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Les diagrammas suivants illuatrent le mOthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICtOCOfV RESOLUTION IIST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2l 2.2 ^ ^PLIED IN/MGE In '653 Last Main Street Rocupsler. New y^fi, ;_p (^6) 48^ - 0300 - Phone (716) 28a - 5989 - Fq, CANADA DEPARTMENT OF MINES Hon. Arthur Meigiikk, Minister; R. G. McConnell, Deputy Minister. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Wsi. McInnes, Directing Geologist. MEMOIR 117 No. 99, Geological Series Geology and Ore Deposits of Ainsworth Mining Gamp, British Golumbia BY S. J. Schofield OTTAWA J. Di LABROQCERIE TACHfi PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCEI ' ENT MAJESTY »20 No. 1773 CANADA nEF\\F<'r.MKN r of mi\j:s Hon. Ann. k Mi.i.,.n s, Mimhti-h; K < ,. Mi ( o.sNtLi., Dum r> MiM,rKt<. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Wm. .MiInnk>. I)ihk( risi, (ii r,| .x.tst. MEMOIR 117 Nt). {Mt, (■hDi.ix.K AL Skriks Geology and Ore Deposits of Ainsworth Mining Camp, British Columbia BY S. J. Scho6eld OTTAWA J. i)r I.ADKOQLKRIK TAfllft PUNTKll T(J TlIK KlNcrs MOST KXCllA.KST MAIKSTY 1930 No. 1773 CONTENTS. < IIAITKU I. IntriMlurtiun (ii-ticral Dtittfiiii'iit Fii'I.' ivnrk anil nrkiiiiwloilfnnenta I/icalii)ii mill iiriii Mniim iif ('oiniiiiiiiicatiiin I'rcviiiii" wurk HibliiiKrupliy . t'lrAITIK II. (tpnrrni iliararliT of Imtrict To|m({rii|)liy Hriciiiiiul. Climate . . Cir.MTKK III. Cirncrul K<'' (ii'iii'ral utatetiH'nt Aiiiswiirtli wrirn General HtHtemt-nt Point Wixwlburj- formation Karly Hiril forniution I'rineesH fonnal'on AiiiMworth foniiation Jor.^phinp formation Age " ' ' " ' Slooan Herien Silver Hoard fonnation Stiir linii-stone Ruth nrKillitoH Jjj No. 1 ItnieHtono Skyline formation ........... Age GranitM Age and correlation . LamprophjTic dykes Camptonite Superficial deposits Pleistocene deposits . 76183— 1§ s N 10 10 10 lU 10 11 11 14 IS IS IS 16 16 17 19 Gneissic granite . - Granite 20 22 23 23 24 24 Uecent deposits ,4 < IIAI'lKIt IV. Structural RcoIdKy Ki'nioniil liocul IIIAITKK V. Genlo){ical liiatory Introduction Pulieozoic scilhncntation Point \V(«)(ll)ury iimhIi Kurly I'-Til pfMvU Princess cixu'li Ainsworth epoch Jose])hino epo(;li Silver Hoard epoch Sykhnc e[H)ch Jurassic^ ('retaceoua. Tertiary. . . liualernary CII.VPTKH VI. Kconomic gcoloKy Introduction Mineral production of .Ainsvvoilh niininR division Ore dejMwits Distribution Mineralogy Native eleinenls .Sulphides Oxides Halides Carbonates Ores . Arc of dejmsits .Vp' relations of replacement deposits and true fissure veins. Arc relations of dykes and ore de|)osits Arc of dcpo.sils Origin of the ore de|)i)sils Future of .Viiisworlh niininR district Description of mines ami prospects True lis.sure veins Fissure veins cut ting bid.liiiR planes at an anijle Hiuhlund i'lorence Marly Bird l-niled (ilenRiirry 25 25 25 •J.s 28 2S 2K 2S 2!t 29 2'.» 2'.» :«) 32 ;i2 :{2 32 :!•> 33 34 34 34 3"i 3.-) 3.i 3.". 30 3(> 3() 37 37 37 37 4(1 41 42 43 Ul 27 27 •JS 28 2S 2S 2S 2! I 29 L".) 2'J l'"i.M.siirc veins |)ariillcl with bcililiiiK planes. Miii'siro liunkcr (Diamond, liilllc I'liil) S|Mikan(' Trinkrtt Albion Iliglilanilrr 'Parill I{('I>la( rmcnl dcposils in limcslonc .. . No 1 niincrali/.cKl zone No. 1 Silver Hoani ( 'rown (iallagher Oilier proiXTlies Star and Sunlinht Tiner Ayesha Krao Huikeye A<.K. 43 44 44 44 44 45 45 40 51 51 51 54 54 55 55 55 56 57 58 CILM'TKH VII. I'liysiourapliy Origin of I'lireell trench Suiuinary (ieop-aphy Topottraiihy ( ieoloRV St met lire Origin Index 60 60 60 61 61 62 62 69 Illustrations. Map 1701. Ainsworth, Kooletiay di.-;|riet, H.C 'loponiaphii ;il ((litioii 1742. Ainsworth, Kootenay ilistriet, H.C ( leolotjical edition 1749. Diiigrain showiiiK mineral elaiins in Aiii.-wortli iiiiiiinu eainp, Kool- enay di.striet, H.C 17S4. UiaRrani showiiiK geoloKy of thesei'ond level of the Highland iinne . 17S."). DiaRrani .Hh.winn Ki'o1ok>- of the mineral claims of the I'lorenee Silver .Mininu <'omi>aiiy, .Vinsvvorth, H.C 1786. Diagram .showing Ki^ology of the underKroiind workings of the Florence Silver Mining Company, Ain.sworlh, M.C 1787. Diugr.am showing the gi^olngy of the Siiidiglil and part of tln' Star niiniTal claims 1788. Diagram showing the geologj- of tlie .Vvesha mineral claim, Ains- worth, H.C • 17K9. Diagram showing geologv of the Spokane mineral claim, .Vinsworih U.C iM p., k.l. J Iv PAGE. 791 . Dja^ran. .showing geology of the Crown tunnel, ^^^H C '"^'• '"'• '""'^vrHtHin,'^^:'".'"- "f "-«- ^•"'-' - ">'■ Albion m.nelil clahn. Plate I. Photograph of a mo.J,.l of the Ainsworth mining oamD v . " "■'"""TCll.^--^ '"^ '--' •--'• .>el^TLr.lo r,v.. in''"""^"'^^'"- "'• ^"""C^ri^'"^'^.*':' »'-bell. nine looking we«t, Uiondel in '' Figure 1. In.lex mai. showing position of Ainsworth ^ 2. Diagram showing the classification of the Canadiantonlillera 6 J. structural section across Ainsworth map-area or Longrtujlinalsertion along, he main vein, Highland mine; Ainsworth; 5. Diaeramnmu^ross-section, east and west) throughNo:imine;Ain8- "" 6. Diagram showing the g.^ologj of the Purcell trench,' British Columbia M 1 pocket. ti.tpioco. 67 68 3 6 26 39 52 63 Geology and Ore Deposits of Ainsworth Mining Camp. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. OENEHAL STATEMENT. Historically, the "ountry in the vicinity of Ainsworth is one of the most interesting in British Columbia. It is situated in the narrow longitudinal trench (Plates II and III) occupied by Kootenay lake, which in the early day.s before the advent of railways formed the only means of communication for the numerous jirospectors who were attracted to the country by the hope of discovering min(>ral wealth. Sinc<' Ainsworth was on one of the main waterways its hot springs' attracted the attention of these pioneers, and it was early prospected with fair results. From that time until 1913 the camp was rather quiet due to the rush to the Slocan and to the Yukon. A few men who believed in the future of the Ainsworth camp remained there and with the limited resources at their disposal slowly proceeded with the development of the camj). At present their hopes have been realized, a.s Ainsworth is now a steady shipper with prospects that it will continue to be such for some time to come. The principal producing mines in the district are the Bluebell on the east shore of the lake, No. 1, Florence, and the Highland; but several other minor properties ship irregularly. The field work in connexion with this report was not confined to the actual mining camp of Ainsworth, but, in order to .solve the problems which demanded attention, the region to the north and south was examined with 4he result that the formations in Ainsworth and around Kaslo have been correlated. A study was made of the geology of the walls of the trench from Kaslo as far south as the International Boundary, and new information has been collected which bears on the origin of the Purccll trench, as the valley containing Kootenay lake is called. 'The following analysis of these waters is said to have been made in 1899, by \. H. Holdich, Royal School at Mines, London, Kngland: "The water was colourless, not quite clear, no particular smell, but taste salty. Reaction to litmus paper dis- tinctly alkaline. The solid matter in solution is as follows; Sodium carbonate 31-1 grains per Imperial gallon. Sodium silicate 9-5 " " Sodium chloride 7-2 " " I.ime carbonate 28-2 ** Magnesia sulphate 3-6 " *' Oxide of iron 0-9 " ** Total solids . 78-5 " No bromine or iodine, and the iron which probably exists as carbonate is ''ery small. 1 consitler the water too alkaline for general ii«> though there may be special cases where it mieht be useful from a medical point of view." FIKIJ) WOHK AND A(K\()WLKDf;.\rKXTS. which o.Turs th.- Pre-rainEn Pnt '■•'*"«''' '" *'"' '""^'''^n P'lrt « on th. ,.ast..rn and we.t..rn .1 ores of K . .t^. "V'l ' "'"r "»'' »••'' "■^P"^«-- ''»"<. janee, the main ohjeet of whkh was nX^' ■' 7«""'V'' '" '» reeonnais- Purcell series and of the so^cXi SpIk^L ""'" ''"' r''''i»i"n^l'ips of the The results show that the n.ck exnosedt^'t^^ ^ Koote.W h.ke. prol.ably metam,.rphose,l PalSo roek I'^'r' "^ ^^""tenay lake are examination of the geoloRySonesnu" AV^a?"'^' '^''*' '^ ^l-taile.l Has begun an.l was cafrieT o^for tl ll •% "'T"'t^ ™'"'"« ''^^ lluring the season of 1915. Two month off r'""''"' "^"'"* ■^'ason and m a re-examination of this district '"™™'''' "^ ^^^^ ""■••'' ^P''"t -penally Mr. W.M.HeUo the Kte^^^^^^^^ '" '^'- '^^^"'''' the Bluebell Salilo^deU^^^^^^^^^ :::iti!::^l=tne^i„~^^-^on^ Wiln^^^^'^l- ij ™^-o^<;,-i^^;^in t'.^ «e,d: V. Eardley- with U,e tS^SiJ'^^'"'" "' *'" ^'""'««'-' «-->'. - »o •- credited LOCATION AND AREA. The Ainsworth map-area (Ficure 1 1 H,- ;„ .i \- s.on in southern British Col , ,X, ( • V A'''^""'' '»"""S ••ivi- bound-v an.l Woodb irv rr,?, L (otTee ereek forms its southern The western lin^ s marLd the'Tr.K!r''f; r' "^ ""'■*''-"' ''"""''-" < 'terop aroun.l Ains«^rtl it h tl e \ -^"i.n.entary roeks which eastern boundary is marked the wes^e n t «™"'/':."" »'»■ ^^'^'-^t- The total area of t he map shee i ■ J If " ""■'' V^ ^^"""-"''^y "ak*'. The tin. ar,-u is Ainsworth '" '''"'"■'' ""l^-^- 1^>'^ chief town of MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. PREVIOUS WORK. In order to estimate the tonnaep of HiK. in n-wi k r- 1 i- BIBLIOGRAPHY. BrocJc, R. W.-Geol. Surv., Can.. Sum. R.pt., 1898 n 67A Geol. Surv., Can., Sum. Kept., 1899, p 84\ ' Kendall, J. D.-Min. Jour., 1900 .lu. vomniissioii, li^t of Mines. Mines lirnucli, 19C6. Ingalis \y R -Roport of the Commission to invcstigat.- th.- zinc rcaourci-s of British Columbia ami the conditions aff.-cting thdr exploration. Dept. of Mines, Mines Branch, I90t). Thomson FA.-Can. Min. Jour., vol. XXXIII, 1912, p. 830. bchofield, 8. J.-Geol. Surv., Can., Sum. Ilept., 1914, p. 38 Lakes, Arthur— Min. ami Kng. World, 191.5, p. 411. Schofield, S. J.— Trans. Can. Min. Inst., vol. XVIII, 191o, n 2()'> Geo] hurv., Can., Sum. Rep(., lOlT), p. 93. Rickard T. A.— Min. and Sc. Press, vol. CXIII, 1910, p. 7(55. elT'.i^a'^"'^^*'""""'^ Oeology, vol. XII, 1917, p «43. fechoheld, h. J.— Trans. Can. Min. In.^it., vol. XXI, 1918, p 422 Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 1919. Reports of the Minister of Mines for British Columbia, 1890-1918 6 CHAPTi;i{ 11. (iENERAL CHARACTER OF THE DISTRICT. TOPOOHAI'IIV. KKGIONAL. ? M..I.S w n.h indivi.lua iz.. the al.ov.. riii.K,.s art- fl... Selkirk ,U-unXu,u (..■nipud l.y ... south- iowiKK C oluml.ia rivr, whi. h seimratrs the ( 'oh.inl.ia ranK.. fr..,n th,- S,. k.rk ranRo; the Purcil tn-nrh, ..'..upi...! fur tlu- „!,m part l.y Kcotniay lake, uhi.h .sul.,livi(l,.s the Selkirk system, an.l the H,.,kv Mountain treneh, ..eeupie.l in its s.iuthern part hv the south-(l,.winK Koo .-nay river an.l in its northern part l.y the ( •oluml.ia river whieh Ih.us northuar.l and erosses th.- main line of the Canadian I'aeitie railuav at ■ olden This treneh sej.arates the Selkirk system fn.m the Hoekv Moun- tain syste seen that the eountrv rises in a series ,.f uinnt st.i.s al.(.ut 1 000 feet in heiKht. the first st.p eoming al.ruptlv out of tl... lake' 1 hese steps hear a simj.le relationshij) to the rel.itive hardt"iess of the und.T- lying Ledroek, as ran !.<• seen from an examiiu.cion ..f th<. toix.Rraphie and geoioKie maps In the upper part of the .slope the barren roueh hilN ..f the eountrv underlain by granite are in marked eontrast io the nu.re rounde.l topography of the h)wer slopes whieh in general are underlain hv seH'vcral branches in the Kokancc glacier whieh occupies the summit of this local range and fn.m which streams r:idiate in all directions, the three streams mentioned above flowing to the east into Kootenay lake. CLIMATE. The climate in the vicinity of Kooten.av lake in verv healthful The winters are short and not cold and the summers arc dry', especially in the months of July and August, but at no time is the heat unpleasant In fact, the climate of Kootenay lake is one of the most jileasant in British ( olumbia and this, combined with a fine contrasting .scenery of mountains and lakes, makes it an ideal place of residence as well as a desirable pleasure re.sort for the summer months. CHAPTER III. GENERAL GEOLOGY. OEXERAL STATEMENT. nnr. ^^.r^'l^'fi!- 'ifTr''' '" ^'"' ''''"'•>' "^ ^^'^ Aii.sworth mininR cimp form part „f th.. SHkirk Mountuin ranR.- which in its turn l.,.I„nKM to Mrn ,' V -^'"""""n K''"^vnchn.-. Dawson', tho pionrcr in tlr t^.ology .■lass h,., tJ«; s...i,m,.ntary rorks us l...l<,nKinK to th.. Shuswap (Ar.'lu^-an ami o th.- N.skonl.fh «„,! S.-lkirk s.-n.-s. both .,f Cambrian ai^ In 18% ^tatlioi.th, an ign.-ous omplex ranRinR in .age from the Jdrassi".- o p..ss.b!y th.- T.rtiary. At AinswortJ. th.- granite in the western parHf tiH- slu-.-t is of Jurassic age. ^ The iamprophyric dykes which are th.- last evi.lenc(-s of igneous wh.'-rc '.W./'^l^'^'r**' r ^•''"'''■'*- '••^' *'".' '"•^J""^>- "^ ^^"^ ^'^'i" fi""""« wli.r.M-r th two have b.-.-n .s.-en in association. A dyke in the Bluebell =';:„r,rzi°,-j;:- '°- ■""■•»"'■' -' ""- ""■""■">•■ ■» »» --p-i-" Over the most of th. covered by glacial .Irift. 'D»K»oii, G. M . Oeol. Surv., C«a area, the crod.-d surfaces of these rocks are Ann Kept., lS)iS-188», vol. IV, pt. B. 9 Table »/ Formation!. ts are IVriexl. Quaternary Cilaeial. Furmation. Litholficy. Tliii'kncM Kwt, Calrari'Dus tufa; ■ravi'l. Till. «uni| and f notnjiirmity. Jurauic. N.laon granite |Ui.ipr„pl,yr.. .ly k.». i(|nti«»ir Kranitc. ilirnmKliiiritc', Kranitc. I Inlruant Contact. I'ppt'r Carbonilerous, .. | S j 'Skylini. formation ArKillitcK, liiiiciitonc (fouili. [Ja «• „., ,, , , fiTims) ■A « !rmation |Homl)li-ndii«hiat9,(iuart«itcs, and limi'stoni'h i-imrstone.-* (oirnitifiTous mica »ilii.tt»iinil (|uartiiti'!< Siliceous liiiicaloncH . (jami'tifcrous mici achistaand quartiitra 4.000 .'<,20U .■i.noo tiOO 1,2.10 2.300 l.SOO — Huw umnpoM'il— Tabular Statement of Geological Hword. Quaternary Tertiary PoHt-glacial Cilaeial. I pper rretaecoui". Lower Cretaceous Jurassic. Upper Carboniferous and Pre-Carboniferous . . . , Krosion: depo..,ition of the delta .lep.«its, deposition of calcareous tufa from liot sprinnw. broaion; detx>sitif)n of vh>i>i.>i .irit* Erosion: uplift in early Tertiary. di.-»ection of the t retaceou,.; pen.plain ami formation of the I'urcell rench (KcH.fnay Lake valley) and tributary valleys by erosion Erosion rosion: unr>K,finK of the Nelson bntholith in early I |,p.r ( retacwms ,„ ri.^l, followed by pen.'plana- tion of the Jurassic mountr ins. "< P'ana Erosion: dissection of the Jura-ssic mountains. Vein-filling, Ossure forniati.m, dyke intrusion, intrusion of thi^ Nelson buiholith. C ..Kenic movements, formation of the .Selkirk ami J'urccll mountains. ^KTmiTts"' '^* Ainsworth and Slocan aeries of 10 AINSVVOUTII SKIM KM. OKNKHAI. HTATKMK.NT. Thr Aii..HW«rth w•^M.^ «« th.- t.-rni i^ ii,s..,| in thi- report, in.l.ul.w ih. Kroup of s...lini.-r.fHry nml volcanic rocks which lie L.-hm- the Silver HoHr.l formation of the Sioc.,1. .erics at Ainsworth. The .liviiling line Iwtween this M,.r..-H un.l the Sl„,an series which lies confornial.lv upon it iscntirelv .irl.itrary an.l the contact a transitional one. The t" f the ,eries is placed at the base of the massive limestone of the Star limestone which ou croijs on the j^.ar an. SunliKht mining <-laims. The hasc is not known sin.e the r<.c!is of Point Uoodl.ury formation pass under the waters of l\ootenay lake. POINT WOODUL'HY KOHMATIO.V. The rocks of the Point Woodl.ury formation outcrop on Woodl.i.rv point and occiji.y the whole of the point from the foot of the bluff of W(M«i- l.iiry knol. to Kootenay lake. The rocks of thi« formation consist of rustv weatherinR micaceous quartzites and garnetifcrous mica schists intruded .y dykes of gncissic Rranitc and KKmatitc, which are Rpnerallv parallel to th.- hchhiiK planes hut in j.laces lie at a small angle to these planes n.e quart zites are thm-l.e.lded. fine-grained, tough rocks in which l.iotite can l.e se.-n with the naked eye. They are smooth and stained l.v iron oxide on wcather.-d surfaces. Th.- garnotiferous mica schists are distin- guished !>>• the presence of reddish garnets which occ.r v ry abundantly in some of the be,ls. Thr biotite which make, up a large percentage Sf the rock gives it a g i.stening appearance. On the weathered s. uce the garnetiferous mic.i schist is rusty brown in colour. It frcouently weathers a dark brown, micmeous earth. The dykes of gneissic granite which cut tlie rocks of thi.s formation vary in thickness from a few inches to 3 feet 1 lie measi-red thickness of the formation is l,8t)0 feet. KARLY BIRD FORMATION. Thi.s formation is named after the Early Bird mineral claim, the work- ings of which are located in it and in the neighbourhood of which the forma- tion IS well exposed. (,ood exposures occur along the road and trail from V edar .reek to Woodbury creek, in the canyon of Woodbury creek, and on VV oodbury knoJ. 1 he typical rock is a massive, thick-bedded blue grey limestone, in wlu.h many of the beds are .separated by thin layers of mica schist 1 he limestone weathers to a rusty brown colour and is rough to the touch, and as it is very resistant to weathering the outcrops form •steep cliffs, examples of which can be seen along the shore of the lake from Princess creek to Woodburv knob. PRINCESS FORMATION. (K)od exposures of this formation occur along the wagon road to the Florence Mlver mine and along the road from Ainsworth to Cedar creok Ihe predominant rock is a gltte ing mica schist, in many ca.ses garneti- ferous, interbedded with micaceous quartzites. The mica schists weather n to a brown micaiooiu narth and tho quartiites usually havp a hn.wn Iron ?il"at^ H *7<''«'""^,7rfr- ''"['•^''••"••""y- '^' '"'•'"' «>f 'ho FVbZ rormation cloni'ly rnwrnble th..