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Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent §tre film^s 6 des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd 6 partir de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivan!s illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 - *.■•!»»* St •.•'.•»«*'(i(ir^. .ffr,: M4k National Library B;bliotheque nafionale ■ T of Canada ou Canada l»- 9^ t — ♦■. GAGE'S HEALTH SERIES FOR PRIMARY CLASSES WITH SPECIAL RKFERENCE TO THE EFFECTS OK ALCOHOLIC DKINKS, STIMULANTS, AXD NARCOTICS UPON THE HITMAN SYSTEM. PART I. Authorized Joy Use in the Schools of Manitoba. Authorized for Use in the Schools of British Columb Ha. THE W. J. GAGE COMPANY (ltd.) TORONTO, -\o Entered aooordiiiir to Aft „f n i. Minister of A.^cuUute l,y S"?;"! "^'^^T' '" ^^« '"«- "^ the tho year o„o thousand eight huudrld and ni;;;;;:^'' ''^''''''^'^ '" lie ill KEU -Distilling . PAOE 2 3 7 9 19 I ir. III. — NicuvEs 25 IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. • • a J • 37 43 47 A.L00110L . , . , , , 50 -TOHACOO . „ -Opium .... -What ahe Ohgans? u 9 o o • 53 69 61 VlU CONTENTS. CnAPTER HAT DOES THK Uony Jy,^ EED Fon Food? ^^''^•-^^irHKNUTH XIV.—TuK JIeaht XV.— The Ll'N(w. XVI.-T„E Skin . XVII. The .Sen.se,s XViri._H^,,, ^^,, Colo, XIX — Wasted Money VAOI 71 79 85 93 97 103 109 115 122 i m or PAGE . 71 79 . 85 93 . 97 . 103 . 109 115 . 122 O llx\.PTEE I. JOINTS AND BONKS. I #|ITTLE g-irLs like a jointucl doll to play .-> with, ])(H'aus(3 thv.y can IxmkI such a doll (J. Jointed doOa. in eight or ten places, make it stand or sit, or can even play that It is walking. 10 JOINTS AND HONES. As you study your own bodies to-day you will Had tlutt you have better joints than any doll, that can bo l>ought at a toy sliop. -^ HINGE-JOINTS. Some of your joints work like the liinges of a door, iind tlie.sci are called liin^re-joints. You can find them in your elbows, knees, flng-ers, and toes. How many hing-e-joints can you find? Think how many hinoen nnist be used by the boy who takes olf his hat and makes a polite bow to his teacher, when she meets him on the street. How many hiny^es do you use in running- up-stairs, opening- the door, buttoning your coat or your boots, playing- ball or dig-g-ing- in your g-arden ? You see that we use these hing-es nearly all the time. We could not do without them. BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS. Not all our joints are hing-e-joints. Your shoulder has a joint that lets your BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS. 11 to-day, r joints it a toy liing-es joints, knees, nd? o used makes meets inning- ? your igg-ing- nearly itliout your arm swing- round and round, as well as move up and down. Your hip has another that lets your leg move in niueh the same way. T/ie Mp joint. This kind of joint is thi^ round end or T)all of a long hone,.whieh moves in a hoJe, ealled a socket. Your joints do net erealc or got out of or- der, as those of doors and gates sometimes do. A soft, smooth fluid, much like the white of an e^g, keeps them moist and makes them work easily. 12 JOINTS AND BONES. BONES. What parts of our bodies are jointed to- g-etlier so nicely J Our boiies. How many bones have we ? If you should count all your bones, you would And that each of you has about two hundred. Some are large ; and some, very small There are lon^. bones in your legs and arms and many short ones In your Angers and toes. The backbone is called the spine Backbone of a Jtsh. If you look at the backbone of a flsh, you can see that it is made up of many little bones. Your own spine is formed in much the same way, of twenty-four small bones. An elastic cushion of gristle (grts'i) fits nicely m between each little bone an.c the next. When you bend, these cushions are pressed tog-ether on one side and stretched on the BONES. 13 inted to- nnes, you )out two nail. ^eg-s and * flng-ers e spine. sli, you Y little L much bones. nicely xt. pressed on the other. They settle back into their first shape, as soon as you stand straight again. If you ever rode in a wheelbarrow, or a cart without springs, you know what a jolt- ing it gave you. These little spring cushions keep you from being shaken even more se- verely every time you move. Twenty-four ribs, twelve on each side, curve around from the spine to the front, or breast, bone. (See page 38.) They are so covered with flesh that per- haps you can not feel and count them; but they are there. Then you have two flat shoulder-blades, and two collar-bones that almost meet in front, just where your collar fasten3. Of what are the bones made ? Take two little bones, such as those from the legs or wings of a chicken, put one of them into the flre, when it is not very hot, and leave it there two or three hours. Soak the other bone in some weak muriatic (ma r! at'ik) acid. This acid can be bought of any druggist. You will have to be careful in taking the '^^,. JOINTS AND HONES. bicak It you «triko it a quick blow, It will -™ to I bad this boot, I could only walk with a (n-utcli." CARE OF THE SPINE. Because th(i spiiK* is nuuhj of little bones with cusliions b(;tw(M^n tliem, it beiuls easily, •md children sonu^times bc^nd it more than they oug-ht. 16 JOINTS AND BONES. If you lean over your book or j^our writ- ing or any otli(3r work, the elastic cushions may get so pressed on tlie inner edge that they do not easily spring hack into shape. In this way, you may grow round-shouldered or hump-hacked. Tills bending over, also cramps the lungs, so that they do not have all the room they need for breathing. Wiiile you are young, your bones are easily bent. One shoulder or one hip gets higher than the other, if you stand unevenly. This is more serious, because you are growing, and you may grow crooked before you know it. Now that you know how soft j^our bones are, and liow easily tli^ey bend, you will surely be careful to sit and stand erect. Do not twist your legs, or arms, or shoulders; for you want to grow into straight and grace- ful men and Avomen, instead of being round- shouldered, or hump-backed, or lame, all your lives. When people are old, their bones contain more lime, and, therefore, break more easily. You should be kindly helpful to old peo- OUGHT A BOY TO USE TOBACCO? 17 )ur writ- cushions Ige that o shape, oiildered le Umg's, om they young, ulcler or , if 3^ou because crooked Li' bones ou will 3ct. Do oulders; d grace- round- all your contain easily. )ld peo- ple, so that they may not fall, and possibly break their bones. CARE OF THE FEET. Ilealtliy oljildr(3n are always out-grrowing- their shoes, and souiotiines faster than tJiey wear them out. Tiglit shoes cause corns and in-growing nails and other sore places on the feet. All of these are very hard to get rid of. No one should wear a shoe that pinch(js or hurts the foot. OUGHT A BOY TO USE TOBACCO? Perhaps some boy will way: "Grown peo- ple are always telling us, 'this will do for men, but it is not good for boys.'" Tobacco is not good for men; but there is a very good reason why it is worse for boys. If you were going to build a house, would it be wise for you to put into the stone-work of the cellar, something that would make it less strong ? Something into the brick-work or the mortar, the wood-work or the nails, the 18 JOINTS AND BONES. If :> wall3 or the chimneys, tl.at would make them weak and tottering, instead of strong, and steady? ^ It would be bad enough if you should lepan- your house .witli poor mat.^rials; but -u.ly itmust be built in the first plaee with the best you can get. You Will soon learn that boys and girls are budding their bodies, day after day, until at last they reach full size. Afterward, they must be repaired as fast as they wear out. It would be foolish to build any part in a way to make it weaker than need be Wise doctors have said that the boy who uses tobaeco while he is growing, makes every part of his body less strong than it otherwise would be. Even his bones will not grow so well. Boys who smoke ean not become such large, flne-looking men as they would if they did not smoke. Cigarettes are small, but they are very poisonous. Chewing tobaeco is a worse and more fllthy habit even than smoking. The ..^ OUGHT A BOY TO USE TOBACCO? 10 frequent spittin^r it causes is disg-usting to others iUKl hurts the health of tlie ehewer. Tobaceo hi any form is a great enemy to youth. It stunts the growth, hurts the mind, and cripples in every way the boy or girl who uses it. Not that it does all this to every youth who smokes, but it is always tj'uo that no boy of seven to fourteen can begin to smoke or chew and have so fine a body and mind when he is twenty-one ^rears old as he would have had if he had never used tobacco. If you want to be strong and well men and women, do not use tobacco in any form. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. What two kinds of joints have you ? 2. Describe each kind. 3. Find as many of each kind as you can. 4. How are the joints kept moist? 5. How many bones are there in your whole body? 6. Count the bones in your hand. 7. Of how many bones is your spine made? 9 Zllt'uli '''"'" "°* "^'^ " '° ^"" '' ** ^«^« ^" in one piece? spineJ "" '''" "'"' '"'^'""'^ ^«*^^«" ^^« bones Of the 10. How many ribs have you? 11. Where are they? 12. Where are the shoulder-blades? X3, WherQ are the collar-bpne§ ? 20 JOINTS AND BONES. 14 JO, 17. ^». iw. uo. 131. lii. 2.-.. 20. 27. 2H. 20. M. 4 • "^^'"^^' '"-f^ »>ono.s niiHlo of? JIow can wo show this? What is tlu, Uiiioronro between il.n , l^o.u.s or old people? ^'"""^" "^ ^''»^»'-«n and th.^ Ull th. story of tho lamo Judy. ,' ;; ;'""'^ ''"'^ --^^--y t-u-h yot,? -.;*f;.:.::;ar;:.:;:-rL-r-'''-'"°''" ovv should tho foot bo ,.u..,d for? "^ o^ylcK^s to,.,u..o Hm.,.t the bone«? ^^ hat do doctors say of it„ use? What Is said about eJKarettes? What about chowiuK tobacco? !.