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 -• i*"^--^'tiii'iitaiu. 
 
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1 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 VIEW OP THE ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY 
 
 
 
 OF T9B 
 
 ARCTIC REGIONS OF AMERICA, 
 
 rioM Acoooirw oohtawbd ik old koethbbk MAmwcMrro. 
 
 BY CHARLES CrRAFK, 
 8«. of «oyri SoeJrty of H«rttan ArtqMHiM, Cop«fcM»- 
 
 VS» l iW' i 
 
 1 .1 III II - ^■— \\ ii*mmni-V" •• '■'■• '■-■•■ — ' ' ■' 
 
 ., riii.l^li..i-»,aii.,»^»k»' -fi ii.li i.iiiiiifTi 
 
.- — ...^ — ..■■ 
 
 »i I I m il l n iii mmtmmmimii0fi 
 
ANaENT GEOGRAPHY OF 
 THE ARCTIC REGIONS OP AMERICA. 
 
 The east coast of Greenland was, in ancient times, un- 
 inhabited by Europeans ; although, from the account of Are 
 Frode, the earliest Icelandic historian, it would appear that 
 on the discovery of the country and survey of its coast, 
 there v^ere found, both on the east coast and on the west 
 coast, remains indicative of their having been resorted tp 
 at an earlier period by the Skroelingar or Esquimaux of 
 America. The SvaUnirde of the ancient Scandinavians, 
 discovered in 1194, appears to be the tract of coast sur- 
 veyed in 1761 by Volkert Bohn, of the island of Foehr, in 
 Denmark, ami rediscovered by Sooresby, by whom it is 
 called Liverpool coast. The Gunnbiamarsker, or Gunn- 
 biamareyiar, discovered in 877 by Gunnbiftm Ulfson, will 
 be the islands seen off the e«ast by Capl. W. A. Graah, R. 
 N., in latitude 66° 20' N. ; HvUserk, the southernmost pro- 
 montory. Cape Farewell; the chief seat of the colony, 
 EyttrHiygi, the present district of Juliamehaab. The most 
 important d[ the colonized firths are named, in order, from 
 South to North, in four original written sources ; of which 
 dw latest and most circumstantial is a Chorograi^iy^iy Ivar 
 B«nfaon, who, in 1841, was sent by Hakon, bishop <rf Ber- 
 gen, to Greenland, and who for many years was superin- 
 tendent of the episcopal see of Gardar. Heriulfsnet with 
 Beriulf^rtk, where Heriulf Bardsoa settled in 986, and 
 wher« his son, Biame Heriulfson, arrived in the autumn of 
 the same year after having ten the more southern Amer- 
 
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 : i t » i ii i i ltHri-- ii'i---"--^-''''' ""'"I AiHtiaimiM ta 
 
312 
 
 ANOIINT GIOORAPHT. 
 
 loan coast, is the Ikigeit of the present day. Of the church 
 mentioned in Bishop Gudmund Arason's Saga, some of the 
 ruins are still left, and several inscriptions have here been 
 found. Ketilsfirth with its two churches is the modern 
 Tessermiut, where Mr. J. J. A. Aroe found a quantity of 
 ruins. Rafnafirth, which, in the first year of the landnam 
 or colonization, 086, was colonized by the landnamsmann 
 Rafn, is now Oumartok. According to the ancient descrip- 
 tion of Ivar Bardson of the 14th century, there were in this 
 firth islets with springs of hot water. There are in the 
 island of Ounartok three warm springs, which have given 
 to the island and firththeir Esquimaux name, signifying in 
 that language the boiling. Capt. Graah, who visited the 
 place in July, 1838, found the temperature of the water in 
 these springs ranging from 36 to 33|° R. Siglujirth is now 
 Agluitsok ; here the rudera of Vogar ehurch were discov- 
 ered by the Rev. Valentine MQller, who visited this firth in 
 the years 1883 and 1883, on behalf of the Royal Society 
 of Northern Antiquaries. He saw, moroever, the ruins of 
 a mansion belonging to the king, by Ivar Bardson called 
 Foss, or waterfall, situated near a lai^ stream, forming a 
 waterfall of 300 feet in height. Einarsfirth is Igalikko ; 
 the ruins of the cathedral and episcopal see of Oardar, 
 (which was founded in 1 130, and stood for upwards of three 
 centuries) were rediscovered at KaksiArsuk on the eastern 
 arm of this firth. Erictfirth, where the chief leader of the 
 landnamimenn or colonists, Eric the Red, settled in 986, ii 
 now Tunnudluarbik, together with the northern ann of 
 Igalikkofirth, at which the ruins of the principal settlemmit 
 of BrattahHd, with Leidar kirkia (the ohuroh of the dis- 
 trict), have been found, and especially, among the numeroitt 
 buildings there, rudera of the house of Brattahlid itself, so 
 denominated from its being built up against the side of a 
 steep precipice (from brattr and hH&). The Rev. Mr. 
 George F. Joergensen, who has furnished a description and 
 grcKind-idan of the whole settlement, which may be com- 
 
