burst upon His Excellency's ears as he crossed the threshold of the doorway. The decora- tions were elegant and rich. The stage was transix)sed into a perfect bower of flowei-s and greener}', and all around the walls festoons of drapeiy and nosegays hung in graceful folds, and streamers of pufl'ed pink and green shot out from the ceiling and waved towards the four corners of the room. Their Excellencies ascended the lofty fauteuil, when the music ceased, and a young lady advanced and read a few original verses of welcome. An exquisite bouquet was next presented to Her Excellency, and the .second part of the ex- ercises began. This consisted of an allegorical representation in which Anglia, Caledonia, Erin, and Canada, in national colours, celebrated the praLses of the guests. The history of the house of Dufferin and Clandeboye was delicately inter- woven in the polylogue, when another floral gift was handed to the Countess, and an address in French presented. The ever popular " Meeting of the Waters," of which Iri.sh ears never seem to tire, was then perfonned on two gi-eat golden harps, and a musical medley entitled " Mes.sagers Ail^s,** in 106 OKATIFYINO ANNOUNOEUSNT. which were solos, duelts, choruses, and echosougs and chirps from invisible canaries, werformance over, Ilis Excellency rose and addressed the audience in French, of which we give the English translation : " Ladies, — " It is with the greatest pleasure that Her Excellency and myself at last find ourselves admitted to the halls of this coummnity, and most heartily do we thank you for the kind welcome with which you have greeted us. Charged as you are w.'th the responsibilities of educating so large a proportion of the feminine youth of Canada's most import- ant, most populous and most influential city, those who ap- preciate the enormous impoi*tance of the women of a country being properly educated cannot fail to sympathize with your efforts. That young and lovely band of children which now surround us, smiling in their virginal beauty like a parterre of spring flowers, will in a few years hence be disseminated amid the homes of the city, and will be called upon to prac- tise those noble principles of conduct which have l^een in- 8till«;d into them here, — and what influence in the world is more powerful for good upon everyone who comes into contact with her, than that of a high-minded, aflectionate and sensible woman ? Alresuly it has been my good fortune to make the acquaintance of many of those who, once pupils in this establishment, have now become bright and charming orna- ments of society in Montreal ; and I am sure it \f'\[\ gratify the hearts of the good sisters to know that many and many OUT IV A RD FORMS OF SOVIET Y. mt a one of these ladies have referred *o the period of their sojourn here, with the tenderest gratitude. With Ruch unmistakable evidences of the benefits you are conferring^ upon the population that surround you, you may rely upon my continuing those traditions which were inaugurated by my predecessor, Lord Elgin (whose example in everything J am most desirous of following), and extending to your establishment my best wishes and constant solicitude. As Governor-General of Canada, I am indeeil proud to think that within every convent of the land, the principles of loyalty to the Throne, and of affection to the person of Her Majesty, are faithfully inculcated. It is true, as you remark, the outward forms of society, and even the physical features of your own immediate neighbourhood, are undergoing rapid changes. Within the last few years a scattered collection of dependent colonies have been welded into a great nation,, while the wealth and population of the neighbouring city is invading the qu'.et fields which surround your establishment;, but undisturbed by these circumstances and obedient to the traditions and the discipline of your great foundress and your holy predecessors, you continue the even tenor of your way, dispensing light, intelligence, and instruction,^ and bearing witness by the saintliness of your lives, to those eternal truths which, amid the changes and chancer of earthly existence, remain as the only safe guides and landmarks by which we can direct opr course in the vicis- • situdes of life." Lady Dufferin, on this occasion, made a speech, to the great delight of all present. She said : — 108 LADY DUFFS KIN'S SPEECH. " My young friends, — "I find it difficult to thank you sufficiently for the warm and flattering welcome you have given me to-day. In every part of Canada where I have been, I have heard this convent spoken of with respect and admiration, and I have, therefore, looked forward to my visit to Villn Maria with the greatest impatience. I can well believe with what affection you, who have come forward with such warm expressions of loyalty to your Queen, and of kindness to ourselves, must regar^l your Convent Home, and those kind Sisters who sacrifice themselves to your welfare ; and I trust that you are able to repay them in some measure for all their care and for their goodness to you, by your atten- tion to their instructions, and your love for themselves. I hope, also, the day is far distant when you will cease to think a holiday one of the greatest pleasures in the world. I can assure you, that if I can persuade these good ladies, to-day, to allow me to present you with one, you will not enjoy it more than I, myself." The storm still raged without, and the great drifts of snow piled themselves against the doorway. His Excellency however, had promised to spend some hours at Montreal College, and accordingly the horses' heads were turned in that direction, and after a long and pitilc ' > ■■;\e the college door was reached. Her Excellency, luuAi. fatigued, con- tinued on her way home, and Lord Dn^'er-u entered the building alone. He passed through the i< ?ttation rooms to the large iiall or theati'e, and received the welcoming cheers A CLASSICAL EDUCATION. lOff of the students, nnd heard the band of the college perform a march. His Excellency f/oat ) liimself in the chair of honour, and, after listening to an i tdress, ho proceeded to make a few remarks in both 'angu%'e8. In the course of his observations in English he said *hat " it was almost im- possible, after replying to so ran ly addroBses in educational establishments, to submit anything new for their considera- tion. It was only proper, however, that he should impress upon his young hearers tho obligations thoy were under to their devoted professoi-s for the solid education which they received at their hands. He had heard with pleasure that the ground-work of instruction in that college was the classi- cal. Certainly there was no better safeguard against tho materialism of the day and the bare utilitarian spirit engen- dered by the wants of a new cotmtry anu a great commc- cial centre, than the beautiful poetry, the lofty oratory and the broad philosophy of ancient Greece and Rome. There was another point worthy of attention. In a large estab- lishment like this, where so many youths were gathered under one roof, living in continuous contact by day and by night, the strictest care should be taken to preserve the purity of their moral charticter. In one of the addresses just read to him, the idea was suggested of a difference ex- isting between life witiiin the college walls and the greater life outside of them. He believed this difference to be illu- sory. He had shared thai prejudice when at school, but the experiences of his manhood had convinced him that the school or the college was in reality a microcosm, tillpd with trials,;difiiculties and temptations, diverae, not in kind, but. 110 MENTAL AiND MORAL FACULTIES. only Jn degree from those of outer life, and requiring to sur- mount them the same self-denial, the same energy, the same perseverance, and, in some cases, the same heroism which tha great events of a virile age called into play. On a for- mer occasion he had made some remarks on what he consid- ered the tendency to forwardness and premature self-asser- tion, which had struck him as a salient characteristic of the youth, not only of Canada, but of the whole Continent. He understood there was a reason, if not a palliation, for this in the fact that in a new country like Canada young men were thrown early on their own resources, and had to force out, as it were, their mental and moral faculties. However that might be, he would venture once more to inculcate the necessity of respect for superiority wherever found in those older, wiser, and more experienced than ourselves. No mat- ter what gifts we possess, it would be strange if in any circle m which we may find ourselves, we did not meet some one to whom deference is due for gifts superior to our own." His Lordship concluded by exhorting the pupils to close application to their studies and grateful attachment to their venerable Superiors. During his stay in Monti-eal Lord Dufferin visited the Ladies' Benevolent Institution, the Protestant Orphans' Home, the Protestant Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, St. Bridget's Refuge, the Asile Nazareth and Asylum for the blind, the St. Patrick's School, the Convent at Hoche- laga, where elaborate preparations were made to receive the distinguished visitors, and the St. Patrick's Orphan Asylum, where His Excellency made the following speech : — •jBB^, SPEECH AT 8T. PATRICK'S ORPHAN ASYLUM. Ill " Mr. Secretary, Ladies and Gentlemen, — " So far from it having been a sacrifice on my part to come here, I can assure you that it has been to me an unmixed gi-at- ification No one can find himself under this roof, in the pre- sence of such a scene as this, without esteeming the invitation which he has had the pleasure of receiving a very gi-eat privi- lege. The allusion which has been made in your address to that devastating famine, by which Ireland was depopulated in 1846 and 1847, has recalled to my recollection very bitter and aflfecting memories. It so happened that it was in tliat year I was first called upon to undertake the responsibilities attaching to the ownei-ship of land in Ireland, and my first initiation into my duties as an Irish landlord consisted in an endeavour to confront the exigencies of that terrible dis- aster. Although in my own neighbourhood, owing to pecu- liar circumstances, the distress never reached a point which did not admit of alleviation, circumstances led me to the Southern portion of the Kingdom, where famine had seized upon the people, and with my own eyes I was forced to see all its terrible consequences. Since coming to this country I have had occasion to make myself acquainted with a fact, of which I confess until then I was but very imperfectly in- formed, and that is the noble way in which the inhabitants of Canada assisted the unfortunate emigrants who, forced to fly under the stroke of famine from their own countiy, ar- rived upon the shores of North America not only destitute, but many of them struck down and perishing by disease. I am now aware of how many of the clergy of Canada, both Catholic and Protestant, as well of the members of the medi- 112 THANKS TO THE LADIES. cal profession, fell victims to their noble and courag^eous en- deavours to assist those unfortunate persons ; and I confess that wlien I read the record of the mortality which then took place amongst those classes to whom I have referred, I was perfectly horror-struck with the facts that were revealed; and so as an Irishman, if on no other account, I shall ever bear in my heart the deep sense of the debt which we all owe to this country, and especially to those classes to whom I have referi'ed, for the assistance which they then rendered to us. The existence of this school only shows that in the chastise- ments with which we are afflicted, a merciful Providence very frequently sows the seeds of innumerable benefits ; for, as has been stated by your secretary, it is owing to the emergency which then arose, and which you endeavoured to meet, that this admirable establishment continues to dispense those benefits to the unfortunate orphans of the locality, even " although the immediate occasion to which it owes its existence has happily ceased to endure. (Applause.) I am , very glad to think that the establishment is being conduct- ed under such satisfactory auspices, and 1 am sure it will not be considered inappropriate if, on behalf of those who are interested in all such good and noble works as these, I should venture to tender to those ladies who are presentand who, I understand, are good enough to devote their time and their energies to the education and to the interests of these little fatherless children, my best thanks, accompanied by an assurance that in common with every one who is acquainted with their good deeds, I am deeply sensible of all that the society owes to them." (Applause.) SKATING TOURNAMENT. 113 The Citizens' ball came off on the evening of January 28th, and a grander entertainment had never been given be- fore in that city. It took place in the Queen's Hall and the rooms were lavishly and gorgeously dreased. Festoons of evergreens, flags, annorial shields, and natural ttowei"s, formed the materials, and willing hands and good taste did the rest. Between six and seven hundred persons took paiii m the ball, and the dresses worn by the ladies were charactovized by that becoming taste which so largely' obtains among the fair daughters of Montreal. The occasion was marked by the appearance of much womanly beauty. On the 3()tli inst., another social event occupied the attention of the leadei^s of Canadian society. A Fancy Dress party was given at the Victoria Skating Rink, and at an early hour the grand entry was made. The ladies and gentlemen filed in, and on the arrival of Their Excellencies eight couples advanced in front of the dais and danced a quadrille ; a series of waltzes followed. Lord Dufferin took an active part in the masquer- ade, and was dressed in a pink satin domino. Fully three thousand persons were present. Lord Dufferin's interest in the pastimes peculiar to Cana- dian life, led him to attend the Skating tournament which wsis held at the Rink a few days later. The skating on this occasion was exceedingly skilful, and the Vice-regal part^ exhibited great interest in the proceedings. After the prizes* had been presented to the successful competitors, an addres-o was read, to which the Go\'eraor-General felicitously re- plied. •Three prizeH wera jfiveii hy Loni Uulferin, and two by Latly Du'fHr.ii. H 114 CLOSE OF THE VISIT. The following d&y brought the very enjoyable visit to the hospitable city to a close, and Their Excellencies returned to Ottawa, and resumed the hospitalities which had made their former presence in the capital so enjoyable. Balls, parties, skating carnivals, concerts, and dramatic entertainments succeeded each other in rapid succession, and the winter days passed quickly away. CHAPTER III. Thb Second Pahliament — A Condition — The Pacific Railway — Alfred Waddinoton — An Interview— The Rival Companies — Negotiations — A Scene in the House — Mr. Huntinoton and HIS Resolutions — The Vote — A Government Motion — The Oaths Bill — Mr. Todd's Opinion — An Announcement in the House — The Earl of Kimberley's Despatch — The Oaths Bill Disallowed— A Royal Commission decided upon— The Fourth OF July— A Disclosure — Mr. McMullen — Sir Hugh Allan's Affidavit — A Narrative — Change of Sentiment — Counter Statements— The Governor-General in Halifax — A Speech at THE Club — The Return to Ottawa — Remonstrant Members — The Memorial — Reply — The House Prorogued — Tremendous Excitement — The Indignation Meeting — Angry Politicians — REsoLurtoNs — All Night in the Streets of Ottawa — Lord Dlj-feriiv's Conduct Reviewed — Severe Criticism — Parallels — Theories — His Excellency's Position — Appointment of the Royal Commission — Its Functions — Hostility towards it — The Enquiry — Examination of Witnesses— Conclusion of the Com- missioners' Labours— The Report — Meeting of Parliament — The Rival Chieftains — A Sharp Conflict —The Debate — Char- acter OF THE Speakers — Defection from the Government Ranks — The Surrender — Resignation of the Ministry — TRiUMPH of Mr. Mackenzie and his Party — The New Govern- ment—The New Brunswick School Bill— Sir George B. Car- tier— Hon. Joseph Howe. II N the fifth of March, 1873, the Second Parliament of Canada met for the despatch of business.* The elections of 1872 gave the Government of Sir John A. Macdonald renewed strength. His party had tri- * Lord Dufferin took his seat on the Throne for the first time on the 6th 116 THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA. uniphed at the pollw, and though a few proniment seats had been lost, the Premier found himself at the head of a majority of Irom thirty-seven to forty members. The Coalition Govemment which was strong in 1867 was still stronger in 1872, and decidedly more conservative in tone. In speaking talent, the two great political bod- ies were about even, vshile in executive ability the Gov- emment party were largely in the majority. The Minis- ters were men of experience, tact .ind good judgment. They had acceptably aroposition came before the Government. Sir Francis Hincks on a casual visit to Montreal, called on Sir Hugh Allan — the largest capitalist in the carryit)g trade in the Dominion, a man of extensive means and great influence abroad, and to him the Pacific Railway was broached. Sir Francis, in a published letter, states that he furnished Sir Hugh Allan with a list of the American names he had seen on the paper in Mr. Wadding- ton's hands, and expressed some regret that an enterprise of so much imj)ortance .should fall into the hands of foreigner, 122 THE RIVAL COMPANIES. on account of the apathy of Canadians. Sir Hugh Allan turned the; matter over in his mind, accepted partly Sir Francis'suggestions and eventually formed ii company for the carrying on of the railway. This cou*pany was composed of Sir Hugh Allan, the American gentlemen who had been so active, and some Quebec friends of his own. The Session of 1872 was now ai)proaching. Rumours of a vague kind were hi}r.id that an American company with Sir Hugh Allan at its head, was to receive the charter and build the Canadian Pacific Railway. The movement at once became most unpopular. In Parliament and out of Parliament the cry was raised, (^anada for the C'anadians, no foreign intervention, Canadian enterprise for the Cana- dian capitalist. Even in the Government the feeling was no less strong, and Sir Hugh Allan was very soon informed that no proposals emanating from an American company could be entertained for a moment. Through the instru- mentality of Sir John Macdonald and some other members of the Government, a second Pacific Railway com])any was formed. This was the Inter-Oceanic company, with Senator D. L. Macpherson, a man of means and high standing, at its head. Sir Hugh Allan next busied himself about organizing a purely Canadian company, and he assured the Government most positively that he had entirely dissociated himself from his American friends. Parliament met. Both companies became incorporated and an Act of Parliament was passed enabling tlie Government to enter into a contract with one or the other of the above- named companies, or with an amalgamation of the two, or CLOSE OF THE SESSfO^\ 123 if they nhould see fit, to grant a Royal Cliarter ton now and altogether distinct company, in case an agroonient could not be made with either or hoth the com pan ies already in exi.st- enre. On the 14th of Juno the Session clost.d. Parlia- ment was dissolved on the 8th July, and from the fifteenth of that month to the 12th of October, the elections were being held. The result was as we have seen. The Govern- ment was sustained, and a powerful majority was at its back. The Pacific Railway was a source of much convei-sa- tion and thought. The rival companies showed no disposi- tion to yield. Both represented large and influential inter- ests. The Inter-0"C(inic carried tremendous weight in On- tario, while the Canada Pacific was an equal power in the .sister Province of Quebec. Effort after effort was made to secure an amalgamation of the two forces. The ent<'rprise was a noble one. It was full of lofty andpatriotiepurpo.se. It was o: ■» of immense national importance. It was a move- ment calculated to tax the utmost resources of Canada, and it behooved every Canadian to assist in the construction of the road as far as he could. The rival presidents were as difficult to ma'ii.pulate as the companies themselves. Indeed, it was more th. a hinted that if arrangements could be made with the respective presidents, the work of amalgamating the companies was a comparatively ea.sy ta.sk. It was a delicate piece of work to approach the chairmen. On the one hand, it was argued by Sir Hugh that he had broken off his American connection, that he had large interests at stake,, and that he should be president of the company. On the other hand, Senator Macpherson averred with fully as much 124 TRYING TO EFFECT A COMPROMISE. atrenerth, that the board of directors should choose their own chairman, and that Sir Hugh Allan had not really severed his connection with the Chicago and New York capitalists. In vain the Government sought to effect a compromise. The rivals were inexorable. It is but just to Senator Macpherson to state that he had no ambition towards the piesidency himself. He felt, however, that the Directors should exercise the power of appointing and electing their own head officer, and he insisted on that right being ceded to the Board. The Government seemed after a time to look more favourably on the proposals of Sir Hugh Allan, his in- fluential position in Quebec and the fact of his being the first Canadian in the field to associate himself in the scheme, materially influencing them, it is thought, in this view. His influence in the English money market, moreover, was 'an additional point that was raised in his behalf. He was known better, perhaps, in Great Britain than any other Oanadian. The gigantic fleet of powerful steamships which bore his name, his many successful speculations and enter- prises, his career in commerce and his reputation as a large banker, gave fresh pi-ominence to his name, and an impetus to his demands. He was regarded as the representative Canadian capitalist, and few men in the Dominion were disposed to dispute his claim. No amalgamation couhl be formed it was clear, by the Gi)vernment, with the material at command, and accordingly, Sir John macdonald gave it out as his intention that advanta'^e would be taken at once of the Act of Parliaujont passed at the last Session, and a new and independent company would be formed. To this J 4»«»«. THE STOCK- HOLDERS. 12& new organization the charter was issued, and Sir Hugh Allan was declared president of the road. In the ej'es of the people the company was essentially a CanaiHan one. It embraced a number of men who, for many years, had identi- fied themselves with Colonial interests and entei-prises. There were Walter Shanly, a railway manager of vast ex- perience, E. KT Burpee, an engineer of note, D. Mclnnes, a Hamilton merchant of high charactei-, Frederick W. Cumber- land, a resident for years of Toronto, a man of capacity and an engineer of skill, and well known as the Managing Director of the Northern Railway, Hon. Adams G. Archibald, the present Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, and a states- man of unin)peachable character, Sandford Fleming, an engineer of the highest attainments, J. 0. Beaubien, J. B. Beaudry, M. T. Johnson, Geo. James Findlay, Thos. Lett Staplscomidt, Andrew McDerniott, John Walker, E.N. Hall, and J. B. Helmcken. These Canadian capitalists held the stock and they were bound by agreement not to sell out their interest without permission of the Goverameut, until six years at the very least should elapse. This was emin- ently a wise provision, and was adopted for two reasons : First, it would take the company fully one year to get in good working order and raise the necessary funds ; Second, it was thought that after five years of active prosecution of the woi'k there would be no likelihood of the road getting into foreign hands. Indeed every provision appears to have been made to prevent the charter falling into the possession of speculators from the adjoining states. Sir John Macdonald was clear and explicit- on this point. Sir George E. Cartier was II' II 126 ENERGETIC WORDS. even more so, for he backed his " energetic words "* with an oath. Sir Francis Hincks at the outset offered no hostility to American capital, but he changed his mind afterwards, and t>" -> whole Government r/ere unanimous on the subject. When, therefore. Sir Hugh Allan stated that hv^ had thrown his American friends overboard and that they were un- connected with him in the enterprise, the G«vevnment no longer hesitated. The charter was awarded. Parliament as.serabled in due cour.se, snd the Government was in a position to inform the country, that all arrantjements had been com- pleted and a strong and powerful company was ready to undertake the most important public work ever constructed in British North America. The policy of the Ministers met the approval of the House. No one doubted the ability of the company to successfully prosecute the work. It was a vast undertaking all admitted. It was a question, perhapo, whether or not, Canada was just in a position at that time to encourage and carry on a work of such gigantic magni- tade. But it was too late now to interpose objection. Brit- ish Columbia had entered into the Confederacy. Faith must be kept with the new possession, and a railway which would unite the eastern and western provinces must become an established fact. Parliament ratified the policy of the Gov- ernment, and there is not the slightest doubt that the Minis- try apprehended any trouble on that score, in the House. Parliament certainly, as was its prt rogative and wo2it, care- * Sir George Cartier said onsevbral occMiona, " Atutilongtempt queje vivrai et quejescrai dans h Ministire, jamaii uite »acrie Comimynic Americaine aura It control du Pacifique, et je risiynerai mn place de MinUtre plutvt que d'y con- Mnth\" A SUCCESSFUL STROKE OF POLICY. 127 fully examined the various provi.s ions of the Royal Charter, and considered the personnel of the governing body. The House appeared to have every confidence in the movement and not a signer of the document was greeted with the merest objection. Indeed the Railway Charter which was laid before the House was looked upon as a triumphant and successful stroke of policy on the part of the Gov- ernment, by both the great political parties in the Com- mons and in the Senate. Members on the Government side felt that they were stronger than ever, and the Opposi- tion felt that they had indeed good cause to feel exultant. But a crisis was near at hand. The political horizon was darkening and a stoi-m such as Canada had never felt before even in the darkest days, in her rebellious epochs, in her times of bloodshed and revolt, was gathering in the troubled sky. The trials of 1837 and 1838, the feverish anxieties of 1849, were hitherto marked dates in the political and social history of Canada, but the outside world had learned to look upon such experiences as mere internal disorders, .such as na- tions pass through every day. It is, happily, seldom that a powerful Minister — the leader of a great political party — has been brought to the bar of public opinion on a charge of the venial sin of corruption. There is something terrible in the very name of Corruption, and no lexicographer has ever succeeded in presenting the word in its awful and true significance. It has been defined time and again by John- son, Bacon, Addison, Pope, South, Sydney Smith, Burke, Taylor, the judicious Hooker, Spenser, the Holy Scriptures, and a hundred lesser authorities, but these have all been un- L28 THE CHARGE OF CORRUPTION. equal to the task. The word itself is its own best defini- tion. It stands alone, without synonym. Definitions only weaken it. It is a word from which the purest-minded will turn, for to be charged with it, even innocently, is in itself a taint. Once raise the cry of corruption against a man no matter how high his position or how humble his sphere in the affairs of State, or ia the business of his own immediate circle, and that man is doomed to endure the contumely for life. The public is a great mon- ster, and the popular favourite of to-day may become to-morrow the most insignificant being in the world. Pop- ularity is a treacherous lever, and the higher one rises through its influence, the greater will be the fall, when the tide changes. For days the storm-cloud hovered over the political capital of Canada. A month of the Session had passed by, and the Government had regularly and in order carried successfully its measures. A full house was assembled on the second of April. The Speaker sat in his robes of office. The Treasury benches were full. The Opposition seats were all occupied. Few men in that august assemblage knew of the tremend- ous thunderbolt which should presently startle not only the Commons of Canada, and the members of the Canadian Senate, but the people at large, also, in every town and hamlet in the Dominion, and in those older lands across the ocean. Members sat at their desks writing letters, exam- ining the newspapers of the day and sending notes across the floor of the chamber to each other. The House was never so silent or more disposed to listen to the utterances MR. HUNTINGTON READS HIS RESOLUTIONS 129 of one of its members, as it was when Mr. Lucius Setli Hun- tington — a prohiinent and distinguished Opposition asso- ciate — arose in his place in the Commons and pi-ocoeded to address the House. He held in his hand a paper, and this paper he read. It was the following motion : — " That he, the said Lucius Seth Huntington, is credibly informed and believes that he can establish by satisfactory evidence, that in an- ticipation of the Legislation of last Session, as to the Pacific Railway, an agreement was made between Sir Hugh Allan, acting for himself, and certain other Canadian Promoters, and G. W. McMullen, acting for certain United States capitalists, whereby the latter agreed to fur- nish all the funds necessary for the construction of the contemplated railway, and to give the former a certain percentage of interest, in consideration of their interest and position, the scheme agreed upon being ostensibly that of a Canadian company with S- Hugh Allan at its head, — " That the Government were aware that these negotiations were pending between the said parties, — " That rtubsequently, an understanding was come to between the Government, Sir Hugh Allan and Mr. Abbott, one of the members of the Honourable House of Common' of Canada, that Sir Hugh Allan, and his friends should advance a large sum of money for the purpose of aiding the elections of Ministers and their supporters at the ensuing general election, and that he and his friends should receive the con- tract for the construction of the railway, — " That accordingly Sir Hugh Allan, did advance a large sum of money for the purpose mentioned, and at the solicitation and under the pressing instances of Ministers, — '* That part of the moneys expended by Sir Hugh Allan in connec- tion with the obtaining of the Act of Incorporation and Charter, were paid to him bj the United States capitalists under the agreement w ith him, — ii " That a Cciumittee of seven members be appointed to enquire into all the circumstances connected with the negotiations for the construc- tion of the Pacific Railway, with the legislation of last session on tlie subject, and with the granting of the Charter to Sir Hugh Allan and others, with power to send for persons, papers and records, and with instructions to report in full the evidence taken before, and all pro- ceedings of said Committee. " 130 BASED ON A MERE RUMOUR. Mr. Huntington read his resolutions with the joint air of ex- ultation and timidity. His tones were exultant but not de- fiant. At times he paused in his reading and glanced un- easily towards his auditory. On the faces of some men his searching eye detected a look of sympathy, on others aston- ishment, but by far the greater number met his anxious gaze with a stolid, indifferent and almost contemptuous glance. It was clear that the majority were noi in accoi'd with him, and he was himself to blame for this. He had preferred grave charges against a popular Ministiy, against a popular chieftain of a popular party, backed by an overwhelming majority of the electors, and beyond reading his resolutions not a tittle of evidence had been produced. He had made no speech in support of his premises. He had exhibited no justification of his conduct. It was evident that he based his charges on a mere rumour, an unaccredited slander which had grown fat while in his possession. He spoke with some feeling, but it was with the feeling of fear. It was as if he had chalked up " No Popeiy " on the wall, and had then fled. Men fancied they detected some trembling accents in his tones, and he spoke so low at times, that those honest and inde- pendent members who occupy the remote seats in the House were seen to bend forward that they might catch some tot- tering word as it fell from his lips. Even to this day mem- bers who sat in that House on that famous second of April, solemnly believe that when Mr. Huntington preferred his charges against the Government, he was not really in posses- sion of the letters, telegrams and other documents which SFR JOHN'S TAVT. 131 afterwards came to light, and that he had nothinof save idle report on which he might base his authority for the accusa- tions he made. It was said, and said quite openly too, that the charges were mere feelera. It was thought that there might, possibly, be some truth in the stories of corruption against men in high places, which bad been whispered, and Mr. Huntington and his associates determined to take ad- vantage of those unauthenticated rumours. It was supposed that the resolutions would provoke discussion and that some Government member, in the heat of debate, might divulge something that would give colour to the accusations which had been made. If Mr. Huntington ever made cal- culations on this head, his speculations shot widely of the mark. He read his resolutions and sat down. Everyone was on the tiptoe of expectation. Every eye was turned first to the Prime Minister who sat unmoved at his desk, and then to Mr. Huntington wlio sat full of suppressed emo- tion on the opposite side of the house. Not a sound disturbed the silence of the place. With a tact, which was all the more wonderful on account of the circumstances of the case, Sir John A. Macdonald never moved a finger or uttered a word. The charges had been read. Tlie motion had been made. The motion had been seconded, and there was no debate. A painful silence ensued. Two or three members who had been away now crept back to their places. No more impressive scene had ever been witnessed in that Council Chamber. A feeling of dread seemed to reign in the place. The motion was put to the House, relief came, and Mr. Huntington's resolutions were negatived. The ordeal 132 SIB JOHN MOVES A RESOLUTION. was over. One hundred and eighty-three memberM were in their places. Tlie vote revealed a Government majority of thirty-one. The mere 'qyse dixit of Mr. Huntington received a severe rebuke. The Government, however, were not disposed to shirk the iH.sue which had been raised. Charges of great magnitude had been preferred against them, and though Parliament had decided in their favour, it was necessary that a Court of Enquiry, fully empowered to investigate the cliarges, should be formed. Accordingly, on the very next day. Sir John Macdonald gave notice in the House, of a motion which he would bring forward before Parliament at once. On the 8th of April, the following resolution was canied: — "On motion of the Right Honourable Sir John A. Macdonald, that a Select Committee of five members (of which Committee the mover shall not be one) be appointed by this House to enquire into and report upon the several matters contained and stated in a reso- lution moved on Wednesday, the 2nd of April, instant, by the Hon. Mr. Huntington, member for the County of Slxetlbrd, relating to the Canadian Pacific Railway, with power to send for persons, papers and records: to report from time to time, and to report the evidence from time to time, and, if need be, to sit after the prorogation of Parliament." The House named as the Committee, Hon. Mr. Blanchet, Hon. Edward Blake, and Hon. Messrs. Dorion (Napierville), Macdonald (Pictou), and Cameron (Cardwell). Mr. Blake and Mr. Dorion were leading members of the Opposition, and Messrs. Blanchet, Macdonald and Cameron were recognized supporters of the Government. After this Conmiittee had been struck, a very important question was raised. It was easily seen that unless witnesses were pxamined on oath all '"'^TyW'^Bw^wjrt (ii* *i ■.->-■, ^,-^>. PASSING THE OATHS BILL. 133 sorts of evidence would be brought forward, and information of a generally untrustworthy character would be produced. It would be found that the Committee would very soon be unable to prosecute their enquiry unless a Bill empowering them to compel witnesses to testify on oath, was passed at the present Session of the House. The object of this Bill will be apparent. Witnesses giving evidence under oath at the tribunal appointed by the Commons were liable to pro- secution for perjury, should any false swearing be discovered, as the proceedings advanced. Hon. Mr. Mackenzie, the member for Lambton, and the leader of the Oppo.sition, as well as the Hon. Messrs. Blake, Dorion and Joly (now Premier of the Local Government of Quebec), and all meml>ers of the same party, expressed themselves strongly in favour of having witnesses examined on oath, and it was suggested that a Bill be brought forward allowing the Committee to accept sworn testimony. On the 18th of April, an Oaths Bill was thereupon introduced into the House of Commons by the Hon. John Hillyard Cameron, an eminent Ontario lawyer, the Chairman of the proposed Committee, and a warm sup- porter of the Administration. On the 29th April, this mea- sure passed through the Senate, and on the 3rd of May it received the Royal Assent. Some members of the Opposition seemed to think that the time occupied in getting the Bill passed was unnecessarily long, but the delay could not well be avoided. Before the Governor-General gave his a.ssent to the measure, it was necessary that the highest legal and con- stitutional opinion should be had. It was just a question whether the Commons had a right to pass such a Bill. The 184 DIFFERENCE OF OPINION. Hon. Mr. Campbell introduced the nieasurt; in the Henato and in that Chamber the legality of the movement was dis- cussed with some little warmth. While Sir John Macdon- ald was very desirous of having the Bill carried, he felt that constitutionally, Parliamei)t had not the power to enact the contemplated measure. He gave it as Ids opinion that the Bill was ultra vires. Here it may V»e well, without proceed- ing fuiiher, to discuss this question. It was a very nice and delicate one to decide. The very highest authorities differed. On the one hand, we find the Minister of Justice pronoun- cing the measure an illegal one, and though not giving his opinion in an official form, yet stating it broadly over his own signature, in a letter to Lord Dufterin who had asked for the advice merely for his own inforaiation and guidance. Sir John Macdonald said, moreover, that he would be glad if the Governor-General saw his wav to ffive his assent, and in the meantime recommended that the attention of the Home Government should be called to the provisions ot" the Bill. On the other hand, His Excellency's opinion was greatly fortified by the advice which the highest constitu- tional authority in the land, Mr. Alpheus Todd, Parlia- mentary Librarian, and author of Parliamentary Govern- ment in England, tendered. Other men of note had given it as their opinion that the Governor-General would be jus- tified in giving his Assent to the Bill. Mr. Todd was very clear in his premises. He said that the Dominion Parlia- ment were clearly competent to confer this power upon Committees of the Senate, and the House of Commons. Now, let us examine the question : When the union of FRIVILEQES, IMMUNITIES AND POWERS. 135 the Pj'ovinces took place in 1807, it was decided that the House of Commons and the Senate of Canada should be governed by the same rules, regulations and usages which obtained in the British House of Commons. Indeed, in every way the Canadian Parliamentary Bodies were regulated by the same Constitution which guided the destinies of the British Lower House. It was foun > to be practicable, ad- mirably suited to Canada, and there was no hesitancy in adopting a Constitution of so much prestige and power. The privileges, immunities and powers enjoyed by the British Commons were transferred to Canada. The reader will ob- .serve that the privileges, immunities and powei's of the British House of Lords, were not similarly so transferred. Canada simply framed both her Commons and her Senate on the model which the British House of Commons exhibited. The Constitution which the Canadian Lower House accepted was the same Constitution which regulated the proceedings of the Candian Upper House. The 18th clause of the British North America Act, 18G7, provides : — " I. The privileges, immunities and powers to be held, enjoyed and * ' exercised by the Senate and House of Commons, and by the mem- "bers thereof respectively, shall be such as are from time to time ' ' defined by Act of the Parliament of Canada, but so that the same "shall never exceed those at the passing of this Act, held, en- " joyed and exercised by the Commons House of Parliament of the " United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and by the members "thereof." " 2. That subsequently on the 22nd May, 1868, the Canadian Par- " liament by the Act 31st Victoria, chap. 23, in pursuance of the "authority so given by the Union Act, defined the privileges of the " Senate and House of Commons respectively. ' ' The Senate and the House of Commons respectively, shall hold, "enjoy and exercise such and the like privileges, immunities and i3n MR. ALPHEU8 TODD'S OPINION. " powers as at the passing of ' The Britisli North America Act, 1867,' " were held, enjoyed and exercised by the Cjninuins House of Parlia- " inent of the United Kingdom of (Jreat IJritivin and Ireland, and by " the members thereof, so far as the same are consistent with, and not " repugnant to the said Act." In 18G7 neither the British House of Commons nor any Committee thereof had the power to examine wltnesseh on oath, except in certain special cases, such as Private Bills. The question now resolves itself merely to one point : was the Parliament of Canada, in view of the provisions spe- cially laid down in the British North America Act, 1867, competent to confer a power on a Committee of the Senate or House of Commons which was not possessed by the British House of Common;? at the time of the passing of the Act under consideration ? Sir John Macdonald thought not. Mr. Alpheus Todd thonr.',!it otherwise, and placed his defini- tions of the clause on record.* The settlement of the ques- • " In my opinion, tliat clause was intended to reHtrain the claiinR of eitlier House to indefinite privileges and imnmnities, by providing that such privi- leges shall never exceed those enjoyed by the Iniperinl House of Commons, at a given date. The privileges and immunities herein referred to are those that might reasonably or unreasonably be claimed as inherent in, or necessarily attachingto the Houses of the Canadian Parliament, pursuant to the ninxim that ' all things necessary pass a.s incident.' By limiting such privileges and powers to those possessed by the Imperial House of Commons, in 18(J7, it prevents, on the one hand, an undue encroachment or extension of jjrivilege, nnd on the other hand secures to the two Houses and the Members thereof, respectively, the privileges, immunities and powers appropriate to them as component parts of the Canadian Parliament. " It has been urged that the Act to authorize the examination of witnesses on oath by Committees of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, is an extension of their privileges, beyond those sanctioned by the British North America Act, inasmuch as Select Committees of the Imperial House of Com- mons (not being Private Bill Committees) did not possess such power in 1867, or until, by the Imperial 'Parliamentary Witness Oaths Act of 1871,' such power was for the first time conferred upon them. "It is to be observed, however, that the power so conferred upon Committees A PRECEDENT IN VOGUE. w tion turned, therefore, upon the proper definition of this clause in the Act — a clause wliich seems certainly elastic enough to afford comfoit to the supporters of either view. It was clearly manifest on the one side that the Dominion Pnrliament was precluded by the terms of this clause, which appeared to read both ways, from investing the Canadian House of Commons with the powers in (juestion. On the other hand, a precedent was in vogue, and great weight sometimes attaches to a precedent. One of the very first acts of the Canadian Legislature was to pass a Bill empower- ing the Canadian Senate to examine witnesses on oath at its Bar. This A.ct was assented to by Lord Monck, May 22nd, 1868,* and, having been acquiesced in by the Imperial by the English House of CoimnonH was not claimed as a privilege inherent in that Body. It was merely a power conferred by Statute, to facilitate legis- lative enquiries, similar to that which has been repeatedly conferred upon Statutory Commissions ; and in being so conferred it did not trench ujwn any prerogative of the Crown, or enlarge the Constitutional rights of the House of Commons. "The Dominion Parliament were therefora clearly competent, in rny judg- ment, to confer a similar jiower upon Committees of the Senate and House of Commons, pursuant to the authority conveyed to that Parliament by the Slst clause of the British North America Act, ' to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of ('anada.' " In a word, the restrictions contained in the 18th clause of the aforesaid Act, are restrictions upon claims that might be urged on behalf of the two Houses of the ( 'anadian Parliament, or the Members thereof, respectively, to inherent orexces- sire privile/jes, and are not intended to prevent the exercise of let/islntire poicers- by the whole Parliament, provided that the same are exercised within ai)pro- priate Constitutional limits." — Mr. Afplieus Todd's opinion, in reference to the' meaninfi of the 18th rfanse of the British North America Act, 1867. * Whereas it is expedient that the Senate should have jMwer to examiiie wit- nesses at the Bar on oath ; and whereas it is also expedient that evidence taken before any Select Committee of either House of Parliament on a Private Bill should be available, if desired, before the Committee of the other House to- which the same Bill is referred, and that for this purpose the Select Committees, of the Senate and of the House of Commons on Private Bills should be enabled to administer an oath to the witnesses examined before them : 138 AN ALMOST UNANIMOUS VOTE. I Oovermnent, there was good ground to believe that Parlia- ment had exercised a right which was undoubtedly hers. It might be that, through inadvertence or othei-wise, the Home authorities had allowed the Bill to pass unchallenged, and had unconsciously sanctioned an obvious illegality. There was notiiing at hand, however, to justify such an assump- tion. Canada in 1868 had passed a met»sure which seemed necessary in order to cany out certain provisions which might ai-ise, and a power which might, perhaps, be called extraordinary was conferred on her Senate. In Great Bri- tain no such power existed. Indeed, it was not until 1871, four years after the union of the Provinces, that a Bill grant- ing similar privileges bad been introduced into the British House of Commons. In 1 873, with all these facts before them, the House of Commons at Ottawa, after very little discussion, voted almost unanimously in favour of Mr. Cam- eron's Oaths Bill, members of both parties supporting the movement heartily. In the Senate, as we have seen, the le- Therefore Her Majeoiy, by and wiiih the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows : — 1. Witnesses may be examined n[)on oatii at the Bar of the Senate, and for that purpose the Clerk of the House may administer an oath to any such witness. 2. Any Select Committee of the Senate to which any Pnvate Bill has been referred by that House may examine witnesnes upon oath uiH)n matters relating to such Bill, and for that purpose the Chairman or any member of such Commit- tee may administer an oath to any such witness. 3. Any Select Committee of the House of ('ommons to which any Private Bill has been referred by that House may examine witnesses ujjon oath upon matters relating to such Bill, and for that purpose the Chairman or any mem- ber of such (/ommittee may administer an oath to any such witness. 4. Any person examined as aforesaid, who shall wilfully gfive false evidence, ahall be liable to the penalties of perjury. — Stattitu of Canada, 18G8, Cap. XXIV., pp. 5 and 0. LORD hUFFERIN ASSENTS TO THE BILL. 139 gality of the measure was questioned, notwithstanding the fact that up to that time the same privileges had been en- joyed at the Bar of their own Chaniuer, It passed, how- ever, after a short debate, in which nothing new was elicited. The Bill was despatched to Lord Dufferin for Royal As- sent. It was highly necessa.y that the grave charges which Mr. Huntington had preferred against the Administration should be properly and promptly investigated. The country demanded that investigation. Parliament demanded it. The Government appeared to court enquiry. It was neces- sary, therefore, that the Committee should proceed to busi- ness without further delay. Indeed, a clamour had already been raised that Sir John Macdonald and his confederates were seeking by eveiy device possible to postpone investiga- tion, investigation which, it was aven-ed, would bring ruin and dismay upon them, and expose their intrigues to the whole worl».. S of three to two. The next day the House of Commons adopted these recommended ♦ions by a majority of 31. The vote stood, for 107, against, 76. It is not to be supposed that the proceedings thus far had wholly escaped the censure of those watch-dogs of the State, the members of the loyal Opposition. It must be remem- bered also that though nothing of a definite or trustworthy nature had been developed in the interim, yet there were grave rumours in active circulation. Thes'; reports became much magnified as the weeks roiled on. Indeed every suc- cessive day brought with it a fresh chapter of scandal, and the story promi&ed in time to acquire quite respectable pro- portions. Sc<\ndal, it is said, travels much faster than an ill- wind or bad news, and this tale of corruption had by this time penetrated to the remotest comers of the country. It began to be whispered in England, and in the United States speculation was rife i.n regard to it. Extreme men, in Canada, o'l both sides, uttered extreme opinions, while moderate men attached so little importance to the charges that thiey began to look upon the whole aiSair as a mere political manoeuvre — a trick by means of which the " outs " hoped to wrest power from the *' ins." The Oaths Bill was on its way to England. The Gov- ernor-General had sanctioned it in the meantime, and for all practical pui-poses it had become law. But the absence of two very material witnesses in England clearly showed that a postponement of the Committee's labours wad highly necessary. As we have seen the Committee arrived at this conclusion, and the Hovise ratified their action by a large 142 SIB JOHN CALLS ON HIS EXCELLENCY. vote. '^.irHament had still confidence in the Ministiy. The Oppositiv I gained no new material accessions to theii- ranks. The ordinary business of the Session was now nearly over. It is a known fact that Committees of the House of Com- mons cannot sit after pi'orogation, and it was necessary that an understanding should be arrived at by which the House cou'd adjourn to a date beyond the 2nd of July, the day upon which the Committee were to re-assemble. Accord- ingly Sir John Macdonald called on His Excellency in his office, one morning, in the early part of May. It may be well to state here that every tiling done by the Government was done with the full cognizance of Lord Dufferin, who wan thoroughly conversant with every movement which was made. Lord Lisgar, the former Governor-General of Canada, was an old man and an invalid. He lived two miles or more away from the offices of his Ministry. It was not al- ways easy to gain his ear, and much had been done in his name, before his consent had been obtained. It was a com- mon occurrence, on the part of the Government, to take it for granted that Lord Lisgar would assent to Bills he had never seen, and would do things about which he had not been consulted. We know of no instance in which Lord Lisgar refused his sanction to anything his Government had done. Indeed, he seemed to be perfectly satisfied with his Ministry, their actions and the mode in which such actions had been performed. Neither do we know of any instance in which an undue advantage was taken of His Lord- ship's infirmities. We merely state these facts Itst the ARRANGING THE PROROGATION. 143 reader might surmise that subsequent events, which trans- pired during the Administration of the Earl of Dufferin, were managed in the same way. One of the first things which Lord Dufferin did, on his arrival at Ottawa, was to fit up an office in the Parliament Buildings, and to announce to his Ministry that he was always available and always at their service. Sir John Macdonald waited on the Governor-General in May and communicated to him the aiTangements contem- plated for the convenience of the Committee, and discussed with His Excellency the advisability of proroguing the House on the 13th of August. Sir John himself mentioned this date, and it was furthermore suggested that as by that day the Committee would be ready with their report, the re- sult of their investigation could be laid before the House at the same time. This seemed to be perfectly satisfactory. The House would adjourn shortly, the members could go to their homes, the Commiitee would have between five and six weeks i.i which to pursue their enquiries, and on the 13th of August their report would be handed in, and the House duly prorogued. Loi'd Dufferin consented to this pro- posal. Armed with this authciity the Leader of the Government repaired to the House of Commons, and in his place an- nounced in the most distinct terms that Parliament would be prorogued on the 13th of August, that the re-assembly of Parliament would be pro forma, that no business would be done beyond the reception of the report of the Committee, which could then be printed with the evidence, and go be- u ]44 MR. BLAKE ON THE HUBJEOT. fore the country — that the members would not be required to return, and that only the Speakei's of the two Houses need be in their places. To all this not a word of disap- proval was vouchsafed ; not a syllable of dissent was uttered. Indeed, the Opposition not only tacitly agreed to it by si- lence, but Mr. Blake seemed disposed to allow prorogation to go on, aud observed that in the meantime the Committee might continue taking evidence and bring in their report in the regular Session of the coming February, forgetting for the moment that no Parliamentary Committee could transact business after prorogation. Mr. Holton, anooher active and eminent member of the Opposition, so far thi'ew in his influ- ence as to confirm the idt«. that the contemplated proroga- tion was as satisfactory to his side of the House as it ap- peared to be to the Government party. Mr, Holton merely ob- served that it wa-s his opinion that there should be a quorum, and that he and a quorum would be there. Sir John Mac- donald remarked in reply that if a quorum was necessary a sufficient number of members would be found in the neigh- bourhood of Ottawa. It is requisite that the circumstances connected with this prorogation question should be related with the utmost clearness. Moreover it is necesoary to put on record the fact that a thorough understanding was amved at before the House adjourned. Mr. A. L. Palmer, one of the members for St. John County, a sound lawyer, and an eminent constitutional authority, only left Ottawa on the pledge which Sir John Macdonald openly gave in the House of Commons, that no business should be transacted in Au- gust, save the reception of the Cammittee's Report and the LORD DUFFERIN'S VIEWS. 145 prorogation of Parliament. Other members held the same convictions. Indeed in the month of May not a contrary opinion existed. It is quite clear, therefore, that Parliament both desired and expected that prorogation should take place at the time mentioned. Lord Dufferin was of the same opinion,* and as it was his intention to visit the Mari- * In despatch No. 4, which Lord Dufferin transmitted to the Earl of Kimberley, and which was laid before both Houses of the Imperial Parliament His Excellency relates a number of instances which convinced him that Parlia- ment desired prorogation to take place at the time mentioned. " Had the House of Commons," he says, " desired to prolong the Session beyond the 13th cf August, its proper course would have been to have communicated its wishes to me by an address. Though the fact that no motion to this effect was even suggested, is sufficientlj' conclusive, there are other circumstances which indicate more or less distinctly the feeling of the House. The motion originally ap- pointing the Committee, and carried on the 8th of April, ordered it to sit, if need were, after prorogation ; and more than one member of the Opj.ositjon urged the propriety of a Bill being introduced to enable it to do so. Clearly therefore, when this motion was carried and these suggestions made, the ma- jori';y who passed the one, and the individuals who proposed the other must have contemplated the probability of the Report of the Committee being consi (lered, not in the present but in a subsequent Session of Parliament. Indeed, the mere fact of prorogation being fixed for the 1.3th of August implies this much, for it is not to be presumed that the House would have proceeded to consider the Report, until both it and the evidence upon which it was founded had been printed and distributed to Members, but to enable this to be done ar. interval of a few days, after Parliament had re-assembled and had received the Report, would manifestly have been required before action could have been taken upon it. If, therefore, Parliament had contemplated considering the Report during the current Session it would have desired a later day to be fixed for prorogation than that on which the mere manuscript copy of the Report was to be laid on its table." In the same despatch, which is numbered 197 in the Journals of the Cana- dian House of Commons, Lord Dufferin further says: — "When Mr. Dorion moved in amendment of the motion for the Committee's adjournment to the 2nd cf July, that ' inasmuch as the Committee will have no power either to enforce the attendance of witnesses or to compel them to give testimony without the action of this House, it is essential to the proper conduct of the investigation that it should be prosecuted under circumstances that will admit of the prompt exercise of the authority of the House, it is therefore necessary that the House shotQd git on the day to which the Committee has leave to adjoumf; the House J U6 PARLIAMENT THE REAL ADVISER. time Provinces later on in the Summer, he was so far sure that the Hcfuse would be simply prorogued on the 13th of August, that he arranged to have it done by Commission, in order to spare himself the labour and fatigue of a journey of some twenty-four hundred miles, for what was understood to be a mere formality. And assuredly Lord Dufferin was justified in pursuing the course he had measured out for him- self. So far as he could ascertain, his Ministry wex'e guilt- less of the charges which had been laid at their door. Par- liament, which is the real adviser of the Governor-General, attached little significance to the Huntington resolutions. The House had negatived the motion by a silent vote. So much confidence, indeed, was reposed in the Ministry that the House acted decisively and promptly, and without wait- ing to hear the accusations repelled by the Government. Mr. Huntington's torpedo was a very small pyrotechnical dis- play after all. The magician of the Opposition party was but a sorry conjuror at best. If Lord Dufferin wanted as- surances of the innocence of his Ministry he could obtain decided AgainHt him by a majority of 101 to 66, — one of the Representatives from British Columbia, as I am informed, protestip;; against Members from the more distant Provinces in the Dominion, being required to return to Ottawa 80 late in the Summer as the 2nd of .July." And a further and perhaps more substantial reason is given in the same docu- ment, " During the Session a Bill was passed increasing the indemnity paid in this country ■ Members of Parliament for their attendance. Into that Bill a Clause was introduced to the following effect : ' The said amendment shall ap- ply to the present Session of Parliament, and if either House shall adjourn for more than thirty days such adjournment shall, for the purposes of such Act, be equivalent to a prorogation. ' This provision was intend > jy its authors to enable Members to receive their salaries and travelling -j- pensea on the 23rd May, the day on which Parliament adjourned, without having to wait for the 13th August, the day named for prorogation." THE EARL OF KTMBERLETS DESPATCH. 147 them in plenty. If he asked for evidence of their guilt it was not forthcoming. After all, thinking men were heard to say, there is nothing in this Pacific Railway scandal busi- ness. The mountain has resumed its old shape. The mole- hill is smaller than it was before. The Opposition demanded ■enquiry. The Government so far from stifling that enquiry rather favoured it. The Opposition, as we have seen, suffered defeat after defeat. The tactics of the Oppositionists paled inefiectually before those of the Government party. It may have been then, that when prorogation was announced, and an adjournment was near at hand, the opponents of the Ministry were glad to acquiesce in an arrangement which would give them time to husband their resources and allow the Committee opportunity to collect evidence, and them- selves to prepare documents which they could use in the coming spring or summer, perhaps, and with the damning proof in their possession hurl from power the now trium- phant occupants of the Treasury benches. And there is good ground for presuming this to be the case. Parliament ac- cordingly adjourned in May and the merabei*s dispersed themselves to their homes and elsewhere. The Governor-General went to Quebec and made prepa- rations for his progress through the Maritime Pro vii ices. While there however, he received a despatch on the 27th of June, of four words from the Earl of Kimberley, which though not wholly unexpected, was sufficiently startling. The telegram simply said, " Oaths Bill is disallowed." A month before that date the Earl of Kimberley notified the Governor-General that the Law Officers of the Crown report- 148 DISALLOWANCE OF THE OATHS BILL. ed the Act ultra vires* Sir Jolin MacdonaM's opinion was thus sustained by the Home authorities. The reasons given for the disallowance of the Bill were that the Act was contrary to the express terms of Section 18th of the British North America Act, 18G7, and that the Canadian Parliament could not vest in themselves the power to administer oaths, thai being a power which the House of Commons did not posses* in 1867, when tlie Imperial Act was passed. In regard to the precedent established in Canada by the Act of 1868, the Earl of Kimberley's despatch states : — " It appears to have escaped observation both here and in the Colony that though such examination of witnesses is in accordance with the practice of the House of Lords, the powerM of the Senate of Canada are limited by the B-itish North America Act, 1867, to such powers as were then enjoyed by the House of Commons, and that the first Section of the Canadian Act of 1868 was therefore in contravention of that Act. Under the second Section of 28 and 29 Victoria, cap. 63, this first Section is void and inoperative as being repugnant to the provisions of the British North Ameiica Act, and cannot be legally acted upon." The powers given to Select Committees upon Pri- vate Bills by that Act, were not, however, considered ob- jectionable. Lord Dufferin's first act, on this intelligence, was to com- municate with the Prime Minister. A public proclamation was i.,.-Med announcing the disallowance of the Oaths Bill. • Full text oi this despatch, received in Ottawa, 29th"May, 1873, is, " Your despatch dated the ."Jrd May, with its enclosures, lias been referred to the Law Officers of the Crown, who report that the Oaths Act is ultra vires." 1 A COMMISSION^ SUGGESTED. 149 It was absolutely necessary that something should be done immediately. In a few days the Committee were to as- semble. To nioet this difficulty, Sir John Macdonald sug- gested the issuing of a Commission to the members of the Committee. Such an Act would not alter the personnel of that body. Their functions could not be lessened in any way. Their authority would remain the same. The sug- gestion was perfectly legitimate and an easy and effectual way out of the difficulty seemed to present itself. Sir John hesitated before issuing the],mandate, lest His E.Kcellency might disapprove of the measure and subsequently reject it. •Seeing this the Governor-General addressed a letter to the Premier, and so far from disagreeing with the suggestion of- fered, be heartily agreed in the same. " No one can doubt," wrote Lord Dufferin on the 28th of June, " that for the pur- pose for which the Cora mittee^ was originally constituted, its conversion into a Commission can make no prar* cnl differ- -ence. As a Commission it will take evidence, and as a Com- mittee it will report upon that evidence to the House. It would be unreasonable to allege that in discharging this -double function, and in acquiring in addition to the powers delegated to it by Parliament, a technical authority at the hands of the Crown to take evidence on oath, it abates one tittle of its constitutional independence." Thus authorized, the Premier wrote on the 2nd of July to the Chairman, Mr. Cameron, and to each member of the Com- mittee, a letter in which he stated that the British Law Officers had disallowed the Oaths Bill and that it was his intention to issue to the same Committee a Royal Oommis- 160 BLAKE AND DORION REFUSE TO SEBVE. sion. The Commission would confer on them all the powers given to the Committee, including the examination of wit- nesses under oath, and the power to send for persons, papers and records, &c. The acceptance of this Commission would hasten the work in hand, and no delay would occur. A postscript to Sir John's letter added, that a clause enjoinin"* the Commissioners to report to the Speaker of the Houst Commons, would b^^ inserted in the Commission. On the 2nd of July the Committee met in Montreal. The majority of its members favoured the acceptance of the pro- posal, but Messrs. Blake and Dorion would not hear of it. Both gentlemen wrote letters to the Premier declining to serve on the Commission, and stating their reasons at length.* * Mr. Dorion, after a retunU of the contenta of Sir John's letter, said, " Now I would beg to call to yoiir attention that the Committee was originally named on your own motion, as an ordinary Parliam-jntary Committee, without refer- ence to any authority to examine witnesses under oath, and that it was only on the suggestion of the Committee subsetiuently made, that tlie House and Senate unanimously passed the Oaths Bill, although on more than one occasion you yourself made the suggestion, unheeded by the House, that a Commission might be issued instead of pasHing an Act to authorize the administering of oaths to the witnesses. This alone seems to me to be conclusive that the House of ('ommona, whose nominee I am on the Committee, did not intend that the enquiry should be carried on by a Commission appointed by the Executive, and r.-sponsible as such only to that Executive. It seems to me, moreover, that the authority which is sought to be conferred on the Committee, to examine witnesses under oath cannot be attained by the issue of a Royal Commission, for, although the Commissioners appointed might examine witnesses under oath, it would not be as Members of the Committee appointed by the House that they would do so, but as Commissioners, whose decisions and proceedings would be subject to the supervision and control of the Executive, under whom they would hold their appointment, and not of the House if the Government had projtoaed to name me on a Commission for the purpose of this enquiry, I would then cer- tainly have declined the proposed Commission. I cannot see why I should now accept it, when it seems to me that the eflfect 'of issuing such a CommisBiou would be to supersede the Committee, and more especially in view of the de- claration you made immediately before the adjournment of the Session in re- A NEW PHASE. 161 Sworn testimony being inadmissible, Mr. Dorion made a motion supported by Mr. Blake, that the Committee should content themselves with unsworn testimony. This motion was considered by the majority to be impracticable, all sorts of unreliable evidence would be brought in, and besides the House had expressly instructed th( Committee to receive testimony upon oath only. Accordingly, on the 3rd of July an adjournment took place and the date fixed upon for the re-assembly of the Committee was the day of prorogation, the coming I3th of August. On the 4th of July, the tactics of the Opposition first assumed a tangible form. The \^hispered stories of corrup- tion were repeated in a bolder key. The phantom became a reality. The mysterious resolutions which Mr. Hunting- ton had, with some misgivings, introduced on the floor of the House of Commons, three months before, now divested of their superfluous trappings and sustained by some sem- blance oi proof, became very formidable instruments indeed. The storm which darkened the sky of Ottawa in April, now made black the horizon of Montreal. A |)owerful Govem- ference to Mr. Blake and myself , that we should not have consented to serve on the C!oinmittee, that men in our positions in England would not have done so, and that you could not e.xpoct any fair play at our hands. This alone should be a BufRcient reason why I humbly believe I should not be called upon to ac- cept a Coinmiision from tlie Government of which you are the head, after your public declaration, m ule in my absence, of my unfitness to perform what the Commi»ai(m would impose on me." Mr. Blake's letter was in a similar strain. He made, however, this further point, and gave it out as his belief, " that it would be of evil consequence to create the precedent of a (xovernment issuing a Commission of enquiry into msitters of a charge against itself, the Commissioners being, as they are, subject to hfc direction and control of the accused." 162 THE GENIUS OF EGBERT WALPOLE. meivt, the most powerful, perhaps, which had ever held office in Canada, was in danger of being engulphed in the ruin which threatened on every side. The Ministry was strong. Everything tended to make it so. The large amount of patronage at its command gave it a following of a certain class of men who deemed it their bounden duty to keep their friends in power. The Ministry was a popular one. It had been formed with this end in view. The leader was a man of tremerdous energy and will. No one understood men better than he. Indeed, in this respect, he possessed the genius of Robert Walpole. With great good humour and an easy manner whieh he never neglected to cultivate, he had kept his Cabinet together. His Ministers loved him. Hi.s friends idolize i him. His enemies only hated his power. It was no easy task to hurl such a man from the chief place in the Council Chamber of the country, and thus far the tactics of the Opposition had proved unavailing. Indeed Mr. Huntington and his friends hi,d bungled m«t sadly and people had already I egun to look upon them with grave suspicion, not unmingled with scorn and contempt. It was clear, then, that the Opposition had begun to perceive that tuey had not yet gained the sympathy of the public, and a bold stroke was required. Novel and formidable weapons of warfare were determined on, and it was reserved to test public feeling at once. No soonsr had the resolutions of the Committee of En- quiry become known on the third of Jidy, than the Hunt- ington party resolved on a show of their hand. They had evidence in their possession which they believed was most l n Jfc u iii iiflH .. A STABTLING PUBLICATION. 