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 to 
 
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 Thin item ii filmed at the reduction ratio checlced below/ 
 
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 REPORT 
 
 ox THE 
 
 nSlIEKIES or NOVA SCOTIA 
 
 By THOMAS F. KXIOi.r, 
 
 ALTiioi: or ••xovA scoriA and ii:;it iiksuuiicks," (I'mzv; t-spav,; and 
 rAMriii.FT.s o.\ Tin: ri-iuanK.s or nova scotia. 
 
 15 Y At TIIOIJITY. 
 
 
 
 t^^-.^ 
 A 
 
 
 HALIFAX. N. S. 
 TRINTED IJY A. GRANT, 
 
 rrjKXER TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT aiAJESTV. 
 
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 .\. !•". i/nnllKTL' .... 
 
 S;iminl (lia.-c 
 
 'I'flrMra|ili 
 
 I.iicillr ( iirli- 
 Kaiiiiii' L. Nye .... 
 Tidal Wavf." 
 
 .'■■Illl^llilir 
 
 Ki-li ll;i\\l< 
 
 .loc 1 looki T 
 
 WvA ri.iiit 
 
 l.'rvlull 
 
 .AI."L. Wcllicivll . . . 
 
 Mary S. lliinl 
 
 Saura A. I loiM .... 
 Oliver Croiiiwi'll . . . 
 
 Cadet 
 
 Liiriiilout 
 
 U. K. AlWMiul 
 
 Alien P. IIii.'j_niis. . . 
 
 15. 1). Piiiiee'. 
 
 Indus (lioat) 
 
 Sea Spiay 
 
 Ocean ( leiii 
 
 Arizona 
 
 L(jtti(i F. r»ab.-:On. . . 
 
 Isaac AVallon 
 
 Aloniini: .Star 
 
 C. C. Dame 
 
 E. W. Merchaut . . . 
 
 Piay State . 
 
 Lancet 
 
 May (^ueon 
 
 Franklin Pierce . . . . 
 Commodore Foote. . 
 Eben Dale. ...... 
 
 We-l|iorl. Maine . 
 
 Dei'l' 1-le, dn . . . 
 NewliiiryiMiil. .Ma- 
 
 .Salem d'l. 
 
 ( lloiiee-ter, do. 
 
 l)u. do. 
 
 Do. (1( » . 
 
 Do. do. 
 
 PiO-ton, i\n . 
 Pl'n\ inei'liiwii. d(i. 
 
 ( llmiec-ler. (111. 
 
 Dn. do. 
 
 Iio,»loii, do. 
 
 (Jloueester, do. 
 
 I laMinniilli, In. 
 
 Wellllee! (!m. 
 
 (iloiiee ■ .•, do. 
 
 lliiiLdiam. do. 
 
 Do. I in. 
 
 Gloiiee>ti'i. In. 
 
 I Do. no. 
 
 ! Do. do. 
 
 ' Do. do. 
 
 Xnrlli ilascn. Me 
 
 ( iln^lel•^tel•, Ma.-- . 
 
 ( 'lialliain, 
 
 ( ilonee--lel-, 
 
 Xaiitiiekel, 
 
 ( iloiieester. 
 
 Do. 
 Xarwii'li, 
 AVellileet. 
 
 Dn. 
 
 Proviiieetown. (h> 
 
 Newliiiryport, do 
 
 iGIoiicc.-iler, do 
 
 Do. do 
 
 Do. dn 
 
 Do. do 
 
 Ca.-iine, .Maine . . 
 Oloucester, 3Ias.s 
 
 Do.... 
 
 Do.... 
 
 Do.... 
 
 Do. . . . 
 
 Da.. .. 
 
 Do.... 
 
 Do. . . . 
 
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 do. 
 
 13;i ^lorninn; Star. 
 140 Farragiit . . . . 
 iH W. K. Pa.rc. 
 
 . ( lenl'LTe P. ( 'olliV . . 
 
 , iA. '1''. Hardy. .'. . . 
 > Fraiiei- .Iiiiivriii . . . 
 
 . l-a.ie 1'. .Mnr-e... . 
 
 . (ieorjic W. Ailaiii.s. 
 . N. MiKimny .... 
 
 . .laim - lirow n 
 
 . Tlioma- ( Irady . . .j 
 
 .'AH'ivd li.dl ! 
 
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 L. Ilnl.h^ • 
 
 . .Inlni i; llimley . . 
 . F. L. Xeweninl). . . ' 
 . Geoi'.'i. C. .Inhiison 
 
 .'p. (iiir.rd I 
 
 . .Inlin '■',. Ke'iip. . . 
 . M. Wlielaii ; 
 
 U. W, I.aird . ...' 
 
 .'.^. I). Pirh 
 
 . ( ieor'.^e S. IJni^ers . j 
 . 1.. N. .MrFeall. ...' 
 . Oliver 'I'linina.s. ... 
 . S. Jelleivy 
 
 . V,'. v. Px'veraj^e . . 
 , X McKinnev .... 
 
 . J. F. Wi\om 
 
 . llarvev Kiiowltmi. 
 
 . 1!. .M.'rripi. 
 
 (icorue 11. Clarke. 
 , Cliaiie- 11. Xiiti; . . 
 . Al)i-Iia Dnaiie .... 
 . X. P. Hi--in^ ... . 
 
 . F. K. Alwnixl 
 
 . Z. Pi.'i, 
 
 . K. K^an- 
 
 . ,]. DanieN 
 
 . ^ViIIianl Faiireiiee. 
 . William Cineiileat'. 
 
 .;l{. 1). Terry 
 
 . jjame.s "NV. Faton. . 
 
 . II. R. Smith 
 
 . Wm. K. GoiiUl . . . 
 
 William Walsh . . . 
 
 . William riiomas . . 
 
 . (!eor<re F. Forest. . 
 
 . -M. Su-v</ns 
 
 . William Dt'iiqisev. 
 . James S. P.ell . .". . 
 
 ('.2 
 3'.i 
 ■10 
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 21 
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 71 
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 T I 
 
 Do .To^ieph Martin , 
 
 Do John Power. . , 
 
 Eastport, Maine. . . W. Mulloeh, 
 
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 3;i 00 
 
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 311 00 
 
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 74 oO 
 
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 02 00 
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 48 oO 
 40 00 
 39 00 
 
 48 00 
 53 00 
 
 49 00 
 
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 40 00 
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 Tdiis. 
 
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 (iloiK'fstcr. ]\Ia>.s 
 Do.. .. 
 
 :rK»otli lliiv, ]M;iiii 
 ! Do. ' do. 
 
 ( Hoiu'okt, jM;i-.-. 
 
 142 .Charles AV. Brown 
 
 143 'Areola 
 
 144 'C. V. Miiiot Wcstnort. :\raiii(' 
 
 14") George lVaI)0(ly . . . (Jloiice.-tcr, INIa 
 140 |Aliee M. (ioiild... 
 
 147 Telecrraiili 
 
 14H Cliar-er 
 
 Mi) Centre Point 
 
 15(» G. G. Kid.ler , 
 
 lol 'Andrew •lolnisoa . . . 
 1.V2 William li. Tluirslon 
 
 1.").') Wiluiileer 
 
 1;VI fsiae Somes 
 
 li)') Laura T. Chester. . . Truro. ^Fa--. . . , 
 
 lo(> Vision , . Illiniiiiaiu. Ma-- 
 
 157 l''lyinti; .Mi-t iGlouce-lir. do, 
 
 l.")S l^a-lern Clipin'r. . . . l\Vcst|iort, .Alaini 
 
 lo'.» Archer 
 
 1(10 Oeean LoiIlh* Gloiieesler. ^la 
 
 ini Wcallieriruai^e . . 
 
 I('i2 Ann Maria 
 
 K;;; it. r>. Stanwood. 
 1() 1 Fashion.. ...... 
 
 K;,") Ahl.y IMorse 
 
 1 (il'i Prima Donna ... 
 
 1(17 Chaparral 
 
 IGM Kliza Jane. ... 
 
 H. A. .lohnson. . 
 Iiiversdale ..... 
 Kllcn Frances . . 
 Tra\erse 
 
 Kl'J 
 17" 
 171 
 172 
 17;) 
 
 P.. C. Cook 
 
 \\. T. Torrev. . . . 
 
 A. L. Coll.v'. 
 
 U. IMiikham 
 
 e. John (iould 
 
 Isaae Tlulehin- . . . . 
 Wni. II. Tlnn>ton . 
 
 Do TimotliN' Orlir . . . . 
 
 Do G.'i rire'M. Ueid . . 
 
 Do William MeDrllan. 
 
 Do lames 'rhdrlmrn.. . 
 
 Do I. r.. Smith 
 
 Do A. C. AdauK 
 
 F. Cohl) 
 
 1{. D. C^)!. 
 
 .S. Niekci'-on 
 
 William 1). P.arler. 
 
 jSoutlqiorl. do.... CIe<ir,:^i' AV. Pierec . 
 
 Alexander Smith. . 
 
 Do V. C. 'I'homas 
 
 Do I. J. Collin 
 
 Do A. J. 1 lannnond. . , 
 
 Do lohn J'cler-on . . . , 
 
 \'inal Haven, Ale. . F. J. llopkin-. .. . 
 
 'Southport, do. . . A. F. vSmall 
 
 St. George, do. . . T. ll.Trr] 
 
 Gloucester, Mass. .III. M. Collins. . . . 
 
 l)o .\lon/o IIoH>rook. , 
 
 Do '.hilm Scott 
 
 Do Laurence iMeney. 
 
 Island, Ale. I Freeman (iott. .. , 
 
 Swan 
 
 North Haven, do. 
 
 'F. Thoma- 
 
 David llrown, jimr. . 
 
 171 Fldorado !(iloucester, ALiss. 
 
 17") Sarah F. >«ii:htingale'Fastport, Alaine. . 
 17(1 Ivohcrt Fmmel iGIoucester, Alass. 
 
 177 Fmpire State Do 
 
 178 T. L. Alayo Do 
 
 17'.) Afary Lizzi(> ' Westporl, Alaine . 
 
 ISI) Sai'ah F. i>abson. . . iPortsniouth, X.II. 
 
 181 lAnios Cutter |(iloucester, Mass. 
 
 182 'Frederick L. "Webb. |I!ooih Pay, Alaine 
 18;> Alartha A. Porter . . iGloucesteV, Alass. 
 
 18 1 !Fxi)ress .. I Do Richard Alurphy. 
 
 18,1 (Jooil Templar. . . . iPortlaml, Alaine . . T. I). "Woodbury. 
 18(1 I'aierL'v kilouce-ter, Ala.-s. . .lames r)rown. . .. 
 
 187 Poirer'WiirKuns Do S. AV. Smith 
 
 188 John AVeslry IJockport, Alass. . . C. C. Poole 
 
 If^'J Alarv P>. Dver Welllleet, do W. O. Pur\.re . . 
 
 Glouecstei', do. . . . A. T. AVebber . . . 
 l>ri-tol. Alaine .... 'riio-. Alcl'^arlane. 
 
 jPobert AIcLean. . 
 
 |G. W. llilyard... 
 Hugh Foley . . . . 
 
 ISlephen Smilh . . . 
 
 ■L F. Critchet ... 
 
 C. P.. Jewett 
 
 F. Tarhon 
 
 A. F. York 
 
 l)ani(d Greeideal". 
 1). Inu-er-oll 
 
 ll»(l Sanuiel K. Sawyer. . 
 
 lin Twill-ht 
 
 192 ALir^arel 
 
 Gloucester, Alass. . P. F 
 
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 SI oo 
 
 10 
 
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 L'7 
 
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 « 
 
 IX 
 
 No. 
 
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 Miwtcr. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Hnto 
 
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 Ton. 
 
 Total. 
 
 io;3 
 
 ^^oIllltaill Laurel. . . 
 
 Iiristu!, Elaine .... 
 
 P.. MeFarlane ....1 
 
 50 ; 
 
 $1 00 
 
 $50 0(T 
 
 191 
 
 Daeoiah 
 
 Glouce.-ter. ^Nfass. . 
 
 lleiirv Williams. . . 
 
 :.i j 
 
 " : 51 00 
 
 i:):» iTli.imas Hunt 
 
 Do 
 
 J.inie- Toliiii . . . . ■ 
 
 Gl 
 
 ,4 ' 
 
 Gl 00 
 
 I'.M'i (iolijcii Ivii^lc 
 
 Deer L-le. .Alaine. . 
 
 A. S\\C(l/er . . . . 
 
 41 ' 
 
 
 11 00 
 
 11)7 :II. Atwoc.d 
 
 Wellll-. t, Mass . . . 
 
 S. I'"o-|er 
 
 (;i 1 
 
 .' 
 
 Gl 00 
 
 i:»S Ili-lilaiul L:i.<^ 
 
 Dicr I>le. M;'.ine. . 
 
 • lames W. .lordaii . 
 
 50 i 
 
 " ' 50 00 
 
 I'.l!) 
 •_>( )( ) 
 
 Oid Ciiad 
 
 l)Ooth IJay, do. . . . 
 IJremeii, do. . . 
 
 L. .MeClintoek....' 
 H. C. Harris 
 
 tS " is 00 
 
 Aniiij' Harris 
 
 52 ; •• ! 
 
 52 00 
 
 L'oi S. A. Paikluiivi... . 
 
 Glouee-ter, ^lass. . 
 
 .V. Sh vere.' 
 
 ■ ) I 
 
 
 51 00 
 
 L'0;5 
 
 Fannie \\ 
 
 Do 
 
 North Haven. Me . 
 
 Mark Sweeney ... 
 10. Alexander 
 
 5;; " ; 
 
 47 : '' : 
 
 5;i 00 
 
 ShootiiiLC Star 
 
 17 00 
 
 204 ; James S. Aver 
 
 (llouee-ti T. Mas.s. . 
 
 Samuel Kiues .... 
 
 5G , •• 1 
 
 5G 00 
 
 205 'Lizzir WilliaiiKs 
 
 Camden, Maine. . . 
 
 F. C. Coo|ier 
 
 51 : '• 1 
 
 51 00 
 
 20(5 ,I..l. r.iin.^ 
 
 (ilouee.-ter. 3Iass. . 
 
 .lohii Me!)onald. . . 
 
 53 
 
 .. 
 
 53 00 
 
 207 Will. II. h'avinoiul. . 
 
 Do 
 
 II. Iliitehiiis 
 
 70 i 
 
 '• 1 
 
 70 00 
 
 20S Kit/ K. Hi-;:s . .. . 
 
 1) 
 
 Nieholas Mnrpliy. . 
 
 49 , 
 
 *. 
 
 49 00 
 
 2011 Flora 'rciiiiilu 
 
 Do .... 
 
 John F. .Saunders.. 
 Robert Cooper. . . 
 
 50 ' 
 
 '• 
 
 50 00 
 
 210 A'la A. Five 
 
 Xorth Haven, Me.. 
 
 52 '. 
 
 52 00 
 
 211 liLiia 
 
 l)iistol, ilo. . 
 
 W. II. .MePae.... 
 
 49 '• 
 
 49 00 
 
 212 (it'oi'L'c F. Keen . . . 
 
 riiTiiien, do. . 
 
 .MMhn Keen 
 
 G3 : '• 
 
 G;; 00 
 
 21;; .1. 15. WoiKlhury... • 
 
 Portland, do. . 
 
 .lohn P>. Woodbury 
 
 49 j '• 
 
 49 0(» 
 
 21 1 Ciiv I'.iiiit 
 
 Do 
 
 .lohii Fi-her 
 
 53 ' '• 
 
 53 00 
 
 21.') .lolm Pew 
 
 Swan's I-laii'l, ilo. , 
 
 F. .M. Staples .... 
 
 40 i '• 
 
 40 00 
 
 2 It; Daniel Wcli-^tcr. . . . 
 
 (lloiieiwter. Ma>s. . 
 
 (ieoru'e .SheriiKUi. . 
 
 52 i " 
 
 52 00 
 
 217 ,(;<.l(lrll IJllK" 
 
 SwanV Maud. :Me. 
 
 P.. .1. Staples 
 
 42 ' '• 
 
 42 00 
 
 21.S Flyiii,!.r Fi>li 
 
 (iloiieester, .Mass. . 
 
 .loliii F. Thom]t~on 
 
 57 
 
 fci 
 
 57 00 
 
 2111 Aiiiiie I'lcciiiaii . . . . 
 
 P.oolh Ba\, i\Io.. . . 
 
 .AI. K<id 
 
 (;5 
 
 
 <;5 00 
 
 220 .Jainis <;. Tan- 
 
 (.jlouee-ler. Mass. . 
 
 U. .1. Peeves 
 
 70 
 
 70 00 
 
 '^■'1 Li/z'ie F. Cluiatc 
 
 Do 
 
 .1. W. Collins. . .. 
 
 71 
 GI 
 
 71 00 
 
 222 'a. INI. Na^li 
 
 P.ootli P.;iv. :\Ie.. . . 
 
 C. C. Thomp.son . . 
 
 " ' Gl OO 
 
 22;; Mai'v F. Kieli 
 
 Proviiieeiown.aMa.-.- 
 
 F. W. Colib 
 
 (;8 
 
 
 GS 00 
 
 221 
 22,". 
 
 Look ( )ut 
 
 Portland, Me 
 
 (!louee>ter, ]Ma<^. . 
 
 ^Milton Lihbey . , . 
 Paul Hill/ 
 
 4S 
 59 
 
 
 IS (10 
 
 Hal lie S. Clark.. . 
 
 59 00 
 
 22() Kiiiir Fisher 
 
 Soullqiort. Me .... 
 
 J. P. Hod-don.... 
 
 4G 
 
 
 4G OO 
 
 227 ;(.^»iieeu nf the Fleet. 
 
 Do 
 
 M. T. Picwer 
 
 59 
 
 - 
 
 59 00 
 
 228 'Airarala 
 
 Cioueester, .Mass . . 
 
 .Samuel T. Kowe. . 
 
 45 
 
 
 45 00 
 
 221) 
 230 
 
 Willie (i 
 
 Soiilh|iort, 3Ie 
 
 ^Ve^t|lol•t, Me.. . . 
 
 S. L. Hodplou . . . 
 n. F. .lewett 
 
 49 
 54 
 
 
 19 00 
 
 Je'imii! AriiHtronu; . . 
 
 51 00 
 
 231 Leonard Melvenzie. 
 
 [(Jluueostur, Mass. . 
 
 Samuel iMerehant.. 
 
 55 
 
 
 55 00 
 
 232 !A. C. Woodbury . . . 
 
 Do 
 
 (ico. AV. Whelan. . 
 
 (;2 
 
 
 (;2 00 
 
 2;53.Kiiij:leader 
 
 Provineetown, do. . 
 
