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 p* h 
 
 Section II, 1887. 
 
 •I 121 ] 
 
 Trans. Roy. Soo. Canada. 
 
 VIII. — Jacques Cartier's First Voyage. 
 
 By W. F. Ganong, a. M. 
 
 (Communicated by Mr. George V vart, Jun., May 25, 1887.) 
 
 Tho circumstances attending the first voyage of Jacques Cartier to Cajiada in 1534, in 
 so far as they relate to its causes, results, and <he general course of his explorations, are 
 known to all students of our early history. The bold sailor of St. Malo, acting under the 
 authority and patronage of Francis I, though not the first navigator to enter the Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence, was the first who has left us any account of his explorations therein. His 
 observations upon the Indian tribes of this region, also, are the earliest that we have. His 
 voyage then, though unsu(!cessful in the object for which it was undertaken, was fruitful 
 in results for the future jpeographer and historian. 
 
 In a very general Ay, Cartier's course can be readily traced from the account he has 
 Jeft us of it, and by the few surviving plac( -names given by him. This has been 
 done more or less perfectly by every work treating of the history of Eastern Canada. All 
 agree that he entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence by way of the Strait of Belle Isle, coasted 
 to the south along Labrador for a time, crosised to Newfoundland and followed its 
 shore to \U most westetlykoint, visited the Magdalen Islands, the coast of New Brunswick, 
 
 
 Bay Chaleurs, Gaspe and |^nticosti, and returnei' to France as he had com<\ by way of the 
 Strait of Belle Isle. But in the more exact tr;. 'ing of certain parts of his course, and in 
 regard to the identity of many of the numerous places visited, described, and named by 
 him, there is considerable difference of opinion. Indeed, that portion of his course from 
 the time of leaving Newfoundland until he reached Bay Chaleurs, is hardly interpreted in 
 the same way by any two commentators on the voyage, and no one of them has given any 
 consistent or satisfactory account of it. It becomes, then, a matter of extreme interest as 
 well as of considerable historical importance, to trace his course exactly throughout the 
 entire voyage, and to establish the identity of the places he visited and named. 
 
 Of Cartier's narrative of the voyage we have at least four versions : — 
 
 (1) The first is one in Italian, published bj Ramusio in 1556. 
 
 (2). This was translated into English by ,Tohn Florio, and embodied in Hakluyt's 
 " Voyages and Navigations," published in 1600 and reprinted in 1810. 
 
 (3) Another edition in French, almost beyond doubt a translation from Ramusio, 
 appeared in 1598, and was reprinted in 1843, and again in 1865. 
 
 (4) Lastly, there was published at Paris in 1867, under the title of " Relation originale 
 du voyage de Jacques Cartier au Canada en 1534," an old manuscript recently discovered, 
 which is supposed to be the original narrative written by Cartier's own hand. 
 
 The English translation in Hakluyt, tlie edition of 1598 and the " Relation 
 originale," have been used in the studies of which the results are given in the following 
 
 See. ii, 1887, 10. 
 
122 
 
 W. F. (lANONG ON 
 
 .1 .s given m th,. present paper, all three versions have been LeWlTc^l 7"": "" 
 Ihe cseof mpertaul pas.ag,.., this ha. be,,, done word forTord S th'^'' v l ""'' '° 
 th. other, and step by .tep the narrative b,.c„mo cllr ™ '«'" ""'"' 
 
 and it, comparison with the latter in eonnection with I \a ,\ . "" """""'■ 
 
 .ccnrSt:Tn:^'::;:tra;c^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 rate. If an average be taken of his estimates of the nnll o ,e I ITe^:' ""'T ""''; 
 which the identity i, nnqnestionable, it will be found tr,h,s I ° ™ "'""' °' 
 
 infer bcfo.hand that sneh'rs;:z::;;; ,:rfx:,::'::,r 
 
 needle cannot be calcn ed fl To ^^771^347^ '"''T T "" ™*'"" "^ "'" 
 -«ons,a.ifthevariaZ^:S— :-Z-,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 case ithi* :r:r^'::f3*:o°;;*; '"■ •',' *".t "■"*"^' •i-"" —"• '- - 
 
 of .698, blanks are "iwayfle itr' the ClS thisTt '"' ""," "l"' '" *" '■^'"- 
 
 orisinale," in all except two instaneos Inlh IsMh' ''*' "'"' '" "'« " ""'""o" 
 
 - and ir.50' respeetivelv ZIZ n °, "" ""^ '^"'"'' "™<>""iiig to 8'.30' 
 
 .nnch ..re arrry'^cal^rertZltrr'""'' ""'■ °' '""' "^ '""'""« ^'^ ^« 
 
 .batLVMs'^ardei'ii;:' wrr; ':^t t^-*-" °"««'' "■■■'*'» '«"^ « 
 
 apparentdifferenet:rtw:enrltir edS ft. rZrr"^^ 
 
 Of doubtful words by the translator fnr t> f 1 '^"'^ ^"^ ditRTont intorprrtatious 
 
 While, thorefore thJ- R. Z l^. '•^^^r""?/'"^ *^'' '"^^^"^ «*' ^^o -dition b..for. us. 
 edit.onofl598.wi^h^t:;:;:r::^ -curat, than the 
 
 fe iwt iransiations, it may be less accurate in the spel- 
 
 
CARTIER'S FIRST VOYAGE. 
 
 123 
 
 1 difficulty, 
 iloiii', quite, 
 u of which 
 erions mis- 
 i " R<'lation 
 I! course as 
 red, and in 
 light upon 
 
 ho edition 
 ii'l)ose. A 
 T version, 
 laces they 
 nnrrative 
 insertion 
 strongly ; 
 ! much is 
 tier must 
 
 . He was 
 lite accu- 
 places of 
 to sorae- 
 iit all the 
 re might 
 compari- 
 luestion. 
 'n of the 
 ilysuffi- 
 of Belle 
 Dartier's 
 om that 
 
 In no 
 
 edition 
 
 {elation 
 
 to8\30' 
 
 ould bo 
 
 ;ells us 
 i of the 
 'tations 
 we us. 
 an the 
 e spel- 
 
 ling of single words. We have noticed two im;'iortant instances of this. For the port in 
 Newfoundland, which the former calls Rapont, tho latter has Carpunl. That the latter is 
 the correct reading is shewn by the fact that it was used in the year 1542, in a description 
 of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, by Allefonsco, Roberval's pilot, who was perfectly familiar 
 with Cartier's explorations. The other instance is that of the bay called St. Lirunire in the 
 " Relation origiuale " and Si. Lunaire in the edition of 1598. All early maps have the 
 latter reading ; besides which the bay was clearly named, as will be shown later, after St. 
 Leonarius, upon whose day Cartier entered it. 
 
 Cartier, with two ships and out; hundred and twenty-two men, set out from St. Malo, 
 on April 20th, 1534, and after a prosperous voyage sighted Cape Bonavista {Cap de Bnnne 
 vkle) ' in Newfoundland, on May 10th. The ice at this place drove them to the harbour 
 of St. Catherine (Suincle Kalherine), the present Catalina, five leagues to the south. 
 Ht i-e they were detained ten days by bad weather, a time which they improved by refit- 
 ting and repairing their ships. On May 21st, they sailed north and by east to the Island 
 o I Birds [isle des Ouaiseaulx), tho present Funk Inland. They found the birds so abundant 
 here that " unlesse a man did see them, he would thinke it an incredible thing," - and so 
 tame that they could be taken in any numbers without trouble. 
 