153 criminating, and they decided to use it. They considered, or affected to consider, that such an enquiry as the Commis- sion proposed to prosecute would become merely a farce. Mr. Blake and Mr. Dorion would not sit as members of tlie Commission, and no members of the Opposition could be found willing to take their places at the board. Neither wa.s i^' desirable to have them do so. Besides the action of the Committee augured another delay, and the time for a striking and dramatic blow was at hand. The Montreal Herald of the 4th of July was issuod, and the columns of that journal fairly bristled with disclosures of a most alarm- ing nature. If the letters and telegrams alleged to have been written by Sir Hugh Allan to the hitherto obscure Oeorge W. McMulien and Charles M. Smith of Chicago, were genuine, a very damaging case was clearly made out iigainst the Government. The Herald after referring to the character of the evidence in its po.ssession, printed the telegrams and letters in the f Uowing order: — {Tsh^raph.) " Father Point, OcLoberS, 1871. "Send me by mail, care of Allan Bros. »&; Co., Liverpool, the names of the parties engaged with ns in the railroad enterprise. (Signed) " H. ALLAN. "To C. M. Smith, of Chicago, Metropolitan Hotel, New York." (Letter.) " Dear Mr Smith, " London, E. C, Nov. 4, 1871. " I find a considerable interest manifested here by monied men in our scheme of a Dominion Pacific road, and if we desire to raise funds herd to carry on the work, I have no doubt they can be obtained. I havo not heard anything from the Government on this subject, and I prf ijnme nothing will be dono till I go back. I propose to sail some *' ae this month. ' * Yours truly, (Signed) "HUGH ALLAN. 164 SIR HUGH ALLAN'S LETTERS. {Tehjraph.) " Montreal, Dec. 7, 1871. " i -io not think the Government at Ottawa will be prepared to deal with us sooner than the 18th inst. Sir F. Hincks is here, and hints at necessity of advertising for tenders to avoid blame . (Signed) " HUGH ALLAN. " To C. M. Smith, Banker." (Telegraph.) " Montreal, Dec. 8, i871. " I have seen Sir Francis to-day. He says they have detei;mined to advertise, and that it is no use to visit Ottawa at present. I write you by mail. (Signed) "HUGH ALLAN. "CM. Smith, Banker." {Letter.) " Dear Sir, " Montreal, Dec. 8, 1871. " Sir Francis HincLs called a', my office this day, and said that while he was as anxious as ever to arrange with us about the railroad, the feeling of the Government is that if they closed an ag eement with us without advertising for tenders, +hey would be attacked about it in the House. 1 think this may be true, and in view of it I oee no use in o\ir going to Ottawa at present ; but I think we should meet and arrange preliminaries ourselves and c'ecide on a course of action. If, therefore, you could come here about the 16th instant, I would go on to Now York with you on the 18th, and we could then put the affair in shape. Please advise me if this suits you. ' * Yours truly, (Signed) "HUGH ALL\N. " To C. M. Smith, Esq. , Chicago. " " Dear Sir, " Montreal, Dec. 29, 1871. " I have your note from Picton, but I have not heard from New York since I left there. A good m vny rumours are afloat regarding rail" road matters, and 1 have good reason to b ilieve that Mr. Brydges is using all the influence he can with Cartier to thwart our views, not that he has any proposal to make, but he wants to stop the Pacific Railroad altogether. A party in the interest of the Hudson's Bay Coiripany, consisting of Donald A. Smith, D. Mclnnes, G. Laidlaw, G. Stephen, Daniel Torrance (of New Yoik), and one or two others, have given notice in the 'Official Gazette ' that they will apply for a Charter to mtike a railroad from Pembina to Fort Garry. That is the only one EFFORTS TO SECURE MR. URTDGES. 155 that affects us. I go to Ottawa on Wednesday, and will return here on Saturday. I will find out there what is going ' a, but I think we are sure of Cartier's opposition. " Yours truly, (Signed) " HUGH ALLAN. " To G. W. McMuUen, Esq., Picton, Ont." " Deab M'ii. McMuLLEH', " Montreal, January 1, 1872. " I saw Mr. Brydges yesterday and found out pretty nearly what he will require to join our railway project. His terms are very high ; but as they possibly include more than himself, we may have to concede them. He thinks, however, that tl e Government wiU liot have the courage to go into the scheme at all, : nd will shirk it till after the elections. I go to Ottawa on Wednesday, and will see what they propose to do. I will write you as si ih 1 find out. I intend to re- turn back to here on Saturday night. . -hing you the compliments of the season, " i am, yours truly, (Signed'/ "?( UGH ALLAN "P.S. — I have a telegram from you this moment, a < vising me that you are going to New York ; [ therefore^send this letter to the St. Nicholas Hotel there." "Gentlemen, " Montreal, January 24. 1872. "My subscription of $1,450,000 to the stock of the proposed Canada Pacific Railway Company includes the Lum of $200,000, fur- nished jointly by you and myself, to be transferred, in whole or h part, to Vlr. C. J. Brydges, on condition of his joining the orgatii/ ii^ and giving it the benefit of his assistance and influence. Tn case he refuses or neglects to join before the 15th day of April next, I will transfer at once thereafter to you jointly $100,000 of the before-named subscription, and in rase Mr. B.'s influence and co-operation can be secured for a less interest in the Railway Company than the before- mentioned amount, then I will transfer to yo. one-half of any residue that rem.'ins of the said $200,000 after Mr. Brydges' accession to the Company h.as been secured. It is, however, understood that any resi- due, or portioi:" of the $200,000 named, may be used to secure any other influence deemed by myself and you desirable or important, on the same terms as is proposed in regard to Mr. Brydges, and may ap- ply to others in addition to him. ■'Yours truly, (Signed) "HUGH ALLAN. " To Charles M. Smith and Georgo W. McMuUen." 156 EXCITING NATIONAL FEELING. "'Deah Mk. McMullen, " Montreal, Feb, 5, 1872. " I returned yesterday from Ottawa. Everything looks well up till the present time, bnt I maj' tell you in strict confidence that there are symptoms of coolness between Sir John A. and Cartier, arising from the coquetting of the latter with Blake and .Mackenzie to form an alliance and carry the elections next summer, with a view to leave Sir John A. out in the cold. This would not be quite so well for us ; biit I am going to Toronto on the 7th instant to look after our interest. We are all right with the ' Globe.' You have not yet sent me the articles •of agreement signed by the parties. Send it immediately, as I need it in my negotiations. I will require you to come down here, by and by, ±0 arrange the con ^r .ction of the Company, and consult about other i.^atters. In the pri.^ted Bill is there not a mistake about the land and taxation ? Look at it. " Yours truly, (Signed) " HUGH ALLAN. "' To G. W. McMuUen, Chicago. ^' P. S. — I wrote you, but have not received any answer." " Dear Sik, " Toronto, Feb. 23, 1872. " I find that Mr. Brydge is making a strong attempt by ex- citing national feeling to got up an opposition to us in our Pacific schemes. He is endeavouring to get up what he calls a purely Cana- dian Company, on the representation tinit we are going to make enor- mous profits out of it, the most of wiuch will go to parties in the United States. He has written to influe>itial men here, and in other parts of the country, urging ihem to subscribe stock merely as security, for they never will be called on to pay anything, and he says the Gov- ernment must givt a preference to a Oanad m Company. I do pot know to what extent he has been successful . " Yon in truly, (Signed) "HUGH ALLAN. "To C. M. Smith, Chicago." " Dear Sir, "Toronto, February 24, 1872. " Since writing to you yesterday, I have seen Mr. D. L. Mac- pherson, ol Toronto, who is a Member of the Dominion Senate, and rather au important person to gain over to our side. He has been ap- plied to by our opponents, and uses that as a lever by which to obtain better terms from us. He insists on getting $250,000 of stock, and threatens opposition if he does not get it. You will remember, he is DISTRIBUTION OF STOCK. 167 one of those I proposed as Directors. I will do the best 1 ran, but J think that McMuUen, you, and myself will have to give up some of our ■took to conciliate these parties. ' ' Yours truly, (Signed) «' HUGH ALLAN. "C. M. Smith, Esq., Chicago. " " Dear Sir, " Montreal, February 28, 1872. " It seems pretty certain that in addition to money payments, the following stock will have to be distributed : — D. L. Macpherson, $100,000 ; A. B. Foster, $100,000 ; Donald A. Smith, $100,000 ; C. J. Brydges, $100,000 ; J. J. C. Abbott, $60,000 ; D. Mclnner ^'''0,000 ; John Shedden, $50,000 ; A. Allan, $50,000 ; C. S. Gzowski, $50,000 ; George Brown, $50,000 ; A. S. Hincks, $50,000 ; H. Nathan, $50,000 ; T. McGreevy, $.^0,000— total, $850,000. To meet this I propose that we give up of our stock as follows : — C. M. Smith, $250,000 ; G, W McMullen, $250,000 ; Hugh Allan, $360,000~total, $850,000. Pleas& say if this is agreeable to you. I do not think we can do with less, and may have to give more. I do not think we will require more than $100,000 in casli, but I am not sure as yet. Who am I to draw on for money when it is wanted, and what proof of payment will be re- quired ? You are aware I cannot get receipts. Our Legislature meets on the 11th of April, and I am already deep in preparation for the game. Every day brings up some new difficulty to be encountered, but I hope to meet them all successfully . Write to me immediately. " Yoiu-a truly, (Signed) " HUGH ALLAN. "C. M. Smith, Esq., Chicago. " P. S. — I think you will have to go it blind in tlte matter of money — cash payments. I have already paid $8,500, ami have not a voucher, and cannot get one." " My dear Mr. McjMullen, " Montreal, March 4, 1872. " Mr. Macpherson, of Toronto, and Mr. Brydges here, have both notified me to-day that they decline to join us in the Canadian Rail- way scheme. Their reasons are that the Company is too largely American, and that they want to see it in the hands of Canadians. They tried to detach me from the Company we have formed and get me to join theirs, which of course I declined. I don't know what they can do against us, but I intend going to Ottawa, on Monday, the 11th 158 ALL ARRANGED. i I inat., and will try and find out something about it. I will be in Ot- tawa most of the week. " Yours truly, (Signed) " HUGH ALLAN. " Dkar Mr. McMullbn, " Montreal, April 16, 1872. " I must reu\ain here to-night to write my letters for the EnjjMsh mail, which I have been rather neglecting of late. You might make use of your time in seeing such of the Ministers as you can reach, but I wish especially that you would arrange that you and I together should see Sir John A, at 11 o'clock on Thursday. Telegraph me to Prescott Junction to-morrow ji you can do this. 1 enclose a letter which came enclosed to me from New York this day. What can be the matter there ? I ought to arrive at Ottawa at 4.30 to-morrow p.m. (Wednesday). " Yours truly, (Signed) " HUGH ALLAN." "Dear Sir, "Montreal, June 12, 1872. " 1 have this day received a telegram from you, dated New York, asking me to meet yo\i in Ottawa to-morrow on important business. I am unable to go, and if the important business refers to the Pacitic Railway scheme, I do not think it necessary I should go. I believe I have got the whole arranged through my French friends, by means you are aware of, and we have now a pledge of Sir G. that we will have a majority, and other things satisfactory. I have told you all along that this was the true basis of operations, and anything else was powder and shot thrown away, and I think so still. You should come here and see me before you carry out any important transaction or pay any money. I want you to get a correct copy of the Government Bill and our own Bill, because we have first to consider how far they will suit our friends, and we may have to go to New York to consult them. I will be in town to-morrow and Friday. I will be absent on Satur- day, but will return here on Monday and be here till Friday. " Yours truly, "G. W. McMullen, Esq., (Signed) "HUGH ALLAN. "RusseU Hotel, Ottawa." "My Dear Mr. McMullbn, "Montreal, July 16, 1872. " I feared you had got entirely lost in the depths of matrimony, but I am glad to notice by your letter dated 11th instant that you have got safely back. Since I saw you the Pacific Railway ' Canada' scheme had gone through many phases, and its present position is diffi- mats A MATTER OF AMUSEMENT. cult to be described. Sir Geo. Cartier has been i town for some days, and I have had several interviews with him. He now tells me that he does not now, and never did, intend to deal with either Macpherson's Company or ours, and that he only allowed them to get incorporated as a matter of amusement, but he says he always intended that the Government would form its own Company, would carry on the work under the orders of the Government, according to the views of the Government engineers, and with money furnished by the Government. He says that he and Sir John A. made up their minds to this long ago, but did not tell any of their colleagues. A kind of negotiation is going on with Macpherson and myself, relative to the composition of this Government Company, but it has not come to anything as yet ; mean- time, the period of the elections is drawing near, and unless the matter is arranged satisfactorily to Lower Canada, Sir George Cartier's prospect of being returned is very slim indeed. I cannot foresee with any cer- tainty the ultimate result, but the decision cannot be long put oflF. I will advise you a^ soon as anything is positively known. " Yours truly, (Signed) "HUGH ALLAN." " The following is addressed to an American gentleman in a very high position in New York, whose name has been given to us, but which is for the present withheld : — "My dear Sir, " Montreal, July 1, 1872. "The negotiations regarding the Canadian Pacific Railway are now approaching a termination, and I have no reason to doubt they will be favourable to us. 1 have been given to understand by Mr. McMullen that he has regularly kept you informed of the progress and position of aflFairs, hence I have not communicated with you as often as I utheiwise would have done. No doubt he has informed you that, thinking as I had taken up the project there must be something very good in it, a very formidable opposition was organized in Toronto, which, for want of a better, took as their cry, " no foreign influence ;" " no Yankee dictation ;" " no Northern Pacific to choke otT our Canadian Pacific," and others equally sensible. So mucii etfect, however, was produced both in and out of Parliament by these cries, that, after con- sultation with Mr. McMullen, I was forced tmwillingly to drop osten- sibly from our organization every American name, aud to put in re- liable people on this side in place of them. It will have been apparent to you that at this point Mr. McMullen and I differed a little as to the means to be adopted to influence the Government itself. Two opposing II 160 C ARTIER' S INFLUENCE. Companies desiring to build the railroad were formed, the one from Ontario having the greatest number of names, while that from Quebec had the greatest political power. Mr. McMullen was desirous of se- curing the inferior members of the Government, and entered into en- gagements of which I did not approve, as I thought it was only a waste of powder andshjt. On a calm view of the situation, I satisfied myself that the decision of the question must ultimately be in the hands of one man, and that man was Sir George E. Curtier, the leader and chief of the French party. This party has held the balance of power between the other factions ; it li.as sustained and kept in office and existence the entire Government for the last five years ; it consists of forty-five men, who have followed Cartier and voted in a solid phalanx for all his measures. The Government majority in Parliament being generally less than forty-five, it follows that the defection of one-half or two-thirds would at any time put the Government out of oflSce. It was therefore evident that some means must be adopted to bring the influence of this compact body of members to bear in our favour, and as soon as I made up my mind what was the best course to pursue, I did not lose a moment in following it up. A railroad from Montreal to Ottawa, through the French country, north of the Ottawa river, has long been desired by the French inhabitants ; but Cartier, who is the salaried solicitor of the Grand Trunk road, to which this would be an opposition, has interposed difficulties, and by his influence prevented its being built. The same reason made him desirous of giving the con- tract for the Canadian Pacific into the hands of parties connected with the Grand Trunk Railway, and to this eml he fanned the flame of opposition to us ; but I saw in this French railroad scheme and in the near approach of the general elections, wlion Cartier as well as others had to go to their constituents for re-election, a sure means of attain- ing my object, especially as I propose to carry it through to the terminus of the Pacific. The plans I propose are in themsulves the best for the interests of the Dominion, and in urging them on the public I am really doing a most patriotic action. But even in that view, means must be used to influence the public, and I employed several young French lawyers, to write it up in their own newspapers. I subscribed a controlling influence in the stock, and proceeded to subsidize the newspapers themselves, both editors and proprietors. I went to the country through which the read would pass, and called on many of the inhabitants. I visited the priests and made friends ofUhem, and I employed agents to go among the principal people^and talk it up. I then began to hold public meetings, and attended to them myself, WILLING TO BUILD THE RAILWAY. IGl making frequent speeches in French to them, showing them where their true interest lay. The scheme at once became popular, and I formed a Committee to influence the members of the Legislature. This succeeded so well that, in a short time, it had twenty-seven out of forty- five on whom I could rely, and the electors of the ward in this city, which Cartier himself represents, notified him that unless the contract for the Pacific Railway was given in the interests of Lower Canada, he need not present himself for re-election. He did not be- lieve this, but when he came here and met his constituents, he found, lo his surprise, that their determination was unchanged. He then iigreed to tjive the contract, as required, in a way that there would be seventeen Provisional Directors, of which Ontario would have eight and we nine, thereby giving us the control. We at once proceeded to organize the Company, and they named me President, D. Mclniies, of Hamilton, Vice-president, E. L. DeBellefeuille, Secretary, and Hon. J. J. C. Abbott, Legal Adviser. We have advertised that the books for subscription of stock will be opened on the 15th July, at the different places named in the Act, and wehave notified the Government we are wil- ling to take the contract for building the Canada Pacific Railway on the terms and conditions prescribed in the Act. The next thing to be done is to subscribe stock, which must be done by British subjects only, and ten per cent, of the subscription must be paid in cash at the time of subscrib- ing. Wehave the right of subscribing nine -seventeenths at present, and of taking up whatever the other party may not subscribe at the end of the month. I have arrangedin the meantime that if you will send a certificate of the equivalent of ^1,000,000 gold, liaving been placed by Jay Cooke & Co. to the credit of the Merchants' Mank of Canada, Montreal, in their own bank, in New York, it will accept the checks for the subscription, but no money will pass till the contract is entered into, and then ten per cent, on the whole amount of stock awarded us will have to be paid into the Receiver-General. Be pleased, therefore, to send me as early as possible powers of attorney to subscribe stock, and Jay Cooke & Co.'s certificate above mentioned. I have had several letters from England, offering to take the whole thing up if we desire to part with it, but it looks to me to be too good to part with readily. If you wish any further information, I will go to New York next week, if you de- sire it, and communicate with you personally. Please telegraph if you wish to see me, and the day. As you may suppose, the matter has not reached this point without great expense, — a large portion of 1«2 A SUCCESSFUL POLICY. it only payable when the contract is obtained, but I think it will reach not much short oi ^00,000. " ' Yours faithfully, (Signed) '"HdGH ALLAN. " ' P. S. — I presume you desire that unless we can obtain and secure a majority of the stock, you would not take any. Hiit on this point I wish to be instructed. (Signed) '"H. A."' " The foll()wing is to the gentleman before alluded to : — " ' Dear Sir, " ' Montreal, August 1, 1872. " ' I wrote you on Ist July, giving you a detailed account up till that date of the events and my movements in connection with thu (^anadian Pacific Railway. I have not had any acknowledgment of the receipt by you of that letter, but I suppose it reached you in due course. The question I asked you, however, remains unanswered, and I now proceed to inform you of the progress of the negotiations since the dale of my letter. The policy adopted has been (juite successful ; the strong French influence I succeeded in obtaining has proved sufficient to con- trol the elections, and as soon as the Government realized this fact, which they were unwilling to admit and slow to see, they opened nego- tiations with nu'. It is unnecessary to detail the various phases througli which it passed, but the result is that we yesterday signed an agree- ment by which, on certain monetary conditions, they agree to form a Company, of which I am to be President, to suit my views, to give me and my friends a majority of the stock, and to give the Company so formed the contract to build the road on the terms of the Act of Parlia- ment, which are $30,000,000 in cash, and 60,000,000 acres of land, with all other advantages and privileges which can bo given to us un- der the Act, and they agree to do everything in their power to encour- age and assist the Company during the whole course of construction. The tinal contract is to be executed within six weeks from this date, probably sooner. Our opponents are to get a minority of the stock, and they regard us with great jealousy and dislike, in consequence of their defeat, and on that account the (lovernment is obliged to stipu- late that no foreigner is to appear as a shareholder, so as to avoid the former cry of selling ourselves to the Northern Pacific, and succumb- ing to foreign influence. The shares taken by you and our other American friends, will therefore have to stand in my name for some time. We shall get six million dollars of the stock out of the whole capital of ten million of dollars. I again ask you if the parties ■■:*fttKaaajaB:i jjapwBwmPsww HHINOrNa THE MATTEH TO A CRISIS. ](>:{ are willing to take the reduced amount of stock in the same propor- tions, signed for previously. As it is my duty, I offer it to you, but there are plenty desirous of getting it ; — ten per cent on the amount will have to be paid up and deposited in the hands of the Government as security, but will bo returned, I think, as soon as the work is fully begun. The expenses incurred in bringing the matter to this point have been very great. I have already paid away about ^250,000, aneni, therefore, 1 pro- vided for the distribution of the stock which those gentlemen were ■.villing to subscribe, or which f believed they would eventually be tviliing to subscribe, up'"^ the Imination of the Company. " That, when 1 visit-d Ottawa, as> stated in tho last ]iaragraph, I ascertained, by personal ol)servution and conuuxnieation with the M.jmbera of the House, that a strong prejudice had arisen against any connection with American capitalists in the formation of the proposed Company, the fear expressed with regard to that subject being that such capitalists wouid find it for their intevest rather to obstrust the Canadian Fftf;;nc, and further the construction of the Northern Pacific^ than to act in the interests of Canada by pressing forward tlie Cana- dian Road. And though I did not share this fear, and always believed, and still believe, that the persons who proponed to be associated with me would have gone on with the enterprise in gw)d faith to the best of their ability, yet I f<;und il.e feeling for the moment so strong that I judged it expedient and proper to yield to it, and therefore consented that the legislation to be presented to the House should exclude for* INATTENTION TO ACCURACY OF EXPRESSION. IfiJ eigaera from the Company , and that the Directors should be exclusively Canadian . " That a Bill incorporating the Canadian Pacific Company was then introduced into the House by Dr. Grant, who had been a prominent advocate of the Canadian Pacific scheme, and bad introduced in the last previous Session a similar measure at the instance of tha late Mr. VVaddingtoii and others who were then interesting themselves in the project. " That notwithstanding tliat the Bill which was so introduced con- templated by its terms the exclusion of foreigners, I did not feel by any means convinced that the Government .vould insist upon any such con- dition, believing as I did, and do, that such a proposition was impolitic and unnecessary. I did not, therefore, feel justified in entirely break- ing off my connection with the American associates, although I ac- (piainted them with the difficulty which might arise if the Government took the same position which ti.a majority of tlie people with whom I conversed at Ottawa appeared to do. I wa aware that v y the terms of the Bill introduced by the Government, they would have a control- ling pov/er as to the terms of the contract, and I was willing to abide by their decision as to the extent of interest, if any, which foreigners might be permitted to hold. And until that decision was communi- ciitcd to me 1 felt in honour bound by the agreement I had made to loave the door open for the entrance of my American associates into vhe Company, unless the contingency arrived of a ^isti'iet prohibition by the Government against admitting them. And in informing them of the progress of the affair in (.Canada, as I did on oertain occasions as an individual, and without inij,- .ating the Company of which I was a member, I considered that I was only acting fairly by them. And I did not intend thereby to bind, and as I conceive, did nit in ariy way l)ind or compromise to my views the other members of the (]Ianada Pacific Railway Company, with whom I did not think it necessary to communicate at all on the subject of my occasional correspondence with my American associates, the more especially as this correspondence was entirely private and confidential, and moreover was written with such inattentiim, as to accuracy of expression, as might be expected in correspondence intended only to be seen by those to whom it was ad- Iressed, During my stay at Ottawa, I had some communication of an informal character with members of the Government, and I found that tiiey were still disposed to recognise the value of my services in en- deavouring to organize a Company But in view of the rivalry which appeared to exist in respect of the Pacific scheme, and the strong array ! ' 168 NO CLUE TO GOVJiRNMENTS VIEWS. of Canadiau names which had been obtained by the Inter-Oceanic Company aa associates in its project, nothing definite leading me tu expect any preference for myself, or for the Company which I was en- deavouring to organize, or indeed anything definite relating to the project, was said by the members uf the Government with whom I communicated. It appeared to me that while their intentions and opinions had been freely expressed to me when no Company other than that wliich I was pritposing to organize was likely to be formed, the presence of competition amongst Canadians for the contract had decided them to allow niatters to take their own course until they should have been enabled to decide after the formation of the Canadian Companies what line of conduct would be must conducive to the interest of the country. And there was, therefore, very little said or done during the Session which gave me any clue to the views of the Government with respect to the course of action which they would probably ultimately adopt. " After thf session, the Canadiau Pacific Railway Company, of which I was ". member, proceeded to organize ; and they notified the Govern- ment that they were prepared to take the contract for building and run- ning the Pacific Railway on the terms and conditions mentioned in the Government Bill. They caused stock books to be opened in various parts of the Dominion in conformity with the Act, and took such initi- atory steps and such '>ther proceedings as were necessary td enable then; to act as an organized corporate body. That it S'lon after became evi- dent to me that the Government would be best pleased to see an amal- gamation of the two Companies incorpi>rated by Pai'liament, in order that united action might be secured and the greatest strength obtained in the formation of a Canadian Company. And L therefore opened negotiations with the Inter-Oceanic Company for the purpose of endea- vouring to effect such an amalganiatioii, and at the same time the Canada PaciCc Company placed itself in counuunication with the Gov- emmr- .b with relation to the same subject. It was thereupon intimated that the Government were also desirous that the amalgamation should take place. That thereupon Mr. Abbott, a member of the Canada Pacific Railway Company, proceeded to Toronto to (ueot Senator Mac- pherson, and, if possible, to an'ange terms of amalgamation that would be satisfactory to both Companies. And after a discussion of the mat- ter during two or three days, in Toronto, between him and Mr. Mac- pherson, he reported to tlie Cana«la Company that there did not appear to be any material difficulty in the way r to the Canada Pacific Company, as the case may be. I would add, that as I approve of the measures to which I have refen-ed in this letter, I shall use my best endeavours to have them carried into effect. " ' Very truly yours, (Signed) '"GEO. E. CARTIER.' " I positively declare that up to the date of this letter I had not any undertaking of any kind or description with the Government,, either directly or tlirough any other person, than that contained in Sir John Macdonald's telegram of the 2Gth July, which is given above ; and that telegram and the above letter from Sir George Cartier contain everything that was ever stated or agreed to between any member of the Government and myself on the subject of the Pacific Railway pro- ject up to that date. " On the same day that I received the above letter from Sir George Cartier, I informed Sir John A. Macdonald of the contents of it, and asked for his sanction of the views which it contained. But he de- clined to concur in the terms of Sir George's letter, telegraphing tr» him that he would not agree to them, and that he would come down to Montreal, and confer with him respecting them. " Thereupon 1 immediately informed Sir George Cartier that I should consider the letter addressed to me as being withdrawn. And to mj' knowledge Sir George telegraphed Sir John that he had seen me and that as he (Sir John) objected to Sir George's letter, it had been with- drawn. I also telegraphed to Sir John on the same day (July 3lst) to the effect that I had seen Sir George Cartier, and t) -U he (Sir John) might return my letter or regard it as waste pajier, and that T was satis- fied with the telegram of the 2OII1 as expressive of the views of the Government. "I positively and explicitly declare that, excepting so far as an under- standing between the Government and myself is expressed in the fore- going corresjwndence, I 'had no agreement of any kind or description either verbally or in writing by myself or through any other person in 172 NOT STRICTLY ACCURATE. respect of the contract for the Pacific Railway, or of any advantage trti(>ns in which the stock was to be distributed, having been matters for negotiation and settlement up to the last moment and were only closed and decided upon while the Charter was being prepared in th(> early part of the present year. And the persons who finally composed the Company were only decided upon within a few ■ days of the issue of the charter ; I myself being permitted to subscribe only a similar amount of stock to that subscribed by other prominent members of the Company. " With ireference to certain private and c(/nfidential letters published this day in the ' Montreal Herald,' and to certain statements in tliese letters which may appear to conflict in some degree with the foregoing, I must, in justice to myself, offer certain explanations. I desire to state with regard to those letters that they were written in the confi- dence of private intercourse in the midst of many matters engrossing my attention, and probably with less care and circumspection than might have been bestowed upon them ha:l they been intended for pub- lication. At the same time, while in some respects these letters are not strictly accurate, I conceive that the circumstances, to a great ex- tent, justified or excused tlio lan<{uage used in them. " With regard to the reference repeatedly made in those letters to the American interest in the stock uf the Company, as I have already stated, I had made an agreement with the parties to whom those letters were addressed, associating myself with them in a Company projected for the construction of the Pacific Railway. I had never been informed by the Government, that it was their intention not to permit the asso- ciation of foreigners with Canadians in the organization of the Pacific Company. And in consenting to the legislation introduced into the House, I thought I was only deferring to a prejudice which I myself considered without foundation. I did not hesitate to intimate that if a suitable opportunity offered, they should be permitted to assume a position in the Company, as nearly like that which they and I had agreed upon as circumstances would permit. And as I entirely disbe- lieved the statements that were made as to their disposition to obstruct the Canadian Pacific, and considered that they mi^ht be of great use furthering its con^v^uction, especially in the event of a failure of the negotiations in England, I had no hesitation in placing myself indi- vidually in the position of favouring their admission into the Company, . if circumstances should permit of it . It was in that spirit that what AN UNPUBLISHED LETTER. n» is said in my private letters now published was written to the gentle- men to whom they were addressed, and if matters had taken such a turn as to pennit with propriety of those intentions being carried out, [ should have felt myself bound to adhere to them. But, in point of fact, when the discussions as to the mode in which the Company should be formed were entered upon with the Government, late in the aiitumn, T came to understand decisively that they could not be admitted, and I notified them of the fact, and that the negotiations must cease be- tween us, by a letter which has not been published in the ' Herald ' of to-day, but which was in the following terms : — "'My Dear Mr. McMullen, ' ' ' Montreal, October 24, 1872. " 'No motion has yet (as far as I know) been taken by the Govern- ment in the matter of the Pacific Railroad. The opposition of the Ontario party will, I think, have the effect of shutting out our Ameri- can friends from any participation in the road, and I apprehend all that negotiation is at end. It is still uncertain how it will be given (the contract), but in any case the Government setm inclined to exact a declaration that no foreigners will have, directly or indirectly, anj- interest in it. But everything is in a state of uncertainty, and I think it is unnecessary for you to visit New York on this business at present, or at all, till you hear what the result is likely to be. " ' Public sentiment seems to be decided that the road shall be built by Canadians only. " ' Yours truly, " ' G. W. McMullen, Esq., (Sigi.ed) '^ ' HUGH ALLAN. '" Picton, Ont.' " Up to this period to which this statement extends, the negotiation between the Government and myself had chiefly reference to efliecting an amalgamation between the two Companies which were competing for the railway, upon the principle, as 1 understand, that the enter- prise would require all the strength that could be obtained for it, and the united efTorts of every f the letters to me after the present Session of Parliament, should they not be published in the interval. This was accordingly done. Mr. McMuUen received the greater part of ihi mn agreed to with him, and the remainder was placed in one of thos. envelopes in the form of a cheque, the other envelope containing to the best of my bolief, the same letters which had been published in the ' Montreal Herald ' thi» morning, together with one or two others, which do not appear there, but which would have established the rupture of all negotiations be- tween the Americans and myself. And this arrangement was made, on my behalf, with Mr. McMullen, without the concurrence or know- ledge of any member of the Government, — none of whom were aware that the papers had been deposited in the hands of Mr. Starnes. " And I have signed, " HUGH ALLAN. " Sworn before me at Montreal, this f )inrh diiy of July, 1873. 'J. L. Beaudry, J. P." The revelations proved to Ih) no revelations at all. The much vaunted criminatory documents, amounted, in reality,, to a mere bundle of stolen letters, which proved npthino; against the Ministry, and which Sir Hugh Allan, on oath,, admitted contained language which was " inaccurate." In- deed, Sir George Cartier's letter went far to show that both he and Sir John Macdonald, at an early state of the proceed- ings, w^ashed their hands clear of Sir Hugh Allan's overtures. The Prime Minister, with characteristic energy and tact, and with all speed, telegraphed to Sir George Cartier to cancel, at once, any arrangement which he had made with the Mon- treal capitalist. The Minister of Militia promptly acted on the advice of his chief, and Sir Hugh wrote to Sir John and begged him to consider his letter as so much waste paper. All this was not without its effect. PECULIAR LIVELINESS AND ANIMATION. 177 Sir Hugh Allan's affidavit lessened public clamour for a vhile, though the conflicting statements caused considerable to ' La Minerve ' nowBiaper, and $3,000 each to three other French papers, whose names I cannot positively remember ; $<),000 to Attorney-General Ouimet for aid rendered at OR AVE FEARS OF THE RESULT. 181 Otta.wa, and an indefinite loeen sent to the peni- tentiary, and sold him back his letters for a large price. Honour, it is said, exists among thieves, but there is no honour among blackmaileix This person, after disposing of these letters straightway repaired to Sir Hugh Allan's ewetnies and placed into their hands, also for a good round sum, copies of the same letters and telegrams which he had sold to Allan. Every line of the narrative proves his own nefarious part in the scoundrelly transaction. \^ shows clearly and in unmistakable language, that eltllol' ibi- liloney, or for the purposes of revenge or for both niouey ail(l revejIgBi this Chicago broker wormed himself Into the graces of Sir Hugh Allan, became confidentially ri'lated to him, possessed himself of private^ inlurmation, and for a higher price afterwards meanly betrayed 1dm. The narrative is exceedingly clrcuiustantial, and the evelits which follow seem to challenge contradiction. Tt Is explicit, and the letter of Senator Fibster confirms some very impor- tant particulars Thougii McMullen may be louked upon as MESSRS. TILLEY AND TUPPEll. 189 a reckless character, and as a man who would shrink from nothing to carry his point, the narrative which lie furnished and the extreme boldness with which the assertions were made created an impression exceedingly hostile to the Gov- ernment. The active and alert leaders of the Opposition saw their opportunity and they made the most of it. In the meantime Lord Dufferin had begun his progress through the Maritime Provinces. It was deemed advisable that as Prini;e Edward Island had just entered the Union, the Governor-General should visit the little colony at the first opportunity. Some details consequent on the recent confed- eration remained to be settled and the Hon. Messrs Tilley and Tupper were already in the Island engaged in settling these details. Until Lord Dufferin had reached Prince Edward Island he had not seen the McMulIen correspondence. He was therefore considerably startled on looking over the newspapers which had been sent to him, to see what com- plexion the affairs had already assumed. He immediately sent for Messrs Tilley and Tupper, his Ministers of Finance and Customs, and discussed the matter with them. Both of these gentlemen assured His Excellency that satisfactory explanations would be made, and Lord Dufferin accepted tliiiitJi r'onfirinations of hi.s hopes. He felt, however, that the criginal pingramme for the indefinite prorogation of Par- liament could be no longer adhered to, and that his presence in Ottawa on the 13th of August was an imperative neces- sity. He at once communicated with tKe Premier and stated that inasmuch as the aspect of affairs had changed some- what since he had parted with him, a recess for the usual ]«0 A YOKE. ^' period was no longer possible, and that it was necessary tliat Parliament should have an early opportunity of pro- nouncing upon the points nt issue between hinif-elf and his assailants. Preparations for the public reception of the Vice- regal party at Halifax had been made, and His Excellency felt that he should visit that city and keej) his appointment with her citizens. It will be remembered that political mat- ters in Nova Scotia at this time were in a somewhat unsatis- factory condition. The Province had entered the Confeder- acy against the wishes of the majority of the people, and though six years had elapsed since then, the Nova Scotians still smarted under what some of them openly declared to be a yoke and a curtailment of popular liberty. A strong anti-Confederate party had been formed, and a repeal of the Union was seriously discussed. It was felt on all sides that the visit of the Governor-General might do much to assuage that uncomfortable feeling. On the 29th of July His Excellency arrived at Halifax, and he found that the Pacific Railway charges and the Mc- Mullen correspondence had produced intense excitement all over the city. The subject had been discussed in the rival newspapei-s with a degree of warmth seldom exhibited in other lands. His supposed views, sentinaents, and sympathies were freely given and animadvei-ted upon. Although he had not as yet fully made up his mind as to the course he should pursue, he found the Government press stating, in a seemingly authoritative way, his views and probable line of action. These were in turn sharply criticised by the Oppo- sition papers. The newspapers did not content themselves THE HALIFAX CLUB'S lUNNKR. 191 with mere conjecture. The boldest as.seiiions were freely indulged in, and every effort was nmde to stamp the various editorials in the first colunin with an air of authority. These comments and articles were particularly annoying. Lord Dufferin felt that until he liad seen his Ministers no decision was possible. In the meantime, the Governor- General's name was dragged into the very heart of the controversy, which was sustained on both sides with great bitterness and acrimony. His Excellency thought, there- fore, that he would seize the first opportunity which presen- ted itself, of deprecating the introduction of his name into the conflict. He had not long to wait for this opportunity. Among the demonstrations organized for the entertainment of the Vice-regal party during their stay in Halifax, was a dinner which was given to His Excellency by the Halifax. Club. A very large company was invited to this banquet, and as it embraced leading citizens of both political parties, it may be fairly looked upon as an eminently representative gatherin<: The President of the Club, Dr. Almon, presided. Among he giosts invited were the Hon. Adams G. Archi- bald, foriiierl) Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba, and the present Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, the Hon. Sir William Young, Chief Justice of the Province — a man of high legal attainments, and for many years a prominent member of the Legislature — Admiral Fanshaw, Senator Mac- pherson, and many others. Sir William Young proposed His Excellency's health in some well-chosen words, and Lord Dufferin replied as follows :— ^ i i 1 -1 1 |n Jj J IMAGE f^VALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ' 1^ |43 ff 1 U£ 1^ 1122 It K£ 120 1.25 III 1.4 III 1.6 V V] ^3 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREfT WEBSTER, NY. 14S80 (716) 873-4S03 >^^ ^ in f % 192 LORD DUFFERIN'S SPEECH AT HALIFAX CLUB. " Mr. Ghairinan, Chief-Justice and OentUmen, — "If anything were wanting to enhance the honour done me, it would be found in the eloquent and most kind and consid- erate terms in which the health of the Countess of Dufferin and myself has been proposed by the Chief -Justice, ^'hen I first arrived amongst you I was, of course, a stranger to all but a very few, and although, with her traditional k yalty, your city was prejiared to pay every proper Miark of resp«jct to the Representative of Her Majesty, you have ma;hey were connected, too much faith should not be placed on them. We may surmise and draw conclusions, but surmises and conclusions are not evidence. In the general criticism which followed the act of proro- gation, public writers accepted every rumour which had gained currency as an actual fact, and fjom such premises they argued. In the wholesale condemnation of the Gov- ernment which took place, it must not be supposed, in the excited state of party feeling which always runs high in Canada, that the Governor-General e.scaped scathless.. He was a frequent object of attack, and his line of duty was or OH their behalf, directly or indirtrlly as a coimidcration in any form for any ad' vantageto me in connection with the Fiifijtc Hailtcai/ Contract." -Siu Hugh Allan's Affidavit. ADVISING THE GOVERNOR. 21B clearly sketched out for him in several seiies of articles which possessed both novelty and variety, if nothing else. These instructions were gi-avely issued to His Excellency promptly every morninj,' and regularly every evening. Men whose political training and education perhaps fitted them to discuss constitutional and other questions equally pertinent were not slow to take advantage of the exigencies of the hour, and scribes who knew nothing about the constitution and scarcely anything about politics at all, were prompt with their contributions to the increasing litei-ature of the subject. The pages of history were searched by learned and anxious men, antl parallel cases were eagerly looked for. Every deed of corruption, little as well as great, which had figured in history for the last one thousa. years, was resurrected a.:d its influence brought to bear on the subject of the day. The Premier was called the most noted public criminal who had ever existed. He was a traitor to his country, and no history furnished a similar parallel of treachery, corruption and villany. Lord Dufferin too was violently assailed by irrespon- sible writers in the public prints. He was in turn com- pared to King John, and to James H., and on one occasion at a political gathering, he was likened to Charles the First.* It was hinted, too, Ihat the Imperial Government was disposed to keep Sir John in power as a reward for his services at Washington, and that the Governor-General was simply carrying out the instinictions of the Home authorities. Lord •" Lord t)ufferin upon tht^ advice of Ministers, has done what Charles I. did U|x)a the advice of Buckiiighain, — he has interfered with tlie frefdnni and priv- ilege of debate." Hun. D"-hes of the leaders and fol- lowers, provided amonp other things for the reconstruction of the Committee of Enquiry, and the possible selection of new material to serve on it. Lord Dufferiu held the balance even between the con- tending parties. He was the rightful mediator, and one of his functions was to moderate the animosities which party warfare engendered. It was not his \ lace to compel the acquiescence of his Prime Minister — in whom he still had confidence — into an adjournment by refusing to prorogue, nor was it advisable that he should go to Mr. Mackenzie and drive him into the arrangement by threatening prorogation. Besides, until his Minister advised it, he would hardly be justified in opening communication with the Opposition. The Government had gained victory after victory, and the • record of votes taken on test divisions revealed the fol- lowing : — 7th March, Majority for Government, 18th " 2nd April, 17th " " 7th May, 8th " " " 12th ' " 16th " 16 25 31 2e 31 83 24 35 As the Government's majority was even larger than usual ■220 WOULD STILL SUPPORT THE GOVERNMENT. when the last vote had been taken, the fair presumption was that their supporters still remained true to them. The Opposition had apparently worked with untiring energy, and all the names, proxy as well as personal, they could present on the memorial were ninety-two, ninety-three the •Chairman said, but ninety -two actual signatures at the time the paper was delivered to His Excellency. Remove the proxy names and we have a voting strength of eighty-nine, by no means a majority of the House. The Government had made no effort to brin their men to the front, while the Opposition had. Had the Ministry summoned their fol- lowers they would still have had a majority, and the Oppo- sition would have been powerless. The few Ministerialists who had signed the memoi'ial had not withdrawn wholly their allegiance from the Government. Ind'^ed they after- wards admitted that on a vote of want of confidence their support would have gone with the Government. Some of them, too, had signed the document without consideration. The memorial represented a minority; but had it been really a majority of the House Lord DufFerin's conduct would, in all probability, have been precisely the same. He felt that his only safeguard lay in his adherence to his ■ original intention, that of proroguing the House on the day named. For this there were imperative reasons. A pet theory had been advanced by many persons, some of whom had already rather severely burned their hands by tampering with a subject they did not quite understand, and this was that when once grave charges have been pre- ferred against the Ministry they become, ipso facto, unfit to RECKLESS ATTACK, 221 counsel the Crown. Loi'd DufFerin, in his despatch, refers very pertinently to this, and says : — " The practical applica- tion of this principle would prove very inconvenient, and would leave not only the Governor-Geieral but every Lieu- tenant-Governor in the Dominion verj thinly provided with responsible advisers, for, as far as I have been able to seize the spirit of political controversy in Canada, there is scarcely an eminent man in the country, on either side, whose char- acter or integrity has not been, at one time or another, the subject of reckless attack by his opponents in the press." Immediately after prorogation on the 13th of August, an " indignation " meeting was held by the Remonstrant mem- bers in the Railway Committee room. There was a large gathering present of angry and excited men. The deepest indignation was manifested against the Ministry, and the Governor-General was openl}- charged with having violated the principles of his office and of having abused the exercise of the Royal Prerogative. He had it in his power to hasten the investigation of the teri-ible cliarges which had been preferred against his advisers by allowing Parliament to meet ; but he had insulted Parliament, and had scorned the request which had been made in the memorial. The Re- monstrants had only craved permission to give advice, and had begged that Parliament might not be prorogue '^. In the face of all this. His Excellency, acting on the advice of his ministers, had prorogued the House, the Committee of Enquiry — a bulwark of the Constitution — had been swept away, and a Royal Commission of three judges, selected by the culprits themselves, was to be created instead. It was 322 THE INDIGNATION MEETING. easy to see on which side the highest Imperial officer in the land leaned. It was easy to understand now why so much delay had taken place. Mr. Blake made a speech of great earnestness and power ; Mr. Mackenzie, who had nearly lost his voice that afternoon in the Commons trying to make himself heard, spoke excitedly and well ; and Mr. Hunting- ton explained his position in a few clear and succinct sen- tences. Other sjieeches of u more or less able character fol- lowed, when the meeting adjourned until the evening. At seven o'clock the committee room was filled beyond its capacity, and speeches, similar to those which had been uttered during the afternoon, were now made. Among the speakers were Mr. Anglin, Mr. A. J. Smith, Mr. Isaac Bur- pee, Mr. Macdonnell, of Inverness, Hon. John Young, Mr. Jett^, Mr. Mills, Dr. Forbes, Mr, Coffin, Mr. Goudge, besides Senators Letelliei de St. Just and Christie, and the Opposi- tion leaders who had spoken before. At this distance of time it is scarcely necessary to give even an outline of the angry and acrimonious remarks which fell from the lips of disappointed men. It is sufficient for our purpose to record the fact that the meeting was held, that it was numerously attended, and that the speeches were exceedingly able, vehe- ment, and bitter It is also necessary to state that two re- solutions were made and carried amid great enthusiasm, and these we give as the result of this popular gathering. Mr. Cauchon moved, and Mr. David Mills seconded, " Resolved — That in the opinion of this meeting, tho prorogation of Parliament without giving the House of Commons the opportunity of prosecuting the enquiry which it had undertaken, is a gross violation THE PROBLEM OF THE HOUB. 228 of the privileges and independence of Parliament, and of the rights of the people." Moved by Dr. Forbes, seconded by Mr. Cartwright. and " Resolved, — That in the opinion of this meeting, the House of Com- mons is the proper body to institute and jjrosecute an enquiry into the pendiog charges against Ministers ; and that the action of the accused Ministers, in removing the enquiry from the Commons, and appoint- ing a Commission under their own control to try themselves, is a gross violation of the rights, privileges, and independence of Parliament ; and it will be the imperative duty of the House of Commons, at the earliest moment at which it is allowed to meet, to take action for the vindication of their rights ; and for the resumption of a Parliamentary enquiry." The meeting broke up at halt-past ten, and the members separated, only to meet again in little knots about i-he streets of Ottawa. All through the . ight men in groups of three and four were to be seen standing on the corners discussing the great problem of the hour. The Ministers had again triumphed, but it was a triumph which had been achieved by strategy alone. A victory had been won, but it had been dearly bought by fraud and duplicity. A cry from this moment would go out which every constituency in the land would henr — a cry which should make itself heard in the most distant parts of the country — a cry long and loud for justice and the honour of the nation. It was early morning before these little gatherings dis- ])er8ed, but ere they did so, a tremendous agitation of the question was determined on, and every member pledged himself to bring the matter promptly before his constituents. No sooner had one obstacle been removed from the poli- tical pathway, than another presented itself. By the act of prorogation, the Committee of Enquiry had become extinct. 284 A NEW TRIBUNAL WANTED. i It was desirable on all sides that there should be no further delay in investigating the charges. The truth must be had somehow. For months the Ministry had borne more or lesf* odium, and public opinion was divided as to their guilt or innocence. Certain documents, which of themselves proved nothing, when read together and in connection with the McMullen statement, suggested, if they did not quite prove, a guilty connection between the Govern- ent and Sir Hugh Allan and his American friends. Some eight or ten weeks would elapse before Parliament re-assembled, and in the meantime an enquiry of some kind was required. A state- ment had gone abroad that the opponents of the Govern- ment did not want an investigation, but preferred to allow the Ministry to remain under the obloquy and suspicion which had been raised against them. As an offset to this, the part}' in power now demanded an opportunity to vindi- cate their character. They insisted on the organization of a tribunal which should hrve power to examine witnesses on oath. No other Court of Enquiry would suffice. They were willing to give sworn testimony themselves, and they asked their opponents to furnish the same in return. The Committee of the House of Commons had refused to acqui- esce in an aiTangement which had been proposed to them. Mr. Blake and Mr. Dorion, for personal as well as other rea- sons fully explained in preceding pages, would not sanc- tion the change of the Committee into a Commission. The relations between Lord Dufferin and liis Ministiy were be- coming embarrassing. He was bound to recur to his Con- stitutional advisers for advice in all matters which con- PARLIAMENT'S RESPONSIBILITY. 225 cerned the Administration of public affairs. His Ministers were being violently assailed from day to day in the news- papers and in the utterances of public men. They were charged with having fraudulently dealt with certain mone- tary trusts, and these interests, though voted by the Parlia- ment of Canada, were also to a considerable extent guar- anteed by the Imperial authorities. His Excellency felt that, as an Imperial officer, these trusts demanded his atten- tion, apart from any action of the Canadian House of Com- mons. If malversation of funds had occurred, the Parlia- ment of Canada were responsible to Great Britain: In Prince Edward Island His Excellency, as we have seen, dis- cussed the matter with Mr. Tilley and Dr. Tupper, and he had intimated to the latter that in view of the committee being unable to prosecute the charges, " an enquiry con- ilucted before three judges of the land might prove a satis- factory issue out of the difficulty." This was a mere casual observation, however, and only offered by Lord DufFerin in the way of conversation. It was not desirable to resort to other means of investigation while the committee was in ex- istence, even if it did appear to be paralyzed, and unable to proceed with the prosecution of the enquiry. Once the committee became extinct, however, and the Government, on its own responsibility, embodied His Excellency's sug- gestion in a recommendation to issue a Commission to three judges of standing in the community, Lord DufFerin had no difficulty in at once acceding to their request. On the 14th of August, accordingly, at the instance of his responsible advisers, the Governor-General signed a Commission to the o li li ■226 TEHMS OF THE ROYAL COMMISSION. Honourable Judge Day, the Honourable Judge Polette, and Judge Gowan, authorizing them to enquire into the various matters connected with the issue of the Pacific Railway Charter.* The terms of the Commission are in these words. After relating at length Mr. Huntington's motion in the House of Commons and the action thereon, the document proceeds to state : — " And whereas the Right Honourable Sir John A. Macdonald, Knight, also a member of the said House of Commons of Canada, in his place in Parliament, did, on the eighth day of April aforesaid, move a resolution in the words following : ' That a select committee of five members (of which committee the mover shall not be one) be appointed by this House to enquire into, and report upon, the several matters contained and stated in a resolution, moved on Wednesday, the second day of April instant, by the Honourable Mr. Huntington, member for the County of SheflFord, relating tf) the Canadian Pacitic Railway, with power to send for persons, papers, and recoids, to re- port from time to time, and to report the evidence from time to time, and if need be, to sit after the prorogation of Parliament,' which said last named resolution was carried. " And whereas, by an Act of the Parliament of Canada passed on the third day of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hun- dred and seventy-three, and in the thirty-sixth year of our reign, inti- tviled ' An Act to provide for the examination of witnesses on oath by Committees of the Senate and House of Commons in certain cases,' it is amongst other things in eft'ect enacted, " ' That whenever any witness or witnesses is or are to be examined by any Committee of the Senate or House of Commons, and the Senate or House of Commons shall have resolved that it is desirable that such witness or witnesses shall be examined on oath, such witness or wit- nesses shall be examined upon oath or affirmation where affirmation is allowed by law.' ' "And whereas the Honourable John Hillyard Cameron, also a member of the ?aid House of Commons of Canada, in his place in Par- liament, did, after the passing of the said above named Act of Parlia- * By virtue of the powers vestsd ia the Governor-General by the Canadian Act of the 31 Vict.,c. 38. n ' THE GOOD GOVERNMENT OF CANADA. 227 ment, and on tlie third day of May aforesaid, move a teaolution in the following words : — " * That it bo an instruction to the said select Coniniitteo to whom was referred the duty of enquiry into the matters mentioned in the statement of the Honourable Mr. Huntington, relating to the Cana- dian Pacific Railway, that the said Committee shall examine the wit- nesses brought before it upon oath,' which was carried ; " And whereas the said Act of Parliament has, since the passing thereof, been disallowed by Her M.ajesty ; " And whereas no power exists whereby the said Committee, so ap- pointed as aforesaid, can legally administer oaths to witnesses brought before it, whereby one of the objects desired by the said House of Commons cannot be attained ; " And whereas it is in the interests of the good government of Canada not only that full enquiry should be made i .to the several matters contained and stated in the said above -recited resolution of the eighth day of April aforesaid, but that the evidence to bo taken on such enquiry should be taken on oath in the manner prescribed by the said resolution of the third of May aforesaid, and the Governor in Council has deemed it expedient such enquiry should be made ; " Now know ye that, under and by virtue, and in pursuance of the Act of the Parliament of Canada, made and passed in the thirty-first year of our reign, intituled, ' An Act respecting en(][uiry into Public Matters,' and of an Order of the Governor in Council made on the thirteenth day of August in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-three ; " We reposing special trust and confidence in the loyalty and fidelity of you the said Charles Dewey Day, Antoine Polette, and James Robert Go wan, have constituted and appointed you to be our Commis- sioners for the purpose of making such onc^iiiry as aforesaid of whom you, the said Gh irles Dewey Day, shall be Chairman, and we do author- ize and require you, as such Commissioners, with all convenient des- patch, and by and with all lawful ways and means to enter upon such enquiry, and to collect evidence and to summon before you any parties or witnesses, and to require them to give evidence, on oath or on solemn aflirnxation, if they be parties entitled to affirm in civil matters, and to produce such documents and things as you may deem requisite, to the full investigation and report of the matters and statements aforesaid. And we do hereby order and direct that the sittings of you, the said Commissioners, under this our Royal Com '^sion, shall bejield at the City of Ottawa, in our Dominion of Canada. i u THE JUDGES ASSAILED. " And we do require you to communicate to us through our Secre- tary of State of Oanada, and also to the Honourable the Speaker of the Senate, and to the Honourable the Speaker of the House of Com- mons of Canada, as well the said evidence, as any opinions which yuu may think fit to express theiei^ion. And we do strictly charge and command all our oflicers and all our faithful subjects and all others, that in their several places, and according to their respective powers and opportunities, they be aiding to you in the execution of this our Commission." ii Notwithstanding the high character of the Commission in its personal capacity, it was sharply assailed and its mem- bers somewhat severely criticised. His Excellency, how- ever, had a personal acquaintance with Judge Day, once Chancellor of McGill College, in whom he had every confi- dence, and the repoi-ts which reached him of the integrity and capacity of the other judges were of a very satisfactory nature. The length of time all three had been removed from active political life freed them from the suspicion of partisanship. But the Opposition would not be satisfied. Every move- ment made by the Government was an object for their sus- picious surveillance. The personnel of the Commission was first attacked, but this proving unavailing, the legality of the Commission itself was broadly questioned. It was ob- jected to in the first place on the groimd that the present investigation was not of the kind contemplated by the Act and, in the second place, that the issue of the Commission ; was an invasion of the privilege of Parliament ; and that Parliament having taken hold itself of the matter, no other authority had a right to interfere. But the reply to this is very clear. The Commission had been invested with powers SOME DISSENSION. 229 which it is quite evident the Crown had authority to confer- A criminal suit had not been instituted against the Ministry by the House of Commons, but a simple enquiry merely, and this, too, at the instance of the Ministers themselves. Legal powers to act were vested in the Commission, and Parliament had granted them without limitation ; and few could be brought to believe that the exercise of its functions by the Commission was an act of interference with Parlia- mentar/ privilege. The Committee whose duty it had been to make the enquiry in the first place, was now to all in- tents and purposes dead. But had it still been in existence, it is doubtful if it would have done more than formally meet and adjourn without the completion of anything fur- ther. The disallowance of the Oaths Bill was a signal check to its proceeding to take evidence, for it was the sheerest folly to ask any court of enquiry to accept other than sworn testimony in a case which had already presented features of a most contradictory nature. There was some dissension already in the ranks of the Opposition on this question. Mr. Mackenzie exhibited no particular anxiety to have wit- nesses examined upon oath. Indeed, he was willing to be- lieve that neither party would wittingly tell an untruth. Mr. Blake, on the other hand, favoured the opposite view, and insisted on sworn testimony. He objected to a Royal Commission on the grounds that the Government should not issue a Commission of Enquiry into matters of a charge against itself, the Commissioners being, as they are, subject to the direction and control of the accused. Mr. Huntington, in a letter to Judge Day, raised the same objection, and re- 230 DUTIES OF THE COMMISSION. fused to aid the Coinnussion in any way. He declined to furnisli the Oourt with a list of the witnesses whose testi- mony he deemed important, and he declared that he would not even present himself for examination as a witness. In the heat of the argument which the subject of a Royal Commission provoked, it was forgotten that the Commission could not supersede or intercept the jurisdiction of the House of Commons in any way. Parliament had even the power, at a fitting time, to ignore its very existence. Its mission was merely to enquire, to collect evidence, and to submit a report of its proceedings at the session of Parlia- ment soon to be held. The Commission was not even to pronounce a judgment, or give an opinion. It was to give, in an official way, what Mr. Huntington should have given when he first ar.de his motion in the House. It was to furnish such ra+crial as it could command, and try and ar- rive at the truth of a matter which had raised so much feel- ing and excitement throughout the country. On this report,, which should be placed properly before the members, action could be taken, and the business in hand proceeded with. Mr. Huntington and some others (questioned His Excel- lency's right to interfere in the matter at all. The case wa.s. not before him, but before Parliament and the country. But Mr. Huntington himself, at an early stage in the proceedings, had sought the interference of His Excellency The mysteri- ous package of incriminatory documents and 'ts subsequent fate were still fresh in the minds of many. By this act, Mr. Huntington had, officially, invited the intervention of the Governor-General. But Lord Dufferin had clearly a legal THE COURT AN OPEN ONE. 981 right to take cogniijance of the affair. As an Imperial officer it was his duty to guard carefully Imperial interests, and in this very matter a large Imperial interest was involved. His office brought him into almost daily contact with gen- tlemen who were constitutionally his advisers, and whose impeachment as public criminals* was still before the country. Vexsitious delays had already exercised an injurious effect on the Ministry, and materially strengthened the suspicions against them. It was desirable to utilize the interval during recess, and allow the Commission to proceed at once with its labours. It was decided to make the Court of Enquiry an open one. This determination weakened the criticisms of .the Opi)osition somewhat, and was a complete refutation of the charge that the Commission would act in a manner spe- cially favourable to the Government and in direct hostility to the accusers. The Court being an open one, the high character and integrity of the judges, and the examination of witnesses on oath, seemed to predict an investigation which would be at least satisfactory. If any suspicion existed before that the Government could exercise an undue influence over the judges, this suspicion could no longer be held. Every movement of the Commission w;"> under the watchful and unsparing eye of the Opposition. Every fea- ture of the case was under the strictest review. Jf the judges wanted to befriend the Government in any way — if they tried to shut out evidence which might incriminate them — a retributive remedy was close at hand in the outcry which such conduct would raise from one end of the Domi- nion to the other. It was a little unfortunate, perhaps, that 232 THE COMMISSIONERS BEGTN WORK. the anomalous situation of affairs gave the Government the right to appoint their own judges. But the open manner in which the investigation was to be hpld precluded any collu- sion and invited the fullest inspection. Seats wei'e provided for the reporters of daily newspapers, and the public could enter the Court-room whenever they pleased. The Commissioners began work almost immediately aftei their appointment. On the iSth of August they met at Ottawa, and after settling the course of procedure which they intended taking, the fourth of September was named as the day on which the examination of witnesses should begin. Mr. Huntington, Mr. McMullen,* Mr. C. M. Smith, and Mr. A. B. Foster were summoned to appear, but none of these gentlemen accepted the summons. The judges had expected much assistance from Mr. Huntington, and had resolved upon allowing him the same degree of latitude in his conduct of the prosecution as they intended bestowing on the Government in their defence. Some thirty-six wit- nesses were examined, and nearly all of them underwent a rigid questioning at the banes of Sir John A. Macdonald and other members of the Government. Whilst the enquiry was going on, it is satisfactory to note that the 'personnel of the Commission was no longer a.ssailed, and the mode in which the investigation was conducted secured the favourable comment of both the great political parties. On the 23rd of September the Commission advertised tor all per- sons having any information on the subject of the enquiry, ! A special moHsenger was sent to Chicago for McMullen, THE COMMiaaiOliEBS CONSULT LORD DUFFERIN. 233 to appear and give evidence before them, but no evidence was forthcoming in answer to this announcement. Before entering upon the execution of their task, the Com- missioners consulted with His Excellency, and asked for in- structions on one or two points on which they did not care to approach the Prime Minister. At this interview Lord Dufferin reminded the Commissioners that their function,: were not judicial, but expurgatory and inquisitorial, and that their procedure should be conducted in such a way as not to prejudice any future action which the House of Com- mons might be disposed to take. Lord Dufferin advised this because he considered that too much pains could not be taken to prevent the proceeding having even the appearance of an attempt to withdraw the case from the ultimate con- trol and cognizance of Parliament.