 .Io>epli Pinekney. 
 
 k; 
 
 
 k; 00 
 
 234 l]{. F. Hieh 
 
 Do 
 
 .lohn P.. P.angs . . . 
 ,1. ];iatehror(l 
 
 59 
 35 
 
 
 59 00 
 
 23.) Charles IMlarrett. . 
 
 'dlouecster. do. . 
 
 35 00 
 
 23() Sniiiiiel Wonsoii . . . . 
 
 Gloueester, ^lass , . 
 
 .Io~e[ih 31. Poarsc . 
 
 45 
 
 " ; 45 00 
 
 237 Colonel Ellsworth . . 
 
 ! Do 
 
 ( leorp' Pol'iiison. . 
 
 g;5 
 
 J 
 
 (;;> 00 
 
 2.3s William liali>on 
 
 Do 
 
 .John S. Jamiesoii. . 
 Daniel I)ou'_das. . . 
 
 4G 
 71 
 
 '. 
 
 IG (M) 
 
 230 Julia Parsons 
 
 Do 
 
 71 00 
 
 240 lAIonte/unia 
 
 Heverlev. Ma-s. . . 
 
 Daniel W. Lowe. . 
 
 54 
 
 
 51 00 
 
 241 :IIi-hlaiid(.>mTU . . 
 
 ;W(tolwi(li, ]M;iiiie. . 
 
 (1. P. Dnntoii 
 
 48 
 
 
 48 00 
 
 242 Colorado 
 
 X;iouee.-ter. ]\Iass. . 
 
 Will. J. Po'i^ers . . . 
 
 53 
 
 
 53 00 
 
 243 Fred Uiinkir 
 
 Ciijtiiie, Miihie. . . . 
 
 Jorieph Duiilttir . . . 
 
 Gl 
 
 
 Gl 00 
 
X 
 
 No. 
 
 Xamo of Vessel, 
 
 I'ort. 
 
 Blaster. 
 
 214 
 245 
 
 24G 
 247 
 248 
 249 
 250 
 251 
 252 
 253 
 254 
 255 
 25G 
 257 
 258 
 259 
 2G0 
 
 J. H. Nicker.-on . . . 
 John Qiiincy Adam 
 Delia Miiria. . . 
 Live Yankee. . 
 Laura Sayward 
 Georg(! S. Low. 
 General Scott . 
 Lida and Lizzie 
 
 Camilla 
 
 Sojjln'onia 
 
 Henry Ellsworlh 
 
 Mas:?ena 
 
 Marshal Ney . . 
 Sarah E. Snow. 
 H. C. Tar.-^ons . 
 C. C. rettinj;ill 
 William J. Dale 
 
 Gloucester, Mai 
 
 Do... 
 
 Do... 
 
 Do... 
 
 Do . . , 
 
 Do... 
 Provincetown, Mar^-^ 
 
 Portland. JMc 
 
 I'rovincetown, Mass 
 Gloucester, Mass . 
 
 D<j ' 
 
 Do I 
 
 Provincelown, jMas? 
 Gloucester, IMuss. . ! 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 J. n. Nickerson 
 
 Thomas Watson 
 William Lear}'. 
 Peter Thompson 
 S. II. Williams 
 
 Z.Tarr 
 
 S. N. Iluf^hes. , 
 Jolm Frcllick. . 
 John I J. Cooper 
 William Fanton 
 Peter Deli'. . . . 
 Georjre 11. Davi 
 E. W. Lomhard 
 
 W. Osier 
 
 Patrick I'oak. . 
 Uohert Allen. . 
 David A. O.-ier 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Rate 
 
 ..I,"''" 
 Jon. 
 
 oG 
 
 50 
 
 4G 
 
 4G 
 
 58 
 
 52 
 
 55 
 
 47 
 
 44 
 
 52 
 
 5." 
 
 51 
 
 3! 
 
 4.^ 
 
 4: 
 
 1( 
 
 55 
 
 53 
 
 51 
 
 39 
 
 48 : 
 
 42 ! 
 
 4G ! 
 
 ei 00 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 (. 
 
 it. 
 
 ii 
 il 
 
 a 
 
 Total. 
 
 85 G 
 
 50 
 4G 
 4(5 
 58 
 52 
 55 
 47 
 44 
 
 51 
 
 39 
 48 
 42 
 4G 
 55 
 
 13432 
 
 Total amount collected to date : 'riiiricen t]iou?and. four hundred and thirty-two dollars 
 
 VINCENT J. WALLACE, 
 
 Collector. 
 
 Custom Office, Port INluliinive. K S..| 
 lOlh Oct., 1807. ^ ) 
 
 V 
 
ito 
 
 Total. 
 
 jn. 
 
 
 00 
 
 $dO 
 
 
 oO 
 
 
 4() 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 58 
 
 
 52 
 
 
 55 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 44 
 
 
 52 
 
 
 5:} 
 
 
 51 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 4(; 
 
 
 55 
 
 i;j4a2 
 
 vo dollars. 
 
 \CE, 
 
 Collector. 
 
 I 
 
 OS 
 
 
 <V5 
 
 OS 
 
 <2> 
 
 at 
 
 OS 
 
 
 
 'fe 
 
 e 
 s 
 o 
 
 S 
 
 < 
 
 a 
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 'A 
 
 C5 
 
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 00 
 
 XI 
 
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 o o o 
 
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 =y> 
 
 1-1 o 
 
 1--^ 
 
 '."5 
 
 X 
 
 Ci —1 
 
 l^ 
 
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 c 
 
 o 
 
 'A 
 
 o 
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 5 
 
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 ft 
 
 
 
 Si Ph 
 
 o 
 
 = ^ rt 
 
 K W 
 
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 ;S H 
 
 
 
 t^ --j; ~ 'O 
 
 1,-5 r-i 
 
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 CTl 
 
 1^ 
 o 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 5 
 
 I— t 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 ►. 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 va 
 
 'J 
 
 3 
 
 ■-« 
 
 
 
 1-5 
 
 
 
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 <M 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ='B 
 
 
 T-i 
 
 <N 
 
 cv 
 
 ■■S' 
 
 o 
 
 ^;5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OO 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
li 
 
 li 
 
 XU 
 
 Stata,cnt of Fislnng Licenses issued to United States Vessels at Fort Rood 
 
 durmg the year 1807. 
 
 Name of Vo.-si'l. 
 
 Uwiicrs. 
 
 I'ort. 
 
 Gloucester, Mass . 
 
 Fraiiklyn Snow ' Joseph Smith ,. 
 
 ^'■"^ '"^''"' i Miehael Daniel . . . ' IJooth Bav 
 
 J. G. Craig ! J. G. Craig 
 
 Flying Cloud William (Jamn.on . 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Uatc por 
 
 Ton. 
 
 Total. 
 
 c;<; jSi.oo 6GG 00 
 
 Portland 
 
 Gloucester, Mass. 
 
 ■10 
 
 77 
 o!) 
 
 212 
 
 40 00 
 77 00 
 ;j9 00 
 
 1242 00 
 
 Tort Hood, October 2, 1 8 07. 
 
 i;i)WJ). I). TREMAIN, Issuer. 
 
 The officers authorised to issue Licenses at the Torts of Ynrmouth and North 
 Sydney report that they have issued no Licenses in 1.C7. No reports have been 
 received from the officers at Pictou and Plaister Cove. 
 
 T. F. KNIGHT. 
 
 Halifax, 5th November, lbG7. 
 
T 
 
 Port Hood 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 fc por 
 'oil. 
 
 Total. 
 
 .00 
 
 6CG 00 
 
 . . . . 
 
 40 00 
 
 . . . . 
 
 77 00 
 
 
 59 00 
 
 
 242 00 
 
 N, Issuer. 
 
 and Nortii 
 have boon 
 
 NlUIIT. 
 
 I 
 
 REPORT. 
 
 To the Hon. Peter liliTCiiELL, 
 
 Minister of Marine, and Fisheries 
 
 Of the Zfominion of Canada. 
 
 Sm, — In undertaking to report to you upon tlic Fisheries of Nova Scotia, 
 it must bo evident that little more is rc(iuired from me, than to go over the 
 ground taken uj) by my two pamphlets on tliis subject, so recently published, 
 entitled "• The Shore and Deep Sea Fislicries," and " The River Fisheries," 
 both of which contain the most recent information. Those pamphlets are full 
 of detail, and comprehensive in the topics they embrace. I shall now endeavor 
 to present, in a narrower compass, the main facts which those pamphlets 
 contain, giving most prominence to those points, the discussion of Avhich may 
 further the work of legislation for the Fisheries, to which you purpose to 
 invite the attention of Parliament. 
 
 The Fisheries of Xova Scotia are of immense moment to this section of the 
 Dominion. Being a peninsula, it lies open to the ocean nearly throughout its 
 whole coast ; and it is in immediate proximity to the richest fishing grounds 
 of Xortli America. Its rivers are numerous ; most of tb.em of considerable 
 size ; and are admirably adapted to be the home of the salmon and other fish 
 which frequent the northern rivers of this continent. 
 
 The Legislature of Nova Scotia has at different times instituted inquiry into 
 the condition of its Sea Fisheries. In the Journal of 1887 (Appendix No. 75) 
 will be found an able report of a conuuittee appointed to consider tlic con- 
 dition and prospects of the fisheries, founded on interrogatories submitted to 
 the most intelligent commercial men engaged in tlie fisheries throughout the 
 Province ; and in subsequent Journals of almost every year, down to 1854. 
 the subject of the flslieries lias a prominent place in the form of Ilei)ortsi f 
 Committees, or correspondence with the Uritish Government, or Reports 
 of the commanders of cruisers employed in the protection of the fislicries. 
 Since 1854, in which year was concluded tlic Reciprocity Treaty with the 
 United States, the subject of the fislicries has occupied but little scrutiny from 
 either tlie Legislature or the community generally. Tiie improved markets 
 which the treaty created for our export of fish to the L^nited States, rendered 
 them in the whole prosperous ; and if defects existed in the preparation of 
 fish for export, they were not perceived, or if perceived were not considered of 
 any great importance. Since the repeal of the treaty, we have suffered great 
 disadvantage in the United States markets, owing to the return to a scale of 
 high duties ; but in whatever degree this reverse may have been disastrous to 
 individuals engaged in particular fisheries, the total exports are but little 
 afifected by it. 
 
 The River Fisheries have also enjoyed a share of the notice ofthe Legis- 
 lature. So rapid was the decline of the river fisheries of Nova Scotia 
 that the Legislature passed an act in the session of 1853 to arrest their 
 destruction by stringent laws. This act contained more rigorous penalties; 
 
 WlUHatt. 
 
2 
 
 cstablislicd the system of close time ; and included the appointment of War- 
 dens in every County to see that the provisions of this act were carried out ; to 
 appoint deputies, and to institute a general oversight of the fisheries. Such a 
 deplorable condition of the valuable rivers of Nova Scotia which had a few 
 years before teemed with the choicest fish, does the documents furnished to 
 the Government in this year reveal, that no language can ade(|uately describe 
 it. The examination of every important river and stream in tlie Province by 
 the wardens and their deputies, and the enforcement of the law, even partially, 
 could not fail to initiate a new era in the history of our river fisheries. A 
 gentleman whose name has long been associated with otir Inland Fisheries, 
 was at this time appointed Supervisor for the County of Halifax. His sugges- 
 tions to the Government were considered to be of great practical importance, 
 and he was subsequently employed in several visits of inspection of the river 
 fisheries throughout different sections of the Province. We owe to the enthu- 
 sia'^tic lal)or, in no small degree, of Captain William Chearnley that our valu- 
 able river fishes have not ere this been utterly exterminated. Tiic committeo 
 of the Legislature to whom were referred the reports of the Fishery Wardens, 
 rej)ort to the house in the following year : " We are inclined to believe that 
 this subject has hitherto occupied too small a share of public attention ; that 
 its importance has been undervalued, and that the policy of the Legislature in 
 the laws it has passed on the subject, has been little understood or appreciated." 
 This committee manifested so deep an interest in the subject before them, that 
 they gathei'cd from authentic sources much valuable information concerning the 
 habits of the salmon and the manner of artificial propagation, and the answers 
 to questions submitted to experienced persons, all of >vhich was embodied in a 
 pamj»hlet and published by the Government. The solicitude which the Legis- 
 lature had evinced during three successive years, seems now to have abated, 
 since in the short space of two years the whole legislation respecting these (isiicries 
 and their supervision, seems to have been refcrrtd to the County Sessions. 
 The Sea Fisheries rank first in importance ; and to these 1 will address my- 
 self first in order. 
 
 L SHORE AND DEEP SEA FISHERIES. 
 
 Nova Scotia ranks first among the Provinces of the Dominion in her Sea 
 Fisheries. While New Brunswick exports in jiroducts of the sea to the 
 amount of over 8300,000, and Canada to the amount of ii^600,000, Nova Scotia 
 has exported everv year, with little variation, for the last twelve years, to tho 
 amount of ^S^OOO^OOO. 
 
 These Fisheries arc prosecuted along the coast-line of Nova Scotia, on the 
 nearest banks, and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Along the coast-line of 
 Nova Scotia, from St. Mary's Bay to the Bay of Fundy, eastward to Cape 
 Canseau, and for a considerable distance along the Cajie Breton coast, there is 
 a bank or ledge, frr^n five fathoms, or less, to fifty fathoms soundings, and 
 which extends into the ocean at a distance varying from five miles to twenty 
 miles, or more. This ledge is the feeding-ground of the cod ; and the herring 
 and mackerel herd in its waters. This bed or i)lateau, in its length and 
 breadth, embraces within its limits our valuable shore fishery. Besides this 
 fishing ground, there are the numerous fishing banks which exist further out 
 into the ocean, the size and form of each being distinguished by the marked 
 diflerence in the soundings from those of tho surrounding water. The 
 
3 
 
 of War- 
 
 l out ; to 
 Such a 
 d a few 
 lislicd to 
 duscrlbo 
 )vinco by 
 partially, 
 irios. A 
 c^islierios, 
 s sugges- 
 I)ortaucc, 
 the river 
 le cnthu- 
 3ur valu- 
 ^mmittco 
 ^Vardcus, 
 icvo that 
 on ; that 
 lature in 
 cciatcd." 
 icm, that 
 riling the 
 answers 
 [:licd in a 
 le Legis- 
 abated, 
 fisheries 
 Sessions, 
 ress my- 
 
 icr Sea 
 
 to the 
 
 a Scotia 
 
 i, to the 
 
 on the 
 
 t-line of 
 
 .0 Cape 
 
 there is 
 
 gs, and 
 
 twenty 
 
 lerring 
 
 th and 
 
 Ics this 
 
 er out 
 
 narked 
 
 The 
 
 
 «:oundings vary ; in some banks from five fathoms to sixty fathoms, in others 
 from twenty to fifty, and in others from forty to sixty. The most westward ly 
 bank to which our fishermen repair is St. George's IJank. This bank lies 
 aliout eighty miles southwest of Cape Sable, and being of largo extent, is a 
 favorite resort of the fishermen from the United States. Next we have 
 Lallave Bank, situated about sixty miles from the harbour of Shelburiie, which 
 is some sixty miles in length. There is a smaller bank, called Roseway 
 J>ank, aliout midway lietwceu LalJave Ijnnk and the shore. Sable Island 
 Bunk extends south and west from Sable Island, extending westward nearly 
 one hundred miles. Sambro Bank, about fifty miles from Sambro Light- 
 liDUse, is a small bank of only ten miles long; it is constantly resorted to by 
 fishermen from Samliro and its vicinity. Next we have Canseau Bank, thirty 
 miles in length, situate about twenty miles from Cape Canso. The last of 
 these treasuries of the deep that deserve notice is the Bank Quereau, seventy 
 miles south-east of Caj)e Canso, the north-east point of which approaches nigh 
 to i^ank St. Pierre. This fertile bank is one hundred and forty m'.les long, 
 and its widest part is one hundred and ten miles. Its northern extremity is 
 called Mizen Bank. 
 
 Our " Bankers " range from thirty to one hundred tons, and average eight 
 iiuni each. They go to sea from l.st A[)ril to 1st May, and continue cod- 
 fishing on the various banks until about the 10th June. These "Bankers'* 
 f^onietimes take halibut in large quantities, mostly on Sable Island Bank and 
 Lallave Bank; but these fish are decreasing in numbers. In June or July 
 they proceed to the coast of Cai)e Breton, and thence to Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 The cod they take on the banks are fine, thick, well-fed fish, but being cured 
 in bulk are inferior to the carefully-cured fish which are taken near the 
 shore, and dried on flakes soon after they are caught. Three hundred to 
 four hundred pounds offish is considered a good day's Avork for one man. 
 
 The shore or boat-fishery is carried on to a greater or less extent along our 
 whole coast. The herring and ihe mackerel, in large numbers, frequent the 
 whole Atlantic coast ; and the salmon are intercepted by nets in the bays, and 
 near the i'^lands and points of lands, while returning to the rivers. For the 
 cod and haddock fishery, whale-Iioats, manned by two to four men, and sail- 
 boats, undecked, are used ; fishermen commence about the 20th May, and fish 
 within five to fifteen miles of the land. Prosecuted within their proper 
 seasons, the cod, herring, mackerel, and salmon fisheries constitute a most 
 valuable portion of our Provincial industry. Our fishei'men are an athletic, 
 hardy, and industrious class of our population ; they respect the laws, and aro 
 patient under the vicissitudes of their liazardous and precarious calling. 
 
 Besides the shore and bank fisheries, so profitably prosecuted by the fisher- 
 men of Nova Scotia, which have been described in the foregoing pages, there 
 has ever been a much larger field of enterprise open to them, in common with 
 the whole people of the British Provinces. Nova Scotian fishermen every year 
 visit, in their vessels, the coast of Newfoundland, the Labrador, and all tho 
 important places in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. They have carried their enter- 
 prize within the boundaries of Canada, periodically frequenting the Bay of Cha- 
 leur, and the coast of Gasp<j, and have revealed to tho Canadian people 
 how valuable a source of wealth they possess at their doors. Pierre Fortin, 
 Esq., who for many years has been employed by the Canadian Government as 
 Magistrate commanding the Expedition for the Protection of the Fisheries in 
 the Gulf of St. Lawrence, frequently, in his " Reports," eulogises the enterprise 
 of the fishermen of Nova Scotia on the coast of Gaspd, and generally in the 
 
Gulf of Saint Lawrence. " Every year," lie writes, " the coasts of Canada arc 
 visited by from 250 to 350 fishing schooners from Nova Scotia, and by from 200 
 to 300 (isliing schooners from the United States, from the spring to the 
 autumn, in well equipped vessels, busily employed taking our Uncst lish ; and 
 we find them afterwards, with tliosc very fish, competing with us in foreign 
 markets, and almost always successfully." 
 