 This was on the 21st. In all relations of the voyage there is a break here until the 
 27th, when they reached the mouth of the Bay of Castles (bai/e des Chasleaidx), the present 
 Strait of Belle Isle. Where they went in the meantime wo are not told, but as there is 
 given, immediately after tho description of the Island of Birds, a brief account of the coast 
 from Cajie Rouge (Rel. orig. ; Rani, cd. 1598 ; Raso, Ilakl.) to Cape Degrat, it is probable 
 that they coasted along the shore among the islands. The hitter cape is the most northerly 
 point of Newfoundland. It is usually marked Cape Bauld on later maps, but Cartier's name 
 Degrat is retained on De Barre's charts of the last century and some others.^ The 
 former cape is marked Cape Rouge and Red Cape on some modern maps, and Cape Reige 
 on others. It is on the main island to the west of G-roais or Groix Island, sixty miles south 
 of Cape Bauld. Cartier describes its distance (25 leagues), and direction (S.S.W.) from 
 Cape Degrat, in a way which leaves no room lor doubt as to the identity of the place. The 
 two low islands which he says are visible from the highest island near Cape Degrat would 
 seem to be Groais and Belle Isle South. 
 
 Bad weather and ice detained them in the harbour of Rapont (Rel. orig. ; C'arpunt, ed. 
 1598) till June 9th. Of Carpuut or Carpont, the true reading of the word, we probably 
 have a survival in the name of the Island of Kirpon or Quirpou. The harbour is appar- 
 ently the Noddy Harbour of to-day, immediately to the west of the island. 
 
 There is some confusion in tho account after leaving this place. Sailing to the west 
 from Cape Degrat, Cartier says there are on the right two islands, one three leagues distant 
 from this point, and the other, appearing like a part of the main land, seven leagues ("about 
 seven," Rel. orig. ; " more or less," od. 1698) from tho first. Tho latter he named St- 
 
 ' Tho naiiios given in brucketw are, unlcas it is otherwise utateii, those of tlie " Rehition '^riginale." 
 
 '' Haliluyt. It will be noticed that in the following pajres the writer frequently follows the diction of Hakluyt, 
 
 tliough not closely enough to require sjjeoial aclcnowlodgenient. Those parts of the narrative whicli are placed in 
 
 quotation marks are tlie writer's own translations as literal a.s he can make them. 
 
 ' Some old maps have both names, making Cape Bauld the most northerly jxiint, and Cape Degrat a point on 
 
 the east of Kirpon Island. 
 
 iafiKa 
 
 1 
 
n^ 
 
 124 
 
 W. P. qAN(JNG ON 
 
 «'ur..d IsUuul HiH distune fror? t o B L /I " '' r'''''^"''"' '"" '" ^^ ^^" ''^^"^ 
 'VH an approximation. '" ^'"' '' *°° «*^"'-*' ^"^ ^e exprosH.s it merely 
 
 .^.•aJl Wir ;r:;(^L 'Z;^t ^^ oommeutator. on thi« voyage, that Cartier 
 
 Vet he undonh..l,/refem!^ ,,iu ! f ^"^^ '"' '^ ^'"^ ''^ "^"''-^ «*' ^^-^1-- 
 
 I«le] " est le hal,le des Ch ff ' ''''"''"' ^'''''''"'' ^^""'- " ^^dite isle " li.e B.lle 
 
 Nort de ladite baye [i e des C%.«f l '"' ' '" ^"' ^^'''^''' 1"* <^«t ^'^ t"m' du 
 
 ent.eIxdo.e HeuL !t ^1;^;,^^^:^ ^^i:;; "^^ .^r' ^* ^"'^^^^ «uro«aist,^y: 
 substantially like it Had C.lr , °"»'""'" ""^ ^^^^ edition of 1508 
 
 loosely and'interohangefb^'y ^Z ^VT^^'^IT '^^ ^''^''^ ^^ ^ (*''- 
 definite distan.es and oompL dir vl,*^ .u , "' ^'" '^'""''^ "«^ ^^^'« S'ven us 
 Buttos (the present (1.:^ i ^b JZ tV "' ^'^'" '^^^ "''' '''' ""'-^ ^^ 
 the Harbour of Castles for us beyoL u io ' I y^^^-*— -d directions lo.ate 
 
 The Harbour ol' Buttes rZ T;, "^^^ *^' ^'''''''^ P'^'^'"* Bay. 
 
 certainlyGreenisl Bay Two "f ^'" V"^''«-- ^ ^^-''-. -L 151.8 and Hakl ) is 
 
 present Red Bav, south of "reenlsh Z "'' '''' "^' "'^'^''•^- '^^^« -«"'d be th^ 
 
 SnUon); the latter name jtist. tX i ^ "^"^^ °' '^'^'^^^ ^^^ (^'«- 
 
 islands, oneofwhiehwasniLd^:^^^^^^ ^'^7'"' ^' *^'^ ^«^^ "^^ ^- 
 
 1.598) and the other Isle of Biids r/ 1 / n ^ '"■'•^■' ^'■'- ""= - »'"* ^^'''^ * ^'•^•'^ of ed 
 
 tively, Wood Island a ^^^^tltf'';':^''';^ These islands are ealled to-day. respe. 
 name given by Carcier is very doubtful ' ', t " " ^^^ '"™^'^ '^ '^ ^-'-^^^^--^ "^ the 
 it may be a mere eoincidencl "'""' '" ^"""^^^''^ ^PP^'^'^ ^o islands that 
 
 Passing a point one league from Bin.,,. sj,ki ^i 
 named by Cartier, they came to . h rL! h tV . \ f ' ^"'^'"* ^""^ ^""^^' ^"^ not 
 together they named '"the I 1 s " , /^ '^ B-c Sablon and a passage, which 
 
 further they found the Ha lo .r o^Bts^t^^' r^ Ten leagues 
 
 Esquimaux River. The lat ud of ht S "" ^T ""'' ^"^^ ^'-^^ ^* '^^^ ^-^h of 
 
 far north. "' '^"'^ P'"^"' ^' ^'^'^'^ by Cartier, 51 '. 50', is about 20' too 
 
 number. These they calLd simply"^ ' , itl" ir;"// T'f J^'"''^ ''' "^^^ ^^ 
 
 fVo. thi« I.,a,K> [G,.en Island. N«d.] to ^::^;:^:Z^U:::^f^r T f """"'^ '--«--" T,.e distance 
 .s tl>e narrowest part of the SO-ait. .f lieilo Jo " J. 1, , , "■''""' ™"'"' ^"•"'' '' ^ «"'' ^'i/^- • • • 
 
 foundland,Lahradore, etc., London, 177a (1 la.terr "T''""'""' "" '''''''' •■^""•■■■'-"' '^"-'t fof New- 
 
 It is a..o.,t.,er prohal.le f.a, .e have a sll ^JZ^I:; ^'S!/; ^'^'j;''""'-'"'"^ ""' ''^^ '■"^"- '"'"- ^• 
 of Labrador to the west of Bello Isle. "''^ "' * "^"'^'^ "' "^'Lateau Bay," on the ..oast 
 
 ' This phrase, of oonr.se, refer.s to the direction in ul i,.i .. . ,• 
 
 "reaion ■„ ,vl..ch the bay hes, not to the Harbour of Enttes. 
 