* This was also necessary as the fulfilment of the pledge he gave to the Remonstrant members, that Parliament should be summoned for the ex- press purpose of dealing with the matter at as early a date as possible. The judges coincided with this view, and their proceduie was based largely upon it. They confined them- selves to the colletdon of evidence merely, and in making their roport remarked, that in order to prevent any anticipa- tion of the verdict of Parlii'ment, they advanced no opin on on the result of their labours. If, however, their oinnion was specially required, they were quite ready to furnish it on application. Under ali the circumstances, it must bo admitted, the * The Earl of Dufi-nn'B despatch, No. 10, to the Earl of Kimberley. 234 JUSTICE AND FAIR-PLAY. Opposition weakened their cause on the one hand, and ex- hibited a spirit of persecution rather than one of prosecution on the other, in withdrawing from the present inquisitorial examination and in refusing such aid as they '•r^w*' ''; inish. The presence of auch material witnesses as Mr. :u,.^.ngton, the master-spirit in the whole atfair, ;5enator Foster, whose absence is wholly unaccountable, Mr. McMullen, who, with his hand on the Word of God, might, perliaps, be made to tell all he knew ; Mr. C. M. Smith, another important and speculative " capitalist," and such other men as Mr. Hunting- ton could bring into the witness box, would certainly have rendered the enquiry thorough and complete. The absence of these persons curtailed an investigation which could have been made exhaustive and searching. It seemed a pity tl^ w mere quibbles should intervene, and that men like Meis -^i. Blake, Huntington, Mackenzie and Dorion should have ac- cepted advice which recommended them to stay ':<,way. As it was, however, and though the inquisition partook of a Government enquiry into an affair in which the Government itself was solely concerned the proceedings were marked by a spirit of justice and fair-play throughou* ne evl i ce elicited proved a negative, it is true, but it also proved ii 'i the leaders of the Government had accepted large sums of money from Sir Hugh Aran, e'*,ho a* i-. loan or as a gift, and that these funds were used in bnb'..i^ i^he electors. The sin was not that the charter had been disposed of to Sir Hugh Allan for a monetary consideration, not that Sir John Macdonald had sold his country to American speculators, not that lie and others had bartered away certain Canadian THU GOVERNMENT'S SIN. 235 trusts which he held, for the gold of foreign ad venturers, but that he had accepted money from a Government contrac- tor. There was no doubt upon one point, Sir Hugh had spent money, and this money had gone a great distance in influencing the elections on the Government side. There was no doubt, either, upon another point, Sir Hugh was not in the habit of spending money for political purposes. He was a man who had no politics. He seldom even voted. His politics, as Mr. Gold win Smith once observed, were the politics of steamboats and railways. Sir Hugh Allan was not a man likely to spend vast sums of money without ex- pecting some prospective return. He was a man of strict business habits, so strict indeed that he never acted on a question which involved the expenditui'e of money, without first having the transaction reduced to writing. There was nothing brought out in the evidence to show an actual sale of the charter of the Pacific Railway ; there was not even a hint of such an ret being done. A great railway was to be built. CaiiadLV had undertaken the enterprise. Sir Hugh Allan was a capitalist of influence and wealth. An ambi- tious and powerful man, and thirsting for more power still, he strove to identify himself with the great national work pro- jected. The elections were coming on, and the party in power were friendly to him. A casual expression dropped from Sir George Cartiei-'s lips, — an expression so character- istic of the man and so blunt withal — decided Sir Hugh Allan's future action. But even here his commercial train- ing j)rompted him to ask the Minister of Militia to put his. request in writing. The elections, as we have said, were 236 GRAVAMEN OF THE CHARGE. near at hand, and if Sir Hugh could only keep his friends in power, there was little doubt but that he would get the er. To that end he contributed largely towards the election funds in Ontario, and more largely cttill.to those of the Province of Quebec. The elections took place, and Sir Hugh subsequently secured the charter. The wholesale bribery of the electors which transpired during the progress of the elections, is much to be deplored, but it must be remembered that at that time no very strict law against bribery existed. Both sides felt the influence of money, and both sides used it unsparingly. It was con- sidered no very heinous crime to accept money to aid in the election of a candidate^ from any individual friendly to his pai'ty; and had Sir Hngh Allan, in his personal capacity, ad- vanced funds to carry 'his friends triumpiiant at the polls, his act wouJd have gone unquestioned. But Sir Hugh was an applicant for a Government contract, and the Ministry had accepted money from him, and by the assistance of this money continued therrselves in office. This laid them open to grave suspicion, and though the {ijravamen of Mr. Hunt- ington's charge that the contract for the Pacific Railway was given to Sir Hugh Allan, with whom were associated certain American capitalists, in consideration of a large sum of money advanced to leading members of the Government to enable them to sustain themselves at the head of affairs, was not proved, public condemnation was awakened and the Mmistry fell. The head and front of their offending was their acceptance of money from the hands of a man who was a Government contractor. FICKLE MEMBERS. 237 By the time the Royal Commission had concluded its la- bours, and the evidence Xvhich had been taken, was before the people, the day on which Parliament was to meet for the con- sideration of the report and the transaction of such business as might properly come before it, was near at hand. The result of the enquiry was on the whole satisfactory. Sir Hugh Allan had resigned the charter, and the famous short Session began its labours on the 23rd of October. In the meantime both parties had girdled on their political armour. The leadei-s were active ; their relative supporters were no less eager and anxious. A trial of strength was im- minent, atrial such as had seldom taken place in the Legislative halls of Canada, even in the days of the great contests, or in the times of the dead-locks, when business halted and Par- liament stood still. The Opposition had been wary and had profited by every turn of the political weather-cock. They had secured the signatures of some Ministerialists on their memorial, and later in the day they learned that though these parties had signed the paper asking the Governor- General to delay prorogation, they would still vote with the Government on any question involving a want of confidence. To retain these fickle members with them, it was arranged, so report ran, that the main issue should be shirked and a side-issue instead should be raised — a question merely pro- nouncing the late prorogation a breach of Parliamentary privilege. But if hopes such as these rose in the breasts of the Opposition, the action of the Governor-General rendered them delusive and abortive. It seemed as if their intention had been understood, and their line of action fathomed. The I i ■238 THE MAIN ISSUE. Report of the Comniission was laid on the desks of the mem- bers and accompanying it were the despatches of His Excel- lency to the Earl of Kimberley, referring to the prorogation on the 13th of August, and to the issue of the Eoyal Com- mission, together with the reply to these Memoranda, in which the Imperial authorities signified their approval of the Governor-General's conduct. The object of this was patent to all. It expressed, in that silent language which is sometimes more potent than words, that side-if,3ues were no longer available, and that the great and essantial question alone should be raised. Of course some complained at this, and in some quarters His Excellency was charged with seek- ing to unduly influence Parliament in favour of his Ministry by the presentation ^i these documents ; but this impression, generated in the heat and confusion of the moment, soon died away. The main issue was resolved upon by the Opposition. They accepted the evidence before them un- challenged, and it is satisfactory to note that all through the long debate which followed, scarcely a word was uttered about the invasion of Parliamentary rights, the action of the Governor-General in proroguing the House, or the illegality of the Royal Commission. On Thursday, the 23rd of October, Parliament met. His Excellency delivered his Speech, and the Commons repaired to their Chamber. At the instance of Sir John Macdonald, the House adjourned until Monday, the 27th October. On that day the memorable debate began. The House at once went into the consideration of the Speech from the Throne. Mr. Mackenzie, in a speech of great moderation and power. THE GREAT DEBATE. 239 V:V began his address before the House, and moved the sub- joined amendment as an addition to the second paragraph : •' And we have to acquaint Hia Excellency that by their course in reference to the investigation of the charges preferred by Mr. Hunt- ington, in his place in this House, and under the facts disclosed in the evidence laid before us. His Excellency's Advisers have merited the severe censure of this House." The argument which followed was singularly able, vigorous and manly, but it was not until the evening of the second day, when Mr. James Macdonald, of Pictou, a supporter of the Government, and one of the foremost speakers in the House, moved a second amendment, that the fullest interest was awakened. Mr. Macdonald's amendment was : '* And we desire to assure His Excellency that after consideration of the statements made in the evidence before us, and while we regret the outlay of money by all political parties at Parliamentary elections, and thousands of delighted people thronged the streets and the- wharves. All were anxious to» catch a glimpse of the ladj whose kindly manner and courteous demeanour had endeared her to so many hearts in the West. The band of the 62nd Battalion played a number of Irish airs with excellent spirit.. The shop windows of the merchants were handsomely dressed, and the blaze of gas, the lighted tapers and candles,, the brilliant transparencies, the hundreds of flags, the alle- gorical devices and illuminated mottoes made a display that could only be compared to the effort put forward when the Prince of Wales landed in St. John. Her Excellency was- much pleased at the warmth of her reception and the kindly greetings with which she was received. The citizens formed themselves into a procession and dropping behind the array of carriages, marched to the hotel. Dinner was served in the private tea-room, and the " Victoria " was filled with people, and the streets outside were densely packed with crowds of citizens. The band performed in Duke street, and when Her Excellency appeared at the window and bowed her thanks to the vast assemblage, a cheer went up' from fully ten thousand throats, that was heard for many blocks away. The strains of " God Save the Queen " were unheard for the moment. Her Excellency withdrew, but soon again she was seen at one of the parlour windows fac- ing Germain street, and another cheer and prolonged ap- plause testified to the enthusiasm of those below. At hajif-past six o'clock the next morning, Lord Duffei'in arrived in St. John. As the train came in siglit a salute Avaa fired by Captain Ring's Battery of Artillery. This was foi- ls 206 LOBD DUFFEBIN IN ST. JOHN. I lowed by general salutes from Fort Howe, King Square and Reed's Point. Mayor Reed received the Governor at the •cars, and soon after the party entered carriages, and escorted by a brigade of policemen, moved along the streets to the Victoi'ia Hotel. There, a guard of honour fur- liished by the 62nd Battalion under the command of Major Sullivan, seconded by Capt. Geo. K. Berton, was drawn up in open order before the main entrance. His Ex- cellency was saluted and after returning the civility, he pro- ceeded to inspect the men, and then passed into the hotel. Even at this early hour scarcely less than ten thousand people were in the streets. The preparations made for the entertainment of their distinguished guests by the inhabitants of St. John were •characterized by all that liborality, energy and hospitality which obtain to so great an extent in that city. The demonstration had been a remai'kable one and coming so soon after the little " unpleasantness " at Ottawa, it showed how little in sympathy the people of New Bruns- wick were with the anti-constitutional movement which prevailed in certain constituencies of Ontario, Quebec and the sister province of Nova Scotia. The little Province by the sea had resolved to sink all political feeling, and the peo- ple united as one man to do fitting honour to the enlightened nobleman who came so far to visit her. Though the notice of Lord Dufferin's arrival had been short, the various com- mittees worked with that untiring zeal which distinguishes the real worker from the half-hearted man whose sympathies are untouched and whoso feelings are unawakened. A pro- THE REGATTA. gramme which embraced one or two novel features, was at once prepared, and energetic men were placed in charge of the several departments. A regatta in the harbour — a species of entertainment which brought back to the remembrance of the old settlers, the sport of their early days — was got up and Lord Dufferin was so highly gratified with the exhibi- tion that he at once offered a gold medal to be rowed for on some future occasion, under the direction of the commit - tee. The races were stoutly contested, and no vexatious and tiresome delays occuri'ed to mar the pleasure of the oc casion. Their Excellencies and suite viewed the spectacle from the steamer Fawn, which was elegantly decorated with flags, &c., as indeed were all the ships and steamboats in the spacious harbour. In a little speech which His Excellency made in the saloon of the Fawn, after luncheon had been served, he said that " he doubted whether there was a city on this continent, or even in Great Britain, where at such short notice such a dis- play of athletic skill, as he had to-day witnessed, could have been exhibited. In his earlier days, he had been interested in boating contests, and although he could not claim to have attained excellence in the use of the oar, still he had an eye for a good stroke, and he had never seen any which he ad- mired more than the stroke of the men who had earned for themselves the title of the ' Paris Crew.' " Lieut.-Governor Wilmot, Dr. W. H. Tuck, and John Boyd, Esq., also made brief speeches, after which the boat re- turned to the city, and the party repaired to the hotel. In the afternoon the children of the common schools formed I 268 GLORY AND SECURITY OF A CITY, in procession to the number of three thousand, and accom- panied by seven young ladies representing the different pro- vinces of the Dominion, marched to the " Victoria," and as- sembling in front of the building, sang "God Save the Queen." A bouquet of flowers was presented to Her Excellency. Lord DuflTerin received the children very cordially and ex- pressed the satisfaction he felt in these words : — " It was once observed by a hero of antiquity that it was not the walls around it which constituted the glory and se- curity of a city, but the strong arms and the brave hearts- within. If, gentlemen, the elders of St. John had desired to- impress me with a consciousness of its title to take a high place among the towns of the Dominion, they could not have resorted to a h 'er plan than that of allowing me to contem- plate the beautiful spectacle which is presented to our eyes upon this occasion. When I look before me, I see collected hundreds and himdreds of the children of the city ; when I remember that each one of these is receiving hour by hour and day by day the best education which the ingenuity and best consideration of those who are engaged in the task of teaching have been capable of aftbrding them, then it is, gen- tlemen, that I am made to know that the future prosperity the material wealth, and the moral superiority of the City of St. John is secure. Gentlemen, education is a subject to which I have devoted a great deal of my time, and in which I am greatly interest- ed. During my tour through the various parts of the Do- minion I have felt it my duty to pay especial attention to a subject so vital to the interests of Canada, and wherever I ■H eiTIZENS OF A FREE STATE. have gone I have had the satisfaction of observing tliat the education of the children is amongst the foremost subjects which pre-occupy the attention of your fellow-citizens. Edu- cation is not only the foundation of that material wealth which is yearly being accumulated, and for whose acquisition this country affords such magnificent opportunities, but it is also the chief means through which a nation engenders those virtues and qualities and maintains that high tone of thought and feeling which far better than any material prosperity, or any accumulation of wealth, can guarantee the greatness and power of a community. But if these observations are true elsewhere, they may be urged with tenfold force in Canada; for, gentlemen, we have the satisfaction of remem- hering that all these children whom we now see before us are the citizens of a free state, that they breathe an atmos- phere where no one is permitted to assume superiority over another, unless that superiority is justified and can be main- tained by the virtues and the qualities in him who asserts it. (Hear, hear.) Further, gentlemen, under the happy consti- tution within which these children have been born, it ought to be a subject of pride to them and to their parents, to re- member that if only they take advantage of the opportu- nities which are thus afforded to them, if only they will do their best, to do justice to those talents which such oppor- tunities have been afforded to cultivate them, to every one of them there will be open a prospect of attaining a position in the social scale higher than that from which he started. Not only so, but it will be in the power of each one of them to aspire to the highest grades in their country's service, and I 270 SISTERLY UNION. that there in no prize open to liuman ambition which is not permitted tlieni to pursue. Gentlemen, I feel that this is not an occasion upon which ta detain you with any very lengthy observations, I will, there- fore, conclude by sayin':;' that among the many glorious sights which it has been m} -ood fortune to witness since I reached your city, there is none which has been so gratifying to the feelings of myself and the Countess of Dufferin as that which is here exhibited. Gentlemen, I see before me, standing in the brightness of their youth and beauty, the smiling representa- tives of the seven provinces which constitute this Dominion. If I may be permitted to close my observations with a prayer, it is that, as their prototypes now stand side by sid<% in sis- terly union and in the brightness of their youthful loveli- ness, so may those glorious provinces ever remain united by the ties of domestic affection and the bond of a common loy- alty, and boast themselves to future ages the mothera of a race as energetic, brave and loyal as that to which their fair representatives before me belong." Alter the cheering had subsided the children dispersed. In the evening the fire companies got up a torch-light procession, in which the Vice-regal party joined, and were escorted through the city. The spectacle was a very bril- liant one. A Reception was held during Their Excellencies' visit to St. John, and between two and three hundred persons re- ceived the honour of presentation. Before the Earl and his consort left for Fredelicton, they FREDERICTON, N. li. 271 were entertained at a grand ball, given in the Academy of Music which was (juite elaborately fitted up. The bund of the GOth Riries, which arrived from Halifax the evening be- fore, furnished the music, and over two hundred persons were present. Dancing was kept up until a late hour, when one of the finest balls ever given in St. John was brought to an end. On Saturday morning, August 23rd, Lord and Lady Duf- ferin took leave of St. John, and taking passage in the steamer David Weaton, proceeded on their way to the capi- tal of the Province. Some members of the Reception Com- mittee accompanied them a short distance up the beautiful St. John River, whose scenery successfully rivals that of the Hudson, and certain portions of the Lower St. Lawrence. As the steamer neared Fredericton, she was met by other steamers and boats bedecked with flags, from the city, and salutes were fired all along the way. At Fredericton a guard of honour received the visitore, and a battery of artillery fired off a salute. Lieutenant-Goveraor Wilmot, Brigade Majors Otty and Inches, Colonel Saunders, Mayor Gregory, and Sheriff Temple received Their Excellencies at the wharf. After dinner at Government House, the party took car- riages for the Exhibition building, where the formal wel- come to the city took place. Mayor Gregory read an address in the presence of nearly four thousand persons, and His Excellency's response was exceedingly happy and pertinent. In the evening a torchlight procession conducted the party through the streets of the city, which was brilliantly illu- minated. :272 THE PONY KAILliOAD. On the morning of the 25th inst. Their Excellencies ac- cepted an invitation to travel a short distance on the " puny railroad," and after running on this lino for some thirty miles they returned to a spot about fifteen miles from Fred- ericton, where in a bower of spruce and fir an excellent lun- cheon had been prepared. After discussing the liquids and solids, a few speeches were made, and in reply to the toast of his health. Lord L ufferin said : — li » 'I I " When 1 started on this expedition I was assured that it was to be a party of pleasure, and so it has been, up to the present moment, but, as Providence sometimes mingles the bitter in our sweetest cups, so in i his instance I am called on for a speech. (Laughter.) I shall, however, respond to the best of my ability. Whatever under such circumstances as these, may be my feelings, I never fail to draw inspira- tion from the evidences of kindness and good will, such as have characterized my experiences since coming amongst you. I know that what I have been the recipi- ent of is not intended for me personally, but it proceeds from that loyalty and devotion which is felt in every Cana- dian heart for its Royal Mistress, and it is in that spirit I accept it. When in my official capacity, I am called on to communicate with Her Majesty's Ministers, T never fail to make known to them, in such a way as will ensure its being brought to Her notice, that loyalty and devotion which is displayed everywhere in Canada for Her Throne and Person. Although, Mr. Chairman, I am aware that in this respect the individual is nothing, I feel that, side by side with your ex- ALEXANDER QTBSON. 273 pressions of loyalty, there arc demonstrations of personal kindness for myself and Lady Dufferin, and that is, no doubt, because you feel that I have but one aim, to so administer your affairs as to promote the welfare of those with whose destinies I am entrusted, anle of New Brunswick in opening up and develoi)ing its resources This line has, as I am informed, been constructed as no other railway that I am aware of has been — by the energy of a few individuals who have accomplished so much work with- out the aid of borrowing money — a phenomenon, I must say, to a person coming from Europe. (Cheei-s.) I have also seen how one individual,* by persevering industry and enterprise, has converted the wilderness into a smiling set- tlement and surrounded himself with a village of his own making, filled with happy people, with a church wherein tliey may worship — a man, who has turned the sources of in- dustry to account not for his own good alone, but also for the good of those around him. My pleasure at seeing him and hearing of what he has done was enhanced by my learn- ing that in his veins is the blood of Ireland, and that he is remotely connected with the home of my own ancestry, and I may say, and it is something for so impartial a person as a Governor-General to say, that wherever 1 have seen marks of determined energy and enterprise in the country, I have * Alexander tiibsou, Esq., of Na3hwaak^ ! 1 I 274 AT WOODSTOCK, KB. generally found that there was a little liish blood at the bottom of it. (Laughter and applause.) You must excuse me for having occupied your attention so long, but in order to make you sensible of my obligations to you, I have in- truded longer than I intended." (Great applause.) Lieutenant-Governor Wihnot and General D. B. Warner, XT. S. Consul, also made pleasant speeches, when the pic- uicers returned to Government House, where a dinner was given in the evening by the Lieutenant-Governor, and an " At Home ' by Mrs. Wilmot, at a later hour. Before leaving the little capital. Their Excellencies visited Nashwaak, and Mr. Gibson and his family were presented to the visitoi's. On the 26th inst., the party started for Woodstock, in light carriages. At Canterbury flags were suspended across the road, and Her Excellency was present- ed with a bouquet. On arriving at Woodstock, the visitors were received by the Hon. C. Perley, Mr. Connell, Col. Inches, and Col. Baird. A guard of honour was drawn up iu front of the Blanchard House, and the artillery fired a salute. In the evening an address was read by Moyor Fisher, and after a reply from His Excellency, the party returned to the hotel, accompanied by a torchlight procession. The tour through the Lower Provinces was now drawing to a close, and on the thirtieth of August, Lord and Lady Dufferin arrived at Riviere du Loup, and crossed over to Tadousac, where their children were ..ill residing. After a brief stay of a few days here, they retoiued to (Quebec, Dinner parties, receptions, theatricals, dances, and other social gatherings, I ^^>J..'l OPENING F PA Till A MENT. 275 became again t'te order of the day, and some five or six weeks were spent in tliis way, until the evening of the 15th of October, when the festivities were brought to an end by a grand farewell ball, which was lai'gely attended. The next day the Earl and Countess, with their family, removed to Ottawa. On the lL,3rd of Octobei', His Excellency opened Parlia- ment, in State, pausing on his way to the Parliament build- ings, to o[)en the new bridge which bore his name. The scene in the Senate Chamber during t^.e delivery of the Speech from the throne, was one of the most brilliant in the history of Canada. The short Session of 1873 opened under peculiar auspices ; with what refc.ult, we have shown in the previous chapter. It : I H'!S| CHAPTER V. Third Parliament of Canada— The Cpi'dsition— A» Important Prec'edknt Established— Louis Rikl— The Member for Proven- cher's Expulsion from Parliamknt — Parlour Theatricals— A Latin Speech — Presentation of Regimental Colours to the Foot Guards — The Tour through the North and North- West — In the Villages of Canada — The Pleasant Waters of Ontario — Alpine Scenery — Prince Arthur's Landing — A Voyage in Canoes — Arrival i.n Chicago — Reply to the Address from the Corporation — Speech before the Board of Trade — In Windsor — Detroit — Sarnia — Guelph — Brantfoed — The Presbyterian Young Ladies' College — The Old Mohawk Church — Visit to Osheweken — The Six Nations — Speech to the Indians — At Woodstock — Ingersoll and her Cheese Factory — London — St. Thomas— St. Catharines — Niagaha — Toronto — The Great Speech at the Toronto Clue— Whitby — Coboorg^Bblleville — Napanee — Kingston — Brocrville - Departure -Within the Walls of Eideau Hall again. E Boi est mart, Vive Le RoiJ cried the Captain of Louis XIV.'s body -guard, from the windc^w of the pahvce, as he scattered the fragment.^ of a broken truncheon among the people in the streets below, with one hand, while he flourished a fresh itaff in the air with the (jther. The King is dead, long live the King, — and the phrase has since passed into a proverb. The elections of 1874 resulted in a signal triumpli for the Reformers, and the new Ministry found themselves sus- STRENGTH OF THE NEW GOVERNMENT. 277 tained, and their standard upheld by a handsome major- ity. They had appealed to the country with a cry of purity on their lips, and an awakened public conscience had decided that their appeal had not been made in vain. In every quarter of the Dominion the same policy was pursued by the new government, and success at the polls rewarded their efforts. Tlie late government were de- feated squarel)' and fairly on their merits. A reaction had set in, and there were many defections from the old ranks. In certain constituencies, too, new men had come forward and had beaten the old members by good majorities. Gaining largely at the polls, and by means of defections from the ranks of their old opponents, and by forcing those loose tish, the independent members, to join them, the new government found themselves entrenched in a very formidable position indeed. When, therefore, the third Parliament assembled in March, and elected Mr. Anglin Speaker of the Commons in room of the Hon. James Cockburn, who had lost his election, the Opposition party became so dispirited that Sir John Macdonald threatened to resign his leadership of them. The late Prei! ier had come out of the struggle much worn in both body and mind. He had secured his own election by a bare majority of thirty-ei'jtht, and it began to be whispered on all sides chat he was the weak man of the party, and if the scattered renmants were ever to be brought together again another leader was desirable. Indeed, so openly was this qtie-stion ventilated thtt the possible leader wa.s fre- quently mentjoneil by i\\m\i. Mr. Tilley had been at one time named but he was now Lieutenant-Governor of New H m 278 liECONSTRUGTION OF THE CABINET. 1,11 ■ Brunswick, au'l all hope in that direction was shut out. Dr. Tuppev, however, was still a strong man in the party. The Opposition had faith in him, and few were disposed to ques- tion his right to the position. But before anything decisive was determined on, a change of sentiment occurred, and the party resolved at all hazards to renew their allegiance to their old leader. They had risen to power with him. They had fallen with him. It was not meet that they should now desert him in his hour of adversity. Very little was done during the first Session of the Third Parliament beyond a reconstruction of the Cabinet, and a slight change in its personnel. The policy of the govern- ment was thoroughly non-cjmmittal, and the speech from the Throne, at the opening, touched Ijut slightly on the fol- lowing topics : the Ballot, a Court of Appeal, Controverted Elections, the Insolvency Law, the Militia, the Pacific Rail- way, Canal improvements, and Intercolonial Railway mat- ters. One very important precedent was established, how- ever. Mr. Loui.s Riel was returned for Provencher, in Mani- toba. Coming to Ottawa for the purpose of being sworn in a member of tl le House of Commons, he succeodcd in taking the oath subscribed, and in writing liis name in the book, before the discovery of his presence in the city became known. In the hurry and confusion of the moment, he was allowed to slip away undetected. At this time he was a fugitive from justice. A true bill as one of the murderers of Thomas Scott had been found against him, bv the Grand Jury of Manitoba, and a price had been set u{»on his head, lor days he rjmaiuid in Ottawa c.ircfully hiddeii from the RIEL IN OTTAIVA. 27!> officers of the Isw, and though some effort appears to liave been made for his cay)tui"e, he succeeded in baffling his pur- suers completely. The exertions put forward by the offl- cers, however, could not have been very great, for Kiel was frequently seen, and his i)resence in the capital was no secret. It was more than hinted that, for purposes of State it was undesirable to irnpi'ison the outlaw, and this view of the case became, as time passed, more and more tenable. Neither the Govei'nment nor the Opposition seenied desirous of taking a very active part in the affair, and Riel was accordingly permitted to escape. His presence in Ottawa, however, provoked much comment. Some of the representa- tives from Quebec were disposed to exercise leniency; but the members from Ontario advocated a line of policy the very opposite to this. Mr. Mackenzie Bowell — an Orange Grand master and a gentleman of considerable local influence — moved in the House, as member for Nortli Hastings, that Louis Riel be expelled from the House of Commons. This motion was carried, to the relief of many and tla.- iiiagrin of a few. It established a constitutional precedent of great moment, and though Riel waw returned by acclamation from his constituency at a subsequent period, he was never al- lowed to take his seat in Parliament. Three very difficult questions came up this year which required handling of the utmost delicacy, and the greatest tact of tlu Government was employed in difjposing of them. British Columbia demanded the fulfilment of the conditions of the treaty by which she became a member of the Union, Louis Riel entered his formal demand for an amnesty to a i ■MH 280 HIGH SCHOOL, MONTREAL. cover the Manitoba troubles, and Mr. Costigan threatened to renew his labours on behalf of the Now Brunswick Separate School Act. These questions will be considered separately and in other chapters. The " Season" in Ottawa had been an unusually brilliant one. A parlour dramatic entertainment was given at Gov- ernment House, on New Tear's Day, when the children of Lady Dufferin and Lady Fletcher sustained the principal parts. The eldest actor was but ten years of age, while the youngest actres. , Lrdy Victoria Blackwood, was only eight months old. Lady Dufterin acted as general manager and prompter, and the play was quite cleverly peifornied. The winter months passed pleasantly away, and the gaieties were brought to a close by a grand ball which the citizens gave in honour of Their Excellencies. In February, Lord DuHerin took a run down to Montreal for a few days, and while in that city he visited the High School, whicii is under the n)anagernent of Professor Howe. Alter exanvining a class in Euclid and inspecting the cadets, His Excellency ascended to the rooms of the governors of the school. Hev l)r. Jenkins then briefly expreseed the gratification which the students fc^it at His Excellency's visit, after whicli Mr. Macpherson, one of the students, stepped forward and read the following address in the Latin language: — •' Vivo Excellenti Comitiq>ie Nohill Diifferin, Vict(y)nie Re- gincti in Regno Cauadniai Vicario, Sc, Salutem Dichnua. " Pace tua KvceUenti88hne, — " Pergratum nobis fecisti, quod scholani nostiam Kegiaui A LATIN REPLY. 281 adventu tuo hodie honoiasti. Lsetitia autem (jua Truiinur non ilia simplex estquam secum ferre solet cura optiniatum benigna in eos qui humilioris loci sunt et ordinis, sed etiani lajtanmr te prsesentem videntea qui, in Scholis et Academiis Britannicis, artes quae ad hunianitatem pertinent, ipse ex- coluisti, itaque ad bene sestimanda studia nostra et labores idoneus. " Hsec Canada adolescentula, in commei'cio, negotiis et in opificiis niultum jam profecit, sed periciilum est ne in repub- lica Literarum, et artium honestarum gloria doticiat ilia quaui obtinet Britannia mater. "Quod ne fiat, sed ut prorsus sit Canada matre pulchra filia pulchrior, opus est gratia et cura altrice procerum Scholib et Academiis nosti'is. Quas te primo ab adventu in has orab studiose fovere scimus, itaque tibi ex animo gratulamur, atque Deum jtrecamur ut tibi et conjugi tupe aniabili pul- chnequr salutem det, • " Cressa ne careat pulchia dies nota ; " Sis lelix, nostrunique leves, vir clare, laborem. . "CAROLUS RITCHIE, "DAVID B, MACPHERSON. " Pro diseipulis .Scbolae Regiae, Monte Regali, Die 5 Feb. 1874." His Excelleucy made the following reply : — " Vir doctissime, vos prseceptores celebres, et vos hujus prceclara^ Sebohe Canadeiisis alunmi, me fortuna nescio quA permagna coram vobis hac in aula hoc die versatum invenio. ^ t; II 282 PRESENTATION OF COLO UBS. Itaque me quuiu gratuiu, illustrissimi, turn humilem sen- tentiis vestris feuLsLi.s. Humilem, quippc qui literarum in studiis aliquA ex parte versatus dumtaxat perfectai cumu- lataeipie suientiiB limina attigisse videar, cujus arcaua ex- plorasse mihi negatum est. Gratum autem, quippe qui, in hac clara imperii nostri provincia muuere regali ac officio regie fungeus, ilia voluntatis et fidei pignora accipio, non tarn ill mi ipsu.n expressa ac provocata, quain in Reginam cujus regnum, ut ita dicain, in mea person^, est exhibendum at(|ue sustinendum. Quae quum ita sint, amici, omnia qute bona, omnia quae culta, omnia quie honesta, vos reperita, corripite, hac adoles- centiae hora occupate. Hinc vera virtute, vera sapienti^, vera fortitudine i:nbuti, non solum vobismet ipsis sed etiam patriae tarn vestrte t[uam nuie priesidium et decus floreatis." On the Queen's birthday, there was a military display in Ottawa, and a presentation of colours made by Lady Duf- ferin to the Governor-General's footguards. After lunch Lord Dufferin maile a speech iU wlllPJl Ho C(jmplimented the militia of Canada on thelt- loyttlby, soltllelly ap|)earance, and general excellence. His romaiica wule (Vequeutly applauded, and the applause was very prolongetl ititjeed, w)(e|| )|b ob- served, that, apart from purely military onslduratlmiM, li in of cousidorable ailvant ige that there should be stationed at the capital of the countr}- a well appointed afjil well-discip- Uned line regiment, whose presence on Btate uccasioiis give soaithlug of life an I colour to the moihist ceremonial with which, in aecoi-dauje with the traditions of the mother SO-CALLED REPUBLICAN SIMPLICITY. 283 country, we solemnize in Canada tlie typical functions of our cjvif existence. " Of course I am aware," continued the speaker, " that there are persons to whom all dis})lay of this kind is distasteful, and who, in the name of so-called repub- lican simplicity, would abolish every outward sign and sym- bol of the national ' Lnperium.' But on reflection it will be found that this philosophy is faulty, and that if pushed to its logical conclusions in all the relations of life, it "'oui,i destroy much of the ease, amenity, and decorum of our social intercourse. At all events, a great historical people like ours'^lves may be pardoned if we cling to those ancient usf es which are the landmarks of constitutional progress." Parliament rose on the 20th of Mav. In Julv, Theii- Excellencies began theii' tour through the north and north- west. Leaving Quebec in the steamer Druid, they pro- ceeded to Til ice Rivers, and after inspecting tlie Institution there, they left for Monti'eal. On the morning of the fol- lowing day, they took the train for Kingston, and connect- ing with the boat, reached Toronto on the 24th of July. An a^e cause of complaint or any grievance to be re- dressed, they will find me ready and willing to convey it to the foot of the Throne. You have .said in your addres^ that SACRED OBLIGATIONS. 980 the promises which your j,'reat Motlier and her Government made to you throuj^li a late Government have been fulfilled. I am glad to think that you so thoroughly comprehend that there is no obligation which Her Majesty the Queen and the Government of England consider so sacred as the obli- gation of keeping faith with her Indian subjects. For that we are prepared to incur every sacrifice, and nothing would occasion us greater sorrow than that we should have reason to think that our good faith and our pledged word were not trusted, and that the Government of the country had not the confidence of the Indian nations. But I do not know that any paragraph in the address to which I have listened, has caused me livelier joy than that which informs me that, under the auspices of your missionaries, and the example of your chief, the young men of this nation have begun to un- derstand how terrible are the evils which result from undue indulgence in intoxicating liquors. Let me assure them that if they wish to secure hapi)iness for themselves, for their wives, and for their children, they cannot do so in any way so certainly as in exercising self restraint in that direction. Fire-water and intoxication are the root and source of the great majority of all physical evils, and of almost every moral misfortune." Their Excellencies then went about among the camps and conversed with the men and maiilens of the village. Knives and pipes were distributed among the former, and strings of beads were given to the latter. After listening to some sing- ing, the party departed amid the cheei*s of the people, ami a feu de joie from the company of warriors drawn up in I % ,."^.. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) % <^ 1.0 I.I |50 "^" i^p il2.0 2.5 2.2 1.25 1.4 1 1 /s -< 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 7^ WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSBO (716) 873-4503 ^ "9)^ .^ 28G LAKE MUSKOKA. i\ line on the shore. The steamer continued her way over the bosom of the beautiful lake, and among the many pretty islets which sit enthroned in the watery expanse. Washago was reached before two o'clock, and a detachment of the 35th Regiment, under command of Captain Burnett, presenterl arms as the boat touched the wharf, and the Vice-regal party alighted. After luncheon an address was presented, and the tourists went on as far as Uravenhurst in carriages. At this latter place, the Reeve, Mr.Cocklmrn, read an address, which mti with a ready response, when the party embarked on board the steamer Nipisxing. Here a little trip on the lake and the river was improvised. It was quite early in the evening, and the watei'srape and landscape prespnted many beautiful and attractive features. The scenery about Lake Muskf)k»» is most picturesque, at times mounting almost to the sublime. Rocky islands covered with stunted trees, lM>ld in front and Iwautiful in their wild barrenness seem to rise froih hidden depths like the fairy islands of old romance. The river too, is rich in scenery peculiar to itself. On eith»'r side luxuriantly wooded banks redected their glories in the glassy bosom of the widening streandet at their l>aHe. Far as the eye codld glance glimpses were caught of fertile valleys and cultivated farms, strikingly contrasting their own richness with the unpromir^ing nature of the nearer dis- trict. The village of Bracebridge was soon reached, and the Reeve, Mr. Perry, presented an address on vellum to the Governor. The next morning the trip was resumed, and the steamer passed down the serpentine river, glided into the lake, aud OJIHBEWA Y INDIANS. 287 steaming some distance up the French river, amved at Port Carling. In a little while the NipisHing was under way again, and sailing on Lake Kosseau. Rosseau was reached when His Excellency disembarked and walked about the village, and afterwards listened to an address from the in- habitants. Various other villages were visited, and at Pnriy Sound the party were received with all the honours. The hnmlet was tastefully decorated, and Lord Dufferin, in a speech of some length, replied to an address which had been presented to him. He subsequently responded to an address from Chief James of the Ojibbeway Indians. The visitors were then driven to the steamer Chicora, and immediately afterwards left for Collingwood. Upon landing Their Excel- lencies were cordially received, and the customary address was replied to, when, after a drive, the party returned to the Chicora and the voyage was resumed. Owen Sound was reached at a quarter to six. A similar programme was car- ried out here. On Wednesday the Chicord left Owen Sound, and on the morning of Thursday she arrived at Killarney, where a large crowd of Indians and half-breeds were assembled at the landing-place. A small band, armed with muskets, tired a feu de joie as the Viceroy Hppeared in oight. Three Chiefs were present, and »ine of them made a speech to His Excel- lency in the Indian dialect, which wa.s duly interpreted to the Governor in French by a white man, who also conveyed His Excellency's reply to the Indians in their own tongue. Tha next sto{)ping place was Little Current, and the Vice- regal party were received here by several white peo[)le as 288 SAULT 8TS. MARTS. well as hy a large number of Indians, whose force was con- siderably augmented by delegates from the remote sections of Manitoulin Island. Of course the usual speeches were made in the Indian and French languages, fcr mostly all of the Indians of Canada can speak French, and His Excel- lency's remarks were mterpreted to the tribe. After " wood- ing up," the steamer moved onward towards Bruce Mines, where she lay at anchor all night. The next day one of the larger copper mines was visited before breakfjist, and at 8 o'clock the Gh'icora went on her way up to Sault Ste. Marie, gliding thi-ough those narrow passages, highlands and is- lands, which have made the place famous the world oven and whose splendid and striking scenery is unrivalled on this continent. At Garden River village, the Indians saluted His Flxcellency with a volley of musketry. At half-past one o'clock Sault Ste. Marie was reached, and the volunteer militia, under command of Captain ^Vilson, received His Excellency on the wharf. A number of lead- ing citizens were present, and a salute was fired from a field near the landing place. An address was read, and after His Lordship hajd returned an answer, he proceeded in a small boat about two miles down the river to lay the corner stone of " The Shingwauk Home " — an Indian school erected under the auspices of the Anglican Church. On their, return, the party went over to the American side, where the Chicora had gone to take in fuel, and a salute of seventeen guns was fired from the fort in their honour. The illness of Lord Clandeboye delayed the departure of the steamer for a time, but the next day (Saturday^ she resumed her voyage. Sun- UP THE PORTAGE. day morning found the party in Michipicoton bay. Entering small boats they proceeded up a fine, wide river emptying into the bay, and landed at a post belonging to the Hudson Bay Company. A little beyond this poi'^t there is a series of eight falls, all within a distance of a mile. One of these is very nearly forty feet high. Returning to the steamer, the tourists left the bay, and at about four o'clock in the after- noon, the Ohicora arrived at Michipicoton Island Harbour — a magnificent bay with highlands on either side and at its head. Agate Island was next visited. At night the excur- sionists were otf again on their voyage, and at seven o'clock on Monday morning the boat entered the famous Nepigon bay. In four hours more she reached the landing at the head of the water. Here some purchases, suitable for camp life, were made, and three canoes, two for passengers and one for baggage, wei'e got ready. An early start up the river was decided upon, and the voyageura were soon paddling their way up to the first portage. The country in this section of the Dominion is rocky and sterile, and wholly uninviting. A boisterous rapid was passed, and while the baggage was being conveyed across, some took occasion to cast their flies, and at a place a little above the rapid, Lady DufFerin succeeded in hooking the first trout. At six o'clock the canoes were hauled up on the beach, and camps for the night pitched. This spot had been hitherto known to sportsmen as Gamp Alexander. It was re-christened on this occasion and be- came Camp Dufferin for all f utui e time. The next moi"ning a fresh start was begun, and after traveling five portages and shooting nearly double that number of rapids, the final .^^w "^E 290 IN CAMP. destination of the visitors was reached. The sceneiy on this journey changes rapidly, and in many places it is quite grand and striking. Generally rough and bold it frequently pre- sents an Alpine front, A succession of mountains rises from the water's edge, and follows the road for several miles, and the tinted hills and hardy trees which seem to grow out of the very rocks, present a dashing spectacle to the eye. Sharp precipices and huge boulders meet the vision at every turn, and the long lines of irregular saplings impart to the whole scene a weird and fantastic aspect. Some five days were spent at this ruggedly beautiful spot, and what with fishing, canoeing and ramblings in the wood, and a ftiU indulgence in the intoxicating pleasures of camp life generally, the time passed rapidly away, and the morn- ing of Thursday dawned all too soon. Camp was broken up and the voyage back was commenced. No misfortunes oc- curred on the way, and the voyagers arrived at Red Rock in good time, well repaid for their journey through the rugged country, if not altogether in a large number of fish, at least in the experiences they had gained while prosecuting the trip. The Chicora soon left for Silver Islet landing, and after arriving there and hearing an address, the visitors were ferried across to the Islet. Here they examined the mining operations, and selecting a few specimens of the rich ore to take home with them, they entered the steamer again and sailed for Prince Arthur's Landing, arriving tliere at about six o'clock in the evening. A reception thoroughly in keeping with the character of this enterprising little place, LAKE SIIEBANDOiVAN. 301 was teiulcreil to His Excellency. An address was read, and a reply, felicitous in every way, was pronounced, Avhen, after a walk through the village, (which WJiscjuite lavisldy dccoia- ted) a drive was determined on. The guests were then driven through all the attractive parts of the region, and many of these being imbued with a romantic tinge, the drive was very enjoyable indeed, and exceedingly interesting. The ag- ricultural aspects, which the country presented, were very fair ; and the mountainous scenery and the tine view of Thun- der Bay, which is obtained from the high ground, added hirgely to the pleasure of the visit. On Sunday morning Divine Service was attended in the Episcopal Church, and the choir honoured the presence of the representative of Roy- alty by .singing the first stanza of the National Anthem. On Monday morning at half-past six, a tiip was made over the Dawson road jus far as Lake Shebandowan, and down the Kaministi<|uia River to Thunder Bay. The drive proved to be a very pleasant one, notwithstanding its great length. At Lake Shebandowan, where a pause was made for luncheon, e lumdred savages received Their Excellencies with gonuine Indian yells and a/e« dejoie. Several speeches were made, and one old chief declared that the tribe considered the pre- sence of Lord Dufferin in their midst, as a full equivalent to seeing the Queen herself. The wigwanjs of the warriors were next inspected. A .scmg and dance followed, intermingled with many whoops, when His Excellency distributed a few gifts, and entering a large canoe, paddled away on a shoit trip up the .shining lake. Returning in about an hour Their Excellencies and suite re-enteriMl ctirriages and driving about 202 PADDLING UP THE RIVER. twenty-one miles to the Matawan River, a stay ovei- niglit was made liere. The chive was resumed early the following morning, and after going some five or six miles, the party reached the Kaministiquia River, where they entered canoes, and stai-ted on their voyage by water to Fort William, a dis- tance of about fifty miles. In a, little while the sky dark- ened, and presently a tremendous rain storm dashed down and completely drenched the voyagers. Half-a-dozen port- ages hud to be passed, and the heavy storm poured down foi- four continuous hours. Notwithstanding this and the pit! able plight to which the pleasure-seekei-s were reduced, eve»y one seemed to look upon the matter in the mo.st good-na- tured way. A stop was even made when the jjortagc which passes the Kakabeka Falls was reached, and a fine view of this cataract, which is said to be one hundred and twenty feet high, was obtained. Luncheon was shortly afterwards prepared, and at one o'clock the rain ceased. Fifteen milcy further the landing of Pointe de Mueron was gained, and after a brief delay, the trip was resumed. They had paddled some four or five miles up the river, when the steamer Jen- nie Oliver, with some gentlemen from Prince Arthur's Land- ing, met them, and they got on board of her and proceeded on their way, drier and certainly more comfortable. A short stay was made at the Jesuit Mission, above Fort Wil- liam, and at nine o'clock the Jennie Oliver arrived at the mouth of the river where the Chicora was comfortably lying at anchor. The Chicora left Thunder Bay late on Tuesday night and arrived at the Sault Canal early on Thursday morning. CHICAGO. 2t>3 Wliile coaling on the American side, Lord Dufferin went ort" in a canoe to run the rapids. At eleven o'clock the steamer departed for Chica^'o, passing on hor way (larden Rivei', Mackinaw, several large and heautiful islands, and the City of Milwaukee. When within throe miles of Chicago, speed was slackened and a tug-boat advanced and the British Vice- Consul, Mr. Warwick, came on board the steamer with a packet for His Excellency. At half-past ten o'clock the wharf at the foot of State Street was reached, and in accor- dance with a pre-arranged programme, the Vice-regal party re- mained on board until one o'clock, when the Reception Com- mittee, headed by Mayor Colvin, arrived at the whai-f with caniages, and after a few presentations the visitors were driven through the principal streets to the Grand Pacific Hotel. The spacious drawing room was profusely and gorgeously decorated, and the assembly presented a very brilliant appearance. A number of addresses were made, all of them, with one exception,* extemporaneous in charac- ter. In reply to the courteous and cordial welcome which the Mayor and Corporation of Chicago tendered Lord Dufferin, His Excellency said : " Mr. Mayor and Gentlemen, — " When it was originally suggested to me that I should put in at Chicago during the course of my cruise round those mag- nificent lakes which are the joint property of Canada and of the United States, it never occurred to me that I should land upon your wharves in any other capacity than that of a private •St George's Society, iM ■ '■tfi 9M WHD iniFFElilNH SPEEt'JI IN CHICAGO. individual seeking information and pleasure from a visit to one of the most Hourishiiig towns in the United States. The kind consideration which has protnjited so magnificent a re- ception as that with which you have honoured the Countess ot DuH'erin and myself has, therefore, taken me by suqirise. I can assure you I am deeply touched by the expression of so much unaffected fricrdliness. Of course it is needless for me tt> assure you that with us in England Chicago has almost become a household word, not merely in consecjuence of the terrible calamity which a few years since ovei'whelmed it — a calamity in which the people of England most heart- ily sympathised with you — but as an evidence of what human intelligence and industry can accomplish in convert- ing the waste regions of the earth into empoi-iums of wealth, commerce, and architectural beauty. I am told that it was within the period of my own life-time that Chicago first received her charter of incorporation, and in passing through your magnificent streets, unless that fact had been conveyed to me on the best authority, I confess I could scarcely have credited it. I have been very much interested Mr. Mayor, in the account with which you haVe been pleasero()f of the frieixMy feolingH which I know are entertained towards British North America l>y llie people of th • I'uilod States, thi! fact that so large a concourse of citizens should have assembled on this occasion to support your President in wel- coming the Governor-General of Canada. I feel, however, that at this moment there is peculiar propriety in my find- ing myself in such pleasant relations with the members of the Board of Trade of Chicago. Chicago is the principal city of the United Stat«,'s situated upon that great chain of lakes which is the conunon property and joint pride of the people of America and of Canada. At this moment, as you are aware, the Governments of our two countries are en- gaged in considering a most important (piestion — as to whether or no it might be possible to unite the interests of the two people into a closer connection by the ties of freer commercial intercourse. That, of courae, is a subject which must have had special claims upon the nttention of mem- bers of this Association. It would be out of place for me on the present occasion to refer in any particular manner to the terms which have been already communicated to the American Senate as those upon which the people of Canada would be disposed to enter upon t!ie reconstruction of the ex- isting commercial arrangements between themselves and the United States. Of coui'se, I am well aware that in the States, as well as in Canada, there are differences of opinion as to the f 1 H 298 BUT ONE MOTIVE. I I l)olicy of Free Trade versus Protection. I do not imagine tliat in any country will there be found a perfectly unani- mous coincidence of opinion upon these much disputed topics, but at all events this I may say, the Government of Great Britain and the Government of Canada are generally anxious to promote whatever policy and whatever arrangements are most likely to increase and develop those commercial re- lations by which Canada and the United States are already ln'ought so close to each other, and which, in our opinion, at all events, cannot be to:^pped ashore his ears were saluted with a few bars of the National Anthem, which were played by the band of the Light Corps. The streets were thronged with people, and as the visitors entered carriages, and the procession moved onward, ringing cheers were given. The route taken was through Woodward Avenue, Munroe Avenue, Randolph Siireet, Miami Avenue, tl e Grand Circus Park, and down Woodward Avenue again to the City Hall, where a stand was made, and the guests were escorted o the Council Chamber. In this room there was a large gathering of ladies and gentlemen present. After Mr. MofFatt, the Mayor, had forinally introduced the Governor-General to the audi- ence, Alderman Thompson read the address, to which the following reply was returned : — " Mr. Mayor, Lculien and Gentlemen, — "I am sure it will surprise no one present if they should pejceive that I am perfectly incapable of len- CANADA, A RISING NATION. 303 dering an adequate return to the citizens of Detroit for the reception with which they have honoured me. I confess that the kindness and the hosjiitality with which I have been received, conveyed in a manner so delicate and so agreeable, have completely taken me by surprise, and I feel quite unprepared upon the present occasion to express to you in any way which can at all satisfy myself, how deeply I have been touched by them ; at the same time, I feel that it would be ungracious upon ray part if I did not endeavour, however imperfectly, to make you undei'stand that it is not from any want of appreciation that I fail to express the sentiments of which I am con- scious. And, gentlemen, the gratitude which I feel is all the deeper from this fact, that I perfectly under- stand that the demonstration which has taken place, has been addressed, not so much to the humble indi- vidual who stands before you, as to the representative of a truly friendly power, to a Governor-General of that rising nation that stretches along your border from ocean to ocean, and whose hopes and interests as well as whose com- mercial ties and necessities are so closely amalgamated with your own. (Lord applause.) Gentlemen, when I came to Canada, and when it became my duty to acquaint myself with the inmost sentiments of the people of that country, there was nothing which struck me so forcibly as the genuine admiration and respect, and I think I may say affection, with which they regarded the people of the United States. (Cheers.) Gentlemen, of course I came to Canada as an officer of the British Government, as a servant of the Britiish 304 ESTEEM FOE THE UNITED STATES. Queen. (Applause.) I was bound, therefore, to promote and maintain the connection between Canada and the mother country, which I believe the inhabitants of both consider to be equally to the advantage of each (applause) ; and there was nothing which more satisfied me as to the absence of all difficulties or anxieties in that respect than to observe how hearty was the esteem felt by Canada for the United States, and how compatible .such esteem was v/ith the most perfect contentment which they felt with regard to their own 'usti- tutions and the most perfect confidence which they had in their own future and destinies. (Applause.) Gentlemen, I believe that on the part of the United States there is a generous sympathy with Canada in her endeavours to work out her own future, to extend the evidences of her pros- perity, and to pui-sue that honourable career upon which she has embarked. (Applause.) And certain am I that there is nothing upon which the Canadians more surely count than upon the good-will, the friendship, the sympathy, and the encouragement of the people of the United States. (Applause.) As you are aware, and as has been most truly observed by the gentleman who has just spoken, the com- mercial interests of Canada and of the United States are in- dissolubly united at this ^^loment. It is a matter under the consideration of the two Governments whether their interests cannot be brought into an even closer harmony, and in con- sequence of such a result the friendship and the good intel- ligence between Canada and the United States should be increased. All I can say is that out of those arrangements nothing could come which would be more cordially welcome . DIFFICULTIES AND MISUNDERSTANDINGS. 305 or would be more agreeable to the people of England. (Ap- plause.) Every symptom, every indication from time to time eliminated by the course of affairs, which proves a union of sympathy and of good understanding between Canada and America, is considered in England as a happy and a fortunate circumstance. (Applause.) G-^ntlemen, as I said before, I knew I should fail adequately to express all that I felt upon this occasion, and I am sure no one will leave this room to-night without understanding that the few words I haVe thus spoken are the genuine expressions of my inmost sentiments, arid that as long as I live the magnificent spectacle which has been exhibited to my eyes this day, as the procession which was organized in my honour passed through your beautiful streets, will be ono of the most agreeable recollections of my life. (Loud applause.) I indeed congratulate you upon the fact that the founda- tions of your prosperity are placed upon so secure a basis, and I congratulate you upon those varied national ad- vantages with which Providence has blessed you ; and above all, I congratulate you upon that just feeling of pride which you entertain for the institution? of your coun- try, and for the soil of which you are such worthy inhabi- tants. (Applause.) Within a few short years England and America have given an example to the world of what two great nations can do to remove those diiriculties and misun- dei-standings which from time to time necessarily intervene to draw a cloud even between friendly people ; they have shown that, by mutual forbearance, by mutual respect, by a deter- mination to seek nothing but what is just and honourable T t 806 TME LIGHT GUARDS. from each other, difficulties of the gravest character, difficul- ties, which in less wise ages might have produced the most lamentable results, can be completely obliterated, and can leave those between whom they occur more closely locked than ever in the bands of a mutual and honourable friend- ship." (Loud applause.) An address from the Board of Trade followed, and after a speech fi )m Col. Wilkins and more cheering, the concourse dispersed, and the carriages carried Lord and Lady Dufferin and their suite to the Russell House, where later in the evening a vocal sei'enade was given. Detroit paid a further honour to His Excellency by making him and Col. Fletcher honorary members of that social and military organization, the Light Guards. On the morning of the 20th of August, the party left Detroit for Sarnia in the Steinhoff, and en- joyed on the way a splendid sail up the beautiful Detroit river, the St. Clair Lake, and the St. Clair river. The scenery round- about these waters is especially charming, and long stretches of fertile country are seen on every side. When within five miles of Sarnia, a fleet of six steamers, dressed gaily in flags, evergreens and trees, met the Steinhof, and after sa- luting her, passed a short distance down, and turning round .furnished a brilliant escort, and the seven vessels moved along grandly towards Saraia. The thriving little town was soon reached, when the local battery of artillery fired off a salute. On the wharf a pavilion was erected, sui- mounted by a large evergreen crown. It was hantisomely decorated throughout, and appropriate mottoes and arches were observable in the streets and squares. His Excellency A STORM. 307 was received by leading citizens, and the guard of honour, furnished by the 27th Battalion of Volunteers, presented arms. An address was then read, and a reply of an espe- cially complimentary nature was returned. A number of Indian tribes severally presented addresses, and His Excel- lency replied to them collectively. A drive round town, and a trip later in the evening to Point Edward, where a stay for the night was made, completed this stage of the journey. About nine o'clock next morning the tour was resumed, and though the sky appeared overcast, the weather was still fair, and the steamer pursued her way pleasantly enough. At noon, however, a change took place, and rain began to fall heavily and in gi'eat bead-like drops. The sea rolled, and the white caps fluttered on the margins of gi'eat waves. The steamer plunged, and the angry waters beat against her sides, and the dark lake pitched and tossed in relentless fury. It was late before the safe harbour of Goderich was reached, and it was with considerable relief that a landing was made. The elements seemed to add their quota to the reception which was tendered to His Excellency, for as the guns of the Goderich garrison thundered their salvos of welcome from the high cliff in front of the town, the howls of the wind and tbe roar of the furious waves were heard far above the booming notes of the great cannon and the rattle of the smaller pieces of ordnance. Despite the pitiless rain, the populace filled every available space, and cliff and street and avenue alike were filled with cheering people. The 33rd Battalion's guard of honour presented arms and the Goderich I 308 IN QUE LP n. band played God Save the Queen, as the Vice-regal guests landed. Mayor Horton welcomed them to Goderich, and after a short drive, the Central Public school and The Inter- national Salt Works were visited. Luncheon was then served at the latter place, and after full justice was done to this important branch of nature's economy, and a few plea- sant speeches made, a further drive took the visitors to the residence of Mr. M. C. Cameron, M.P. In the evening a ball was given, fireworks were let off, and a torchlight procession paraded the streets until a late hour. The houses and stores were all illuminated, and Chinese lanterns hung in great profusion everywhere. On the twenty-second of August, Mitchell, Stratford, Ber- lin, and Guelph were visited". In each of these places. His Excellency delivered from one to two speeches in response to addresses. In Berli i his remarks were particularly happy, and his references to the German fatherland (for the popu- lation of Berlin is largely composed of this element) were pertinent and just. In Guelph his observations were no less happy, both in reply to the addresses from the Town Council, and the Directorate of the Guelph Centra' Exhibi- tion, and on the occasion of his health being drank at the luncheon which was afterwards given. He said, here : — • " Ladies and Gentlemen, — " I scarcely know in what terms to reply to the toast which has been so kindly proposed, and which has been accepted in so friendly a mamier by those whom I have the honour to address. I am sure that all of you must GUELVU NOT TO BE OMITTED. be very much tired of readin^f tlie various speeches which, during the Jjist three or four weeks, J ha^^ been called upon to deliver in passing through the Dominion. (No.) I can only ho|)o that you understand that, at all events, I for my part never tire of repeating to the inhabitants of Canada how sonsil)le I am of the kind- ness, the indulgence, the courtesy, and the good-will with which they are always pleased to receive us. Wherever we have gone, whether into the remotest region of the Domin- ion or into more thickly populated districts, whether we find ouixelves among the French, the Irish, the English, or the German population — everywhere the feeling is the same, a feeling of devoted loyalty to the Crown, accompanied by the most liattei-ing assurances of the friendliness and the good-will with which they are disposed to regard the humble individual who has the honour of representing it. (Applause.) It is with unfeigned pleasure that, as I have already said, I find myself at Guelph. At the outset of my tour I made it a sine qua non with those whom I consulted as to the di- rection I .should take, that no matter what the inconvenience or how great the divergence should be, Guelph should cer- tainly not be omitted. (Great applause.) And I confess that I have been amply repaid for my obstinacy in that particular by the kind reception with which I "have been honoured." i!! i A drive across country, and a Reception in the Town Hall brought the day to a close, and next morning the visi- tors attended St. George's Episcopal Chui-ch. 310 BHANTFORD. On Monday the jachinc factories and the louH sewing- woollen uiills were inspected, and at eleven o'clock the cars of the Great Western Railway were entered, and a start for Brantford was made. A short stay at Preston gave Mr. Klotz, President of the Oennan societies, .an opportunity of reading an address, to which His Excellency rejdied verbally at some length. An hour was spent at Gait, and diuin^^ that time Miss Macphei-son's Boys' Home was visited and favourably com mented on. Hanisburg was soon reached, and a brief sojourn was made. Brantford was the next stopping place, and at half-past one o'clock the train anived there. The Grand Trunk Rifles stationed on the platfortn as a guard of hon- our, gave a good account of themselves, and took a promi- nent part in the procession. A platform was erected in Victoria Square, and addresses were presented at this place to the Governor. To the one read by the Mayor, Lord Dufferin made this reply : " Mr. Mayor and Gentlemen, — " I am indeed glad to have had this opportunity of making acquaintance with you, sir, one of the oldest in- habitants of this large and flourishing town, and with those who have subsequently chosen it for their residence, and raised it by their industry and intelligence to its pre- sent pitch of prosperity. Indeed, I find it difficult to des- cribe the pleasure! I '"S-y sa-y the exultation, with which I pass from town to town in Ontario and see everywhere the same evidences of prosperity and contentment, phy- sical, social, and political. Each town seems to surpass BRAyTFOItD'S FUTURE. m its neiglihour in everything which contributes to the ha])- pineMH and the welfare of its inhabitants. It is difticult to say which is most blesHe with me the con- viction that as long as I live J. may be able to boast of hav- ing always maintained friendly and affectionate relations with that noble cotnmunity in the midst of which for a few years my lot has been cast." (Cheers.) After a drive thruugh the neighbourhood, the carriages entered the grove of the Hon. G. Alexander, where the War- den and members of the County Couucil of the County ot" Oxford read an address. Luncheori w.u then spread under two large manjuees, and after fuij jn'^tice had been done the viands, a fresh start was made, and the Town of Ingersdll appeared in view shortly before four o'clock. As the train Beared BeechviUe, a salute of fog signals .shrieked through the air. The preparations at lugersoll for the reception of the Viceroy were of an exceedingly lavish description. A guard of honour from the 22nd Battalion V. M., and a large force from the Fire brigade, and an enormous concourse of people, assembled at the station to receive the .visitors. The arches, quite large in number, were of a very tasteful charac- ter, and one in particular attracted much attention. It con- sisted of cheese boxes, ornamented with cut cheese, cut hams, flowers, &c. A motto, running round in a semi-ciicle, dis- INGEHSOl.L's INDUSTHY. 