-<|. „f the Point WcKMlhury formiition The Under the n^icro«copc the mica srhwt i^ se.n to ho romixwed „f l,i„tit« S „?.« I "t^" ""y".""* f ''ooondary hornblende an.l interiockinR gruin. of quarti The Rrcdation from the Kurly Bin! formation below and to the 1817%/!^"""'*""" '' '" *'■""*'''''•""'• '^ h'' t»>i.kne«H of the formation AINHWOUTII FORMATION. The limeNtone which makes up almost the whole formation is well exp^ed .n the cl.ffs alo,|K th- nhore of the lake from Coffee creek t'.Ain" wortn. 1 he rocks can be seen ni great detail in the lower tunnel of the Florence Hjlver mmc. The limestone is massive and greyish white in Wank'' -K iT""'"^ *"*.'■'''*' "'"•'"P'^'' '" "«">" l"^al'tM'« and some black, shaly meml>ers are also present. Un.lcr the microscow- the lime- ««o"J^J* *^K T""^ "^ '"terlockuiK grains of calcite with some grains of 2n5^« «i ?u"*' ''"■"T """fy '" *"""""* '" '«'fferent part.s of the limestone and m places the weathered outcrop is made up almost entirely of sand coloured brown with oxide of iron. ' Metamorphiam. ..ItArSTtn^T^'^K?' IT^ ^I'u V™'«'tV"« «f the Ainsworth formation is S i/^n n«n» » ^"i!*'*t''y u^^ intrusion of thegneissic granite with which o iLL^- k M L ^^'^ hornblende occurs in large, needle-like crystals of hnS^^n^ u*^ '■"'°"' and under the microscope looks like secon.lary SmTll r^^^" Y " "'f^ P'obable th t the hornblende was originally augite. Small grains of Quarti also occur in this rock. » j b Interbeds of schist occur between the limestone bartds. The physical and chemica nature of this limestone seems to be favourable for the deposi- cia" uantitts * "^ *° T>Tewrii none has Wn found in it in commer- Thickneaa. The thickness of this formation varies somcwuat in different localities . but It 18 on an average 600 feet thick. ■o'^auues JOSEPHINE FORMATION. A- '^^t^^^ °f ^^^ Josephine is marked by the upper contact of the Ainsworth limestone and t^p upper contact occurs at the base of the lime- £n"l?„Kr -^ rr '^ J^J ^*" limestone) which occurs on the Star and ?^S mineral claims (Map 1787). Good exposures of the rocks of the In^r ♦ ?. formation outcrop en the road and trail from Ainsworth to the lXof"wibury'c?e"e?''^* ^'""' °° '""^ ^°- ' *'-''™-"°«' »"^ «" ^»>« *-° Diatrihution. tn « JIk ^°^^ ?[ *^^ Josephine formation form a broad belt from north to «out.h across the centre of the area and have been traced boulhwards to 76183 — 2 12 Quc(ns Bay, across the wist arm of Kootenay lake to tlie slopes of Narrow creek, and northwards to the vail, y of Kaslo creek in the Sloran map-aret Thickness. The Josephine formation has an average thickness of 3,000 feet. It i apparently thicker in the vicinity of Coffee creek than in tlie vicinity o Woodbury creek. ■' Lithohgy. The rocks of the Josephine formation are heterogeneous in character comprising from the base upwards a su.-ce.ssion of mica schists, alternatinj fhin-bed< led quartzites, and green hornl)len action of mineralizing .solutions and circulat- ing waters and be.'omes a soft, whitish, clav-like material. This trans- lormat ion IS especially prominent along the main vein of the Highland mine The hornblende .schi.st is believe 13 c microscope the quaitzite is seen to he composed almost eiitirelv ..f small interlocking Rrains of quartz with very small amounts of calcite All KnulatKms exist l.etwccn the pure quartzites and the hornl)lende schists Ihe (piartzite is a waterlain sandstone silicified and altered l)v thi'rmal mctamorphism. In the northern part of the area, north of the' Highland mine, the (nwrtzite l)ands have heeu sheared so stronjjlv that they have been changed to (|Uartz mica schists, stronglv reseml)iiiiK those of the Point \Voodl.ury tormation. This suggests that most of the (|Uaitz-mica schists of the Amsworth area have heen derived from (piartzit.'s l.v regional metaniorphism. Kccmomically the (piartzites are imiK.rtant' in that several ore-liodics occur in them, notat)lv those of the lianker. Spokane and Trinkett mines. ' 'JmrMiWi Th limestone memhers of the .Fose|)hine formation well exposed in the vicinity of the Krao, Lil.l.v, Highland, Di.-tator Tiger l;lorence (silver, and Sunlight mineral claims (Maps ITSo and 17S7) The' rV.TV""''' "♦''•'"".K'wrally as ltaiifolite schist which forms the uiijx'r m.'mber of the .Josephine formation is a some- what miciiceous, black, schistose argillile in which a great number of knots occur. he .schist weathers to a rusty brown colour. Th.' knots arc so highly a tcred in most cas.'s that th.'ir min.'ialogi.'.d d.'t.rmiiiatioii is impo.ssible ex.'cpt by their .'rystalline form whieh is that of staurolite. Dawson' mentions a shear.'d conglom.'rate occurring uinlcrneath the St'ir imestone. \ cry I'areful examinati.m of th.' ro.'ks of thi~^ horizon, in maiiv localin.'s, hilled to reveal any conglomerates. The staurolite schist when ' Dswdon, G. M , fjpol Sijrv . Can.. A.-.1;. !lcp , vnl !V, ISSJ j, 47)! 7618;V-2| w 14 sheared sho\v.-< fho knots in roinulod f„nn and it mav be that Dawson ir his hurn<>d visit mistook these staiirolitc schists for a sheared conglomeratt whieh they resenil)lc very strongly. The foHovvinK eonipo.site seetion of the Josephine formation, taken from measurements of th.- sections exposed in the iind<'rKround working, of the Highland mnie and from the exposures along tlie Highland tram-line gives in some detail th.> lithology of this formation and its succession, i he thickness of the individual menihers varies in different i)laces, especially the Libhv limestone. Sih'or Iloaril formation. Josephine furnmtion. [No. 1 lilllrt4tnno, \ Kulli iirnilliic. ',.Star linii-stonc. jStaurolito schist i Uiminatwl quartzitc .'..'.'.'.'..,..'. ifircon humljlcnile schiat j Laniinatral quartzitc ....'.'.'. |(lrecn hornlili'nde schist . ". I Lnininated quartzite, aonu' mica sciii.st .... •ILihhy liriicstiine I Hiotitc .schist ...'.'....'. 1 Laminated quartzitc I niiititu schist I.aminatpd quartzitc j Hiotitc schi.st.^. some limestones and laminateil quartzitc! .\insworth formation Limestone. Total. Feet. .101) 13U l".i 4r, 22.-. 300 .50 17.5 .•>n so 60 1,200 2,990 AGK OF THE .MN'SWOKTH .SERtE.S. The .\inswortli series incliid.'s the conformahle sedimentiirv formations which are exposed from th<> western shore of Kootenav lake" to the ba.se of tlK^ Star hmescone. Previous workers' clti.s.sified thi.s series at Ain.sworth as bhu.swap (Arclmin) and Xiskonlith (Lower Cambrian) In 1<)142 a.s a result of the study of the series of rocks Iving east of Kootenav lake and west of t».e western limit of the C'ranbrook map-area (Map 147A!,'the writer found > ,iat the I'urcell .series pas.sed conformably under the rocks designated as hhu.swap by Dawson. Hence this series exi)()sed on the eastern and west- must ap or pre- ern slopes of Kootenay lake in the viciiiitv of Ain.sworth (Map 792) belater m age than the Purcell .series tind cannot i)e Shuswap or p..- Ihe al)undant .sills of pegmatite in the so-called Shuswap series tamorphosed, wheretis the series itself cor =sts entirely of highly Beltian are unmetam metamorphosed rocks. These i)egmiitites, heconung more numerous tis the terrane is descended on the lower slo})es of Kootenav lake and along the .shore of the lake itself, are geneticallv associated with the Nelson gr.anite of Jurassic age. In the old report the contact between the so- called Miuswap scries and the later rocks was placed where the jx-gmatite sills cea.se to appear in the associated schists; but for the reasor^s given above it will be seen that these sills cannot be used in determining or de- '""'t'ng the age or stratigraphic rehitionsliips of the so-called Shuswap I p 'Dawson, O. M., Cool. Surv., Can , n . .\nn. l!i.pt,, vol. VII. ISM. p. 30.\. =Si'lioficM, S J , iJeol .Surv , ( 'an . .' •.? ''■?.' J"'„'\- I'-^'-l^*'!*. Pl H. Mcronncll. K. G.. Geol .Surv. Hrrx-k, li. W . G(.„|. Surv.. Can., Sum. Kept , ISW, p 84 V. uin. U,.pt . 191 1, p. m, "^ '"^ K^y-'t.^-.' ^1^ vc Feet. 500 150 175 45 225 300 50 175 50 SO 60 1,200 2.990 15" srrifs ami the later rocks and that tin- schists that have Ixcn called .Shuswaj) rocks are really mctamorphoised etiuivalents of sediments which are Heltian or post-Beltianinage. Ip the Ainsworth area, the Ainsworth series c .insists of a conforinahlc set of sedimentary rocks which underlie conforniai>lv the rocks of the Slocan series which are Penn.sylvanian in afte. Hence t"iie Ainsworth s.'ries is Carboniferous or pre-Carhoniferous and prohaMy post-Meltian in age. SLOCAX SKKIKS. The Slocan series of hedded rocks were given that name liv H. (',. McConnell' in IS!)."). Previous to this. Dawson^ has recognized the entity of the series without giving a si)ecific name to it. He considered the seri('s to 1)0 Pala'ozoic in age ami ))rol)at)ly Carboniferous. The nanu' Slocan series is applied in this memoir to the grou]) of rocks which was originally defined by ]:)awson in 1889 and called Slocan series by :Mc('onneil in 189.'). For convenience, at Ainsworth the series is divided ii'ito the follow- ing formatior.s: Sior.'in scri.-o fhkylino formation Mainly nrKillitu, aome .irgilliiccous liiiicstmii a ( ■\ placi'S foiw^iliu roU!S,i. [Silver Hoard torniation .Limestones, argillites. •SILVER UO.\UD .OKMATION-. This formation is named after the Silver Hoard mineral claim on which the rocks, especially the upi)er limestone member, are well exjjosed. The southern boundary of the formation is fixed by its contact with the Xel.son granite in the vicinity of the Xeosha mineral claim. From there, the boundary crosses the area in a northerly direction through the Star No. 1. Silver Ho.ird, and (lallagher mineral claims across the two forks of Woodbury creek, where it.s outcrop is marked by the ai>pearance of white elilTs of limestone, and thence beyond the northern limit of the area. The rocks of the Silver Iloard formation can be classifieil into tlirce members as follows: «., „ ,, ,'^'"- '''""::*.•""<-' Diiekness 9.iO (eet. silver Hoard [orin;ition. . .^ IJutli arnillites " 1,9.")0 '.Star iimeyfone '• '30O Total tliickni'ss 3,200 " Star Limestone. The Star hmestone can be followed as a nearlv continuous band from the Ncosha claim northwards through the MrokenHill, Star, and Buckeye mineral claims across the two forks of Woodbury creek bevond the northern boundary of the area. The Star limestone "was correlated by Argall' with the Krao limestone outcr()pj)ing on the Krao mineral claim, but invest! gation did not confirm this, since in following the exposures southwards it was found that tlie Star Hmestone outcrops just west of the United claim 'Mofonnell, It. G., Gw.l. Surv.. Can . Sum. Kept , IRM, p. 24A. jDiiwson, Ci. M , Cieol. Surv , Ciin , Ann Kept , vol. IV, 1»8>"tacts of the Star limestone cannot be definitel (ietine( . I he approach to the contact from the underlying staurolite sch- to thelimcstone is first indicated by the occurrence of thin limestone band in tlie schist. Ihese bands increase in number and thickness until th •sch.st hands entirely disaiipear and the massive Star limestone is reachec At ttie upper contact the limestone passes iiuo the Huth arLrJllite in a Miiiila manner. Ru"' ArgiUitc. The Ruth argillite outc- , on the trail which crosses the Ruth minera - .n"V ? !. ■' , "r ^ """',. '^ ••on'^i^^ts of two members, a lower one abou oOO feet hick of staurolite schist similar to that described above, whici occurs helow the Star limestone, and an upi)er one of grevish brown argillite which occur ,n beds ^r,.,,! 3 to inches thick. The argillites are in place; schistose with l)iotite developed on the schistositv surfaces and weather i rusty brown colour. .Vo. 1 Limentone. The \o. 1 limestone is well exposed in the vicinity of the No. 1 ant Silver Hoard mines where it forms part of a belt which stretcher across thr ar.>a from north to south. The ban.l becomes wider as it outcrops to th. m)rtli. The hmestime is greyish white to white in colour and is coarsch cry.stalline. It occurs in beds ii ■om 2 inches to 2 feet in thickness. I,i)cair\ the linu'stone is .•untorted and broadly fohlcd. for exami)le i„ th(^ working; ol the No 1 an.l Mlver Hoard mines. In i)laces thin bands of black argillite occur between the limestone beds. ^'t,oiiu .SKYLINE FORMATION-. . '^",1?,'' ^"^y'i''^' formation res .^, conformably on the Silver Hoard fornvi- rion. Ihe most a.'cessi hie sections are to be found on the wagon road from the No. 1 mine to the Skyline mine and on \orth fork of Woodbury creek. The rocks „f this formation form a broad belt acro.ss the western part ot the Ainsworth area, in contact with the eastern edge of the intrusive 17 Nelson Rranite. The lithology is simple, the roek tvpes being chieHv argillite with minor bands of limestone. The argillites occur in beds 1 to 3 inches thick. Thev are Rrevish brown in colour and weather rusty brown. In the neighi>()urhood of the granite batholith thev are hard and siliceous, but show no great effects of e(mtact metamorphism. From this it is concluded that the contact of the granite and the argillites underground is very .steep, probably nearly vertical. The limestones are of two varieties, dark blue argillaceous limestone in flaggy beds atul greyish white crystalline liinestoiie in beils from ,i inches to 6 inches thick. Tlie dark blue limestones which occur near the western edge of the area, on the trail following the north side of north Woodbury creek a!)out 200 yards irom the third bridge crossing the creek contain fossils in an imjierfect state of preservation. The fossils collected were submitted to E. M. Kindle, who reported as follows: " The rock slabs show numerous sections of crinoid columns, a small coral and stmie small light-coloured bodies which mav possiblv rejjresent Fusulina. The character of the metamorphosed rock is suchthat these show clearly onl>- on surfaces which liave been subjected to long weathering. It a,ipears rather an unpromising coliecticm cm which to base correlations at first sight Nevertheless some deductions may be maile from it. " Crinoids are found from the Ordovician to the present and the stems or columns can seldom be used to determine the genera and species of limited range. But a rather ext<'nded acquaintance with Pvocky Mountain sections ha.s shown me that horizons are seldom if ever met with below the Upper Carboniferous in which crinoid stems are abundant and other fossils very rare or wanting. The collection shows numerous examples of five-sided anil star-shaiied crinoid stems, a variety of form more frequently in(>t v.-ith in the late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic crinoids than earlier in the geological section." "The presence of the poorly preserved coral demonstrates a Post Cambrian age for the fauna. The general appearance of this coral together with the dominance of crinoid stems in the fauna leads me to consider the fauna as probably not later than .lurassic nor earlier than Lower Carboni- ferous. As a :^rovisional correlation it may be placed in the Upper Car- boniferous." AV.K OF ijLOCAX SERIES. Dawson' first referred the rocks included under the name Slocan series in this report to the Carboniferous, as follows: ''The stratified rocks of the Gold and Selkirk ranges, referred to, have not yet been doselv studied from a lithological point "<" view, and no attempt is, therefore, made in this report to do more than broadly characterize them by their more evident features. Neither is it i)ossible, as yet. to speak with anv certaintv as to the geological perioiis to which these rocks should be referred, as no fossils have been obtained from them. It is believed, however, that the whole of these rocks above those of the Shuswap series (No. 1) are in all proba- bility P alaeozoic in age, and analf^gy with what is known elsewhere in 'Dawson, G. M., Geol. » v., Can., Ann. Hcpt., vol. IV, 1SSS-1SS9, p. 32. 18 Uriti.Hl, Columl.ia, sup-st. that tlicy m.-y .vintually 1... r,.f,.rr,. , from the Sloean s.-rie It was j.icke.l iip in tiie .Irift l)eliin .lu.. t< Hr....k.; I .. f.,un.l ,,.>.,rly pn.s.-rv..,! f,.ssil forms which res,.ml.h- traKm,.nt.s of ..rinoi,! st,.ms an,l ,rinoi,l joints in a s,.,hm..ntarv s.-r i.s s ates ami hm,;st,mes which he states "are certainly Paheo.oie anil probal.l ahout ( arl.o,.-f..rous Xo .loul.t they eorn>spon,l to the Sloean serie I the \\ .'st l\o,..