> whom is tobacco a ^rcat ccny ? Why? What i« alway. true of it« u«o by youth? Ulron ond th(^ CHAPTER II. MUSCLES. ^^^^IIAT makes the limbs movei> S You have to take hold of the door to move it hack and forth; hut you uchhI not take hold of your arm to move that. What makes it move? Sometimes a door or g-ate is made to shut itself, if you leave it open. This can he done hy means of a wide rubber strap, one end of which is fastened to the frame of the door near the hinge, and the other end to the door, out near its edge. When we push open the door, the rubber strap is stretched; but as soon as we have passed throug-h, the strap tiglitens, draws the door back, and shuts it. If you stretch out your right arm, and clasp the upper part tightly with your left H Mt/SCLKS. banr], then work the elbow joint strongly t.a.k and forth, you can feel Hoinethlng under your hana drav^ up, and then lengthen out again, eaoh time you bend the joint. What you feel, is a musele (mOs'si), and it works your joints very mueh as the rubber strap works the hinge, of the door. One end of tlie musele is fastened to the We just below the elbow joint; and the other end, higher up above the joint When it tightens, or eontraets, as we say, It bends the joint. When the arm is straight- ened, the musele returns to its first shape. There is another musele on the outside of the arm whieh stretches when this one shortens, and so helps the working of the joint. Every joint has two or more muscles of its own to work it. Think how many there must be ir oiir fingers I If we should undertake to count all the muscles that move our whole bodies, it would need mo-, counting than some of you could do. TENDONS. M TENDONS. You ran see rriusohis on tlie dinnor tal)ln ; for tlicy aru only ]oan moat. TlK^y are faston^^d to the bones by strong- cords, calb.'d tendons (t6n'd6nz). Those tendons can be seen in the leg- of a chicken or turkey. They s^nnotimes liold the meat so firmly that it is hard for you to get it off. When you next try to pick a *' drum-stick," remember that you are eating the strong muscles by which the chicken or turkey moved his legs as he walked about the yard. The parts that have the most work to do, need the strongest muscles. Did you ever see the swallows flying about tlie eaves of a barn ? Bo they have very stout legs ? No ! They Tendons of the hand. 24 MUSCLES. W very «:nan legs and feet, because they do not need to walk. Thoy need to fly Tlie museles that move the ,viiu.s' .re fastened to the breast. These breaJ , 7 of the swallow m„st be large and strong. EXERCISE OF THE MUSCLES. People who work hard with any part of tte body make the museles of that part very strong-. ^^^y The blaeksmith has big, strong museles ^n his arms beeause he uses them so mueh You are using your muscles every day and this helps them to grow. Once I saw a little girl who had been very s.ek. She had to lie In bed for many weeks. Before her sickness she had plenty of stout muscles in her arms and legs and was running about the house from morning -11 mght carrying her big doll in her arms After her sickness, she could liardly walk ten steps, and would rather sit and look at her playthings than try to lift them. She Had to make new muscles as fast as possible. Kunnmg, coasting, games of ball, and all WHAT ALCOHOL WILL DO TO THE MUSCLES. 25 brisk play and work, help to make strong- niiisclcs. I(ll<3 habits malvc w(>ak muscles. So idle- ness is an en(miy to tlio museh^s. Tliej-e is another enemy to the musele:? about which I must t(!ll you. WHAT ALCOHOL WILL DO TO THE MUSCLES. Muscles are lean meat. Fat meat could not work your Joints for you as the muscles do. Alcohol often chang-es a part of the muscles to fa,t, and so takes away a pai't of their streng-th. In this way, people often grow very fleshy from di-inking beer, because it contains alcohol, as you will soon learn. But they can not work any better on ac- count of having his fat. They are not really any stronger for it. REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. How are the .iotnts moved? 2. Where are the muscles In your arms, which help you to move your elbows ? 8. Show why joints must have muscles. 4. What do we call the muscles of the lower animals ? 5. What fasten the muscles to the bones? ^^ MUSCLES. 8. What makes uno muscles or tho ?.'a — 9 Whnt win rv,„>, t>'au«.smiba « arm so strongy ». What will make your muscles strong? ^ 10. What will make ther^ w«(vko 11. mat does aico^ox oiten ao to tne muscesf 1^. oau tatty muscles work well? 13. Why does not drinkiuif beer make one stronger? CHAPTEE III. NERVES, (^^S-J OW do tlie muscles know when to move? You liave all seen the telegraph wires, by which messag-es are sent from one town to another, all over the country. You are too young- to understand how this is done, hut you each have something inside of you, hy which you are sending messages almost every minute while you are awake. We will try t?b learn a little about its wonderful way of working. In your head is your brain. It is the part of you which thinks. As you would be very badl3- off if you could not think, the brain is your most precious part, and you have a strong box made of bone to keep it in. 28 NERVES. JHagram of the nervous gystetn. NERVES. 29 ^ We will call the brain the central tele- graph officii. Little white cords, called nerves, connect the brain with the rest of the body. A lar^e cord called the spinal cord, lies safely in a bony case made by the spine, and many nerves branch olf from this. If you put your tin;:,^er on a hot stove, in an instant a message goes on the nerve tele- graph to the brain. It tells that wise think- ing part that your linger will burn, if it stays on the stove. In another instant, the brain sends back a message to the muscles that move that ■finger, saying: "Contract quickly, bend the joint, and take that poor linger away so that it will not be burned." You can hardly believe tliat there was time for all this sending of messages ; for as soon as you felt the hot stove, you pulled your finger away. But you really could not have pulled it away, unless the brain had sent word to the muscles to do it. Now, you know wluit we mean when we say, "As quick as thought." Surely noth- ing could be quicker, 30 NERVES. h . of wo,k to do. tor xt has to send so many or- There are some muscles which are mov- nag quietly and steadily all the time, thouirh we take no notice of the motion in/''","" T '"'"" *" "^""^ ^""""^ breath- ing, and yet the muscles work all the time moving your chest. If we had to think about it every time we breathed, we should have no time to thmk of any thing else. There is one part of the brain that takes care of such work for us. It sends the mes- sages about breathing, and keeps the breath- ing m^iscles and many other muscles faith- fully at work. It does all this without our needing to know or think about it at all Uo you begin to see that your body is a husy work-shop, where many kinds of work are being done all day and all night ? Although we lie still and sleep in the night, the breathing must go on, and so must the work of those other organs that never stop until we die, r- OTHER WORK OF THE NERVES. 31 OTHER WORK OF THE NERVES. The little white nerve-threiids lie sinoothly side by side, making- small white cords. Each kind of inessag-(} goes on its own thread, so that the messages need never get mixed or confused. These nerves are ^^Gry delicate little mes- sengers. They do all the finding for the whole body, and by means of them we have many pains and many pleasures. If there was no nerve in your tooth it could not ache. But if there were no nerves in your mouth and tongue, you could not taste your food. If there were no nerves in your hands, you might cut them and feel no pain. But you couid not feel your mother's soft, warm hand, as she laid it on yours. One of your first duties is the care of your- selves. Children may say : " My father and mother take care of me." But even while you are young-, there are some ways in which no one can take care of you but yourselves. The f 32 NERVES. Older you ^ax>w, the more this care will be- long- to you, iind to no one else. Think of the work all the paj'ts of the body do for us, and how they help us to he well and happy. Certainly the least we ean do is to take eare of them and keep them in good order. CARE OF THE BRAIN AND NERVES. As one part of the In-ain lias to take eare of all the rest of the body, and keep every organ at work, of eoursci it ean never go to sleep itself. If it did, the heart would stop i^ump- ing, the lungs would leave oft' breathing-, all other work would stop, and the body would he deaf^ But there is another part of the brain whieh does the thinking, and this part needs rest. Wheii you are asleep, you are not think- ing, but you are breathing and other work of the body is going- on. If the tliijiking part of the brain does not have g-ood quiet sleep, it will soon wear out. A woru-out hrain is not easy to repair, r ALCOHOL AND THE NEKVES. 38 If well cared for, your brain will do the best of work for you for seventy or eiglity years without eoinnlainina'. The nerves an, easily tired out, and they need inueJi revst. Tlu^y ^n,t tired if we do one thin- too lon«- at a time; they are rested by a cluin•' 'l'»'''^ ii'»( ikmmI to <)V,.|V(>in,. I, is ( ••oiihlrs. It' puis liis iiei*v<'.s (o sleep very iniK'h ;im ;il<'»>li<)I does, and helps him (•> he eoiileiiled with what (ni<4hl not to eouteiit him. A ho>- who smokes or chews tohaeeo, i.s not so i^iuni a. s(di(dar as if he did not ns(5 tlu> poison. llo ean not. rememhei" his lessoiiH so well. Usnall.\-, too, he is not so itolitc, lu)!* ho yood a ho3 as he otherwise would bo. 1, o :<. 1. n. (). f" I . s. 0. 10. 11. 12. 13. 1^. REVIEW QIIE.STIONS. n<>\v do the nnisclcs know wlu'ii tu luovo? Wluil part or .voii is it timt tliiuk.s'.' WMiit iiro tii(> iii'i'VcsV Wl\ire is tli«> spinal cord? Wliat mossavrt' vroes to the brain whon yon put your llnj^or on a hot stove? What nu>ssafj:e conies baok from the hrain to tho lIuKor? What is moant by "As qnlok a.s thought " V Naint> some of the muscles which work without needing our thought. What keeps them at work? Why do not the nerve mess.ipres larot mixed and confused? Why cotTld. you not feel, if you had no nerves ? State some way.s in which the nerves give us pain. State some ways in which they give us pleasui-e. What part of us has the most work to do? N KKVKM. 87 ITi. I«. 17. IM. It). iil. 27. 2H. Mow rniiHt wn kr.,, i (,.• I.nitii y{r<,uu .'irid w.-ll ? VVhiit il.H.H iilci>lt..| il.i t., III.' iHivis uimI I. nun/ Why iltM'N not ,1 .liniikiii iiian Uriow wJmf hr Is nl.oiit ? Whilt nillM'M IIIOHt, (ll llld llClHllllts Wf lldfl ut .^ Why (•..iil.l Mill th.- itiiiM who hit.l l,...n (Irli.kiMu ,,|| 1 1,.. ,|im-r\ lMili«ry l)o«»H It foilly hell) 11 pciMiti who iiKCH II y Dom t.ohiUK'o h(tl|) ii lioy to |„. n, m,u(l .scrholiir' How (loo.s It i\,l)\'vl h..-. muntiiJiMy Dn fused? -''?.? of the human body. CHAPTER lY. WHAT IS ALCOHOL? go IPE grapes are full of juice. i)V This juice is mostly water, sweetened witli a sug-ar of its own. It is flavored with something which makes us know, tlie moment we taste it, that it is grape-juice, and not cherry-juice or phim-juice. Apples also contain water, sugar, and apple flavor; and clieri-ies contain water, sugar, and cheri-y flavoi'. The same is true of other fruits. Thej^ all, when ripe, have the water and the sugar; and each has a flavor of its own. Ripe grapes are sometimes gathered and put into great tul^s called vats. In these the juice is squeezed out. In some countries, this squeezing is done by hare-footed men who jump into the vats and press the grapes with their feet. 40 WHAT IS ALCOHOL? The grape-juice is then drawn off from the skins and. seeds and left standing in a warm place. Babbles soon beoin to rise and cover the top of it with fi'uth. The juice is all in mo- tion. PicHtu; grapes and making wine. If the cook had wished to use this g-rape- juice to make jelly, she would say: "Now, I can not make my grape-jelly, for the grape- juice is spoiled.'