^"bt that it 
 thi' prosciit 
 's it merely 
 
 hat Cartier 
 • ol' Castles. 
 " (i.e. B.^lle 
 
 a eutrtnilx 
 a terre tlu 
 ouaist,- y a 
 >n of 1598 
 bay (haye) 
 
 given us 
 Iail)our of 
 ions locate 
 
 Hakl.) is 
 '« Biilaiiie, 
 lid be the 
 
 r)98: Rel. 
 id {Blanc 
 t are two 
 rest of ed. 
 /■, respec- 
 •e of the 
 mds that 
 
 but )iot 
 ', which 
 leagues 
 louth of 
 t 20' too 
 
 IS Day, 
 aaiiy to 
 lat they 
 itered a 
 
 distance 
 
 Cliff,.... 
 
 for Ncnv- 
 plates "). 
 1 10 coast 
 
 CAUTIKIi'H Flliat VOYAiiK 
 
 128 
 
 good port which was named St. Anthony (Sai\t Anthoine). One or two leagues further 
 they found a little river forming a good harbour, to which they gave the name St. Servau 
 (Saincl Servnn). Tlw. latter place Cartier describes for us as follows (Rel. orig.):— " It is 
 between two high lands. ... To the south-west of this harbour and river, about a league, 
 is an island, round as an oven, surrounded by several other smaller islands which give 
 notice of these harbours." In a work quoted above ' the following passage is found which 
 settles the identity of Port St, Servan : " Bowl Island lieth E. by N. 2 leagues from the 
 Island of Shocatica, and I mile from the Main ; it is a remarkable round island of a 
 moderate Pleight. About the Island, and between it and Shecatii^a, are a number of small 
 Islands and sunken Hocks. From Bowl Island to the entrance of the Bay D'omar, the 
 course is N. E. by N .1 E. Distance 2 miles. This bay runneth up N. by E. nearly 3 
 miles with high land on both sides. . . . One mile to the Eastward of Bay D'omar lyeth 
 Little Bay in which is tolerable good anchorage lor small vessels." Bay D'omar and 
 Little Bay of I77fl, are respectively Lobster Bay and Rocky Bay on charts of to-day. The 
 correspondence of the description in this work with Oartier's is so close as to be very 
 remarkable, that especially of the appearance, distance and direction of the round island 
 being very striking. It settles beyond the possibility of question the identity of Port St. 
 Servan with Lobster Bay, and of Port St. Anthony with Rocky Bay. 
 
 Beyond this they came to a great river (bonne rijmiere plus gmnde, Rel. orig. ; ban 
 fleuve pivs grand, ed. 1598), where they caught many salmon ; they named it St. James 
 River (la ripuiere Suinct Jacques). There is, however, an important difference in dits is- 
 tance from St. Servan as given in the " Relation originale " and the edition of 1598. The 
 former reads ten, the latter two leagues. Now, there can hardly be a doubt that the river 
 meant is the present Shecatica Bay. It is the only one in the vicinity corresponding to 
 the description, in which it will be noticed its large size is insisted upon. The actual 
 distance from St. Servan is about five of Cartier's leagues ; but that it was probably dix 
 and not deux that he wrote, may be inferred from the fact that, for some unexplained 
 reason, all of his distances in this region are too great. He calls it, for instance, ten leagues 
 from Brest to the end of the islands, when in reality it is about five. He may have been 
 deceived by fog, or the tides, or confused by the number of the islands. 
 
 But there is another cogent reason for considering his St. James River to be Shecatica 
 Bay. While there, they saw a ship from Rochelle which they directed to "another harbour 
 about a league more to the west than the said River St. James, which I consider one of the 
 best harbours in the world ; and it was named the Harbour of Jacques Oartier " (Rel. 
 orig., the same in ed. 1598). This is very high praise from a man who had seen so many 
 good harbours as Cartier. The harbour one league to the west is the Cumberland Harbour 
 of to-day in position, and here we have a partial description'- of it: — " And anchor 
 where you please, from 20 to 7 fathom water,Jn good ground, and an excellent roomy 
 harbour fit for any ships, and is the best harbour and the easiest of access on this coast." 
 ' This is very high praise for a harbour on a coast which has so many good ones as that of 
 Labrador. The correspondence in these descriptions can hardly allow us to doubt that 
 the Harbour of Jacques Cartier is our Cumberland Harbour. In this case the River St. 
 James must be Shecatica Bay. 
 
 ' Pam[)hlet accompanying the North American Pilot for Newfoundland, etc. 
 
 ^ IMd. 
 

 I[« ' 
 
 126 
 
 W. R GJAN(>N(i ON 
 
 ho thought it n.u«t I th.: ,:';;„:;;:;;';: uoa'tocr ' "'"■'■'""' "'■^""'^ *"-■>• -«^ 
 
 But ^vh..n they " n.rlu-a to .bout h , il f '^T"^ ^'^ '^'"^ ^''^■^' ^«- -'"»d- 
 
 , with a groat clou,.,. ,.,, o,... 1,^ t L it: ''T ^'"' ''"' '' ^'"« «- '-d- 
 
 '""l<-«iim.t..d it.s distan,. from Brest to l. a '.on! ?^ r''; '' ''"'""^ '* ^'''''' ^'""hhs 
 
 j'-"t ]ii..h. liut it ..ouid iot ha . :;' tT n': ?"" '^^ "• '""^ *^*' ''^^-»^ 
 
 for iu the atlas ' already relern-d to nl ' *" "'""^ '^'« »'»'«« ^'"« Piven, 
 
 clour iVoir, the ..oast of Le,brndor 1 ." Po rRi ^ .T ^."^ ^"'" ^^''"^^^^ ^^ ^''-ble 
 The same plates, however she w t ,U " ,v /'"^ ^ "'* be visible half that distanee. 
 Cape Double; it was the hlJ^^^Z^^' coneh.sn.e]y what it was he did name 
 
 roint Kieh. Here is most per le W p^ t "j 'n " H \ '"'"••*"^^ ^"^^ ''>^ "-"' '-" 
 diroetion in whieh Carti.r .«.,!,? ^'n '' P''"'"' "'' "'^" ^■'•"'» '^^out the 
 
 on.' above the other •• hVXlVoir.'","^ '"'■"'''' '" " '^ »--* double -ape. 
 highest part of these hi^ a:^th ^ : ^l'^ ^Vh "' "^"'"^ ''''' '''''' ^^^^'^* '^ '« *^ 
 Uon is very si,niiiea„t, as he IJ c ^ CX't^ ^K '"f '''^ ""' ^'"'^'"'^ '^-'■"1>- 
 ho gave it its name. The nan.e h slow , , '''°'' ""^^ ^'''' '' "' ^'''^^^ »»til 
 
 itself; in iaet the very latest a ^'rCl^^'^^f *" '^'t "^^'"''^"^ ^^ ^^^^ '--^ 
 Rich or Cape Doubl,.." * "*' ^"''^' "' th>« .'cast, marks it "Point 
 
 igram/te), when.v they „.,„,,! (hem the r n ^ ''■' '' ""■'^ '•^'^' '^ J.'™"'?^ 
 
 tionedwasprobabiytiLeonspi:.:';:::t.^::f^s:r;;::,r'rf ''- ^-^ "^^■ 
 
 andaeape three leao.ues to the S.S.W of them til "''' '^'^y; ^"'^"•"'■» *he Granges 
 
 present Sandy Bay. The "Relation or.nn 1 ••: T"' "" T""'"^' '"*" ^"^^ ^''^^'' ^^e 
 cleseriptionofthis region than 0. e iC f 15 8 ^l '"" '^''^I ^"^ -"-tent in the 
 of whiehis a low island thev named Po If , / '"^'' ^° '^'^ '^"""^' «'' ^^e north 
 
 Head. The presence of the ir^Ul^n T ^"' /"'""^^ '* - ^^e present Cow 
 
 the only isi.a on the e t be;::!: t tniii^^^ ^1^1;:^:^- -^ -^^^- -^ 
 thi. ^::;:;5:;™ t; ;- -- : -^-^ -h-east w^d t;;L so^h^t abo. 
 
 / dove-houses. Tk.y^.rn^^r^'^^^f^^f^^f'^^^ i^^i-ds like 
 
 they were, St. JulL. (^.., jj,^ ^I "' ^ ^ ^ "t^ "'^ ^^^" ''^^^ '" -^'"^ 
 places described later is the „rese,.f H ^^^^J'^"^- ''« >« «hewn by its position relative to 
 
 Pointed Cape much t;: g 1' .'"h:! ^'l '°T' ''''''" ''' "'^'" '' ^^^^^^ ^^- 
 
 mentions ; but on the northernXo 1 " '""' '" '™''^' ''''''''' ^""^ ^ ^'-"^ 
 
 Ha.bour which does conta n m.u vJit 1 i TT'T "" "^"" '"•'^"'•' ^^"^^^"^ ^ ^^-ky 
 gave the name of Dove-hou s ' "'" '' ""^'* ^^'^ ^^'^^ ^^ ^hose that he 
 
 
 I The X„rth American Pilot for \owf„u„dla,ul, etc. 
 lanij,|,|«t with tlie \urtli .Aineri.an l'il„t, oU:. 
 
