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The last recorded ^rame on each microfichu shall contain the symbol — »>""iiig to 8'.30' .nnch ..re arrry'^cal^rertZltrr'""'' ""'■ °' '""' "^ '""'""« ^'^ ^« .batLVMs'^ardei'ii;:' wrr; ':^t t^-*-" °"««'' "■■■'*'» '«"^ « apparentdifferenet:rtw:enrltir edS ft. rZrr"^^ Of doubtful words by the translator fnr t> f 1 '^"'^ ^"^ ditRTont intorprrtatious While, thorefore thJ- R. Z l^. '•^^^r""?/'"^ *^'' '"^^^"^ «*' ^^o -dition b..for. us. edit.onofl598.wi^h^t:;:;:r::^ -curat, than the fe iwt iransiations, it may be less accurate in the spel- CARTIER'S FIRST VOYAGE. 123 1 difficulty, iloiii', quite, u of which erions mis- i " R<'lation I! course as red, and in light upon ho edition ii'l)ose. A T version, laces they nnrrative insertion strongly ; ! much is tier must . He was lite accu- places of to sorae- iit all the re might compari- luestion. 'n of the ilysuffi- of Belle Dartier's om that In no edition {elation to8\30' ould bo ;ells us i of the 'tations we us. an the e spel- ling of single words. We have noticed two im;'iortant instances of this. For the port in Newfoundland, which the former calls Rapont, tho latter has Carpunl. That the latter is the correct reading is shewn by the fact that it was used in the year 1542, in a description of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, by Allefonsco, Roberval's pilot, who was perfectly familiar with Cartier's explorations. The other instance is that of the bay called St. Lirunire in the " Relation origiuale " and Si. Lunaire in the edition of 1598. All early maps have the latter reading ; besides which the bay was clearly named, as will be shown later, after St. Leonarius, upon whose day Cartier entered it. Cartier, with two ships and out; hundred and twenty-two men, set out from St. Malo, on April 20th, 1534, and after a prosperous voyage sighted Cape Bonavista {Cap de Bnnne vkle) ' in Newfoundland, on May 10th. The ice at this place drove them to the harbour of St. Catherine (Suincle Kalherine), the present Catalina, five leagues to the south. Ht i-e they were detained ten days by bad weather, a time which they improved by refit- ting and repairing their ships. On May 21st, they sailed north and by east to the Island o I Birds [isle des Ouaiseaulx), tho present Funk Inland. They found the birds so abundant here that " unlesse a man did see them, he would thinke it an incredible thing," - and so tame that they could be taken in any numbers without trouble. This was on the 21st. In all relations of the voyage there is a break here until the 27th, when they reached the mouth of the Bay of Castles (bai/e des Chasleaidx), the present Strait of Belle Isle. Where they went in the meantime wo are not told, but as there is given, immediately after tho description of the Island of Birds, a brief account of the coast from Cajie Rouge (Rel. orig. ; Rani, cd. 1598 ; Raso, Ilakl.) to Cape Degrat, it is probable that they coasted along the shore among the islands. The hitter cape is the most northerly point of Newfoundland. It is usually marked Cape Bauld on later maps, but Cartier's name Degrat is retained on De Barre's charts of the last century and some others.^ The former cape is marked Cape Rouge and Red Cape on some modern maps, and Cape Reige on others. It is on the main island to the west of G-roais or Groix Island, sixty miles south of Cape Bauld. Cartier describes its distance (25 leagues), and direction (S.S.W.) from Cape Degrat, in a way which leaves no room lor doubt as to the identity of the place. The two low islands which he says are visible from the highest island near Cape Degrat would seem to be Groais and Belle Isle South. Bad weather and ice detained them in the harbour of Rapont (Rel. orig. ; C'arpunt, ed. 1598) till June 9th. Of Carpuut or Carpont, the true reading of the word, we probably have a survival in the name of the Island of Kirpon or Quirpou. The harbour is appar- ently the Noddy Harbour of to-day, immediately to the west of the island. There is some confusion in tho account after leaving this place. Sailing to the west from Cape Degrat, Cartier says there are on the right two islands, one three leagues distant from this point, and the other, appearing like a part of the main land, seven leagues ("about seven," Rel. orig. ; " more or less," od. 1698) from tho first. Tho latter he named St- ' Tho naiiios given in brucketw are, unlcas it is otherwise utateii, those of tlie " Rehition '^riginale." '' Haliluyt. It will be noticed that in the following pajres the writer frequently follows the diction of Hakluyt, tliough not closely enough to require sjjeoial aclcnowlodgenient. Those parts of the narrative whicli are placed in quotation marks are tlie writer's own translations as literal a.s he can make them. ' Some old maps have both names, making Cape Bauld the most northerly jxiint, and Cape Degrat a point on the east of Kirpon Island. iafiKa 1 n^ 124 W. P. qAN(JNG ON «'ur..d IsUuul HiH distune fror? t o B L /I " '' r'''''^"''"' '"" '" ^^ ^^" ''^^"^ 'VH an approximation. '" ^'"' '' *°° «*^"'-*' ^"^ ^e exprosH.s it merely .^.•aJl Wir ;r:;(^L 'Z;^t ^^ oommeutator. on thi« voyage, that Cartier Vet he undonh..l,/refem!