^ WINE. 41 WHAT IS THIS CHANGE IN THE GRAPE-JUICE ? The sugar in the grape-juice is ciianging' into soinetliing else. It is turning- into alcoliol and a gas* tliat moves about in little huhbles in the liquid, and rising- to the top, goes off into the air. The alcohol is a thin liquid which, mixed with the water, remains in the g-rape-juice. The sugar is g-one ; alcohol and tlie bub- bles of g-as are left in its place. Tills alcohol is a liquid poison. A little of it will harm any one wlio drinks it; much of it ^vould kill the drinker. liipe grapes are good food ; but g-rape-juice, when its sug-ar has turned to alcoliol, is not a safe drink for any one. It is poisoned by the alcohol. WINE. This changed g-rape-juice is called wine. It is partly water, partly alcohol, and it still has the g-rape flavor in it. ♦ This gas Is called t ar boii' io acid pras. 42 WHAT IS ALCOHOL? ni I I; i 1 !■ Wine is also m a d o from currants, elderberries, other frnits, in niucli tlie same way as from grapes. People sometimes make it at liome from the fruits that g-row in their own gar- dens, and think tliere is'' no ^ alcohol in it, because they do ^^ not put any in. '^' ^ But you know that tlie alcohol IB made in the fruit-juice itself by the change of the sugar into alcohol and the gas. , ^^^ It is the nature of alcohol to ' ^ make the person who takes a little of ■' , It, m wine, or any other drink, want more H 1 and more alcohol. When one goes on, thus takmg more and more of the dnnks that contain alcohol, he is called a drunkard In this way wine has made many d unk- CIDEE. 48 ards. x\lcoliol hurts "both the body and mind. It changes the person who drinks it. It will make a good and kind person cruel and bad; and will make a bad person Avorse. Not every one who takes wine becomes a drunkard, but you are not sure that you will not, if you drink it. CIDER. Cider is made from apples. In a few hours after the juice is pressed out of the apples, if it is left open to the air the sugar begins to change. Like the sugar in the grape, it changes into alcohol and bubbles of gas. At first, there is but little alcohol in cider, but a little of this poison is dangerous. More alcohol is all the time forming until in ten cups of cider there may be one cup of alcohol. Cider often makes its drinkers ill-tempered and cross. Cider and wine will turn into vinegar if left in a warm place long enough. 44 WHAT IS ALCOHOL? [ II! J REVIEW QUESTIONS. 8 9, 10, 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. '20. 21. 22. 28. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28, 29. 30. What two thit.jjs are in all fruit-juices? Whv'w ''T?.^'''*'' '"" '<''^P«-Juico has stood a .short time ? Into what l.s the sugar in the juice chauged ? \\ hat becomes of the jja.s y What becomes of the alcohol ? AVliat is gone and what left? . What is alcohol ? What does alcohol do to those who drink it ? When are grapes good food ? When is grape-juice not a safe drinlc ? Why ? What Is this changed grape-juice called? What Is wine? From what Is wine made ? What do people sometimes think of home-made wines? Whir TT ^ ""^" "*"" """« ''^' ^-" P"^ -to It? What does alcohol make the person who takes It want ? What IS such a one called ? AVhat lias wine done to many persons ? What does alcohol hurt ? How does it change a per.son ? Are you sura you will not become wine? Why should you not drink It? What is cider made from ? What soon happens to apple-juice ? How may vinegar be made ? a drunkard if you drink CHAPTER Y. BEER you drink LCOIIOL is oft(;n made from grains as "Q;^ well lis tVoiii fruit. Tlie yraiii has .starcli instead of sug-ar. If the starch in your mother's starch-hox at home should he changed into sugar, you would think it a very strange thing. Every year, in the spring-time, many thousand pounds of starch ar(3 changed into sugar in. a liidden, quiet way, so that most of us tliink nothing about it. STARCH AND SUGAR. All kinds of grain are full of starch. If you plant them in the ground, where they are kept moist and warm, they begin to sprout and grow, to send little roots down into tlie earth, and little stems up into the sunshine. 46 BEER. ii '' '! 1 If ^1 i f These little roots and stems must be fed With suo-ar; tlLus, iii a wise way, wliicli is too wonderful for you to understand, as soon as t]i(3 seed Ije-ins to sprout, its starch heo-ins to turn into su4,'-ar. If you should chew two grains of wheat, one before sprouting- and one after, you could tell by the taste that this is true. Barley is a kind of g-rain from which the brewer makes beer. He must first turn its starch into sug-ar, so he beg-ins by sprouting his grain. Of course he does not plant it in the ground, because it would need to be quickly dug- up ag-ain. He keeps it warm and moist in a place where he can watch it, and stop the sprout- ing- .lust in time to save the sug-ar, before it STARCH AND SUGAR. 47 is nsecl to feed the root [ind stem. This sprout(3d grain is called malt. The hrewev soaks it in plenty of water, because tlie grain has not water in itself, as the g-rape has. He puts in some yeast to help start the woi'k of changing the sugar into gas* and alcohol. Sometimes hops are also put in, to give it a hitter taste. The brewer watches to see the bubbles of gas that tell, as plainly as words could, that sugar is going and alcohol is coming. When the work is finished, the barley has been inade into beer. It might have been ground and made into barley-cakes, or into pearl barley to thicken our soups, and then it would :'vave been good food. Now, it is a drink containing alcohol, and alcohol is a poison. You should not drink beer, becau': 3 there is alcohol in it. Two boys of the same age begin school * Car bon' Ic acid pras. 4d BKER. tog-etlier. One of them drinks wine, cider, and b(;er. The other never ullovvs tliese drinks to pass his lips. These hoys soon he- come very different from each other, because one is poisoning- his hody and mind with alcohol, and the other is not. A man wants a good, steady hoy to work for him. Wliicli of these two do you think he will select? A few years later, a young man is wanted wlio can be trusted with tlie care of an eng-ine or a bank. It is a g-ood chance. Which of these young- men will be more likely to g-et it? 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. IS. 14. REVIEW QUESTIONS. Is there sugar In grain? What Is in the grain that can be turned into sugar? What can you do to a seed that will make its starch turn into sugar ? What does the brewer do to the barley to make its starch turn into sugar? What is malt? What does the brewer put into the malt to start the working? What gives the bitter taste to beer? How does the brewer know when sugar begins to go and alco- hol to come ? Why does he want the starch turned to sugar? Is barley good for food? Why is beer not good for food? Why should you not drink it ? Why did the two boys of the same age, at the same school, be- come so unlike ? Which will have the best chance in life ? CHAPTER Yi. DISTI LLING. 4p(\I£ TILLING (distiiVing) iruiy })o, a new woru *^-55^ to you, 1)iit yf)u c;iiii easily learii ita meaning-. You liaA^e all seen distilling- going on in the kitclic n at home, many a time. When the Avater in the tea-kettle is boiling-, '.vli.at comes out at the nose ? Steam. AYliat is steam ? You can tind out ^vhat it is hy catching some of it on a cold plate, or tin cover. As soon as it touches any thing cold, it turns into drops of 'water. When we boil water and turn it into steam, and then turn the steam back into water, we have distilled tlie water. We say vapor instead of steam, Avhen we talk about the boiling of alcohol. It takes less heat to turn alcohol to vapor 60 DISTILLING. H than to turn water to wteam ; so, if we put over tlie fire houio liquid tliat contains alco- liol, and begin to collect the v^apor as it risers, we shall yet alcohol first, and then water. But the aleoliol will not be pure alcohol; it will he part Avater, because it is so ready- to mix with water tliar, it has to be distilled many times to be i^ure. But each time it is distilled, it will be- come stronger, because there is a little more alcohol and a litth? less Avater. In this way, brandy, rum, whiske3% and gin are distilled, from Avine, cider, and tlie liquors Avhich have been made from corn, rye, or barley. The cider, Avine, and beer had but little alcohol in them. The brandy, rum, whiskej', and gin are nearly one-half aleoliol. A glass of strong liquor which lias been made by distilling, will injure any one more, and quicker, than a glass of cider, wine, or beer. But a cider, Avine, or beer-drinker often drinks so mucli more of the weaker liquor, that he gets a great deal of alcohol. People DISTILLING. 61 are often made drnnkurds by drinking cider or beer. The moru puisun, the moru danger. 9 10 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. Where have j-ou over seen dlstillinj? Kolnw on? 2. Kow can you distill water? 3. How can men separate alcohol ftoni wiuo or Itom any other liquor that contains it? i. Why will not this be pure alcohol? 5. How is a liquor made stronRer? 6. Name some of the distilled liquors. 7. How are they made? 8. How much of them Is alcohol ? Which Is the most harmful— the distilled liquor, or beer, wine, or cider? Why does the wine, cider, or beer-drinker often get as much alcohol ? f1 il ;l i M! CHAPTER YII. ALCOHOL. ,LCOHOL looks like water, but it is not ti^ iit nil like water. Aieoliol will take fire, and burn if a lig-hted matcb is held near it; but you know that water will not burn. When alcohol burns, the color of the flame is blue. It does not give much light : it makes no smoke or soot; but it does give a great deal Ox heat. A little dead tree-toad was once put into a bottle of alcohol. It was years ago, but the tree-toad is there still, looking just as it did the first day it was put in. What has kept it so ? It is the alcoliol. The tree-toad would have soon decayed if it had been put into water. So you see that alcohol keeps dead bodies from decaying. ALCOHOL. 53 Pure alcohol is not often used as a drink. People who take beer, ^vum, and cid(U- ^rot a little alcohol with each drink. Those who drink hrandy, rum, whiskej^ or g-in, get inore alcohol, ])ecause those liquors are nearly one half alcohol. You ]nay wonder that people wish to use such poisonous drinks at all. But alcohol is a deceiver. It often cheats tlie man who takes a little, into thinking- it will he g'ood for him to take more. Sometimes the appetite which hegs so hard for the poison, is formed in childhood. If you eat wine- jelly, or wine-sauce, you may learn to like the taste of alcohol and thus easily begin to drink some weak liquor. The more the drinker takes, the more he often wants, and thus he goec on from drink- ing cider, Avine, or beer, to drinking whiskey, brandy, or rum. Thus drunkards are made. People who are in tlie liabit of taking- drinks which contain alcoliol, often care more for them than for any thing else, even when they know they are being- ruined by them. Hi/ 64 ALCOHOL. jji REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. How does alcohol look ? 2. How does alcohol burn ? 3. What will alcohol do to a dead body ? 4. What driuks contain a little alcohol ? 5. What drinks are about one half alcohol ? 6. How does alcohol cheat people ? 