^. ^ # A; %> €>. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) % /. i^ 1.0 '- IIIM 1 M *'" Ml 9 •- lift nil 2.2 I.I 1.8 1.4 1.6 11.25 Photographic Sciences Corporation m V s ,v N> ^9> .V 6^ #^^' % 1? <> 23 WEST MMihS; rr WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^"^^ i- J. ( I ■:' i } ^'- CONTENTS. .1 1 m Letter I. ON THE BALANCE OF POWER IN EUROPE. - - - - _ n» ON THE PEACE. IIL ON THE COMMERCE OF GREAT BRITAIN. - - _ . , IV. ON THE TRADE WITH THE WEST INDIES. ' - - V. ON THE TRADE WITH NORTH AME- RICA, AFRICA, AND i^SIA. VI. ON THE TRADE WITH EUROPE. VII. ON THE COASTING TRADE J AND THE TRADE OF IRELAND. VIII. ON THE FINANCES}-— DEFINITIVE TREATr. - . COPT OF THE DEFINITIVE TREATY. Page I 43 6n 94 "4 154 197 w ■ s r ;! ! T } / •fi ■ ,,'•-'■ ' ; f ERRATA. li Page 49, Note, line t, for " See p. 43, 50, 52." read "See p. 50, 51, 53.' — uo, laft line, for ««io,ja2,4i;i" read" io,3i3,45«." i8z, for "8,85|" r." 8A37." ; 1 .'!;■' LETTERS ON THE PEACE. .ii > . 1 LETTER I. ON THE BALANCE OF POWER IN EUROPE. r E w political events can occur that w'll pleafe all parties. On none can a greater diverfity of opinion be expected than on the Peace recently concluded with France, Spain, and the Batavian Republic. The interefts of com. ;rcc, the third of military glory, the purfuits of ambition, nay even the unalloyed feelings of loyalty and patriot- ifm, will, each in their way, give a peculiar tinge to cur opinions. It cannot therefore be a fubjedl of furprize, that, though the greateft part ot the nation exprefs their unequivocal approbation of the Peace, as pregnant with the mod: beneficial con- feqUences to the coujitry, fome perfonsfeven among thofe who are diftinguiflied for fplendid abilities and upright intentions) (hould be found who think that B beu^r c f / C ^ 3 better terms might and ought to have been obtain- ed, and that the honor and fecurity of Great Bri- tain would have been be ft promoted by a continu- ance of the war. In their eflimation we have loft the " grand and fwelling fcntiments" of independ- ence which charaderlzedour forefathers; we have fought to preferve our weahh by debafing our cha- ra£ler ; and fold our birthrights for a mefs of pot- tage. They fay we have fandiioned thofe princi- ples, and recognized as lawful governments thoft ufurpations of power, which we lately deemed Lo be deftru6live of the balance of Europe, and ini- mical to the dearefl interefts of civilized fociety. They fay, in fhort, that degenerate Britons, *' Whofs armour confcienee buckled on, •• Whom Tfcal and charity brought to the field, " That fmooth-factd gentleman, tickling commodity, " Commodity, the bias of the world, , ' . i. *' Hath drawn — . ? . . . *' From a rcfolv'd and hono\irabIe war, < ■ ,. " To a mod bafe and vile-concluded peace. '','* Such are the heavy charges, which have been urged againfl: tliofe members of His Majcfty's go- vernment who have advifed, and negotiated, the treaty of Amiens. Yet thefe charges, I conceive, contain much mifcellaneous matter which is wholly foreign to the queftion of peace, and ought to be feparately confidered. It muft be admitted that many circumftances attending our prefcnt fituation iJ C'i" ^ Shokfpeare, are t 3 1 are of momentous importance, but it fliould ht fecolledted that they did not originate in the treaty. Many circumftances are of the moft fatif- fadlory nature, ahhough they are not the refult of diplomatic fkill ; and fome are to be lamented, al- though thsy furnifli no proofs of m'nillerial inca- pacity. Among the former I might enumerate the return of plenty; the internal tranquillity of Great Britain i her induftry, and opulence; her increafmg population; her improvements in agri- culture, manufactures and commerce; her firm adherence to her civil and religious cflablifhments. Thefe are not the confequenccs of peace. I might likewife mention the fortunate ciianges, which eveu before France had flieathed the fword, had taken place in her interior organization ; the feeds of amendment which are obferva'ule in her defedive inrtitutions ; her abjuration of fome revolutionary do6lrines and excefles i Cejl quodJam prcdire tenus;) her toleration of religious worfhipj and her acknowledgment that m anarchies are legiti- mate governments. Among the circumflances which are to be lamented, I mi^^ht notice the mif- taken policy of the Northern Powers of Europe; the enfeebled (late of I urkey, the revcrfes of Auftria; and the general corruption of Germany and Italy in morals, politics, and religion. Thefe are evils which our interference did not create; B 2 and C i\ i [ 4 ] and evils which our interference cannot cute. Nor, if the light of reafon, ftill darkened by th? fleeting clouds of vain philofophy, " In ciiiTi eclipfc flifaflrous twilight flifds " On half the nations, and with fear of change ' " Parplexcs monarchi," ' can it be faid that we, who have refifled, and have urged others to refift, the democratic ftorm, are the authors of thofe woes t\'hich threaten to disfigure the faired portion of the globe. The convulfions, which now agitate Europe, are not imputable to us. Nor, on the other hand, is it effentially re- quifite for our fecuvity, that the ancient forms of government, the ancient divifions of * ritory, and the ancient fyftem of treaties, fhould be revived and perpetuated. It is not fuch ties that connect us with the nations around us. They are bound to us by their wants; they are rendered tributary by our indufiry. Calamitous events, indeed, which we muft deplore, may afflid them, and, by afteCling the fourcer, and contradling the channels of commerce, in fome degree prove injurious to us. In the fol- lowing pages, however, I fhall endeavour to ftiew that the prefervntion of this country does not de- pend on the prefervation of the balance of power on the Continent j that we ftill poflfefs means of refinance, which will fecure our independence and Milton. promote •m Is] promote our profperity.; and that the terms of the definiiive treaty, whilll they difplay our equity and moderation, have been felec^ed with a due regard to tnofe eflential interelb, the fecurity of which conftilutes the chief value of peace. Many of the objedions which have been, and are likely to be, urged againfl the Peace, may be included in this (hort though comprehenfive pro- pofition — that by (heathing the fword wc have ratified the fubverfion of the balance of power ia Europe, on the prefervation of which our exifteiice as a nation eflentially depends. The Peace, indeed, may be confidered in other poincci of view ; but, for the prefent, I (hall limit my attention to enquire what alterations this Ba- lance has experienced, fmce its prefervation has been deemed important to our interefts; and how far thefe alterations are likely to affeft the future fafety of Great Britain. To purfue fuch an enquiry to any ufeful purpofe, we muft have recourfe to that guide, from whofe inftrufllve leflbns Siatefmen ac- quire political prefcience. We muft recur to Hif- tory ; for the experience which the Statefman derives from the times in which he lives, is neceffarily im- perfed. It may, fometimes, (hew him the caufes of events ; but it can rarelv enable him to trace them much beyond their immediate effedls. Hif- tory in fome degree fupplies the defefls of experi» B 3 ence, ^ [ 6 ] cnce, by furnlfliing us with complete examples of the beginning, progrefs, and completion of various fyftems of policy ; and by connedting every caufe •with its confequence, it in(lru6>s us, if fimilar canfes fliould occur, to divine what confequences will follow. ' ' Thus, from unfolding the records of paft events, we may confidently determine that laws tempered by freedom, and favourable to induftry, will render a people profperous and happy ; that diflraftedand corrupt adminiftrations mud produce mifery at home, and weaknefs abroad j that military govern- ments, after fome time, fall into impotence and languor; and that pure democracies ufually end in anarchy or defpotifm. Thefe and fimilar truths we recognize as axioms of (late, and (though fome- times difappointed) we make them the rules of our public conduil : they are either buoys to point out our danger, or beacons to dire<5t us to fafety. If we apply political experience to the confider- ation of our prefent circumllances, and, troni an invefiigation of the paft, attempt to anticipate the future, we may poinbly difcover, that in times lefs profperous Britain had no reafon to defpair ; and that confidence becomes her now. We may find precedents to flievv that an advantageous peace has created diflatisfadion, but we (hu'll find none to jirove that a peace, figned in the full career of vidory. ' [ 7 ] Tiftory, has been the forerunner of ruin; Ill- omened birds, vain foretellers of tcmpefls, may perch on our malU; but the veiTel of the ftate will hold on her courfe, and bear her gallant crew unhurt amidft all the dangers of climates, ftorms, rocks, and quickfands. - ,, ;, . ,T It is generally agreed that the origin and foun- dation of the balance of Europe are to be fought: for in the treaty which in 1648 terminated a thirty years war, and defined the rights, privileges, and authorities of the different members of the Ger- manic bo-ly. It is, however, remarkable, that the treaty of Munfter, the corner ftone of modern diplomacy, in fome degree, countenanced thofe ichemes of fpoliation and aggrandizement, which we are apt to fuppofe to be peculiar to our own times. Secularizations and indemnities, the fyf- tem which now threatens to annihilate the Empire, then originated. Crafty negotiators, whether Ca- tholic or Proteflant, carved eagerly for themfelves, " Some afked for manors, others for acres, that lay convenitnt for them*." France, in particular, was a confiderable gainer. Brifac, with its dependen- cies, the landgraviats of Alface, Metz, Toul, Ver- dun, and Pigneiol, (not to mention inferior acqui- fitions,) were farrendered to her. At this petiod Great Britain v/as too much occupied with domef- c I • S^vift an 1 Arbutlinot's Hiftory of John Bull. B 4 tic [ 8 ] tic calamMe^ to interfere in the geheral politics 6f Europe. Her only polTeflion on the Continent was Dunkirk. The other principal powers were the houfe of Au'ftria, (of which one branch held Spain and the Netherlands, and the^her the faireft por- tion of Germany,) and the republic of Holland, a ilate, fmall, indeed, in extent, but wealthy, brave, and free ; i6:i\'^ in negotiation, and formidable in war. Pruffia was then, and long after, a petty deflorate. Ruffia had not emerged from barba- rifm. The ambition of Louis tlie Fourteenth, within a fhort period after the peace of Weftphalia, by con- queft or by treaty, added new frontiers to Frande. By the Pyrenean treaty, concluded in 1659, after a fhort war with Spain, he not only acquired fcve- ral places in Flanders and Luxemburg, the greateft part of Artois, Landrecy and Quefnoy in Hai- nault, the duchy of Bar, and other places in Lor- rain, and Roulfillon, Conflans, and Cerdagria, on the: borders of Spain, but laid the foundations of uniting the French and Spanifh monarchies under the houfe of Bourbon. From this time to the year 1700 (a period of 40 years) he never lofl fight of chis great objed. In 1662,, he purchafed Dun- kirk from our profufe and venal monarch, Charles the Second. By the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, which in 1663 terminated another contell with Spain, Tournay, Lifle, Courtray, Oudenard, Aeth, 4 Charleroy, C 9 1 Charleroy, and Douay, very important points in what has been fince denominated the iron frontier of France, ^ere ceded to him. His northern and eaftern frontiers were dill further improved at the peace of Nimeguen in 1678, by which Spain re- ceived back Charleroy, Binch, Aeth, Oudenard, and Courtray, but ceded to France, Befanqon^ Valenciennes, Bouchain, Conde, Cambray, the remainder of Artois, feveral other places on the northern frontiers, and the whole of the country of Burgundy or Franclie-Comte. It is worthy of remark that, during the progrefs which Louis was making towards what has been termed Univerfal Monarchy, this country either viewed with indifference, or promoted with zeal> the attempts of her ambitious neighbour to fufa- jugat€ the Continent. The Prince of Orange> however, profiting by the Revolution, which by placing him on the throne of James extended his influence to Great Britain, called forth our ener* gies; and in 1689 we joined the continental con- fedtracy, confiiling of Spain, a debilitated mon- archy, Holland, a ft ill vigorous republic, and the Emperor, much \yeakened by the dilbac^ed ftate of his hereditary dominions, and a war with the Turks. This grand alliance propofed to re- duce Louis to the terras of the Pyrenean treaty, (which flated the capitulation of marriage, by which Maria Therefa, the Qiieen of France, re- nounced c I C lO ] nounced'her pretenfions to the crown of Spain, as the chief part of the treaty, and the moft worthy, as well as the greateft and moft precious, earneft of the furety of its duration,) arid to fecure the fucceffion of the Spanifli crown to the houfe of Auftria. Neither objeft, however, was accom- plifhed. The French monarch's conquefls from the Allies on the right bank of the Rhine, and Mons, Courtray, and Aeth, on the Flemifti fron- tier, were reftored to Spain at the peace of Ryfwick in 1697* ; but Strafburgh, a moll important for- trcfs on the fide of Germany, was definitively ceded to him. Of the ftate and fentiments of Great Britain, at the clofe of this war, Lord Bolingbroke appears to h:ive given a faithful pidure, Asa Tory, and a llrenuous opponent of King William and Qiieen Anne's Whig Minifters, he is to be perufed with caution when he defcribes events in which they were concerned; yet, in the following remarks, * The 4th article of this Treaty is fomewhat fimilar to one intro- duced into the Treaty between Bonaparte and Ru(fia. Louis XIV. engiges his honour, upon the fditU and word of a King, that he «♦ will in no manner whatfoever favour the confpiracies or plots which «' any Rebels or ill-difpofcd perfons may, in any place, excite againll •« the King of Great Britain," who inters into a fimikr ftipulatiou on his part, Notwithftanding this prccedunt, I ftionld have lamented if a fiinilar cl;*ufe had been introduced into the Treaty of Amiens. The internaltranquillity of Great Britain will not, 1 truft, depend on the guarantee of tl:e Firll Conful. if [ •■ ] if compared with impartial hiftorlans, he will be found not to have deviated from truth. Thofe who doubt the veracity of this narration, will at lead admit that modern times have fhewn that it is not to be rejt:£led on account of its improba- bility. " Our people" (he fays) " belie'ved, and were ** encouraged to helievs, the war could not ht ** long^ if the King was vigor oujiy fupported: *' and there is a humdrum fpeech of a Speaker of ** the Houfe of Commons, I think, who humbly ** defired his Majefty to take this opportunity of *' reconquering his ancient duchy of Aquitain. " We were foon awakened from thefe gaudy " dreams. In /even or eight years no imprejfion " had been made on France, that was bcficged '7S it were on every ftdc ; and, after repeated de- feats in the Low Countries, where King William ** laid the principal flrefs of the war, his fole ** triumph was the retaking Namur, which had ** been taken by the French u few years before. *' Unfuflained by fucccfs abroad, we are not to ** wonder that the fpirit flagged at home; nor " that ' difcontents of thofe, who were averfe to " the edabliflied Government, uniting with the far greater number of thofe who difliked the Adminifiration, inflamed the general difcon- *' tents of the nation, opprefled with taxes, pil- ** laged (( i( (( cc C \\ [ lA ] ** laged by ufurers, plundered at fda, and dif- ** appointed by land. As we run into extremes •* always, fome would havs continued this war at *' any rate, even at the fame rate ; but it was not •* poffible they fhould prevail in fuch a fituation ** of affairs, and fuch a difpofition of minds. The ** generality of people grew as fond of getting out •' of the war, as they had been of entering into ** it ; and thus far, perhaps, confidering how it ** had been conduced, they were not much to be ** blamed. But this was not all ; for when King ** IViUiim had ?iiade the peace, our martial fpirit ** became at once Jo pacijic^that we feemed refolvedto meddle no mere in the affairs of the Continent; at leaji to employ our arms no more in the qmrrels ** that might arije there : and accordingly we *' reduced our troops in England to feven thou- **fand men *." The King, however, perfevered in his plan to reduce the power of France, and exerted himfelf during peace, to negotiate a new grand alliance with Holland and the Fmperor, In the midll of thefe preparations he died : but, " though the "man was dead, the grand alliance furvivedf;" hoftilities commenced againfl France and Spain cc «c • Sketch of rht Hiflory and Stare of Europe, Letter viii. f Burkt's, Rtftcikioiison the French Revolution, p, 88. m t >3 ] in May 170a, and did not terminate till April 17U*- • - - .•■.. : • ■- ■ • ■'■ Mr. Burke mentions tliis war as a proof of the energy of our anceilors : but here he ftops ; for it proves no more. Glorious as it was to our arms, and unequivocally demonftrative of our national refourccs, it added little to our power; but more ihan tripled the national debt, which in 1702 amounted to 16,000,003!. j but in 17 14 exceeded 54,000,000!. The acquifition of Gi- braltar, Minorca, half of St. Chrillopher's, and the Afliento trade, were no equivalent for fuch of the conquefts of Louis, on the fide of Germany and Flanders, as the peace of Utrecht allowed him to retain, and the eflablifhment of the Bourbon family in Spain> After the lapfe of a century, in wbicli the feud* of Whigs and Tories have given way to other con- troverfies, unambitious and difpaflionate politicians may doubt Vv'hether, on the whole, the war of Queen Anne was advantageous to the country, A writer, who has examined ti *? moft authentic documeiits refpefting this period of cur hiftory, obferve that " there were. certainly many (Irong " arguments for reftraining that precipitancy of " determination with which Eri gland rui^ied into A ■' I ■^1 ^0 I * Mr. Burke, fomewhat inaccurately, afferts that this war continued for ncixly I bit Utfi y:99j:t. i.Tw.oLet-ttfs po iletiQ;, p. gt. " the t «4 i hi '* the i^ar, atid which ought to have' fugg^fled " fuch referve and precautions as might, with- " out violating the honour of King William, ** have prevented the extravagance with which it ** was carried on, and perhaps have brought it to " a more fpeedy conclufion. But the generd ** defire of the nation, the ftate of parties, and the " private influence of a family, which the Sove- '* reign, at this time, was incapable of refilling, not " only diverted her attention from pacific counfels, " but induced the Adminifiiration to prepare for " hoitilities with an ardour, out of all proportion " to any provocation received, and with exagge- ** rated expefta'ions of the benefits likely to refult *' from a fuccefsful war *." It may be faid, on the other hand, that if we had not entered into the grand alliance, our Laws, our Liberties, and our Government would have been fubverted ; and that to the war of Anne we owe our fubfequent exigence as an independent nation. I cannot believe this ; for the very cir- cumflance we fo much dreaded, the acquifition of Spain by a Prince of the houfe of Bourbon, ac- tually took place without producing any calami- tous confequence to Britain. Still lefs fhall I feel inclined to admit, that our thirty years peace. * Soroerville'i Rtign of Queen Anne, p. 3. which fm^ m [ -5 ] which fucceeded the Treaty of Utrecht, was owing to the decrepit ftate of France: her public bankruptcy was expeded in 1708; yet in four fubfequent campaigns (lie continued the war with vigour, and in fome inftances with fuccefs. Our long repofe was not owing to the decrepit ftate of France; for France, in 1730, was able to under- take, and adually did undertake, a new war with Germany ; an i reaped the folid fruits of conqueft, in 1736, by annexing the valuable province of Lorrain to her wide-extended territories. The uninterrupted peace which we enjoyed during the whole of George the Firft's reign, and thir- teen years after, may, with more probability, hz afcribed to the long minority of Louis the Fif- teenth, the internal diflenfions of France refpefl- ing the Bull Unigcnitus, the intrigues of the Spanifh Miniller Alberoni, which forced France and Great Britain for a time to unite, and, above all, to the pacific difpofitions of Fleury and Wal- pole. Let us now advert to the balance of European power as it appeared at the French Revolution '.a J 789. In the courfe of the eighteenth century Holland had gradually declined. Unable to ftand fingly againft either England or France (in her prouder days flie has held them both at defiance) Ihe has, in all modern wars, been obliged to adl the humble part of a feeble confederate. Verging towards c < r ill C i6 1 r towards the Infignificance of Venice, flie mar expert to experience a fimilar fate, and to become the prey of fomc formidable neighbour. After a finglc gleam of national fpirit, the fun of Spain had long before 1789 fet for ever. The proud Caililians had long ceafed to think for themfelves. Of la:e years a war witn Spain has rather been courted than dreaded. Mr. Burke truly defcribes her. " She is not a fubfiantive power." But, if neither the Monarchy of Charles the Fifth, nor the Republic of De Witt, can now regulate the fate of Europe, two formidable States have arifen, whofe voices are heard in the Council of Nations. Ruflia, which at the peace oF Weftphalia was as duft in the balance, is now a great commercial and military Power. Prullia, from being the feudatory, is become th^ rival, of the Csefars : the refcripts of her envoys are received with deference at Ratify- bon» The mandates of Pruffia in 178; opened the gates of Amfterdam ; the mandates ofRuflia may fo n open (he gates of Conflantinople. Such are the principal alterations which have taken place within the laft one hundred and fifty years in the territorial divifioti of Europe; and ftill more important changes appear to be in contem- plation. It ha3 been feen that various acquifnions, during this period, have rounded and confolidated the French Monarchy. In point of extent, the Britifli dominions in Europe are now (with the ; lofs C -7 ] lofs of Dunkirk, and the addition 6nly of Gibral- tar) precifely what they were at the Treaty of Munfler. Nature has fixed the boundaries of the United Kingdom. An ambitious continental power may add a contiguous province to her fron- tier : an infular one can only enlarge the bounds of empire, by acquiring detached provinces. But whilfl our neighbours have extended their limits, Britain, " Hedg'd in with the Main, " That water-walled bulwark, ftill fecure " And confident from foreign purpofcs,"* has increafed her power (the power I mean of de- fence, for all other is precarious and illufory) by improvements in internal organization, by dou- bling her population, by colonization, by agricul- ture, by manufadures, and by commerce, the parent of naval power. With thefe means, and thefe motives, to preferve her independence, fhe has five times, during the lafl: century, been oppofed to France. Some wars fhe has carried on alone ; in others fhe has a£ted with confederates ; in all llie has (hewn that her ftation in the fcale of Europe depends not on a fanciful equilibrium which a congrefs of nations can adjuft, but on refources which can be created, and energies which can be exerted, by herfelf. c H * Shakfpeare. C Diplomatic [ 18 ] Diplomatic interference, negotiation, and treaty, may fomeiimcs preferve a feeble (late from imme- diate diflbliition ; but when did they infpire a timid people with manly fentiment and vigour ; or make thofe powerful who had no confidence in themfclves? Of all nations in Europe, Britain has the leaft occafion to dread the interpofition, or to court the mediation, of neutral dates. Her infular fituation renders her inacccffible to all, except the maritime, powers. Her unfitnefs for Continental conquefl fecures her from jealoufy. She can only affedV Europe by alliances and fub- fidies. Nor are tliefc means of war, now, of much confequence to her ; for, as Germany is divided between two great monarchies, Auflria and Pruflia, whofe mutual antipathies ate not foftened even by a comiiion interefl, we cannot court the one with- out difpleafmg the other. Auftria was our ally in the war of 1742, and Pruflia was againft usj in that of 1756, Pruflia joined, and Auftria oppofed, us ; and in the lad, though, from being both inter- efted to refill the revolutionary fyftem, they had joined againft France, Pruflia foon withdrew from the conteft in which Auftria pedevered. In mentioning thefe Powers, let me remark, that they are fingular inftances that, notwithftanding the fuppofed balance of power, fyftems of aggran- dizement will ftill prevail. By iwo treaties of par- tition, Auftria, Pruflia, and Ruflla, have parcelled out C '9 ] out to thcmfelves the extenfive republic of Poland; Ruflia, too, in the early part of the lad century, ftript Sweden of her mod valuable province, and, towards the latter end of it, not content with a ter- ritory ftretching from the Baltic to China, (he ad- vanced to the Crimea, and now, perhaps, extends her views to the mouldering provinces of Turkey. Yet Kuflia might whifper in our ears, that we, too, have taken our (hare in the divifion of empires : the northern powers might fet off our two treaties for the partition of the Myfore againft the two trea- ties for the partition of Poland. Inouepoint,! truft, they would own the treaties materially differed. The northern confederacy dethroned a lawful prince becaufe his territories were convenient for them: the Indian confederacy overthrew an ufur- per, and an implacable foe ; and, in carving out an indemnity for themfelves, they reftored a lawful prince to his fubjeds. Notwithftanding thefe various changes in the ftates on the Continent, Britain has long flouriflied " great and free, the dread and envy of ihem all." Hiftory (hews that the rife of one nation is not ne- teflarily accompanied with the deftruftion of its neighbour. The French Republic may poflefs the Rhine, and yet not annihilate the commerce of the Thames. England may be free, though Holland is in chains. Whether the terms of peace are fuch as we are entitled to, or whether it would have c 2 been M. I t 20 ] I been more advantageous to us to have continued the war, are conf derations very diftinvt from the queftion, whether our prefervation depends on the balance of Europe being preferred. To this fub- jed I have confined my prefcnt remarks ; and fhall conclude my letter with a tranflation of a para- graph in a periodical work, publifhed at Ham- burgh, which, I think, furnifhes an anfwer to one reafon, at leaft, for continuing the war. " The refloration of the balance of power," it is faid, '^ is as chimerical as the dreams of conqueft " with which the coalition again (I France have *' been flattered. — It is the philofopher's ftone in " politics. The negotiators at Munfter thought *' they had obtained it; but what has it produced? " Wars have fycceeded wars : fome ftates, which were then powerful, have been reduced to infig- nificance ; others have been annihilated ; others *' from mere exiftence have rifen into confequence: *' empires have been ereded ; kingdoms have " been defiroyed ; the weak have been oppreffed ; " the ftrong have abided their power : thefe aic " the confequenccs of this memorable fyHem. ** What new fcheme of policy can we devife that «' firall be fafc ? The birth of a great man, the li- •' ccntioufnefs of a mob, may fet human wifdom ** at defiance. We think that when we have placed equal (or nearly equal) portions of terri- tory, population, commerce, revenue, and mili- '* tary €t a (f :hibited a fptdacle v. hich will be fought for in vain among the humbled nations around us; we have fuccefsfully refiOed the force of France i we lave fet the infidious arts of democracy at defiance ; we have fhewn the value we fet on our liberties by our pertinacity in defending them; and we'have been rewarded for our conftancy ; for, whilfl: war has defolatcd the coniinent, the peaceful fliores of Great Britain have been exempt from its ravages. Nor did we fhrink from the conteft, when, after eight campaigns, " Defuited in" our "utmoft need " By thofe" our '-former bounty fed," we were attacked by a new and formidable con- federacy. Grateful pofterity will remeuiber that our negotiations at Peterfburgh, which confirmed our maritime rights, were preceded by our naval vidtory at Copenhagen, and that our gallant army had vanqui/hed the vidorious legions of Bonaparte in Egypt before we figned the preliminaries with France. It is well obferved that "to improve the golden moment of opportunity, and catch the good that is within our reach, is the great arc of life."* i'his is precifely what our Minifters have done. When * 13y Dr. Johnfon. c 4 a < 1'^ f they [ H ] ■si they entered Into officCj they found the current of ji/ublic opinion fetting very faft againft the continu- ance of the war. The nation was perfuaded (not indeed that they were unable to contend with the French Republic, for every gazette proclaimed the valour and the vi(51:orie? of Britons, but) that the refult of a further prolongation of hoftilities would be an ufeiefs expenditure of blood and trea- fure. They were perfuaded that no new continental alliances could be formed with advantage; that fubfidies to foreign powers had drained the country of irs fpecie j and that external force would con- folidate the new-raifed fabric of the confular go- vernment. Their wants influenced their opinions. Arguments were prefented to them in the increafed price of the neceflaries of life. They were taught to believe that war had created a fcarcity, and that peace would remove it. Peace is arrived ; and plenty accompanies her: they will, therefore, I fear, continue to reafon, miftakingly, as they have done J — poji hocy ergo propter hoc. Yet they ought to be informed that, during the laft thirty years, the cheapeft years were the feven years of the American war. The nation, too, was fatisfied that the great objeft of the conteft had been attained. The popular notions of revolution and reform, which in 1793 agitated Great Britain, had given way to the ratio.- ^al convidion that no graft from the French tree C 25 1 of liberty could improve the Briillh conftitution. The fate of trance had left an awful warning to Great Britain. 1 he experiment had been made, jand had proved that the fubverfion of antient in- ^itutions, is not calculated to improve the lum of human blifs; that the profcripiion of the rich does pot benefit the poorj that modern ethics offer no good fubftitute ior religion; and foreign conqueft jio compenfation ior the lofs of public order, and domeftic comtort. 1 he pack-horfe may be ill-ad- vifed who kicks off his burthens in order to alTume the trappings of the charger. Let it alfo be recolleded that, when the prefent JMinifters entered into office, a new confederacy, -defigned to invade our maritime rights, had ripen- ed into open hoftility. They n^tr-d as became the guardians of the honor of a great nation whofe difpofitions were pacific -, they contended with the Northern Powers, till our violated rights were re- cognized ; but they contended no longer. They perfevered in the war with France, till they had' refcued from her gripe (not indeed a Britifh colony, for Britain had loit no territory whatever, but) a country that had long been deemed (1 conceive erroncoufly) the direit road to Indian conqucft; but, having liberated Egypt, they improved the golden moment by concluding a peace, which fecures fome of the fruits of vidory, and all the praife and advantage of fuccefsful refiftance. This rcfiftance c "I* « 1 [ ^6 ] - refinance is a ftrong aflurance of " fecunty for the future;" for the experience of the laft nine years has proved that the greateft military power in Europe, which has overrun Holland, Italy and Germany, can make no impreflion on this ** fea-girt ifle." We have indeed ceded to the original poffeffors more colonies than we have retained. So did France in 1783 ; but no rational politician was led from this circumflance to contend that fhe deemed the peace of Verfailles either inglorious or unprofit- able. She had fucceeded in her objefl; ; and torn away a limb from the mother country. In the Jajl war (may it long bear this defignation !) (hq has failed mofl completely in a fimilar attempt j and the blow by which fhe hoped to difmember, has confolidated, the Britifli Empire. Peace, I admit, has been the refult of neceffity ; but it is a neceffity forcibly felt by both parties. France, by a continuance of hoftilities, nuift have prolonged her internal diftrefTes; and have pro- tracted the Iong-wi(hed-for period, in which reno- vated commerce may, poffibly, repair the excefles of revolution ; excefTes which fhe mull: deplore, and from which war alone has preferved us : our coafls, our colonies, were inacceffible. Britain, by another year of war, mufl have made a great addition to a debt, which, though not intolerable, fliould not be wantonly increafed. The blockade of Breft, or the bombardment of Boulogne^ (and fuch fi [• 27 ] fuch only, T apprehend, would have been the ope- rations of another campaign) might have injured France, but would have yielded us no equiv lent. Some vifionary politicians have tiippofed that vaft projefts were in contemplation; and that, if thr war had continued, we (hnuld have attacked the Spanifli fettlements in America I cannot, how- ever, convince myfelf that the balance of Europe might be fettled in Mexico, although the conqueft of Canada is faid to have betn 'jfFeded in Ger- many, ^'till lefs can T fuppofe that the invafion of Peru would hav : fuinilhed a mi.yity lever for over- turning the Preiich Republic. Eldornc'o conqueils would have attradted the gallant Knighis of Britain two centuries ago ; but T (hould have deemed my- felf a libeller of Minifters if l had fuppofed that they meant to confign our brave feamen and fol- diers to the ufelcfs cnterprlzes and diihonourable graves of Drake, Cavendifli, and iiawkiris. Had we continued the war for fuch projedls, well might Mr. Fox have exclaimed- " O v':alumniated *• crufadcrs, how rational and mcd rare were your objects! O much injured L.ouis the Fourteenth, upon what flight ground you have been accufed " of reftlefs and immoderate ambition ! O tame ** and feeble Cervantes, with what a timid pencil *' and faint colours have you painted the portrait " of a dilorcered imagination!"