^ ,,iu ! f ^"^^ '"' '^ ^'"^ ''^ "^"''-^ «*' ^^-^1-- I«le] " est le hal,le des Ch ff ' ''''"''"' ^'''''''"'' ^^""'- " ^^dite isle " li.e B.lle Nort de ladite baye [i e des C%.«f l '"' ' '" ^"' ^^'''^''' 1"* <^«t ^'^ t"m' du ent.eIxdo.e HeuL !t ^1;^;,^^^:^ ^^i:;; "^^ .^r' ^* ^"'^^^^ «uro«aist,^y: substantially like it Had C.lr , °"»'""'" ""^ ^^^^ edition of 1508 loosely and'interohangefb^'y ^Z ^VT^^'^IT '^^ ^''^''^ ^^ ^ (*''- definite distan.es and oompL dir vl,*^ .u , "' ^'" '^'""''^ "«^ ^^^'« S'ven us Buttos (the present (1.:^ i ^b JZ tV "' ^'^'" '^^^ "''' '''' ""'-^ ^^ the Harbour of Castles for us beyoL u io ' I y^^^-*— -d directions lo.ate The Harbour ol' Buttes rZ T;, "^^^ *^' ^'''''''^ P'^'^'"* Bay. certainlyGreenisl Bay Two "f ^'" V"^''«-- ^ ^^-''-. -L 151.8 and Hakl ) is present Red Bav, south of "reenlsh Z "'' '''' "^' "'^'^''•^- '^^^« -«"'d be th^ SnUon); the latter name jtist. tX i ^ "^"^^ °' '^'^'^^^ ^^^ (^'«- islands, oneofwhiehwasniLd^:^^^^^^ ^'^7'"' ^' *^'^ ^«^^ "^^ ^- 1.598) and the other Isle of Biids r/ 1 / n ^ '"■'•^■' ^'■'- ""= - »'"* ^^'''^ * ^'•^•'^ of ed tively, Wood Island a ^^^^tltf'';':^''';^ These islands are ealled to-day. respe. name given by Carcier is very doubtful ' ', t " " ^^^ '"™^'^ '^ '^ ^-'-^^^^--^ "^ the it may be a mere eoincidencl "'""' '" ^"""^^^''^ ^PP^'^'^ ^o islands that Passing a point one league from Bin.,,. sj,ki ^i named by Cartier, they came to . h rL! h tV . \ f ' ^"'^'"* ^""^ ^""^^' ^"^ not together they named '"the I 1 s " , /^ '^ B-c Sablon and a passage, which further they found the Ha lo .r o^Bts^t^^' r^ Ten leagues Esquimaux River. The lat ud of ht S "" ^T ""'' ^"^^ ^'-^^ ^* '^^^ ^-^h of far north. "' '^"'^ P'"^"' ^' ^'^'^'^ by Cartier, 51 '. 50', is about 20' too number. These they calLd simply"^ ' , itl" ir;"// T'f J^'"''^ ''' "^^^ ^^ fVo. thi« I.,a,K> [G,.en Island. N«d.] to ^::^;:^:Z^U:::^f^r T f """"'^ '--«--" T,.e distance .s tl>e narrowest part of the SO-ait. .f lieilo Jo " J. 1, , , "■''""' ™"'"' ^"•"'' '' ^ «"'' ^'i/^- • • • foundland,Lahradore, etc., London, 177a (1 la.terr "T''""'""' "" '''''''' •■^""•■■■'-"' '^"-'t fof New- It is a..o.,t.,er prohal.le f.a, .e have a sll ^JZ^I:; ^'S!/; ^'^'j;''""'-'"'"^ ""' ''^^ '■"^"- '"'"- ^• of Labrador to the west of Bello Isle. "''^ "' * "^"'^'^ "' "^'Lateau Bay," on the ..oast ' This phrase, of oonr.se, refer.s to the direction in ul i,.i .. . ,• "reaion ■„ ,vl..ch the bay hes, not to the Harbour of Enttes. ^"bt that it thi' prosciit 's it merely hat Cartier • ol' Castles. " (i.e. B.^lle a eutrtnilx a terre tlu ouaist,- y a >n of 1598 bay (haye) given us Iail)our of ions locate Hakl.) is '« Biilaiiie, lid be the r)98: Rel. id {Blanc t are two rest of ed. /■, respec- •e of the mds that but )iot ', which leagues louth of t 20' too IS Day, aaiiy to lat they itered a distance Cliff,.... for Ncnv- plates "). 1 10 coast CAUTIKIi'H Flliat VOYAiiK 128 good port which was named St. Anthony (Sai\t Anthoine). One or two leagues further they found a little river forming a good harbour, to which they gave the name St. Servau (Saincl Servnn). Tlw. latter place Cartier describes for us as follows (Rel. orig.):— " It is between two high lands. ... To the south-west of this harbour and river, about a league, is an island, round as an oven, surrounded by several other smaller islands which give notice of these harbours." In a work quoted above ' the following passage is found which settles the identity of Port St, Servan : " Bowl Island lieth E. by N. 2 leagues from the Island of Shocatica, and I mile from the Main ; it is a remarkable round island of a moderate Pleight. About the Island, and between it and Shecatii^a, are a number of small Islands and sunken Hocks. From Bowl Island to the entrance of the Bay D'omar, the course is N. E. by N .1 E. Distance 2 miles. This bay runneth up N. by E. nearly 3 miles with high land on both sides. . . . One mile to the Eastward of Bay D'omar lyeth Little Bay in which is tolerable good anchorage lor small vessels." Bay D'omar and Little Bay of I77fl, are respectively Lobster Bay and Rocky Bay on charts of to-day. The correspondence of the description in this work with Oartier's is so close as to be very remarkable, that especially of the appearance, distance and direction of the round island being very striking. It settles beyond the possibility of question the identity of Port St. Servan with Lobster Bay, and of Port St. Anthony with Rocky Bay. Beyond this they came to a great river (bonne rijmiere plus gmnde, Rel. orig. ; ban fleuve pivs grand, ed. 1598), where they caught many salmon ; they named it St. James River (la ripuiere Suinct Jacques). There is, however, an important difference in dits is- tance from St. Servan as given in the " Relation originale " and the edition of 1598. The former reads ten, the latter two leagues. Now, there can hardly be a doubt that the river meant is the present Shecatica Bay. It is the only one in the vicinity corresponding to the description, in which it will be noticed its large size is insisted upon. The actual distance from St. Servan is about five of Cartier's leagues ; but that it was