 Although, in treating of the sea-fisheries, the Bay of Fundy presents less in- 
 terest to us than cither the Atlantic coast or the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, 
 neither the cod or the herring being found in very great abundance at the Bay, 
 and the mackerel, except at the entrance of the Bay, almost unknown, its 
 fisheries in the aggregate engage a large proportion of the industry of tlie in- 
 habitants residing near the sliores, 
 
 Oir Apple River some good cod are caiight in seines, and herrings, very fine 
 and fat, are taken in July witli a mesh of 2.V inches ; lialibut, of exceedingly 
 large size, are taken not far from the Light-liouse, during the summer. At tlio 
 large rocks, called the Sisters, about three miles below Apple River, there is 
 very good fishing for cod during tlio summer. From the Sisters to Cape 
 Cliignecto tliere is not mucli fisliing, tlie coast being lofty, without shelter, and 
 greatly exposed to southerly or westerly gales. Between Isle Haut and Cape 
 Chignecto tliere is a bank extending almost entirely across that channel, upon 
 which there is good fisliing the greater part of every summer, and likewise 
 along the north siiore of the Basin of Minas. 
 
 On the south shore of the Bay, extending from Black Rock to Brier Island, 
 there are three fishing banks or ledges, lying parallel to the shore, outside each 
 other ; their respective distances from the coast have acquired for them the 
 designations of the three mile ledge, the Civo mile ledge, and the nine mile 
 ledge. On these ledges there are 00 fathoms of water, but on the crown of 
 each ledge 30 fathoms only. The 3 mile ledge and the 5 mile ledge extend 
 quite down to Brier Island ; but the 9 mile ledge can only be traced down the 
 Bay, about 14 miles below Digby Gut, abreast of Trout Cove, where it ends in 
 deep water. Below Digby Gut, the 3 mile ledge and 5 mile ledge are com- 
 posed of hard gravel and red clay ; above the Gut, the 3 mile ledge has a 
 rough, rocky bottom, on which anchors are frequently lost. J^ach of these 
 ledges is about a mile in width, the outer one something more ; between them 
 the bottom is soft mud. 
 
 In April, the small rock cod strike in on the soutli shore, which they follow 
 up to Cape Split, whence they cross to the New Brunswick side of the Bay. 
 This is the opinion of the American fishermen, who follow them at that season, 
 fishing close in shore ; and with them they take many halil.uit of large size. 
 On the ledges, the best fishing is in June and July ; but the fishing continues 
 until the end of September. The cod taken on the ledges, in June and July, 
 are well-fed fish, 30 of which, on the average, will make a quintal. Pollock 
 strike in generally during July ; but the past season they made their appear- 
 ance in May ; the fishing for them usually lasts until the end of September — 
 their average size is 40 to the quintal. 
 
 On the ledges, line fishing on the bottom can only be followed on the 
 "slacks" of the tide; during the run of the tide, the fishermen employ them- 
 selves la taking pollock by trailing near the surface. Large hake are often 
 taken on the ledges, with the cod ; thirty of them will make a quintal. It is 
 supposed that these hake feed upon the soft bottom between the ledges, it 
 being such as hake arc usually found upon, and that they venture occasioually 
 upon the ledges, or are in the act of crossing them when taken. 
 
 m 
 
 1(1 
 
anada arc 
 y IVoni 200 
 n<^ to the 
 
 lish ; and 
 ill Ibreigu 
 
 its less in- 
 Lawrence, 
 t the Uay, 
 niown, its 
 of the in- 
 
 , very fine 
 ccedingly 
 . At the 
 ', there is 
 
 to Cape 
 cltcr, and 
 iiid Cape 
 iiel, upon 
 
 likewise 
 
 ?r Island, 
 side eaeli 
 them the 
 line mile 
 crown of 
 e extend 
 down the 
 t ends in 
 are com- 
 IG has a 
 of these 
 een them 
 
 ey follow 
 the Bay. 
 t season, 
 rge size, 
 ontinues 
 lid July, 
 Pollock 
 • ai>pear- 
 niber — 
 
 on the 
 >y them- 
 re often 
 i. It is 
 jdges, it 
 rsionally 
 
 I 
 
 In the Annapolis Basin, long celebrated for its fisheries, cod, pollock, hake 
 haddock, and halibut are taken, nearly all the year round ; and here also aro 
 caught those delicious small herrings, which, when smoked, are known every- 
 where as " Digl)y Chickens." Mackerel frorpiently enter during the season, 
 and are caught in the horring-weirs. Lobsters are found in various parts of 
 the Basin ; clams on the flats ; and on Bear Island Bar there are extensive beds 
 of large scallops. Shrim])s abound in the Gut. Porpoises, while chasing the 
 small herrings, aro often shot by the Indians. The principal fishery, however, 
 is that for the small herrings, to be cured by smoking", which are taken 
 altogctlier in brush-weirs, not exceeding 8 feet in height ; these are renewed 
 every season, the ice usually carrying away the greater portion of tiiem at the 
 close of the winter. The small iierrings enter the Basin at the last of May, but 
 the great bodies offish come in June and July ; after passing througli the Gut, 
 they follow up the (xranvillc shore to the Potter Settlement, near Annapolis, 
 and thence strike over south-westerly, to tlie Clements side, directly across a 
 large bar, or middle ground. The first herrings of the season arc of all sizes, 
 from four inches in length up to the largest ; in June and July the schules are 
 of more uniform size. It is supposed that about one-half of all the fish caught 
 in the weirs are entirely lost ; almost all the weirs are dry at low water ; and 
 sometimes oOO or 400 barrels of small herrings, taken during a single tide, 
 were formerly left in the weir to spoil. But I have been informed by a gentle- 
 man residing in the locality, that at Digby, since two years jjast, the refuse 
 iierring have been turned to good account by the process of grinding into a 
 mass, and an oil being extracted from it, which realizes al)out 4s. -per gallon. 
 
 There is also a large lisbing pf)puliitiou in the Hricr Island fishing district, 
 whicli includes Long Island and {)iirt of the adjacent shore. 
 
 These fisheries employ at the lowest estimate, one-fifth of the adult male 
 industrial population of Nova Scotia, estimating their importance l)y the pro- 
 portion of the ])opulation engaged therein, and by the aggregate value of their 
 return for labor. The fisheries are second only to agriculture. 
 
 The Cod Fishery. 
 
 The cod-fishery is entitled to the first consideration ; as it amounts in money 
 value to considerably more than one-half of our lisberv products. 
 
 The shore cod-fishery throughout the whole coast of Nova Scotia and Cape 
 Breton, is carried on in boats, principally whale-boats, from 15 to 20 feet keel, 
 furnished with sails, and containing from 4 to 10 or 12 men each. Tl.e fish 
 aro taken with heiiipoii lines of from lo to 18 thread, and averaging 30 fathoms 
 in length. For haddock small blue cotton lines arc often \ised, of 10 fathoms 
 in length, called " float lines." Trailing is seldom adopted, and is employed 
 chiefiy in the capture of pollock. The season most f^ivorablo for cod-fishing is 
 said to be during the months of June. July, and August, but it varies in 
 ditferent localities. The cod generally follows the course of the herring and 
 mackoicl. 
 
 The deep-sea fishery for cod employs a class of snug, good sailing vessels, of 
 about GO to 80 tons. "Bultow lines " or ''set lines," aro coming gradually 
 into use without regard to the injury which they are said to infiict upon the 
 propagation of tliis valuable class of fishes. Vessels employed in tlie cod- 
 fishery are manned by from ten to thirty fishermen, according to their tonnage ; 
 they arc anchored by hemp or manilla cables in from fifteen to fifty fathoms. 
 Bait is obtained by spreading nets in the sea at a distance from the vessel, and 
 
G 
 
 I 
 
 the fisliing is llion bcp:iin with liook and line, and carried on by nij^ht as well as 
 by day, hi spite of wind and f«torni, until the hold of the vessel is fdled with 
 fish, all split and salted. On the return of the vessel to the port the cod is 
 landed, the process of curing completed, and they are then ready for exporta- 
 tion. 
 
 In the Labrador fishery seines arc frc(]ueiitly used in taking cod. In many 
 places the cod approaches so near the coast that at times Ihnn 4000 to oOOO 
 may 1)0 taken at a single haul of the seine ; but the hook and line is the im- 
 plement most used by IJritish fishermen in all the fisheries. 
 
 The cod fishery in the Gulf commences from the 1st to the lOth June, and 
 continues until the end of November. i 
 
 The Nova Scotian fishermen, who j)iirsuc the (iulf fishery, arc generally those 
 who fre(iuent the l)anks in the Atlantic, designated " bankers ; " who follow the 
 cod to their various haunts in the Gulf of Ht. Lawrence. 
 
 The cod fishery along tlie coast of the river and Gulf of 8t. Lawrence. Mr. 
 Fortin remarks, is carried on chiclly l>y fishermen from Nova Scotia and the 
 United States. The number of Nova Hcotian vessels engaged in the Gulf fishery 
 in the most promising seasons, are perhaps, three hundred ; about a third of 
 the number of the American vessels. 
 
 The principal localities for cod fishing within the Gulf arc the north shore of 
 Prince Edward Islanu, the coast of Guspo and IJay Chaleur, the Magdalen 
 Islands, the eastern end of the Island of Anticosti, and along the north shore of 
 the Gulf. 
 
 The Mackerel Fisiieuy. 
 
 The mackerel fishery has long been an important fishery in Nova Scotia. 
 The mack,erel abounds througliout the whole Allantie coast ; and on the south 
 and west coast of Cape Breton. Tiie export of this valuable fish alone amounted 
 in 1865 to $1,000,000. 
 
 In the bays and barbers of Nova Scotia, the mackerel is taken with nets and 
 seines. The nets used are from 3 inches to 3^ inches mesh ; and the seine is 
 of sufiicient size to enclose 800 barrels. The "• drift-net " is sometimes used ; 
 but this mode of fishing for mackerel, which is generally practised on the coast 
 of England, with great success, is not understood on the coast of Nova Scotia. i 
 For net fishing, strong breezes from any quarter, with the exception of heavy | 
 oft-shore winds, are favorable. Off-shore winds cause a ground swell, which i 
 
 causes the fish to strike olf into deep water, and likewise jtrevents the fishermen m 
 from tending the boats. Seining requires line moderate weather, as the fish ; 
 
 arc then more sluggish in their motions, and in general concentrate in larger 
 and more compact bodies. 
 
 In some places in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, on the shores bordering on 
 the Gulf, mackerel arc taken with nets and seines ; but the principal mackerel 
 fishing in the Gulf is with the hook and line. This mode of fishing, which has 
 long been practised by the American mackerel schooners, and is now adopted 
 by hundreds of Nova Scotian vessels, not many years since was entirely un- 
 known to Nova Scotian fishermen. 
 
 The Nova-Scotian fishermen prosecute the mackerel fishery in the Gulf with 
 little less enterprise tban their American rivals, and of late years their vessels 
 have been so improved in fleetness and symmetry, as to bear .just comparison 
 with the American mackerel schooners, which were long reputed to be the finest 
 vessels and best sailers of their class in the world. These schooners arc gene- 
 rally of from 60 to 100 tons burthen. They have little depth of hold, great 
 breadth of beam, rake very much fore and aft, and carry large cotton sails, 
 
 whl 
 
 rook 
 
't as well as 
 HI led with 
 t tlio cod is 
 Cor exporta- 
 
 I'l many 
 >00 to nOOO 
 is tlio im- 
 
 Jnnc, and 
 
 '•■ally those 
 ibilow the 
 
 I'cnco. Jfr. 
 a and the 
 ulf lishciy 
 a tiiiid of 
 
 h shore of 
 ^lagdalen 
 1» sliore of 
 
 ►'a Scotia, 
 the south 
 imounted 
 
 nets and 
 e seine is 
 ics used ; 
 the coast 
 a .Scotia, 
 of liciuy 
 II, which 
 ^hennen 
 tlio iish 
 II larger 
 
 I'ing on 
 lackerel 
 lich has 
 adopted 
 •eJy un- 
 
 ilfwith 
 
 vessels 
 
 ^arison 
 
 3 finest 
 
 ) gene- 
 great 
 sails, 
 
 which cnahlcs them to sail fast, even with a light breeze. Their decks arc 
 roomy, and on them the whole work of salting, l)arrolling, «tc., is carried on. 
 
 The IIeiiring Fisiikuy. 
 
 The Herring fishery, if jiropor care were ohsorvcd in the curing, might 
 become an increasing ux|)ort, and perhaps as valual>le as the Mackerel fisiiery. 
 The export of herring does not however excceed )?oOO,000, over an average of 
 years. 
 
 As early as ^larch, herring are taken in nets on our coast, l»ut tlie fish arc 
 so straggling, and the seas so boisterous, tliat except for hait, fishi'ig does not 
 commence until May. In this month a run of large fat herring are taken in 
 nets upon tlie I^anks. A net oO fathoms h)ng and 8 de(!p is passed from tho 
 stern of a boat at anchor. The free end drifts with the tide, held to the surface 
 by cork floats ; sometimes the tides cai-ry the net down lo fathoms in a slanting 
 direction, thus drifting from night to morning. The net is overhauled, and 
 from 20 to 100 dozen is the ordinary catch. The boats are stout, weatberly 
 keel boats, with a half deck, from ') to 1 ") tons, carrying a jib, fore and main- 
 sail ; and usually called second class fishermen, when entered at a regatta. 
 
 The " in shore run,'' a fish of smaller size, are taken in nets set to a buoy, 
 instead of a boat, the free end drifting to the tide. These nets are often 
 moored from one buoy to another, to preserve a permanent position across a 
 creek or small bay. In these various ways herring are taken by the shore 
 population of the whole Atlantic and Gulf coast of Nova Scotia, from the Uay 
 of Fundy to Cumberland. 
 
 The immense tides of tlie Bay of Fundy, leaving long flats and sand-bars at 
 low tide, and the steej) trap formation of its southern coast line, have singularly 
 altered the character of the fishing. Here the drift-net fishing obtains, — boats 
 and nets drifting for miles upon the flow and returning u|)Ou the ebl), the nets 
 twisted and coiled into a})i)arently impossible masses. The shores of the traj) 
 formation being flat tables of traj), reaciiing plane after plane into the sea, with 
 no crevice to hold a stake or anchor a buoy, the fishermen procure stout spruce 
 fir trees, and lojipiiig oiT the branches, leave the long lateral roots attached to 
 them. These they place u]»riglit in rows iipon the bare rock, and pile heavy 
 stones \\])on the roots as ballast, stretching tlieir nets l)etween them. Entirely 
 submerged at flood, at ebb they are left high and dry, and often loaded down 
 with fish caught by the gills in the meshes of the net. Tiiese nets arc usually 
 set for a large, lean, spring herring, running for the flats in early sj)ring to 
 spawn. This method of fishing ()l)tains throughout the whole trap district of 
 the Province l)or(]ering upon the V>\\y of Fundy. 
 
 Around the xViinajiolis and Minas liasins, and on the Cumberland shore, smooth 
 seas, sandy bars, and mud flats dry at ebl), replace trap-dyke, and boisterous 
 waves. Uere, flats and punts take the place of keel boats and whalers ; and 
 the brush-weir takes the place of the stake-net. In these weirs herrings are 
 taken in large quantities ; and in the Annapolis Basin the Digby or smoked 
 herring, known so well in all markets, is captured in these weirs. 
 
 At the Magdalen Islands, and in the Bay of Chaleur, as well as along a por- 
 tion of the coast of Gaspd (to which place our fishermen resort), immense 
 numbers of herring are taken in the Spring. Large seines are used by our 
 fishermen in the Gulf; and they often take at a single haul of the seine herring 
 enough to fill from 500 to 2000 or even oOOO barrels. 
 
 The Labrador herring is almost always taken with the seine. The herring 
 taken on the southern coast of Newfoundland aro spring herring, and, being 
 
 
! I 
 
 8 
 
 cauj,'lit out of season, nro inferior in quality ; and tlioy arc cured without nuich 
 caro, which renders tliem commercially of little value. 
 
 The Salmon Lisiieuy, 
 
 The Salmon Fishery niipht l»e more appropriately classed amoiif^ the llivcr 
 Fisheries ; hut there are various huys, l)ciiehes, islands, and j)oints of land, 
 where salmon are intercepted l>y nets, while seeking the river in which ihey 
 were spawned, whither they will always return. The net used is o!" hempen 
 twine, and of a mesh from five to six incli(!s. The usual season for taking 
 salmon is from April to .Inly or Au<,nist. The principal portion of salmon ex 
 portetl as " pickled salmon " is caujiht on the coast of Newfinmdland and 
 Labrador. .Salmon for exi)ortation arc cither pickled in l)arrels, dried and 
 smoked, or preserved in tins. The latter is Ijccoming' an important trade. 
 
 Shell Fisn. 
 
 The only trade in shell fish of any importance in Nova Scotia is the loI)stcr 
 trade. They are preserved in tins or cans, and within a few years the (juantity 
 thus j)rej)ared has grown to considerable dimensions. A llourisiiinu' estal)lish- 
 ment in Samhro cui-es jicr annum on an averaiic 140,()00 cans: and as many 
 as 70,0UO were shijipcd to Eniiland I)y anoiher establishment at I'ort Mouton in 
 18(i4. The shell lish exported in l8(J4-tJ") amounted to <r'.jl,.S72, four-lit'ths of 
 which was exported to Great Hrilain. In iSdi) the exjMjrt materially decreased. 
 
 Lobsters are taken in Nova ."^eotia, ^(Miorally by means of a net stretched on 
 a hoop, in tlie centre of wliieli the bait is placed. This net is a'taclied to a line 
 which is pulled uj) when the fish have attacked the bait. Our fisherman will 
 often Juive twenty or more of these nets attached to a cable suspended at the 
 surface. 
 
 Tliere is a machine also used in Nova Scotia, constructed on a similar prin- 
 ciple to the lobster-pot. It is a caue made with lathes with an entrance at each 
 end ; it is called a loi)ster trap. It is not much used, being considered an ex- 
 pensive appliance. 
 
 Fish Oil. 
 
 Tlie fish oil exported in the year iSiU-i!') amounted to ^194,o0."). Of this 
 amount, tlio proportion of 8108, S(i2 was expoi-ted to the United States. Li 
 18GG, the export of this product suflered a marked deci'casc. 
 
 
 I 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 It is a dinicult task to obtain full and accurate information concerning the 
 Fisheries of Nova Scotia, where no Government Department in the interest of 
 the fisheries exists ; and where there is no public olTieer to colleet the necessary 
 data on which to build a reliable Rejtort. For the nuniber of the ])opulation 
 engaged in the fisheries, the numb(n- of vessels and boats employed, and the 
 implements used, recourse is had to the Census Returns of 1801, for which 
 data see Ajtpendix No. 1. On my conceiving the ])ur]»ose to write upon the 
 fisheries of Nova Scotia, the ex-Provincial Secretary, Hon. Charles Tupper, 
 to supply iu some measure the want that was experienced, caused official 
 
9 
 
 Ivitlioutmuch 
 
 [IK tlio Uivcr 
 
 '"•^ of land, 
 
 wliich ihcy 
 
 h "I" lusmpen 
 } for taking- 
 r salmon ex 
 liHlhuid and 
 J' dried and 
 I trade. 
 