* ♦ Lctttr to the Ek£lors of VVcftminfter 1793, p. 40.' In e,i hdwcver enliglitened. In the compofuion ofpoli^ (icsll inditutions time muft be the principal agent, Bonap>arte, htiwever, has one road to glory opened t "> his view j but, to rcucli her temple, lie mirft not attempt to mount higher, (as allegory wx)uldinitru(5l him',) but be content to dcfcend fro:u the eminence,' SylWj'Clirifliha, and WalV.ington, have donefo be-i fore hifiT. Public meti, under certain circumftances, may -find that " th^ poll of honour is* a private ** 'flatio'n." To Bonaparte it would alfo be the poft: offafety. He may confer happincfs on France, if, availing himfelf of the power which mihtary fuccef^ has placed in his hands, he models his future condu<5l from examples which may be found in our hifiory, not indeed in the ProtccStorate of Cromwell, but in the period which immediately fucceeded it. I cannot bel eve that France is for ever deftincd to experience an elective government. The chances of peace may place the fabric of the ftatc in that country on i\rm foundations: — but wc mull wait with patience, dum dcjiuat amn'is, The D :i »' U : ii. I !' f »E 'ti'i C 34 1 The tide of revolution is ebbing away very fa^ t may the returning flood <' lead on to fortune !" In eftimating the probability of future fecurity, we do not af)pear to have attached fufficicnt im* portance to the events of the laft campaign. The force of nations depends- as much on their moral charat^ler, as on their territorial and financial rc- fpurces. A people who think themfelves inferior to their adverfaiies in military flcill and martiaj. prowefs are already half conquered. < Doubt is the beginning of dcfpair. Moftof the fucCe.Tes of the French arc afcribable to energy and confidence. Pajfunt quia pojfff vi^ktur. The charm, however, which led them on from vi<5tory te v.£J:ory, is at length, I truft for ever, difTolved. They now^i^u(! know that, even with ifupcrior numbers, they arc not more formidable to us in the field than on the ocean. That a French army of equal force ever fuccefsfully withftood the Britifh b«::onet, no fair fnftance, I believe, can be adduced. From the nature, however, of a continental v,'ar, few oppor- tunities have occurred for large bodies of our troops to aS. unconneftcd with foreigners. But the expedition to ^'gypt has proved that in difci- pline, valour, endurance of fatigue, patient perfe- vering exertion, the vtcerans of France may be Excelled by the youth of Prirain. Our army iias added a never-fading wreath to the laureh> won at ''Bitnheim, Minden, and Quebec. PoUchty will [ Zi ] reid vvitfi 4ftoni(hment, that lefs than I4>oqq ♦ of our troops, many of whom had been nearly t twelvemonth at fea, landed in a country, above three thoufand miles diftant from their own ; a country, too, ftrongly fortified by naturp, and gar- rifoncd by 28,000 French j-, the flower of thofc . ■ ■ viftorious -■•••,;•,-;;■ ' ■ ■• • I'he returns from the ^rmy under (General Abercromby' in MarmorilTa Bay, on *^he rft of January, 1800, amounteil to I6 061 rank and file, fit fur duty, including 469 Marines. At this period the fick lift exceeded zooo' About 17,900 troops arrived in the bay of Aboukir, in March, and the cfFe£tive rank and file landed in Egypt did not much exceed 13,000 men. In the moii:hs of July and Auguft, a reinforcement of about 4500 men arrived from ireat Britain and the Mediterranean garrifons; and about the middle of July, the Inaian army of 5000 men, half Britilh and half Sepoys, reached Cairo, but too late to be employed in the fiege of Alexan- drift. The arrival, however, of this army in the ,Jled Sea in the end of April, probably contributed towards the evacuation of Upper l^gypt, and much afliftcd the operations againft Cairo. The adiftance derived from the cooperation of the Turks, refultcd from their ap- pearance and pofition more than from their perfonal exertions. f The Gazette accounts of the operations of the Britiih army enable us to afcertain, with fufficient preciiion, the number of ih» French forces \x\ Egypt in March, 1801, ' Taken Prifoners and capitulated xCth March, at Aboukir - - jift March - " - • 19th April, at Rofetta 9th May, at Rhamanie - • - Cavalry taken ou their way from Alexandria 14th, in veffels on the Nile - • - 17th, the garrifons of fort Lefbe and Burloi P » 150 seo 368 1 10 53 »5o 70» Taken mm 11 D ami »t N i Hh': ■li I ..nil ,: \ c ifi ] vif^orious legions, who had fpread terfor through Icaily, and vanqulfhcd the befl: troops of Auftria. By three battles, and two fieges, we re-conquercd Taken with ; 56 GamelJ i -.- -*^^ '^ a^tji 7uJi6» ft Cairo j[mcludjng 500 Greeks) aift Auguft, in Marabout Caftle a5th, furprifed by ift battalion of the 20th 600 10,000 i3o ■- 57 td.Sept. garrilbn of Alexandiia (including 1300 Sailors) 940P - "* " '■'■ ■'- Killed " ■ • —•■■■■ ; -1 , l< 15th May, in the battle near, Cairo' '. .» - , Xhc killed, in ijie diifcfeiiit aftiot)s with th<; Britilh, thofe ,. whp died pf thfiiir \vounds, of the plague in Cairo, , , or ^i^'ere deftrojci^ ^y ihe native*, after the 8th of .; Maidi, ca»noE, reafq^iaibly; be cflimated at lefs than 5000 ; Total, exclufive'of the ftHbvvers bf the army, of various * ^''' ^ defcr}{)tions. Of thefe there were taktn 3500 at ' ' ' Cairo; and tnore,^robably, at other places. 27,01^ ' , The number 0^,; French ,fe^ and laud forces employed, in Egypt, appears from vai]^ious documents, found among the intvrcepted letters publiflie^ twoy.^ars ago,, to have been nbovc 60,000 men. Some ^ddiuop r.tay. be^ijiaidjE to tliis nuviibtr fur thp crews and troops carried (jut in vtfTfl^ >vhiclT, h5^ve| entered Alexandria fince Auguft, 1798, and for the hoft of fpeculdtors, (^'■' faifeurs de fortune," as ih^y were called,) who accompanied the army to Egypt. Of the naval force of the Republic employed in this expedition, all the French line of battle fliips, amounting to 13, were either taken or dcftroyed ^ and of 14. frigates, which attended them, very f;;w efcapeda fimilarf.^tc^ The General, indeed, deftincd to be Firft Con- ful, eluded the vigilanceof our ciuifeis ; and returned to France ; < : •' Sed quaJis rediiii^ nempe unft nave"— The lofs of th.: Biitifh, in Egypt, it is fuppofed, did not altogether exceed aooc men. [ 37 ] Egypt in lefs than fix months *, and fent home 23,000 Frenchmen, difgulted with fchsmcs of In- dian conqueft, and humbled by defeat. They will record ou;- triumphs in every department of the Republic, and teach their countrymen to remem- ber, for many years to come, that the lad events of the war were difaftrous to France, and glorious to Great Biitain. Our exploits at Aboukir, Alexan- dria, and Cairo, by impreflinp: the French with orre6l norions of our means of defence, will add pjcurity to peace. The Invincibles, vfho fled before us in Africa, will not intimidate us in Europe. If a Northern Confederacy (houid again be formed to invade our mai itime rights, which have been formally recognifed by the Convention of Peterlburgh, the Sound will form no barrier to our fleets, the harbours of the Baltic will furnifli no protc^lon to an armed neutrality. In 1780 we werf » u.Jred with iinpunity: in 1800, Denmark, Sv«. , ' r. wid Ruflia, again attempted to infult usj but the '/ron they received from the battle of Copenhagen will prevent the attempt from being ^ttMl |l^ <«! -F * The army landed on the Sth of MnrJi, in tenipeftuous weather, *'| in the face of a numerous enemy who svere r' eattd with great lofs. On the 13th the French made an uufucccfsfu! attack, and were again V. , 'fed with lofs ; and on the 21ft a general aflion took place, in ^>i " thtv wt-rc completely routed. Aboukir Caftie furrendercd on the . Yv\Oi r/iarch ; Roletta on the igvh uf April ; Cairo on the 15th of June ; and Alexaiuhia on the ad of September. "!' 03 repeated. [ 38 1 I: repeated, as long as the exploits of a Nelfon are remembered in the Baltic *. I confider the iflands which have been ceded to m by the Treaty of Peace to be moft valuable ac-. cjuifitions. Ceylon, whether we regard its fitu- aition at the fouthcrn extremity of the Pcninfula of India, its excellent port of Trincomale, (the only good one ""* our fettlements,) or its rare produdiions, will ii fe ths fecurity, and extend the commerce, of our Indian empire. Nor Ihould it be forgotten that Tippoo, the antient ally of France, (who aimed through him to fubvert our power in Aifia,) has been deftroyed j that our provinces in the Carnatic have been ftrengthened on their moft: vulnerable lide, by the annihilation of fo pow- erful and implacable a foe j and that the partition of his territories has enabled us to narrow our fron- tiers, to form very benefiqialallianpes, and to bid • Our viftory over the Dants, and our naval preeminence at the Concluiion of the war, were concifely and elegantly dclcnbed in a Prologue to the Weftmiofter play ii;i laft December. I regret that my memory c'ocs not enable me to (^uote more than four hncs; and fhcf, poinbiy, arc not coire6lly ftated. fama — *' Concinct ut Galli ctil^riint aequore toto, " Ut Batava; Rheno deiitucre rates : " Continet et Danes uno dilcrimine frados, " Fadcraque Arctoo firmius i£ta polo." fc'iftion is ufually confidcred as the province of Poetry: butin'ihit ii,ftancc Poetry is allied with Truth. ... defiance [ 39 ] defiance to the jealoufy of Indians, and the ambition of Europeans. If the annexation of Belgium to France is a valuable conqueft, let us be allowed to compute our giins in the My fore. They are held by the bed poffible. tenure — good government. Nor will any reafonable mind feel alarmed becaufe the French arc to receive back Pondicherry, and the Dutch are to re-occupy their Comptoirs in the Eaft. Mere placcsof trade, circumfcribed by ouf fettL'ments, may excite our vigilance, but can never prove formidable to our power. In India we are the lords paramount ; and, though we permit the huckfter and the chapman to cfeft theirbooths in our market, we do not fear that the grant will enable them to ftrip us of our dcmcfnes, or to bc- fiege us in our caflles. In the Weft-Indies we retain im ifland, more cxtenfivc than all the iflands we reftore : more advantageoufly fituated, both for commerce and defence, than Jamaica ; lefs exh ufted by cukiva tion, lefs cxpofed to Jacobinifm. Trinidad, im- proved by Bricifh capital, and defended by Britifh power, will, probably, in a very few years rival our moft flourifhing Weft-India colonies. Minifters muft comply with fume of the pre- judices of commerce. The poflfeflion of the French Windward iflands, as military pofts, was indifpenfable to i?s in war. They v/en. the poift( d'appui of our fl^gilr colonies. But I do not regret -I 04 the if h ftnm D ^(i .''' I {km wm^im i I lit; 11 I, J i 40 ] the ccdlon of Martinico and St. Lucia to France^ or of Dcmerara and Surinam to Holland. When ivc contemplate the fate of St. Domingo, we fhould not wifli to fatten m(ire viftims for facrifice. The noxioufnefs of a climate more fatal to Britons than the fword, the proximity of the States of Ame- rica, and the fj-'irit of infubordinati' n (a fpirit, [ fear, that will not ceafe, even with the abolition of the Slave Trade) have much leffened the value of Tranfatlantic property. . Of the acquilitions of France I entertain very different fentiments from thofe exprefled by the advocates for war;- but the limits of a pamphlet 'will not allow me to compare her gains of popu- lation and of territory with her lolfes, both moral and p liticnl. The account would l:e a long one. In lefs diftrat'^led times, France herfelf may proba- bly firike a fair balance, fet down her loiTes w;th corrc6lnvfs, and compute her gains without exag- geration. * '• ■ • •■ " . ■ ■'.' ■ It is no obje6iion to peace, that by it much mud be hazarded j for more wculd be hazarded by a prolongation of the contclh All great political meafures, war and peace moie efpecially, are ex^ peiiments. Our llatefmen well know that more than mere parchment is required to cement the arhity ot nations : that time, the moil powerful of agents, t]:e chief improver of human inftitutioi\s, mud ccortcrate \\ith politfit^iil wifdom to render peace [ 41 ] peace a bleffing ; that felf-intcrefl: will- foften antlent imimoruies j and that commerce, " the golden gir- dle of the globe *," will bind us together, when our fiercer paflions would difunite us. It is a narrow policy to fuppofe that our pro- iperity mud be advanced by the ruin of France. A commercial nation will be benefited by an increafc of her bell cuftomers. The more induf- rrious France becomes, the more fenfible Ihe will be of the ble dings of peace, and the more anxious to prefcrve them. Nor will her advances in focial arts, though they may add to her ftrength, dim:ni(h our fecurity. It feems to have been w ifely ordained by Providence that the wealth of nations fhould not difpofe them to aggrefllon, though it may fur- ni(h them with defence. The pooreft and mort: uncivilized tribes have ever been the greateil con- querors. The advocates for war apprehend that what the Republic cannot effcS. by force, flie may ac- complilh by craft, and that we may fall, like the Trojans, " — Captiquedalis,lacrymirque coafti, " Q . Tonnage of VefTels, Engllfh and Poreign, cleared out- wards from die Poi'ts of England and Wales. Years. Tons. Foreign Ton». Peace \ »737 (•4,-6,941 »739l 1740 [384,191 Total Tonnage. 26,627 503,568 } War I 1741 -' 87,260 47ij45i Aver, of 3 years, ditto. Peace Wai . V ■ r '744 373>8^7 1747 394,57» 1748 479*236 r^749] j 1 750 [609,798 1756^451,254 »757 >• ^760 47^*24^ 1 761 508,220 ^1762 480,444 72,849 101,671 44.6,666 496,24a 534>7i3 51,386 661,184 ditto. 73,456 524,710 ditto. 1^2,737 i»7'y35 120,126 573978 626,055 600,570 i'cace iii ' [ 45 1 Enpliftx Foreign Years. Tops. Toos. •1770 .7P3.495 57.476 1771 77.i>39" • 63>53^ 1772 818,108 72,603 ni3 77'>483 • 54,820 L»774 798,240 65.273 r^775 783,226 64,^60 1776 7781878 7:^,188 1777 ^36,234 83,468 1778 657^238 • '98,113 »779 590,911 139.124 1780 619,462 134,515 1781.. SA7^<^S3 163,410 1782 ' . 55^.851 208,511 Total TunORge. V 60, 974 ........ .... 836,9*2 Feace^ 1772 8i8ao8 '72,60'? 890,711 826,303 863»5>3 848,086 851,066 8i(),7oa War ;*77» ^SJ^'^.^.^i •9^13 '755.55^ 7.ic.035 753)977 7» «>3^\^ 761,362 Of the caufes of this depfcfli^n in our •commerce, the principal feem to be, that ,in war we are ufually oppofed to thofe ftates which in peace are our bed cuftomersj that during hoflilities the rifk of capture fo much enhances the expence of fieight, which conflitutes a part of the price of every ar- ticle exported, and the charges of Teamen's wages and infurance are fo much increafed, that neutral nations not only become the carriers of our goods, but are enabled to underfell our manufadurers in foreign markets ; and that a confiderable part of the national capital being required during war, forfup- plying the exigencies of the (late, lefs labour can be fee in motion for the purpofes of commerce. During the lafl: nine years, however, peculiar cir- cumftances have prevented thefe caufes from pro- ducing 3 J: f r .'V- ■iV [ 46 .1 AW :u;' ducing their ufual effect ; or rather have counter- balanced them. Since the commencement of the war our commerce has fo much increafed, that the tonnage of veflcls, cleared outwards from Britifli ports, has arifen from 1,639,300 tons, its amount in 1792, the mod flouriHiing year of peace this country ever experienced, to 2,130,32a tons. The following table exhibits this increafe, and the progrefs of our navigation fince the year 1788. : ' . ' • An Account of the Tonnage of Britilb and Foreign Vcflels whirh entered inwards, and cleared outwards, im the feveral Ports of Qr^st Britain, from, or to, all Pirts . of theWorJd, in 1789, and the eleven following Yearsj Vefft'Is entered Inwards. ' Years. 1789 1790 J79I J792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 ibco Britifh Tdns. ^398,333 1,42^,376 » 945^*498, ^5 8 7 '645 1,542,952 1, 45^,786 1,242,785 i>474,949 I,l50,t22 i,?89,r44 i.375>i69 i.i79>^o7 Foreign Tons. 190,676 277,599 321,364 3 04,074 332,37^ 334*205 390,030 520,069 455>678 4/c,o2S Tofa! Ton'i. * i,589>oc^ i»705'975 tJ9773>^6a 1,891,719. i>675,327 1,786,991 1,632,815 1,995,018 1,605,900 1,709,172 1,851,765 2,i43»04J VcfTcls C 47 ] Veflels cleared Outward*' 1789 1790 1791 179^ 1793 J79? 1796 1797 1798 1799 CritifhTont. 1,507,636 ^399»i33 i,5"i^94 i>563.744 I,24?,202 1,382,256 i»r 45*450 7,254,626 1,103,781 1,102,551 I»445>2i7» Foreign Ton«. 103,697 148,974. 184,729, i87,b33 218,567 332,5^7 47 8.35 « 365,719 414*774 685,051 Total Ton*.' 1,611,333 1,548,207 1,696,023 i,639»-^oo 1,427,234 1,600,817 1,523,017 1,732,984 1,500,952 1,68^,^70 i»7' 7*325 2,130,^^22 The increafc in the imports and exports is Hill more extraordinary than the incr^afe in the ton- nage, exhibited in the preceding table. Ir appears from the following official ftatemcnts of t!.e In- fpeftor General of the Imports and Exports of Great Brit.iin, that the Exports of 1799 and 1800 amount to more than the Exports of 1777 and the five following yrars, and that the Exports of 1800 arc nearly quadruple the amount of the Exports twenty years ago. During the American war the Exports feldom exceeded the Imports : in one year (1781) they were lefs. Ths Exports of the firft eight years of the laft war exceeded the Imports by more than ^ 50,000,000 official value; and in. tli?ding th- ninth year, 1801, it is probable, that the cxccfs of Exports during the war above the Imports luff f hi 1 3:. ft HV'Vf i 1: 5 ;•«!■ I * |. '^ [ 48 ] Imports was m6re'thart'^6b,bfeicob official value *J Since the profperous ytar 1792 our Imports have received an increafc; qf onerha f, and our Ex- ports of tWo-thi'^^ds, of their amount at that period ; obr Imports in' 18 flo,' compared' With thofe of ^7^5 J ^^frc as two ia one, ancloui- Exports as five to two. It alfo appears' that the - Bi:|ti/b manM^ac- tur"5 exported in 1806' were 'valued at mor^ than thofe expprtcd in the two years 1785 and 1786; that they very nearly equal thofc 'cj^^brted in tiie two years 17S5 a^?d 17933 and that. .the ^ritifli manufaftures exported in 1799 -and '^*^° exceed by ten million* official volue (which are equal to about Icventcen millj ^ns i-eal V^Jue) the amount of Briii(h manufa<5tures.*'xportcd in any other two yenr:? t\^i can b,e fel^iflcd. It is true, that in fpm^ anic^.s of export, ai\ increafc may be afcrjbcd tQ the war ; but when it is confjdered that provifions, and naval and military ItorcF, Ihipped in the.King's tranfports, arc not entered on the jbooks of ih? Cufl:om-houie, a very ^mple allo-wance may be made for the extraordinary demand created by th^ war J and yet. a confidcr533 11,435,263 10,812,246 VALUE ye.d value of the Imports that year exceeded the official value, about 82 l>er cent. (See p. 43, 50, 52,) and the Imports and Experts that year, in real value, nearly balanced each other : the real value of foreign merchandize, ex^jorted was fomewhat left than the official value. (See p. 53,) The real value of Brltijh mantifaSlures exported may be taken in r ind numbers at 70 per cent, more than the official value. (f e p. 53.) If thefe data were applicable to every period of the war, the real value of the Imports and Exports, in round numbers, might be fldjufted thus : Official value. Real value Imports in 8 firft years of the war rgj.ooOjOOO -f 82 /, ct. = 36o,ooo,o3o fl«« Exports— Bririlh manufa6lures 150,000,000 + 70/'. ;/.~ 2 155,000,000 Foreign merchandize 95,000,000 95,000,000 Total Exports 350,0^ 000 Balance of Imports * Total value lo ' 00,000 It muft be rccoUeded that a confiderable part of our Imports is a Remiuance Trade to proprietors of Eaft and Weft India property, re- fident in Great Britain. * The totals, in fomc inftances, in this and the following table, amount to ^.i more than the two firft columns added together ; this arifes from the fbillings belonging to the iirft and fccond column&, s when 1 iii? I V ''1 •^iS ♦^ Tr ' ( t 50 ] m .m VALUE OF IMPORTS*. Years. I781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1783 1789 1790 1791 1792 '793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 From Eaft In- dies &c China. 2>526,339 626,319 J53oi>495 2,996,652 2,703,940 3,156,687 3,430,868 3>362,545 3,149,870 3*698,713 2,701,547 3,499>023 4,458,475 5,760,810 3,372,689 3>942,384 7,626,30- 4,284,805 4.94^275 All other Parts. Total Imports.^ 10,197,274 9'7i5»509 i,8'^o,739 2,276,224 3^575,478 2,629,385 4>373,h6^ 4,573*272 4,458,557 5,981,015 5,971,069 6>957*Sio 5f7S7y^9S 7,830,418 6,976,079 9,814,630 7,071,572 '? ,230,959 22,552,626 2:,628,33o £' 2,723*613 0,341,8:8 3*'22,235 5*272,877 6,279,419 5,780,072 7,804,014 8,027,170 7,821,102 9,130,886 9,669,782 9'659*358 9'256,7i7 22,288,894 22,736,889 a3>i87,3i9 21,013,956 27,857,889 26,837,432 30,570,605 when they umoiintcd to a pourd, having been added together for the total. This remark applies to the fubfeqiient tables. The eight firft years in thefe tables of imports and exports were taken from the Report of the Lords' Committee of Secrecy, 1797, Appendix No. 40; and the remaining years were derived from the Trade and Navigation Account, laid before Parliament in June laftj that account, however, varies in a fmall degree from the accounts of 1799 and 1800. The year 1801 was fupplied from the Cuftom-houCe. VALUE [ i» 3 enrs. '783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 798 VALUE QF EXPORTS. • Britifti Produce andManufac- Foreign Mer- Total Exports- tures. £■ chaudize. £' £' 1777 9,300,266 4,190,763 13,49 1, 019 1778 ^,207,50.:? 4,046,392 12,253,895 1770 7,648,286 5,890,289 13.538,575 1780 8,813,690 3,834,925 12,648,616 1781 7.633,332 3,708,963 11,342,296 1782 9,109,561 3,907,829 13,017,390 0,409,713 5'^58,574. 15.468,287 1,887,628 3,846,434 15,734,062 1,081,810 5,035,357 16,117,168 1,830,372 4,475,493 16,305,866 2>053,90o 4,815, 88g 16,869,789 2,724,719 4,747.5^8 i-,472,238 3»779»5o6 5,551,042 19,340,548 4,921,084 5,199,037 20,120,121 0,810,018 5,921,976 22,731,995 ^,336,851 6,568,348 24,905,200 3,892,268 6,497,911 20,3c 180 6,725,402 10,022,680 26,74^, 6,338,213 10,785,125 27,123,33b 9,102,220 11,416,693 30,518,913 ^>,903,io3 12,013,907 28,917,010 9,672,503 13,919.274 33,591,777 1799 24,0^^4,213 11,907,116 35,991,329 1800 24,304,283 18,047,735 43,152,019 It is hardly neceflary to remark that thcfe values are not the real vahies of merchandize imported or exported. The raies of value fettled in 1697 have been continued at the Cuftom houfe; and according to thofe rates the value of all merchan- dize imported or exported is entered in the books E 2 of mtm ^ [ 5» ] "cm 1! of the Infpedor General ; but fince that period the price of almoft every article of commerce has fo much increal'cd that its official value falls very much lliort of its real value : in fome few indances, however, this is not the cafe j in an account of the rated value, and of the value agree- ably to the prices current, of the foreign merchan- dize exported from Great Britain to Ireland, (laid before Parliament in 1799,) it appears that the rated value of liquorice, mahogany, coffee, rice, ialtpetre, linfced feeds, Bengal Italian and thrown filks, rum, and tar, is more than their real value : coffee is rated at nearly thrice its current price. The Convoy Ad, pafled in iy?^* required the merchant to declare the real value of Britilh mer- chandize exported, in order that the export duty might be afcertainedi but the exports to Ire- land, certain articles ufed in the fifheries, and cotton manufadures of all defcriptions, being ex- empted from the payment of this duty, the i.ifor- mation which it furniihed was neceflarily imper- feft. By affliming, however, that articles exported to Ireland, or ufed in the fiftieries, may beeflimated at the fame rate of value with articles of a fimilar value exported to other countries, and by forming an eftimate of the true value of cot: on manufac- tures exported, the Infpedor General has been en- abled to ftate to Parliament the real value o'' mer- chandize exported. From the firft half year's operation C 53 ] operation of the Convoy Duty, it appeared that the declared value, on which a duty was paid, ex- ceeded the rate of value in the Infpe^or General's hooks about 7 1 per cent, on the whole of the Britifli manufadlures exported. The real value probably exceeds the declared value. In fome years, owing to the great quantity of coffee, and other high- rated articles being re-exported, the official value o^ foreign merchandize exported exceeds the real value *. The Infpeftor General has laid before Parliament the following ftatements of the real value of our imports and exports. Total. 49,002,170 IMPORTS. From Eaft Indies Years. and China. All other Parts* £.- £■ 1799 8,918,24s 40,083,922 1800 4S»573»'38 EXPORTS. Britilh Manu- Years. faftures. Foreign Merchandize. Total. £' jr. jr. 1798 33,148,682 1799 38,942,493 11,347,692 50,290,190 1800 39,471,203 16,359,640 55,810,843 Total adual value of imports and \ ^^^ „r^ f 00,202,360 exports m 1799 - - - j ^^'^ ^ »j It appears from the refolutions on Finance, moved by Mr. Addington, and adopted by the Houfe of Commons, laft Summer, that the total •This, it appears, was the cafe ip 179^ and 1800. E 3 aclual umm IX I si ■ l- ill; ^ii am M ^ k I'm [ 54 ] a^ual value of imports and exports In i8oo,'fup- pofing the imports from the Eaft Indies and China tfy be the fame in the preceding year *, may be cflimated at ^.iio,ooOjOOo. Three of thefe refolutions exhibit the progrcfs of our commerce during the iaft twenty years in fo fatisfadory a point of view, that I cannot deny myfclf the pleafure of fubjoining them. Rbsolution XIV.— That the official value of all imports into Great Britain, in the year ending the ^th of January, 17R4, was 13,122,235/. J and on an average of fix years, ending the 5th of January, 1784, was 11,690,829/. : That the official value of all imports into Great Britain, in the year ending the 51h of January, 1793, was 19,659,358/.; and on an average of fix years, ending the 5th of January, 1793, was 18,68^,390. : That the official value of all im- portj into Great Britain, in the ytar ending the 5th of Ja- nuary, 1801, (fuppoluig the imports from the Eaft Indies, of which no aoccunt has yet been made up, to be the lame as in the preceding year) was 2 9,92 5,? 58/. f making an in- creafe, as compared with 17S3, of 16,803,623/. and with 1792, of 10,366,500/.; and on an average of fix years, ending the 5th of January, iSoi, was 35,2,9,890/. making an increafe, as compared with the average to jjth ofja- * That 15^^.4,284,805. This efli mate was very modcrnte ; for the imports from the Kaft Indies am) China in 1799 were lei's than the averajjc of il)c prtctding fix ycnrs by j{^. 49 1,5 13 ; lefs th.in the average of the piectding three years by ^.69^,861 $ and Icfs than tlie importsof the preceding year 179S, byX''3S.4>> '^S- ^^ "o^ appears tliRt the imports from the E.;!'t Iiulies and China in 1800 exceeded this eftimatc bv/.657,470. See p. 50. ■}• Their actual amount wa? ^ 30,570,605. See p. 50- nuarjj ri; [ 55 ] nuary, 1784, of 13,569,061/. and with the average to 5th of January, 1793, of 6,57o8s 93 66,021 92 72,181 100 94,97» ^15 86,242 114 89.319 107 98,044 114 J 26,268 130 An [ 57 ] An Account of the Number of VcfTcls beJonging to the feveral Ports of the BritiAi Empire, and the Amount of their Tonnage, and the Number of Men and Boys employed in navigating them, in the Year 1783, and the Seventeen folloviring Years *. o B •4-* u tn O PO 0) s O Years. Veffcls. Tons. Men. 1783 8,342 669,212 59,004 1784 9,111 793.H7 65,880 1785 9»753 859,606 7^?7i 1786 ] ro,i92 920,926 74,835 1787 ] [0,411 1,087,874 81,745 1788 ] [3,827 1,363,488 107,925 1789 ] t4>3»o i9395»»7a 108,9621 1790 1 S^^^S 1,460,823 112,556 1791 ] 5><545 1,511,411 117,044 i792t] [6,079 i,540>i45 118,286 1793 J 16,329 1,564,520 1 1 8,952 1794 ] 16,806 i,589>758 119,629 1795 J 16,728 iiS74,45t 116,467 1796 ] [7,067 1,519,298 120,979 1797 ] 16,903 1,614,996 124,394 1798 ] 17*295 1,666,481 129,546 1799 ] 17,879 1,752,815 135,237 1800 ] [8,877 1,9^5,438 143,661 In the above account, the 'firfl: five years only comprehend the (hipping belonging to England '* Accounts, and Siniplcmentary Accounts rcfpcftingthc Trade and Navigation of the Britilh Empire, June, 1801 . f The late Infpeftor General was of opinion, that, immediately preceding the war, the Merchants (hipping of this k/it^dom, (by which exprelnonl prefume he meant Great Drllain only,) amounted to much more than ^. i:,ooo,co?. See Commons' Third Report on the Bank, '797> P" '13. and mmm M'7 •III •sii 1 ; '• !^- t:ny il [ J8 ] and Holland. The accounts of the veflels belong- ing to Ireland, Guernfey, Jerfey, Man, and the Britifh Colonits in the Weft Indies and America, were not returned to the Regiller General of Ship- ping previoufly to the year 17&8, when the A£t of the 26th of ihe King, called the Regifter Aa, had taken full efFe£t. From the following comparifon of the (hipping belonging to different parts of the Britifh Empire in 1788 and 1800 it appears that the number of vefTels belonging to Ireland has dc- creafed, and that the greatefl increafe has been in the fnipping belonging to England and the Colonies. On the 30th September, 1788. f VefTeis. Tons. Men. England 9^^5^ Ij©55j299 79>859 Scotland 1,864 149,185 ^39^3^ Ireland 1,016 60,777 ^,055 Guernfey, 7 Jerfey, J. 231 ij,8oi ^>333 and Man, s Colonies 1,368 13*827 84,426 7'442 1 ' i,363>488 107,925 On the 30th September, 1800. Veffels. Tons. Men. England 12,189 1,463,398 104,926 Scotland 2,286 168,485 14,453 Ireland 1,003 54,262 5.057 Guernfey, 1 Jerfey, } 390 17,110 ^'.749 and Man, J Colonies 3,009 202,183 16,476 18,877 1,905*438 i43»66i [ 59 ] Various caufes have co-operated to raifc our trade and navigation to this unexampled height of profperity. The calamitous cfFedls of revolution have long dried up the fources of mercantile opu- lence In France. The deflru6tion of Lyons, the annihilation of the manufafture of woollens in the Southern, and the temporary fufpenfion (In con- fequence of the operations of war) of that of cam- brics and linens in the Northern Departments, will, probably, long prevent our neighbours from entering into competition with us in foreign mar- kets. The general Infecurity of property on the Continent has thrown a va(l capital Into Great Britain, and thus fupported public credit, with which the credit of our counting-houfcs is inti- mately conneded. The formidable (late of our navy, the vigilance of our cruizers *, and the falu- tary provifions of the Convoy A Navv J ' ■'■' The Biitilh Narv 7 ■ ^n ^ Alio r rcncn ISavv i Co 35 Hfl I compulfion IV [ 60 ] cai i compulfion of open, or the machinations of fecret, enemies j but our commerce has forced her way even into countries unwilling to receive her :— " Per Go/I antes catervas Explicuit fua vidor arma.'* Thofc who apprehend that peace muO, nccef- farily, leflen the export of our manufactures, feem to have been led to form this conclufion from ob- ferving that our trade has been increafed, in fome branches, by the extraordinary demand for naval and military ftores, and other fupplies neceflary for our foreign pofTcflions, and by the conqueft of many valuable colonies j but they ought alfo to confider, that, though the war has furniihed us with fome new markets which we muft lofe at the peace, it clofed feveral old ones, which we muft recover, and that our bufmefs in thofe which have not been affefted by the conteft has increafed and, is increafing. That many valuable branches of trade, which the fovereignty of the fea during the laft nine years has enabled us to fhare with neutral nations, or to appropriate exclufively to ourfelves, will, in confequence of the ceflion of conquered fet- tlements, which we have agreed to make, be either wholly or partially \o[\ to this country, is indifpu-> table. 1 am ready to admit that peace will eventu- ally deprive us of a great part of the trade which we now carry on with the French and Dutch fct-" tlcments in the Weft Indies and America, of the whole [ 6i ] whole or greateft part of our trade with the Cape, Cochin, Malacca, and the Dutch fpice iflands, and of fome part of our trade with the northern dates of Europe, and with Portugal. But if our proba- ble loffes are to be charged againft us, we fhould be allowed credit for our probable gains; if the cefl'a- tion of hoftilities will deprive us of many new cuftomers, it will reftore to us many old ones. Our trade with the conquered colonies, which we piopofe to reftore, and our trade with the northern ftates of Europe, may experience fome diminution; but our trade with the United States of America and with our foreign poflefllons in the Eaft and Weft Indies will, probably, be augmented ; and our trade with the belligerent powers, which has V'^-i fufpended during the war, may be expelled to return to its ancient channel. 