probably dix and not deux that he wrote, may be inferred from the fact that, for some unexplained reason, all of his distances in this region are too great. He calls it, for instance, ten leagues from Brest to the end of the islands, when in reality it is about five. He may have been deceived by fog, or the tides, or confused by the number of the islands. But there is another cogent reason for considering his St. James River to be Shecatica Bay. While there, they saw a ship from Rochelle which they directed to "another harbour about a league more to the west than the said River St. James, which I consider one of the best harbours in the world ; and it was named the Harbour of Jacques Oartier " (Rel. orig., the same in ed. 1598). This is very high praise from a man who had seen so many good harbours as Cartier. The harbour one league to the west is the Cumberland Harbour of to-day in position, and here we have a partial description'- of it: — " And anchor where you please, from 20 to 7 fathom water,Jn good ground, and an excellent roomy harbour fit for any ships, and is the best harbour and the easiest of access on this coast." ' This is very high praise for a harbour on a coast which has so many good ones as that of Labrador. The correspondence in these descriptions can hardly allow us to doubt that the Harbour of Jacques Cartier is our Cumberland Harbour. In this case the River St. James must be Shecatica Bay. ' Pam[)hlet accompanying the North American Pilot for Newfoundland, etc. ^ IMd. I[« ' 126 W. R GJAN(>N(i ON ho thought it n.u«t I th.: ,:';;„:;;:;;';: uoa'tocr ' "'"■'■'""' "'■^""'^ *"-■>• -«^ But ^vh..n they " n.rlu-a to .bout h , il f '^T"^ ^'^ '^'"^ ^''^■^' ^«- -'"»d- , with a groat clou,.,. ,.,, o,... 1,^ t L it: ''T ^'"' ''"' '' ^'"« «- '-d- '""l<-«iim.t..d it.s distan,. from Brest to l. a '.on! ?^ r''; '' ''"'""^ '* ^'''''' ^'""hhs j'-"t ]ii..h. liut it ..ouid iot ha . :;' tT n': ?"" '^^ "• '""^ *^*' ''^^-»^ for iu the atlas ' already relern-d to nl ' *" "'""^ '^'« »'»'«« ^'"« Piven, clour iVoir, the ..oast of Le,brndor 1 ." Po rRi ^ .T ^."^ ^"'" ^^''"^^^^ ^^ ^''-ble The same plates, however she w t ,U " ,v /'"^ ^ "'* be visible half that distanee. Cape Double; it was the hlJ^^^Z^^' coneh.sn.e]y what it was he did name roint Kieh. Here is most per le W p^ t "j 'n " H \ '"'"••*"^^ ^"^^ ''>^ "-"' '-" diroetion in whieh Carti.r .«.,!,? ^'n '' P''"'"' "'' "'^" ^■'•"'» '^^out the on.' above the other •• hVXlVoir.'","^ '"'■"'''' '" " '^ »--* double -ape. highest part of these hi^ a:^th ^ : ^l'^ ^Vh "' "^"'"^ ''''' '''''' ^^^^'^* '^ '« *^ Uon is very si,niiiea„t, as he IJ c ^ CX't^ ^K '"f '''^ ""' ^'"'^'"'^ '^-'■"1>- ho gave it its name. The nan.e h slow , , '''°'' ""^^ ^'''' '' "' ^'''^^^ »»til itself; in iaet the very latest a ^'rCl^^'^^f *" '^'t "^^'"''^"^ ^^ ^^^^ '--^ Rich or Cape Doubl,.." * "*' ^"''^' "' th>« .'cast, marks it "Point igram/te), when.v they „.,„,,! (hem the r n ^ ''■' '' ""■'^ '•^'^' '^ J.'™"'?^ tionedwasprobabiytiLeonspi:.:';:::t.^::f^s:r;;::,r'rf ''- ^-^ "^^■ andaeape three leao.ues to the S.S.W of them til "''' '^'^y; ^"'^"•"'■» *he Granges present Sandy Bay. The "Relation or.nn 1 ••: T"' "" T""'"^' '"*" ^"^^ ^''^^'' ^^e cleseriptionofthis region than 0. e iC f 15 8 ^l '"" '^''^I ^"^ -"-tent in the of whiehis a low island thev named Po If , / '"^'' ^° '^'^ '^"""^' «'' ^^e north Head. The presence of the ir^Ul^n T ^"' /"'""^^ '* - ^^e present Cow the only isi.a on the e t be;::!: t tniii^^^ ^1^1;:^:^- -^ -^^^- -^ thi. ^::;:;5:;™ t; ;- -- : -^-^ -h-east w^d t;;L so^h^t abo. / dove-houses. Tk.y^.rn^^r^'^^^f^^f^^f'^^^ i^^i-ds like they were, St. JulL. (^.., jj,^ ^I "' ^ ^ ^ "t^ "'^ ^^^" ''^^^ '" -^'"^ places described later is the „rese,.f H ^^^^J'^"^- ''« >« «hewn by its position relative to Pointed Cape much t;: g 1' .'"h:! ^'l '°T' ''''''" ''' "'^'" '' ^^^^^^ ^^- mentions ; but on the northernXo 1 " '""' '" '™''^' ''''''''' ^""^ ^ ^'-"^ Ha.bour which does conta n m.u vJit 1 i TT'T "" "^"" '"•'^"'•' ^^"^^^"^ ^ ^^-ky gave the name of Dove-hou s ' "'" '' ""^'* ^^'^ ^^'^^ ^^ ^hose that he I The X„rth American Pilot for \owf„u„dla,ul, etc. lanij,|,|«t with tlie \urtli .Aineri.an l'il„t, oU:. ■' Cape Co J to Belle I«le : Imray & Son, J.ondou, 1886. ^ OATITTKR'.S FIRS^r VOYAGR. 127 Ho ad mi rod od t'lirth, mid 1». (hey Ifff it I'twoiHlaiidN. 'lis firm land, -ape Doubh., distance' and r the i)rcN(?nt t! Was ffivoii, ' ol'thc coast was visible liat distance. K' did name ►' north from i about the loubje 'ape, hut it is the r's descrip- view until J the point csit "Point they cume :e a grange one meii- Granges > land, the iut in the the north st'Ut Cow ■ocky, and .'est about lands like in which elative to luce from IS Cartier )r JJocky that he iiilou, 18.S6. i* bout seven le-jn-'ies H.SW. of this bay theri^ is a cape which they named Cape Royal {C Iloi/ol), and to W.H.W. of it, another, about half a leai?ue on the north of which is an island. Between the two capes there are many i; lands. The latter capo was named Cape \ of Milk (r~Vi/> DHalle), to-day calbd both Cap • of Milk and South Head. The islands are in the present Bay of Islands, and the former cape would seem to be, on account of its d.s- tance of seven leagues from the Bay of St. Julian, the present Cape Gregory. The directions are not accurate, but there can be no doubt as to the identity of the places. The next day, the 18th, they explored the Bay of Islands, giving it, however, no name. Its latitude, as given by Cartier, 4S'. 