 ' Oio IoI)stcr 
 '« (juantity 
 i,ii' ostaljlish- 
 id as many 
 ' Monlon in 
 "ir-fil'ilis of 
 decreased, 
 tretelicd on 
 ed to a lino 
 lennan wiJI 
 ided at Ihu 
 
 inilar jn-in- 
 "-'0 at eacJi 
 'I'ed an ex- 
 
 . Of this 
 utes. la 
 
 "ing the 
 itorest of 
 lecossary 
 filiation 
 and the 
 '!• M'hich 
 ipoii the 
 Tapper, 
 official 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 circulars to l>c sent fortliwith to the Collectors of Customs throughout the pro- 
 vince, containin}? numerous questions rehitin.i^ to each description of fishery. 
 The (acts contained in these circulars sum^ested much that is contained in the 
 foll'Avinj; observations and liints. The want of governmental supervision of our 
 valnahle fisheries will not, I am lonvinoed, he nuich longer fell under your 
 management. And if your cheiish(>d desire to hestow l)ounlies upon the fisher- 
 men of the Dominion may meet with the approltation of Parliament, if dis- 
 triltuted to the proper r(!cij)lonts, an universal impulse will be given to tlio 
 prosecution of tliis important industry. 
 
 ], Thf tdlduij fiah out of Ki-axon atnl otJnr injiirioKi* pmcticea. — The answers 
 to this (jtiery would imply that the li-lKM-ineii liiiow no distinction i)etween one 
 period of the year and another for the taliing of fi>h. They talce them when- 
 ever they (!an ohtain them, at the spawniim' season as at any other time. These 
 (jueries .are specially ajiplicahle to the hei-riiig lishery. Since iMtId, a restric- 
 tion called close-time has heoii I'dopted on the west coast of Scotland, which 
 makes it illegal to catch herring he*\veen the 1st of January and Illst of May. 
 Such restriciion, however, does not jxist on the east coast, where the fishery is 
 umh'r the protection of a ficnerni.ient Hoard. It would he a dituWltiil ex{)C- 
 dient to restrict the time for herring fishing in Nova Scotia, while so largo a 
 nuiiilier are dependant upon the fisheries for subsistence, to whom a restriction 
 of any sort would bi; a calamity. 
 
 All injurious practice exists in the capture of I)igl)y herring by means of 
 weirs. A corresj)ondent writes, that at Digby Hasin, •' he has known parlies to 
 takt' out of their weirs eccvi/ j/tdr more small lierriiig<for HKinnrr than would 
 load several V(>ssels." " No wonder," he adds, '• that they com{)laiii of the lish 
 falli;i!_f oi'f" The prai.'ticc is irreatly to be deplorcMl. 
 
 riid(;r this head 1 may refer to the methoil of fishing called " bullow" 
 (isbiiig, which has many enemies in Nova Seoiia an<l in the other colonies. 
 Fir.'-t, J may stale that the opinions of our own fishermen, as ascin'tained I'roni 
 the "' Ol'ficial Circulars," is almost universally adverse. It is allirmed, lliat by 
 its use tlie large spawn lish which swim near the l)ottoiu iuv, taken, which 
 
 him 
 
 H'opaii'ation ; and that it interferes with the hand-line fishing. 
 
 ill lN.")'.» the inhal)itants of U'estport and Long Island, in the County of 
 Digby, petitioned the Legislature to interfere to prohil)it set-line or trawl 
 fishiiiti'. Tiie Fisheries Committee recoiniuended that the Government refer 
 the niailer to t!ie two Comniissioneis of the respective nations oi'tJreal I'ritaiii 
 and the riiiled Slates. Th(^ Fisheries Committee in 1<SG2, in their Report, 
 (Journal 1^02, Ai)j)eiidix 50,) refer to the trawl (?) or set-line fishing, regret- 
 ting tiiat remonstrances through CJreat Britain to the French Covernnieiit were 
 unavailiiig, and recommended tiia.i representations be made to the United Slates 
 as soon as peace was restored to the naiion, that this mode of lisiiing demanded 
 their co-operation to abolish it. 
 
 Jn .ranuary, 18»j2, ^Ir. Shea called the attention of the House of Assembly 
 of Newfoundland to this subjiict, referring to a Bill reported to the United 
 Stales Senate authorizing the President to meet such Commissioners as (ireat 
 Britain and F" ranee may api)oint, to form a joint commission to frauiC measures 
 to protect the fisheries on the coast of Newroundland and North America 
 against deterioration and destruction by means of set-lines on the s])awu Ijanks, 
 and otlier destructive practices, ilr. Shea attriliuted the falling off in the New- 
 foundland fisheries during three or four years past to the system adoi)l(.'d by the 
 French fishermen, of using " bultows " on the banks. Notwithstanding the 
 renionsiranccs of individuals and committees, this system has grown into such 
 general use by British fishermen, that any legislative interference would be 
 
 me^ 
 
10 
 
 li 
 
 found unavailing. It may be added, that there is a difference of opinion 
 rcf^arding " bultow " fishing. Mr. Jolin Iloniday, who is largely engaged in 
 salmon and cod fishing in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in reply to a question from 
 the committee of the working of the Fishery Act of Canada, stated tliat he saw 
 no objection to the use of the bultow. And J. M. Lemoine, Esq., of Quebec, 
 thought it advisable for the Legislature to encourage "bultow" fishing at 
 Gaspd, as a far more productive system than the ordinary mode of line fisliing. 
 Mr. Pcrlcy also recommended its adoption by the fishermen of New I>runs- 
 wick, and adduced evidence to prove that it is the best mode of lislung over 
 introduced, as being less expensive in the outfit and keeping boats in repair. 
 A correspondent remarks on this head : " People should bo encouraged to 
 catch fish in any Avay they please, so as they catch them and cure them icell.''^ 
 
 2. The throwincj over offal at the fishing grounds. — In boat fishing the fish 
 offal is brought on shore. Where it cannot bo brought on shore, the general 
 opinion of our fishermen is that the practice is destructive to the fishery. It 
 is the opinion of many of the Gulf fishermen, tliat the offal when thrown into 
 the water furnishes food for l)ait fish, and for this reason is, on the contrary, 
 beneficial to the cod-fishery ; it is however, generally admitted to bo a i)ernici- 
 ous practice wlicn pursued at the mouths of rivers. It is besides a waste of 
 substance that might be turned into a source of profit. 
 
 It is estimated that the total yearly produce of the cod-fisheries of the ]Sorth 
 American coast is equal to l,oUO,000 tons of fresh fish ; of this, one-half is re- 
 fuse, and is thrown into the sea or left to decav on the shore, whicli if con- 
 verted into manure, would yield more than ir)0,000 tons, equal in value to the 
 guano of the Peruvian islands, which now furnish annually from 300,000 to 
 400,000 tons. The manure contains, according to an average of several 
 analysis, 80.0 per cent, of organic matters, 14.1 per cent, of phosphate of lime 
 and magnesia, besides some common salt, a little carbonate of lime, small por- 
 tions of sulphate and carbonate of ammonia, and only 1.0 per cent, of water. 
 This proportion of ingredients render it an invaluable fertilizng agent, worth 
 ^17 per ton of 2,000 pounds. 
 
 3. Aug improvement in the nets, lines and other iacJde used in the fisheries. — 
 The answers to this query arc ambiguous. It may be inferred, either, that the 
 tackle employed is the best suited that has come to the knowledge of the fisher- 
 men, or that they are (juite up to the age in every a))j)liance tliat is necessary 
 for the successful prosecution of the fisheries. The writer is not aware to what 
 extent nets are made by the fishermen themselves ; net making gives employ- 
 ment, however, in many places to the fishing population in the winter mouths, 
 when their ordinary occupation is in a great measure interrupted. 
 
 4. The scarcity of bait, ivhieh is likely scriouslg to impede the proe^ 'ess of 
 certain fisheries. — Early in the present season the fishermen on the shores 
 of the county of Halifax (the largest fishing county in the province), loudly 
 complained of the scarcity of bait. It has been before remai-ked, that fresh 
 fish arc indispensable as bait for the shore fisheries, and when herring and 
 mackerel become scarce, the want of it is seriously felt in pursuing the 
 cod-fishery. So important is this matter to the colonists of Newfoundland, 
 that the trafiic in bait with the French is expressly forbidden by law. The 
 value of bait sold in 185G to the French fishermen, was estimated by compe- 
 tent authority at not less than c£r)8,000. -'The price whicii the French give 
 for bait," writes Professor Hind, " operates as a very seductive temptation 
 towards illicit trafiic. In l8r)6, an average of 2Gs. to 27s. stg. a barrel was 
 paid by them for herrings sold for bait, while the actual legitimate value of 
 herrings for exportation was at the same time only Gs. Id. stg." 
 
11 
 
 ^^ opinion 
 "gaged in 
 stioii fj-om 
 'fit iio saw 
 '^ Quebec, 
 iisliiiig at 
 le /jshing. 
 L'\v' JJmns- 
 '!»ing over 
 i'l repair. 
 Hilled to 
 veil." 
 tiio fish 
 general 
 eiy. It 
 \vii i]ito 
 eontnuy, 
 i- J>eniici- 
 u'uste of 
 
 10 Aorth 
 air is rc- 
 Jj ir eoii- 
 le to the 
 ),000 to 
 ' several 
 ' of lime 
 mil por- 
 f water. 
 tj worth 
 
 cries. — 
 liat the 
 lisJier- 
 -o^sary 
 what 
 inj)loy- 
 onths, 
 
 'ess of 
 <Iiores 
 oudly 
 fresh 
 : and 
 : tho 
 land, 
 Tlie 
 npe- 
 givo 
 tion 
 was 
 oof 
 
 The writer would suggest, merclj as a subject of enquiry, whether in the 
 event of the scarcity of bait becoming a serious drawback to tho success of 
 the cod and haddock lishery generally in British North America, a resort 
 to the trawl used by the British fishermen, (wherein no bait is required), 
 might not be advantageous. Judging from the evidence contained iii a recent 
 l{ei)ort of the IJritish Fishery Commission, which is before me, tl^.oic is no 
 mode of fishing that is attended with better results. It might be tlio means 
 likewise of discovering some new species of fish that have not yet been taken 
 on our coast ; as the turbot, brill or sole, which are so common on the coast of 
 Great liritain. It is true tliat the greater depth of water over our limbing 
 grounds miglit render the use of tlie trawl imi)racticable in many places. On 
 the east coast of England, however, the larger class of trawlers never trawl 
 within twenty miles of the shore, or in less water than twenty fathoms. 
 
 f). JJefects in ciirin//. — Under this head, questions were submitted in tho 
 " Circular," resi)ecting every descri{)lioii of fish. The replies as regards 
 herring arc to the eflect that the greatest carelessness prevails in curing them, 
 and that frequent cases of fraud occur in putting them up for exportation. 
 Mackerel, it is stated, in many cases, are imperi'ectly cleaned, and in conse- 
 quence soon become tainted. Cod are often cured with a deficiency of sale, 
 and on the other hand frequently "burned" through oversalting. These 
 defects should not exist. They not only cause loss to tlie fishermen — they 
 iiilUct serious injury u})on commerce. It is only a few years since tlie inspec- 
 tion of cured fish was secured by law. It is tliouglit by some of our mer- 
 chants that a return to ofiicial inspection is much needed ; hence the (piestioii 
 arises. How far legislation may be beneficially ap})lied to remedy this evil? 
 The Uritish Commissioners in tlier report allude to the fact thU a Fishery 
 Board exists in Scotland, and also in Ireland, while in England no sucli con- 
 trol is exercised over the fisheries ; and they conceive that the liinctions of 
 these boards, so far as the sea lisheries are concerned, might cease without any 
 injurious elfect upon the fisheries. Tiiey conceive furtlier, " that the time Iths 
 now arrived when the fishery ti-ade may l)e entirely thrown open, and the arti- 
 ficial system created l)y the brand of the Fishery Board may be abolished, sub- 
 stituting tor it tlie sounder system already adopted with regard to all other 
 articles of trade." Tiiere is certainly soinetliing reasonable in the theory of 
 committing the business of the curing of fish to the same principles of honesty 
 and self-interest that guide other manufactures, though cxpcrienco seems to 
 have demanded an exception in tliu article of fish, and some imjiortant corres- 
 pondence which is contained in the Commissioners' Report would seem to 
 imply tliat the exccjition ought still to exist. A number of memorials from 
 the leading continental mercliants appear in tho Ajipendix to tho Re])ort, 
 wiiich rigidly insist ujion the continuance of the ofiicial brand on Scotcli her- 
 ring. An extract from one of these documents will characterise the wliole : 
 " The undersigned tlierefore strongly recommend the Royal CommlssioiKMs for 
 the Sea Fisheries of (Jrcat liritain to leave nothing undone wiiich will speedily 
 and forever secure the otlicial l)randing of herrings, and they further give it as 
 tlieir opinion that by so doing the interest of curers also will be better served 
 than if the branding were abolislied. Ilaml)urg, Nov. t)th, 1804." ^dr. Alex. 
 Miller, of Leitli, rddressing CJeorge Traill, Esq., M. P., on this tO|>ic. remarks: 
 " Among the argumoi' IS in favor of continuing the Fishery Board and the 
 ofiicial brand, therti • j one which I think cannot fail to have weight with tliosc 
 who [iropcso to !ib(Ii h tliem, viz.: that in various jiarts of tlie continent the 
 character of Scute' i herring has become so thoroughly established by means of 
 olUcial brands, that documents representing cargoes as specified quantities, aru 
 
12 
 
 !i 
 
 hi V 
 
 dealt in and passed from hand to hand in the same manner as if they repre- 
 sented ' consols,' or any other well understood commodity of which the 
 description could be implicitly relied on." " I consider that the abolition of 
 the Fishery Board would be a great calamity to Scotland, and I trust you will 
 be able to find tlie means of averting such a blow." 
 
 AViiy the official inspection of fish was dincontinued in Nova Scotia, whether 
 from economic reasons, or because it was foxmd to be ineffectual, the writer is 
 unable to "-ay ; but this he has learned, that when in operation it was attended 
 with many abuses. He has been told of one fishing settlement, where it was 
 common for parties about to cure mackerel to bring a number of barrel-heads 
 to the deputy inspector, who, at their request, would brand them of the 
 quality desired, without examining tlie fish. It is most i)robable that the 
 Legislature was indis])Osed to appropriate an adequate sum to maintain such a 
 system in thorough efficiency : and the same principle of economy may have 
 dictated tlie rejection by the Legislature of last session of a petition, numer- 
 ously signed by the leading merchants, for a return to the system of official 
 inspection. 
 
 6. Is the supph/ offish increasing, stationary, or diminishiug ? — Tliis can only 
 be ascertained l)y comparing the exports IVom year to year, as no statistics 
 exist l)y which the annual amount of tish caught can be ascertained. In tlie 
 Talilc (Appendix No. 2) I furnisli an abstract of the total amount of fish ex- 
 ported to different countries in cacli year, from 1858 \^the year ]>rior to the 
 Reciprocity Treaty) to 186"). This Tabic sho\v:5 that our fisheries have iu the 
 aggrcijatc greatly increased. In two years from IcSoi; they make a Ijouml from 
 $l',i>40,l-29 to 8o,00o,000. Then, in the succeeding six" years, from 1.^5') to 
 18(J0, tliey amount to i^OiOOOiOOO, with little variation, except in 1858 wlien 
 they fell back to •ii<2,8«U,000. In 18i;i they fell Ijack to .^2,:;i»0,000, and do not 
 increase in the two following years ; Init in 18(34 they again reacli 8-),000,0UO, 
 aftd in 1805 attain 83,477,000. These figures, wiiich prove that our fisheries 
 arc increasing during an average of years, are in agreement witli the Report 
 of the I5ritish Connuissioncrs, as regards the IJritish fisheries. There is. how- 
 ever, an aspect of the question, which the facts contained in the Report referred 
 to suggest, that is not noticed by the Commissioners. While there has been a 
 progressive increase in tlie number of men and boats engaged in the fihlieries, 
 it is not shown that tlio increase of the p/oduction has Ijecn in an eipud ratio. 
 Indeed, as regards the herring fishery, which is llic })rincipal sea fishery of tlie 
 United Kingdom, it is proved that during the 25 years, terminating in 18G4, 
 the increase has been little or none. For example, in the live years ending 
 1844, the catch was 8,080,000 barrels ; from 1S45 to 184'J, 8,110,000 ; and in 
 the latest quinquennial period, 8i, 872,000. This can only show that the j)rinci- 
 pal fishery has not decreased. It is from this })oint of view, that the question 
 of pei'mitting foreigners to enjoy e(pial rights to our fisheries with ourselves is 
 to be coiisid(n"ed. If the number of persons engaged is greater, and the ])ro- 
 duction stationaiy, the proportion of gain to each person engaged must l)e less, 
 unless it can be shown that prices have greatly increased. Every additional 
 lisherman therefore, from another nation, as be is successful, must retluce the 
 quantity assigned to each of our own fishermen. This objection to foreign 
 right of fishing is especially ap[)licable to our mackerel fishery, which in most 
 cases is within three marine miles from the coast. 
 
 7. Shell Fisheries — Propagation of Ogstcrs. — Although Oysters arc taken iu 
 
'GJ reprc- 
 liicli the 
 
 olition of 
 you will 
 
 wiicther 
 
 writer is 
 
 attended 
 
 :'o it was 
 
 cl-heads 
 
 of the 
 that the 
 
 sueh a 
 ay liave 
 
 iinincr- 
 
 ofjficial 
 
 f 
 
 an only 
 
 statistics 
 
 In the 
 
 fij^li ox- 
 >r to tiic 
 
 in the 
 nd from 
 ISoi) to 
 )'S when 
 [1 do not 
 )00,0U0, 
 (ishcrics 
 
 Huport 
 i.s. how- 
 I'oferred 
 
 been a 
 .^heries, 
 cl ratio. 
 
 of the 
 
 1 18G4, 
 ending 
 
 and in 
 jirinci- 
 icstioii 
 Ives is 
 10 i)ro- 
 10 less, 
 itional 
 CO the 
 Ji'oii^n 
 most 
 
 on lu 
 
 13 
 
 small quantities in a few places on the Gulf Shore, they are of little account 
 in considering this valuable shell-fish as a distinctive fishery. 
 
 The cxan:]ilo of Canada in the planting of oyster-beds on the shores of the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, is worthy of the imitation of Novascotians. As far as 
 the experiment has been tried, it lias proved successful, Cai)tain Fortin has 
 been most indefatigable in seeking to establish ihis valuable fishoiy on tlie 
 Canadian shores. 
 