82S played the legend, " Choose, the inakin*,' of Ingorsoll." Artother arch was made up of pieces of furnitui-e, wliiUi a third was adorned with reaping tnachinea, the manufacture of a private firm in the town. Flags and immense si,reamer.s 'of bunting were exhibited in every street, and other marks of welcome were to be seen in ail tpiarters. A number of cliildren were gathered on tlie Central School grounds, and when Their Kxcolleneies arrived on this spot, the pupils rose en maase and sang a few verses of the National Anthem. At the conclusion of this there was great cheering, and when it subsided, Mr. E. H. McS<»rley, the Mayor, read an address. Lord Dufferin's reply, which was humorous and timely, tl>U8 briefly referred to one branch of Ingersoll's industry : " I am well aware tliat tlie olieese factories in Ingersoll })<»asess a world-wide reputation, and that sometimes even our neighbours, when they want tf emigration from the English standpoint, I am of cou-se a thousand-fold more interested in the subject as the head of the Canadian Governmont. (Applause.) Of course I am net in a position nor is it desirable that I should take the vesp(»nsibility of saying anything on this occasion which should expose me hereafter to the reproach of having drawn a false picture or given delui.ive informa- tion in regard to the prospects and opportunities afforded by Canada ^-o the intending settler. (Applaure.) The sub- HOPE IN THE FUTURE. 341 ject is so serious a one, so much depends upon the individual training, capacity, health, conduct, and antecedents of each several emigrant, that no one without an intimate and special knowledge of the subject would be justified in pro- nouncing authoritatively on its details — (hear, hear) ; but this at all events I may say, wherever I have gone I have found numberless persons who came to Canada without anything, and have since risen to competence and wealth — (apphiuse) — that I have met no one who did not gladly acknowledge himself better off than on his first arrival — (cheers) — and that amongst thousands of persons with whom I have been brought into contact, no matter what their race or national- ity, none seemed ever to regi*et that they had come here. (Great and continued applause.) This fact particularly struck me on entering the leg huts of the settlers in the more distant regions of die country. Undoubtedly their hardships had been very great, the difficulties o^ climate and locality frequently discouraging, their p( i.^onal privations most severe ; but the language of all was identi'^^al, evincing without exception pride in the past, content with the present, hope in the future (cheers) ; while, combined with the satisfaction each man felt in his own success and the improved prospects of his family, there shone another and even a nobler feeling — namijly, the delight inspired by the consciousness of being a co-efficient uuit in a visibly pro- gressive community, to whose prosperity he was himself contributing. (Hear, hear, and cheers.) Of course these people could never have attained the position in which I fou.'id them without tremendous exertions. Probably the 342 A SWEETENER TO HIS TOIL. agiicultural labourer who comes to this country from Norfolk or Dorsetshire will have to work a great deal harder than ever he worked in his life before, but if his work is harder he will find a sweetener to his toil of which he could never have dreamt in the old country, namely, the prospect of independence, of a roof over his head for which he shall pay no rent, and of ripening cornfields round his homestead which own no master but himself. (Tremen- dous applause.) Let a man be sober, healthy, and indus- trious ; let him come out at a proper time of the j'ear, let him be content with small beginnings and not afraid of hard work, and I can scarcely conceive how he should fail in his career. (Long continued applavse.) Gentlemen, I have been tempted by the interest of the subject to trespe ■< far too long, 1 fear, upon your indulgence (no, no,) but I felt that perhaps I could not make a more approjmate return for the honour you have done me than by frankly mentioning to you the impressions left upon my mind during my recent journey. (Hear, hear.) It now only remains for me, to thank you again most heartily for your kindness, and to assure you that every fresh mark of confidence which I receive fi'om any section of the Canadian people only makes me more determined to strain every nerve in their service (cheering), and to do my best to contribute towards the great work upon which you are now engaged, namely, that of building up on this side of the Atlantic a prosperous, loyal, and powerful associate of the British Empire." (Tremendous ai)plause). " * ONTARIO LADIES' COLLEGE. 343 At the conclusion of His Excellency's speech the whole company stood up and cheered for several minutes. At half-past ten o'clock the next day, Their Excellencies left Toronto on their way homeward. A pause was made at Whitby, and though rain was falling quite heavily at the time, the people congi-egated in great crowds in the streets and at the railway depQt. Mr. Malcolm Cameron, M.P., met the guests at the station. The guard of honour was made up from a detachment of the 34th regiment. Mr. J. H. Greenway, the Mayor, read a complimentary address, and after a few words of reply, the m' "is of the Council were presented. A drive followed next, and among the arches- erected in the streets, one was particularly n.tc worthy and unique. It was composed of evergreens, and on the top u number of men were to be seen engaged in the various opera- tions of cradling, raking, binding, and pitching grain. This novel feature attracted a good deal of notice. A stay of a few minutes was made at the High school, and as Lord Dufferin had promised to formally open the Ontario La^' college, he at once proceeded in that direction. This col- lege was chartered under the general Act passed by the Legislature of Ontario. It is under the patronage and su- pervision of the Wesleyan Methodist conference. The Gov- ernor was handsomely received, and in the short address with which hb opened the college, he pertinently alluded to a certain kind of literature then coming into vogue which was fast undermining all that is pure and noble and ele- vated. He warned the pupils of thib establishment against such writings and the school of writers whose chief trick is 344 SIB WALTER SCOTT. to extract amusement and awake laughter by turning every- thing whicli is reverenced by the rest 0:^ the world into ridi- cule. He deprecated the encouragement of such persons, and of parody and of coarse vulgarity. He took it as a most happy augury, however, that in the room in which he was now placed, there should stand the bust of one of the princes of European literature — of a man the healthiness of whose mind and the high standard and perfect taste of whose compositions it w^o 'M be well if his successors in lite- rature would imitate — Sir Walter Scott. A considerable number of presentations were then made, and the party drove back to the station and left for Bowmanville, which they reached at 1.45. Addresses from the Mayor and Coun- cil, the members of Bowmanville Division Sons of Temper- ance, the Independent Order of Go' kI Templars, and a depu- tation of young ladies, were presented in the order in which they are mentioned, and as the rain was still coming down heavily, the travellers pushed on for Port Hope. A salute from the two guns of the Durham Field Battery greeted them as they entered the station. The rain had now for tunately ceased, and a good opportunity wa^ afforded the visitors of observing the neatness of the display which the people of Port Hope had made. A pleasant drive was then taken through the town, in the course of which the Central school and Trinity College school were vLsited, and the guests returned to the dep6t, and immediately thereafter the train was on its way to Cobourg. At Cobourg the re- ception was very enthusiastic and kindly, and after several addresses had been given and apswered, and a large number MARMORA IROy MINES. 345 of ladies and gentlemen had been presented, the visitoi's entered the hotel, and listened to the serenade of the band of the 40th Regiment. On the 4th of September, a trip was taken to Rice Lake and the Marmora Iron Mines. Arriving at IJarwood, the little stv •'iner Isaac Butte awaited the visitors, and a start was at once made down Rice Lake — esteemed alike by the artist and the sportsman for its abundant natural scenerj- and rich supply of game. At the foot of the lake the steamer glided into the waters of the River Trent, and mad ■ ^ t the village of Hastings. As the Isaac Butts entered the lock, a company of the 57th Battalion fired a feu de joie. The steamer remained in the lock during Lord Dufferin's absence on shore, where he received and replied to an address, and on his return the boat sailed down the river and put into a point from which the railway runs to the Marmora Iron Mines. The Viceroy entered the cars and went to the mines, and after a minute inspection of the works, he returned to the steamer, when lunch was served on board one of the flat-bottomed scows which are used for carrying iion. The steamer left for Hastings, and after a brief delay she arrived at Harwood again, where the party embarked for Cobourg, where a magnificent demonstration awaited them in the shape of a monster torchlight procession by the l^'ire brigade of the town. Several of the torch-bearers unfastened the horses from His Excellency's carriage and taking hold of it themselves, they drew their visitors to the hotel. Sky rock- ets were shot up at intervals as the procession proceeded, and the excellent band of the 4()th Battalion provided the 346 BELLEVILLE. music. In the evening, a dinner and a " hop " at the hotel closed the entertainment of the day. The following morn- ing Lady Duff'erin was waited on by a deputation of young ladies from the public schools, and presented with an addrcjis and a handsome bouquet of flowers, ^3hortly before her de- parture from Cobourg for Belleville. The prosperous Bay City was all in readiness to receive their guests long before the train rolled into the station. The 15th Battalion fur- nished the guard of honour. The band of that regiment, the firemen of the city, and leading citizens gathered by the dep6t, and forming themselves into a solid column, they marched in that order to the Court House, when a halt was made, and His Excellency mounted the platform and lis- tened to the address which Mayor G. E. Henderson read, and to which he afterwards responded in these words : — " In a concluding paragraph you have alluded to a feeling which I have sometimes heard mentioned in private but to which hitherto my attention has never been so pointedly directed, viz. : That Canadian affairs scarcely obtain that share of popular attention in England which their importance merits. (Hear, hear.) Well, Mr. Mayor and gentlemen, I would ask you to call to mind the old adage, which says, ' Happy are the people with >ut ci-nr^^ ' (hear, hear, and laughter) — an adage which implies that only too often the history of a country consists of an account of its follies and misfortunes. (Laughter.) Indeed, it is sometimes as well to be without a history as with one. (Laughter.) In the same way, you must remember tha^i as long as the domestic affairs of Canada are ENGLAND'S GliEATEST COLONY. 547 conducted with that wisdom which commands the confi- dence of England, as long as the material c idition of Cana- da is such as to occasion neither apprehension nor anxiety to England, as long as the sentiments of Canada are so affec- tionate and loyal to the Mother Country as to leave her no- thing to desire, so long will her intercourse with Canada be ■confined to those placid hum-drum amenities which charac- terize every happy household. (Hear, hear, and laughter.) Again, you must remember that in England every man who is connected with public affairs, every public writer, every person through whom the national sentiments find expres- sion is so overwhelmed and overweighted' by his daily occu- pations that you must not be sui-prised if they have not time to be very loquacious on Canadian subjects ; and, after nstrative (applause) ; and I am sure you will find, whenever the necessities of the case really require it, that the sympathies of England and the attention of English public opinion will be concentrated upon Catiada with a solicitude and an energy that will leave you no occasion of complaint." 348 AT KINGSTON. Addresses were also presented by the Warden and Council of Hastings County, the Senate of Albert University, and by Dr. Palmer, during the visit to the Deaf and Dumb Institute of that municipality. To all of these Lord Dufferin made I'eply, when the party drove to Marchmonde, Miss Rye's Children's Home. A few minutes were spent here, when another move brought the tourists to the train, and soon afterwards to Napanee, where an immense crowd of people, including the Fire brigade, a detachment from the 48th Battalion, the Napanee Garrison Artillery, and a band of music, was assembled. The usual words of welcome were spoken b\' the Mayor, by the chiefs of the Mohawk Indians of Tyendinaga, and by the chiefs of the same tribe residing by the Bay of Quints, when, after an interchange of words, the train filed out of the station, and stopped at Kingston. Here a stirring scene was enacted. The loyal old city was gorgeously decked with flags, armorial shields, ai'ches, &c., and what with salutes from the great and small guns, fog signals, and the rattle of musketry, the cheers of the multitude, the imposing array of militarj^, and the music from many bands, the Vice-regal visitors found them- selves the centre of a mighty ovation. Mayor Sullivan read an address, and Lord Dufferin's graceful reply was received with tremendous cheering. The Warden and Corporation also presented an address. In the evening, after a drive, the steamer Maude was taken, and a short sail brought the party to Point Henry, where they disembarked, and after an inspection of the guard of honour from the 14th Battalion, and escorted l)y the Frontenac troop of cavalry, they arrived ^ BROCKVILLE. 349 at the residence of the Hon. Mr. Cartwright, whose gue.sts they were during their stay here. A dinnei- party at a later hour brought together the leading citizens of Kingston as well as many persons fi-om other parts of the country. On Monday the Vice-regal party left for Brockville in the Maude. Running down the river, followed by the steamer Rochester, with a large number of excursionists on board, the Maude made the passage in very quick time. The trip was exceedingly pleasant throughout, and the magnificent sceneiy of the Thousand Isles awakened many emotions in the breasts of the voyagers. As the little steamer Hew over the waters, and passed in succession Rudd's quarry and Ga- nanoque, the people in these places cheered and clapped their hands, and guns rattled a salvo of welcome. Brockville was gained about one o'clock, and as the Maad^ neared the own, one hundred and fifty skiffs, and several trim yachts, gaily decked with bunting, sped forward to meet her. On the wharf, a hundred men of the 41st Battalion were drawn up in line, and with their band and a large number of citi- zens, received Their Excellencies as they stepped ashore and entering carriages, drove swiftly away to the Court House square. Here they mounted a platform, and after listening to addresses from the Board of Trustees for the High and Public schools of Brockville, and the Mayor, Council, and citizens of the town, the Governor said : — " Mi'. Mayor and Gentlemen, — , " I thank you for the address with which you have honoured me. This is the last address I am destined to sso GRACEFUL DECORATIONS. receive before my final return to Ottavva, where much serious business awaits my attention. It is witli regret 1 find my holiday drawing to a close, and that a termina- tion is about to be put to the pleasant and instructive personal intercourse I have had with such large numbers of ihe Canadian people. At all events, I shall carry the pleasantest memories with me into retirement. During the six weeks my tour has occupied, I believe that I have received something like 120 addresses, every one of which breathed a spirit of contentment, loyalty, and kindness. In fact, from first to last, no harsh, desponding, or discordant note has mar- red the jubilant congratulations of the nation. But the de- monstrations with which we have been honoured have not been confined to mere vocal greetings. It would be impossi- ble to describe either the beauty or the variety of the tri- umphal emblems which have glittered on either hand along our way. In addition to the graceful and picturesque decor- ations of evergreens, flags, tapestry, and prismatic canopies of colour from window to window, with which the towns were gay, we have passed under a number of the most in- genious and suggestive arches. There was an arch of cheeses — (laughter) — an arch of salt — an arch of wheels, an arch of hardware, stoves, and pots and pans — (great laughter) — an arch of sofas, chairs, and household furniture — (laughter) — an arch of ladders laden with firemen in their picturesque cos- tumes — an arch of carriages' — (laughter) — an arch of boats, a free tirade arch, a protectionist arch — (great laughter) — an arch of children, and last of all, an arch — no, not an arch, but rather a celestial rainbow — of lovely young ladies. i 1 4r* A CONFLAGRATION. •,m (Great laughter and applause.) Indeed, the heavens them- .selves dropped fatness, for not unfrequently a nmgic cheese or other comestible would descend into our carriaire. As for the Countess of Dufferin, she has been nearly sniotliered be- neath the nosegays which rained down upon hei- — for our path has been strewed with flowers. One town, not content with fulfilling its splendid })rograninie of proc(!ssions, fire- works, and illuminations, concluded its i-eception by the im- promptu conflagration of half a street, (laughter and ap- plause), and when the next morning I thought it my duty to condole with the authorities on their misfortune, both the owner of the property and the Mayor assured me with the very heroism of politeness that the accident would produce a great improvement in the appearance of the place. (Great laughter.) Gentlemen, I must now bid you good-bye, and through you I desire to say good-bye to all my other enter- tainers throughout the Province. I have been most deeply affected by their kindness, for although, of course, I am well aware that the honours of which I have been the recipient have been addressed not to me, the individual, but to my of- fice, it would be affectation were I to ignore the fact that a strain of personal good-will has been allowed to mingle with the welcome accorded by the people of Ontario to the repre- sentative of their Queen. (Cheers.) I only wish I could have made a more fit return to the demonstrations with which I have been honoured. Happily the circumstances of the country have justified me in using the language of honest andhearty congratulation, and if I have done wrong in some- times uttering on a purely festive occasion a gentler note of 352 HOME. warning or hint of advice, I trust that my desire to render a practical service to the country will be my excuse for any inopportune digressions of this nature." (Cheers.) A Reception was afterwards held at Victoria Hall, and after two hours' stay in Brockville, the homeward journey was resumed. At Smith's Falls the train passed under an iirch, which bore the legend, *' Welcome, Lord Durterin," in coloured letters. An address was read, and after cheers were given for the Queen, and the Governor-General, and his consort, the train moved on to Carleton Place, where a guard of honour from the 41st Battalion was stationed, and a large concourse of people were present. Two addresses were read here, and after a little time had been spent in conversation, the train ran rapidly into Ottawa, and the guests alighted and drove off directly to Rideau Hall. m CHAPTER VI. An i.mi'ohtant Qukstion — Thk Bhitimh Columbia Diffioulty — Mr. Mackknzib's Poli(;y — Uesi-atch of Mr. Eimiar to British Colum- bia — His Rec'kption — Feelinosed in ten years. If they h d said twelve or eighteen years, that time would have been accoi)ted with equal readiness, ^9 all that «a8 undei-stood was that the line should bir, before one would protest against anything by which it should be understood that the (iovernment were to borrow one hundred millions of dollars, or to tax the people of Canada ond British Columbia to carry out those works within a certain time —(loud cheere) — he had been accused of having made a very Jewish bargain ; but not even Shylock would have demanded his ' pound of flesli " if it had to be cut from his own body." (Laughter and cheere.v — Priin; ConvrJ Committee Report, Sth July, 1874. t 356 A SPECIAL MJHSi^ENGmi. I I i' i: 1 i ! the case was in a more hopeless condition than it was before Had a competent man been sent to discuss the aspect of affairs with Lieutenant-Governor Trutch, Attorney-General Walkem, and the other important people of the country, even with Mr. Mackenzie's very committal speech before them, the result might have been far different. Some con-espondence had passed between the Govern- ments of Canada and British Columbia, from July, 1873, to the early part of 1874, but nothing satisfactory or definite had been crived at. In February Mr. Mackenzie deter- mined to sena i speciaf messenger to ascertain the true state of fooling in the distant province upon the subject of certain changes likely to take place in the mode, and in the limit of time, for the building of the railway, and to guage the public pulse, and test the will of the people, concerning the alterations he proposed in the conditions of the Union. For this important duty ho selected Mr. Edgar, and that gentleman proceeded at once on his mission, armed with lettei's of introduction to the Lieutenant-Governor and the Attorney-General, and a long document of instructions for his own guidance. On the 9th of March he arrived at Vic- toria, and shortly afterwards he received a visit from Mr. Walkem, the Leader of the Local Government, to whom he made known the object of his mission. Mr. Edgar was sub- sequently introduced to Mr. Walkcm's colleagues as the representative of the Canadian Government. The Commissioner had not been in the Province long, be- fore he discovered that intense interest on the subject of the railway prevailed among the people. The population was ANXIOUS FOR THE RAILWAY. 357 sparse,* and as the expenditure was likely to prove very great, the immediate benefits which would fall to the lot of the people, it may readily be supposed, gave the railway project a direct and pe: sonal interest which it might not otherwise have possessed. The immediate prosecution of the enterprise augured the speedy enrichment of the entire popu- lace. The tradesmen and shopkeepers, many of whom, it must be confessed, cared little for the ultimate fate of the country, and beyond the merely personal and selfish interest which attached itself to the movement, felt no patriotic im- pulses or hopes in the great national work which agitated the public mind throughout the whole of Canada proper. The landowner, who for a mere song had amassed thousands of acres of territory, saw in the early commencement of the line a source of revenue which should increase his wealth more than a hundred fold. It mattered little to the specula- tors, who infested the country from land's end to land's end, whether Canada was able or not to fulfil to the letter the engagements she had entered into. So long as their section was satisfied, the rest of the country might perish. Mr. M'"i,i. kenzie might easily have averted all this clamour, hau he but silently pursu(^d his way, and kept, to himself the policy he had marked out. But, at the very beginning of his career, he bluntly and honestly told the people that the terms were impossible of fulfilment, and that he contemplated an immediate change in the conditions of the Union. The lindt * Th') CensiiH of 1870 revealml an entire white populiitioii of 8,.'')7(5, located fts follows :— On the Mainliintl H,401, and upon Vancouver Island 5,17"). At the time of Mr. Kdgar's vi;ard of British Columbia with the railway system of Canada ; and further, to secure the completion of such railway within ten years from the date of the Union." " That the time set for coumiencement of the work passed nearly a year ago, and that no commencement of construc- tion has yet been made. " That the Secretary of State of the Dominion h« inform- ed this Government that no commencement can be made this yeai- in consequence of the surveys being incomplete. " That, by order of the Privy Council of Canada, it was decided last year that a portion of the line be located between the harbour of Esijuimault and Seymour Narrows, and that in consequence of that order, and at the request of the Dominion Government, the lands for a distance of twent}' miles along that line have been reserved by the Provincial Government. " That the Premier of the Dominion Government has in an informal manner, but nevertheless in a manner acknowledged to be at the instance of the Dominion Government, offered immediately to undertake the commencement of the works, provided that British Columbia would agree to certain terms of )'elaxation. " That the relaxation proposed was that British Columbia should agree to cancel the railway clause of the terms as regards the mainland part of the Province, and accept in lieu thereof a promise to build a waggon road after the line of railway had been permanently located, on the completion of which, at an undefined time, railway construction should commence. " That such proposal, has, however, been withdrawn. That according to the preamble of the ' Canailian Pacific Railway Act, 1874," the railway is to be constructed ' as rapidly as the same can be accomplished without raising the rate of taxation.' " That the bearing of the Dominion Government towards British Columbia is equivalent to the repudiation of the liability of the Dominion to fulfil, as far as possible, the engagement made respecting the construction of the Pacific Railway. I- I: 800 MB. WALKEM GOES TO ENGLAND. " That by tho course of action taken by the Dominion Government, British Columbia has sustained, and is suffer- ing, great injury and loss. " That with a view to obtain redress, it is advisable that the case of British Columbia be submitted for the considera- tion of the Imperial Government." Armed with this schedule of instructions, Mr. Walkem next proceeded to England. Before his arrival in that country, however, the Earl of Carnarvon had received inti- mation of his coming. The Colonial Secretary felt reluc- tant to interfere in a matter which concerned so intimately the relations existing Vjetween the two Governments. He . felt that it was a question which could be very well settled among themselves, and that an appeal to England was both impolitic and unfortunate. It was no part of his ordinary duty to interferi) at all in the dispute, but the question had become so grave, and the peace and harmony of all. con- cerned had been so threatened, that a decisive step was both necessary and urgent. Accordingly he very considerately offered his services to the disputants as arbitrator. He accepted this duty, under a full sense of the great import- ance of the several interests involved. It was distasteful to him, but he saw no other means of securing a settlement of the quaiTcl, or of closing up the breach which grew wider and wider as time went on. He stipulated, however, that his proposal should meet with the cordial acceptance of both parties, and that his ultimate decision should be received without question or demur. He asked for state- me:Tits and counter statements, and reserved the right to demand further information, if it were necessary, to aid him in arriving at his conclusion. LORD CARNARVON THE ARBITRATOR. m*r Lord CJamaivon's services were immediately accepted by both disputants, and Canada and British Columbia s jnt for- ward with all convenient speed the statements asked for. It may be remarked here that both sides presented their views in temperate and reasonable language, and a conciliatory spirit rather than a feeling of bitterness pervaded the whole tenor of the documents. The case had gone so far and had been marked by so much acrimony in the past, that both parties were resolved to yield certain points in order that an early settlement could be arrived at, and peace declared. The proposals of the Canadian Government were briefly : (1) To commence at once, and finish as soon as possible, a railway from Esquimault to Nanaimo. (2) To spare no jxpense in settling as speedily as possible the line to be taken by the railway on the mainland. (3) To make at once a waggon road and line of telegi-aph along the whole length of the railway in British Columbia, and to continue the telegraph across the continent. (4) The moment the surveys and roads on the mainland are completed, to spend a minimum amount of Sl,500,000 annually upon the construction of the Railway within the Province. Taking up each point seriatvm the British Columbians replied. (1) That nothing is being done by the Dominion Govern- ment towards commencing and pushing on a railway from Esquimault to Nanaimo. (2) That the surveying parties in tl^e mainland are numer- ically v^ery weak; and that there is no expectation in British Columbia, or guarantee given on the part of the Dominion, that the surveys will be proceeded with as speedily as pos- sible. (3) That the people of British Columbia do not desire the waggon road offered by the Dominion Government, as it would be useless to them ; and that even the telegraph proposed to be made along the line of the railway, cannot,, 368 TH^ EARL OF CARNARVON'S CONCLUSIONS. m 1 §1 ' ! \ 1 of comae, be made until the route to be taken by the railway lb 8tjttl':^d. (4) That "the moment the surveys are completed," is not only 0.11 altogether uncertain but, at the present rate of pro •ceeding, a very remote period of time, and that an expendi- ture of Si ,500,000 a y ar on the railway within tiie Province w'll not carry the line to the iDorndary of British Columbia before a very distant date. The Earl of Carnarvon's conclusions on these several points ■of difference were as follows, and he recommended, as a sat- isfactory settlement of the question at issue, (1) That the section of the railway from Esquimault to Nanaimo should be begun at once. (2) That the Dominion Government should greatly increase thestven^ h of the surveying parties on the mainland, and that they sliould undei'take to expend on the surveys, if necessary, for the speedy completion of the work, if not an equal share +0 that which they would expend on the railway itself if it wore in actual course of construction, at all events some definite minimum amount. (3) Inasmuch as the pioposed waggon road does not seem to be desiied by Bi-itish Columbia, the Canadian Government and Pa"):ament may be fairly relieved of the expense and labour involved in their ofler ; and desirable, as in my opinion, the construction of the telegraph across the continent will be, it perhaps is a question whether itmaj'^not be postponed till the line to be taken by the railway is defiuitely settled. (4) The oti'ermade by the Dominion Goveriunent to spend a minimum amount of $l,r)00,000 annually on the railway within British Columbia, as .soon as the surveys and waggon road are completed, appears to me to be hardly as definite as the large interests involved on both sides seem to require. I think that some short and fixed time should be assigned within which the surveys should be completed ; failing which, some compensation should become due to British •Columbia for the delay. Lord Carnarvon further said in this secret despatch to the Earl of Dufferin. " Looking, furfclier. to all the delays which have taken place, and wliich maj' yet perhaps occur; looking also to the public expectations that have been held out of the comple- ! :Ji: THE REALLY IMPORTANT POINT. 360 tion of the I'ailvvay, if not within +he original period of ten years, fixed Ly the terms of Union, at all events within four- teen years from 1871, I cannot hut think that the annual minimum expenditure of $1,500,000 offered by the Dominion Government for the construction of the railway in the Pro- vince, is ha idly adequate. In order to make the proposal not only i\Av hut as I know is the wish of your ministers liheral, I would suggest for their consideration whether the amount should not be fixed at a higher rate, say, for instance, at $2,000,000 a year. The really important point, however, not only in the inter- ests of the Province bu<^ for the ciedit of the Dominion, and the advantage of the Empire at large, is to assume the completion of the railway at some definite period, which, from causes over which your ministers have had no control, must now, I admit, be much more distant than had been originally contemplated, and I am disposed to suggest, as a reasonable arrangement, one neither unfair to the Dominion nor to British Columbia, that the year 1890 should be agreed upon for this purpose. In making this suggestion, I, of course, conclude that the Domi m- ion Government will readily use all reasonable efforts to co/u- plete the line before any extreme limit of time that may be fixed. A postponement to the very distant period which I have mentioned could not fail to be a serious disappointment to the people of the Province, and to all ir 'erested in its wel- fare, and I should not have suggested it, were it not for the full confidence that I felt in the determination of your min- isters to do not merely the least that they may be obliged, but the utmost that they may be able, in redemption of the obligations which they have inherited. It will be very convenient if your Government should feel able to i"eply by telegraph, stating generally whether the modifications which I have proposed, and which seem to me consistent with the present conditions of the question and with the true construction of the policy adopted by them, are in the mam acceptable to them, in order that no unneces- sary delay may take place in bringing this matter to a con- clusion." On the 18th of September Lord Dufferin transmitted to Lord Carnarvon the reply of the Canadian Government as embodied in an Order in Council. With regard to the pro- I 870 AN IMMENSE PLATEAU. f ■ i m i T H i J m >^ WM I 'i \ . posal numbered (1), the committee dismissed it by recom- ^ mending that it be concurred in. In regard to section number 2, the Government offered to consent to an average expenditure of two millions of dollars yearly immediately after the completion of the survey. The third condition requiring an increase in the staff" of engineei'S employed on the surveying service, and the com- pletion of the surveys in a certain specified time, and, incase that that time should be exceeded, the payment to the Pro- vince of a money compensation, was I'eplied to in these terms : " First, the Chief Engineer was instructed to provide all the assistance he required in order to complete the surveys within the shortest possible period, and a much larger force than could with profit be employed, was already engaged. Second, whatever may be the route finally chdsen, the line will of necessity traverse a country with exceedingly rough topographical features for a distance of five or six hun- dred miles from the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains to the extreme limit of the Pj'ovince on the Pacific. The coun- try is an immense plateau, which maintains its general eleva- tion to witliin a few miles of the sea, but often rises into un- shapely mountain i-anges : some of these r;inges tower to a height of over 9,000 feet. The boundary of the plateau on the west is the Cascade Range ; tliis forms a huge sea wall along the coast, and has interposed a much more formidable ob=?tacle to the surveyors than the Rocky Mountains. At- tempts have been made at five or six points to piei'ce the l)arrier, but, except at the Fraser River and at Bute Inlet, without success. From ohe results of last year's cxplora- A HIGH RANGE OF MOUNTAINS. 371 tions the Bute lalet route seemed on the whole to be the best, but it is not unassociated with serious difficulties. For a distance of twenty miles the ascent or grade is about 150 feet to the mile. The sti-aits which form the appi'oach to the harbour from seaward are encumbered by islands, and when reached the harbour is found to be destitute of anchorage. The dangers of navigation are increased not alone by the precipitous and rocky shores, but by the rapidity of the tide whi(.'h rushes through the narrowchanneb with a velocity of from seven to nine miles an hour. It was supposed, when work was resumed last spring, that a practicable route would be found from the point where Fleming's line touches the north branch of the Thompson River westwards towards what is known as Big Bend, on the Fniser river, from which no serious impediment exists until the commencement of the rapid descent to the sea at Bute Inlet is reached. Had this supposition proved correct, it is probable the Government might have been prepared at the end of this year to proceed with the exact location of the line. But the explorations, carried on to the cU se of July last, resulted in the discovery of a high range of mountains which fill the country from near the junction of the Clearwater to the Thompson north- ward to the great bend of the Frasor ; and, without a very long del tur south or north, they bar the way to the west. The Chief Engineer, therefore, advised a re-examination of the Fraser valley, or more correctly speaking, ravine, inas- much as no broad valley anywhere exists, thi rivers in their courses having cleft ways for themselves tlirough the rocks, which, in some cases, they have pierced to a depth of 1,500 372 Ali IMl'IiUDENT CONTRACT. i ' feet, by a width of not more than a single mile, thus giving as the normal condition exceedingly precipitous banks. These facts are mentioned to give some idea of the enormous labour involved, and the impossibility of placing a large force in the field to do eno-ineeringwork, when it is not j'et known where the engineering work is to be done. The exploratory survey must be tolerably complete before the exact location of any portion of the line can be contemplated or possible, and before plans can be made of bi-idges and other works of construction requh-ed, and nothing but the urgency of the conti-act so imprudently entered into with British Columbia would otherwise have irduced the Government to employ more than half the force now engaged. Third : The expen- diture to the end of last year in British Columbia alone was considerably over half a million of money more than the whole expenditure upon the 2,000 miles eastward of that Province. The fourth condition involves another precise engagement to have the whole of the railway communication finished in 1890. There are the strongest possible objections to again adopting a precise time for the completion of the lines. The eastern portion of the line, except'so far ms the mere letter of the conditions is concerned, affects only the provinces east of Manitoba, and the Government have not been persuaded either of the wisdom or the necessity of immediately con- structing that portion of the railway which traverses the country from the west end of Lake Superior to the proposed eastern terminus on Lake Nipissing near Georgian Bay, nor is it conceived that the people of Britisi. Colundjia cculd fffi UTMOST DILIGENCE. 878 with any show of reason whatever, insist that this portion of the route should be completed within any definite time, inasmuch as if the people who are chiefly, if not wholly, af- fected by this branch of the undertaking are satisfied, it is maintained that the people of British Columbia would prac- tically have no right of speech in the matter. It is intended by the Government that the utmost dili- gence shall be manifested in obtaining a speedy line of com- munication by rail and water from Lake Superior westward, completing the various links of railway as far as possible, consistent with that prudent course which a compai-atively poor and sparsely settled coimtry should adopt. There can be no doubt that it would be an extremely dif- ficult task to obtain the sanction of the Canadian Parliament to any specific bargain as to time, considering the consequen- ces which have already resulted from the unvdse addption of a limited period in the terms of union for the completion of so vast an undertaking, the extent of which must neces- sarily be very imperfectly understood by peopk; at a dh- tance. The C^ommittee advise that Loi-d Carnarvon ho in- formed that, while in no case could the Government under- take the completion of the whole line in the time mentioned, an oxtrome unwillingness exists to another limitation of time; but if it be found absolutely necessary to secure a pi-eseiit s»*ttleinunt of the controversy by further concessions, & pledge may be given that the portion west of Lake Supe- rior will be completed so as to aiford connection by rail with existing lines of railway through a portion of the United \ a 't 374 .sVPFLIES FOB THE liJILWAY. i I I » - States and by CaiiauJan •waters during the season of navi- gation by the year 1890 as suggested. With regard to the ameliorating proposal to dispense with the formation of a road or trail across the country, and the construction of a telegraph line, in the representation of the British Columbia delegate that neither is considered neces- sary, it is proper to remark that it is impossible to dispense with the clearing out f)f a track and the formation of a road of some sort in order to get in the pnpnlies for the railway, and the proposal was, that as soon as the general route of the railway could be determined and the location ascertained, a width of two chains should be cleaved out in the wooded districts, a telegraph Lne erected, and that a sort of road passable for horses and rough vehicles should be formed and brought into existence, not as a road independent of the railway, but as an auxiliary to and a necessary preliminary to railway construction, the cost incurred forming part in- deed of the construction of the railway itself. In so vast a country where there are no postal facilities, ann Ministers. ,^,, 378 THE TERMS. ( 1 hf mediately constructed. There seems here to be some differ- ence of opinion as to the special value to the Province of the undertaking to complete these two works ; but, after consideiing what has been said, I am of opinion that they should both be proceeded with at once, as, indeed, is sug- gested by your Ministers. " 4. That .ii52,(){)(),()0() a year, and not Sl.oOO^OOO, shall be the minimum expenditure on railway works within the Province from the date at which the surveys are sutHciontly completed to enable that amount to be expended on con- struction. In naming this amount I understand that, it be- ing alike the interest and the wish of the Dominion Govern- ment to urge on with all speed the completion of the works now to be undertaken, the annual expenditure will be as much in excess of the minimum of S2,0()0,0()() as in any year may be found | tracticable. " 5. Lastly, that on or before the 31st December, 1890, the railway shall be completed and open for traftic from the Pacific sea-board i a point at the western end of Lake Su- perior, at which it will fall into connection with existing lines of railway through a portioii of tlie United States, and also with the navigation on Canadian waters. To proceed at present with the remainder of the railway extending by the country northward of Lake Superior to the existing Canadian lines ought not, in my opinion, to be retjuired, and the time for undertaking that work must be determined by the development of settlement and the changing circuni- stances of the country. The day is, however, I hope, not far distant when a continuous line of railway through Can- adian territory will be practicable, and I therefore look upon this portion of the scheme as postponed rather than abandoned." These terms upheld in the main, and subject only to some modifications of detail, the policy suggested by t1ie Cana- dian Government. One or two of the modifications advised, it is true, did not quite suit the Dominion Ministry, but rather than forego an immediate settlement of so irritating a question, a willingness to acquiesce in all of the Earl of Carnarvon's conditions was decided upon, and accordingly, on the ISth of December, 1874, an Order in Council, expresa- X. LISA PF012iTMEI^T. 37»* ing satisfaction with the now arrangements proposed, was sent home to the Imperial authorities. Thus, apparently, was the question settled, and a vexa- tious and troul)lesonic matter forever disposed of. But the hopes of the Ministry were doomed to an early disappoint- ment, and the affairs of British Columbia loomed u)) again portentously during the very next Session of Parliament. Mr. Mackenzie, while in Opposition, had opposed the railway Act with all the vigour and ability at his command, but when it became law he accepted the situation and bowed to the sovereign will of the Commons. A dispute wliich had given him a vast deal of trouble had just been arranged under the auspices of the Colonial Secretary, and he took the earliest opportunity at his command to bring in a Bill in relation to the seventy miles of railway provided for in the " Carnar- von terms." A debate of .some length followed, but the measure was finally carried in the Lower House by a large vote. The Bill, however, expei^ieneed a different fate in. the Setiaie, irhere it was thrown out by a majority of two. 1'' M.^ckenzie did not bring it up again, and though the survey • went on with all possible despatch, the settle- ment of the vexed question was further removed than ever, and the British Columbians chafed under what they consid- ered harsh treatment, and clamoured for separation. In another chapter the reader will find in Lord Dufferin's great- speech at Victoria a continuation of this subject, and the attitude affairs had taken during the year 1876. A^< IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) I.! y^IZS |2.5 1^ ■^M ■!■■ •^ 1^ III 2.2 2.0 I 1.8 1-25 111.4 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SB0 (716) 872-4S03 ^ CHAPTER VII. Tub Amnesty Question— Bill in the British Parliament — The Surveyors in the North West— Bec.innino of the Trouble— The First Governor op Rupert's Land — Hon. Wm. Mahdou- GALL — A Menace — Louis Riel— The ** Provisional Govern- ment" — The Ambassadors— The Murder of Scott — Archbishop TaCHE — MiSUNDEKSTANDINGS — Mr. HoWE's LgTTER — ThE CaSE Goes to England — Lord Dufferin's Masterly Despatch — The Reply — A Lieutenant-Governor's Functions — Settlement of the Case — The New Brunswick School Act again — Mr. VVed- DERBURN — Mb. Maiwhall — Heaut-burninos and Prejudices. 'N taking up the question of amnesty and t)ie de- mands made by Riel and his compatriots, it is necessar}' to go back a few years in the history of the Dominion, and to explain the circumstances which led to the outbreak in the North-West Territories, and the facts which subsequently transpired. It will be remem- bered that shortly after the union of the larger provinces took place Sir George E. ('artier and the Hon. Wra. Mac- dougall proceeded to England to take such stops as were deemed necessary to obtain the cession to Canada of the great territories in the North -West. A Bill entitled the " Ru- pert's Land Act," was passed in the British Parliament, and by its provisions the Hudson Bay Company was enabled to surrender its lands to the Crown. Subsequently 'a measure was passed in the Dominion Parliament Jisking the British b INJUDICIOUS SPEECHES. m Government to cede the North-West Country to Canada. A grant of Three Hundred Thousand Pounds in money, fifty thousand acres of land, the right to a twentieth partof theland laid out for settlement south of the northern branch of the Saskatchewan river, and the full retention of all their trade privileges, were the terms proposed to the Hudson Bay Company as compensation for the surrender of their rights of possession. Early in the year 18G9 surveying parties proceeded to Fort Garry with the intention of laying out portions of the country in townships and lots. The over- bearing conduct of some of these persons, and the injudicious speeches and movements of others very speedily provoked the hostility, and aroused the fears of the settlers, mostly men of crass ignorance and nanow prejudices, who saw in the actions of the surveyors an interference with their proprie- tary rights. Nor w»vs any etibrt made to disabuse their minds of these fears. A contrary line of conduct, either through malice or ignorance was followed, and this and other causes aroused the squatters to feelings inimical to Canada, and bitterly hostile to the Government. The French and Half-Breed population banded themselves together, posses- sed themselves oi amis, ammunition and provisions, and with John Bruce, Louis Kiel, and Ambrose Lepine at their head, proceeded to assert their rights in a very formidable way. The rebellion broke out in all parts of the country, and al- most every hour there were fresh accessions to the ranks of the insurgents. A so-called Provisional Government was formed, and though John Bruce was the nominal president, the active spirits of the movement were Louis Riel and his 382 LOUIS RIEL. faitliful Lieutenant, Ambrose Lepine. Riel — a shrewd young French-Canadian — became the acknowl«;dged leader of the rebels. He had great influence with his party, and his ad- vice and counsel prevailed over that of all the others. He had many ways of gaining converts to his cause, and he em- ployed every means in his power to augment the strength of his rapidly increasing little army. He had under his command over six hundred men. They were well equipped with munitions of war, devoted to their leader and possessed of a firm belief in the righteousness of their cause. Riel was intelligent and waiy. The men under him were ignor- ant and superstitious. It was easy to play upon their fears and to instil into their minds all sorts of ridiculous stories. Rumoui*s of ail kinds prevailed. It was said that the plots of ground, where some of them had dwelt and reared families for fifty years, would be torn from their possession by the Government c-f Oanada, and themselves cast adrift. Their rights to the soil would be invaded, their houses taken from them, enormous taxes would bo levied, and the most abso- lute tyranny forced upon them. Thoy Avould be bought and wld I'.ke slaves. With these views tiriuly established in the very hearts of the populace, we c.nnot wonder at the popu- larity of the movement which was created to resist to the death, what some called Canadian coercion. Our only as- tonishment is, all things considered, that there was not more blood spilled and more cruelties practised than there were. The Dominion Government arranged the transfer of this enormous territory with the Hud.son Bay Company and .the British Government. The inhabitants naturally felt GOVERNOR MACDOUOALL. 383 that they should have been consulted about a matter which concerned them so deeply. For a time they smarted under the indignity in silence. The presence of the surveyoi's in their midst, however, was the signal for a general uprising, and their anxiety was scarcely allayed by the news which these officials brought to them. They practised on the cre- dulity of their ignorant natures till at last it was too late to recall their words. The Hon. Wm. Macdougall, the first Lieutenant-Governor of Rupert's Land, left Ottawa in Sep- tember and proceeded toward.s the seat of Government in the new Canadian possession. He was not allowed to enter however, for upon approaching he was confronted by Kiel and his men, and ordered back. He was forced to seek shel- ter in the United States on pain of being shot, and accord- ingly he and his retinue made all haste to Pembina, where, in the house of a friendly Irishman, he resided until his re- turn to Ontario. During his stay here, Governor Macdougall contrived to do some things which incurred the displeasure of the Dominion Government, and the Hon. Joseph Howe, who was Secretary of State for the Provinces at the time, wrote him a letter of reprimand. The mad freaks of Colonel Dennis and Captain Cameron did not a little to increase the hostility of the forces of Riel, and Mr. Macdougall's presence on the border was a constant menace to the rebels, who, with wonderful forbearance, committed scarcely any violence to him or his immediate staff. Of course the new Governor was placed in a very awkward position, and every excuse must be made for his conduct and the manner in which he carried out his instructions. Mr. Howe appeared to think 384 DISSATISFACTION AT OTTAWA. that he had exceeded his authority, and had used the Queen's^ name without permission, and attributed acts to Her Majes- ty which she had not performed, and had organized an armed force within the territory of the Hudson Bay Company without warrant or instructions. Mr, Macdougall was em- ploying the functions of a ruler weeks before the Proclama- tion of the Queen which was to fix a day for the Union with Canada, had been issued. These were very grave mis- ttikes, and the authorities in Ottawa were filled with anxiety and alarm. Nor did Mr. Macdougall's letter allay to any extent this fear. He appeared to have forgotten that the words of his commission distinctly stated he was em- powered to enter upon the duties of Government, only " on, from, and after the day to be named," in the Queen's Pro- clamation. It was said that Col. Dennis, acting under the Governor's instructions, had sought to array the fierce war- riors of the Sioux tribe of Indians against the insurgents and the red men who were friendly to them, and that it was Mr. Macdougall's intention to occupy the stockade near Pembina with an armed party. These reckless and extraor- dinary movements created great consternation in Ottu>va. Every fresh step which was taken by the Lieutenant-Gov- ernor and his staff was a new cause of fear, and the most intense dissatisfaction prevailed everywhere in consequence. Postal communication was slow and fraught with danger. Mail bags were freely plundered and hardly more than half of the letters written succeeded in reaching their destination. This only added to the natural anxiety. Governor Macdou- gall was denounced on all sides. His own friends expressed CAPT. CAMERON. 88B feelings of strong condemnation of liis conduct. The insur- gents refused to recognize his authority, and drove hira be yond the border at the very mouth of the cannon. Nor did Governor Macdougall appear to have a very good command over the actions of his followers. Captain Cameron, whose exact position in the Gubernatorial body does not appear, openly disregarded his advice, and even in the face of a posi- tive request, and with some little bravado, attempted the performance of a feat which could only bring distress on the Governor and ridicule on himself. Capt. Cameron's peculiar forte was to blunder, and what with his blunders and the reckless and extravagant foolhardiness of Col. Dennis, allied to his own want of decision, the new Administrator found his position anything but an agreeable one. For weeks he lived in Mr. Peter Hayden's small house writing letters which often miscarried, and in great fear for his life. Nor did the attitude of the Hudson Bay Company itself reas- sure him in the least. He openly charged them, and cer- tainly some circumstances lent colour to his accusations, with having coquetted with Riel and with having jissisted the re- bels at intervals, and in winking at the lawlessness of their proceedings. The Hudson Bay Company for years had had a Government of its own in the territory and its author- ity had ever been respected, and its mandates obeyed. Act- ing firmly and at a decisive moment the Government could have put down the rebellion at a blow. Mr. Macdougall thought this, and he was much chagrined at the apathy and half-hearted way in which Governor McTavish and Mr. Black acted in the matter. Mistakes appear to have been Y 38U CHANGE OF POLICY NECESSARY. cominitted all round, and everyone entrusted with authority seems to have either exceeded his instructions or adopted a do-nothing policy. In the meantime the rebel chiefs went on adding largely to the number of their followers and in forti- fying their position. On the 3rd of November, 1869, the insurgents occupied Fort Garry, and a National Committee of twenty-four depu- ties was appointed by them, under the direction of Riel and Lepine. Every one who refused to recognise or obey the committee was instantly imprisoned, and a reign of terror followed in certain districts. Rations were served out with a lavish hand, and the Government stores rapidly decreased. It was quite clear that a change in the policy of the Cana- dian Government was necessary. Canada at no time in the history of the affair intended to ignore the municipal and political rights of the people. She was misrepresented from the first by indiscreet persons who assumed to represent the Dominion, and who act^d on their own responsibility)^, and without the knowledge of the Canadian Government. Jus- tice should now be done to all parties, and Canada should appear in her true light before the people of the great North- West. To secure that end, in the month of Decem- ber, Vicar-General Thibault, Colonel De Salabeny, and Mr. Donald A. Smith, o the Hudson Bay Company, were despatched to Fort Garry, as emissaries of the Dominion Government, empowered to giv6 ample assurances to all con- cerned in the disturbances, that both the Imperial and Canadian Governments were anxious to secure to the people of the North-West every right, privilege, and immunity to THE COMMISSWNEHS SEIZED. 887 which thoy might be entitled. A copy of a Procliunation was furnished to each of these gentlemen, «'ouchGd in the most conciliatory and soothing language. This was drawn up under instructions of the two governments, by Lord Lis- gar, and the concluding paragraph read as follows : — " And I do lastly inform you that in case of your imme- diate and peaceable obedience and dispersion, I shall order that no legal proceedings be taken against any parties im- plicated in these unfortunate breaches of the law." The agents proceeded to their destination. Up to this time no 'tlood had been shed, and no crimes of any very material consequence had been committed. Mr. Macdougall only suffered from mortiHeation and temporary inconveni- ence, and though frequently menaced, he experienced no bodily pain or injury of any kind. The bearei's of peaceftil tidings, however, fared difTcrently. No sooner had they reached their destination than they were seized and their papers taken from them. They were thus precluded from using their Pi'oclamation, though there is little doubt but that Riel and his men were thoroughly aware of its purport, And the 'ntelligence which it conveyed. On the 18th of December Mr. Macdougall disappeared from the scene, and on his way bome met Colonel De Salaberry on the plains, and after the interchange of a few words, the Governor pushed on, and the Commissioner proceeded on his way, with what success we have shown. The Government were desirous of doing everything in their power to calm the feelings of the insurgents, and the expedition of December had no sooner started on its way 388 Sift JOHN YOVNG^S LETTER. than a further efToit was put forward. The Archbishop of St. Boniface was in Rome attending to his duties at the great (Ecumenical Council. An invitation was sent to him through Hon. Mr. Langevin in behalf of the Canadian Government, to go out to the North-West and pacify the country. At great pei-sonal inconvenience Archbishop Taiche crossed the ocean, and despite the severity of the winter, he resolved to undertake the journey and accept the invitation of the Canadian authorities. He arrived in Ottav.'a, and was provided with a fresh copy of the Proclamation, and an official letter of instructions from the Hon. Joseph Howe. This letter was very general in its character, and his Grace was urged to act in co-operation with Vicar-General Thi- bault, Colonel De Salabeny and Mr, Donald A. Smith, in securing a peaceful solution of the difficulties. Sir John Young also wiote a letter under date Feb. 16, 1870, to the Archbishop, in which he remarked : — "Lord Granville was anxious to avail himself of youi- valuable assistance from the outset, and I am heai lil^'^ glad that you have proved willing to afford it so promptly and so generously. You are fully in possession of the views of my Government, and the Imperial Government, as I informed you, is earnest in the desire to see the North-West territory united to the Dominion on equitable conditions. * * ♦ I need not attempt to furnish you with any instructions for your (J uida>ice,\Miy ond those contained in the telegraphic mes- sage sent to me by Lord Granville on the part of the British Cabinet, in the Proclamation (that of tlie 16th December, 1869), which I drew up in accordance with that mes.sage, and in the letters which I addressed to Governor McTavish, your Vicar-General, and Mr. Smith. In thi.« last letter I wrote : — ' All who have complaints to make or wishes to ex- press, to address themselves to me, as Her Majesty's Repre- sentative, and you may state, with the utmost confidence, SIR JOHN MACDONALUH LETTER. 380 that the Imperial Government has no intention of actinj^ otherwise, or permitting others U) act otherwise than in per- fect good faith towards the inhabitantw of the Red Rivor district and the North- West. " ' The people may rely that respect and attention will bo extended to the (Jifferent religious persuasions, that title to every description of property will be carefully guarded, and that all the franchises which have subsisted, or which the people may have themselves qualifted to exercise, shall be duly continued or liberally conferred.* "In declaring the desire and determination of Her Majesty's Cabinet, you may safely use the terms of the ancient formula, tluit right shall be clone in all ca»eti." Sir John Macdonald also wrote a letter on this same day, which contained, among other things, this very notable statement : " Should the question arise as to the consumption of the .stores or goods belonging to the Hudson Bay Company by the insurgents, you are authorized to inform the leaders that if the Company's Government is restored, not only will there be a general amnentij granted, but in case the Com- pany should claim the payment for such stores, that the Canadian Government will stand between the insurgents and all harm." With those letters in his pocket, and after receiving fur- ther instructions of a like tenor from His Excellency, the Hon. Joseph Howe and Sir John Macdonald — conveyed to him by means of conversation — the Archbishop left Ottawa on his mission. Up to this date, no news of any very heinous crime by the rebels hiul reached the Dominion capital. ^ In the meantime things went on apace at the North-West. A convention of forty of the representative inhabitants had been organized, and Messrs. Thibault, De Salaberry and Smith met the delegates. The result of the meeting 800 A RISING AT THE POUT AG K WPS that three repreHentativeH were selected for the purpose of cummunicating their deujamls to the Canadian Govern- ment, and of effecting a settlement of the terms upon which they were to enter the Union. These delegates were Rev. Mr. Richot, Alfred H. Scott, anil John Black. This business being over, the convention set about the erection of wh^t they called the Provisional Government, and P'el was named President, on the 10th of February. Governor Mc- Tavish, Dr. Cowan, and some of the other prisoners were released, but Mr. Donald A. Smith was still confined to the fort. Riel promised to free all the prisoners in time, and on the 11th and 12th inst. eight of them were set at liberty. A rising at the Portage on the night of the loth of Febru- ary now took place, and about one hundred men from that district passed down close to Foii Garry on the way to Kildonan, where they were joined by about three hundred and fifty others, mostly English half-breeds. This party was unorganized, badly equipped, and unprovided with food for even a single meal. The French, on the other hand, were admirably circumstanced in every way. They held po.s.ses- sion of the fort, had plenty of food, were well organized, and numbered upwards of seven hundred men. The result of this stupid uprising may be readily conceived. The whole country was in a moment at the feet of Riel. Foiiy-seven men were captured on their way 'rTie, and the rest were allowed to escape. Their Conir>\.iridrr, Major Boulton, was tried by court-martial, and coiidemiv o to be executed. He was pardoned, however, but only thvoHii,'h the earnest entrea- ties of Mr. Smith, Mr. James Ross, the Lord Bishop of THE INHUMAN MUJiUEU OF SCOTT. 801 Rupert*H Land, Ar'^hdeacon McLean, the Catholic clergy, and some other infliu ntial citizens. There is no doubt hut that this il'v movement at tlie Portage fortified the posi- tion of the J osident, and rendered him airogantly aggres- sive, aiv' .still .nore cons».'iouH of the power ho undoubtedly possessed. No live, hj^d thus far been tiiken, but the fourth of March was rciserved for the perpetration of one of the direst and most bloody crimes in the calendar. The Riel party, on that morning, circulated a story which, however true, in no way justified the subsequent proceedings or palliated, in the slight- est degree, the dark deed which has since passed into the his- tory of the country. It was nmioured that the prisonera, cha- fing under confinement, had insulted the French leader, and opposed their guards. A man named Parker had been very violent, and had given the half-breeds a good deal of trouble, but Thomas Scott had proved himself the most troublesome and obnoxious of them all. He had twice taken up arms against Riel, and now that the President had him in his power, he resolved to put him out of the way. With an inhumanity worthy of the bloody assizes of the notorious Jeffreys, Scott was sent to his death without even the farce of a trial. At eleven o'clock he was unaware of his sen- tence, and at noon his execution was ordered to take effect. There was little time to be lost. Priest, minister and citi- zens alike, pleaded for the poor fellow's life, but their words fell on un.syrapathetic ears, and on a hardened heart. Few believed Kiel capable of carrying out his threat, and even Scott himself was loth to believe it, until the dreadful hour HE THEN KNELT ON THE ISNOW arrived. The Rev. Mr. Young — a Methodist clergyman, Rev. P^re Lestanc and Mr. Smith, interceded in behalf of the vic- tim, '^ut without avail. In vain every argument was brought to bear on the case, Riel was inexorable and determined that Scott should perish. The " Council of Seven " had decreed that he should die, and both Riel and his Adjutant-General, Lepine, resolving that he was worthy of death, refused to listen further to appeal or threat. The hour arrived. The guard marched up to Scott, who then for the first time realized that his hour had come. He could only say in a tremulous voice, " My God, this is a cold-blooded murder," when he was hurried away and led blind-folded outside the gate of the fort. His coffin, enveloj>ed in a piece of white cotton, was carried before him. He then knelt on the snow, said farewell, and immediately fell back pierced by three bullets which passed through his body. The firing party consisted of six men, and as if to make the hideous crime more horrible still, semi-intoxicated half-breeds were de- tailed for the purpose. The wounded man groaned, when a few shots from a revolver put an end to his struggles with death. Mr, You^g asked for the body for interment in the burying-gi'ound of the Presbyterian Church, and a similar request was made by the Bishop of Rupert's Land, but Riel refused them both, and the first victim of the North- West disturbances was interred within the walls of the fort. On the 9th of March, Archbishop Tach^ arrived at Red River, five days after the murder of Scott. The excitement was intense, and " he ivas speedily convinced that the situ- ARCHBISHOP TACHE ARRIVES. ation was extremely perilous" and that every precaution should be taken to pacify matters and conciliate the several interests concerned. He immediately presented liis creden- tials to the rebels, who, by this time, were in possession of the whole territory, and had fully organized the so-called Provisional Government and Legislature, through a popular election in the various French and P]nglish parishes. The Archbishop remonstrated with the insurgents, and then in the name of the Government of Canada, he made them several promises if they would lay down their arms and submit to Canadian authority. He further promised a general amnesty to all parties implicated in the insurrec- tion, and for what they had done thus far, vncluding the shooting of Scott. This was on the 11th of March. The insurgents then yielded their position, and took steps towards sending their delegates to Ottawa with written instructions, wherein the granting of a general amnesty as promised by the Prelate, as envoy and representative of the Canadian Government, was made the equivalent of their submission. Great uneasiness continued to prevail, however, and the information that troops under command of Sir Garnet Wolseley were inarching forward, gave leaders and followers alike, the gravest apprehension concerning their personal safety and political position. The question of amnesty was but imperfectly understood among the masses, and plans- were at once set on foot to sternly resist the advancing soldiers. Seeing this, the Archbishop again essayed to speak to the people and to promise on his honour, in the name of 994 THE HON. JOS. HOWE'S LETTER. the GovernTiient of Canada, a full pardon for all that had been done up to that hour. On the 9th of June he wrote a letter to Mr. Howe, apprising him of what he had done. On the 4th of July the Secretary of State acknowledged this letter, and reminded the Prelate that in the debate on the Manitoba Bill, Ministers had declared that Canada had no power to grant an amnesty, and that the exercise of the prerogative of mercy rested solely with Her Majesty, the Queen ; that Father Ritchot and Mr. Alfred Scott had been distinctly informed that the Dominion Government had no Authority as a Government to grant an amnesty, and that they were not in a position to interfere with the free action of Her Majesty in the exercise of the Royal clemency. " These explanations," continued Mr. Howe, " are given to your Lordship in order that it may be well understood that the responsibility of the assurance given by your Lordship of a complete amnesty, cannot in any way attach itself to the Canadian Government." Mr. Howe went on : " The con- versation to which your Lordship alludes as having taken place between your Lordship and some members of the Canadian Cabinet, when your Lordship was in Ottawa about the middle of the month of February last, must necessarily have taken place with reference to the Proclamation issued by His Excellency the Governor-General, on the 6th of De- cember last, by command of Her Majesty, in which His Excellency announced tliat, in case of their immediate and peaceable di8i)ersion, he would order that no legal proceed- ings be taken against any parties implicated in these unfor- tunate breaches of the law at Red River " MR. HOWE CONCLUDES. 395 Mr. Howe concludes his letter in these words : " Though I have felt it my duty to be thus explicit in dealing with the principal subject of your letter, / trust I need not assure you that your zealous and valuable exertions to calm the ■public mind in the North- West are duly appreciated here, and I am, covfident that when you regard the ohi^tructions which have been interposed to the adoption of a liberal and an enlightened policy for Man'ioba, you will not be disposed to relax your exertions until that policy is fm-mally estab- lished." It must be confessed that the concluding portion of Mr. Howe's letter was of a very reassuring nature to Monseig- neur Tachd, The Secretary of State for the Provinces thanked him on behalf of the whole Government for what he had done, and while expressing a ■; >ewhat strong opinion regarding the question of pardon, he concludes with a request that the Archbishop will not relax his exertions in calming down a populace who had asserted their rights at the point of the bayonet. Mr. Howe knew full well that a complete amnesty for all past and present offences was demanded by the Rod River insurgents as a sine qud non /or thfnr sub- mission and cessation of hostilities, and in the face of that, and with the knowledge before him of a recent action in Parliament, he instructs his accredi' 3d agent to go on as he had been doing. What does Mr. Howe ask Mon.seigneur Tachd to do ? Simply to do as he hid been doing all along: to promise the rebels a full pardon for their offences, to condone their crimes and to pay, if the Hudson Bay Com- 396 SIR GEORGE E. CARTIER'S LETTER. pany demanded it, the full price of the provisions and stores which had been stolen from their strongholds by Riel and his maraudei-s. The Archbishop had not been called from Rome und sent to a rebellious temtory on a fool's eiTand. He was urged to procure peace at almost any price, and he was clothed with authority to act in the matter at his own discretion. He had met the people as we have seen, and he had promised them a pardon. That promise he was bound to make good. Sir George E. Cartier's private and confidential letter of the 5th of July, is quite committal, and certainly adds colour to the truth of the assertion which was made at the time, that Mr. Howe's official letter was for the public to see and that Sir George's private letter was for the eyes of the Pre- late-Ambassador alone. Sir George, after remarking that he was afraid his letters might be intercepted, and that Father Richot would tell him in person what he did not like to put on paper, goes on to speak of the delicate question of amnesty, which, happily for the people of Red River, " rests with Her Majesty, and not with the Canadian Government." " It is furtunate," } adds, " that it is Her Majesty, aided by the advice of her Ministers, who will have to decide this ques- tion. Her Majesty has already by proclamation of the 6th of December last, which she caused to be issued by Sir John Young, so to speak, 'promised an amnesty" He then recom- mends that a hearty welcome be extended to Mr. Ai'chibald, who was going to the North-West as Lieutenant-Governor^ and to the Military Expedition, and says, " The Queen will perhaps v/ait for the result before making known Her an THE EARL OF KIMBEBLET8 LETTER. 