1 fliall confider each of thefe four heads feparately ; and endeavour to ihew, from a (hort review of the tonnage of the veflels which we employed both before, and dur- ing, the war, in different parts of the world, that, whatever evils we may dread from the peace, we cannot reafonably apprehend that our manufactures will ianguifh, or our commerce decreafe. ^ ■■! N 'f, 'H'.". 4 i ^ LETTER ■'5*' :-< ]]"■ [ 62 ] til, li'i m LETTER IV. ON THE TRADE WITH THE WEST INDIES. Trom the following account of the tonnage of veflels entered inwards at the different ports in Great Britain, from th': Weft Indies, fmce the year 1788, it will appear that our trade with the conquered iflands during the lafi: four years, has amounted to a third of the trade which we carry on with our own Weft India colonies ; and that our trade with the foreign iflands has been tripled fince the commencement of ti)e war in 1 793. Tonnage of Veflels entered inwards in the feveral Ports in Great Britain, from the Weft Indies, in 1789, and the Eleven following Years. Years. Riirilh Weft Indies. Foreign Weft I nJies. Conquered Iflands. 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 V9S 1796 1797 1798 1799 liiOO Tons, 142,288 140,069 H4>2j;3 148,360 172,408 154,306 H5j«95 112,345 138,841 278, ,162,425 ii2 ^ 548 3»i24 2,791 2,344 2,5'9 4,809 4,996 12,666 0,057 Tons. - 34>'522 - 51,822 - 47.4»2 - 57*509 - 59^755 The official value of Britifii manufiic-luies ex- ported to our old Wcfl India iflands, and of the imports [ ^3 J ! I imports from them, was ftated by Lord Ilawkef- bury* to be — Britifh Mamifaftures Importi. cxpoited. On an Average of the Three laft £. £> Years of Peace — 2,i8j,oco 3>877i023 On an Average of the Three Years of War, 1798, 1799, ^'""^ i«oo — — 3,561,000 5,101,000 The following official account of imports and exports, for eleven years, ending with 1800, diftinguifhes the value of Britifli manufa(?[ures exported during the years i797> 1798, 1799, and 1800, to the Britifh Weft Indies, the con- quered iflands, and the foreign Weft Indies. It appears from this account that Dur imports from the conquered iflands are above a third, and our exports to thofe iflands not quite a third, of the amount of the correfponding branches of trade with our own Weft India colonies. The late Infpedtor General eftlmated the direct exports from Great Britain to the Weft Indies, to have amounted annually in the four years preceding 1796, agreeably to the prices current during that period, to about j^. 3, 900,000, and including the value of thofe negroes exported from Africa, who were retained in the Britifh Weft Indies, to j^. 4,670, 000. He valued the imports, eflimated in the fame manner, to have amounted annually in the fame period, to /^. 6 8,00,000, a confiderable part of which is remittances to Weft India pro- prietors f . • ''^ Sj^)eech on the Peace, ^d Nov. 1801, ■f Commons)' Third Report on the Bank, 1797, p. no- 'r.:^ i,,. Hi) ■> i m [ 64 ] i W: An Account of the official Value of Imports from the Britifh and Foreign Weft Indies and Florida, and of Kxports to them, in 1790 and the Ten following Years, diHingnifliing Britifli Manufa6tures from Foreign Mer- chandize. In the Years 1797, 1798, 1799, and '800, the Britifh Weft Indies are diftinffuifl)ed from the con- cjuered Iflands, the foreign Weft Indies, and Florida. Viilue of Exports. Years. 1790 1791 1792 ^793 ^794 J 795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1797 1798 J 799 1800 Years. J 797 1798 1799 iSoo J797 J 798 7799 i8oo Value of Imports. £' 4^083,305 3,849,494 4,408,533 4,647,980 5»5^<5,645 4^939^5 '9 4,897,698 Bririft M- nufafViircs. £' i>73i>'Oj 2»359'577 3,646,370 a,3'4j709 3»257»«77 2,3 9,101 3»433»4'7 Foreign Mer- chandize, 185,064 226,895 344»5<53 253»^ 34 540,313 442,^53 Total Exports. £• 1,916,170 4,586,472 2,890,934 2,5^7 M^-- 3,798,189 «>7<5',755 4,030,674 Britifh Weft Indies, including Trinidad. £^ 3>54o,43^ 4,594,023 5,284,306 5,820,223 ^,632,637 h79^>635 1,469,280 «^543,534 Value of Imports. 104,955 84,326 602,609 310,196 422 20,115 ] o, n 6 £■ '£' 2,427,067 228,347 4, 66,636 394,95^ 4,355,35* 628,178 3,827,113 339,866 Conquered Iflands. 794,244 129,457 1,294,767 245,44<5 3, 04,724 206,442 704,918 143,3 '4 Foreign Weft Indies. Bntifli Ma- Foreign Mcr- nufafturcs. chandize. 23,<5o9 3,! 92 43,926 6, ; 20 137,943 33,519 I5>'03 7>8i8 Florida. 3,655,415 4,56', 595 4,983,530 3,166,980 923,7or 1,540,214 1,311,167 847,232 Total Exports. 26,801 50,047 161,462 22,921 34,793 4,153 28,946 '^Pli IP" i 65 ] The following account of the Exports from Surinam, and the other conquered colonies, during the laft three years, has been recently laid before the Houfe of Commons *. An Account of the Quantity of Sugar, Rum, Coffee, and Cotton, imported into Great Britain, from the Colonies of Surinam, Bcrbice, Demerara, and Eflequibo, as far as the fame can be made, up in the Years 1799> 1800, and Surinam. 1 Sugar 1000 cwt. Rum — . — Coffee 4800 cwt. Cotton 245,809 lbs. I Sugar Rum Coffee Cotton 35,258 cwt. 220 gallons 6 ^,379 cwt. 1,057,910 lbs. {Sugar 204,774 cwt. f Rum 100,177 gals, t Lottee 162,131 cwt. Cotton 1,803,262 lbs. § Berbice, Demerara, and EITequibo. 35,189 cwt. I4»45^ gallons 39,0^9 cwt, 3>593.o53 lbs. 51,199 cwt. 93,070 gallons 1 1 4,692 cwt. 7>o57»<565 lbs. 95,031 cwt. f 139,781 gals X 142,819 cwt. 7,622^942 lbs. § * Ordered to be printed, 13th April, iSoa. t The fugars exported from thefe colonies to Great Britain, Uft year, are equal in amount to a feventh or eighth of the fugars pro- duced by the old Britifh colonies. X Together about the thirtieth of the annual produce of the old BritiGi colonies. § Together about one third of the whole quantity ajunually ijn. ported into Grear Britain. f An •nm ^ ( I pi I ^1 pill [ 66 ] An Account of the Quantity of Sup^ar, Rum, Coffee, a.i'l Cotton, imported into Great Britain, from the Iflands . of Martinico; St. Lucia, and Tobago, as far as the fame can be made up, in the Years 1799, 1800, and iHoi. Martinico. St. Lucia. Tobago, r Sugar 2S7,i72cvvt 2993cwt. 164,212 cwt g^J Rum 3,9 1 6 gals 257,592 gals 1^1 CofFce 34,906 cwt 80 cwt o o to j Coifce 34,906 cwt ■ 80 cwt (.Cotton 725,602 lbs. 55,33 1 lbs 7,214 lbs. Sugar i92,249cvvt 12, 164 cwt 1 19,65 6cwt Rum 5,392gals 1 14 gals 194,071 gals Coffee 45,405 cwt 3,945 cwt 124 cwt , Cotton i,468,i»2 lbs. 275,549 lbs 7,397 lbs. r Sugar 285,8i7cwt i8,903cwt 79,292 cwt Q J Rum i7,4iogals i69,736gals ^ j Coffee 47,927 cwt 3,5 1 3 cwt 42cwt V. Cotton 796,7 27 lbs. 422,119 lbs 24,989 lbs. \ Such is the want of commercial capital, both in France and Holland, that, although we may ulti- mately lofe 50,000 tons of our prefent Weft India trade by reftoring Martinico, St. Lucia, and Tobago, to the French, and St. Euflatia, Surinam, Berbice, Demcrara, and Eflequibo, to the Dutch, it is probable that, for fome time after the peace, a part of the trade of thcfe fettlemcnts will, direflly or indireftly, find its way to Great Britain. In 1763, after we had reflored the Havannah to Spain, and Guadaloupe and [ 67 ] and Martinico to France, thefe places continued to trade with this country, and our imports, that year, were* , . From Guidaloupe Martinico Havannah £•412,303 344,16a Goods - 249,387 EulHon - 389,450 ;C-I.395'302 By an arret in Auguft 1784, in the miniftry of the Marechal de Cattrics, after a fpirited contro- verfy in print refpe6ting the colonial commerce, foreigners were permitted, under certain regula- tions, to trade with the French Weft Ind a iQands. Our trade to them in I/8 >, in confequence of this arret y became very confid^rable, both in manufac- tures and in lumber and provifions -j-. Of 20,8^0,000 livreSj thp value of the merchan- dize imported into the French iflands by foreigners, the Britiih imported merchandize of the value of 4,5 50,000 /fc-rt-j, in 189 vcflTls. And of 14,133,000 livresy the exports from the French iflands to foreign countries, our exports amounted to 1,259,0 o Vvresj in 153 veflels. If, however, in con(equcnce of the peace, the trade wi h the conquered colonies Ihould be loft to * Burke's " Obfervations on a late State of the Nation," ift ed. p. 10. I have correfted his figures from Sir C. VVhitworth's Tables. See )^th Article of the Treaty of Paris. f Yoving's Travels in France, 4to edit. vol. i. p. 491. F 3 Great hi 111 nans f ^ "'*« I [ 68 ] Great Britain, the peculiar circumftances of the weftcrn hemifphere are fuch, that a very favourable opportunity is prefcnted not only of acquiring thofe commercial advantages which might have been cxpedlcd from retaining the French and Dutch fcttlements, but of promoting the national intereft by means which they were very ill calculated to afford. The anticnt policy of Great Britain, with regard to her Weft India colonies, has been diredled to favour her manufa6l:urcs and navigation, by fecuring to herfelf the monopoly both of importing colonial produce and of exporting European commodities. It is unnccefTary to examine whether the reflric- tions of the Navigation A6t *, to which the mother country fubjeded her colonial trade, were pro- per at the time they were impofed. Circumftances have induced her, on fevcral occafions during the laft century to depart from them : and the prefent ftate of commerce will, probably, lead to a further revifion of a fyflcm which has already been modi- fied by the eftablilhment of free ports in feveral of the iflands, and by the provifions of the 1 2th article of the treaty of commerce, concluded, in 1 794, with the United States of America f . To confider our connexion with the Weft Indies as a channel, only, for exporting Britifh ma- nufaftures in Britifh fhips to Britifli colonies, and lithCh. II. c. iS. iP. for [ 69 3 for importing their produce in Britifh fhips, is to take a very limited view of the benefits which this country may derive from her intercourfe with the weftern world. The interefls of our navy, of pur mercbants, and our manufadlurers, require that our attention Ihould be dirc "Hi * By lumber, I mean boards, ftiinglcs, ftavcs, hoops, mill timber, and wood of every denomination. F3 It C 7° 1 if*1 h ''. It may y'timatcly produce a benefit, to the mother country. The propriety of allowing the Britidi colonies to purchafe provifions and lumber at the belt marker, was recognized by the late Minifler, who, in 1783, brought in a Ir* ill, kmrnn by the name of the American Intercourfe !iill. In confequenve, h -wr ever, of great oppofition from the merchants this Bill was laid afide j and a 1 Adl pafled, auth rifing the Crown, for a limited time *, to regulate the trade with America in fuch manner as his Majclly in council (hould deem expedient f. By the pro- clamation iflued in confequence of this ASj the importation into the Britifli Welt Indies of any kind of naval (tores, lumber, live ftc^ck, flour, and grain, the growth of the American States, was con- fined to Britifh (hips navigated according to law ; and the export to thofe ftates of Weft I: dii pro- duce was made fubje6t t6 the farhe refiridtions ; whi'ft the heceflary articles of (alted beef, pork, fifh, and train oil, formerly fupplied by America, were prohibited altogether. It is always a' wife com'udt in Government, however enlightened they may be on fu! je6]s of commerce, to regulate re- • One year, t See 13 Geo. III. c. 19. The time lim'ted for the operation of this A£t was extended by feveral fubfequcnt A£ls to the 5th of April, 175S, On the 19th of NovemlKT, 1794, * Treaty of Comir.eice was ccncluiied bitween Great Britain and the United States , and an A£t wai paffed in 1797 for carrying this Treaty into execution. See 37 Geo. III. c. 97. form r L 7' ] form by the anterior habits and fentimcnts of thofc who mud be afFedled by it. A good hound will not inftrudl his followers, if he runs too far before his pack. A flrong prejudice againft permitting the United States to fupply the Weft Indies, as they had formerly done, with provifions and lumberi cxifted in 1783. It had fubfidcd before 1794, when the American States were allowed, under certain reftridlions, to trade with the Britifti Weft Indies*. 11. The • The 12th Article of the Treaty of Amity, Comtnercc and Navi- gation between his Britannic Majefty and the United States of Ame- rica, provides, «« That it fliall be lawful during the time therein limited, for the citizens of the United States to carry toanyofhis Majefty 's iflands and ports in the Weft Indies from the United States, in their own veffels, not being above the burthen of fcventy tons, any goods or merchandizes of the growth, manufadlure, or produce of the faid States, which it is or may be lawful to carry to the faid iilands or ports from the faid States in Britifti vclTels ; and that the faid American vcfiTcls fhall be fubjeft there to no other or higher tonnagjp duties or charges than Ihall be payable by Britifti veffels in the ports of the United States ; and that the cargoes of the faid American veffels fhall be fubjedt there to no other or higher duties or charges than ftiall be payable on the like articles, if imported there from the faid States in Britiih veffels. " And his Majefty alfo confents that it Ihall be lawful for the faid American citizens to purchafe, load, and carry away in their faid vtffels, to the United States, from the faid illands and ports, all fuch articles, being of the growth, manufafture, or produce of the faid iflands, as may now by law be carried from thence to the faid States in Britiih veffels, and fubje£\ only to the fame duties and charges on exportation to which Britiih veffels and their cargoes are or Ciall be fubjeft ill fimilar circumftances. " Provided always that the faid American veffels do carry and land their cargoes in the United States onlyj it being cxprclsly ngreed and F 4 declared. m i«vti sauB ■I ': J [ n ] m dp" i^ s,*' n. Tlie export of manufa(£\ures to the Britifli fugar ifland^ is as great as their prefenc confumption requires ; and it is only from their future impiovff- mcnt that an incrcafcd demand can be created in thefe colonics: if their im| rove mcnt is promoted by the fiee import of food and luaiber, th ir means of confumption will be augmented, and a larger mar- ket opened for the vent of our manufaftures. But a favourable opportunity is now prefcnted for efta- declared, that, during the continuance of this article, the United States will prohibit and rcfti.iin the carrying any nricinircs, fugar, coffee, cotoa, or cotton, in American vefl'ds, either from his Majefty's iAands or from the United States, to any part of li world, except the United Siates, reafonable fea (lores excepted. "Provided alfo, that ic Iball and may be lawful, during the fame period, for Britifh velTtls to imporr from the fniH iflands into the United States, and lo export fiom the United S.,!tei to tlie faid iflands, all articles whatever, being of the growth, produce, or nianufaftore of the f'id iflands, or of tiie United States rcfpedtively, which now may by the laws of the laid Statts be fo imported and exported. And that the cargoes of the laid Britifli vefi"el!> fhdll be fubjedt to no other or hiizaer duties or charges than fliall be payable on the fame articles, if fo imported or exported in American vcfitls. *' It is agreed that th.s article, and every matter and thing therein contained, fhall continue to be in force during the continuance of the war in whic. his Majefty is now engaged ; and alfo for two years, from and after the day of the fignature of the preliminary or other articles of peiite by which the fame may be terminated. " And It is further pgreed, th-" at the expiration of the faid rcrm, the two contrafling parties will endeavour further to regulate their fommerte in this rtfpe(5, according to the fuuation in which his Majefty may then find himfelf with rcfpeft to the Weft Indies, and with a view to fuch arrangements as may beft conduce to the mutual advantage and txtenfion of commerce." blifhing m [ 73 ] bllfliinjT an intcrcourfe with the foreign Weft India iflands. The manufaftures of Great Britain arc in a flourifliing ftate : capital and confidence have in- troiluccd them into 'every quarter of tlie world. The nianufadures of France are annihilated. In all the conquered colonies we haveeQabUflied con- nexions, of which the fpirit and cnterprife of our merchants will probably avail themfelves, if they are not reftrided from entering into competition with the French, the Dutch, or the Danifli, trader, in the Weft India market. III. The cultivation and improvement of the iflands, and the confequ :nt export of colonial pro- duce, muft depend on the extent of the demand of thofe countries which confume it. The demand for fugar, I apprehend, will increafe. Jt will in« creafe in France, which during the laft ten years was too much impoveriflied by revolutionary war- fare to confume her ordinary quantity of fuperflu- ities. It will increafe in Great Britain, in confe- quence of the progrefs of wealth, population, and improvement. The redudiion of price, arifmg from the reduction of freight, 'one very obvious effedt of peace,) will increafe the confumption in other parts of Europe. Our continental feltle- ments in North America, as they advance in pro- fperity, will take off more Weft India produce than they do at prefent. The cultivation of our fugar iflands will alfo be encouraged, by an exten- Hon mm mam < «i r. i k [ 74 ] c ta»..:- UK %'a fion of the fur trade, and of the fi(herles. But it will be chiefly promoted by the increafing demand of the United States*, which are now become a confiderablc market for the vent not only of rum, but of fugar and of coffee. If the Weft Indies cannot thrive without a fupply of American pro- duce, America has wants which can only be grati- fied by the fugar colonies. A mutual demand is thus created, which is not only beneficial to both thofe countries, but to Great Britain : for the re- mittances from the Weft Indies, to difchargc their balances to Americans, contribute to enable Ame- ricans to difcharge their balances to Britifh mer- chants. A commerce with America is not only conducive to the profperity, but effential for the fubfiftcnce, of the Weft Indies. They are fupplied from the United States (for their imports from Canada and Nova Scotia are inconfiderable) with fifh, flour, grain, and live ftock, with materials for their habitations, mills, and warehoufes, and with packages for their rum and fugar. In peace time the annual amount of thefe imports cannot be ex- pedled to amount to much lefs than a million fter- ling. Twenty years ago they exceeded 700,000/. • In 1790 the population of the United States was 3,919,316 pcrfons. Accuiding 10 a cenius taken in i£oo it was 5,414,801 It probably now exceeds five millions and a half, the population of Enj^land and Wales at the Revolution. official C 75 ] official value*. In return for thefe indifpenfablc commodities, the Weft India iflanda furnilh the United States with fugar, melalles, rum, and coftle. It is probable that more than one half of the rum made in the iflands, is exported, either legally in Britifli, or ciandellinely in foreign, vef- fcls, to the continent of America, Thefe confiderations, it may be hoped, will in- duce his Majefty's Government to adopt an en- larged and liberal fyftem of Weft Indian commerce, and to avail themfelves of the favourable opportu- nity, which the prcfent fituation of the new world (whether confidered with reference to the con- quefts which we keep, or the conquefls which we reftore, the flate of our fugar iflands or that of the French and Spanifti fettlements) prefents to us : I. To ftrengthen the defence of the old colonies; II. To provide for the increafing demand for Weft India produce; — and III. By opening new and extenfive markets for the vent of our manufadures to promote the pro- fperity of Great Britain. The two firfl: objeds 1 conceive will be attained by the fcttlement of Trinidad. Itspofition to wind- ward of all our fugar colonies, except Barbadoes, will enable it, if it fhould become the head quarters * Edwards's Hift. of the Weft Indies, vol. ii. p. 39^. of f :.|iS!/^. 'I I 'i i i, .. . * j i 'v;| '.n C 76 ] J>> ,■;( m of theWeft Indies, to fuccour the windward and lee- ward iflands in anyfuture war, and eventoprotefl: Ja- maica. As a naval ftation it is of very great import- ance. As it is placed midway between the French fettlements in Guiana and the Spanifh main, all communication between them by fea may be ob- flru£ted. Armaments, if armaments fhould be at- tempted at Surinam, Demerara, or Eflequibo, will be cafily watched. The conquefl: of the Dutch fettlements, if again neceflary, will be much facili- tated. As to any danger which the vicinage of the French, or the extenfion of their Southern boundaries to the Arowary, may create to the Britifli Weft Indies, I confider them as extremely vifionary. Under a vertical fun* they will not rival us in induftry: in the peftilential marflies and woods of Guiana they will not increafe and multi- ply. The crnqueft of the Nile did not enable diem to march to the Ganges : the poffeflion of the river of the Amazons, the Oronooko, or the Mifllflippi, will not enable them to annihilate the comriierce of the Thames. The quantity of land, that is fit for cultivation In Trinidad, exceeds 800,000 acres. If cleared, it would in a very few years afford employment to as many inhabitants as Jamaica; and produce 100,000 hoglheads of fugar, befides rum, cotton, • The river Arowary is only one degree north from the equator. « 5 and [ 77 ] and other articles, I conceive no folid objedions can be urged againfl: the fettlement and improve- ment of Trinidad, becaufe the annual confumption of Great Britain does not exceed 120,000 hogs- heads, which the old iflands are able to fupplJ^ Some intelligent perfons, indeed, hc^ve doubted whether " the extenfion of the cultiv :«r.ion of the Weft India iflands beyond that degree that is requifite for fupplying Great Britain and her de- pendencies with the principal articles of their pro- duce is likely to promote the interefls of the em- pire *:" but, in general, political economifts hare fuppofed (and our commercial regulations have, in a great meafure, countenanced the fuppofition) that by the re-exportation of furplus colonial pro- duce, not wanted for home confumption, the na- tional wealth is increafed. The proprietors of Weft India eftates moHly refide in the mother country ; and if they are benefited by the re-export- ation of the produce of their eftares, Great Britain muft participate. In every part of civilized Eu- rope, there is a permanent demand for fugar, the chief produftion of the Weft Indies. Any increafe in the quantity, whirh we can re-export in Britifh fliips, muft not only augment the national wealth, but ftrengthen our naval power. One of the advantages attending the acquifition " ,1? ■• I' ' Edwards'* .'-iiftory of the Weft Indies, vcF, ii. p. 464, of [ 78 ] c ?t - '^! of Trinidad is, that if, from the confideration of the peculiar circumftances of the French Weft India iflands, and the general fpirit of inf.bordina- tion which revolutionary dodrines are calculated to produce among the negroes, the Britifh Govern- ment fhould be led to entertain doubts vi^het'.ier the fyftem adopted in the old iflands is applicable to a new colony, perfons defirous of acquiring land in the ceded fettlenient may be fubjefted to regula- tions which, whilfi: they do not interfere with the rights and interefts of others, may appear to be bed calculated for preventing dangers which might otherwife arife from a great ineqiu ity in the num- ber of flaves and of free inhabitants. In mod of the iflands there are feven or eight blacks for one white : in many of them corps of flaves have been trained to the ufe of fire-arms: two of our colonies (St. Vincents and Grenada) have fcarcely recover- ed from the calamitous cffeds of infurreOion j a fmall band of Maroons proved formidable in the heart of Jamaica; and in the largefl. French ifland, the negroes, who, during the lafl ten years, made their will their law, have not yet become peaceful cultivators and obedient flaves. I do not enter into the difcuflion whether flavery is compatible with religion, morality, or found politics. The queflion now is, whether a new and extenfive colony, contiguous to the Spanifli, Dutch and French fettlements in South America, fhould be [ 79 3 m be allowed to be peopled with an indefinite num- ber of Africans. The queftion is not whether the fyflem of flavery in the old iflands, all things con- fidered, is not the beft both for them and the mother country. The difliurbed ftate of the French colonies ha^ occafioned a great deficiency in the produce of fugar, which the pofTefiion of Trinidad may enable us to fill up. If St. Domingo for fome years to come ftiould not raife one third, or even not more than two thirds, of her antient produce, the de- ficiency would not be fupplied by the Dutch colo- :>*es, even on the fuppofition that, when Britifh ca- pitals, and the prote(5tion of a Britifh government, are withdrawn from them, their produce will equal the amount of laft year. Monf. de Char- milly, who has corrected fome errors of Edwards, informs us that the fugar annually produced in St. Domingo before the revolution was 2,035,201 cwt. Engiifh weight*. The fugar exported from Surinam, Berbice, Demerara, and Eflequibo to Great Britain, lad year, was 299,805 c^^t. ; and the average of the laft three years was 140,813 cwt. I II 1 . The third objecfl (the vent of Britifh manufac- tures) will be beft appreciated, if we dired our con- fideration to the prefent (late of the export trade to nu € 'Hi i^n ♦ Anfwer to Edwards, p. fcj. f oec p 65. the ^ I 80 ] the Weft Indies. The demand, for Britifh goods and for afibrtments of every fpecies of Euro- pean manufadlures, is not confined to the Britifh Weft Indies. A lucrative and extenfive trade in thefe articles has been carried on, by neutral ilates, not only with the Danifh iflands, and Porta Rico, but alfo with St. Domingo and the Spanifli main. The returns for thefe goods are fpecie, or raw materials fit for the Britifh market* indigo, coffee, cotton, cocoa, tobacco, hides, tallow, mahogany, fuftic, and a variety of dye-woods and other non-enumerated articles*, the produce of thofe cc'jntries. This commerce has been hitherto carried on from thofe free ports which the wife policy of feveral European nations has eflabli'hed in the Wefl Indies. St. Euftatia, without a har- bour, without any produce of its own, in t:onfe- quence of the freedom of its port, and the facility with which bufmefs was tranfaded there, in a few years became the centre of commerce, and (for its iize) tlie moil opulent of the Weft India iflands. It is A'ell known that, during the laft peace, Cura- ^oa was converted by the Dutch into a vaft ware- houfe, in which allortments of every kind of Eu- ropean commodities might be procured. Thither * Coiniuodities, in the export of which the colonies were confined,, by the Navigation Aft, to the market of the mother country, having been enumerated in that a6l, and in o'her navigation afts, are called f-^. '<^\> 6^ w^ ^^^ 73 MEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY 14580 (716) 872-4503 'i A. % >- m I ¥ I-' 1-^ 1^: 'iWtei :•* C 88 ] Txiiii^^, from its vicinity to the Dutch and French continental fettlements, may be rendered a good fubAitute for Tobago: but it does not appear to be as well calculated to become a free port foif the reception of fugars and coffee as a fmall ifland. Were thefe articles admitted at Trinidad they might, poflibly, interfere with the liaple articles of produce which will be cultivated in that fertile and extenfive colony*. . Nor is the lofs of the free port of St*" Thomas irreparable. We poiTefs Tortola. an iilan'd more a4vantageoufly fituated in every refpedl, better fecured from ftorms, containing a harbour capable of receiving 3 or 400 veffels, and not large enough to interfere with the intereits of fugar or toffee planters. It raifes no coffee i and its pro- duce of fugar has feldom exceeded 3500 hogfheads in any one year> uniefs increafed bv fugars clandef- tinely landed from the foreign iflands. Tortola, from being fleep and mountainous, may be eafily ' * From the following ftatcmcnt, it appears, that the export of fugar from Trinidad has doubled in two years j and that its prefent produce of cotton is not inconfiderable. An Account of the Qjiiantity of Sugar, Rum, Coffee, and Cotton, im- i 1 lUl kV»^ «A«»\ Sugar. Rum. Coffee, Cotton. 1 cwt. gallons. cut. lbs. ' i 1799 26,718 104 1,898 !!,4b3,290 .] 4 goo 54>5i5 3'0>^ , 4.357 86;, 987 j8oi 6(^,551 >9.537 3,3^7 1,289,573 Accou lit ordered to be printed 13th April, tioi. • ■ i !l • - * 1 -■ defended i ^mifmmHi C «9 J idefended ; and its vicinity to the Danifl) and lee- ward iflands, Porto Rico, and St. Domingo, is fuch- that its intercourfe with them might be carried on ■ in very fmall veffek. ■ <' ^'; '' ♦ ■ ' . vlf, anoonj^ the confequences of peace, the fyftem of-commercial intercourfe between North America and the fugar colonievS, propofed bv Mr. Pitt in 1.78^, (hould be eftabliihed, if markets fhould be opened in the Weft Indies, upon an extenfive fcaie, for ihe admilfion of European and A fiatic commo- dities imported in Britifh Ihips, and of Americaft; and Weft India produce in vcffels ol every defcrip- tion, and the export from Britilh free ports fhould be rendered equally free with the export from the ifland of St. Thomas, it may be expeiled not only that the ties of intereft which now connedl this country with the United States will be drawn ftill clofer, but that the trade which has enriched our rivals and enemies will ceafe, and that the progrefs of every part of the Weft Indies, in weahh, popu- lation, and improvement, will contribute to promote the progrefs of the wealth, population, and im- provement, of Great Britain. 1 he ftateof the French colonies is fuch that it is probable a very advantageous intercourfe may be catriedon with them. 1 he proprietors of Martinico and St. Lucia, who, during the laft feven years, have fold us their fugars and bought our manufadures, will not eafilv be induced to abandon all connexion with our traders, Guadaloupe cannot recover its former i mm w if< f [ 9» ] former confequence without the foftering affiHance of foreign capitals and foreign commerce. The cabtnities, which the once-flourifhing colony of St. Domingo has experienced, will oblige her to relax that fyftem of reftridtions to which European powers have fubje£ted their colonies. America will not fupply her with food, nor will Great Bri- tain furnifh her with thofe commodities which France, at prefent, is unable tomanufadure, unlefs they receive either fpecie, or the ftaple produce of the ifland, in return. St. Domingo ftill exhibits an awful example of the deftruftive elFefts of revolutionary excefs, and civil warfare. In population, and in produce, this colony, I apprehend, now ranks below Jamaica. A French Mlnifter of France informs us that St. Domingo contained, Ip. 1779 r 32,650 whites 7,055 people of colour 249,098 flaves Total population 288,803 * There were in 1790 30,831 whites, exclufive of European troops and > feafaring people. 431,429 negro flaves Exclufive of 46,000 domeftic flaves and negro mechanics. And about 24,000 free people of colour. 535>26o t * Necker, fur les Finances, tom. i. c. 13. ♦ Edwards's Hiilorj of the Weft I^idics, vgUiii. p. i^j,. The [ 9> ] (( (C The French colony, thus» appears to have con- tained, eleven years ago, above 530,000 inhabi- tants. Charrailly eflimaled them at, 600,000*. It was, however, computed, in the year 1793* that the clafs of negroes alone had fuftained a diminu- tion of more than ioo,oco. Mr. Edwards fays, that " fmce that time the mortality has been ftill " more rapid ; and, including the lofs of whites by " ficknefs and emigration," he reduces the popula- tion of St. Domingo, in June 1796, to "two-fifths " of the whole number of inhabitants (white and black) which it poffefled in the beginning of 1 79 If." According to this calculation upwards of 300,000 human beings have either been killed or driven out of this devoted country within the fhort period of fix years. It is faid that many thoufands took refuge in America, and that many have returned to St. Domingo. Civil war, however, again rages with exterminating fury. The vic- tories, and the defeats., of Le Clerc, will dill fur- ther diminifh the refources of the colony. Towns and plantations are burnt by the negroes, when they are fuccefsful ; and when they are vanquifhed a flock more valuable than houfes, or mills, is de- jftroyed. The benefit which the mother country derived from this colony during tlie laft twelve years was "* Anfwer to Edwards, p. i^g. + Edwards's Hiftory of the Weft Indies, vol, jii. p. 457. very % I I S ^:^ 'i I i I .i f\ «j5 [ 92 ] vfry inconfiderable. The chief part of the pro- duce which St. Domingo was able to export vva$ configned to America and other neutral ftates : the mofl; authentic accounts from the ifland juftify me in thinking that its whole exportable produce laft feafon was not one third of what it wa^i in 1789. The average exports from the French part of St. Pomingo, previoufly to the revolution, were lather more than 5,ooo,cool.* In 1791, they were upwards of 5,500,000!. -j- In 1800, (accord- ing to an official report of the Minifter of the Inte- rior, made iii May 1801,) Livres. Sterling. 