 Some idea of the extraordinary value of tlie oyster fishery may be obtained 
 from the following facts, taken from Professor Hind's volume, already (pioted 
 in preceding pages. The annual value of tlic oyster trade of Virginia, before 
 the outbreak of the civil war, was 820,000,000, and the oyster trade of Balti- 
 more exceeds the whole wheat trade of ^faryland. The total value of the 
 oyster and shcll-fish fisheries of the United States is estimated to be §25,000,000 
 per annum, or more than all the other fisheries put together. The extraordi- 
 nary rapidity with wliich the oyster trade may become developed may be inferred 
 from the report of M. Coste to the Emperor of the Frencli, on the " Organiza- 
 tion of the Fisheries," wherein it is stated that tiie ])roduction of oysters 
 recommended by M. Coste, has taken such a prodigious dcvelopemcnt tliat, in 
 the Isle do Ec alone, more than 3,000 men, who liad come from the interior, 
 have alreadv established l,r)00 parks, whicli produce annually about o8T,000,000 
 oysters, of the value of 0,000,000 to 8,000,000 francs. 
 
 8. Fishery Board — Fisheri/ /Societies. — On first approaching the subject of our 
 fisheries, and becoming convinced of the important place wliich they will fdl in 
 our provincial industry, coinjjrising onehalf of the whole exports of the 
 country, the writer was impressed with the claim they had upon legislative 
 encouragement, to the extent at least that support is extended toother l)ranche3 
 of industry. He thought that an organization, somewhat similar to the Central 
 Board of Agriculture, might be judiciously established, comprised of a few of 
 the most practical and influential men who arc interested in the fisheries. Tho 
 numberless circumstances whicli immediately or remotely affect this depart- 
 ment of industry, would be thereby confronted ; and all the legitimate aid 
 which collected information and intelligeni action can allbrd, would bo tliereby 
 provided. It is true that the agricultural interest engages a larger number of 
 our population, and its aggregate numerical product is considerably greater ; 
 but the relations which our fislieries sustain to the employment of our shipping, 
 and the extension of our commerce, places them on an equality witii agricul- 
 ture, as deserving of support and encouragement. It is an unhappy circum- 
 stance for any country when its maritime interests is allowed to occu{)y a 
 secondpry place. 
 
 The British Commissioners, though they discountenance any kind of legisla- 
 tive interference with sca-fisheries, acknowledge the benefit of organizations in 
 the shape of ])rivate societies. They remark : " When we consider the amount 
 of care that has been bestowed on the improvement of agriculture, the national 
 societies which arc established for promoting it, and tlic scientific knowledge 
 and engineering skill which have been enlisted in ii^ aid, it seems strange that 
 the sca-fisheries have hitherto attracted so little of the public attention. Thcro 
 are few means of enterprise that present better chances of profit than our sea- 
 fisheries, and no object of greater utility could be named than the developoment 
 of enterprise, skill, and mechanical ingenuity, which might be elicited by the 
 periodical exhibitions and publications of an influential society, specially 
 devoted to the British Fisheries." 
 
14 
 
 1 
 
 f 1 
 
 t "■ 
 
 0. Reciprocity Treaty. — Two of the qnostions sufrgostcd under this head, arc, 
 " lias the Reciprocity Treaty operaiod beneliciaUy upon our lislicries ? " 
 " Has it l)een attended with any disadvantages to our lishermen ? " Of answers 
 to the first (juestion from every port in the Province and from several private 
 individuals, they are nearly all in the alhrmative. Of answers to the second 
 question, the negatives and allirmatives arc nearly equal ; some intimating that 
 the American (isliermen take our bait from us, others tliat they destroy tlie 
 schulcs by throwing over offal. Tlic general inference, however, is, that it has 
 been a gain to us, especially in alfording iis a rennmcrativc market. One cor- 
 res[iondeiit writes from tiie county of (luysl)orough, " The fishermen in this 
 locality have, since the eonnnencement of the lleciprocity Treaty, say for the 
 past ten years, made more money tlian during any ten years previous, from the 
 fact that they have had a free market in the United fftatcs, which is the oidy 
 market where a large proportion of our lish will sell to advantage ; and, 
 although the fish have not been so abundant, the extra price has moi^ than 
 compensated for the deficieney in catch. If a heavy duty ^\ere ])ut upon our 
 mackerel and herring in the United J^tutes, the fishery would not be remunera- 
 tive." ilc adds, " The American cod and mackerel (isliermen have not inter- 
 fered with us, nor injured our fisheries in this ^icinity tluring the past ten years, 
 and our lishermen caught more mackerel in 18G4 than in any i)revions year." 
 
 10. License System. — Tins arrangement entered into with the United States, 
 with the united consent of the Colonies, since the abrogation of the Reciprocity 
 Treaty, has chietly affected this Province. The opinion of our people regard- 
 ing it may be liest obtained from an extract from the Report of tlie Fishery 
 Committee of last Session of the Legislature. They remark : " As to the 
 system of granting fishing licenses to American lishermen adopted and practised 
 during the last year by the government of this and the adjoining provinces, 
 and to wliich the last named petitioners have called the attention of the Com- 
 mittee, the Committee agree with the i)etitionors in their expressions of deep 
 regret that the adoption of such an arrangement had become or was con- 
 sidered necessary. Nothing could more injuriously affect the fishing interest 
 of this province ; and the Committee cannot in terms too emphatic express 
 their disapproval of the injustice done to our industrious and enterprising 
 fishermen, in allowing American fishermen, upon nearly equal terms, to fish in 
 our waters, side by side with the former, while the American market is virtu- 
 ally closed by the high tariff, to their products. If in the words of the Colo- 
 nial Secretary, contained in the correspondence on the subject laid before the 
 House, ' motives of forbearance and good policy still demand the exercise of 
 this privilege,' the Committee earnestly recommend that, instead of levying a 
 pecuniary license fee therefore, stops be taken to arragne if practicable with 
 the American Government, for the admission of the products of Colonial fisher- 
 men into the American market free, or under a more reduced tariff than that 
 now imposed. The considerations received for the privilege Avould thus accrue 
 to the benefit of our fishermen as a class, who alone are entitled thereto, as 
 being the parties immediately injured." 
 
 I liave already apprised you of the fact that in many instances the license 
 has been evaded by American fishermen passing through the Gut of Canso. 
 The extent to which this has occurred cannot be ascertained until returns arc 
 made by the Collectors appointed to issue licenses. By far the largest amount 
 of revenue from this source is collected at the locality named. There was 
 received from licenses at the Strait of Canso last year 11,151, while Capt. 
 Fortin's Report shows but $296 collected by Canada in the Gulf of Saint 
 Lawrence. 
 
15 
 
 lead, are, 
 licrios 'i " 
 i' answers 
 il private 
 >o second 
 iting that 
 ^troy tlie 
 lat it has 
 One cor- 
 n in tliis 
 y for tiio 
 iVom the 
 tlie only 
 ; and, 
 101 o than 
 ipon our 
 iinuncra- 
 lot inter- 
 in years, 
 IS year." 
 
 d States, 
 iiprocity 
 
 regard- 
 Fi>«Jiery 
 
 to tiio 
 •ractised 
 ovinces, 
 le Com- 
 of deep 
 'as con- 
 interest 
 express 
 •prising 
 ' fish in 
 s virtu- 
 3 Colo- 
 3re the 
 cise of 
 ying a 
 lo witli 
 fisher- 
 n that 
 accrue 
 cto, as 
 
 iccnse 
 
 Janso. 
 
 ns are 
 
 nount 
 
 was 
 
 Capt. 
 
 Saint 
 
 11. Krporfation — 3Iarhets. — A reference to Appendix 2 will show to what 
 markets our fish are exported. Our fisiierics since lS."»o have increased, with 
 some variations, from ''5'1,940,129 to $3,470,401 in iHti"). It will be e(|ually 
 interesting to mark the ratio of cxjiortation to the jjrincipal markets. In 
 1858, British West indies absorbed 87 |)or cent, of the whole exports ; United 
 States uO per cent; British N. A. Colonies 17 per cent.; Great Britain 1 per 
 cent ; and other countries 15 per cent. In 1 800, when the whole exports 
 reaehe(l 8'>,00r>,000, the United States received instead of 80 per cent, as iu 
 18")8, tlin larger proportion of 48 i)er cent. ; Britisli West Indies 82 per cent. ; 
 British }s. A. Cohniies fell to 7 per cent. ; (^reat Britain about h. per cent.; 
 and other countries rose to 17i per cent. In 18")0, (^thc total exports being 
 about the same as in IBo")), the exj)orts to the United States I'ell off 7 jier 
 cent., while those to the British N. A. Colonics increased 8 per cent., and 
 those t(i other countries 4 per cent. In 1800, after a diminution in the ex- 
 ports during two of the intervening years, they again reached a little over 
 6*8,000.000, when we find the following proportion : United States, 87 per 
 cent. ; British West Indies, 84i per cent. ; British N. A. Colonics, G per cent. ; 
 Great Britain about h per cent. ; and other countries, 22 per cent. In the 
 year 1801, 1802, 1803, the whole ex])orts fell back to a little over two millions 
 and a quai'tcr ; but in 1804 they regain the maximum of the twelve years, a 
 little over three millions. In 18(1"), they reach *8,,477,1h1, which is thus dis- 
 tril>uted: United States, 42J i)er cent.; British West Indies, 88| per cent.; 
 Britisli N. A. Colonies, oi per cent. ; Great Britain nearly 3 per cent. ; and 
 other countries nearly 10 per cent. It apjjears from these figures that the 
 proportion of exports to the British N. A. Colonies has gradually decreased 
 since 1858 from !S824,93o to 6184,058, although the exports have increased 
 nearly 80 ])er cent, during the interval. The exports to the United States 
 have increased from 80 ])er cent, to 42 per cent. ; while those to British West 
 Iiulies have decreased from 87 per cent, to 88 per cent. The exports to Great 
 Britain from 1853 to 1804 varied from 615,000 to 640,000 ; but in 1805 they 
 rose to 600,000. 
 
 The decrease in the exports to the other British N. A. Colonics is a matter 
 for earnest consideration. The stimulus to intercolonial trade, which the 
 change in our commercial relations with the United States has occasioned will, 
 it is reasonably expected, be the means of increasing our exports of fish to 
 Ontario and the Western country. And when the intercolonial railroad is 
 coiu[)letcd, our fishing interest must necessarily receive a great impulse in that 
 direction. It must appear desirable that we should strive to cultivate enlarged 
 commercial intercourse with the Canadas in our native product,.!, which will aid i'l 
 cementing our fraternal relations, and in rendering our political union more com- 
 plete. The markets of the south of Europe are but little sought for our dry 
 fish ; the Jersey houses of Arichat being almost alone in that trade. The only 
 codfish shipped to Italy, Portugal and to the Brazils in 1805 was from Arichat ; 
 and Arichat very nearly reached Halifax in its cxjiorts to Spain. The high 
 duties on fish in European countries operates against \is, but the imperfect 
 manner of curing cod in general unfits it for carriage to a great distance. The 
 imi)roved laeilitics which the recent communications of the British North 
 American Commissioners with the Spanish West Indies and Brazil have 
 elicited, as well as the late political changes in Europe, present a larger field 
 for the development of this important branch of our industry. 
 
 It will lie well under this section, to refer to the increase or decrease of the 
 several kinds of fish during a term of years. This alone will determine 
 whether either of our fisheries is declining ; as in a single year, or in two or 
 
 iKarv:*- 
 
16 
 
 thrco years, one fishery may decline, while the yield of another may be 
 augmented. This, however, does not often occur. When one fishery fails, it 
 generally happens that all fail ; though not in the same ratio. There is least 
 variation in codfish and scale fish ; hut in mackerel and herring these changes 
 are more irregular. In 18(30, the herring exjjorted amounted to 6T01»,Tt]0 ; 
 whereas, in liSG2, 1863, 18»J4, they did not reach ''$ooO,000 ; in 18G5 they in- 
 creased (including alcwives) to $4")2,oo7. This jn'oves that on.r herring 
 fishery is on the whole going backwards. As to mackerel, in 1800 the exports 
 was §o47,o8tj ; in ISGl, 1802, 1808, they fell to aliout $400,000; l)ut tlio year 
 18()2 shows the erratic character of the yearly catch of mackerel, for v.hile the 
 total exports in these three years are nearly alike, the export of mackerel in 
 1802 amounted to 8300,000. In 1804 and 180'), our mackerel fishery i.icrcased 
 beyond any proportion to the whole increase in our exports, being in 1804 
 $l,107,0;;i', and in 1805 ••i'l,0T7,27o. It must be added, however, that in these 
 two years shad and lialil)ut are included ; but they do not swell the amount 
 beyond $20,000 to $<25,000. The export of salmon shows but little variation 
 during the six years. 
 
 12. Skttistics. — This is a sultjcct, improvements in which cannot 1)0 too 
 strenuously recommended. If it is desirable to be informed of the true 
 status of any one of our fisheries, its increase or its decline, the statistics 
 concerning each must be separate and distinct. The IJritish Comnussiou- 
 crs remark on this toi)ic : — " AVe think it a matter of great importance that 
 fishery statistics should be systematically collected. It is only by sucli means 
 that the constant recurrence of the panics to which the sea-iishery has hitherto 
 been subjected can be ])revented, and that any trustworthy conclusion can bo 
 arrived at regarding the elfects of the modes of fishing which are in use." 
 The only data that we i)Ossess for ascertaining the progress and extent of our 
 fisheries, arc the Tables in the Trade Returns. 
 
 ¥. 
 
 '■' ^fc'i^ 
 
 There is one important feature presented in viewing our fisheries as a whole, 
 viz. : the relation that they sustain to the shipping interest. Of the 88,<5:jO,- 
 69o worth of merchandize exported from Nova Scotia in 1804-5, but littlo 
 more than half a million was exported in foreign ships ; and the fisheries are 
 the nursery for providing sailors to navigate the numerous vessels of every 
 class that are employed in our commerce. We see, too, how the fisheries 
 afford employment for our vessels. There is no staple of the country that to 
 such a degree gives life and energy to our commerce. Of the whole exports 
 from 1854 to 1805, more than two-fifths was in fish ; in 1800 nearly one-half 
 the total exports consisted of fish. I have alluded to the fisheries as a nur- 
 sery for seamen, and to the jealousy which the French cherish towards them, 
 from this consideration alone. Ere long, the British and Colonial fisheries 
 will have to be regarded with more concern than is now extended to them ; the 
 deficiency of seamen for the British mercantile marine being seriously felt by 
 British shipowners. 
 
 The subject of the Fisheries of Nova Scotia can no longer bo considered from 
 a local point of view. There are many advantages that must accrue to the 
 fishery interest from the political union of the British North American Colonies. 
 United action in the protection of our common fishing grounds ; removal of 
 disabilities between Provinces ; negotiations with other States ; opening new 
 
"m^M 
 
 17 
 
 itlicr may be 
 islieiy lails, it 
 riiei'c is least 
 thci^c (jlian.ycs 
 to 8701),7^0 ; 
 18(1 "j they in- 
 
 ot'.r iic'iTinj^ 
 the exports 
 
 hilt tlio year 
 for v.-Iiilo' the 
 
 mackerel in 
 cry ;.icrcased 
 ing in l8()i 
 that in these 
 
 the amount 
 ttle variation 
 
 nuot 1)0 too 
 of the true 
 lie statistics 
 Commissiou- 
 )rtance that 
 f^uch moans 
 has liitherto 
 sion can bo 
 re in use." 
 :tcnt of our 
 
 as a wliole, 
 lie e8,<J80,- 
 , but little 
 shcries are 
 s of every 
 ic fisheries 
 try tliat to 
 •le exports 
 ly one-half 
 as a nur- 
 irds them, 
 .1 fisheries 
 them ; the 
 sly felt by 
 
 lercd from 
 uo to the 
 L Colonies. 
 3moval of 
 ning new 
 
 I 
 
 markets for our fish ; a generous rivalry among the several Provinces, pro- 
 moted by periodical exhibitions ; improvement in naval architecture ; these, 
 and many otlier considerations furnish an argument in favor of Colonial Union, 
 in the behalf of our fisheries. From its consummation we date the introduction 
 of a new impulse to our Colonial enterprise and prospcity. The united 
 supervision and surveillance of our fisheiy interests should bo hailed as a pre- 
 sage of future greatness. 
 
 The Laws relating to our Sea Fisheries are to be found in the Revised 
 Statutes, Tliird Series, Chap. 9-1, 
 
 II. RIVER FISHERIES. 
 
 Not less important than tlio Sea Fisheries, though more limited in their 
 extent, are tlie valuable fisheries which pertain to our rivers and estuaries. 
 The fish wliich resort to our rivers are the salmon, the trout, the gaspereau 
 or alcwife, the shad, the bass, and the smelt. Valuable as these fislieries are, 
 when treated separately, especially the salmon fisheries, an important connec- 
 tion subsists between the fisheries in the rivers and those in the ocean, since it 
 is well known that certain kinds of fish that propagate in the rivers form a 
 large share of the food of the cod, the haddock, and the mackerel, which 
 abound on the coast. The gaspereau fishery is valuable in this respect, and 
 its care and preservation is most important as regards the cod-fishery. The 
 mouths of all the rivers frequented by gaspcreaux, are resorted to by cod at 
 the proper season, thus affonling profitable occupation to the coast fishermen ; 
 and wherever the gaspcreaux have been allowed to be exterminated, the cod- 
 fishery has ceased to exist. Xo fish that ascends rivers from the sea in order 
 to spawn, is of so much consequence to the cod-fishermen as the gaspereau. 
 
 So necessary is it that attention be directed to the condition of our river 
 fisheries, that unless a vigorous legislation is interposed, the once abundant 
 salmon, the gas|jereau, the shad, and the sea-trout, will become exterminated. 
 It is the unanimous testimony from every county in the Province that the 
 numbers of these valuable fish are rapidly decreasing ; and notwithstanding 
 that there are legal enactments against these obstructions, mill dams are con- 
 tinually being constructed without the least chance for the passage of fish. 
 Often al)andoned for want of work, their mills block up many a fine stream 
 without any effort to help the fish in passing to their haunts. The tidal net- 
 ters, whenever an opportunity ofiers, jjlace their nets entirely from bank to 
 bank ; the same practice is pursued at every available station of the river ; 
 gaspcreaux weirs, and the shameful use of the s{)ear on the spawning grounds, 
 complete the list of destructive agents. Much praise is due to the gentlemen 
 comprising the " Society for the Protection of the Inland Fisheries and the 
 Game of Nova Scotia," for their patriotic efforts to prompt the public to an 
 interest in the preservation of the River Fisheries. This society was founded 
 in 18oo, and has at different times published a report of its labors. Its inde- 
 fatigable president, Capt. Chcarnley, is known to have been engaged for a 
 brief period by the Provincial Government as Commissioner for the protection 
 of the Inland Fisheries. All the efforts of this Association are, however, 
 rendered abortive, so long as County Inspectors arc wholly negligent in the 
 discharge of their duties, and the Magistrates of the country permit the laws 
 to be violated almost before their eyes. 
 