 MWMi«iMuiiaitltatUitiiatt>£ja<MtCM 
 
1 . > p 1» H |II 
 
 
 ARCTIC BEGIONB OF AMMICA. 
 
 •19 
 
 pared to an entire town, observes that a steep rock forms 
 one of the walls of this house, the building of which was 
 aooomplished with incredible labour. This house was built 
 by Eric the Red, who in the year 066 made it his residence. 
 It was subsequently occupied, at the commencement of the 
 11th century, by his celebrated son Leif the Happy, and 
 by his grandson Thorkel Leifson ; and it continued, down 
 to the latest times of the colony, to be the abode of the 
 sheriffs (logmenn). Here, in this house, the far-famed 
 couple, Thoriinn Karlsefne and Gudrid Thorbiornsdotter, 
 celebrated, in 1007, their nuptials, and determined on their 
 remarkable voyage of discovery to that more southern land 
 which 7 years before had been discovered and visited by 
 Leif Ericson, viz. Vinland (the present Massachusetts and 
 Khode Island). Isafirth, which was the most western firth 
 in the EystribygA, will be the great bay in which lies the 
 island of Sennerut. One arm of this firth was called Uti- 
 hlikffirth, a name adopted by the ancient Northmen from 
 the Esquimaux, with whom they must consequently have 
 held intercourse at an early period in Greenland ; for it is 
 the Esquimaux word Itiblik, signifying an isthmus, and there 
 is here a remarkable isthmus which the Esquimaux still call 
 by that name. EystribygjB comprised anciently 190 settle- 
 ments, with 12 churches, of most of which unquestionable 
 ruins have been found. The site of Veatribygd, which in- 
 cluded but 90 settlements and 4 churches, lay farther 
 towards the North ; and the ancietat Steinsnes must be 
 placed at Aglomerscet; Rangefirth at Amari^Iik ; Agnafirth, 
 with a church, at Hope, in Baals Revier in the .• i fnt dis- 
 trict of Godthaab, and Lysufirth will be Isertok in dukker- 
 toppen's district. Of the ancient Nordraetur, or summer 
 stations for fishing and hunting, we may mention Biamey 
 (#hich had been already visited in 1007 by Thorfinn Karl- 
 sefne in his voyage to Vinland), now Disco, the island of 
 Kingiktftrsoak to the North of the most northern of the 
 present Danish establishments Upemivik, where a curious 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■AaMtt^MoiiiiiMMHlMiMiMi 
 
314 
 
 ANOIBMT OBOaiAPHT. 
 
 ninio itone of 1185 was found in 1884, and Krok$firth, 
 through which some clei^men from the episcopal see of 
 Gardar performed, in 1266, an exploratory voyage, and 
 which, from the astronomical notices contained in the an- 
 cient account of this journey, are proved to be Sir James 
 Lancaster's Sound and Barrow's Strait, together with 
 Prince Regent's Inlet. 
 
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sfirth, 
 see of 
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