<.nay fhstrict. Th,. first ,lis,.ov,.ry of fossils in the Sloean s.Ti.'s proper was ma,le I. '\i.m T-T n '.' ■' ''r '''"f '"'*' ^; ^^'- "■■>■•"*"''■ ■-' '"' tl"' ^''"•"" map-are; wl i, K .".' • f Vr''' •"'■■" ^'li'""' "' *'"■ '••^^•''- "■"'■■''t-ne m..ml.er nr nnnl I '''■^'' "^ *'"' '•'"''" "' Post-( ambrian an.i probably mi.1,11, or upper raueozoic. Th,> Sbeaii series in 1917 was placed d,.finitely in the Carboniferou (im.babiy Pennsyiyaman) by the discovery by Bancroft of fossils inTh, nort H.fn continuation of the Sloean series in the southern Lardeau--- Hi con,.lusK,ns are as follows: "The first three lots of fossils are from lime s <,nes which eontinue far U, the northwest beyond the area explored ir u V "■ : ^^\'^' '" ^""•^' ^"'""' ''""'•''I fr'iKments in these rocks on th, Meat,.n-lr,.ut Lake wagon road and in one other locality near tht- hea,l o Murray creek, a tributary of Salmon creek on the Arrow- Lakes watershed "The f,)urth lot of fossils are from the " lime dvke " anticline which U also a ,'> 19 GKAMTES. (iNKISSlC CKANITK. Disliihiiliiill. Tlic giici>^if ciMiiitc occurs as narrow dykes intriidcil nliuinlaiitly iiilu the Point Woodljiiry formation and less aluindanliy into the liarly Mini and Josepliine formations. In jreneral these dykes are injecteil liarallel to the heddinn of the siiri'ound'n)j; sediments, init in some cases at a -mall anj{le to the heddinjj i)lane. These dykes are well exposed on Woodlmry point and in the cliff just nortli of the delta at the mouth of Woodhury iTcek. In addition to these narrow stringers there are four ma>se> sulti- ciently large in area to show on the accomi)anyin(i map. namely the area on north Woodhury creek, that on the Star claim, that on the Htilh cl.aim. and the long elliiiitical mass extendinn between the No. I mine almo>t to the Neosha mineral claim, 'l'i,e rock type which is very constant I'oth in mineralonical comi)osition and in ])hysical a])i)earance is well exiHjsed at the cro.ssing of the first hridne on North Woodhury creek and on the wap)n road as it approaclies the No, 1 mine. The" outcrops of these masses u.sually stand out as low hills and clifTs. Lilhiilofii/. Exposures (.f the (jneissic jiranite in the field are whitish in colour and strongly resend>le ouvcrojjs of the massive crystalline limestones, especially at a distance. In the hand si)ecimcn the gnVissic granites are all light grey in colour and show distinct gneissic .structure. The rock ha< a fine-grained, even texture and is eompo.sed of (piartz, feldspar, and l.iotite. The microscope shows that the rock has been somewhat crushed and has a distinctly gneissic structure. The mineral constituents are quart/ which i> alnmdant, orthoclase fcld.spar, and biotite, with minor amounts of micro- cline and plagiochise feldsjjar. ExUrnnl Rdations. Those granites are evervwhere intrusive into the sediments, generally in planes parallel to the bi'dding. Their relation to the Nelson batholith is unknown as they were nowhere ob.served in contact with that rock. The large mass on Woodlniry creek is also intruded in a similar fashion. The other mas.ses, as sliown "on Map 1742, cross-cut the bedding planes of the sediments, Tiie amount of contact metarnori)hisni which was caused l)y these minor intrusives cannot be stated since the metamorphism caused by the intrusion of the main Nelson batholith masks the effect of the minor intrusives. In one localitv on the north fork of V; Ibury creek the Ainsworth limestone is h)cidlv altered to a horn- blenditc. As an intrusion of the gneissic granite is in close proximitv to the hornblendite and since this metamorphism was not .seen in any other locality it may liave been caused by the local intrusion of gneissic gn'inite. Age of the Oncifisic Granite. The gneissic granite cuts the sediments of the Silver Hoard formation, a member of the Slocan .series of Carboniferous age. It was not seen contact with rocks younger tiu.n the Slocan .series. Hence its position in 20 the KcoloKidil tini(> scalo cannot l>e (iofi iHoIx iixcd hut is p()Ht-rnrlH)nifer( Itoiii the similarity in i)liysical an! ci-.-iaica! composition l)otwcon Km-issic granite and the Nelson grai... < .vhicli will l.c shown later to Jurassic ui >\Rv, It IS conchulcd that they are closely related in aKo. 1 Nelson unmite an{ranite were intruded at the same tinn during the .Jurassic niountain-huildiuK period- Imt the uneissic crar winch occurs only in relatively snudl l.o.lies solidified hefore the mountii l)Uil(lni)j forces had ceased to act and luiice took on a uneissic structi whereas the Nelson granite which occurs as a l.atholith covering an a measured m hinidrcds of s(iuare miles remained fluid long after the inoi tani forces had ceased to operate. This difference in the size of the hod naturally nnplies a aiTial. Marine Marini' . . .Marino. . Continental. _ bfes). Sanil9t/>nrsand shales. Coal. Shalps. Limestones and Quarlnl Limestones and shab's. 'Mainl.v quartzites ar I arj^iliaceous quartzite It will he soon from the above tabic that conglomerates are found fi in great amount at the base of the Hlairmore formation. The pebbles conglomerates consist of (piartzitos and chert derived from the quurtzites the Heitiaii rocks which make up the great part of the Selkirk rani Evidently in Lower IMairmorc times the Selkirk range was approaching t ma.\imuni of elevation and wiis undergoing rapid erosion. The Upr Hlairmore formation idso consists of conglomerates and sandstones, but them in addition to pebbles of qtiartzite and chert, pebbles of granite occ 'tohohelil, s J , (ieol .Surv , Can . .Mem. 76. 1915. pn. 9i-97. '*»?3«iB'w3£»jrjr-^-:if5'5rjuK'^iBsry'j.T*^ ^ 2:{ Khhoiirliood rrcast's their I'll ilowji the »(• of iiii'ta- itly nr'"'*''!". to iiiiirlili'v, litTty (piart- as found in liftTous anc II folding ot Hy yoiuiftcr I. Th',' tinv the conti'in- and Piirccll making; ii|) <'«! rlmntrtcr. and slialoa. ron(j;li»Turrat<'8 inil clitrt p<'l)- rongloiru'ratt'S nnil chert pcb- iinil quiirliilcs. urtjiti'S and IH (luurtzite^. found first pebbles ill Uiirtzitesof Lirk ranf{0. jacliing till' The Upper jnes, but in unite occur for the first time and in (("••■"♦ abundMnee. The i)resen(i- of the granite pelibie.s at this horizon is intvliich prevailed throughout Hri'ish Culuitd.ia until the Trias^ic was interrupted during the upper .Jurassic. ,ie Selkirk mountains received their iniHal form i>robably at the close of the Jura.ssieor in early Kootenay lime.s. If mountain-buihliiig and orogenic movements are cijntempor- aneous, it may be concluded that the first intrusion of granodiorite in the Selkirk range commenced towards the closi' of the Jurassic and continued until the mountain-building reached its maxin'um in Kootcnav time. F,.\Ml'U()|'nYHIC DYKKS. In the Aiiisworih area, as well as in the Selkirk Mountain ,>ystem, there are many narrow dykes of dark igneous rock, which cn'i be traced along the strike, in many ea.ses, for distances measured in hundreds of feet. .\s the dykes selchim exceed a width of H to 10 feet in the .\iiisworth area and ar" not important eeonomieal'.y, only a few of them were iiiapi)eil although they occur sporadically over the whide of the area. They are especially abunilant in the Josephine formation. The type rock can be examined oil the Fh)rence wagon road about KM) yards north of Cedar creek where the dyke is well expo.sed. The same dyke is expo.sed on the lake shore. In geiieral trend these dykes have two main directions, one parallel to the strike of the formations as in the case of the dyke at (he nioulh of the Star tunnel and of tl>e dyke in the workings of the Highland mine and the other almost at righl angles to this direction, that is, t.cross the Mrike. The dykes which conform to the strike of the formatioi. al>o conform to it in degree and direction of dip, whereas the cros.s-cutting dvkes ilip almost verticallv. • AMPTONITK. Camptoiiite is the most common roek type in tlie .Vinsworth are.i. In the hand specimen it is a dark grey, brown" weathering rock which con- tains ])henocrysts of liornbU'iide and in ]/ res biotite. In some c.ases the hornblende crystals are .i inches in length and .some of them show rounded and embayed forms w hich contain small, round inclusions of calciN- arranged in linear fashiini parallel to the h)ng axis of the crystal. The dvke of this rock exposed near the portals of i.'ir lower Star tunnel is remarkal)lc for the size of the hornblende cry.stals in it as well as for the great iiuniber of inclu- sions It coiitain.s of the Nelson granite. The porphyritic tvi)e is rather the exception and the fine-grained variety which contains a few ])henoiTysts of pbigioclaso and bjotite is very cfsmmon. The chilled !!!:n-;in- 'if'the poriihyritie variety have the c haracteristics of this type. "jjjw^taw JMf jfcgyy* >ita: y.. - ^^ -fvVA^' T5^ .K ,-3. 34 Mirro»roinc Deitcnption. I'ikUt thf inicroccoiM' tho hornblonile Btrimgly plcochroic dark hrowii viirifty i'tiil>c-Kra Hrountiii>iis!< (tf l.iotitc niul |iliini"<'li"*»'. near an nndeMitt' in com|K)sit Apiititf' mill niagiu'titf art' t)iiiti' aliumlaiit. .!(/( «/ Diikf lutrunion. The agi' of thi« intruition of the lanipropl ilyki'N cannot In- ilt-finitily (h'tcrniiiicd. Thry iiit t\w mcmlx-rs of Slocaii scries which i^ of ( 'arlmnifcrous age ariil i arry an iiidiixionH fragiiti of the Nelson granite which is of Jurassic age. Hence the dykes are older than very late Jurassic or early Cretaceous. A study of tiie fisi veiuH, especially those of the Iliijldand mine (Map 17HI), shows that dykes are faulted liy these fissures and that they are highly altered hy action of the niineral-hearintj solutions wliich are responsilile for the deposits of the Ainswcirth camp. The dykes are imcimformaltly over l>y de|H)sits of the Quat< rnary. I'roni a regional study of the ori- dep( of Hritish ("olumhia', it is concluded that the ore deposits of the Ainswi cam|) as well as most of the ore deposits of Hritish ( 'olumbia are iis.socii with the <()olin({ staRcs of the Jurassic, or early Cretaceous batholifhs, since the dykes are lii({hly altered by the mineral-bearinK solutions wl deposited these ore-bodies, it is sujJKested that these dykes may be a ciated with the cooling stages of the Nelson granite batholith, but at a st previous to the one in which the ore-bodies were formed, which wouli very late Jurassic or early Cretaceous. SUPEHFICIAL DKPOSITS. PLEISTOCENE. The greater part of the Ainsworth map-area, especially that r imderlain by the sedimentary series, is covered with glacial drift whic made up of compact sand clay in which are boulders and pebbles deri from the local bed rock. Cdacial erratics are of common occurrenee. RECENT. The valley floors are covered with modified glacial deposits which c sist of cros.s-bedded sands and gravels. The gravels con.sist of roun pebbles of various rocks derived from the s-irroimding terrane. In stream deposits, such as those of ( 'offec and W(K)dbury creeks, the ])cb] are mainly granite with minor quantities of limestono and slate. The hot springs at .\insworth are at present depositing an appreciii quantity of calcareous tufa. •SchoBcld. S, J., TraM Can, Min. Iii.>t , vol. X,\I. I'JIS, p. 42:'. wr. -nl)lc>nilp in n tini>-Kraiiu'd ('oin|M)Hiti(>ii liiniprophyrc ilxTs of the iiH friiKiix'iitH ykes nrc imt if thf t'lNxur*' w>t tlmt the tcrnl liy tlu' for till' v.Tv Illy overlain ore (lepositH (• AiiiNWorth ■(• iissociHted hoiitlis, iind tions which my lio asHo- iit at a stiiRc nh woiilil ill! ^ th.'it part rift wliich is bles derived rrencp. s which con- <>f rounded no. In the the ])cbbles apprecial)le « HAPTKIf IV. STP' JTURAL (;E()IX)(;Y, i{i:<;ioNAi,. The Hocky Mountain neoxyneline, which include- the Kiv.iter part of the Selkirk and Hocky Mountain ranges, consists i.f li.liinii, I'.ila'ozoic and Meso/oic sediments. The western horder r' this jjcosn ndiiie pass.w throUK. ( oeur d'Alene an-l Shuswap lakes, alonn whose shores is exp.ised the old crystalline conii)lex from which the aKove-nuntioned sc,lii,i,Mits were derived in part if not whollv. lo the west of the almost horizontal Tertiarv and Cretaceous strata which make up the elevated plateau of the prairie j.roviiices, lies the folded Ti'num of the foothills, in which is found the most easterly evi.leiices of oroRenn- movements in the Kocky Mountain Kcosvncline, ' Th,. f,,l,|s in the foothills trend in a northwest-southeast direction and ri'preseiit the most easterly effects of the strong ^'ompressive forces which l.uilt the |{ockv Mountains proper lying to the west of the foothill area. Tiie central aixl eastern parts of the Hocky mountains consi.st of a series of overthrust fault Mocks of PaliTozoie and Me.sozoic strata striking in a northwcst-soutlu'ast direction and dipping to the southwest; in the western part of the Hockv mountains, anticlines and synclines of I're-t •amhrian and Camliriaii rocks make up the dominant structure. The age * dine. 'I'hc wostcrn hn>l) of the synciino has hecn destroyed hy the intrusion of the Nelson hiithohth, l>iit its nortliern continuMtion is seen in the Millford .syncline of the Bhie ridge north of Kasio. ^ssm 27 fFIAl'TKR V. c;eoi.(k;i(;ai. history. inthodic tiox. 'I'lic furinii ah ranpo to allow ( , the of ciTtaiiity, fr. ii !.; K''iioral region o .. :,j TI ;\I!(,SM r!)tC|-|l ■Ml ■.! •!■ t!„ ' '■.■ ,' (. Aiiiswortli iiiai)-aica arc loo limitc.l i., ■la'' .11 of the Koolofiicjil record with aiiv (iogrci- 'i:c: ilicrcforc, a hricf description is aWt-n of tlu; arc . nroimd Ainswortli forms part. <■ sediiiieiitaiy rocks exposed around Ainswortli arc Carl.oiiilVrou^ Miul m part possihly i.rc-t ■arl.onifcrous in a^e and arc cut l.v Kranitcs (Kncissic .iiranitc, Nelson uranit.M and lamprojiliyre dykes of .liirassic an.'. ic range to the ea>t The contact hi'twccn thc'Purccll series (i5eit"ian)"and the overlyiiiR I'aknozon rocks aroun.l Ainsworlh has not lieen ohs..rve. 'ri„,„ I- 1 r 1 i'"i'ii.> i< w\ ivf.> 1)1 .Mirassic ai^t I hose ( irl.onifcrous and younRcr I'aheo/.oi,' rocks ar,. underlain l.v tli 1 urcel scries' whuli m.'lii.lcs tlic greater i)art of the rocks of the I'lirci' range to the east The contact hetween the Pnrcell series (Heltian) an he overyiiiK I'aknozon rocks around Ainsworlh has not lieen ohs..rve.i Hit It IS l.elieved to lie in the vicinity of the water-shed east of Kootenav ake since there is an aiiparently continuous recor.l of sedimentation fn,m the Beltian of Kast Kootenav to the ( 'arhoniferous of Ainswortli To the west ot K<.otcnay Lake trench the intruded mass of the Nelson granite separates the ( arl.oniieroiis rocks of Ainswortli from the y the processes of erosion. were ilerivci PAL.EOZOK ' SKDLMEXTATK )X. The earliest geologic reconl in the Ainswortli maii-arca is one of sedimentation and, from oh.servations of the rocks e.xj,„scd on the east side ot Kootcnay lake and in the area around Procter where the geological section which is concealed l.y tlie waters of Kootenav lake can he seni It IS a lat(! pha.se ot a long period of .sedimentation. roiNT wooinuuY Kponi. This oldest ci)ocli of sedimentation at Ainswortli gave rise to the Iiiiic s to the we>l \\ hicli was miileruoini: a >l(iw iirs uf pro- fotnid surface weatheriiij; ami erosion. I'lslM l>s i:i'urii. Tlie mica xhists ami i|iiartzites of the l'riii<(» formation sin >v a return iluriun tliat e])ocli to tlie conditions wliicli jtrevailed durinn tiie Point Woodlmrv epocli ami indicate tlie same origin for the ■ 'leents of the two formations and their mctainorphosecl e(iui\alcnts. A IN>\\ on ill Kl'Oi 11. A return lo the condition jire\ailin)i duriiif; the Marly Bird epoch evi- dently occurred during tiie Aiiisworth epoch in uhicli limestones were dejxisited. Tiic- limestoms of the AiiisWorth formation are not as siliceous as those of the Marly Hird formation and, therefore, were jiroliahly laid down farther from the shore. .losKl'lllNF, i;i'oi 11. '1 he conditions |ire\ ailiii(i dui inc the ,)i;se|iliine eixn'h caused the ('e|)os- ition of lime muds ilater metaniorjihosed to limestones) and tine sand later nieiaiiiorphosed to platy (piart ziti s i. Hut the most characteristic feature of the ejioch was the depo.-.ition of hasic volcanic a-h which was laid down at inlerwds duriiifi the |)roti:re>s of vcdinientat ion. These ash lieds later were <'hant:ed In fireeii hornlilende schists. In maii\ cases the (lUartzites contain \er' thin lamina' of fireeii hoiiiMcnde schist showing that volcanic aoine distance from the Aiusworth .area. 'I'la se ash lieds furnish the e.'i-jiest ixideiu'e of vol- ■anic aitioii in the I'alu'ozoic and the first sini-e the deposition of the I'ur- ceil lava' in the Heltian. The final phase of the .Josephine epoch was the de]iosition of mud. later nieian)or])hosc(| to andiilii«ortl, „n,l M,M-,u, -...rics wviv (IcpoMt.'d. .'ilt houuli no fossil- witc f,,iiii.l 111 any ■ tlic torniatioiw older thnii the Sk\ line .iri^ASSK No riTui-d ot Jurassic scdiiiinitalioii is pivsitv.mI in the Ainswortli area ; l.iit tlir i)ciiod is a very inii.ortant one (■.■onoiiiicallv and striicturallv -nice 1 he mam oroncMii.' ir.ov.'nicnts wliirli laid tiic foundations of tlic struV- tun; of tli.| Selkirk and I'urrcil mountains took place near its close In ai dition, the mapna wlii.4. later soiidifi..,! to form die .Nelson .'ranite an.l «liicli l,.niis tlie bedrock of sucli a wide area in the Kootenav, rose in this area which had been \veak period m the Selkirk mouiitain> was one of er,,<'o!i in whieh Ihe runced mountains were wr.rii .lown to : surface charoter- ■zed by ineanderinK Mreams and a sli^lnlv rolling topoj;,,,,,},, T )ro;laciation. 