IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k // ^/ ^J' A 1.0 I.I 11.25 12.8 U, 1^ ^ 13.6 "■■ ■it u 11° 12.0 I- i V f yl / '^.*'*' > 7 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) f 72-4503 ^v k \ V •s^ \\ 0^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographicaliy unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usMai method of filming, are checked below. D D n n Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommag^e Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur6e et/ou pellicul6e Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur Coloured ini( (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re Mure serrde peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intirieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout6es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filmies. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplimentaires: The tot L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'ii lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m^thode normale de filmage sont indiquto ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ •J Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurtes et/ou pellicul6es Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d6color6es, tachet6es ou piqudes Pages detached/ Pages d6tach6es Tha pos oft fiinn Ori( beg the sior oth( fir9i sior or il Showthrough/ Transparence I I Quality of print varies/ Quality indgale de I'impression includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire Only edition available/ Seule Mition disponible The shal TIN whi Mai diffi enti beg righ reqt met Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6ti filmdes d nouveau de fa9on d obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmi au taux de reduction indiquA ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X y 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X tails idu odifier une mage Th« copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Gienbow- Alberta Institute Calgary The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. L'exemplaire fiimi fut reproduit grdca d la gAnArositA de: Glenbow-Albeita Institute Calgary Les images suivantes ont M reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet* de l'exemplaire fiimA. et en conformity avt. : les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the fir9t page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol ^^ (meening "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimte sont filmAs en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la derniire page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmte en commenqant par la premiAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un dee symboles suivants apparaitra sur la derni^re image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN ". Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent dtre filmAs A des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seui cliche, il est film^ d partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'imeges nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. rrata o lelure. Id J 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 m % "^ \ .\ ^ \ *■ '.^ k %\ N \'*- % • ■1i I X\ Till-: AXTELOPE AXD r)i-:i-:i! OF AMEJiK.'A, « ft"; ,•1 Li iK- )>V "i^"-^^ ":<. ^^■■■■■:.:m.^^\..^-:%. .;vAr,.-- , AM) ( AI'Ai irv I-ni; Do.MKS- TKAriuN (I I' Tin; AMIMK'Al'IIA AM) CKIIVID.i; OF MUMH AMKIMi'A. nv JOIIX DK.AX CAToX, M.. I>. NKW YORK: JTHMSIIKI) 15V Iiritl) AND noifJIIToX. r.OSTON: Il.o. IlorcillToN AM) (OMl'AXV. 1«77. Co|iyri;;iit, ISTT, llv Joll.N KEAN CATm.N. /7A 1 111 V E R s I D E , C A M U R I D C r. : PRIXTIID UV U. 0. UOLCUTl...\ AND COJIPAXy. * riMirACR. '■'l"- ".It, in, I l.i.tniy .,f thnsr M,lil„;il.. tl„. ,M„->nll ,,1' vvlil,.|, 1m>;iI\v;iv. l.rr,, will, i,„. :, fav,,,-!!, icrivat i,,|i. I.as .„r, ,,,;..,! „,v I.'iMiiv |n,-n,an\ ,v-ais. I|.. ul ..,„M ,,„j,,,. ,|,„ ,„|| ,„„,,^,„,, ,;,- li'M >l-rt> iniiM l,a\r a -on,! kn.n; ir.l-,. ,,f il,,. nahnMl |,lsi,„.v n|' tlic nl.j.Mts nf Ilis imrsiiit.an.l t!i,. i,,.,,-.. ,.,„.,,.', h- thai kii ul,.,|^v tli<- III. .IV .•(iiiijil,.;.. uill h,. ; ; i.||JM\iiirn». '■"'"' '"■'">•>,,,,•.. I liavr k..].! i,, ,|,„i,...ti.ali,,M til,. Aiii.n.Mi, '^ I"!"'^""! ^'11 "f til.' AiiHinan .|,...r,.r u|,i,.|, | t ,vai , ,.x,...j„ 'Ih- M.,.,>.. aii.l til,, two .s|H.,.;,.s ..K'.vil,,.,, ..)• .\ni,,i,.ai, l(,.ii,.|,.,,.. 'Il'is l,as niv..ii Ml,. ..,,,„,it,n,iii,.s f,,,' inalv:.,;- .,l,s..r\ at i, ,i,s ,,f 'I'-iii. Nvl'i.-li I n.iiM M,.l ni.ik,. in tl.,.irwi|.l st-it,., aii.la liaMt „|' i""ii:t:iiiy,.l..>,.rv:,ti„MS lias i„v,i,iii,lat,..| a vu>t aii.Min, ,,r ia,,s " '"''— -imt.. .•o,Mi„.,,.„t to j,„!....l,.,.,M,.,lof ..i,.,,,!!!,. val,,,., '""' ^" "•'••^ ^ ''"'" l^" attempt; V, ju.t tl„.in i,, a i\,nn \vl,i,|,' ^^""''l"'"l<- tliuu availal.l.. l„ ,,tli,.rs. Tliis I un.|,.rt.,. !< m.iii,. yais .ill..... l„it s.HMi .lis,.,,v..r(',l (hat I sli,.i,|,I i„.v..|- ...„„|,1,.,.. ,i„. wuik t,. my ,nvM satislactH.n, f,.r n,.\\ ..I.M.rvati,.iis ...iiMaiiilv ,1.- "'■""l"'l a.l.liti.His .;!• chaMuvs in what I ha.l th,„,-lit linish,.,|. =""1 >" inii^ht I r.Miti.m.- (ny yars I., ,.,,„„■. fhav,., h.,w- <'vr. taken tlu; a.Ivi.'e of a s.^iriitili.. tVicn.! i,, n,, l-.u-,.,- .h-lay '" ^''" '•^'" '"1"' "f attaining- .•,.,n,.I,.f.,.n,.ss, ,.,.ns,l,H,s that '"""•I' iVMiains to In, .lis..,,v..nMl ,vlatin- to tin. .,l,j,.,.ts ,.f my Mu.ly, an.j that many of my coiU'hiHions may rn|.,in.. m,,.!iii,.a. ti,iiis. I Miak.. n,. attfm])t b. oxliaust tho natural hist,.rv of ..vn th.- tV\v animals of which I tivat, l,„t content mvs,.lf\vitli a m..,v '"onograph of them, leaving their osteoh.gy ami anat.Muv ali.mst X niEFA CK. ciilircly for otln-r mid iiiDro coiiipctciit liimds, inviidiiig tlicir iiroviiii'c (iiilv so far as was iircfssarv to Liivc cointilctciK'ss to tlie '.'\tfi iials of tin.' animals sliulicd. In a ntiliiarian \ icw tlif luancli wliicli I have examined may \w. of the most interest, luit for strictly scieiitiru; I'eseareli tlie others are not less important, for all must he exhausted before tlie natural liistoi-y of an animal is undei'stood. If I have been nuire minute in descril)inn' th(> eharaeteiMstics of my animals than those who have i;one l)efore me, it is hecause it has lieen possible for nie to do so, by limiting mv iiKjniries to a few species, while others have, iwnbraeed in their invi'stin'ations the whole oi- a hirL,^e portion of the animal kinj^dom. and eoidd give to carh species but a very limited space, and so must con- fine thems(flves to a few facts deemed the most important, neces- sarily omitting others, which when properly understoi.id may ]>i'ove of the greatest scientitic value. Without facts we can have no scieutilic knowledge, and the moi'c lacts we have the bet- ter an; we (pialilied to form correct conclusions. My aim has been to carefully observe facts and to accurately stati' them, and so truly exhibit nature and her workings. If I have stated many facts wliicji others liavo not observed or deemed \\ M'thy of note, I have onutted many observations for fear of prolixity. It is not to be ilenit'il that zoology, esiiecially wlien treating of the larger aniiiuils, num alone excepted, luis been the sid)ject of less careful study than many if not most of tlu' other natural scii'uces. From the great extent of the field it is im[)ossiblo for any one man to originally ex[)lore tlie whole, or any considerablo part of it, except in the most ge'noral way, and so it has boon impossible for any of our groat naturalists to descend to that minutoness in their investigations which characterizes the students of some otlier branches of scicnoo. Let us admire the painstaking archa'cjlouist who overlooks nf)thing wlrch can throw a rav of light upon tlu^ subject of his inquiry. A chip from a flint im- plement ; an impress upon a [)iece of pottery ; a hole in a pebble; a scratch on a fragment of bone, — all ar(> noticetl. recorded, pon- dered, and compared with others brought perha[)s from a distant part of tlio world, ui.til tluit which was dark and unmoaning Pin: FA CE. XI ^-1 I.|-v..nu„.,.U,. s„..|,.,.t ,„,,,„ ,„„,„,.,,,„„„, "I"!'' "Ill-" nil" l.av,. i,„t thus I,,, I tl„,„s,.iv,., „„ , '"'■"■;■■'"■>■' "-"'s f.-i will, u.i, ,,„.,, „,■„.,,..,, „,,,, ""''-'"-"■-"■•l.i— >v™li„tl,is,„.vl „,.„.,. i\ irihirc f..ll • » I, , 1- ■ '.-^"'"-,' » 111 \\ liicl "■'I- Ml, l„.sr,„.y„l wl,:,t ,„„.,. „.,.s tl„. ,to„,,,, «l„. I,,.. -.c,,.,.,„.,iM,.. ,,,.„„, ..i,.™„.,ii„„„.i; .,,i.,, ,■„;,„: ' "";'"f "^' "S ""■ "I'l'-t of ,1„, ,nh„,,l sd..,„.„,' ii i . -"""S tl,. I,.>„.st i„ its sta,„l,„,| „f r„||,„.ss ,. "T com...t ,,„K.|„si„„s. J„ „,is „.,„.,'"'""■ ■'■"■■ '" '- oi'j-i». I i,»v„ ,i,„„„i,t it ,„,,,„,,„ ^„ „^^ I,,.; „„,■■; '" •' "■'";r '","-- '^''i- "f f"''-. i."W..« u.t , ; ,r :: : 111' "liu'i- .la,si„us of tlu, »„l,i,.,.t ,„„! I, .,, ,1, ■ :: - T'' -•-'■■'■■'' '"'''-'-"v^::.::;:";-;;; l»o so wnjiiH' it „ ,l,.f.,;| <-i,.,f fi 1- ■>ini|.(i will -' -'•"■■ ^-^^^ti::z z-rTT'-^-'- '-y f'-'-^'^^'^ ^ "'-• '-iiii>r Axri;i.i)ri:, siion im; ns Aiir r T yixu: Amkuh'i. Km An ri.i.on; Ma.;mi ii:i, Se. tiox or Iluiiv M.\..i: .Mm,,se Femali: Moosi: .... Male AVapiti Deer ... Fe.maee Waimti Deku Fawn de Waiiti Deer Male Woodeanu Caiair.s) Anit.ers of Female n-oo»LAND Car.bol- AxTLERs OF Male Wooi.land CVr.rol- (,wo pal..) ' Antlers of Female wild Lapland IJe.n,,, fr Antlers of Male wh.d Lafland Ue.ndefr AxxLERS Axn Skelx. of Male ^VooDLANO Carh.,; (a.ie.- I. lli^ADS AND Antlers of Harren-grofxd ciniRou (after Ki. Cuoux AxTLERs FROM Wapiti J)eer . COMMOX AXTLERS OF WapITI DeeR . . " ' ' Dag Aktleus of Wapiti Deer . Crowx AxTLERs OF Red Deerof Eirope" " " " AxTLERs OF Wapiti, siiow.xo iufid Brow-tine " " " ilMPLET AxTLERS FRO.M Hed DeeR OF KlRope ' ' Head AND Antlers OF Hayden's El ic ABNORMAL Form OF Antler FROM Blackmailed Deer " . Mom: ail! lart ■', three son) . P:iiro ■Jt) ■Ji> 70 70 7!t 70 88 U-2 •jr, 101 104 104 1 ',!.•! I '.!.-> i;i!t I'OI ■2i>2 -'02 L'O.f I'O.'J . -'Illi L'or . 210 -Mo . I'll L'U -' I :> iiir, iM7 ■22\ XVl J/JA'STHATJOXS. II A lATAIt-iVI. (il.AM) NoKMAi, I'ldiM oi As rr.Kiis or I5r.A('K-rAii i:i> l)i;i:ii . ^>'|>l;.^rAr. I"i)i;m or Amlmis o|- IJi.ai ktaii.i;ii I)i.i;i! av i: vsi.ii Vi Ni; NditMAi. loitM oi- Anti.i:!!-* of Ml i.i; l)E;i;ii wnu AiiNouMAr, Tivi Am i,i;i!s or A<' i-i-i.co l)i;i:ii ANri.i,i{-i or Common- l)r,i:it {-2 jiairs) l)i:i (iiiMi.i) Ami,i;i!s or Coai.mon 1)i;i:i[ Tails or ail tiii; Dkkk (10 Hi,MirL's) IliM. I.Lc.s oi- riii: DioKi! wiTK l!Lri;iu;\ci; to tiii; .Ml (7 li-iircs) TaISSAI. (il.AM) OI' MoOSL ...... TaI!SA|, (Il.AM) OI' ^\'OOI)I.AM) C'aUIIJOIJ .... 'I'aksal (ii.vM) OF Mali: M'ild Hi;iNr>i;i;i! oi' Xokw.w 'I'ahsm. Ci.AM) OI- Fi:.MAi.i' Wild Ukim>i,i:ii of Nohwa ^iLTATAIiSAI. (;laM> OF ^Il'LL DllU .... Mi:tatai!<.\l Gland of Iilack-tau f;D 1)li:k !MLTATAIiSAL (IlaM) OF CoM.MON DkLII MLTATAIi-iAI. (il.AM) OF C'lVI.ON Di:LK . . . , SC.VNDIV AVIAN Kl.K Wild ^Iai.l Kiijoi'lan Ui'.indllr "Wild Flmai.l I'^ikoi'Lan J!i:im>li:i! .... IvLD Dllu of luitoi'i; . 221 iNoUMAl. DI- ■2.>i i'.'U ■lyi . L'.53 253 . 258 25S . 258 258 . .'t2t .'i21i . a.'jd 333 . 221 )UM.M. 1)1- I \ I : ,VI. (il.AM) 221 221 22t 224 220 2;!4 2.") (I 2.') 2 2:1.3 ■jy.i 2."..'! 2,J8 2:18 2.") 8 2.J8 .•!2t .32 '.I ;!3;i THE ANTELOPE OF AMEiUCA CLASSIFICATIOX. .W..,N0_to ,1,.. an-ang.,n.nt ,.f Cuvi.r th., Ki^luhOnl.. "f .Maiiiiii;ili;i is iIk IM'MINANTIA iW Tluy ln.v.M., iM.isors in tlHM,,>,...r jau-, ami '^''cund. Ilicyall iv-inastica(.' thrir |u,„i Otlun- p,.e„Iiariti..s, nut ohserv,.,! in ti ih.r onlns of ,|„. — -'---fonnainapa.to^ti.J^nni^antia^^.^.^ ^-3 .nay l. sopanttnl into divisions or classes ; to ., -'-1'^ ...tun.l.sts havo al.vacly given appropnato ami conv . n-c.s;lu,tasuostn.lytI..nanaiJ;..,nHle.sta„^^^ '■•' --a,... we I.0I constnUned to mako changes in tl.s. eh^^^^^ eat ons hy enlargement, din.inution, oi- transposition ^^^^i Ins.. K. may, with p..p,.,,,,,,,.^,^^^ Jir.t. Those which have horns or their e.p.ivulent, antlers; ;V-r.W Those wim.h are without these appendages. iiu! luvst of these may be represented hv the nv fl. . . t^.ogo.,tlu.sheepthell,,an!lthe:i^^:;:n;^^ |--s the camel, the Ihuna, the nu.slcs, son.e of the chevrl.li:::, ch.tif ''ti ''f" '^""' "''^^ '""'"' '"' ^'^'^ constrained to further classify the l.rst group into divisions, as follows : - I'rrst. Ihose which have hollow horns, all of which are eni dermal emanations ; and ^ 18 ■/■///•; .wri.i.Di'i: or a.mi:i;i(.\. S,,-i,„,L 'I'Ikksc wiiicli liavc s(.li(| Ikiiiis. or inuiv i.n.prrlv. iiiitlci's, wlii.-li arc (isscuus ill tlicir striicliin' ami art- [n'ovidcd Witll a in/'Kisfi II t)l. Still ur liiid siirli important (lilTrrcnccs hiiidii^' tliosc wliidi ••«'lii|M..s(! cacli nf these ili visions, tliiiL wr :iiv not satisli.d till we t'lirtlwr sulxlivi.!.. tlu-iii into cliisses : tlio lirst division of this J4'i"i)ii|i into 1. 'I'hosc whifh have hollow and pc'sistciit horns ; and '2. Those wliich have hollow aiul (kridiioiis horns. All thu hollow horned rnniinaiits le.ve persistent horns, and s(» ai-e of the first class; except the American antelope {Aiidlor^i^ru Aiii,'rir,ni„) which has :i hollow horn, whicli is shed and repro- (inced aiiiiiiallv, and so is the sole representative of the second class. Then, an-ain, those which have solid horns or antlers als(. ruquini ii further chissiiication : — 1. Those which liave solid and deciduous antlers, which em- braces all tlu! solid horned ruminants except '2. The giraffe, or camelopard, which alone has a persistent solid horn. KKillTII OUDKK. Si:M> (liidi !• nr riiK I'.Kami ( »ia)i:i;. I'lKsT (liMici- <>i- Till-: llnaiTii (h 5^ C ft s S,.c(iii(l I)ivi>i(.n (if till- KiiM l'iriu\ Class of riio I'irst Class Soc-oiid Class of i'irst Class nf tlio llu' St.ToiiilI)i- of tin. Scciiiiil tlR. riiM |ti- I'irst Division vision of the Hivisioii of the vi>ioti of lli,. of iju; |.i,-^t I'lr-t (iidiip of I'iiM (iiMiiii of rii-sl (ii-oiip of (iniiip (if the ilic Ki-litliOi-- thcIlJKlitlKii-- the Klji-litliOi-- Ki-liili OnliT. ilt'f. (iui-. (Ifi-. If, however, we look to tlie feet as a means of classifying tl ruminants, wo should be obliged to make important cluuH'-es i ifi' uropcrly. u't' |)i'(>vitlc(l (Ikpsc which isli( (1 till we i.sioii oi this Mlltl IS, mnis, iiiul s(» An(il')iui jirit \ and ri'iiro- I tlir SlTOlld antlers also , which t'ln- a persistent cr..\ssiri(\ii,,y 11) llic I'irst (Inmii 111 Oni.r. ■'irst(l;i-s ( f tlio l''ir>t l)ivi>i(m <.f tlK' lir>t f' 1^ -2 I so 'i-" - c« n a- isifying the clumges in ■"'■ |-''i--."iM,.i, H,.,.,,,,,,i,.. ,,,,,,,,,.,,,,' v,.iv,«.i,.,.. • , ;'"; " ^""•;' ""■' " ^ -f^'.' ;,. ,n,r,.,v,„ ,, V ',"■,"''"'';""■■' "-' l-l-.nlM.I, .1.,,,,. "■'■■■'7' ;:", " » I ,"»....