 ■' Cape Co J to Belle I«le : Imray & Son, J.ondou, 1886. 
 
^ 
 
 OATITTKR'.S FIRS^r VOYAGR. 
 
 127 
 
 Ho ad mi rod 
 od t'lirth, mid 
 
 1». (hey Ifff it 
 I'twoiHlaiidN. 
 'lis firm land, 
 -ape Doubh., 
 distance' and 
 r the i)rcN(?nt 
 t! Was ffivoii, 
 ' ol'thc coast 
 
 was visible 
 liat distance. 
 K' did name 
 ►' north from 
 i about the 
 loubje 'ape, 
 hut it is the 
 r's descrip- 
 
 view until 
 J the point 
 csit "Point 
 
 they cume 
 :e a grange 
 one meii- 
 Granges 
 > land, the 
 iut in the 
 the north 
 st'Ut Cow 
 ■ocky, and 
 
 .'est about 
 lands like 
 in which 
 elative to 
 luce from 
 IS Cartier 
 )r JJocky 
 that he 
 
 iiilou, 18.S6. 
 
 i* bout seven le-jn-'ies H.SW. of this bay theri^ is a cape which they named Cape Royal 
 {C<i/> Iloi/ol), and to W.H.W. of it, another, about half a leai?ue on the north of which is 
 an island. Between the two capes there are many i; lands. The latter capo was named Cape 
 \ of Milk (r~Vi/> DHalle), to-day calbd both Cap • of Milk and South Head. The islands are 
 in the present Bay of Islands, and the former cape would seem to be, on account of its d.s- 
 tance of seven leagues from the Bay of St. Julian, the present Cape Gregory. The directions 
 are not accurate, but there can be no doubt as to the identity of the places. The next day, 
 the 18th, they explored the Bay of Islands, giving it, however, no name. Its latitude, as 
 given by Cartier, 4S'. 80', is aboi\t 37' too far south. 
 
 That night, June 18th, they put to sea, and such a storm arose that they were 
 tossed about by great winds without having sight of laiul until the 24th. On that 
 day they sighted a cape of land towards the south-east, to which they gave the name, 
 in honour of the day. Cape St. John (<■«/; sninrt Jelian). They estimated that it was about 
 thirty-Hve leagues south-west of Cape Hoyal ; and had we no other evidence on the point, 
 wo might hink it was the present Cape St. George. But storm-driven as they wore, their 
 estimate can be of little value, and their subsetjUcnt course proves beyond question that 
 their Cape St. John' could only have been the present Cape Anguille. ' 
 
 Cape St. John was the last land they sighted in Newfoundland. From it they sailed 
 away north-westerly, and the next day, after changing their course, they came to two 
 nmall islands, the description of which shews them to be the Bird Rocks of to-day. With 
 regard to the course afti-r leaving Cape St. John, the account in the edition of 1598 is con- 
 fused and altogether erroneous in its distances and directions. The " Relation originale " 
 on the other hand, gives correct distances and clear and accurate directions. They went 
 north-west and by west seventeen and one-half leagues from Cape St. John, and then to 
 i' the south-west lifteen leagues, which brought them to Bird Islands ((.s/e.s dex Marf^dulx). 
 
 Five leagues to the west of the latter, Cartier describes another island, two leagues in 
 length and as much in breadth, which he named Isle Bryon [ille <lc Bryan). This name 
 it still retains, though it is sometimes corrupted to Byron. He was greatly pleased with 
 the fertility of its soil ' which must have presented a great contrast to the barrenness of 
 Labrador and Newfoundland. 
 
 Four leagues from Bryon Island they saw a fine capo which they named Cape Daiil- 
 
 / phui (cfipdii Diiiil/ihin) because it was the beginning of good lands. This must have been 
 
 the present North Cape of the Magdalen Islands ; it could not have bet'U East Point, for the 
 
 latter is represeuted on the charts as low, while at the former is a hill. On the 27th of the 
 
 month (June), they coasted along a land which- lay E.N.E. and W.S.W., clearly the north- 
 
 ' Snmo writers have hold tlmt Carlier's Cape St. .Foliii was on Prince Edward Island, and that it was from this 
 circiiiiistance the island took the name Isle St. .Tolin, by which it was known until 1798. It is needless to point oat 
 how !.'iinindlt's.s such an idea is. It lia-^ u.s little in its favour as the theory that it was the island disooverod and so 
 named by Cabot. 
 
 '' The chart last referred to (Caiie Cod to IWIe Isle; Iniray it Son, London) nivcs both Angnille and St. .lohn 
 for this capo. It nives ali*o Milk CaiHi or South Point, Gulf of St, .hdien or Uoniie B.iy, and Cow Head or I'ointod 
 Cape. Up to this point the interpretation of the conrno piven in the.se pa^es corresponds pretty closely with that in 
 the footnotes of the edition of Cartier's voya^res published by the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec in 1843. 
 Beyond this, how.'ver; tlie two are cinito independent of eaih other. 
 
 ■■' " It is nearly siirroinuled with high capes, and on the North side is some land of tolerably good cpiality." 
 Pictioiiary of Lower Canada, by .los. Boucetto, 1832. 
 
128 
 
 W. F. GANONG ON 
 
 Cap. s.. r,.,,. be™„.. i. „.,.. „„ .h. day of ihatL,;..'!::;,;....' .h,.;:' """ """ ""■"•■" 
 
 al,, ,.,11 r,. ,™,.„uh,..,p,„,,nnu-,.s ,l,.„.ril,cd byCarlW b«we.„ the two cape, Th„ Zj 
 
 should give its distance and dinvtion from S:cond tip. instead o C 1 trV A 
 _J).. ^^une^h^y Jeit the Magdalen Islands, ■ netting out, apparently, from Cape 
 
 ,' C-nise of the "Alioe May," by S. G. W. Benjamin. 
 
 ■ 1 lie very different views of Dr. Kolil and R..V K r n„r „. . .u . , . 
 
 to further on. '' ' ^^' ^ " ^"Costa, ns to the identity of these places will bo referred 
 
CARTIER'S FIRST VOYAOP, 
 
 129 
 
 I 
 
 St Pctor. T1»M wind M.-w towards S.S.W. and ,hoy Hailed ' v\itl.oi.l HiKhtin^ land until 
 tho .wenin,, ^vhon thoy muv, ul.out nin.- o. l.-n I. agucH to tho W.H.W. of thorn, Imd 
 whi.h H....„u>d to 1.0 two iHlan.ls, Th.y k.pt on •.11 that night and until nunnso, travrsing 
 i„ „11, In.n. Ihn timo of I.'aving tho Mugdah-n InhunlH. al.out forty U-aKU.s. On tJu- morn- 
 ing of Jun.. ;i..th, th.y saw that th<- land th.y had takon for two i^landn wa« really Hrm 
 land •' lying 8.8.15. and N.N.W. to a goodly capo of land" whi.h thoy .al'-d Cap.. Orloann 
 (can dOrUam). Tho shoro Cartior furth.-r domrih.-.s as follows (llol. orig.) :-"A U this land 
 iH l„w nnc^ th.- moHt l.oautiful it is possil.l.. t. ho.., and full of l.oauti'iil .eos and 
 moadow«; hu' in it u.- w...- not al.lo to lind a harl.our, be.-anso it is a low land vory 
 shallow and all rang, d with Hands. Wo wont aHhovo in sovoral phuos in ou. boat. 
 and among oth -rs into a l.oautiful, hut wry shallow rivor, svh.-ro w.. saw boats (/.«m/.e.s) 
 of savag.'s, which w.-ro .rossing thin riv..r. whi. 1.. on th^s account, wo naniod tho ll.ver 
 