'Srhofipl.r S } . (;e<,.!. Surv . (an . V.ni :r. 761S:{- 3§ 'V'.'. I'p -■; ana liM. 30 ( HAl'TKK VI. ECONOMIC geolo(;y. i.\Th'nl)l( riDX. The (Ifpdsits of (■'•oiioinir iiiiijurtaiicr in the Ain-wdi'ih iiiiniiif;: I'aini) arc cnlircly silver-lead ores. I'reviuiis to l'U4 the zinc wliicli i< iiivariai)ly associated with the silver and Ic.id in the primary d(>i)osits was worthless or detrimental to the ores; luit o\Mn i>reseiice now adds to the value of the deiuisits at Ainsworth. As stated al'ovc th(> deposits at .\inswortli are entirely silver lead; the chief mineral lieinj; ^'K er-liearinfj f;:il<'":> exce|)t in the case of No. 1 mine, the jiresent wurkintis of which expose only 'he oxidized ore zone (if an original svdphide dejiosit. 'ihe ore d"p(jsits may he clas>itied according to form a.s follows: 1. Trill- fisviiirc veins. Ki) (.'iittiiii; tlic lii'cl.liiig plmics lit .in .•.iicli'. llicli'.nnil, I'liiri'iicc. K:irl.v Hiril. liiilcil, CUpiitarry. >,li) l':iralli'l with the l)C(l(liiiK plaiiis. Miicstri), Hanker. Diaiiiuinl. I.itlle I'hil, Sii..kaiie, 'riiiikelt, .Vl!)ion Iliglilaniler, 'I'aritT. •' Uepla<'e!netit ilcpesils in liiiie.vioiie. No. 1, Silver lliiard, Star, Krau, ('■allagluf, Cimwh, 11 iieiiee. linekeye Avcslf. „>: <^' " "' s -' ;i' 2^^;(S^iS||rf5^^j453^ = |5^^ •,V2 i'l'Dilncliiiii iif .\ iiif!ii(iith Miiii-f III Tiiiis, l{i jiDiti il III Tnul III/ /In (iiih Miiiiiiil mill Siiiiltiiiij Citiiiiiiii:!/. dull July HiKlibtwIrr Krau N'*'w Jrrusjilfiit ilii£)i!uni] No I I IIJt.Ml l*i>nTi&<' \,v5lia Silver H«arnsi>t of nalena and zinc liieiule in u (iiinnne of ealeite, siderite, (|uart/ :ind lluorite. The ore in tiie IUucIk II mine, wincli w.is (h'jiositeil muh'r mori «-Mrnre than other (|e|io>it>, i <'h:ivad to have been found in jjreat aliundance in the Krao and in sever.a other pro|)erties. In all cases it is ^''ti'Tally secondary, the silver in tli primary state heing intimately associated with the fialeiia and invisilih The method of solution of the sihcr and its jirecipitation in the secondar; j'orm is clearly exi)lained hy (Hoke in a p.aper on the Matachewan ore.- in wliich he makes the following frcneral statement; '" lOnrichnient of : jirim-ary silv(>r dejiosit is liroujrhr ahoiit hy reactions of silver or its sulphide witli tlie suljihidcs of iron and their j)r(iducts of o.xidatioii . . Sulphuri ^C^>*jve. H. t' . jour. i>[ d X.\I, lal). |.p. l-.'>. :<:•. 1." I,'.':!-.' 1117 4.S.s:) Miid :iiiil fcrrir siil|.hiitr icliiivr.l fmiii llii(iNi(liiliciii(if|)vriti'i ..\iTt a [kuvit- fiil sdlvfiit Mctiini liuth nil silver >uli)lii(|f ami uii its (■umi)aiiic)ii -iilpliidc-, Midi as nalciia. chalcDi'iti'. nrpiiiiiiit. anay. •• A mixture ,,\ -iiiplnirie aei.i ami ferrie sulphate ha- a piiwerful sulveiil aelii.i. nn metallie -ilver K(|uililiriiiiii in .-ilver-Kearint; solutions iM'tweeii ferri.', ferrou-. ami -ilver sulphates is sueh that the rr -iirl'ac-e water-. The cdpper i- proliaMy -ece df the as^dciatimi with it of the silver values. In general, it is cdarse-jirained and aliUdst iuvariaMy handed and ha- a nm'^^ic aiipearaiice. ahnndantly in tlic Mltichcll niine, hotli in lar^r inassos and in rare (uses a? woll-di'tiiu'd crystals. i'liiilaii>!iril<-, Coiijii r I'lirilis. rn/V.S'o. ( lialcopyritc occurs sparingls in tlic lilnclicll mine. Mcraitiilf, Disiiliihi'lc of Iron, I'e.s'... Marcasite wa.s ,'ictiially detor- iiiincd only in the Ili)rlil.ind mine where its crystal a(f(;rcniites have tht form typical of inarcasite, coxcoinl) pyrites. OXIDKS. (Jiiini:. SiO,,. (Quartz occnrs in sni.ill amount in nearly all the deposits Liiiioiillc, .-'/•'( j'/;i, .illjt. I.imonile is common only in the oxidize' zone of the No. I mine as a product of the decomposition of the sulphide: of iron. This oxide forms the largest part of the ore slii|)ped from the No. ! mine. II AI.IUKS. Fliiorilr, Fluor Sjiar, ('nhiiiin Fliioridi . i'liF-z- I'luorite occurs inos commonly in the Karly liird claim where the purjile anil i)ink varieties jin aliundant in the form of cuhes and irregular masses associated with ealcite III the Silver Hoard it is a common fjanK""' niineral and in the Hif;liliin( it occurs in the vein in associ;ition with aiikerite. It has been foum oceasionall;. in the No. 1 niiiie. .Mtofjether lluorite i one of the nn)s (■omnion c;innue minerals in the de|)osits of the .\inswor' li miniii)j; camp. 1 AHHo.\Aii;s. Colciti , Cnlairniiia Spur, t'liCOt. Calcite is a common ^jangiic minera since the ore de|)osits in general occur as replacements in limestone. I occurs as refiular masses and as rhoiiiiiohedral crystals similar to thos descritied and ])ictured \>y I.tdJoy' from I'hocnix and liy 1 )rysdale'-' fron Hosslaiid. AnI.iritr, Ftrrijvrous Doloiiiiti (Co (M(j. Fc, Mn) (CO3) ;,). .\nkerite \va found only in the llifjliland mine, on the third level, where it was associate vvith tiuoriti'. Cciiii.sitc. Liad CiirhoiKili . Wfiiti Laid On, I'hCOt. Cerussite is not commtm mineral in the deixisits of the .Vinsworth mining camp. It \va 'I.eHov,.0 K .(nol Surv . Ciin . Mi^ni n.l «L)ry«.lill". '■ \V . fl.H.l S.irv , (nn , Mi.ni- 77. WKSsms^ji^iafmn&ri'.^-jVL'SBi. t'dUiid ill ( rvstalliiic form in m sohitiun ruvity iiiKal.n.i in ili<- llinlilaiiil iiiino. AlthiMiKh thf No, I mill, i^ a drposii „(' oxidized .mIvci- lead ore, ccrussitr \\;i:< not idiiitificd in it with any di'^rrc of rcrtaint y. (»iu:s. The on.-, niiiitd at Aiiiswortli ron-i-t essentially of two varieties. (1) Oxidized eartijy ore eontainiln; native silver, as in the No. I nnne. The .allies of the No. I ore for the years l'.l|-.». I!l|:{, and I'tl I a- «iven t.y the Annual Jfeporl of the ( onsoliihited Mininn and Smelting ( oiniiaiiv are as follows. < H. Ac |..r t.,n. I'l.. l!il.' KH.i mil (li) Priinar..' ores eonsislinn of pilena, zinc lil.ndr, and iron pvrites, as seen in the Hinldand mine. The ore is a milling projioMtion.' I'lie values ot the coneentrates are as follows: I >r.. \« |). r t"n. !'!■. H", 7 :i7-s 1 - as ;;j llii' orr-lxMly nmld imt !»■ dricrmMii \Mtli anv ilifriT uf cfrlaiiily. Krnm it> |iu-iliiiii as a !><>iiiiirmi{ wall t.i laruf i.|.-lM.(|y ami t'lKiii tin' liiuli ilcunr prc-iiii' iIi'|misiI imi ; l>ill 1 1 (i|(iiui>ii -lioiilil nut lie irivcii as iiiucli wciulit as thai uf Mr. {''uwlrr wliu li (arcliilly watrhfil tin' cviilriui- iiniiii tlii- piiiiit that lias Ihtti liroiinlii linht iliiniiv: till' iltvilcipnicnt ut' IIk' iiiiiu'. In llir Slocan ilistrirt, whirli in iln-.' priixiiiiilv to llic Ainswnrlli camp ami wliiTc ilif lumiitiuns ut o iltpii^iliun ~li.iw llic -anir fralun^. i.rltny lia- t'liuml ilykrs wliiih iiit rl (in-l'iHlirs. I'rolll llir facts prc-i :itf(l alxivc it can at least l.c c(pnclii(l( that till- ilykis iiml nrc dcpu-iis arc nearly ciintcnipuiamuii- in m^c ai Ilia I I lie il\ kc- liM\ c nil ijciiclic coniic\i(iii with the urc dcpo-ilion. \c,i. 111 i>i;i'(i>i !>. Till- di II rininatiun uf the a«e dI' the depi^iis „< the .Vinswiirth ininii ramp is a dilliciilt matter sim'c the iiil'iirmatiun at hand is very ineaKi It can iiiilv he staled that the depii-il- ale >. Hinder or cunlenipuianeii with the periiiil (if ilyke iiitrusinn and nl ler than the ulacial ilep(i>i I'mni a ({elieral stilily uf the reijiun it is 'leliescd that the dykes are dust related in aice with the iiitnisiiin uf the main mass uf the West Kooteii fjraliile liathulilh the NeNi.ll Ulaliite' whiiji i- i<( .liiras-ir at:e. ojii ;iN oi riii: (»i;i;s. . t; ure-lieariii« Miliiliuiis einanalint; fruin the t;rinile in the pin ttiatu.iiic sla)j;e of coulitiK isjnce lliiurite is a commun nai.jjiie mineral in t r.iajuritv uf the deposits >, ro-^e in lissures and at favuiirahle lucalit formed ore-hudies eithei in the lis- iires ias in the vie iiily of tin ipiarl/i' iiurnblemle schi-t contact in Ih" Ili«lilaiid mine ur in the mcks cut tlie tis^ures las in the {''lureme mine where the mineral-lieariiiK solulie llttacked and replaced ihe liiii;>lolie liandsi. The ore in the No. I. Sil\ Hoard, and Uliieliell depusits evidently spread laterally frum the fissiin the euntact i>\ the replaceaMe limestone with the uverlyiiif inipervii, arKillites or schists I'urininti replai'einent ..re-lMidies. Thi^ action tu place even where portiuns of the cuiilaci wer. o\irtiirneil, a^ shown in t No, I and the Silver Hoard. Mil lil'. OF .MNSWninil MIXIXC Dl.^'ll! I' T. The prospects for the continuance of miniii^i in the .VinsWurtii distr are K"ti'l- 111'' siicces>'of the Hiiihland in proving that the ore-hud extend at least tu 700 feet tieliiw the outcrop in the case of veins of the li fissure tyiie and the occurrence of the rejilacenieiit deposits in limesli ;55() feet vertically heluw the oiilcrup in the Florence mine, aiimir widl deeper mining, especially as. so far as can he determined, the tenor of I ore docs not appreciahly decrease at deiitli. The failure to disco' workahle oro-hodies on the TarilT, Hinhlander, and banker veins at 1 dejitli reached hy llie Highlander tunnel need not i"' considered discoiiri smr~ I a: lli)j; fur till' oi-ilirniM r cif llic iHi-IkmIh'^ in llli- l\ |ir n(' Vfill i^ Id Im- liMiki .| fur Hilly nil the tl.'it |«irtiiiii-i ot' t lii'-n' V(iii-.:iii.| fhi'iiroiiiiil li.twiTii till liiiiiiil Mild till' »iirf;ii <■ li;i» mil Ihn'm i'\|i|iirt'i|. A >tnii\ III' iIk \:iiii>u> iiiIiii~ |,;i. -Iiiimii licit till nil -liiiiiicv «ii far ili-rnvrrril liItNf tlirii- \\rll-i|i liliril liiiiijr. iij . n i inMliri' .iiiil ill lIlc flltliri' 1 iiilliilllir ili\rli.pliiilll iif llii-i' i|f|>ii~it-, ||||> tiiii' -liiilllil 111' ki|)l ill llliliil .iiiil -liuiijij p.virn till' iiiitliiMJ- lit r\|i|iiraliiiii uf tln' Vfiii-, Tin-, ijiffiriiii imimIi- iif orriirri'iicf art' fiill\ i|i~itiIiii| in ihi- ripurt. Till' kitmI iiirn-.i-i' in llir 1 llii i, iir\ i,f ( iiiniiiiialinn i.niri— -.■-. aii>ini: frmii till- iiilriiiliirlii.il uf liuiMiioii, wliiili m tin- .\in-\Mirtli ili>lrii-i i- Mill 111 till' iliitiiil -t.'IHi'. >liiil||i| llirrra-r llir iii|l|ilil nl till- ralllp allil illaMi' prniiirlir- wliirli ari' at |iri'-iiil iilii- tn rr-iiiiii- uprral imi-. Tlir (•(iiiiitr.N liitwnn till' Ain-uiiitli iiiap-arra ami Ka.-ln rnik, in wliirli \cry fi'W iiiiiirral rlailn- have Ihcii >l.iki'il. I'xiiiliil-. «i'ii|i.m.al fraiiiris similar tn tliiKf fuiiiul ;it Ain>\Mirili ami i- I liirifiiri', lun.-iiliriil 111 Ki- \Mirtliy of alti'iitiuii hy pru-.|ii rliir>. i)i;s< Hii'Tiux nj mim;s ami I'itMsi'Ki rs. True Fissure \ eins. KI^^IKI \I1N>- I 1 rrisi; HKIlDIM, I'l.WK^ \r w wi.i.i:. Iliillil'lhtl Cniii,. Till' flinlilam! uroiip i< npirali'ij ami nwiinl In the ( un-i.li.l, ' Minii'tl ami Siiicltinjr ( iinipaiiy of Trail. H.( '. 'I In- y;niup i- -iiuatiil <''ilar iTi'ck, \'. iiiil('> fniiii Ainswnrtli, with wliich it i- runm'ctnl liy a w.iilKU mail. All Mcrial tram rarrii - llu' orr frmii llir iniiir in tlir mill im Kmitcnay lake at tlic iiiniitli uf < 'nl.-ir ri'ri'k. ''"'/")/.'/■ I'lii' I'liiintry rm'k-; whirli iiiitiTiip on tlir llitilil.'iml K''iiip I'l ImijI 111 the Jiisi'phinc fnriiiatiiin wliirli nmsists of mica >rliists, crvst.il- linr. >ilirfoiis limcsloiii'-, (piait/iti's, ami lircm lioriilili'inli' si-hists stiikini; :ipproxim;itcly iiortli iiml south, with a ilip of t-'i ihfiri'cs to the \\v<\ . Thr -irics i-; lait liy mica ami noii-niica ilyl w liciicrally p;ir;illcl with the I'lililiiitr of the siMlimciiiari. -. Tlic majority of the ilykcs arc of tin- non-iniivi variety ami li.avc \viilth> of from :! to 1.". fc-t. 'I'lic prc-cncc of ihiM' (lyko (Ma)) 1781) in the scilimciitarics, panillil to the >lrike. i- ver\ niiportaiit a- they form nood liori/on-markers in the iletermniiition of tin- throw of the fis.sures. .\ miii-inica ilyke follows the main lis-uies of tin llislilaml mine, in places occiipyiii); tjie fissure ami in places lyiiin to one -i'le of il . The ilykes as well as the ijreeii lioriilileliile schist in the immeiliate •'• iizhhuiiihuoi! of fhc iissiirr arc highiy ailiTO.l U> a wiiiii-h m ilo« ma-- :i8 which ri'(niin- ((Hi^idiiMlilf i:irc in iimiiinr. Tlu' -oil mnttiiMl har. cviih'Uti l.ccu formed l>v the altclalinii <>t ihf inmii\ thi' artioli < ilcHccndinK Miifacr waters wliirh ;in' hinhly iliiirKed with -itl,ihurie iiei tniin the "U iii|>i»ili(iii i>l" iri)ii pvntei-. 'I'hi* tl<<-iti.ni mI th- wit K.eks makes the (leteriiiiiiatiiill of the charaeler of the loek- aloliK th ti-siire rather a ililheiilt matter. l-'is iii(s. The hssures i Map ITsJi which are thier in iiuiiiIm-,- tn'ii .i|>jirii\imatel.v ii.irtliwest and dip to tlu east at an aiitfle ot T.'i .h'uree; the most solltiierlv (;I>e is the liiaill Vein, whereas the other two, terilU' allRle veins, are of'hss imporlaliee. The llsMires are Well-ilefini d ami sho a horizontal displaeeimnt alonn the \i'iii of from 20 to litllfeet ' Map 17S| The direction of displaremeiit i- the >ame in ail tlinc ti— iiie-. .Xiioth, leatiire of these fissures is the fai I that the amount 'it ,,ie in the fissure roiiuiilv proportionate to the amount of ili-plaeenent that ii.x- taken l>lai aloiiu the fissure. This appannt rel.atioiiship m;i\ \>f cplit. fortuitoii-. hi on the other hand It is pn^-iMi' that greater moscinent n^i^e ii-e to <;,\ ditioiis more j.ivonr.iMe for the jiassajie of ore-hearinn solutions, in tl ipiartzites the fi^Mires are eleaii and narrow with «ome hreerial ion aloi the walls which are comiiaratively unaltered escejit for -oine -ilicificatio The fillimi is iisiiallv of tpiart/ with very little ^ilphide- a- a rule. In tl hornhlende schistv'the walls of the lissure» have l.ceii l.adly decompo-r In most eases, the vein which coi.tains piod ..e -hoots in the nieeii hor Mende schist narrows very rapidly and conl.iins very little inei-sic appearance, and a hne-uiamed v.nie which also has a (jneissii' structure hut is le» in amount than the coar> Uraiiied variety. Zinc hlende ami small amount- of pyriie, mari'asii and rhalcopyr'ite in a ipiart/. naii>;ue conp.'ete the ininend.iny of I he oi .\nk riti' anil tluoriti' occur in craiks in tln' "\-<' and are the last prima minerals de|i.i-itcc| in the veins. nri-lioilii.". The di>trihuti,,i' ..! the ,>!■( -i.odi.- hears a strikiuc rel tion to the (luartzite-hornl'leiid. 'list .uutact. I'roin :.n .-.xaininati of the acciimpaii.vinj: section of the liiuhl.ind mine iKijriin- 1 it c.an he .sr that the ore-hodii- occur as lahular ma--i - a)iparcntly hoih in the (plan ites ■■ind in tlii" hornhlende schist- .■ii..i ;iii' .at the upi)er cniilact of t (plartzites with the schist. In t lie -eel ion t lie orc-hodic- ajMH^ar to occur w within the (plartzites, hut when it is mailed that the di>placeineiit aio the fissure is :{() to IIH) feel, it will !■(■ •■'■en that the schi-t and (piartzi are in contact on oi)positc walls h.r iIk >ame distance. The on-liod follow the creen hornhlende -ehi,-: lo ti;.' (lisjil.aced (pi:irt/ite-horiihleii schist contact, hut do not occur to any extent in the resjioii where the (piar ilesformhoth walls of the hssure. .'\s the contact "f the (|Uartzite and t sciiist dipsahout f.'> detree- lo the wi >t . the ore-hodies pitch il. the sal direction. Miiif ]V(,rl.iii,j.H. .\i.ess to the ore-hoilics 1- secured l.y means of t tunnels driven aiii'iroximately aloii^ the strike of the vein, the thn^' up] tuinu'ls beinsr Mnpi..\imatelv KM) fi ( t apart and the two lower ttinn 200 feet ai)art, thus n'wiua a de|>th of TIM) feet hclow the outcrop. 1 :«• 3 b u 40 ore is iiiiiicil tliioutjli tlic tunnels hy DVtrliciid stopinK and ciirricd hy an aerial train tn tlie mill on Kooteiiay lake at tlie nioutli of Cedar creek. Fieri iici Silr( r M iiiiiKj ('itiiii>iiuii. The hoard of ilirectors of the I'lorenee Silver Mining Conipaiiy is 1'. H. Wdlfle, i)resi(h'nt and manager: A. V. Kelly, vice-president : 1). K. Saun.lers, sec leiary-lreasiirer; .1. A. Lavender: and A. M. i'rost. The mine is under the liifl!l. The Karly Bird. Princess. Ainsworth, and .{((sephine form- ations outcroj) on tli(> claims striking ahout north and south with an averane di|) of l") decrees to the we.st (Map llS'iK A descriiition of the.se form- ations has heen fiiven in a i)revious chai)ter. The two mosi important horizons economically are the limestone hands and the (luart/.ite liorn- hlende-schist c(mtact,' where they are crossed hv the ti.ssure. The limestone hands are nu-nihers of the .losejihine formation w'.iich is comixise.l mainly of hornhlende schists, handed (piartzites. and some limestones. The limestones which occur in the Florence Silver mine are coarsely crystalline and Kfcyish white to white in colour, and are composed almost entirely of interloekint; grains of calcite with no associated secondarx- minerals >ach as tremolite. Hence they are very easily replaced hy mineral-hearing solutions. The two I'.ands whicli have hc'cn develoiied are ahout ♦.") feet ai)art ami are from (• to S feet thick. They strike north and south and to the west dji) at an an)ile of 40 degrees, hut the dip is modified hy slight folds so that in some cases the limestones are Hi>proximately horizontal. In the immeiliate neighhourhood of the ore the rock is decomi)oseil to a soft sugar-like mass of calcite and (piartz and in other places it has lieen silicified. The (piartzites. whicli are overlcin hy mica schists ;ind green horn- hlende schists, are ahout "i't feet thick and have the dii) and strike of the surrounding rocks. Th<' (piartzites are tough, and are handed light and grey in colour on fresh fracture, hut change to a reddish hrowu colour on the weathered surface. Tlie hornhlende schists are green in colour with a glistening surface when fractured. 