■;.,■ i,„„r,, ,,., i„g,i„.w,„- , "•;• iiiiiv ,-., fiirtli.r ill,,. Hi,, :„,„ i,,,, ,„,„,„„,„^ „, "'"■",' ;-"!':■. ^"wiii.i.i it v,.i,i„,„,„,. ,,.. „„i i„ , ':. "",;", """ "'■""I"- '";--• -■! -I"- "lin.lv ,a,i,f,i,.„, - " ■1-1 ni..,.s„.,,i, .i,i,i,,,i,i,.» ill 111,, ,..,„.,.»,:„„ „r ,,,.,„.„| "'^ 1 n..|,,,. It ,»,|ial„-.. ,,f,,.,,n,,,,,t,,,,,,,,,,,f ,,,,,,,,.,, ;_ IB .1 ,„ ||„ „,,|„,,„ „, ,|„„.i,. , ,|i ,„;,.„, j,^ 1,^, ^^ ," "''V r""'"""."' ' -■'""■ "'■ ' -l"l'MK..lt .If llivvi, :::t •;:; . ;;;;:ri;:y;;;t:;:;;;;;::;-r;i;l^ *' m.. !■ iL ';'""'-""""""• "■'"' ''" "!'■> I'"va g,iii,. I„,r,„; .■migiii.,,,! ,„„, ...taUisii,,: 1.;; ' ""'"-■'"=' •" "'■" I »lu.ll li.t „.™t „f tiio Pning ,!,„.,, .„. Aini.n,,i„ A,„„l,i,,. i^.^.st ,„ ti.e .uiiiiml ocoiioniy, ,,r„vi„i,, to its dhc.v.-Jy 20 Tin: .\\ri:i.i>ri: in- .i.i//;/;/' .1. or cvt'ii Inr Iiall' m cciiliirv Inter, :iii(l wlicn disrovcrfd uml aii- iiDiiiircd. wcri! (llsci't'ditfil. MS l)fiiil;ilili>lii'd /.uiiln^ical laws. Tlirsf jirrtdiariticH will bi' I'ldlv coiisidt'ii'd as we proceed. Adult Antelope. Kid Antelope. J I'l'd :iii(| iiii- i wliat wen- prciiliiirilicH ^^ \. ,%v^^ Aiirilopc iiiHrlnimi. A.\Tir.()CA|'|j.\ A.MKIIK .\\A. (),;,». American Antelope : Prong Buck. Aurilonipn, An.mra.M o,,.. , ...,.■ i-i,,.. sn. ,s,m. -'■ y- (ii;\v. KiiMU-l-v .M,na-- "■I'i''. IS.'lM. '^' "• ^ l!\.ii., X. Am. (»„:„|. ". III,;. Is.-, I. ,.|. |,,^.ii_ IJaiiii.. r. s. I'at. on: A-rl. '{'•p.. l>i.".l'. pi. I!aii;i.. I'-.u'liu: R, ]{. i.,,j,^ N'in. cr.c, is,-,7. 'Iai;i a\. F.iiiii;,. :>,-,(i. ■ • • • Ol!l>.. (Illlll. Ccou.. IS].-,. Haiii.an. I'. Am., -.'.-.(i. |«i>,-,. l'"i <;iiTv. (';,],. \. II. _ |,,_ m..;5_ 'Maximilian-. K'-is,. in,];,, in,;,.,," .N'nifl-Aiii., I. .In;;, is;):). ■ • • • '-KWIS i^- Cl.AKK. Ivx|„.,|i,i„„ I'.v I'miiI All,m, I. Ill ,,, s,.„ ISdl. ' • • • • "am. .Smith, Li,,. 'JV.ms.. \ili DKSMAIiKM, 3r,niiiii., II. .17!) 1S-_>L>. l{i« iiAi;i)s..N-. F. r.. A., II. lioi. Gii;m;i.. Z,),i!,.|M' Hiiliiiiitii. . "VVA'i.vr.i;. .Slip., I\'. .|();;. I)i;sMAi!i.sT, .Alaiimi.. H. .[70. .SMiTir. Trans. Li„„. s. I.oml., XI I r.. 28, Fiir. Imn.. (JrifK Civ.. IV. ;;i>;j. I)i:sMAiji:sT. Mamm.. I[. .i7<). Wa(;\i;i;, Sclireb. Siinnt.. V., J 12."»(». Ooir.,..v. Pr. Z,„il. Soc. Unul, IV. IL'I, IS.IG. mm 22 •////. WT I.I.I in: ,>r .\. mi: an a. .illlil<>|M' (IHciilllOtTION) IMlllliltil, II.WI. Smiiii, (iiill. ( i,\.. \. .!•.'•■!. I.M'7. AllHl0|M' Ullfj'flrVll «.I;AK I'r. /.(M,|. S,,r. I,nlH|. <'rr\lllS hidllilfllS ni.AINVII.I.I,. Hull. Sn,.. n.iln. mat., 7;!. l.slC IHn-iiiuMTros fiircifcr Si m.in am,.. Kmi,.,'. Sv.N'.icn-k- ll.'iiMll.. IS I I. IniM. Horns. Arcliv. Skuiid. Miit.. II. •-'>".s. l,s,")(t. IHcrillMUM'ION Allll'lJniiiiis . . . Ti I!Ni;i(. I'r. Z(m,|. .So,.. I.on.l.. X\ III. 171. |.s.-.(i. IVllJllillllllK-illllC lllUNAM.IZ. N.iV. His,,., '.',•> \, ;i-'."). pi. i(;.".i. (Uichiinisoii.) ^'ii'H'n' (Joss. .lomn.. i;». III. C'ANAmAN \'tlVA(il.i;s. (iJicll- aidson.) ('J'niis iMnirciltlls l{AiiM:s..ri:. ( Ui.-l.anUn... ) A|tistOl-|lickosllJ.s|| Cmiukvii.i.i.. Hiul. I'.ay, 1 (;.'.. 17'.»n. (Uirlianisun.) IN'Ollff-lioill Alltcl<)|t(' Smitm. (iiiH. All. Kiiind.. IV. 17(1. Kii;. (ioDMAN. Nat, Hist,, II. ;iL'l. r>Aii!i., iviiio u. II. i{oi).,viii. ooo. Proil«'-l»IICk I5AKTr.i.TT, I'r.Zool. ^^..c. J.oii.l., IS (;.'). Catun. 'IVaiis, Ott. Acad, Nat. Sci., 8, 1S(;S. Sizi. l(">s tliaii \'irniiiia deer; form mhiLst; IkmIv slimt ; neck slioi't, fifxililc, and enct : luad large and elevated. Horns hollow and dci^idu- ons. witli ;i slioit. triangular, anterior process about midway tlieir lenytli, compressed laterally helow the snag and round uhove. Horns situate on the super-orbital arches. Tail short ; legs rather ^liort, slim, and straight. Hoots bilid. small, pointed, convex on top, and concave on sides. No cutaneous gland oi' tuft of hairs on outside of hind leg or inside of liock. No lachrymal sinus or gland below the eye. ^Mucous meml)iane very Jil.ack ; lips coveretl with >liort, white; hairs, with ii black, dividing, naked line in front of upper lip, extending from the month to, and sui'- rounding both nostrils. Face brownish black, with sometimes reddish hairs upon it. Top of head aI)ove the eyes white; cheeks and under side of head white. Ear.> white, with dark line around the edijes, — most pronounced on front edges; a brown black patch under each ear. Horns // \iii r I /■ irili: ('ii\.. \'. Sdc. I, mill. II. ^>n'. rililn- 1,1;. Sv.\'(liii.k- Ai<'li\. Skaml. III. .S()c. I.oinl.. V. Ili^p.. ;;l'|. Uirlianlsiiii.) I I I. Kil.llS. (I{icli- Uii'liai'iUiiii. ) ml. r.ay, !('..'». ■(ImiIi.) . Kih-il,. IV. [list., II. ivn. II. Uep.,VIII. M)l. SSdc. Loud., tt. Acad. Nat. t ; neck .sliDi't, i\v and dcridii- y tlicir It'iiytli, Horns .situate lort, slim, and 1(1 coiicavo on oi;' or insidt) of )us incinljiano )la('k, di\ idiny. h to, and sui- etinu's rt'ddish 'ks ami under edges, — most ;h ear. llorns tJJl l'la.'k.u,,l,yelUv,.I, „I,i,e,i,.. To,, ami -id,. .,f .....K. ,|,.. l,.,.,. „„, ;M;l-'-l''''-l'>..'U«s..,yell,.U=l.dnW,lds.„,,io........,,,,.,,,^ ""■.r '■••^;: .■"-'-"^ i"-"-i-.munn, ui,|. a uhi, ',,:,„.!. :•""";.'■."'"'•• '••"'"'"■-. will, a t;.u,:.un. Inir.nn „.,.. Tl,,.,.. , ,„ '""•'■'''-';^'' -'"'"' -■'"'"•'. a nuam ;daml nnd.-r 'a,l, ..r. : .Im. ""'■ '■•";'' I"";"""'- "'■ 'I- -/'/'o. ,!...,■ |„.|,i,„| ..,.., .,^. ..,„, '" ■'""•'-■'-•'- -l-:n,l..n.,r,.d.,.,.r, I,.., I ,,,„.,,, in all el....... ^^■|ii^■ll.•.le^,•n,..i,.Maln.a.|v^iv..,M.|• ,I,is inl-r-.-tin:. :,„i,n:,l "7 ';'-'l'-tlH.nafuraIi>t t., .iistin^.nshi, In.,,, all ,„ I,..,. ,,„;Hlr„- '"■''"" '•^■" ^"'^-M'l^'i"sitsi,;,t„,Mi l,i.-l,,rv. M..r.lo,.si, „iv,. '■vii ;, >M,.,|,Ms uf it. T,. ,1,, ,l,i,_ ,,., ,„,,^, ji.iri iri,|:i,.itii.s. iiAiu'iw r. 'Il-I'''l|.| Im M-,.|.;||,,|. " ':'"", ■■"'V-.l,.,,..! ,,. .\..,,|, AMwrien. I.,„ „. ,,„. ,„,„,„.,„.. IVLI.M, „|,|„. ^veston, ,„,., oft|,is,.,„,i„„,.n|, ,i,„,,, '".'V '".' ■■" '"" "•• "vi'l'-nro that tl,.. |',.,,„„. i;,,,.,, ,,,, ;;^'- -' ';''-'";^'"- ;-l ..r ,ln. Mississippi Ri,,,,, „„, ;, ^. ;-v w,.. Mho Misso,„.i Niv,,,.. W..s,..:,r,i. i, o,.„i.,„|| • '"■■;;■■""■ ^■'■'"■^ "^"- ^'y i..ron.,ati,.M is f„|| ,!,„ tln.v woiv .■,.. V n..n.oro,.s th..o,,o,.,.^^^^ po.-ns.,, (»n..on. They are very seatvo. if a„v ..is, „ ^-•...v:a.nl(.,,ir,.,.,Msattl.is,i,,,...^ " '1 l;v.l..'m. Ih,.„. „„i,,. .,„.,.„,,.,„,,,.,.„, ,1„. .n.pies ".'";.'".-'"";•""''-' ""'• -HI, ia.itn.lo. Within tin. ' ^'. nak...l „,oun,ains. Their tav..ri,.. hannts an- the nal I ':;■;;;;: ;-'''-ning..un,ry. ir they .......... ,..„„,„;;;';::; *'•'•'''•''' '''=^Min..se aninml.s uvoi.l ,h..n, at nnv saerili.v 1 lei-roi's '" -'"I'"n,,l,.stm.|s„ftl„.n,„p. Iwll,.,,!,.,, in ll„. ■ ,„ .Il,u l„™l,ey,-u rcg,,,,, „.|,i..h U„.y l,ave now ,,„it„ ,1,- 24 THE AM'ELOPE OF AMERICA. ITS DlSCOVEItV. 'I'liis iuiimal dllViTs, in many imiMirtaiit particulars, from all other rmiiiiuiiit.s. It has been long known to tho liuntcM's and trajipcrs. hut the seientilic world is indelui'd to I^owis and Clark tnr th(! first aeciirato iiil'orniatidii cuneerning it: not from the description of it which they give, for they do not pretend to descrilie it, and only speak of a few of its ])ecnliar habits; hut rather from llu; specimen which they brought with them. They sometimes speak of it under the naiu(> of goat. Kichardson's descriptiiin is the most satisfactory up tn his time. Audubon and iJachman add valuable information, especiallv of its habits; while later still, JJaird has given us a descri[)lion which is re- jnarkable for its scientific accuracy, especially when w(i consider the means at his command. These gentlemen all labored under some very important errors, and wen; not awai'e, or could iu)t bcdieve in the existence of those anomalous characteristics which widely distinguish this animal from all other ruminants, and en- title it to a separate i)lace in natural history. 'Iheso luarks or peculiarities will bo considered in their propiu- places. This animal is not so largo as the Virginia deer, and is more in])actly built. A fair, averag(^ adult mah^, as lii^ stands nat- urally on the ground, will measure, from the cMul of the nose to the end of the tail, four feet ten inches to five feet. Height at shoulder, two feet ten inches ; at hip, threc^ feet one inch; length of tore-leg, one foot six inches; and of hind h'g one foot ten inches. TIIK ILKAl). The head is short, and rather bi-oad and (lei>p from th(> upper to the lower side. The face is rather concave. 'l"h(> nuizzh! is fuller than on the deer. The upper lip is covered with hair ex- cept a narrow line in the middle, which is naked, and extends up so as to embrace the nostrils, which an* large. The Eije. The eye is larger than that of any other (]uadni|)ed of its siz(\ liy a careful comparison of the; living eye with the taxidermist's scale, to enable me to order artificial eyes of the [iroper size for nu)unting si)eciinens, I found it necessary to select the next to the largest. Indeed the eye is very nearly the size of that of the coi ars, from all liunttM-s and is and (.'lark )iit from tlie I pn'tcnd to ' lialtits ; ])iit liciii. Tlicv liicliardson's Aiidulidii if its lialiils ; which is !•(> \V(i consider bored nnder or couhl jiot ristics which Lilts, and eii- tl icir propiH' and is more ^ stands nat- th(> nose to Ileiglit at inch; h'ligtli ma foot ton II th(^ nppor k; nuizzh! is ith liair ex- l extends up I of its size, axidermist's iper size for the next to f tliat of the riii: i:.\n.— Tiii: ii(>i;\s. ■2:> elephanf. and much lar^r^r tlian that of tlie Imrsi^ <>r the ox. Those ulio examine oidy tile dead subject woiil.i most likrly lie deceived ill tlie lai-viiess of the eye. ' 'I'lie ,.ye is bla.'Iv — in- tent. ly l,|;,ck —so that it is impossible to (hsti'iiniiish the pupil iiv'iu tile iiis or its siirroiindiiio'. X.> while p;irt is ever visible, unless the eye is turned to, wie side: l,ui all that is se.^n is ..m" "'li''"'"' hriliiinl black. ]Jut for all this, tl„> expressi.m is soft. .uviiile, and vinniii- In this resjiect, it is the rival of the true ailtel(ipi. Liazelle. I had Mil,. ,,f tlnse in my en.mids. whi.h ca from Asia, and at thesame tiin." sev,.ral.,f the Vvnuy. Ducks, including a male OIK- ye;,r old that was not much lar-er than the feinal.' uazelle, which was fully adult. In size, tin- eve of the I'roiit,' IJiu.k was hii-er than that of the m;,/,.11,.. which, how.- ,■)•. was .•nushlc.r- :i''ly l:ir-er than tli;it of tlu' common de..r, more than four tim.'s '"•'•siz''. In c,,lnr and expression, th.' eves of ih,. two were as nearly alike as |,.,,sslb|e — b,,th vry black, but. as stated, ..f a. n.ild, soft, and alfectionati! expression. 'I he eye-wiiikei> aiv loun-, coarse, and stiiT, m.,re on the upper than the h.wer eyelid, but m)t very abuiuhiiit on either. 'rite K'i)'. 'I'lie.'ar idways stands erect wlien th.- animal is standino- at •'ase. \\||..„ it becoiiH.s excited, the .-ars ar,- proj^-cted forwanl b> catch flu. h.ast sound, which imparts a h.ok of animation to tlie ammal. The ear Is liv iuclies lone-, and three inches broad at tli.. wid.'st part, and t.-rminates in a prettv sharp point, and is eovered with liair iiisiile and out. The lTnr)i!<. As the horns of tl,.. Anierl,.an Antelope constitute one of its most remarkable characteristics, ami one wIiL-h strikin-dv dis- tmi^mshes It fn,i„ all other ruminants, it is proper tliat we sliould examiii,. them with cousl.h. ruble care. ''",'"' ''''"^' ''""^•"" ^^''i'-l' ' lind to the .h'ciduous character of ';<-iorns of this antelope is in the letter-press of Audubon an I.acliiuan.i where they say, •• It was supposed bv the hunters . '"'•^ ' '""" <''^" IIh" Pron-liorm.d Antelope dropped its horns '•"t ■•"Y"' P<'''-on had ever shot or killed one without tlies.. orna- '"•■"tal and useful appendages, we mana-.-d to prove the contrary 1 (iii,i,lriii„,h trutli, and liad he lieen a little more patient in liis investinalions, and u little less wedded to jireconcei ve(l opinions, he would have had tlio honor of this inqxtrtant discovery. I>ul that w;is reserved to otliers. Some years later, on the Idtli of April, 1s:2s, Dr. ('. A. Can- field, of ^bmterey. California, in a ])a|)er which he sent to I'l'o- fessor Ibiii'd of till' Snntlisonian Institute, communicated manv new and interesting facts concernino- tlie phvsiolooy niid habits ot this animal : and, amony others, the sur])risinLf announcement tliat althoun'h it has a hollow horn, like the ox, yet this horn is cast off and I'enewed annually. This statement by Dr. C;',nfi(dd was considered by I'mfessor IJaird so contradict or\- to r;ii zoliloi;'- ical laws, which had been considered wel' stablished by ob- served facts, that he did not venture to pul it, till the same fact was furtlu'r attested by Mr. liartlett, suneiinte)i first well attested account of the interesting fact, was published in the Proceedings of that societv. At the time I gave an uccount of .Mr. Hartlett's observation, in a pa])er which 1 read before the Ottawa, Academy of Natural Sciences in ISt'iS, and which was published by that societv, I was not aware that tlu^ same fact had been previously coiiimtinieated by Dr. Caiilield to Professor I)aird,else I should have taken pleas- ure in mentioning it. This animal has a deciduous hollow horn, whii-li envelopes a pcrsisld many ' and liahits niounct'nu'iit ihis horn is Dr. (V.nllcld () :; 1 1 zoIiloLj- slu'd hy oil- ill the same idcnt of tlu! in Is,"),'), re- lings dl' that elM)r. Can- an Institute, resting I'aet, observation, \- of Natural H'icty, I was uuuunieated taken pleas- (>nvelo])e8 a e core of the ^ true horn, il system (if lly "like tlu" iate link he- ihose which • jiart of this L its length, ire is round and wi'W |i(»lis]ied, and is Mack, except that the toji is frci|Uenilv 'if a white or (hdl ydh.wish shade. The l.iwer ].art. which is h'llldw. is tlat. thinucsl anteriorly, is siriate(l and rounli, with iii'ire (ir less Iiairs oil the surface till they are woi'ii (,11". \o annular ridges, as is usually ol.scrxcd on the hollow horns of (It her ruminants, are ohservcd. These I'idgcs result from the gi-owlhof the liorii i,cing i,iiii,M|,,dly at the base, while, as we shall se... the growth of the horn of this animal commences at ""■ '"P :>ii'l prdceeds downward to the base. Whoever will carefully study the jirocess of the growth of this horn will readilv understand why it is striated in strnetun." instead of ainiiil.ar. The older the animal is the earlier in the season (hies the hdrii niatiire. and the sddiier it is east oil', in dbedience to a universal law which governs the growth and sheddino' of the antlers of the deer, although (here are occasional except ions, a.