7. When is the appetite sometimes formed ? 8. Why should you not eat wine-sauce or wine-jelly ? 9. How are drunkards made ? f " CHAPTER YIII. TOBACCO. FARMER who liad been in the habit of ^^ plantinj,'' his fiokls with corn, wheat, and potat once made up his inind to plant tobacco instead. Let us see whether he did any good to the world by the change. The tobacco plants grew up as tall as a little boy or girl, and spread out broad, green leaves. By and by he pulled the stalks, and dried the leaves. Some of them he pressed into cakes of tobacco; some he rolled into cigars; and some he ground into snuff. If you ask what tobacco is good for, the best answer will be, to tell you what it will do to a man or boy avIio uses it, and then let you answer the question for yourselves. Tobacco contains something called nico- (■■''< m 1 56 TOBACCO, tine (nik'o ti. ). This is a strong- poison. One drop of it is enough to kill a dog-. In one cio-ar there is enoug-li, if taken pure, to kill two men. Even to work upon tobacco, makes people ^"^ pale and sickly. Once I went into a snuff mill, and the man who had the care of it showed me how the work was done. T K A C C , 57 The mill stood in a pretty place, beside a little stream which turned tlie mill-wheel. Tali trees bent over it, and a fresh breeze was blowing- throug-h the open windows. Yet the smell of the tobacco was so strong that I had to go to the door insmy times, for a breath of pure air. I asked the man if it did not make him sick to work tliere. He said : "It made me very sick for the first few weeks. Then I began to get used to it, and now I don't mind it." He was like the boys v/ho try to learn to smoke. It almost always makes them sick at first ; but they think it will be manly to keep on. At last, they get used to it. The sickness is really the way in which the boy's body is trying- to say to him : "There is danger here; you are plfiying with poison. Let me stop you before great harm is done." Perhaps you will say: "I have seen men smoke cigars, even four or five in a day, and it didn't kill them." It did not kill them, because they did 68 TOBACCO. not swallow tlie nicotine. They only drew in a little with tlie breath. But taking- a little poison in this way, day after day, can not he safe, or really helpful to any one. y ii REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. What did the farmer plant instead of corn, wheat, and pota- toes ? 2. What was done with the tobacco leaves? 3. What Is the name of the poison which is in tobacco? 4. How much of it Is needed to kill a dog ? 5 What harm can the nicotine in one cigar do, if taken pare? 6. Tell the story of the visit to the snuflF mill. 7. Why are boys made sick by their first use of tobacco? 8. Why does not smoking a cigar kill a man? 9. What is said about a little poison? CHAPTER IX. OPIUM b, and pota- LCOHOL and tobacco are called narcotics (nar k6t'iks). Tills means that they have the power of putting" tlie nerves to sleep. Opium (5'pi tim) is another narcotic. It is a poison naade from the juice of pop- pies, and is used in medicines. Opium is put into soothing-syrups (slr'tips), and these are soraetimes given to babies to keep them from crying. They do this by injuring the tender nerves and poisoning the little body. How can any one give a baby opium to save taking patient care of it ? Surely the mothers would not do it, if they knew that this soothing-syrup that ap- pears like a friend, coming to quiet and com- fort the baby, is really an enemy. Sometimes, a child no older than some of 60 OPIUM. \ i you are, is left at liome witli the earr of a baby brother or sister; so it is best tliat you Ifon't give wothing-syrvp to children. Should know about this dangerous enemy, and never be tempted to quiet the baby by giving- him a poison, instead of taking your best and kindest care of him. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. What is a nai'cotic? 2. Name three narcotics. 3. From what is opium made? 4. For what is it used? 5i Why Is soothiiiif-syrup dan- gerous ? CHAPTER X. WHAT ARE ORGANS? \m^ N org-an i.s a. part of tlie body whicli lian cji^ sohk; sp(!cial ^vork to do. Tho eye is the organ of si^^iit. Tlio stoinacli (stam'fik) is aii organ whicii tal^es care of tlie food we eat. yrup dan- THE TEETH. Your teetli do not look alike, since tliey W r Different kinds of teeth. I f I Hjili; 02 WHAT ARE ORGANS? must do different kinds of work. The front ones cut, the hack ones g-rind. They are made of a kind of hone covered with a hard smooth enamel (Sndm'ei). If the enamel is hroken, the teeth soon decay and ache, for each tooth is furnished with a nerve that very quickly feels pain. CARE OF THE TEETH. Cracking- nuts with the teeth, or even biting thread, is apt to break the enamel ; and when once broken, you will wish in vain to have it mended. The dentist can fill a hole in the tooth ; but he can not cover the tooth with new enamel. Bits of food should be carefully picked from between the teeth with a tooth-pick of quill or wood, never with a pin or other hard and sharp thing which might break the enamel. The teeth must also be well brushed. Nothing but perfect cleanliness will keep them in good order. Always brush them before breakfast. Your breakfast will taste all the better for it. Brush them at night THE CHEST AND ABDOMEN. 63 before you go to bed, lest some food should be decaying in your mouth during the night. Take care of these cutters and grinders, that they may not decay, and so ])e unable to do tlieir \vork well. THE CHEST AND ABDOMEN. You have learned about tlie twenty-four Uttle bones in the spine, and the ribs that curve around from the spine to the front, or breast-bone. These bones, with the shoulder-blades and the collar-bones, form a bony case or box. In it are some of the most useful organs of the body. This box is divided across the middle by a strong muscle, so that Ave may say it is two stories high. The upper room is called the chest ; the lower one, the abdomen (abdo'mSn). In the chest, are the heart and the lung^. In the abdomen, are the stomach, tne liver, and some other organs. 04 WHAT ARE ORGANS? THE STOMACH The stomach a haf*' as could is a strong- bag-, as wonderful be made, you will siiy, vvluai ininir I tell you Avhat it can do. The outside is inade of muscles; the 1 prepares a juice called gastric (gss'trik juice, and keeps it always ready for use. Now, what would you think if a man could put into a bag, beef, and apples, and potatoes, and bread and milk, and sugar, and salt, tie up the bag and lay it aAvay on a shelf for a few hours, and then show you tluit the beef had disappeared, so had the apples, so had the potatoes, the bread and milk, su- gar, and salt, and the bag was fllled only with a thin, grayish fluid ? Would you not call it a magical bag ? Now, your stomach and mine are just such magical bag-s. We put in our breakfasts, dinners, and suppers; and, after a few hours, they are chang-ed. The gastric juice has been mixed with them. The strong muscles that form the outside of the stomach have been squeez- WHY DOES THE FOOD NEED CHANGING? 65 in^'- the food, rolling it about, and mixing it together, until it has all been changed to a thin, grayish fluid. HOW DOES ANYBODY KNOW THIS? A soldier was once s^oi: i.i the side in such a way that when, the w Mind liealed, it left an opening with a piece ^' ]oose skin over it, like a little door leading into his stomach. A doctor Avho wislied to learn about the stomach, hired him for a servant and used to study him every day. He would pusli aside the little flap of skin and put into the stomach any kind of food that he pleased, and then watch to see what happened to it. In this way, he learned a great c^eal and wrote it down, so that other people might know, too. In other ways, also, which it would take too long to tell you here, doctors have learned how these magical food-bags take care of our food. WHY DOES THE FOOD NEED TO BE CHANGED? Your mamma tells 3^011 sometimei breakfast that you must eat oat-meal at id 66 WHAT ARE ORGANS! milk to make you grow into a big man or woman. Did you ever wonder what part of you is made of oat-meal, or what part of milk ? That stout little arm does not look like oat-meal; those rosy cheeks do not look like milk. If our food is to make stout arms and rosy cheeks, strong bodies and busy brains, it must first be changed into a form in which it can get to each part and feed it. When the food in the stomach is mixed and prepared, it is ready to be sent through the body; some is carried to the bones, some to the muscles, some to the nerves and brain, some to the skin, and some even to the finger nails, the hair, and the eyes. Each part needs to be fed in order to grow. WHY DO PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT GROWING NEED FOOD? Children need each day to make larger and larger bones, larger muscles, and a larger skin to cover the larger body. Every day, each part is also wearing out ALCOHOL AND THE STOMACH. 67 man or a little, and needing to be mended loy some new food. People who liave grown up, need their food for this work of mending-. ROWING CARE OF THE STOMACH. One way to take eare of the stomach is to give it only its own work to do. The teeth must first do their work faitnfully. The stomach must have rest, too. I have seen some children who want to make their poor stomachs work all the time. They are always eating apples, or candy, or something, so that their stomachs have no chance to rest. If the stomach does not rest, it will wear out the same as a machine would. The stomach can not work well, unless it is quite warm. If a person pours ice-water into his stomach as he eats, just as the food is beginning to change into the gray fluid of which you have learned, the work stops until the stomach gets warm again. ALCOHOL AND THE STOMACH. You remember about the man who had the little door to his stomach. Sometimes, dd WHa't are okGA:NS? the doctor put in wine, cider, brandy, or some drink that contained alcohol, to see what it would do. It was carried awaj^ very quickly; hut during- the little time it stayed, it did nothing but harm. It injured the g-astric juice, so that it could not mix with the food. If the doctor had put in more alcohol, day after day, as one does who drinks liquor, sores would perhajjs have come on the deli- cate lining of the stomach. Sometimes the stomach is so hurt by alcohol, that the drinker dies. If the stomach can not do its work well, the whole body must suffer from want of the good food it needs.* B !l! TOBACCO AND THE MOUTH. The saliva in the mouth helps to prepare the food, before it g-oes into the stomach. To- bacco makes the juoutli very dry, and more saliva has to flow out to moisten it. But tobacco juice is mixed with the sa- liva, and that must not be swallowed. It • The food l,s partly prepared by the liver and some otlior organs. li" TOBACCO AND THE MOUTH. 