1,483,800 or^6i,825 The imports into France from all the French colo- nies in the Eaft and Weft Indies were The exports from France to all the French colonies in the Eaft and Weft Indies were The imports into France, laft year, (the 9th year of the Republic,) from all the French colonies were 2,077,000 or 84,000 The exports from France to all the French colo- nies , 208,000 or 8,400 282,300 or 11,762 Edwards's Hiftory.of the W«ft Indies, vol. iii. p. 165. •f Ibid. p. 431. In ■^^ppwpi" t 93 3 in 1788, 3t. Domingo imported French goods to the amount of more than 3,500,000!. in 580 veflels belonging to France, carrying 189,679 tons, exclufive of 98 veflels engaged in the African trade*. In 1800, I believe, (though 1 will not (late this as a pofitive faft,) not a fingle French vedel cleared oilt from France for this ifland. Produce cannot be raifed without cnltivatorf. The lois of 300,000, or even of 200,000, nc« groes, and of other agricultural ftock, cannot be replaced for io,ooo,oool. fterling. Such advan- tages would refult to our colonies and onr com- merce from the revival of agriculture, and its con- comitant blcffings, that every humane and re*- fle£^ing mind mull wifh that tranquillity were re(tored to St. 'Domingo. But the decrees of go- vernors, black or white, will not, I fear, fill up the gaps in her population. The negroes who re- main, many of whom have retired into the natural iaftnefles which the country affords, will not be difpofed to work double tides ; the foldier will not,, without coercion, once more become the villein regardant ; the Maroon will notj till hit inftruc- tors from Old France ufe ftronger arguments than words, lay down his mufquet and take up his hoe* The ifland will long exhibit marks of depopulation, imlefs the tutelary genius of the republic can fur* nifli her with a Deucalion who may turn her peb- Wes into people, and an Amphion - whofe fa irat i&ay rear the proftrate walls of the ravaged Cjctf Fran^ais. * Ibid, p. 233. 1 i-'-: i i- !l- t 94 1 ,(!, M f On the trade with north America, africa, and asiA. I, 0« /^f Trade ivith North America. ' '\ .Our commercial connexions with the UnitcdStatcs of America are fixed on fuch folid foundations, thaft we have no reafon to apprehend that the future political diflenfions of Europe will aflFed them. For many years to come, the Americans, although an cxtcnfivc fea-coa(l, good harbours, and a fpirit of enterprifc inherited from their forefathers, fug- gcll to them the employment of a part of their capital in commerce, muft continue to direft the largeft portion of it to agricultural improvements. While we can fupply them with bette*- and cheaper goods than other nations can manufadure for them, or than they can manufadure for themfclves, they will, from the ftrongell tie, that of interell, continue to be conncded with us. Their intercourfc with Great Britain will be promoted by other circum- ftanccs : the confanguinity of the two people, the iimilarity of relii2;ion, language, manners, and taftc ifi the two countries, will difpofe them to form mutual attachments. The opinion, therefore, of a German writer feems to be well founded, that " the confumption of the manufadtures of Europe wilt aecefiarily keep pace with the progrefs of cultiva"- 4 CiOA C 95 1 tion in America, until, at fome period yet cjfc- tremely remote, the furplus hands not wanted for agriculture or commerce muft feek employment in manufadlures." He adds, " that as the com- merce of the United States muft neceflarily be pofleflcd by Britain, it will be that country which, in the end, inftead of lofing, will have gained, every thing by a revolution, from which we fondly predifted her ruin. If we were to form our opinion from that which pcrfonal animofitics, and the re- colle6iion of civil difcord, have generated in the minds of a few individuals of both nations, we might fancy that Britain and America would never be fincerely united. But fuch feelings arc tranfitory : nations may be confide red as comba- tants for hire, whofe animofity never furvives the event that occafions it *." Our trade to North x^merica is of the greatefl: importance, as it principally confifts in the export of our home produdtions and manufactures. Its in- creafe has been very rapid: and, whether it be mea- fured by the tonnage of the fliipping employed, or by the value of the merchandize fent out, by years of war, or by years of peace, it will juftify this coh- clufion, that our future intercourfe with the United St'ites will enlarge thofe fources of employmefit and of wealth, which tliat country has opened tb Britifli manufadlurers and merchants. ^ ■ • W'impffctrs Voyage to St. Domingo, Letter xxxix.v jmv ^ «« hi ■ -i '* An Account of the Ton'iage of Britifli and Foreign Ve/Tcla cleared gutwar.ds from England and Scotland, to tlie United States of ^merica^ in 1789, and the Jbleven following Years. h. .1 ,.,r. I England. V'^y, SCOTLANT), Jt' M I « 'Yttrt. .1769 1791 - J 792 1793 .1794 '795 1796 J 797 J 798 1799 1800 Britifli. Tom. 58,717 40,768 43.508 4'»45i 7»0 34 9,672 2,113 3.^40 6,439 11,401 9.309 Forcigi Tons. 26,917 36,918 52,603 56,160 56,000 ^4»09J 90.3*7 99.774 73.513 68,9(^q 74,186 105,476 / " '■ Britifli. Tons. 10,209 X 11,820 9.5 1 « 1,510 '»i54 547 1,478 2,866 5»o7^ Foreign. Tons. 2,030 i.5»3 3.203 3.254 4.747 3,899 3.01? 5.583 5.3^2 5,169 4.497 7,120 Total . Tonnage. Tons, 101,62; 90,418' HI, '34 110,377 69,311 77.818 95.4,'>5 107, }26 83,156 82,085 92,9^0 126,977 ,An Account of the official Value of Imports into Great Britain, from the United States of America, and of fhe Exports from Great Britain to the United States i di- llinguiihingBritifh from Foreign Merchandize j in tlie following Years : , _ . '*' Value of Exports. Years. 1790 ■4'/9l ♦ J 79a ''793 '794 IT95 Value of Imports. T,I9I,072 i»'94.*32 BritiOi Ma- Foreign Mer nufatSlures. ehan(}i^c. /. £. 3,178,591 «53,'8} 3,9^9.771 295.676 1,038,707 3,974,827 296,591 904,040 3,272,725 14^956 ^25.733 3,588,889 270,981 1,572,136 4,892,572 361,546 5,254 Total Exports. • £• „ 3.431.778 4,22j,448 4,2-1,418 3,4 14,68 f 3,85986* 2'C4I 18 •- .1796 2,080,960 5,835,640 218,651 6,054,291 »797 J,'75'5'* 4,871,316 1,85,506 5,056,822 ' TUpt i,7«2,720 5 3i3,c68 267,301 5,5^0,370' •1799 1,818,941 0,696,221 360,337 7,056,558; 1800 2,357,923 6,689,467 196,140 6,885,508 The [ 97 1 The export of Britilh manufadhires to the United States in the year 1 800 amounted to more than a fourth of the export to all parts of the world. It appears, from the following cbmparifon, that the export to the United States, during the war, has exceeded the exports of Briifh manufadures, during the fame period, 10 all Fpreign Europe. >r. An Account of the ofliclal Value of Britifh Manufaclures exported to Foreign Europe, and to the States of Ame- rica, in 1793, and the Seven following Years. Years, 1793 >794 1795 1796 »797 1798^ 1799 1800 Foreign Europe. c 3,531,046 4,458,383, 4,222,782 4.497*683 3»73M3o 3,981,650 4,543>6o8 7»5i6,i23 Snwf of A^72»7^5 3>58M«9 4,^92.572^ 5,835,640 4,871,316 5,313,668 6,696, 2>- I 6,689,467 j^.36,484,105 /;.4i9»59»898 Of the Britifli manufactures exported to the United States more than two fifths confift of woollens. That coimtry now (lands firft in the lift of foreign confumers of this produftion of Britifli induflry. !»■■ I M m e-J: H Of li; np I* A w [ 98 ] ^ Of jC'^» 57^*93 9 t^^ official value of woollens exported in 1 799, the export to ^ ' ' '' '£' 2,Soj,490 916,190 668,161 568,788 427>o53 324,739 149,789 The States of America, was f • • Ireland - - > - 1, * Eaft Indies and China - -, Portugal and Madeira - ' - Britifli and Foreign Weft Indies Germany , _ - - Britifh Continental Colonic* in America Ruflia • - The proportion exported to the United States, in preceding years, will appear from the following account : ' ■ • An Account of the Total official Value of Woollen Ma- nufa(Slures exported from Great Britain in 1790, and the Nine following Years, co the United States of Americaj and to all Parts of the World*. United State*. All Parts of the WorlJ. Yeari. ' 1790 179I 1792 ^793 179^ 179$ 1796 1797 1798 1799 >r 1,481,373 1,621,796 i>36i,753 1 5032,954 i>39i>877 1,982,318 2,294,942 1,901,986 £' 5^505*034 5,5 io,66iJ 3,806,536 4,.'^9o,92o 5,172,884 6,01 1,1 3,-5 4.936,355 6,499»339t ^>^76,939 2.399>935 2;8o3,49o * From an account laid before the Iloufc of Commons on the 30th April, 1800. t In the account* refpefting the commercial intcrcourfe between Great Britain and Ireland, laid before the Houfe of Lords in February, »799» (No. 2.) the official value of woollens exported to all parts of the world, in 1798, is ftated at^.6;83C,6o3. I . v??^^ [ 99 ] The true value, agreeably to the prices • current in 1791 and 1792, and agreeably to the declarations of the merchants exporters in 1798'and 1799, of woollen manufa6tures exported from Great Britain, in thofe years, was ' — --» •• t 1791. 1792. 1798. 17199. 7»376,745 '.7^384,295 8,458,56; 8,529,229 \' The value of all the woollens maiiufaftured in Great Britain was ftated to exceed ;^. 19,000,000, by Toveral intelligent nianufa(5turers,ex iniincd before a Committee of the Houfe of Commons in 1800. No rcgiftcr, however, is kept of the quantity manu- faftured in any part of this ifland, except the Weft Riding of York; but tife following extradls from the Returns annually made to the Pontefrad Eafter Seflions afford the moft unequivocal proof of the profperous ftate of this manufacture in the North of England. A great part of the increafed con- fumption is owing to America, who thus, in fomc degree, repays the mother- country for having reared her to maturity. liJi I k M-i I. i -- . H a, An r' I H^i.'- ' 4''' 3 'II b '*. if**'' t 100 ] An Account of the Number of Broad and Narrow Cloth* milled in the Weft Riding of the County of York, and of the Number of Yards made in the following Years. BROADS. NARROWS. Years. '773 1783 1793 '3794 1795 1795 1797 ,1798 3799 1800 1801 1^. Pieces. 48,038 130,245 13 ',094 ^ 90^33 1 190,988 25o>993 246,770 239,292 ii24,''.$9 272,755 385,851 364>o83 Yards. 3,635,612 4,563537^ 6,054,946 6,067,208. 7.830,536 7,235.038 7»i34,^H 8,806,688 9,363,966 8,699,243 Pieces. 73,096 89,874 108,641 . 150,666 ^30.403 i55»o87 J5f'594 156,709 148,566 180, i, 68 169,263 Yards. 2,206,335 3,292,003 4,783,722 4,634,258 5,245.704 5,503,648 6,377.277 6,014,420 4,833.534 If we compare the import of the raw material of cottons, another manufadture which forms a cdn- fiderable part of our exports to America, with the import of the wool ufed in our fined broad cloths, it will appear, that, though the latter is the mofl: fiourlfhing, the former has not been materially affected by the war. An Account of the Qiiantities of Cotton and Spanifli Wool, imported into Great Britain, on an Annual Me- dium of Four Periods of Five Years each. Average of Five Years, ir.!:r,y '■ , the 5th Ian. 1776 5th Jan. 1787 5th Jan. 1793 5th Jan. 1799 Cotton, lbs. 4,4H.757 16,081,983 28,853,038 Spanifh Wool. 11)S. 1,578,605 1,975.327 3,174,439 3,800,583 Pa i.t I am [ loi ] I am not enabled to flate the amount, either of the quantity or value, of the cotton manufadures, exported to America. It however appears from the Parliamentary Accounts, refped^ing the Com- merce of Ireland, that the total official value of cotton manufa6lures exported from Great Britain to all parts of the world in the year 1799 was j^.3,497,197 * ; and that the value, agreeably to the prices current, or to the declared value of the mer- chants exporters of cotton manufadlures, exported from Great Britain on an average of three years ending the 5th January, 1799, was iC'4>^75j^3^«t Our commerce with that part of North America which bears allegiance to his Majefty is of con- iiderable importance. Canada and^ Nova Scotia, in the year 1792, which I {zltdi as a fairer period ofcomparifon than any fublequent year, imported a greater amount of Britifh raanufadlures than any one country in Europe. Like the United States, they promife, from thtir increafing population, to furniih us with new cuftomers j nor am I fingular in fuppofmg that the vaft extent of country, reaching from the Atlantic to the Hyperborean and the Pacific Oceans, which has lately been added to '"* Accounts refpefting the commercial Intereonrfe between Great Britain and Ireland, ordered (by tlic Lords) to be printed, a:d of February, 1799. (No. 18.) t Addrefs and Refokitians of the two Houfes of Parliament in Leland, and Accounts ordered to be printed, 2d April, 1800. (No. 1.) I" ? V I i t H 3 the pp m my- "^'W^ [ lo; ] the Britifli dominions by the dlfcoverics of enter- prizing traders, may, with proper encouragemenr, ultimately enfure us the entire command of the fur- trade in North America*. From the following ftatement of imports and ex- ports, which extends to the year 1800, and account of woollens exported, which extends as far as the year 1799, we may reafonably infer that our com- merce with thcfe colonies will continue to improve. Whilftthe fpiritofemigrationexiris in Europe, (and the ftate of France and Germany is ftill fuch that it cannot be expected to ceafe in thofe countries,) it is not only the turbulent and fafliou?, but the peaceable and induftrious, who may be led to feek their fortunes acrofs the Atlantic. If French Guiana, according to the Piril Conful's recom- mendation, be a good refuge f r the former clafs, Britilh America is a better afylum for perfons of the latter dcfcription. Though the climate of Ci- nada and Nova Scotia is not lo mild as that of thi. United States, it is more healthy. The difficulty of obtaining unexceptionable titles to land, we arc affured, is the only obflacle that prevents this part of North America from experiencing a more rapid improvement than it does j-. Every year^ however, many perfons emigrate from the United States into * See Mackenzie's Voyages through Ncrth America, ji.fi publifiu'd. I V, tld'j Travels througli the States cfNonli Amirica, Ltttcr \xvii. <5 Canada -, [ 103 ] Canada ; and there can be little doubt but that» with proper encouragement, thofe who Jeave Great Britain and Ireland to fettle in America, might b^ induced to feek a cobny, where they would ftill live under the protedion of that country in which they firft drew breath. I An Account of the official Value of Imports from the Britifh Colonics * in North America, and of the Ex- ports to them, in 1790, and the Ten following Years, diftinguifliingBritilh Manufa6lures from Foreign Mer- chandize. Value of Evports. Years. 1790 1791 179a 1793 J 794 J 795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 Value of Impoits. £' 239,040 353>833 255>79« 210,345 241,026 3H»76i 268,777 2^3'43i 315-79^ 333>3*6 Briti(h Mi nufd^turcs. 623,770 688,658 908,105 7^7.075 735 '49^ 820,440 «5'j349 89^.325 1,166,730 1j309'79* i^i9^j3^5 - Foreign Mer- chandize. £' 216,908 205,958 211,886 187,446 '^35^754- i73'345 l;, 9,703 151,828 200ji68 3'9'039 240;08 I Total. Exports. £' 840,679 894,617 1,119,981 904,529 971,25 c 999,786 1,021,053 1,048,153 1,36^,898 1,028,831 i^43-:>44<5 m • Not iiu'Uuruii; >footka Sbunti, which forms an article in the Cuftom-houtcbcoks of the" year 1800. Si;e Letter VII, H 4 Aft U 11 [ i<>4 ] n? ■i'' ' m sii An. Account of the official Value of Woollens exported to the Britifti Colonies in North America in 1790, an^ the. Nine following Years, Years. £' 1790 - 156,192 u 179' - i32>997 1792 - 183,681 ^793 - I47>63i >794 - 186,787 1795 - 196,876 1796 - 224,649 1797 w 232,329 1798 - 232,869 1799 - 3^4j739 V'i. It appears from the following account of the tonnage of vcffels cleared outwards from Great Britain to thefe fettlemcnts, that a confidcrable diminution has taken place during the war. Account of the Tonnage of Britifli and Foreign Vefleis cleared Outwards from England and Scotland to the Briti(h Settlements in North America, in 1789, and the Eleven following Years. England. Scotland. Britilh. \ Foreign. Britilh. Foreign Total Years. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tonnage 1789 52,046 90 5,089 — 57»225* 1790 44,155 -- 4,854 — 49,009 I79I 49,319 — 6,449 — .^5,768 179a 48,087 — 7,280 — 55.367 J 793 34,528 — 6,766 — 41,294 1794 33,303 176 5,421 — 38,900 2795 30,783 — 5,528 — 3M" 1796 29,881 — 5,524 — 35,405 1797 29,^42 4,005 — 33M7 1798 27,285 — 7,7-2 — • 35,048 1799 29,203 9,568 — 38,771 1800 33,26a — 8.759 — 42,021 [ I05 ll The decrcafe in our export trade to cur North. American colonies is principally afcribable to the check which our Newfoundland Fiftieries have experienced in confequence of the unfettled ftate of the markets in the South of Europe. The tonnage of the fhips employed in thefe fiflieries, which, on the average of the three years before the war, amounted to 31,112 tons annually, on the average of the lad three years was only 15,840 tons. It may, therefore, be prefumed that in this branch of commerce fome increafe will refult from a free communication being opened with Spain, and the countries in the Mediterranean. T |l I mm V »»8 5 ,f 4 An t ■ 1! ft '4 'I ' 47i 4.451 The [ '07 1 The Newfoundland Exports and Imports are included in the Trade of our American Conti- nental Colonies. The following Statement exhi- bits the values of our Greenland and Southern Fifhery Trade in 1797 ^"^ ^■^'^^ Three following Years. In Peace the Imports will probably be doubled. Greenland. c Value f Exports. Years. Value of Imports. Britifli Ma- nufaituies. £• . Foreign Mcr chandize. . TotrU Exporu »797 1798 130,909 129,161 95 92 458 69 1 554 784 1799 1800 1 34*909 1 25^805 _- . 503 761 503 761 Southern Fishery. /:• £' £• £' 1797 1798 140,143 95.S83 6 33 150 40 150 1799 1800 - «4,co7 89,198 33 191 250 224 259 An Account of the Quantities of Fifli and Oil exported from Newfoundland to the South of Europe, in the Years 1790, 1791, 1792; 1798, 1799, and 1800''^. Fifli. Oil.- Dry. Wet. Quintals. Barrels'. Tnn667 78 I 9 179 1 623,083 4>33S 44 37 1792 490,514 1,695,421 27 2 20 8,005 149 3 66 1798 209)995 4 1799 238,953 990 iSoo 3^6,379 2 4 8i5>327 990. IMS m * Accounts rtfpcftinir the Nc\vfoundland riHicrv, oidcrcd to he printed, 15th of June, iSou ■If PI [ io8 ] The other countries to which oil and fiili nre exported from Newfoundland, are the iilcs of Guernfey and Jerfey, North America, thf Wcli Indies, Ireland, and Great Britain. Exclufivc of wet fifh and oil, the confumption of the three laft countries has been m, m i Great Britain. Ireland. West Indies Quintals of Quintals of Quintals of Dry Fifli. Dry Fifh. Dry Fifli. 1790 29^750 13,089 58,904 1791 53*483 23,796 ^^^935 1792 19,716 13,209 42,118 1798 45>i37 3,000 75>4i5 1799 13.734 »*53i 53.882 I boo 7>i^^ ^>537 97.295 The Total Export of Fifh and Oil from Newfoundland during the above Years, was Fifh. Oil. Dry. Wet. Years. Quintals. Barrels. Tons. H. G. 1790 684,421 6,221 i»939 I 57 f 1791 720,147 7,011 8J9 3 42 ll 1792 565.833 5>596 2,896 I 50 1798 353^3^3 6,oa6 2,177 30 '■ 1799 3^3^75^ 3.548 1,851 2 60 m 1800 481,524 96 2.367 2, 39 The Britlfh Fifheries, during the laft three years, in confequence of the high price of corn, have received great encouragement at home, but the export of fifli to Italy has ncceflarily declined".— In [ 109 ] In peace, the trade in herrings and pilchar^^ tc^ the South of Europe is very confiderable** .:.,. ■'•ij 'hp II. On the Trade with Africa. A confiderable increafe may be expr6ted in the trade with the Britifli fettlements in Africa, in confcquence of the peace. A very large fupply of negroes will be wanted in many of the Weft India iflands, and the extenfion of the flave trade muft neceflarily create a greater demand for Britifli manufa£lures in Africa than would otherwife take place. The following account of tonnage and im- ports does not comprehend our commerce with- the Cape of Good Hope. Our trade with Egypt is comprehended in that with Turkeyf. * Mr. Burke, in his " Obfervations on a late State of die Nation," publilhed in 1769, makes the following judicious obfervations on the importance of the Newfoundland trade. " The Cultom Houfe entries *' furnifli a mod defeftive, and indeed ridiculous idea, of the moft valu- " able branch of trade we have in the world, that wiih Newfoundland — «' Obferve what you export thither ; a little fpirits, provifion, fifliing •• lines, and fifhing hooks— Is this Export the true idea of 'hcNew- " foundland trade in the light of a beneficial brancV. «£ commerce ? «• Nothing lefs. Examine our Import from thenre ; it feems, upon " this vulgar idea of Exports and Imports, to turn the balance againft *' you. But your Exports to Newfoundland are your own goods — ■ " your Import is your own food ; as much your own, "as that you raife " with your ploughs out of your own foil ; and not your lofs, but your *• gain J your riches, not your poverty.— But fo fallacious is this way of " judging, that neither the Export nor Import, nor both together, fup- *• ply any idea approaching to adequate of that branch of bufmefs.— ♦• The V'cfl'el» in that trade go flrait from Newfoundland to the foreign " market ; and the Sale there, not the Import here, is the meafure of •' its value — That trade, which isoneof your greateft andbcft,is hardly " (a much as feen in the Cuftom Houfe entries j and it i» not of icfs •« annual value to this nation than ^^400,000. " p. 32- t See Letter Vf. !«■ fit |ti0» 'f" ; f ^f n 1 I' I'.; ,n '.i ? M.1 .! ...11 ^B h ¥1' PS'. I t tio ] Ah Account of the Tonnage of Britifii and Foreign VclTels cleared Outwards from England to Africa* in I78^> and the Eleven following. Years. Britifh ' Foreign Tons. Tons. Years. 1789 1790 I79I 1792 1793 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 i9»493 26,921 32,590 40,479 16,484 ^19,034 18,234 23*251 25477 39»3io 4i>778 38,966 Li.- 45 224 370 1,000 i>53i 755 431 Total Tonnage. J 9.493 26,921 32,590 40,479 16,529 29,258 18,604 24,251 27,008 40,065 41,778 39.397 No veflel cleared out from Scotland to Africa in the above years. •This entry intheCuftom Houfe Navigation Account does not com- prehend the tonnage cleared outwards to Barbary, which is here fub- '■"""'• BARBARY. r- England. -A* — Scotland. L? H 1789 1790 1791 179* »793 1794 '795 1796 J797 1798 1799 1809 firitifh. Tons. 1,384 ^>379 868 4)4^9 80 "5 839 994 aSj 508 49a 150 Foreign- Tons. Foreign. Tons- 780 654 340 a70 145 [ I" I Ah Account of the official Value of Imports from Africa, and of the Exports to that Country, in 1790, and the Ten following Years, tliftiuguifhing Britifli Manufac- tures from Foreign Merchandize. Value of Exports. Years. 1790 1791 1792 1793 J 794 1795 1796 J797 1798 1799 1800 Imports. 7 1 ,800 79»7«4 83,9 3 120,378 48,880 65,097 ] 06,734 54>357 69,76 c 112,789- Bridfh Ma- nufatturcs. ' £' ■ 609,820 534,73 1 882,074 256,458 438.577 214.953 298,162 523.367 777,226 1,036,261 589,496 Foreign Mef- chandize. 3i9'38» 32^350 , 485.845 '' 128,128 . .31 '^245 213,778 310,803 364^78 514,482 590,362 510,161 Total. Exports. 929,203 ^56,08* *»367.9'9 3^4.587 749,821 428,731 608,965 887,844 1,291,708 1,626,624 J»099,657 It appears from the following ftatement that the Cape of Good Hope has iiot yet been rendered a great commercial eftabliihment. An Account of the Tonnage of Britifh and Foreign Veflels which entered Inwards, and cleared Outwards, inthefe- veral Ports of Great Britain, from or to the Cape of Good Hope in 1 796 and the Four following Years. Entered Inwards. Cleared Ou twards. -^. El , , .^^- c Britifh, 1 itiHi. ■— 1 Foreign. r ■ > 1 — - ^- ' Ships. Tons. Ships Tons. Ships. Ton's. J 796 6 2,194 H 7,020 - TJ. 1797 6 2,809 7 2.073 I 4i}o 1798 2 30s 8 2,268 1 564 1799 5 852 10 3^33^ — 1800 3 620 70 2,290 — ,*. 'i. r 9 r ■ From •i.- ■', I IH M iC .*»«' '^,i Ji.;:: flpll t From this account it appears that the total torir nage of veiTels cleared outwards for the Cape, iince we took polfeflion of it, amounts only to 17,987 tons. I cannot regret that this colony is to be reftored to the. Batavian Republic. The poffeffion of it might have gratified a national vanity, if that be deemed a proper principle to encourage by the peace, and have enabled us to mortify the pride of one antagonifl; by difplaying our flag at the fouth- crn extremity of Africa, as we wound the feelings of another, by retaining a barren rock at the fouth- cm extremity of Europe*. I cannot affent to the opinions of thofe who confider the Cape, " eithqr " with regard to its fituation, as favorable for car- " rying on a fpcedy intercourfe with every part of ** the civilized world; or to its intrinfic value, a« " capable of fupplying many articles of general " confumption to the mother country ; or as a port " folely for the numerous and valuable fleets of the *« Eaft India Company to rcfrelh at ; to afl'emble in * Mr. Barrow obferves, that " by the capture of the Cape of Good «* Hope and of Ceylon, the Britiih laviguage is now heard at the fouth- *« ern extremities of the four great continents or quarters of the globe. *» Three of thefe have fubmitted to the power of Britaia ; and tlie fpirit *' of commerce and adventurous induftry has dire£led the attention of ♦• its enterprizing fubjefts to th« fourth on the fniall tfland of Staaten, at " the extreme point of South America, where a kind of fettlemcnt has ** been formed for carrying on thi Southern Whale Fifhsry." Barrojv's Travels into the Interior of So\iihern Africa, p. i. *' time [ 113 ] ** time of war for convoy ; to reeflablifli the health of ** their fickly troops, worn down by the debilitating ** cffeiTls of expofure to a warm climate j and to *' fcafon, in the mild and moderate temperature of " fouihern Africa, fuch of thofe frOm Europe as *♦ may be deftined for fei vice in the warmer cli- *.*'mate of their Indian fettlements *." . , . ; <>' It is not wanted as a naval ftation for the dcr fence of .India ; we poflefs a belter in the excellent J)orts of Ceylon. It is not wanted as a place where our fleets may be vidualled and refitted. We may procure provifions at St. Helena, and in the Bra- zils, By the improvements which have " taken place in navigation, the voyage to India has been ftiortened, if not in diftance, ce;-tainly in the time required for perf6rmiftg it. If we pofleffed the Cape, our Eaft Indiamen would feldom touch at it. It is not wanted as a depot where troops may be hardened before they proceed to Afia. The very healthy condition of thofe regiments which were fent from Gibraltar to Egypt has proved, that in the fouth of Europe, as well as in Africa, foldiers may be feafoned for warmer climates. The Cape labours under the lame inconvenience which has retarded the advancement of our colony at Port Jackfon. Hie North American States, notwiili- Handing the hardfliips to which the firfl: fettlers were expofed, foon acquired confequence, from pofleffing a produce that was wanted in Eu- rope But in New South Wales no fuch advan- tage has occurred. Captain Cook, indeed, recom- 1.^ ■ft Hid. mended c^ f ■ M/ tr. ■! I "4 3 Mended the New Zealand hempy as far fapericJf to that imported from the Norfh; but it does not appear that this articJe of produce has been much attended to. Like our convict-plantation m the fouthern heniifphere, the Cape poflefles no ftaple commodity (except the very infignificant produce of the Conllanlia vineyards) which can b6 exchanged for the manufa^lures of Europe : and I hefitate not to affcJt, that the commercial advan- tages, which can be derived from the Gape, vvoufld neither repay us, iK>r e.ven a more frugal nation, the Dutch, for the charge cither of its military or its civil eftabliflimcnr,.-.. , .. III. 0}i the Trnde "With Jjia. ' ;'" An Account of the Tonnage of Briiifli and Foreign Vcf^ fels entered Inwards and cleared Outwards from the feveral Forts of Great Britain, in the Year 1789, and each of the Eleven following Years, to the Eall Indies- and China. Entered Inwards. Cleared Outward&. Brnfh. Foreu.-ii. Britrfli. Foreign. ■ Years. Tons'. Tons. Tons. Toiisv 1789 27,69^ — 22,223 J 790 27,122 26,408 1791 25'539 24,109 T792 21,560 '-iMs J 793 25,900 — 39^5^9 , 1794 34'.375 3^^A5''- 179,5 46,299 34v'9 179^ .V,25jj /j9»^57 1797 3-1 '3 ^> 1,032 42,876 294 i7V8 63,880 355543 1799 3'^^'-^)^ ''305 43 '0-1 9 9'^3 1800 49»^3j 1,018 49,284 1,990 • It appears, from Steel's Lid of Britilh veflbls, em- ployed in the Company's fervice, that their ton- nage exceeds 8 s.ooo tons *. 'j)'^ * No clUrrnte of the amount of (Lipping emplovcd In any branch of The [ >>s ] The export of Bi irifti manufaftures to India and China, was greater in the year 1800 than in any preceding year, except 1794 •» it exceeds the ex- port of 1790 by ;C. 40,127 official value ; and when it is confidered that, during the laft ten years, there^ has been an advance in the price of various articles of export, there can be little doubt that the real vdilue of our exports to that part oi the world bears a greater proportion to ihQ'official value, than it did in 1790; and that the r^j/ value of the exports m I oOTcj exceeds the real vaUieof the exports in 1 794. commerte can be formed, mere!;' from a reference to tiic CuHom Houfc accounts of tonnage, cleared outwards anil entered inwards. It appears from thofe documentii that the tonnajre of veflcls entered inwards from diQ Eaft Indies and China in J799 was 40,056 tons; and that the ton- iJage of colliers entered inwards at the port of London tlic fame year was 89^,362 tons. (See Third Report on the Port of London, Ap" pcndix, A. 7.) From this ftatement, it might, at ftrft fight^ bfcfup- pofed that the coal trade could furnifli twenty times the quantitj of Eaft India ftiipping. The fatt, however, is, that whilft the India fliip. ping contains 85,000 tons, the colliers frequenring the ])ort of London contain no more than 99,151 tons. It is the hngth of tkf 'voyctge \\\\\(ih determiner the proportion between \.\\tjh!()piiig and tht tonnage entered inwards 01 cleared outivards in tbe ■ otirft: of a ^•ear. The report of Mr. Jcft't-rloii on the commerce of the United States of America in r^ecember 1793, ft ate d the tonnage of American vclVcls, entered in. wards, in the year ending the 30th Seprember itqo, From France at - - 116,410 tons. Great Britain at - 4j»5'^3 But, as the American trade with tlie dominions of France w.is then carried on by ftiort voyages to the Weft Indies, and that to t!ic do- minions of Great Britain cliiefly by long ones to Europe, the entries of tonnage did not exhibita correft view of thequ?.iuity of fii pping employed between each country. The afVual tonnage of Aiiiciicui fliips trading in the year ending t!ie 30th September 17^4 With the Dominions of France was 82,510 tuns. With thofe of Great Britain 66,5^2 Speeches of Mr. Smith of South Carolina, p. -^3- 1 2 fi !r 1 'T' .. ^•. .? \mm m^ a u, I [ "Jl'ld i ] ' An Account of the official Value bf Exports* to the Eaft X'^- Ihdies ahd Chifta,in ! 790^ and ihfe Ten foUo'wihg Years, -^"1 diftinguiftiing Britifli Manufactures from Foreign Mer- htfr c^iandizc. ...v.- vc' Value of Exports. J ' I ■ ■ I ■nil* *■ ' • • ^ ■ - ■ ■ . 1 1 V.' . 3791 , 207^22 ra-di 4JV.q:■';'-'■ >i :^ ;> ^ «uj An Account of the Prime Coft, or ValuCj of Woollens exported to India and China, in the Seafons 1 798-9, .; 1799-1800, and 1800-1. Piee^s, Value. I' £' 1798 to 1799 Broad Cloth - '4,175 285,229 Long Ells - - 328,192 553,981 Camlets - - 6,563 '39,174 1799 to 1800 Broad Cloth Lonff Ells - 1800 to 180; c Camlets Broad Cloth Liong Ells - Camlets - 15,984 320,328 230,764 567,34^ » 2,973 75,671 878,384 14,95 ' 305,0*^9 266,590 63 1 ,762 43^755 90'452 9'53'34^ i,0'2 7',2B3 For the Imports from the T'.:\i\ Indies ami (."liina, fee p. 49. Copper :fi I :M7 ] 1.384 >pper Copper is another confiderable article ifi out exports to Afia. From the accounts laid before the Houfe of Commons, two years ago, refpe(5ling the copper trade, it appears that a very large propor- tion of wrought copper, and of brafs, and plated goods, exported, is fent to A fia. Official Value of Wrought Copper, and of Brafs, and Plated Goods, exported to all Parts of the World, diftinguifliing Afia, in 1790, and the Nine following Years ♦. Wrought Copper. All Parts of. the VVoild. 324>943 358,844 437.043 465,030 Years. 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 Brafs and plstcd Goods. All Parts of Afia. the World. 31,469 171,338 36,472 205,769 64,822 282,469 Afia. S'»o»3 74,73^ a2»;,490 465,030 i95>o3o 320,67a 235,^63 482,188 169,920 279,c66 218,890 438,772 i74,»5o 275,888 1796 202,894 462,431 i73>344 286,562 - 1797 146,049 397i4yS "S.S»5 219,099 I79S 116,543 413,840 76.503 211,093 1799 222,971 5i5,043t 155,^54 34M52t Tin, alfo, forms a confiderable part of the ex- ports of the Ead India Company. The prime co(t of the quantity they purchafed in 1795 amounted to /,'. 92,204. . ,1 * Report of a CoaiDnittee of the Houfe of Commons on the Copper Trfde, ,(7«)i9. App. 3^, 34,. Accounts of Wrought Copper, and of IJraf-- .ind Platiil ware, exported ^ ordered to be printed aiit March, lioo. f The value c/<'f/a»rf/ by the exporters was ;.. WroMght copper ... - £• 61^,459 Brafs and plated goods • 6,3,901 « 41 '•I 'im .r. ■ 'I -1 ■ '! (. ■ < •I 13 An ifwvj. ■ppiin mk^ l:.v'«f|} fn w ' 1 [ 1.8 ] \n JAccounc of the Quantify and Price of Tin fold to the End India Company in 1792, and the Five follow- ' ing Years *. ,-i .• .. ) , . ■' . . . ■ i * ! '. rrire, Total '•^' Years. Qnsntity. per Ton. Amouftt. 