'I'hey weather a dark rusty hrown. These rocks are very similar to the qunrtzites and the hornhlende schists exjiosed in the ore-hearing horizon of the Highland mine FiKKurc Sijuttin. The fissure has a strike ai)proximately east and west with a dip of 42 degrees to the south. It has heen opened up at intervals on the surface from the workings of the Twin claim to those of the Laura M. The rocks fur a distanre of 40 feet on hoth sides of the repl.Hcement •II iirf-li(Mlic> ill tlic liiiicstdiif h to (Ictcriiiiiic tlif cxiict iHiiiit wlicrc the fi Intf K'fii <(> liMilly (IcrdinpiiM I'll tllMl It In ii the sc ilr sriiists tin fis •'(•oiiil level it sIkiws siiiontli. -lickeliviileil \v:i ilelineil mihI iii the stupes 42 iletjrees to tile soutil. On'. Tlie ore consists of a c itl 111) there is oal'sel\' cr\' -tall ine iiiixtiire of (iMJeiia ami /uic hieiiile with some ))yrito aiiil ehalc()|)yrite. The naiiKiie is altereil ami lie galena in the i|iiartzife- ilcconilMised limestone, ealcite ami i|iiartz. oriHilende schist sti>|>es is coarse-(;raiiieil of zinc lilemle, whereas that of rei)lacenieiit ln.il fine-graiiieil, the two varieties neiieially shuwinn strilctiL-e. An aiialvsis of the mill feeil. suniilied 1*1 — . « rt — ,.' ? ' i|)|>inn ore with minor amounts IS coarse-jirMineil a gneissic or si leareil / 11 I i'e no oz,: At! -' .") oz. Ii,\- the coin])aiiy. -lHn\> On -hiiili The ore-hoilies of the F replacement ileposils; III :orence inine are i >( I w> )re-lioilies of the true fissure ty|): 1 \arirtie: Rri/l(iirt/i< 1(1 l)( iiiislla. There are two lies (Map 17S( >i thi- tyjie which are continuous from the surface at an elevation of 2 1121 feet lot st level at an elevat lielow this ))oinl, hut thei to greater depths, 'i'liese if 2.2n."» feel . I- Nploralioii lias u: e IS no doiilit that the ore-l .1 I will leen earned continue stone, usually at its ni)])er contact (Map I7S( )rtl dies, since they follo\\ and re|)lace the lime- >i with I )\(rlying schist, strik 1 south with an iiverago ilij) of 10 ilegrees to t west. 1 inciliatf level between the secoml ami the lowest level tin rocks are horizontal, showing that minor folds 11 .ill inter- the iir ;it irregular intervals The length of the ore-hodies along the strike of the limestone liamls has not been determined, although they have I.eeii followed for .")(l feet wit reaching an end in either ilirection. I Hit galena mass is coin))osed i loot to 2 feet thick. if n many places the foot-wall of tl mixture .f Wlllcll 1 s k iron and coppi r i)yiiles from I nowii iocallv similar mixture ot lact with the o\erlyiiig schist. dpi tl le iron lUke n other mils occurs in the h,-iiigiiig-\\all side in Oi;-h,„li T, /•■ 111 the fissure at the contact of 1 .''/" On mile: le qiiartzite and the si if i!,i- I hist. ype occur 'he occur- rences are very similar to those descrilied in the account of tlie Highland " inc. The ore-l)odies are about 100 feet long and aboii { to ti feet wide 111 and pitch about 4(1 degrees to the north along replacement of the wall rocks of tl the fis lean and smooth. ic tissiire and the o re b r iks f lere is no rum the Wwk lliiis T\ le mine is oixiied up by three tunii tunnels being connected by a raise from whi he two lower ill an intermedial lie leliig driven. level IS Kdfhi HInl. Si'liinlinn. Till Karly Mini mineral claim is situated on the west si of Kooteiuiy lake about 2 miles north of Ainsworth. It lore I IV wa IS easil\- acces.si 1)1. ter. It . owned by Mr. I'ringle of London. Kngland, and in 191 WHS under bond for three years by A. Haplow who at that t ore to the Trail smelter. line was shipping 42 Geoh(j!i. Tlie vein was entirely enolosed In ilie Kiirly Bird formation of which tiie staph' rock is a very massive, Rrey, micaceous limestone in heds tj to 8 feet thick. The limestone weathers a rusty brown. In many places intertieds of micaceous schist occurs with the lime.stone which dips on the averape :<."> degrees to the west and strikes north and south. Fissiin .1. Two fissures are exi)()sed on the claim, w hich strike approxi- mately north 7.j degrees west with a dij) of 80 degrees to the south. They are of the nature of gash veins whidi show no api)arent displacement along the fissure and appear to he typical of the veins of this formation. The character of the veins of this type is well shown on the south wall of the canyon of Woodbury creek where they are numerous and well exposed. A cross-section of tlie Karlv Bird vein is shown in the accompanying cut (Map IT'JO). On. The ore consists of massive galena and zinc blende with minor amounts of pyrite and chalcopyrite. The analysis of the ore furnished by Mr Haglow "shows the hand-sorted ore t() run 4.') per cent lead and I'iV zinc. The silver runs between 1.") and 20 ounces to the ts from Ainsworth, at an elevation of 3,:i.J0 feet above sea-level or 1 ,.")!)0 feet above Kootenay lake. Gfolo(j>/. The rocks in the immediate vicinity of the deposit consist of green hornblende schists which strike ai)out north and south and dip 4.") degrees to the west. The upper contact of the schist with the overlying andalusite schist is h)cated at the base of a steep clitT ai)oul l.')() feet west of the shaft. The lower contact of the schist with the vmderlying banded quartzites lies about 700 feet east of the shaft. A dyke of camptonite 4 to 5 feet wide, confornung in strike and di]) with the enclosing schists, passes just east of till' shaft. Fin.siiiT. The fissure strikes north 70 degree- west and ilips 70 degrees to the .south. In the neighbourhood of the shaft it is well defined, but could not be traced for any distance east and west. Ore. The ore which was seen in the open-cut just north of the shaft showed about IJ feet of galena on the hanging-wall. From the ore on the duni]) it was concluded that the vein contained a large jiroportion of coarse zi.ic blende with which is associated coarse-grained galena which could be hand-sorted. Orc-boilics. As the workings were filled with water at the time of the writer's visit, no information was obtain 1 concerning the distribution of the ore in the vein. If the fissure extends eastwards to the quartzites, the most favourable place for the location of the ore-bodies is in the green hornbh^nde schists near and at the contact with the underlying banded quartzites. Workiiiqs. The vein is opened up by means of an inclined shaft which is reported to be " 170 feet deep' with levels extending cast and west in the 'Reoort o! the Conimiaaioa appointed to inve^tic**^ •^•* *'"** rm»ourrei« of Hritiah Columbis. lOW. 43 v.in itt tli('ilci)lli (if .")() f(.|.t ami lor a di-tancr nl' SO fret (iii citlicr sidr of ih,. shaft. Kmiii f!io shaft iiiul this .Iriftinj; fit is claimed that the vein has noi liccii stdpiMJ at any i)lacf) it is said that .">(»() tons of ore was shi|)])cd tn h'cvclstiikc liy the fonnci' opi'iatnis." (il( ni/iii ri/, Silnitliiiii. The (dciifiari-y is situated ai an elevatiim (if :!.:!|.'. fcf; al'dve sea-level or I ,.").').") feet aiiove Kooteliay lake. It is (■(iiilieci.MJ with AinsWdi'th liy a wafifni road. Cfiiliutii. The i-dcks ill the iieisitilKiiirhdiid (if the ( deiisialtA- helDiij; to the ,J(ise)iliiiie loriiiatidii. The A,:d\ is sunk in handed (lUart'/iles whicli ai-e underlain and dverl.ain liy ^re'-n hdinlilende schist, the tliicki f tie i|uartzite Lands lieinfr 120 feet, 200 feel, an.d 20 feet, 'i'lie lliicklK -s ,,f the (i\-erlyin)i scliist i,- duly an estimate as cxpcisui-es are iinor. '•''■.v.v///(. '\\\- fissure strikes north 70 dcfrrees west with .a di|) of (is south. 'J"lu' fissure had nol heen priisjjected alimn the strike s.. > its extent is unknown. The shaft was tilled with water when the pro- jxTty was visited in 101.") aiul lOl.s -,, that an underground examination was ini])ossilile, Ori . The ore on the dump consists mainly of zinc blende and sonn culie fr;,l,.,i;, ai'.d the Kaiifiue appeared to he (piartz and caleite. I'.art d! the material of the duiii]) was stained fr,-,.,.,, ^i'S the dec(imi)osition pro- duets of chalcopyrite or cupriferous pyrite. The ore is .said to run S to In ounces in silver and I I per cent zinc'. It Diliini^. The wdrkinfis i .insist nf an inclined shaft wiiich is reported td he ().') feet deep. The shaft is filled with water and the vein can \n- examined at ))resent only in a trench near the shaft, where it is expose.VK.\I,I.l:l. Willi ni;i)!)lN(; i'l.AM.s. -Ml the veins of this ch.aracler oi rur in the (piartzites of the ,;d>ephiii" tdrinatidii. llxamples .••re the veins oiitcrdpi)iii<; on the Dhamdiid, Little Phil. :\ra(-trd, S])okane. Trinkell. .losfphine, TiirilT. .\lpiiie. Hifrhimider. ;iud I'>;uiker. '["hey are true veins I to (i U-vX wide strikiiif; ar.proxiiii.atel\ north and south witli a dij) correspdiidinji to the dij) of theeiiclosin>; (piartz- ites which varies from 2.") (h^grees to ."(O delii;;,l,. 1 i„. ,in.' ri-..urr,> of llritLsl, CcluTiibia Ttii.s:; 1 ■11 I'l'tpiii (ili^crviitiiiiis DVtr a liinitcd licM it i^ >u(inc>t(i| tluit ll rc- hodii's occur it.-isuciatcil with rnll> or cliaiini's of ili|) in tiic Mirroumliiin (luartzitc-^. tlic mo>t favotiraMc locality hciiin I he areas of low dip wiiicli art' ])rcc('o\ i' sea-le\el .at l,'_MI)feet above .\ins- wtirth. dtolofi!/. 'I'h.e rocks exiiosed on the claims colisi.-l of (piart/.ite-, (ireon. horiiMeiide schist, and some siliceons limcstunes. all heloiidinjc to the ,lose])hiiie formation which strikes a])i)roximately north and south with a di]) of :>(! Icfirees to 1') degrees to the west. 'I'hese rocks ure cut 1).\ a lamp- roi)h\ II dyke, ahoiit (i feet wide, whicii is exposed in the lower tunnel on the Little I'hil claim. In order to (ji\e some idea of the variations in the litholofiy, the followinn thickne»e> of the rocks traversed in the ahove- nii ntidued tunnel jire given, starting from the portal of the tunnel : i Irrin liornl ll n.l.' -^.lii-i IJU 1 >\ ki- Ijiniprnplix IT I'l ( ;i-i'in li.TiiMiMiil. - l,i-i 'it silinoii- limcstMnr -il I'-auflfil (|u:iriziti-- •>() (Irii n licirnlilvncli' M-hi-t . , . I'n Kiituioil tiuan/.iti s ■'< Vi'iiis .. 1. s Handc'l qiiiirfziif - '>'> Crcin liiTnhiii;il<- -hi-t , , '-."i han J 'J"he-e I liicknc->e> are nn]\ :,pp:in'nt as the si I'ala ilip we-l at angle.- of front I.") to (id d( gn e~. \'i III. The same \ ein occur- c.n t lie I )i,-in;onil. Little i'hil, and Maestro claims anil lias Liin folhiwcd thniugliont the claim- l>v underground work- ing-. It \arics in thickness fi'oin It ti. S feet and follow- the liedding plane iif the eiiclo>i]ig (piartzites. that i-^ \i> clegrei- to tic wi si . The filliiig consists of altered and silicified (piartzit's which are ccmi'iited together l>y ipiartz ;ind calcite. The ore-hydies usually occur at the hanging or foot-wall of the vein aiul consist of massive galena with ^mall amounts of zitic lileiide and ])yrite. In m;niy ])laces a layer of gouge occur- on the hanging-wall w hicti in some cases -hows slickensid"s. Siiiil:nin\ Ti'ilihitl. Jiiiiiillr Miiiiinl Chihii.i. These three claims .adjoin the ALaestro on the north and .ire evidently a continuation of the Diamond-Maestro mineral /.oi\e. They lie al)o\e the town of Ainsworth. from which they mav lie reached hy wagon road, and have .-111 elevation of 2. .")()(• feet aiiove sea-level. (I'liihiilii. The rocks which dtltcrop on these claims consist of Laiidi'd (plartziles, green horttlileiide schi-ts, iind silii'coiis limestones of the Josejihine formation \\hich strike ap])roximately north and south with a arallel to the lied- ding h^ non-mica ihkes (i to S feet wide (Ma)) ITSHi. 4.-) of /■/.s.y//-..v. riii> tis^iiivs anM'oiir.inl.illt witli llh (•ll(•l()sill^,• i»l,it\ (|ii,iltz- lies w ii.-li strike .ipproxmiMlrly north mikI south with ilip oi' J.") .h'tin.-^ to 4.) (Icjin-cs to the west. They follow t'i two horizons in the <|ii;ut/it(s which •■ire rarely more tiian (> feet ai)art, pix>sn)ii from one to the other •it irregular intervals. Tlie eross-eiittinn fissure joining the t .o hori/ons eoi,- laiiis tlie same vein-fiilmn us the main vein. This feature is well -howii on the 1 nnkett .•md .leanefte mineral eliiims. '|-hiv tvpe of fissure, whirh IS parallel with the I.eildin); planes (,f the surrouiMlinc roeks, has not heeii oiiserveil HI the horillilende schists. I < Ill-Jill, „ii. 'Ihe ore coiisiMs ,,f culie galena and fine-firaiiied «a!eiia with small amounts ol /in,' hlende. pyrite. and chaleopvrite in .i fi.iiifjue of ijU.artz. Ihe (|uartz in many i)l:ices holds inclusion's of small annul.iP irapnents ,,| iIh .piartzites and the vein-tilling contains manv .mail cavities which are lined with crystals of (piartz. (h;.U,„li,s. Su far as may he juilned fn.m the limited field of (,!,>er\;i- lioii the ,,re-l.odies seem to Occur in areas of low dij) which are |)reced. d dioveand tollowed helow l.y areas of hi).dl dip. The fr;deiKi ill the oie- ''•'■■: '^ iisuallv fine-nrained containing in iniimate asso<-i;ition Minll 'luantltles ol ziiic hlende and jiyrite. The contents of the massive ore -hij-iUMl to the >nielter in car-load lo|>. accordintr to Mr. M(d)oufrMld, !i .ntiger ol the .•spok;ine mine. \\:is as follows: I'll lij s I,:; I ."):i s 41 I 4s I /n 4 !l 4 .1 4't> 7S r. 2 At' .,/..i U, ■iKi li II.. . liry 17 7 "il "'" :•()■« .■il)..1."ii'. IN!) illi.hl.l i:lH ii!,.')iii; ISO ii7, :',:(.' MI.'hii,. Si(,i,ih,y,. 111.. Ail.i luncral claim is situated just south of the l^anker. Ihe el.'vatioii o. .,,e tiimiel is •.'..")()() feet iliarometricl.ahovi' -e-i- c vi'l or M)(l teet aiiove Aill>W(U-t li. (n,,l,„i,i. Th,. r.ji'ks e\|),,sed on tiie .MMon claim coiisi,t of mii'.a sch 'iii.-ii-tzites. ,.md limestones of th,. l,,wer p.arl of ili,. ,Iosephini. formaiioi,' ■ut l.y jriiei-sic )iv:xm\v and lamprophyre dykes KeiieralK par.allel to the -irike ot the sediiiieiitancs, which is north ;iiid south with a dip to the ue-t .Ma|) 17itLM. ' ■ \\iiis. .\s shown in .M.'ip 17','_' there are three veins v.hich strike :ind dip concordantly with the enclosing M-diiiieiitaries. 'i'lie veins consist ni.'iliily (it (piarl/. with sin.all amounts of jr;,!, .,,:,, ,\w liimde, pvrite, ;,iid '•h.alcopyrite. In the vein which ur> in the raise from the cm-rul t.. tlie north, ^.-dena was .-ecu to the thickiie--. of li inch.-. II njhliiiiili r. Till' foll.iwinj;.l(.scriptioii of the Hi<;hlaiider mine is hy .\r;;.-dl'. ■'The lli>rlilaniler vi'ln was disi'oveiv.l in 1M»(I, It out.rop- on the -nniiint ol th.. si,.ep ..s.'arimient on the wi^st. rii Adv of l.ak.- Kooti.iia\, ^l.l,.'!'K■:n™!^l«;;■ir';•2'''''■''"'''' '" '"-»"«-'•■ "- -- ^-'-"•- -i n-.,,!, , „i,. i.,., .„„„.„< .. i 4('i iiliout I.IOO feci iilM.vr l.i«li water. A >lHiit luimrl iiitcrsccis tlic \t in )()(( feel liciow its oiitin))) iiiiil tlcvtldpiiiciit is coiitiiiiiccl liy a shiii't lor :i (lci)tli of 17(t fi'ct I'niiu the oiitciup of the vein. Later, a iiiairi tunnel wa> started, now known as the llitjlilander twiinel. to (ipei\ u]) this vein at a (l('l)tli of 7."i(» feet veilic.iUy below its ajiex. or 1.(100 feet mi the dip of tlf vein. 'I'lie portal of this tunnel is situated aiiout li.'iO feet aliove the lake and one mile south of the town of Ainswortli. After jienetratinj; the wa^h. the tunnel entered the niiea sehi>ts of tl: ■ district, and at a distanic of '2'2't feet from the portal interseeteil what i- known as the " TarilT " vein. (See I'late No. 1). At :{.')() feet the si'lii-l. gradually heeame harder, pas>inii liy insensilde (iradations into i;iieis-, through whieh the tunnel ixnetrates for a distaiu'c of 1,2()(> foet. Ju the centre of this mass of gneiss the cr.\ stallizatioii liecomes coarse, the rock in places presenting; a jzranitic api)earanee, hut on nearin^ the main lode iijrain liecomes schi>t(i,-e ai.d the vein is intersected at l,">ti() feet from tin- imrtal, with a westerly dip of J.") denncs tiiviiiji the following ceneral section. The footwall i)ortion slurws a handed structure of (piart/ and dark slaty rock, containing: some xams of calcite, occujuinn a width of 2 fei't (I'late No. ID, next comes 2 f( ct of nr( y ]iori)hyritic vein filling, jjossihly ,a ])ortion of a small dike, the hanninn wall of which is polished and shows slickensidi' nnirkinjis. IJestinfi on this wall is a seam of (piartz and slate lireccia cemented hy a por])hyritic ground mass. The remaininni)ortion of the vein consists of dark schists (ontainii'n irrcf^ular lenses of vein (piarlz. the w hole orcnpyinn ti wi' ore in any part, truly a rather disai)i>ointinf; showinf; after so much e\])ense, ( >n drifting to the south, however, ])ay ore was found in the foot wall ])orlioii of the vein. On reference to Plate No. I it will bo seen that this main vein was cut in the (>xact jiosition that the prolongation of thiMlipfrom the surf.ace work- ings on the Highlander vein would indicate; therefore it was assumed to be the Highlander vein ; but considering the !