i^\^% v^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 yo "^" M 12.0 2.5 2.2 u 1.8 LL IIIIII.6 V] <? /] ^^ >> ^>j ^^V" '<i^> y >^^ Photographic ^Sciences v^orpoiation iV ^ 4^ -^ "<i> V ^\ '^\ ^./<^ ^ ■«^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ miS- CiHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The c to the The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked bsiow. 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All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending en the last page with a printed or illustrated impression The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol —»► (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. IVIaps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed b<^ jinning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: 1 2 3 Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet6 de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les examplaires originaux dont la couverture en papiei est impi^imie sont film6s en commengant par le premier plat et an terminant soit par la derniAre page qu[ comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustretion, soit par le second plat, seion le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmte en commenpant par la premiAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparattra sur la dernsAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols "*• signifie "A SUiVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN ". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, elc, peuvent dtre f ilm6s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, 11 est film6 d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nt^bcessaire. Les diagranimes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 {All rlglttK riHi ivil.) ADVANCE PROOF-(>'"';/"'' lo rensi,,,,) This proof is sent to j'oii i'or Uiseussioii only, iiiiil on tiio cxprcHs undci'.staiiJiiig tiiat it is not to b(^ used for any otluT purpose what- ever. — (See Sec. 40 n/the Cunntihilion.) Aaijadiaij Socictij of hIdII tt"9'n"f2 INCORPORATED 1887. TRANSACTIONS. N. B. — This Society, as a body, ikies Tiot liold itself responsible for liie facts and opinions stated in any of its publications. DISCHARGE OF SEWERS. By C. H. Rust, M. Can. Soc. C. E. To hr. read Fridut/, 6th January^ 1893. In coDDCction witli the propcscd intercepting sewer along I'ront street, Toronto, for which plans have been prepared, it was considered advisable to gauge all the main sewers for the purpo,se of ascertaining the amount of sewage to be intercepted and carried away by the main trunk sewer along the front of the city, Dams were constructed in the different sewers and a weir built by taking a one or two inch plank, and cutting a notch of the proper size varying from 1' 2'' up to 4' 0" with a depth of water over them from 2" up to 6", care being taken to have the top of the weir, over which the water discharges, of a horizontal .sharp corner in thin partition^ The formula used i.s the one given by Mr. James B. Francis, compiled from the result of his observations at Lowell. Mass., and is as follows : — nh_ 3/2 D=333 (1-10) h Where D =^ discharge injcul-ic feet per second 1 = width of weir in feet, n = number of end contraction (= 2 in these gauging) h = head (mea,«ured at some distance back from weir). This formula gives results- from 10 to 16 per cent, less than quoted by Mr. Baldwin Latham in his Sanitary Engineering. The gauging was carefully done by Mr. W. T. Ashbridge, a member of the Society. Observations were recorded every hour from 5 o'clock a.m. till mid- night. It was found that the flow in the sewers between midnight and 5 o'clook a.m. varied so slightly that it was not considered of suflScient importance to take any record between these hours. The observations were carried on during the months of March, April and May, 1891 ; the dry weather flow only being recorded. From the results of the gaugings it has been ascertained that the total daily dry weather flow of the sewage of Toronto amounts to 2,150,901 cubic feet in the twenty- four hours. The average quantity of water pumped during this period was 2,400,000 cubic feet per day. The population from the last census returns being 181,220, this gives an average discharge of 11.87 cubic feet per head per day, the highest discharge being from the Bay Street sewer, which gives 42.14 cubic feet pel head per day. This sewer drains a district almost composed entirely of wholesale houses, nearly all of which use lifts. The lowest discharge is from the Simcoe Street sewer, which gives 7.02 cubic feet per head per day. This can be accounted for ^'rom the reason that this sewer drains the district embracing the Queen's Park and University, the old Upper Canada and Government House grounds. The tota. area drained by the sewers is 7,277 acres, this gives an average of 24.9 persons to the acre,— the maximum population is 45.7 per acre for