-, to the time of the shedding ill individual cases in some of the species of ileer, :nid possibly more extended observations would show except ions in this animal. The aged sp,..,.im,.ns usually cast their horns in O.MolM.r. while the kid carries his first horns t'ill .hiniiarv. In,l,.c.l "11 late kids the horns aiv but slightly developed the lirst year, :iiid are fre(pieiitly cai'ried over and grow on to maturity the iicxt year, when they become larger thai, when they mature the lirst season, and are east earliei'. The horn of this animal is situated just above the :'ye, diivctlv upon the super-orbital arch; it rises' u.^irly in a ve'rtical posi- ti(in, or at an angle of about one hundred" d,.grees to the face. so lar as the core extends, when .soon (•ommeiices a posterior cur- vature, growing shorter towards the j.oint. where it much re- sembles that on the ehamois. The horn of the female cannot be detected o„ the kid, on the yearling it can ..asi!v lie felt : later I have found them half an inch long, and less thali that in diameter iit the base, and it is only o,, the fully adult female that the '""■"yd»P":i'^-:'l'"Ve the hair. 1 have nevr met one^ more than ;""■ iii«'h long, but others have found them three inches Ion-. 'J'lie female is less .•ormitcl than the females of hollow horiUMl animals which are persistent, while, with ,.ne ex.eptio,,, f,. males of those species whi.^h have (heidiious corii.MMis members are ..ii- tirely unprovide.l with these weapons. When looking for some- thnig intermediate between these t wo great families. if ruminants, this teature may be referred to at least as a make-weight in thJ argument. 1 will lirst describe the superlieial oeciirrenees which are man- pi 28 Tin: .\yri:ij>i'i: or amkiika. ifcst diii'iii^' the s liave horns, Ave can only distinctly detect even the rudiments of the horns on the male at the tiin<' of its birth. It then may be felt as a slight protubei'anci! on the sknll. This rapidly increases in si/.i'. and when al)ont four mouths old the horn bri'aks through the skill, and a hornv knob appears. At this time it is not iirmlvset u|ioii the core, which as yet is but ; idimentary, and the little horn may be moved about appreciably. After this the core gi'ows pretty rapitUy. and soon fixes tlu^ horn niorc^ lirmly in its ]>ositioii. ( )n an earlv kid. in my grounds, this little horn ma- tured and was east off on the second day of January, when I found it ipiite thrown off the core, and suspended by a slight libre on one side, and so T saved it. The next day I found the other liorn in the same cdiidition. which I likewise saved. At this time the horn was fiiUv one inch long. The new horn had already commenced its growth, and tlu^ tip was already hanlened into jterfect liorn, and was extended ap- ])reciably above the core, which at that time was less than nine lines long. The new horns grew very vapidly through the win- ter, so that in six weeks the cores had more than doubled in length, and the horns were extended more than an inch above the cores, and the hardened, perfected horns had extended down to near the toj) of the cores. I)Ut this process is better observed on the adult males. This law seems to govern the times of shedding the horns of the ant(>- lope, — the older the animal, the earliei' the horn matures, anil the sooner it is cast. On old bucks the horn is shed in Octo- ber, while oil tilt' early kids it is shed in .laniiarv, and still later on later kids, or else it is carried over till the next year. A lat(( kid in my g uiiids on the first of December, the horn was not more than a ipiarter of an incli aliove the skin. It grew slowly ail wiiiti-r, and till the time of its death in ^hiy following. Let us observe the horn of the adult male aiitelojie, whii'h is shed in ( )ctober. If we mak(> our examination so soon as the horn is cast oil", we can readily understand the process by which it is removed. i>y looking into the cavitv of the cast-off horn, we shall see that it extends but about half way its length, or a little way above the prong: and we shall also see that it contains a large number of coarse lightish-colored hairs, all of which are Tin: iKjRxs. •".» lorn of tlie anto- lutcly tlu! origin Vni;il(> iuitclopos iu" ni(liiii('iits of It then may be I'lipitlly increases brraks tlu'Diigli time it is not iientary, and the tcr this tlic core ori! lirnily in its little luirn nia- aiinary. when I by a slight iibre foinul the otlier saved. At this I'tli, and tli(> tip iis extended ap- i less tlian nine hroiigh the win- lian dmiblcd in an inch :d)ove extended dowii It mail's. This riis of the ante- n matures, and I shi'd in Octo- , and still later :t year. A lat(^ e linrn was not It grew slowly illowing. t('lo])e, which is ioon as tli(^ horn by which it is itst-ol'f horn, we ngth, or a little it it contains a II of which are liiiid\ attached to the horn, juul many of tlicm. l^waids the lower p.irt. passing (piit.' throngh il. \Vc sec the c,,rc ,.|' ih,. hern is cuvercd with a thick vascular skin, which is pr.'llv well i'"vei-ed with the sauii' kind of hairs as lli,,sc swn in the ,;i\itv of the h.irn. We now a])preciate that these hairs grew fmni the skin, and mere or less penetrated the shell or hern, and when this was removed sonnj were torn from the skin and uthrrs freni the horn. We oi.serv.'. further, that the ii.^w hern hnd ceinnieucd its growth a e,,.|sjd,.ral)le lime bef.ire the old one was cast, for the new h..rn was extended several incli.'s ahovi^ the top of ihe ,-,,|v. nearly in a verlii-al direction, though with a slightly postei'ioi- in- •'''"='fi""- '''l"' tnp of this, for nearly half an inch, Is already har.lened into perl'ect hern. 15. 'low this it is softer, and a little way down it has lost the hoi'ny tcxhuv, hut is a pivttv liian and seniewhal llexil.K. mass (l(,\vn to the cere and ai'eiind ii.al (he upjier part of which, how.'Ver. it has rather the appearaiiee ,,f thick, massive skin, of a high tem[ieratnre, shewing great a,'tivity iiMlh- l,lo,„|-vesse]s i)ernu'ating it. As we pass li,wer (h.wn. the skni i-, thinner, and shows less exciti'ni.'iit or a.'tivitv. Ipen this skin enveh)ping the cere, we lind the hairs ahvadv ilescrihed. This was the condition of th.- new development when the old hern was cast olV. It shows that the new horn had ahvadv made eonsideral.le upward growth from the top of the core, whiih onlv extended up into the old horn a little ahove the sua- ,,r abou"t lialf its leiigih; all above this, .,f the old h.uii. was^ solid, and was not intersected by the jiairs as it was below. Now it is perfectly manifest that as tin; new horn was exten.h'd HI length above the core, it must have carried with it the old horn which it detached from the .-ore. and tearing out the hairs, the roots of whicli were in the skin, and manv of which extended' into or through the old horn. Cntil th.'se were niostlv torn asuu.ler, or were withdrawn from the canals bv which they Jnul l)enetrated the shell, they served to prevent it "from bein-' Vasilv lost; but iinally, when tliese Avere all or nearlv all severed, it fell oiV, as a lavorable position occurred, or some' slight vioK-nce as- sisted the removal. I jiave never observ(>d th.^ animal to assist tins process by rubbing its liorns against convenient objects, hut my opportunities have not been such as to authorize (he state- ment that they do not sometimes do so. Wlien the old horn was cast olT, the new one. as w.^ iiave ah-cady seen, had made a considerable growth above the core ;50 riih: A. \ '/'/■: /.I >/•/■: <>r .\mi:i:i(\. wliicli \v;is iilrciitly ti|)|)('(l with pcrfcrtcd lunii, and ;i srctloii l)('lt)\v it was nion; (ir less lianlcin'tl. or partially cunvcrtt'il into liiini. This iiitcrvciiiii^' st-ctioii gradually moved ..own iIk^ hoi'n, constaiitlv invaosterior }»art. At the upper extremity of the with', ihitt(uu'd part the snag or ])roiig is thrown out, which consists of little more tluiu an alu'upt termination of the with; part, with an elevated anterior point. I)V the latter part of winter, on the adult, the liorn lias at- tained ab(jut this stage of growth. From this it presses on. hard- ening in its downwai'd growth till the latter part of summei', or the commencement of tlu^ rut, by which time thi! growth is per- fected down to the base, and is a complete' wea[)oii for warfare, and it so continues during the rut, and until tlu^ growth of the new horn is commenced and loosens the old (»iie from its core, and raises it from its seat, as has been described. l)Ut science is by no nu'ans satislied with these superficial ob- sei'vations. It is exoeedingiy interesting to watch the progress from day to day ; to observe; how the old horn is thrown olf and the new one grows on to perfection ; but we desire to know /tnti' it is that the soft warm skin, everywhere permeated with blood- vessels, in a very high state of activity, a])])ears in so short a time to be converted into the black, hard shell, as perfect horn as grows upon the bulValo or the antelope, which takes a lifetime to perfect it. In this investigation I am indebted to the able assistance of Professor Lester Curtis of Chicago, whose superior instruments and skill with tlu! microsco[)e, readily solved what ai)pears to the su[)erlicial observer so exceptional, and I may add so wonderful. We found, however, that this growth is not so exceptional after all. It is like the growth of the horns of other ruminants, like that of the hoofs and claws of animals, and of the nails on the human subject. And it is only because of its ra[)id !It. il is ne.vssary to iii.piire what is this coiv ,.ver which this horn grows and forms a .shell, and what is this eoNeriic- ^vhl^h euvelnpes it, and whieh appears l.efore our ..v.vs to he cuu- verted into horn so rapidl\- ? I'lie .-or., itself is a proper l.ouc, a ].art of the skull itself clcval.Ml at Us upper part iiit<. the form ohserved. and is p.u-sist' *■''» through the life of t\u- animal, as anv ..iher internal hone Ihe hrst .•overing,,f this hone, like that of all other hones is -i rrn.stnnu. traversed l>y arteries, which throw olT great nuinlM.rs "t I'ran.-hes whirl, penetrate the hone through canals, thus alVord- nigtoit nourishment, and contributing to its growth. Imin..,li- ately upon th,- periosteum reposes the skin witJu.ut the interposi- tion ol any mus..ular tissue. This consists, iirst, of a layer of skin; .serond, of dn-ma, or coriuni : and third, rpidvnniH. All these togetlu.r constitute the skin which immediatelv overlays he periosteum. The naked eye is incapahle of iiidi^hluali/in.'^ these separate parts composing the skin, and so it appears as if the whole wen. convcu-tcl into horn, wlii..], appears to take its phice c,yer the periosteum; but, by the aid of the mii-roseope, these d.ilereut parts are plainly revealed, and we readily deter- nune to winch the growth of the horn is due, and the exa^t mode ot that growth. The illustrations show the ..pidermis and the outer section of the sku. winch oveWays the periosteum. Fig. 1 under a power of .0 diameters, an. Ing. ■> magnified -)G times. These we shall tho iK'tter understand as we proceed. Tli.> hghtish-eolored hairs previously .lescribed, which rather sparsely cover the .skin which envelopes the core before the horn •s formed and on the lower part of the horn when its growth is cou.pl'-t.;. , passing .pdte through it, and slu.wing theiiLelves on t^lc outside, have their roots In the inner part of tlie skin tissue next tlie periosteum. 32 TiiF. J, x'ri:/. ()/'!■: or .\mi:i;/c.\. It will !•(• uliscrvcil, oil cxiiininiiiL;' Fii;\ 1. tliat tin- oiilrr purt (»l' the skill A, pri'sciits :ui iiTcLfiilar corriin'atfd apiicarinicr, occa- sioned liv protuhcnmccs and depressions, called jxi/i/l/ir, varying c(jnsider;il)ly in lieiMJit and deptli. Willi this uneven siirlaco lenninatt* (hose Mood-vessels ot" the skin which carry the red l)lood in siillicieiiL (pianlities to prodnc(> a .stain. I'poii this nn- even surface rests the epidermis, or the outside eoatini^' of tlie Fig. 2 Fic.l ■■■.% ■'4 M^ \-^^ }> 1 _ 1 OP AN INCH 1 1 fl (i (I OF AN INOII X -9l'). Thill section of a prowiii!^ liorn of an antolopo. cut pi'i-pcniliciiliir to tlio Piirfaco. Fi(i. 1 sliowf tlio i;i'neral structure under a low power. Fio. 3. more liiylily niagn!- lioii. siliows tlie cell structure.. The letters refer to the same parts in each liu'iiri'. a. The connective tissue continuous with the pc-riosteuia of thu core of the liorn. i. The papilla.', nnj l(ir(/e ami irrcf/iilar. c. The ci'll L'rowtli upon the papilla'. (I. Thi^ outer jjortion. seen to lie niiulo up of the flattened and desiccated cells of tlio layer beneath, already converted into horn. skin. If tliis appeals to want uniformity of structure, a critical examination hIkjws that this residt.s from a change of form of tlie cells of which it is composed, which become flattened and consol- idated by coini)ression, and by evaporation, or by becoming dried up. Thus is the epidermis converted into true horn. Chem- icallv, tlu^ constituents of epidermis and of horn are, nearly idon- tical. The true horn at d is but the flattened and ilried up cells which were formed upon the papillae A, and were pushed up by new cell formations beneath them, till they reach their final form 77//; //ii/;.\s. 88 II' ciiilrr part ■ariiiicr, occii- )ill(i\ vai'viii^' K'Vf'ii surliicu arrv tlin red [xtii this im- Kitinn' of tlio fc Fig. 2 X 29i!. 1 the surface. ore liiylily inagni- ,ch llu'iirc. of (ho liorn. ccatcd cells of tlio lire, a critical f t'orin oi tlic (I ami consol- 'coniiiig dried lorn. Chom- ', nearly idon- ilried up cells iislied up by eir final form ■'""' 'i''^'i":«li"i' in tlip 1m, rn. TI,,. ,.„lir.. ..|.id,.nnis serins f,, 1„. '•■'IlipMSrd nf t|„.s.. Ulilmt,. cells, lar Ion milliltr {n 1„. . |,.t , ■, I , ■, |. nr cs-n llicir .■\ist,.|i(v siis|„.rtcd. I._v an cxajninat i.-n with ihr naLd {'\C, 'I"Ih- s.Minv .,f (I, is iioni. tlirn. is ()„' r|,id.Tinis. 'r|,is ,.||,,,i,. nii.l.'i-M,.sa clian-v. and is coiiv.Tlrd ini,. Imrn. nliil,. ||„. „.,,,.,, l""iv uf 111,, skin hriicafli iviiiains siil,>tant ially n iiclian-vd. '-'■" ""' '"' """■'' l'.ii'li''"l:ir. and ciid.MVcM- In i-\^,\:uu Imw lliis li"i-n -TMWlh |,rn'.' .■xce..,|ii,e.K- thin, with .vriv.spon.linulv ..xpaixl..,! surfa.vs I iH's.- Il;.tt..n..,l an.l .h.si....aled c..lls lH.,.,.me v.-rv mnch .vmpa..tvd t-MVil,..r an.l har.l. an.l thus is th." h,.rn l.nilt up. S,, w.. see that "t ll"-liar.lem.d and thick...,..,!, a,r..r..pi.