'lAr. : , .: Tons. f,. s. d- £• ■' ■'- 1792 793 7<5 6o,a68 . »793 'Hod 75 ■430 72 0., 90,960 »794 800 7S 330 68 13 : 82,660 17P5 ' 800 75 Q , 469 68 13 0/ 4:; 92,204 1794 ' 800 75 ; 260 68 13 ' 4' 77>853 1797 ' 800 75 ::427 68 13 4) 89,320 In return for Britifh manufadures, India now farnifhes us with many raw materials of great con- fequence to our manufafturers. Indigo, an arti- cle of which not a fmgle pound was brought from India twenty years ago, is now an import of fuch confequence, that its fales in one year have amounted nearly to one million fterling. Cotton, too, it is probable, may be obtained from India, in any quantity required by our manufadurers. The average annual export of Malabar cotton, from Surat and Bombay to China, is 60,000 bales, oc- cupying 20, coo tons of (hipping, and producing about /^.y 20,000, the greater part of which is paid into the Company's treafury at Canton, for bills of exchange on the Court of Diredtors, or lent to foreign agents for the purpofe of buyi-ng • Report of a Committee ot t;he Houfe of Commons on the Copper Trade, 99, p. 5. teas [ "9 ] t-eas for the market of Europe *. In the year 1799-1 8oc, upwards of 34,000 bales f (each con- taining 392 lbs. weight) were imported in 11,500 tons of (hipping, into Great Britain. Hemp is •c-nother produ6lion which, it is fuppofed, may be imported to advantage. If it fliould be thought expedient to encourage the importation of that ar- ticle from Bengal, it will make a demand for a ftitl greater fupply of fliipping than cotton {, Refpeding fugar, another natural production of Bengal, we are informed by Mr. Henchman, in his interefting Obfervations on the Trade between India and Europe, that it *' has, for ages, been *' cultivated" there " in very large quantities. It " was formerly an article of export trade t and by " the adivity of individuals, aided by the fupport ** and afliftance of the Company, it has been ren- " dered fo ag?.in ; and will, if it is politically right " to allow it, be an article of great confideration *' between the P-a(l Indies and the port of London, *' to be again exported for foreign confumption. " One very important point, in deciding upon this * Henchman'. Obfervations on the Reports of the Dircdlois of the Eaft India Company, p. 25. t Equal to ij.jiS.coolb. The quantity of cotton imported from Surinam, Ikrbice, Dcmcrara, Ivll'cquilio, Martinico, St. Lucia, and Tri- nidad, in each of the laft three years, was Years lbs. J 799 6,030,299 1800 10,740,620 1801 11,959,6(2 J Hc*chnian's Obfervations, p. 16. w Jilt 'i <1?!H M «* fubjed, fffpr 1 ; %? M[ % • [ 120 ] (( i^bje(5^, is to recoiled the fuu^tion of all foreign ** Europeans and Americans in India : they are a,t ** liberty to bring any articles from the Eaft Indie? ** that may be beneficial. If, therefore, . fugar " (hould for any reafons be prohibited to be brought ** in Britilh fhips, they will bring it in Foreign *' fliips, whenever they find an advantage in doing " fo, for the fupply of any part of the world, Eng- " land excepted*." 'T, ; .:. ■ The fales of the Eafl; India Company, which, in 1783, only produced £.3,363,800, now amount to more than ;{^. 10,000,000.. . . . ' ^M Amount of Goods fold at the Eaft India Company's Sales, ■ in the Three laft Years of Ppace, and the Three laft , Years of War. ,•,.... ...... , , . J ., ^ — rnvate J rade, Company's and ijt'f.; j ', " Years. Gooc!,,. Privileced Goods. Total. £■ £• £• ■ ■ '790 •...5,104,508 930,930. - 6,035,458- 1791 ■, ,5,141,532 709.455 . ., .5'85o,987 • ^792 .5,o5o,8j9 703.5/8 '" 5.754.397 Years* Company's Ccod.s. Privrte Ncutial Trade. Fronert}^. £■ £' 1:629,959 348,231 Total. 10,315,256 inMar.i798|8,3.7,c66 to ditto 1799 I j^^^^7»3^7»7a7 2,336,980 455,903 10,160,610 'g®'^ 7 7, 6c 2, 04 1 2,382,092 339,310 io,ia2,4p * Henchman's O^fervatioiis, p. 27. I low d 1:21. J How cflfFerent is this (late of our Indian tradfe from its amount at the end of the American war, in the year 1783! Yet, extenfive as our commerce with Afxa now is, it is highly probable that it will experience a great increafe. . '•' v'. i ^s'- v " The trade carried on with the Dutch fpice- iflands, and fettlements at Malacca and Cochin, is too inconfiderable for us to regret its lofs. One Eaft India- man would bring to Europe all the ex- portable produce of Amboyna, Banda, Ternate, and Malacca. There can be little doubt but that in the hands of Britons, Ceylon (enriched, perhaps, by the in- trodudion of the fpices of thefe iflands,) will be rendered a very flourifliing colony ; but I cannot avoid repeating the prayer of the learned auchor of " the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea," that the commerce of this rich and valuable ifland, now in the complete poireflion of the Englilh, may be con- ducted on more liberal principles, and the natives treated more generoufly by them than they have been by their predeceffors*. The rclloration of the port of Cochin to its former pofTenbrs is more than compenfated by the acquifition of all the ma- ritime frontier of the Myfore. The pofieffion of the ports of Mangalore and Onore will open a new .vent for our manuta6lures (more particularly our woollens) in that populous empire. Colonel ♦ Dr. Viacem's Periplus, App. p. 22. Beatfon, 1-. |! MB: I ■ '?! ! t |:f i ♦i 0] I 122 ] Beatfon, in his account of the war with Tippoo, fays, that " formerly all traffic between the fub- " jeds and dependants of the Company, and thofc '* of the late Sultan, was nearly prohibited by the *' reflraints to which his hatred to the Britiih ** nation, or his ignorance and prejudice^ had fub- *' jefted the communication with his pofleffions. " Thofe reftraints being removed, and every pro- " per encouragement to commercial intercourfe " being fubftituted, it may reafonably be expected '* that the neighbouring and now united countries " of the Carnatic and Myfore will mutually con- *' fume a confiderable portion of their refpedive " produ6ls and manura6lurf s, and that even a pro- " portion of Britifli commodities Will foon' find a " market in Myfore. Our information with re- ** gard to the articles produced, manufactured, or " confumed, in the countries acquired by the ''Company, and by the Rajah of Myfore, is at ** prefent too imperfedt to form any accurate cal- " culation of the poflible increafe of the imports " from the coaft of Malabar to Europe ; but it ap- " pears probable, that the Company's inveftment " in the article of pepper, may foon be augmented " to any extent which may be deemed advifeable*." Ourundifputed fovereignty in Bengal and the Car- natic promifes us fimilar advantages on the coaft or ., M ■* View of the Origin and ConJuft of the War with Tippoo, p, 257. {, Coromandeli tmmmm C "3 ] Coromandel ; the redu6tion of freight, in confer quence of the peace, will be highly beneficial to the Company ; and the fpirit of inveftigation, which will probably lead to a full inquiry into the beft means of promoting the interefts of the nation re- fpefting India, confiftently with the chartered rights of the Company, will, we may hope, ulti- mately afford fuch encouragement to private tra- ders in Afia and Britain, that the competition of foreign adventurers may be effedually checked, and London rendered the emporium of Indian commerce. ■ . - . ... mm ■V i vmm If J^ i U] ;■/ LETTER I '. i f tn J ruo'.'! I li.^- IT' m mmii '■ LETTER vr. • ' OM THE TRADE WITH! EUROPE. u R European eomrocrce may be divided into two parts J that carried pn with thofe countries which during the laft war wei=e neutral, and that carried on with thofe which were belligerent powers. I Ihall confiJer each feparately : and endeavour to Ihcw that the balance; ©f increale \i^ fhofe branches oftraiie, in which increafe may h^ ei^pe^ted, will, probably, exceed the b^lapce uf lofs- in..;hofc in which a defalcation may be apprehended. .^ , I. On the Trade with the Neu'ral Powers. Ruffia occupies a chief place among the European neutral powers. Our trade with her, during the laft ten years, has very confiderably increafed. The increafe may be partly attributed to the war; but is alfo in fome decree owino- to caufcs which arc likely to be permanent. If our imports from the countries on the Baltic have rifen in confequence of our late extraordinary confumption of naval ftorcs, they have alfo rifen in confequence of an in- creafed demand among our manufacturers for raw materials j and our export of Britifli manufadlures to the North of Europe hasrifca in confequence of the improved ftate of this part of the civiHzed world. Ruflia is advancing in population and civilization. From Afiatic Tartars, the RuiTians are (if I may' bf allowed the exprefiion) becoming Europeans : and [ >*J ] and their connexions with Britain have, probably, not a little contributed towafds theii' improvement. Our faftory at. St, Pcterfburghj 1 am pqrfuaded, has, in many points of view, proved a good national in- ftitute : " artes intulii agrejli Latio.'* .^\ Our commerce with Ruflia has been r^egularly progredivc, fincc the commencement of his prelertt Majlcfty's reign. Ouf expofts, which' bn an A^e-' rage of five yejars, ending with 1765,' amounted to ;([. 6^,402, rofe to /;. 196,229 in -1773, the lad ytit^ noticed in Sif Charles "iVhi.|^ori:h's >tablcs of im- ports arid exports i in the yeai*- 17(^2 thej^" wcfre vSi- lued at j^. 800,762 ; and in i86b af ^.i,025',335, of which )C'557>374 ^^'^^ Britifh raanufa^itr^s.* • ' ' '■ The trade with Denmark and Sweden increjifcd! during the war ; and principally in confequence of the war. That part of it, however, which refpe(as the export of Britifh manufaiflures has not increaf- ed : the export of them to Denmark on the average of 1790, 1791, and 1792, was valued at ^.179,333, and the exports to Sweden at ^.41,058; and on the average of the years 1798, 1799, and 1800, the export of tbem to Denmark was valued at j{[.i9i,288, and the exports to Sweden at^.26,896*^ It will be feen from the following documents that the export of Britifli manufadturcs to thefe tv/o countries does not equal half the export of Bridfa manufactures to RufTu. • See Table of E^xports to De'.ma.k and S.vcdi-n in p?ge ii8, I need hardly remark that tne values ftatcJ in this pi-.-.e are the cj^.iul values of the Cuftom Hou!e Ledger - ' ' • Account it, mm nm 4 1 I »« i \ \\ )•» i > f C;: :"HJ. C 126 ] Account of the Tonnage of Britilh and Foreign Vef- fels which cleared Outwards from the fcveral Ports of England and Scotland, to RufTia, Denmark, and Sweden, ill i 7S9, and tjbe Eleven followiiig Years. ■M\ '"' RUSSIA.* EsGi'.AKD. Scotland. Years. 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794- «795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 r ^'~' > f Britifti Foreign Britifh Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage. 47,096 855 7,134 55,911 2,343 4,995 60,668 1,505 5,450 62,877 380 7,226 35,ioi 1,038 5,498 73,278 1,432 10,592 104,407 .3,502 10,041 96,780 9,395 11,874 58,217 1,287 9,128 102,740 1,536 16,272 71,860 29,698 12,194. 132,037 34,848 11,871 Foreign Tonnage- 2000t 470 191 TuttI Tonnap«> 5S»o85 63,249 67*623 70*483 41*637 87,302 117,950 M 8,049 68,632 121,018 'i3»943 168,756 •This entry in the Cuftom-houfc navigation account does not _ comprehend Livonia. I have, therefore, here I'libjoincd a ftatemene of the tonnage of vcfTels cleared outwards to that country in 1789, apd. the eleven following years, . ' 11 '.LIVONIA. Years. 3,789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 England. Brir. Ton. For. Ton 3*883 4,4 ?o included in 4.73 f 3»<^'>7 7>^7« 14,957 9,95* 6,734 10,491 9>9'9 21,311 Scotland. Brit. Ton, ic6 Ruflia. 30 490 52 1,048 f This is ftatcd as the tonnage of one iliip; I prcfume erroncoudy. DENMARK. L U7 J DENMARK. ■) England^ A^.-Jjii Scotland. Years. 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 179(5 >797 1798 1799 1800 • -. ^ r *\ I. Britifh Foreign Tonnage 45.453 47,222 34.261 48,392 3»,970 42,262 35,874 3M73 46,478 39*598 46,816 46,627 53.433 Britifh Tonnage. Tonnage. 25»^»7 13.459 9,177 10,628 9,921 ^5'7 7,196 7,207 30>942 45,401 81,507 9i>549 78,080 77'773 51,561 117,602 45>850 145.995 Foreign Tonnage. 1,08 i 1,526 1,710 1,186 2,781 7.532 12,847 1 2^378 8.775 5.<572 10,843 *2.20i 5,169 16,478 9,275 14,21a Total Tonnage. 85,610 92,i8<^ 100,520 89,767 69,828 ioi,85() '3 5.844 V 163,590» : 139.154^'' i54,25r«". 190,810 215.33*^" > "■' " ♦ (■ft 'rl , 1789 1790 I79I 1792 »793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 SWEDEN. 11,826 480 4,880 _M io,fJo8 351 6,889 — 5>«36 4.753 8,787 — V.o'S 6,703 7>973 682 6,873 7.429 6,180 — » 5.47 3 9,803 9.835 447 10,878 15. "57 7.381 238 16,020 17,216 11,304 180 9,871 8,243 5.9 '2 — 12,884 18,347 4.634 — 7,730 24,678 4,801 ».035 5>774 27,980 3,314 ho-JS 17,186 18,048 19.376 22,373 20,482 35,558 33.654 44.720 24,026 35,865 38,294 37.143 An ff^m t>T VI •I I i-u CI, i' ''^i ■%': [ 118 ] An Account of the offieiaj Yi»lue of. Imports into Great Britain from Rufliai" Denmark, and Sweden, and of Exports fron» Great Britain to eath, of. th6fe Countriesj in 1790, and theTetf followinj; Yenrs, diftinguifliingt Bi^kilh Manufactures frdhi Foreign Merchandize. '■mis- iV. A^-^rr.^^' :^''A'' -*»t 17^' 17^1 1794 »79S 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1790 i7Qt 1792! ^793 1794 179$ 1796 1797 i79r J 799 1U06 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 ^795 179,6 ^797 179« 1799 1800 Val. of r-rfi|#s. 1,710,374 »>548«t)77 ft^o4,025 U789,-44^ . ?<857^78 : 2,510,08.1 ^>7c 7,5^4 ' 2,416,829 2,664,255 2,382,098 149,860 182,040 1 8(^,649 ■205,822 ' 209,885 I54.3T'; 243^.928 "134^^02 ' ■ 176,108 194,036 241,562 300,518 267,770 3381690 287,784 204,617. 347>33<5 1 92*233 266,003 347»«^'2 309,280 .rr — I- A- -265,920 agi>243K 428,774^ 197,683 240,520: i393>93i - 456,48;^ . 380,068 428,610 557.374 J 41^ '1' or. Met, ' : - Tot' K 3. ^468,766 '37M6S 2S7;722 ^ 3^^3711 341,099 467,960 D ENMA RK. ■I4a,4i8 '• ,219,803 177.779 141,590 I95,3'>2' i7'5,o'^ft- ■' 185,672 22^,648 121,726 134,818 134,941' 14^,674 293,^8 a 323.44-^ 32o,iio l-9^..!:r,2'"^- "^56,4^8 194,041 , i5<*,703 • 1^6.703 , .153.M4 , SWED£"H. ■ ' 19,504 3^.259 57^413 28,437 43.^37 47.3^^4 51,672 74.934 24,807 26,120 29,761 34.358 3^.4^3- 00,927 47>9^7 61,6^6 80,073 69^840 78,961 27,910 24,46c 49,079 ■454.289 -573*35^ 800^762 320,827 495)907 862,^67 474j3o6 691,780 769,710 i.02j,33> 202,144 35.4.62 c 3iY,720 291,265 489,184^ 498,464 509.78.^ 670,922 549.'^ SO 3^44.744 540,698 645363 74,743 118,340 76,424 105,273 127,3?/ 121,512 153,^95 52.7^8 50,580 78,840 ■.0 ,4 ^t I2g ] The fome obrcrvation which I made refptcf^i^vg kisiiiai applies to the northern ftates of Germany : Piliffia> Saxony, Hanover, and (I believe I might add) the hereditary dominions of Auftria, though impoverifhed by the war, are improving markets. Various attempts have been made on the Continent, particularly in Saxony, to rival us in ihe cotion and woollen manufactures, by ti.e introdudion of ma- chinery J but thcfe attempts have no*: lefiened our exports, it is, however, not eafy to determine what proportion of Britifh manufaft'.ires exported to Ger* many during the war was deftined for the confump- tion of Holland, Flanders, or France : but it is highly probable that a confidcrable part of the com- merce lately carried on with the northern ftates of Germany will be diverted to other channeL in con- fequencc of the peace. In 1800, the exports to Germany were 3^.1 '.1,664,591. It is not to the in- ternal demand of thofe countries, and the imp^'oving condition of their people, that we can attribute more than a part of the increafed trade which his taken place with them in the courfe of the war. Whatever advantages Denmark may have derived from the neutrality which flie obferved till 1801, (he will be much deceived if Ihe flatters herfelf that in any year of peace, 215,338 tons, the amount of the tonnage of {hipping from Great Britain laftyear, will enter her ports. She has a6ted only as an ai^ent and car- rier between the Britifh merchant and other coun- K tries. lis: L wmft mA: tu. ■■*^ll 'W '« M • [ UQ ] tries. Fruflla, too, mud confidcr ih^- late cxt5j)'fion of her trade as only terpporary. i ThougU (he re- ceived 184.9 veffels (containing 235,481 tQu^lbfai ninth of the foreign trade of this country*) froai oiir ports lad year, Jlie, probal;^y, in profound peace, will not furnilh employment to a fourth part of tlii» numbei-. In our trade with Hambujrgh the tannage has increafed from 6,030 tohs, in 1789, to 62,441" ton^: the peculiar circumfxances of the times may ^ prevent its finking to the level of ihcilaft peace j bu: o.ur trade with mod of the neutral powers €xt«"' America, will decreafc ; and its diminution rtiuil be allowed againft any increafe which may be cal- culated to arife from the commercial infercourfe be- ing re-opened between Great Britain and the other belligerent Powers. .. ^r.-^. . . <■ ' ..: .' * A^ \Z, Cljared outwara". Fioik Givat Britkin ;n i8co, ',r ■■ ■ ' To Pn.iffn - .Dar.rzic- - Tor:.l -;rts of ti;i' v.-o;-ld Limber of Vclll'ls, 1971. . - 5r - '- ^ ' • Tonnaf^e II,G2Z > H n I i'j.7Wi , .- - - 25,,4Si - -2,130,31a ■■>' ;'! An ^^^m :"! ■ » r . -An Account of the Tonnage of Britlfh and Foreign Vcf- fels which cleared OutwarMs from the feveral Ports in England ;iind Scotland to Germany, Poland, Pruffia, '"firemen, Dantzic, and Hamburgh, ih 1789, and the ' Eleven following Years. ' ' •^*- \.i. GERMANY. ' .England. Scotland. -A^ ^^ jii^ti(h. 1 Toi-eign. Britifh. Foreign. Total. > Yeais. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tonnage, 17^*9 39>099 7,006 7,459 186 53.744 1790 .3^^57« 12,124 9>353 — 52*048 t7<>» 40,973 17,065, 9.095 •~, 73,733 1792 50,506 11,252 8,640 — 70.398 ?709S I4>I35 5>09i 453 58,774 »794, 45>«i29 y,62 9 6,342 310 60,910 J 795 25,830 24,634 •. 2,431 652 53.547 179'>. 35,043 i8,(>39 5.019 1.306 60,307 1 7c>7 . 26,gai 12,989 5.092 ^35 45,097 i79« 47.793 8,iC4 7.S03 259 64.059 1799 28,009 13,988 5.843 108 48,548 l/^QO 32>S97 37»735 12,193 707 83.43* ■ - POLAND.* 1789 773 320 484 — ».577 ■ 1790 577 320 2C0 118 1,215 ^ 1791 i>577 480 745 2,802 1792 2,224 h^'-S 260 — 4,099 ^793 2,034 918 683 — 3.^35 1794 2,934 620 373 »35 4,c62 J 795 3.493 265 455 — 4,213 l7o^ 5)059 Vo 2,643 — 7,782 1797 1,424 270 102 — 1,796 I79« 3.^4^ 17C 970 — ■ 4,786 J799 1,478 409 2,0lB — 3^905 / ibco S>5^^ 1,644 • c 3>235 io-,4Di n: f ' in ■ I- hi ■i 'V 5ce rote in next p^ge. KL 2 PRUSSIA- !» >>.- ?P:71^ "■■',: i il i!; [ 132 ] PRUSSIA. , - Ckrland. SCOTI .AND. ■■ -j^ A •- r • 1 Biitifli. Foreign. Britifli. Foreign. Totaf, Years. Tom. Tons. Tods. Tons. Tonnacc. 1789 22,721 8,188 4,30^ 150 35.3<>7 1790 27*924 '4^975 7,026 100 50.025 179I 30,462 25.934 5,906 246 62,5a8 1792 24>509 16,460 i3.7*» 395B V' 44.93*^ '793 29,470 4,452 47,640 '794 42*872 . i',9?8 3,700 135 58.705 '79S 39.575 42,349 3.034 372 85,330 1796 ^^?3> 82,197 4>154 3.n8 140,804 1797 3>J 83,c68 3.7«3 3>7^9 1 1 '^,608 1798 ^ 38 98,145 4.546 2,487 148,416 J 799 43702 68,^67 4,901 1,68 s 11^.755 1800 41,838 166,242 '0,755 5,024 223,85^ BREMEN. 1789 2,323 .2,557 — — -■ 4,880 1790 1,912 2>572 — — 4,484 1791 included in Germany 1792 1,929 3.055 •— — 4,984 1/9? 2,782 2,760 — — 5.542 '794 4,512 7,401 — ■ — 1^91? 1795 3.005 J 0/^30 — — 13.335 1796 2.797 14,294 — — 17,091 »797 3,2.0 7,021 — — 10,231 1798 13.95 2,S07 — — 16,722 j'799 S.74i 2,652 w ■ "". ' r 8,394 1800 6,717 13,9.21 *— — 19,938 , "Tht am^txrd account of ti.t t( nnajiC clean d outward s to C(>ur- land is not included under Poian I in the Cuft oiii-lioufe Navii^dtion Account. •_. - ■ ' COURT AND. ■- 1 ^ r Enplanh. S tOTI.AND, Britith. Foreign. Hritifli. Years. Tons. Tons. Tons. .789 793 1794 '795 1796 1797 1798 1799 I Sod Briti/h. ^ Tons. 1,029 2,471 included 1*^3 + i>367 1,224 7,081 4)877 »»745 5>23<5 «,'55 2,656 EVGLANO. Scotland. — % Foreign. Tons. 4,184 in Poknd 3*909 1,720 3.»25 8,244 7)044 7y5^9 3»024 5,605 8,637 Britifli. Tons. Foreign. Tons. 669 350 included in Poland 78 -- 147 — 232 — included in Poland 281 Z 95 — 329 — HAMBURGH. 5,434 605 — included in Germany D° 18,233 17,918 — — 12,195 41,30^ — 8,926 39,095 — — H»527 37,667 539 — . 51.65^ 22,287 183 — 31.363 13,364 — — 35,699 2b,542 200 — 'total. Tonnage. 2,048 5>^2x 3.087 4,496 »S,S57 9.284 8,541 13,855 X 1,622 — • 6,039 35,151 53,503 48,021 52,733 74,126 44,727 62,441 d ri. < ; ■5 ' m '101^' •mi h'{: a :- f •i .vl'i' f,i!PPf^ mvrtim '9, '■ I \ i [ m ] An Account of the official Value of Imports from Ger- many and Poland, and of Exports to thofe Countriesj in 1790, and the Ten following Year3> diftinguilhing Britifli Manufa<5lures from Foreign Merchandize. f G' 1 \' ERMANY. , r I • Value of Exports, Value ^ 'K of Britifti Ma- Foreign Mer- Total Imports. nufadlures. chandize. Exports. Tears. £' £• ■■■ £' £•' J 790 6c3,2o8 791,601 902,920 1,694,522 I79r 715,628 778,213 1,111,532 1,889,745 J792 650,^37 811,140 i,3'''7.97o 2,«39,iii 1793 794,^95 718,474 1,764,221 2,482,695 J794 796,i/,8 1 ><^34>530 4,308,695 S,943'22S '79S 1795 1,020,632 ] [,760,133 6,311,876 8,072,009, 2,082,275 (,591,740 6,582,179 8,173,920 J7'^7 1,576,426 [,964,967 6,419,587 8,384,554 3798 2,091,832 2,042,774 8,646,691 10,689,466 1799 2,820,1 -'4 2,032,567 6,640,729 8,673,297 ibco 2,3S2»i97 4,364^120 8,300,470 12,664,591 POLAND. r I' £' £- ^'0. 1790 iU>M8 39,217 i2^26gi 51,486 1791 I75>C43 39,833 22,812 62,645 1792 112,321 32,900 34,*74 67,07s 1793 . 2 7.?,497 , 20,533 47,911 68,444 1794 202,222 11,612 64,083 ' 75>696 1795 3 37»S07 15,212 74,2 '7 89,42^ 4796 340>724 16,124 43,775 59,^99 1797 168,662 11,394 19,066 30,460 I79» 202,562 22,331 45,908 68,240 1799 270,^87 32,247 i8,8i6 51)0^3 1800 393 A4 1 17,802 30,099 47,902 I «35 ] ■■;r :i ;y ^ V'^ 'If ^r!i /t II. 0;i the ^raJ( with the Belligerent Poweru..^ Commerical lenterprize, following the footftcj* of-cbriqncft, has enabled Great Biitain by tl.e ac- quifition of permanent or temporary market", in diftant parts of the world, to indemnify herfelf for the deprivations which her trade with the Continent of Europe has experienced in confeqiicnce of thfc •w^ar. Thefe deprivations, ho\Vcv6r, will, in a great meafure, ceafe with the termination of the conte ft j iand the renewal of a friendly intercourfe with France and lier allies will place us,'if not on the footing of the mofl favoured nation, at leaft in a fi uation tb carry on a direft trade, under certain regulations, with our neighbours. Very confiJerable advantaged mufl: refult, both to our merchants and manufac- turers, from this change ; for, whatever relaxation may have taken place during the laft year, before that time the ufe of Britilh manufaftures was pro- hibited both in France and Holland under the fe- vereft penalties *; and all communication inter- difled with our merchants. Britifh n erchandize, though purchafed of neutrals, was fubjefted to con- fifcation. Yet, though thefe checkj^,. together with * The effccl; of this prohibition may be eftimatcd from the low- n?fs of the export of IJritilh Minufafturcs and Foreign Merchan- dize to France and FKinticrs in 1793 and 1790. (See p. 145.) S ncc the t(hiblifliinent of iK Confular govtinmeiit the exports to France and Fliadcrs havt ip oiK yc.ir rifen from Z^". 23,1 39 to^.j;i34,2^6. K 4 - the ,1 .'I' I: .'i IP :■ ''I-., yl * ^^ [ '36 3 'W ^'i theincreafcd pi ice of freight, andcxpcncc of a cir- cuitous tranfit through neutral ports, have much reduced the confuinption of Britilh commodities in Fi ancc, they have not altogether prevented it. , It cannot reafonably be fuppoicd, that France ^nd her allies,during the latter years of the war, re- -ceived from us, through the intervention of neutral traders, the fame quiuitity of goods that they would aniport from Great Britain in a period of profound peace. Some articles, which would readily be re- ceived by a dired channel, are too bulky to pay a war freight and circuitous navigation. It will be feen from the following extratt from a Report of the Committee of the Houfe of Commons, that the export of coal from the Faft coaft of England to foreign countries has funk one half in confequcncc of the war. An Account of the Quantity of Coals exported from Newcaflle and Sunderland to Foreign Countries in the Years 1791, ^792* i79S> and ■ '799*- ; .. ', Exported. 1791. 1792. 1798. 1799. Chaldrons. ChaUrOns, Chaldions. Chaldrous. From Newcaftle 45,702 42,993 44,722 43,366 Sunderland 34,150 53,313 5,111 4,039 -The raeafure here ufed is the Newcaftlc chal- dron, equal to two London chaldrons. ■*-P.eport on the Coal Trade, iSoo, App. 42. 43. From [ «37 ] .' From other Englifti ports above 16,000 Ncw- caftlc chaldrons were annually exported before the war to France, Flanders, Holland^ and Spain j but none in 1797, 1798, or 1799. -• ...... More than half a million buftiels of fait were ex- ported to Flanders annually, before 1793 ; none has been expoi ted during the laft fix years*. If the wealth and energy of this country fhould enable Parliament to carry into execution the commutation of the fait duty, of which the grofs amount is above a miliionf, (a meafure which has been recommend- ed by two Committees of the Houfe of Commons, as more efficacious for promoting the profperity of the fiflieries than any poffible fyflem of bounties and encouragement,) fait would probably form a very confiderable article of export. From an ac- * An Account of the manufaftured Salt exported from Great Britain to FJandcrs in the Years 1790, 1791, 1792, 1798, 1799, ^nd 1800. Rock Salt , Whi'te Salt. -■ Bulhels. Bufliels. I79r> 1791 <- 1792 1798" 1799 582,446 S32>8q4 572,888 None. i6,88o' 6,800 25,200^ None. Report on Bri- • ti(h Fiflieries, 1798, App. 9. , .J?oo, 4 Amount c )f the Salt Duty, Grofs Receipt. iu iS !oo. ;C- Jn Englan Scotlan Ireland d - - - d - - - •• '• > 947,129 \ for year ending 5th 59»390 J Jan. 1801. 86,816 for year ending 25th £'' ^093*344 libit xuui. • '' 1' ■ ' '. i m )■ \ , i "an, 'it [h count TWi im m mi' I t '8« 3 count of woollens exported to the year 1799 in- clufive, it appears! that the increafed export to G«r- many (the internal confiimption of which countfy, I apprehend, is much greater than it was tett ye&rS ago) had not cimpertfated for the lofs of the French, FIcmifh, Dutch, and Spanifti markets. ' y.i-i .An Account of the official Value of Woollens ex- ported from Great Britain to Germany, Holland, Flanders, France, and Spain, \n the Years 17903^ 1791, 1792, 1797, 1798, and 1799. 1790. l79r. 1792. ■ . . Germany - ^'.223,226 ;^.255,303 ;^ 271,638 / Holland - 306,414 313.^45 367>S«3 Flanders - 117,779 i24,i39 117,151 France 9S>«27 96,840 »55.i34 Spain 407,464 346,367 472,221 Total - i)T50,7io 1,136,594 1,383,727 1797. 1798. 199- Germany - ;^.64 1, 098 ;^.463,oi9 £.AViCs:i Holland - 7,712 94 . *75 Flanders France - - . \, 631 '— — Spain * - 26 . — — Total 649,467 463,113 427»^-28 The following account exhibits the tonnage of our trade with France, Flanders, Holland, and Spain, both during and previoully to the war. It will be feen from this ftatement that the annual tonnage cleared outwards, on an average of trie years of war, to France, Flanders, and Holland, has not amounted !■ fi9 ] amounted to a tenth of the tonnage employed dur- ing the preceding period of peace i and though a very large abatement will (as I have already remark- ed) take place in our pcac e exports to tbofe neu- tral powers, who, during the war, have been the car- riers of Britifli merchandize, and colonial produce, to the belHgerent ftates op^ ofed to us*, it is pro- bable, for many reafons, that our future trade with France, Holland, and Spain, will much exceed the amount of this abatement. ., : • It is, however, remarkable that, notvvithftanding the great in- creafe in the export of Foreign merchandize fiom Great Britain to Fraiice, Flanders, Holland, and Italy, in the year 1800, the export of Foreign merchandise to Germany rofe from^C. 6,640,739, its amount in 17^9, tO;C»8,3oo,47oin iSoo. i 4 H: m *^'m u An •mm^t [ 140 ] An Account of the Tonnage of Britifh and Foreign VefTels cleared Out wartls from the feveral Ports of Great Britains in the Year 1789, and each of the Eleven following Yqarfij to France, Flinders, Hollanil, and Spain. 10' «!1 it FRANCE. England. Scotland. , ... ^ * 1 Years. 17»9 17.00 1791 J 792 Britifli. Tons. 137,540 91.733 110,784 106,4S1 -■ ■ ' — \ Foreign. Tons. 9,860 9.026 13,018 8,346 J^riiifh. Tons. 4,174 2,095 1,183 1,390 > Foreign Total Tons. Tonnage. —. 151,374" 264 103,118 80 125,065 75 116,292. 1793 i794 179s 1790 1707 179s 1799 1«00 3,734 83 627 8,560 2,420 5,977 8,9/4 10,107 — 2,930 w~ .— 534 1,548 16,523 8 ft* 12,294^ 2,563 6,604 8,974 10,107 2,930 1,54S 17.057-' II J7S9 1790 1791 17.92 17.93 i79-i 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 ibua 41,963 36,236 33,763 61,175 31,588 29,092 FLANDERS. 2,139 3,586 3,803 5,706 4,012 P,301 4,703 1,669 1,876 2,692 15 214 4,4/8 196 1.589 1,003 285 100 47.688 40,235 41,058 66,190 41,174 37,895j 1,669 1.876 2,693 15 214 4,47SJ V '$ HOLLAND, [ HI ] Pels tint ing HOLLAND. ^D. Year*. 1790 1791 1792 ^793 ^79+ »799 1796 1797 1798 '^99 1800 1789 1790 1791 179a 1793 '794 »795 1796 »797 1798 1799 1800 Evni. AND. acOTLANO Dritiih. Tons. T 54,110 121,758 '2 7»5j3 I3i,6»i 129,264 106,827 817 22 174 879 Foreign. ToilS. io,Sa3 io»739 14,222 J7,2S2 18,801 ?.77a 5. .3 7^ i ' »"7.3 10,184 •.5^7 21,536 Britidi. Tons. 10,488 9t349 7,819 8,083 6,471 6,180 Foreign. Tuns. 166 .354 400 192 — 1,910 SPAIN, including the Canaries. 2»,076 3,159 1,702 — 20,^39 5*7"^ 1,662 28,811 29,847 22,976 »3'3^9 5 '9+6 70 50 . 274 1,584 3.159 5,706 3,800 3.4''^ 6,433 9,641 »5.8>)7 4.8 V 5 6,o7i 10,2^8 15,722 3..'"' 7 9 — 2,OJO — S2i — 1,558 — 1,962 l,2So ac6 Towl. ,,; : Ti)ns. I5?,4:6 142,245 146,66^ 1 54,270 131,809 4.^89 5.798 21, 2'. 5 10,^58 2 '406 22,446. 27,027-1 27,967 36,190 3^'.3J» i C ^3.3 iS r 5 32,130 • ^ 24,92- 23.3^9] — — 4.925^ — — 6,1231 J:' — 168 io,6Sn r^ — — J7»3o6J ■ Annual Average Tonnage of VefTils cleared Outvvai'ds to France, Flanders, Holland, and Spain, before and during the War, • Average of Peace. four years France "-l ending [792. Flanders' Holland r four years "^ -< ending > I. with 1792. J {fix years '\ ending > with I 794. J f fix years "^ < ending V 1. with 1794. J t eight years "J rf ending > L with I79''\ J Tons 124,032 Average of V\'ar. eight vcars Tons. 45.706 147,285 :8,776 { { { { irears "^ iing V 1800. X } ir years "^ nding > ,h 1 800. J ending with 1800 fix years end with fix years ending with 1800 four • e witl 1,824 i^H3 in -If ■ I' IP' I ^42 ] .1 It appears from the following account of Im- ports and exports, that the value of Britiih ma- mifa6tures exported to France in the year before th^ war, amounted to .743,2,80/. j and that the va!ue of chof e exported to Flanders, in each of the years 1790, 1791, and 1792/ exceeded 300,000/. Whether our future trade to thefc, rtow confoli- dated, fJates' will be equally valuable, muft depend on jhe nature of our future interco jrfc with them. If the probability of the renewal of commerce with Great Britain has created muimurs in Franc6, it mufl certainly be admitted that, in one branch of pcliLJcal economy, our neiglibours l^.^ve not been en- lightened by the revolution. " Their political econo- • mifts might inform them thac it is advantageous to them to buy their cloth, th'. ir linens, and their hard- ware, from thofe who fell thofe commodities at the lowefl: price. Iftheconimercial rt^gulations of France will enable us to fcrve lier cheaper than the Dutch or Germans, or than her own manufaflurers can doj (he will confult her own interell in dealing with thofe wiiom flie terms " a nation of Piiopkeepcrs.** The thinned population, reduced capital, low price of confifcated land, and languid Hate of agricultufe, iii the Republic ought to fugge il to her, riiat the national profperiiy will, for fome years to come, be bed promoted by encouraging improvements di- re6ily connected with cultivation. fVlercantile jea- loufv. and national r.nimofitv, if thcv dill influentTc 6 the [ 143 ] the councils of France, may point out a different courfe ; and attempt, though they will attempt in vain, to injure Great Britain by forcing French in- duftry, by means of bounties and prohibitions, into a diredion which it is not naturally inclined to take. ' . V, Account of ^ the official \^a1ue of Imports into Great Britain from ^Frante, Flanders, lldlland, and Spain, apd of Exports, from Great Britain to eacii of thofe Countries, in 1790, and the Ten following Years, diftinguidiing Britini Manufaaures from Foreign Merchandize. lift Years. 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 ^795 J 796 J 797 J799 Val'ic i£ Imprrts. 54^057 717.^34 121,027 167 10,362 13,700 20,885 29,030 1 1 0,4 > 5 FRANCE, Value of Exports. ■'V.. Britifh Ma- ll ui[ai:tu res, 5.35>284 57^7632' 743.28 66,677 2,680 30 32>579 570 1 30,6s c Foieign iNIcr- r 337,040 S5-h744 4«4>885 162,210 3m«62 7^.652 , 7.94 > 656,- ; c Jj'94.'734 Tovu! Exp9rt«. f )C* ■ » 872,32*^ 1,228, i61f 22^,887' 34,54^ WIS 689,295 8,90 i 1,325,41^, 0*' l'< n.AXDKRS. [ »44 ] JF L A N D E R S. 4- Vi « m Years. 1790 1791 1792 J 793 >294 '795 1796 »797 1798 1799 ibco > .<■■ ■ ■- - " ■■•• Value c ►f EKports. ■, ■/'• Value of Britilh Ma- Foreign Mer- Total Imports; nufa6tares. chandize, Exporcs. £' . £' £' £' i4(j,95o Z<^3^S37 597>'9S 900,733 193,420 387*399 539*500 926,959 1 32,289 381,287 649,806 1*03^.09 3 120,180 2i5>i'3 560,976 776,089 76,820 187*577 484*305 671,888 4,287 i3.50« 13*50^ 7,067 2,045 63,008 65,054 10,514 3,720 122,838 124,55^ 14,643 — 16,684. 16,684 12,355 2^5 14,021 14»^3^ 34*656 40,485 768,410 808,826 HOLLAND. 1790 J791 1792 1793 1794 1795 i796 1797 1798 1799 i8jo 714,707 S 5-^,984 ^'01,535 8cf,3o6 1,013,351 119,586 309*933 529,428 594,104 200,432 972,600 727,646 695,698 692,725 673>H9 785,207 73'»242 578,844 i>037,938 4'?9»^79 ',«4i,73^ i*7a» 109*333 2,792 513*475 76,908 1,264,007 6,297 93».8o5 4*93^ 12,720 20,414 3,188,198 Ij423,345 1,365,874 1,516,449 1,616,783 1,640,916 III, 1 15 516,268 1,340,9 '5 938,102 17,652 3,208,613 SPAIN, m 1 ears. 1790 1791 1792 »793 >794 >795 1795 1797 1798 «799 1800 [ ;45 ] SPAIN, including the Canaries. >• '. .