 of Boats ' (ripuiere ile Ikm/iies.y , „ i i i 
 
 Although tho "Uolation originale" do.'H not diHtin.tly stuto that thoy sailod west- 
 ward after leaving the Magdaion Islun.ls, the rontext dearly .sh.-ws that thoy did so. 
 Making an ..llowan.-e for magnetic variation, their .ourso mus^ have taken them to the 
 .oast of rrin... Ed> ard Island, a considerable di..tanee to tho south oi North Point. 
 Whil.. following this .■ourso iLey saw what they took to bo two islands about nine or ten 
 loaguestotheW.S.W.ofth.m, whi.h would pla. e the two ::..uls som.. where to he 
 south of the pr..s..nt Ri.hmond Ray. In order to det..nnino, if poss.1,lo. what laud Cartier 
 must have seen, the writ.>r searched in works des.ribing the island and found tho lollow- 
 ing passages :- " Probably the highest spot on tho island does not rise above five hundred 
 f.H.t above the level of the sea." " The higli.^st land on the island is on th.. road between 
 Charlotte Town and Prin.o Town, stretching from the head of Harris Bay to thc> h-ad o 
 Grc.nville Hay.'" Its position is inui.at..d upon the a.-eompanyiug map. We have not 
 found what appearance it presents from the sea, but as it extends for a considerable dis- 
 tance, it is ciuite probable that there are two part, of it high.r than the rest vvhu-h would 
 seem like two islands from Cartier's positi.>n. But this much is c.-rtain, that the land 
 they sighted was in this region, and that this is the highest in the island, and hence that 
 
 lirst visibl.' from the sea. , , ,„ i ii • a sj t? 
 
 But the next morning they saw that it was not t wo islands but firm land lying fe.S L. 
 and N N W A glanc.. at tho map will shew that the only .-ast in all this region having 
 this dirction is that of Prince Edward Island between tho high land we have spoken of 
 and Cape Kildaro, and that this has it very exa.tly. This alone should be enough tc^ 
 establish the identity of this coast with that visited by Cartier, but it is placed beyond all 
 question by his further description of it. Any .hait will show how shallow and ranged 
 vvith sands it is, and many passages could be quotc^d from books describing the island 
 substantiating the evidence of tho charts as well as describing the fertility ot the soil and 
 beauty of the region which so delighted the appreciative^ exploroT. _ ^ ^ , „ ^^^^ 
 
 From the way in which Cartier speaks of the land " lying S. S. E. and N.N.W. to Cope 
 Ovlcans, the lattc^r would seem to be to the north of the land h. ; nig this dire.>ion. This 
 would make it tho present Cape Kildare, and we sl.dl pres^nt^^give an additional rj3a^ 
 
 " To tl.o west " ed. 1598 ; Eel. orig. does not -nention in 7?hat direuuon they sailed. 
 ■' All writers have eonsi.lered tl.i.s to be tl.o Miranciclii ia New Brunswick. 
 ■• Tho Progress and Prosixjcta of I'rinco Edward Island, by C. 15. I^agster, IHbi. 
 
 Sec. ii, 1887. 17. 
 
/ ^-iv 
 
 •v 
 
 130 
 
 W. F. GANONG ON 
 
 for considering this to be so Tf f 
 
 River of Boats. It n.nst ^e r.m:::::ZSr^Z::::l;^ *-■ ^h^t he entered and na.ed the 
 have no reason whatever to beliove that 0." tt'S. T"""/^^'" '^'^ *'™" -^. that we 
 .sland was an island, but rather very ^ood rl , Tl ^'''''^'^S^^ ^hat Prince Edward 
 large bays on the coast, Rich.nond Bn,"^ cT^ "'"" ^'" ^""^^-'''J'' '''''-- are two 
 
 -em to bin. J,ke the mouth of a large ri^er ^T'^^V'"''^"^' ^'^^^-' «'-i-.h wouM 
 beautiful but shallow River of Bolts But ^rei^" 1 "''' ""^-^^ ^'^"-^-'^ ^^ ^ « 
 former rather than the latter. Riehmond ^ ^ m, Vtf T"" '"'^"""y ^^'"* '"^ -- t^e 
 more conspiouons entrance. It is worth noti IL "°"" "' '^^ *^'^' -^ has a far 
 
 «aw naany Indians in his River of Bo.ts that h T""'"" ^^^^ *^^' ^^^ ^hat Cartier 
 around this bay, ^' one of them inde,.d xistt 1 T "' '''"''''' ^^^^^ ^"<i-» villag s 
 bu this fact is of no valu. as an argum" .^ri'^^'^V^'"^' "^*" ''''' "' -^ iZ 
 IndKans around Cascumpeque H.rb^ur 1 o But 1' V '"'*^ '"^"' ->'^ P-^ably were' 
 dmng l^eh^ond Bay to have been th Rivfr o 7 r'"' """^ ^''•^^-<-- '^ -" ' 
 course Immediat. ly alter leaving the Ri^^ "i r^ f't " ^'iven us by his subsequent 
 
 of C. oV ''' *° ™"' ^« o'clock, when th llts .• ' T ""' """^ ^^""^^ "«-* 
 of Cape Orleans and another cape about seven le^^^ "l '"''^ ""'^ ^ave them sight 
 
 '*■ *«7^'^ they gave the name oi' Cape ot TheT "" 'rt' ^' "^ P^"* ^o the N. E; of 
 «hew to be the present North Point • the fol ^ ^^''- ^^" ^^"''^ ^'« «hall presentlv 
 - not e,aet, Cape Kildare of to-dly.' UTI cT' ''''''''' ''' ''^^^^' '^'^^^ 
 of Boats in sailing from it to the north.rst he ^''T^^'^i''' harbour been the River 
 Cape Orleans, and it seems likely that he wL^. T "'^' ""''"'^ ^'"^^ ^l^-' indeed to 
 ;; ^^^-*- — ver. upon cons.;;th.g thel: 'thaTh "^n"""^' ''' ^^' ^'' '^--' 
 It It began at the latter harbour, would nuT'l '-^""night's sail to the north-east 
 
 expresses the sighting of the co.:,: ry^:"^ '' T "^" ''^'^ ^^''-'^ ^^^ -y h 
 be were h.s course laid from Richmond Bay On 1h" ^^"■"'^ ^^ "^*"-'- ^ ^^ would 
 strong y to be that the latter was the River of BoL ''''' *''' ^^"^^^^^^^^^ --« very 
 
 The next morning Tulv ist o r ^°^^^- ^ 
 
 """■;•«' »'■ "*!<■>■. .b„„t hal? „ l,,.,,r?h '° h. k„e„.h,,h he ,h„, describe. :-" To th 
 Th:. description, brief b„. e,e., en^; J t . ,• L^. 'r/'T" "='""^ bankof s,„,„l" 
 the rharfs, as shewn upou the »..„».„ '^ "" "'= "ientity of Ihe place n„ 
 
 ftom Norih P„i„t, ,.„j |„ . * ,:r" "'-=' -P. -'<h a ,eef is L,,., jlZJZ 
 
 miir- "f ■ "'* ""'^"""^ -'» -■■ C «»; toThr.lib'''"':;^ '°'" • » '■""-•■-^ 
 
 ttl 
 
 prin 
 
 
 M'!t 
 
 n 
 
CARTIRR'S FIRST, VOYAGE. 
 