18 
 
 The Salmon. — Salmo Salar. 
 
 m 
 
 Palmon enter tlio rivers of Nova Scotia from the middle of March to the 
 middle of September. They swim along the coast from southward and west- 
 ward, entering first the rivers of Shclbnrne, Queens, and Lunenburg ; later, 
 th,:; rivers of Halifax and Guysboro', and still later, the rivers and sti-eams of 
 the Gulf of St. Lawrence. IJut this eastwardly course is not always preserved 
 with respect to contiguous rivers, as they sometimes reverse the usual order by 
 appearing first in the eastern rivers. Tlie female salmon first enters, the male 
 follows about a month after ; and lastly come the grilse or young salmon. On 
 the passage up they take the fly of the sportsman, and are seen leaping over 
 the natural obstacles or artificial l)arriers that arrest tlieir progress, sometimes 
 to a height of six or eight feet. They often linger in the decj) holes of tho 
 streams which they are ascending. They become lean and thin almost imme- 
 diately on entering the fresh waters. Their llcsii loses the lively red tint and 
 exquisite flavor, their silvery sides turn yellow, their steel-blue backs a dingy 
 black, and reddish diffused patches their sides, head, and cheeks. 
 
 In the autumn the male salmon is seen frccpienting the shallow, sandy-bot- 
 tomed ruiniing streams, lie is busy furrowing up tlie gravelly bottom with 
 his lower jaw, in water so shallow that his tail flaps upon the surface. The 
 loitering sportsman often perceives him working up stream so as not to foul 
 his water, and sedulously conducting his mate into the furrow, where ho im- 
 pregnates the ova streaming from her teeming sides, or rushing out iipon the 
 shoals of young males in clouds about him, each a miniature salmon, with 
 hook and bill, though barely six or seven inclics long. They are now said to 
 return to the sea, ])rincij)ally because we find them there in early spring. 
 Some say they remain in the river or lakes all winter ; and no doubt many do. 
 Capt. Chearnley is of o})inion that this is caused by debility ; and that in the 
 spring they are found in an exhausted state. It may be said that the salmon 
 in Nova Scotia have their principal run from the ocean to the lakes in April, 
 May, and June ; that they s})awn in November, and immediately return to the 
 ocean. But this is only generally true. 
 
 The Sea Trout. — Salmo Canadensis. 
 
 The sea trout which frequents our rivers had been improperly described as 
 the salmo trutta, or European species. Frank Forrester (Mr. Herbert) doubted 
 whether it was not a grilse, or salmon of the third year. Mr. Norris, who has 
 written a valuable book on the fishes of the North American rivers, and on the 
 art of taking them, has proved the sea-trout of New Brunswick and Nova 
 Scotia to be the Salmo Canadensis of Colonel Hamilton Smith. Fresh from 
 the sea, compared with a brook-trout, the sea-trout has larger and more dis- 
 tinct scales ; the form is not so much compressed ; the markings on the back 
 are lighter, and not so vermiculate in form, but resemble more the broken 
 segment of a circle ; it has fewer spots, which are also less distinct. It is 
 more slender until it reaches two pounds ; a fish of seventeen inches (includ- 
 ing the caudal), after it has been some time in fresh water, weighing only a 
 pound and three quarters, while a brook trout of the same length, in good 
 condition, would weigh three-quarters of a po\ind more. They become more 
 robust, however, as they increase in weight. 
 
 The tide water mouths of the various rivers are the favorite resorts of this 
 
19 
 
 arch to tlio 
 •d and wcst- 
 >urg; later, 
 streams of 
 ys preserved 
 iml order by 
 rs, the male 
 ahnoii. On 
 eaj)ing over 
 , t^ometimcs 
 oles of the 
 most iiumo- 
 ed tint and 
 ;lvs a dingy 
 
 , sandy-bot- 
 )ottoni with 
 rface. Tiie 
 not to foul 
 icre ho im- 
 it upon the 
 Imon, with 
 liow said to 
 irly spring. 
 it many do. 
 that in the 
 the salmon 
 ■s in April, 
 iurn to the 
 
 jscribed as 
 t) doubted 
 s, who has 
 and on the 
 and Nova 
 'resli from 
 more dis- 
 tlie back 
 10 broken 
 ct. It is 
 ! (includ- 
 ig only a 
 I, in good 
 >me more 
 
 is of this 
 
 beautiful fish. In these waters he remains till August, sometimes running up 
 the rivers with the tide a few miles, then again running seaward. A very 
 gaudy fly will tempt him out of cover, in tlie thick tangled kelpy marine 
 forest.^'. lie is taken in our tide waters from May till August, both in the Bay 
 of Fund}' and along our Atlantic sea-board, and at Cape Breton. After Au- 
 gust ho is found in the lakes and streams. In winter they are occasionally 
 taken through the ice with bait, from one to twenty miles from the salt water, 
 and thoy have been seen returning to the sea in March. W. 0. Silver, Esq., 
 of Ilulifax, who has studied their habits for years, and in waters running 
 through his own lands, is of oi»inion tiiat they remain all winter in the fresh 
 water, leaving the tideway in August, that they ra[)idly change their color and 
 shape in fresh water, approximate to the brook trout in botli, but arc always 
 distinguishal)le. The weight of this fish goes as high as seven pounds ; their 
 general average is about two pounds. Tiie flavor of its flesh is thought to 
 exceed salmon, 
 
 Tlic rivers eastward from Halifax abound in this descrijition of trout. They 
 are l're(|uently taken in nets, and preserved in pickle. To the sportsman these 
 rivers furnish capital fisiiing. One })arty of sportsmen, not very long since, 
 hired a schooner and sailed along the coast, stopping at the mouths of the 
 rivers, where tiiey found the sea-trout in great abundance. In Tangier River, 
 tln-ee of tlie j)arty caught twenty-one dozen in the space of three hours, fre- 
 quently hooking two at a time. Tliis occurred before Tangier became a gold- 
 mining settlement ; but the river still abounds with these fine trout. 
 
 The Smelt. — Osmerus Jlridescena. 
 
 This savoury little fish, tliough found in the greatest abundance in the 
 smaller streams that flow into the sea, has never been deemed of sufficient 
 worth as to become an article of exportation. They are very extensively used 
 by the inhabitants who reside near their habitats, and are very generally sold 
 by hawkers in the city of Halifax. It seems almost an offence to claim for the 
 smelt a relationship with the elite family of the salmonida} ; nevertheless natu- 
 ralists persist in calling it a mbnon. They come up the river to spawn as far 
 as the head of the tide. When the ice disai)pears in the spring, they ascend 
 the small streams and rivers in largo schules to spawn, and are taken in great 
 quantities from the shores by means of dip-nets, or by weirs built of spruce 
 boughs and twigs. In the month of May, just above the tide-water, immense 
 schules of them arc directed in their course so as to ])ass through a narrow 
 opening, formed by i»iliiig sioncs in two obli((ue rows, nearly together at the 
 upi)er ends. As the smelts rush through in a continous stream, they arc dipped 
 lip with scoop nets. It is in season during the winter months, when it is taken 
 through holes in the ice. 
 
 The Striped Bass. — Labrax Lineatus. 
 
 Although other species of the percidoc, or perch family, arc found in our 
 rivers, the striped bass is the most important, not only from its excellence as 
 an article of food, but from its large size, sometimes obtaining a length oi 
 three feet. It is not abundant in Nova Scotia, and for this reason its preser- 
 vation and increase should become a matter of solicitude by the promoters oi 
 our river fisheries. 
 
 Jt r 
 
20 
 
 1 t 
 
 Along the shoro of tho Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the bass make their appear- 
 ance in large schulcs, in tho early part of September. They keep around tlio 
 islands, and between the outer bar and tho beach of the lagoons, wlicre they 
 are often taken in nets, and also at night with torch and spear. As the season 
 advances, and the weather becomes colder, they penetrate into bays and arms 
 of the sea, and ascend tho rivers at some distance, where they spend tho winter 
 resting on the mud in a half torpid state. Tlie bass whicli are brought to 
 Halifax for sale are generally taken in the rivers or estuaries of tho Hay of 
 Fundy. Where tho shad spawns is the natural feeding ground of tlic bass or 
 rock-fish, and this capacious Bay is the famed rendezvous of the shad. 
 
 Some fine specimens of the bass of Nova Scotia have been exhibited in tho 
 Nova Scotian collection at the London aiul Dublin Exhibitions, and uncom- 
 monly fine ones were procured by Mr. Townscnd for the Paris Exhibition 
 collection. 
 
 TiiK Shad. — Alosa SapUUssima. 
 
 The "king" of the herrings is rarely seen on tho Atlantic coast of Nova 
 Scotia. Occasionally it is taken in thf nets that are set for salmon. Its 
 favorite resort is in the muddy waters of the Bay of Fiuidy, where it attains 
 its highest perfection. 
 
 It is said by the fishermen of the Bay of Fundy that there are two species or 
 varieties — one species, purs'ied by dog-fish, sharks, and other fish of prey, 
 appear in the Bay of Fundy about the month of June, never go into the fresh 
 water, and are never found with spawn ; the otiicr species, called river shad, 
 on the contrary, are usually replete with spawn, and are distinguished from 
 the sea shad by their brightness of color. This opinion is not confirmed by any 
 description of the shad by naturalists ; they know of but one species. (See 
 evidence before Fishery Committee — Journals 1845.) 
 
 " They arrive," writes a reliable informant, " from the 20th June to the 10th 
 or 15th of July, and the fishing continue;- from four to eight weeks, when they 
 leave the Cobequid Bay and the Basin of Minas, going down through the Gut, 
 between Parrsborough and Blomidon." My informant entertains the opinion 
 that the shad caught in June, July, and August, arc tlic same that frequent the 
 American coast early in the spring, in the bays and rivers of Virginia, later at 
 New York, continuing along the coast of Maine and New Brunswick. He 
 adds that they feed on a vegetable substance which grows along the shores ; on 
 the flats they never take the bait ; and the farther cast they are taken the 
 better their quality. This notion of their southern origin seems to have been 
 accepted by Mr. Perloy, whom I have quoted in my Descriptive Catalogue of 
 Fishes ; but Mr. Norris, an American writer on Fishes, discards it. 
 
 This rare fish is less plentiful than in former years. Sixty years ago, women 
 and children, and even the house-dog, (in many instances an excellent fisher- 
 man,) could go at low water and catch as many as they could carry home. 
 There were two ways of capturing them next in vogue : first, by spearing them 
 in tiie holes or gullies made by the swift current on the sand flats ; second, by 
 setting seines across the mouths of the creeks and rivers. Next were intro- 
 duced the weirs built of strong stakes, interlaced with brush. The drift-net is 
 the latest and best appliance for shad-fishing, and is adopted on both sides of 
 the Bay. The drift-net allows the small fish to escape, which are captured in 
 large numbers in the weirs to the destruction of the fishery. These nets are 
 45 meshes deep, and many of them 300 fathoms long. On the Colchester side 
 of the Bay there are about one hundred boats and nets. The shad are caught 
 
 9. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 ta 
 
 cr 
 
 C| 
 iiij 
 I ill 
 itJ 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 til 
 
 :.' ^'i.i.<: Mi..i'i. tjv. Ja»«i*(» 
 
their appcar- 
 ) around the 
 • where they 
 ls the season 
 ys and arms 
 d the winter 
 
 hrouffht to 
 f tlie iJay of 
 the bass or 
 ad. 
 
 >ited in the 
 and uncom- 
 
 Exhibition 
 
 1st of Nova 
 almon. Its 
 e it attains 
 
 species or 
 sh of prey, 
 
 the fi-esh 
 river shad, 
 ishod from 
 lued ))y any 
 cies. (See 
 
 to tlie 10th 
 when they 
 :h the Gut, 
 he opinion 
 equent the 
 a, later at 
 wick. He 
 iliores; ou 
 taiien the 
 liave been 
 talogue of 
 
 ro, women 
 3nt fisher- 
 •ry home. 
 I'ing them 
 econd, by 
 ere intro- 
 rift-nct is 
 
 1 sides of 
 Jtured in 
 
 nets aro 
 3ster side 
 ■e caught 
 
 I 
 
 21 
 
 in the night, as thoy will not mesh in the day time. The boats go out in the 
 evening and return in tiic morning witii from sixty or a !nindrcd to ten or 
 twelve hundred fish. 
 
 The shad is of some importiinco as an export, although it cannot bo ascer- 
 tained what quantity is actually exported in each year. In 18(50 the census 
 gives 7,'I1!) barrels as the (piantity cured in the Province, of which Colchester 
 contributed I},()!>1 barrels; Kings, 1,274 barrels; Hants, 107S barrels, and 
 Ciunlieriand (!;V2 barrels. The writer is unable to ascertain whether its 
 increase is within the compass of human aid or foresight ; its habits being so 
 little known, dilferiiig in many respects from those of the mlmonidoe^ and from 
 its congener the alewife. 
 
 Tfii-: Alewifh: or Gaspicrfiau. — Alosa Tyrannus. 
 
 This excellent fish, it is to bo regretted, is fist disappearing in Nova Scotia. 
 Tin; mills erecled on our numerous streams have either stopped his progress to 
 the uj)i)er waters, which his instinct has taught him to choose for his spawning 
 ground, or the saw-dust and litter from the mills has frightened him backwards 
 in his course, and the process of procreation has thus l)een arrested. 
 
 The ascent of the alewife to the lakes is made in the latter end of April or 
 beginning of Alay. The moment the sj)awning is over, the instinct of the 
 gaspereau teaches him to return to salt water ; but there seems to be some 
 diniculty in det<!rmining the exact time. Some olisorvers [lut it at twenty-one 
 days, in which time, from leaving the sea, the gaspereau has spawned and com- 
 menced his return, allowing that i)c has met with no obstruction. Others say 
 that they have met them during July on the lakes ; and others, that they have 
 scon them passing down in Augnst. J'ut all agree that the young fry go down 
 to the sea in September and October, at which time they are over four inches 
 in length. 
 
 October seems to be the last date for even the fry to be seen in fresh water. 
 The ascent to the lakes, and return to the deej) water, have occupied some 
 three months. The other nine months they are hid from us. They are taken 
 in snuill numl)ers, generally with herring, sometimes with the mackerel, as late 
 as the 24111 November, on our coast, Imt they arc only stragglers ; the great 
 body that swar\ncd our rivers must leave our coast to return in spring. They 
 return either to deej) soundings or to the south. After gaining the salt water 
 the lean, weak fish, rapidly recruit, become silvery, very fat, and a few indivi 
 duals have a deep blu(! band of one inch aiul a quarter extending along the 
 back. Onr (isliermen call them blue backs, readily distinguish them, and 
 maintain them to 1)C a separate fish ; but this is only conjecture. 
 
 As an article of food wl'.en eaten fresh, it is not held in great estimation. 
 When slightly struck with salt and smoke-dried, it is called a " kiack," and is 
 very palatable. Many are cured in this way about Lunenburg and the Atlantic 
 sea-board. The Indians dry them in the sun about their wigwams, but the 
 usual way is to salt them in barrels like herring, and use them in each family 
 for home consumption. Their leanness makes them a good export for the 
 West Indies, as the fat herring becomes completely decomposed into oil by tho 
 climate. 
 
 By the Government returns for 1861, the total number cured is put down at 
 12,5<J5 barrels. Since that date they are not returned separately, but classed 
 with common herring. 
 
2a 
 
 1 
 
 The Ei:l. — Angnilla Vulijaris. 
 
 Tlio eel, altliough in reality an excellent food-fish, is not iimch esteemed in 
 Nova Hcotia. Jt is very iibiuulant in our rivers and estuaries. It is not, uc- 
 cordinjjf to our definition, a river fish, if, as is jjfenerully supposed, it spawns in 
 salt water, and migrates to fresh water ; the vei-y reverse of sliad, herring, and 
 salmon. It finds its way into many of the lakes, and will shift its (|uarters 
 from one creek or lake to another, hy erawlinj^' throujfli the j^rass. It is eaujjjht 
 in a variety of ways, hut seldom with the liook and line, except when he hrinp^s 
 the youthful angler to grief, twisting his line into a Cordian knot, that compels 
 a resort to the Jack-knife. In summer it is caught in long round Imliaii 
 baskets, called eel-pots ; it is also taken by torch-light with the s|)ear. In win- 
 tor it is taken through holes in the ice by spearing it in the mud, where it there 
 lies torpid. 
 
 Among the other sj)ecies and varieties of fish that abound in the inlnnd 
 waters of Nova Scotia, 1 might enumerate the common brook-trout; the s<ihno 
 gloverii, a yary beautiful dark brown trout, misnamed a grayling; the xahno 
 conjinis, a largo blackish tisli found in our interior lakes, (jf coarse flesh, and 
 not abundant. There are two species of the perciilr, and several species of 
 the cyprinidai or carf) family; but none of the "'while fishes" (as they aro 
 called by pisciculturists) are esteemed wJiere the trout can be obtained with 
 little difliculty. The trout is, however, fast disappeaiing from lakes near tho 
 metropolis, wiiich formerly teemed with them. The trout se(,'ker must now 
 repair to more distant waters with any hope of success ; and the larmer or 
 woodman who was wont to re]»air to the neighboring lake for liis imprcjmptu 
 meal, no longer enjoys so cheaj) and ricii ;l fare. J]ut in the interi(jr lakes 
 trout arc still abundant, and in many jcmote places leap and sjiaikle in iho 
 sunlight, and pursue llieir gambols unmolested by the sp(ntsman ; startled only 
 by some falling tree or loosened stone rudely plashing the glassy lake, or 
 whore their quiet retreat is invaded by the prow of the Indian's canoe. 
 
 OBSTRUCTIONS IN RIVERS. 
 