80', is aboi\t 37' too far south. That night, June 18th, they put to sea, and such a storm arose that they were tossed about by great winds without having sight of laiul until the 24th. On that day they sighted a cape of land towards the south-east, to which they gave the name, in honour of the day. Cape St. John (<■«/; sninrt Jelian). They estimated that it was about thirty-Hve leagues south-west of Cape Hoyal ; and had we no other evidence on the point, wo might hink it was the present Cape St. George. But storm-driven as they wore, their estimate can be of little value, and their subsetjUcnt course proves beyond question that their Cape St. John' could only have been the present Cape Anguille. ' Cape St. John was the last land they sighted in Newfoundland. From it they sailed away north-westerly, and the next day, after changing their course, they came to two nmall islands, the description of which shews them to be the Bird Rocks of to-day. With regard to the course afti-r leaving Cape St. John, the account in the edition of 1598 is con- fused and altogether erroneous in its distances and directions. The " Relation originale " on the other hand, gives correct distances and clear and accurate directions. They went north-west and by west seventeen and one-half leagues from Cape St. John, and then to i' the south-west lifteen leagues, which brought them to Bird Islands ((.s/e.s dex Marf^dulx). Five leagues to the west of the latter, Cartier describes another island, two leagues in length and as much in breadth, which he named Isle Bryon [ille d to 1.0 two iHlan.ls, Th.y k.pt on •.11 that night and until nunnso, travrsing i„ „11, In.n. Ihn timo of I.'aving tho Mugdah-n InhunlH. al.out forty U-aKU.s. On tJu- morn- ing of Jun.. ;i..th, th.y saw that th<- land th.y had takon for two i^landn wa« really Hrm land •' lying 8.8.15. and N.N.W. to a goodly capo of land" whi.h thoy .al'-d Cap.. Orloann (can dOrUam). Tho shoro Cartior furth.-r domrih.-.s as follows (llol. orig.) :-"A U this land iH l„w nnc^ th.- moHt l.oautiful it is possil.l.. t. ho.., and full of l.oauti'iil .eos and moadow«; hu' in it u.- w...- not al.lo to lind a harl.our, be.-anso it is a low land vory shallow and all rang, d with Hands. Wo wont aHhovo in sovoral phuos in ou. boat. and among oth -rs into a l.oautiful, hut wry shallow rivor, svh.-ro w.. saw boats (/.«m/.e.s) of savag.'s, which w.-ro .rossing thin riv..r. whi. 1.. on th^s account, wo naniod tho ll.ver of Boats ' (ripuiere ile Ikm/iies.y , „ i i i Although tho "Uolation originale" do.'H not diHtin.tly stuto that thoy sailod west- ward after leaving the Magdaion Islun.ls, the rontext dearly .sh.-ws that thoy did so. Making an ..llowan.-e for magnetic variation, their .ourso mus^ have taken them to the .oast of rrin... Ed> ard Island, a considerable di..tanee to tho south oi North Point. Whil.. following this .■ourso iLey saw what they took to bo two islands about nine or ten loaguestotheW.S.W.ofth.m, whi.h would pla. e the two ::..uls som.. where to he south of the pr..s..nt Ri.hmond Ray. In order to det..nnino, if poss.1,lo. what laud Cartier must have seen, the writ.>r searched in works des.ribing the island and found tho lollow- ing passages :- " Probably the highest spot on tho island does not rise above five hundred f.H.t above the level of the sea." " The higli.^st land on the island is on th.. road between Charlotte Town and Prin.o Town, stretching from the head of Harris Bay to thc> h-ad o Grc.nville Hay.'" Its position is inui.at..d upon the a.-eompanyiug map. We have not found what appearance it presents from the sea, but as it extends for a considerable dis- tance, it is ciuite probable that there are two part, of it high.r than the rest vvhu-h would seem like two islands from Cartier's positi.>n. But this much is c.-rtain, that the land they sighted was in this region, and that this is the highest in the island, and hence that lirst visibl.' from the sea. , , ,„ i ii • a sj t? But the next morning they saw that it was not t wo islands but firm land lying fe.S L. and N N W A glanc.. at tho map will shew that the only .-ast in all this region having this dirction is that of Prince Edward Island between tho high land we have spoken of and Cape Kildaro, and that this has it very exa.tly. This alone should be enough tc^ establish the identity of this coast with that visited by Cartier, but it is placed beyond all question by his further description of it. Any .hait will show how shallow and ranged vvith sands it is, and many passages could be quotc^d from books describing the island substantiating the evidence of tho charts as well as describing the fertility ot the soil and beauty of the region which so delighted the appreciative^ exploroT. _ ^ ^ , „ ^^^^ From the way in which Cartier speaks of the land " lying S. S. E. and N.N.W. to Cope Ovlcans, the lattc^r would seem to be to the north of the land h. ; nig this dire.