69 must be spit out, and with it is sent tlie saliva that was needed to help prepare the food. Tobacco discolors the teeth, makes had sores in the moutli, and oft m causes a disease of the throat. You can tell where some people liave been, by the neatness and coinfort they leave after tliem. You can tell where the cobacco-user has been, by the dirty floor, and street, and t]ie air made unfit to breathe, because of the smoke and strong-, bad smell of old tobacco from his pipe and cigar and from his breath and clothes. >me other REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. What are organs'? 2. What work do tha front teeth do? the back teeth? 8. What are the teeth made of? 4. What causes the toothache? 5. How is the enamel often broken? 6. Why should a tooth-pick be iised? 7. Why should the teeth be well brushed? 8. When should they be brushed? 9. What bones form a case or box ? 10. What Is the upper room of this box called? the lower room? 70 WHAT ARE OR ANS? 11. What organs are In the chest? the abdomen? 12. What Is the stomach? 13. What does Its lining do r- 14. What do the stomach and the gastric juice do to the food we have eaten? ^.u. wo How did anybody find out what the stomach could do? Why must all the f( od we eat bo changed? Why do you need food? Why do people who are not growing need food? What does alcohol do to the gastric juice? to the stomach? What is the use of the saliva? 21. How does the habit of spitcing Injure a person? 22. How does tobacco affect the teeth? the mouth? 23. How does the tobacco-user annoy other p . . .-• 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. ;omach ? CHAPTER XI. WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOOD? «?:— >-i OW tliat you know liow tlie body is fed, you must next learn what to feed it with.; and what each part needs to make it grow and to keep it strong and well. <] WATER. A large part of your body is made of water. So you need, of course, to drink water, and to have it used in preparing your food. Water comes from the clouds, and is stored up in cisterns or in springs in the ground. From these pipes are laid to lead the water to our houses. Sometimes, men dig down until the.v reach a spring, and so make a well from which they can pump the water, or dip it out with a bucket. i ' i lil' 72 WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOOD? ^ Water that has been standing- in lead pipes, may have some of the lead mixed with it. Such water would he very likely to poison you, if you dranlc it. impurities are almost sure to so,*k Ir.to a well if it is near a drain or a stable. 11 you diirijv the Avater from such a well, ^ you may be made very sick by it. It is bet- ter to g-o thirs:,y-, uirtil you can get good w^ater. * A sufficient quantity of pure wat«'r to drink is just as important for us, as g-ood food to eat. We could not drink all the water that our bodies need. We take a large part of it in our food, in fruits and vegetables, and even in beefsteak and bread. i il: LIME. Bones need lime. You remember the bone that was nothing- but crumbling lime after it had been in the lire. Whei-e shall we get lime for our bones * ^Ye can not eat Mme; but the g^as^ md the grains take it ut of the earth .c nen LIME. 78 ilk. Into a ill a well, It is bet- get g-ood that our it in our even in tlie bone me after the cows eat the grass and turn it into milk, and in ther^ milk v/e drink, we get some of the lime to feed our bones. :ifiir'!||^gSla^^ iiifji Lime being prepared far our use. In the same way, the grain growing in the field takes up lime and other things that we need, but could not eat for ourselves. The lime that thus becomes a part of the grain, we get in our bread, oat-meal porridge, and othsr foods. 74: WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOODi ' SALT. Animals need salt, as children who live In the country know very well. They have seen how eagerly the cows and the sheep lick up the salt that the farmer gives them. Even wild cattle and buffaloes seek out places where there are salt springs, and go in great herds to get the salt. We, too, need some salt mixed with our food. If we did hot put it in, either when cooking, or afterward, we should still get a little in the food itself. m FLESH-MAKING FOODS. Muscles are lean meat, that is flesh; so muscles need flesh -making foods. These are milk, and grains like wheat, corn and oats; also, meat and eggs. Most of these foods really come to us out of the ground. Meat and eggs are made fi-om the grain, grass, and other vegetables that the cattle and hens eat. FAT-MAKING FOODS. We need cushions and wrappings of fat, here and there In our bodies, to keep us FAT-MAKING FOODS. 76 warra and make us comfortable. So ^ve must have certain kinds of food that will make fat. 'Esquimaux catching walrus. There are right places and ^wrong places for fat, as ^^^ell as for other things in this world. Wlien alcohol puts fat into the mus- cles, that is fat hadly made, and in the wrong place. The good fat made for the parts of the f ■■ li 76 WHAT DOES THE "Otiv NEED FOR FOODt' body wliich noal iu, comes from fat -making- foods. In cold wciitlier, we need more fatty food tlian we do in summer, ju.b as m cold coun- tries people need such food all the time. The Esquimaux, who live in the lands of snow and ice, catch a great many walrus and seal, ail '. eat a great deal of fut meat. You would ncit he well unless you ate some fat or butter or oil. , WHAT WILL MAKE FAT? Sugar will make fat, and so will starch, cream, rice, hutter, and fat meat. As milk will make muscle and iht and hones, it is the hest kind of food. Here again, it is the earth that sends i ou: food. Fat meat comes from animals well fed on grain and grass; sug-ar, from sugar-c ^^no, maple trees, or heets; oil, from olive-trees ; hutter, from cream ; and starch, from potatoes, and f -om corn, rice, and other grains. Green apples and othe unjipe fruits are not ^et ready to-be eaten. The starch which we take for food has t <-) De changed into sug^ar. FOOD? CaKDY. ^1 :- making Utty food old coun- tiine. lands of ilrus and sat. You aie fat or 1 starch, As milk les, it is it is the at comes d grass ; jr beets; am. ; xind rice, and 'uits are h which 30 sug-ar, before it can mix with the blood and help feed the body. As the sun ripens fruit, it changes its starch to sugar. You can tell this by the difference in the taste of ripe and unripe apples. CANDY. Mont children like candy so well, that they are in danger of eating more sugar than is good for them. You would starve if fed only on s.igar. W. would not need to be quite so much afraid or -i little candy if it were not for the poison w^iLli which it is often colored. Even wL is called pure, white candy is sometimes not really such. There is a simple way by -which you can find this out for yourselves. If you put a spoonful of sugar into a tumbler of water, it will all dissolve and disappear. Put a piece of white candy into a tumbler of water; and, if it is made of pure sug.ir only, it will dissolve and disappear. If it is not, you will 'ind at the bottom of the tumbler some white earth. This is not 1' rS WHAT DOES THE BODY NEED FOR FOOdT good food for anybody. Cand.y-nuikers often put it into candy in place of .sugar, because it is clicaper than wuyar. 5. 6. 8. 0. 10. 11. 12. 13. 15. 16. 17. REVIEW QUESTIONS. "Why do wo noed food ? How do people aet water to drink ? Why Is It not safe to drink water that has been standing In lead pipes ? Why Is tho water of a well that is near a drain or a stable, not fit to drink? ; What food do tho bones noed? How do wo tjet lime for our bones ? What is said about salt ? What food do tho muscles need ? Name some flesh-making foods. Why do wo need fat in our bodies? What is said of tho fat made by alcohol? What kinds of food will make good fat ? What do the Esquimaux eat ? How does the sun change unripe fruits ? Why is colored candy often poisonous? What Is sometimes put into white candy? Why? How could you show this ? foont ' s=i 'fcTERE are the names of some of tlie clif- i^^ ferent kinds of food. If you write tliem on the blackboard or on your slates, it will help you to remember them. Water. Salt. Lime. Meat, Milk, Eggs, Wheat, Corn, Oats, for muscles. Sugar, Starch, Fat, Cream, Oil, for fat and heat. Pc:^haps some of "you noticed that we had no wine, beer, nor any drink that had alcohol in it, on our bill of fare for dinner. We had no cig-ars, either, to be smoked after dinner. If these are good things, we ought to have had them. Why did we leave them out? T^'*e should eat in orri^T / strong. Tciev to groiv strong and keep 86 STRENGtH. 1^1 STRENGTH OF BODY. If you Tvaiited to measure your strength, one way of doing- so Avould l^e to fasten a heav-r weight to one end of a rope and pass tlie rope over a pulley. Then you might take hold at the other end of the roi3e and jduII as hard and steadily as you could, marking the place to which you raised the weight. By trying this once a, week, or once a month, you could tell hy the marks, whether you were gaining strength. But how can "we gain strength? We must exercise in the open air, and take pure air into our lungs to help purify our blood, and plenty of exercise to make our muscles grow. We must eat good and simple food, that the hlood may have supplies to take to every part of the hody. ALCOHOL AND STRENGTH. People used to think that alcohol made them strong. Can alcohol make good muscles, or bone, or nerve, or brain ? BEER AND CIDER. 87 •engtb., ,sten a Lcl pass it take pull as ng- tlie t. By nontli, 3r you r, and purify make I, that • every made ' bone, You have already answered " No 1 " to each of these questions. If it can not make muscles, nor bone, nor nerve, nor brain, it can not give you any strength. BEER. Some people may tell you that drinking beer will make you strong. The grain from which the beer is made, would have given you strength. If you should measure your strength before and after drinking beer, you would find that you had not gained anjr. Most of the food part of the grain has been turned into alcohol. CIDER. The juice of crushed apples, you know, is called cider. As soon as the cider begins to turn sour, or "hard," as people say, alcohol begins to form in it. Pure water is good, and apples are good. But the apple-juice begins to be a poison as soon as there is the least drop of alcohol in it. In cider -making, the alcohol forms in the 88 STRENGTH. 18 there juice, you know, in a few h pressed out of tlie iipples. None of the drinks in whi( iioi, can give you real strength. Then why do people think they can ? Because alcohol puts the nerves to sleep, they can not, truly, tell the hrain how hard the work is, or how heavy the weight to he hfted. The alcohol has in this way cheated men into thinking they can do more than they really can. This false feeling of strength lasts only a little while. When it has passed, men feel weaker than before. A story which shows that alcohol does not give streng-th, was told me hy the captain of a ship, who sailed to China and other distant places. Many years ago, when people thoug-ht a little alcohol was good, it was the custom to carry in every ship, a great deal of rum. This liquor is distilled from molasses and contains about one half alcohol. This rum was g-iven to the sailors every day to drink; and, if there was a great storm, and they had very STRENOTH. 