|e,.,nis Th,. .'xa.'t p,v^,.,.ss ,.f this <.,.owth may n„t he stal,.,l in its ,ni,„„,. d.- <^"l with al,s..h,te certainty. It: is very ..[..ar, h..w..ver. that th.. '"'^.'■'; I""'""" <>f <1'«^ ('pi'l^'nnis l,....„n„.s .■„ns„li,lat..,l inh. h„rn ^'",•1, ,.|,.av,.s otr fn.m th,- .s„f(er p,.rti„n within, alwavs h-avim.' a .stratum ,.1 epi,l,.rmis ...x^.i-ine- ,1„. ,.,.,.i,„„. xh.. ,n,t..r hanf en.^.i shelL „r fnm h,,rn. ,s,.,.ms (,. |„. lift,.,! ..ff „,■ .separate,! l.v the ,n..reas...l cell gn.wth .s., as t.. h-av.. a lin.. ,.f .le.narcation h,:. twe..n ll„. pcrfcvted Imrn and the epi.lernd.s heneath, thon-d, th,. nntr„.nt_vess,.|s still maintain tla-ir int..^ritv. as is the ca^- with the p..r.s.Htent lu.rn ,.f ..tl.er rnminants, t.nt'il thev a.v s.-vcv,! l.v til" <■■■■■' .^■■'-■-'^^ I , . , , H' m.al catastroph.. ^vhich l,„.sens the Imrn from tlie c.r.., and tlin.ws it off. ' As the .s.)li,lification ur conversi..n of tids ot.ter p,.rti..n ,.f tl epa ..rnns mt.) horn procuresses ,lownwar,ls ahni^. tlm ore, the n, sohd.hed portmn remains heneath it, c..mparativelv inactive, u„ undergoes little change till the perh.d arrives in "the succeedin ;;j 77//; .\.\ri:i.i>ri: nr .iMj:i;ir\. year ulicii llic I'uniialidii nl' new cills ii|i(in tlic |>a|»illa' incfi'ascs to a (I('l;itc (•(iiiiiiicir-iiratf willi tlic (Ii'ImmikI. 'I'liis iiicnascd ai'ii\iiy |ii>t cMiiiiiirih'cs al tlir u|>|icr |iarl of lIlc rule., wliiTf lln' llc\v Imi'll ci Hll II irliccs its nrii\\|||. ||i'|'r tlic (Icilialld i.s create!' tliail e\ e|- nrelirs |i>\\ el' down oil lllecole: here all iiii'icased lIo\s of Mood >1 iiiiiilates to a more ra|iid forina'.ioii of cells, wliieli are siicccssivelv forced up. llattciicd. and airaiiced, siilliciciil to form a considcral'lc part of tlic c\Tnidrical portion of llic horn licforc any ureal actisily is oliscrvc(l l)clo\v. and these act with siillicieiit force to lift tin; lioni from its seat, tear asunder llic hairs wiiicli connected it with tlic sUin, and linally cast it olT. An acli\c circulation is still Ui'pt up liironeh tliis iicwIn -formed c\liiii|ci', which is slill somewhat soft anil lIcxiMe, ami (|iiit(^ warm, which, howcM'i'. oradiiallv dries ii|) and hardens into tln^ ueifect horn, at the upper part lirst. and |iroc'ressing' downward. Now the |ieciiliar!l; al)i>nt this is, not iliat the ciiidcrmis is the sonrce of the horn, or is converted into horn, hiit that ii very lim- ited section slionld he stimiilaled to extraordinary activity till its work is accoinpli.-lii'd.. and then siilisides into a comparatively dor- iiiaiit stale; and tlien another portion wakens to the same vigor- ous action, to he aeain succeeded hy another activi^ seclioii still lower down ; this state of activity commciiciiig at the top of the cori' and gradually passing along down it, followed hy the per- fected horn, and the ipiiet condition of the ejiitiermis lining its cavity ; and that this extraordinary phciioiiu'inin should occur annually. The horn from the epiilermis was to l»c cxpcclcd, for the cells when forced to the snrface of the euticle on our own skin even, :ir(! always of a horny texture, and in that condition are Worn away by friction, or are thrown olV, with greater or less rapidity, and art^ siu'ceeded hy those heiieath, which are hrought to llie surface to he thrown or worn oil' in their turn; hut in the ordinary cuticle this process is regular ami continuous, while this is spasmodic, or rather j)eri()ilic. 'J'lie horn of the ox grows from the cuticle as well as this, hul it is of slow and regular growth, and is pushed up from its hase. wliih; this horn grows from the to[) dttwnward, taking up or con- verting in its [)rogress the epiilermis all the way down the core. While till- growth of this horn is undoubteilly on the same ])rin- eijile as the growth of all other horns, here is an important modi- fication of the process rendered necessary hy the deciduous char- acter of this horn. Its growth must he I'haracteri/.ed by extraor- dinary energy, when it is to be accomplished in a few months" (. 'ULi •////; I'M I.. I in: ii,i,i. oO [)lll;i' iiH'l'i'llsrs ii|)|ici' i>;irt itf ill. Il.'iv tlic tlic core ; lirrc i|ii(l l'i)nnii!ii>M iiiid :iri';inij,i(l, \v\\\ |)Mrtl()ii lit' l(i\v, ami tlii'sc t, tt'iir asmidi'r ally casl it olV. iit'\vl\ -i'oniH'd lilc, ami ([iiitci nli'iis into tlio lo- (Idwiiward. pidcniiis is \\w lat ii very lini- activily till its [)iirativ<'ly doi'- lic same vijj,!)!'- vii si'i'tiiiii still the tiij) of the I'd by llic pi.'!"- rmis liuiiii;' its 1 slioulil (K'ciir )f csjH'cti'd, lor n our own skin t ('(iiiditioii iire !;;ri'at('i' or less \.'\\ ari' hroiiglil ini ; l)ut ill till' lous, wliilc this I'll as this, l)ul I i'roiii its base, king' up or con- down tilt' eoi'c. the saintj prln- mportant nioili- deciduous chiir- izod by extriior- a lew months' '' • "'''''• '" ^'11 "'li-i' ''iises tl„. wiinlr !i|',. ,,|' tl„. ;,,,!, nal is d-\-I..d I.. Ill,, ^'luwlh nf il,,. hnr,,. \v|n,.|, is ,vu„i,n- and appiuxj- "'■Jl'l.v iinil'nnii, tliMi|M-l, ,|,,\v,.r in adsan.'rd lilV than carlirr. 'I'll'' onl\ rs.M.ptJ,,,,;,! iraliiiv nbs,.|v..d a! tl„. su,, ,•,•,- ,,r ihis '■;•" ,U'i'"^vll,, wlilrl, uianih.-,!. suHi .-M rannlinarv adivitv ;,|, liiiirs. is tl„. \,.ry innisnal si/r and o,vut irn-i;i,.,H| v uf ,1,,. |"M'il'"'. i'""i wliirl, lliec..|lsnri^i„at,.and iv.vi vr t heir n,„iri.|,- '.'"■'"• '' '"■" 'l'iM"'-i^- point w,.aiv tMlnuk fnr this u,,„d,.r- ^'' l''"'""""' I'^i^i'i- MO parall,.| in tlm animal ,.r,„„,n,v N:il!.r.'lia. pruMdrd^Minrihino- i„ ,1,,.,' papilla, whir), pn.lu.l.s II. .Ml.l II ^^v kllru- I,,.,!...- hnw I.. |,„,k In,. ||,is s, ,|n..l hi IP •■. ,„• p,.,.- ''''!" """''' '•" '■'•i'i''"II.V'o,„|,,,n. Ihoo papilla, with lllnsr nf "ll"'!' portiuiis ,,t skin. th,. pcniliarity ini-ht b,- .|,.i,.,.l,.d whirl, P'''"hi...s this iviuaikablr ivsiiH, if ^s. may not, attribute it 1,. iho iniai'asi'il >,/.(. ,,1' the papilla-. TIIK 'All,. ''■'"■ '■■'il "f tl'-' I'nmu- IJuck bears no res..niblanre to t||;,t uf ■•mvol the smaller spreirs of d,.,.r, but r..,notelv appn.aelu.s f,, '''■" "I ^vapiti. It is vry short, not more tlian"thre.. inches ii, len-th, and is ....vn-.l with roars., hairs whiel, aiv a little short. .r "".the n.Hler si.h. (han.m the npper. It is iiearlv ronn.l. ami "'■•"i.tiMns Us siz.. t.. n.'ar the en.l, where it terminals ^^i,h h ''1'"" 1-n.l. It is usually .'arrie.! d.,s..|y depress...! ior so slmrt :t ""■'"'"■i-. an.I ,s nev..r se.'i, ...v.-t...! to a v.'rti.-al p.,sition. Wli..,, ''"V^""nal is .'.K.'it...loraniiiiate.l th.' tail niav be s..en rais...| to a horizontal position or a little abov.. it. but that is all th.- .•ham-v ■11 Its position observed under any eiivumstaiu-.'s. Jt is ns.'l.^s asa w..a,,on tor .lefense against the attaeks .,f Hies an-l nn.s.iui- t|H's; Ironi whi..li, lu.wever, it .lo.'s n„t snir.'r nearlv so n.iidi as tin. dec.r, probably because of the o.l.-r with which it always sur- rouii.ls itselt. - TJJE FOOT. The feet ..f l,Iu' Prong Buck are bifurcous, consi.lerablv sniall.'r than those .,t the dcr, slim and sharply p.,i„ted, stninglV ..onv..^ on top, having the outer e.lges slightly concave. Jn general th.'v resemble the feet.. f tlie anteh>pe gazelle, though tlTe latt.'r ar^c considerably longer an.l more pointed, the points incline.l to cross he lub ts ot all these animals have a decided infiuen.'e on the turm and the size of the f..ot, for which allowance must be mad.-' 80 iiii: wii:/. <>/'/: or .\\n:i!i<\. ill nil Mlir culiiji;!! i>iili>. l''|Mlil liiiilc rdll^tllllt use. ot'ti'll ill rnll^ll iiml sli'iiv ;;riMiii,|. |||.' I'm.,! nf \\\>- wiM iiniiiKil. Iiy rMiitiuiiiil aina- si'ili, is rrdiiccil ill si/i' iilnl rli;ilii4Vi| in I'urill. iis (•(illl|i;il'c(l uitli those lliiil 111'"' ki'l>t ill |t:irks u licir tlifv riiiiLir luit little, and tlieii (fellCIMllv nil the Si d't ^I'ilsS. There is an einire want "i e\el| the IMldiniellt III' llic |)iislerinr aceessai'x li(i(il'> liiiiinl i>\\ ihmiK all (pllier iiiiiiiiiants, sit iiate almve tlle useful hMiil'-. 'Ihe h^ errallier font, where ill iilhel' rilllli- iiaiils these aeees>ar\ linni's are altaehed. is as clean and siiiuoth (111 the I'l'iiiiLi' r>nek as nil the limse. and even inure so, lor tlieie is no a|i|ie;iranee of tliat tuft of loiiu'er hair wiiieh is ohserved on iiearl V ail lioi'so at tliis plare. Tiie eolor of the jpiof i> iilaek throughout. rilK (11, ANUS. 'I'lie I'eniaikalili' svsteiii of cutaiieoiis L;'laiids found oil this ani- mal is a sti'ikiiiL;' iliaraeirii^^i ie. In the s|ieciiie deseript imi of the riolio' Iiiiek, the iMiuliiiU iif eai'h of tliese glands — ideveii ill iniiiilii.r — is !4'i\cn. 'lliex- seci'i'te a siilistaiiee ol ii waxy eoll- •sisieiiee, of a salVrnii eiilor and of a i>un!n'en|- odor, some more eo]>ious than ol lieis. Sir John iliehaiiUon was the lirst to notice any of these glands. lie sa\s: '• 'I'here is a dark, blackish l)rowii i-jtot at the iiiigle of each jaw which e\ii ischiadic glands.'" rii's oliser\atioii was iiiado on the living animal, while liichardson. ;Vi n the deatl suhject, ascriheil it to [\u\ suhaiiricular glands. !; I agree witii Dr. Canlield, thut the hip glands are the most ellec'Live in tile emission of this odor, it is because the sid)- stance secreteil is more pungent, for it is less in (puintity than that secreted by the glands on the head. The single gland on the i)aek is large, but nut so active on llie sul)jects 1 liuvt; ex- iiiniiu'd as some of the others ; but in fact each does its jiart in tainting the atmos[)here wliicli snrroiinds the iinimal. If tlie glands between the toes do not contribute nincli to the odor we observe in the atmosphere, they iire siillicicntly active to taint 1 Fauna liortala Americuna p. 207. '•i:\/7.\f.s. 'M I'ti'ii ill nmuli iiliiin;il ;ilir;i- lii|i;ii'i'il u itii til', anil iIh'Ii lllr |)ii-,|c|inl' -it iiati- al)ii\ r iillii'i' I'liiiii- 1 ami siipKit li SK, t'nr tlinc i l)l).SI'l'\ I'll 1)11 1 III! I his aiii- i^ililiini III' till' — i;l('\rii ill a, waxy cihi- , Siillic lilorr tJK.'Si' njaiiils. at till' aiii;li' ^ Altliou.i;Ii i Ihc ^lamls. •ssage (juoti'd )L'st(>\V('ii any ' says, '• 'I'lir the isi'liiailii- animal, while siihaiii'icular ;liUi(ls an' thr aiisi> till' siil)- liuuitity than igli! n'laiul on Ls 1 Iiuvi! ex- it's its ])art in iniiil. If tliu > the odor we 2tivo to tiiint til.' unMlli,! ;i( rvery S|e|,. '|u „|e. allil I think t s( p^'^MiH, lhl< i-, not a-liTlil.l.Mill,! yet, it is nut >.. llliple;|,;ml ;|, In ||,;||^,. i, (lisaeivciMe 1m 1.,. Ill :ir {•> nr |,i i'\;|IIMI|e lln' ,lllil||;||. |( j, ,.||il,. •lilTerrllt friiln tint ul' ij,,. m:,],. :^-, ,;,, . ;,,„| [ ||,i|,|^ le^. .,r|V|IMN e. 'rills ihImi' is scaiv.'ly iceiiMe ill ih,. r:iv^ ,, ,,|' ;i |Vw iiiMinh, .i|,| ; is ViT\ |.r,,.|n> til -liiW strnii-'. !■ v.\\\i ;,ov. iiiiiil the aiiiiiial lirc,,iii,.s ihiv,. \..;n,~,,l,|. ''''''■' "'I'"' '-^ ""' 'llliivls line I,, Ih,. sirivliui, ,,)■ Ih,. -|;in,|, l""l"''- '"" partly ;iri>es tVulll \\n- n\ly ..ei'ivt imis i if tln' -^kil,. ;is '"■'> '"■ "h-erseii liy nil.iiill-- th,. liii^,.,^ i||„,n the skill. ;il ill.' '' -• "I' llie hair mi the sides mid hark. The aelivily III" the>e MJaiids is II..' .•,,iiliii,.,l t,, ,1,,. nlllill^• s,.;,. ^""- '"!> 'I' '"!• 'ii'i.v 1 lisrrved .'it all >,.a>M|is. iIimiimIi i7 inav •"• ni-re inarkeil diiriuM' ih,. nn. X,„. is if .•,,|,|i|„.,l ,,, ^h,. |,,a|,'.. I"i' ill" h-male ,.||,iis the ndiir as w,.n. MiMii.^li J (lii,,!^ j, ,„,, ^,j ■■'"■"".-= ' ''■•'^" "" I':"''-- \\lii'-l' "arrant n,.. i,, savin..' that tin' ""^'' i-"^"''<^H'il"«l I'y Ihiise iilan.ls. 1 hav,'..atei| it"^rrei|,|,.|„ j y ■'ii'l .-il diliereiil s,.asi.nsi.r the _\ear williiiiii Mlis,.nin.4 aiivlhin.".' 'I 1 he kind : II. ir have I he,. " '''''h' 'o learn .iiiNthiii-' iVum the I'linters ti. warrant such a eiiiirhisinii. W,. niav well s,,,,,,,,,,. th.it -lands enniiu,.,] ti, the skin w.nild he l..ss liki'.jv tu taint the llesh. tliaii those more intimately r,.iiiu.,.|,.,l wit|, n',.. |I,,,|, ,,, ,|„, eireiila! imi. Alter Canli,.],!. Martlet I: i,..xt nient imis t he -lands of ihi.sani- "l = 'l- 1"" 'i<' dues |„,t seem (,. h.ave studied IJ,,.,,, ,.|,,s,.h. This was ri'M-rved to Dr. Muvlv, to whom we are in,|..|,t,.,l |\,,' ,|„, n,,,- '■•'"■'•'"' '•^^^""inatiiin and deseri|,f ion oC them. H,. ,|,..,.,ii„., ,|,„,„ :dl and -ives their enrreet lueatiun, althmm'!, ii, his snmniarv he '■'Hits the laree olandiin the hark. As I „lv liad the di.ad snli|i.et fndeal with, heninhlof eourse fom, i„. a'ei..nraLeooini,m "! the I'elalive aetuity of the diirerent el.ainN. (JKMTAI.S. The -enitalsuf this aninitd are m,„.h like tlmse of the ant,-!,,,,,. I"'"|"'''. Ihe sernti, 111, however, is smaller than that of alnmst ='.">'"'"■'''■" '""f "'■ its si/,,., am, is not a twentieth part the si/i'ot that of li... o,,at. U is slightly |iemlent, thouidi less s,. ••vu tnan that of the eommon deer. The tlieea extends „,, ,he •■'l"l'"nen about four inehe.s on the t.duU. It has not tmv luv- ]Miei'. ■ ' r,8 77//; \\ri:i.(H'K of amkhka. 'VWV. COAT. X'iv. Miii-'h' ]iroii<>iiiu'cs tlic hair nf \\\v juiti'lopc to Ixi like tlie wiKil (if ihc sli(H'[). lie says: '• l-'i'oin a review of the i'orco'oiiio- aiiatoiny and extcnials of tlie I'roii<;' IWick, if 1 wen' asked bv ti single tenii (o denote what the animal is, I should he ohlin-ed to (ieiinanize the Knglisli [ihi-aseohiu y and naiiH' it. eii-irfe-liodfed, slieep-liaircd, (h'er-headed, n'oat-^landed aiitelope, — an expres- sion, however rn!4e;ed. yet explicit eiioueh to i>alHe those who are skeptieal of eradational fofnis." I shall not stop to discuss the chai'acteristics stated, but will merely observe that I liave been nnal>le to detect the I'esemhiance which the hairs of tin; l^-on^ Ibick bear to till.' wool of I he sheep. Thev are coarser than tlie hairs of any of the deer : they are liollow, with a larger internal cavity, are comparatively non-elastic, and exceedinolv fragile. When bent sliort, they break down and never straigliten again. They t(M'niinate in exci'ecHngly shar|? ])oints, and although crinkled are not wavy, like wool. They have no more felting pr' jierties than dry brush-wood. The hair is lai'^est a small distance al)oV(> the root, thence it tapers verv graduallv for a short space, and then more ra[)idly lo the sharp point. It is very brittle and easily broken oil' below the point and above the middle. 