>ion. This would make it tho present Cape Kildare, and we sl.dl pres^nt^^give an additional rj3a^ " To tl.o west " ed. 1598 ; Eel. orig. does not -nention in 7?hat direuuon they sailed. ■' All writers have eonsi.lered tl.i.s to be tl.o Miranciclii ia New Brunswick. ■• Tho Progress and Prosixjcta of I'rinco Edward Island, by C. 15. I^agster, IHbi. Sec. ii, 1887. 17. / ^-iv •v 130 W. F. GANONG ON for considering this to be so Tf f River of Boats. It n.nst ^e r.m:::::ZSr^Z::::l;^ *-■ ^h^t he entered and na.ed the have no reason whatever to beliove that 0." tt'S. T"""/^^'" '^'^ *'™" -^. that we .sland was an island, but rather very ^ood rl , Tl ^'''''^'^S^^ ^hat Prince Edward large bays on the coast, Rich.nond Bn,"^ cT^ "'"" ^'" ^""^^-'''J'' '''''-- are two -em to bin. J,ke the mouth of a large ri^er ^T'^^V'"''^"^' ^'^^^-' «'-i-.h wouM beautiful but shallow River of Bolts But ^rei^" 1 "''' ""^-^^ ^'^"-^-'^ ^^ ^ « former rather than the latter. Riehmond ^ ^ m, Vtf T"" '"'^"""y ^^'"* '"^ -- t^e more conspiouons entrance. It is worth noti IL "°"" "' '^^ *^'^' -^ has a far «aw naany Indians in his River of Bo.ts that h T""'"" ^^^^ *^^' ^^^ ^hat Cartier around this bay, ^' one of them inde,.d xistt 1 T "' '''"''''' ^^^^^ ^"'^ P-^ably were' dmng l^eh^ond Bay to have been th Rivfr o 7 r'"' """^ ^''•^^-<-- '^ -" ' course Immediat. ly alter leaving the Ri^^ "i r^ f't " ^'iven us by his subsequent of C. oV ''' *° ™"' ^« o'clock, when th llts .• ' T ""' """^ ^^""^^ "«-* of Cape Orleans and another cape about seven le^^^ "l '"''^ ""'^ ^ave them sight '*■ *«7^'^ they gave the name oi' Cape ot TheT "" 'rt' ^' "^ P^"* ^o the N. E; of «hew to be the present North Point • the fol ^ ^^''- ^^" ^^"''^ ^'« «hall presentlv - not e,aet, Cape Kildare of to-dly.' UTI cT' ''''''''' ''' ''^^^^' '^'^^^ of Boats in sailing from it to the north.rst he ^''T^^'^i''' harbour been the River Cape Orleans, and it seems likely that he wL^. T "'^' ""''"'^ ^'"^^ ^l^-' indeed to ;; ^^^-*- — ver. upon cons.;;th.g thel: 'thaTh "^n"""^' ''' ^^' ^'' '^--' It It began at the latter harbour, would nuT'l '-^""night's sail to the north-east expresses the sighting of the co.:,: ry^:"^ '' T "^" ''^'^ ^^''-'^ ^^^ -y h be were h.s course laid from Richmond Bay On 1h" ^^"■"'^ ^^ "^*"-'- ^ ^^ would strong y to be that the latter was the River of BoL ''''' *''' ^^"^^^^^^^^^ --« very The next morning Tulv ist o r ^°^^^- ^ """■;•«' »'■ "*!<■>■. .b„„t hal? „ l,,.,,r?h '° h. k„e„.h,,h he ,h„, describe. :-" To th Th:. description, brief b„. e,e., en^; J t . ,• L^. 'r/'T" "='""^ bankof s,„,„l" the rharfs, as shewn upou the »..„».„ '^ "" "'= "ientity of Ihe place n„ ftom Norih P„i„t, ,.„j |„ . * ,:r" "'-=' -P. -' f ;;°^^^.^,,, ,,„ative. conspicuous from the sea, and hence its P-" ^ ^ or ^Indian they saw there. Then They landed at Cape of the Savages ^"^j^^/^;'^;'";^ ,,, ,,t told in what direction with their ships Ihey coasted along ^7^«^ 'Z.^^^^^; J^y ^, .oasted along the said The narrative continues as followsMRel. ^-^l^J^l^^^^ could not; for, as I have land nine or ten ^^^^^^^^fy'^'^^^^^^^^^^ that day in four places to see said before, it is a land low and ^^f^Jj ^^^^j ,,d found that they were cedars, the trees which are of the very finest and ^^^^'^^ =" ^^^^j^^,^,. The lands where pines, white elms, ashes, ^^^^^^, ^Z pe-n [Hakl.], white and red goose- there are no woods are very beautilul and all P .^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^,,^ berries, strawberries, blackberries, ^^^^^'^J^^^^^^^ it is possible to see. and sown and plowed. This is a land ° ^j^^^^' ; ^^^^^^i^,, ,,a other birds ; it only wants of great heat, aud there are many do^e^, and harbours." . , ^, „„^ „„iiiii„ along the same land, the latter As they landed at North Point ^fj^^^^^^^^^l ^ describing this coast oouid only be the north-western coast ot Pnncc ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ;;:'.or J on the island we ^^^^^ t^if l^^w - he North Cape and West Pointy boraering on the sea, without -^^l^;;^.^; J i, this district ; the soil is rich and There are a number of fine streams of watu uu^ P .^ ,, ^,,bour ; but the land is covered with lot^y trees^^ ;^ ;^^j^t^ blow^strongly on the shore." The one may always land m a boat i the ''^fjl., f,, doubt, and it seems certain similarity of these two passages eaves us n ppo 1 1 y _^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ that Career coasted soxUh-westerlyabng^th-^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^,,^, ,, the taken him nearly to the present tape AVulte, north of it that he passed the night. ^, ^^^ ^^^ land to the " The next day," July 2nd, the narratu^ g« ^ -;;^^^,^,,^ ..^ we knew that it was north - of us which joined onto that ^<^^^^^^ ^,^ ^, breadth. We named the abav which had about twenty loaguos of depth and^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^_ ^^. ^^^^^^^^ ^j^, bay St. Lunaire (Saind Livunre). 1 h. lana i.„,,wledge that he had been vis- II Brun.wick coast ; and as Cartier ^"^^^^^ it ^ery naturally seemed to iting an island, r of the -i^^"- ^ .