•()() feet of miexplored ground between this tunnel and the surface workings on the Hisldander, it must be freely admitted that it is simi)ly a matter of conjecture. A basic dyke four fe to f inches in width, as seen on the line of the main tunnel; giving a basis for the impression that this portion of the vein has an easterly dij). Passing westerlv along the inain tunnel, the mica schists bec(jme harder, more silicified. and various breaks or ojien fissures occur between the hanging Widl of the Highlaniler vein and the face of the main tunnel, a distance of 1,014 feet. On accotmt of ])oor ventilation .'unl the amount of water that was is.suing from the joints and fissures, I found it impos^ible to examine care- fullv the rock siructure biiwecii llie Highlander am! the fare of th -.^•jrr:r fis.-urc \v;is, liowcvcr, fncoiiiitcvc.l sm'h! lo coniaiu iiio>(ly .HUM' cMli'iir, wliiili liui>l out scvcriil times in tin- tuniit 1 Iml wa.- timlicivil lip cIiimIv :,i the time of my cxamiiiiilioii. At the prcM'tit face of flic liiiia.l, 1,1)11 fret from the iianjiinir wall "i tiic Ili;i!i!aii(!cr v.iii, aiiotliir vriii \\a< (indtint.iv.l witli a -Irikc iiorlh ..0 (ii't.'ivcs \\,.>t, anil ilij) •_>:. (Ir-n ,- w.-inK. '|-h;. has Immu o]irii(,l up •11 both slil.s of the luuiH'l fol- a total ili-,ail.'c of :,[) hvt. all.! lonsi-ls of ■ <■■ irnriilar ([nart:^ \, ,:< van in::; frurl:iri' of the lnoiiiil:iiii. The vein eonfonus. a- tar a> ,-.iu \,r '■en, wilh the strike ;,|iM ,li|, of tlie .-chiM-, ami while tllc shouiiij; j^ vi r,\ poor, theiv i>a po-ihiiity that drift in,:i; on the strike of the vein initilit open up some pocket- of p;,y ,,re. Work, however, had l«'en Mispeiided in I hi> I'lace lor Mii'ie time prior lo my e\amill:itioll. '1 he l,i>i :;()() feel iu the main luiiucl is u jxior i)iccc of work, crooked :^«l at ( .\tremciy had (ii-.adc, hut on :iccouiit of t lie numerous slips .•ii,d open .'ivMires that !i;ivc heen cncoimlered. all of which .are .lir.ch;ir.!iiiiK <'oii-i'';.'r- .I'lc \wil( r. It u:!.- d.ail.ilev- an c\p. n>ive ;ind rather dillicull place to oper- _ I!(turnine- now to the iioint where the IlinhLander Vein was iiiteivected l->til) tcet trom the i)ort:il of the tuiuiel) :i drift (Mends soulherlv aloiiK ■he toot wall: while the vein was eiitirelv i.arreii where intersected some ■lende was discovered at al.oiit ol) feet south of the tuiuiel and c(mtinued ■nr lUDleet lulenfith; then odfeet of harren vein came in. followed hv ahout l.>nieetolveitim;itter, avera-iu)ra!,out.'>feet ill width and containing ahoiit - leet ol i)ay streak, showing zinc Meiide and naleii.-i. Sample \o .al wa- •akeii acro.ss till' pay .■2 feet, the v.'in h;ivin.. sere a (111) <'t ■!•> de.irrecs to the we>t and varvinj; from (i to 12 fed wid.^ \t tliecollarof the winze there i^ a very j:o,'.d hunch of gah-U:! which carried' ."un nearly 2 feet \\ide of p:iy streak, following!; the haii;riiiK wall, for a ■.i-taiicee.t lit) leei jiloiurthe winze, ;ind from IS inches to 21 inches of mixeil • ilic oleiide and tiaiiKUe restinu; on the foot w.all. The ^(111 here >hows .a li.anded structure witli n hirp. development ■I caleiieas \.in filhiif:. to^iethia- with o,-.it. \ drift l-as I.een lulv.ali.ad :iliout 10 leet northerly from the hottoiu of the winze :.nd 111 jilaees this shows (piite a mass of jiorplivrv and zinc blende frag- ments, encrusted with siderite and zinc l.K'ude in alternating laver^ The Laljaia m the vein rather favours a calcite siansuc. makes near the liaiiL'iiiK v.;ill trouKc, ;ind invarial.ly c(,ntain> a sprinkling of eii:,|co]nrite. The general order of mineral deposition around the ixirplivrv breccia - lust a hlni of .-idcrite; then zinc bh'iide, third shh.iite, an(rf(nirth zinc I'leiHle as a very thin outer coatinn: of the fragments, and bevoiid that the :;a rit( grouiid-iii.a.-s cemeiits everything solidly. •18 Thirty fret south of tin' will/c on thr liiain level, a raise has lieeii put 11]) :ilK)ut 200 feet, which, for the first (»() feet shows a very fair vein with a pay streak, varying from 18 inches to 24 inches f)f hh-nde ami );!il>'«it' the siderite and caicite (jannue heinn very similar to that seen in the winze below, liut the galena is I)lentiful. Sam])le No. ')2 was taken acrosrt this vein in two cuts, for a width of 18 inches, about 'M) feet above the level. Il assayiii: silver 1 ',) ozs.. lead nil, i.'uu- bMt per cent. The main level extends on the vein 1500 feet southerly from the winze, for the last 2(M) feet of which the lode liecomes hard anci uiii)rodu(tive, the face of the drift showing a porphyry structure, and it looks as if at this place n grey porjihyry dyke occupied part of the vein. Two cross-cuts have iieen driven into the hanging wall of the vein betw i\ the main cross-cut tunnel ami the face of the southern drift, with- out showing uj) any mineralization, but the foot wall portion, as opened on this level for a distance of ;{.')() feet, shows an extremely well n\ineralized ili']iosii with a jiay streak that would averageabout 'z feet wide i)f a coinpo- siiion similar to that indicated in the sample.-; above referred to, both of which were taken from two cut~ across the vein. 'J'he best showing is ill the bottom of the level but owing to the wet nature of the country and the i>rev!ilence of fissures in this rather oi>en vein structure, mining bi low the level will, no doubt, be hazardous alui expensive. .\ tuimel can be brought in :{20 feet deejier, but it will necessitati '-iviiig about 2,S()0 fict and would not be warranted without considerable further development on the vein and the oi)ening uji of large (|uantities of pay ores. The water is pumped from the winze and the ore hoistecl by eon. pressed ;iir deliscred from the 'I'aylor .\if (dm)ires>ing I'lant situated oii Coffee creek ;d;out two mil( s south of the mine. Then' is no opening to siiffai'c ( xce))t the main ttmnel; the oidy ventilation in the mine is that supi)lies(>d air. which is insufficient, as carbonic ai id is very prevalent, ami in many of the workings a cai\dle will scarcely burn. .\lt hough there are !I00 feet of backs above the tunnel level availalde for .-to|)iiig no prospect raises have been put uj), except the one described, t >ne or more rais(>s should lie i)iished tlirough to surface, as in such a strong V( in there is every probability of good shoots of ])ay ore being found above the tuimel level. It is interesting 1o note a coinp.-iratively flat deixisit. conforming to the i>lanes of schistosity of the eiulosing rock, which continues so regular and strong at a depth of nearly 1.000 feet from surface, an main tuimel, in search of elusive veins at great deijth, to the neglect of the large veins, which is retdly a first-class prosjtect and deserving of thorough development. 4!) The Hinlilinuhr tiiniirl is i(.iiii..ctc.l l,v wir.- fnmi witli ,i ruiicciitra- ti.m mill (,ii the slior.. ..f ||„. Koot.-nay lake, 'llic tram s.tvcs t.. tri.nsport I'otli tin- milJiiiK 1111(1 liiiMl-Mirt.d on-. iiimI tli.' iaftcr. t.itjcllirr with the (■•.mviitrat.'s, i> si,i, ,,,,.,! i„ |,,.,r^,,s fr„,„ tlir mill. Tlii^ mill was not cxammcl as it has not l.^i'ii operated t'.ir s,,mc time. 'I'li.. mananrmi'iit was, at the timi' uf my visit, linuriiin on shippi,,^ the cnnl.- ore in Inilk to the siiicltcr, aftir a pn|iaiatorv hand sorting, anil in thi> wav s.^iiriiin the IxMicfit Ml a smeller rale from the earhoiiate of iron and liiiii' that the ore e feet wide. Fissur,' SiisUin nu,! (In-hodn... The Hinliland.r tunnel whi<-h int.T- f-ects ttie 1 antl vein at depth was inaccessihle on account of foul air and the lower workings of the TarilT were unsafe and the following descri])tioii is ([uoted f"om Iiigall' who thoroughly explored the mine workings in 190"). ■'The so-called Tariff vein, where intersected in the Highlander tunnel. IS simply a clay gouge with an inclination varving from 10 degrees to M) degrees westerly. The vein, a.s followed in tJie south drift, varies from merely a clay jiarting \l]^ to a couple of feet in thickness of (piartz and cah'ite. Near the end of the drift a cross-cut was iiushe.i \ to the foot wall SO feet, aiul a drift was advanced 20 feet southerlv on a sm.all veinlet showing a sprinkling of hlende and galena near the face, (lenerallv speak- ing one would scari'cly recognizi anything in this drift as an iiuportant mineral vein. It is i)ractically an irregular series of small cpiartz len.s(>s conforming to the iiluiies of schistosity. containing in places st>me calcite and a little clay gouge. Practically, there is no miiieralizatiim in the vein at this (lei)th. and as no conn- 'tioii has heeii made with the Tariff workings at surface there is nothing to show that it is the same vein, though the in-obahilities are strongly in favour of its being so. The main workings on the TaritT vein consist of an incline-shaft, 17.") feet vertically ahove the Highlander tunnel (aneroid reading). Tassing down this incline everything is sloped out fnmi the first l(>vel to surf.ice. On the second level the vein has a strike of north 20 degrees west and the (lip from surface to this level is 25 degrees westerly. The level extends from 2.)0 feet, and the ground has been fairly well sloped out on either side Hranrh.'nilB"' '''" *-'"'""""'"" '" "'>'"""«!>Ie Ihe lino re-uurcm u( Mntish ( olunilH,!. I>,.p:,rtnu.nt <.l .Min,>., Miu.- ^;| :.() of I lie >li:il'i . rill' • I'iii is rcnuliir in .-I like :i ml dip :i mi i?. •.|(r|Hi| [,, n wiiltli of iilioiJt 15 fi'il, ihf wurkiiin-i ill placi's icurliiliK T) frit in v. idlli. Tin' Vfili occuis in niicM sclii^l :iml is ciinfornuililc with tlic iihiius of siliistosity; the li;iiiniii(i \will is cxlrtimly spiooili imi ifnular. On the lliilil li\cl M flo>. cut (list, hrliinil the sli;ift, passes tliroUKh tile fiiol wall ami opcn.s up a parallrl vi'iii, '>() firt (iisiaiit from tlic iiiaiii vein, on A\liirli alioiit li'ilt feet of iliifliiij; was iloiic. 1 could mil detect any particular values in the north drift, but the southern one showed some zinc near the face. I'assiii^f >outh from the iiicline-sliMfl on tliis level I foiiiiil the slopinn had not lieeii carried lielow the iloor. The vein there is practically .'ill ipiart/, showing a little disseminated pyrites. In the southern face of the slopes it consists of 2 feet of quart/ on the foot, ali'l close to the hauRinn wall a 1-iiich seam of line Kiaineil Meiide carr\ inn galena in line specks. The fact" of the drift 10 feet farther .south shows (juartz and schist only, for a width of 2 feet, and is harrer of ]m\ mineral. In the north end of thi.s stojie, ;>() feet north from the fa,(' of the drift, the \-ein shows for a uidtli of ;>0 inches. Next the hansinj!; wall there is 1 inch of hleiide, then 2 inches (if ([iiart/ folli>u((l liy !• inches of fairly solid blende (colitainilif;, however, some (iiiail/ hreccia), !iml IkIow that IX inches of (piartz and schist with a little Meiide (list rilm ted throiijih the joints and cleavage l)l.'Uiis. This ore, however, does not continue for any considerahle disl.ance alonn tlie level, inasniurh ns at apoint Klfect farther north the vein is a;>i>areiitly filleil with (piartz for a widtli of 3 feet and .show.s no appreciable ininer;ili/a- tioli. |)eseeii(lint; lo the next le\('I, which extends north onl,\-, or in tho opjiosite direction to the last, eoiisideralde stoi)inj; has heen done, and in one place a winze ha.s heen )iut down and a small stope opened lielow the level. Practically, however, this level forms the hotlom of the nortliern stop( s, jii.,t jis the level above forms the liottoin of the s(>iitherii ones. This nortli level for the nreater jiart of the distance consists of (piartzand (ialeite. the former i)redominatiti>;. I could detect but little mineralization at any jioint. At this level .i short drift extends souther' showint; a vein about ^2 feet wide, mostly (piartz Imt not cont.'unint; pay miner.ils. .\ winze was started in the floor of the level ami sunk ."> i. showing a fair vein of (piartz and calcite but no j.ay minerals. T shaft extends at least ")() feet below this level at which point water was ,'iicountered. The level ])r( viously described has been recently under water and was smeared with mud and very diilicult to examine. There was no one ])resent to represent the (jwner of this iirojxTty, which has been abandoned for sever.al years, and tiie workinns were scarcely safe, but having been informed there was considerable zine showinjj; in the old workings, I ventured to make the examination without ii guide. JuduiiiK from the st(;pes, the vein so fiir as developed, eontainecl one good shoot of (jalena together with a little blemle, near tiie surface; which has been to ' intents and ])ur])0ses stoped out to the extreme boundaries of the shoot, d in (lei)th, so f.ar as any ])ay ore could be followed. Other shoots may, however, be found by development ou the strike of the vein lo the south. .".I It I- cv Id. Ill tliiit tlHi.ir>!iu..l splits ill ilcpili ill twi.jironcs, mikI iIk ore .rc.,iii.- Iiiurr -.lil.'.'nUH; (|ii!irt/ pi.'.UiliiiuMto iiIkI lilll... il :,ii\ ^mI. n:i or l'lt w.Tkil.tjs. This |a,t, t.ilx", ii in .on- lucti.iii uitli till' >Imi\miik iiuidf 1.11 tilt' ,iiilt fiuiii III.. Iliulil.Mi.l.r luui„.| .MiKuiw l,;„||y f,,r :i iirulital.if cxpli.n.iii.n ut tlii- vein in ,|,.|,t|,, -il,,, '■.i.-lirly vein rc:iclic.l hy a .•n.ss-.iit Irniii the. inclini-..liiitt li:i« tli,. |„.,t -liduint; ;it lliiit .lr|.tli. ainl llic (w: Inirr-: of ,,i,. |-,„i,„l i,, th.. w,,tkiiiK-< !ri)in III.' Iliiililiin.j.r tiinii.l ; l-u .u-.-nr in tlil^ .n^t.'ii-,- v. in. nt l-'^-f tho pr.i!.:ilM!ili.'s an' sin-li: I'.ir, n^- pr.'vi.uiMx «i-,i,m|, lu'i'i Iht v.'in ii:,- Im.'h ■oiiiM iir.l 1 ctwi'cn this tiiiui.l ii.iii/iiii :ii„l ih,. ,,l.l u.ii'j^iiin- iil,..\,'." Rcplacejiicnt Deposits in LimcsCono. Ml. I .MrM.|t\|.:/|,|, zn\l.. One ..I" the in.i>t iiiipdit.inl tniiii'niii/.-.l /...nc^ in th.' .\iii-«,.itli . mip isth.'iipp.ic.,nt.'i(t..l llK'Silv.riluanlinini.'iti.nii.No. I linn ^l.,i,.' i,i,.nil',ri .itii Ihr ,,vl■|■|yln^' ^l.,-y hlark ainiliit.'^ ..f th.' >kvliii.- f..rniaiion. This .oiu'slnk.'.-^Mlm.ist nc.illiMinl Miiitii aii.l conhiini-. tu ijir .lip of t he siirroiiinl- mn s.'.liiiicniary n.i-k.s that i-, in a pn.ral \va\-. ,'.l...ut t.". iU-'irc^ t.. th.' uol. Il p..>s,s thn.ii^rh 11,.' X... I, .■^ilvcr Il..af.l. ( n.wii, anri ( ;.alla-h.T (• aiiii.s ami .xiciiil, M.uih I,, th,. Niisdii ^rraiiit.- u.-i ,,f the ^■,.,,^h.•l mineral w.)rlh map-ar.'a .\,. min.'iali/ati.m was seen north of th.' ( lallajili.'r claim, or south of th.'No 1 I'lit this (Xlciismii II. .nil ami >i,uth of th.' al.o\.- iimil> is w.irthv ..I' att.-n- lioii, I h.' mm.'iali/i'.l /on.' i.^ mark.'.l .'.t th.' sun',...' I.v the pr.'s.'ii.c of iron o.M.li' wlii.h usually runs hiyih in silv.r ami sin,-,, th.. ..uh'iop is ...I't ;.iii , tli.. voU'iu- 'st in v..rv lik.' a m-uhl.' m iii)p..aranc... 1 1 urvuv-^ in I -..Is IV.mi :! in,.|i,s n. s im-h..; thi.'k with -i Kcn.ral (li!> to th,' w.'s|, alllmimh mim.r fol.ls ami .A-.'rturm.l I'.il.ls .....ur .Mvasioiial y ( 1 i-ur.' .-». This lim..st.,m. is ..v.-rlahl .'.mtormahlv l.v l.la,k Mi-jiilht.'s ot th.. >kylim. formation. Th.' arLMlhtcs aiv k1.,ssv Ma..k in .'..lour :iml s.,m.'what sh..ur...l. No inm-ous r.M'ks w.r.. -...-n in th.' imm.'.liat,. miKlil.ourhoo.l ..t th;. mm,'. I.tit a small intrusion of fincissi.' granite <,,■ urs just west uf the min.' liuihliiifi.-. Minrralo,jii. Th,. ..r.. ...msists of a .lark hrown. .h..'.,mp..s.>,l mass consislinK inainly of ir..ti oxi.h', s.,m.' ha.l .■arlM.iiat.s. au.l wir.. silv.r In jilac-s suli.hi.l.' ore is visil.l,. ami sli.iws tlu' pr.s.iu',. of nal.iia ami /in.' I.l.'iul.j with s.im.' pyrit.. ami ,hal<...pyrit<.. Tli.- naufjuc is cliicHv sili,.ifi...l ami altrr.'.l iim..s{..n. wlmh soim.tim.'s shows trac.-s of th.. suii)hi.l..s .,f !<';ui and ?.'.p<-. '! h« limfstoir- wli.-n mTur.-inp i„ fj,,-. ,„,. ..i„,ws th.' .(..v.'i- opmcnt of quart' crystiils in caviti.-s. Th.' nietullie .suli)hi.U.,s often (1 A2 jM'iK ir.ili' iiili.t! . ii.-tniic of the t.i.it -wall ii~ iiiiiiiili>triim>f^. l-iit m n.i .nv wen- miv .ro^^ vrm^ >,.cn whirli miutii npri'Mfit lh<' aviiiii<-« Min. i;'' vhicl, t\,v „r,' ,,,luti.)ii> pa-s.'.l. >^ o y. S i .a ()n-ho(lies. Fr,,m tdo accompaiiyiiiK (ii;if{raniinatic cross-sfctinii { FIr- urc T)) It (•im he m en that tlic orc-liodics oci'ur as rfphiccini'rit dcposils in cn^tullitK' liiucstonf, near or at its upper contact with tlic overlying black argillites. The ore zones are two in nunilier. .jtie alou!: tlu' iipfM-r contact (it the limestone and the oth-T fr..ni 7 to 20 feet from thi^ contact, III 111. liiiic-ionr. Nim,.r..u« ini.rlii.iiuf MiinKtr> unitr ili. — ..f /..n, - t hu> Kivmu ri».' I., a (trr,.,! iii.mhv li.,rM. mI lini-i.,,,.., Tl,,, .„.r,..Mit( iii. m ,,f 111.- ..n-tMMlii- tjik. 11 III rullli.Ah.l. uill. thr ^iril.hirr KiiM- t|,r ilii|.n",-.|l jit hr-l ,i«|i| ,,f :i v.iv iuni|i|il, /.„U,'^ tolluw thr l...|,l||l(I |.|;,fl.> of til.' lilii.Munr hIh, h t|,r ,,|V M 1,|.„.- '""' '"'' i •",."..',' '" '■"^'"■'' •'•• •"■'"•■ '" ''"' '"'■"I "'■ -vi"lin.- ,umI ..(• .n, vciiirii.'.l lul.l, lli,-i„,ihl ui th.M, veil urn ulii,!, ,,..iir. I„tw.rt, |l r tir~i :n..l -.■.•..it.l Irvcls II, til,, v.ulli.rii pari ..I tin- miiK' pluim- - I,, tli.