 181 
 
 1 V n„,,o TCilrlare The latter is repre- 
 is North roi.t, in which .ase ^^P^^ Orleans ca..^^^^^^^ ^^^^.^ ^^^,.,^ ,,,, 
 
 sented upon the charts as being higher t^an thjornxe^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^,^^^_ ,^^ ^^^,^^ 
 
 a hill, with none at North Point which is f-t> f ;;°^^^.^,,, ,,„ative. 
 conspicuous from the sea, and hence its P-" ^ ^ or ^Indian they saw there. Then 
 They landed at Cape of the Savages ^"^j^^/^;'^;'";^ ,,, ,,t told in what direction 
 with their ships Ihey coasted along ^7^«^ 'Z.^^^^^; J^y ^, .oasted along the said 
 The narrative continues as followsMRel. ^-^l^J^l^^^^ could not; for, as I have 
 land nine or ten ^^^^^^^^fy'^'^^^^^^^^^^ that day in four places to see 
 
 said before, it is a land low and ^^f^Jj ^^^^j ,,d found that they were cedars, 
 the trees which are of the very finest and ^^^^'^^ =" ^^^^j^^,^,. The lands where 
 pines, white elms, ashes, ^^^^^^, ^Z pe-n [Hakl.], white and red goose- 
 there are no woods are very beautilul and all P .^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^,,^ 
 
 berries, strawberries, blackberries, ^^^^^'^J^^^^^^^ it is possible to see. and 
 
 sown and plowed. This is a land ° ^j^^^^' ; ^^^^^^i^,, ,,a other birds ; it only wants 
 of great heat, aud there are many do^e^, and 
 
 harbours." . , ^, „„^ „„iiiii„ along the same land, the latter 
 
 As they landed at North Point ^fj^^^^^^^^^l ^ describing this coast 
 oouid only be the north-western coast ot Pnncc ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 ;;:'.or J on the island we ^^^^^ t^if l^^w - he North Cape and West Pointy 
 boraering on the sea, without -^^l^;;^.^; J i, this district ; the soil is rich and 
 
 There are a number of fine streams of watu uu^ P .^ ,, ^,,bour ; but 
 
 the land is covered with lot^y trees^^ ;^ ;^^j^t^ blow^strongly on the shore." The 
 one may always land m a boat i the ''^fjl., f,, doubt, and it seems certain 
 similarity of these two passages eaves us n ppo 1 1 y _^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ 
 that Career coasted soxUh-westerlyabng^th-^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^,,^, ,, the 
 
 taken him nearly to the present tape AVulte, 
 
 north of it that he passed the night. ^, ^^^ ^^^ land to the 
 
 " The next day," July 2nd, the narratu^ g« ^ -;;^^^,^,,^ ..^ we knew that it was 
 
 north - of us which joined onto that ^<^^^^^^ ^,^ ^, breadth. We named the 
 
 abav which had about twenty loaguos of depth and^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^_ ^^. ^^^^^^^^ ^j^, 
 
 bay St. Lunaire (Saind Livunre). 1 h. lana i.„,,wledge that he had been vis- 
 
 II Brun.wick coast ; and as Cartier ^"^^^^^ it ^ery naturally seemed to 
 iting an island, r of the -i^^"- ^ .^ f W^^ From his position near Cape 
 
 him to join onto that along which h. had be ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^.^^ ^^ ^,^^^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 Wolfe, and indeed from ^"^Y P««^^'°" :^^*'''' ^„ ,^t,,,d a little deeper in that direct^^^^ 
 landlocked to the south, the bay appearing m -^ -t- ^^ ^^^^^^_^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^.^^ 
 
 Here then we have th,- very simple explanation « j^^ ^ ^^ confounded with the 
 various writers from Lescarbot ^^^^^^^Z^^^^^. It is found marked upon 
 River of Boats, with the Miramichi, ^v ^a e ^^--d^ .^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^.^^^^ 
 
 all the prii.ipal maps of the latter part ot th. -Ue" ^^^^.^^^^ ,, bas been already 
 
 lar form, and is represented ol '--^" .^^ ^^^^s gt Luna^ or Lunario ; though Cartier 
 pointed out that the coiT^a^ingoMhewoid^isat _ . 
 
 ^~^:^s..^r^s,^'^-^^ of 1'. E. I. ^^^^^j^„, ^,,, given fur magnetic and not true north. 
 
 ^ It must be constantly borne m mind that all comi 
 ^ Rel. orig. ; ed. 159S has a blank here. 
 
y - ■.■■<>■■*» >l«»««l 
 
 132 
 
 W.-P^aANONG ON 
 
 oit 
 
 gavo it its name on July 2nd, it was npoijf tho Ist, and, therefore, the day of St. Leonarius, 
 that he entered it. It was for this reason he named it St. Lunaire. ' 
 
 Coutiuuing on their (course, they approached a cape towards the north, where they 
 found the water so shallow that for more than a league from shore there was but a fathom 
 of depth. This cape could only be the present Point Esf^umenae. The water on the north 
 side of it, as is shewn upon good charts, is very .shallow, but the one fathom line is at 
 present not more than n mile from the shore. '" Still, there is no room for doubt as to the 
 identity of the cape, for there is no other in the region which it can possibly be. The 
 narrative continues :— "To the north-east of this cape, about seven or eight leagues, we 
 saw another cape of land, and between the two there is a bay in the fashion of a triangle, 
 which is very deep, ' which as I'ar as we could see, lies north-east, and it is all ranged 
 with sands, a low land." 
 
 Evidently the bay fashioned like a triangle, lying north-east, is Miramichi Bay ; his 
 mention of its shdllowness and sandbanks' helps to confirm this conclusion. There is in 
 reality no cape to the north-east of Toint Escumenac.even allowing for the greatest variation 
 of the compass ; Elackland Point, at the mouth of Tubusintac Gully, which would seem 
 to be the cape meant, lies north. Still his subsequent course shews that this cape, or one 
 very near it, was th<> one referred to. Carti<>r goes on to say, " from this last cape even to 
 the said bank and cape of laud there are fifteen leagues." Evidently he meai s l)y the " said 
 bank and cape " his Cape of the Savages. "We are somewhat siirprised that he should 
 have so much underestimated this distance, but it is, doubtless, merely an approximation. 
 His mistake in overestimating the breadth of the Bay of St. Lunario is quite a natural 
 one, for he had not then been to the western side of the entrance of his supposed bay. 
 
 The next night was stormy, but they coasted along the land which lay N.N.E. until 
 the morning, July 3rd, when they entered a great open bay, fifty-five fathoms deep 
 in several places and about fifteen leagues broad. Prom its great size and the dire(<tion in 
 which it lay, they hoped to find the p;:SKage to the west they were seeking, and for that 
 reason named the cape they rounded in entering it, the Cape of Hope {en/) d'Espirance). ' 
 
 • The writer is indebted for tho followins.' iiofo to tlie kindness and learninj; of tlie liev. C. Lcco<i, Superior of 
 the Grand Seminary (if St. Sulpi(e,:Montreal:—".9(./.imom' is tlie projior .simlling, this lioing (along with Liimier, 
 Unor and Uoni /■) tlio i«.iuiiar name ..f St. Le'>nariiiH, or, ratlu^r, I.eonoriiis, win. is lioli(n-ed to have been ii Bishop 
 in IJrittuny in tho >ixtli century. As .liirque.s ( artier wits from lirittany. 1 have no douht he fjiavc the name of 
 this saint of his country to the bay." 
 
 - "This shoal [i.e., off Point Escunienae], a.s its Indian name iuiiilies, extends nearly throe niiles into tho sen." 
 History of New liruiiswick and Gaspe, by Robert Cooney, 1832. 
 
 •' Cartier uses this expression i're(|nently tc. si-nify not depth of the water, but the extension of a l>ay into the 
 
 land. 
 
