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{All rlglttK riHi ivil.) 
 ADVANCE PROOF-(>'"';/"'' lo rensi,,,,) 
 This proof is sent to j'oii i'or Uiseussioii only, iiiiil on tiio cxprcHs 
 undci'.staiiJiiig tiiat it is not to b(^ used for any otluT purpose what- 
 ever. — (See Sec. 40 n/the Cunntihilion.) 
 
 Aaijadiaij Socictij of hIdII tt"9'n"f2 
 INCORPORATED 1887. 
 
 TRANSACTIONS. 
 
 N. B. — This Society, as a body, ikies Tiot liold itself responsible for liie facts 
 and opinions stated in any of its publications. 
 
 DISCHARGE OF SEWERS. 
 By C. H. Rust, M. Can. Soc. C. E. 
 To hr. read Fridut/, 6th January^ 1893. 
 
 In coDDCction witli the propcscd intercepting sewer along I'ront 
 street, Toronto, for which plans have been prepared, it was considered 
 advisable to gauge all the main sewers for the purpo,se of ascertaining 
 the amount of sewage to be intercepted and carried away by the main 
 trunk sewer along the front of the city, 
 
 Dams were constructed in the different sewers and a weir built by 
 taking a one or two inch plank, and cutting a notch of the proper size 
 varying from 1' 2'' up to 4' 0" with a depth of water over them from 
 2" up to 6", care being taken to have the top of the weir, over which 
 the water discharges, of a horizontal .sharp corner in thin partition^ 
 The formula used i.s the one given by Mr. James B. Francis, compiled 
 from the result of his observations at Lowell. Mass., and is as 
 follows : — 
 
 nh_ 3/2 
 D=333 (1-10) h Where D =^ discharge injcul-ic feet per second 1 = 
 width of weir in feet, n = number of end contraction (= 2 in these 
 gauging) h = head (mea,«ured at some distance back from weir). 
 This formula gives results- from 10 to 16 per cent, less than quoted by 
 Mr. Baldwin Latham in his Sanitary Engineering. The gauging 
 was carefully done by Mr. W. T. Ashbridge, a member of the Society. 
 Observations were recorded every hour from 5 o'clock a.m. till mid- 
 night. It was found that the flow in the sewers between midnight and 
 5 o'clook a.m. varied so slightly that it was not considered of suflScient 
 importance to take any record between these hours. The observations 
 were carried on during the months of March, April and May, 1891 ; 
 the dry weather flow only being recorded. From the results of the 
 gaugings it has been ascertained that the total daily dry weather flow 
 of the sewage of Toronto amounts to 2,150,901 cubic feet in the twenty- 
 four hours. The average quantity of water pumped during this period 
 was 2,400,000 cubic feet per day. The population from the last 
 census returns being 181,220, this gives an average discharge of 11.87 
 cubic feet per head per day, the highest discharge being from the Bay 
 Street sewer, which gives 42.14 cubic feet pel head per day. This 
 sewer drains a district almost composed entirely of wholesale houses, 
 nearly all of which use lifts. The lowest discharge is from the Simcoe 
 Street sewer, which gives 7.02 cubic feet per head per day. This can 
 be accounted for ^'rom the reason that this sewer drains the district 
 embracing the Queen's Park and University, the old Upper Canada 
 and Government House grounds. The tota. area drained by the sewers 
 is 7,277 acres, this gives an average of 24.9 persons to the acre,— the 
 maximum population is 45.7 per acre for the district drained bySpadina 
 Avenue sewer. This is almost an entirely residential district, nearly 
 every house being connected with the street sewer, the area being 311 
 acres with a population of 14,213 persons. And the minimuni 8.8 for 
 the area draining into Fort Rouille Streets wore this sewer drains the 
 extreme west end of tlie (Mty, and at pniscnt is very sparsely populated, 
 the area drained being 300 acres with a population ofbnly 3,168 persons. 
 The population for the diff'erent districts drained by the various sewers 
 was taken from the census returns, giving the population for each Ward. 
 This, I think, will hardly be absolutely correct, for the business districts, 
 