'I'lie large internal cavitv is filled with a litdit, spongy pith, and the whole is so fragile as to be^ readilv crushed. The lower ha.lf of the hair is covered with an oleaginous sul)- stance which gives it llexil)ility and endurance. Other naturalists have failed to observe the line nnder-f'ir, found to a greater or less extent on all of tlu; deer, which cer- tainly also exists on the I'rong J}uck as well, and in considerable; quantities during the winter and spring. Pluck a loclc of hair fi'om the side of the mounted s|)ecinien in my collection, by gras])ing it near the roots, and sullicient fur will con-.e with it ti) hold the hairs togvtlier when suspended bv a very tew. This fur is whit,', line, ami long, not crinkled, but cui'ved into lariiv, ii'regnlar convolutions. This fur, lik(> the fur on the deer, is not pointed, as is tin; hair, but is of a uniform size its whole lengtli, and terminates al)ruptly. In winter costume, th(> hair on the body is from an inch and a lialf to two inclies in length. On the wliite patch on the rump, it is from two antl a half to three inclios in lenuth. The mane is \\§\ I col. on. sn l)(^ like tlu! 10 ion 'going iiskcd by a > obliged to 'alli'-liooffd, -;iii r\])rcs- osc will) ;n'(! discuss tlui liiivc bcM'ii tli(! 1^'ong icr lliuii the gri- iiilcnml gly IVagiK'. Iitcii again. I although lore iVltiiig 'st a small lually i'of a oiiit. It is and above itli a light, 1)1' readily giiioiis sub- ' under- f'lr, wliieh ('01'- !()nsiderabl(! oelc of hair llectioii, by iM'.e with it lew. This into large, 1, as is the tenninatos inch and a the rninp, rhe mane is le oli- dceii 1 1 t'nur inches lung. Oi: the legs and face the hair is short. (|iiite solid, and with ait the under fur. ( )n the belly it is not so dense as alM)\(.. iiut liner and softer, and has the fur hi'iieath. < 'oh.r. The colur of this animal is (piiti' uniform on dilb-ivnt individu- als, ilmugh a dilVereiice in the de]ith of the shades niav ^'■'■v<'d. ( )ii the female, the coloi'cd |iorti(iiis are no! of sn a shade :is on the niali', and on the whole the niai'ks are not s pronounced, although the white is (juile as immaculate. At birth, the young have substantially the same markings as the adult. lhoi;gli the dark slunles dee|H'ii somewhat as tliev ^row '>lder. Not lh( least appearance of those spots is observeddn the lawns, wiiich so h.'aiitiflilly ornament the young of the smaller Ill a large majority of cases, downward from a line (b'awn be- twcn the outer base ,,f the horns, the face is a dark brown .,r dull Mack. Two inches forwanl friun this line Ihe dark portion is narrowest, and is scarcely two and one half iih'hos wide, while it is nearly tbiir inches broad lower down. While this dark color '•uibraces ihe nostrils, it is separale.l from ihein by a while >ri,H. :dong the upper lip. which in front is seven lines 'broad, wi.leiiino' p"steriorlx, till at the angle of the iimutli it is more than an 'i";l' '"-"ikI. Ib'H^ it unites with tlm white, which embraces the '•liHi and most of the lower jaw. and extends along the ch,.,.k to 'kn- dark brown patch, fnmi two to three inches in diaiuetor This Is 111,,, t coiispi -uoiis on the inal.'. This mark is surrouiidod hy the lawny yeP .u of the back, except lu'lweei, it and the lower part of ,!„.,,, r, where is a white patch two and one half ""•!'<' ' l"Mg ,Mid one and .uie half inches broad. There Is a dark '•"■'•I- aioienl the eyes. Above the black on tie fac. to the ears, is while. The ears are while on both si' .' \ mud, less ,,ro- ";"""■'■<• ••"' «'>" oulside. Th.' edges of the ears are black, co,,- sidcrahly l.-.s so on the back .'dge t!iaii oil the top and fr.uit. I lie .'yclashes are of an intense black. So we iiiav sav the whole l'"a.l IS whit... .'x.-ept the fa.'.', the spots iK'Healh th.' .-ars, a -ir.-ie ="""M'I II'-' •".v.'s, Iheey.'lash.'s.an.l lii.- ...Ig,.s ,,f III.' .'ars : ihoicd. s-in..|iiuestli.'r,iss.'ty..ll.e,v marks th,' ba,.k part ,.f ih.' .^l U iK' long, .'oarse, stilV. .',v.'t hairs of th.' man.' aiv v.'rv bla.'k at the .ait.'r.'iuls, l.nver d,,wn th.'v ar.- rufous brown sha.liii... to white. ' '^ I' I 40 Tin-: A. x'li: /.(>/> I-: or amihhca. Tlic |ii('vailiiiu,- cdlfif (.f ilic liddy is a dull nilous yellow. Tins ('i)vcis tlir iicck, cM't'iit till' iiiiiiu' aiitl till' IdWcr portion of it. It cdNcrs till' lini'k ami siurs halt' way ilowii, llu' slioiililcrs anil hips, I'Mcpt till' whiti' jiatc'h on tlir rump. This conspicuous whito mark commcnci's at the anterior ciul of the sacrum ami wiilrns 1(1 the extent of ei^ht oi- ten inches, passes iluwn arnuml the tail, ami unites with the white below, hetwren the le^s. In iniinv specimens, this white patch is iliviiled hy a slight line of Yellowish hair extemlini;' down the hack and along the upper side of tlie tail. Freijuentlv on the male the color over the s|)ine is apjireciablv deeper than on either side. The tail, the lower pari ikiii "' ''''^ aiil.'iopc is of no vahh' as an ariirle of trade, and allhoiigh ' '''J"!! 'li''I ill ill'' pr.'.-,.nl day it is noi pii/cl by the traders. I mii>l say thai Ihave sfvrral >kiiis of thisaniiiiai taniUMl bv tin Iinliaii^. which Miv reniarkaMi' I'or their whit.Miess, softness, ehis- iK'ity. and tenacity, in ali these ivspccis. except in strength, 'I"? 'II''' superior to the skin of the i\i■^■^■. in which respcM the latter may have a, slight prefereiic.'. I iiave no doiibt it is a, verv eveelleiit article for wash-le.itiier. riv:iling the skin of tiie chamois '"'■ I'll- purpose. 1 cannot be mistaken in the identitv of the skins wliich I have, for enough of the hair remains around the '■''.-' -^ "ii'l "II till' t;iil to li\ their ideiilily beyond dispute. I liii\e had the skins tanned with the Iiair on for robes. Although l'li:iiil .'iiid warm, the hair is so fragile that they are of little value lor this purpose. N'KNISON. Allhniigh Ilichards.iii informs us that the Indians will ' "'' ''"■ '•"■;• II' ii^<''l as a constant .li.'t one soon <-lovs of it iind desires no more. After almost living upon it for two' wveks, |Jiiil.' lorgot howmu.'h I enjoyed it at iirst, and agn-ed with Hichardson-s Indians, and rejoh-ed at the change to the ilesh of ^'"' "'•''■■•and the bulfah.. This meat, however, needs to be well dresse.l with butter to develop it. pHnie exeeUen.vs ami tine ll:iv..i'. ev.-n at the Iirst, for broiled without accessari.'s it is rather 'li'y. If butter is not at hand (hen fat pork or bear's gr.Mse will 'l";.ery well as a substitute, but something softer than (allow is quite neeessary to its full (Mijoyment. ALUtENT. A„f;io,„i.,yf Amn-ir>nH, is not only a vegetarian, but is strictly an herbaeem.s feeder, avohling arbore.ms f.u.d if k-ft to liis own 42 TIIF. ASIFJ.ol'I-: (ir AMKIUCA. clioicc, iiltl)i>ii<^li pndialily it' driven liy dire necessity lie mij^Iit t;ilt infi-sting features of the lial.its of this animal, will 1" de',.'lo,,..d when w.' .•ome to treat of its doinesti,ation. In iis ulld -lale it is very timid and shy, avoi.ling its enrmi,.s xvitl, as iniK'h inh.lliuv,,,.,. as the derr. except that if is m,av liaMe to 1„. hetiaved into danger hy its .airiosity. In lle,.tness, it ox..,. Is all "'l"'iM"="liiM"''l-^ "f ""r .•ontin.'iif : Imt as mighi t„- ..xpeet,.,! ti'in thls,ii i. short-winded and so eam.ot maiiilaiii its wonder- 'I'l >! d for a i^reai length of time. A- has he,.,, stated, ii s,M.ks tr.M.less plains. ,-a vines, an.i iolli„„- t"ot-lnlls, av.iding the high mountains and heavilv lii„l„.,vd regHHis. though at times it niay he fo„nd in park-like eou„i,.i,.s wl,e,'i' t ,'ees a,-e sparse, Th-y are exceptionally g,vgari(Mis in their lial.its. I),', {'a,,. li-M >ays: -l-Vom the lirst of September to thefiist of M,nl, "'"'■'"l"'^ ' '" ''^",ds. the luieks. ,loes, and ki.lsall to,.v,her •^' ''"''•"'l"t that time the does separate thenisid v.-s f,-o,„ t he I'aiid on., hy ,„„.. to .hv.p their kids : thev pn.duee tun at a Im-il, Atle,' a httle time the does eolleet togchm. with thoi,- v ,.- Pi'-hal'ly h.r „,utual p.'oteetion against eovolrs; the old' hacks '"""• "7" time gooir alone, each hy himsed' or at s| two togcthe,-,, h.avmg the y.Hing l.ncks and vo„ng do.'s t ether in >^mall liaiids. •' The ,.ld l,„cks now for a month „r two wander a -nvat deal ■•'"'I are sec, n, the tin,l.e,--h,„ds, and iii other places udimv Ihex- n-ver go at any other season of the year, evidentiv ' (iivd of , h'c ^"■''' ="" "^■^■'"-' *■' ' -'"-i-^v. After two or 'tl„-ee „,onths Ii." ynnng meks and does join the ohl does and Iheir ki.ls. and Mialy ,ytlieli,.st of Septe.nl.er, all are together e n,o-e i„ 'ai.dsot hundreds or thousamls. Any particuktr hand of aiite- i"|H- does not leave the locality wh-re they grow up, and never '•ange mo,-e tlian a few miles in .lilVeivnt .lirecti.ms - . '''"' """•'•"■^ '^" ^^'•■- ^ 'l'P'''-lv-s tame antelope, which I „,en- ti;.n.n another plaee as the only instance of which I ],ave heani "t tl,e,r breeding m domestication, shows that the habit of the -x.'s separating during the latter part of the period of .testation 's -imte as much attributable to th,. inclination of the male as of tl.- lema e. J ,,u„le f.-om a letter to me bv Hon. L. IJ. ('...oker who kindly investigated their habits for me, which shows this as wj-1 as Illustrates several other characteristics: ''In the spriu.^ while the fcuale was with young, the male seemed to lose Ids HI w 44 Tin: A. \Ti: /.(>/'/■: or AMi.iur. ;ilTi'cti' wcrenl'teii allowed til riiani about the i'aian (:ie because (»f their diminished numbers everv where; and if tliev wander now more than tlien, it is [)r()bal)ly because they arc; more freipiently disturbed. ( )f their combative disposition. I am not eiuilded to speak from [lersonal observation. The; tlu'ee years" old buck I luul in my grounds never manifested th(3 least disposition in that direc- tion, but I did not have him during the rut. Mr. C'rooker's letter shows that Mr. Cii)l)erly"s nuinifested Jis belligerent a dispo- sition during tin- rut as any of the deer, and it is oidy then that any of them are disposed to fight among themselves or to make war on others. Jf the accounts of hunters may be relied upon, the motluM- does not lack courage in defense of her young, as ir. is saiil she attacks the coyote successfully with both feet and head. Her superior ugilitv, no doubt, is of great service in such an I'ncounter. It is said she conceals her young with great sagacity, till tliey are old enough to flee with her from their enemies. As to the belligerent disposition of the bucks during the rut, I quote from Audubon and Bachman : ^ " The rutting season of this species commences in September; the bucks run for about six weeks, and during this period fight with great courage, and even a degree of ferocity. When a male sees another approach- 1 Vol. ii., p. 1117. : : iiMirr. (Iocs It is V ol.l nit, sou of about :uk1 (liicll- i inn-, or ;icciil('iit;illy ('(iiiit's it])(m one of his livaK. Imtli |iarlii's run at cai'li ('tliiT witli their hcails luwircd and ihrii' exes iljishiu!:;' auurily. and wiiih' tliry st liki- with tlicir hmns ihr\ wheel and luMind with priidieiDiis aetivitvand rapiihl v. ^ix inti,' and I'eei'iv- iii^- severe wnnnds, sduietinies, like I'eueers. ^'el t inv; within eaeh other's ' |ii)iiits.' and each huMliinn' liis antan'onist with the n- eui'M'd lii'auchi'S ol' his horns, which liend eonsiiieraliiv inward and downward." I"'or niysejt'. I jiave ni'vei' seen them in l>atile. noi' lia\e I seen any one who Iiad seen them fn^^ht undei' sn<'li eirenmslanees as eiialiled him to n'ive me a elear idea of their mode of lialtle. so we may take the description ipioted as aeeni'ate. In this eoimee- lion, and for the purpose; of ('om[)arinL;' this hal>it of our animal with tlie African antelope, I may refer to what Spari'nian. who. more than a century aL;'o studieil the various species of that animal in his native raui^'c. savs: •• The last mentioned antelope I Aiililupi- "r//x). accoi'din;4' to the ai'counts o'ixrn me li\ si>\eral persons at the Cape, tails n]ion its knees when il L;oes to Imll anv one."" 1 lie ascrilx's tin; same lial)it to the u'nu. Altliouuli this is the only author I lind who speaks of the mode of ii^htini:,' 'if the tiiie antidope. it is (juite prohaWle tiiat this is a o,.i||.cii. char- acteristic, and if so, it shows how widely they dil'fei- in (his re- L;ard from our aninnil. The ruttine- season occui's wlien the horn on tlie fidl\ adult has aliout ]ierfectt'd its "growth, and liefore it has lieeii loosened liy the new o-i-owlli. and so is best adapted as a Wfapon. As its erowtli is not ('omplctcd until July or August, and it is cast oil' in ( )ctoht'r or Novend)er, on the old specimens, ami is loosened soini! tinu! before it drops olT, we see that the light ine' season must be limited to tlu' rutting season. Indeed. I have a mounted spi'cimen which was killed in the latter part of .July, from which 1 had no dilliculty in removing the horn, for the {)nrpos(' of ex- amining the core antl the cavity of the horn. 1 confess to a lack of that information on tlie subject which will enable me to sav how long the liorii continues a perfect weapon, and as tiiat must measure the time during Avliich tlu; males ai'i; inclined to wag(; war on each other, I cainiot say how long that continues ; but, as lln' principal cause of hostility must be rivalry in love, it may be safe to assume that it is limited to tlu; rutting season. Dr. Canliekl, speaking of a domesticated American Antelope which he had in his grounds, says, " He was the most salacious 1 SpiUTiiiiXii'.s ]\)ijwi<.s, vol. ii., ]). l.'ii*, iilso /bid., \>. -I'l-'. m I ' IP.H 46 Tin: Asriii.oi'i: or ami.hha. illliniiil I Ii;i\c cvt'i' seen. Wlirii (lii'cc liidiitlis old. lir idiiiliicm'ctl to lcil|> ll|Hi|| llic otllt'l" pet illlll'loiifS, tilC (1iil;s. Vdlllli;' cjilvrs, slic('|>, <^(i;ils. ;m(l I'Vfii |H'ii|ilc sitting dnwn (n- hcnt i)\cr to jiick ii|) iiiiytliiiiL;' iVi'ii) tin- n'nmiul : iiml as Iki j^tcw (iMci- tlic more salacious he liccaiiic. Ilr alwavs raised liiiiiself on his liiiid feet, and tiieii walki'd ii|) liehitid tln' animal that he wIsIiimI to leaji on, anil withoul snstainin,u;' himsell' at all liy his liell\ or t'nrc-lej^s. he commenced wulUinn' around, directing the erected penis only liy movements of tiie Itody, poised on the hind feci, until, having' introduced the penis, he instantly j^avt' one eon\idsive or s|ias- luodio thrust, clasping sjiasmodically tiic female with the fore- legs, which lie liiid Kefore held u|t in the ail" without touching lier. He wouhl in this way go at anything ludd up to him."' From this exhihitioii of p;ission, we may well suppose that lierce battles must occur among the males during the perio(l of its sway. A young male which I I'aised till lu> was four months old, when in jieil'eet health he met a violent death, never attractctl attention by sucli exliihitions as described by Dr. Canlield ; but the ordinary rutting season of the animal had hardly connnenced when lie was killed, so that I am unable to say whether the con- duct of the one observed by the doctor Wiis exi!