 ' .\s there oecurs here tho only case noticed in a comparison of tho llolation orijrinale with the edition nf b'iliS, 
 in which the latter trives a more satisfactory descriiition of a locality than the former, it is worth mentioniu'r. Tho 
 former savs :— " It [i.e. the triangular liayl is all ranged with sands, a low land; at ten leagues distance from shore 
 there are "twenty fathoms of .lepth." Th(! latter lias :^"This gtilf is surrounded with sands and low jilaces for ten 
 leagues, and there are not more than tw.. fathoms of depth." The statement in the former ca.se is true ; so is that 
 in the latter, as well as much more natural under the circumstances, for he gives us no reason to suppose that ho 
 went ten leagues from shore and measured tlie depth of tho water. 
 
 ''It is an interesting fact, illusl rating the curious changes geographical names often undergo, that Cartier's 
 name, Cape of Hope, has been corrupl(«l to V^^^^^ Despair, and moved from its proper pla<e on the north of Miscou 
 Island to a cape in the Peninsula of (iasiie, a few leagues to the south of Percys The transition both of m-mo and 
 IKwition can be easily followed on old maps. 
 
 )( 
 
 iDt 
 
J 
 
 133 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 CARTIER'S FIRS'^-YOYAGE. 
 
 identity of tlie places already visited. ^^^^ ^^^^,.jj„ Newfound- 
 
 Dr. J. C>. Kohl ' gives the Ibllownig '^''-««»\°/ ^r^,;/^ ;^„,,, ^^o leagues long, and 
 
 land: "West of these Bird Rocks ^f ^ J/^:"^" ,^^^ ^ 
 
 one league broad ;^hich according to this dscription ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Island'; and then another, which was krg^^^>^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 xneadows covered with spring llowers, and ha^ "^g -^»^ '^ ^^.^ ^^^ , t,,ks in the 
 
 wHh great swamps. Along its shores were many ^^^^^'^ ^^^^ ^.j,,. This island 
 
 luth, like elephants; and the forests were hrongedw^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ 
 
 was four leagues from the -«tmf ^^ ^ ^JV^";,,^^^^^ ' B-n's 
 
 who had lavored this expedition. Isle de Brio, ^-o dm ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^.^^, ^^ 
 
 Island ' must be our large ' Prince Ff^ard sknd thoa _ ^^^^^^^^ 
 
 some old maps, is given to a smal lislet, J^'^^l^^t^.^.^o. and then a name to 
 " Cartier sailed along the north coast ot He dc Bmn, i „ ^^.^^^ ^^^ 
 
 some cape or island; for ^f^^^^^^^^Z^,:^,,^:^!^. -North Point' ol 
 still found on old maps, and which appea o ^^ ^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^^^, , b,y, which from 
 Prince Edward Island. Thence he went -^I'^^l^l^ J^^, ^here, he named 'la baye 
 the great number of canoes ^^"^^^ ;-^^ ,\"^;; ^ ^^"^^^^^^^ 
 des Barques ' ; and another t"'^;^" '^^"^IJ, " " .^^;,,, ,, find a passage like the ' Strait 
 
 ,„„s, b« evWoni .0 every reader ^. ho ''"^^j^^;*^ ,,,.,,„,«, and it seem, as ilh. 
 ding page.. Dr. Kohl ent.rely 'f-';^*^^^ "narrative beiore him. I. i- uot, how- 
 m„.t have written ''''■" ■'■™° '""^ j',: „ pi.« of ^ork ol the great and lamented 
 „ver, for the ,ake of ent.ei.m that this .mnor p ^.^ ^..^^^,^ ^^ ^^ 
 
 „.holari»nuoled here, I. ut tor the '«»»"''"'_'''' fl^^^l^a " = i. little 1«- eonfttsed. 
 aeeepted by other writers. The aeeottnt ,„ J so . Am ^^^^ ^,_ s„„..sors." 
 
 K„v B. F. I>e Costa, ^vlro eontrtbnte. '«""*;,? ,^^'';<'; „„. prf,,,,, Mwaru Island, of 
 makes Cartier go from B™" » '"l-^ » ^^^ ,„ '^^ day. He re.eh.d the mainla.nl 
 .-hieh the hrst eape was ealled S'- f^*" '■ ™ ^ „ „^^^ ^, f„„„d M.ramieh, Bay, or the 
 the last day of .Tune, and named i Cap.^ „ 1,, '„,j,i, does not follow Cartier's aceonnt 
 Bay of Boats, whi.h ho ealled » Lnnarm. Jh a, .. . ^ _ ^^^ ^^^^^.^^ ^^^^ .^ 
 
 e,.her. in regard to the n.ttves "hom he v^, and » ^^^^^^^ ^ __^^^_^^.^^ 
 
 also .-as written f'»™f ""'V 1,«° tdlned by both writer, in support of thetr post- 
 The evidetn-e of old map. has bee ..d « > ,^^ ^.„„ „.p,, ,hew. 
 
 U„„. but the fa,t that they ^^r:^':^^'^^^M map. that the writer has been 
 that stteh evideneo 1. ol very donbtlnlwht ,^^, n„„,d College and 
 
 able to examine, either in A' ^ ' Js, , t ^ .h the interpretation of C.rtier's course 
 lioston rnblie Libraries, are perfeetl) eonsisi. . 
 
 ;rr:r«=::------"-'"^^^ 
 
rT 
 
 immi-*> 
 
 >J.* 
 
 t>- 
 
 134 
 
 W. 13. '^lANONG ON 
 
 giveu in this paper, while at least two o^'them strongly confirm it. If one will but com- 
 pare the famous " Henri II " map of 1543 with Diego Homem's map of 1558, he will see 
 that the island on the former which has claused confusion by being mistaken for Prince 
 Edward Island, is on the latter marked " ille de Sablr.cs," This very word is us(;d by 
 Cartier in describing the largest of the Magdalen Islands as he coasted along it, and he 
 gave it no other name. Granting that Cartier took Prince Edward Island to be a part of 
 the mainland, the rest of the maps are perfectly intelligible. 
 
 Returning to our voyagers we find them on July 4th entering Bay Chaleurs and 
 coasting along its northern shore. The first harbour they found was a little bay and 
 haven altogether open towards the south, and having no protection from southerly wind. 
 It being St. Martin's Day they named it St. Martin's Haven {la courhe Sainrt Martin) ; it 
 is to-day called Port Daniel. Here their ships remained until the 12th of the mouth, but 
 with their boats they explored towards the head of the bay. They went first with one 
 boat to a cape seven or eight leagues to the west, clearly the present Paspebiac Point, 
 where they saw forty or fifty canoes full of Indians whom they had to frighten away with 
 firearms and lances. Upon July 0th ' they started upon a longer expedition. They sailed 
 that day twenty-five leagues to the west, and the next until 10 o'clock, which must have 
 taken them nearly or quite to the present Dalhousie. But the converging shores shewed 
 them that tli c could be no open passage to the west, and they turned back. The narra- 
 tive goes on to say, " and making our way along the coast we saw the savages upon the 
 liank of a pond (eslanc) on low ground where they were making many fires and smokes. 
 We went to this place and found that there was a passage from the sea, which ran into the 
 said pond." They seem to have come to thi.^ place soon after turning back, and such a 
 pond, connected with the sea just as Cartier describes it and, moreover, so situated that 
 they must have soon passed near it on their return voyage, is found at Tracadigash Point. / 
 It seems to be the only place on the coast to whi(^h the description is applicable, and how/ 
 applicable the accompanying map wi',1 show. They traded with the Indians there and 
 afterwards reached their ships on so hot a day that they named the bay the Bay of Heat 
 or Bay Chaleurs. - 
 
 On Sunday, July 12th, they left St. Martin's and coasted along the shore 
 eighteen leag les to the east, v hich brought them to Cape Pratto, the present White 
 Head. They anchored betwci a it and an island one league to the east, the latter being 
 the present Bonaventure. On Tuesday they continued their course to the north, and 
 were forced by stormy weather to put into a river, five or six leagues from the last- 
 mentioned cape, which Cartier's description proves beyond question to be the present 
 Gaspe Bay. In this safe haven they remained several days, making friends with the many 
 Indians there. But the natives were not so well pleased when their visitors set up at the 
 mouth of the harbour a great cro.ss bearing aloft a shield with the three white lilies of 
 France, and the inscription " Vive le Roy de France." Yet they allowed Cartier to take 
 with them two of the children of their chief when he sailed away on the 25th. 
 