- ii,.ri), -.. il.al 111 llir nurllMTii I'n.i ..f »li.. pr.if.rru ||,r .,v.itur.i i« f.,iiiir| ImI»,.i, tl..--.rnn.lamltliinl|,.v.lv Tin- rxpluni^ tli- fa, t Hiat a> ...i. ^m^ In.M. I h.. Miiitlirrn cii.l nl til.. prupiTly t„ ||„. „„ri|„ rii i n.j ,,ii tl.r lirM l.vrl ij,, ,|,- ''"^" '"I'- '" ",'"• '•'-'. "'"■" ••« 11'- V.Tllral. .'HMJ 111 li,.. iinMl,..,- ,| ,||,„ t.. 111.. \v.M. Ili...l..i...-.t ..11 tlirlliinl li.v.j i. ,-,liii,,-t v.rn. ,1 with •, -liul,i '''I' '" ""■ ' •"< '" 'li'' 'Iiini .11,1 .. I' 111,. II, in,., hut ■;-,■ i|„ „ j„,|,. ... .liin.n- ian -.Ti-s;,! Alll-.vv,,rlll ,lip- 1,,|||,. w..^t. i, ,. v.T ..I l.;,l.l. III. Illll.-l ,,,. .■.rKillit.. roiita.'t u:l| L, f„u,,,| ,., I,,,., ,, ,,.„,„,,,, ,,.,, ,,, „„ ^,„,,, ,11^ .\.!(llll,.l,:,lMipp,,n l~Kiv,.||l,.||,|- Mll/nlM- i,v ihr |;,rt thai i,; ,|„, ,,,, ,„„. -nUlll.lM .11,1 ,,| th,. Illinl I, \l I Ih,. c.l.l;,,! ],:,- ;i ,!,,, ,,| S.-, .j, „,,..■- I,, I |„. XM'Nt. All .-iLaiv^i^ .if \... I iici f.iriii-l ,| inc 1 ' . Alfi, /n li .I ■|m... s 7--.':i. -M >. :'!! 1 1 Is :• » Silit'i- iliiiiril. S,hnit,.,„. Th.- Silv,!- I|.,anl ,ui,„. i, .itua..,! 7 r,ill,.s l,v wapm r..a.l 111 a lM>r•liw..^t■.^ly .111, ,.ti,„. tr„in \,n.w„Mli, at an . |. ati,,ii „f MiiKl |V,.t ah..v,sfa-l,-v.'l()r2„.IOf,..-i :,l...\,' K..,,t.-nay lak.-. r/,,;/,,,,,,/ Tho S;!v..r ll.mnl .-i,-lu.,li,.s ...•■■ur .n \„ 1 niir.. r.ji/, ,| /Hiu. |„, limcstono i,N,> 1 li„„.st..n(.| is a .1, ,.,■, u|,ii, i, ^n■^ varictv II. l.(>.ls from , to S in,.li..s thick, .liiipin^ i„ i;,,„,.r...i ,, ,„ ,.-, ,,,.^,,,,,,, ,„ ,,;,. Wfst hut .'.xliihitinK minor ^vn(lim.sMihluv..nuriu.,| |V.1,U Tl imcst, i,. is .iv.-rlain .-.inf-irnmhly hy th.. Kl,,ssy hia.k arK,l|.|..s,,r tli. Skvln,. l,,nnati,,M A.) igm.ous rocks wir.. fouml in tlic vicinity ,,f iJ,,. miu,.. J{"''';''"ti!/: Tl,,. or. ...msis,. ,.f „ „„„,„,. .,,■ ,„,,,„ ^,^,|„„^, .„„, ^,,,,. t.UiKl,- Uith iiiMior amounts ,.t jiyntc :m,l . hal.aipvrii... Nativ.. siU-.T ..c.'urs in .racks ,„ the or., an.l in th. li„„.ston.. in the in.mc.liat,. vicinitv ..f thj. . re an.l, as wir.. sihvr, hi tri.. small caviti... Tli,- uanRU.' .amsist's "'"'"'' ,"'.Kr.'.'n fluont.' with minor amounts of ,.alcitc'. Small „i,...,.. „f sllicih-l hm..-:t,..n. „,.,.nr in t!:,- on- ho.li, .. Ti,- ..r.- an.i K.'nLruc in many place, pcnotrat.. hy means of fissures int.. th.- foot-wall as ,,,inute i- f i ..rli^ i"«P !-triiiH(is Mini small icplaccinriit iii;(>m>. No ciu^s \tiii> wliicli uiiKlit ic- ])|i'sciit llif avciuics tlin)U(;h which the iiiiiu lali/iiij; suliitiuiw ))ass('(l, wrro (ictcclcil in the woikiiifjs. On -IkiiIIi f. 'I'lir ore -I'ddics ()( cur ;i> i-( iilanniciil di'iidsits in thr Xo. 1 liliH'stoiic at Mild near its i-uiilact with thr (i\ ciix in;; lilack arKiHil'"^ and like (illicrs whit-h occur as r<|ila.'ciiiii,i d(|Mi>it- in liinc-tcnics arc irrc^riilar in character. 'I'iic ore (iccurs in iwn feet liel( w the upper lioii/.o'.i. No oxidized ore was seen at the time of the wrilei's \i>it. liiit Dawson' stales that at liie time of his visit in lnip- n!ent . from this oxidi/ed otc i-.n It'.") ouiwa s in -il\er. 'I'he normal iinoxi- di/ed ore I'uiis ahout HI) ouncc> ui .-iUc r to the ton. SlriicliTi . 'I'he st riicturc of I he Sil\ tr Hoard depo-it is identical u il h that of t he No. 1 i I'ijrure -"i i. The ore zones dip to the west from t lie surface to the lIHI-loot level '.liiere a sliallow synciiiic occurs which passes into an open aiili<-line. lietwceii the lOII-foot level and I lie "Jllit-foot level, the ore zones chaiifre from a westerly to an easteri> dip. Helow the L'KO-fool li'\el no inforination as to the siruciaic is availal'le. l.iit it is proKahle the ore Zoiii'S I'ollow the foldinc; of I lie rock- w hiih, mi tin- u hole, dip at an anfjie of ■l.'i (h arrvK to the west. ( iiiirn. LiniliDii. The ('rowii uiincral cLiini occurs on the Xo. 1 mineralized Zone h.dfway lietwecn the Siher Hoard and the < iail.iirher. 'I'he portal of the tunnel lias an elevation of approxiin itely l.tJ.'i feet aiiove sea-level or L'.liC).") feet ;d)ove Ainswurih. It is reached liy ;i trail from the Silver Hoaril mii'.e. (I'liiliKjii. The minerali.^cd ;-oiie i Map IT'.M dcciiis at the ui)p('r font act of the .\'o. 1 limestone with t lie ov( rl'. illy; lilack, glo---.v ar^jillites of the Sky- line form.ation. The ])resent uorkin^is have r,ot cxplorcMl the mineralized zone to an\' extent, the main tunnel ha\int; bcin driven past the zone into 111!' Mack, k'""^\\' aiKi"''''^ which are ni'iierally barren in tin' .Mnsuortli area. Ore. The ore consists of a lirown. earthy, decomposed mass uhiidi in apjiearalice resemhles that of the Xo, 1 mine, luit the values ilhtlic (rown ininiralizi'd zone are unknown. In the dlnirl mr >illlil;ir to that 'liowil in tlir No. 1 mi tic ( lijiUIr .">!. 'I'lii> ^tl llr- tiirc I'Mii 111' si'cii in till' i';iiM' t'i'diii till' main liiniirl (I'.llfii. Tiir wuikinK-. art' intircly in the Nu. 1 iimr^tnTii". Mini riiliKj!/. Till' oi'i' lirinn rninri! at thi> titiic of tlir writer's vi-it rnn^islci! (if iixiili/cil I'artliy ori' wliirli i-; rrporinl to niii liifjli in --ilvcr. In till' report of the ,Mitli^ter of Mines, Hrili-li ( 'oliiniliia, for INS!), an as~ay is fiiven uliicli shows this earthy earli'iiiate to run 'JSI) ounces Id the ton in silver, for '.»"> tons slii])pcil to the smelter. fhi-liDilir.'.-, The ore-lioilies which at pii-ent eon litute the ( lailaiilur mine consist of iiiei;ular rcplac'ineiit deposits in the No. I limestone. 'I'he-e liodics are spaced irremularly ami no sysiematie arranfiemeiit w.'is olisei ved. I'Voinsttidiesof the No. 1 minerali/eil licit it is cvidctil that the iiiaiti mineral- isation oci-iirs ill the No. I liiiM'stoiic near its cont.'iet with the overlvim; lilack arnillitcs. The develivpim nt work on the ( lall;ij;licr has not explored this contact and if further ilevelo|iineiit woik is considered, the most likely j)la('c to find ore is ;it the aliove-iiienlioiied contact. I'niiluclioii. The production in I'.tl.'i was 13 tons; and in I'.UT, iil toll-. a oiiii;i[ I'HofKiiiir.s. Star mill Siinliijlil. Siluiili.iii. The Star and Suiili>ilit claims are situated east of the No, 1 mine. The lower tuniii 1 on these pioiierties has an elevation of .'i..");?!! leet aiiovc sea-level or l,77(i fiel aliiive Kootenay lake. A road, now dilli- cult to follow, l( avcs the Aiii-worth No. I mine wanoii road above the I'liitcil cl.iiin and reaches the Star -|i M and cahins. (icoliHjij. The p;eolo<;\ ,.| the el.'iims is given in detail (Map 17fS7; in order to show the litholo^y of the Star limestone, the ni-'dational contacts of the Star limestone which is characteristic ' the liio tone formations, and the structural features of the fineissic granite. All the rocks di]) from 2."i (leKrees to II) degr.'cs t.r the west and strike approximately north and south. ()rt-b(iiliis. The unsafe eondition of the shaft where the ore was ex- tracted ])re vented an examination of the ore-bodies or the ore. It is rejxirt- I'd' that the ore (Consisted of ^;alena .'iiid lead carlionates with very little zinc. U'orA/My.f. The workings consist of a numlier of open pits, a shafi, an incline, and two tunncK. 'l"he lower tunnel has lieen driven (Map 1787) for ii distance of ahout S(M) feet, hut no vein nor ore-'oody of any value was struck. Tiijir. Siluntii»i. Tiie Tijfer claim is situated on the south slope of Cedar creek at an elevation of :5, l.">0 feet above sea-level or 1,(')*,)() feet above Koot- enay lake, it can be reached by trail either from the Highland or from tin lower tunnel of the Star. illi'port 01 tiif C'uiiiiiii.'4.-,ii>ti npiiimin-il i.i imt-Miufilf tin- zinc rt'xMiirr<'« t.i llritii«h ('i)luiiil>ia. .")(■) '''"'"!/.'/• 'Ill'' tlcposit occurs in the lower part of the Star limcstoni- ill the horizon represented in the lower Star tunnel (.Maj) 1787). The rocks I'onsist of staurolite or andalusite s<-hist and whiti>h >;r<'y crystalline lime- stone. The rocks strike almost north and south witli .-i dii) of .")() degrees to the east. In the lonRcro.-s-eut tunnel <-hief1y staurolite schist with small hands of limestone occur. In the up|)er worKin«s an anticline was noted which showed the ore occurriiif: in the limcstoiii' at the contact with tlie overly iuK schist. Kvidently, as in the majority of the replacement dei)o>its. this contact, as well as the limestone in the immediate vicinity of the contact, is the most |)romisinj; place for the formation of ore-hodies. Of( . 'l"he ore consists of coarse-jrrained galena \\ liich oc<'urs as crystaU in the ojjen sjiaces in the vein, showing the cube and octahedron faces. Some zinc l)ien(h' ami a little ])yrite which is sometimes co))per-l)earin>i; eiimi>lete the mineralofty of the ore. 'I'he Kanpue is ((uart/ and silicified limestone. ()n-l). hist. Tlie horiz.-n is jiroliaMy near the base of the Star limestone. These rocks strike north and south with ;i dip of 4.") d"grees to the west. Fissiin Si/.\lure> trike and dij) and in the character of the disi>lacemeiit along the li'^>ures. The mineralogy of the fissure veins and the repLu'ement deposits is similar even to the proportion of silver to the lead in the galena. The ahove evidence su))ports the con- clusion that the fi»ure veins and the replacement dejiosits are coiiti'inpor- aiieous in origin. Ore. Till' ore consists of coarse-grained galena with small anu)Uiit- of zinc Mende and pyrite. 'I"he gaiigue is calcit<' and (plartz. (hi-hii(ln.i. The ore iv ;i replaci'inent deposit in limeslone al its u|i|i( r eontai-t with the schist and hcTice conforms in dip and strike v,iih the lime- stone. Ore occurs in each of tly fiss\n-es, especially in that portion wiii
  • y o|ien-cuts. 'i'lie tunnels, one of which is on tin' .\nna .May, were not driven far enough lo reach the ore-liearirig horizon. I . i ># ■» Kiiui. Sitiinlinn. The Kn.o is >itii;,t(.l uii tlic \v:iK,.ii rua.l fn.ni Aiiiswurth t" IIk' No. I nun.', at an .l.valiuii of ;{.iV,() f,.,.t abow >ra-livr| .,i- 1 490 lii'l aln)vc Kootinay lake. (;,ol,„i!i. The rocks outcn.ppiiiK ..n \hv Krao ciaiiii \„-U,n" to tlio .)..Ml)liinc t.irmatioii and coii.sist ,,f li,,i iil.|iliist>, coaisdv .-in -talliiic liini'stoiir, thr most iiiii)ortaiit mcinl.cr, and handed (luartziic's alUtiikiiii; .■ipproxiinalrly north and sonth with a dip of about 4.") :{. • At tlie Krao mine the limestone exhibits a siieeted sirueiure and ijiere ispn.lial.ly a iaiiil Mii.nini; parallel with the ereek at this point. I.ul no evi- osit h.is he( n stripped at surface f.ir a wiure near the hai.uin^- wmII .i.p.'ars to be the larger of the (iroiip. and i-ontains c<,nsiderabl.' iron oxide r -ultiiiK from the decomposition ui the ori(iiii;illv cotilained ores, 111 l:ici all the sheetinjr planes near the surface, and nianv stoiie with its iiossihle (>re 'lodies. The tunnel has an cievation of li.OfiO feet (iiarometric) aliove sea-N-vel and jjasses throiifih the foiiowiiig rocks in the first S")0 feet of its coiirs(> starting from the portal. The reni.ainder of the tunnel, which is the most important i)arl from an eeonoinic \ie\vi)oint, was inacc. ssihle on ac. ouiit of foul air. liand il qiiartiilc-s .... ;j;,(I Vein isrii:ill aiinmnl.s .,f jx.-iicna) :; wid,-. n:inili-.l qiiartzili ."< "'* js.-, < 'r.\'.-^lal!itic limcstuni'. 4.'» Quartzil<.s !.!.!. (M) < 'r.\*sta!lin(' linif^tonn 2 Hanilcti riiiartzili-s ^1.-^ lil'lriairi.i.T ,...■ '...'...'..'..'.'..['.'.'.'.. mM-rr~:^\UU: Ihi civile. Sil-Kitioii. The Huckeye mineral claim adjoins the .I(„se])hiiie on the nortli. It is connected ■• ith the Ilichland wagon road iiy a good trail. The (ievation of the in;un tunnel is :{,,")}() feet al>ove sea-level or 1,780 feet alio\-e .Vinsworth. duihiijii. The ore deiiosit projier occurs in the Star limestone which in this locality is (piite .siliceous, the weathered surface being characterized hy the iireseiice of sand. This limestone is underhiin liy a dark grey anda- liisite mica schist which is exiiosed in the hiwer tunnel of the Huckeye. rnderneath this schist occurs the j)hity (piartxites which were exposed in the extreme northern face of the first level of the Highland mine. The Star limestone is overlain hy another helt of andalusite mica schist. On -hod i If!. The ore-bodies occur as rei)larement deposits in the Star limestoiu' and are irregular in tlieir boundaries. The replarement bodies are associated with a fissure vein which strikes north 40 degrees west and dips 70 degrees to the south. The amount of movement along the fissure could not be ascertained. Tiie ore consists of jiyriti-, zinc blende, and galena in a gaiigue of siiici- fied limestone, caleite, and quartz. Workimjis. As the old sliaft.s and tunnel were inaccessible the follow- ing description of the conditions of this dejiosit in IIKI.") may be of interest.' •■ nevelojiment work on the Uiickeye consists of two inclined shafts 100 feet ai)art, each about 10 feet deej), and (me tunnel 200 f et long driven in umier the shafts. The surface showing of zinc ore is considerable, i)Ut the Work done does not seem to have been carritd sufficiently far to expose the ore at th'jith. The two shafts are located ou a northeast and southwest Ulerort of till- (■uIIltJn.-^i^ln appointed tu iDvostiKiite thi' zinc rf!*ourrL's uf Briiiaii Culunil)ii», Dt-pt. cjf Minoa, Mint-e Branch. \'M t'>. li 59 line, while th.' tend of the vein appears to l)e more north and south There was too n.ueh water in l.oth sliafts to lu'rmit examination of the l.ottom o tlie south of the hrst one a distinet mineralization isvisible on thesurface J he seeond shaft was started outside of the vein, with a view to interseeting It at a dei)th of about <() feet, l.ut it was never sunk to that dei)th. The tunnel, whieh is about To feet below the surface showings was driven as a eross-eut for 70 f.vt. At that ix.int a l.odv (.f zinkiferous ore has been interse.te.l an.l followed for ir, feet. The ore-bodv onlv shows in the roof and has not been rais..d upon. Drifting in the tunnel was eontuuied for an additional !.-)() feet through eountrv rock, wlien a seeond )e .seen. shoot o, zinky ore was encountered at the brea,st, where it can 1,. ,,,„ Ihis exposure api)ears to correspond with the princii)al surface showincs and seems worthy of attention. In onler to learn its extensions the tunnel shoud i,e continued. The work was evidently left immediatelv .after ore was broken into, as it was con.si.l..red (.f no value bv th<' owne'rs. who at tliat time were hjokuiK for clean silver-lead ore, an.l not for a matrix of zinc and iron ore with more or less galena mixed throujih it. A saini)le of the face (top and bottom), taken on the vein for width of 18 inches a>^saved 24 per cent zinc, but carries less than 1 oz, silver to the toil." A lowcT tunnel to tap the ore-bodies at depth has been .Star limestone which coutam.s th.' ..re-l.o which built the Rocky mountains and raised the upland surface of tin .Selkirk range almost to its present height. (V). The Purcell trench and similar nuister valleys of the Selkirk range were cut into this upland surface during the Tertiary and C^uaternarv periods and hence are antecedent river valleys. (iKOdUAl-nV. Every one who crosses the Canadian Cordillera i>y way of the Crow>- nest |)ass or th(> southern route is struck liy the beauty and even north-soutli ccjiitinuity of the great loTigitudinal valleys or trenches. In east to we>! order the trenches are: the Hocky Mountain trench I Kootenay River valle\ se])aratiug the Rocky mo\intains on the east from the Selkirk mountaiii- on the west; the Purcell trench (Kootenay l-ake valley); the Selkirk vallc (Columbia Hiver valley); the Okanagan Lake valley; and tlie Frasi ■ River valley (Figure 2). The Purcell trench is situated in the Selkirk mountains' and crossi- the International Houndary line .'it longitude lUi degrees .SO niinutr- (Figure 2). It extends from the boundary in a northwesterly direction and joins the Selkirk tr(>n<'h at the north«>rn end of Fjjper Arrow lake. ;l drowned jjortion of the valley of the .south-Howing Columbia river. Daly <'onsi(lers the valleys of the Duncan atid Heaver rivers to be the nortlern extension of the Purcell trench, whennis the writer considers the northern portion of the trench to be the valley occupied liy I.ardo river, Trout laki . and Beaton creek which flows into l'i)i)er Arrow lake and thus joins SelkiiK vallev .and Purcell trench. iNomenclature of the mountains of westen. Canada' (JMtgraphic itoarj ot Canada. April 2, 1918. ■Daly. R. A . Guol. Surv., Can.. Mem. 38, 1912. p. 26. J CI tn.n,-! :'" ^"^^'""'"'^ ^''''' """P"'"^ **"' '•''^"«'> '" <''<' ^'•■•ineation of tho l>ur,-dl ,.r.,i,;!,'.i; r"L:;[„;;;;"r.r''"' ""■ ■- ""■ ^""- •■' <>"■■ "'■<" ■•'-' - TOI'OiiHAPIIY. In fi view from one of tlic liiKhcr no-iks of tlw. Hr.iL;>L- - .1 \.tll(>,, Ii;iv( l.,.,.,! carved to 11 .l.ptli of (;,()()() f,.,.t Lclow it T , .^P ornwonv..n,.M.tl,iKlnvaysfor..x rati,,n ,,„Vo th n • „ V^^^^^ Kr.at nortlnv.-s..rly-tn.„;iinK fault l.lo'ks ' ' ^'"" ^'"•^^ '""'^ • iKoi.ooy. Th(- I'urccll trciicli is carved in a s ■series of sediiiiiiitarv rocks '" a^e fro.n H.^hian to ( 'arbonin. us Th^s 'rT'Vr'- ■,'■";' , ''""'^"'^ (1 l.il< 11 ). 