 These obstructions have long v'xisted in the rivers of Nova Scotia, and 
 although partly from tlie cccasion:.i enforcement of the laws for the regulation 
 of River Fisheries, and partly from the efforts of the Society for the protection 
 of the Inland Fisheries, some imjjrovemcnt is visible, the condition of our 
 rivers at the present time is in many places as deplorable as it was described to 
 be in 1854. Under Governor LeMarchant a special encpiiry was insti- 
 tuted for the information of the Legislature. Since then no ofllcial general 
 enqiiiry into the condition of the rivers of Nova Scotia has Iteen 'nade. At 
 the period adverted to, out of twenty-seven rivers reported upon, only five were 
 not totally obstructed, and in such a manner that unless in case of high water, 
 fish, even of the smallest size, could not pass and repass. On some of the 
 rivers there were accumulations of refuse lumber and slabs, which blocked up 
 the bed of the river in some instances to the height of twenty feet. Another im- 
 portant injury to the salmon fishery which was adverted to in one of the returns, 
 was the use of the small mesh net, which proved destructive to the run of 
 salmon the ensuing season by taking the grilse or young salmon, which had not 
 attained more than one quarter of their growth. A nefarious practice was dis- 
 covered in one locality, of setting eel-pots at the tail of the mill-flooms, in 
 
23 
 
 csteoniod m 
 Jt is not, jic- 
 it spawns in 
 't'rrin^r, and 
 'Is (|uarf('rs 
 U is caujrlit 
 Ml he Iti'iiifrs 
 liat compels 
 uiid Indian 
 Jn \vin- 
 cro it tlioro 
 
 tlio inlnnd 
 ; tlio isdhno 
 tlio Hdhno 
 fifsh, and 
 s|)Ocies (;f 
 »>i tlicy arc 
 'inod with 
 '^ near flio 
 mnst now 
 ! lanner or 
 iinpi'oniptu 
 •Ji'ior lakes 
 iklu in the 
 aitled only 
 
 Y lakt 
 
 e. 
 
 :otia, and 
 •ouulation 
 irotection 
 ju of our 
 ■scribed to 
 "IS insti- 
 1 general 
 ade. At 
 live were 
 jli water, 
 10 of the 
 icked up 
 Jther im- 
 returns, 
 ) run of 
 had not 
 was dis- 
 Doms, in 
 
 whieh huxlifh of ymmcf mhnon ivcre dentroijeH and giveu to fJu- pu/s. Tlio erec- 
 tion of hrusli-weirs eoniplelely spanning the river, nnd th(! setting of nets 
 entirely across tiie stream, were jtractised in many places without any dread of 
 the law. 
 
 The Conunittee of the Legislature manifested so decj) an interest in the sul>- 
 ject that they gathered from authentic sources much vahuiMe information 
 concerning the hahits of the salmon and the manner of artificial proj)agati()n, 
 and answers lo (juestions sul)niitt(!(l to (!xperienced jiersons, all of which 
 was emhodied in a pamphlet, and puMished l»y the Ciovernment. They i-e- 
 feri'cd parliculaily to the answers of Cajjtain Chearnley, as comprising 
 information on the suhject of our own fisheries not hitherto submitted to tho 
 pulilie. One looks in vain through the Journals of the Legislature, during tho 
 period of six years, from 18.')7, for any legislative action regarding the river 
 fisheries. 
 
 It the Journals of lSf!4 I find a valuable paper on the subject of our river 
 fisheries, over the signature of Hon. A. (r. Archibald, who was then Chaiinian 
 of the "• Law Amendment Committee." It is concerning a bill submitted to 
 the fiCgislature with rei'ereiice to these fisheries. It treats of the criminal 
 negl(H;t of the fisheries, and urges the em])loyment of the most energetic means 
 for IhfMr restoration and protection. It reconnnends the spreading broad-cast 
 among the j)eople such information as to the hal)its of the fish, and the necessi- 
 ty of protection, " as will enable them to appreciate the policy on which our 
 legislation is founded." It suggests the adoption of ladders, such asi were 
 being used in (Jreat l>ritain with success, and reconnnends that private parties 
 should be encouraged to ol)tain possession of our rivers, with a view to experi- 
 menting in matters connected with the conservation offish and the protection 
 of the liver fisheries. The Committee also advised the Government to offer a 
 {)rize for the best essay on the hal)its and natural history of the fish resorting 
 to our rivers, their protection, ttc, and to i)ublish and distribute the same ex- 
 tensively in the Province. 
 
 The following year (1S(].")) the suggestions of the Committee resj)ecting fish- 
 ladders were taken uj) by the '' (lame and Fisheries Protection Society," when 
 a model of the ladder was prepared and sultmitted to a Committeof the Legisla- 
 ture, who recommended that it be adopted, and a similar model sent to tho 
 Cleik of the Peace for each ('ounty or District in the Province, and that pro- 
 vision be made in the law to make the use of such fish-ladder imperative ; and 
 that a })enidty be enforced against any person taking any fish within them, or 
 within a distance of ^ixty yards from them. 
 
 FiSllI-.RY PKOTKCIiOiN SOCIKTY. 
 
 A Society called tlie " Provincial Association for the Protection of the Tn- 
 laiul Fisheries and Game of Nova Scotia," was founded in Halifax in 1853. 
 This society was initiated in the same year that unusual interest was manifested 
 by the Provincial Legislature in the subject of our river fisheries, which I have 
 already referred to. The institution of this society has had a beneficial effect 
 in urging upon our Legislature from time to time to adopt more active mea- 
 sures for the preservation of the inland fisheries. The early history of tho 
 society was marked with singular activity in carrying out its object; and 
 though it has suffered an interval of inactivity, it has again renewed its vigor, 
 and lias, within the last three years, without any legislative assistance, suc- 
 ceeded in restoring certain rivers in the Province, especially in the County of 
 
liiiii 
 
 
 24 
 
 Halifax, to a hopeful condition. If the society languished, it was for want of 
 funds to carry out its scheracs. It has throughout enjoyed the knowledge and 
 experience of a gentleman already referred to as its President, and has had 
 other military gentlemen, and some of our most influential citizens as its mem- 
 bers and managers. 
 
 Among otiier eiforts, the society has published valuable papers relating to 
 the Inland Fisheries, for general circulation ; and at convenient intervals has 
 published a report of its labors. Finding that efforts of this kind were ineffec- 
 tual in arresting the declension of the fisheries, and that in the community 
 generally the most lamentable apathy existed, its managers resolved to ap- 
 propriate its limited funds to the employment of overseers in rivers in the 
 County of Halifax, to carry out the laws which the Sessions neglected to 
 enforce. As the result of the activity and determination of these overseers, 
 directed by the Council of the Society, the report of 1805 shows that the lish- 
 ways and mill-dams in Musquodoboit River were opened, and a large number 
 of salmon had ascended the river; on Colo Harbor and Lawrencetuwn Rivers, 
 proper gates were made in the dams, and the run of fish was extensive ; Indian 
 River had been well attended to, and during the season very many fish ascended 
 the waters. The report of the Society for 18()(j will be found in the Aj>pendix 
 (No. 4), which exhibits the improved condition of the ])rincipal rivers in the 
 County of Halifax, effected wholly through the exertions of this society. 
 
 During the recent session of the Legislature, a deputation fi-om the society 
 were granted a conference with the Fisheries Committee, who at their instance, 
 recommended to the House the appointment of an efficient Inspector of Inland 
 Fisheries for the whole Province. This suggestion, tliough acted u])on by tiie 
 House of Assembly, was defeated in the Council, who deferred the bill on the 
 ground that the Inland Fisheries would in a short time be transferred to the 
 control of the General Government of Canada. Extracts from the report of 
 the Fisheries Committee, recommending the ap|)ointment of an Inspector, and 
 eulogizing " the disinterested and useful efforts" of the society, is produced in 
 the Appendix (No. 5.) 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 1. Fisiery Law" of Canada. — As all our fisheries are now placed under the 
 control of the Dominion of Canada, tnc laws of the several Provinces will lie 
 assimilated ; and as more vigorous measures have long been adojited by Can- 
 ada for tiie protection of lier River Fisheries, any more bcneficiiil onnctments 
 that Canada may enjoy will doul)tlcss be embodied in any general Act that may 
 emanate from Parliament. Among ilie enactments that are peculiar to Canada, 
 are in substance the following : 
 
 The Governor in Council may make any regulations that may be found 
 necessary for the better management of the fisheries. 
 
 The close time for salmon is between the Blst July and the 1st May. 
 
 Fly-fisliing is permitted between the 30th Ajn'il and tiie 31st August. 
 
 The taking of fry, parr, and smolt is proiiibited ; and grilse or salmon under 
 three pounds weight, wlieii taken in nets, are to be liberated. 
 
 Meshes of nets used for capturing salmon, to be five inches in extension. 
 
 The use of nets or other apparatus to be connucd to tidal waters, except by 
 special license from the Commissioner of Crown Lands. 
 
 wMPiAiMwMHaMMl 
 
»s for want of 
 nowlcdgo and 
 » and lias liad 
 IS as its mem- 
 
 •s relating to 
 intervals has 
 were ineffec- 
 ' (community 
 
 solved to ap. 
 ^■Jvors in the 
 neglected to 
 overseers, 
 liat the lish- 
 
 n'ge number 
 own Rivers, 
 
 j\'e; Indian 
 
 sli aseended 
 
 A])pendix 
 
 \'crs in the 
 
 eiety. 
 the society 
 
 Ji' instance, 
 
 »'■ of Inland 
 
 J'on by the 
 l»ill on the 
 
 •■'•cd to the 
 
 e report of 
 
 'fctor, and 
 
 ■oduced ill 
 
 nidor the 
 s will be 
 I ''v Can- 
 !><Minonts 
 -Jiat may 
 Canada. 
 
 found 
 
 ion. 
 2ept by 
 
 26 
 
 No salmon to be captured within two hundred yards of the mouth of any 
 stream which salmon frequent to spawn. 
 
 Any one throwing deleterious substances into any river, shall incur a fine 
 not exceeding one hundred dollars ; and saw-dust or mill-vubbish shall not be 
 thrown into any stream frequented by salmon or trout, under a like penalty. 
 
 The owner of a mill-dam is required to bear one-half the expense of con- 
 structing a tish-way ; and half is borne by the Government. 
 
 The Commissioner of Crown Lands may authorize to be set ajiart, and may 
 grant leases for any river or water for the natural or artificial propagation of 
 iish. 
 
 [The laws for the regulation of the River Fisheries of Nova Scotia arc in the 
 Revised Statutes, chap. 95.] 
 
 2. Leases and LicMses. — In Canada, where nearly all the productive rivers 
 in which salmon are to be found run throu<fh remote wild lands, and are the 
 proj)Ci(y of the Government, lishing leases or licenses arc issued by the Com- 
 missioner of Crown Lands, for a term not exceeding nine years, and for a longer 
 term by order of the Governor in Council. In the Lower Provinces, where 
 projirietary rights are largely involved, the license system would in most locali- 
 ties l)c attended with insurmountable difliculties. There are, nevertheless, two 
 asj)ccts in which ihe payment of royalty for river jirivilcges is advantageous. 
 However rejnignant to our cherished ideas of conunon right in the propei'ty of 
 fish, facts have proven that this right has been shamefully abused ; that the 
 most reckless and even wilful destruction of fish has lieen pursued; and 
 that the ignorance or wilfulness of the many has well nigh destroyed the bird, 
 and that we have all but lost the glittering egg. Fishing being confined to 
 fewer persons, who pursue it as a chosen employment, with |)roper guards 
 against the evils that existed when the rivers were connnon pro[)Ci'ty, tiie in- 
 terests of the whole comnumity are likely to be bettor promoted. The other 
 aspect is that of revenue ; and it is in all respects as just that the revenue 
 should bo augmented from a sovereignty in rivers as from a sovereignty in the 
 lands through which they How. 
 
 '{. Inspectors "-r Overseers. — The ap[)ointment of Overseers in Canada is 
 vested ill the Commissioner of Crown Lands. This centralization system is 
 vastly superior to ours, where the wardens are appointed ly the Sessions. But 
 even tlii ; system does not dispense wit . the necessity of one active Supervisor 
 of experience, and, if possil)le, of scijh* Ic knowledge, as recommended by the 
 Committee on the Fisheries in their Report to the Legislature. 
 
 ' 4. Obsfructions, (j'l;. — As ti; the pernicious ))ractlcc of fouling our salmon 
 streams with saw-dust and other refuse, and the injiuy inflicted by fixed 
 nets and weirs, Russell, in his work on the salmon, in substance writes : 
 "Any white objiH^t i)laced in the track of tlie fish, irrespective of its cap- 
 turing power, will tlrive the salmon away." In Nova Scotia, as in Cana- 
 da, fixed nets and lix'Ml weii's are legalized. There is little doubt that 
 the existence cf tl^cse {Ixci engines is the j)ilncipal cause of the low 
 condition of the sahiion fisheries in both Provinces. In 1<SG0 the Hrit- 
 ish salmon fisheries were in a wretched condition, and thrjo com.ais- 
 sioners, at the head of whom was Sir W. Jardinc, IJart., the eminent luitu- 
 ralist, Avere appointed to ascertain the cause of their decline. After a great 
 deal of lalior these commissioners presented an elaborate report to the t^uecn, 
 in which they state : '" Wc aro prepared, after a full consideration of the case, 
 
 im 
 
26 
 
 
 ill 
 
 to recommend the total suppress'on of all fixed engines on the estuaries and 
 sea coasts. These engines, with but few excef)tions, arc of modern invention. 
 Stalce nets liave been scarcely known in PJngland until \vithin the last fifty 
 years. * * * a„(J they arc opposed to the whole aim and spirit of the 
 fishing laws, the object of which, as has been fully sliown, was to secure to the 
 salmon a free passage to and from the sea, and to causf an equitable distribution 
 of them throughout the rivers. These engines are banefn.! to tiie fisheries, not 
 only on account of the number of fisli which they dc troy, but also because 
 they scare and drive them away to the sea when they como in shoals seeking 
 the rivers, thereby exposing them to be injured or destroyed in a variety of 
 ways." The remedial policy which is herein indicated, resulted in raising the 
 money value of the salmon i)roduce of the 5mall rivers of Britain, often pol- 
 luted by the discharges from the mines and manufactories, to £800,000 stg., 
 or 14,000,000 per amiimi ; while the money value of the salmon fisheries of 
 Canada was, in 1805, on the authority of Commander Fortin, only -"^28,000, 
 and of Nova Hcotia probably §40,000. This is a lamental)le contrast, when wg 
 consider the superiority of tb" British Provinces in their posses.-ion of the 
 most magnificent salmon streams that exist in any country in lue wdsIiI. No 
 later than 1815, 800 tierces of salmon were taken every year in tliC ,-! reams of 
 one river in Nova Scotia. Salmon then swarmed so thickly in rivers of these 
 Provinces, that are now nearly deserted, tliat they were thrown out with tiio 
 shovel, and even with the bn.!>d ; but the ignorant destructiveness of one class, 
 and the selfish cupidity of another, tlie erection of mill-dams without fish-ways, 
 the system of choking the streams with saw-dust and refuse h-om the mills, of 
 spearing by torehliglit, of over-netting, and fishing out of season, have pro- 
 duced their inevitable results. 
 
 5. Fish-ladders. — As to fish-ladders, Mr. Buckland has remarked concern- 
 ing the United Kingdom : "The great advantage of these salmon-ladders is, 
 that they have overcome the great uitficulty which formerly existed, namely, 
 the non-interference with the mill-jtower of the country, and at the same lime 
 allowing the salmon to pass from the upper to ihe lower parts of the river.'"' 
 We have not yet overcome this difiiculty in Nova Scotia. There still exists, 
 and will continue for some time to embarrass our legislation, a contest in nuniy 
 localities between the mill interest and the conijdete and successful restoration 
 of our valuable rivers. It has been already remarked, that intelligent men 
 who reside in our northern counties ailirm that the ai)j)lication of the law to 
 those rivers, ov/ing to the inecjuality in tlie volume of water at various inter- 
 vals, would compel them to stop their mills wholly. On the Atlantic coast, 
 too, there are said to be some impiacticable localities. Ilence the importance 
 of an efiicient Inspector, who coulci examine these i)laces, and report to the 
 proper authorities. It would be iiniiolitic to stir uj) a war between fisb and 
 lumber, l)ccause both are necessary ; we must build ships and houses, anil vo 
 must obtain fish in plenty. We can do both. 
 
 G. Propatjation of Fiah. — Artificial })ropagation, in the estimation of many, 
 is not re(]»iired in the present condition of our fisheries. The unusual abun- 
 dance of salmon the present season, owing, it is belie ed, mainly to the exces- 
 sive wintc'-''^ rain that has swelled our rivers, will scom jo sirriigthen the pre- 
 judice on the side of the sufiicieni'y of natural inc'siase. The system of |»is- 
 ciculture, however, judiciously prosecuted, would overcome the fluctuation 
 which the luitural supjjly suffers in suecessi\e years. It would render our 
 annual rcturus a certain and an increasing quantity ; never, however, pro- 
 
 I 
 
 MMMilllMlllll 
 
 : -^V W 
 
^lai'ies and 
 i'iv(3iition. 
 
 'dSt fifty 
 
 P'it of the 
 
 P'e to tlie 
 
 •^n-ihiition 
 
 '^'I'ies, Dot 
 
 '>ecjiuse 
 s seeking 
 'yiinety of 
 
 ' ''1^^ the 
 '^icn pol- 
 
 ^iiei-ies of 
 
 ^vlioii wo 
 I of the 
 '■'•!. x\o 
 'earns of 
 of' tlicse 
 
 vidi the 
 
 iio class, 
 
 •^'i-ways, 
 
 JiilJs, of 
 
 ive pi'o- 
 
 'oiicern- 
 (loi\s is, 
 
 lajiioiy, 
 It' liino 
 river.'- 
 
 t'xists, 
 
 >rafion 
 t lueii 
 law- to 
 inter- 
 <;oast, 
 taneo 
 i the 
 and 
 
 :eos- 
 
 jii'G- 
 
 ]ns- 
 ioii 
 nir 
 iro- 
 
 27 
 
 bably, to reach again the point where it was stipulated in the indentures of an 
 apprentice that he shoukl not be fed more than twice a week on sahnon. One 
 of the Reports of the Fisliery Protection Society indulges, however, in the 
 followinp; prediction : "The time will soon arrive when the brccdini:- of fish 
 will employ as much capital and labor as the breeding of stock ; when the 
 rivers of this Province will be estimated of more value than the lands they 
 drain, and be as jealously guarded from injury as the dykes that protect the 
 marshes of King's County." 
 
 7. Statistics. — It is quite impossible to ascertain the progress or decline of 
 the "River Fisheries from the annual statistics. Even if the Trade Returns 
 afforded a correct exhibit as to quantity, their arrangement is sucli that data 
 cannot be obtained concerning each description of fish — alewives being chissed 
 with herring, shad with mackerel and halibut, and salmon with tront. This is 
 an oversight that must be remedied, as each of the fisheries that are thus 
 grouped with otiicrs are of sufiicient importance to l)e kept apart. lint if tlnis 
 separated, we could not ascertain the catch of salmon, since a large jnoportion 
 of the export of salmon is previously imported from various local'ties in the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence. The only data that a))j)roximate to accuracy are the 
 Census Returns. Taking the figures in the Census of 1H51, and conqtaring 
 with the Census of 1801, we find the following result: — Salmon cured in 18;")!, 
 1GG9 barrels ; in 1801, 2481 barrels, and 2788 smoked salmon. Shad cured 
 in 1851, 8o3G barrels ; in 1801, 7040 barrels. Alewives cured in 18:)1, AiJllJ 
 barrels ; in 1801, 12,-50') barrels. With respect to salmon and shad, the fore- 
 going figures prove no more than that we have held our own ; because the home 
 consumption has decreased, as it has been found profitable to export them. 
 With alewives, the statistics afford a more correct estimate, because they have 
 never been largely consumed at home. 
 