* „ , Value c f Exports. A, Valwe of Britift Ma- Foreign Mer- Total Imports. nufaftures. chandize. Export*. £' J^' . • A,. i- 7:8,485 586,498 80,724 667,222 7«.048 582,914 90,126 677,041 908,06^ 720,984 9O»304 811.379 490,242 419,360 83.487 ijo2,S47 759.95^5 487,281 165,238 652,520 ,007,^35 369,612 1 00,99 1 470,604 825,632 44^434 121.395 562,830 517,809 748 <5,i4S 6,893 353.897 397 — 397 429,846 \'' 5 — S 704,189 ^ __ 3*382 3,38?^ 1 J lilB It appears from the following account of the tonnage of veffels cleared outwards to the other belligerent flates, that a diminution has taken place in our trade with all of them, except Portu- gal. The increafcd export, vvever, of Britifli manufadlures to that country nas nof compen- fatcd for the lofs of the direfl intercou'-le wirh Spain during the war. The official value of Bri- tifli manufadures e>iported in the years 1790., 17-91, 1792, 1798, 1799, 1800. & [ ;-£• ■ . To Spain - wis - 1,890,396 -' 402 To Portugal — - i,9ii,22(T - 2,902,758 3,801,622 2,9)3,160 N, Au m C 146 ] An Account of the Tonnage of Veflels cleared Outwards from the Ports of Great Britain to Portugal, Italy, and Sicily *, the Streights and Turkey, in 1 789, and the Eleven following Years. ' PORTUGAL, Including Madeira. Enuland. Scotland. t .V Tofal Britiih. Foreign. Britiih. Foreign. J, V/ 1 U i Tonnage. Years. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 17^9 16,485 777 1,461 — 28,723 1790 28,952 i>935 2,024 70 32,981 1791 34,586 2,543 2,584 39.713 1792 38,750 2,650 2,267 J 79 43,846 >7y3 22,750 5>5'9 499 240 29,008 1794 30,110 4,625 1,474 J50 36,359 1795 26,042 20,49 1 1,970 370 48,873 1796 29,028 25,280 2,619 340 57,267 1797 25,262 14,978 2,006 631 42,877 1798 31,846 15.576 2,756 50,178 1799 24,871 17,480 2,484 — 44,83s 1 800 30,029 23*464 754 ^MH 54,247 ITA LY and SICILY. 1789 16,642 190 862 ^_ 17,694 1793 19,526 2,203 1,282 . 23,071 I79I 29,888 199 1,117 31,204 1792 29,467 200 805 30.472 '793 I7r4c6 2,7.00 729 — 20,335 >794 19,507 457 1,032 20,9^6 1795: 13^469 5,958 502 19,929 1796 0,416 11,920 — }^>33^ »797 — . 10,082 — __ 10,082 1798 3.863 4,627 — 8,490 1799 6,475 3>342 946 10,763 1800 >2»337 6,075 388 216 19,016 • Under •* Italy and Sicily" I have inckuled the following entries, which (land feparate in the Cuftam-houfe Ace nt of Tuule and Navigation, «♦ Italy, Naples, Venice, Leghorn, Genoa, and Sicily." THE C H7 ] THE STREIGHTS and 'GIBRALTAR; Years. 1789 1790 1791 1792 J793 '794 1795 1795 J797 1798 1799 1 800 1789 1790 1791 1792 J793 1794 1795 1796 J797 1798 1799 1800 England. t J< ^ Britifh, Foreign. Tons. Tons. Scotland. 7^445 9*565 7,840 ^^737 4, '97 3j345 5j30o 3j644 6,057 8,328 4,705 6,077 4>«50 9,02 r 11,186 2,071 2,396 1,683 1,048 1,511 1,624. 2,456 1,078 136 403 166 456 852 228 1,188 2,013 Britilh. Tons. 450 130 464 222 375 »77 110 223 509 370 184, --A^ » Foreigo. Tons. TURKEY. 371 — — 380 330 524 2,197 '■■(■■I Total Tonnage. ' Tops, 7*895 10,773 8,440 6,959 4,975 5,390 3,455 5,756 4,7 f 9 6,794 9,886 6,902 6,077 4>S2i 9,021 11,18$ 2,071 2,396 1,683 1,420 33^ 2,035 3,821 2,456 Our export of Britini manufactures to Italy has been much reduced in confequcnce of the war: and, with the exception of the two laft years, the annual average export of them to Turkey, during the war, has not amounted to half the avera<^e of the three preceding years of peace. La An \-\ "S IjI^II^ |il®l: \ 1 C >48 ] f% An Account of the official Value of Imports from Por- ■ ^i tugal, Italy, the Streights, and Turkey, and of the Ex- ports to each of thofe Countries in 1790, and the Ten mM following Years ; diftinguifhing Britiflt Manufaflures wM from Foreign Merchandize. PI :'-rt'"' PORTUGAL including Madeira. ■; \\ . T-' Value of Exports. ^ :. r ■ ■^v Value of BririfliMa- Foreign Mcr- Total Year*. Imports. nufaftures. chandizc- Exports. £' £■ £• £' 1790 74^,907" ■53'^5^87 29,417 5^<5,304 1791 874,225 657,388 31,076 688,464 . i79i2 977,820 714,951 39,671 754^622 1793 482,191 521,167 61,935 583, oz '794 7 '4,388 512,479 78,215 590,694 1795 848,550 643,860 64,876 708,737 1796 677,773 783,046 92,955 876,001 1797 525.3'9 633,484 77,715 711,199 1798 704,720 782,290 142^453 924,743 1799 1,061,967 1,045,950 138,643 1,184,594 1800 927,258 1,074,518 124,506 1,199,024 r ITALY and SICILY. 6 1790 972,847 803,884 87,518 891,405 1791 1,020,298 932,148 115,014 1,047,163 1792 1,069,620 778,195 185,037 963^235 1793 620,679 434,716 108,925 543.642 1794 707,249 420,162 190,398 610,560 '795 596,878 568,278 295,357 S63,6^s • 1796 375^054 626,968 145,884 773,852 1797 98,203 100,725 15,383 116,109 1798 145,440 184,075 38,093 222,169 . 1799 224,607 196,371 191,881 388,255 1800 4U;765 449>6i8 136,940 5^(^,559 ■. < • THE 1 ('■■ ■ C 149 ] THE STREIGHTS and GIBRALTAR*. Value of Exports. Value of Years. Imports. ^79^ 37)235 1791 16,124 ^79^ J3»»54 1793 5.756 1794 11,44^ 1795 18,033 1796 28,593 1797 16,990 1798 36,217 1799 62,992 1800 25y66s 1790 249,187 1791 178,388 1792 290,599 1793 184,681 1794 3M>9o6 1795 84,299 1796 150,182 1797 104,838 1798 42,285 '799 33>':9» 1800 199.773 Britilh Ma- nufafturcs. £' »88,733 224,673 179,694 118,479 83,164 107,331 97,262 37,760 144,722 289,885 228,620 "^ Foreign Mer- Towl chandize. c I5..341 16,841 17.429 17,225 37.T25 32,973 39.273 19,095 57.7"7 68,899 65.937 TURKEY. 70,526 42,653 99,206 90,085 98,961 174,824 23,466 21,803 55,690 51,800 59,410 2i,o85 42,860 112,065 111,096 62,009 98,137 96, 1 00 '.+47 19.30** 114,012 55.708 lExports. I- 204,075 24i.5'5 197,124 135.705 120,290 140,305 136,535 5M55 202,489 358,784 294)558 113. 179 189,291 373.785 4'5)'i7o 117,700 149,938 J55.5'0 23.532 62,168 22^,078 i(:6,804 Many pcrfons entertain fanguin.' expedations that the brilliant achievements of the Britilh army in Egypt will, notwithftanding our evacuation * The exports in the four laft years, in this tabic, were all expoit* to Gibraltai ; the import!, from the Streights in thclb four years were only In J 797 1798 17,9 1800 ^.1,220 3>o9i .^.957 2,940 ^ 3 mm W. I of r^W ...HI; a J53 ] Britifli valour has cflabliflied with Egypt. Our trade with that country was very inconfidcrablc before the war. -I Tonnage and Number of Veflels entered Inwards from Egypt, and cleared Outwards, from Great Britain to Egypt, in the Years 1790, 1791, and 1792. Entered Inwards. Cleared Outwards. Years. Ships. Tons, Ships. Tons. 1790 - 1791 - 1792 - - I _ << a - 1 194 584 2 543 3 ^87 It may likewife be cxpedted that our trade In the Mediterranean will receive feme increafe in confequence of the eftablifliment of the republic of the Seven Illands. We have long dealt with them for an article, which, however unimportant it may appear, yields a confiderable Dam in revenue. The duty on currants, which, I believe, are chiefly imported from Zante, laft year produced above 90,000!. ffi:i %■ LETTER t \ C '54 3 It ' > I LETTER VII. ON THE COASTING TRADE ; AND THE TRADE OF IRELAND, ^ tt 1 HE limits to which I propofe to confine my in- quiries do not permit me to enter into a minute in- veftigation of the progrefs of our coafling trade j an inveftigation which would furnifh the moft fa- tisfadtory evidence of the profperity of this branch of our commerce. The increafe in the number of veflels belonging to the diftercnt ports of the Britifli empire, which has already been noticed*, and wliieh is much greater than the increafe of our fo- reign trade required, is chiefly afcribable to the exf"?nfion of the intercourfe between the different ports of the Britifb iflands. It appears from a comparative view of the tonnage in the foreign trade, and in the coafling trade entered inwards at the port of London, that whilft the former, between J 792 and 1799, increafed from 603,431 tons to 673,473 tons, the latter, during the fame period, increafed from 982,700 to 1,411,878 tons. The exports from the outports have alfo increafed in a greater proportion than the exports from the port of London. ■* Soe pnge 55. Au [ '55 ] An Account of the Number of Ships, with their Tonnage, that entered Inwards in the Port of London, from the Foreign Trade, and fhe Coafting Trade, in the Years 1700, 1750, 1790, and the Nine following Years*. Years. 1700 1750 J 790 1 79 1 179» 1793 J 794 1795 1796 1797 1798 J 799 The amount of foreign tonnage entered inwards at the port of London (included in the foreign trade) amounted in the year 1700 to y6,^^^ tons ; in 1750 to 36,346 tons ; in 1790 to 149,205 tons ; in 1793 to 177,019 tons J and in 1798 to 232,005 tons. The trade at the outports has much in- crcafed fmce the year 1790 in the official value of their exports, but not in the amount of their ton- nage. • Second Report on the Port of London, 1799, Appendix, D. 2. D. 9. Third Report on ditto, iSco, Appendix, A. 5. A. 7. Foreign Trade. Coaft ing Trade. A Sliips. Tons. Ships. Tons. 1*335 157.03? 5,562 278,100 1,682 a34.3^'9 6,396 5(1,680 3.4'5 581,095 9,2';8 927,800 3.420 568,427 9'398 939,800 3»<575 603,43 1 9,827 982,700 Hi' 655,124 9,64.1 964,100 3.663 629,845 10,286 1,028,600 2,832 578.4f.3 11,964 1,196,400 4,176 7^3.985 IO,')29 1.323,53* 3,269 557.248 10,781 1,360,82.? 3>420 627,087 » 0,1 33 1,2 J 0,449 3.414 673.473 11,163 i,4ii.»7S II III I arm An [ '56 J tj <• :*«r. m n- U :- '^ I An Account of the Tonnage cleared Outwards, and of the Exports, from all the Outports ; and of the Exports from the Port of London, in the following Years*. Years, Tonnage from the Outports. Ton;!. Value of Exports from all the Out- Ycars. 175^ 1790 J79I 1797 1798 J 799 522,802 1,031,231 1,108,9^3 9) 0,3 00 999.1 i^ 1,014,615 1758 1700 1770 1780 1790 1793 Value of Exports fioin the P()rt of London. ;^- 8,415,218 10,726,709 9,267,709 6,837,960 1 2,660,463 18,002,204 ports. c 4,283,862 3,068,245 5,000,945 5,714,094 8,168,167 ' 6,704,965 1798 13,920,316 It appears from thefe accounts that the export trade of London was in a flomifhing flate in 1760; that in 1780 it had decreafed two-fifths j and that in 1 798 it amounted to thrice the value of the ex- ports in 1780. The exports of the out-ports ap- pear to have been doubled in eighteen years. The follov^ing accounts of the tonnage of vefiels cleared out to Ireland, atid the iflands of Alderney, Guern- fey, Jerfey, and Man, in i 789 and the eleven fol- lowing years, and of the imports and exports to thofe parts of the empire in 1790 and the ten fol- lowing years, comprize the principal countries in the Cuftotn-houfe accounts which have not been noticed in the preceding pages. The difturbances in Ireland have no dou prevented the increafe of Irifh commerce from being as rapid as it would otherwife have been j and various circumflances connedled with the war have probably extended the trade of the Eritifli iflands on the French coaft much beyond the li«n:ts to which it will be confined in times of peace. •Second Report on the Port of Lomlon, Appendix, D. i2, 13, 14. Tliird Report, Appendix, A. 8. t ^57 ] jr- Account of the Tonnage of Britifh and Foreign Veffels entered Inwards, and cleared Outwards, in the Ports of Great Britain niid Wales, from or to Ireland, in 1789, and the Eleven foUgw- ing Vears. Veflels entered Inwards from Ireland. . -:.' Years. 1789 1790 1791 , «79^ >793 1794 5795 1796 1797 1798 * 1799 1800 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 179? 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 Years. 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794. 179? 1796 3797 1798 1799 1800 England and Wales. r -Britifli Tons. 176,560 180,192 182,179 199,764 »79.374 420,943 437,24* 453.772 396,74? J94,T26 432,540 442,667 Scotland. Foreign Tons. 1,704 2,326 2,149 2,026 S>447 7,021 io,iJ4 6,828 5,256 3'M7 5,660 7,746 BritiOi Tons. 93,329 1 = 3,307 108,219 94,934 74,980 62,257 7o,3'^9 102,792 ;. 86,762 ■67,509 63,290 '65,954 Foreign Tonn.^, i3r 187 I'lO 154 228 14^ Vefiels cleared Outwards to Ireland. Ekqland AND Wales. 40^.734 408,839 409,391 436,843 448,247 441,103 448,406 4f'3>356 423,747 413,686 447,S3^ 498,398 82 900 160 157 Scotland. , ^ 69,307 71,108 - 37.005 71*529 72,037 61,567 58,941 75.154 7«.9i3 77.153 79i9-4 87,024 150 68 Imports from, and Exports to, Ireland. Value of Exports. Value of Imports. £' 2,573.747 2»479>-79 2,622,733 2,284,920 2,': 49,900 2,636,705 2,764,879 3.1^51,585 2,735,686 2,770,231 112 Bntilh Ma- nufadtures. £■ 1,328,388 1.470,795 1,512,844 1,055,276 1,281,316 1,612,270 1,781,789 1,310,996 Foreign Mer- chandize. £. 937.3S0 9 ,9,667 860,022 888,048 1,199,159 1,185,103 -80 1,01 ^. i,i26,o8j '.6 5 7,954 1,316,408 2,405,999 1,680,987 1,787,066 I, Total E.xpcrts. 2,470,463 2,372,866 1,943.324 2,480,476 2.797,463 2,797,070 2,437,082 a.974.363 4,086,986 i 1(1=', 4 I 1; 2,312,824 1,787,966 1,953,533 2,741,499 ii '*" ml tt "h [ 158 ] An Account of the Value, according to the Prices cur- rent, of all Imports into, and Exports from, Ir'eland, for Five Years, ending 25th March, 1801, ftateiin Britifh Currency*. Value of Exports. .A. Year ending 3^th March, 1796 J 797 1798 1799 1800 Total Exports. £■ Value of Irifti Foreign Imports. Produce. Articles. £' £' £' 5,924,654 6,312,798 51,049 6,363,847 5>74Ij324 5*702,632 99,598 5,802,230 4,395,504 5>554>2^8 107,127 5,661,395 5,688,361 5,695,664 1931989 5»889,653 7>525>385 5»2oo,953 227,967 5>428,92o * Accounts refpefting the Income, &c. of Ireland, (No. V.) ordered to be printed 29th June, 1801. It may be expefted, that meafures will be adopted, for afcertaining, with the greateft pofliblc precifion, not only the real value of the annual exports and imports of Great Britain and Ireland, but alfo the annual corifumption of each country, in various taxable commodities, as by the 7th Article of the Union it is declared that " at the " expiration of twenty years, the future expenditure of the ** United Kingdom, other than the intereft and charges of the ** debt to whicli either country (hall be feparately liable, (hall ** be defrayed in fuch proportion as the United Parliament fliall ** deem Jutland reafonable, upon a comparifon of the real value " of the exports and imports of the refpeftive countries, upon " an average of the three years next preceding the revifion j or ** on a comparifon of the value of the quantities of the following <* articles, confumed within the refpeilive countries, on a fimllar *' average, a/iz. Beer, Spirits, Sugar, Wine, Tea, Tobacco, and «' Malt ; or, according to the aggregate proportion refulting •' from both thefe confideratlons combined ; or on a comparifon ** of tlic amount of income in each country, eft.imated from •♦ the produce for the fame periods, of a general tax, if fuch " fliall have been impofed on the fame defcriptions of income •* in both countrlv'^3." Statements of this nature would be va- luable additions to the financial and commercial accounts, which ars annually laid before Parliament. Account [ ^59 ] Account of Tonnage from and to Guernfey, Jctfey, Alderney> Sark, and Man* Giujerfey, Ifle bf Years. 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 »794 Gu. Jerfey, Iflt of Aid. Sark. Man. Tons. 18,656 i7»353 18,055 I9>S83 18,547 5151793 Tons. S.947 5>i'4 1,322 1.639 10,933 11,907 Aid. Sark. Man, Yenrsv Tons. Tons. 1795 3i>i23 10,339 1796 38>3i6 12,362 1797 29,907 14,383 179^ 35>96t 11,257 1799 4I5549 io»537 1800 39,717 10,859 Offclal Value of Imports frorti, and of Exports to, Alderney, Guernfey, Jerfey, Sark, and Man. Value of Exports. Yean, 1790 1791 179a »793 1794 J 795 1795 J 797 1798 1799 1800 Imports. 69,19+ ;i,oio 86,196 103,204 106,466 H2>397 260, 1 90 198,356 306,835 240,290 275,117 For. Mcrch. £^ 30,572 29, J 12 ^^5,457 38,104 56,464 89,484 73^645 «4»335 6 1 ,495 102,720 68,398 To. ^xp» i?-J,55<^ 127,316 iS9>658 1 4)350 189,091 230,031 a22»257 221,743 ^^37,705 315.953 264,330 iJrit. ^''an. £■ 90,078 98,203 104,201 146,246 132,627 140,546 148,622 137,408 176,209 213,333 i95>93i We cannot reafonably apprehend that foreign nations, who, with all the advantages of neutrality during the war, have not ftript us of our trade, or ruined our manufafturers, Hiould be more fuccefs-v ful in peace> when circumftances will be more fa- vourable to us ; but it is extremely improbable, that France, without a plentiful fnpply of fuel, without our improved mills and fleam- engines*, * The nraount of capital vcftcd in mills and machinery, in tiie woollen manufacture alone, is climated, by a very in^cHigciu manufac-- turer of Les;<'3, Benjamin Gott, efquire, at 5,083,5601. — ISIinutts of Evidence before the Houfc of Commons, rclFitinsj to Wool, 29th April, 1800. p. 31. without It in '. I f.ii6o ] m $ without that ingenuity which can only be acquired by long praftice, without habit? of induftry, want- ing capital to fet her induftry in motion, and unable to give that credit which thofe countries which deal with us have been accuftomed to, Ihould foon jiifpoffefe us of thofe markets^ which we now fupply. If we could underfell the French in Ame- rica before the year 1793, we may now hope to prcferve our luperiority. The taxes impofed dur- ing the war do not prefs heavily on our manufac- tures. 1 he internal improvements, which during the laft ten years have taken place in Great Bri- tain, have facilitated the operations of labour, and rendered it more produdiive. New roads, canals, and machinery, while tiicy reduce the price of manufadures, increafe the remuneration of the workman. , ,^ , ' . , In our export trade we now enjoy many peculiar advantages which we did not formerly poffefs ; there is hardly an article in the manufadrlure of filks, woollens, cotton, leather, metals, and glafs, (plate- glafs excepted, in which, howcveri we have lately much improved,) wliich cannot be made in this country. Every fpecies of colonial produce^ (except fome kinds of fpices * and the precious ' metals) will be brought diredly to our ports. We, H^i™, ii • Some of the fpices, I believe, have been nfituralizcd in our Weft India iflam's, and in India; the cemplarc conqucft of the Moluccas has afforded us rhe opportunity, which, it is to be hoped, v%'ill not be thrcnvn away, of traiifplamiiig the clove and the nutmeg to the congc- iuaI foil of Ctylon. fhall 'ir '* lu C i^t ] ihall thus be enabled tp fupply every part of the Ivorld with cargoes completely aflbrtedj ape*, though it ihould be admitted that in fomo: pf the lead valuable m^nufadures other nations may excel us, we may be aflured that, whenever we furnifh the principal commoduies wanted by a fo* feign confumer, the convenience of making up an aflbrtment will, if our prices are not extravagant, taufe a preference to be given to us in more trifling articles* • ■ f--. ■•"• ..-a '',■ ■ 'y-i • m;t - The following ftatements exhibit the real value of the principal articles, the growth, produce, or manufacture of Great Britain or Ireland, export- ed to different parts of the world. It will be feen, from thefe interefting documents, that the principal articles of export from the two countries rank in the following order : . - / GREAT BRITAIN. Exported on ... an Average of Three Years. 8,458,^67 4.17^236 3,167,06a ^503.409 S < Brafs 8c Copper 1 , „ i^ manufaaur^ p.04,,854 Silk - - 610,552 Gh^^ and 7 Earthenware £ 537-959 Leather <« - 412,306 IRELAND. t fWooUens Cottons - Iron and Steel Haberdalhery Linens - jj f Linens ^ i Yarn i (.Candles • Exported on an Average o£ Three Years. £■ - 2,654,25:5 i47>»»4. a3»78» ^ f Butter - 949,x66 I I Pork - 474»HJ S ] Corn ic Meal 441,051 s I ^«^ - 424*534 (^ CoW8&:Oxen 122,177 ^Bacoa • x 1717 5 5 ju. m ■ m ^f \ u An ^»ft :^i: ir [ ^162 ] An Account of the \ alue, according to the Prices Current of the Goods, Wares, and Merchandize, being IrldV Growth, Produce, and Manufafture, exported from Ire- land on an Average of the Three Years ending the i^i"- March, 1799, ^o Great Britain, and to all other Parts of .the\Vorl4», V, ' Exports of Iriih Produce •O; :, •^f-v ' .•!. and Manufaftures. I U I." > To Great Br, To all other Parts. Total. Beer and ale Books (bound and unbound) Brafs & copper, (manufafture) Candles . • 5 Ore 6 9+ 383 220 Copper, I p,^^^, Cordage Corn and Meal ' ,4 ;j 5,003 Cows and Oxen .. ' 122,177 Cotton, and cotton and linen mixed (manufafture) Feathers Fifh Flax (drefled and undrefled) Glafs Glue Gunpowder Hats Hogs Hogs lard Hortes Hides untanned ' Iron (wrought) Kelp Leather (wrought) rCambrick •i ■.^«»i^8 6,3 r- 161 170 187 2,359 1,786 ^ 66i 271 ■' 454 ?,ii8 2,990 441,051 6»954 7»'2i 185 6,4^7 '2»S05 1^993 4,892 16,076 7»3oo ,6c),6S6 3»440 ■.; 6,6 3 J 2,324 273»89a 2,637,716 rsa i4,o8r 14*2 >3 117,224 531 117.755 343,272 81,262 424»^'34 786 4,781 5,567 739>544 205,72 i 949»2t6 648 206 854 Pork 410,107 64,036 474,143 ^-Tongues Ij590 1,868 3)4^8 * Accounts of the Commerce and Revenue of Great Britain and Ireland, ordered to be printed a^ April, iSoo. (B, No. 1.) Rape. Lineo Provifions 4,892 14,469 7,28i 69*5*3 110 6,633 131 140 -l Plain, white 2,363,824 LColoured /.Bacon Beef Bread Butter Cheefe 177 91 23^5^^ 2,990 6,048 12, 118 652 6,960 6 6,300 146 207 239 i,6c7 18 J 73 3 '3 30 5.-9.1 2,184 [ '63 ] Rape-feed :.,/ , , <^ Sheep (alive) Silk (tnanufaAure) Silk, and worlled mixed (man.) 645 Skins |S*lf,.. 1 Other ikms Soap Spirits Stationary Tallow Wool Woollens, (manufa£^ure) Linen 30,285 2,117 1,076 499 673 32,090 92 13 126,789 I Woollen worftcd & bay 20,08! All other articles 7>^o7 6 219 3,663 »3.039 5.053 ^ 28 ^303 10*374 244 3»5a8 Total £. 4,891,161 759»69» 5»6io,83$ ir- Id m n '■■«■* If 1 i I I :■■'.) i '.1 I ■I ' 1. .! I •i i M £ An ■ « Il Mrn ; A' i I 164 ] An Account of the Value, according to the Prices Currcirt^ oiT to the deolared Vahie of the Merchants Exporttrs, of > the Goods', Wares, and Merchandize^ being Britiflf* Produce and Manufai9ture$, exported from Great "^ BiHtain, on an Ava-ageof the Three Years ending 5th ; January, I709> to Irelajnd, ^nd to all other Pajrts of the -Wprkl*. •^V '^ ^ Exports of Britlfti Produce .. • ,1 . . . and Manofad^ures. Miu: l;i« .n» 734. Copper i4»539 I Glafs and earthen ware 7 5,075 7i'!3? 56,198 5.3 « ? io,';9(5 14-0 '7 268,621 212,077 16,11* 223,091 109,336 289,79+ 205,591 459,161 Total. - 399»»38. 368,4 '26 16,923 230,326 H5.534 295,109 216,387 473.178 66,619 4,108,617 4,175,2.36 a rt "x Gunpowder Hixberdafhery [ron and ftee) Leather Linens Pewter Silk Woollens Apothecary ware Books (printed) Fi(h Candles (tallow) All other articles 1,465 33.544 1 I 9, ! 60 50,966 22,534 24,99 I 686,759 ^7.S32 2,840 96,78^ 6 1 30,498 24,166 55+''37 462,884 135-744 1,470,005 2,047,902 361,340 1,256,200 Ui>3Q4 58 J, 56 1 131,629 42,900. 568,676 S37>9^9 137,209 1,503, +09 2,167,062 412,306 1.278,734 141,784 610,55a 7,771,808 8,458,567 107,425 124,957 88,568 91,408 164,887 261,672 110,916 110,922 533,365 7'879'3i7 8»4i2.722 Total £' 2,087,672 29,185,193 31,272,865 * Aecounts of the Commerce, &c. ( A, No. I.) C J65 ] *> One meafurc, which, it was juGly obfervcd by Mr. Rofc in the beginning of 1 799*, was flill want ing to fecure the foreign commerce we have, and to ^ afford the beft chance of extending it confiderably, , has at length been happily accomplifhed. By the a6is for making wet docks in the Ifle of Dogs, and > near Wapping, a plan has been fandioned forefta- bJifhing a warehoufe fydemj and for enabling fhips in the Port of London to take in their cargoes with facility and difpatch. Probably not lefs than two millions will be expended in tiiefe two docks i Parliament has been recently applied to for powers to enable the Diredlors to open one of the docks i^i the Ifle of Dogs, which will be ready to receive the firft Weft India Fleet that arrives in the enfuing fummcr ; and new plans are under difcuflion for rebuilding London bridge, and improving the quays and avenues leading to the Thames. " Thus,'* as Mr. Burke obferves, " our trade has grown too " big for the ancient limits of art and nature. " Our ftreets, our lanes, our fhores, the river ic- " felf, which has i'o long been our pride, are im- " peded, and cbflrudled, and choaked up by our '' richest." It is not only by the foreign and coafling trade that the maritime power of Great Britain is fup- 1.(1'.' 'm 4r: f • Brief Examination into thelncreafe of the Revenue, p. 78. t Third Letter on Peace, p. 156. M 3 ported. ii'l. m m : :n ' [ 166 ] ported. The inland commerce, carried on by meafls of rivers and canals, rears a hardy race of men, ca- pable of managing fmall veflels, and qualified with Icfs inftruftion than mere landfmen would require, to become good feamcn. 0( the number thus employed it is not cafy to form an eftimate. A Regifter, Hating the tonnage of all boats of burden, on rivers and canals, and the number of men em- ployed in navigating them, would furnifh a very fatisfaftory account of this part of the popula- tion of Great Britain*. That it is not incon- fiderable may be prefumed from this circum- fiance, that near the metropolis alone, 3436 craft, and 3000 wherries, employ ..jout 10,000 boatmen and boys j and that, exclufive of the bufinefs which they tranfadt, there are 800,000 tons of diflferent commodities carried up and down the river every yearf. ••* The 35th Geo. III. c. 5S, only requires that vefTels exceeding 13; tons,ufed on navigable rivers and inland navigations, liiall be regifter- ed. This aft, I conceive, fhould be extended to fmall craft of every de. feription ; and the returns under this regifter annexed to the accounts of (hipping, required by Lord Liverpool's Aft, which are annually laid before Parliament. A moderate licence-duty on veflels of every dcfcription would yield a very confiderable revenue. t Colquhoun's Police of the River Thames, pp. 16. & 498. In the Report from a Committee of the Houfe of Commons in 1793, on the Thames navigation, it was flated (p. 55 .) that the tonnage that pafled upwards on the River, at, and above Boulter's lock, near Maiden- head, in the year ending on the ift Dec. 179a, amounted to 68,000 tons. A very ■1 ? ' t r 107 ] ' very eonfiderablc incrcale in inland navigation will probably take place. During the laft ten years 126 Canal AiSts of Parliament were pafled, ancj many millions thus inveftcd in the internal improve- ment of the country. It will appear from the following account that, in the ten years immedi- ately preceding, only 42 a6ts, or one third of 126, were pafled*. Years. .,1782 • *'i783 "1784 ■1785 : 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 J791 Total No. of A6ls in the ill ten years, No. of Afts, Years. No. of A£ls. I 5 3 4 2 J 3 8 10 42 1792 179+ 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 Total No. of A6ts in the 2d ten years, 6,793,800 authorifcd be railed by Adts. 12 16 7 7 4 »3 12 126 •The number of Navigation and Canal Af\s is erroneoiiily Hated in the Lords' Committee of Secrecy Report on the Bank (No, 44) at u ^or 175S) and iz for 1796. 'WIS •}■■'■ •-f:J) H4 I /hall h' lU b [ i68 3 I (hall clofc this account of our commerce with exhibiting, at one view, our trade with diflfcrent parts of the world during the year 1 8oo, ., > An Account of the official V^Iuc of Importi into, and Esporti fronii Great Britdin in the Year iSc, diftinguifhing the Couatriet, aii4 alfo diftin- guilhing Britilb Manufadures from Foreign Merclianlise. Value of Expons. mf^ Denmark RufTia Sweden Poland Pruffia Germany Holland Flanders France Portugal Madeira Spain Canaries Streights Gibraltar Italy — Venice Turkey Minorca Total Foreign Europe Ireland — — Alderney, Cuefn-") fey, Terfey& Man/ Greenland — — States of America — Britifli Continent of America — Britilh Weft Indies including Trinidad _ Conquered Iflands — Foreign Weft Indies Honduras Bay — Florida — — Southern FiOiery — - Nootkii Sound — Afia — — — Africa — — Value of Imports. c 141,561 2,382,098 393.04» i,34o,()o4 Britifh MaouT fad\urct. 186,703 SS7»374 a'>,76c 297, i5?? Foreign Mer- chxndlte, in« eluding Prize GoocTs* 3S3>994 467,960 49,079 30,099 497,166 Total Expui ts., £• 540,698 «|Oi5»^35 78,840 47,902 794)45* — 2.3S2i»97 4>364»'a'3 8,300,470 12,664,591 972,600 34,656 110,415 916,848 10,410 655,652 48,536 2>9^o 3i.7?-5 3S7.737 54,028 I9<>»773 13,500 20,414 130,685 903>4JS 171,082 228,610 440,017 9,601 in,c96 7i77'> S«i88,i98 768,410 i.i94>734 108,457 16,048 3'382 6S>937 128,743 8,196 55 = ro8 4>470 3,208,61? 808,826 »>3-5»4'9 i,oii,S93 187,1^1 3.381 394,558 568,760 17.798 166,804 12,346 10,428,913 2,312,824 275,117 1:5,805 2.357.9*3 558,^-37 7,516,123 15,(141,131 11,757,254 i,7a7,9(>^ ». 953.533 3.74>.499 195,931 68,398 26:, 330 — 761 761 6,689,467 196,049 6,885,508 J4C,o8)( 1,436,446 1,1 ¥>xi(>s 5,820,223 2,827,113 2.543.534 7^4.918 3to,r96 10, 1 16 89,198 4>942,J75 96,563 i5''03 1,870 24,79a 3'''.8S? 2,718,279 589,496 339,866 142,314 7,818 41'^ 4.' 3i 259 644 142,141 510,161 3,166,980 847,23* 22,921 2,301 28,946 259 37.497 2,860,421 1,099,657 Total of ail Parts -— 29,887,506 24,3C4,i83 18,847,735 43,152,019 Prize Goods imported 68:, 098 — prize d ods exported are included in Total Importi — 30,570,60c 'he Amount of Exports to the dif- rercnt Countries to which fent. The Shillings and Pence omitted in each feparate Article are included in the Totals. Grrat diftin- 394,558 568,760 166,804 12,246 22,911 2,301 C 169 ] ; . X>. ... ' *j a-'i. I have thus cndcavoUi^cd ' to fhcw, that, though i great piirt of the colonial trade, acquired by us during the war, muft revert to other countries, and our commcTcc with the neutral powers of the North muft be reduced within much narrower bounds than it is ar prelcnt, we may realbnably cxpeft that the export of our manufadtures to the United States will increafe, that our fettlemcnts in America, the Weft Indies, and Afia, will be im- proving markets, and that returning amity and tran- quillity will fupply us with new cuftomers in thofe belligerent flares in Europe with whom our inter- courfe has been fufpended or embarrafled during the conted. It is, however, material to recoiled, that neither the tonnage nor the values of imports jind exports furnifh a fair comparifon of the relative importance of the different branches of our foreign trade. The exportation of a piece ofBritifh broad cloth is more beneficial to ns than the re-exporta- tion of a quantity of Bengal muflin, or of Weft InJia coffee, ot equal value. The exportation of a piece of broad cloth to a neighbouring country is more beneficial to us tlian the exportation of the fame commodity to a diftant country. The rea- fons are obvious. The vent of Britiih manufac- tures gives more employment to Britifh induftry, and 1 1 m 1i IfTJ^ M m l^^nf k m [ '7<5 ^ and contributes more towards our internal improve- ments, than the vent of foreign manufadures or of colonial produce. The circuitous trade carried on with the Eaft and Weft Indies, for the fupply of other nations in Europe, is much too flow in its returns, to fet fo much labour in motion, and to afford employment and fubfiftence to fo great a part of the nation, as a direct trade with our neighs bours J a trade which, whilft it enables them to benefit by vicinage, and to procure what they want; at the chcapelt rate, enables us to purchafe the linens of Holland with the woollens of Yorkdiire, and the wines of France with the hardware of Bir- mingham. It is truly obferved that, cxclufive of !^riti(h manufadures and produce exported, " our ' export trade is, properly fpeaking, a trade of ' tranfit, of merchandize coming either from other ' parts of the Bridfh Empire, or from foreign ' countries, and pafling through our ports : having ' been brought to them either in confequence of * our colonial laws or otherwife, as a fafe and con- * venient place of depofit, in the way to the ' nations by which it is confumed. — This branch ' of trade, though of great advantage in a pohti- * cal view, and in its collateral benefits, yet, asa^ ' dir^d fource cSiiatioial profit, when contraflcd * with the interior fources" of profit, ** will ap- ' pear almoil: infignificant in the comparifon^ ' though of no inconfiderable value in itfelf. — It . 9 "will /^ '.-ijo cc IC [ 171 ] • will immediately occur to any one, who confiders ''the fubjedi with attention, that this portion of our export trade muft, at all times, whether of war or peace, return far lefs national profit '* than an equal value of commodities of our own " produce and manufactures *.'* There is no reafon to apprehend th?vt the moft valuable part of our com : ^rce, the export of Britifh manufadures, will decreafe in confequencc of the peace : nor do I conceive that the following cfiimate of the peace export of thefe articles will appear extravagant. • Beekc on the Income Tax, p. 51. and p. 77. I Official ["WW i 172 } To Foreign Europe Ireland Alderney, Guernfey, Jerfey, and Man rnfey, Jerfey, 7 1,787,955 < fe Afia Africa 6.' America £• United States - 6,689,467 Britifh Continent 1,196,36^5 BrilifhWeft Indies 2,827,113 Foreign Weft Indies 500,000 Other Parts of the World Official Value. - ^ The amount of the exprtrts of ^' \ Britifh Manufadtures to Foreign ^,g6yj06B-\^^'(^p(^ in i7<)-i.tlie laft year of Jpeace. In 1800, riie export wa» (.7,516,123/. (See p. 168. ) r The export in 1800. We may I reafonabiy expett that the con- fumption of Britifli Manufac- tures in Ireland will increat'e in ii period of tranquillity. The export to that country iu 17<)X was 1,512,844/,; and in I79^f, 2,405,999/. The export in 1800. The expoit in 1791 Afas 2,341,360/. Q ^ y The future export in confe- Sj/J-^j^/y I quence of the acquifition of the Myfore, and of Ceylon, will, probably, be much incrcafed. 883,074 The export in 1792. f The export in 1800, The neceffary confequence of the in- creafing wealth and population of the Continent of North Ame- rica, muft, for fome years to come, be an increafing demand for European Manufa£lures. No average of pall years could atford a fair idea of the future confumption of a very thriving (late. The export in jSoo. The export of many articles will be dmiiniflied in confequence ot the reduction of the Fleet and Army in the Weft Indies to the peace eflablifhmcnt, But this diminution will, probably, be more than conipenfatcd by the increafed demand for Cntifh Manufa6turcs in Trinidad, and in the Britifh free ports. If a liberal fyftcm of frtc ports is tllabiifhed, there can be little doubt that the export to the Fo- reign Iflands & to Span ifli Ame- rica will exceed this Aim. The exprtof BritifiiManufadlurc!. to the ifland of St. Thomas in the 100,000 1 year 1799 exceeded 200,000/.. Lrcal value. (See p. Sz.) This i 11,212,945 \ I 1 ( t c t c ;^. 