1 1„. followiMK IS a condensed geoluKical tal.le: ^ Quatprnnry •'"™-- ko.tK,.J,z"!s:''-'"- ''nrbfinifiToue ('urlidnifiTciUM or rrc-Cail l>onif('r()U?t l*mi Imtholith InlrUHUc cimlncl. i^lofan s.Tios ifos.silifrrous). 'Ainswortli scrirs Till, iinronsoliilatcl (rniv,.|H an.) «innl.s I 62 sTIUC'TrKK. \i(\viiijj till' ({''"'"Hy "' ''"' wliitli' trnicli as sliown on FiK'irc (i, it will ho sci'ii tliat the scdiinciitary scries forms a hunt' and almost symmrtrical )k>w, convex to the east. The jjeiieral dip is almost everywhere towards the inside of the l>ow a* an aiijjie of al>oiit 4 .') decrees, so that in the northern part of the treiiih the rocks strike northwest with a dip to the southwest, lir-ndinn Kfadiially imtil in the niiddli' ))art the strike is north-south with a (liji to the west, and in the southern ])art southwest with a dip to the northwest. The nranite masses, the ea>tcrii fringe of the west Kootenay- Is'elson liatholith, have h.'id no elTeet on the jjeni'r.'d strike of the sediment- ary series and it is seen that the I'urcell trench is carvcy the writer in 1!I1H ;ind it was found tliat the fatllts marked hy Daly on the jieolojjical map as occurring on each side of the Purcell trench were not present and that the valley in this locality was not u nrahen'-. The area was a^ain examined in !!(!.') and these results were confirmed. In Hllti Drysdale'' made an examination of the section in the nei);liho(irhoo(l of the Intern.'itional Boundary line and a^ain confirmed these residts. In 11(1"), till- area in the vicinity of Procter on Kootenay lake was carefully examined for evidence of faulting. This locality was cs])ecially favourahle for Keological field work since the formations cross the lake almost at ri};ht angles. The formations were followed from the hitjh mountains on the east side of the lake across Pilot iioint and into the mountains on the west side of the trench and .. very persistent limestone hand dippinn northwest at anannleof 4.') decrees was used as a horizon marker. A fault i)arallt'l to the tretich would have offset this limestone hand, hut no evidence of a hreak was found. At the north end of the trench Bancroft has found no faults. From the ahove facts, it may lie concluded with certainty that faulting jilayed no part in the formation of the Purcell trench. In 101'), the writer stated his helief that the Selkirk nioinitain.s^ were mountain- huilt for the fir>t time at the close of the Jurassic. The facts on whii'h the conelusion wa.s hased may he .sumiiuirizcd as follows: The present drainaRo h(>ars no relation to the underlying structure. The .sediments of tlie Cretaceous in the neiuhhouring Hocky mountains to the east are, in part, made up of the prolu.'ts of the erosion of these Jurassic mountains. The following tahle shows the succession of geological form.ations of the Koeky mountains in tahuiar form: 'Duly. U. A , ili^ol Surv .Ciin. Mom. .!>. pt 2, 1!11.'. p fini. 'SfhofioIH. .S. J., Cit'ol Sur\ . ^'an . .Sum Kept., 1914, p. 41; Cn iDrysdalo. ('. W , (iiol .Su. . Tan . Sum liopt.. Ifllfi, p Bl. '.Sfhulii-;.!. S. J . Gi-ji, ,-:ui . . Tun , Mnii. 70, 1915, M' '"" i'-S- ril Surv., Ciin , Mom. 70, 191.5, p IM. 03 'I G»v/og c (:«'>«ii()wiug the geology of the rurt-ell trench. 64 (ieological Formations, of the Rocky MoutUains. I'eriiMl, Tertiary I'ppcr Cretaceous Lower Cretnpeous Upper Juraxxi)' Devonian and (^arl>on- ifenmii L()wer raUeuMiic. Fiimotion. I'aikapixi Kdtiionton . , ^ H<>arpaw Jllelly Kivrmerir* Colorailn I pper Hlairmorc Li)wrr Hlairmon? CoiKlition of Uepotition Pre-<"amlirian (Beltian). Kootenay. . . t'emie shales Oiitrnnformily. I'urrell aeries Uulton wrieg / Kn'«- hles.i SamUtones and shales. C.wl. Shales Limestones and quartsiles. I.iniest *nes and shale.'f. Mainly quartiites and urisillai-eous (|uartsitcs. From an examination of lh<> al>ovc tahic it will he noticed that con" glomcrutcs arc lirst found in ^rcat amount at the lia.se of the Lower Ulair" more formation. The pebbles in tln'.se conglomerates consist of quartzites and chert derived from the quartzites of the Reltian rocks which make up the Rroat part of the Selkirk range. Evidently in Lower Blairmore time the Selkirk range was approaching the maximum of elevation and was undergoing rapid erosion. The {']>\»r Blairmore formation also consists of conglomerates and sandstones, but in it, in addition to pebbles of qunrtzite and chert, pebbles of granite occur for the first time and in gnat abunilance. The presence of the granite pel)bles at this horizon is interpreted to mean that the Nelson granite batholith which forms the core of the Selkirk range in southern British Columl)ia was unroofed and exposed t«i rapitl erosion during Upper Blairmore time and furnished the pebbles for the conglomerate. Hence it is established that the first intrusion of grano- diorite into the Selkirk range took place before the deposition of the Upper <'retaceous. The superposition of the marine Ternie shales ui)on the marine Devono-Carboniferous limestones suggests that the period of stal)- ility which prevailed throughout British Columbia until the Triassie wa.s interrupted during the up[)er Jura.ssir perioil. The Selkirk mountuins received their initial form probably at the close of the Jura.ssie or in early Kootenay time. If mountain-l)uilding and igneous intrusion are contem- poraneous, it may bo concluded that the first intrusion of granodiorite in the Selkirk range commenced towards the close of the Jurassic and contin- ued until the mountain-building reached its maximum in Kootenay time. 05 Tabular Hi.hru of Selkirk and H,^,, Mountain Sy»tem» in Southern Br,t n Columlria. Mutkirk ninuntaina. l:pl\jl nf pincplain IVneplnnation I'lTiod. Ti-rti»ry .I'ii»kap<><) Kiliimnton I „ ' PP''f I*tf iimtunlv (fm»l) li»th- ('ri'lai olilli unriHifixl [li'-urpftw Holly Kivir , (' PP of " " (livisiou, niineral production of «■"'■'' ,n All-' • ,'««<• of *"• Albinn minpral claim, dpscriptioii and groloKV of AnalyHis. Kranitp Nflnon Kranitr. Brork l\ " " Ciwilliiii No I mine, Canadian Mining and ."inciting Coiiipiiny «inc lili-ndc ■' Andaluaitp Ankrritc [' [ Area ArKnIl, P ".'■'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'.'..'.". Ayi'»lia niinrral claim ' description and gcoloRy of rAGi. 2 35 2 28 19 32 I 30 31 11 U 45 2(1 21 21 S3 34 13 34 2 5, 45 35 56 Baglow, A. Bancroft, M. 41 IN Banker mine i>i '.'. "li,"''™' claim, description and igeology of. '^' 'H Biblioitraphy ■»•» Bluebell mine , „ „ „„ HoMR. (), D '• ■• *•• ^■- 3^. 3-«. Brm'k, a. W Broken Hill mineral claim '"• Bucki'yc mineral claim description and geology of.. . .....'.'.'.'.','','.'.,,,["'[" '" jg Calcareous spar. C«lcite.. C^^alcium Huoride Caiiipt4>nitc Canadian Mining and Smelting Company. < anailian Pacific railway.. C^arlwnates ( 'arlmniferous. . . Carlyle, W. A Cedar creek Cerussite 'halcopyrite.. Climate L'oeur d'Aiene lake.. Coflfco creek Communication, meano of Consoli.late.1 Mining and Smelting CompRny, Limited. l-ooke, H. ( Copper, native " pyrites Cork-Province deposit Cretjiceous.. Crow-Fle', geological Hope claim . Hornblende schist Hot springs. '.'.'.'.[['.... t, 24, 2. 32, 34. M 49 37 3S 4S 27 40 12 I Ingall. E. D Iron pyritra.. FAOC. 49 34 i. James H. cluini. W Ji-ani'lte niiniTiil ilaim, description and gi-ulogj- of 44 Josophino ppooli 28 fornmtion 11. 19. ^ .lurawtio 21) Kaslo " cn-ek KpIIv.A. K Kiniilc.. K. M, . Kokanrr fflarii-r, ... " mountain ■ ■ . Kooirnay lak<' I-akc valley Krao limcHtonp. " tiiinc. " iiiincnil ilaiiii. dc-scription and upoUigy of. 4 12 40 17 , 7 21 2 eo 13 32 57 I Laniprophyrir dyke?* I.aunt M. i'laitu I,avfnn«li' r...Ruy.(). F. I.ibhy Uinestonf iiiinrnil rlaim I.inirstoni I.imonitr. I.itili' Miil ininiral claim, description and (P'oloKy nt., l.ocutidn Lower Ulairmon- formation .14, 22. 23 4(1 4t» 30 34 M 13 13 i:'. 34 44 2 64 McConnell. R. G .Mc!)..uBald. Mr,. Mai'^iio rnini.ral claim, ile^criplion and gpology of.. 'da^netie sulphide of iron. .*IarcHsite. . Mica hornblende schist Midfile Paleozoic ... Mineral production of .^inswottti mining division.. . Mia*.raio»r\ Miner' and prospect:*, description of. Moontaiii f'omtar fraction claim 4. S. \r, N. X»rrow» fvt^. Native et«fn^»tii. .... .... N»^»*hn mineral claim New < »sa«'er rambrian' No. 1 limMitone *' mtiw " di*s"'riptiiin and geolo^' of mineralized »f>ne I.S «.v 44 34 34 19 M ai n 37 40 12 32 19 17, 20, 21 21 21 15. 19 2 14 IS 1. 19. 34 51 51 Okanaxan I^ko vallpy Ore (Irponitx "^ " ago n'lationn " cltuwi(i<-atior. of. On'd " origin of . , " values of. . O.T.K. claim. OiidPH . . . PAOI. 80 32 35 30 35 36 35 40 34 Palsoxoic rooks " apdiiiicntation.. Pliysionraphy Pilot point I'lei.>.t<>ifnf Point Wo'xiliury ppiM'ii " forniation. Po8t-C' amI)riHn Power friK'tion Print'eiw* creek " epoch " formation Pringle, Mr Procter. 10, 27, Purcell seriea ■' trench I " IP'oKraphy '' ;| " geology. . , ; , ; ; _ " (Kootenay Lake valley) " origin of „ '^ " structure ""' .. ". . " 'opography [ ,',[ Pyrrhotite 2 27 60 82 24 27 10 18 40 10 w 10 41 62 27 7 6U 61 60 63 62 61 34 Quartz Quartzito .......[ ■ • . Quaternary Queens Bay 12 29 12 Ren ReplawiiH nt depo.sii.s ami true fissure veins, age relation of.'. M in limestone... i. Kiondel.. Ruth argillitc " claim.. Rocky .Mountain giDsynclim ,? " " sy.stcm, tabular historj- of ii •"'nch . ~ (Kootenay River valley) gg '■■'■''■''■'■'■'■'■'■'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 16 19 40 Saunders, D. K Section, Josephine formation.. . ^ Selkirk depri*ssion '■ Mountain system, tabular history of. ai series. *™ ai, " ''■','l''-\ (f 'o'""'l)i» River vallevY.; ! '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'^ Ml ShuBwap (.\rchajan) Tl lake I* Silver 25 II Hoard epoch ^' ?? II " formation [, fl „ [[ "line '.-'.'.'-'.''.'/".".".'.'.'.] M .^4 mineral claim, ilescription and geology of ' 53 L. 73 PACIE. lA 40 2H Mnk liiili'H Skyliirk claim. ^ (*kylinr cpocli ,g Jl (oniiation ' jq " mini- Ij SUiran wrics U aBi'of 33 Splmliriti... • Spokiini' iiiiiio .■■■■,■■, / Spokiinc ininrnil rlHini, di'^rnplion and K'"l'i|t.v «l Slur i-lniin ■ ■ •• liinrsldnc " iiiincml oliiiin (liM riptiim and Kt li;n(l " " zinc - Sulpliidii' ,'■■', ■(' Sunlidlit mineral claim, dcscriplKin and P'olnKy "1 .SupiTlii'iul (lcpii»il>.. 13. .12 .. 44 . , 1(1 II, 13, 15 15 65 23 13 33 33 33 33 .15 24 Talil • '" • •■ >liii»in(t cliaracKT o{ wdiincnts Tuliular >tati'mcnt nf Kcolimiial rccurd.. ^ . Tariff mineral claim. di-:«ripli"n and piil"Ky "I 'I'crliary. 'I'iticr mineral claim, defcriplum and p cilcicy of Toptiuraphy-. ' Trinkeli mine . _ , ', miniTal claim, descnpimn and Be.ili.uy (i(. •■■■ True lisMure veins and replarenient depoMls. a«e relations of Twin claim I'. fclow.W.I I'nited claim , • " mineral claim, description ami Kconniy if. Ipixr lilairmore formation "' " I'aheouoic M il 23 9 49 29 a « 13 44 35 4(1 Xi 15 42 64 18 While leail ore. Wolfle, K. U. Woodbury Work, previous.. Iilemle. Zwi. aimlv?- Mr.. Z. .14 40 :i:! :u :(4 1 wmm mmmm 1 'Vk.mi. I ' lmimi i i t i n WH^^t I MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART :ANSI ond l';0 TEST CHART No 2l ^ ("6) ,82 - OJOO P^on. "^ ^^ (7!6) 2se ^ 5989 -fa. ife pcpartmnit of jHuifs ii,',N. 'vU- ri% Hu'T 1 Minister: f- . V '...v.sl. .Depi GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IHNIIt-ll Ullll / ■/ ^^^- ■f ■* OALLACHCir % \y/ ~^ uit Dtuus fUrrra uii*l ImIvb W'ntrrtvtinira nth utfmrruttrnt flaw Sprin|(ii uiu) nuiikk Roiiel' c /ntt i-xnl SO ti-^ Hlujp diitu{ra ui/tiftif ,i*fii»n»ti4t*i . iV-^/ /f.iW l*llhlH iiri.HiNo 170 1. iWOKTH ^AY DISTRICT iSH roLTMBIA TOPOGRAPHV iOHlc*. S-ft^HW FEET TO I INCH ♦ 3' i. .2' Poliit ' LPXtEND < 11 1 turf Ro.wls KiuJ hnilalui^'s P>"'k ti-ails Tiiuls Miue tx-Hiuwavs Hon. Martin .,,55?%, tote : i»oo'-l-- ^^ ^TT^ C7 /v' CO ... 'v3ii AM iii Pcyartninti citfiims S.M*l*r{N Hi'"' 1 MlNiLiTt-R. R.G M' CoNNLLL.tJtf'lJTY MlNI-.rf f GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WiL !■ ■■ VI' iNM , Diki':tn(. GfniOGPST Stiiii (iii'hI Hf^fticiu iiltiii^' Hue C D ■><■ ^;- ^^^^^. 9^ j^ti^tfefe Sttiirtuiiil M«'rti<>ii BIoIL^' liue A B Ncair , hoiWontHt and v»Tlif«l tV.orT'i {- MuO' 'll:ih:!:!r- ■■< MUiKM) > c < z X < OL*CI*L \>uRtCtNT 92 1 tttriif-rtmn tutit pi Kllivin ;^<|iM'iiil (IfiM.vim /•// wllll.lljf)|l CARBONIFEROUS N ; a >/4/i^r/>A hinf'tfHei. mill I Silvf'i- Hf>t-ti''l fiTriuiitiiii] C4 CARBONIFEROUS Oft PRE-CARBON I FERGUS iVin»*w»ntl» fitiiuuliun C3 iDlTUillKUl - *, '■ '. -• lii^K C2 Kmi-Iv hii,l |..i-i„.,tioi, UiUt.rtlJi-ii'u^ r'niill ^.iuMti> ■ iiiii 'f.'utziU"' Svmhols Thp du\d srtipibv* ft 4.- \ ij, ;..V '.:-^^7>*'«^-«>~c^-,A^ - I r - C7 ; / ^v---^.. --4'':''" \f' / 'te^ / (^"^^: *- «HMi ^<:^^ C3 \1 INliUt ^^ ('iiiiiii-f * ■ It'tlwls 1(1111 (tMiUluiVK MlUP tTHmWMT^ ^Vf rial triuinrMY4 t <"t-iurttnip« Shalt hounen Sliafts Tuunel* Hivri-s rUid Lakes S|tl'Uij^'s uiul suiki) MrfTslies R#liet i'^ _^jK^- >mt*' duiiijts /JftffttHf4 4t0ltPfl tit ftftltt.i.l % hf. ..,i,l„,i ,....•,,.,/ '.-. •!■•«.■ .'i I < M i)li>v;it iti U- K.ftsil l«*t'.ihtv 1 il.Si-iwi-.-U.Cfrtvf^V"*""'""^ rA*-/ Uruutiht*n>an ( H it I T/l S II Al KO C O J. I M H\t. a, Kiiott'iiitv wk^^ ^ ^ ' l.lUlilutu' ^' W- .VrM/r M .»///« -r f*t I Int'H "^*- lOOtf VHtO ^r?nWS5^S^5S^^^^ WW ^^^^^n^^^^^^^Z^^^^^ HAROit. AlN»«>VOIiTII ilv KmiiI '^^^^ Il^^-• .tint *tii ^ifHt/ii/ liniti luri'i « 1111*4 hiiti K*/ Iff;.-/ MlUt- imN-^.,„ ^ pl,>n •Wf-'tV'. ' - ur%K, ,ir) .y, ,*"«/...«// y Vf./^.^ ^^ ^ ,/ JjVa,.*;, in J 'if /l/ns^vart/} Mining Camp. Kov. ■ J S: c'i--'- - 1 -'> •♦_ \ \ 'OSS /0SS \ij,^ ,0 V Sout t /W/ L nn OUtet 7oms I llttMCCSS I 7oai \ti7a \0TUS yn-Up trium Ol/C£t» ALVA ZOA LAI//RA F I >- — T* / L ^ tS3» IY Af«/ VOMtANOrf vSi DAISY / .If - •- ^ jr3«o r '^tomcttctm '" jw Jj S '^* tuurcritui i 30»e ssrueit ^ lAttEVieu tf^ t'» rm V to/It -^ w.« f0 / \>f »'»«««' fit / ^'^-j'"*" \'- r' w»j , sesx/e 4 vc*/v//vu .r^^^^^''j:tj>. \L^ tmLttaON I BOUNTY I /«JC I £4«9 i i Is; II » Q ^Bty \ SIL^!.I- ^ , BL^ \ BA £A(. j ^A5* '^fjroduced ^'vn * o/*^ ''Jot iyt'^fC*^ ) \sut>iii>md ty Oei>^'-tr^tmt o"^ Lands &rttt»ft CcUumbts (ieo^c^tc*^ Surv-^, Canada 7o act^mp^ny ^r/no' ^ '> J Sc fH tf*mil0 A/nsm^arth Mininjf Camp , Kooter Scs'e of '^i ^ ■iMfei o ^d^tc^tlnrr V« -^«« owin^ mirmnaJ c/aims . Kootenay District . Sntish Co/umbia. Jc3/e of ^fet ; / ^^i ' / ; ^ ' -«5^£/«^ P7-A ,. \ ^ ; \ ■■^-« '.- ff -> ^ l•*i,;f/B^'^6^/■ ^- / V" :-?! "J" it M' \p R^ A M <9 • >'jrt.al of tuntiel ¥' \-^-.'. ' / / 'V- i^solcgicsl Surrey. Caiutda Diagram shomng gc.nhgy of certain mineral claims of tJ Ainsvkiorth Mining Camp, Kootenay Dr-.tr ^oo Scale:. 4O0 feet U: I inci O XO WO UM ms of the Florence Sth^er Mining Company , By Di^tr/ct, British Co/unih/o 'Gt t(. I ? VS -; 5 -C "^^ /I ■" *_ *• '^ V ^ ^ ^ *• -". - r r i: I t Ife i .'M a»ologK.^ Surr«v, Csntia Diagram shon/nf^ gfiology of the thfi Star mmeral fjaims. Ainswc Hootanay Distrrct. Britu Sc*/e. 300 feat to I "SkS of the Sunlight and aort of Ainsworth Mining Camp, British Coiiirf.his L«gmnd I I amprophjirm dyke GnoiSMC granite I l/mastone Stsurolite schist Underground markings feat to I inc.n \ i":- (** r"*" * ■'' r ■» s t» . > $-. ■X N •i' 5 - 5r ■*c -1 r'>. w 1^ '■ ^ '" t n 5--. :^ ~s ;; hu ; ^ S ^^K '15 --ir— --JX.,,-^»^,,.,, - f. - C/» ^ ^ ^:. 5- • c^: 5' 3 ^ 'v ^ i' n i, -^i^ j[ '^ :;5 r. -^"■fc '!, -^ 5 fc ./"..^■'^ ^' j-< ^ ^ S Ml f ^ -^ '■•.' ^" y •2 ^■■— — 1"^— ~— r— — " Di0gra'^ srioMTing gifx^/ogy of the > Mnswrnth k^mn^ C»mp, /^ooC'ino}.- Oist :ii^s:f. ZOC /t9«t Co / in . Ji a£__. t/i. i \ \ Le>g»rtd imeatonn l^uhin »f^»-- V* !taP if th« Aynaha mincnai tJrnuT) ins}- Oistrr.t, Bnush i.oiumt),s £g *or wmm^ Post yftui^fS t r*t C<^'>«:fa ^•dgi urn -itiOAiii^ ^*'^"'''^y ''" ^'"^ "iftnk.lilf iniiifral < /J ■tendv Pist; lir itisn (. Stj/r. I'^O ti^ft to I inch S miagi a m/ .■slii^ . Bi^mX Oingfttm ahomtng gmc/ogy of the Spahsnti mm«rmi cimim. *ioot0niiy bistHct, BrtUsh Co/i-- J Li — _r il ^ tt . *B, emohgK^ Sur,^. Csnadk Cross -socttcn of vom at th» rttce £sr/y Bird minorm/ claim, Augui Mining Csmp, Hootenmy Oistf Sc^a of rem Publiattjon /Vino !A« ^ce of LoM/er Tunnel on the p», August eS'^,19/4; Ainmworth ■«> District, Briti&h Columbia MICROCOfY RESOIUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2| ISO "^ i^ \:^ III 2-2 ^u^ t JLS, Li. 1^ II 1.8 1.4 1.6 ^ TIPPLED IM/1GE Inc SF!i '6^3 East Mam Street ^^ Rochester Ne* York 14609 'Iji ■— ■ (^!6) *82 ' 0300 - Phone ^S '"S) 288 - 5989 - Fa. ^Uitrte ^rin S^^'iT-^-' vb'" ^ QiiSi-t z kom Wne/ on the. Athian min^mf r;/»//yi. Ainsworth Mining Camp. Hooteirt^X \0 lOO Geo/ogic»/ Suryvy. Ctutmds D.agnmm shoeing goo/ogy oT the> tunne/ or the Aibion min^r^ aiaim, Ainsw -ScWe, 7S /%ot to I inch so lOO yQusrtf ygin Publictition N" I 792 • , Ainsworth Mining Camp, Kootanay District. British Co/umbi^ 1 inch Legend j j Ouart^ ^am ^^^H Lamprophyrc dyho I j Gnnisatc granite ^^^H Limestone I j Hornblende schist E^ff'] Ptaty quartiite Mic* schist f « c « \i S -^ -* 1'- T-."^ S ^- I «' ^ P ^ c - ^ » : \ i L. 1 1 % , 1 V > 1! s '- t-t^ • S ^ y -*. > ■^■-' % // 1 5^ *^^^:5^ ^ ^ i ^5^^^ i - c; ^ 5 >» r* \\ i r. .s 'i 5 \ i s 5; \\ i ^ ^T * jr>». w t^ 1 I '^^' -3 5^ I ^ Sao/ogioal Suryoy, Csntda. Di»6ram showing gaoJo^ of the tunnol on t ctalm, Aintform Mining Camp, Hootenay Distrk ScaJo.W fhet to I inch Legend ■ Or* and argillitos Limestona Publiction /y* I7tl we/ on the Crown minvrm/ lay District, Brieish Co/u/nbia. inch