 ' Both tho Relation orijrinale ami tlio edition of IMS, call Monday, the 6th, Sunday, the V2t\\, and Thursday 
 the 8th. As a mistake of thi.' kind is more likely to he made on the day of the month than tho day of tho week, 
 it probahly should read Thursdu. the !Hh. 
 
 - There is nothing in the narrative to shew whether they gave the name " Bay Chaleurs " to the whole bay 
 from its entrance or only to ita upjmr part. Tho fonner seems to us the more probable. 
 
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TO ILLUSTRATE A TAPEE ON 
 
 Jacques Cartiers First Voyage to Canada, 
 In 1534. 
 
 Bt W. v. (iANONG, A.M. 
 
 Mi 
 
 M 
 
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 50° 
 
 58" 
 
 ...C«llTIEHS COURSE. 
 WlllERE HIS COURSE iS UNCERTAIN. 
 
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 Scale 0^ Mtlts 
 
 ,5 ! S Ic j^ )o 73 j5 ^S 70 iE p^ ion 
 
 
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 OARTIl 
 
 It has always beer thought strange ^ 
 the west, should have crossed to Anti.-osti ^'^"'^'^ iT!J?!iPW!rf^n, however, 
 «hore to the east instead of sailing d.rec ly up ^^ f^; 3 ;,;(..^^..j ^he " Relation 
 he hin.«elf tells us in part at -t' -^^^^/^ -.^.m next day, the 
 originale" (and the edition o '''' ;*^^^^^^^^ h«bour ; and.^!--] 
 
 25th of the month, the wind w.« ^^^*^'****J^.:''^^ b-.*li.e from 
 
 we wen. outside ot the said riv... w« Wd <mt.iim^^- o^^ '^ll^^^T^XL,. rtf a half 
 the land ' of the said river the k«d w»ge. ft««»Wf """^ST^^^ ^^^ng tW. co«T.e 
 circle of which wo had sight of the w^o!^ ^as i*«; f^ ' "^,1^ ,h, r>»^i>^ 
 we saw the said land which lies south-east and north-we [^^-J^ 1 „ ^^^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 which proved to have of distance from the sa:d rm-r, aUum^ ' y J ^^^^^, ^e 
 
 then that Cartier crossed to Anticosti was as ^"^^^f^^.^^^he could see from his 
 was crossing the mouth of a great hay, t e who^ :^^^^^2\.<^ mistook for land 
 ships. The only conjecture that we ..an oiler, aa IP Whjjyn^^^^^^^^^ ^^^.^^^^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 where there i. really open sea, is that he was ^^^^^^ ^^j^; ^^^^^ afterwards coast 
 been deceived before and since by the same cau«. ■f^^' Jj ^^^^i^^e his search 
 to the east in order to get out of his supposed bay as so^ •|.p«*Hible 
 
 to the west. *v„;,>jt,:-&%ke time between the 25th, and 
 
 The narrative makes no mention of where ^^^^^^^^ , , ^ b^y. as their course 
 the evening of the 2tth, but it was possibly ^^^^^^^^1^^ N. W.," 
 
 would have taken them very near it. Coasting ^l^J^^m ^erieagues further, the land 
 they came to a cape where it began to turn to '^^W ^ rj^^^ jitter cape was 
 
 made an abrupt turn and, as the context shews, trfnde^ the north. ^, 
 
 named St. Louis (St. Loyo), ' and it would be If 
 
 former cape to which uo name was given, was 
 
 latitude of Cape St. Louis in the narrative, 49'. 
 
 in the " Relation originale " {soixante el treizcUa 
 They now found the land tending to the 
 
 which they named Cape Montmorency (cup de 
 
 The letter cape, though the distance as give 
 
 ... 11 _ i....« l.iol.TTlOTlT' 
 
 h ?«l**ar East Cape of to-day. The 
 lonbt;.dly the present South Point. The 
 V i«'lO#| iar north ; but the longitude 
 
 rTh%. fifteen leagues, where, at a cape 
 m^^cma^i^ »-^»t towards the north-west. 
 
 wuicu 11.^ J " — L - . »* . ^^t ...an only be the present I'ox 
 
 The letter cape, though the distance as g^^^^f ^^'^ !^^ ^,,,^ and !«««» the com- 
 roint. The land between the two last-mentiAied c»pe. p 
 
 pa«s points in that region to-day. „HnS»lbiviiMt liie shore of Antwosti, they 
 On Saturday, August 1st ^^^f ^^/^^W'^J^.^^.t of theiu-*videBt!y .he 
 sighted wild and mountainous land to the "•».. ^ ^^^.^ ^^^^ rtl» hopii^i^ 
 coast of Labrador. They did not lea^. ^^^^^^ ,,ie to go only iwenty-Rvc 
 find a passage to the west. In these five day y _^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ,,iua-^teA the 
 leagues, so troublesome were the t»des wift th|^ ja . ^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^. .^ p,i^t 
 distance of one land from the other to be ^'^«' ^'^^ g l^^^{^ ^, ,^,^ ,pp,oached the 
 half way between at 50 , 20' an error f^^^i'^t chores previously converging, began 
 narrowest part of the strait, they noticed thftt ff^'^^^ __^ . 
 
 ' Edition cf 1608 reads "entrance." 
 
 --^i 
 
 > Edition ct lovo reau» ^- . ';^„ca8ter Sound, believed ho saw mountains, 
 
 
 I 
 

 .mm 
 
 4^ *F, 
 
 
 1 
 
 / 
 
 
 HT TfttAaH 
 
 
 ^* 
 
 k^ IHTtanir htntdway, hut ttH th)^ 
 V- ,..^i-^8ll^^*I ''•■^ ■ *«ii "Wn^PWBMfu vjMv rapidly wcst- 
 
 yftir,) for tv^o houi» ..»^ ^il|fRH'Pi^l'»^iiliiM*««l 1^ any funh«r 
 
 ttdvrtiii. f!i (Imi dirc.li.ni Then vy'it Tshoro in th»dr bouts Ht tho last mentioued cap.', 
 n»d noti.vd (liut i\w land h.-^au IcTTvrt.'. iowarda the Houth-west. They gav« no imrne 
 lo it, l»mit iriuNt hiivt' Ihm'h the firv'ontr.odh Point. Tho Ntmit bftwn.n Antioosti and 
 - l*i!||i|it^»» JrtWjf d St. IVittir St.i\t*ie(leatrui/t iSainl Pierre), bwauKe it wuh on tho day 
 of tlmt «aisit t^^tiT."d if. 
 
 4#Hetofkl «]<nuiiiil was now caliwl, B,t,i which it wiu decided, on utuountor tho latoness 
 of tit» mmm MAth$ 'lilfi<uilti.-8 o.'mlvuii' ing I'urthor, to roturn homo. Thoy lujcordingly 
 wasted eMtvrartI d^wj; Luhrudor, vii<iti^g and naming on thti way Capo Thituinot (tho 
 ^rotatut Vntnsfi (iiaii I'<,int) in hono • ol' t^o chief of a band of Indians th<'y saw thoro On 
 Angust 0th, thoy onlorod Hljuu^ Sallou, cjtid on the 15th, set sail for Frano.} by way of the 
 Struit of Bollo Islo. On Hoptc^|^,;r Mh, |hoy entered the Port of St. Malo. 
 
 't^. ©^ 
 
 
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