397 clemency ; " and again, " if it should happen that oppo- sition were offered on the arrival of the troops and of the new Governor, those taking part in it would incur the risk of finding themselves excluded from the amnesty Her Majesty may have in view ; and which she will sooner or later make known." One can easily determine the effect such a letter would have on the Archbishop. Sir John Macdonald was ill and' Sir George Cartier was the virtual leader of the Government. Sir George had time and again assured the Bishop that the amnesty was all right, and even later in July he had said that the amnesty would be proclaimed and tliat nothing had been changed. Hei'e the case, which exhibits certain circumstances of the most degrading nature, may be said to rest for a time. Out of such particulars arose the question of amnesty and the vexed controversy which agitated the Dominion and per- plexed the statesmen of Canada for over three yeai-s. The Macdonald Ministry on the 4th of June, 1873, appealed to England for a decision in the matter, and the settlement of a question which embarrassed them at every turn. The Earl of Kimberley replied that " Her Majesty's Government are of opinion that the best course would be that, by such pro- clamation, an amnesty should be granted for all offences committed during the disturbance at Red River in 18G9-70, exoc'pt the murder of Scott." Still the Archbishop stoutly contended that both the Imperial and the Colonial Govern- ments were bound by the promise of immunity he gave to Riel and his band, and refused to be comforted until his 398 A GREAT STATE PAPER. claims were recognized and acted upon. Lord Lisgar, the British Government, and the Macdonald Ministiy declined to " recognize the force of any such obligation." Mr. Mackenzie's Government, as we have said, had no sooner taken office than they were confronted by this em- barrassing question of Amnesty, which was vehemently pressed upon their consideration. At the instance of some influential members representing the Province of Quebec, and whose sympathies were firmly attached to the person of the Archbishop, a select Committee of the House of Com- mons was appointed to enquire into " the causes which retarded the granting of the amnesty announced in the Pro- clamation of the Governor-General of Canada ; and also, whether and to what extent other promises of amnesty have ever been made." On the 10th of December, 1874, the Earl of DuiFerin trans- mitted to the Imperial authorities a most important docu- ment, a despatch of the greatest value, and perhaps the most marked State paper His Excellency has written during his Administration in Canada. In this message Lord Duflerin argues the case so well, and combats the arguments adduced with such force and ability, that we give it here, almost in its entirety. It is an interesting contribution to the litera- ture of statesmanship. A full and complete amnesty to Riel and the authors of Scott's death, was claimed on five distinct grounds. Lord Dufferin takes them up severally, and dis- poses of them in regular order : First, — Archbishop Tach(5 claims an amnesty on the plea that he went to Red River as a plenipotentiary, empowered both by the Im- MINOR POLITICAL OFFENCES. 8 perial and the Dominion Governments to secure the tranquillity of the country by the issiie of such assurances of immunity to tliose engaged in the recent disturbances as he should deem tit. In support of this view he founds himself, as he himself states, pages 33-4 of the Canada Blue Book : First, as regards the Imperial (iovernment, on Lord Lisgar's letter and proclaim ption, and Secondly, as regards tlio loca Government, on the paragraph I have already cpiotod in Sir Jolin Mac- donald's communication of the 16th February. li:"70. I confess I do not think that his Lordship's argument can be sustained. In the first place, the Archbishop's claim to such extensive powers is certainly in- valid. The nature of his position is clearly defined in Mr. Howe's official despatch of the 16th February, 1870. The instructions al- ready conveyed to Messrs. Thibault, de Salaberry and Smith, are com- municated to him as additional guides for his conduct, and ho is fur- ther invited to associate himself, and to act conjointly with these persons. There are, therefore, no grounds for regarding the mission or powers of the Bishop as diflforing either in character or extent from those entrusted to the gentlemen who had preceded him ; and there is certainly no intimation in his instructions that he was authorized to promulgate a pardon in the Queen's name for a capital felony, — still less can it be contended that he was empowered to expunge, on his own mere motion, a principal term from a Royal Proclamation. Mr. Smith and his colleagues had been already furnished with Lord Lisgar's Pro- clamation, but so far from considering that document as conveying a warrant of imuninity to Kiel, Mr. Smith expressly states that after the murder of Scott he refused to speak with him. On a reference, more- over, to the wording of the only sentence in Lord Lisgar's Proclama- tion which proffers grace to the insurgents, it becomes self-evident that it had in contemplation those minor political offences of which news had reached the ears of the Government when the document was framed. That this was its intention becomes ex jn more apparent when wo .read the sentence in Sir Johi Macdonald's letter, to which the Bishop next appeals. In that communication Sir John Macdonald says,— " Should the iayi(/e, and that it largely contributed to the preservation of Her Majesty's Dominions from insult and invasion. In short, he is satisfied, to use his own language, that " If the Dominion has at this moment a Province to defend and not one to conquer, they owe it to " the policy of forbearance. If I had driven the French half-breeds " into the hands of the enemy, O'Donoghue would have been joined " by all the population between the Assiniboine and' the frontier ; Fort " Garry would have passed into the hands of an armed mob, and the " English settlers to the north of the Assiniboine would have suffered " horrors it makes me shudder to contemplate." Of course I am not prepared to say whether or no the Lieutenant- Governor's appreciation of the necessities of his situation, and of the consequences of a diBerent line of action, are correct or not ; but if siich be the d berate opinion of an undoubtedly able, prudent and conscientious man, — of a person whose successful administration of Manitoba has been rewarded by promotion to a more important jjost, I do not think it is competent for us to go behind it, or to act upon a different assumption. The legal, or rather constitutional, question then arises, to what ex- tent is the Crown of England coiijmitted by the acts and declarations of its Lieutenant I — those acts and d?f"larations never having been dis- avowed or repudiated by the central authority of the Dominion, or by the representative of the Home Government. Although my experience in such matters does not enable me to speak with any great authority, I confess I should have difficulty in ccmvincing myself that after the Governor of a Provnice has put arms into the hands of a subject, and has invited him to risk his life — for that, of course, is the implied con- tingency, in defence of Her Majesty's crown and dignity, and for the protection of her territoi-y , — with a full knowledge at the time that the individual in question was amenable to the law for crimes previously committed, — the Executive is any longer in a position to pursue the person thus dealt with as a felon . The acceptance of the service might be held, I imagine, to bar the prosecution of the off'ender ; for, \mde- sirable as it may be that a great criminal should go unpunished, it wtmld be still more pernicious that the Government of the country should show it want of fidelity to its engagements, or exhibit a narrow spirit in its interpretation of them. It is in this apprehensinn that I have ventured to call especial attention to this last of the i)leas for "amnesty." Perhaps my duty as regards the matter in hand will not be alto. MISCARRIAGE OF JUSTICE. 409 gether completed unless I transmit to your Lordship some idea of the general view taken of this question by the population at large. With regard to the French section of Her Majesty's subjects, I may say that, although there are probably few of them who do not regard the death of Scott as a regrettable event, they are united to a man in the opin- ion that the part played by Eiel in the Noi'th-West was that of a brave and spirited patriot ; that 't is principally to him and to those who acted with him that Manitoba owes her present privileges of sblf- government and her parity ui rank and standing with her sister I'ro- vinces. They are equally convinced that the Government of Canada and of Her Majesty are bound by the prcmiseb of the Archbishop, and that the government Riel established at Red River was authoritative and legitimate ; nor do I think will thty ever be persuaded that the language held by Sir George Cartier did not imply a direct and explicit assurance of immunity to the murderers of Scott, on their submission to the new order of things established under the auspices of the MaJii- toba Act, and by the advent of Lieutenant-Governor Archibald at For Garry. On the other hand, a considerable portion of the people of Ontario resent the notion that a Catholic Archbishop should hav usurped a plenary power of pardon in respect of men who had so cruelly put to death an innocent fellow-countryman of their own. They re- gard Riel as a disloyal rebel, as well as a murderer, and they would look upon the escape either of him or Lepine from punishment as an almost intolerable miscarriage of justice. At the same time the larger proportion of them feel that various circumstances have occuiTed to complicate the situati(jn, and to render the Capital sentence impos- sible of execution, and even amongst the more extreme section of those who are animated by sentiments of intense sympathy for Scott, there is to be observed, as far as I can judge from the newsp.apcrs, a mo>5eriiUon and '•easonableness which do them considerable credit. It only remains for me to add that even should it be decided that the obligations imposed upon us by the procedure of Lieutenant-Gov- ernor Archibald are less compromising than 1 am inclined to consider them, and thut the Crown is quite untraiumeiled in its action, I still think that the various circumstances I have referred to in this despatch^ require the Capital sentence of Lepine to be commuted by the clem- ency of Her Majesty into a much milder ptinishment. This commu- tation, when the proper time arrives, I propose to order on my own responsibility, under the powers accorded to me by my instructions. On the other hand, I feel very strongly that it windd shock the pub- I! i it 410 LORD CARNARVON'S REPLY. lie sense of justice were Riel to be visited with a lesser penalty than his associate. In the estimation of all those who consider the killing of Scott a crime, Riel is held to be the principal culprit, and, as a matter of fact, whatever promises were made by Lieutenant-Governor Archibald to Riel, were also extended to Lepine. If, therefore, the latter is required to undergo a term of imprisonment, it appears to me that the Executive will be precluded from exercising any clemency to- wards Riel, uTitil he shall have surrendered himself to justice, and, on conviction, have submitted to a similar penalty. The Ei\i-1 of Carnarvon replied on the 7th of January, and agreed with His Excellency in all that he had done. In the matter of commuting the sentence of death which had been passed on Lepine, the Colonial Secretary left that portion of the subject entirely in the hands of the Governor-General. He coincided with the views Lord Dufferin expressed con- cerning the manner in which he should exercise the prero- gative of mercy, and said, "You observe that you propose to act in this matter on your own responsibility; and I believe that by proceeding in that manner in the present instance, that is to say, by relieving your Ministers, under the very peculiar circumstances in which they are jtlaced, from the obligation under which they would lie, if the question were an ordinary one, of tendering advice to you respecting it, and by deciding according to your own individual judgment, you will best meet the requirements of the case." With regard to Archbisho}) Tachd's connection with the affair. Lord Carnarvon said, " It is impossible to admit that he had any sufficient ground for believing that the Crown, or the Colonial Government acting for the Crown, did or could delegate to him, or to any other unofficial person, or indeed to any one, as to a plenipotentiary, an unlimited 1 POWERS OF LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS. 411 power of pardoning crimes, of whatever atrocity, not even known to have been committed." The third plea, that the murderers of Scott represented a de facto Government, and are consequently excusable on political gi'ounds, is not for a moment entertained. The Secretary observes on this point, " There could be within the Queen's possessions in North America, no power or pretence of establishing a de facto Government, independent of, or defying Her Majesty and Her officers, which could aspire to any such innnunity as that claimed , and any argument based on the view of such a state of things being possible, is in my opinion not even worthy of discussion." It is worth placing on record here the Earl of Carnarvon's definition of the power which is delegated to Lieutenant- Governors. He says thus clearly, " Mr. Archibald cannot, in luy opinion, be held to have represented the Crown in such a way as to have had any power of pledging its future action in regard to such transactions, as those now under review. The Lieutenant-Governors of the Provinces of the Dominion, however important locally their functions may be, area part of the Colonial Administrative Staft", and are more imme- diately responsible to the Governor-General in Council. They do not hold Commissions from the Crown, and neithei- in power nor privilege resemble those Governors, or even Lieutenant-Governors of Colonies, to whom after special consideration of their personal fitness, the Queen, under the Great Seal and Her own hand and signet, delegates portions of Her prerogatives, and issues Her own instructions." Tn regard to the rebel leader, the Earl of Carnarvon says, 412 NEW BRUNSWICK SCHOOL ACT AGAIN. " Whenever Rial submitp himself, or is brought to justice, it would seem right that he should suffer a similar punishment to that of Lepine." Lord Carnarvon further recommended that those actually concerned in the murder of Scott, should be deprived, for- ever, of the power of taking part in political affairs within the Domininri. On the fifteenth of January 1875, the Governor- General commuted the capital sentence upon Lepine, into two years of imprisonment in gaol from the date of conviction,* and the permanent forfeiture of his political rights. This he did entirely on his own responsibility, and according to his inde- pendent judgment, thus relieving his Ministers of any obligations whatever in the matter. Lepine suffered ihe full penalty of the law for his crime, and Kiel disappeared from the scene entirely. The New Biunswick School question, which at the open- ing of the Session, promised to claim as much attention in the House as the Pacific Railway matter, and the Amnesty case, was happily settled for a time, by the withdrawal of Mr. Costigan's resolutions. As we have alrejidy stat'^d, the law ofiicers of the Crown declined to interfere when the subject came up before them. Two ways towards the set- tlement of the question remained. One of these — an altera- tion of the constitution of New Brunswick in their favour — was decided upon by the separatists. But this movement the Local Government determined to resist, and the Lieu- * October 10th, 1874. MR. WEDDERBURN'S RESOLUTIONS 418 tenant-Governor's speech at the opening, and tlie reply there- to, implied in very strong terms that the House would ■" resist every attempt to violate the constitution as secured by the British North Ameiica Act." It was denied by the Separate School party that a violation of the constitution was intended. Hon. Wm. Wedderburn (now Provincial Secretary, 1878,) moved a series of resolutions in defence of the School Law as it then stood, and ais.serted the exclusive authority of the local body over the question, and resolving that its jurisdiction and powers should not be impaired or abridged without an appeal to the electors at the polls ; and that without the consent of the Legislature, the Impe- rial Parliament, or the Parliament of Canada, ought not to interfere. The discussion was carried on with all the bitter- ness and rabid rancour so eminently characteristic of secta- rian disputes. The Catholic portion of the community asked permission to spend their own money, that is, the sums they were to pay for primary education, in the sup- port of separate Catholic schools. They did not seek to compel the assistance of Protestants in any way, in further- ing this object. The school-law advocates did not consider the justice nor the injustice of such a claim. They contented themselvt s with simply denying in a round-about way the possibility of dividing the funds set apart for educational pur})oses. This view was extremely fallacious and ridicu- lous, and none but the veriest bigots and the most savage and unreasonable controversialists in the universe, would entertain the justness of the plea for a single moment. The Catholics asked merely for the exclusive benefit of their own Itil ft tf 414 MR. ROBERT MARSHALL. ! I contributions. Tliey wished to be relieved from contributing- to a common fund from which they sought no aid or benefit. New Brunswick is largely Protestant. Both the Local statesmen and the mere politicians knew this fact, and were conscious (.f the majorities they could command in almost every constituency in the Province were the question submit- ted to the people. The School A ct was made a cry at the polls, and the great danger which threatened the whole fabric formed the stock-in-trade of its defenders at every hustings in the land. Of course much that was said in the " heated term " was grossly exaggerated, and of the manner in which the warm controversy was carried on by both sides, little can be said in favour of either. Mr. Robert Marshall — a Protestant candidate — went into the fight with the cry of " Modification of the School law," on his lips. He promised amendments, changes, and several other things in the joint hope of pleasing the Catholics of St. John, and of gaining possibly their support. But if Republics are sometimes ungrateful, so also are constituencies. If we occasionally fall while in the indulgence of certain gymnastic exercises, between two stools, so also do politicians sometimes come to the ground when laudably they seek to help both parties at the same time. Mr. Marshall, whose ability is unquestioned, and whose capacity for polity is very great, was defeated. He had the satisfaction, liowever, in seeing many of the modifications he proposed in 1874 adopted later on by the Government, and accepted by the people, and in 1870 Mr. Marshall was elected to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Mr. W. H. A. Keans. THE SCHOOL BILL SUSTAINED. 416 The Separatists acted, perhaps injudiciously in seeking external aid in a matter which was purely local, and in at- tempting to deprive the Province of its franchises. The ap- peal to Ottawa was a move in the wrong direction from the first, and though Mr. Costigan witlulrew his resolutions from the House of Commons, when the dissolution of the Local Legislature was announced, and an immediate general elec- tion proclaimed, his act came too late in the day to be of any avail, and the School Law champions were returned by overwhelming majorities. The Government party, with much adroitness, placed but one issue before the people. They insisted upon the preser- vation of every constitutional right which they possessed, and refused to yield an inch of their ground. Mr. Wedder- burn's resolutions in the House were stoutly maintained at the polls, and all interference from outside sources wtis strongly deprecated. This question, which in its day, occasioned so much bit- terness and angry discussion, was happily settled a short time ago. It is scarcely necessary to allude at this date to the different phases through which the matter passed, to the merely local incidents when Priests and Christian Brothers refused to pay their taxes on purely conscientious grounds, and allowed the seizure of their property and the imprison- ment of themselves to take place rather than recognize the legality of an act. which their consciences condemned, to the painful riot at Caraquet, Gloucester Co., which resulted in the sad loss of two lives, and months of imprisonment and trial, or to the various heart-burnl. ^s and prejudices which 416 M£Ii£ REPETITION OF FACTS, prevailed, for such allusions would be merely the repetition of facts which have been incident to controversies such as these, since time began, and which the pages of history abundantly illustrate. I 'i ill CHAPTER VIII. The Glau New Year— Their Exoellbvcibs Leave Canada — Ab- RivAL IN Enoland— Grand Banquet by the Canada Club— Loud DuFFKKiN'ft TvKMARKABLE SrEICCII IN BELFAST ReTUHN TO Clandrboye — A Recbi'tion — Home \oain — Return to Ottawa — "A Paobante" at Rideau Hall— The Banquet to the Su- preme Court Judges — A Speech before the Justices — Three Eminent men die. 'EW Year's Day, 1875, was celebrated at Govern- ment House, by the performance of a little fairy extravangza, from the pen of Mr. F. A. Dixon, entitled " Princess Pussy-Cat Mew-Mew," the various char- acters in which were sustained with excellent spirit. His Excellency took great interest in the many curling matches throughout Canada, and indulged in frequent Bonspeils himself, to the delight of other players of the " roaring game," who recognized in Lord DufFerin a very keen c-rler indeed. The opening of the second session of the Third Parliament took place on the 4th of February, and it was distinguished by the usual echtt incident to like occasions. In March, the pretty operetta of " The Mayor of St. Brieux' was given at Government House, and other festivities fol- lowed until the close of the season. During the early part of the summer, the Earl and Coun- tess of DufFerin left Canada for a brief holiday, and sailed for England. Their Excellencies were warn)ly received on AA . 418 A BANQUET AT THE ''ALBION:' their arrival in the United Kin<,nl()ni, and the Canada Club, taking advantage of Lord Dufierin's presence in London, invited him to a grarid banquet at the " Albion." The com- pany was very select, and com})rised several of the most eminent and important personages of the Three Kingdoms. Mr. G. T. Brooking was chairman, and the vice-chair was occupied by Mr. Charles Churchill, Among the guests were the Duke of Manchester, the Earl of Kimberley, Lord Lis- gar, Sir Clinton Murdoch, K. C. M. G., Sir Chas. Hastings Doyle, Admiral Fanshawe, Mr. Goschen, M.P., Chief Justice Begbie, of British Columbia, Sir Francis Hincks, C. B., K. 0. M. G., Sir John Rose, K. C. M. G., Viscount Bury, Sir E. Watkin, and many others. The dinner was recherchd in character, and the several speeches were much above the i;.sijal post prand'ud utterances on such occasions. General Doyle and Admiral Fanehawe spoke on behalf of the^ in- terests they represented, and the Duke of Manchester and Mr. W. H. Smith, M.P., responded to the toast of the Houses of Parliament. The latter gentleman referred to the anxiety which prevailed not only to maintain the unity and great- ness of the British Empire, but at the same time to recognize to the fullest measure, the Colonial right of self-government. The chairman then proposed in a few clever prefatory remarks, " The health of the Governor-General of Canada, and prosperity to the Dominion," Lord Duft'erin, who was greeted with great applause, re- plied as follows : — " My Lords and Qeyitlemen, — " In rising to return thanks for the honour which has I SYMPATHY WITH CANADA. 419 been done nio by tliis splcmliil cnteftainniont, and foi- tlie kind and cordial niaimor in whicli ni}' licaltli lias boon rpooivod, 1 liopc it will lie unilrove itself a powerful and worthy member of the British Empire. (Cheers.) My lords and gentlemen, it is this consideration alone which can give importance and significance to the de- monstration of to-night, and to j)roceedings which will be scanned and discussed with unspeakable pride and pleasure by thousands of your fellow-subjects in their distant Can- adian homes — (hear, heai") — foi- if there is one predilection more marked than another in the Canadian people, if there is one passion — if I may so call it — which predominates over every other feeling in their breasts, if there is one I ;!!i ill 420 ENOLAND'S PROSPEROUS POLITY. especial message which a person in my situation is bound to transmit f lom them to you, it is this — that they desire to maintain intact and unimpaired their connection with this country, that they cherish an ineradicable conviction of the pre-eminent value of the political system under which they live, and that they are determined to preserve pure and un- contaminate all the traditional characteristics of England's prosperous polity. (Cheers.) It would be impossible to overstate the universality, the force, the depth of this senti- ment, and proud am I to thiuk that an assemblage so rep- resentative of the public opinion of this couiicry as that which I see around me, should have met together to recip- rocate it and to do it justice, (Hear, hear.) But, my lords and gentlemen, I should be conveying to you a very wrong impression if I gave you to understand that the enthusias- tic loyalty of the Canadian people to the Crown and per- son of our gracious Sovereign, their tender and almost yearning love for the Mother Country, the desire to claim their part in the future lortunes of the British Empire, and to sustain all the obligations such a position may imply, was born of any weak or unworthy spirit of dependence. So far from that being the case, no characteristic of the national feeling is more strongly marked than their ex- uberant confidence in their ability to shape their own destinies to their appointed issuer, their jealous pride of the legislative autonomy with which they have been endowed, and their patriotic and personal devotion to the land within whose ample bosom they have been nur- tured, and which they justly regard as more largely pow- A PROUD AND QBE IT NATION. 421 ered with all that can endear a country to its sons than any other in the world. (Cheers.) And I assure you this intense affection for 'this Canada of ours,' as we lovingly call her, can sui'prise no one who has traversed her picturesque and fertile territories, where mountain, plain, valley, river, lake and forest, prairie and table -land, alternately invite, by their extraordinary magnificence and extent, the wonder and the admiration of the traveller. (Cheer^;.) And yet, however captivating may be the sights of beaut}' thus pre- pared by the hands of Nature, they are infinitely enhanced by the contemplation of all that man is doing to turn to their best advantage the gifts thus placed within his reach. In dvery dii'ection you see human industry and human energy digging deep the foundations, spreading out the lines, and '.narking the inviolable boundaries upon and within which one of the most intelligent and happiest oflfsets of the English race is djstined to develop into a prouiitic; but, as far as I have remarked, the divisions of pai'ty are p^-'-pendicular ratherthanhorizoi^tal, and in a countiy or borough election, as often as not. Catholic will be found voting against Catholic, Orangeman against Oiangeman, Frenclunan against Frenchman, and, what will MEANINGLESS TRADITIONS. 423 perhaps cause less surprise, Irishman against Irishman. In fact, it is made a matter of complaint by many persons that the considerations which regulate and determine the alle- giance of the people to their several political leaders, have become effete and meaningless tradition.^, unrepresentative of any living or vital policy which distinguishes tiie admin- istrative programme of the one party from that oi. the other. If this is so, it is perhaps to be accounted for by the fact that our political system is so free from those complications which attach t^.emselves to an older civilization ; we are so little harassed by embarrassmcints contracted in the past ; each individual enjoys such am[)le space and verge within which to exercise his energies and develop his idiosyncra- sies • there is so little friction between either the units or the classes which compose our community ; and the machinery of Government works in so free an atmosphei'e, that the de- velopment of our policy is more akin to natural growth than artificial training, and affords, consequently, fewer op- po.tunities for the exhibition of conflicting political theories than is the case elsewhere. Still, I must confess, as the con- stitutional head of the State, and dependent, consequently, for my guidance upon the advice of Parliamentary chiefs, I should feel extremely uneasy unless I knew their conduct was carefully watched by a well-organized, well-disci ''"led, and, if I may so call it, professional opposition. (Hear, hear.) Nor am I ever more likely to be able to give my entire confidence to my Ministers than when I find their conduct and measures have been able to stand the test of an incisive criticism applied l)y their political competitors for li'i li'! 424 CONFIDENCE IN PARIIAMENT. office. A Governor-General is bound, of course, to regard his Ministers as true metal, but he is never better able to do so than when they come well refined out of the Parliamen- tary fire.; and, my lords and gentlemen, this is doubly the case when one is able to fed — and I am happy to say I have always been able to feel — the most unlimited confidence in the integrity and wisdom of the Parliament of the country whose affairs I administer. As long as one can feel certain that not only the material interests, but, what is of more importance, the honour and reputation of che country can be safely trusted to its Parliament, then there is no situa- tion in the world hai^pier than that of a constitutional ruler. No Eastern despot or European autocrat can feel anything approaching to the satisfaction with which he watclies the march of those events, upor the hcippy and fortunate issue of which so much of his own peace and reputation must de- pend. And I am certain there have never been any indivi- duals who have had greater cause and opportunities for ap- preciating these characteristics of a popular assembly than those per.ions who, like my pred.^cessors and myself, have had the good fortune to preside o\'er the free Dominion of Canada. (Cheers.) And, my lords and ^" ntlemen, these circumstances to which I have briefly alluded are, I am happy to say, continually receiving a more marked recogni- tion at the hands, not merely of the people in this country, but, what is even of greater importance, at those of the in- habitants of the United States. Nothing, in fact, can be more friendly than the relations and feelings which prevail betweeii the Canadian people and their neighbours across A FRIENDLY EMULATION. 426 the frontier. Whatever may have been the case in former times, every thoughtful citizen of the United States is now convinced that the fate of Canada has been unalterably fixed and determined, and that she is destined to move within her own separate and individual orbit. So far from regarding this with jeal- ousy, the public of the United States contemplate with a generous enthusiasm the daily progress of Canada's pros- pei-ous career. In fact they are wise enough to understand that it is infinitely to the advantage o!" the human race that the depressing monotony of political thought on the American continent should be varied and enlivened by tho develop- ment of a political system akin to, yet diverse from, their own, productive of a friendly emulation, and offering many points of contrast and comparison, which they already begin to feel they can study with advantage. (Cheers.) My lords and gentlemen, I have to apologise for having detained you at so great a length, but before I sit down I cannot help ex- pressing my deep obligation to the gentleman who proposed my health, for the kindly and friendly terms in which he has been good enough to allude to me as an individual, In reply I can only assure him that the recognition thus ac- corded to my humble efforts to do my duty, will only prove afresh incitement to me to continue in that course which has merited his approval, I have no higher ambition in the world than that of being able faithfully to serve my Sov- ereign in the high station in which she has placed me, worthily to maintain in her beautiful Dominion the honour and the dignity of the Crown, to imitate as closely as may 426 A BRILLIANT PERORATION. !l be, her noble example in the discharge of my Vice-regal duties, and to obtain the confidence of the Canadian peoi)le by ray devotion to their service, and by the impartial ex- ercise of, those constitutional functions which attach to my high office. (Cheers.) If to love a country with one's whole heart, to feel that in each one of its inhabitants one possesses a personal friend, to believe in its future as im- plicitly as anj' one of its most sanguine sons, to take a pride in everything which belongs to it — its scenery, climate, its physical and moral characteristic"!, the idiosyncrasies of its people, nay, their very sports and pastimes — be any test of loyalty to its interests, then 1 feel my devotion to Canada can never be called in question. (Cheers.) My only regret is that my ability and talents should not be commensurate with tne desire by which I am possessed of rendering it effectual service. Happily, however, its present condition, the fortunate consummation of all those aspirations which, under the auspices of one of my predecessors, have been crowned by confederation, and the satisfactory impulse given to its young life by the wise administration of another, have superinduced so halcyon an epoch as to have rendered it a comparatively easy task for a successor of less eminence and experience than theirs, to carry on the task which they so happily inaugurated. If, therefore, at the end of the next three years, I shall be able to complete my term under the same happy circumstances which have hitherto characterized its duration ; if I can cai-ry with me home to England the consciousness that the people of Canada regard me as liaving been a faithful, loving, and a devoted servant to the Domin- ERRONEOUS IMPRESSIONS. 427 ion ; if, at the same time, I am fortunate enough to have merited the approval of my Sovereign and countrymen at home, I shall consider few public servants will have ever reaped so honourable and so dearly prized a reward." (Loud Oheei*s.) This speech created marked attention throughout the British Empire. Tlie leading journals commented or it in warm terms, and at great length, and every newspa};er in the Dominion published encomiums on it and its author, wlio was now more firndy endeared to Canadians than ever, and whose generous words in their behalf stimulated their affections to the greatest depths. His defence of Canada was a noble performance, and one which was calculated to combat successfully the many false and en-oneous impressions which obtained so largel}' abroad concerning the Dominion and her people. In many respects this speech was a remarkalde utterance, and a genuine guarantee, on the one hand, of the loyalty and devotion of the Canadian people to the Empire, and a fitting exemplar of the love which existed between the viceroy and the subjects whom he governed, on the other. Late in July Their Excellencies visited the staunch old town of Belfast, and soon after left that place for Clandeboye where they were received by a large concourse of people, amid tremendous cheering. The turrets on the walls of the court- yard were gaily decollated with flags, and mottoes were dis- played gracefully on all sides. An address was presented by His Lordship's tenantry, to which a v'ery happy reply was returned, when the audience were told many pleasant things 428 RETURN TO CANADA. about Canada and her great natural resources. Applause followed, when Their Excellencies drove to their old home. Upon nearing their residence another large body of the ten- antry came forward and welcomed the travellers to the family seat. The horses were unharnessed and the vehicle was then drawn by stalwart men, amid great cheering, to the hall door, where the party alighted and crossed the threshold of the mansion they had left three years before. Lord and Lady Dufferiii returned to Canada in October, and made the voyage in the steamer " Prussian," without mishap or accident, though the ship was long overdue, caused by the ])revalence of strong westerly gales. The Vice-regal party at once proceeded from Quebec to the capital, where they were met at the station by the foot-guards and a large gathering of citizens. Mayor Featherstone read an address, and Lord Dufferin spoke a few words in reply, and immediately there- after drove to Rideau Hall and witnessed " A Pageante," which was cleverly performed by Their Excellencies' children. On the 18th of November, His Excellency gave a ban- quet at Government House to the Supreme Court Judges, in celebration of the inauguration of the new Supreme Court. The number of invited guests was quite large, fully one hundred prominent persons being present. After the cloth had been removed, Lord Dufferin arose and said : — " Ml) Lords, Ladies and Gerdlemen, — "Although it is not m^ jsual custom to call upon the guests at Government House to drink any other toast than that of the health of Her Most Gracious Majesty, the Queen, the pre- THE SUPREME COURT OF CANADA. 429 sentoccasion is oneof such an importantand exceptional cliar- acter, that I am sure it will not be conHidered unnatural if I should desire to mark it in a peculiar manner. For the first time since its constitution I -y a recent Act of Parliament, I have had the pleasure of receiving at my table the learned and distinguished Judges who compose the Supreme Court of Canada. The establishment of that Court marks another epoch in the progressive history of the Dominion ; it ex- hibits another proof and pledge of the stability of our con- federation, and of the solidifying process which has knit into a homogeneous and patriotic community, the inhabi- tants of what a lew years ago were the scattered districts of Great Britain's North American possessions. But the constitution of such a Court is not merely an evidence of so complete a unification of the Dominion, as to permit the rays of justice being thus focussed to a point ; it is also an exemplification of the confidence reposed by the people of Canada in the learning and attainments of the legal profes- sion in this country. Had not the Parliament of Canada been convinced that the Bar of tlie Dominion was now, and would continue to be, capable of producing persons of such commanding authority and reputation as that their judg- ments would be universally acquiesced in, it would not have ventured upon so bold an experiment as the creation of a Court supo.rior in its jurisdiction to all the other Provincial Courts in the Dominion. (Applause.) I have myself no misgivings that Parliament will be disappointed in these expectations. I have no doubt but that those eminent per- sonages present amongst us to-night, will succeed in estab- 430 THE PARENT OF PEACE. liisliing for their Court a reputation and an autliority ecuial to the anticipations of their countrymen. The autliority of a Court of Justice is founded on the soundness of its de- cisions. fHeur, hear.) Under the free constitution of the British Empire, no earthly power can check the growth or diminish the weight of an autliority established on such a basis. A grtat court tlius becomes the autlior of its own supremacy — nay, it can extend its ascendancy beyond the limits of its natui-al jurisdiction, and impress foreign codes of jurisprudence with its own interpretations of equity and justice. Witness the lespect and deference with which the- Chief Court of the United States is quoted by British and European jurists. Such a court is the parent of j^eace, order .md good government ; it is the guardian of civil, political and religious liberty. (Hear, hear.) It is like the sun at noon-day ; it shines with its own light ; and happily human passion and prejudice, executive tyranny, and popular phrensy, are as impotent to intercept the beneficial intlu- ence of the one as to shear ^he beams from the other. (Hear, hear.) I now propose to you the health of the Chief Jus- tice of Canada, and of his brethren the other Judges, mem- bers of the Supreme Court of Canada, and to this toast I will venture to add but one word more. " hiter jiocula'* the strict rules of responsible government may for a moment be sus])ended, and as during the Saturnalia the Roman slaves were allowed to buffet their masters with impunity, so a Governor-General may be peimitted for once, on a festiye occasion like the present, to give his Prime Minister advice instead of receiving it ; and the advice I would tender lo OBITUARY. 431 Mr. Mackenzie, and thiuugh him to the Pailianieut and people of Canada is this : that inasmuch as pure, efficient and authoritative Courts of Justice are the most precious possession a people can enjoy, the veiy founts and sourcef. of a healthy national existence, there is no duty more in- cumbent on a great and generous community, than to take care that all and everyone of those who administer justice in the land are accorded a social, moral, and I will venture to add, a material recognition proportionate to their arduous labours, weight}' responsibilities and august position." (Ap- plause.) Little of importance, politically, occurred in Canada during the close of this year (1S75), beyond the formation of the Supreme Court of the Dominion. The Hon. Sir Wm. Buell Richards, Kt., was created Chief Justice on the 8th October, and the Puisne Judges are the Hon. Wm. J. Ritchie, the Hon. Samuel Henr}' Strong, the Hon. Jean Thomas Taschereau, the Hon. Telesphor "?■ uinier, and the Hon Wm. Alex. Henry. By death, three prominent men were lost to the Dominion, first, the Hon. John Willoughby Crawford, Q.C., third Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, who died on the 13th May ; second, Sir William Logan, the eminent geologist, who died on the 26th of June ; and third, Lieut.-General Henry William Stisted, C. B., first Lieutenant-Governor (under Confederation) of Ontario, who departed this life on the 10th of December. CHAPTER IX Gaieties at Ottawa — The Quebec B/ — Lord DrKFERiN's SpKEC'H— The Female Normal Sohooi, — Pet Names — Dei-aktukk FOB British Columbia — Arrival at Kan Fran»;ihco — The " Amk- thyst" — In Vi(;toria— The Rebel Arch — Aw apt Reply — Nanaimo — BuTB Inlet — Mbtlah Katlau — New Westminstt.r — Return to Victoria — Lord Dufferin's Speech — In Ottawa AGAIN. r.-*^!-*^ HE social season at Ottawa, which began on the ^ ' first of January, 1870, with the performance of a fairy extravaganza at Government House, and continued till late in the spring, was an unusually gay and brilliant one. A Grand Fancy Dress Ball was given at Rideau in February, and for weeks before, and many months after it had been held, it was the favourite topic of conversation throughout Canada. Fifteen hundred invitations were issued and nearly all them were accepted. The dresses and costumes were of the most elaborate and costly character, and the affair passed off with gi-eat eclat. One very pleasant feature in this magnificent entertainment was the performance of a singing quadrille, which was quite happily executed. The gaieties at the capital were brought to a close in June when Their E:xcellencies took their departure for THE QUEBEC BANQUET. 488 Quebec. A baiKpiet was tendered the Governor-General, in that city, on the 2lHt of Snwki, and a very imposing and brilliant one it proved to be. The list of guests comprised the leading people of the ])ominion, and the entertainment provided was on a .scale of great magnificence. After full justice had been done to the " good things," the cloth was removed, imd His Worship Mayor Owen Murphy announced from the chair the customary loyal and patriotic toasts, which were duly drank with all the honours befitting the occasion. The Mayor then rose, and in a capital speech, offered the principal sentiment of th«} evening, " The healili of His Excellency the Governor-General." Lord Dutt'erin arose when the cheering which greeted Mayor Murphy's re- marks had subsided, and was received with a perfect storm of cheers and applause. When silence was restored, the guest of the night replied in these terms : " Mr. Mayor, Your Honour and Gentlemen, — " I can assure you it is with feelings of no ordinary emotion, that for the first time since coming to this country, I find my- self called upon to address a public audience in the ancient capital of Canada, for I cannot help remembering under what various conditions, in how many vital emergencies, at what supreme epochs in its history, during the last 300 years, my illustrious predecessors must have had occasion to harangue the citizens of Quebec. (Cheers.) In a thousand vicissitudes of fortune, in perpetual alternations of triumph and despondency, when hordes of savages were lurking round your palisades, when famine had prostrated your BB 434 FARLUMENTABY GOVERNMENT. strength, and the unaccustomed rigours of an Arctic winter had benumbed your faculties, when novel forma of pestilence devastated your homes — crowning your clergy and your sisterhoods with the aureola of martyrdom — when foreign leaguers assaulted your independence, and hostile cannon threatened your battlements, Viceroy after Viceroy has appealed to your patience, your fortitude, your charity, your patriotisrii, and never once, whether in good fortune or ill- fortune, as your history tells us, has the appeal been raade in vain. (Great applause.) Happily, however, those days of dramatic oratory are over. From the rock on which your city stands, once isolated by an interminable ocean of pri- meval forest and a waste of barbarism, there now stretches out on every side to the horizon a perfectly ideal prospect of agi'icultural wealth and beauty, while your political dominion — at one time reaching no farther thanthe range of your prim- itive artillery — now requires two oceans to confine it. (Cheers.'i .^s a consequence of this extraordinary fjrowth the personal and autocratic administration of ^he Regal Repre- sentatives in this country, lias been superseded by the infi- nitely safer, more effective, and less obnoxious regimen of Parliamentary Government. (Applause.) But though re- lieved of the wider responsibilities which once weighed so heavily upon the earlier occupants of the office, and brought them into such close though not always harmonious intimacy with the community they ruled, the Govemor-Genorals of to- day find tht^mselves all the better able to cr.itivate those friendly socia.' relations with the inhabitants of the country, which it is one of tlieir chief duti-js to maintain, and of whic h A RENOWNED AND ANCIENT CITY. 435 this splendid banquet is a most gratifying exhibition. (Ap- plause.) And proud am I to think, Mi Mayor and gentlemen, that the admiration I have always felt for the beauty of your town which, in my opinion is rivalled by that of only two other capitals in the world (applause), and the deep sense I entertain of the singular kindness and affection evinced toward j me by your citizens should have evoked so fls>;ter- ing a recognition as that which is being extended to me at this moment. I only wish I could make an adequate return for so mucli good-will, but there is one thing at all events which I can do — I can seize this opportunity of expressing my heartiest and warmest sympathies with the efforts which you, Mr. Mayor, and your enlightened townsmen are mak- ing to do justice to the glorious inheritance you have recoived fx'om those who have gone before you, by devoting your energies to the moral improvement, the commercial development and the external embellishment of this re- nowneci and ancient city. (Continued applause.") It is with especial pleasure I have learnt that there is now every prospect of your being able to accomplish the scheme which has been set on foot for the preservation and beauti- fying of your fortifications, combining, as it does, a due regard for the requirements of your increasing traffic by the enlaige- ment and multiplication of your thoroughfares, with the care- ful jirotection, from the hands of the Vandal, of those glorious bastions which girdle the town, and which are dignified by .such interesting hi.storical ^associations. And in doing this, gentlemen, you are only following the example of every municipality in Europe that has the good luck to be placed 436 ROMANTIC CHABACTERISTICS. ?l in similar circumstances. There was a time, indeed, when, through ignorance and a gross indifference to the past, the precious relics of antiquity were lightly regarded, and irre- parable injury has consequently been inflicted on many an invaluable monument; but the resentment, the contempt, and the objurgations with which the authors of such devastations have been since visited by their indignant descendants, evinces how completely the world has awoke to the obli- gation of preserving with a pious solicitude such precious records of a by -gone age. But if this obligation is impera- tive on the other side of the Atlantic, where the vestiges not only of mediaeval art, but even of classic times, are to be foand in considerable profusion, how much more is it incum- bent upon us to maintain intact the one city on this contin- ent which preserves the lumantic characteristics of its early origin — (applause) — a city the picturesqueness of whose architecture and war-scathed environments presents a spec- tacle unlike any other which is to be found between Cape Horn and the North Pole. (Tremendous ai)plause.) Gen- tlemen of the Town Council, you must remember that you bold Quebec not merely as the delegates of its citizens, not merely even in the interest of the people of Canada, but as trustees on behalf of civilization and the inhabitants of the whole American continent — (applause) — by whom the ruin and degradation of its antique battlements would be regarded as an irreparable outrage and a common ios.s. (Renewed applause.) But, gentlemen, happily there is no danger of the perpetration of any such suicidal destruction. Far from lending a traitorous hand to assist the ravages of time, you WOLFE AND MONTCALM. 437 are making preparations to still further exalt and adorn your crown of towers, and sure am I that in after ag s, when a maturer civilization shall have still further changed the face of Canada into that which it may at present be beyond our imagination to conceive, your descendants of that day will regard with feelings of everlasting gratitude those wise and instructed sediles who handed down to them intact so pre- cious a memorial of their country's past — a memorial which each lapsing century will invest with an ever-deepenin^ glow of interest. (Great cheering.) And, gentlemen, you must not suppose that the laudable efforts you are making have esca] the observation of our fellow-countrymen at home. No sooi: V wfis it known in England tl t a scheme had been inaugurated fo; the embellishment of the fortifications of Quebec, than the Secretary of .^tate fof War, as the official Representative and spokesman of t' e military symi)athies of the Empire, announced to me his intention of testifying his own admiration and the admiration of the soldier-woi'ld of Great Britain at what wi v i-e about to do, by asking the Imperial House of ( mons — who responded with acclamation to the proposal — to vote a sum of money to be expended in the decoration of some point along your walls, in such a manner as might serve to connect it with the joiH memory of those two illustrious heroes Wolfe and Montcalm, (great applause), whose deeds of valour and whose noble deaths in the service of their respective countries, would have been alone sufficient to immortal- ize the fair fortress for whose sake they contended, and whose outworks they watered with their blood. But, gen- 488 A 8UBSCB1PTI0N FROM THE QUEEN. tlemen, the news of your praiseworthy exertions has moved the heart and symj/afcliies of even a greater personage than the Secietary of State i'orWar. The Queen of England herself, who takes as much piide and interest in all that is doing in her distant colonies as the does in what happens within a stone's throw of her palace, has been graciously pleased to command me to take an early opportunity, — and what better oppor- tunity could I take than the present, — of conveying to you, Mr. Mayor, and to those who are associated with you in this creditable enterprise, and to the citizens of Quebec, whose patriotism has authorized you to engage in it, her warm ap- proval of the project which has been :,et on foot, and her hearty synijjathy with the enlightened sentiments which have inspired it, and she has furthermore expressed a desire to be associated personally •with the work by presenting her good cit^y of Quebec with one of the new gate- ways with which your enceinte is to be pierced, for the erection of which Ker Majesty has been good enough to forward to me a handsome subscrip- tion — (tremendous applause, the whole company rising and cheering for several minutes) — and which she desires may be named after her father, the late Duke of Kent, who for so many years iived amongst you, and who, to his dying day, retained so lively a recollection of the kindness and courtesy with which he was treated. Mr. Mayor and gen- tlemen, this would not be the place to enter into any dis- cussion of the details or of the mode by which the projected improvements are to be carried out. But there is one lead- ing principle which I trust may be kept in view, viz. : to arrange that there should be one continuous uninterrupted A BEAUTIFUL NEW WALL. 430 pathway for pedestrians, along the entire circuit of the ram- parts starting westward from DurJiam Terrace, round the base of the Citadel, and so by the Esplanade, the Artillery Barracks, Palace Gate, the Grand Battery, past the present Parliament Buildings, across Mountain street, back to Dur ham Ternice again, if this is accomplished, you will possess a walk which, for its convenience, freedom from noise, dan- ger, and interruption, for the variety and beauty of its points of view, and for its historical and civic interest, will be absolutely unequalled (applause and cheers), and I anx happy to think that the inexhaustible store of cut stone of which the obsolete and superfluous outworks beyond the walls are composed, will supply cheap, handy, and ample materials for the repair of the dilapidated portions of the bastions, and for the construction of the contemplated gate- ways. But in resorting to these materials, I hope you will avoid the error committed by a zealous but not very en- lightened agent of a friend of mine in Ireland. Upon the estate of this nobleman there stood an ancient tower, the relic of a castle which, in ruder ages, his ancestors had in- habited. Finding that mischievous children, cattle, tourists, donkeys, (laughter) and other trespassers of that sort were forestalling the depredations of time, he instructed his man of business to protect the ruin with a wall, and left for Eng- land. On returning he took an early opportunity of visiting the spot, to see whether, as his agent had already assured him, his orders had been properly executed. Judge of his dismay when he found indeed a beautiful new wall, six feet high, running round the site of the old cattle, but the castle 440 .THE BUSINESS MEN OF THE COUNTRY. itself levelled to the ground. (Great laughter.) The econo- mical agent had pulled down the tower in order to build the wall with the stones of which it was composed. (Renewed laughter.) But, gentlemen, I must detain you no longer, and yet, before I sit down, there is one observation I cannot help desiring to make. I cannot Iiclp wishing to express the extreme satisfaction which I experience in observing with what alacritj' and self-abnegation the chief citizens of Quebec, gentlemen whose private occupations and engage- ments must be extremely absorbing, are content to sacrifice their domestic leisure, and the interests of their private business, in order to give their time and attention to the public service, and the direction and management of your municipal affairs. (Cheers.) And in paying this well-de- .served compliment to those whom I am immediately address- ing, I am happy to think that I can extend it with equal justice to the municipalities of Canada at large. (Applause.) Gentlemen, I take it that there is no more healthy sign of national life than this, or rather that there would be no more fatal indication of an unpatriotic, selfish, and despicable spirit, than were we to see what are called the business men of the country, that is to say, those person.* who by their education, character, habits, and intelligence are best fitted to serve her, being tempted by an over-absorption in their private concerns to abstain from all contact with public affairs, and a due participation in the onerous and honourable strife of municipal or parliamentary politics. (Cheering.) Were such a defection on the part of the most intelligent, energetic, and high-principled men of CANVASS, VOTE AND PROTEST. 441 the country to prevail, the consequence would be that the direction of its atf'airs would fall into the hands of corrupt adventurei and trading politicians, and that the moral tone of the nation as a nation would- deteriorate throughout every ramification, phase, and stratum of society. And what, I ask, is the worth of the largest fortune in the world, of the most luxurious mansion, of all the refinements and amenities of civilization, if we cannot be proud of the land in which we enjoy them (loud applause), if we are compelled to blush for the infamy of our rulers, if we cannot claim art and part in the progress and history of our country (cheers), if our hearts do not throb in unison with the vital puls^ of the national existence, if we merely cling to it as parasites cling to a growth of rotten vegetation ? (Applause.) Of course I do not mean to imply that we should all insist on being Prime Minister, Secretaries of State, or Mayors, or Members of Parliament, or Town Councillors. (Laughter.) Such aspi- rations in all would be neither useful nor desirable. A large proportion of the energies of the community must be always employed in building up its mercantile, manufacturing and agricultural status, and in its learned professions ; but I ven- ture to think that no one, especially in a young country, no matter what his occupation, should consider himself justified in dissociating him.self altogether from all contact with poli- tical affairs. The busiest of us can examine, analyze, and judge ; we can all canvass, vote, protest, and contend for our opinion ; we can all feel that we are active members of a young commonwealth, whose future pro.«s as I have often seen ents thei'e until Saturday, v/hen Their Excellencies, Colonel Littleton, and Captains Ward and Hamilton left i'or Vic- toria in Her Majesty's corvette " Amethyst." After a some- what slow and ti'oublesome voyage, the war-ship arrived lit Esquimault harbour. The wharf was profusely embellished with evergreens, flags and green boughs, and the inscription, W^ELCOME, in large letters, surmounted the decorations. A great gathering of ladies and gentlemen awaited the landing of the party, and u guard of honour, composed of marines. 1 ON THE WAY TO VICTORIA. 449 •was di-awn up in line on the wharf and on the shoi-e. Three British ships rode gallantly in the harboar, viz: the "Ame- thyst," the " Fantonie," and the ' Rocket." The cei^emonies which followed now were exceedingly imposing and grand. At a signal from the boatswain, like lightning the blue jackets tilled tlie rigging and manned the yards, and notes of sweet music rang in the al;-. Lord and Lady DufFerin crossed the gangway and descended into the bai'ge, and the great guns of the " Amethyst " thundered a salute across the water which awoke the echoes in the far off pine- woods of the place, Eighteen guns made the old hills ring again, and, as the last epoi't died away, Their Excellencies stepped ashoie, and were coi'dially received by Sir James Douglas, the first Governor of Vancouver Lsland. A few introduc- tions and a little speech-making followed, when the guests entered carriages and drove off on the Esquimault road for the city of Victoria. On the way to the capital, the visitors were much interested at the aspect which the country pre- sented, its wonderful and bold scenery, and the Indians who, paddling along the nanow arm of the sea, greeted His Excellency with a weird song. The diive was over at length, when a halt was made at Government House, Victoria. Here a number of citizens were gathered, and Indians, half-breeds and Chinamen struggled for desir- able places near at hand. Foresters, in pretty green coats, firemen in their gay uniforms, little children from the schools, a detachment of the Provincial Rifle Regiment, together with the prominent people of the Island in their .sober dress suits, formed a very striking picture indeed. OC L 5! I 460 THE ARCHES IN VICTORIA. Numerous arches were erected, and many banners and flags and long streamers hung in the streets, and tasteful decor- ations of evergreens and pine boughs lent beauty to the scene. When the party moved on towards the triumphal arch in Government street, the procession halted and the Mayor presented an address. An apt reply was made to this, and amid great cheering, the column proceeded to Government House where luncheon was served. The day was observed as a holiday by the people, and no business of any kind wa.s done. There were many arches erected in different quarters of the city, and most of these presented an exceedingly fine appearance. The mottoes which they bore in certain instances were indicative of far more meaning than mere sentiment. The railway question was made a prominent feature in the emblems which were thrown to the breeze, and in the devices which ornamented the windows of the shops and houses. Such legends as " The Iron Horse the Civilizer of the World," " Carnarvon Terms," " Our Railway Iron Rusts," " United without Union," " Confederated without Confederation," " Railroad the bond of Union," &c., were conspicuous among the purely loyal and patriotic words which were emblazoned on the fronts of arches everywhere. In connection with one of these arches and the motto which it bore, a little circum- stance occui'red which threatened at one time to interrupt the harmony of the very pleasant relations which existed between Lord DvifFerin and the people. While the procession was moving through the principal streets, a gentleman breath- less with excitement hurried up to His Excellency's carriage, and demanded a word with him. The Governor halted and A QUICK REPLY. 451 was told that a rebel arch had been placed in the road, and that an attempt was to be made to force the Vice-regal party to pass under it, and so recognize the sentiment which the motto displayed. " Can you tell me what words there are on the arch ? " asked His Lordship quietly. " Oh, yes," said his informant, " they are ' Carnarvon Terms or Separation.' " " Send the Committee to me," said His Excellency. " Now, gentlemen," resumed Lord Dufferin, with a smile, " I'll go under your beautiful arch on one condition. I won't ask you to do much, and I beg but a trifling favour. I only ask that you allow me to suggest a slight change in the phrase which you have set up. I merely ask that you alter one letter in your motto. Turn the ' S' into an ' R ' — make it ' Carnarvon Terms or Reparation ' and I will gladly pass under it." But the Committee would not agree to this, and His Excellency turned a corner and went down another street, to the chagiin of the gentlemen whose feelings had thus un- wittingly betrayed them ir.Lo 'T'laking a foolish exhibition of themselves. Thi-ee Chinese arches, erected in Pagoda shape, and bear- ing the sentiments " Glad to see you here," " English Law is liberal" and " Come again," were quite tasteful ami pretty. There were several attempts made by a certain portion of the populace to commit His Excellency into an official recog- nition of their grievances on account of the PiiciHc Railway, but, as may well be imagined, these efibrts proved futile. An 452 THE NEWCASTLE OF THE PACIFIC. address was prepared, couched in somewhiit violent language, but this document Lord Duff'erin refused to receive, even after its diction was modified and some of the more objec- tionable features removed. He received the deputation which bore it, however, and courteously explained to these gentle- men his reasons for declining their manifesto. Some of the newspapers contained articles more scurrilous than forcible, and more abusive than argumentative, and in other objec- tionable ways a class of the people displayed their political feelings and sought to drag His Excellency's name into the contest. But these little unpleasantnesses had scarcely any effect on anybody but the persons who indulged in them. The Governor was determined to treat his people with that kindly moderation and forbearance which so admirably characterized his whole career in Canada. He freely conversed with every- one he met and listened patiently to what the people had to say. Receptions, At Homes, Levees, Dinner parties, a Garden party and a number of other social entertainments were given by Their Excellencies to the great delight of their guests. Several deputations called on the Governor, notably those from the Presbyterian, Reformed Episcopal, and Methodist Churches, who presented congratulatory ad- dresses. The few days spent in Victoria passed very plea- santly, and on the 24th of August His Lordship and Lady Dufferin left Esquimault in the "Amethyst" and sailed for the north. The next day the coaling depot of Nanainio* was • Nanaimii, the Xowca-stle of the Pacific, 18 an incorporated city of over one thuiiBaud inhabitant)<. Iron and coal are its chief products. WITH THE INDIANS. 4fi3 reached. Here the party were warmly welcomed, and in re- ply to an exceedingly moderate address Lord Dufferin made a speech, in which he touched on a few of the topics upper- most in the British Columbian mind. A trip to Bute Inlet was next in order, and an early start with that end in view was accordingly made. On the way the wild and beautiful scenery of the coast attracted tlie attention of the lovers of nature, and in due time the party arrived at their destination. After spending a little while here, the journey was resumed, and the "Amethyst" moved up northward towards the mouth of the Skena River, when .she headed for the Indian settlement at Metlakatlah, which was gained on Tuesday night. Mr. Duncan, the Indian missionary, paddled up in a c.nnoe manned by savages and paid a visit to the Governor. The next morning at half-past nine Their Excellencies accompanied by (.\>mmodore Chat- field, Col. Littleton and Captains VVard and Hamilton, land- ed on the shores of the settlement where Mr. Duncan met them. His Excellency's visit was unexpected and many of the Indians were away to the fishing and hunting grounds, but there were still a goodly number of red men assembled to welcome the great chief from the other ocean. They formed a guard of honour and when Their Excellencies passed through the long line an Indian maiden tripped lightly for- ward and bending low, presented to Lady Dufferin a bouquet •of flowers. The church and schools were next inspected. At one of these latter places the children sang a few songs and went through their exercises in a very pleasing manner. Afterwards Lord Dufferin addressed the Indians, and t'le 454 AN INDIAN REGATTA. i party then proceeded to Fort Simpson, about 24 miles dis- tant from the village. Here, too, the population is largely Indian, and the Rev. Mr. Crosby — a Wesleyan minister — looks after their spiritual welfare. A few moments spent here and the " Amethyst " again departed, and made for Queen Charlotte Islands. On reaching Skidegate Bay the cor- vette lay at anchor, and the party went ashore and examined certain features of the village. The next morning the " Amethyst" steamed away for Burrard's Inlet, where, after a brief pause, carriages were entered and a drive to New Westminster begun. Arriving there Their Excellencies dis- mounted and entered the little bower that had been built for them, amid the cheers of the people and the ringing of many bells. Lady Dufterin passed up a pathway strewn with flowers and on being seated she was the recipient of an address, and two large floral ofi"erings,at the hands of a couj^le of young ladies. Addresses were presented to Lord Dufferin by the Mayor, Warden, and the Good Templars, to all of which he mace reply. A long procession of Indians, headed by a band supplied by St. Mary's Catholic Mission, next fol- lowed, carrying banners and flags. Lord Dufferin addressed the tribes. An Indian regatta was the next thing on the programme, and the several races were sharply contested to the great enjoyment of the onlookers. After a late dinner one of the prettiest incidents of the tour took place. A large fleet of canoes, gaily dressed and lighted up with blazing pine toi'ches and manned by Indians, darted out into the Avater from many nooks and corners of the stream. The men paddled, and the women held aloft the bright torches UP THE FRASER RIVER. 4B6 high over their heads. A song of peace was then introduced. In low sad tones at first the sound swept over the water, and then rising higher and higher, the notes filled the air till the woods fairly shook with the echo. Guns were fired, more songs were sung and genuine Indian yells went up from many throats. In the midst of this performance a deputa- tion of citizens stepped on board of His Excellency's vessel and presented a document, the burden of wliich was the rail- way. Lord Dufierin had some private conversation with these gentlemen, and after they and the Indians had de- parted, the Earl and Countess went " a-fishing " and caught several salmon. On the 6 th of September Their Excellencies started on their voyage up the swift Eraser River, and on arriving at Yale, the head of navigation, they were received by the inhabit- ants and presented with an address. To this Lord Dufferin made a reply, and afterwards spoke a few words to the Indians who had come up to greet him. An address from the Chinese residents of the town was also read and replied to. The paity then repaired to the residence of Mr. Oj)penheimer where a stay for the remainder of the night was made. In the morning the journey to Kainloops was commenced This trip was made in stages. At Savona's Feny the party spent some hours in fishing, when all embarking on board a steamer the tour to Kamloops was resumed. This place was reached in the afternoon of Saturda}^ the 9th inst. Nine- teen guns were fired from the Hudson Bay post as the steamer neared the port, and a large number of horsemen galloped down to the beach to receive the visitors. This 4nG ESQUIMAULT GRAVING DOCK. band was composed of white men, half-breeds and Indians. After a little conveisation Their Excellencies were escorted by the cavalcade to a large arch, where Mr. E. Dewdney, M.P., read an address. The next day the Governor-General crossed over the river and visited an Indian village and in- spected the different points of interest near by. On the 11th inst. the travellers started for home and ar- rived at New Westminster on Thursday. Here Connuodore Chatfield disembarked, and the steamer pursued her way to the mouth of the river where the party left the " Royal City " and went on board the " Sir James Douglas " which was soon on her way to Victoria, making that port at 6 o'clock the same evening. Saturday was spent in inspecting the rifle ranges, and on Monday afternoon visits were paid to the High and Public sc ools. Here Lord Duffeiin handed the superintendent a silver and two bronze medals which he offered as prizes for competition during the ensuing year. In the evening a grand ball was given at Government House, in which upwards of five hundred guests from all parts of the country took part. At noon the next day His Excellency drove the first pile of the Esquimault Graving Dock. The cere- mony was performed in the jjresence of a large concourse of s[)ectators. An address was read by Mr. Fishei', M.P.P., after which the visitors inspected the dockyard, and then sat down to luncheon which was spread under a spacious pavil- ion. In reply to the toast of Their Excellencies, Lord Duf- ferin made a very happy speech. In the evening a public meeting was held for the purpose of receiving the report of L LOUD DUFFER IN BEGINS HIS GREAT SPEECH. 