89 m 90 STRENGTH. hard work to do, it was the custom to g-ive them twice as much rum as usual. The captain watch(3d his meu and saw that they were really made no strong-er by drinkin^r the rum; but that, after a little •while, they felt weaker. So he determined to go to sea with no rum in his ship. Once out on the ocean, of course the men could not get any. At first, they , did not like it; but the captain was very careful to have their food good and plentiful ; and, when a storm came, and they were wet and cold and tired, he gave them hot coffee to drink. By the time they had crossed the ocean, the men said: '' The captain is right. We have worked bet- ter, and we feel stronger, for going without the rum." STRENGTH OF MIND. We have been talking about the strength of muscles; but the very best kind of strength we have is brain strength, or strength of mind. Alcohol makes the head ache and deadens om to give 1 and saw itrong-cr by ber a little ^ermined to liip. Once men could ; ; but the their food ;orni came, L tired, he y the time men said : 'orked bet- g without e strength 'f strength rength of id deadens STRENGTH OF MIND. 01 the nerves, so that they can not carry their messages correctly. Then the brain can not think well. Alcohol does not strengthen the mind. Some people have little or no m y, and no houses or lands; but every loerson ought to own a body and a mind that can work for him, and make him useful and happy. Suppose you have a strong, healthy body, hands that are well-trained to work, and a clear, thinking brain to be master of the whole. Would you be willing to change places with a man whose body and mind had been poisoned by alcohol, tobacco, and opium, even though he lived in a palace, and had a million of dollars ? If you want a mind that can study, under- stand, and think well, do not let alcohol and tobacco have a chance to reach it. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. What things were left out of our bill of fare? 2. How could you measure your strenf?th ? 3. How can you gain strength ? 4. Why does drinking beer not make you strong? IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4p A f/i fA 1.0 I.I HiM IIM " li£ liilO IL25 ■ 1.4 IIIIIM 1.6 V] / %J^ /A Phob^raphi Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 V iV <^ C"^^, '^X WrS %M^ > o attend ood sent i^ made EXERCISE. When you run, you can feel your heart beating. It gets an instant of rest between the beats. Good exercise in che fresh air makes the heart work well and warms the body better than a fire could do. . DOES ALCOHOL DO ANY HARM TO THE HEART ? Your heart is made of muscle. You know what harm alcohol does to the muscles. Could a fatty heart work as well as a mus- cular heart? No more than a fatty arm could do the work of a muscular arm. Besides, alco- hol makes the heart beat too fast, and so it ^ets too tir^4. 96 THy HEART. 8. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. Where is the heart placed? 2. Of what Js it made? What work does It do? What are arteries and veins? What does the pulse tell us? How does the food we eat reach all parts of the body? How does alcohol in the blood attect the brain? When does the heart i-est? How does exercise in the fresh air help the heart? What harm does alcohol do to the heart? Wl he; blc bo] ba( CHAPTER XY. THE LUNGS. VIIE blood flows all tliroui^ii the body, car- rying- g-ood food to overy part. It also gathers up from every part the worn-out matter that can no longer be used. By tlie time it is ready to be sent back l)y the veins, the blood is no longer pur(i and red. It is dull and bluish in color, because it is full of impurities. If you look at the veins in yonv wrist, yo i will see that they look blue. If all this bad blood goes back to the heart, will the heart have to pump out bad blood next time? No, for the heart has neigli- bors very near at hand, ready to change the bad blood to pure, red blood again. THE LUNGS. These neighbors are the lungs. They are M i d8 THE LUNGS. in the cliest on oacli sid(; of tlie heart. When you Inx'iithe, their little Jiir-eells swell ont, or expand, to take in the air Then they con- The lungs, heart, and air-passaget. tract ag-ain, and the air passes out through your mouth or nose. The lungs must have plenty of fresh air, and plenty of room to work in. If your clothes are too tight and the lungs do not have room to expand, they can not take in so much air as they should. Then CARE OP THE LUNGS. . When 1 out, or ley coii- the blood can not be made pnre, ind tlie wbole body will suffer. For every good breath of fresh air, the lungs take in, they send out one of impure air. In this way, by taking out what is bad, they prepare the blood to go back to the heart pure and red, and to be pumped out through the body again. How the lungs can use the fresh air for doing this good work, you can not yet under- stand. By and b3% when you are older, you will learn more about it. bhrough st have "oom to le lungs can not , Then CARE OF THE LUNGS. Do the lungs ever rest ? You never stop breathing, not even in file night. But if you watch your own breath- ing you will notice a little pause between the breaths. Each pause is a rest. But the lungs are very steady workers, both by night and by day. The least we can do for them, is to give them fresh air and plenty of room to work in. You may say: *'We can't give them more 100 THE LUNGS. i room tlian they have. They are shut up in our chests." I have seen people who wore such tight clothes that their lungs did not have room to take a full breath. If any part of the lungs can not expand, it will become useless. If your lungs can not take in air enough to purify the blood, you can not be so well and strong as God intended, and your life will be shortened. If some one was sewing for you, you would not think of shutting her up in a little piace where she could not move her hands freely. The lungs are breathing for you, and need room enough to do their work. THE AIR. The lungs breathe out the waste matter that they have taken from the blood. This waste matter poisons the air. If we should close all the doors and windows, and the fire- place or opening into the chimney, and leave not even a crack by which the fresh air could come in, we would die simply from staying in such a room. The lungs could not do their •,«» THE AIR. 101 t up in 1 tight e room of the useless, ugh to ^o well ►ur life would e place freely. 1 need matter This should le flre- L leave ' could dng" in ► their work for the blood, and the blood could not do its work for the body. Impure air will poison you. You should not breathe it. If your head aches, and you feel dull and sleepy from being- in a close room, a run in the fresh air will make you feel better. The g-ood, pure air makes your blood pure; and the blood then flows quickly tlirough your whole body and refreshes every part. We must be careful not to stay in close rooms in the day-time, nor sleep in close rooms at night. We must not keep out the fresh air that our bodies so much need. It is better to breathe through the nose than through the mouth. You can soon learn to do so, if you try to keep your mouth shut when walking or I'unning. If you keep the mouth shut and breathe through the nose, the little hairs on the in- side of the nose will catch the dust or other impurities that are floating in the air, and so save their going to the lungs. You will get out of breath less quickly when running if you keep your mouth shut. ■41 i 102 THE LUNOS. I DOES ALCOHOL DO ANY HARM TO THE LUNGS? The little air-cells of the lung-s liave very delicate muscular (mtis'ku lar) walls. Every time we hreathe, these walls have to move. The muscles of the chest must also uiove, as you can all notice in yourselves, as you breathe. All this muscular W(jrk, as well as that of the stomach and heart, is directed hy the nerves. You have learned already what alcohol will do to muscles and nerves, so you are ready to answer for stomach, for heart, and for lungs. Is alcohol a help to them ? REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. Besides carrying food all over tho body, what other work does the blood do? 2, Why does the blood in the veins look blue? 8. Where is the blood made pure and red again? 4. Where Is It sent, from the lungs? 5. What must the lungs have in order to do this work? 6. When do tho lungs rest? 7. Why should we not wear tight clothes? 8. How does the air in a room become spoiled? 9. How can we keep it fresh and pui'e? 10. How should we breathe ? 11. Why is it better to breathe through the noso than through the m,outh ? 12. Why Is alcohol not good for the lungs ? UNGS? ve very Every move, love, as )i'<^iitlie. that of by the alcoliol 'ou are rt, and work does rough the CHAPTER XYI. THE SKIN. ^IlERE is aiiotli(!i' pai't of yovir body car- ry! ii<^ away waste iiiatter all tlie time — it is the skin. The body is covered with skin. It is also lined with a more delicate kind of skin. You can see where the outside skin and the lininy skin meet at your lips. There is a thin outside layer of skin which we can pull off without liurting ourselves; but I adviiLie you not to do so. Because under the outside skin is the true skin, which is so full of littl(} nerves that it 'Will feel the least touch as pain. When the outer skin, which protects it, is torn away, we must cover the true skin to keep it from harm. In hot weather, or when any one has been Tvorking or playing hard, the face, and some- 104 THE SKIN. !l :'l] times the whole body, is covered with little drops of water. We call these drops perspi- ration (pgr spl ra'shOn). Where does it come from ? It comes through many tiny holes in the Bkin, called pores (porz). li^very pore is the mouth of a tiny tube which is car- rying- off waste matter and Ifl^SH^jd^ y^'^ could piece together all these little perspiration tubes that are in t:he skin of one person, they would make a line more than three miles long-. Sometimes, you can not see the perspiration, be- cause there is not enough of it to "orm drops. But it is always coming- out through your skin, both in winter and summer. Your body is kept healthy by hav- ing- its worn-ont matter carried off in this way, as well as in other ways. Perspiratory tube. CARE OF THE SKIN. 105 th little ! perspi- t come through. in tlie 5 (pOrz). moutli 1 is car- ter and •dy. If ogetlier miration tie skin would J than an not •n, be- 3noug-h coming- er and y hav- n this THE NAILS. The nails grow from the skin. The finger nails are little shields to pro- tect the ends of your fingers from getting hurt. These finger ends are full of tiny nerves, and would he badly off' without such shields. No one likes to see nails that have been bitten. CARE OF THE SKIN. Waste matter is all the time passing out through the perspiration tubes in the skin. This waste matter must not be left to clog up the little openings of the tubes. It should be washed off with soap and water. When children have been playing out-of- doors, they often have very dirty hands and faces. Any one can see, then, that