wliich duvlng the day Imvt; a inncli larger populiition, this would apply 
 more particulaily to Bay stinet and Yoi)i;o siroct. Tlio total auiount 
 of sewage diccliargt^d per iuiniite is 1,49.'! 4 cut)ie feel, which j.ivcM an 
 average of -205 (iiibie feet of sewage per acre. The iiighcst being 1.2J> 
 for Bay street and the lowesit .09 for Fort Rouijle. If was found that 
 ono-halfof the sewage flows off iu an average of 10.37 iiours, Day street 
 giving 7 hours and Yonge street 9 hours as the time diseharg.iug 
 one-half. As before mentioned, a large number of wholesale places 
 drain into these sewers in which a number of lifts are in constant 
 use during business hours. Several sewers, amonyst others the 
 Garrison and Rosedale Creeks, give 11 hours as the time discharging 
 one-half These two sewers take the drainage of a large portion of the 
 Township of York, outside the City limits, and conMe(iu<'ntly the flow 
 is more regular. This is especially the ea.se with the Posedale Creek 
 of which at least one-half of the flow is from outside the City limits. 
 In some of the older sewers no doubt a certain amount of subsoil wattir 
 finds its way, and being nearly constant in volume throughout the 
 days tends to modify the hourly fluctuations. 
 
 In the diagrams attached to this paper, it will be seen by looking at 
 Yonge and Bay streets, that in Yonge street the flow varied from 150 
 to 30(1 cubic feet per minute, and Bay .street from 8 cubic up to 33 
 cubic feet per minute. It will be .seen how, during business hours, 
 that is from 8.30 a.m. until T) p.m., the flow ascends very rapidly, 
 owing, as stated before, to the number of lifts constantly employed. 
 Again, taking Spadina avenue and Simeoe street, which drain a dis- 
 trict almost entirely residential, Spadina avenue, the flow of which 
 only varies Irom 100 to 140 cubic feet per minute, Simeoe street from 
 80 to 112 cubic feet per minute. From the result of these observations 
 it will be seen that the hourly flow of sewage varies to a large extent 
 • throughout the twenty-four hours. In designing sewers this variation 
 in the hourly flow has to be carefully eonsidered. E.speeially is this 
 the case where the sewage has to be treat»;d by chemical means. 
 
 2 
 
DIAGRAM SHEWING 
 
 DISCHARGE 
 
 OF TORONTO SEWERi 
 
 BY C. H. RUST, M. CAN. Sc 
 
 340 
 330 
 
 
 hi 
 
 a. 
 
 lU 
 hi 
 h. 
 
 U 
 
 s 
 
 a 
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 3IACRAM SHEWING 
 
 3RONT0 SEWERS SPRING 1891 
 
 I. RUST, M. CAN. SOC. C. E. 
 
 TRANSACTIONS CAN. SOC. C.E. 
 
 VOL. VII. PLATE I. 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 w- 
 
 TORONTO, ocraiJeaa 
 
C.H.RUST, 
 
 M, CAN. 
 
 SOC. C.E. 
 
 DIAGRAMS SHEWING 
 
 DISCHARGE of TORONTO SEWERS 
 
 THROUGHOUT THE 24 HOURS 
 GoMyln^ nutd* in Spring 1^91 . 
 
 
 Table 
 
 OF 
 
 Sewage Discharge 
 
 
 LOMTioM m nwtn . 
 
 ACflUB 
 
 ~2SiE«.V "wlationP??::: :;.-p?A'.':rfs.'rJi|c«i:r «» ow 
 
 NiMARKi. 
 
 QAKIIiaON CNCEK. 
 
 716 tam 
 
 34(] 157 
 
 39.0 1 4 
 
 2 7 8-0 a 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 0«7 
 
 400.4 9 0. 
 
 
 YONOC 8T 
 
 ss.S-O 
 
 374 
 
 ^62 
 
 iTiat 
 
 2 1221 
 
 57 
 
 1 778 
 
 309.S iS. 
 
 
 FOOT NOUIlLt V, 
 
 S9'xK.6 
 
 360 
 
 88 
 
 3.168 
 
 3 130 
 
 09 
 
 1 1-07 
 
 49.0 72. 
 