457 the deputation of citizens, who had been appointed to wait on Lord Dufferin. The language in-lulgecl in was more mod- erate in tone and exceedingly temperate. On Wednesday morning the Eail of Dufferin delivered his masterly speech — an utterance well worthy <>f being classed with the few truly great oratorical performances which ou)- century has produced. His Excellency spoke in a small room to an audience of some thirty or forty perso'Ji.«(, principally members of the various committees he had seen. We give the speech here entire : " Gentleman, — " I am indeed very glad to have an opportunity before quitting British Columbia of thanking you, and through you the citizens of Victoria, not onl}' for the general kind- ness and courtesy I have met with during my residence among you, but especially for the invitation to the banquet with which you proposed to have honoui'ed me. I regret that my engagements did not permit me to accept this additional proof of your hospitality, but my desire to see as much as possible of the country and my other engagements forced me most reluctantly to decline it. I shall, however, have a final opportunity of mingling with your citizens at the en- tertainment arranged for me at Beacon Hill this afternoon, to which I am looking forward with the greatest pleasure. Perhaps, gentlemen, 1 may be also permitted to take advan- tage of this occasion to express to you the satisfaction and enjoyment I have derived from my recent progress thi'ough such portions of the Province as I have been able to reach 468 SCENES OF IDYLLIC BEAUT r. within the short period left at my disposal. I am well aware 1 have visited but a small proportion of your do- mains, and that there are important centres of population from which 1 have been kept aloof. More especially have I to regret my inability to reacli Cariboo, the chief theatre of your mining industry and the home of a community with whose it- lings, wishes, and sentiments it would have been verj advantageous for me to have become personally ac- quainted. Still by dint of considerable exertion I have tra- versed the entire coast of British Columbia from its southern extremity to Alaska. I have penetrated to the head of Bute Inlet, I have examined the Seymour Nan'ows, and tho other channels which intervene between the head of Bute Inlet and Vancouver Island. I have looked into the mouth of Dean's Canal and passed across the entrance to Gardner's Channel. I have visited Mr. Duncan's wonderful settlement at Metlakatlah, and the interesting Methodist Mission at Fort Simpson, and have thus been enabled to realise what scenes of primitive peace and innocence, of idyllic beauty, and material comfort can be presented by the stalwart men and comely maidens of an Indian community under the wise administration of a judicious and devoted Christian mission- ary. I have passed across the intervening Sound of Queen Charlotte Island and to Skidegate, and studied with wonder the strange characteristics of a Hydah village, with its forest of heraldic pillars. I have been presented with a sinister op- portunity of descending upon a tribe of our Pagan savages in the very midst of their drunken orgies and barbarous rites, and after various other explorations I have had the "»>■ I H- THE BUNCH GliASS COUNTRY. 459 privilege of visiting undei* very gratifying circunisttinces the Royal City of New We.stinin.stt;r. Taking from tlmt spot a new departure, we proceeded up the valley of the Fraser where the river has cloven its way through the granite ridges and bulwarks of the Cascade range, and along a road of such admirable construction, considering the engineering difficul- ties of the line antl the modest i-esources of the colony when it was Ixjilt, as does the greatest credit to the able adminis- trator who dir«^cted its execution. Passing then into the open valleys and rounded eminences beyond, we had an op- portunity of appreciating the pastoral resources and agri- cultural capabilities of what is known as the bunch grass country. It is needless to say that wherever we went we found the same kindness, the same loyalty, the same honest pride in their country and institutions which character- ize the English race throughout the world, while "Her Majes- ty's Indian subjects on theii- spirited horses, which the ladits of their families seemed to bestride with as much ease and grace as their husbands and brothers, notwithstanding the embarrassment of one baby on the pommel and another on the crupper, met us everywhere in large numbers and testified in their untutored fashion their genuine devo- tion to their white mother. Having journeyed into the interior as far as Knndoops and admired from a lofty emi- nence in its neighbourhood what seemed an almost inter- minable prospect of grazing lands and valleys susceptible of cultivation, we were forced with much reluctance to turn our faces homewards to Victoria. And now that I am back it may, perhaps, interest you to learn what are the im])res- ' 'l I' ) .l ■ i 1 ; 1 f 460 t WtiNDERFUT. fiYATEM OF NAVKiATION. sions I have derived during my journey. Well, I may frankly tell you that I think British Coluiidna ii glorious Province — a Province which Canada should l»o proad to possess, and whose association with the Dominion she ought to regard as the crowning triumph of Federation. Such a spectacle as its coast line presents is not to be paralleled by any country in the world. Day after day for a whole week in a vessel of nearly 2,000 tons, we threaded an intermin- able lal)yrinth of watery lanes, and reaches that wound end- lessly in and out of a network of islands, promontories and peninsulas for thousands of miles unruffled by tlio slightest swell from the adjoining ocean and presenting at every turn an ever shifting combination of rock, verdure, forest, glacier, and snow-capped mountain of unrivalled grandeur and beauty. When it is remembered that this wonderful system of navigation equally wt 1 adapted to the largest line of battle-ship and the frailest canoe, fringes the entire seaboard of your Province and communicates at points — sometimes more than a hundred miles from the coast, with a multitude of valleys stretching eastward into the interior, at the .same time that it is furnished with innumerable harbours on either hand, one is lost in admiration at the facilities for in- tercommunication which are thus provided for the future inhabitants of this wonderful region. It is true at the pre- sent moment they lie unused except by the Indian fisher- man and villager, but the day will surely come when the rapidly diminishing stores of pine upon this continent will be still further exhausted, and when the nations of Europe ias well as of America will be obliged to recur to British A LETTEli FROM THE BKITIHH ADMIHALTY. 4(11 Columbia for a nmterial of winch you will by tluit time l»e the princijial depository. Already f'roui an adjoiniii},' port oil the muinlaru; a laij^^c traile is being done in lumber with Great Britain, Kurope, and South America, and I venture to think that ere long the ports of the United States will perforce be thrown open to your traffic. J had the pleasure of witnessing tlie overthrow by the axes of your woodmen of one of your forest giants, that towei'jd to the height of 2.50 feet above our heads, and whose rings boi*e witness that it dated its birth from the reign of the Fourth Kdward, and where he grew, and for thousands of miles along the coast beyond hini,millionsof liisconteniporariesare await- ing the same fate. With such facilities of access as I have described to the heart and centre of your various forest lands, where almost every tree can be rolled from the spot upon which it grows to the ship whieh is to transfer it to its des- tination, it would be difHcult to over-estimate the o[)portuni- ties of industrial development thus indicated — and to prove that I am not over-sanguine in my conjectures, I will read you a letter recently received from the British Admiralty by Mr. Innes, the Superintendent of the Dockyard at Esqui- mault : — "From various causes spars from Canada, the former main source of supply, have not of late years been obtain- able, and the trade in New Zealand spars for top-masts Las also completely died away. Of late years the sole source of supply has been the casual cargoes of Oregon spars, import- ed from time to time, and from these tlie wants of the ser- vice have been met. But my Lords feel that this is not a source to be depended upon, more es})ecially for the larger mm I ^ ! i 462 THE FISHERIES. sized spars." Their Lordships tlien proceed to order Mr. Innes to make arrangements for the transhipment, for the dockyards of Great Britain, of the specified number of Doug- las pine which will be required by the service during the en- suing year — and what England does in this direction other motions will ^eel themselves compelled to do as well. But I have learnt a further lesson; I have had opportunities of in- specting some of the sjwts where your mineral wealth is stored, and here again the ocean stands your friend, the mouths of the coalpits I have visited almost opening into the hulls of the vessels that are to convey their contents across the ocean. When it is further remembered that in- exhaustible supplies of iron ore are to be found in juxtapo- sition with your coal, no one can blame you for regarding the beautiful island on which you live as having been es- pecially favoured by Providence in the distribution of these natural srifts. But still more precious minerals than either coal or iron enhance the value of your possessions. As we skirted the banks of the Fraser we were met at every turn by evidences of its extraordinary supplies of fish ; but scarcely less fre- quent were the signs aftbrded us of the golden treasures it rolls down, nor need any traveller think it strange to see the Indian fishermen hauling out a salmon on to the sands, fi'om whence the miner beside him is sifting the spai'kling ore. But the signs of mineral wealth which may happen to have attracted my personal attention are as nothing, I under- stand, to what is exhibited in Cariboo, ra.ssiar, and along the 'alley of the Sti'ilne, and most grieved am I to think I HHPHRP A TRACKLESS WASTE. 4G3 tliat I have not had time to testify by my presence amongst them to tlie sympathy I feel with the adventurous pros- pector and miner in their arduous enterprises. I had also the satisfaction of iuiving pointed out to me where various lodes of silver onlv await greater facilities of ac- cess to be worked with profit and advantage. But perhaps the greatest surprise in store for us was the discovery, on our exit from the Pass through the Cascade range, of the noble expanse of pastoral lands and the long vistas of fertile valleys which opened up on every side as we advanced throagh the country, and which, as I could see with njy own eyes from various heights we traversed, ex- tended in rounded upland slopes or in gentle depressions for hundreds of miles to thu foe t of the Rocky Mountains, prov- ing, after all, that the mou itain ranges which frown along your coast no more accurt cely indicate the nature of the t!ii!> population in this Province. You must remember that the Indian population are not represented in Parliament, and con- sequently that the Governor-General is bound to watch over their welfare with especial solicitude. Now, we must all admit that the condition of the Indian question in British Columbia is not satisfactory. Most unfortunately, as I think, tliere has been an initial error ever since Sir James Douglas quitted office in the Government of British Columbia neg- lecting to recognise what is known as the Indian title. In Canada this has always been done ; no Governnr, 3nt, whether provincial or central, has failed to acknowledge that the original title to the land existed in the Indian tribes and communities that hunted or wandered over them. Before we touch an acre we make a treaty with the chiefs repre- senting the bands we are dealing with, and having agreed upon and paid the stipulated price, oftentimes arrived at after a great deal of haggling and difficulty, we enter into possession, but not until then do we consider that we are entitled to deal with an acre. The result has been that in Canada our Indians are contented, well affected to the white man, and amenable to the laws and Government. At this very moment the Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba has gone on a distant expedition in order to make a treaty with the tribes to the northward of the Saskatchewan. Last year he matle two treaties with the Cliippewas and Crees ; next year it has been arranged that he should make a treaty with the Blackfeet, and when this is done the British Crown will have acquired a title to every acre that lies be- tween Lake Superior and the top of the Rocky Mountains. wifm INDIAN CIVIL RIGHTS. 493 But in British Columbia — except in a few cases where under the jurisdiction of the Hudson Bay Company or under the auspices of Sir James Douglas, a similar practice has been adopted — the Provincial Government has always as- sumed that the fee simple in, as well as tlie sovereignty over the land, resided in the Queen. Acting upon this principle, they have granted extensive grazing leases, and otherwise so dealt with various sections of the country as greatly to restrict or interfere with the prescriptive rights of the Queen's Indian subjects. As a consequence there has come to exist an unsatisfactory feeling amongst the Indian population. Intimations of this reached me at Ottawa two or three years ago, and since I have come into the Province my misgivings on the subject have been con- firmed. Now I consider that our Indian fellow-subjects are entitled to exactly the same civil rights under the law as are possessed by the white population, and that if an Indian can prove a prescriptive right of way to a fishing station, or a right of any other kind, that that right should no more be ignored than if it was the case of a white man. I am well aware that among the coast Indians the land ques- tion does not present the same characteristics as in other parts of Canada, or as it does in the grass countries of the interior of this Province, but I have also been able to under- stand that in these latter districts it may be even more necessary to deal justly and liberally with the Indian in re- gard to his land-rights than on the prairies of the North West. I am very happy that the British Columbian Government should have recognised the necessity of assisting the Dominion 494 A DTSASTROUS EFFECT. Government in ameliorating the present condition of affairs in this respect, and that it has agreed to the creation of a joint commission for the purpose of putting the interests of the Indian population on a more satisfactory footing. Of course in what I have said I do not mean that, in our desire to be humane and to act justly, we should do anything un- reasonable or Quixotic, or that rights already acquired by white men should be inconsiderately invaded or recalled ; but T would venture to put the Government of British Columbia on its guard against the fatal eventualities which might arise should a sense of injustice provoke the Indian population to violence or into a collision witli our scattered settlers. Probably there has gone forth amongst them very incorrect and exaggerated information of the warlike achievements of their brethren in Dakotah, and their uneducated minds are incapable of calculating chances. Of course there is no danger of any serious or permanent revolt, but it must be remembered that even an accidental collision in which blood was shed might have a most disastrous effect upon our pre- sent satisfactoiy relations with the warlike tribes in the North West, whose amity and adhesion to our system of Government is so essential to the progress of the Pacific Railway, and I make this appeal, as I may call it, with all the more earnestness since I have convinced myself of the degree to which, if pro|)erly dealt with, the Indian popula- tion might be made to contribute to the development of the wealth and resources of the Province. I have now seen them in all phases of their existence, from the half-naked savage, perched like a bird of prey in a red blanket upcm a rock "BY— HAIL.' 496 trying to catch his miserable dinner of fish, to the neat Indian maidens in Mr. Duncan's school at Metlakatlah, as modest, and as well-dressed as any clergyman's daughter in an English parish, or to the shrewd horseriding Siwash of the Thompson Valley, with his racers in training for the Ashcroft stakes, and as proud of his stackyard and turni|. field as a British squire. In his first condition it is evident he is scarcely a producer or a consumer ; in his second he is eminently both ; and in proportion as he can be raised to the higher level of civilization, will be the d' Ljree to which he will contribute to the vital energies of the Province. What you want are not resources, but human beings to develop them and to consume them. Raise your 30,000 Indians to the level Mr. Duncan has taught us they can be brought, and consider what an enormous amount of vital power you will have added to your present strength. But I must not keep you longer. I thank you most heartily for your patience and attention. Most earnestly do I desire the ac- complishment of all your aspirations, and if ever I have the good fortune to come to British Columbia again, 1 hope it may be by — rail." This brilliant effort was spoken at Victoria on the morn- ing of the 20th of September and occupied two hours and a quarter in its delivery. It was listened to with the greatest interest and attention. This was His Lordship's farewell address, and on that evening the Vice-regal party embarked on board the " Amethyst," and at noon the next day, the corvette steamed off for San Francisco, arriving at that 496 IN OTTAWA. city oil the moining of the 24th inst. On Monday evening 25th inst., Their Excellenciea attended a ball at Bolmotit, the residence of Senator Wm. Sharon, where they met Gen- eral Sherman and Hon. Mr. Cameron, U.S. Secretary of War. A visit to the Chinese Theatre and a Chinese restaurant occupied the greater part of the next night. Their Excellencies left San Francisco on the rooming of Wednesday, and in due time arrived at Toronto, whence afteu resting on Sunday, they took the cai-s for Ottawa and reached the capital on Monday evening. After attending to some business matters Lord Duflerin paid a private visit to the Centennial Exhibition, then being held in Philadelphia, and on his return to Ottawa he made the following reply to the address which was presented to him by the corporation of the capital : " Gentlemen, — " It is with feelings of no ordinary emotion that I accept this fresh and unexpected mark of your confidence and good will. " Glad as I may be to find myself at home again, after so many months of travel, the warm welcome whicli has been prepared for me by yourselves, and the citizens of Ottawa, sheds an additional brightness over niy return, " My visit to British Columbia has been both gratifying and instructive, Nothing could have been more kind or cordial than the welcome extended to me personally by its inhabi- tants or more universal or genuine than the loyalty of all classes in the Province towards the Throne and Person of PROOF OF (WODWILL. 497 Her Majesty. Of course you are aware that there are cer- tain matters in controversy between the Local Oovernniont of the Province and my own responsible advisers, but on no occasion from the time that I landed till the time that I took my departure did the British Columbia people allow this cir- cumstance to afi'ect the friendliness of their bearing towards the Representative of their Sovereign. I do not presume to hope that my visit to the West will have been productive of much practical result, so far as the disputes to which I have alluded are concerned. Their settlement will depend upon other considerations, and will be provided for under the advice of the responsible Ministers of the Grown at Victoria and Otta./a, but I have no hesitation in saying that my presence amongst your fellow-countrymen on the other side of the Rocky Mountains has been universally . .garded as a proof and pledge of the friendliness and good-will felt for them by the people of Canada at large, and I am quite cer- tain that any reasonable effort upon the part of the Domin- ion, and the exhibition of that generosity of feeling which is due from a great community to a feebler neighbour, will not fail to restore that perfect harmony and intimate union in thought and feeling between British Columbia and her sister Provinces, which is so essential to the strength and perma- nence of our Confederation. (C)icers.) In conclusion, gentle- men, I cannot help adding one word of congratulation on the admirable appearance made by Canada at the Centennial Exhibition, from whence I have just come. Whether we take into account the variety*of our products, their intrinsic value, the degree to which they are destined to promote the FF 408 A MARVEL OF THE AOE. expaiiHion of our wealth, trade and commerce, or whether we consider the admirable method and completeness with which they have been displayed under the supervision of our Commissioners, we must be equally struck with the etfective share which Canada has taken in enhancing the attractions of the Centennial show. Tliere can be no doubt but that these proofs of our resources, and prospects, have made the most favourable impression upon our neighbours in the United States. In many respects they acknowledge, with a generosity which well becomes thrm, that wo are their masters, and the many prizes we have taken away, especially in the agricultural competitions, have completely borne out their appreciation of our eminence. (Cheers.) In- deed I may say I am never allowed to enter the United States without being made to feel with what kindly feelings we are regarded by that great people, whose own extraordi- nary development is one of the marvels of the Hge. Whei-ever I go I never fail to meet with the greatest courtesy and consideration, which I gladly recognize as a tribute not to myself but to the Canadian nationality I represent, whom the people of the States are always anxious to honour in my perr.on. (Cheers.) At no period in the history of the world have those bonds of sympathy and aflection by which the English-speaking communities are indestructibly united, been drawn closer or rendered more sensibly apparent than at the present moment. The many proofs given by England of her friendly feeling towards the people of the United States have found theit crowning expression in the noble way she has associated herself with them in celebrat- iSmhimi«ium OniTUAHY OF I urn. 490 in<^ tli(3 ('(Mitoniiial yt^ar of tlieir cxistiMict' as an intlcpciHlont coiinnuiiity, and nowhere has her Tinperial (lif,'nity boon inoro fitly or ap])r()[)riately tli.splayed than beneath the hicent roof of the Philadelphia Exliiitition, where she sits enthroned amid lier nativ(! treasures, and surrounded by the crowd of loyal colonies throuf^h whose: intervention she not only ex- tends her sceptre to the four quarters of the world, but has every where established Parliamentary Government, and laid deep the foundations of an imperishable freedom. (Cheers.) Facing her in f^enerous emulation stands the United States, backed by the wealth of her virgin territories and the in- ventions of her ingenious artificers, and as you traverse the building from end to end, you almost forget to remember whether you be English, Canadian, Australasian, American, from Africa, or from India, in tlie proud consciousness that you are a member of that great race, whose entei-prise has invaded eveiy region, whose children have colonized two continents, whose language is spoken by one-third of civil- ized mankind, whose indu-stry throngs the markets of the globe, and whose political genius has developed the only successful form of Constitutional Government as yet known to the nations of the earth." (Great applause.) The obit \vy of 1870 includes the following prominent Canadian r mes : — Lieutenant-Governor Caron, of Quebec, the Hon. John Hillyard Cameron, of Ontario, Hon. John Robertson, of St. John, ^".B., Hon. C. S. Rodier, Judge Beaudry, and D. Torrance, of Montreal, and Archbishop Connolly, of Halifax, N.S. CHAPTER X. The Visit to Toronto — The Einks — Dinner at the National Club — His Excellency's Humorous Speech — The Toronto Club — The Speech There— Return to Ottawa— Parlour Theatri- cals AT Rideau Hall. )N January, 1877, Lord and Lady Dufferin went to Toronto. During their stay in that city several entertainments were got up in their honour, and they paid numerous visits to different representative insti- tutions. The exhibition rooms of the Ontario Society of Artists were inspected, and His Excellency was so much pleased with the art specimens which he saw there, that he at once decided on giving two medals annually for competi- tion by the students of the Society. The opening of the Adelaide Street rink next claimed the attention of the visi- tors. This covered rink was built by the Toronto Curling and Skating club, and, taking advantage of the presence of the Earl and Countess of Dufferin in the city, the committee invited the distinguished visitors to formally open it. The ceremony took place with eclat on the 1 2th inst., before a very large assemblage of people. The Rev. Dr. Barclay, chaplain of the club, read the address, and Lord Dufferin 's genial reply to the .same was much admired. A ball at Gov- DINNER AT THE NATIONAL CLUB. 501 ernment House, reception, levees, an At Home, and two public dinners made up the very agreeable programme. A visit was paid to the Mechanics' Institute, where HiS Excellency I'e- sponded to an address from the Board of Management. Ad- dresses were also presented by the Royal Canadian Humane Society and the School Board, to which responses were made. The dinner at the National Club was a very pleas- ant aflfair ; the attendance was large, and the company em- braced some of the most eminent names in the Dominion. The chair was occupied by Mr. John Gillespie, and Lieut.- Col. Scoble took the vice-chair. Lord Dufferin sat on the chairman's right, and next to him was the Hon. W. P. How- land, while on the left the Hon. Oliver Mowat and the Mayor were seated. The speeches were of a light and elegant na- ture, gracefully interspersed with wit and humour. Lord r>ufferin's response to the toast of his health was certainly one of the happiest after-dinner .speeches he has ever deliv- ered in Canada, or indeed, anywhere else. It is full of good- natured banter, allied to a certain degree of sound common sense. The chairman, in proposing the toast of the evening, repented the lines — " And then I atole ail courtesy from heaven. And dressjd myself in such hnniility. That I did plnck allegiance from all hearts, Lond shouts and salutations from their mouths." ills Excellency then said : — G^Mtlemen, — " I a.ssure you it is with feelings of the deepest grati- tude that I rise to acknowledge the kind and cordial 502 UNOSTENTATIOUS EFFORTS. manner in which you have been good enough to drink my health. Such tokens as those which you liave just exliibited of your confidence and kind feelings are a most welcome en- couragement to any one in my situation, for it gives me the assure- ce that I have not failed in that which is one of the dearest and most anxious desires of my heart, namely, to secure the good-will and attachment of those I have been comiiiissioiitjd by my Sovereign to serve. (Cheers.) Pro eluded as the representative of the Crown necessarily is by the veiy essence of his duly from the slightest appearance of a desire or design to place himsel* in sympathy with any phase of political enthusiasm, or with the special predilec- tions of any section of the community, however numerous or well-inspired, — reduced as his functions are to those rather of a negative than of a positive character, — andunsensational as is the routine of his ordinary duties, — there necessarily re- main but very few points at which he can come into any- thing like intimate or harmonious contact with those to the promotion of whose interests, ha})piness, and welfare, the ♦iuergies of his life are nevertheless directed. (Hear, hear.) Under these circumstances his pleasure and his pride are ail the greater when he finds that his obscure and unostenta- tious efforts to do his duty and to benefit the country with which he is connected have attmcted the notice or com- mendation of those whose esteem it is his ambition to win and preserve. His principal achievements probably con- sist rather in preventing mischief than in accomplishing any substantial good; and even with regard to his public .speeches, which more than anything else communicate some little sub- W W bi ft iiii i'ng i M i '" f a a a H n Bgaw THE HUMBLE FUNCTIONARY. 503 stance to liis sliadowy individuality, as I observed the other day to the City Council, the best part of them, to adopt the privilege of my country, are those which have been left out. (Great laughter.) In fact, the head of the State in a consti- tutional regime is the depository of what, though ur.doubted- ly a ver;y great, is altogether a latent power — a pov/er which under the auspices of wise Parliamentary statesmanship is never suffered to become active, and his ordinary dutios are very similar to those of the humble functionary we see superintending the working of some complicated mass of steam-driven machinery. (Laughter.) This personage merely walks about with a little tin vessel of oil in his hand (re- newed laughter), and he pours in a drop here and a drop there, as occasion or the creaking of a joint nxay require, while his utmost vigilance is directed to no higher aim than the preservation of his wheels and cogs from the intrusion of dust, gi-its — (roars of laughter again and again renewed) — or other foreign bodies. There, gentlemen, what was I saying ? See how etisily an unguarded tongue can slip into an ambiguous expression — (uproarious laughter) — an expres- sion which I need not assure you on this occasion is entirely innocent of all political significance. (Laughter.) But I must say that far from having had cause to complain of my huml>le eftbrts, such as they were, not having been duly ap- preciated, I am (Jnly too sensible that your kindness and the generous instincts of the people of Canada to take the will for the deed, has created for me an amount of good-will and approval far beyond my deserts, of which such entertain- ments as the present, and the pleasant things said at them, is 604 CANADA'S POSITION. \Mi\ !lil the agreeable exhibition. (Cheers.) Anybody would in- deed be dead to every sentiment of gratitude, in whose heart such tokens of conlidence did not arouse a still more earnest desire to do his duty, and to strain eveiy nerve in the service of those who are so ready to condone his shortcomings and reward his exertions. (Loud applause.) And, gentlemen, here I must be permitted to say that I consider it as no small part of my good furtune that my connectioii with Canada .should have occurred at a moment wh .n probably she is in the act of making one of the greatest strides towards the estab- lishment of her pi-estige, stability, and importance which has hitherto been recorded in her histcrj'. (Cheers.) Even a casual observer cannot have failed to mark the decisive manner in which she is gradually asserting her position as one of the most important communities in the civilized world. (Great applause.) This circumstance has had a very visible eftect both upoii the public opinirn of England and of the United States. In spite of that preoccupation with their own atl'air.s natural to all communities, Canada on several occasions has not merely attracted the sympathies but has compelled the admiration and attention of the thinking men of both countries. Her school system, her federal arrangements, her municipal institutions, her maritime regulations, have repeatedly been cited in recent years by English statesmen of authority and distinction as worthy of imitation. (Cheers.) As for the United States, although they may be too proud to own it, there is not a citizen of the neighbouring Repub- lic who does not envy the smooth and harmonious woiking of our well-balanced and happily adjusted institutions. (Ap- P'li CUTTING THE GORDIAN KNOT. 6()& plause.) Of one thing I am quite sure, that there is not an American politician between the Athmtic and the Pacific who would not at the present moment be content to give half his fortune, and perhaps a gi-eat deal more, to possess that most serviceable and useful thing, a Governor-General. (Great laughter.) Indeed, the acquisition by the United States of so valuable a personage has of late come to appear of such prime necessity — would prove such an obvious mode of solving their present difficulties, and of remedying the defects of their Governmental machines — that I have been extremely nervous — (laughter) — about passing so nea,r the border as I had to do on my way hither. There is no know- ing what might happen in the case of people under such, a stress of temptation. (Renewed laughter.) Raids have been prompted sometimes by love as well as hate. In fact, the tame ceremonies of modern marriage are but the emas- culated reproduction of the far more spirited principle of capture — (laughter) — by which brides in less sophisticated ages were obtained. Who knows to what lengths Mr. Tilden and Mr. Hayes and the millions of their respective adherents now drawn up in hostile array against each other might not be driven in the agony of their present suspense. (Laugh- ter.) A British Governor-General ! What a cutting of the Gordian knot ! (Great laughter.) And so near, too — ijust across the water. A gunboat and a sergeant's guard, and the thing is done. (Continued laughter.) And then think what they get in him. A person dissociated from all sectional in- terests, prejudices, and passions — (hear, hear) — who can never become stronger than the people's Parliament or divide the 606 A OLORIOUS PROSPECT. m national vote. (Applause.) A representative of all that is august, stable, and sedate in the government, the history, and the traditions of the country ; incapable of partisanship, and lifted far above the atmosphere of faction ; without ad- herents to I'eward or opponents to oust from office ; docile to the suggestions of his Ministers, and yet securing to the people the certainty of being able to get rid of an Adminis- tration or Parliament the moment either had forfeited their confidence. (Applause.) Really, gentlemen, I think I had better remove nearer to the North Pole — (great laughter) — for I am sure you will believe m.e, when I say, that after hav- ing been made to feel for so many years how good and kind are the people of Canada — (cheering) — having had an op- portunity of appreciating how high an honour it is to be con- nected with a Dominion so full of hope, with such a glorious prospect before her — (great cheering) — I shall never be in- duced, even under the stress of violence and a threat of being * bulldozed ' — (loud laughter) — to sit for one moment longer than I can help in the Presidential chair of the United States. (Laughter and cheers.) Should I go, you may expect me Itack by the underground railway. (Renewed laughter.) Nay, more, so deeply attached am I to our Canada that the Pashalik of Bulgaria shall not tempt me away — (laughter) — even though a full domestic establishment, such as is cus- tomary in that country, should be provided for me out of the taxes of the people — (laughter) — and Lady Dufferin gave her consent — which is doubtful." (Creat laughter.) In conclusion, His Excellency asked leave to propose the healthof the NationalClub, coupled with thatof theVice-Pres- DINNER AT THE TORONTO CLUB. 507 IS id- to fhe lis- leir ad ident. In doing so, he said he was well aware that the National Chib sought to identify itself with all that was most patriotic in the country ; that he himself was in perfect sympathy with their endeavours to cultivate a just pride in the glorious Dominion of which they were citizens, and that his presence there to-night testified his profound conviction that those sentiments of patriotism were not only compatible with the most genuine loyalty to the Crown, but were the best pledges which could be given of the devotion of those he saw around him to the honour, welfare, and interests of the British Empire at large. (Great applause.) On the afternoon of the 15th January Their E-^cellencies visited the Caledonian Club Rink, in Mutual Street, and received an enthusiastic welcome from the curlers present. In the evening the Governor-General was entertained at dinner by the Toronto Club. Some sixty guests were pre- .sent, and the Hon. Wm. Cayley, President of the Club, oc- cupied the chair. After the removal of the cloth and the usual loyal toasts had been disposed of, the sentiment of the day was given from the chair, and His Excellency re- plied as follows : — *' Gentlemen, — " I have been so fretjueMtly lalled upon tluring the cour-e of my official career in the Dominion to express my appreciation of the fervent loyalty of the Canadian peo- ple to the throne and pe)"son of Her Majesty, as evidenced by their reception of her representative on such occasions as the present, that I sometimes dread bst my acknowledgments 508 THE YOUNG QUEEN. iiiM sihoultl actjuire a stereotyped and common-place character. But I assure you, however bald and conventional may be the expressions I am forced to use, the feelings which in- spire them well from my heart with ever fi-esh intensity. (Applause.) Love and devoilou to tlie Queen, as the type and living representative of constitutional freedom, of well- ordered government, of a renowned historical past and a hopeful future, is the ruling i)assion of Englishmen all over the world. (Cheers.) But with this national, normal and abiding principle, rooted as it is for all time in the hearts of our countrymen — (her.r, hear) — there is imdoubtedly inter- twined a tenderer sentiment — a sentiment of chivalrous per- sonal devotion towards that Sovereign Lady who, in her early girlhood, was called upon to preside over the destinies of so vast an Empire, whose chequered life, as maiden, wife and widow, has been so intimately associated with every phase of the private, as well as the public, existence of each one of us — (hear, hear) — antl whose unostentatious, patient career of faithfully fulfilled duty and never-failing well- doing, immeasurably enliances the si)]endour of the crown she wears — (cheers) — and has advanced to a degree it might be difficult to estimate the general welfare of her subjects. (Loud applause.) Such, then, being the justly inspired de- votion of British people to the throne, it can be well under- stood that its rei)resentative should be sometimes even mor- bidly anxious that nothing in his conduct or character, or in the way in which he discharges his delegated functions should be out of harmony with the relations Queen Victoria has established between herself and her people, not only HARD AND TRYING TIMES. 509 within the limits of Great Britain, but wlierover thu J^^n*,'- lish ensign waves — (applause) — I might even say wherever the English language is spoken. (Renewed applause.) His pride and pleasure is therefore proportionably all the greater the oftener he receives at the hands of such a community as that in the midst of which I have the happiness to dwell, these reassuring evidences of their willingness to extend to him their countennnce, encouragement and support, for he knows that the cheers which greet his ears and the passion of loyalty which surges around him as he passes from Pro- vince to Province and city to city of the land, are both in- tended and destined to re-echo in the ears and to ripple round the throne of her, the essence of whose happiness is her people's love. (Cheers.) And, gentlemen, if there is anything which could enhance the satisfaction which her Majesty experiences in the conviction of the place she holds in your atfections, it would be in the knowledge of the pros- perous and satisfactory circumstances under which you are .strengthening the foundations of her throne and enlarging the borders of her Empire. (Applause.) Of course I am well aware that during the past two or three years the com- mercial community of Canada have passed through hard and trying times. But when I observe, as I have had an opportunity of doing, the extraordinary development which has taken place in the architectural splendour of Toronto during the interval which has intervened since my last visit — (hear, hear) — T cannot be expected to entertain any misgivings either in regard to your present or to your fu- ture. Within this brief period, new banks, churches, com- 510 CANADIAN BEEF. i; -;!:! Jl i||l mercial buildings, mansions, whole stieets liave sprung into existenco with the i-apidity of magic, while everything con- nected with them, and with the city, as.sures me that the progresH thus developed is as solid and substantial as it is vesplendcint. (Applause.) In fact, cae of the happinesses of living in a new and teeming country like Canada is the feel- ing that ' the stars in their courses ' are fighting for us, and that every season is destined to bring with it tlie disccn-ery of new resources, and fresh issues to our industries. It has been only during the currency of the present year we have been made aware of the possibility of our establishing a branch of trade whose development is destined to do as much as anything that has for a long time hap|)eiied to in- crease our wealth, to invigorate our exertions, and, what is best of all, to draw still more tightly together the bonds which unite us to the Mother Country. (Hear, hear, and applause.) I am told upon good authority that the success attending the experiment of importing Canadian beef into the English market has already brought down the price of butchers' meat in Great Britain sevei.d cents. (Hear, hear.) Well, gentlemen, what does this imply ? Why, that ere long the millions of England will be dependent upon the pastures and farmers of C.anatla for the chief and most im- portant item of their daily subsistence. For what are the diminutive scraps of grass land in Ireland, or along the foggy coasts of Belgium, in comparison with the illimitable breadths of cattle-producing territory wliicli spread from hence to the Rocky Mountains, whose inexhaustible produce the very in- clemency of our climate will assist us in transporting OllEAT AND ABLE MEN. Ml ficsh anil sweet to Liverpool and Sinithfield '. But, fjft'ntlenien, it is not merely upon the material progress of the country, or of your neij,'lil)ourhood, thr.t I desire to conOI(LOWING out Their Excellencies' annual cus- toirt of visiting certain portions of the Dominion, and entering into more intimate relations with the inhabitants, the autumn o^'" this year was devoted to a tour through the romantic and distant Province of Mani- toba. Towards the end of July the Vice-regal party, fuily equipped for a journey which involved a good deal of fatigue, and whicli extenuea over a vast amount of territory, left by way of Sarnia, Detrol^^ ana Chicago for St. Paul, Minn. They arrived at that city at 4 p. m. on the first of August, and were met at the station by a large assemblage of people and a committee from the Chamber of Commerce. The tra- vellers drove to the Metropolitan Hotel, and, after resting a few hiiurs, His Excellency received the formal visit of the Committee, and entereil into arrangements for the next day's proceedings. The programme consisted of an early recep- tion, the presentation of addresses, a drive of ten miles to Minneapolis, and a visit to the Falls of Minnehaha and Fort * M8 MINNEHAHA FALLS. i^i Snelling. The next morning at nine o'clock the arrange- ments were satisfactorily begun. Leading citizens, mem- bers of the Corporation and Chamber of Commerce, to the numi '■ over a hundred, called on Their Excellencies, under cLi ion of the Master of Ceremonies, Gen. R. W. Johnson. Ex-Governor C. K. Davis, who introduced the de- putation, then advanced and delivered an address. In his reply to this Loi'd Dufferin made some remarks which were received with much enthusiasm, and a very pleasant im- pression prevailed among hosts and guests. Gen. Terry and his staff of officers were then announced by Col. Little- ton, and, after an introduction to Their Excellencies, the party entered carriages and drove to Minneapolis through a country of great richness and fine natural scenery. After an early dinner at the Nicollet House, the attractive points in the neighbourhood were visited. Minnehaha Falls, im- mortalized in Mr. Longfellow's undying verse, enlisted from the first the adnairation of Lord Dufferin, who, with the Countess, v/alkemented by caniages, pedestrians and a troo}) of about one hundred and fifty Indians of both sexes. Arches were erected the whole length of the way, and all of these bore words of welcome and respect. Sheaves of wheat and oats formed the principal style of decoration which ornamented these ever- green trophies. At Selkirk an address was read by Mr. Sifton and a number of presentations were made to Their Excellencies. The visitors then drove off to St. Peter's, and as the route to tliis place is maiked by bits of the finest THE CHILDREN OF THE i^UEEN. 525 scenery in the world, the journey was most enjoyable. The driver kept close to the bank of the river, thus affording a splendid opportunity of seeing the features which the view here presented. Before reaching St. Peter's a band of Indians fi'om Fort Alexander cnme out and met the procession, and returned with it to the village. A very large number of Indians were assembled at St. Peter's, and His Excellency made them a speech in which he addressed them as the children cf the Queen. A visit to the school-house gave the guests an opi)ortunity of hearing some pretty fair singing by young Indian girls, and on the conclusion of the exercises here, the party re- turned again to the old fort, and on Saturday loft for Silver Heights. On Monday the visitors began their U'ip to the Monnonite settlement on Rat River. A t\venty six hours' drive brought the Mennoniten Reserve in sight and a delegation of the officials came out to meet the Viceroy, headed by the Domi- nion Emigration Agent, Mr. Hespeler. After i.jSj) acting some of the farm houses and the new church in process of erection, the course was resumed in the direction of the rece|)tion ground — a vacant space in the prairie. Between seven and eight hundred people assembled on the green. Tea, flavour- ed with lemons, was served in the pretty little arbour, and after this grateful refreshment had been i)artaken of, Mr. Jakob Peters, the scribe of the community, read an address to His Lordship in the German language, in which he traced the history oi' this people — a religious sect which dates ita history more than three centuries back, and which grew out WITH THE MENNONITES. of the fanaticism of the AnahaptintH in the sixteenth cen- tury, led hy Simons Menno, the founder of the school. These people make excellent settlors, and in order to in- duce them to come to the country, the Canadian Govern- ment have set apart large tracts of land for their exclu- sive colonization, and lent them one hundred thousand dol- lars at six per cent, for eight years, to assist them in build- ing houses and cultivating the soil. There are now two settlements of these people in Manitoba, the one on tlie Rat River reservation being the most important. The other is situated west of Red River, and is known as the Dufterin reserve. The combined population is about G,500 souls. The people are thrifty, well-to-do, and industrious. When Mr. Peters had finished his address. Lord DufFerin replied in these words : — " Fellow- Citizens of the Dominion, and Subjects of Her Majesty, — " I have come here to-day in the name of the Queen of England to bid you welcome to Canadian soil. With this welcome it is needless that I should couple the best wishes of the Imperial Government in England or of the Dominion Government at Ottawa, for you are well aware that both have regarded your coming here with unmitigated satisfaction. You have left your own . land in obedience to a conscientious scruple, nor will you have been the first to cross the Atlantic under the pressure of a similar exigency. In doing so you must have made great sacrifices, broken with many tender associations, and [l.ll..,..iij ».gia!.. i 0U"M Ji....ffl!ifn THE BRUTE FORCES OF NATURE. m overthrown the settled purposes of your former peacefully ordered lives ; but tlie very fact of your having manfully faced the uncertainties and risks of so distant an emiora- tion, rather than surrender your religious convictions in regard to the unlawfulness of warfare, proves you to be well worthy of our respect, confidence, and esteem. You have come to a land where you will find the people with whom you are to associate ci' aged indeed in a great struggle, and contending with foes whom it requires their best energies to encounter. But those foes are not your fel- low-men, nor will you be called upon in the struggle to stain your hands with human blood — a task which is so abhor- rent to your religious feelings. The war to which we invite you as recruits and comrades, is a war waged again.st the brute forces of nature ; but those forces will welcome our domi- nation, and reward our attack by placing their trea.sures at our disposal. It is a war of ambition — for we intend to annex territory' after territory — but neither blazing villages nor devastated fields will mark our ruthless track; our battalions will march across the illimitable plains which stretch before us, as sunshine steals athwart the ocean ; the rolling prairie will blossom in our wake, and corn and peace and plenty will spring where we have trod. But not only are we ourselves engaged in these beneficent occupations — you will find that the only other nationality with whom we can ever come in contact is occupied with similar peaceable pur- suits. They, like us, are engaged in advancing the stan- dards of civilization westwards, not as rivals but as allies ; and a community of interests, objects and aspirations has ill i li i I !: S28 ABSOLUTE RELIOIOUS LIBERTY. already begun to cement between the people of the United States and ourselves what is destined, J trust, to prove an indissoluble affection. If then, you have come hither to seek for peace — peace, at least, we can promise you. But it is not merely to the material blessings of our land that I bid you welcome. We desire to share with you on equal terms our <;onstitutional liberties, our municipal privileges, and our domestic freedom ; we invite you to assist us in choosing the inembers of our Parliament, in shaping our laws, and in moulding our future destinies. There is no right or function which we exercise as free citizens in which we do not desire you to participate, and with tbis civil freedom we equally gladly offer you absolute religious liberty. The forms of worship you have brought with you, you will be able to practise in the most u, restricted manner, and we confi- dently tiast that those blessings which have waited upon your virtuous exertions in your Russian homes will continue to attend you here ; for we hear that you are a sober-minded and God-fearing community, and as such you are doubly welcome amon.'^t us. It is with the greatest pleasure I have passed through your villages, and witnessed youi com- fortable homesteads, barns and byres, which have arisen like H j-gic upon this fertile plain, for they prove indisputably that you are expert in agriculture, and already possess a hitrh standard of domestic comfort. In the name then of Canada fnd lier people, in the name of Queen Victoria and her empire, I again stretch out to you ',he hand of brother- hood and good-fellowship, for you art as welcome .to our affections as you are to our lands, our liuertios and freedom. ' .n k CONSTITUTIONAL FREEDOM AND EQUAL RIGHTS. 529 In the eye of our law the least among you is the equal of the highest magnate in our land, and the proudest of our citizens may well be content to hail you a»s his fellow-coun- trymen. You will find Canada a beneficent and loving mother, and under her fostering care I trust your community is destined to flourish and extend in wealth and numbers through countless generations. In one word, beneath the flag whose folds now wave above us, you will find pro- tection, peace, civii and religious liberty, constitutional freedom and equal laws." The remainder of the day was spent in various ways. Lord Dufferin made a few sketches, some of his suite went shooting, and others again remained indoors, and listened to the singing of some German songs. In the evening a dis- play of fireworks took place, and, after a good night's rest, the party next morning returned to Silver Heights, where the balance of the week was passed On Monday the great trip of the iourney was inaugurated, and Their Excellencies started f^'i' the North West Angle. At Pointe de Chene an address was read by Chas. Nolin, M.P.P., after which the trip was resumed. The steamer " Colvillj ," which had been engaged to convey the tourists to the Saskatchewan, got imbedded in a mud bank, and as a good deal of delay was caused by the efforts which were made to get her off". His Excellency determined to wait no longer for the steamer. He accordingly bade adieu to Fort Alexr.nder, to which point he had arrived on the previous Friday, and chartering a number of canoes, the whole party HH 530 CMAND RAPIDS. i left under an escort, provided by the Iroquois, for Gimli, the Icelandic settlement on the west. In the meantime, while these preparations were going on, the " Colville " had been extricated from her position, and, with full steam on, she sailed for Fort Alexander, and met the canoes on their way. Passengers and. baggage were soon transferred to the " Colville," and in a few minutes the three hundred mile voyage to the mouth of the Saskatchewan was begun in earnest. Beyond the fact that the voyage was a very plea- sant one, and that the scenery was exceedingly striking and picturesque, and that the clear and sparkling water of the Saskatchewan was totjilly unlike that of the Red and Assin- iboine Rivers, there is nothing worthy of note to chronicle. A few stoppages on th. way were made, and at all of these places the Indian and half-breed population vied with each other in showing their hos^'tality towards i,iieir visitors, who were delighted with the varying aspect which the dif- ferent features of the trip presented. A short stay at a point near the Grand Rapids, which is in the district of Keewatin, enabled the party to walk about the village and examine the wigwams of the Indians and the log houses of the few white residents of the place. The " Colville " was moored about two miles below the Grand Rapids. Mr. Mc- Tavish, an officer of the Hudson Bay Comi)any, met the party soon after their disembarkation, and conveyed them across the portage in a small car on the little railway which the company were at that time building. A visit was paid to the large storehouse, where luncheon was served and the natural curiosities of the place exhibited. The party next A THUNDER STORM. 531 attempted a feat of great daring. With some nine or ten Indians as navigators, the visitors entered a boat, specially built for the purpose, and dashed down the Grand Rapids with tremendous fury, through rocky islands and past high walls of liiiiostone and a hundred other obstacles for nearly three long miles to the smooth water below. This completed the stay at Grand Rapids, and in an hour more the " Col- ville " was steaming away for Gimli, tarrying a moment at Dog's Head Point to receive an Indian delegation, and at St. George's Channel, where the vessel came to anchor. In the morning a heavy storm was raging and the rain came down with great violencp and to add to the inccu- venience of the hour, the c(; is getting low. A de- cision was promptly arrived at, and the '* C<>lville " returned to Stone Fort, where a supply of coal was shipped, and, the wind subsiding by the afternoon, the voyage to the Icelandic settlement was resumed. The ladies, on this occasion, re- mained in the fort. They acted wisely in doing so or the steamer had not been out long befoi'e a t^iunder storm swept over the place and lashed Lake Winnipeg into a pprf.'yt fury. Thunder, lightning and rain raged incessaimy for upwards of an hour. The " Colville," happily, lay at anchor in the river during the continuance of the storm. At four o'clock on the morning of the 14th of September, the steamer was enabled to pursue her way to her destination, which she gaih'^d in about five or six hours. Gimli is situated on the west coast of Lake Winnipeg. Some two or three years ago the Canadian Government set apart a large reserve in the district of Keewatin for the % 682 SPEECH AT GIMLI. I Icelanders who had emigrated to Canada in 1875 and, settling in Victoria County, Ontario, had become dissatisfied with the character of the soil. The whole body, upwards of two hundred and fifty souls, were transported at the country's expense to the North West, and considerable eftbrt was put forward in Iceland to induce immigi-ation to Canada. As a result nearly twelve hundred persons responded to the call. The reserve covers an area of 427 square miles. Gimli is the chief village of the settlement. The " Colville anchored within half a mile of the beach, N'^hen a boat put out from the settlement and presently Mr. Taylor, the agent, addressed some words to His Excellency, when the whole party took to the several boacs and rowed up to the shore where they disembarked. Mr. Freder- ickson received the visitors, and a tour of the village was made and the houses inspected. Luncheon was then dis- posed of, when an address was read to His Excellency, in which Mr. Frederickson contrived to say a good deal about the esteem in which Lord Dufferin was still held in Iceland, and whom he greeted as an old friJind of the country. Lord DufFerin's reply was very ho.ppy. He spoke in the English tongue and the interpretei- conveyed his language to the Icelanders sentence by sentence. He said : — " Men and Women of Iceland, noiv citizens of Canada, and subjects of Her Majesty the Queen, — " When it was my good fortune twenty years ago to visit your island, I never thought that the day would come when I should be called upon, as the representa- img Ithe pwo i-y's [put is a ?all. li is FRECA UTIONS OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 533 tive of the British Crown, to receive you in this coun- try; but the opportunities I have thus had of becoming acquainted witli your dramatic history, with your pictu- resque literature, and the kindness I have experienced at the hands of your countrymen, now enable me with the greater cordiality to bid you welcome. I have learnt with extreme son-ow of the terrible trials to which you have been exposed so soon after your arrival by the un- expected ravages of a destructive epidemic. Such a visitation was well calculated to damp your spirits and to benumb your energies, aggravating as it did those inevitable hardships which attend the first efforts of all colonists to establish themselves in a new land. The precautions which the Local Oovemment was reluctantly compelled to take to prevent the spreading of the contagion through the Province must also have been both galling and disadvantageous, but I trust that the discouragements which attended your advent amongst us have now forever passed away, and that you are fairly embarked on a career of happiness and prosperity. Indeed, I understand that there is not one amongst you who is not perfectly content with his new lot, and fully satisfied that the change wliich has taken place in his destiny is for the better. During a hasty visit like the present, I cannot pretend to acquire moi-e than a superficial insight into your condition, but so far as I have observed, things appear to be going sufficiently well with you. The homesteads I have visited seem well-built and commodious, and are certainly far superior to any of the farmhouses T remember in Iceland, while the gardens and little clearings which have begun to 684 THE THESE NECESSARY ARTS. surround them, show that you have already tapped an inex- haustible store of wealth in the rich alluvial soil on which we stand. The three arts most necessary to a Canadian colonist are the felling of timber, the ploughing of land, and the constmction of highways, but as in your own country none of you had ever seen a tree, a cornfield, or a road, it is not to be expected that you should immediately exhibit any expertness in these accomplishments ; but practice and ex- perience will soon make you the masters of all three, for you possess in a far greater degree than is probably imagined, that which is the essence and foundation of all superiority — intelligence, education, and intellectual activity. In fact, I have not entered a single hut or cottage in the settlement, which did not contain, no matter how bare its walls, or scanty its furniture, a library of twenty or thirty volumes ; and I am informed that there is scarcely a child amongst you who cannot read and write. Secluded as you have been for hundreds of years from all contact with the civiliza- tion of Europe, you may in many respects be a little rusty and behind the rest of the world; nor perhaps have the conditions under which you used to live at home — where months have to be spent in the enfoi'ced idleness of a sunless winter — accustomed you to those habits of continued and unflagging industry which you will find necessary to your new existence ; but in our brighter, drier, and more exhilarating climate you will become ani- r-.:.'ed with fresh vitality, and your continually expanding prosperity will encourage you year by year to still gi'eater exertions. Beneath the genial influences of the fresh young HOUSEWIFEL Y NEAT-HANDEDNE8H. 535 world to which you have come, the dormant capacities of your race, wliich adverse climatic and geogi'aphicel conditions may have somewhat stunted and ben'unbed, will bud and burgeon forth in all their pristine exuberance, as the germs which have been for centuries buried beneath the pyramids and catacombs of Egypt are said to excel in the exuberance and succulence of their growth the corn-seeds of last year's harvest. But, as sun, and aii', and light are necessary to produce this miracle, so it will be necessary for you to profit as much as possible by the example and by the intercourse of your more knowledgeable neighbours. I have learnt with great satisfaction that numbers of your young women have entered the households of various Canadian families, where they will not only acquire the English language, which it is most desirable you should all know, and which they will be able to teach their brothers and sisters, and — I trust I may add, in couvse of time, their children — but will also learn those lessons of domestic economy and house-wifely neat- handedness which are so necessary to thd well-being, health, and cheerfulness of our homes. I am also happy to be able tn add that I have received the best accounts from a great number of people of the good conduct, handiness, and docil- ity of these young Ingeborgs, Raghnhildas, Thoras, and Gud- runs, wlio I trust will do credit to the epical ancestresses from whom they have inherited their names. Many of the houses I have visited to-day bore evident signs in their airiness, neatness, and well-ordered appeai-ance of possessing a house- wife who had ah'eady profited trom her contact with the outer world. And while I urn upon this subject there is one ■■ - m [jermitted, it was His Excel- lency's intention to visit Palestine and the Pembina Moun- tain district, but the season had so far advanced that this part of the programme had to be abandoned. On Saturday, the 29th instant, the party left Silver Heights in the morn- ing for the site of the St. Boniface station of the Pembina branch of the Canada Pacific Railroad. Arriving there, Their Excellencies proceeded to lay a portion of the road- bed of the railway. The first two spikes were driven in by Lord and Lady Dutterin, amid great cheering, in the presence of a large concourse of .spectators. The visitors then called on their way back at the College of St. Boniface, to bid farewell to the clmrchmen, and to present the prize medals to the students. Father Lavoie read an ad- dress on behalf of the scholars, and after a reply had been given the party proceeded to the City Hall, at Winnipeg, where a splendid dejeuner was prepared. The entertain- MO RETURN TO WINNIPEG. ment provided was Huperl), and the arrangements were admirably carried out. Flowers and tjroenery, flags and banners, fruits of the choicest description and variety, and indeed everything calculated to tempt the senses, were dis- played on a scale of princely munificence. Among the guests were Lieutenant-Qovcuiior Morris, the Archbishop of St. Boniface, Chief Justice Wood, Attorney-General Royal, Dr. Schultz, Col. Osborne Smith, the American Consul, Hon. D. A. Smith, Hon. Mr. Davis. Col. Littleton, Archdeacon Cowley, and over one hundred others. Most of these gen- tlemen were accompanied by their wives. The chair was occupied by Mayor Scott, who had Lord Dutt'erin at his right hand and Lady Duft'ei-iu at his left. Full justice having been done tlie dinner, the Mayor proposed Their Excellenics' health in a few graceful remarks, and when the guest of the ■evening arose to reply, he was gi-eeted with applause, which lasted some minutes. When silence was restored he said : — " Mt. Mayor, your Honour, Ladies and Gentlemen, — " In rising to express my acknowledgments to the citizens of Winnipeg for thus crowning the friendly reception I have received throughout the length and breadth of Manitoba by so noble an entertainment, I am painfully impressed by the consideration of the many respects in which my thanks are due to you, and to so many other pereons in the Province. (Applause.) From our first landing on your ijuays until the present moment, my progress through the country has been one continual delight — (loud applause) — nor has the slightest hitch or incongruous incident marred A CASUAL k^'ATERSPOUT. 641 tlie satisfaction of my visit. I havo to thank you for tin* hospitalities I have enjoy(Ml at the hands of your individual citizens, as well as of a multitude of indepijudent comuuuu- ties — for the tasteful and ingenious decorations which adorned my route — for the quarter of a mile of evenly yoked oxen that drew our triumphal car — for the universal proofs of your loyalty to the Throne and the Mother Country, and for your personal good-will towards Her Majesty's I'epresen- tative. Above all, I have to thank you for the evidences l)roduced on either hand along our march, of your prosperous condition, of your perfect contentment, of yotir confidence in your future fortunes ; for I need not tell you that to any one in my situation, smiling cornfields, cosy homesteads, the joyful faces of prosperous men and women, and the laughter of healthy children, are the best of all triumphal adorn- ments. (Great applause.) But there are others for which I ought to be obliged to you, and first for the beautiful weather you have taken the precaution to provide us with during some six weeks of perpetual camping out — (laughter) — for which attention I have received Lady Duff'erin's espe- cial orders to render you her personal thanks — an attention which the urtusual phenomenon of a casual waterspout enabled us only the better to appreciate ; and lastly, though certainly not least, for not having generated amongst you that fearful entity ' A Pacific Railway Question ' — at all events not in those dire and tragic proportions in which I have encountered it elsewhere. (Great laughter.) Of course I know a certain phase of the railway question is agitating even this community, but it has assumed the mild character 542 THE COLORADO BUG. ot a domestic, rather than of an inter-Provincial controversy. Two distinguish ed members, moreover, of my present Gov- ernment have been lately amongst you, and have doubtless acquainted themselves with your views and wishes, xi is not necessary, therefore, that I should mar the hilarious character of the present festival by imy untimely allusions to so grave a matter. Well, then, Itvdies and gentlemen, what am I to say and do to you in return for all the plea- sure and satisfaction E have received at }^our hands ? I fear there is very little that I can say, and .scarcely anything that I can do, commensurate with my obligations. Stay — there is one thing at all events I think I have already done, for which I am entitled to claim your thanks. You are doubtless aware that a (jreat political controveisy has for some tiii\e raged botAveen the two great parties of the State as to which of them is r^^^i^-f^'^^ible for the visitat ion of that terror of two continents — the Colorado bug. (Gieat laughter.) The one side is disposed to .'ssert that if iheir opponents had never acceded to power the Colorado bug would never oave come lo Canada. 'Renened laughter.) T have reason t.o believe, however, though I know not whether .any sub- stantial evidence has been adduced in support of their asser- tion — (laughter) — that my Government deny and repudiate having had any sort of concert or understanding with thiit irrepressible inv." ier. (Roai'S of laughter.) It would be highly unconstitutional for me, who am bound to hold a perfectly impartial balance between the contending parties of the Sta,te, to pronounce "n opinion upon this momentous question. (Renewed laughter.) But, however disputable a THE UNMENTIONABLE HOPPER. 643 point may be the prime and original authorship of thft Colo- rado bug, there is one fact no one will question, namely, that to the presence of the Governor- General in Manitoba is to be attributed the sudden, total, otherwise unaccountable, and I trust permanent disappearance, not only from this Province, but from tli<3 whole North West, of the infamous and unmentionable ' hopper ' — (loud laughter) — whose an- nual visitations for the last seventeen year? have proved so distressing to the agriculfcu'-al interests of the entire region. But apart from being the fortunate instrument of conferring this benefit upon you — (laughter) — I fear the (mly further return in my power is to assiii-e you of my great sympathy with you in your endeavours to do justir j to the material advantages Avith which your Province has been so richly en- dowed by the liands of Providence. From its geographical position, and its peculiar characteristics, Manitoba may be regarded as the keystone of that mighty arch of sister Pro- vinces which spans the continent fro'u the Atlantic to the Pacihc. (Great aj^plause.) It was hare that Canada, emerg- ing ivoin her wo^ s and forests, first gazed upon her rolling prairies and unexplored North We&t, and learnt as by an unexpected revelation that her historical territories of the Canadas, her eastern seaboards of New Brunswick, Labra- dor, and Nova Scotia, her Laurentian lakes and valleys, corn lands and pastures, though themselves more extensive than half a dozen European kingdoms — (applause) — were but the vestibules and anie-chambers to that till then undreamt of Dominion, whose illimitable dimensions alike confound the arithmetic of the surveyor and the verification of the iii' M II: i ii' III !ll V4 I 544 THE OWNER OF HALF A CONTINENT. explorer. (Tremendous applause.) It was hence tliat counting her past achievements as but the preface and pre- lude to her future exertions and expandiug destinies, she took a fresh departure, received the afflatus of a more imperial inspiration, and felt herself no longer a mere set- tler along the banks of a single river, but the owner of half a continent, and in the magnitude of her possession, in the wealth of her resources, in the sinews of her material might, the peer of any power on the earth. (Loud applause.) In a recent remarkably witty speech, the Marquis of Salis- bury alluded to the geographical misconceptions often en- gender >d by the smallness of the maps upon which the figure of he world is depicted. To this cause is probably to be attributed the inadequate idea entertained by well educated pei-sons of the extent of Her Majesty's North American possessions. Perhaps the best way of correcting such a universal misapprehension would be by a summary of the rivers which flow through them, for we know that as a poor man cannot afford to live in a big house, so a small country cannot support a big river. Now, to an English- man or a Frenchman the Severn or the Thames, the Seine or the Rhone, would iij)pear considerable streams, but in the Ottawa, a mere affluent of the St. Lawrence, an affluent, moreover, which reaches the parent stream six hundred miles from its mouth, we have a river nearly five hundred and fifty miles long, and three or four times as big as any of them. (Applause.) But, even after having ascended the St. Law- rence itself to Lake Ontario, and pursued it across I ake Huron, St. Clair, and Lake Superior to Thunder Bay, a dis- THE LAKE OF THE WOODS. 