^ f W^^ From his position near Cape him to join onto that along which h. had be ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^.^^ ^^ ^,^^^^^ ^^^^ Wolfe, and indeed from ^"^Y P««^^'°" :^^*'''' ^„ ,^t,,,d a little deeper in that direct^^^^ landlocked to the south, the bay appearing m -^ -t- ^^ ^^^^^^_^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^.^^ Here then we have th,- very simple explanation « j^^ ^ ^^ confounded with the various writers from Lescarbot ^^^^^^^Z^^^^^. It is found marked upon River of Boats, with the Miramichi, ^v ^a e ^^--d^ .^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^.^^^^ all the prii.ipal maps of the latter part ot th. -Ue" ^^^^.^^^^ ,, bas been already lar form, and is represented ol '--^" .^^ ^^^^s gt Luna^ or Lunario ; though Cartier pointed out that the coiT^a^ingoMhewoid^isat _ . ^~^:^s..^r^s,^'^-^^ of 1'. E. I. ^^^^^j^„, ^,,, given fur magnetic and not true north. ^ It must be constantly borne m mind that all comi ^ Rel. orig. ; ed. 159S has a blank here. y - ■.■■<>■■*» >l«»««l 132 W.-P^aANONG ON oit gavo it its name on July 2nd, it was npoijf tho Ist, and, therefore, the day of St. Leonarius, that he entered it. It was for this reason he named it St. Lunaire. ' Coutiuuing on their (course, they approached a cape towards the north, where they found the water so shallow that for more than a league from shore there was but a fathom of depth. This cape could only be the present Point Esf^umenae. The water on the north side of it, as is shewn upon good charts, is very .shallow, but the one fathom line is at present not more than n mile from the shore. '" Still, there is no room for doubt as to the identity of the cape, for there is no other in the region which it can possibly be. The narrative continues :— "To the north-east of this cape, about seven or eight leagues, we saw another cape of land, and between the two there is a bay in the fashion of a triangle, which is very deep, ' which as I'ar as we could see, lies north-east, and it is all ranged with sands, a low land." Evidently the bay fashioned like a triangle, lying north-east, is Miramichi Bay ; his mention of its shdllowness and sandbanks' helps to confirm this conclusion. There is in reality no cape to the north-east of Toint Escumenac.even allowing for the greatest variation of the compass ; Elackland Point, at the mouth of Tubusintac Gully, which would seem to be the cape meant, lies north. Still his subsequent course shews that this cape, or one very near it, was th<> one referred to. Carti<>r goes on to say, " from this last cape even to the said bank and cape of laud there are fifteen leagues." Evidently he meai s l)y the " said bank and cape " his Cape of the Savages. "We are somewhat siirprised that he should have so much underestimated this distance, but it is, doubtless, merely an approximation. His mistake in overestimating the breadth of the Bay of St. Lunario is quite a natural one, for he had not then been to the western side of the entrance of his supposed bay. The next night was stormy, but they coasted along the land which lay N.N.E. until the morning, July 3rd, when they entered a great open bay, fifty-five fathoms deep in several places and about fifteen leagues broad. Prom its great size and the dire(nariiiH, or, ratlu^r, I.eonoriiis, win. is lioli(n-ed to have been ii Bishop in IJrittuny in tho >ixtli century. As .liirque.s ( artier wits from lirittany. 1 have no douht he fjiavc the name of this saint of his country to the bay." - "This shoal [i.e., off Point Escunienae], a.s its Indian name iuiiilies, extends nearly throe niiles into tho sen." History of New liruiiswick and Gaspe, by Robert Cooney, 1832. •' Cartier uses this expression i're(|nently tc. si-nify not depth of the water, but the extension of a l>ay into the land. ' .\s there oecurs here tho only case noticed in a comparison of tho llolation orijrinale with the edition nf b'iliS, in which the latter trives a more satisfactory descriiition of a locality than the former, it is worth mentioniu'r. Tho former savs :— " It [i.e. the triangular liayl is all ranged with sands, a low land; at ten leagues distance from shore there are "twenty fathoms of .lepth." Th(! latter lias :^"This gtilf is surrounded with sands and low jilaces for ten leagues, and there are not more than tw.. fathoms of depth." The statement in the former ca.se is true ; so is that in the latter, as well as much more natural under the circumstances, for he gives us no reason to suppose that ho went ten leagues from shore and measured tlie depth of tho water. ''It is an interesting fact, illusl rating the curious changes geographical names often undergo, that Cartier's name, Cape of Hope, has been corrupl(«l to V^^^^^ Despair, and moved from its proper pla. Kohl ' gives the Ibllownig '^''-««»\°/ ^r^,;/^ ;^„,,, ^^o leagues long, and land: "West of these Bird Rocks ^f ^ J/^:"^" ,^^^ ^ one league broad ;^hich according to this dscription ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ Island'; and then another, which was krg^^^>^^^^^^^^^ xneadows covered with spring llowers, and ha^ "^g -^»^ '^ ^^.