they need to be washed. But even if they had been in the cleanest place all day and had not touched any thing dirty, they would still need the washing; for the waste matter that comes from the inside of the body is just as hurtful as the mud or dust of the street. You 106 THE SKIN. II il hh'l ■ ! II do not see it so plainly, because it comes out very little at a time. Wash it off well, and your skin will be fresli and healthy, and able to do its work. If the skin could not do its work, you would die. Do not keep on your rubber boots or shoes all through scliool-time. Kubber will not let the perspiration pass off, so the little pores g-et clogged and your thct begin to feel uncomfortable, or your head may ache. No part can fail to do its work without causing trouble to the rest of the body. But you should always wear rubbers out-of-doors when the ground is wet. Certainly, they are very useful then. When you are out in the fresh air, you are giving the other parts of your body such a good chance to perspire, that your feet can bear a little shutting up. But as soon as you come into the house, take the rubbers off. Now that you kno^v what the skin is do- ing all the time, you will understand that the clothes worn next to year skin are full of little w^orn-out particles, brought out by the perspiration. When these clothes are WORK OF THE BODY. 107 )rQes out ^ell, and and able )t do its Doots or ber Avill he little 1 to feel jlie. No causing- 3ut you ■of-doors y, tliey you are such, a feet can 1 as you off. n is do- id tliat are full out by ties are taken off at night, they shoiild he so spread out, that they will air well before morn- ing'. Never wear any of the clothes through the night, that you have worn during the day. Do not roll up your night-dress in the morning and put it under your pillow. Give it first a good airing at the window and then hang it w^here the air can reach it all day. By so doing, you Avill have sweeter sleep at night. You are old enough to throw the bed- clothes off from the bed, before leaving your rooms in the morning. In this ^vay, the bed and bed-clothes may have a good airing. Be sure to give them time enough fo]' this. WORK OF THE BODY. You have now learned about four impor- tant kinds of w^ork :— 1st. The stomach i)reparcs the food for the blood to take. 2d. The blood is pumped out of the heart to carry food to every part of the body, and to take a^vNTay worn-out matter. 108 THE SKIN. 3d. The lung-s use fresh air in making- the dark, impure hlood, bright and pure again. 4th. The skin carries away waste matter through the little perspiration tubes. All this work goes on, day and night, without our needing to think about it at all ; for messages are sent to the muscles by the nerves which keep them faithfully at work, whether we know it or not. 1. 2. 8. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. REVIEW QUESTIONS. What covers the body? What lines the body? Where are the nerves of the skin ? What is perspiration? What Is the common name for it? What are the pores of the skin? How does the perspiration help to keep you well? Of what use are the nails? How shou7,a they be kept ? What care should be taken of the skin ? Why should you not wear rubber boots or overshoes in the house ? Why should you change under-clothing night and morning? Where should the night-dress be placed in the morning? What should be done with the bed-clothes ? Why ? Name the four kinds of work about which you have learned. How are the organs of the body kept at work? iking" the again, e matter s. d niglit, it at all; !S by the at work. for it? hoes In the orning ? ng? learned. CHAPTER XYII. THE SENSES. ^^^^E have five ways of learning- about all 1^ things around us. We can see them, touch them, taste them, smell them, or hear them. Sight, touch, taste, smell, and hear- ing, are called the five senses. You already know something about them, for you are using them all the time. In this lesson, you will learn a little more about seeing and hearing. THE EYES. In the middie of your eye is a round, black spot, called the pupil. This pupil is only a hole with a muscle around it. When you are in the light, the muscle draws up, and makes the pupil small, because you can get all the light you need through a small opening. When you are in the dark, the 110 THE SENSES. / The eyelashes and the tear-glands. muscle stretclies, and opens the pupil wide to let in more lig-lit. The pupils of the cat's eyes are very large in the dark. They want all the lig-ht they can get, to see if there are an;^^ mice about. The pupil of the / eye opens into a littl(% round room where the nerve of sight is. This is a safe place for this d(dicate nerve, which can not hear too much light. It carries to the hrain an account of every thing we see. We might say the eye is taking pictures for us all day long, and that the nerve of sight is describing these pictures to the hrain. CARE OF THE EYES. The nerves of sight need great care, for they are very delicate. Do not face a bright light when you are reading or studying. While writing, you CAKE OF THE EYES. Ill wide to !ry large . They le lig-lit t, to see /iiy mice 1 of tlie into a 1 room lerve of a.is is a icli can ' to tlie see. pictures erve of e brain. are, for rou are 8", you should sit so that the light will come from the left side ; then the shadow of your hand will not fall upon your work. One or two true stories may help you to rememher that you must take good care of your eyes. The nerve of sight can not hear too bright a light. It asks to have the pupil made small, and even tiie eyelid curtains put down, Av^hen the light is too strong. Once, there was a boy wlio said boastfully to his playmates: "Let us see which of us can look straight at the sun for the longest time." Then they foolishly began to look at the sun. The delicate nerves of sight felt a sharp I^ain, and begged to have the pupils made as small as iDossible and the eyelid curtains put down. But the foolish boys said "No." They were trying to see which would bear it the longest. Great harm was done to the brains as ^vell as eyes of both these boys. The one who looked longest at the sun died in conse- quence of his foolish act. 112 THE SENSES. The second story is about a little boy who tried to turn his eyes to imitate a sehool- inate who was eross-eyed. He turned them • but he eould not turn them baek again' Althougrh he is now a gentleman more than fifty years old and has had mueh painful work done upon his eyes, the doctors have never been able to set them quite rig-ht You see from the first story, that you must be careful not to give your eyes too much light. But you must also be sure to give them light enough. When one tries to read in the twilight the little nerve of sight says: -Give me more liglit; I am hurt, by trying to see in the dark." If you should kill these delicate nerves no others would ever grow in place of them, Ind you would never be able to see again. THE EARS. What you call your ears are only pieces of gristle, so curved as to catch the sounds and pass them along to the true ears. These are deeper in the head, where the nerve of hear- CARE OF THE EARS. 118 boy who school- i them ; '- ag-ain. re than painful rs have Sfht. lat you yes too sure to ^^ihg-ht, te more in the ves, no m, and eces of is and 3se are ' hear- ing" is waiting to send an account of each sound to the hrain. CARE OF THE EARS. The ear nerve is in less danger than that of the eye. Careless children sometimes put pins into their ears and so break the "drum." That is a very bad thing to do. Use only a soft towel in wasliing your ears. You should never put any thing hard or sharp into them. I must tell yon a short ear story, about my father, when he was a small boy. One day, when playing on the floor, he laid his ear to the crack of the door, to feel the wind blow into it. He was so young that he did not know it was wrong; but the next day he had the earache severely. Although he lived to he an old man, he often had the earache. lie thought it began from the time when the wind blew into his ear from under that door. ALCOHOL AND THE SENSES. All this fine work of touching, tasting, see- ing, smelling, and hearing, is nerve work. Cfci 114 THE SENSES. The man who is in the habit of using alco- holic drinks can not touch, taste, see, smell, or hear so well as he (nig-ht. His hands tremble, his speech is sometimes tliick, and often he can not walk straig'ht. Sometimes, he thinks lie sees thing's when lie does not, because his ijoor nerves are so confused by alcohol that they can not do their work. Answer now for your taste, smell, and touch, and also for your sig-ht and hearing; should their beautiful work be spoiled by alcohol ? REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. Name the Ave senses. 2. What Is the pupil of the eye ? 3. How is it made larger or smaller? 4. Why does it chanKe iu size? 6. What can a cat's eyes do? 6. Where Is the nerve of the eye ? 7. What work does it do? 8. Why must one be careful of his eyes ? 9. Where should the light be for reading or studying? 10. Tell the story of the boys who looked at the sun. 11. Tell the story of the boy who made himself cross-eyed. 12. Why should you not read in the twilight ? 13. What would be the result, If you should kill the nerves of sight? 14. Where are the true ears? 15. How may the nerves of hearing be injured? 16. Tell the story of the boy who injured his ear. 17. How is the work of the senses aflfuctcd by drinking iiqupyf ing" alco !e, 8111(311, a litincLs ick, iiiid netimes, Loe.s not, used by )rk. ell, and :ieai'inj»- ; )iled by es of sight ? luorT CHAPTER XYIII. HEAT AND COLD. WHAT MAKES US WARM? ''|©if Y thick, warm clothes make me warm," •=r^^ says some child. No! Your thick, warm clothes keep you warm. They do not make you warm. Take a brisk run, and your blood will flow faster and you will be warm very quickly. On a cold day, the teamster claps his hands and swings his arms to make his blood flow quickly and warm him. Every child knows that he is warm inside; for if his fingers are cold, he puts them into his mouth to warm them. If you should put a little thermometer into your mouth, or under your tongue, the mercury (mer'kurj^) would rise as high as it Cloes out of doors on a hot, summer day. II a, li M" I m II t ii6 HEAT AND COLD, This would l)e the »ame in summer or winter, Jii ;i warm country or ii cold one, if you were \v(dl and the work of your body wtis yoing- on steadily. WHERE DOES THIS HEAT COME F III ROM? Some of the iiieli all the time ill' work g-oing- on inside your hody, nuikc^s this lieat. The hlood is thus warmed, and then it carries the heat to every part of the hody. The faster the blood flows, the more heat it brings, and the wanner ^ve feel. In children, the heart pumps from eighty to ninety times a minute. This is faster than it works in old people, and this is one reason wliy children are gen- erally much warmer than old people. Bat we are losing heat all the time. You may breathe in cold air; bui^ that which you breathe out is warm. A gro.' L ue. 1 of heat from your warm