545 tance of one thousand five hundred miles, where are we ? In the estimation of the person who has made the journey, at the end of all things — (great laughter) — but to us who know better, scarcely at the commencement of the gi-eat tiuvial systems of the Dominion ; for, from that spot — that is to say, from Thunder Bay — we are able at once to ship our astonished traveller on to the Kaministiquia, a river of some hundred mile,, long. Thence almost in a straight line we launch him upon Lake Shebandowan and Rainy Lake ' and River — a magnificent stream three hundred yards broad, and a couple of hundred miles long, down whose tranquil bosom he floats into the Lake of the Woods, where he finds himself on a sheet of water which, though diminutive, as compared with the inland seas he has left behind him, will probably be found sufficiently extensive to render him fear- fully sea-sick — (loud laughter) — during his passage across it. For the last eighty miles of his voyage, however, he will be consoled by sailing through a succession of land-locked channels, the beauty of whose scenery, while it resembles, certainly excels the far-famed Thousand Islands of the St. Lawrence. (Loud cheering.) From this lacustrian paradise of sylvan beauty we ai*e able at once to transfer our f::'>id to the Winnipeg, a river whose existence in the very heart and centre of the continent, is in itself one of nature's most delightful miracles, so beautiful and varied are its rocky banks, its tufted islands, so broad, so deep, so fervid is the volume of its waters, the extent of their lake-like expan- sions, and the tremendous pov/er of their rapids. (Tremen- dous applause.) At last let us suppose we have landed our II , & 646 THE MOUTH OF THE SASKATCHEWAN. prot^g^ at the town of Winnipeg, the half-way house of the continent, the capital of the Prairie Province, and I trust the future ' umbilicus ' of the Dominion. (Great cheering.) Having had so much of water, having now reached the home of the buffalo — like the extenuated Fal- staff, he naturally 'babbles of green fields' (laughter and applause), and careei's in imagination over the primeval grasses of ^he prairie. Not at all. Escorted by Mr. Mayor ' and the Town Council we take him down to your quay, and ask him which he will ascend first, the Red River or the- Assiniboine, two streams, the one five hundred miles long the other four hundred and eighty, which so happily mingle their waters within your city limits. (Applause.) After having given him a preliminary canter upon these respect- ive rivers, we take him ofi'to Lake Winnipeg, an inland sea. three hundred miles long and upwards of sixty broad, during the navigation of which for many a weary hour he will find himself out of sight of land, and probably a good deal more indisposed than ever he was on the Lake of the Woods, or even the Atlantic. (Laughter.) At the north-west angle of Lake Winnipeg, he hits upon the mouth of the Saskatch- ewan, the gateway to the north-west, and the starting point to another one thousand five hundred miles of navigable water flowing nearly due east and west between its alluvial banks. Having now reached the foot of the Rocky Moun- tains, our ' Ancient Mariner' — (laughter) — for by this time he will be quite entitled to such an appellation — knowing that water cannot run up hill, feels certain his aquatic experiences are concluded. (Laughter and applause.) He DOWN THE FRASER RIVER. 647 was never more mistaken. (Laughter.) We immediately launch him upon the Arthabaska and Mackenzie Rivers, and start him on a longer trip than he has yet undertaken — (laughter) — the navigation of the Mackenzie River alone exceeding two thousand five hundred miles. If he survives this last experience, we wind up his peregrinations by a concluding voyage of one thousand four hundred miles down the Fraser River ; or, if he prefers it, the Thompson River to Victoria, in Vancouver, whence, having previously pro- vided him with a first-class return ticket for that purpose, he will probably prefer getting home via the Canadian Pa- cific. (Roars of laughter.) Now, in this enumeration, those who are acquainted with the country are aware that for the sake of brevity I have omitted thousands of mUes of other lakes and rivers which water various regions of the North West — the Qu'Appelle River, Belly River, Lake Manitobi, the Winnepegosis, Shoal Lake, &c., &c., along which I might have dragged and finally exterminated our way-worn guest — (laughter) — but the sketch I have given is more than sufficient for my purpose ; and when it is further remem- bered that the most of these streams flow for their entire length through alluvial plains of the richest description — (applause) — where year after year wheat can be raised without manure, or any sensible diminution m its yield — (hear, hear) — and where the soil everywhere presents the appearance of a highly cultivated suburban kitchen- garden in England, enough has been said to display the agricultural riches of the territories I have referred to — (great (applause) — and the capabilities they possess of affording 548 THE INDIAN PROBLEM. happy and prosperous homes to millions of the human race. (Long and continued applause.) But in contemplating the vistas thus opened to our imagination, we must not forget that there ansues a corresponding expansion of our obliga- tions. For instance, unless great care is taken, we shall find, as we move westwards, that the exigencies of civilization may clash injuriously with the prejudices and traditional habits of our Indian fellow-subjects. As long as Canada was in ilifc woods the Indian problem was comparatively easy ; the progress of settlement was slow enough to give ample time and opportunity for arriving at an amicable and mutu- &\\y convenient arrangement with each tribe with whom we successively came into contact ; but once out upon the plains, colonization will advance with far more rapid and ungovern- able strides, and it cannot fail, eventually, to interfere with the by no means inexhaustible supply of Buffalo, upon which so many of the Indian tribes are now dependent. Against this contingency it will be our most urgent and imperative duty to take timely precautions, by enabling the red man, not by any undue pressure, or hasty or ill-considered inter- ference, but by precept, example, and suasion, by gifts of cattle and other encouragements, to exchange the precarious life of a hunter for that of a pastoral, and eventually that of an agi'icultural people. (Applause.) Happily in no part of Her Majesty's dominions are the relations existing between the white settler and the original natives and masters of the land so well understood or so generously and humanely inter- preted as in Canada, and as a consequence, instead of being a cause of anxiety and disturbance, the Indian tribes of the SITTING BULL, 619 ie. le let [a- k )n ial ras Dominion are regarded as a valuable adjunct to our strength and industry. (Hear, hear, and applause.) Wherever I have gone in the Province — and since I have been here I have travelled nearly a thousand miles within your borders — I have found the Indians upon their several reserves, preter- mitting a few petty grievances of a local character they thought themselves justified in preferring, contented and satisfied, upon the most friendly terms with their white neighbours, and implicitly confiding in the good faith and paternal solicitude of the Government. (Applause.) In some districts I have learnt with pleasure, that the Sioux, who a few years since entered our territory under such sinister circumstances — I do not, of course, refer to the re- cent visit of Sitting Bull and his people — who, however, I believe are remaining perfectly quiet — are not only peace- able and well-behaved, but have turned into useful and hard- working labourers and harvest men ; while in the more dis- tant settlements, the less domesticated bands of natives, whether as hunters, voyageurs, guides, or purveyors of our furs and game, prove an appreciably advantageous element in the economical structure of the colony. (Applause.) There is no doubt that a great deal of the good feeling thus sub- sisting between the red men and ourselves is due to the in- fluence and interposition of that invaluable class of men, the half-breed settlers and pioneere of Manitoba — (loud ap- plause) — who, combining as they do the hardihood, the en- durance, and love of enterprise generated by the '^crain of Indian blood within their veins, with the civilisation, the instruction, and the intellectual power derived from their 1 1 I? if 550 THE NATIVE POPULATION. fathers, have preached the Gospel of peace and good- will, and mutual respect, with equally beneficent results to the Indian chieftain in his lodge and to the British settler in the shanty. (Great applause.) They have been the ambas- sadors between the east and the west ; the interpreters of civilization and its exigencies to the dwellers on the prairie, as well as the exponents to the white men of the considera- tion justly due to the susceptibilities, the sensitive self-re- spect, the prejudices, the innate craving for justice of the Indian race. (Loud applause.) In fact, they have done for the colony what otherwise would have been left unaccom- plished, and have introduced between the white population and the red man a traditional feeling of amity and friend- ship, which but for them it might have been impossible to establish. (Cheers.) Nor can I pass by the humane, kindly, and considerate attention . hich has ever distinguished the Hudson Bay Company in its dealings with the native popu- lation. (Applause.) But though giving due credit to these influences amongst the causes which are conducing to pro- duce and preserve this fortunate result, the place of honour must be adjudged to that honourable and generous policy which has been pursued by successive Governments towarils the Indians of Canada, and which at this moment is being superintended and carried out with so much tact, discretion, and ability by your present Lieutenant-Governor — (applause) — under which the extinction of the Indian title upon liberal terms has invariably been recognized as a necessary prelimin- ary to the occupation of a single square yard of native terri- tory. (Cheering.) But our Indian friends and neighbours tumumttmrnmiiiM THE MENNONITE SETTLEMENT. 651 are byno means the only alien communities in Manitoba which demand the solicitude of the Government and excite our sympathies and curiosity. In close proximity to Winnipeg two other communities — the Mennonites and Icelanders — starting from opposite ends of Europe, without either con- <;ert or communication, have sought fresh homes within our territory; the one of Russian extraction, though of German race, moved by a desire to escape from the obligations of a law which was repulsive to their conscience — the other, bred amid the snows and ashes of an Arctic volcano, by the hope •of bettering their material condition. (Appluuse.) Although I have witnessed many sights to cause me pleasure during my various progresses through the Dominion, seldo n have I be- held any spectacle more pregnant with prophecy, more fraught with promise of a successful future, than the Mennonite set- tlement. (Applause.) When I visited these interesting people they had only been two years in the Province, and yet in a long ride I took across many miles of prairie, which but yesterday was absolutely bare, desolate, and untenanted, the home of the wolf, the badger, and the eagle, I passed village after village, homestead after homestead, furnished forth with all the conveniences and incidents of European comfort, and of a scientific agriculture, while on either side tlie road corn-fields already ripe for harvest and pastures populous with herds of cattle stretched away to the horizon. {Great applause.) Even on this continent — the peculiar theatre of rapid change and progress — there has nowhere, I imagine, taken place so marvellous a transformation (cheers) ; and yet, when in your name, and in the name of I i I W Hi i 552 TBE BRITISH CONSTITUTION. the Queen of England, I bade these people welcome to their new homes, it was not the improvement in their ma- terial fortunes that pre-occupied my thoughts. Glad as I was to have the power of applotting them so ample a portion of our teeming soil — a soil which seems to blossom at a touch — (cheering) — and which they were cultivating to such mani- fest advantage, I felt infinitel} rouder in being able to throw over them the segis of the British Constitution — (loud cheers) — and in bidding them freely share with us our unrivalled political institutions, and our untrammelled per- sonal liberty. (Great cheering.) We ourselves are so ac- customed to breathe the atmosphere of freedom that it scarcely occurs to us to consider and appreciate our advan- tages in this respect. (Hear, hear.) It is only when we are reminded, by such incidents as that to which I refer, of the small extent of the world's surface over which the principles of Parliamentary Government can be said to work smoothly and harmoniously, that we are led to consider the exceptional happiness of Our position. (Applause.) Nor was my visit to the Icelandic community less satisfactory than that to our Mennonite fellow-subjects. From accidental circum- stances I have been long since led to take an interest in the history and literature of the Scandinavian race, and the kindness I once received at the hands of the Icelandic peo- ple in their own island, naturally induced me to take a deep interest in the welfare of this new emigration. (Applause.) When we take into account the secluded position of the Icelandic nation for the last thousand years, the unfavour- able conditions of their climatic and geographical situation. ! THE THREE ACCOMPLISHMENTS. 655 it would bo unreasonable to expect that a colony from thence should exhibit the same aptitudes for agricultural enterprise and settlement as would be possessed by a people fresh from intimate contact with the higher civilization of Europe. In Iceland there are neither trees, nor cornfields, nor highways. You cannot, therefore, expect an Icelander to exhibit an inspired proficiency in felling timber, plough- ing laud, or making roads, yet unfortunately these are the three accomi>lishnients most necessary to a colonist in Can- ada. But though starting at a disadvantage i' these x'cspects you must not underrate the capacity of your new fellow- countrymen. They are endowed with a great deal of intel- lectual ability, and a quick intelligence. They are well educated. I scarcely entered a hovel at Gimli which did not possess a library. They are well-conducted, religious, and peaceable. Above all they are docile and anxious to learn. (Applause.) Nor, considering the difiiculty which prevails in this country in procuring women-servants, will the accession of some hundreds of bright, good-humoured, perhaps inexperienced, yet willing, Icelandic girls, anxious for employment, be found a disadvantage by the resident ladies of the country ? Should the dispersion of these young people lead in course of time to the formation of more inti- mate and tenderer ties than those of mere neighbourhood between the Canadian population and the Icelandic colony, I am safe in predicting that it will not prove a matter of regret on the one side or the other. (Applause.) And, gen- tlemen, in reference to this point I cannot help remarking with satisfaction on the extent to which a community of in- i & I ii 1664 ESTABLISHMENT OF A UNIVERSITY. terests, the sense of being engaged in a f ommon undertakin;/, the obvious degree in which the prosperity of any one man is a gain to his neighbours, has amalgamated the various sections of the population of this Province, originally so di- verse in race, origin, and religion, into a patriotic, closely welded and united whole. (Applause.) In no part of Can- ada have I found a better feeling prevailing between all classes and sections of the community. (Cheers.) It is in a gi-eat measure owing to this wide-spread sentiment of brotherhood that on a recent occasion great troubles have been averted, while at the present moment it is finding its ■crowning and most triumphant expression in the establisli- ment of a University under conditions which have been de- clared impossible of application in any other Province of Canada — I may say in any other country in the world — (great cheering) — for nowhere else, either in Europe or on this continent, as far as I am aware, have the bishops and heads of the various religious communities, into which the •Christian world is unhuppily divided, combined to erect an Alma Mater to which all the denominational colleges of the Province are to be affiliated, and whose statutes and degrees are to be regulated and dispensed under the joint auspices of a governing body in which all the churches of the land will be represented. (Great applause.) An achievement of this kind speaks volumes in favour of the wisdom, liberality, and the Christian charity of those devoted men by whom in this distant land the consciences of the population are led and enlightened, and long may they be spared to see the effects of their exertions and magnanimous sacrifices in the FRIENDL Y SENTIMENTS . 665 good conduct and grateful devotion of their rospoctive Hocks. (Cheers.) Nor, I am happy to think, is tliis good-fellowship upon which I have so much cause to congratulate you, con- fined either within the limits of the Province or even within those of the Dominion. Nothing struck me more on my way through St. Paul, in the United States, than the sympath- etic manner in which the inhabitants of that flourishing city alluded to the progress and pro.spects of Canada and the North West — (loud applause) — and on an'iving here I was equally struck by finding even a more exuberant counter- part of those friendly sentiments. (Great applause.) The reason is not far to seek. Quito independently of the genial intercourse promoted by neighbourhood and the in- tergrowth of commercial relations, a bond of .sympathy between the two populations is created by the consciousness that they are both engaged in an enterprise of world-wide importance, that they ai"e both organized corps in the ranks of humanity, and the wings of a great army marching in line on a level front ; that they are both engaged in advan- cing the standards of civilization westwards, and that for many a year to come they will be associated in the task of converting the breadths of prairie that stretch between them and the setting sun into one vast paradise of international peace, of domestic happiness, and material plenty. (Great cheering.) Between two communities thus occupied it is impossible but that amity and loving-kindness should be begotten. (Applause.) But perhaps it will be asked how can I, who am the natural and official guardian of Canada's virtue, mark with satisfaction such dangerously sentimental N i ^n a^B^^HiBM)' u jKi m ■1^ ii ■■■■<'\ 1 ^fflk ■HHKU ' ■il ' VJ 11 n '1 fei^fSKi SBiiJlKfMlHftiB 1 ) ^^■uHnEffiS t 1 UHI i 556 A HE ART- WHOLE STATELY MAIDEN. proclivities towards her seductive neighbour. 1 will reply by appealing to those experienced matrons and chaperoaes I see around me. They will tell you that when a young lady expresses her frank admiration for a man, when she • welcomes his approach with unconstrained pleasure, crosses the room to sit beside him, presses him tx5 join her picnic, praises him to her friends, there is not the slightest fear of her affections having been surreptitiously entrapped by the gay deceiver. (Loud laughter.) On the contrary, it is when she can be scarcely brought to mention his name — (great laughter) — when she alludes to him with malice and dis- parstgement, that real danger is to be apprehended. (Re- newed laughter.) No ! No ! Canada both loves and admires the United States, but it is with the friendly, frank affection which a heart-whole stately maiden feels for some big, bois- terous, hobbledehoy of a cousin, fresh from school, and elate v/ith animal spirits and good-nature. She knows he is stf-onger and more muscular than herself, has lots of pocket- n oney (laughter), can smoke cigars and 'loaf around' in public places in an ostentatious manner forbidden to the decorum of her own situation. (Uproarious laughter.) She admires him for his bigness, strength and prosperity; she likes to hear of his punching the heads of other boys. (Laughter). She anticipates and will be proud of his future success in life, and both likes him and laughs at him for his affectionate, loyal, though somewhat patronising friendship for herself. (Grea t laughter.) But of no nearer connection does she dream, nor does his bulky imago for a moment dis- turb her virginal meditations. (Laughter." In a world apart. i*. lues ling (she • pses me, THE GENERAL ADVANCE OF CANADA. 557 secluded from all extraneous influences, nestling at the feet of her majestic mother, Canada dreams her droam, and fore- bodes her destiny — a dre i.i of ever-broadening harvests, multiplying towns and villages, and expanding pastures ; of constitutional self-government and a confederated Empire ; of page after page of honourable history, added as her con- tribution to the annals of the Mother Country and to the glories of the British race ; of a perpetuation for all time npon this continent of that temperate and well-balanced system of Government which combines in one mighty whole as the eternal possession of all Englishmen, the brillianii history and traditions of the past with the freest and mo .t untrammelled liberty of action in the future. (Tremendous cheering.) Ladies and gentlemen, I have now done. I have to thank you for the patience with whicli you have listened to me, and once again for the many kindnesses you have done Lady Dufferin and myself during my stay amongst you. Most heartily do T congratulate y u upon all that you are doing, and upon the glorious prospect of prosperity which is opening out on every side of you. (Applause.) Though else- where in the Dominion stagnation of trade and commerce has checked for a year or two the general advance of Canada, here at least you have escaped the effects of such sinistei- incidents, for youi' welfare being based upon the most solid of all foundations, the cultivation of the soil, you are in a position to pursue the even tenor of your way untroublcurB, and handed in their report. The parties to this important movement, were men of the highest character and ability. On behalf of Great Britain, Sir Alexander T. Gait, K.C.M.G., sat as Commissioner, with Mr. Ford and Mr. Bergne, as his agents; the Hon. Ensign H. Kellogg, sat as United States Commissioner, with the Hon. Dwight Foster,, as his agent, — and Richard H. Dana, jr., Esq., as counsel. His Excellency Maurice Delfosse, Belgian Minister to Washing- ton, was the neutral Commissioner. The Canadian counsel was composed of Joseph Doutre, Q. C, S. R. Thompson, Q.C.,. R. L. Weatherbee, and L. H. Davies. The Hon. (now Sir) Albert J. Smith, Minister of Marine and Fisheries, was pre- sent at the meetings of the Commission, in behalf of the Canadian Government, and his advice on certain legal aspects of the case proved of much value and assistance. For his .services here, he was afterwards knighted by the Queen. A great deal of evidence was examined, and the fullest infor- mation from all quarters was collected. The British case was first presented ; then the American side was heard, followed i i ; * ".* ' i 860 CANADA'S DEATH-ROLL, rj by the British reply. The documents were all exceedingly able, and the speeches made by the counsel on both sides were pov/crful and effective, notablj' the masterly argu- ment of Mr. Dana, and the convincing appeal of Mr. S. R. Thompson, one of the ablest lawyers in the Dominion. On the 23rd of November, the award amounting to the sum of $5,oOO,0< ) was made, the United States Commissioner dissenting on the ground that the advantages accruing to Great Britain, under the Treaty of Washington, are greater than the advantages conferred on the United States by said treaty. M'.\ Kellogg concludes his note by saying, " That it is questionable whether it is competent for the Board to make an award under the treaty, except with the unani- mous consent of its membersi." The question excited a good deal of controversy, and provoked much comment through- out the country, Mr. Kcllogg's conduct being very generally condemned, not alone in Canada, but also in certain of the more influential circles in the United States. In this year the Bench of Canada lost three of its brightest oriiaments by death, viz. : Chief Justice Draper, of Ontario; Judge McCully, of Nova Scotia; and Judge Sanborn, of Quebec. The other Canadians of note wbc/ "led in this year are, the Hon. Stayley Brown, Pro /incial Treasurer of Nova Scotia ; J. O. Beaubien, of Quel )ec ; Hon. VV. Perley, of New Brunswick ; Hon. P. Walker, of Prince Edward Island ; and ,Sir James Douglas, the founder of Victoria, British Columbia, CHAPTER XII. In New York — A Biulliant Reunion — The American Geooraphi- CAi Society — His Excellency an Honorary Member — A Greek Speech at Montreal — Taking a Degree — At tub Windsor — A Grand Banquet A Toast — The President of the United States — Two Capital Speeches — The Fish Question — Return Home. [I FINE, the Milk-Maid," was the delightful little fairy extravaganza, which ushered in the "season" at Bideau Hall, on Now Year's Day, 1h78, and like all of these entertainments, it proved a gratifying success. Towards the close of the month, Lord DufFerin left Ottawa for New York, in response to an invitation from the Ameri- can Geographical Society, whose members were called together to discuss Captain Howgate'.i })lan fur the nxplo ration of the Arctic Ocean. The meeting took place at Chickering Hall, on the evening of the Slst of January, and there were present among other prominent gentlemen, Wm. Cullen Bryant, whose death a few months ago, cast a gloom over the whole English-speaking race ; Bayard Taylor, the eminent poit and traveller ; Dr. T. Sierry Hunt, Albert Bierstadt, the artist; Paid du Chaillu — another familiarname; Chief Justice Daly, Chief Justice Curtis, Colonel C. Chaill^ JJ r THE AMERICAN GEOORAPHICAL SOCIETY. Long (of the Egyptian Staff) ; author of an entertaining book about Central Africa, Lieut.-Col. Ludlow, and Lieut. Greeley. Captain Howgate was unavoidably absent, but an abstract of his plan was read by Lieut. Greeley, Mr. Bryant made a pleasant little speech, and Mr. Bayard Taylor then proposed Lord Dufferin for election as honorary member of the Society. President Daly put the question to a vote, and His Lordship was unanimously elected. At the request of the Chief Justice, His Excellency addressed the meeting and said : "Mr. President, Ladies and Genthyien, — I.. i^..:i. "In rising to respond to the kind obscivations which have been made in my regard by your President and the other gentlemen who have addressed you, I am disturbed by con- tending considerations. On the one hand, I feel that I have no right whatever to intervene in the present discussion ; on the other, I am naturally desirous to express my deep sense of the honour conferred upon me by so friendly a reception. (Applause.) It is true I once sailed towards the noi-th, and got as near the pole as Washington is to Ottawa ; but the voyage was as fruitless as that of the Peri to the gate of Paradise, and possessed but one feature in common with the expeditions of more seHous explorers, namely, that I had to turn back again. (Laughter.) With (he exception of es- tablishing the temperature through an unfrequented section of the Arctic Ocean, it was ban en both of scientific results and personal adventi re. I am, therefore, really no more qualified to pronounce hii opinion u| on any of the interest- " OEOQHAPUWAL EXPRESSIONS." 563 ing topics which Imve been discussed to-niglit tluui a life- long inhabitant of the tropics, and consequently I shall abstain from doing so. There is, indeed, one character in which I can claim adniisision to your halls, namely, that of a Fellow^ of the Royal Geographical Society of England, and we well know that geographers are brothers all the world over. For the geographer, the political and the ethno- logical lines of demarcation by which nationalities are divided, do not exist. All countries are to him what Italy in former days was once pronounced to be : 'geogiaphical ex- pressions.' The onl}' heroes or potentates on his roll of fame, the only sacred names admitted to his calendar, are those gallant marinei-s and noble exj)lorers who generation after generation have faced danger, privation, and death in the cause of science, and in the hope of bringing to the knowledge of mankind those secret regions of the earth which God has prepared from everlasting for the habitation or advantage of the human race. (Loud applause.) And in no part of the world ought maritime adventure to be held in hiuher honour than on that continent which is in- debted for its original birth and present glorious existence to the heroic daring of the greatest navigator that ever trimmed a sail or took a bearing. As a fellow-geographer, therefore, I beg to express to you my warmest sympathies and most respectful admiration. And proud am I to think that the two great Anglo-Saxon powers of the world should have been bo intimately associated in these Arctic expedi- tions, which by common con.sent are justly regai'ded as the most heroic, if not the most successful, of any which have 564 THE ICY REOIONS BENEATH ARCTURUS. been undertaken. (Applause.) I can assure you that in Great Britain the names of Kane and Haj'es and Hall are as fairiiliar and honoured household words as are tho.se of Franklin and Belcher and McClure in this country — (ap- plause) — and never will either the navy or the j)eople, or the Queen of England forget how the United States recov- ered, refitted, and returned across the ocean the poor old battered 'Resolute' to the j^ort from whence .she sailed. Many and strong as ai'e the bonds of sympathy which unite Great Britain to America, none, perhaps, have engendered more affectionate sentiments between the two countries, than those derived from our united efforts to penetrate the Arctic regions, and, as I may now add, the recesses of Central Africa.* ( Ajiplause.) But, after all, T feel I am really here in quite another capacity. You are aware that when the great sea-captain, Christopher Columbus, to whom I have made allusion, returned to the Court of Ferdinand, he brought with him in chains .several captive Indian chiefs as proofs of the reality of his achievements and as specimens of the strange nationalities he had discovered. To-night your discussion has been concerned with tluiBfe Joy Regions which lie beneath Arcturus, and reflect the rosy radiance of ths Aurora, and if Chief Jnstico Daly has how lull llie cap- tive to your presence, it is probably because he wished tu parade before 3'our eyes a potentate whose sceptre tuuclies the polo, and who rules over a larger area of snow than any monarch. (Loud laughter.) In one respect alone does my * A delicate cotuiiHiiient to Col. Long. ARRIVAL IN MONTREAL. 565 condition differ fi-om that of the prisoners of Columbus. When presented to the Court of Spain, the gentle Isabella commanded their manacles to be struck from off their limbs, but the chains I wear are those which have been fortred around my heart by the courtesy, kindness and consideration I have received at the hands of the people of the United States, and such fettera even your Imperial mandate would be powerless to loose." (Great applause.) In February Lord and Lady Dufferin paid their long-pro- mised visit to Montreal. They left Ottawa in a special train, and on their arrival at the Metropolis, were met at the station by a very lar-ge reception committee. The guard of honour was furnished by the Montreal Garrison Artillery, under Gapttiiiis Currie and Forbes, and Lieut. Turnbull. Lieutenant- Col. Bacon and his Staff consisting of Lieutenant-Col. Fraser, Major Fletcher, and Captain Molson of the Montreal Field Artillery, were present to receive the guests, and Mayor Beaudry, the Recorder, the City Council, Sir Francis Hincks, C. J. Brydges, Col. Stevenson, Joseph Hickson, Andrew Rob- ertson, W. J. Spicer, A. W. Ogilvie, M. H. Gault, and others assembled in the waiting-room. The train arrived at 6.10, and Aldermen Nelson, Grenier and JVIercer entered His Excellency's car and welcoined him and his party to the city. The dlseuibiirkation then took place, and as His Lordship moved along towards the waiting-room, he was greeted by a g»n(!ral salute, and continued cheering from the crowd pres- ent, and music from the bands. On reaching tlie waiting-room, Lord Dufferin was presented with an address by the Mayor, who on being introduced to Lady Dufferin, immediately r( 566 A DRIVE TO M0NKLAND8. I' thereafter presented Her Ladyship witli a houquet of flowers. Lord Dufferin then briefly replied to tlie ad(h-ess, and after a few introductions liad heen made, the visitors were con- ducted to caniages and driven to the Windsor Hotel, where they were received by a guard of h(mour from the Prince of Wales' Rifles, commanded by Major Bond, Captain Watt, and Lieutenants Watson, Wilgres, and Kinnear. Their Excellen- cies, later in the evening repaired to the grand parlours of the hotel, where they met several of the more distinguished citi- zens of Montreal, and an interchange of courtesies took place. The next morning the Vice-regal party visited Notman's studio and examined the paintings and photographs in this centre of artistic workmanship. At one o'clock lunch was taken at the residence of Mr. Joseph MacKay, in Sherbrooke street, and at a quarter to three, accompained by a cavahy escort under command of Capt. Tees, Lieut. McArthur and Cornet Porter, the party drove to Monklands v/herc Lord Dufferin performed the interesting ceremony of opening the MrtcKay Institute for Protestant Deaf Mutes. The Villa Maria convent was next visited, where the entertainment provided was of a very pleasing description. Some rather pretty lines were recited by the young ladies, and after hear- ing a little music, and an address, which called forth a repl}^ from His Excellency, the party returned to the " Windsor." That evening one of the most successful balls ever given in Canada, took place at the hotel. The grand Dining-room was luxuriantly fitted up, and the various appointments throughout were on a scale of princely magnificence. The programme embraced some twenty dances, and the attend- McOILL UNIVERSITY. 567 ance of guests was very largo, exhibiting fully tho wealth and fashion of the city. Their Excellencies remained until a late hour. The following day, Wednesday, I3th February, was sot apart for the visit to McGill University, whore His Lordship was to receive the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. The day was exceptionally tine and the streets were filled with people. Their Excellencies drove to the college at an early hour and were received near the entrance by a crowd of students, who unharnessed the horses, and drew the sleigh up to the door themselves, the citizens and scholars cheering all the way. Arriving at the entrance, the college officers were present to cimduct His Excellency to the Library and Her Excellency to convocation hall, where a number of ladies were waiting in attendance. The other members of the party to(jk their seats in front of the platform. His Lordship was soon suitably robed, and the Registrar W. C. Baynes then presented the members of convocation. The procession formed and on reaching the platform, Lord DufFeiin took the central seat. Chancellor Day sat on his Tight, iud Vice-Chancellor J. W. Dawson on his left. The •C'ollegi Glee Club sang God save the Queen, when Mr. Fred Torrance — a distinguished student of the University — ad- vanced and with fitting grace presented Lady Dufferin with a handsome bouquet, which was acknowledged amid great cheering. Archdeacon Loach made the opening prayer. The ceremonies then began and CliancoUor Day read the follow- ing address which we give first, in the language in which it was pronounced, and afterwards the English translation. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I lAP 111112.0 1.8 1-25 1.4 1.6 4 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) 872-4503 o •^^P ^ ^ 668 CHANCELLOR DA TS ADDRESS. T^ hrrifioTaTif Kvpuf, ry *£apX ^vi^^^pw, ' Ap\riy€ii6vi, t^s KavaSfrj^t *H/xeis, o{ 'Ap\ovT€^, 6 'ETrurranjs t« koI ot 'Eraipoi ravrrj? t^ ' AKa8r}fJL€iai, €V)(apurrovfi€v troi, Kvpic iiri^vcoraTC, AvO'itiv riv kox €Vfi€yrj SioiKi^triv twi' vpay/xarmv cttiSo ^curas. Kaiirtp ctSorcs 5ri KOjpoiv ^TriTJ/Setorepu)!' tcv^ tou tiJi/ trov irtpl TO, TToXtTuca irpaypaTa a'oiav airoBeiKvveiv, o/muj; 8e nji' crou atft* riiMiV diro\o)pr){Tiv okovtcs npoaP\iirop.€v' iv aoi yap avafiiywrai ^ ikopo Ki'pit KpdrurTf, olSafitv Biori irapaSc^a/ACvos fiajdftov aKaSrijfiiKOV (yypatfufjvai eis t^v iKKXtHTiav ravrrji AKa8i//icias i^cXT^cras- cXTriiSa 8' t)(Ofi(v cc ravn;? Jrpos ^/xas iratpeias i78ca)s av tiriixvijaO^vai, orav 6 t^s «f X^S '''"V xpdvos Trapt\6y. riaw cnrov82f €v\6fi(6a Tracav ev8a i/Aoi'iac o-oi tc Kai Tfl oiKi^ (row dva8o^vai av. 'ApcVcic T^ Kvpi^ lritf>av((TTdTr], T|f Ko/XT^rro"^ Avu)v cvSofora- rmv yoviitiv rvy\dvtw. Carolus Day, LL.D., D.C.L., Cancellaritis. ■ THE ARDUOUS JVORK OF EDUCATION. {Translation.) 5G9 To His Excellency the Right Honourable the Earl of Dufferin, Governor-General of Canada. We, the Governors, Principal and Fellows of this Uni- versity, approach your Excellency with aincere thanks for the honour of your presence among us to-day. The favourable consideration of men who have distinguished themselves in the world of Letters, or are illustrious from their high station, is always an encouragement to those engaged in the arduous work of education. In the present instance we are doul)ly fortunate in addressing a Represen- tative of our Gracious Sovereign, who in his person unites both these claims to our gratitude and respect. This institution enjoys the signal advantage of being under your Excellency's visatorial jurisdiction, and it fully appreciates the kindly interest it has received from your Excellency during the whole period of your wise and beneficent administration. We are unwilling to contemplate the termination of your Excellency's abode among us, and, while knowing that 3-ou will enter upon that wider field of statesmanship for which you are so eminently fitted, we cannot refrain from the expression of our regret at the prospect of parting with one who combines so happily the genial qualities which adorn social life, with the rarer qualities which give dignity to exalted office. We desire especially to thank your Excellency for con- senting, by your gracious acceptance of an Academical fi70 LORD DUFFE BIN'S REPLY. Degree, to become a member of Convocation of this Uni- versity, and we venture to hope that your relation to it may not altogether cease to hold a place among the pleasant remembrances which we trust Your Excellency will bear with you after the severance of your official connection Tith Canada Accept, My Lord, our earnest wishes for the continued prosperity and happiness of yourself and your family. Her Excellency, your Countess, will permit us to say that she has secured the esteem of all who have had the privilege of approaching her, and will leave behind very many grate- ful friends. For the younger members of your house we Trij tw Kaip^ Trpoarjieovrtov oKovaai. 'H8ioi/ yap rot? 8rj Surirep efioiye, "jrepl to, ttoXi- TiKa 7r«o-ov — &(tt€ trdaav Xeyeiv ttjv dX^Oeuiv — Tt9 OVK av ^ovXrjOeiT) Bevpo arpaxfydadai, Kal avv toI<; iXTdToi^ ivddBe fj.elvai r&v fiadTjfidTwv iracraw t&v ai/^rj- ? rq) i^€vv TrpoXafi^uvovTo? ovKeri reXeof; a)v, TroXXwv irpocBei r&v inrrjpeTrjfidTtov oicov tovto to irnvetricrrrjp.io v d^iovfiev irapaa^etv. "Oura)? vvv Bf) t&v Trpayfidrwv Kadea- noTtov, el Kal tovto to BiBaaKaXeiov ovk ctO' ottw? '»; irdaiv ^ev TOV dvfxov iyei'pei, wo-re KaXd<; iXiriBa'! Xafi^dvci,^ irepl Trj<{ TraTpiBof, ifiol Be fievToi '.rapd tov<: aXXoy? fiVTjfiovevTeov, OTi TO KpdTo^ rf^ KavdBri^ to fieXXov ovtol ol veoi iiv yeyipijfjtQi, dxs iv t^ /S/y t&v oXfiicoTdrcov, oi5S* en k^I viv ovhkv aXX' Spofia rh &ra ravra fiaWop 7rpo 1 erei a o) o ij . I Av.- not brought them back in my portmanteau. (Laughter."; Our five mil- lions and a half of fish money were not handed to me across SELF-SATISFIED COGITATIONS. 579 the counter by the President of the United States — (great laughter) — as many pei-sons imagine — (renewed laughter) — to have been the cas-c. What is more, I did not even ask for them, nor look as if I wanted them, or, indeed, as if I know anything p'c ut tb-m. (Roars of laughter) And in assuming this attitude se airs serene, ■These blushing Siis to drop tiieir baohful mien, — Wheiefore conunissioned am I to come to-day Our hearts and laurels at your feet to lay. And yet my task is only half fidtilled — Hrothers and sisters of Thalia's guild (to the actors) Who've faced with me the critic's glittering eye. And dared the terrors of yon gallery, I ! AN IMPRESSIVE SCENK 5D9 Who've lightoned iiU my labour with your love, And made eacli effort a new pleasure prove, If words could thank you for your generous aid, These lipa should bankrupt be to see you paid, And oh ! believe as long as life endures, The best affections of lay heart are yours. And now one last Farewell— a few months more, (to the mulience) And we depart your loved Canadian shore, Never again to hear your plaudits rise, Nor watch the ready laughter in your eyes Gleam out responsive to our autJior's wit. However poorly we interpret it, Nor see with artist pride your tears o'erflow. In homage to our simulated woe. Yet scenes like these can never wholly fade Into oblivion's melancholy shade, And oft at home when Christmas fire-logs burn Our pensive thoughts instinctively will turr To this fair city with her crown of towers, And all the joys and friends that once were ours : And oft shtall yearning fancy fondly fill This hall with guests, and conjure up at will Each dear familiar face, each kindly word Of praise, that e'er our player souls hath stirred. Till 'neath the melting spell of memory Our love flows back towards you like a sea ; — For know — whatever way our fortunes turn — Upon the altars of our hearts shall burn Those votive fires no fuel need renew. Our prayers for blessings on your land and you. On the 16th of April, a very impressive scene was enacted at the Senate Chamber. It was an event in which both the great political parties in the Dominion joined hands. It was the occasion of the presentation of a farewell address to His Excellency, by both the Houses of Parliament. The address had been moved in the Commons by Premier Mac- kenzie, and the leader of the Opposition, in an able speech had secondc'^ it. It passed unanimously. The address was presented at two o'clock on Tuesday afternoon, at the Senate Chamber, and in the presence of one of the most brilliant assemblages ever convened within its walls. The reply of the Governor-General was as follows : — I ■{(. 600 REPLY TO THE JOINT ADDRESS. " Honourable Gentlemen, — " It is difficult for me to find befitting words in which to thank you for the signal and unprecedented honour which has been conferred upon me by this Joint Address from your two Houses. " Regarding as I do tlie utterances of Parliament as the most august and authoritative expression of the popular sentiment, it aflfords me unmeasured ' .tisfaction to be thus assured of the confidence and esteem of the inhabitants of the Dominion. " To win the good-will of a nation is the greatest achieve- ment open to human ambition, and to learn from you that 1 hold a place in the affections of the peoi)le of Canada is alike the highest triumph and the greatest pleasure I am ever likely to enjoy. " It would not become me to enquire how far tliis result is to be attributed ratlier to your own generosity than to any exertions upon my part. It is a happy principle rooted in the nature of Englishmen of all estates to content them- selves with the simple discharge of those duties which lie to their hand, without considering too anxiously to what de- gree their conduct may influence the personal estimation in which they are held by others, — and their reward, when it arrives, is often as great a surprise as it is a satisfaction. All that I can say is that, from the moment I came amongst you, I have had but one thought — the desire to render faith- ful service to our Quei-n, to the Empire, and to Canada. " If there are no positive advantages to which I can point THE QUEEN'S MAPLE CHAP LET. 001 as having resulted from my administration, there is oni 1 toast I can fairly make. No act or word of mine has had a tendency to damp your |)ersonal devotion to the Crown, to discourage your attachment to the Empire, or to discredit the system of Constitutional Government under which you live. " I found you a loyal people, and I leave you the truest- hearted subjects of Her Majesty's Dominions. I found you proud of your descent and anxious to n>aintain your con- nection with the Mother Country ; I leave you more con- vinced than ever of the solicitude of Great Britain to re- ciprocate your affection, — of her dependence on your fidelity in every emei'gency. I found you — men of various nation- alities — of English, French, Irish, Scotch and German de- scent, working out the problems of Constitutional Govern- ment with admirable success ; I leave you with even a deeper conviction in your minds that the due application of the principles of Parliamentary Government is capable of re- solving all political difficulties, and of controlling the gravest Ministerial crisis, to tlie satisfaction of the people at large, and of their leaders and representatives of everj' shade of opinion. " When I resign the i emporary Vice-royalty with which I have been invested into the hands of my Sovereign, I shall be able to assure her that not a leaf has fallen from her Maple Chaplet, that the lustre of no jewel in her Trans-at- lantic Diadem has been dimmed. " Thanks to the opportunities afforded me by the liberality of Parliament, I have been enabled to traverse the fertile '4 i m i ■m \ . I If 602 THE PPMVEBBIAL GALLANTRY OF FliENCHMEN. regions of your North Went, to appreciate their inexhaustible resources, and to scan the vast expanse of your territories from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The Speeches to which you refer in such flattering terms have been but the natural, the irresistible exclamations evoked by the sights I have beheld. " Closely associated with me in the discharge of all my duties, has been the Lady to whom your Address refers in so kind a manner. Moving amid a society, where the pro- verbial gallantry of Frenchmen combines with English and Celtic ciiivalry to create in every Canadian home an atmos- phere of purity and refinement, she naturally regards the oix years she has passed amongst you as one of the happiest periods of her life, and I am commissioned to convey to you her warmest thanks for the good wishes you have expressed in her regard. " In conclusion, allow me to assure you that I shall esteem it one of the greatest privileges of my future life to watch the progressive development of your prosperity, to advocate your interests in the British Parliament, and to confirm our fellow-countrymen at home in their conviction of the high degree to which Canada is destined to contribute to the welfai'e, the strength, and the renown of the British Empire." On the 20th of May, Lord DufFerin opened the Ontario Society of Artists' Exhibition in Toronto. It was quite a pleasant informal afi'air. Mr. W. H. Rowland, the President of the Society introduced His Excellency, and presented him with an address, in which he said that Lord Dufferin would ,3Sw#iw THE QUEEN'S BIRTH-DAY IN MONTREAL. 003 cany with him the personal anil individual regret of every Canadian in Canada, and that if a petition were got up, praying Her Majest}'' to extend His Excellency's reign of office, it would be signed by every one, fi-oni Sandwich io Halifax. The Governor in opening the Exhilntion, which was particularly good this year, and embraced a hirge num- ber of really excellent paintings and drawings, treated his audience to a delightful talk, rather than a speech. It was a chat about art, and some good advice to the younger artists was given in a tklicate way. The Queen's birthday was celebrated in Montreal by a grand military display. Tlie militia and volunteers of Canada were augmented by a coi'px of the Barlow Greys from St. Albans, Vermont, under command of Captain Culber, and Lieutenants Gilder and Bordeau. The review in the morn- ing was witnessed by upwards of 40,000 persons, nnd it was one of the most beautiful sights ever seen in Montreal. Lord Duflferin addressed the men and was loudly cheere, pro.sperous and loyal. Yet it is these Irish homes — where the kindli- ness, the hospitality, the wit and the mirth of old Ireland live again under such happy auspices — together with those of their British and French neighbours, which are to Ix; involved in these unnatural hostilities. What cause of (juarrel has the invader with the people of C;.iiada which our own Irish fellow-citizens could not themselves allege had they a mind to do so ? Nor are the Irish the only nationality within our borders who might if they chose, translate historical wrongs into actual warfare. Half the population of Glengarry, I believe, fled the country, if not from CuUoden, at all events from their Highland homes, to !i!' i^ H" !■!! It 11 li ■II 4, - 1 wimmt 608 DOING HONOUR TO THE QUEEN. l! avoid the tyranny of him whom they called a usurper, whose gi'eat grand-daughter now sits upon the throne ; (hear, hear) yet where is there to be found a more loyal people in the world than the people of Glengarry ? (Hear, hear.) In considering, therefore, the possible occasions on which we may have to rely upon the valour of our gallant troops, I reject with horror from my .thoughts the idea that they should ever be called upOn to shed the blood of even the most inconsiderate, or irreconcilable, of our Irish fellow- countrymen ; nay, on a day of peril, if in the Canadian line of battle I could find a regiment more essentially Irish in its composition than the rest, it would be to the keeping of that regiment I would by preference entrust the Standard of the Queen, and ths Flag of the Dominion. (Great cheering.) And, gentlemen, if this cloud — or rather phantasmal exhal- ation — be dispersed along our southern boundary, what is there behind it in that direction but illimitable sunshine, and the prospect of perpetual peace ? (Cheers.) It is true, even so, we are still liable to invasion, and to-day we have witnessed how soldier-like and martial is the army of our southei-n neighbours. (Laughter.) But if they have forced the bulwarks of our land — if they have penetrated to the heart of our richest city — if they have established them- selves within the precincts of our camp — it has only been . to give us a fresh proof of the kindly feeling entertained for us by themselves and their fellow-countr_y men in the States — (cheers) — perhaps to lay siege to the hearts of our young ladies ! (loud laughter), — and to join with us in doing honour' to our Gracious Queen. (Hear, hear.) In ^ assault ; but I am proud to think that the soirit of Cani^dian patriot- ism has not confined itself merely to those exertions. Al- most every mail has brought, either to me or lo the Prime Minister, or to the Minister of Militia, the most enthusiastic offers to serve in the Queen's armies abroad in the event of foreign war. (Loud cheers.) These offers have represented not merely the enthusiasm of individuals, but of whole re- giments and brigades of men. (Renewed Cheers.) It haa ueen my duty to transmit them to the Home Governiu^nt, and to the foot of the Throne, and I should be faiMr^ ] '■■'■, i, ., duty if I neglected to tell you that they have been d •/ . appreciated, not only by the Queen's Ministers, but by the Queen herself. (Prolonged cheers.) It will undoubtedly require a great deal of consideration to determine to what extent, and in what manner, advantage is to be taken of such noble self-devotion. Happily t'.' "me hR« not yet arrived, and I trust to God it ma)' never do so " • • giving practical effect to the suggestions which have been c^vji ved. But I feel that 1 could not hav« t better oppoi'tunity of re- cording and emphasizing facts s^ 'ndicative of the martial and loyal spirit of the Canadian pc-^ple as those I have in- dicated. No, gentlemen, God grant that many a long year may pass before the note of warlike preparations rings through the quiet hamlets, the sunlit fields, and thepiosper- II HIGHLY ORGANIZED BATTALIONS. 611 ous cities of Canada. But should the evil day arrive, let it iind us prepared and ready to do our duty. (Cheers.) It is not by undisciplined levies, however enthusiastic, that the homes and liberties of a country can be guarded. Every day war is becoming a more complicated science, the problems of which can only be successfully dealt with by highly organ- ized battalions and trained and scientific officers. (Hear, hear.) Above all remember, things are not with you as they were a few short years ago. British North America is no longer a congeries of di^ connected provinces, destitute of any strong bond of sympathy or mutual attachments. You are no longer colonists or provincials. You are the owners, the defenders and guardians of half a continent — of a land of unbounded promise and predestined renown. (Cheers.) That th'.ught alone should make men and soldiers of you all. Life would scarcely be worth living unless it gave us sometliing for whose sake it was worth while to die. Out- side our domest'c circle there are not many things that come up to that stardard of value. But one of these you possess — a country you can be proud of, and never should a Canadian forget, no matter what his station in life, what his origin or special environments, that in this broad Dominion he has that which it is worth while both to live for and to die for," (Loud and long continued cheers.) L )rd DafFerin shortly afterwards returned to the capital, to com^)lete arrangements for a final departure from the little 're which were preceded by a prayer by the Rev. Dr. Peabody, then began. The con- ferring of degrees followed, when a very large number of HONORARY DEGREES. 017 students wore made Baclielors of Arts ; five, Bachelors of Science, (Edward ILunilton ^qmhh,iiiagna cum laude^HCven, Doctors of Dental Medicine; forty-seven, Doctoi-s of Medicine; a like ninuber of Bachelors of Laws ; four. Bachelors of Theo- logy ; thi'-teen, Masters of Arts; three, Doctors of Science,and four Doctors of Pliilosophy. The honorary degrees were then conferred on the Right Hon. Sir Frederick Temple Blackwood, Earl of Dufferin, K.P., K.C.B, G.C.M.Cx., the Hon. Nathan Clifford, of the United States Supreme Court, William Goodwin Russell and Thomas Chase. The prominent gentlemen who were pre- sent dui'ing the conferring of the degrees, were Governor Rice, of Massachusetts, Hon. Charles Francis Adams, Hon.R. C. Winthrop, Prof. H. W. Longfellow, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Rev. Edward E. Hale, C. W. Eliot, and the officers of the University, besides many eminent private citizens. The Alumni dinner brought together a very distinguished company of literary, scientific and professional gentlemen. The appointments were exceedingly rich, and the whole entertainment was in admirable keeping with the character of such a gathering. The great hall was comfortably filled. The President of the Alumni Association sat at the head of an elevated table, with the President of the University at his right and Governor Rice at his left. On the left of the Governor sat the esteemed of living American poets, the venerable Longfellow, whose songs are sung in every land, and next to him was placed the Hon. E. R. Mudge, and sev- eral members of the Governor's staff. On the right of Presi- 618 A GROUP OF REMARKABLE MEN. clont Eliot sat the cliiof guest of tlie evenini^, the new Doctor of Laws, Lord DufFirin, and next to him was the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, a gentleman of the highest attainments, and a condant of one of the most emi- nont families in the commonwealth. Nathan Matthews, Prof. Wm. Everett,. the Rov. Edward E. Hale, one of the most charming and ingenious of living story-tellers, and the Rev. Jas. Freeman Clarke, another writer whose books have pene- trated to some of the remotest corners of India and the East, occupied positions near at hand. At another table sat a group of venerable men, early students of the old University, and gentlemen who.se career and character have shed lustre on the college which honoured them in their younger days. These were Ralph Waldo Emerson and Josiah Quincy, of the class of 1821, and Hon. Stephen Salisbury and Dr. George B. Emerson, of the class of 1817. Near these were Attorney-General Devens, and the Hon. George B. Loring, of the National House of Representatives, the Hon. Leverett Saltonstall, and Col. Henry Lee. After grace had been said by the Rev. Dr. Stearns, of Trenton, N.J., the dinner was discussed, and immediately afterwards the 78th Psalm was sung, by the company, led by John Langdon Sibley. The President of the Association then briefly addressed the gathering. President Samuel Eliot made a few remarks, and a speech by President Chas. W. Eliot, of the University, followed next, who gave a very clear account of the position of this excellent institution and the plG,ce it occupied aiiong the other colleges. Governor Rice spoke next, when the Earl of Dufferin was presented. Li TEE EARL OF DUFFEIUN'S SPEECH. 6VJ ew the est mi- ws, lost Inv. Mie- ■3; .3 He was warmly greeted, and thougli he was far from feeling well, he managed to make a speech full of seholarly allusion and courtly grace. He said: — " Mr. President and Gentlemen, — " Among the many privileges attaching to my high ofldce as Representative of Her Majesty in Canada, there is none to which I have attached greater value than the opportu- nities which it has afforded me of cultivating friendly rela- tions with the Government and the people of the United States (applause) ; but although ere now I have had opportunities of addressing American audiences, I have never found myself in the presence of a more august as- sembly than the present. Standing in a Hall — itself an historical monumeat such as no European University can boa.st of — in the presence of many whose achievements as statesmen, as men of science, as poets, as historians, as lawyers have won for them the admiration of the civilized world, — (applause,) — environed :^^ che effigies of your old Colonial worthies, and Governors, — of the Winthrops and Endicotts of early days, as well as by those of the heroes of the Independence period, of the Adamses, Franklins, Jef- fersons of the last century, — nay, seated at the same board with the distinguished descendants of those famous men, I might well shrink from intruding myself upon your attention. At the same time I cannot help remembering that I now stand beneath the maternal roof, and can appeal to the indulgence of every one present in right of those brotherly relations which have been established between 1 -1 •620 CENTRKS OF INTELLECTUAL EFFORT.' ! ■ill] us. (Applause.) Encoiiniijfod by tlicse considonitions I should 1)3 wanting in courtesy if I did not seize the oppor- tunity of expressing to the authorities of this University my very deep sense of the honour conferred upon me by their permitting nie to enter the ranks of its alumni. (Ap- lause.) The loving veneration with which I regard my own Alma Mator of Oxfoi'd is in itself a s flicient security that I duly appreciate the privileges to 'i T have been admitted. But I confess there is a further reason which leads me to pay every mark of reverence in my power to this University. My expci-ience in Canada has taught me to prize at a higher value than ever, the influences which emanate from tliese centres of intellectual effort and moral "vigour. Although civilization has been in possession of America for nearly 300 years — although its population has attained so enormous an expansion, our energies are for the most part of necessity still engaged in contending with the brute forces of nature, and in converting to our uses those end- less tracts of territory which have passed into our possession. As a consequence I have observed that in Canada, and perhaps the observation may be equally applicable to this country, there is some little danger of the more ideal side of life being lost and forgotten, — of our attention being too ex- clusively turned to providing for the material well-being of society, — and of the successful accunudation of wealth be- coming the principal title to social consideration. Now to such unfortunate tendencies and conclusions, these sacred workshops of the brain are the most powerful correctives : — for here we are taught to recognise the existence of pos- IIONOUHAHLE OBJECTS OF AMIilTlON. 621 sessions more valuable that aiiytliiiijf wliicli either money or power can procure, and that the nuhlest aim of life is not merely to make a fortune, or tu leave an estate to our descendants — though these may he perfectly legitimate and honourable objects of ambition — but to elevate the moral standard of our generation, to enlarge the limits and capa- cities of human thoui'ii, to restrain the encroachn»ents of sin, sickness, poverty, ignorance, corrujition, and dishonesty, — and to render our Fatherland a still more ghauous home for our children even than it has been for ourselves. Such are the lessons that you teach, and when I remember that this nation, so gifted by Providence with all the blessings which a bounteous Nature can confer — so successful in the arts of self-government — so removed from the disturb- ing influences of external forces, — its social system so un- trammelled by traditional anomalies, — is adorned thiough- out its length and breadth with many and many a noble seminary of learning, that fired by your example, is rival- ling your efforts, — I cannot but hope that hand in hand with our own Canada, it is destined to show the world by what sure and simple methods the happiness of the human race may be innneasurably increased. (Great applause.) But, gentlemen, it is not these considerations alone which move me to express my gratitude for the honour you have done me. I have h^ng had the good fortune of knowing some of the most distinguished personages of New England — Mr. Adams, (applause,) Mr. Longfellow, (applause,) Mr. Em- erson, (applause,) Dr. Holmes, (applause,) Mr. Lowell, (ap- plause,) and I am now the guest of one whose own literary iji. ill i "i IV a.iti 622 A YOUTH OF HIGH ENDEAVOUR. and political career has? added fresh lustre to the name of the Founder of your Commonwealth, of whom he is the di- re'^t descendant and representative, and with whom I am happy to think I am entitled to claim close kinship. (Ap- plause.) At home I have sometimes had the privilege of welcoming to my roof no lesser men than Prescott, Haw- thorne, Story, Motley, (great applause,) and when I consider that through your grace I have been domiciled so to speak within the precincts of that same Alma Mater whence these great and noble men derived their inspiration, and where during a youth of high endeavour and unceasing industry and self-sacrifice, they V"id sure and deep the foundations of that world-wide fame which now reflects such honour upon '^'le University which sent them forth, I am naturally deeply sensible of the privileges thus confen^d upon me. (Great applause.) For while we gentlemen of the outside world, have been merely occupied in those material pursuits which minister to the well-being of ourselves and families, each of these in their several lines of literary or artistic achievement, have endowed their country with what Tbu- cydides with auch proud prescience foretold his history would prove as a ' Ktema es aei' In conclusion, gentlemen, I cannot sit down without expressing to you my warmest admiration of the scene at which I was permitted to assist this morning. The dignity and decorum of the ceremonial attending the granting of your degrees, have madti a most profound impression upon my mind. Above all, wh-in I consider the amount of rhetorical ability, of philosopincal acumen, of practical appreciation both of economical and MR. WINTHROFS REMARKS. 623 political questions exhibited by those of your students to whose exercitations we had the pleasure of listening, I can- not help saying to myself — if the young America of to-day is capable of so satisfactory an exhibition, what may we not expect from its maturer and more serious efforts in the time to come." (Prolonged applause.) The Hon. Robt. C. Winthrop succeeded Lord Dufferin, and in an address of much power, he said these pleasant things about the speaker who had just sat down: " I Civniiot help feeling that I have already contributed my full share to this f;ntertainment in having secured for it, by a most fortunate in- tervention, the presen:je and assistance of onr illustrious guest, tlie Governor-General of Canada. (Applause.) I must certainly be par- doned for indulging in all the pride of the sexton in the old story, who, while his congregation were in raptures with an impressive and elo(|Uent discourse, was heard boasting that he had at least pulled the bell for it. We all knew something about the felicity of the noble Earl's speeches, in more languages than one, before to-daj'. We were all familiar with his inimitable Latin speech at an Icelandic dinner, as reported by himself in one of his charming ' Letters from high Lati- tudes.' And many of i had not failed to observe, very much more re- cently, that when h received a degree at Montreal like that which has been conferred on him here this morning, he made his acknowledg- ments in the choicest Greek. But now we have been privileged to hear hi. D in that dear mother tongue of New England as well as of Old England, which ia fast becouiiiig the common speech of both hemis- pheres (applause) ; which has just achieved a new triumph in being employed by Bismarck as well as Beaconsfield at the Berlin Congress, and which, though it may not quite yet have reached the dignity fif being the court language of the world, must always be the language for thooe who would study, in the original, tl-e great principles of liber- ty and law and the gli;riuU8 history of free institutions and free men ; the language of VVi>.dhington and Franklin and Webster, as well as of Chatham and Burke and Fox and Sheridan. (Applause.) God grant that it may ever be a bond of love and a pledge of peace between the nations which are privile«ed to call it their own." (Applause.) If ■ I 624 AT THE PHI BETA KAPPA DINNER. The otl'ner speakers were Col. Lee, Hon. Leverett Salton- stall, and Rev. E. E. Hale. On Thursday the Phi Beta. Kappa Society held its annual meeting and partook of its annual dinner. Lord DufFerin, Principal Dawson, of McGill College, and Richard Henry Stoddard, the American poet, were elected Honorary members. After the customary exercises were over, during which i)r. Dawson read a scientific paper, and Mr. Stoddard read a poem, the members formed in procession and moved along to Massachusetts Hall, and dined together. The proceedings at these festive gatherings, according to a time-honoured custom, are never reported, but a quotation from a private letter to the author from one of its most distinguished members, wib enable the reader to form some idea of the impression His Excellence made on the gentlemen present: ' " Lord Dufferin was delightful. He captivated everybody he met, myself amoiiufthe number. Hisspeech at the Phi Beta Kappa dinner wa» most feliciti us — natural — spontaneous— cordial — playful — grticeful — making us feel as Desdemona did — wishing that Heaven had made u» such a man in placeof some r.ative sjjecimens we would exchange for him. His visit, following that of the Eiuperor of Brazil, was just what we wanted to show us that tlio right man can be got at now and then,, without universal suffrage — we know too well that this often helps u& to the wrong ones." During his stay in Boston Lord Dufferin was the guest of the Hon. R. C. Wruthrop. His Excellency returned early in July to Canada, and after a brief trip to Ga.sp^ and vicinity, and a stay at Quebec, the Vice-regal party, consisting of Lord and Lady Dufferin, CoL SHERBIiOOKE. 62& Littleton, Capt. Ward, r^nd Oapt. Hamilton, left for a tour through the Eastern Townships. The start was made on the afternoon of the 12th of Avi^ust, and on arriving at Rich- mond the reception accorded the visitors was very cordial, Mayor Hart, Dr. Graham, Mr. Brooke, Lord A.ylmer and the Hon. Henry Aylmer taking aa active part in the same. An address was read by the Warden of the County, to which a reply was returned by His Excellency, when the visitors went for a drive. A stay was made at St. Francis C?ollege where the Rev. Principal Tanner and Lord Aylmer conducted the guests to the platform, when the latter gentleman read an address. Mis Webber presented Lady Dufferin with a bouquet, when the '^rtv drove to the railway station and entered the cars for Shorhro ke, at which platr preparations on quite a luxuriant .scale hai' been ma ic. The city was brilliantly illuminated and flags and gay-col>ured cloths hung in lavish profusion in every street . At the station the visitors were received by Mayor Ive.'^ and a large body of citizens, where, after listening to an addi-ess, they were escorted by a detaclunent from the 53r.l ' ictoria) regiment and a torch-light procession to Mounttield, the residence of Mr. E. T. Brooks, M. P., whose guests Their Excellencies wer3. During their stay at Shorbrooke they viaited the Eastern Townships Bank, the Fire Station, the Convent of Notre Dame, where M'Ue. Dupuis presented an address, the large mills of the Paton Manufacturing Company, Len- noxville (where Mayor Chas. Brooks read an address,) and the Bishop's College of Lennoxville, where an addi-ess by Chan- cellor Heneker, vr&h presented. On Wednesday the Vice- Vtf SI P r 626 8TAN8TEAD WESLEYAN COLLEGE. regal party, accompanied by Mr. and Mrs. E. T. Brooks and Mr. E. P. Felton, went to Lake Massawipi»i, and enjoyed the picturesque soenerj of the place. It was here that His Ex- cellency met Mr. Geo. R. Richards, a veteran of 98 years of age, and with whom he had a pleasant chat by the way-side. In the evening Their Excellencies drove through Waterville and Huntingville and arrived at seven o'clock at Compton Centre. Here they were met by a gathering of some five or six hun- ill .1! \'t |! n C32 LOVE OF COUNTRY LIFE. hi t'ntii'o niral coinniunity. (Great applause.) Upon the advan- tages whicli thoy themselves would derive from such me- thods of existence, I need not dilate. They woidd discover a fresh intei-est in life, fresh beauties in nature, while the happy, healthful iiiHuences amid which their children would grow up, the simplicity of haldts they would engender, could not fail to jjrove a blessing to every succeeding generation. (Applause). I believe that the noblest virtues, and the best characteristics possessed by Englishmen, are to be traced to their love of a country life, and certain am 1 that Engli.sh young women would not be half so nice, so ro.sy, .so frank, so beautiful,_^so robust, so modest, so simple as they are, ii' they were not for the uio.st i)art ' country bred.' (Hear, hear.) Although, therefore, the change may not be immediate, 1 think you will see from the allusions 1 have made, that the beautiful and fertile districts you inhabit, are destined to be a powerful factor in promoting the well-being of the country, and were I granted a wi.sli I do not know that I could make a better choice than to ask for the privilege of revisiting these lovely districts some fifty or a hundred years hence, U) see their rolling plains and woodlands, carved out, as I am sure they will be, into innumerable parks, homesteads, farms, and villas, justly entitling it to be called ' the garden of Canada,' while here and there shall rise in frequent clusters the augmented sjures, roofs and chimneys of those prosperous little towns through whose bright pavilioned streets we have recently held our triumphal way. (Loud applause.) Such at least, gentlemen, is the destiny I ausi)icate for you and your neighbours, and if affectionate wishes were of any avail, if a /A A STORK TN ISOSTON. r.33 magic wand in «,'iatoful hands could work tlir miracle, the ))ictui'c I have drawn shotdd berome a reality this very minute. But, alan ! to labour and to wait is the lot of man- kind. It only remains, therefore, for me to bid you go on and pro.sper in loyal fidelity, to those blessed traditions which have already secured to you peace and order, freedom and self-government, honour and ronown within the wide circuit of that glorious Empire, of which you are by no means the least pleasing ornament. (Great applause.) Gentlemen, I will conclude by telling you a story. You know the lofty estima- tion in which the inhabitants of Boston hold their city. Well ! a New England School Inspector was visiting a certain semi- nary in the States, and after describing for the benefit of his young audience, a little boy whom he once knew, as possess- ing every juvenile virtue, such as never being late for school, never blotting his copy book, never telling a story, or omit- ting an exercise, he concluded by asking the children, in solemn tones, ' and where do you think he is now ? ' With one acclamation the little boys cried out, ' In Heaven, sir.' (Great laughter.) With a .somewhat disconcerted visage the school-master replied — ' No ! no ! not exactly in Heaven — but — he is in a store in Boston I' (Loud laughter.) Well, gentlemen, for ' in a store in Boston,' I would have substi- tuted, ' at the ploughtail in the Townships!' " (Tremendous applau.se and laughter.) Col. Miller and the Ninth Highlanders, and some men of the Granby Battery then fell into a line of march, and the procession moved along past arches and decorations. A trip to West Farnham, and a brief visit to Sweetsburg and to 11*^ 1 i 034 LADY DUFFElilN LEAVES CANADA. CowaiiHville, were next undertakfiii, ami nt five o'clock, on the 29th of August, the [uirty arrived at the plea.sant town (»f St. John's on the banks of the Richelieu. Hero th« y were met by Maynr Decelles, Judj^e Cha<,nion, the American Oon- Hul Mr. Saxe, Mi-. E. R. Hmith, of the Ht. Johnu Neivti, and a number of other prominent citizens. The town was very prettily decorated, and tlie arclies and evergreen troiihies made a tine display all along the line of procession. At Monnette's Hotel the Mayor read an address, an-^ a 'ittle Miss of four years of ago presented the Countess with a bouquet. His Excellency expressed the pleasure he felt on the occasion, and after .some neat allusions to his successor and the Princess Louise, a drive to the Fi'ench Parish Church was taken. Several establishments about the place were next inspected, including the English Church, the St. John's Stone China Factory and the old military ban-acks. The visitors then took the train for Rouse's Point, and shortly afterwards arrived in Quebec. On the morning of the 31st of August, the Countess of Dufferin left the shores of Old Quebec for England. Thou- sands of citizens assembled on the wharves, terraces, antl streets to witness the departure of a lady who.se grace, art- lessness and gentleness had endeared her to every Canadian heart, and who had, indeed, fulfilled to the letter, the onerous duties belonging to her high rank and office. Her Excellency was accompanied to the steamer ' Sardi- nian ' by Lord Dutterin, and Col, and Mrs. Littleton,* Col. and Mm. Littleton accomi)anied Lady Dufferin to England. ON THE DECK OF THE STEAMER. (135 escorted by B. Battery and tlieir ban i ^ ..