(>ptional or not, though I am in. lined to tliinU that it Wiis, at least to some ex- tent. Th(^ traits described strongly suggi'st the disposition of the goat. ( )ur antelo[)e has the faculty of we('j)ing when in afHietion. I first observed this in a specimen which had been taken wild when adult, iuicl still retained all his natural fear of nnui. J bad placed him in a close cage in the evening, intending to familiarize him with my presences, and divest liim of his fears when he saw me by convincing him that I would not hurt him. When I ap- proiiched him tlie next morning, he seenu-d struck with terror, and nnule frantic ellorts to bretUv out, which he soon found was inij)ossil»le. Ills great black eye glistened in aifright. 1 spoke softly and kindly, while he stood trembling, as I introduced my hand and jjlaeeil it on his shoulder. Despair now seemed to pos- sess him, and he dropped on to his knees, bowed his hi'ad to the ground, and burst into a copious Hood of tears, which coursed down his cheeks and wet the iloor ! ]\Iy sensibilities were touched ; my sym[)athies wcn-e awakened, and I liberated him from that cailile to eive a jiisi idea of this appearance liy wdrds, imr ciudd I help the matter much hy a diawiuL;'. Il is lint the piisitimi of the hairs almu' which wc ad- iiiiie. liiil their iiiiiiiacuiate uhiteiiess cmnpletes the lieaiity of tlie di>play. Mow much the llashiiie- of the ercat hiack eyes aueincnts ones sense of admiration, the oliserver mav himself lie at a loss to determine. As wc shall hereafter see. under similar c\ciiemeiit. the correspoiidiiie; white patch mi the rump of the elk is elevated, luit the hairs do not assuiiK; tlm radial posi- tion oi the others. Nor is this iiniforiii in deerec on the anti- lope. ( )n some s[iecinieiis which I have ohscrvetl. this curved and radial position of the hairs was almost entirely Avaiitiiig'. and liie hairs were simply elevated to vertical positimis as ohserved on the elk under similar circumstances. Xotwithstaiidine' its astonishine' lleetiiess. the I'rmi^' l)iick can- not, or rather I should say does not know how to leap over hi^li olistriu'tioiis like animals which iiihahit wooded countries. This is well illustrated hy ('a[itain I>oiinevillc"s account of the inaiuier in which the Slioshokoe luilians on the r[iper Lewis lliver cap- ture the aiitelo|)e. as n-iveii in Irvine^'s •' IJoniieville,"" pp. lioll, l!ti<». I ([uote : •• Sonietiiiies tlu' dingers asjiire to uoliler gaiue, and succeed ill entrapping the antelope, the fleetest animal of the prairies. The process hy Avhicli this is etYeeted is somewhat singular. \\'lieii the snow has disappeared, says Caiitain Uoime- ville, and the ground becomes soft, the women go into the thick- est fields of wormwood, and pulling it up in great ipiantities construct with it a hedge, about three feet high, inclosing ahoiit a hundred acres. A siiigli! opening is left for the admis- sion of the game. This done, the women conceal themselves liehiiid the wormwood, and wait patiently for the coming of the antelope, which sometimes enter this spacious trap in eonsider- alile minibers. As soon as tlu-y are in, the women give the sig- nal, and the men hasten to play their part. Hut one of them enters the pen at a time, and after chasing the territied animals M if ' ^'^ 48 Tin: wri.i.di'i: nr \ \ii:i;ii \. rnimd till- iiiclnsiirc, is ri'licvcd liy mii' h|' Iii- (■uiiipiniiniis. In tills \\;i\ llic liiiiilci's tnkc ilicir liinis. i'cI'h'n iii'4' r;ic|i ntlnr. uml Ucciiiii^' ii|i ;i cDiitiiiiii'd juirsiiil liy n'lnys witlnnit l';il iliui' In iIu'MI- Sclvrs. Tllc |i(ii)|' illlti'lii|)rs, ill till' I'lul. ;i|i' -II \v> rlril (ioWll that till' wlinlr |)arl\ nj ii:i'ii I'litrr anil (ii's|iatili iln-iii with cliilis, iml (iiic rsrapiii^' wliii'li lias cntiTi'il tin- iiiiln-iiri'. Tlii' must I'lii'iiiiis ('ii'i'iuiistaiii'i' ill tills cliasi' is, tliat an animal -n ili'i'i and au'ili' as till' ;nit('li>|)i'. and strainhiL;; I'nr li- lil'i'. slniiiM ran^'o I'liimd and rniind this fated indosiiri' wliliuiii ai li'm|iilii'4 tu uvcr- Icap till' low liarrlci' wlilrli snn'nmids li. Such. hnwrMT. is said to lie tlic iai't, and such tlirlr niily nindi' nt ImiiliiiL; llu' antf- Inpt'.'" NN'hcn I rcct'lvi'd a tlin'c-vt'ar nld liin'k, lately cqitni'i'd mi tlu* |ilains. and sent mr, I I'rai'cd lie wonld scalr the rlLjIit Irrt paling I't'iu'c wliirli incliisi's till' pai'ks. t'or I had smi ihr t'l'inalc wliicji 1 had had licjuri' inaki' most astnnishinu' hnri/niilal Imps aiTuss ravines in the park, withniil an apiianaii fl'lnrl. wliirli she niii:;lit just as well have walked aeniss. Althi)nu;h I had >iliser\('d this luiek. whilst I'Miiliiied In the \ard, when frh^htened liy a pei'S'Ui unin^ in. da-li a'^alnsl the palings nut thrt'c i'eet fi'iiiii the i^rniiiid. in his et'l'uri-, i.i Ineak throne-h the fence, wltliniit at t enipt iiii;' to leap i>\('i- it. \i't it never ne- ourred to nut that he eoiild not maki' liluh MTtieal leaps, till I met the statement ahove ipioted. Snliseipii'iit oliser\alion of tlie coiuhu't of tlu'st> animals in my uroiiiids eonvinced nie that this stiitenieiit iniij,lit well l)e tnie. and that the 1'imiil;' Unek' ina\ lie rostralney ;i fence which would he snilicieiit to cunliiie onr domestic sheep. In speakine; of Mr. ("ipperly's antelopes. .Mr. Ci'mikei' savs, " A foni" foot fences was aiiipli! to coniine them.'" This inability to lea|) over liieh objerts may ni> doubt be at- tributable to the fact that they liv(> n|)on the jilains. where tluiv rarelv meet with such obstructions, and so tliev and their ances- tors for untold generations have liad no occasion to overleap Iiigli obstructions, and thus from disiisi? they do not know how to do so. and never attempt it when they do meet tlieni. If the antelope on the plains desires to cross the railroad track, when alarmed by the cars, as is sometimes the east^ lie will .strain every muscle to outrun the train and cross ahead of it, as if he suspected a p»iirpose to cut him oil' from crossine': and thus uumy an exciting race has been witnt-ssed between muscle and ateiini. Tiie same disposition is manifested by the bison, or i4i. l>i)Mi:sll( A //(/\. 4'.) iiiiis. In llicr. iiml • ti( tlii'iii- icil (litWll illl ('1111)8, l"lii' most llrct ,•111(1 I 111 i';iiil;(' ■4' to ovcr- ■!•. i< said the iintc- ihc liiilValo. as we call liiiii : and if cillicr 1- l>calcii in tlic race lie will liiiMi a\\a\ to tlic plains in a|i|iar(nl di^^n-'l, hut will iic\"i' rros> the track inini('(lialcly lidiind tlic liain. W'ci'c our anlc|(i])c ciiiniicllcd to live in a I'orcsj. no doulij, in a. I'cw t;cn(iations. llic\ wdidd Icani to make as sni'|irisinu;' IcapH vci'licalK as \vc now sec thcni make hori/.ontally. 'I'licn it would lie a \ci\ dillicnlt nialtcr to rcsti'ain tlicni liy inclosin-cs. A \'ir- ninia dc(T. in at lcni|il iui;- to jnnii) a iVucc wlicu I'liniitcucd. will strike au'aiii"'' •'"' paling's iVoin .si\ tosc\cn Icct lii^li, il on Icscj (qounik and vd lie cannot couijiai'c in >[icc(l or in liori/.outal leaps with llie I'lMnij, r.uck. ■ed on the I'ct paliny le which I i|is across die nii^ht the \ ai'd, le |ialinL;'s k throuu'li never oc- I'aps. till I on of (lie that this < may lie inline our iker siiys, lit lie at- jiere they ■ir anccs- [leap lii_i;'li i\v to do railroiid ciiso, lie laJKVul of Imti- ; and In muscle liison, or l»(t.Mi:SI'|( AiloN liidci'this head 1 shall liiid it convenient lo fnrthei' explain till- haliils of this animal, hut under dilTerenl cii'cum^taiices. or in dilVcrent conditions of life. Ilillierlo we have only cousidei'ed its haliils in the wild state, where our ohservalions have iieces- sarilv hecii \(iv much circuuiscrihed. In that limited decree of domestication to which it has heeii siihjected we shall ohserve niaiiv li'aiis or characteristics, uiide\ t'lope(l or not discoNcred in his wild slate, manifest i lie" a. denree of iut(d licence not otherwise suspected. ( 'onsidcrahle numhcrs of the youiii;' are found evi'ry year hv hunters and t iMVelers passiiie; ()V(H" the pluiiis where they mam. If vi'rv voune'. these are taken without diilicully hy simply pick- iu;^' them up, while thos(> of a few days old will lead a coiisider- ahle chase hefore tliev are caiitured. 'riicse latter are not so likely to live ;is the former. Like llie fawn of the deer, if taken verv young', they will attach tlieiuselves to their captors in a slioi't time, and attempt to follow them as they would their n; thers. From necessity, tlu'se young kids are fed upon the milk of tlu* I'dw, or preferahlv of the ••'oat, if to be obtained. \'v\\ soon tliev (•(iinineiice to eat grass, and to I'uminati'. I''.\perieiice shows that but a, small [lereentage of tliest> iire raised, i 'r C'aniield ex- perimented extensively in tliis direction at .Momera, where the wild ones were very abundant all about li i. Ili; says tliev are iirst attacked with diarrli{i.M. •' If they escape this, they live a long time, one, tw'o, or three months, growing slow ly ; but at the end of that time all the female kids, and almost all the male ones, bec(.)ine diseased, having scrofulous intlammation of tlu» joints, get a cough, become lame and poor, and (inally die after lingering some weeks. 1 never yet have known a female ante- 4 60 /■///; .w rr.i.iii'i: i>r AMi.iur i. lope to lie rnisi'il ;ii'tilii'i;ill y ; tlir iiialcs ;iff iiim-i' li:irily. ainl witli (•iiic iH'arly all ran Im- raisnl,"' I'mIIit >iiiT('ss lias alli'inlfd tlir cllnrt to rear (lie viniii^' aiilf- lii| II 1 his >i(|c tilt' iiii'iiMiaiiis. TIk' lirst aiit<'ln|)r I cvci' liaij was a I'ciiiali', sml iiic liy a I'lii'iid wlirn slic was a \rar oM. Slic had riillowid a waunii into Kansas. iVum ihcdistaiil jilaiiis. wIhti- she liad lii't'ii caii^lit tlif \i'ar Ix-I'drc and I'aiscil mi crnv's inilU. 'Ilinici' she was sent nn' 1p_v I'xpn'ss, in a nai "v, livr liun- (lifd mill's. She was liadly lu'iiiscd in llic i....^ii jt>iii'ni'\ . I lie liaii' lii'iii^' li'in lii'iii lii'i' >idrs in placfs as lai'i;r as iii\' two liaiids, so ilial I Icand ^Ih' c'liild imt I'ccovrr IVoin tlii'sc liniiscs. lIowi'Nci'. sii soiiii a^ I iniiicd \wv loose in tin- park sin- moved dlV with aLiility to the rich pasturr hd'orc licr ; l)iit she eoiild not wait lon^i' to satisfy InC appetite, liet'ol'e she exercised her muscles in u race anions; the trees and over the hiwn, which. I thoiinht, fesemliled more the iht;lil ot' a ^reat hird than ihi; running' ol' a (pKuhiiped. \'ery >oi>ii the new line haii's iipiicare(| iipmi tin' hlack naked skin, and I'aiiidlv <"rew to the h'neth of the others. Dni'ini;' tlii; si\ months 1 had her. I never discovci'ed any symp- toms of sickness or lameness. Slie was at last, found ilead in tli<' erouuds, with 111 I ill th(! mouth, evidcntiv f 'i an internal injury. She prolialily canm near an elk, an( -'wgA a fatal l)low from its fore foot. She was always spi'ie,,, ^ jind playful, and alwa\s followed me in mv walks and drives in (he park. Jii July, I purchased :i male kid at Cheyenne, and hroujj^ht him home on condensed milk. The distanei! is nearly a, thou- sand miles, and oecuiiled two days, lie ivn'ived in a[)i)arently perfect health, and so continued till ( )etol)er, when he met ii violi'ut death. \\v was always s[»rie;litly and j)layful. lie was ke[)t about the; house, and ranged through the flower garden and ul)out the lawns at will. ( )f all the pets I ever had, none was ever so much prized l>y all the household as he. I havc^ had nuuiy others since, hut all have died after a few months, of dis- ease, many of them breaking out iu sores. I have (observed none to be troubled with diarrha'a, and rarely a decided lameness, but rather a stupid languor seemed to opi)re.ss them. Most of those 1 have luul were one or two years old when obtained, had been raised iu Kansas, where the wild ones were found, and reached my grounds in aiii)arent health, and so continued for a month or two, and would then sicken, and after one, two, or three months wouUl die, much emaciated. The females appeared cpiite as healthy, and survived quite as long, and iu some instances hiiMl.s I h \ I hi.\. .M , iiiid witli iini;; iiiiti'- I'Vci' liail ■ul.l. Sllr lillS. wluTc i\\"s iiiilU. , livi' limi- iinii'N . iIk' s my t\\i> sc linilscs. Illn\('(l (i|1 cdiild Hot icr iiiusclcs 1 lllDll^'llt, llnillH' III !l I u|)iin the llic (itlii'i's. ;my s\iii|>- Irild ill tlic in iiilcniMl Oil ii liilnl 1(1 pliiyt'ul, iiirk. hroii^lit V Ji tlum- pari'iitly le iiK't ii He Wiis irdcii Mild none Wiis have liiid IS, of dis- ivod none nt'ss, luit St oC those h;id l)een I reached month or ;e months 1 (juite as instances 1 liiHui'i', ih.m ihi' iiiali'S. Si'\fi;;l nf my tViriids h:i\<' lircii inorc siii'ivsstiil ihiiM I liiM' III ihi'ir illiin|its to rr;ir thi-. animal. I'lMliaMv m\ '4i'"Miid> ari- |ici'iiliarly iiiil'a\ uraMr l^r him, LriiiLi' aliii"-t i;ilin'l\ Ior.>| . tli()iiL;h mo>tl\ "|'iii and devoid o|' iiiidiT- IpIL-Ih'S. 'I'll' ii' ai''' I'lil a tew aiTi'> di\oiil of liirs. Tiii-r WiTe ino>t alVirlid l'\ t hi' aiitflo|ii'. M \ iiif'irmat ii II i> ihal in \\ m-as. ,ii)d in f;iri ill all iitlirr ]ilari'> thi-' >idr of the iiiwiiiilaiiis wIhti- llirs all' f'iniid ill a wild -tale, llio-'i' w hirli >iir\i\i' fi^r a iiimhIIi 111' -o lire luli'ialiK lii'allh\'. and if lliry I'^capr ai'i'idriiis. iiia\ In- .•\|wi'i.i| I'l li\r for >c\ cral \cars at lca>l. Il is manifi-^l ihal I'SiMTinii'iil ^ lia\i' -Iimwii thai, fi'om smuio iiiikiiouu caiiM'. tlirrr is ni.ir>' liMpruf irarinu ihis animal on this sidi- ol tin- |{oi'l<\ .Mmhh- laiii> than on tlio I'acilir ('oa>t. wIhtc, in a wild >tato. tli^y \\.i'c I ilirc I he nio>t 1 1|'' i>|Po|'iillS. 