^ ^^^ , t,,ks in the wHh great swamps. Along its shores were many ^^^^^'^ ^^^^ ^.j,,. This island luth, like elephants; and the forests were hrongedw^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ was four leagues from the -«tmf ^^ ^ ^JV^";,,^^^^^ ' B-n's who had lavored this expedition. Isle de Brio, ^-o dm ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^.^^, ^^ Island ' must be our large ' Prince Ff^ard sknd thoa _ ^^^^^^^^ some old maps, is given to a smal lislet, J^'^^l^^t^.^.^o. and then a name to " Cartier sailed along the north coast ot He dc Bmn, i „ ^^.^^^ ^^^ some cape or island; for ^f^^^^^^^^Z^,:^,,^:^!^. -North Point' ol still found on old maps, and which appea o ^^ ^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^^^, , b,y, which from Prince Edward Island. Thence he went -^I'^^l^l^ J^^, ^here, he named 'la baye the great number of canoes ^^"^^^ ;-^^ ,\"^;; ^ ^^"^^^^^^^ des Barques ' ; and another t"'^;^" '^^"^IJ, " " .^^;,,, ,, find a passage like the ' Strait ,„„s, b« evWoni .0 every reader ^. ho ''"^^j^^;*^ ,,,.,,„,«, and it seem, as ilh. ding page.. Dr. Kohl ent.rely 'f-';^*^^^ "narrative beiore him. I. i- uot, how- m„.t have written ''''■" ■'■™° '""^ j',: „ pi.« of ^ork ol the great and lamented „ver, for the ,ake of ent.ei.m that this .mnor p ^.^ ^..^^^,^ ^^ ^^ „.holari»nuoled here, I. ut tor the '«»»"''"'_'''' fl^^^l^a " = i. little 1«- eonfttsed. aeeepted by other writers. The aeeottnt ,„ J so . Am ^^^^ ^,_ s„„..sors." K„v B. F. I>e Costa, ^vlro eontrtbnte. '«""*;,? ,^^'';<'; „„. prf,,,,, Mwaru Island, of makes Cartier go from B™" » '"l-^ » ^^^ ,„ '^^ day. He re.eh.d the mainla.nl .-hieh the hrst eape was ealled S'- f^*" '■ ™ ^ „ „^^^ ^, f„„„d M.ramieh, Bay, or the the last day of .Tune, and named i Cap.^ „ 1,, '„,j,i, does not follow Cartier's aceonnt Bay of Boats, whi.h ho ealled » Lnnarm. Jh a, .. . ^ _ ^^^ ^^^^^.^^ ^^^^ .^ e,.her. in regard to the n.ttves "hom he v^, and » ^^^^^^^ ^ __^^^_^^.^^ also .-as written f'»™f ""'V 1,«° tdlned by both writer, in support of thetr post- The evidetn-e of old map. has bee ..d « > ,^^ ^.„„ „.p,, ,hew. U„„. but the fa,t that they ^^r:^':^^'^^^M map. that the writer has been that stteh evideneo 1. ol very donbtlnlwht ,^^, n„„,d College and able to examine, either in A' ^ ' Js, , t ^ .h the interpretation of C.rtier's course lioston rnblie Libraries, are perfeetl) eonsisi. . ;rr:r«=::------"-'"^^^ rT immi-*> >J.* t>- 134 W. 13. '^lANONG ON giveu in this paper, while at least two o^'them strongly confirm it. If one will but com- pare the famous " Henri II " map of 1543 with Diego Homem's map of 1558, he will see that the island on the former which has claused confusion by being mistaken for Prince Edward Island, is on the latter marked " ille de Sablr.cs," This very word is us(;d by Cartier in describing the largest of the Magdalen Islands as he coasted along it, and he gave it no other name. Granting that Cartier took Prince Edward Island to be a part of the mainland, the rest of the maps are perfectly intelligible. Returning to our voyagers we find them on July 4th entering Bay Chaleurs and coasting along its northern shore. The first harbour they found was a little bay and haven altogether open towards the south, and having no protection from southerly wind. It being St. Martin's Day they named it St. Martin's Haven {la courhe Sainrt Martin) ; it is to-day called Port Daniel. Here their ships remained until the 12th of the mouth, but with their boats they explored towards the head of the bay. They went first with one boat to a cape seven or eight leagues to the west, clearly the present Paspebiac Point, where they saw forty or fifty canoes full of Indians whom they had to frighten away with firearms and lances. Upon July 0th ' they started upon a longer expedition. They sailed that day twenty-five leagues to the west, and the next until 10 o'clock, which must have taken them nearly or quite to the present Dalhousie. But the converging shores shewed them that tli c could be no open passage to the west, and they turned back. The narra- tive goes on to say, " and making our way along the coast we saw the savages upon the liank of a pond (eslanc) on low ground where they were making many fires and smokes. We went to this place and found that there was a passage from the sea, which ran into the said pond." They seem to have come to thi.^ place soon after turning back, and such a pond, connected with the sea just as Cartier describes it and, moreover, so situated that they must have soon passed near it on their return voyage, is found at Tracadigash Point. / It seems to be the only place on the coast to whi(^h the description is applicable, and how/ applicable the accompanying map wi',1 show. They traded with the Indians there and afterwards reached their ships on so hot a day that they named the bay the Bay of Heat or Bay Chaleurs. - On Sunday, July 12th, they left St. Martin's and coasted along the shore eighteen leag les to the east, v hich brought them to Cape Pratto, the present White Head. They anchored betwci a it and an island one league to the east, the latter being the present Bonaventure. On Tuesday they continued their course to the north, and were forced by stormy weather to put into a