• 4 642 ANTIQUE FORTIFICATIONS. that your new Viceroy's personal and acquired qualifications will more than counterbalance his ethnological disadvan- tages. And now, gentlemen, I must bid you farewell. Never shall I forget the welcome you extended to me in every town, village, and hamlet in Ontario, when I first came amongst you. It was when travelling through your beau- tiful Province that I first learnt to appreciate and under- stand the nature and character of your destinies. (Ap- plause.) It was there I first learnt to believe in Canada, and from that day to this my faith has never wavered ; nay, the further I extended my travels through the other Pro- vinces, the more deeply my initial impressions were con- firmed ; but it was amongst you they were first engendered, and it is with your smiling, happy hamlets my brightest reminiscences are intertwined. (Great applause.) And what transaction could better illustrate the mighty changes your energies have wrought than the one in which we are at this moment engaged ? Standing as we do upon this lofty plat- form, surrounded by those antique and historical fortifications so closely connected with the infant fortunes of the colony, one cannot help contrasting the present scene with others of an analogous character which have been frequently enacted upon this very spot. The early Governors of Canada have often re- ceived in Quebec deputies from the very districts from which each of you have come ; but in those days the sites now oc- cupied by your prosperous towns, the fields you till, the rose-clad bowers and trim lawns where your children sport in peace, were then dense wildernesses of primeval forest, and those who came from thence on any errand here, were mer- FAITHFUL AND EFFECTUAL SERVICE. G43 ciless savages seeking the presence of the Viceroy, either to threaten war and vengeance, or, at best, to proffer a treach- erous and uncertain peace. How little could Monttnagny, or Tracy, or Vaudreuil, or Frontenac have ever imagined on such occasions that for the lank, dusky forms of the Iroquois or Ottawa emissaries, would one day be substituted the beaming countenances and burly proportions of English- speaking Mayors and Aldermen and Reeves. (Applause.) And now, gentlemen, again, good-bye. I cannot tell you how deeply I regret that Lady Dufferin should not be pre- sent to share the gratification 1 have experienced by your visit (Great applause.) Tell your friends at home how deeply I have been moved by this last and signal proof of their good-will — that their kindness never shall be forgotten — and that, as long as I live, it will be one of the chief am- bitions of my life to render them faithful and effectual ser- vice." (Prolonged ap[)lause.) A farewell address from the Ontario College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, was presented to His Excellency by Dr. Grant of Ottawa, to which an interesting reply was returned. On the 11th inst, the Laval University confen'ed on the Earl of Dufferin the Degrees of Doctor of Laws and Doctor of Letters. It took place at three o'clock in the afternoon, in the Hall of promotion, an 1 the gathering of spectators was very large and distinguished. There were present Lieutenant-Governor Letellier De St. Just, His Grace the Archbishop, the Right Rev. Monseigneur Cazeau, the officers m 644 THE MODEL OF WOMEN AND OF MOTIIEBS. of the University, Col. Ducliesnay, Col. Lan.ontogric, Col. Colfer, Capt. Hamilton, Chief Justice Meredith, Justice Tas- chereau, Justice Stuart, Dr. Garneau and others. After the band of B Battery had played some selections the Eev. Rector delivered an eloquent address in French, in which he feelingly referred to the loss the Church had sustained by the death of the eminent Pajial Ablegate, Monseigneur Conroy, who was that day to have been the recipient of the highest honours which the college could bestow. Great sorrow was expressed at the approaching departuie of Lcrd Dufferin, who had in so many ways during his six years' so- journ in Canada, endeared himself to the people. Continu- ing in this strain, the Reverend Prelate said : " From the St. Lawrence to the faraway Pacific all have manifested their l\ nr 646 THE LATE DR. CON ROY. (Cheers.) But great as is my personal gratification, I cannot lielp confessing that to me, as to you all, the pleasure of the occasion is more than marred by the sad reflection that the illustrious Prelate, hand in hand with whom I had hoped to have entered your gates, has been promatur-ely and unex- pectedly taken f i amongst us. It would be out of place for me to expatiate upon the many qualities of the late Apostolic Delegate. My relations with him were of course only those of personal friendship, but apart from my appre- ciation of his delightful (jualities as a companion, I am en- titled, both as a fellow-countryman and as the head of this Government, to bear testimony to his claims upon our rev- erence and admiration as a Christian Bishop, and a Dignitary of the Catholic Church. And now, Rector, Yoiii- Grace, Ladies and Gentlemen, it only remains for me again to express to you my deep and constant sympathy with you in the laboui-s in which you are engaged. When one reflects upon what hu- man learning and scientific research have already achieved for the benefit of mankind, for the advancement of civiliza- tion, for the mitigation of suffering, one has difficulty in find- ing language suflficiently sober in which to convey one's an- ticipations of the good such an institution as this can efiec- tuate. (Applause.) A University founded in the midst of an intelligent community, is like an instrument of irresist- ible power and all-embracing energy in the hands of a giant. There is nothing scarcely which it cannot accomplish. In its natal hour it becomes seized of everything that the intel- lect of past generations has created or acquired, — its jurisdic- tion immediately attaches to the whole domain of human THE CONFINES OF SPACE AND TIME. 647 thought ; and — spread abroad thri)u<,d» thu va.st unknown — stretch endless territories o£* unattained knowledge over which it is as well entitled to stretch forth its sceptre as is any rival institution. (Great applause.) Alexander sighed for fresh worlds to compter, but to the philosopher no such cause of sorrow need arrive, for the confines of Space and Time can alone arrest his potential achievements. Let but the lamp of genius be lit within your precincts, and it will disclose to you undreamt of realms and kingdoms lying about your feet. (Applause.) Such are the possibilities within your reach, and remember in working out your aus- picious destiny, you are expanding the moral pow er, the mental activity, the intellectual grasp of the community amongst whom you labour. At this moment the Fr<'iich- Canadian race to which you belong is engaged in a generous struggle with their English fellow-subjects to see which shall contribute most to the advancement of the moral, material and political welfare of their country. (Applause.) There is not a student, a man of business or of science, a politician or an author of either origin,"who does not feel the inspira- tion of this noble rivalry. (Cheers.) Upon the success of your exertions, upon the efficacy of your discipline and training, upon the character of the mental and i^oi'al atmos- phere 3'^ou create within your walls, will in a great mea^nje depend the issues of the conflict. (Applause.) In that con- flict T can heartily wish you success without compromising my impartiality, for it is a struggle wherein the defeated reap laurels as untarnished — benefits as universal — as those which crown the winners, since it is round the brows of 'I f 1 w 648 ST. JEAN BAPTISTE SOCIETY CONCERT. Cana'la the wreath of Victory will be twined, and into tlio lap of Canada the prizes of the contest poured." (Loud ap- plause.) The foUowinrj evening, the Earl of Dufforin attended a farewell concert given in the Quebec Music Hall, by the St. Jeiui Baptiste Society. An address was presented in French, by the President. His Excellency's reply is here given. "Mr. Preavhnt and Getiftemen, — " It is needless for me to assure you with what pleasure I again find my.self taking part in those refined and artistic relaxations with Avhich the French race delight to solace their leisure, and surrounded by tlie loyal and patriotic mem- bers of the St. Jean Baptiste Society. It has been one of the happy peculiarities of you- nationality that you have ever known how to enliven thn serious occupations of life by a graceful gaiety, and to introduce a brilliancy of colour amid the .sombre shadows of our dull work-a-day world. This happy temperament not only sheds its benign influence over your social existence, but it has invested everything you have touched, — your architecture, your literature, 3'our history — with a most atti-active individuality. Brilliancy, picturesqueness, dramatic force, a chivalrous inspiration, these are the characteristics which have thrown over the early annals of Canada a glamour of romance, which attaches to the history of no other portion of the continent. The genius of Washington Irving and of Hawtliorne have in- deed endeavoured to do for New England and its neighbour- hood what Sir Walter Scott accomplished for his own land. A UVE^TUHOUS EXFLOHA TIitNS. e4» but though the mayic f)f thoir stylo may for the instant de- hide the fancy, the moment yon close tlio page, you awake to the unreality of what they have deitictetl. Various in- flnences in fact have induced our neighbours across the lino to break completely with their ante-revohitionary past, and to suffer oblivion to envelop the musty, a''id and ascetic records, of their old colon iid days. But with you the case has been different. Your past has refused to >\y clo>siag sentences need not be of sucli ambiguous import as those addressed by the Patriarch to Judah and his brethreii. (Great laughter.) Though a country in the throes of a general election might have some sympathy with the attitude of Issachar — (loud laughter) — as I am not a defeated Prime Minister, I have no temptation to apply to you the burden of Reuben. (Re- newed laughter.) What, then, is to be my valediction — my ? Sift BMOl DISRUPTIVE TENDENCIES. 066 a, centu- licli our )refather8 have left bestow, h a con- mi speak- There are ent, but I I As you and vital ublic bach t into my only com- 5 of extra- e floating fc, perhaps^ idulgence. a,cob when le, the pri- ted. (Ap- ences need ised by the laughter.) tion ciight bar — (loud , I have no ben. (Re- ictiou — my parting counsel to the citizens of tlie Dominion before I turn my fpce to the wall. A very few words will convey them. Love your country, believe in her, honour her, work for her> live for her, die for lier. (Tremendous applause.) Never has any people been endowed with a nobler birth-right, or blessed with prospects of a fairer future. Whatever gift God has given to man is to be found within the borders of your ample ter- ritories ; and in return the only obligation laid upon you is ' to go forth and multiply, and replenish the earth.' (Ap- plause and laughter.) It is true, the zone within which your lines are cast is characterized by ruder features than those displayed in lower latitudes and within more sunward- stretching lands, but the North has ever been the home of liberty, industry and valour — (cheers) — and great diversities of climate and of geographical and physical conditions are wont to breed antagonistic material interests and disruptive tendencies, which the fortui ae uniformity of your own climate and position can never engender. (Applause). It is also true you are not so rich as many other e^or.mtnities,. but the happiness of a people does not so much (impend upon the accumulation of wealth as upon its equable distribution. (Hear, hear.) In many of the wealthiest nations of Europe thousands can scarcely obtain thrir daily bread, and though Canada is by no means at present a nation of millionaires, there is not amongst us an agricultural homestead between the Atlantic and the Pacific where content and a rude plenty do not reign — (applause)— and in a thousand localities the earth is bursting with the mineral wealth which only requires improved transportation to develop. (Renewed It 656 SLEEPLESa VIOILAKOE. applause.) Nor, iudeed, are you so numerous as your neighbours, but this is an inferiority which time will soon coiTect. Providence has sprea.l out for you the fertile prairies of the North West, and your daughters must do the rest. (Loud laughter and applause.) But if these admissions may be made on the one side, what countervailing superiority may not be quoted on the other. In the first place you possess the best form of Government with which any historical nation has ever been blessed. (Cheer.-?.) "^'he excellency of the British Constitu- tion, with the self-exparding energies it embodies, is an an- cient story which I need not insist upon, but as there are always external forces which disturb the working of the most ^3erfect mechanism, so iu an old country like England, many influences exist to trouble the harmonious operations of the political machine; but here our constitution has been set agoing almost in vacuo — entirely disencumbered of those entanglements which traditional prejudices and social com- plications iiave given birth to at home. My ^^.ext advice to you, then, would lie to guard and cherish the characteristics of your constitution witli a sleepless vigilance. And do not consider that this is a superfluous warning. 1 do not of course refer tr any of tliose principles which either regulale the relation of the Mother Country to the Colony, or of the Crown to the Parliament. All questions which were at one time in controversy iu either of these respects have been long since happily settled to the satisfaction of everybody concerned. (Applause.) During t!ie whole time that 1 have been Uovernor-Ucineral oF Canada, nut a single diiticulty has is PERMANENCY 01 THE CIVIL SERVICE. 057 s your le will ou the uirliters .) But . e, what on the form of ,^er been lonstitu- s an an- here are u; of the England, aerations has been i of those cial com- advice to icteristici ad do not rto not of V regulate or of the ere at one lave been everybody liat 1 have Hculty has ever arisen between the Colonial Otftco and this Govern- ment. (Hear, hear.) Indeed it would be impossible to over- state the extraordinary smoothness and harmony with wliich this portion of the machinery has Worked so far as my ex- perience has gone. (Applause.) The inilependence of the Canadian i arliament, and the independence of the Canadian Administration in all matters affecting their domestic juris diction have not only receiveil a gene 'ous recognition, but have been stimulated and expanded to the fullest extent by the authorities at home, as the recent establishment of a Supreme Court of Justice on Canadian soil impressively tes- tifies. (Applause.) Nor has anything occuri'ed to trouble the relations of the Viceroy as representing the Regal Power and his Parliament. The respective limits of privilege and of prerogative have been finally determined, and there is no temptation, either upon the one side or the other to over- step them — (cheers) ; but there are one or two other prin- ciples incident to the British Constitution, which, though fully recognized and established, mi^ht, perhaps, be over- ridden in times of political excitement, unlens public opinion exerted itself to maintain them absolutely intact. I allude to the imlependence of the judges and the non-political and permanent character of the Civil Service. With regard to the independence of the judges I will say nothing. Not- withstanding what has been done elsewhere, I do not think the Canadian people will ever be tempted to allow the judges of the land to be constituted by popular election. (Hear, hear, and applause.) Still, on this continent thero will always be present in the air, as it were, a certain tendency pp M 11 658 PURE AND RIOnTEOUS JUSTICE. in that direction, and it is against this I would warn you. And now that I am upon this topic, there is one further ob- servation I am tempted to make in regard to the position of the judges. I should hope that as time goes on, as the im- portance and extent of their work increases, and as the wealth of the country expands, it may be found expedient to attach somewhat higher salaries to those who administer the laws. Pure and righteous justice is the very foundation of human happiness, but remember it is as true of justice as of anything else — you cannot have a first-rate article with- out paying for it. (Cheers and laughter.) In order to secure an able Bar yon must provide adequate prizes for those that are called to it. If this is done, the intellectual energy of the countiy will be attracted to the legal profession, and you w ill have what is the greatest ornament any country can pos.sess — an efficient and learned judiciary. (Cheers.) But after all, the chief danger against which you will have to guard is that which concerns the Civil Service of the country. Now, the Civil Service of the countiy, though not the animating 8|>ir||., ja tlie living mechanism through which the body politic riitiVt'S Itnd breathes, and has its being. Upon it depends the vapid an\ the confines of two oconns Huffice to hedj^o you in ; Imt yon shan^ an Empire whose flajjf fioats, whose jurisdic'tion asserts itself in every quarter of the ^\o\)q — (applause) — whose ships whiten every sea — whose language is destined to spread further than any F^uropean tongue — (tremendous cheering) — whose institutions every nation aspiring to free- dom is endeavouring to imitate, and whose viust and wide- spread colonies are vying with each other in their affection- ate love for the Mother Country — (cheers) — in their efforts to add lusti'e to the English name, in their longing to see cemented still more closely the bonds of that sacred and majestic union within which they have been born. (Ap- plause.) Gentlemen, believe me, one is not an Englishman for nothing — (great cheering) — and, although, perhaps, I should be prepared to go beyond many of my hearers, not merely in justifying, but in extolling, the conduct of those men of the revolutionary period who tore themselves — though I believe with bleeding hearts — from their mother's side rather than submit to her tyranny, I confess I should have difficulty in finding words to express my want of sympathy for those, should any such ever come into existence, who — unless under the stress of equal provocation — should be tempted to abjure so glorious a birthright in pursuit of any Utopian chimei'a. (Applause.) None such, however, are here. (Cheers.) Of course, I am well aware that many of the most earnest-minded men amongst us have insisted of late years with laudable enthusiasm — and in doing so, though perhaps unconsciously to themselves, they have only given utterances to the feelings of every man and woman in the % ■>%. ^> ^r^^.. IMAGE EVAIUATION TEST TARGfcT (MT-S) ^^<^i 1.0 I.I 1.25 2.2 lAO 2.0 1.8 U ill 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ,\ iV <>^ ^^ o o^ ^/?^ I Ko 662 PRACTICAL STATESMANSHIP. ' * 1 If nation — upon the duty of a supreme devotion to the interests of their own Canada. (Cheers.) But you are well aware that, as an Imperial officer, x have never shown the slightest jealousy or breathed a word in discouragement of such hon- ourable sentiments ; for I am convinced that, so far from being antagonistic to Imperial interests, it is amongst those who are prepared to make the greatest sacrifices for their native land that we shall always find the most loyal subjects of the Queen. (Great cheering.) The only thing that, perhaps, I would be disposed to deprecate would be the over-passionate advocacy of any speculative programme that may lie outside of the orbit of practical statesmanship. (Hear, hear.) As every human society is in a state of con- tinuous development, so occasional re-adjustment of its mechanism becomes necessary ; buo I think you may take it for granted that, though they may not talk much about it, tlie experienced men who superintend your affairs are perpetually on the watcli for any serious symptoms of strain or friction in the wheels of the body politic, and as soon as these disclose themselves, there is no doubt they will find expedients with which to meet the emergency. Ii is in this way, by this practical procedure, and not by theoretical excursions into dreiimland. tliat the British polity has been hO successfully elaborated. (Applause.) So long as a man sleeps well, has a good aj>pe- tite, and feels generally jovial, he may rest assured he needs no doctoring. (Laughter.) But if he takes to perpetually feeling his pulse, looking at his tongue, and watching his digestion, he will invariably superinduce all kinds of imagin- THE COLDEST COMMON-SENSE. 608 ary pains and aches, and perhaps a real illness. (Applause and laughter.) Well, so far as I have observed, you all ap- pear at present in the best of health and spirits ; and I do not know that you will much bettor your condition by allowing your imagination to speculate as to whether the exuberant vitality you are accumulating in your system under your present satisfactory regimen will, or will not, eventually necessitate, some hundred years hence, an incon- ceivable process of amputation. (Laughter and applause.) But what is so satisfactory in this case is, that those senti- ments of loyalty and affection for the Mother Country, which are so dominant in Canada, coincide and run in par- allel lines with what the coldest common sense and the most calculating policy would recommend. (Great applause.) They are, in fact, but the wreaths of roses which entwine and overlie the strong cords of mutual profit and advantage by which the two countries are bound to one another. (Ap- plause.) I therefore say, cherish as one of the noblest tra ditions transmitted by your forefathers that feeling of loyalty towards Great Britain, the Empire, and its Sovereign, by which you are animated, for it is in tliat direction, and not in any other one, that your true course lies. (Great applause.) And now, in conclusion, I have but one more word to say. However earnestly I may have besought you to be faithful to your native land, and to estimate at its proper value your Lirthright as Englishmen, it is almost %\i\\ e(|ual persistence that I would exhort you to cultivate tiie most friendly and cordial relations with the great American people. A nobler nation — a people more generous or more hospitable — does G64 THE ELECT OF THE PEOPLE. not ei'.'st. (Loud applause.) To have learnt to understand and appreciate them I esteem as not the least of the many advantages I have gained by coming to Canada. (Applause.) Of my own knowledge I can say that they are animated by the kindliest feelings towards the Dominion, and I cannot doubt but that the two countries are destined to be united in the bands of an unbroken friendship. (Loud applause.) Nor can I conceive a more interesting task in store for the j)hilosophical historian than to record the amicable rivalry of such powerful and cognate communities in the l>ath of progress — the one a Republic indeed, but where the authoritative pie-emincnce assigned to the elect of the people, and the comparative freedom of the Executive from Parliamentary control introduce a feature akin t-j personal Goveniment ; the other a Monarchy, but to which the hered- itajy principle communicates such an element of stability as to render possible the application of what is really the most popular and democratic political system to be found upon the continent — (loud cheers) — while both combine, each in their respective spheres, to advance the hapi)iness of mankind, and to open up a new and fresher chapter of human history. (Applause.) And now, gentlemen, I must hurry to a conclusion I have only to thank you for the patience with which you have listened to me. My race amongst you is run. To-day I am but hastily tinishing oH" the concluding paragraph in the recdVd of my official career. That record I am happy to think is destined to become the preface of a more brilliant chapter in your history. (Oheers.) In a few weeks one of the most promising of the younger generation DELEGATIONS. ens of English statesmen will reach yoursljores, acconipanicfl hy a (laughter of your Queen. (Tremendous applause.) Under the auspices of these distinguished personages you are des- tined to ascend yet higher in the hierarchy of the nations, to ha drawn still closer to the heart of the Mother Country, to be recognised still more universally as one of the most loyal, most prosperous, and most p(jwerful of those great colonial governments which unite to form the Empire of Great Britain. (Great cheering.) May God Almighty bless you and keep you, and pour out upon your glorious country the universal blessings that lie at His right hand." (Tremendous cheering, renewed again and again.) At the conclusion of his speech, the Governor drove off and inspected the Cairn upon the site of Fort Rouill(5, and afterwards visited the main building. Early on Wednesday morning, representatives of the Irish Protestant Benevolent Society, the St. George's Society, the Public School Board, and the Commercial Ti-avellers' Association, called on Lord Dufferin iit the Queen's Hotel, and presented addresses. To the fir.'^t of these delegations His Excellency returned the following answer : " Gentlemen, — " Few things could have given me greater pleasure than to receive such an address as that which you have pre sented to me. I recollect the frieuilly reception you gave me OH my fii-st arrival, and I rejoice at this opportunity of bidding you farewell. I am well aware of the useful nature of the task you have set yourselves, and of the G66 A LAST ENTREATY. broad and liberal spirit in which you oxecute it, and it is therefore, to you and through you, to the rest of our Irish fellow-countrymen in Canada that I feel irresistibly com- pelled to convey one last and parting entreaty. No one can have watched the recent course of events without having observed, almost with feelings of terror, the unaccountable exacerbation and recrudescence of those party feuds and religious animosities, from whicli, for many ■& long day, we have been comparatively free. Now, gentlemen, this is a most serious matter — (hear, hear) — its import cannot be ex- aggerated, and I would beseech you and every Canadian in the land who exercises any influence amid the circle of his acquaintance — nay, eveiy Canadian woman, whether mother, wife, sister, or daughter, to strain every nerve, to exert every faculty they possess, to stifle and eradicate this hateful and abominable root of bitterness from amongst us. (Hear, hear.) Gentlemen, I have had a terrible experience in tliese matters. I have seen one of the greatest and most prosperous towns of Ireland — the City of Belfast — helplc-^sly given over for an entire week into the hands of two contending religious factions. I have gone into the hospital, and behind tl»e dead bodies of young men in the prime of life lying stark and cold upon the hospital floor — the delicate form.« of innocent women writhing in agony upon the hospital beds — and every one of these struck down by an unknown bxillet — by those with whom they had no personal (juarrel — towards whom they felt no animosity, and from whom, had they encoun- tered them in the intercourse of ordinary life, they would have probably received every mark of kindness and good- A GENEROUS LIBERALITY OF SENTIMENT. GOT will, (Hear, hear.) But where these tragedies occurred, — senseless and wicked as were the occasions which produced them — there had long existed between the contending parties, traditions of animosity and ill-will and the memory of ancient grievances ; but what can be more Cain-like, more insane, than to import into this country — unsullied as it is by any evil record of civil sti-ife — a stainless paradise, fresh and bright from the hands of its Maker — where all have been freely admitted upon equal terms — the blood-thii-sty strife and brutal quarrels of the old world ? Divided as you are into various powerful religious communities, none of whom are entitled to claim either pre-eminence or ascendancy over the other, but each of which reckons amongst its adlierents enormous masses of the population, what hope can you have except in mutual forbearance and a generous liberality of sentiment ? Why ! Your very existence depends upon the disappearance of these ancient feuds. Be wise, therefore, in time, I say, while it is still time, for it is the property of these hateful cpiarrels to feed on their own excesses ; if once engendered, they widen their bloody circuit from year to year, till they engulf the entire community in internecine strife, ynhappily, it is not by legislati f 670 IN THE PARK. His Excellency concluded by thanking them in a few further appropriate observations for the flattering terms of their address. The members of the School Board then entered, and Dr. George Wright road an address, which was replied to in a brief speech, during which the speaker observed that if he were to cause an epita|)h to be placed over his defunct offi- cial capacity, it would be " during his reign the schools of the, country have doubled." A visit to the Central Prison was made in the afternoon, and in the evening a monster demonstration took place in the Queen's Park, where thousands of citizens congregated to do honour to the most popular Governor-General who ever administered the nflairs of Canada. The buildings near by were brilliantly illuminated, and the arch was embellished by many bright lights, gas decorations and Chinese lanterns. The devices displayed on all sides gave full expression to the state of feeling which prevailed. His Excellency drove through the Park, cheered by the hosts which lined every avenue. What with illuminations on all sides, torches, alle- gorical devices, flags, the brilliantly lighted windows in the great houses, the gorgeous pageant in the streets, the im- mense surging, swaying crowd, and the long line of carriages, the scene presented a spectacle unequalled in the history of the Dominion. Cheers rent the air, and the strains of God Save the Queen were only heard at intervals, so gi'eat was the enthusiasm of the people. It is estimated that at least twenty-five thousand persons were present. An THE ONTARIO ARTISTS' ASSOCIATION. 071 addreas was read by Mr. Roddy, the City Clerk, in behalf of Toronto, and by Mr. N. Clarke Wallace, M.P., in bohalf of the Warden and Council of the County of York, and by Mr. F, E. Kilvert, M.P., in behalf of a deputation from Hamilton. To all of these His Excellency replied. On Thursday morning. His Excellency breakfuNted witli His Grace, Archbishop Lynch, and was presented with an address from the Archbishop and Bishops of the Province, and, at half-past one, he was entertained at luncheon by the members and honorary members of the Ontario Society of Artists. The gathering was a very select one, and was com- posed of an eminent ami representative body of men. After Lord Dufferin had shaken hands with each of tlie gentlemen present, he was conducted to the large exhibition room belonging to the Association, where a sumptuous repast wa.s spread. Mr. W. H. Howland occupied the Chair. There were but three toasts, the Queen, The Governor-Gen- eral and the President of the Association. Mr. Howland, in proposing the health of Lord Dufferin was exceedingly happy in his remarks, and the applause which followed was very great. His Lordship, on rising to respond, was received with cheers, and he said : " Mr. Howland and Gentlemen, — " In returning you my best thanks for the flattering man- ner in which you have drunk my health, permit me to assure you that I should havefelt my leave-taking in this city to liave been most incomplete unless I had an opportunity of i: i «72 THE I'HINCKSS LOUISE. giving my artist fiiondH in Onturio a parting shake Ity tlie Iiand. (Applause). I sliall never forget the kindness and courtesy with which they have always welcomed n)0 hor«', or the pleasure I have derived from inspecting their annual Exhibition. As this is altogether a domestic festival I shall not intrude upon its felicity by a speech. Moreover, I have so lately had an opportunity of saying to you whatever I thought I could say to any purpose with reference to Art that the want of an appropriate theme would of itself close my mouth. Still there is one thing I would wish to do, and that is to congratulate you and every artist in Can- ada upon the advent to your sliores of one of the most in- telligent and appreciative patrons of art such a Society as this could possibly desire. Gentlemen, in Her Royal High- ness the Princess Louise you will not only find a sister brush (laughter), but one who, both by her native genius and the hound and thorough practical education she has received, is (qualified to be your friend, protector and guiding star. (Ap- plause). That she will be willing and ready to be so I have no doubt, for broad and generous as are all her sympathies, in no direction do they flow out in a richer or more spontane- ous stream than towards her artist friends. (Applause.) An justify me in de- manding your assistance. In your Cw;i»/pbourhood there exists, as you are aware, one of the most ■" ondrous, beauti- ful, and stupendous scenes which the i'orcet^ of nature have A DEMAND FOR TEN CENTS. 673 ever constructed. Indeed, wo majestic is the subject that though many skilful hands have ontloavourod to transfer it to canvas, few have succeeded in ade»|n!itely depicting its awe-inspiring charactei. I'^s. I allude to the Falls of Nia- gam. But I am further su>i. every one will agree with me in thinking that the , 'oasuic he may liave derived from his pilgi'image to so famous a s^iot, whether as an artist or sim- ple tourist, has be'm mi. criibly marred and defeated by the inconvenience and annoyance he has experienced at the hands of the various squatting intt losts that have taken possessi-^n of every point of vantage at the Falls, to tax the pocket and irritate the nerves of visitors, and by whom — just at tiie moment when he is about to give up his whole being to the contemplation of the scene before him, just as he is about to feel the inspiration of the natural beauties around him — his imagination and poetic faculties are sud- denly shocked and disorganized with a demand for ten cents ! (Loud laughter.) Some few^ weeks ago I had the good fortune to meet His Excellency, the Governor of the State of New York, and I then suggested to him an idea which has long been present to my mind, namely, that the Governments of New York and of Ontario or Canada should combine to acquire whatever rights may have been established against the public, and to form around the Falls a small public inter- national park — (hear, hear) — not indeed, decorated or in any way sophisticated by the puny art of the landscape gar- dener, but carefully preserved in the picturesque and un- vulgarized condition in which it was originally laid out by the hand of Nature. (Loud applause.) Nothing could have QQ 1 674 AN EFFICIENT STAFF. been more gratifying or gracious than the response whicli His Excellency the Governor of New York was good enough to make to my representations ; and he encouraged me to hope that, should a fitting opportunity present itself, he and his Government might be induced, if not to take the initiative in the matter; at all events to co-operate hear- tily with our own in carrying out such a plan as I have sketched. (Applause.) Nowhere in the world are all the arrangements connected with pleasure grounds better under- stood than upon this continent. You possess quite a specialiU in that respect, and if on either side the river the areas adap- ted for such a purpose were put under the charge of proper guardians, and the present guides organized into an effi- cient and disciplined staff, it would be a source of increased gratification to thousands and thousands of persons. (Ap- plause.) Now, of course, we all know that what is everybody's business is nobody's business, and notwithstanding the all- embracing energy of my honourable and learned friend upon my right,* it is not the kind of thing which probably would have come to the notice of his Government, unless the matter was previously agitated by some powerful interest. It is for this reason that I take the opportunity of addressing an audience who, I am certain, will sympathize with such a project, and of urging upon them the advisability of bring- ing their influence to bear in the direction I have suggested. (Loud applause.) Mr. President and gentlemen, I have again to thank you most warmly for the kind reception you have ' Hon. Oliver Mowat, Premier r)f Ontario. IN (QUEBEC AGAIN. 076 given me, and I beg to conclude by proposing the health of your President, with the hearty wish [for your future pros- perity." (Applause). Mr. L. R. O'Brien replied to this toast and the very plea- sant party broke up. On Friday morning His Excellency left Toronto for Mon- treal. Previous to his departure he was presented by the Horticultural Committee with some samples of native wines and fruits. At nine o'clock he left the hotel and proceeded direct to the Union Station, where he was met by a guard of honour from the 10th Royals, the Mayor and Corporation and a number of private citizens. Adieus were said and the train rolled out of the station amid cheers, and waving of hats and handkerchiefs. Lord Dufferin arrived at Quebec on Sunday, and at once proceeded to the Citadel. A few days afterwards he went to Montreal for the purpose of swearing in the new Govern- ment, and on the morning of the 18th of October he re- turned to the ancient capital. Friday was a gala-day in the history of Quebec, and His Excellency was kept pretty thoroughly employed. The weather was cold and dreary and a dismal rain added much to the general gloom which pi-evailed. Notwithstanding Miese drawbacks. Lord r)"fferin faithfully carried out the prograinme in its enarety. An inspection, on the Esplanade, of B. Battery of Artillery, under command of Lt.-Col. Strange, occupied a portion of the morning, and towards eleven o'clock the Governor-General repaired to the site of the old St. Louis Gat3, and in the presence of an immense concourse of spectators he proceeded 676 LAYING THE CORNER STONE. to lay the corner stone. The ceremony was impressively performed, and among the articles deposited in the founda- tion stone was a copy of ' Letters from High Latitudes,' the kindly gift of the author. An address from Mayor Robert Chambers followed, when Lord Dufferin, in a brief reply, said that he hoped, as Her Majesty had generously contributed to the cost of the gates, that the name of that structure would remain in abeyance until the Princess Louise should arrive and decide which gate was to bear the name of the Queen's august father, the late Duke of Kent. He then referred to the plans of the new terrace, which he greatly admired, and hoped to find on his return to Quebec, at no veiy distant day, the city surrounded by beautiful terraces, linked together by gates rivalling each other in symmetry of design and general beauty of appearance. His Lordship then drove to the Citadel and leceived a delega- tion from the St. Patrick's Society. An address was read, and after a reply had been returned to the same, the mem- bers of the deputation were presented individually to Lord Dufferin. At two o'clock His Excellency jiroceeded to Duf- ferin Terrace and laid the corner stone amid great cheerinjj- and before a large party of distinguished people, including tlie Lieut.-Governor of Quebec, the Mayor of the city. Dean Stanley of London, the Consul-General of Spain, Count El Conde de Premio Real, Mr. and Mrs. Russell Stevenson, 11. R Dobell, Esq., J. M, LeMoine, the Canadian Naturalist and author. Judge Tasehereau, and many others. On the com- pletion of the ceremony, Lord Dufferin went immediately to the Ursuline Convent, and spent a pleasant hour in lis- LAST DAY FN QUEBEC. 677 tening to a musical entertainment, and at a quarter past three the Governor-General held his final reception in the Dominion at the Parliament Bumlinfrs. The Levee was a very brilliant one, and the list of ladies and gentlemen who called to pay their respects and bid adieu to His Excellency embraced many of the most eminent names in all Canada, As soon as the reception was over, Lord Dufferin entered his carriage and drove to the Citadel to snatch a few mo- ments of repose after the fatigue of his \ ?ry busy day. The morning of Saturday, the 19th of October, was very stormy, so stormy, indeed, that the pi'ogramme which had been arranged had to be abandoned. It was His Ex- cellency's intention to leave Quebec in H. M. S. ' Sirius,' and after a short sail down the river, to embark on board the steamer ' Polynesian,' which was to convey him home. But the wind and rain and ' heavy sea ' prevented all this. A little after nine o'clock His Lordship and suite drove down to the Queen's wharf. Despite the severity of the storm which was raging with great violence, the streets and wharves were filled with people, and the Terrace was lined with an eager concourse of spectators. His Excellency was cheered all the way, and on his arrival at the little canves- topped rotunda, it was some minutes before quiet was sufficiently restored to enable the proceedings to go on. A farewell address was presented to the Govmor by the citizens, to which a very feeling answer was returned. Lord Dufferin then went on board the ' Sirius ' frr a few mo- ments, and in mid-stream he crossed the bows of the man-of- war to the ' Polynesian.' A salute from the ' Sirius ' was 678 THE DEPARTURE. then fired, and as the steamer ploughed her way in the wake of the ' Argus ' and ' Sirius,' many a heart in the Fortress City was aweary, and many a breast felt a pang of tearful sorrow and regret at the departure of one whose six years' stay in Canada seemed like a glorious dream of endless de- light, and from which this was felt to be the rude awaken- ing. No Governor-General had ever so freely mingled with the people, and entered so heartily and so sympathetically ill to the larger as well as the lesser affairs which, from time to time, concerned them. The lessons of his Administration — a reign which forms one of the most brilliant chapters in the history of Canada — uphold firmly a very important trflth, and this truth Lord Dufferin took every opportunity to impress on the minds of the people of the Dominion. In all of his public and private utterances — and the pages of this bcok abundantly illustrate his sentiments in this redpect — the Viceroy spared no pains to instil into the hearts of his hearers the genuine pride which Great Britain has ever .«...., and feels still, in the Canadian Dominion. His Excellency never refers to Canada as a mere dependency of the Crown, but prefers to sp xk of her as an eager young nation of growing aspirations, and laudable ambitions. Loyalty to the throne of Britain, love for the Queen, fealty to the Crown, have ever been the sentiments he h>:„s striven to perpetuate on this Continent. On every occasicm he has pointed out, in his own delightful and graceful way, the duty of Canadians; and he has earnestly besought them to maintain, at all hazards, British connexion, and loyal devotion to the Empire. AN TNTER-REGNUM. 679 In one of his masterly addresses he says : " I found you a loyal people, and I leave you the truest-hearted sub- jects of Her Majesty's Dominions. I found you proud of your descent and anxious to maintain your connection with the Mother Country ; I leave you more convinced than ever of the solicitude of Great Britain to recipro- cate your affection, — of her dependence on your fidelity in every emergency. I found you — men of various nation- alities — of English, French, Irish, Scotch and German de- scent, working out the problems of Constitutional Govern- ment with admirable success ; I leave you with even a deeper conviction in your minds that the due application of the principles of Parliamentary Government is capable of re- solving all political difficulties, and of controlling the gravest Ministerial crisis, to the satisfaction of the people at large, and of their leaders and representatives of every shade of opinion." It is not too much to say that Lord Du^erin himself did much to bring about this happy state of things. He has left Canada, followed by the good wishes of the whole populace, who cordially express the hope that his Sov- ereign may soon enlist his services again, and in a wider sphere of usefulness. NoTK. —An inter-regnum occurred between the departure of the Earl of Duf- ferin and the arrival in Canada of His Excellency, the Marquis of Lome, during which the affairs of the country were administered hg General Sir Pat- rick Macdougall, Commander of the Forces. ■ APPENDIX A. An Extract from Lord DufferMs Speech in Moving Vie Addnsi to lUr Majesty the Queen in the Souse of Lords. THLRsnAY, Feb. 6th, 1862. ' ' Mtf Lords, — " In rising to jjerform the duty which has devolved upon me, I feel that scarcely ever has any member of your Lordships' House been called upon to address you untler more solemn or more trying circumstances ; and most pain- fully am I aware how great is my need of your Lordships' i)atience and indul- ctence. My Lords, for nearly a quarter of a century it nas been the invariable privilege of those wlio have successfully found themselves in the position I occupy to-night to direct your attention to topics of a jjleasing, hopeful, or tri- umphant character— to a gratifying retrospect, oru promising future — to projects of law calculated still further to jjromote the rajjidly increasing prosperity of thecountry— to treaties of amity and commerce with foreign nations— at the worst to difficulties sunnounted, or disasters successfully retrieved — to foreign wars gloriously conducted, ami victoriously conchided. But, my I,ord», to night a very different task awaits me. For the first time since Her Majesty com- menced a rei^'n of unexampled prosperity, we have been overtaken by a calamity^ fraught with consequences which no man can yet calculate— unex- pected — irremediable— ojiening up alike to Sovereign and to people an endless vista of sorrow and regret. Under such circumstances even the most practised speaker in your Lordshijts' House might well shrink from the responsibility of intruding the inadequate expression of his individual feelings on a grief which must have endowed the henrt of every one who hears me with an eloquence far greater than any he can command. If, however, my Lords, there is any- thing that can mitigate the jiainful anxiety of my situation, it is the conviction that, howeverinefHcient- however wanting to the occasion— may be the terms in which you are urged to join in the proposed sentences of condolence with Her Majesty, the ajipeal must, in its very nature, command such an unanimity of earnest, heartfelt accpiiescence, as to leave the manner in which it may be placed before you aniatier of indifference. My Lords, this is not the occasion, nor am I the nrojier person, to deliver an encomium on the Prince whom we have lost. When a whole nation has lifted up its voice in lamentation, the feeble note of praise which may fall from any indi\'idual tongue must necessa- rily be lost in the exjiression .>^ the general sorrow ; but, my Lords, superfluous ajj any artificial panegyric has now become, right and fitting is it that that pub- lic ^rief which first foynd vent in the visible shudder which shook every congre- gation assembled in this metropolis when his w dl-known name was omitted from the accustomed prayer— which, gathering volume and intensity as reflec- tion gave us the measure of our loss, swept towards the Throne in one vast wave of passionate sympathy, and is even still reiterated from every distant shore that owns iilli'u'iiince to the British crown— right and fitting is it that such iv jrianifestation of a nation's sorrow as this should find its final embodiment and crowning consummation in a solemn expression of their feelings by both Hoiises of the British Legislature. Never before, my Lords, has the heart of England been so greatlv stirred, and never yet has such signal homage been more spontaneously rendered to impretending, intrinsic worth. Monarchs, lieroes, jjatriots have perished from amongst us, and have been Attended to their grave by the respect and veneration of a grateful people. But here was one who was neither king, warrior, nor legislator — occupying a (J82 APPJSNDIX A. )K>Hition in itf* very natui'e incompatible with all pcrxonal ure-e;ninence— alike debarred the achievement of military renown and {loliticnl iliHtinction, KecluJed within the precinctn of what mi^'ht easily have become a negative existence — neither able to confer those favours which purchase popidarity nor possesgin);, in any peculiar degree, the trick of manner which seduces it— who, nevertheless, succee(ied in winning for himself an amount of consideration and conKdence such as the most distinguished or the most sticcessful of mankind have seldom attained. By what combination of qualities, a stranger and an alien -exercis- xnn no definite ])olitic:il functions - ever verging on the peril of a false position - his daily life exposed to ceaseless observation -shut out from the encourage- ment afforded by the sympathy t)f intimate friendship, the support of iiarti- sans, the good fellowship of society — how such an one acquired so remarkable a hold on the affection of a jealous in>i'iliir people, might well excite the aston- ishment of any one acquainted with the temper and the |>eculiarities of the British nation. Yet, my Lords, after all, how simple and obvious is the secret of the dominion he acquired ! If, my Lords, the death of Prince Albert has turned England into a land of mourning ; if each one of us is conscious of hav- ing lost that calm feeling of satisfaction and security which has gi-adunlly been interwoven with the existence of the nation from the day he first took his stand beside the Throne ; if it seems as though the sun of our prosperity were dark- ened, anri a pillar of our state had fallen ; it is because in him we have lost that which has never failed to aclitthed, UBeful as he wan, little would all these engaKing charaetHriBticB have availed him, unlefls before, and above all else, lie had proved himself worthy of that precious trust which twoand-twejity years ago the people of England confided to his lionour, when they gave into lii» keeping the domestic hapniness of their youthful Queen. How faithfully he has fulfilled that trust, now tenderly he has loved, guarded, cherished, honoured the bride of his youth, the companion of his manhood, is known in all its fulness but to one alone ; yet, so bright has slume tlie flan of that wedded love, fo liallowing has been its influence, that even its reflected light has gladdened and purified many a humble household, and at this moment there is not a woman in (Jreat lintain who will not mournfully acknowledge that, as- in life he made our (^iieen the proudest and the happiest, ho in death he has left her the most afflicted lady in her kingdom. Well may we, then, hesitate, my Lords, before we draw ne.*\r even with wort's of condolence to that widowed Throne wrapped as it is in the awful majesty of grief ; yet if there is one thing on earth which might bring— I will not say consolation, but some soothing of her grief, to our afflicted Sovereign, it would be the consciousness of that uni- versal love and sympathy for her with which the heart of Englaml is at this moment full to bursting, (xreat as has been the affection always felt for her by her subjects, the feeling has now nt'ained an intensity difiicult to imagine. Ueath and sorrow have broken down tl. convention: 1 barriers that have hitherto awed into silence the expression of her i)eople's love— it is not a Monarch in a palace that they now see, but a stricken Woman in a desolate home ; and public meetings, and addresses of conilolence, and marble memorials utterly fail to in- terpret the unspeakable yearning with which the entire nation would fain gather her to its liosom, and, if it were possible, forever shelter her from all the ills and sorrows of this stoiin-wtiaken world. Surely, next to the compassion of (iod must be such love from such a people ! To give expression to these senti- ments, as far as the forms of State will admit, will, I am certain, be the heart- felt desire of your Lordsliiijs' House ; and not, even when in some day of battle and defeat your Lordships' ancestors made a rampart of their lives round the pel-son of ttieir king, will the Peers of England have gathered round the Throne m a spirit of more genuine devotion ; and heartily, I am sure, my Lords, will you join me in praying that the same inscrutalile Providence which has visited our Queen and country with so great calamity will give to her and us patience to bow before the dread decree ; and that the Father of the Fatherless and the Comforter of the Afflicted will, in His own good time, afford to our beloved Sovereign such a measure of consolation as is to lie found in the love of her lost husband's children, in the veneration of his memory, the fulfilment of his wishes, and the imitation of his bright example. Sufh a wish can be embodied in no nobler words than those furnished by tne great poet of our age:— ' May all Idvi', HIslovp misei'ii, Imt felt. o'orHlnidow Tliec, The love of nil thy sons cncnnipass thee. The love ol all thy ilaiightera rlicrlah thee, Tlie line of all thy Jieople eoiiifnrt thee. Till (Joil's love set thee at his nlJe a^iii.' And now, my liOrds, glad should I be might my task of sorrowful reminis- oence be here concludeil ; but on such an occasion it is impossible not to remem- ber that since we were last assembled the service of two other trusted and faithful councillors has been lost to the Crown and to the State— the one a Member of your Lordships' House, cutoff in the prime of his manhoodand in the mitlst of one of the most brilliant careers that ever flattered the ambition of an English statesman— the other a Member of the other House of Parlia- ment, after a long life of such uninterrupted labour and unselfish devotion to the business of the country as hfis seldom characterized the most indefatigable- public servant. My Lords, it is not my intention to enumerate the claims upon our gratitude possessed by those two departed Statesmen ; but, in taking count of the losses sustained by Parliament during the last recess, it is impossible not to pause an instant beside the vacant places of Lord Herbert and Sir James liraham. Each has gone to his account, anil each has tiled, falling where he fought, as best befitteil the noble birth and knightly lineage of each. My lji>rds, whene-. tr in her hour of need England shall marshal her armies for the vindication ■)f her hontmr, or the protection of her territories, the name of him «M APPENDIX A. who labnured ho asdiduouiily for the improvement of the sanitary condition of the Holdierat a time when peace wiui devafitating our barraclcM in more fatal pro- portion than war our campH, will never lack its ai)iiointed meed of praistt. And when the day nhall come for the imiiartial pen ot hiHtory to blazon those few namoH to wHom alone it Ih given to be recognized by posterity an the leading flpirita of a by-gone age, the trusted friend, the laborioim coadjutor, the saga- cious colleague of Lord Aberdeen and Sir Itobert Peel, shall as surely find his just measure of renown. But, my Lords, it was neither in the hopes of win ning guerdon or renown tha'. the Prince wliom we mourn, and the statesmen whom we have lost, preferred the path of painful, self-denying duty to the life of luxury and ease that lay within their reach. 1 hey obeyed a nobler instinct ; they were led by the light of a higher revelation ; they cast their bread upon the waters in the faitii of an unknown return. ' Omnia fiti, nihil expeait,' sighed one of the greatest of Roman enijierors as ho lav upon his death-bed at York ; yet when, a moment afterwards, the (captain of his guard came to him for the watchword of the night, with his dying breath he gave it, ' Liiborenms.' So is it, my Lords, with us ; we labour, anil others enter into the fruit of our Irboui-s; we dig the foundation, and others build, and others again raise the superstructure ; and one by one the faithful workmen, their 8i)ell of toil ac- complished, descend, it may be, into oblivion and an unhonoured grave— but higher, brighter, fairer, rises the fabric of our social i)olicy ; broader and more beautiful spread out on every side the sacred realms of civilization ; further and further back retire the dark tides of ignorance, misery, crime — nay, even of disease and death itself, until to the eye of the enthusiastic spectator on the 4k-stinies of the human race it might almost seem as if in the course of ages it might be granted to the iiilelleotual energy and v. «TKAtH.\.V HCHOOL, TORONTO. Kor the ln-Ht Knsay articiilar MtresH Iwfntf laid on (traniinur, H|H)llinK an 1 Writing. " EngliHli liiti-ratiire " wa» the mibject of couiputition. 1875. Hilver uit-dal. .Mi8H«- awarded in accordance with the results of the usual Terminal Exui.uiiationsin the various classes. 1875. Silver med>>.l. .John Johnson. Bronze do . .('oliii r»merun. 1876. Silver do . . W. K. McCuUodi. Bnmze do . .James Hoss. 1877. Silver do . .James Koss. Bronze do ..J. K. Wright. 1878. Silver do . .Abraham L)ob«ruficiency during the term. 1874. Silvermedal. .William Kay. Bronze do . . W. W. Suiith. 1875. Silver do . .Miss I. McKillop. Bronze do . . Andrew Noyes. ONTARIO INHTITITIO.N FOR THE BLIND, UKANTFOKD. For general proficiency. 1874. Silvermedal Bronze do 1875. Silver do Bronze do 1878. Silver do Bronze do Miss 8. A. Sharp. . George Booth. . . W. Raymond. .MissMariaCoUins. . . James Baxter. . . Sandford Lepjiard. CONVENT OF LORETTO, NIAGARA FALLS. For Domestic Economy. 1875. Silvermedal. Miss Julia Kelly. Bronze du .Miss Alicia Malone. 1877. Silver do . .Miss K. Kundell. Bronze do . .Miss Mary Blee. 1878. Silver do . .Miss Mary Mead. Bronze do . . Miss E. Delaney. CHRISTIAN BROTHERS COMMERCIAL SCHOOL, OTTAWA. For general proficiency in first and second divisions. 1876. Silvermedal. .Michael Enright. Bronze da ..Thomas McGoey. 1877. Silver do . .Henry O'Brien. Bronze do . .John O'Gara. 1878. Silver do . . A. Brennan. Bronze do . . A. Demare. A PI-UN in. \ It ONTARIO LAIlIKH' C'OM.KOK, WIHTIIV. 1377. HilvBrmeilal..MiHii S. M. PtttT- Mon. Bronze . H. L. Bland. 1878. Silver do . .A.A.Thibaudeau. Bronze do ..W. H. Davidson. SE.MINAHY OF QUEBEC. Medals to be competed for by the students of the 1st year in Intellectual and Moral Philosophy. 1875. Silver medal. ..Toseph Feuiltault. Bronze do . .Felix Landry. 1876. Silver do . .Henri Gorin. Bronze do . . A. Lemieux. 1877. Silver do .. Arthur Scott. Bronze do . .Elzear Del.^imere. 1878. Silver do . .Tlionias Barry. Bronze do . .Elzebert Roy. NORMAL HCHOOL, QUEBEC. Male Dfiutrtmciit. Reading aloud in French with proper proiiunciatioa and expression. 187"). Silver medal. . Amddee Tanguay. Bronze do . . Elie Trerablay. 1876. Silver do . . Elie Tremlilay. Bronze do . .Nt^r^e Simanl. 1877. Silver do . .Nt^rc^eSimard. Bronze do . . G. Marcfitte. 1878. Silver do . .M.Eugene St. Cyr. Bronze do ..M. L. A. Caron. NOKM.SL SCHOOL, QUEBEC. Femah Dcpartmeiit. Medals for reading aloud in French with proper pronunciation and expres- sion. 1875. Silver medal . . Miss Marie Voyer. Bronze do . . Mi.sa ( '. Beaujirt?. 1876. Silver do . .Miss C. l-avoie. Bronze do ..Miss K. Buchard. 1877. Sil^r do . . Miss E. Bdchard. Bronze do . .Miss C. (Jleason. 1878. Silver do . .Miss 0. Gleason. Bronze do . Miss J. Cloutier. URSULINE CONVENT, QUEBEC. To the pupil who gains the greatest number of marks for conduct, a))i)li- catiou and success in the different branches tauglit. 1875. Silver medal. .Mi88M.Ijac'.ance. Bronze do . .Miss E. lit Moine. 1876. Silver do . . Miss K. O'Farrell. Bronze do . .Miss M. M. Le- 1877. Silver do Bronze do 1878. Silver do Bronze do mieux. .Miss A. Gordeau. . Miss Mary Foye. .Miss J]va Huot. . Miss H. McEury. CONVENT DE JESUS-MARIE, 8ILLERY, QUEBEC. For good manners, order and proper language in French and English. 1875. Silver medal. . Miss A. Rosseau. Bronze do . . Miss Eugenie Le 1870. Silver do . . Miss C. Broster. Bronze do . . Miss L. Le Brun. 1877. Silver do . . Miss W. Sylvain. Bronze do . . Miss Marie L. McCord. 1878. Silver do ..Miss M. L. Tas- chereau. Bronze do ..Miss A. Lcniinu. CONVENT DE BELLEVUE, 8TE. FOYE, QUEBEC. For proficiency in the English and French languages. 1875. Silver medal. . Mi.ss A. Johnston. Bronze do . . Miss D. Blouiu. 1870. Silver do . .Miss A.Campbell. Bronze do . . Miss Bella I )ean. 1877. Silver do . .Miss M. E. Boily. Bronze do . .Mi.ssM.H. Green. 1878. Silver do . . Miss P. Mailloux. Bronze do ..MissC. Carbray. CONVENT OF THE SACRED HEART, MONTREAL. 1878. Silver medal. .Miss A. Doherty. Bronze do . .Miss M. Tobiu. PROVING E OF NOVA SCOTIA. DALH0U8IK COLLEGE AND UNIVER.41TY, HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA, The medals to be awarded at the close of the undergraduate course to the two graduates who shall reach the highest grade of proficiency in the sul)- jects of examination of the fourth year, which are : 1. Latin. 2. Ethics and Political Economy. 3. History. 4. French or German (Alternative). 5. Mathematical I'hysics or Greek (Alternative). 1875. Gold medal ..T. H. Jordan. Silver do . .Geo. McMillan. 1870. Gold do ..F. H. Bell. Silver do . J. McCr. Stewart. 1877. Gold do ..JohnWaddell. Silver do . . B. McKittrick. 1878. Gold do . .John L. (ieorge Silver do . . J. H. Cameron. NORMAL SCHOOL, TRURO, NOVA SCOTIA. T(? the author of the best essay on the science or art of teaching, that the competition be restricted to those stu- dents whose conduct and attendance render them eligible for Normal School Diploma. APPENDIX B. 680 'i .Geo. .J. Miller. .MIhh Mary Loffiin. . Misw Vs. S. Bttilly. .MiwH M. F. New- coml). .Min» M. H. liock- wood. .MIhs M. Brown. . Miss A. McKay. . Walter Crowe. 187.'). Silver medal. Bronze do l«7e. Silver do . Bronze do 1877. Silver do , Bronze do 1878. Silver do . Bronze do ACADIA COLLEGE, WOLFEVILLE, NOVA .SCOTIA. For Cla8mc8. 1876. Silver medal. .A. J. Denton. Bronze do . .J. G. A. Bclyca. 1877. Silver do .. Walter Barrs. Bronze do . .Howard Schofill. FKOVINCE OF NP^W BEHNS- WK!K. DNIVERSITY OF NEW BHI'NSWICK, FliED- EHIf'TON. For encouraging accuracy and tho- roughness in the more eleii;«intary jiart.^ of literature and science. Medals to lie awarded foreminencoinnatural science. 1875. 1876. 1877. Gold medal Silver do Gold Silver Gold Silver do do do do , . Angus Sillars. .W. E. Maclntire. .F. A. Milledge. .G. W. Allen. , . Wallace Broad. .W. Y. T. Sims. Bronze do 1875. Silver do Bronze do 1876. Silver do Bronze do GRAMMAR AND HIGH SCHOOL, ST. JOHN, N. B. For Classics. 1875. Silver medal . . Frank Milledge. Bronze do . . James Trueman. 1876. Silver do . . William Ewing. Bronze do ..J. D. Seely. PROVINCE OF MANl'J'OBA. ST. JOHN'S COI,LE(;IATE SCHOOL, MANI- TOBA. To be awarded for a knowledge of ancient and modern history. 1875. Silver medal . . Robert Machray. Bronze do . .James Flett. Ancient and modern history and mathematics. 1876. Silver medal .. J. A. Machray. Bronze do . . A. C Murray. UR girls' HIGH SCHOOL, ST. .lOHN, N.B. To the girl attaining the highest marks at the annual examination. 1874. Silver mediil. .MissM. A. Uuder- hill. ..MissM.W. Hartt. . .MissM. IL Hum- jjhrey. . . Miss A.E.Everett. . .Miss A.E.Everett. ..MissK. Bartlett. Greek, Latin, and English granmuii-, ancient and modern history. 1877. Silver medal. .J{. It. F. Banna- tyne. Bronze do . ..lames Mackay. iS78. Silver do . .L.J. McK. Clarke. Bronze do . .K. K. V. Banna- tyne. MAIUTOHA COLLEGE, WlNNII'E(i. To the finishing class of the College, tlie highest prize in the Institution. 1874. Silver medal. .William Black. Bronze do . .. (}()1(1 do ..\7. M. S Branston. Silver do . . Miss O. Wheeler. 1876. Gold do ..T. L. Barlow. Siher do . . Miss O. Fairbaim. DOMINION CURLING COM I'ETITION. 1874. Gold iiiodal. .Que f^nrline Club. Silver do . .Win. Brodie, Cham- pion, Quebec Club. 1875. Gold do ..'fhistle Club of Montreal. Silver do . .Mr.Fenwick,Cham- pion.ThistleClub. 1870. Gold do ..Thistle Club of Montreal. Silver do . . Mr. Grei shields, Cham lon Thistle Club. ■ 1877. Gold do ..Que. Curling Club. Silver do . . Wm. Brodie, Chain- I)ion,Quebec Club. 1878. Gold do .. Que. Curling Club. Silver do .. Edwin Pope, Cham- pion, Quebec Club. CURLING COMPETITION BETWEEN MEM- BEIW OK THE GOVERNMENT AND THK Ol'I'OHITION. 187.'). Silver medal .. Sent to the Hon. A. Mackenzie. CURLING COMPETITION — RENFREW. ('hallenge to noinmeraorate_ a match with some of the members Vice-Regal Club on 9th February. 1875. Bronze medal. .Sent to G, N. McDonald, Sec- 1 -etary to the Club. DOMINION RIFLE AHSOCIATION, OTTAWA. Competition at Ottawa. 187:$. Gold medal. .Sergt. McMullen, 10th Batt. ..Sergt. Baillie, 47th Batt. . .Ensign Ttihey, G. T. Rifles. . . Lieut. Whitman. . . Sergt. Bennett. . . Lieut. Balfour. . . Lieut. Macnachtan. . .Bombr. Crowe. . . Captain Anderson loth Royals. . .Tjieut. J. Hunter, N. B. Engineers. ..Captain A. P. Pat- rick, O. B. G. Artillery. ..Capt. W. B. Boyd, n4th Batt. Silver do Bronze do 1874. Gold do Silver do Bronze do 1875. Gold do Silver do Bronze do 1870. Gold do Silver do Bronze do PKOVINCIAI, lilFLK AHSOCIATION, yUE- BEC. 1873. Silver medal . . Major Cotton, Canadian Artil- lery. Silver do . .Sei-geant-.Major Wynne. 1876. Silver do ..(i. A.Shaw. Bronze ilo . . Sergt. Riddell. 1877. Silver do . .Private I vanson. Bronze do . . Sergt. Holtby. PROVINCIAL RIFLE A8M0CIATI0N, NEW BRUNSWICK. 1873. Silver medal . . Ensign C. Julni- son, 7l8t Batt. 1874. Silver do 1875. Silver do 1876. Silver do Bronze do 1877. Silver do Bronze do PROVINCIAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION, BRIT- ISH COLUMBIA. Silver medivl. ..Sergt. Baird. . .]15 Laird, Hon. David, 245 251 Lansdowne, Mar40, 641 | Loyalists, U. E., the, 329 Lyell. Sir Charles, 615 Lynch, Archbishop, 67, tW. 70, 71, 671 Lyons, Lord, 615 Louise, H. R. H. Princess, 640 MAGINN, Dr., 18 Manchester, Duke of, 418 Martineau, James, 615 Mayo, Lord, 25, 641 Melville, Case of Lord, 218, n, 218 Memorial, Opposition to His Excel- lency, 204, 205 Mill, John Stuart, tJ15 Mills, Hon. David, 205, f(U()ted n, 215 Mitchell, Hon. Peter. 179, 240, 241 Monck, Lord, 137, 641, 650 Montcalm, Gei.eral, 437 Moore, Thomasi, 21, 35 Morris, Lt. -Governor, 179, 520 Mowat, Hon. Oliver, 331, 501, (>74 Moss, Chief Justice, 574 Motley, J. Ij, 622 Murdoch, Sir Clinton, 401, 418 MacCoU, Malcolm, u, 19 Macdonald, Sir John A., 35, 36,58, 64, 115, 120, 122, 124, I il, 132, Opinion on Oaths Hill, 134; announces prorogation of the House, 143 ; fa- vourable to presidency of Sir Hugh, 169 ; meets McMuUen, 178 ; goes to Quebec to meet Lord Dutt'eiin, 181 ; opinion in case Lord Melville, n 218 ; five houi-s' 8i)eech in House, 243 ; resigns office, 244 ; makes mo- tion in House oen.suring dismissal of Quebec Ministry, 594 Macdonald, Lady, 36 Macdouaid, Hon. James (Picvou) 132, 239 Macdonald, Hon. D. A., 245 Macdougall, Hon. Wni., jjroceeds to England, 380; created Lt. -Governor of Kupert's Land, ;W.'i ; forced liack to Pembina, 383 ; returns to Ottawa, 387. Macdougall, Sir Patrick, 679 Macpherson, Hon. D. L.,122, 124, 156, 158, 168, 180 Mackenzie, Hon. Alexander, 133, 205, 242 ; forms Government, 244 ; meets Lord Dufferiji at Windstjr, 300 ; rail- way bill defeated in Senate, 379 ; at Quebec Banquet, 442 McMullen, (ieo. W., 120, 129, 153, 164 175, 177, 187, 189, 213, 232 NAPIER, Sir Francis, 615 Narrative, McMullen's, 177, 187 New Bnms A'ick School Act, 245, 280, 415 Niglitingale, Florence, 80 Norton, Hon. Caroline, 18, 21 OATHS BILL introduced, 1.S3; dis- cussed in Senate, 134 ; becomes law, 139 ; disallowed by Law Officers of the Crown, 147, 148 ; rei)ealed, 148 O'Hagan, Lord, 30 PACIFIC Railway Canada Company, C;harter granted, 118 ; capital, 118 ; scheme, 118, 119 ; resolutions in House concerning, 129 Pacific Railway Inter-Oceanic Co., 122, 168, 170, 183 Pacific Railway, Northern Co., 119, l(i2, 185, 166 Palmerston, Lord, 641 Parkman, Francis, 650 Parliament, Canada, meeting of Se- cond, 115 I'arliamentary Witness Oaths Act, Imperial, n 136 Peabodv,pr.,616 Pitt, ailministration of, 218 Po|)e, Alexander, 127 Prince Edward Islaml joins the Con- federacy, 117, 189 Prince of Wales, H. R. H., n, 259, 265 Prorogation determined on, 210 Prerogative, the Queen's, 199 QUINCY, Josiah, 618 RESOLUTIONS at indignation meet- ing (1873), 222, 223 Reply of (Canadian Goverimient to liord Carnarvon concerning British (Jolumbia's terms, 369 Rice, Governor, 617 Riel, Louis, 278, expelled from Parlia- ment, 279 ; demands amnesty, 279 ; leads insurgents at Red River, 381 ; orders the execution of Scott, 392 Richot, Rev. Father, 390 vm INDfiX. RiehardH, Hon. Sir Win. Biu-ll, 431 Ri^htH, Federal protection of, 210. llipon, ManjuiH of, (il5 Kitchie, Hon. Win. J., 431 UobertHon, Hon. John, 4!M» RobinHon, Lt.-(fovernor, (I'. E.I.) 251 ■RogerH, Sir Frederick, 402 Rose, Sir John, 418 Russell, pjarl, 'Ai'M SALSTONSTALL, Hon. Leverett, 618 Sanborn, Judge, .5110 Scott. Sir Walter, 18, 19, 344, 048 Shanly, Walter. 125 Sheridan, R. B., 623 Sheridan, General, 296 Smith, Sir A. J.. 20.5, 222, 245, .5.59 Smith, Prof. Goldwin, 235 Smith, Sydney, 127 Smith, W. H., M.P. (London), 418 Smith, Donald A., 154, 157, 205, :m, 390 Six Nation Tndiai'.r,, 31() Spenser, Edmund, 127 Stanley, Dean. 076 Stames. Hon. Henry, 175, 185 Story, W. W., 622' Stisted, Lt.-Oeneriil, Henry Wm., 431 Stoddard, R. H., 624 Strange, Col., 442 Strong, Hon. Samuel Henry, 431 St. Just, Hon. Letellier de, 222, 245; made Lt. Governor of Quebec, 588; dismisses Ministry, 587: sends for M ; Jolly, 595 Sydenham, Lord, 82 TACHE, Archbishop, 388, 389, 392, 393, 394 Taylor, Biiyiinl, 5*)2 Thonipson.'S. R., .5.59 Tilley, Hon. S. L., 179, 189, 225, 241, , 277 I Todd, Alpheiis, I'M; opinion on Oaths I Bill n, 136, 1.37; do, on Constitutional j CJovernors, 591; pamphlet quoted, I 591, .592,594 Tnitch, Lt.-Ci>vernor, 3.54, 470 Tiipper, Hon. Clijirk-s, 179, 189, 225, 242, 278 Turcotte, Hon. A., .595 VICTORIA, (^ueen. Her Majesty, 24, 25, 35, 40, 47. 53, .58, 63, 66, 68, 74, 79, 84, 86, 88, 90, 107, 227, 291, 331, 404, 428, 681, 682, 683 Victoria, B. C, 449 WALKEM, Attorney-General, 356, 375, 376 Wali)ole, Roljert, Genius of, 1.52 Waildington, Alfred, 119, 120, 165, 167, 178 Washington, George, 623 Watkins, Sir E., 418 Ward, ('aptain, 448, 507 Warner, (leueral i'. B., 274 Webster, Daniel, 623 Wed.lerbuni, H(m. Wm., 413, 415 Wiluiot, lit.-Oovernor, 2()7, 271, 274 ; dies, 596 Winthrop, Hon. Robert C, 617, 618, 623 Wolselev, Sir Giirnet, .393, 406 Wolfe, General, 437 Young, Sir John, 388 Young, Sir William, 191 THE END.