the district drained bySpadina Avenue sewer. This is almost an entirely residential district, nearly every house being connected with the street sewer, the area being 311 acres with a population of 14,213 persons. And the minimuni 8.8 for the area draining into Fort Rouille Streets wore this sewer drains the extreme west end of tlie (Mty, and at pniscnt is very sparsely populated, the area drained being 300 acres with a population ofbnly 3,168 persons. The population for the diff'erent districts drained by the various sewers was taken from the census returns, giving the population for each Ward. This, I think, will hardly be absolutely correct, for the business districts, wliich duvlng the day Imvt; a inncli larger populiition, this would apply more particulaily to Bay stinet and Yoi)i;o siroct. Tlio total auiount of sewage diccliargt^d per iuiniite is 1,49.'! 4 cut)ie feel, which j.ivcM an average of -205 (iiibie feet of sewage per acre. The iiighcst being 1.2J> for Bay street and the lowesit .09 for Fort Rouijle. If was found that ono-halfof the sewage flows off iu an average of 10.37 iiours, Day street giving 7 hours and Yonge street 9 hours as the time diseharg.iug one-half. As before mentioned, a large number of wholesale places drain into these sewers in which a number of lifts are in constant use during business hours. Several sewers, amonyst others the Garrison and Rosedale Creeks, give 11 hours as the time discharging one-half These two sewers take the drainage of a large portion of the Township of York, outside the City limits, and conMe(iu<'ntly the flow is more regular. This is especially the ea.se with the Posedale Creek of which at least one-half of the flow is from outside the City limits. In some of the older sewers no doubt a certain amount of subsoil wattir finds its way, and being nearly constant in volume throughout the days tends to modify the hourly fluctuations. In the diagrams attached to this paper, it will be seen by looking at Yonge and Bay streets, that in Yonge street the flow varied from 150 to 30(1 cubic feet per minute, and Bay .street from 8 cubic up to 33 cubic feet per minute. It will be .seen how, during business hours, that is from 8.30 a.m. until T) p.m., the flow ascends very rapidly, owing, as stated before, to the number of lifts constantly employed. Again, taking Spadina avenue and Simeoe street, which drain a dis- trict almost entirely residential, Spadina avenue, the flow of which only varies Irom 100 to 140 cubic feet per minute, Simeoe street from 80 to 112 cubic feet per minute. From the result of these observations it will be seen that the hourly flow of sewage varies to a large extent • throughout the twenty-four hours. In designing sewers this variation in the hourly flow has to be carefully eonsidered. E.speeially is this the case where the sewage has to be treat»;d by chemical means. 2 DIAGRAM SHEWING DISCHARGE OF TORONTO SEWERi BY C. H. RUST, M. CAN. Sc 340 330 hi a. lU hi h. U s a u 3IACRAM SHEWING 3RONT0 SEWERS SPRING 1891 I. RUST, M. CAN. SOC. C. E. TRANSACTIONS CAN. SOC. C.E. VOL. VII. PLATE I. s o w- TORONTO, ocraiJeaa C.H.RUST, M, CAN. SOC. C.E. DIAGRAMS SHEWING DISCHARGE of TORONTO SEWERS THROUGHOUT THE 24 HOURS GoMyln^ nutd* in Spring 1^91 . Table OF Sewage Discharge LOMTioM m nwtn . ACflUB ~2SiE«.V "wlationP??::: :;.-p?A'.':rfs.'rJi|c«i:r «» ow NiMARKi. QAKIIiaON CNCEK. 716 tam 34(] 157 39.0 1 4 2 7 8-0 a 1 1 1 0«7 400.4 9 0. YONOC 8T ss.S-O 374 ^62 iTiat 2 1221 57 1 778 309.S iS. FOOT NOUIlLt V, S9'xK.6 360 88 3.168 3 130 09 1 1-07 49.0 72. ■AY V S'Ox<i.O 1 3 444 372 16 74 las •>2-l4 34.1 09 /a»o mn&C»n»tfM SHIRIOURNI rf. e.Sktt.O 101 43'3 433 3 3 2 83 -33 1043 47.0 1 i ^ftirim «' mu ■IRKILTY ST, a:0'x3.a' 33 41 S 1,045 10-83 4S 1 300 13.(81 DurrcKiN ST. s'.Sxa'.s 330 I7S ftl SO 3730 -13 1344 83.80O ■ATHURIT«T. 3:9x2.« 2 S3 423 1 I.I 25 7IS« 3 7 »>ts 101.048 CHURCH »•' a:8ic4.o 1 S3 39-8 S.SSg 6/20 42 1 S.I 8 SS,7*8 MRVIS ST . sskiO ISS 42-» B.2SS 6 2 82 33 1 O8 80,1 68 ROSCOAUK CRECK. Cexdam 740 t 1-8 S7 3a 8 23 3 1 1 135 8 1 18.440 MRLIAMCNT ST llShS.Of 2SS 43-7 3I3I 8 OS 3 38 1 1-8 4 1 16,3 88 CHIRRY IT 2 8x4 Of 271 417 1 1,30b 7 0-9 4 36 9-0 4 108.133 7he9» ttmtJm^m ^ww- QUIIN ST z:4°>3:.e 770 8-4 7538 7a37 -OS 1 40 4 101.816 SPADINA AYI 4:aJi.9.6 311 4»7 14.21 3 II 7 10 38 1 1-8* I8B«34 IIMCOK ST 413' *>K 303 383 19.26 3 9 378 -1 9 70 3 113,04 3 EASTERN AO, 2:ovx0 33 22 1.166 893 •1 7 li/9 1 l<.7 2 CARLAW A9 .En «• 80 I3« 1.040 8-00 10 1 1-08 1 I.SSO Mmn^tM^mnlJtmlm>mn SMALLER DRAINS «r 1 350 312 10433 12030 '33 1 1 3-88 173J00 AVSRABB* , 2ft> iOj ir»7 TOTALS . 7277 isi.aso 118819 Is^o^ on * ^tVartnt aem/9 from Mi Mi*ifl» T TRANSACTIONS CAN. SOC. C.E.. VOL. VII. PLATE II. NOTl NOTt .- Ssmnn Crmh » rangr 3trt^ Oisgrsmt a/v on » ^iffarttrt aem/9 frof*% Moam 6*/oi^ . ^^,^--''■^01 w^ ^ ^^^U '^N X ^^.^^l^M^^/^^^^ ^^^ V \ 1 IV \ 'pc^A Bi 1 \ ^^H fl \ \ W^^^^^^g^^^ ^^^^^^ wW'i 1 / \ a^^^^^^^^^^^^OT ^^H Be / ) r ^ ,