river, five or six leagues from the last- mentioned cape, which Cartier's description proves beyond question to be the present Gaspe Bay. In this safe haven they remained several days, making friends with the many Indians there. But the natives were not so well pleased when their visitors set up at the mouth of the harbour a great cro.ss bearing aloft a shield with the three white lilies of France, and the inscription " Vive le Roy de France." Yet they allowed Cartier to take with them two of the children of their chief when he sailed away on the 25th. ' Both tho Relation orijrinale ami tlio edition of IMS, call Monday, the 6th, Sunday, the V2t\\, and Thursday the 8th. As a mistake of thi.' kind is more likely to he made on the day of the month than tho day of tho week, it probahly should read Thursdu. the !Hh. - There is nothing in the narrative to shew whether they gave the name " Bay Chaleurs " to the whole bay from its entrance or only to ita upjmr part. Tho fonner seems to us the more probable. ^■1 I ? r F f r '■1»^:-B '■>f *«.«' i % •i ♦»• / V*' jiK '5"-'«' Hoc*} -i-^i^' ' llSaineilmiairf'r 4w oriunono J J^:i'j°% i^'(* .rf^' V'-'-^A v> 'ic^ '/U" -^SLA^^^I^ '-^jZ^.,^^- 60 50» TO ILLUSTRATE A TAPEE ON Jacques Cartiers First Voyage to Canada, In 1534. Bt W. v. (iANONG, A.M. Mi M i f \ so 50° 58" ...C«llTIEHS COURSE. WlllERE HIS COURSE iS UNCERTAIN. St Scale 0^ Mtlts ,5 ! S Ic j^ )o 73 j5 ^S 70 iE p^ ion ■'':» /iG" \ ■ L, \ 1 • \ I !4 : % OARTIl It has always beer thought strange ^ the west, should have crossed to Anti.-osti ^'^"'^'^ iT!J?!iPW!rf^n, however, «hore to the east instead of sailing d.rec ly up ^^ f^; 3 ;,;(..^^..j ^he " Relation he hin.«elf tells us in part at -t' -^^^^/^ -.^.m next day, the originale" (and the edition o '''' ;*^^^^^^^^ h«bour ; and.^!--] 25th of the month, the wind w.« ^^^*^'****J^.:''^^ b-.*li.e from we wen. outside ot the said riv... w« Wd »^i>^ we saw the said land which lies south-east and north-we [^^-J^ 1 „ ^^^^^ ^^^^ which proved to have of distance from the sa:d rm-r, aUum^ ' y J ^^^^^, ^e then that Cartier crossed to Anticosti was as ^"^^^f^^.^^^he could see from his was crossing the mouth of a great hay, t e who^ :^^^^^2\.<^ mistook for land ships. The only conjecture that we ..an oiler, aa IP Whjjyn^^^^^^^^^ ^^^.^^^^^ ^^^^^ where there i. really open sea, is that he was ^^^^^^ ^^j^; ^^^^^ afterwards coast been deceived before and since by the same cau«. ■f^^' Jj ^^^^i^^e his search to the east in order to get out of his supposed bay as so^ •|.p«*Hible to the west. *v„;,>jt,:-&%ke time between the 25th, and The narrative makes no mention of where ^^^^^^^^ , , ^ b^y. as their course the evening of the 2tth, but it was possibly ^^^^^^^^1^^ N. W.," would have taken them very near it. Coasting ^l^J^^m ^erieagues further, the land they came to a cape where it began to turn to '^^W ^ rj^^^ jitter cape was made an abrupt turn and, as the context shews, trfnde^ the north. ^, named St. Louis (St. Loyo), ' and it would be If former cape to which uo name was given, was latitude of Cape St. Louis in the narrative, 49'. in the " Relation originale " {soixante el treizcUa They now found the land tending to the which they named Cape Montmorency (cup de The letter cape, though the distance as give ... 11 _ i....« l.iol.TTlOTlT' h ?«l**ar East Cape of to-day. The lonbt;.dly the present South Point. The V i«'lO#| iar north ; but the longitude rTh%. fifteen leagues, where, at a cape m^^cma^i^ »-^»t towards the north-west. wuicu 11.^ J " — L - . »* . ^^t ...an only be the present I'ox The letter cape, though the distance as g^^^^f ^^'^ !^^ ^,,,^ and !«««» the com- roint. The land between the two last-mentiAied c»pe. p pa«s points in that region to-day. „HnS»lbiviiMt liie shore of Antwosti, they On Saturday, August 1st ^^^f ^^/^^W'^J^.^^.t of theiu-*videBt!y .he sighted wild and mountainous land to the "•».. ^ ^^^.^ ^^^^ rtl» hopii^i^ coast of Labrador. They did not lea^. ^^^^^^ ,,ie to go only iwenty-Rvc find a passage to the west. In these five day y _^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ,,iua-^teA the leagues, so troublesome were the t»des wift th|^ ja . ^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^. .^ p,i^t distance of one land from the other to be ^'^«' ^'^^ g l^^^{^ ^, ,^,^ ,pp,oached the half way between at 50 , 20' an error f^^^i'^t chores previously converging, began narrowest part of the strait, they noticed thftt ff^'^^^ __^ . ' Edition cf 1608 reads "entrance." --^i > Edition ct lovo reau» ^- . ';^„ca8ter Sound, believed ho saw mountains, I .mm 4^ *F, 1 / HT TfttAaH ^* k^ IHTtanir htntdway, hut ttH th)^ V- ,..^i-^8ll^^*I ''•■^ ■ *«ii "Wn^PWBMfu vjMv rapidly wcst- yftir,) for tv^o houi» ..»^ ^il|fRH'Pi^l'»^iiliiM*««l 1^ any funh«r ttdvrtiii. f!i (Imi dirc.li.ni Then vy'it Tshoro in th»dr bouts Ht tho last mentioued cap.', n»d noti.vd (liut i\w land h.-^au IcTTvrt.'. iowarda the Houth-west. They gav« no imrne lo it, l»mit iriuNt hiivt' Ihm'h the firv'ontr.odh Point. Tho Ntmit bftwn.n Antioosti and - l*i!||i|it^»» JrtWjf d St. IVittir St.i\t*ie(leatrui/t iSainl Pierre), bwauKe it wuh on tho day of tlmt «aisit t^^tiT."d if. 4#Hetofkl «]