body is all the time passing- off through your skin, into the cooler air abc 1 you. For this reason, a room full of peoi^le ;3 niuch warmer than the same room whon empty. CLOTHi.M'fl. 117 amer or I one, if )ody WHS FROM? lie time i hej.it. then it le body, heat it L eighty L people, are gen- ut that daL ueal he time e cooler om full e same CLOTHING. We put on clothes to keep in the heat which we already have, and to prevent the cold air from reaching our skins and carry- ing off too much heat in that way. Most of you children are too young to choose wliat clothes you will wear. Otliers d(^cide for you. You know, however, that woolen under-garments k(3ep you warm in winter, and that thick hoots and stockings should he worn in cold weather. Thin dresses or hoots may look i)i-etty , hut they are not safe for winter wear, even at a party. A healthy, happy child, dressed in clothes which are suitable for the season, is pleas- anter to look at than one whose dress, though rich and handsome, is not warm enough for health or comfort. When you feel cold, take exercise, if pos- sible. This will make the hot blood flow all through your body and warm it. If you can not, you should put on more clothes, go to a wi.rm room, in some way get warm and keep warm, or the cold will make '-on sick. 118 EEAT AND COLD. Ml I iff TAKING COLD. , If your skin is cliilled, the tiny moutlis of tlie perspiration tubes are sometimes closed and can not tlirow out tlie waste matter. Then, if one part fails to do its work, other parts must suffer. Perhaps the in >ide skin becomes inflamed, or the throat and lungs, ^nd you have a cold, or a coug-h. y.. ALCOHOL AND COLD. ^' People used to think that nothing- would Warm one so well on a cold day, as a glass of whiskey, or other alcoholic drink. It is true that, if a person drinks a little alcohol, he will feel a burning in the throat, Und presently a glowing heat on the skin. ■'* The alcohol has made the hot blood rush into the tiny tubes near the skin, and he thinks it has warmed him. " But if all this heat comes to the skin, the '661d air has a chance to carry aw^ay more 'tlian usual. In a very little time, the 'd'rinker will be colder than before. Perhaps he will not know it; for the cheating alcohol ALCOHOL AND COLD. 119 moutlis 5S closed matter. i, otlier de skin L lungs, ? would a glass a little throat, skin. Dd rush and lie iin, the y more le, the Perhaps alcohol will have deadened his nerves so that they send no message to the brain. Then he may not have sense enough to put on more cloth- ing and may freeze. He may even, if it is very cold, freeze to death. People, who have not been drinking alco- hol are sometimes frozen ; but they would have frozen much quicker if they had drunk it. Horse -car drivers and omnibus drivers have a hard time on a cold winter day. They are often cheated into thinking that alcohol will keep them warm ; but doctors have learned that it is the water-drinkers who hold out best against the cold. Alcohol can not really keep a person warm. All children ^ e interested in stories about Arctic explorers, whose ships get frozen into great ice-flelds, who travel on sledges drawn by dogs, and sometimes live in Esquimau huts, and drink oil, and eat walrus meat. These men tell us that alcohol will not keep them warm, and you know why. The hunters and trappers in the snowy regions of the Rocky Mountains say the same thing. Alcohol not only can not keep them 120 HEAT AND COLD. wiirm; but it lessens their power to resist cold. Scene in the Arctic regions. Many of you have heard ahont the Greely party who were hronj^ht home from the Arctic seas, after they had been starving and freez- ing" for many months. ALCOHOL AND COLD. 121 resist 'W Treely fVrctic freez- There were twenty-six men in all. Of these, nineteen died. Seven were found alive by their rescuers; one of these died soon afterward. The first man who died, was the only one of the party who had ever been a drunkard. Of the nineteen who died, all but one used tobacco. Of the six now liA^ing,— four never used tobacco at all; and the other two, very seldom. The tobacco was no real help to them in time of trouble. It had probably weakened their stomachs, so that they could not make the best use of such poor food as they had. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. Why do you wear thick clothes In cold weather? 2. How can you prove that you are warm Inside? 8. "What makes this heat? 4. What carries this heat through your body? 5. How rapidly does your heart beat ? 6. How are you losing heat all the time? 7. How can you warm yourself without going to the flre? 8. Will alcohol m^ake you warmer, or colder? 9. How does it cheat you Into thinking that you will be warmer for drinking it? 10. What do the people who travel In very cold countries, tell us ' about the use of alcohol? 11. How did tobacco affect the men who went to the Arctic seas with Lieutenant Qreely? CHAPTEE XIX. WASTED MONEY. COST OF ALCOHOL. 'OW that you liave learned about your bodies, and what alcohol will do to them, you oug-ht also to know that alcohol costs a great deal of money. Money spent for that which will do no g-ood, but only harm, Is certainly wasted, and worse than wasted. If a boy or a girl save ten cents a week, it will take ten weeks to save a dollar. Yon can all think of many good and pleas- ant ways to spend a dollar. What would the beer-drinker do with it? If he takes two mugs of beer a day, the dollar will be used up in ten days. But we oug-ht not to say used, because that word will make us think it was spent usefully. We will say, instead, the dollar will be wasted, in ten days. COST Of tobacco. 128 If he spends it for wine or whiskey, it will go sooner, as these cost more. If no money was spent for liquor in this country, people would not so often be sick, or poor, or bad, or wretched. We should not need so many policemen, and jails, and prisons, as we have now. If no liquor was drunk, men, women, and children would be better and happier. it your . do to alcohol pent for Y harm, asted. a, week, ar. d pleas- uld the :es two be used to say 5 think nstead, 3. COST OF TOBACCO. Most of you have a little money of your ov^n. Perhaps you earned a part, or the whole of it, yourselves. You are planning what to do with it, and that is a very pleasant kind of planning. Do you think it would be wise to make a dollar bill into a tight little roll, light one end of it with a match, and then let it slowly burn up? That would be wasting it, you say! Yes! it would be wasted, if thus burned. It would be worse than wasted, if, while burn- ing, it should also hurt the person who held it. If you should buy cigars or tobacco with your dollar, and smoke them, you could soon 124 Wastfd MONEV. burn up the dollar and hurt yourselves besides ; yet In the Dominion of Canada alone, there are about fifteen million pounds of tobacco used every year. This is more than twenty ton.s for every day in the year. It would occupy nearly four years of school time to count the number of pounds of tobacco used in Canada in a single year, if one was counted every second of the time. If each pound of tobacco was valued at only fifty cents the cost of the tobacco used in Canada every year would be $7,500,000, or more than $20,000 each day. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. How may one waste money? 2. Name some good ways for spending money. 3. How does the liquor-drinker spend his money ? 4. What could we do, if no money was spent for liquor ? 5. Tell two ways in which you could burn up a dollar hill. 6. Which would be the safer way ? 7. How much money is spent for tobacco, yearly, in this country? es besides ; ;, there am 3acco used enty tons Id occupy count the in Canada ted every of tobacco ost of the would he day. or? .r bill. this country? INDEX. Abdomen, 63. Air, Impure, 100, 101. " Pure, 101. Alcohol, 39, 41, 5a. a deceiver, 53, 88. a narcotic, 88. a poison, 41, 43, 47. and Arctic explorers, 119, 120. and cold, 118, 110. and life, 35. Appetite for, 43, 53. at sea, 88. Cost of, 123. Effect of, uponbrain, 33. " heart, 05. " lungs, 102. " mind, 90. " muscles, 25. " nerves, 33. " senses, 113, 114. " stomach, 67, 68. not a food, 85. Properties of, 52, Tree-toad in, 52. Uses of, 63. Arteries, 93. Baby, Care of, 60. Pall-and-socket ;joint, 10, 11. Barley, 46. Bathinp, 105. Beer, 47, 87. Blood, 83, 94, 107, " Impure, 97. Body, a workshop, 30. " Position of, 15, 16. Bones, The, 12, 1.3, 16. " Broken, 8.'}. Brain, The, 27, 38, 04. Breast-bone, 13. Breathing, 101. Candy, 77. Carbonic acid, 41, 47. Chest, 63. Children warmer than old people, 1 1*5 Cider, 87. Cigarettes, 18. Cigars, 55, 57. Circulation, 94. Clothes, Bed, 107. Clothing, 117. " to be aired, 107. Tight. 98, 100. Cold, 115. Cold, A, 118, Collar-bones, 13. Cook, A good, 80. Crw^Ving, 79. Corns, 17, 126 INDEX. I ■ V DlfltiUlng, 49. Distilled liquors, 50. Drains, 72. Drunkards, 33, 48, 33, 91. B Ear, The, 112, 113. Eating, 67, 80. Elbow, 10. Exercise, 24. Eye, The, 110, 111, H3. Pats, 74, 75, 76. Pat in the muscles, 76. Peet, Care of, 17. Permentation, 40. Pood, Cooking of, 79. " Digestion of, 65. " Distribution of, 66. " for growth, 66. " for muscles, 74, 76, 85, " for repairs, 67. " Pat-making, 74, 86. " Lime in, 72. " Water m, ,2, Pruit, 76. Q Gastric juice, 64, 82. Grain, Alcohol from, 45. Gristle, 12, 14. Growth, 66. H Hand, Tendons of, 23. Hearing, Sense of, 109. Heart, The, 63, 93, 107. A fatty, 95. Heat of the Body, 05, 115, 116. Hinge-joints, 10. Hip-joint, 11. pospital. Patient in, 35. Idleness, 26. Intestines, 83. J Joints, 9, 10. Jelly, Grape, 40. L Lame lady, 15. Light, 112. Lime, 72. Liquors, Distilled, 50. Lungs, 07, 108. " Care of, 09. M Malt, 47. Measuring strength, 86. Milk, 73, 76. Money wasted, 122. Mouth and tobacco, 68. Muscles, 21, 23, 24, 108. " Idleness an enemy to, 25. " Alcohol an enemy to, 25. " Message from brain to, 29 " Action of involuntary, 30. N Nails, 105. Nerves, 27, 29, 108. " Care of, 32. " Effect of alcohol on, 33. " Effect of tobacco on, 35. " of feeUng, 31. Nicotine, 55. O Opium, 59. Organs, 61. Perspiration, 104. Poisons, 41, 43, 47. INDEX. 127 lemy to, 25. emy to, 25. brain to, 29 )luntary, 30. Positions of body, 15, 16. Pulse, 94. PupU, 109. R Ribs, 13. Rubber boots and shoes, 106. S Saliva, 68, 80. Salt, 74. Senses, 109. Shoulder-blades, 13. Sight, Sense of, 109. Skin, The, 103, 108. " Care of the, 105. Smell, Sense of, 109. Snuff, 55. Snuff-mill, 56. Soothing-syrup, 59. Spinal cord, 29. Spine, 12. " Care of, 16. Starch, 45, 76. " into sugar, 45, 76, 80. Stomach, 64, 107. " Care of, 67. Strength, Effect of alcohol on, 86. " Measuring, 86. " How to gain, 86. Sugar, 45. Taste, Sense of, 109. Teeth, 61. " Care of, 62. Tendons, 23. Thought, 29, 91. Throat, 81. Tobacco, 55, 85, 121. " Cost of, 123. " Effect of, upon bones, 18. " growth, 10. " mouth, 68. " " " nerves, 35. " " stomach, 121. Toothache, 62. Touch, Sense of, 31, 109. Veins, 94. Ventilation, 101. Vinegai, 43. W Wasting money, 122. Water, 71. in food, 72. " Impure, 72. Windpipe, 81, 82. Wine, 41. >1 on, 33. io on, 36. 1 1 :*V: ■i-r '- 1