 
 ■AY V 
 
 S'Ox<i.O 
 
 1 3 
 
 444 
 
 372 
 
 16 74 
 
 las 
 
 •>2-l4 
 
 34.1 09 
 
 /a»o mn&C»n»tfM 
 
 SHIRIOURNI rf. 
 
 e.Sktt.O 
 
 101 
 
 43'3 
 
 433 3 
 
 3 2 83 
 
 -33 
 
 1043 
 
 47.0 1 i 
 
 ^ftirim «' mu 
 
 ■IRKILTY ST, 
 
 a:0'x3.a' 
 
 33 
 
 41 S 
 
 1,045 
 
 10-83 
 
 4S 
 
 1 300 
 
 13.(81 
 
 
 DurrcKiN ST. 
 
 s'.Sxa'.s 
 
 330 
 
 I7S 
 
 ftl SO 
 
 3730 
 
 -13 
 
 1344 
 
 83.80O 
 
 
 ■ATHURIT«T. 
 
 3:9x2.« 
 
 2 S3 
 
 423 
 
 1 I.I 25 
 
 7IS« 
 
 3 7 
 
 »>ts 
 
 101.048 
 
 
 CHURCH »•' 
 
 a:8ic4.o 
 
 1 S3 
 
 39-8 
 
 S.SSg 
 
 6/20 
 
 42 
 
 1 S.I 8 
 
 SS,7*8 
 
 
 MRVIS ST . 
 
 sskiO 
 
 ISS 
 
 42-» 
 
 B.2SS 
 
 6 2 82 
 
 33 
 
 1 O8 
 
 80,1 68 
 
 
 ROSCOAUK CRECK. 
 
 Cexdam 
 
 740 
 
 t 1-8 
 
 S7 3a 
 
 8 23 3 
 
 1 1 
 
 135 8 
 
 1 18.440 
 
 
 MRLIAMCNT ST 
 
 llShS.Of 
 
 2SS 
 
 43-7 
 
 3I3I 
 
 8 OS 3 
 
 38 
 
 1 1-8 4 
 
 1 16,3 88 
 
 
 CHIRRY IT 
 
 2 8x4 Of 
 
 271 
 
 417 
 
 1 1,30b 
 
 7 0-9 4 
 
 36 
 
 9-0 4 
 
 108.133 
 
 7he9» ttmtJm^m ^ww- 
 
 QUIIN ST 
 
 z:4°>3:.e 
 
 770 
 
 8-4 
 
 7538 
 
 7a37 
 
 -OS 
 
 1 40 4 
 
 101.816 
 
 
 SPADINA AYI 
 
 4:aJi.9.6 
 
 311 
 
 4»7 
 
 14.21 3 
 
 II 7 10 
 
 38 
 
 1 1-8* 
 
 I8B«34 
 
 
 IIMCOK ST 
 
 413' *>K 
 
 303 
 
 383 
 
 19.26 3 
 
 9 378 
 
 -1 9 
 
 70 3 
 
 113,04 3 
 
 
 EASTERN AO, 
 
 2:ovx0 
 
 33 
 
 22 
 
 1.166 
 
 893 
 
 •1 7 
 
 li/9 1 
 
 l<.7 2 
 
 
 CARLAW A9 .En 
 
 «• 
 
 80 
 
 I3« 
 
 1.040 
 
 8-00 
 
 10 
 
 1 1-08 
 
 1 I.SSO 
 
 Mmn^tM^mnlJtmlm>mn 
 
 SMALLER DRAINS «r 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 350 
 
 312 
 
 10433 
 
 12030 
 
 '33 1 1 3-88 
 
 173J00 
 
 
 AVSRABB* , 
 
 
 
 2ft> 
 
 
 
 iOj 
 
 ir»7 
 
 
 TOTALS . 
 
 
 7277 
 
 
 isi.aso 
 
 118819 
 
 
 Is^o^ 
 
 
 on * ^tVartnt aem/9 from Mi 
 
 Mi*ifl» 
 
T 
 
 TRANSACTIONS CAN. SOC. C.E.. 
 VOL. VII. PLATE II. 
 
 NOTl 
 
 NOTt .- Ssmnn Crmh » rangr 3trt^ Oisgrsmt a/v 
 on » ^iffarttrt aem/9 frof*% Moam 6*/oi^ . 
 
 
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