22,862,263 I t »73 1 This total is within one twentieth of the amount of the export of Britifti manufactures in the yea# tSooj and I am pcrfuaded that, if we enjoy pcacic five years, thie annual average export of Britilh ma- nufadures, \k that period, will exceed this compu- tation. Thc^ ftagnation which many branches of bufmeft experienced during the interval between the Preliminary Articles and the Definitive Treaty was not occafiorved by a general declenfion in our com- merce i biit may be fairly ifcrlbed to the protra(?ted ncgotiatiOfl. : The operations, however, of the mercantile €la(les are no longer perplexed by un- certainty, the trc«lty of peace aflfures them the trade of an enlarged and confolidated empire ; and their capital, llcill, and i^irit of enterprise will affure them an ample portion of the trade of the world. The flourifhing ftate of our commerce, which, during a long and arduous ftruggle, has been ex- tended by Britifh iiiduftry, and protedled by Britidi valour, affords a memorable example of what may be effected by the fcnfe, rhe fpirit, and ihe perfevc ranee of the people, " Quid virtus J et quid fapierit'ia poJJJty " Utih propofuit nobis exemplar,^-—' May the leflbn not be thrown away ! May Britain^ during peace, gratefully recoiledt that, whilll a great part of Europe, deficient either in wifdom or in courage, has facrificcd its independence with the vain I i f [ «74 ] rain hope of prefcrving its property, a vigorous re- fiftancc has enabled her to maintain her indepen- tj DO not enter into a very minute confideration or our financial refources, though they are confeiTedly great, becaufe nofausfaftory eftlmate of the proba- ble amount of the future income and expenditure of the Tjnited Kingdom can be formed, until it is fettled whether any of the taxes impofed, on the fpur of the occafion, durliig the laft nine years, fliall be leflsned, increafed, or repealed, and uhtil the peace eftabiilhment of the army and navy is determined on, and the expences of the war are wound up. It muft be admitted that the cod of the war has been great and unprecedented : but an account of ^ the difburfements which it occafioned furnifhes only L^irren truths that generate no ufeful conclu- fion. We all know that war is expenfivc, and that peace h defirable : but to lament that money fholild be fpent, and lives confumed, in fleets and armies, is to lament that great objects cannot be accom- plifhed without the application of great means. It is ftill more abfurd to form any flandard of the merit of public men from the comparifon of two different periods, unlefs forces, exertions, and other r •It ].ER fir- te incurred, whilft Mr. Pitt was in office, with thofe created by his prede- ceflbrs, to conclude that he had be^n criminally profufe and prodigal, and that they have been eco- nomical. In truth, as Mr. Burke very juftiy ob- ferves, " War and economy are things not eafily " re ".onciled : the attempt of leaning towards parfi- mony in fuch a ftate may be the word manage- ment, and in the end, the word economy in the *' world, hazarding the total lofs of all the charge •* incurred, and of every thing elfe along with it*." Common experience will inform us that the mag- nitude of expenditure forms no criterion of culpa- bility ; and that our eftablilhrnents may coft more than thofe of our forefathers without being lefs economical. As the mod trifling payment from the Treafury cannot be defended if it is unnecefTary, the largeft, if it is judicioufly applied, furnifhes no ground for cenfure. The proper confideration is not merely how many millions were expended in the lad war, but whether the public purfe was care- fully and faithfully managed ; whether the obje61s which excited, alfo deferved, our exertions ; what j>roportion the force emoloyed has borne to the means provided; and how far the ftrength and * Obfcrvations on the late Snue of tlw Nation, p ts- 4 refources vhat the and [ '77 ] refources of the country have been commenfurate with its burthens. Financial merit, 1 apprehend, is fomething more than the mere nrt of drawing money from the pockets of the people. It is to comprehend the nature and extent of the dift'crcnt fource'* of national wealth, and to impofe ihofe taxes which the public feryice requires with the lead -poflible injury to the reproductive powers of in- durtry. Examined by this ted, the late Minilter might fafely reft his pretenfions to the gratitude of the public, on what has been urged as a proof of his demerit — " a comparif^n of the ftate in which " he found the refources of the country, and that " in which he left ihem*'\ To his adminiftration we are indebted for the adoption of a fyftcm of finance, which has intro- duced three meafures of infinite importance to pub- lic credit and the future fecurity of the country : I, The eftablifliment, in 1786, of a fi^nking fund of 1,000,000/ a year, which has been applied, together with an annual grant from Parliament of 200,000/. and the intereft of the ftock redeemed, to the li- quidation of the debt incurred previoufly to that period: 2. The e!tabli(hment, in 1792, of a new finking fund by the a£t which provided that, in addition to the taxes which fliould be impofed for paying the intereft of any future loan, a furplus of ^ See Mr. Morgan's Comparative View oFthe Public Finaucts from iIk Beginning to the Clole of the Utc A»:'iiniinftratiou,p. i. N I per V % l!iL mm lit ^^h K t 17S 3 I per cent, per annum, on the capital created, fliould be raifed for redeeming it* : and 3. The eftablifli- ment of a plan, confidered thirty years ago as im- prafticable-j", to raife part of the war fupply within the year, ■ '' Of the utility of thefe meafures the prefent ftatc of publid credit is the moft fatisfa6:ory proof. AU though in confequence of a war, extenfive and ex- penfive beyond example, above 350,000,000/. of debt have been incurred, the marketable value of government fecurities is now greater than it was in 1786, when the whole debt did not exceed 40,000,000/. ; and greater than it was in i7?3» immediately after the conclufion of a general peace. Years. Bank Stock. 1783 February 126 1783 September 127 1786 February 139 1802 April 28th { 195J The following ftatements exhibit a view of the national debt and fmking fund on the ifl Febru- ary, 1802. • See 32cl Geo. III. c, 55. f *' Suppofe fome Jacob Henriques Iiad propofed, in the year 1762, to *' pifevent a perpetual chafge on the nation by raifing ten millions with- *' in the year. He wouid be confidered not as a harfh financier who " laid an heavy hand on the public; but as a poor vifionary who had •' run mad on fupphes and ti'xes.'' Obfervations on a late State of the Nation, (publiflied in 1769,) p. 35. X The day after the Proclaniation of Peace appeared in the Londun Gazette. PRIN- Three per India Stock. cent. Confols 145 66 141 66 156 (:9 225f 7^ II [ 179 ] PRINCIPAL DEBT *. £^ £^ Total principal of the old debt created before the 5th of January 1793 • • Principal debt created fince January 1793, for which a linking fund of I per cent, per annum has been created in pur- fqance of the32dGeo. Ill, c. 55. , , 341,981,355 Principal debt of Ireland, payable in GreatBritain 19,708,750 !■ \' »38;33i,248 Principal debt (charged on the Income tax) for which no finking fund has yet been provided : now made part of the confolidated,permanent, debt - - - ^ Total principal debt cre- ated before the i ft of April 1802 261,590,105 5<^j445^coo 318,135,105 * See Report of the Committee on Finance, 1797, Appendix i j Ac- count of Additions to the Annual Charge of the Public Debt ; (ordered to be printed iSth March, 1802 ;) and Accounts refpeftingthe Public Funded Debt, (ordered to be primed ift April, 1802.) N % ANNUAL [ i8o ] ^U 6 < ill ANNUAL CIIAPGE ON UNREDEEMED DEBT. Annual Annuities for Charges of Total annual Intcrcft. lives, or for iranagemctit. charge on un- term$ of years. icdeemcddeUt. £* " £• £' £' Old debt creat- ^ ^ o ^ w>r- ^ ed before. 793 r^°83 .323 ^.374,193 ^05,615 h^^Zy^^^ New debt, for which a fi ing fund been provided Debt of Ire-"^ land, payable I .70,670 in Great Bri-j ^' ' ' tain - - -^ , Debt (charged ^ on the income I tax) now part > 1,693,350 of the perma- | ncnt debt - ^ for'v t;^ 7.487, 245 29 ',004 103,298 7,881,547 9,792 8,625 589>o87 19,666 25,631 1,738,637 15^834,588 1,594,655 343,159 17,672,403 DEBT REDEEMED. By the old finking fund created'i in purfuance of the 26th Geo. V III. c. 31. J By the new finking fund created 'j in purfuance of the 32d Geo. > III. c. 55. J By ftodc transferred to the com- niiflioners for redeeming the national debt ; — on account of the land tax redeemed ) Principal debt redeemed. 39^885,308 20,490,003 18,001,348 Total debt reileemed before ijie ) id of February, 180a J 78,37^;459 SINKING [ i8< ] 7 57 03 SINKING FUND. i* Old finking fund Annual charge 1,000,000 Ufual grant aoo,ooo Unclaimed and ex- pired annuities 125,708 Dividend on ;^'-39»88^,3o8 re- . 1,208,479 deemed 2.534,^8; ]. 3>275>i43 New finking fund l per cent, per ann. > on;^.36i,690,io5, part of the debt of ? 2,660,443 Great Britain and Ireland (Seep. 179) Dividend on ^.20, 4 90,003 re- \ 5^4,700 deemed Total finking fund on the 1 ft of Feb. , 1802 5>8o9,33o n^appcars from thefe accounts of the national debt that, exclufive of 3^56,445,000 which were originally charged on the income tax, the capital funded (lock, on the ift February 1S02, including the capital redeemed, amounted to ^^49 9,9 2 1,35 ; ; and that deducling ^7 8,376,459, the amount of the capital redeemed, there remained at that period ;f .4 2 1,544,894 principal debt unredeemed. N 3 A com- m } , . I I i NG ^Q^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^». !? ^ £/ M A/ 1.0 I.I '- IIIIIM j50 IM 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 •^ 6" — ►

#, ^ >. t/u . iSi ] A comparifon of the finking fund with the prin- cipal and intereft of the unredeemed debt at dif* ferent periods, will fhew that the means of leffen- ing the public burthens have increafed more ra- pidly than they have been augmented. Proportion of the Sinking Fund to the Capital of the Unredeemed Debt. Annual Sum appli* cable to the redemp- tion of the debt thea Years. exifting. 1786 1,000,000 1 f. ,238th 1793 1,427,143 ione< i6oth 1802 5»8c'9*330 J C 7»d |„„e|'|J}P-^ Unredeemed debt then ex- ifting. 238,231,248 227,989,148 421,544,894 Proportion of the Sinking Fund to the Intereft of the Un- redeemed Debt. Years.' Sinking Fund. £' 1786 1,000,000 lefs J 79 3 i»427»H3 ^cfs 1802 5,809,330 more^ Annual intereft and management of the unredeem- ed debt* fpth than a -^ 6 th I 3d J I »5,933> 000 000 000 I do not conceive it would be proper, in confider- ing the proportion which the finking fund bore to the debt in February laft, or even in confidering the proportion which it now bears, to notice either j^. 5 6,445 ,000, ^^^ ^^^* originally charged on the income tax, but now made permanent, or the debt created by the a£l lately pafled for ralfing ^'25,000,000*, towards the fupplies of the current' Raifcd at lefs than four per cent, intereft. year. [ »83 ] year. Both thefe operations form part of a fyftenii which has not been fully detailed : a view only of the burthen thus isnpofed, without reference to the means intended to be provided for leffening it, would lead us to form a very unfatisfaftory efli- mate of the efficacy of the fmking fund. The meafure of raifing part of the war fupply within the year has, both direftly and indirectly, contributed to leffen the amount of national debt which the funding fyftem would otherwife have entailed on pofterity. It diredly lefTened that amount by furnifliing an immediate fupply for the fervice of the years 1798, 1799, 1800, and j8oi : and it lefTened it indiredly by it's beneficial influence on public credit, which enabled the Mi- ^lifter to raife the loans for the lafl: years of the war on better terms than he had done in 1798, Confidering the meafure with regard to this two- fold efFe<5t, I have no doubt that it has faved the nation a perpetual charge of ;^. 1,5 45,6 18 a year, ^i\an annuity for 4c years of ^^.2,060,824*. ^ This lefult may be fhewn in the following man- ner: . . 1 ft Operation. — After deducting that part of the aid and contribution, income and convoy duties !i!' * A finking fund of i per cent. pfra»ftum,\ff\iei by quarterly payments, will redeem a i^fer cent, capital, if the average price of flocks is 75, in 3 J years, if 85, in 39 years and a half, and if at par, in 46 years and a half. See Rofe's Brief Examination, ( Appendix 3O N 4 * which !i*1 ..ft [ «84 ] h 'l.'i which was applied to the payment of intereft on loans in the years 1798, 1799, ^^^ i8co, the re- mainder of thefe duties, applied to the war ftipply of thefe years, when all arrears have been received, will, probably, amount to more than 15,000,000/. ; a fum which, if it had been funded, at the price of flocks in 1798, would have created an additional debt of £.30,000,000, and have required a perma- nent intereft of 900,000/. and if 300,000/. ( i per cent, per annum on the capital created,) had been added, upon the fyftem introduced by Mr. Pitt in 1792, in order to reduce this debt to an annuity of 40 years, the ir»tereft payable during that period would have amounted to £.1,200,000. ^ ad Operation. In 1 798 the capital created on account of the fum of 1 7,000,000/. borrow- ed for the fervice of Great Britain and Ireland, was Exclufive of an annuity of £^.22,125 for 61-4- years, worth 3 per cents. 34,000,000 422,432 I f 1 / 34,422,432 The Money borrowed and the Capital created in the Three . t following Years were Sums borrowed. in Capital created in the 3 per cents. 1 1799 18,500,000 32>749.250 -' iSoo 20,500,000 32,185,000 1 i 1 ' ' ■ 1801 28,000,000 49,210,000 * i 6 "",000,000 114,144,250 rA h [ '»5 ] If 67,000,00c/. the fum borrowed inthefe three years, had been funded upon no better terms than the /^'i 7 5^oo»ooo^ borrowed in 1798, the capital created would have amounted to ^.135,664,879, which exceeds the adual capital created in 1799, i8co, and 1801, by ^7.2 1,520,629. The per. manent intereft of this debt would have amount- -d to ^.645,618 annually; and if;^.2 15,206 (i per cent, per annum on the capital created) had been added in order to reduce this debt to an annuity for 40 years, the intereft payable during that period would have amounted 10^^.860,824. Saving effeaed by the Plan of ralfing Part of the War Supply within the Year. By Firft Operation ? Second Ojjeraiion i 3 per CqMs. Piincipal Debt. I- ■ 30,000,000 21,520,629 Permanent Iiuercft. 900,000 645,618 Annuity for 40 Years. £' 1,200,000 860,824 51,520,629 1,545.618 2,060,824 The finking fund muft b.ve alfo materially affifted public credit, and have enabled the Mini- Iter to negotiate his loans on better terms than he would otherwife have done. In addition to the favings which have been thus efFeded, it may be obferved that loyalifts debentures, and charges attending the iffue of them, amounting to 2,946,269/. and other fums given to American loyalifts, at various times, and in [ i86 ] b' r*' i. in different modes, forming, together with the debentures, a total of more than 4,000,000/. have been paid oflf fince the eftabliihment of the fmking fund. Mr. Rofe juftly remarks, that this may be ilriftly confidered as a floating debt provided for, as the amount muft have been funded, if it had not been difcharged*. ■ - > , ^ The expences, alfo, of the Spanifli armament in 179*9 provided for by debentures, and amount- ing to 3,133,000/. have been paid off. We are therefore indebted to the folid fyftem, of finance, adopted by the laft Adminiftration, for the following favings in the national debt : £■ Sams paid to American loyalifts, above 4,000,000 Spanifh armament expences paid , off, above - - [ Savings effected by the plan for' raifing part of the vi^ar fup- ply within the year, above Debt redeemed by the finking' fund and land tax, before the ift February, 180a, above 3,ooo>ooo 50,000,000 78,000,000 £. 135,000,000 If this nation is deftined to enjoy a peace of ten or twelve years, (a term not exceeding the ave- rage period of peace, during the laft century) we may reafonably expect that the finking fund will not only difcharge in that time a confiderable part • Brief Examination, p. >5, (a fifth t 187 ] (a fifth at leaft) of the debt exifting at the com" jnencement of the prefetityear ; but that its annual amount, at the commencement of a future war> will exceed ten millions (lerling. On fuch topics we can only indulge reafonable expedations* Fad may difappoint well-founded conjcduret ** The effefts of all human contrivances are ift the hands of Providence*." Thofe, however, who were entrufted with the management of the fi- nances of Great Britain,during the laft fifteen years, have done their duty. They ac^ed as became the guides of a mighty nation, placed in critical circumftances, which no wifdom could forefee. Great facrifices were necelTary: the national wealth, generofity, and fpirit, have enabled us to fubmit to them ; and we are now placed in a fitu- ation, which countries that have adopted a condu(3: lefs energetic, would be proud to fhare ; in a fituation which will enable us to maintain a firm and dignified independence ; and by a perfeverance in a vigorous fyftem of finance, to provide new means to meet new exigencies. Our taxes, I admit, are heavy, but they are not infupportable. ** I can" (to ufe the language of the eminent flatefman juft quoted) " perceive the bur- then, but I cannot avoid contemplating, alfo, the ftrcngih that fupports it. From thence I ** draw the moft comfortable affurances of the "^*' futiire vigour, and the ample refources, of this , «< great, mifreprefented, countryf." ^ Burke. 4 Obfcrvations on a late State of the Nation, p. 2^. m cc 4 : V l*^ !^ C i88 } .--..,1. . ,' ■fri I will conclude this letter with a few remarks on iomc parts of the Definitive Treaty. The chief ob- jcdions which have been made to it, relate to the non -renewal of former treaties, to India, to our navigation in the Eaftern f.as, to the rights of the Britiih Flag, to Honduras, to Louifiana, and to Guiana. It is contended that the non-renewal of former Treaties of peace weakens the fovereignty of Great Britain to many of her colonial pf/fleflions, and that thcL claims of foreign nations w ith refj^eil to trade or territory in thofe countries, being now un- qualified by exprefs ftipulations, will be revived. On this head a French writer on the Law of Na- tions furnilhes a fufficient anfwer. Vattel thus ftaCes the effect of treaties of peace: "as every " power at war pretends to have right on its fidc> " and this prctenfion is not liabk to be judged by " others, the ftate of things at the inftant of the ** treaty in to be held legitimate, and any change to " be made in it requires an exprefs fpecification in •* the treaty j confequently all things, not mentioned " in the treaty, are to remain as they were at the " conclufion of it*." • Vattel, b. iv, § zi. I cannot [ i89 ] to in C( c< I cannot fee how the non-renewal of the flipula- tions in the treaty of 1783 and the convention of 1787, rcrpe<5ling India, afFcCls our fovercignty in that country. Thofe (lipulations were conccflions merely of a commercial nature ; diredkd to fecurc *' to the fubjedls of France a fafe, free and indcpcn- ** dent trade, fuch as was carried on by the French ** Eaft India company, whether they excrcifed it individually, or as a company, as well in ihe na- bobfhip of Arcot, and the countries of Madura " and Tanjore,. as in the provinces of Bengal, Ba- " har, and Orixa, the Nortl>ern circars, and in gc- " neral in all the Britifli pofleflions on the coafts of *' Orixa, Coromandel, and Malabar." This is the firft article of the convention concluded between Great Britain and France in 1787. Tl^e fecond article ftipulaies that the French (hall not import annually more than 200,000 pounds of fait into Ben- gal, to be delivered at a fixed price, at a jJace of depofit appointed for the purpofe. No fuch ftipu- lation exifts in the prefent treaty. The French may therefore fmuggle as much fait as they can into Bengal, and they may do the fame into Great Bri- tain : but it will not be eafy for them to carry on a trade of this defcription from the fa61ories reftored to them by the treaty, from mere houfes of com- merce circumfcribed by our fettlements, and watch- ed by the civil and military powers of Britifli In- dia. France, too, has loft the privilege, which fhe 5 , acquired [ 190 ] acquired by the third article of the convention of 1787, ofpurchafing in Bengal 18,000 pounds of faltpctrc, and 300 chcfts of opium, at the price cftablifhed before the war of 1778; Whatever commercial advantages iKe may wifti to obtain in our Eaftern empire, muft be the refult of c6m- mercial convention. The rights of Biritifh fo- vcrcignty in Afia are indifputable. France, it is true, never dire 6lly recognized them; but they are not the lefs fecure on that account. Tlie My(bre> the fruit of conquefi, whilfl we have the means of defending it, will be held on as firm a tenure, as that which fecures to the French Republic either Savoy, or Belgium. Some objectors to the peace have complained thaf, by the omifllon of the article contained in fbr- tner treaties with Holland, refpeding a free navi- gation to the Eaftern feas, our commerce with the Dutch Ipice iflands is deftroyed. I confefs that on this point, the ftipulation, which our negotiators obtained for us in 1784, does not appear to me to have been worth tranfcribing. It is (I quote the ori- ginal treaty) as follows: — *' Lcs Etats Generaux des ♦' Provinces-Unies promettent et s'engagent a ne <* point generla navigation des fujets Britanniques *• dans les mcrs Orientales." This article gave us no power to trade with Amboyna or Banda : and 1 do not believe the Cuftom-houfe would furnifli the 9 account account of a finglc pound of cloves or nutmegs configncd direftly in Britifh (hips from thcfc iflands to Great Britain. All it meant was to protedl our veflcls, navigating the Eaftern fcas, from being treated as pirarical, which the Dutch, from their ex- treme jealoufy, refpeding this monopoly of the fpice trade, had always confidered them *; and, notwith- ftanding its omifllon in the prefent treaty, any mo- leftation of Britilh (hips, not engaged in an illicit commerce, in the Eaftern feas would be a contra- vendon of the firft article, which ftipulares that " there (hall be peace, friendfliip, and good under- ftanding" between the contrading parties. It is faidthat we have renounced the right of the "Britifhflag, by the omiffion of the article contained in all modern treaties with Holland, which required that their Ihips of war and other Veffe Is, meeting any firidfh men of war in the Britilh leas, Ihould ftrike their flags, and lower their topfails f . To me it appears that our negotiators aded wifely in not infifting on the revival of this ancient punftilio. The cftablifhment of fuch a cuftom, would have added nothing to the dignity, fecurity, or import- " , , , t.. . . • " ♦ See Forrcft's Voyage. -•-/.• t Sec the 19th article of the Treaty of Peace between Charles the Second and the States General, in July 1C67, and the fccond article of the Treaty of peace with the States General in May, 1784. ance ?5 f t I 1^2 ] ancc of Great Britain. To advance prctenfions for priority of place in a congrefs, for pre-eminence in fulutes at (ca, or for precedence in titles, is, at beft, to contend for what yields no folid power, and is calculated to infpirc one of the contracting parties with animofity and revenge. In modern times, dif. futes of this nature have been fufpended by mutual corpromife, and by the tacit and gradual abolition cf national etiquette. If a fubjc<5lof this kind arifc^ between two nations, neither of which ack,nowledges a fuperior, the wifeil condud to purfuc is that re- commended by the able Counfellors of our high fpi- rited queen Elizabeth, to get rid of the matter " by *^/ome way of indiffercncy, without priority to ei* *' ther*." The negotiators of the jeace of '* niens' have adted on this principle, in omitting the claufe of precedence contained in former Dutch treaties. Vattel well obferves that " nations aic natural]/ *' equal, and receive from nature the fame obli^a- ** tions and rights. Power or wcaknefs does not in " this refpeft produce any difference. A dwarf is " as much a man as a giant j a fmall republic is as " much a fovercign flate as the mod powerful king- ** dom f . None can pretend to prerogative. Their " right to freedom and fovereignty renders them equals:!:.*' • «c / • See Win wood's Memoridls. + Va c , ^rel. { itt jVattd, b. ii. § 36- It '1 1 !i » Ii I 'W 3 / tthas been aflcrtcd that all former ftipulatioris, ^ rdpcdting the rights of Great Britain to the Bay of, Honduras were abrogated by the warj and that,ts.. we have not obtained a fpecific renewal of thcm,r the right to cut logwood and mahogany in the Bay is annihilated. In anfwer to this, it may be' obfervcd that Great Britain has engaged by the third article of the treaty " to reftorc to the French " and their allies, all the poflcffions and colonies " which ref[je6)ively belongrd to them, and which *' have been ciiher occupied or conquered by the, " Britifh forces during the courfc of the war, cx- " cepting Trinidad and Ceylon." No publicift, how- ever ingenious, can rcafonably maintain that ;;hc words " occupied during the courfc of the war * ex- tend to Honduras, which we occupied before the war. Our right there is a right of pofleffion, pre- ferved throughout the war, and not annulled by the Peace. If the non-renewal of treaties has any etfed:, it muft be difadvantageous to Spain ; fincc, by re- taining the poflefTion of this fettlement, unfettered by any ftipulations, we fhould be freed from the en- gagement entered into by the 17th article of the Treaty of Paris, to dcrftolilh fortifications erefted in the Bay of Honduras, and the further ftipulations contained in the Treaty of peace of 178;, and the Convention of 17^6. I apprehend, however, that, as Great Britain will allow other nations to avail O them- L 194 3 Of (^i s thettifcrves of cHf h'-n-rencwal of treaties to fet up andi^nt arid exploded fights of fovereignty, ilie i win not on her part convert the jus publicum of' Etirdpe into a fyftem* of cndlcfs lirigation and dif- putt. ^ '■■''^'^'^ ^iTt 'iii a ^/,,iip..;.c-:^ , . : .• ■- ^The acquifition of Louifiana by France fumifhes' no ground for fei'lous alarm on the part of Great Bri- tain. If the French are more fuccefsfiil, than they \\^ere in ancient times, in raifinga colony on the continent of America to maturity, they may prove troublefome neighbours to the United States ; dif- pdtes will arife between them rcfpedling boundaries and' navigation j and jealoufics be created that will induce the Americans to court the friendihip of this country. France, by obtaining Louifiana, comes into contad with aftate, which has doubled her po- pulation lince Ihe withftood the fleets and armies of Great Britain. The Miffiflippi is not advantageoufly fituated for fupplying the French Weft Indies with lumber and provifions. A voyage from New Orleans to St. Domingo in the teeth of the trade wind could not, I apprehend, be leffeftcd in \t('i time than a voyage from Breft. """ ' "" . ' ' It is faid that Louifiana IS particularly valuable, bc- caufe it is capable of producing cotton in great abun- dance; and that, as we have furreridcreJ by the peace '^Tobago and other colonies from whence the chief fiipply of cotton is derived, we mud in future, de- pend i m ] pcnd almoft entirely on foreign countries, for the fupply of the raw materials of a very important ma« nufadiirc. This is a miftake. I have already noticed our import of cotton from India. If the French or Dutch, contrary to their own intercll, (hould refufe to fupply us with Weil India cotton, any quantity of this article may ^e obtained from Surat and Bombay. It has been faid that the acquifitlon of a naval ftation, at the mouth of the river of the Amazons, will enable the French to fend out cruifcrs, to mo- left our India trade. There is the fame objedion to this ingenious fpeculation, which a critic in Gil Bias introduces as the chief featur*; of the tragedy of Iphigenia in Aulis, " the wind." A trip from the river of the Amazons to Cape St. Auguftine, which licK almoft due Eaft from it, and muft be ^ paffed before an Indiaman can be intercepted in her track from Europe to Rio Janeiro, would, I am perfuaded, take up as much time as a trip from Breft ; or even from thofe embryos of naval fta- tions, Cherbourg and Flufliing. The article refpedting Malta is as ftrong a re- nunciation, on the part of the French, of ar.^ right to interfere in the internal concerns of the ifland, as the renunciation, contained in the treaty of Utrecht, of the king of Spain's intereft in the crown of France. The independence of the ifland is guaranteed by dl the c;;ntra£ling parties. I will conclude with obferving that the lan- guage of the Definitive Treaty, on the various fubjeds m^ nu It k [ 196 ] ■ ' ■' '"^'i .■ ■■■. .■ '■',■'■■' ■■■■■■' \ fubje(5ls contained in it, is unambiguous ; and a comparifon of its piovlfions with various articles in former treaties, (particularly the treaty of Utrecht, in 17 13, and that of Paris, in 17O3,) would deraonftrate, that, whilft many of the terms fettled by former negotiators are loofe, obfcure, and capable of different interpretations, the fli- pulations of the pr'efent Peace are clear and un- equivocal. . -, ♦ ■•■■•■ .■"'••■. •.' ■ • • '; Ztincoln's Inn Fieldsy mMqy,l8z2. ■ • ' ' ' - <■ > It -m it .1 . t.. -li ' u ■ >i a : . . f I , . • , ■( , .> « ,11 1 ,-,!„,( ' - •- ,■.•!■ ■.. -a- -1 th M..J - ' , . :.-THE/'\; of ■ , . ■ ■ ' .■ ■;%.'■,■■ Sp .■'■ . .'.'( *i"''-' 1 .1 ■ . ■• hai i ' i., ■ ■■/ * via [ 197 J les ' of h) ♦ lis re, [li- in- £. . . HE The IDEFINITIVE TREATY of PEACE, between His Britannick Majefty, and the French Republick, His Catholick Majefty, and the Batavian Republick. Signed at Amiens, the 27th..Day of March 1802. .. .... i HIS Majefty the King yf the United Kingdom of Great-Bri- tain and Ireland, and the Firll Conful of the French Republick, in the Name of the French People, being animated with an equal DeGre to put an End to the Calamities of War, have laid the Foundation of Peace in the Prelimi- nary Articles figned at London, the Firll of 0£tob«ir One thoufand eight hundred one (Ninth Vendemiaire, Year Ten). ,,; And as by the Fifteenth Article of the faid Preliminaries, it has been Itt- pulated that Plenipotentiaries ihould be named on each Side, who fliould proceed to Amiens for the Purpofe of concluding a Definitive Treaty, ift Concert with the Allies of the con- tracting Powers ; His Majefty the King of the United K 'dom of Great Britain and Ireland has . .nied for His Plenipotentiary the Marquis Cornwallis, Knight of the moll llluftrious Order of the Garter, Privy Counfellor to His Majefty, Ge- neral of His Armis, &c. j the Firft Conful of the French Republick, in the Name of the French People, the Citizen Jofeph Bonaparte, Counfellor of State ; His Majefty the King of Spain and of the Jndics, and the Go- vernment of the Batavian Republick, have named for their Plenipotentiaries, videlicet. His Catholick Majefty Don Jofeph Nicolas de Azara, His Coun- „ i J ■ .. ■ J . , , . ^ '! 4 ' •♦ * ' -- SA Majeftc le Roi du Royaume Uni de la Grande Br tagne et dirlande, et le Premier Conful de la Republique Fran9aire, au Nom du Peuple Fran(;ais, egalement animus du Defir de fairc cefter les Calamitds de la Guerre, ont pofd les Fondemens de la Paix par les Articles Preliminaires fign6s a Londres, le Premier Oftobrc Mil huit cent un (Neuf Vendemiaire An Dix.) Et conime par 1' Article Qulnze dea dits Preliminaires, il a 6tc convenu qu'il fcrait nomme de Part et d'autre des Flenipotentiaires qui fe rendraieijt a Amiens pour y proocder a la Re- daftlon dii Traitc Definitif, de Con- cert avec les Allies des PuilVances con- tradtantes } Sa Majeftc le Roi du Royaitme Uni de la Grande Brctagne et d'Irlande a nommc le Marquis de Cornwallis, Chevalier de rOnlre tres Uluftre de la Jarretiere, Coiiieiller Privtl- de Sa Ma- jeftc, General de Se? Armces, &c, le Premier Conful de la Republique Fran- (jai'.'e, au Nom du Peuple Francals, le Citoyen Jofeph Bonaparte, Con- iViller d'Etat ; Si Majelio le Roi d' ECpagne a des Iiides, "ei le Gouvcrnc- ment d'Etat de la Re^niblique Batave, out nomme pour leurs Plcnipotenti- aires, lavoir, Sa Majicfte Catholiquc Don Jofeph Nicolas de Azara, Son Confeillcr d'Etat, Chevalier Gran publique Batave, Roger John Schim* roelpenninck, Son AmbadbdetJir £ttra- ordinaire pres la Republique Fran- 9aire-; lefqueh", apre«< s'^tredflement communiques leurs pleins Pouvoirs, qui font tranfcrits A la Suite du pr6fcnt Trait^ font convenus des Articles fuivans. .. HV: -^'i. ?.iA^. •X'iii j9riic1e I. .:a. II y aura Paix, Amitie, et bonne Intelligence entre Sa Majefla le Roi du Royaume Uni de la Grande Br^t&gne et d'lrlatide, Ses Heritiers et Saccei- feurs, d'nne Part) et la Republiqve Fran^aife.Sa Majefte le Roi d*£fpagne, Ses Heritiers et Succ^iTears, et la Re- publique Batave, d'autre Fartv Les Parties contra6tantes apporteront la plus grande Attention a maintenirune parfaite Harmotiie entre elles et leurs Etats, fans permettre, que it Part nt d'autre, on commette aucutie Sorte d'Hoftilite, par Terre on par Mer, pour quelqte Caufe on (bus qtielque Pretexte que cepuifle Itre. Elles eviteront foigneufement tout ce qui pourroit alterer ^ I'avenir I'Union heureufement retablie, et ne donneront aucun Secours ni Proteftion, foit di- re£tement foit indire^tement, a ceiiic qui voudraient porter Prejudice ^ au* cune d'elles, • " " " • ylrtkJe II. Tous les Prifonniers faits depart et Vautre, tant par Terre que par Me^-, et Ice Otages enteves oudprines! pen- dant la Guerre, et julqu' a ce Jour,'fe- ront reftitues fans Rancon, dans Sir, Semaitics au plus tard, a compter du Jbur de TEchanged^s Rati(icajti6n9 du prefeht Traitc, et en payant les Dette* q\li'iU auraient contraAees pendant Icur rei C 199 3 II. Afft- Sa ditc ratigaWc, dclaR6. I Schim* Ir Ettra- xe Fran- ddement Pouvoirs, u pr^fcnt Articles et bonne le Roi du Brhegne et Sttccei- l.