'I'lii' I'ioiil; Ihi'-k is st-ry ea-^ily tamnl, and soon Inscs all fear iif man. >i'i'ks his society, and rnjoNs his comiiaiiy. W lini takni \iimi'4', and hroiiMht up li_\ hand, tli'^y lircumr at oiicc attarln'd to ill,' I'ln' that fii'iU llii'in. I raided oiu' thus, whirli was taken I'hargi' of hy a little ,i;irl, and iioi!)iiiM' df|i!j,hli'd il >o miu'h as to liavr a plas and ;i lomp with lui ; and in watchiiio' tlii'in lo- ^I'tliiT, it was ea->\ to persuade ones self thai the little pet >lhiwed not .i|ll\ ohsel'Valioll and inteHioellre. Imt even rellectinn. He a><>iiiiied he had as miieli I'i^hi in the kitrheii as any of the do- iiie^ties; and if he foimd the duni's opiMi, he enjoyed a visit to the parlof, and especially a siesta on the loiine-,. jn the lihrarw When I tinned the wild hiiek loose, as hel'ore stated, I was ai^reeaiilv siirj)i'ised to ohsei'V(! th;it lie made no attempt to es- eape, and did not even dash away, as if eicatly alarmed. After a h'W leaps, he trutteil away two or three liiindred \ai'ds, and then commenced era/.iiio' U|)on the hhie grass. For a few davs, he would not allow me to ap[)roaeli him. \\'lieiiever 1 walked in the park the younger one, which had lieeii hi'uiiglu ii[> liy hand and was very tame, tlu^ moment he saw me, no matler how far away, woiiltl rush ii[) to me with the greatest delight, and rul) his head against me in ;i most al'IVetion- ate manlier, and receive the gratuity, which he always exjit.'cted, with gri'at satisfaction ; and would follow me constantlv wliert,'- ever I went, ganiboliiig around in mueh the sanu; way as is observed in a young dog. Scari'ely a week elapsed before I ul)- served the older one, which was so wild in close conlinemeiit, following me at a distance, l^aeh day he ventured nearer tuid nearer, till I observed he would not keep more than twenty or 4 62 77//-; .WTIll.ol'l-: OF AMhlUCl. tiiirty tret ill the rmr. and woiiltl so lollow iiu; for ;m liour or iiiorcj, it' my w.ilk should (loiitiiuii^ tliafc loii^. I now hc^'an to notice liiin, und tlirow liini corn, wliidi ]ic, look witli ijfrcat appai'i'iit rclisli, nor was it loiin" '.x'foic lie would venture to take corn from my hand, though witii timidity, and lu! iie\er liecaiiie so entirely divested of fear as was the yoiiiiu'er one. I know of no iiieinber of the ('I'l-rioi family, when taken wild at three years of at^'e, that will ever hecome so tame as did this I'ronn' liuek in a. few months. I may [)t Tln's;' wmdd chase him awav, whcii he would look vo \\w. for protection, which could not always be nuuhi effectual, for they would watch for op[)ortu- nities to make dashes at him, when he would escape to the out- side of the band of elk, but when he saw me ap[>roach the gate IxiMllSTKA T/nX. 53 I' :in lioiir or 111 to iiotici- il iippiin'iit (■ corn from so entirely no nicnilxT if !i;4t', that < in a lew paper above lised in ilo- •li lion's, and t'ter coyotes nn liini.'" n llie ni^lit ler <4anie in liis Innilinn' tVoni lionie lonie alone, at the same el- llie death nch and rc- niled eveiy- ope down to ividiials, in nl«'lli;4enee. o one who It Ioiil;' coll- in as iL;'reat ielld ol' the 'xceptional. >wed to to'- parks into lie iiuo the Diild chase which could ir opportu- to the (Hit- ch tlio gule to pass out. he would dasli up almost like a Hash to no out with me. 'riiese visits to the I'^lk Park so;»n became disaureeaMi; to him. so that when he saw me approach tlte e;ate li'adiiin' into it, he would m't hel'ore llie. put his head at;'ainst my le^s and try to push llie hack or retard my progress as much as jiossiMe. and seemed to hen- of me in everv wav in whiidi lie could convey his \vi>lics not to e(t in there. I woiiid fre(pieiit ly yield to his re- iiioiisf ranees and turn away in another direction, when he would manifest his sat isfa cliark o'ate, tlioii^-h it was far away, would uradiially 'essen the distance, Imt so soon as I reached the pile, he would rush up at full sjteed ami perlia])s prance around as if very liappy, or riih his head alfectioiiately aL;ainst me. Wlut will hlaine me if I loved the little pet and en- joyed his compauv in my walks, and reallv nioiirneii his loss when he died'/ lli- was not siiignlar in his traits of iniellio'ence and marks of alVeetioii. liefore that, the female, alreadx spoken of, exliihited the same disposition, thoiie-Ii 1 think in a less re- iiiarkalile deo-ree. prohahlv because I was not so wtdl ac(piainted with the hnliils of the animal, and did not so well know how to develoji tlu'se ]ieculiar charact eristics. They seem to he much nmre nearly ulli(>d to the antelope than tit the deer family. I never observed one to show the least fond- ness for the siH'iety of a deer, but tne yoiiiie- buck I have spoken of and the female e'a/.tdle from Asia, showed some iiic|in;i[ ion to associaie together. IJotli showed the same ' she inielit meet with. If, for instance, she fol- lowed me into the Xortli or l-^ast I'ark. she would often desert im* hel'ore my return, and 1 would be oblio-ed to lea\e her behind: and this at !ast ( ost the poor tliintf her life, for 1 once left her in the 1-last Park, when sonu' dogs broke in and killed her. I found her the next day in the corner by the gate, cruelly bitten and ipilte ilead. I had less fear of dogs in the l'"dk Park, for if ever the elk see tlieiii there, they ]iuvi> no lime to liiiiit anything but the place at which they came in. If ever I allowed this ^azello :^ T^ 54 Tin. AXTKLori: of ameiuca. 1 l: to fiilldw luc out of tlu^ ]);u'k, slic would iicvt'i' ivtuni witli inc volunlai-'ily but would iininodiately start olT, (;xitloriiii;' iu her own w;iy. This ga/cllc and tlic youny; iintclopo would follow inc tou,'ftlii'i'. not oidy in iny walks, l)ut also when I drove, or vodi> I'M liorscback in tlu^ parks. She disliUcd a visit to llic elk as lie did, though she did not resort to as intelligent means to tell nu' so. When both were following nie, especially when I was riem to I'lijoy tlu' sport if they can get dogs to chasi> tluMU hom(>. Th(! female of thi< ])air, when she was two years old in l>>7l», tli'opped one Uid, which, however, was still-born, or at least dead when it was found. It can no longer be said that our antelope will in no case breed m domestication, but certaiidy it nmst be but rarely ex[)ectcd. We should have expected this to occur in the country when; they flourish in a wild state, and it is certainly re- markable that it has occurred so far away, and in a region so unfavorable to their well-being. The reason of the sterility of thes(> animals in donustication is not very ap[);irent. There is certainly no want of ardor on the part of the mall', and the female is not without an inclination to breed, but from some unknown cause their union is not fertile. That tlii'ir rc|iroductive powers should be impaired l)y domestica- tion, we should expect, in obedience to a very general law gov- ei-ning a very larg(> majority of wild animals and birds, when re- duced to domestication ; but this may be largely accounted for by the disinclination to bri'cd, manifested to a greater or less de- gree by both sexes. Such can scar(;ely be said to bo tlu> casi; with our anteloj)e, yet it is undoubtedly true that its general health and vigor is more impaired than is generally the case with wild animals when domesticated or confined. Uidil the one taken adult sickened and died after a few^ months' conlinement in DOMESTICATIUX. Ml with inc UH' in luT I'nllow inc kC, or r will in st be but eur in the rtainlv re- reg'ion so (icMtion is or on the illation to ot fertile. loiiiestit'il- 1m w gov- , when re- united for )r less de- tlie ease ts general ease with 1 the one ineiiieut in the pMi'k, wliieh is so lar<^( that the eonfineinent, one would think, could seart'elv be felt. I had JniM^ineil tlait the eoiistit iitional vinoi' iiii<;Iit lia,ve been impaired wlieii yoiine', liy liavimi; l)een iidurished l)v rows' milk ; but such was certainly not the cmsc in this iiistMiiee. If in my n'rounds they fail to liml some kind of fniid which their well-beiiii^ recpiires, such enuld not have b(>en the case where Dr. ( aulield tried liis experiments. Alto<^ether it is manifest that furtiier observations must be imide. ami further c\|)criuients tried, than I have been able to make or IcMrn, befort; we Mrrive Mt a satisfaetory coinpreheiisiou of this ln'Miirh of oiir Slll)iect. 1 believe, however, tliMt with time Miid care all the ditlicnlties which now present themselves to the complete domesticMtioii of this interesting animal may be over »me. Miid tliMt without these tlicv will soon 1).' known only as ;in extinet raee. They would re(|uire at tirst to b(> kept in large inelosures on their native plains, with a keeper to show himself among them daily, who wiiiild introduce them gradiiallv to new f I. siu'h ms the various kinds of cei'cMls, with a eareful observation as to how they could Im'mi' it. liVeii then, some might sicken and die, but others no doubt would be capable of bearing it, and the sma.ll restraint and paitiMi eliMiige of food would leave some of them cM[>able of re- produetiou. Jn that way the more feel)|e would be wei^led out, but the more robust would rear a race, which, by di'gret^s. might be restricted in their range, and live upon ditVerent fooci, and gradiiallv be transferred to new eouditi(ms of life and ultiniatelv become capable of enduring complete and permanent domestiea- tioii. It may be that not more than one per cent, would be found capable of enduring the least restraint and change of food, but if any could be found which could retain their full vitality and vigor and reproductive jiowers. even with the limiti'd re- straint and cliang(» of condition suggested, the experiment might not prov(! a total failun*. At any rate, I think there is little hope of their jtermaiient domestication, by siuldeiilv transf(>rring tlieiu to the east of th(^ Mississippi liiver, where they never roamed wild. We may keep them for a short time, but tliev will not pros[ier, and will soon sicken and die. We may have little hop(> that any individual will undertake this project; but may we not anticipate that the laudable enl"rprise which our government, especially of late years, has shown in the promotion of scieiitilic researches, which has produced such rich results, and from which abundant practical benefits may be siindy antici- it ^ \\: l\ '""^ 66 77//; \XTi:f.O/'E OF AMERICA. ]):it('(I, will |tr(iin]it it to uiKlcrtakc to rcduco tliis and iiiitny otiicv of till' wild Miiiiiials |)('cnliar to this rountry, to (•om[)l('t(' doinusti- catioii, and tliiis add lai'i^fly to our uscfid a;i,-i"icidtiiral pi'odiirts ? Wt' liavc an altinidanco of territory well ada]>tcd to this i»ui'i)ost', now layiiit;' waste and a liniitrd ajj^ropriatioii, to Ik; expended under the direction of the Smithsonian Institute, for instance, whose eN|ieiidil ure of the funds eonimitted to its ehari^e has been characterized liy the soundest judgment and the highest integrity, might promise success. AN'hat would we not give could we re- Kuseitate some of those aniniids which were forniei'ly abundant on our eontinent. hut have recently l)eeome extinct? The danger, if nc the prolialiility is. that our successors in the not distant future will make the same retleetion in reference to the bison and the prong luick. if not the moose and the wapiti. Till-; fllASK. 'I'lie chase of the Prong l)Uck all'ords an exciting jjastime to the s|)ortsman. and lias sometimes jiroved a profitable employ- ment to the hunter. lie who would study jiow to pursue th<^ antelope with success must learn the character of tin; ground which that animal frerpients, )iis tapabilitit's for escape, and tin; iniii'mities which bi'set him. His strength and liis weaknesses must be well understood and t'onsi(h'red. \\v have already seen that he iniiabits the treeless plains and rolling foot-hills. To call thesi', naked ))lains and hills would freipiently be a misdescription. Often they are so, covered only with a light coat of bunch or bulVali) gi'ass, so that an antelojie may be seen at a gi'eat <'istance. although sometimes the color of the countrv so corresponds with the culor of the animal as to make it very ilillicult to distinguish him even at a moderate dis- tance, though no object may intervene to obstruct the view. A good tield-glass is an excellent thing for the antelope hunter alwavs to have by hiui. l>ut they freipient groumls more or less denselv covered with tin- cacti, the wild sage, juid the grease bush. 'I'licse sometimes attain the height of four or live feet, and alTord excellent covert for the animal. A correct knowledge of their sense of sight, of smell, and of iieariiig is necessary U)V tlu! success of the hunter, for tlu'se should often control hi.^ course. Notwithstanding the lai'ge, ])rominent eye, which is of a bril- liant black color, the sight of the antelo]ie is not reliable. lie eaimot readily identify unlV.miliar objects if they are not in full ..^ '/'///■; en A si:. 57 liiny otlicv I' (luincsti- prodiicts ? s purpose, ('Npfiidt'd iiistiuici', ■ li;is been iiitcurity, lid \v(> rt'- iiudiiiit on If diinyrr, ot; distiiiit bison iind piislinic to (' cuiploy- Mirsuc tlio H! ground (', ;ind tli(! kH-akiU'ssi'S )1inns und 1>. would ■rod only iint,('lo]ii' ic coldr ot" inal ;is to •rate dis- vicw. A hunter ire oi- less ase busli. ind alTord 1. and of 'se should of a bril- d.le. Jle i)t in full view nor in motion, lie eannot readily tell ii iiorse from i< buf- falo, oi- a man from a bush, if they are ])erfeetly still, unless they arc (|uile near. 'I'licii- si-nse of snu'll is very sensitive and discrim- iiiatino". Their sense of hearing is also very acute, though not as much so as of many of the deer family. 'I'licy ai'c nalurallv vcr\ timid and shy when their fears lieconu- arou-cd, but thcv arc not as .siiN|iici(iiis as most of the doer. They Jiave a cin'iosity which is \ery remai'kable, and which prompts them to examine cvei'v strange (lijeci which they see. 'I'his conipleteK' over- powers tlu'ir caution, and often leads them into danger and to destruction. The hunter must remeiidier they are exci'edinglv Meet of foot, far oiitst i'i])ping all other animals of the phiins. Au- dubon says, '• They [lass along, up or down hills or along the lc\el jilains with the same apparent ease, while so rapidiv do their legs perform their graei'ful movements in propelling their bodies iivcr the ground, that, like the spokes of a fast turning wheel, we can liaidly see them, but instead obsei've a gan/.v or lihn-like appearance where tliev sliould be visible."" ( 'olonel Rciltield once told me that he saw a frightened line!; of antelnpes lice to a VI I'y steep and high mound of rather loose scoria, near the Yellowstone [{iver. which they seemed to go up almost like rockets, the detached material rolling down behind them like a liui' of smoke. Some of them lost tln-ir ft)oting on the almost venical side ami fell back to the bottom, but the instant thev reached that they Hew back like the reboiuid of a ball, without any appreciable pause. IhaM'seeu them in my gnnnids make pi'odiginus Imri/.ontal leaps across a I'aviue or depression in the ground from a standing position or a leisurely Wiilk when ther(^ was no obstruction to impeile their walking across it if they had chosen so to do. '1 lu'se leaps seemed to re(piirc scarcely nioi'e elToi't than the walk. It was a horizontal bound so light and elastic that it seenicfl like a. Ileetiiig shadow, when the gentle \^•alk would be instantlv re- >unied with no more animation or excitement than if thev had walked across the space. Still, as has been alreadv explained, they are unable to make vertical leaps. I think it safe to sav theycaiiiiot ovei'leap an obstruction a yard in height. As befoi-(! stated, when considering the habits of this animal, it is iucapa- l>le of sustaining; its astonishing speed for anv greai length of time. It will soon seek some (Mninence, if to be found, stop, take breath, and look around for the object which alarmed it. Another fact should not l»e forgotten. 