 Exportation. — The statistics of exportation, as regards salmon, may serve to 
 show the general decrease in the salmon fisheries of ti o Britlsli Provinces, as 
 all the salmon exported from Nova Scotia that are not laken in its own rivers 
 arc captured in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence or the Newfoundland and Labrador 
 coast. In 1800 the vahu; of our total export of salmon was estimated at 
 .f90,184 ; with slight variations, it decreased in 1805 to *i)2,117. From 1800 
 to 1805, the value of the exports declined about ■'5^84,000. But whil*! salmon 
 to tiiO amount of •'^02,117 were exported in 1805, the imports amounted to 
 '1<42,588 ; estimating, tliercfore, their value as 820 to each barrel, it wonhl make 
 the cvport of salmon cauglit in Nova Scotia to be 1,000 barrels — about one-half 
 the whole quantity cured. Large numbers of salmon ar(^ exported to the 
 United States, fresh, jiacked in ice ; and many thousands of pounds are [)ut up 
 in tin cases, and exported under the name of " preserved salmon." The 
 quantity of shad and alewives cxjjorted cannot be arrived at, for the reason 
 already stated. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 No country in the world, with the excei)tion of Scotland, possesses so many 
 lino salmon streams as does Nova Scotia ; and the salmon amongst fishes is as 
 the ruby or the diamond an 'xsl the gems ; every well-inhabited salmon sti'cam 
 is a true Golconda. Unlike tne mine, you cannot, even by countless drains 
 upon it, if the laws of nature bo observed, exhaust its riches. 
 
28 
 
 i. 
 
 Under proper management there is not a stream in the Province which might 
 not, and would not, yield many tons of sahnon and sea trout every year, and 
 this not for a time, but for all time. A ton of sahnon is worth upon an average, 
 $300, and tlic river yield of this noble fisli might, in the rivers of Nova Scotia 
 alone, be equal to at least f 100,000 per arnuim. Nor would this be the only 
 gain ; the number along our coasts and estuaries would go on increasing in the 
 same proportion. It is easy to state this truth, it is easy also to prove it, both 
 from facts and experience ; but the grand difficulty is to make people in gene- 
 ral feel it, and act accordingly. " One can easily understand," writes a news- 
 paper correspondent, " what would soon be the result, were every cow and calf 
 in the country shot down, eitlicr for their slcin or out of pure love of destruc- 
 tion, whenever one or the other could be got at. The supply of beef would 
 speedily come to an end, and everybody would be ready to execrate the wick- 
 edness and folly that brought about so great a calamity. But in reality is the 
 folly or the crime less because tl;e creature destroyed lives in the water instead 
 of ujjou the lor.i ? A dozen average salmon will bring as much money as an 
 average cow, w '1 '^ ' ; difference, that the feed of the former costs nothing, 
 while that of the i it ' : comes to i fair sum of money every year. There is not 
 a river in Nova ScoLi>: \vhich, by getting moderately fair play, would not yield 
 during the season at least 500 well grown fish, which would be equal in value 
 to about fifty cows, while the larger rivers would yield ten times the quantity. 
 We can calculate the loss, and can show it upon paper, but still, unless we can 
 bring home in some shape or other the reality of it to the understandings of the 
 dwellers by these rivers, they will be likely to pay little attention to it," 
 
 From the prominence wliich is given to the interest of the Fisheries in the 
 constitution of the Executive functions of the first Privy Council of the 
 Dominion, it is confidently hoped that a now impulse will be given to the 
 protection and development of the River Fisheries of British North America. 
 
 The increased facilities for transport which the Intercolonial Railway will 
 secure for the Maritime Provinces must largely assist in the commercial de- 
 velopment of the River Fisheries. Salmon can be ])ropagated and taken in 
 Nova Scotia with less labor and expense than in any of the Provinces, and in 
 their fresh state will find a ready market from Montreal to Detroit, and even be- 
 yond, while cured salmon will find their way to profitable markets in the far west. 
 
 Wlicther the rivers of Nova Scotia are to become an increasing source of 
 piscatory wealth, or are to ue deserted by its finny inhabitants, so that the pre- 
 sence of tlie salmon, the trout, the shad, and the alewife in countless numbers, 
 will constitute only tales of past times, will be rendered no longer doubtful, if 
 there be iiuited the intelligent co-operacion of the people throughout the coun- 
 ties with the power that devises the necessary laws for the conservation of the 
 fisheries. Tne present is a crisis in the history of the River Fisheries of Brit- 
 ish North America. If they are allowed to enjoy means and efforts for their 
 preservation that are periodical only, revival must soon yield to retrogressione 
 but if wise and energetic measures are adopted by Parliament, commensurat ; 
 with their importance as a source of national wealth, nothing that has been 
 predicted concerning their cumulative fertility can possibly be unfulfilled. 
 
 I have the honor to be, 
 Sir, 
 Your very obedient servant, 
 
 Halifax, N. S., Can., 
 
 5th November, 186T. 
 
 T. F. KNIGHT. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 Statistical Table, from Census Returns of 1867, in the order of Counties 
 according to value of fish cavr/ht and cured, in that year. 
 
 COUNTIES, 
 
 Vessels employed in the 
 Fisheries. 
 
 No. 
 
 Halifax 
 
 Guysborough 
 Richmond . . 
 Lunenburg . 
 Shelburne . . 
 Yarmouth. . . 
 
 Dighy 
 
 Cape Breton 
 Inverness . . . 
 
 Queens 
 
 Victoria. . . . 
 Annapolis . . 
 Antigonish. . 
 
 Kings 
 
 Pictou 
 
 Colcliester . . 
 Cumberland. 
 Hants 
 
 ITo 
 
 85 
 
 509 
 
 l;i8 
 
 96 
 
 83 
 
 56 
 
 23 
 
 38 
 
 55 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 Men. 
 
 887 
 
 340 
 
 587 
 
 1380 
 
 617 
 
 615 
 
 302 
 
 137 
 
 215 
 
 452 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 28 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 4 
 
 T)633 
 
 Itoats en;;aped in the 
 Fisheries. 
 
 Nets and 
 Seines. 
 
 No, 
 
 1932 
 
 1080 
 
 884 
 
 969 
 
 780 
 
 266 
 
 295 
 
 679 
 
 424 
 
 278 
 
 413 
 
 184 
 
 213 
 
 uO 
 
 81 
 
 118 
 
 89 
 
 81 
 
 8816" 
 
 Men. 
 
 1479 
 
 631 
 
 1120 
 
 1107 
 
 963 
 
 236 
 
 405 
 
 598 
 
 716 
 
 342 
 
 320 
 
 109 
 
 280 
 
 43 
 
 17 
 
 163 
 
 85 
 
 75 
 
 8689 
 
 12006 
 
 7991 
 
 5424 
 
 3038 
 
 3717 
 
 1612 
 
 523 
 
 3423 
 
 1267 
 
 674 
 
 1398 
 
 507 
 
 990 
 
 141 
 
 422 
 
 155 
 
 495 
 
 182 
 
 43965 
 
 Note. — Tho number of men returned iis('ii(,'!if:ej in tlie Ustieries dues not include the large portion uf tlio 
 population residing on the coast who unite i'arniing with the occupation of tishing. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 Tahle of Annual Exports of Fish and Fish Oil from the Province of Nova Scotia^ 
 to all Countries, from 1853 to 1866 — value in dollars. 
 
 
 Q reat i 
 
 «. N.A. 
 
 British West 1 
 
 
 Other 
 
 
 Year. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 Colonies. 
 
 324,935 
 
 Indies. 
 
 United Suites. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 292,415 
 
 loTAL. 
 
 1853 
 
 15,260 
 
 717,686 
 
 589,831 
 
 1,940,127 
 
 1854 
 
 39,360 
 
 306,580 
 
 999,335 
 
 822,580 
 
 435,335 
 
 2,603,190 
 
 1855 
 
 11,730 
 
 197,725 
 
 936,625 
 
 1,308,455 
 
 550,465 
 
 3,005,000 
 
 1856 
 
 19,295 
 
 289,325 
 
 940,650 
 
 1,111,105 
 
 689,635 
 
 3,050,010 
 
 1857* 
 
 Trade Re 
 
 turns not 
 
 published in 
 
 1857. 
 
 
 
 1858 
 
 39,225 
 
 123,105 
 
 843,080 
 
 1,054,800 
 
 803,950 
 
 2,864,160 
 
 1859 
 
 4,295 
 
 160,975 
 
 930,525 
 
 1,249,730 
 
 843,340 
 
 3,188,865 
 
 1860 
 
 13,847 
 
 196,498 
 
 1,065,175 
 
 1,152,401 
 
 666,578 
 
 3,094.499 
 
 1861 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,390,122 
 
 1862 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,335,608 
 
 1863 
 
 24,146 
 
 212,643 
 
 1,010,121 
 
 508,744 
 
 635,013 
 
 2,390,667 
 
 1864 
 
 29,000 
 
 188,374 
 
 1,033,131 
 
 1,137,595 
 
 657,342 
 
 3,045,442 
 
 1865 
 
 99,580 
 
 184,958 
 
 1,160,610 
 
 1,471,661 
 
 560,372 
 
 3,476,461 
 
 1866 
 
 29,747 
 
 170,018 
 
 1,100,733 
 
 1,429,848 
 
 647,288 
 
 3,378,766 
 
 * The fiscal year changed to 30th September in each year to 30th September in following year. 
 
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31 
 
 No. 4. 
 Report of Council of tht Inland Fisheries and Game Preservation Society, 180G. 
 
 St. Margaret's Baij. — Tlio warden foi- ^rarj^arci's Ray District lias been very 
 energetic during the j)ast season, and rejiorts all the rivers clear, with the 
 exception of Ingrahani's Riv(.'r, wiieie still, as ibrnierly, great opposition is 
 shewn to the enforcement of the law. Your connaittee press the most serious 
 attention of the society to this fact, wiii a view of string(Mit measures being 
 adoj)t<Ml next season. Few, if any, fish have l»cen taken by fishermen on the 
 river during the past season. 
 
 The Indian river shewed a great improvomont on past years as regards sport. 
 
 Owing to a stopi)age at Uhino's Mill, the Council have caused a rock to be 
 blasted to create a further cnlai'gement of the channel, and have further closed 
 two tril)utary brooks that tliverge from the main stream, to increase the supply 
 of water. 
 
 Ead lUver, Chester Baj/. — The Council have here rendered the Grand Falls 
 practicaltle for salmon, thcrel»y opening up tiie whole of the upper waters of 
 the river. The obstacle now removed was situated about 1^ miles from the 
 salt water, and we are ghul to report that fish were ol)scrved ascending the fulls 
 immediately after the alteration was affected. 
 
 SackviUe Iliver. — The Secretary was autliorized to cITect an opening in the 
 dam at this river, but owing to the nnusnally high freshets which jirevailed, 
 nothing could at that time be effected to remedy the evil. In the ensuing 
 spring it is intended to remove .he olistruction. 
 
 Again, with regard to this river, the Council licg to report that Messrs. Piers 
 and iJlaiklock, having ol»tained inlbrmation that nets were illegally set across 
 the river above the dam, proceeded to the spot and ctTected a seizure of a net 
 which was found set totally across the stream. From information received, it 
 was understood l)y these gentlemen that numerous other instances of a similar 
 nature were of frequent occurence, tlie nets being set every evening at dusk, 
 and taken up every morning. The Council beg further to report that tho 
 overseer, appointed by the Sessions for this river, stated that he had never been 
 sworn in, and was conse(picntly an inefiicient officer. 
 
 jShuhenacadie River. — ^Ir. Veitirs report on this river cxhil)its this line stream 
 in a most lamentalde condition, the fishways at the various locks being utterly 
 iinserviecablc, and the ])assage of salmon, bass and gaspcreaux to Grand Lake 
 com[)letely stopped. The most complete obstructions to their accent apj)car to 
 be at Home's fjock, where the (ish have been netted and speared in prodigious 
 quantities throughout the season. The gaspereaux were seen in tlie water in 
 millions, and on the banks, dead and dying, in their attempts to proceed to tho 
 sjiawning ground. Several nets were seized by Mr. King, a very efficient agent 
 of the Society, in the river during the season, broug' t into town, and are hovt 
 in possession of the Society. 
 
 Sheet Ilarhor, East Branch.— T\w fishway placed in the river by Mr. Chis- 
 holm some four years since, ac-ordiiig to tlie plan then required by the Go- 
 vernment, not having been found effectual, Mr. Veith proceeded this year to 
 inspect the same, and found that the new li^h-laddcr would not answer in this 
 particular case, owing to the lu'ight of the dam, but recommended that advan- 
 tage be taken of the natural conformation of the bank to make a practical)le 
 ascent for fish, in carrying out which scheme both the owners and the Society 
 agree to join. 
 
 Little Salmon River, Preston.— Tho Society is happy to state that a great 
 
32 
 
 improvement has taken place in Little Salmon River, owing to the mill-dam 
 having been carried away. Numbers of fish were observed by one of the 
 Council on tlie spawning grounds of this river. 
 
 Petpeswick River still remains totally obstructed, according to the warden's 
 report. 
 
 Nine Mile River. — Salmon have ascended, this year, in unusual quantities, 
 and have been seen, in the fall, endeavoring to force their way up to McKen- 
 zie's Brook, to Governor's Lake. Formerly they were enabled to ascend the 
 brook, which is now totally obstructed by fallen timber. The Council beg to 
 state that a small outlay would effect the necessary clearance. 
 
 In conclusion, your committee beg to state their conviction that, although 
 the Society has not been idle, but little can be effected in carrying out a i)roper 
 supervision of the Liland Fisheries, unless an independent and salaried officer 
 be appointed by the Provincial (Government, as in Canada. 
 
 The difficulties of prosecution, owing to the local partialities of both wit- 
 nesses and magistrates, would then be overcome, whilst the judgment and ad- 
 vice of such an executive, with regard to the placing of efficient fish-ladders, 
 under the various peculiarities of river banks and mill-dams, would be con- 
 sidered decisive in overcoming all obstructions. 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 
 Extract from Report of Fisheries Committee of House of Assembly, 18(37. 
 
 The committee on the subject of the fisheries beg to report as follows: 
 
 They have had before tliem various petitions asking for further amendments 
 in the law relative to the protection of the river fisheries. 
 
 The committee regret having to report that, notwithstanding the successive 
 legislation of many years on this important subject, tiie wanton and unwise 
 destruction of the various kinds of fish frequenting the rivers of this Province, 
 has hitherto been but little or none checked. 
 
 The adoption of a particular kind of ladder in the year I860, to afford a 
 passage for salmon and othor valuable fish over mill-dams, has not been at- 
 tended with the desired and anticipated results. Owing to the peculiarities of 
 the diffierent rivers and dams, it is quite evident that no one particular kind of 
 fish-way will suit each. Feeling the great importance to the present, and par- 
 ticularly to the future interest of this province, of the successful protection of 
 our river fisheries, upon which the continuance and prosperity of our deep sea 
 fisheries largely depend, the committee have invited from " the Inland Fisheries 
 and Game Protection Society," and from other sources whence useful informa- 
 tion might likely be obtained, such suggestions as might lead to more success- 
 ful legislation on this subject. They have decided that the want of success in 
 the efforts hitherto made by the legislature to protect these nurseries of one of 
 the first resources of the province, is wot so much attributable to defective 
 legislation as to failure on the part of those entrusted with carrying such legis- 
 lation into effec": to do their duty. 
 
 While many of the Courts of Sessions never fail to make due provision and 
 regulations as required by law for the protection of the river fisheries, there are 
 different counties in which little or no interest is taken '^^ the subject, and con- 
 sequently the law remains inoperative iu those counties. In order, therefore, 
 
 i 
 
 Ufejli 
 
33 
 
 m 
 he 
 
 I'S 
 
 I 
 
 to obviate the two main ami perhaps only dilTieultios that have liithorto haflleil 
 tlie intention of the legisUituro to protect these lisiieries, viz., in the first place 
 tlic v.'ant of such means of alfordinu' practicahle (i>h passages over the various 
 mill-dams and other artificial ohstructions, according to the jjcculiarities of 
 such ohstructions, without damage to private interests; and in the second 
 place, tlio indilference and omission on the part of many of our Courts of Ses- 
 sions to put the law into efrective operation, the committee recommend the 
 appointment of a chief inspector of tlu; river iislieries of the province, whose 
 duty it shall be to from time to time examine the ditlerent rivers frequented by 
 fish, and see that the best means for the jirotection of sucli fish arc adopted, 
 and also to see that none of tiie Courts of Sessions omit to make the necessary 
 provisions and regulations ; and to oiler them suggestions on the subject. 
 
 ^ ^ '.^ ^ '-^ "Jft ^ 
 
 The subject of tlic obstruction of the passage of fish in the Shubenacadie 
 River, by the canal locks thereon, wliich was on former occasions under the 
 consideration of the committee, was again brought luider their consideration, 
 by the petition of a number of the inliabitaiits of the County of Hants. The 
 connuitteo beg to recounnend the passage of a law [)roviding for tlie removal 
 of these ohstructions. 
 
 They have also considered the petitic^n of William Krosser, of Kemptville, in 
 the County of Yarmouth, asking to be reimbui-sed in the amount of certain 
 expenses to which he had betni sulijected in connection with prosecutions iu 
 which lie was engaged, as one of the wardens of river fisheries of that county ; 
 and recommend that, if the Court of Sessions of said County do not, at its 
 next sitting, ])rovide for such reiniliursement, the Judge presiding at the next 
 term of the Supreme Court for that county, after such sitting of the Court of 
 Sessions, do amerce the county in such sum as said Judge may consider the 
 said William Krosser entitled to. 
 
 The committee cannot close their report without expressing their admiration 
 of the disinterested and useful efforts, involving much outlay of both time and 
 money, on the part of the association in this Province called "The Inland 
 Fisheries and Game Protection Society," in carrying out the laudalilc objects of 
 the society : aud from whom, as alreaily stated., valuable suggestions have been 
 received by this committee. 
 
 They beg also to acknowledge the valualile services rendered the fishing 
 interests of this Province i)y Mr. T. F. Knight, in the publication, within the 
 last year, of his two al)le pamphlets on the Fishes and Fisheries of Nova Scotia. 
 The clear and coni[)rehcnsive description t\irnished Ijy Mr. Knight, of the nature, 
 localities, and extent of our varied Iislieries, must lead to the awakening, both 
 at home and al)r()ad, of a more accurate knowledge of, and active interest in 
 this vast field of the natural resources of this Province.