€pubUq»« I'Efpagne, et la Re. ?artv Lm >rteront la Inlenirune rs et Icura de Part ni niHe Sorte par ^er, us qtielque lent tout ce lir rUnion ■ donncTCot on, foit di- nt, a ceiijc udice ^ au' is depart et ue par Mer, ipnnes. pen- Lce Jour,fe- 3n, dans Sir conipter du tificajibns du int les Dette* ;ee3 pendant Icur trafted during their Captivity. TIach contradliiig Party 0)aU refpe6tively dif- charge the Advances which have been made by any of the contradiing Parties for the Subliftence and Maintenance of the Prifoners ip the Country where they have been detained. For this Purpofe a CotamUfion (hall be appoint- ed by Agreement, which ftiall be fpe- cialiy charged to afcertain and regulate the Compenfation which may be due to either of the contracting Powers. The Time and Place where the Com- miflloners, who (hall be charged with the Execution of this Ariicle, fliall aflemble, fhali alfo be fixed upon by Agreement} and the faidCommilRoners (hall take into Account the Expences c»ccaf?6ned not only by the Prifoners of the refpeftive Nfatidn?,' lut alfo fcy the Foreign Troops who, before they were made Prifoners, were in the Fay or at the Difpofal of any oi ihe con- trailing i'aniea. ■ , , . ', . . . • « . »,-,... ■v;.f '. '.■; Jrtick l\l. ' ^ ^ : -.^ - His Britannick Majefly reftores to th^ French Republick and her Allies; tun^cly. His Catholick Majefty and the Bat avian Republick, all the Pof- reffious and Colonies which belonged tp them refpe£tlvely, and which had been occupied or conquered by the Britifli Forces in the Courfe of the War, with the Exception of the Ifland of Tripidad. and the Dutch PolTcffiourf in the Ifland of Ceylon. His Catholick Majelly cedes and guarantees in full Ri^ht and Sove- teigrtty to His Britannick Majefty the iCand of Trinidad. The Batavtan Republick cedes and guanntees in full Right and Sove- reignty to His Rritannick Majefty all leur Captivity. Cfaaqua Partie coir- traftante foldera refpeftivement l^i Avances qui auraient et^ faitespar au- cune des I^artiea contradlantes pour la Subliftince et I'Entretien des PrifoD' niers dans le Pais o^ iUont ete detenus. II fera nomm6 de Concert pour cet EfTet une Commillion fpccialement charges de con Hater et de regler la Compenfation qui pourra 6trc diie i I'une ou a I'autre des Fuiflances con* tradtantes. On fixera dgalem^tvt de Concert I'Epoque et le Lieu, 0^ fe rafTembleront les Commiffaire* qui fe- ront charges de 1' Execution de cet Ar- ticle, et qui portcront en Comptc tioa feulement les D6penfcs faites par list Prifonniers d«s Nations refpe6lives,mai« aulTi par Its Troupes Etrang^rcs qiii avant d'etre prifes 6taient a la Solde et h la DTpofition de TUne des Partie* contra^antesi Article III. Sa Majeftc Britanniquc reftitue \ la Republique Fran^aife et ^ fes Allies ; favoir, Sa Majcfte Catholiqueet la Re- publique Batave, toutes les PoffellioM et C(ilonies qui leur appartenaient re- fpet^ivcnnent, et qui out ete occupeea ou conquifes par les Forces Britan- niques dans le Cours de la Guerre, 4 I'Excep^ion de I'Ule de la Triniti et des Poireliions liollandaifes dans I'JLfle de Ceylati. ^r'tick IV. Sa Majefte Catholique cede'et g^- rantit en toute Propiictc et Souye- rainetc h Sa Majcfti Britaunique I'lue de la Triaitc. *>■•■■ jlrtkle V. La Republique Batave cede et ga- rantit en toute Proprlcte et Dpuvp- rainetc a Sa Ivlajelle Br^tanniuue tgute- if 2 Ifi l4 I aoo ] the Pofll'lfions and Eitabliftiments in the Ifland of Ceylon, which belonged, before the War, to the Republick of the United Provinces, or to their Eaft India Company. ., ^^ I i- ■)' Article VL ■ The Caj '>f Good Hope remains I in full Sovereignty to the Batavian • Republic, as it Mras before the War. ,».>'' .'Li .iece ap- contraA- f relacher, )onnemen3 ivant, lians ceux aux- re aflujeUit fions de S:i maintenus u lis etaient des Guyan- e font fixees Ic jette dans ) Nord, pros e de la Pcni- ; un 1 iers dc Cea Limites awari depuis cluignee du lurce, et en- irce de cette Ikanco vers f la Hive Kep- d' Arawari dc - ;hure jufqn'a 11 i fe trouvenl Limites fixees en toute Sou- jue Fr-'n^ailV. c la Ut e Ri- ritrf [201 ] trn Bank of tlie faid River from iis vi^ie 3 partir'dcla lilimd Enihowchure Source, and all the Lands to the et toutes les Ttrrcs au Slid de la dJte Southward of the faid Line of De- Ligne des Limites, apparlirndront i marcation, fhall belong to Her moil Sa Majcfte ti^s Fidelle. La Navi* T"aithful Majefty. The Navigation of gatlon de la Riviere d' Arawari dans the River Arawari fliall be common tout fon Couis fcra commune aur deux Nations, i. Les Arrangemens qui ont eu Lieni^ entre les Coura de Madiid ct de Lif- to both Nations. The Arrangements which have taken Place between the Courts of Madrid and of Lifbon, for the Settle- bonne, pour la Rcftificalion de leurs ment of their Frontiers in Europe, Frontieits en Europe, fcront toutcfoi's (hall, however, be executed conform- cxdcutcs fiiivant Ifs Stipulations dii ably to the Treaty of Badajoz. Trait^ dc Badajoz, w, ;. . ' ■ ~ ■ ■ ■ u :-\ ,..<, '. : ■" ■ Ankle Vm. Article VnX. 'f'"'r^ The Territories, Poffcnioni', and Les Ten itoires, Poffeflions, et Droits Rights of the Ottoman Porte are dc la Porte Ottomane font maintenus liereby maintained in thtir Integrity, dans leur Integiite, tels qu'ils etaient fucli as they were previous to the avant la Guerre. War. ■ ■ ' ArlUe IX. The Republick of the Seven Iflandfi is hereby acknowledged. ... ., , Article X. The Iflands of Malta, Gozo, and Comino, fliall b . i\ m -■m ■"111 fine* the Exchange of the F^tificar tiohs of the PrelimJnavy Ai tides of Feace. It jb underllood that an Elec- tion which (hall have been made fiib- fequetit to that Period, /hall alone be eoniidered as valid, to the EiLcIufiou of every other which {hall have taken Place at any Time previous to the ttfy- »Th« Governments of Great Britain and of the French Republick, being defiroiu of placing the Order of Saint John, and the I/land of Maka, in a State of entire Inde- pendence on each of thofe Powers, CO agree, that there ftiall be hence- forth no Englifh nor French Langues ; and that no Individual belonging to either of the faid Powers fhall be admiffible into the Order. 3. A iMaltefe X-anguc fliall be eftablifhed, to be fupported out of the Land Revenues and commercial Dutfea of the Ifland. There fhall be Dignities, with Appointments, and an Atiberge apprppriated to this Langue ; no Proofs of Nobility fiiall be qtceflary for the Admiirion of 3^ nights into the faid Langne ; they fhall be competent to. hold, every Office^ and to e.ijoy every Privilege in the like Manner as the Knights of the other I.anguc-. . The iVIunicipal, Re- venue, Civil, Judicial, and other 0£Eu:e3 under the Govetnment of the Ifland^ fhall be .filed, .at lealt in the Proportion of Qne Half, by native Inhabitants of Malta, Gozo, and Cjoroino. 4, The Forces of His Bn'tannrck Ma^jefty fliall evacuate the JHard and its Dependencies v/ithin Threp Months after the Exchange of the Raiilrca- tions, or fooner if.it can be done: At that Period the Ifland rtiall be de- livered up to the Order iu the State tendu, qu'une; Eleflion faite dt^uif cette Epoqiie fcra feulc confiderec comme va'uble, ^ TExclufion rfc toutr autre qui auroit eu lieU; dans aucun T^ms a;itcrieur^ U ditc Epoque. ; ..,i ,.7-'- , -i 2. Les Gouvernemens de la Grande Bretagne et de la Republique Fran- goife, defirant mettre I'Ordrc et I'lfle de Malte dans un Etat d'lndepen- dance entiere ^ leur Egard, convienn'ent qu'il n'y aura deformais ni Langue Angloife ni Fran^aife, et que mil Individu appartenant k I'une on k I'autre de ces Puiflanccs ne pourra etre admis dans rOrdre. 3. II fera etabli une Langue Mal- taife, qui fera entretcniUri par les Re- venues Territoriaux et les Droits conimerciaux de I'ifle. Cette Langue aura des Dignitls qui lul feront propr^s, des Traitemens, et uneAubergej les Preuvcs de Nobleffe ne feront pas KCcefT^ircs pour FAdmiflion des Che* valiers de la ditc Langue j ils fei'ont (jl'aillev^is admifllblcs i^ toutes lei Charges, et jouiront de tous les Pri> vilcgcs comme les Chevaliers des autres Langues. Les Emplois Mu- nicipaux, Adminiflratifs, Civils, Ju- diciaires, et autres dependant dn Gou- vernement de Tide, feront occup;''f, au moins pour Moitie, par des Habi- tars des Ifles de Malte, Gozo, et Comino. 4. Les forces de Sa Majefti Brl- ranniqiie cvacucront I'ille et fcs De- pendances dans les Tn-is Mois qui fulvront I'I'cliange des'Ratilications, ou plutot fi faire fc ptut : A cette l^poque elle fera remifc a I'Ordrc dans I'Etat ou iUe fe trojj^vc — pourvn i^ue i m J i" 'vii; Ui . which it now jar'PrPvidcd that the Grand MU^er, ror Com^KTioners, fully empowered according' to the fiiatutcfl of .the Order^ be upon the Ifland tp receive P'p^effion ; .and that the Force tp be furniflied by His Sicilian Majefty, as hereafter ftipu- lated,. be arrived there. . .5. The Garrifon of the Ifland jrtiaU* at all Tirnes, (ronfift at lead One Half of Native .Maltcfe} and the Order (haU have jhe Liberty of recruiting for the 'Remainder of the Garrifon from the Native? of thofc Countries only that fhall continue to ppfltCs ,Lan,guei^. The Native Maltefe Troops ihall be officered by Malcefe, and the f^preme Qommand of the Garrifon, as well as the Ap- pointment of the Officers, (ball be veiled in the Grand Matter of the Order ; and he fhall not be at Liberty to divefl himfclf of it, even for a Time, except in Favour of a Knight gf the Order, and in confeqiience of the Opinion of the Council of the Order. 6. The Independence of the Iflands of Malta, Gozo, and Conjino, as vi^eli 98 the prefent. Arrangement, fhall be under the Protedlion and Guarantee of Great Britain, France, Aulhia, RulTia, Spain, and Pruffia. le Grand Maitr^, ou des Commifnurei) ptf inement aiitofifcs' Wrvaht^tei Statott de rOrdre, foicnt dar|s la dire Hie pour en prendre Poffcffion, ct qye la Porce qui doi*. fetre fou'rnic par Sa Majeft^ SicihVnne, cqmme >l eft Mr^ ftio^^' y foit arriv^.-. '' '^" *^ f' ' -^ " •• J. La Moitic de la GarnJfon pera^ le moins fera toujours com^jpfie de Maltais Natifs; pour le licftjint; rOrdre aura la ' Faciilte de rccruter parmi les Natifs des Pa?s feuls quf cpntinucnt de poffJdcr des Langqc*. Les Troupes Maltaifes auront dc» Officlers Maltaisj le Cummandemeht en Chef de la Garnifort, ainfi que ik Nomination des Otlt(;ters appartt«^ endroot au Grand Mdltrej et' irne pourra s'en demettre, mfeme tempp- rafrcment, qu'eh Faveur d'un Cheva* lier, d'apres PAvia du Cotifeil dc POrdrd.'- '• ■■'■"" ^'''-^^ r, • '■ ..-1. ■. ,.,f > I, .d>,:r.«, A '.\ 7. The perpetual Neutrality of the Order and of the Ifland of Malta, ;^n^ its .Dependencies, is hereby de- clared. , ' 8. Tlie Ports of Malta fhall be ppen ,to , the Commerce and Naviga- tion of all Nations, who fhall pay equal and moderate Duties. Thefc Duties /hall bciapplied to. the Support pf the M.iltefe Langue, In the Manner fpecilled in Paragraph ,3, to that c* the Civil andMilicary Eltablifhments 6. L'Indtfpendance des Ifles 4? Make, de Gozo, et de Cominoj ainfi que le prtfent Arrangement, font mis f^us la Protection et Garantic de la Grande BrJtagne, de la France, dc I'Autriche, dcia Rulfie, de I'Efpagne, et.di.IaFrufTe. 7. La Neutralitc permsnente de rOrdre et de I'Ifle de M^lte, avec fcs Dcpendances, eft proclamJe, 8. Lts Ports de Malte feront puverts au Comijierce et ^ la Navigation dc toutes ies Nations, qui y payeront des Droits ogaux ec moil;rts. Ces Dioits feront apph'qu;s a I'Eutrelieo dc la Langue Maltaifc, commc il tft fp^citle dans le Paragraphe 3, a cclui des ^tablillcmcns Civils ct Militaire- "' ■; P4 i'lfle,. [ »«>4 3 liP" o^ the I/Iancl, and to that of a Laza- retto, open to all Flags^ , ,,-,,uj»r:'i -<'. . 9. The Barbary States are excepted frpjm llie ProviTion** of the Two pre- ceding Paragraphs, until by means of an Arrangemeut to be made by the concra£iij)g Parties, the Syftem of l-}o,ftility, which lubHils between the fdid Barbary SttUef, , the Oitler of St. John, and the PowcrB pofTf-fling Langiics, or talking Part in the Forma- tion of them, (liall be t«iriniuat«id. id. Thi' Order ftal! he governed, both in Spiritual and T.>inporal IVIat- tera, by the fame Statutes that were in force at tlic Time when the Knights quitted the Ifland, fo far as the fame fliall not be derogated from by the prcfcnt Treaty, 11. The Stipulations contained in Paragraphs 3, ?, 7, 8, and 10, fliall be converted into Laws and perpetual Statutes of the Order, in the cul- tomary IVIanner. And the Grand Mallear (or, if lie fhonid not be in the Ifland at '.he Time of Its Reftitution to the Order, his Rcptcfentative), as well as his Succeffors, fliall be bound to' make Oath to obferve them punctually. 12. His Sicilian Majefty fliall be Invited to fuvnifh Two thoufand Men, Na.tiyes of His Dominions, to fcrve as a Garrlfon for, the feveral Fortrcfles upon the Iflmd. This Force fliall remain there for One Year from the Pen'od of the Rcftitution of the Ifland to the jxnightb ; after the Expiration J) f which Term, if the Order of St. John fiiall nut, In the Opinion of the guarantying Powtr.', have ralfcd a lufficient Force to garrifnn the Ifland ancj its Dependencies, in the Man* nrr propofcd in Paragraph 5, the Neapolitan Truops fliall remain, until 7 < rifle, alnfi qu'i cclui d'un Lazareth ouvert^ tous les Pavilions. .> , . . 9. Les Etats Barbarefques font ex- cept s des Difpofitions des Deux Paragraphes precedents, jufqu'^ ce que par le Moyen d'un Arrangement que procureront les Parties contraftantes, le Syllcmc d'HoUilitc qui fubfiftc entre les dits Etats Barbarefques, rOrdre de St. Jean, et les Puiflances polT;dant des Langues, ou concourant h kur CompofitioD, alt ceifj. 10. L'Ordre fcra r'g?,' quant ad Sfiirituel et au Temporcl, par les rnfemes Statuts qui etaient en VIgueur lorfqiie le!» Chevaliers font fortis dc rule, autant qu'il n'y eft pas derogi par le prcfent Traitc. 1 1. Les Difpofitions conteniies dans les Paragraphes 3, 5, 7, 8, et 10, feront convertles en Doix .'t Statuts pcrpetucls de I'Ordre d.ms la Forme ufitce. Et le Grand Maitre (ou, s'il n'ctoit pas dans I'lfle au Moment, cil elle fera remife a I'Ordre, fon Rcprc- fentant), aiiifi que fes SuccelTeurs, feront ttnuts de faire Setmen( de les obfeiver ponducHement, 12. Si IVTajcft^ Sicilienne fera Invl- tie a fournir Deux mille Hommes, Natifs de Ses Etats, pour fervir de GarDlfondans lesdiff^rentes Fortereffes des dites Hltr. Ceite Force y reftera Un Au h dater de leur Reltitution anx Chevalieij; et fi ^ I'Expiration de ce Terme, I'Oidre n'avait pas encore levc la Force fuftil'ante, au Jugement dts Puiirmces garantes, pour fervir. de Garnifon dans I'llle et fes De- pendances, ti lie qn'tlle eft fp'cifiee (jans le Paragraphc 5, les Troupes Kapolitaines y rcfteront jufquy ce qu'cUcs foient jeniplactes par une autre ? I' I 205 ] iazareth the)' (halt be relievfd hj another Force, judged to be fufficient by the fald Powers. • 1;;^. The feveral Powers fpeclfied in Paragraph 6, videh'cet. Great Britain, France, Auilria, Raflla, Spain, and Pruflia, (hall be invited to accede to the prcfent Arrangement. autre Force jugje fuffifante par let dites PuilTanccs. 'V«> 13. Les difFi'-rcntes ParfTances de- figncea dans le Paragraphe 6, favoir, la Grandd Br-'tagne, la FranceV I'Autriche, la Ruflie, I'Efpagnc, et la Prufle, feront inrit^es k accedtfr tux prcfentC3 Stipulations. \' , "•" llO !l rj ^.i.'. jirtiek XI. '^- The French Forces (hall evacuate the Kingdom of Naples and the Ro- man Territory ; the Englifh lorces fhall in like Manner evacuate Porto Ferrajo, and generally all the Ports and IflandK which they may occupy in the Mediterranean or in the Adriatick. Article XII. The Evacuations, Cefllons, and Re- fticutions, ilipulated for by the pre- fent Treaty, e:;cept where otherwife exprcfsly provided for, (hah take place in Europe within One Month ; in the Continent and Seas of Ame- rica, and of Africa, within Three Months ; and in the Continent and Seas of Afia, within Six Months after the Ratification of the prefent De- finitive Treaty, Jnick 'nil, ' .'. in all the Cafes of Reftitution agff ed upon by the prefent Treaty, the Fortifications (hall be delivered np in the State in which they may have been at the Time of the Signature of the Preliminary Treaty ; and all the Works which ihill have been con- ftrufted fince the Occupation, (hall re- main untouched. r t^t' f Article Xr, i.;». ). Les Troupes Fran^aifes evacucront Ic Royaume dc Naples, et PEtat Re- main ; U'S Forces Anglaifes evacucront pareilleraent Porto Ferrajo, et geni- ralement tous lea Ports et Illes qu'elle* occuperaient dans la Mcditerranec ou dans I'Adriatique. o . 1... -uii ' . : ■ Jrliele XII. Les Evacuations, CefGons, et Refti- tutlons, ftipulties par le prufent Traitd, feront executes pour I'Europe dana le Mois} pour le Continent et lea Meis d'Amcriquc et d'Afrique dans les Trois Mois ; pour le Continent et les Mers d'Afie dans les Six Mois, qui fuivront la Ratification du prefent Traitt- D^finitif, excepte dans Ic Cas cii il y eft fpccialement dcroge. Ariicle XIII. Dans tous les Cas de Reflitulion convenue par le prefent Traite, les Fortifications (eront rendues dans I'Etat ou elles fe tronvaient au Moment de la Signature dts Preliminaires, cttous lea Ouvrages qui auronr ete conftruits di-puis rOccupalion relleront iutadls. It is further agreed, that in all the II cfl convenu en outre, (jue dans Cafes of CclTion ftipulated, there fliall tous les Cas de CelTion (^ipules, il fera be allowed to the Inhabitants, of allouc aux Habitans dc queUjuc Con- ' dition I ^06 1 11 •■!■ V mhtttfer Conditinn or Nation they way be, a Term of Three Ytari« to be computed from thfc Notification of tiii» prefent Treaty, for the Purpofc of dif- f>ofing of their Property acqu'tred and fjoiletlcd cither before or during the ■War, in which Term of Three Years they .may have the free Exercife of ■their Religion axid isnjoyment of their Property. ' The fame Prfvilegeis granted in the Countries reftored to all thofe, whether Ihhjfejtants or others, who fhaM have made therein any Eftablifliments what- Ibever during the Time whin thofe Cpu'ntrres were in the Poffeffion of Great Britain. "With refpeft to the lilhabitants of the Countries reftored or ceded, it is agreed tliat none of them fhall be pro- fecuted, diflurbed, or molefted in their Pcrfons or Properties under any Pre- text, on Account of their Conduit or political Opinions, or of their Attach- nient to any of the other contracting Towers, nor on any Account, except that of Debts contra6\ed to Individuals, <^j on Account of A6ls poRerior to the yvefent Treaty. jfrthle yilY. A'l Seqiieftrations impofed by any of the Parties' on the funded Property, Bevenues, or Debts of whatever De- fcription, belongiog to any of the con- {railing Powers, r,i to their Subjed^s or. Citizcps, fti.ill Ic taken of^" imme- diately Alter the Signature of this Defi- nitive Treaty. The Decifion of all Claims brouijht forwaid by Indivi- duals, the Subjects or Citizens of any of the contrai-.tiiig Powers refpeftively, agaiiifl hidividuals, Subjei^s or Citi- zens of any of the others, for Rights, Debt?, Property, or Eficfts whatfoever, whish^ according to received Ul'ages Litton ou N&tion <|n'll« fblcnt, tm T^rme de TroiB Ati^f.d 'Compter de U Notification du prf^fent Trait^v pour difpofcr de leurs Proprietea acqiiile* et poiYiditm fbit avant foit, pendant la Guorrc, dans lequel Tef medeTrois A n» lis pourront exercer libr^ipent laur Rjbi- iigion et jouir du leurs. Proprietes. La mime FacuHc eft accordee dans les Pays refiitues it tous ceux, foit 'Habitans ou autres, qui y auront fait dc» Etabhiremens quelconques pen- dant le Terns ou ces Pays ttaicnt poIFedes par la Grande Br6(agne. Quant aux Habitans des Pays refli- tucs ou cedes, il eft convenu qu'ducun d'eux ne pourra ^'tre pourfuivi,inquictc, ou trouble dans fa Pcrfonne ou dans fa Propricte fous aucun Prctexte, a Caufc de fa Conduite ou Opinion po- litique, ou de fon Attachement k aucune dcs Parties contra6tantes, ou pour toute autr: Raifon, fi ce n'ell pour les Dettes contraCtces envers des Individus, ou pour des Adles poflcriturs fau prefent Traite. JriiclcXlV. Tous les Scqueftres mis de Part et d'autre fur les Funds, Reveiius, et Crcanccs, de quelquc Efpecc qu'ils foient, appartenans a Tune des Puif- fances contra6lantes, ou X fes Sujets ou Citoyens, feront leves immediate- nicnt apres/. la Signature de ce Traitc Definitif. La Decifion de toutes Re- clamations cntre les Individus des Na- tions refiieflives poi:r Dettes, Pro- prictes, El^'ets ou Droits (picl«onques, qui confornicment auX Ufages re^us et au Droit des Gens, doivent cire le- pruduites h rEpocjue de la PaiX, fera rcnvoyee devaot les Tribunaux com- petens j as Fi^ W, mo [ loy ] lent, tm pter ttes, Pro- quctionques, Jfages requs vent etre le- PaiX, fera DUliaUX COITl- peteiis ; and the Law of rations-, ought to re- vive at the Period of Peace, (liall be heard and deridtd before competent Tribunals ; and in all Cafes prompt and ample fnftioc fball be adminifter- td. in the Countrica where the Claimj *fe made.'! < ' . - ■ .j J..- 'f ■, , ■ ' : • . .-.; . The FiHierieB on the Coaft of New- foundland, and of the adjacent lllanUa, and of the Gulph of St. Lawrence, are replaced on the fame Footing on which they were previous to the War ; the French Fifhermcn and the Inha- bitants of Saint Pierre and Miquelon fhall have the Privilege of cutting fuch Wood as they may ftand in Need of in the Bays of Fortune and Defpair, for the Space of One Year from the Date of the Notification of the prcfcnt Treaty. Jrtick XVI. In order to prevent ail Caufes of Complaint and Dilputc which may arife on Account of Prizes which may- have been made at Sea, after the Sig- nature of the Preliminary Articles, it is reciprocally agreed, that the Veffels and Eiffels which may have been ta- ken in the Britifti Channel, and in the North Sea, after the kjpace of Twelve Days, to be computed from the Ex- change of the Ratifications of the faid Preliminary Articles, (hall be reltored on each Side ; that the Term fliall be One Month from the Briliih Channel and the North Seas, as far as the Ca- narylUands inclufively, whether in the Ocean or in the Mediterranean ; Two Months from the faid Canary Ulands as far as the Equator; and lately, Five Months in all other Parts of the World, without any Exception, or any more particular Defciiplidn of Time or P^tce. petens ; et dtmcn Caill fera rendn ime promptc ct cntiirc Juftico dana le Pays o(i lea ReclttmatioiM feront faitoB r^fpedlivettient. , , , .1 f M •'- ' jlrfichXV. ■:■■■ ' Les Pechcries fur les Cotes de Tcr- reneuve, ct des Iflea adjaccntes, et dans Ic Golphe St. Laurent, font remffes fur le meme Pied ou ellcs ctaient avant la Guerre ; lea Pcoheurs Fran- cois de Terreneuve, ct les Habitan* des liles de St. Piet're et Miquelon^ pourront couper les Bois qui Icur feront necetfaircs dans les Bayes dcFortune et du Defefpoir, pendani la premiere Annce, a compter de la Notiticatioo du prefent Traite. Article XV J. Pour prcvenir tons les Sujets dc Flainte et de Gonteftation qui pwir- raient naltre 'A I'Occafion des Prifes qui auraient ete faites en Mer, apr^ la Signature des Articles PrcliminaJres» il eft reciproquement convcnu, que lea Vailfeaux et Etlcts qui pourraient avoir ele pris dans la Manche, et dans les Mers du Nord, apr^is I'Efpace de Douze Jours, a compter de I'Echaogc des Ratiticaiions des Articles Prelimi* naires, feront de part et d'autre refli- tues ; que le Terme fera d'lTn Mois depuis la Manche et les Mers du'Nord julqu'aux Illes Canaries inclu(ivement, foit dans I'Orean foit dans la Mcdite;- ranee ; de Deux Mois depuis les Ilies Canaries jufqu' a PEquateur ; et enfin, de Cinq Mois dans toutes les autres Parties du Monde, fans aucune Ex- ception, ni autre Diftinftion plus par- ticulicrc de Terns et de Lien. /frt'u-le IW [ 208 ] to: m )5 cr ^r/,- /.' xvir. y/r//V/^xvir. Th«5 Ambafladors, Minifleri, and other Agents of the contra6ling lowers, (hall enjoy rerpedively in theStai.s of the faid Powers, the fame Rank, Pri- vileges, Prerogatives, and Immunities, which pnblick Agents of the finie Clafs enjoyed previous to the War, Jriich XVIII. The Branch of the Home of NalTaii, which was eltablifhed in the Repub- lick formerly calltd the Republick. of the United Provinces, and now the Batavian Republick, having fufFered Lofles there, as welt in private Proper- ty as in confequence of the Change of Conftitution adopted in that Country, an adequate Compenfation (hall be procured for the faid Branch of the Koufe of Naflau for the faid Loff.s. Artble XIX. "The prefent Definitive Treaty of I'eacc is dt^clared common to the Sub- lime Ottoman Forte, the Ally to His Britannick Majefiy ; and the Sublime I'orte fliall be invited to tranfmit its A6\ of Acceffion thereto, in the fliort- fll Delay poflible. Article XX. It is agreed that the contracting Parties (h-ill, on Re(]uifitions made by them re(pe6tively,or by their Minifters or Officers duly authorized to make thi" fame, deliver up to Juftice, I'erfuns iccuied of Crimes of Murder, Forgery, or fraudulent Rdukruptry, cc nmilted within the Jurildiflion nf the requiring Partyj provided that this fjiall be done oi^ly when the Evidences of the Cri- minality ihall be fo authenticated as that the Lav.s of the Country where the Perfon fo acrufed fliall be found, would juftify his A]>jireheiilioii and Les Ambaflfadeurs, Minlftrcs, et autres Agents des PuiflTancet contrac- tantes jouiront refpedivemcnt dans les Etats des dites PuiiTa;.ces, des ni^mes Rangs, Privileges, Prerogatives, et Iramuiiites, dont jouiiTaient avant 1% Guerre les Agents de la mcme Clalle. ^/;/.V/^ XVIII. La Bianche de la Maifon de Naflaii, qui ctuit ctablie daiis la ci devant Re- publiqiie des Provinces Unies, adluel- lement la Rcpuhlique Batave, y ayant fait des Pcrtes tant en Propriett par- ticulicre que par le Chaogement de Conftitution adopte dans ce Pays, il lui fera procure une Compenfation cquivalentc pour les ditcs Fcrtes. uarlicle XIX. Le prefent Traite Dcfinitif de Paix efl declare commun a la Sublime Porte Ottomane, Allice de Sa Majefte Bri- tanniquc ; et la Sublime Porte fera invitee a tranfmettre fori A<5\e d'Ac- ceiTion dans le plus court Dclai poifible. Article XX. II eft convenu que les Parties con- tradtantes fur les Rcquifitions faites par ellcs refpeclivcmt n;, ou par leurs Min ftros ou Officiers dliement aiito- tilcs a ret EfltV, (eront ttnus de livrer en juflice les Perfonnts acculcts des Crimes de Mcurtre, de ralfificalion, ou Banquerouie fiauduleufe, commis dans la Jurifdi6lion dc la Parlle reque- rante j pourvu que cela ne (oit fait que lorlque I'L'.vidence du Crime fera fi bien conftatce q\ic Its Loix du I^icu ou Ton decouvrira la rerlonneainfi ac- cufce, auraient autorifc fa Detention €t ' iniflres, et :€» contrac- ent dans les des ni^mes )gativea, et It avant la me Clalie. ide Naflaii, devant Re- ries, a6\uel- ive, Y ayant oprictt par- igement de ce Pays, il ampeiiiation Pcrtes, itif de Paix iblime Porte lajefte Bri- Porte fera Aae d'Ac- ourt Dclai arlies con- itions faites ou par leurs ement aiito- lus (ie livrer acciileis dcs FalfitiiCaUon, ife, commis 'arl'ie reque- ne foil fait I Crime (era .oix (hi Iji(.u )iine ainfi ac- fu Dacntion ct [ 209 ] Commitment for Trial, if the OtFencc had been there committed. The Ex- pences of fiich Apprthenfion and De- livery (hail be borne and defrayed by thofe who make the Requifition. It is underilocl that this Article does not regard in any Manner Crimes of Mur- der, Forjrcry, or fraudulent Bankrupt- cy, committed antecedently to the Conclufion of this Definitive Treaty. ^rik/e XXr. The contra6ling Parties prnmife to obferve fincerdyand bunJ FuL all the Articles contained in the prefent Treaty j and they will not lut:ll.r the ' fame to be infringed, direftly or indi- rc6\ly, by their refpeAive Subjefts or Citizens ; and the faid contrafting Parties generally and reciprocally guaranty to each other all the Stipula- tions of the prefent Treaty. /irtlcl' XXII. The prefent Treaty fhall be ratified by the contrafting Parties in Thirty Days, or fooner if poilible, and the Ratifications fhall be exchanged in due Form at Paris. et fa Traduftion devant la Judice au cas que le Crime y eut cte commis. Les Fraix dc la Prife de Corps et la Tradurtion en Juftice feront ^ la Charge de ceux qui feront la Requl- fition. Bien entendu que c^i Article ne rcgarde en aucune Maniere les Crimes de Meurtre, de Faliificatiorn ou de Banqueroute frauduleufc:, com- mis antcrieurement ii la Conclufion de ce Traite Dcfinitif. Les Parties contrafkantes proracl- tent d'obferver fiiiccrenicnt et de bonne Foi tons les Articles contcnusau prefent Traite J et ellcs ne foufiViront pas qu'il y foit fait de Contravention, dire6lt; ou indirefts, par leurs Sujets ou Citoyens refpe^tifs ; et les fufdites Parties coiitratlantcs fe garantlflfent gcncralementet rcciproquemert toules les Stipulations du prefent Traite. Article XXII. Le prefent Traite fera ratific paries Parties contradtantes dans I'tfpace de Trentfe Jours, ou plutot fi faire fe peut, et les Ratifications en due Forme le- ront echaiigces a Paris. In Witnefs whereof, we, the vmder- En Foi de quol^ nous, fo'a»?gncs Ple- U'ritten Plenipotentiaries, have ligncJ nipoientiaires, avons figne do notre with our Hands, and in virtua of our ^lain, et en ver'u de nos Pleinpouvoirs ri'fpedive Full Powers, the prefent refpeftifs, le prefent XVaitc Dcfinitif, J3efinitive Treaty, and have ca.ifed et y avons fait appofer nos Cachets our refpedUve Seals to be iffixtd rcfpeiSlifs. thereto. ,. . Done at Amiens, the Twenty- fe- venth Day of March One thoufand eight hundred and two; the Sixth (ierminal, Year Ten of the French ilcpublick. (L. S.)COKNWALLIS. (L. S.) JOSEPH BONAHARTE. (L. S.) r. NICOLAS DE AZARA. (L. S.) R. J. SCHlMMELPtNMKCK. Fait a Amiens, le Ving-fept Mars, Mil huit cent deux; le Six Germinal, An Dix de la Rcpublique Fran';aile. (L. S.) CORNWALLIS. (L. S.> JOSKPii BONAPARTE. (L. S.) J. NICOLAS DE AZAP.A. (L,S.) R. J.SCliLM.tlliLPENNlNCK. ARTICLE [ 2IO 1 SEPARATE ARTICLE. 7 ARTICLE SE'PARE. C ^} It is agreed that the Omiifion of II eft convenu que rOmiflion qui Ibme Titles which may have tai liih and French Languages made Ufc of in all the Copies of the prefent Treaty (hall not form an Example, which may be alleged or quoted as a Precedent, or in any Manner prejudice the contradling Powers whofe liSn- g'lages have not been ufed ; and that for the future what has been obferved, and ought to be obferved, with Regard to, and on the Part of, Powers who are in the Practice and Pofleflion of giving and receiving Copies of like Treaties in any other Language, (hall be conformed with ; the prefent Trea- ty having neverthelefs the fame Force and Virtue as if the aforefaid Praiftice bad been therein obferved. Jn Witnefs whereof, we, the un- derwritten Plenipotentiaries of his Bri- tannick Majefty, of the French Re- publick, of his Catholick Majefty, and of the Batavian Republick, have (ign- cd the prefent feparate Article, and have cauled our relpedtive Seals to be affixed thereto. II eft egalement convenu que les Langues Anglaife et Fran9aire em- ployees dans tous les Exemplaires du prefent Traite, ne fourniront point un Excmple qui puiflfe etre allcguc, ni tircr k Confequence, ni porter Prejudice en aucune Mani^re aux PuiiTances con- tra£tantes dont les Langues n'unt pas ete employees ; et que Ton fc con- formera a I'avenir h ce qui a ete obferve, et doit etre oblervee, a I'Egard et de la Fart des PuiiTances qui font en Ufage et Pofleflion de donner et de recevoir des Exemplaires ^^s fcmblables Traites en une autre Lah- gue ; le prefent Trait6 ne laiflTant pas d'avoir la meme Force et Vertu que ft le fufdit Ufage y avait et6 obferv6. En Foi de quei, . ^us, fonffignes Plenipotcntiaires de Sa Majettc Bri- tannique, de la Republique Fran9aife, de Sa Majeftc Catholique, et de la Republique Batave, avons figne le pre- fent Article fepare, et y avons fait appofer nos Cachets refpedlifs. Done at Amiens, the Twenty-fe- Fait a Amiens, le Vingt-fept Mars venth Day of IMarch One thoufand Mil huit cent deux ; \f. Six Germinal, eight hundred and two; the Sixth An Dix de la Republique Fran^aife. Germinal, Year Ten of the French Rgpublick. (L.S.)C0RNWALL1S. (L. S,) JOSEPH BONAPARTE. (L. S.) 1. NICOLAS DE AZARA. (L. S.JR.J.SCHIMMELPENNINCK. (L.S.) CORNWALLIS. (L. S.) JOSEPH BONAPARTE, (L. S.) J. NICOLAS DE AZARA. (L. S.) R.J.SCHIMMELPENNIKCK, Wii^s and Taylor, Printerc,ChanCery-laiie. ,•, J- -I- <',v/paBi^'*,'-''!p«-'?..'!.t. iRE. )ini{non qui ^uelques Ti- e ne (era pas ices ou aux ■ i;<;- , I ,,j-, •' ;, renu que les ran^aife em- cmplaires du ont point un cguc, ni tirer Prejudice en ifTanccs con- ies n'ont pas Ton le con- :e qui a ete obiervec, a 'uiflances. q^i on de donner impJaires d?s e autre Lin- le laiflant pas :t Vertu que »t6 obferv6. IS, fonffigncs Majeilc Bri- ue Fran9aire, ue, et de la B (igne le pre- y avons fait eaifs. gt-fept Mars six Germinal, : Fran^aii'e. •ARTE, AZARA.