'I'hi-, animal is remark- 58 THE AXTELOPK OF AMEltlCA. ably tonacioiis of lite, or if this doos not cxjuh'ss tlio exact trutli, lie ciiti sustain liinisolf for a l('n<;tli of time ^vitll sncli sovero wounds as would jirostrato almost anv other animal. W •• a broken leg he will flee almost as rajiidly as if uninjui'ed, and the hunters insist he will nuiintain tlu? ehase nearly as far. Tlioy insist he will carry off more lead than any other animal of his si/.e. I was onee on a hunt in the Sierra INIadre Mountain, near the Iiarami(^ Plains, when it was a standing joke in <'ann). that one of the party, a distinguished judicial ollieer of Wyoming, who was an e\cellent sportsman as well as a good jiulge, had shot fourteen balls into a buck antelojxs and only so crippled him. that by throwing away his gun in despair of killing his game in that wav, he was enabled to ovcu'take him on i • ;; and knock hiui on the head with his hatchet. While undoubtedly the anlelojx' must fall to the shot if hit in a vital part, he can carry severe wounds, and frequently escapes uidess these reach some part upon which life or locomotiim immediately depend. All of these characteristics should be constantly borne in mind by the sportsman or the hunter if he would pursue the American antelope with succe.-;s. Our antelope was an essential article of food among the ;ib- origin(>s inhabiting the country which it frecpiented before the introduction of (ire-arms among them. They had various modes of cajituring it, chief among which was with the bow and arrow. This mode involved the nc^cessitv of their getting a very close range. This could only be done by sonu; kind of artilice, or by the most skillful and cautious stalking, always remend)ering its def(!ctiv(^ eyesight, its acute senses of hearing and smelling, as well as its inordinate curiosity. The latter inlirmity — for such it often proves to the animal — was taken advantage of by the savage, who, approaching the ga?ne as nearly as he safely could from belli, id the sage bushes or other concealing object, exhibit- ing in iiregular motion a piece of tlu^ tanned skin of the animal colored ri'd or wliit(% or some other attractive object, would at- tract the game. When the attention of tin; antelope is attracted by such an object alternately appearing and disappearing, its curi- osity becouu's excited, aiul an interesting struggle commences V)etween that and its timidity, and it will aj)proach cautiously, then retreat a little, then prance around, drawing towards the object grailually till it is linally brought within bow-shot. Then it was that the Indian would let fly his arrow from his conceal- ment, or spring to his feet, the arrow to the string, and the I in Tin: (11 A si:. .59 liDW ]Kii'tIy (Iriiwn, mikI strike liis vicliin before his (leetiiess cdiild laiTV liiiii Im'VdikI reach. Til stalking this animal the Tiulians show great dexterity now, tlKUigii \v(; may well iissume not equal to tliat of their ancestors, who knew not tho use of tire-arms. 'I'his feat is extremely dilli- ciilt though not impossible in tli(; nakeil plains, where neither sage-bush or ant-liill is found to conceal the approach, but only the short, si)arse grass is found. When this or tiie former mode is icsolved U])on, the lirst step of the hunter wlio sees his game ill the far distance is b}- upon every I'W of tlm band, and the instant one of them turns his head towards him sto]) everv uiovement, no matter what his jxisition may be, till the animal turns away or again goes to feeding. Jf none of the animals smell him or hear him, or see him move, he may steal upon tliem and secure a prize. No matter if they do see him, unless they see sonu; motion the chances iww that no one of them will recog- nize hiin or suspect that the r)bj(>ct is anything harmful. They will not notice that they have never before seen an object tlieni on the naked plain. If tliey see the least uuition their fears are instantly aroused, and they dash away like the wind to a safe distance, when tlu^y will usually stop and turn round to see what it was that alarmed them. If tlu> hunter still remains perfectly ([uiet their alarm will not usmdly subside entirely for some time, but they will soon renew their retreat, though jier- iiaps not at full speed, and if they even go to feeding not far away they are w\it to keep a vigilant watch of the object so that it is hardly possible to approach them again. Stalking among the saye brush is of course much less ditliciilt, for there the hunter has cover, behind which he may conceal his approach. Still, when lu^ deems it necessary to get a view of the game, he must raise his head al»ove the brush as little as possi- ble, and so slowly and cautiously that if on(! of the animals haj)- peiis to be looking in that direction he will not observe it. (.)f (•ours(> it is presumed he will ali'eady have taken advantage of the wind which would help to prevent the liearing of any slight noise he might accidentally make, for if the sense of hearing of this animal is not as acute as that of the moose, it is so sensitive If '[ :ti iU''. in ^-^ ^ no '/•///•; .WTIII.OPK III- AMI'JIKA ;is to I'ciiiiirc tlic cxt rcincst, fiu'c to prevent Iiis Ix inii)<;' iilanned ill tli;il w;iy. Foriiiei'ly llie Iiidiiins were aw;ire of tlie fact, that our ant<'lo|)e will not lea]) o\cr even moderate obstriu'tions, and took advan- tage of it. as was shown under another liend. I'vVcii small jirai- ries, nearly ; iirroiinded liy woods, witli but a narrow door to tli(> ojten coiiiitry, have become siaiie'hter-pens for the timid antelope, when they have lieeii bordered hy dense iinder-linish. Their only thonu'lit; seems to lie to eseapt; by the same openiinj; they came in at. It' prevented in this they seem to have no other resource. In tlmir iVi^iit their wits seem to forsaUo tliiMii, and they become coiifiiseil and distracted. .'Vs illustrating;' this characteristic of the animal, I will quote from " Adventures of .lames V. Adams *" (pp. 4(1, 47). With si'veral men he had surrounded a drove of about lifty antelopes in !Ui open prairi(! of liii^h grass, when he sa\s: "And upon closing;' in. the animals, seeing too lute that they were surrounded, Ikhmiiic bewildered, and. huddling together, wheeled and tramped iiroiiiid ill 111 ter amazement, a[>parently not knowing what to do or where to go. " In the mean wliile, taking care to keej) our bodies concealed in the long grass, we liad continued to approach, and being now within sixty yards of the panic-stricken animals, I rose upon my feet, took deliberate aim, and lired into their midst. Sykcsey and Tiiohimiie followed the examphs and the Indians discharged their arrows. I i-eloaded as (piickly as possible and lired a sec- ond sliot, then, dropping the rille. juilled my revolver in my right and my tiowie-knife in my left hand, and rushed into t iuHiiick of the herd, which continued wheeling and tramping around in a circle, seeing themselves surrounded on all sides, and too much alarmed to ily. At the same time my comrades rushed forward, and \vc were soon all mixed uj) togetlu-r, myself, the Indians, antl the antelopes. Having discharged tlu^ shots of mv jiistol I began plying my knife, Jind as the Indians used theirs we wounileil several that escaped our tire-arms. In the miilst of tlie excitement a buck broke away from the herd and was imnuHli- at(dy followed by all that were able to get away, some dragging lamed limbs after them. As, however, six dead and live wounded lay before us, there was no use pursuing the ilying band, and they were allowed to escape, itltiiough we might easily have; pro- cureel a dozi'H more." As we shall Iiereafter see, this descrijition answers almost ex- Till: en. I si:. (U :iliinii('(l [lllt('lo much Orwiivd, Indiiins, pistol 1 u'ifs wi^ st of the immedi- li'iig'in'e of a shot. I nder these circumstances the antelope will make but a few bounds before he will slop and look ai'ouml to -,(•(' what has alarmecl him, when he may be taken at short rani^'c The while tent of the liuiiter oil the plains or in the ravines so attracts the (Miiiosity of the l'roii<4' l>iick that Im will eo (piitc! up toil for a close ins[)ection of it if he sees no one about it or in the iiiiL;hboi-hood, and many a one who has been layini( in camp from indisposition or foi' rest has thus secureil antelope chops for su|ipcr as a surprise to his weai'ied comrade, who may have been unfortunate dnriiii;' the day, and when wendini:; his weary wav back sadly thought of an empty larder near the cam|) lire. 1 have seen aci'ounts of eoiirsinu,' the antelope wiih L^'ri-ylioiinds, but m\ iid'ormatioji is not suilicieiit to enable lue to speak ad- visedly on the subject, never havinn' participated in the s|)oi't ni\self, nor conversed with one who has done so. 1 can imaoiiie no liner <4ame for this spoi't than the I'i'oul;' Ibick. A practically limitless |)lain, smooth iind level, with no impediments to ob- sti'uct the view or the cliast!, jiresents the littest L;'rouiid for such sport. With an animal so llei't that hewnuld leave the hounds I'ar in the rear for the first ft;w miles, yet always in sielit so as to stimulate the dogs in the [lursnit, whose better wind would soon tell, they Would, before many miles were passed over, run into the (jiuirry. ,\ftei- they obtained horses, and bef")re tlii'v procured iiic-arms, the aborigiues pursued the antelope on horseback. I'lider date of August 14, 1 "n i>-2 I'/fi: ASTij.oi'i: OF AMi:iii(\. liltlc S(|iiim1.s of t \vi» or tlircM', iind I'onni'd a scattcrt'il cii'cli' round *]\i' lii'i'd t'oi- live or six miles, keeping at a warv ilistaiici' so as not to alarm tlicm till tlifv were p"rl'cctly inclosed, and nsually sclcclini^ sonu^ commandine' I'lnincnct' as a stand. I laving- H-;iiii,.,l (lu'ir positions, a small party rode towiirds the licrd. and with wondrrfid dcxtrrify the Iinntsnian prrscrscd his sral as lie ran at full speed over tlm hills, and down the steep ravines, and alonjr the liorders of the |treei[)iees. 'I'hey were soon outstripped l»v the aiilelop<'s, which, on ^jjainint;' llm other extremity of the circle, were driven hack and pursued hy the fresh huntei's. They tnrni'd and Hew rather than ran in another tlirectiou ; Imt there, too, they found new enemies. In this way they were ailernalely pushed liackw;u'ds and foi'wards, till at len<^ftli, notwithstanding the skill of till! liunters, they all esca[ied ; and the [)ai'ly, after runnine' fur two liours, retui'ned without having' cau^lil anything, and their hoi'ses foaming with sweat. 'I'his chase, tlu^ greati-r part of which was seen from the camp, formed a heauliful scene: luit to the hunters is oxccodingly lahoi'ious, and so unproductive, even when they an! able to worry the animal down antl shoot him, that forty or fifty huntors will sometimes be engaged for half a day without obtaining more than two or tliree aulidopes." 'lliat the antelope can freipiently, on favorable grounds, be run into with the horsi', is established In-vond dispute. 1 hav(! met several ge-ntleniea Avho have clone it. or seen it done ; and I once had a three years' old male antelo|>e which had been thus eap- tured. I'lie marks of the cords with which his legs had bet'U tied wi're still very plaiidy to be seen, anil are even still distinct on the mounted specimen in my collection. To do this re(iuires a horse of great /n'tti'iiu or endurance, for, in any (>vent, he must be left far behind for the first few^ miles; but the great sj)eed of the antelope so'.ii tells upon him, and when he begins to falter, if still ])resse(l, ami not allowed to st()[) and take breath, he tails very rapidly, and almost complete exhaustion ensues. It may be that the antelopes thus oaptureil have been exee})tionably slow, or short-winded, and that even with a majority it is not practicable to capture them in this manner. It is very certain, however, that it has sometimes been done. The antelope, wiien pursned on the plains, is inclined to run in a circle, and thus may be taken advai.tage of by the horseman keeping well within the circle, and as if attempting to head oft' the chase, which is sure to provoke the animal to make every etlovt to avoid this result, which brings his course more in the riri nr ///>■ I'l.M i:. ••■'. •iiliir I'nriii. Ill this conditiuii tin- |ie, later naturalists kive aui'eed to assign to it a separate elassiiieatidU, and have ;iiin|ited the name givi'ii it hy < )rd in ls|s, Aiit/l'>i''i/'i'it Amrrt- ,.^/M/. or American ( idat-Antelupe. Sir .hiliii KiehaiilsDii savs: •• i'lie term Aiiirn'cKiiii is ohjeetionahle as a s|)eeiHc name, where iiinre than one .s|ie('ies of (he same genus exists in that ediintrv." Siiliseijiient inxfsligalidns have shown that this dlijectidii was altogether withdut I'oundation, for there is luit one sjiecies of tho ^clllis. A careful study of specimens from every part of its range sliiiws that there are not even varieties of the spec-ies. All are as mar alike as possihle. 'riierc is now no pietensi! for placing Cii/iru Aiiirririimi with our animal, for it is well settled that it is ;i true goat. I)r. Murie, to whom we are first indebted for the osteological (lcsrri[)tion of this animal, seems inclined to go farther, and assign ii " a new or a fourth section jiniong ruminants. In regard to the second jiremise, its place, judging fi'om the totality of struc- ture (excluding the lirain not examined), it appears to me that the pro[)osal to rank tlu' Cahrit as a family pir xr {Anli/nriiiirtif'i), merits attention. Notwithstanding what has been said of transi- tional forms, the present career i>f biological inquiry lias not yet ari'ived at the stag*; when limited divisions can be dispensed with, although lines of demarcation iwv lu'oken apace. I'ro\ision- ally, therefore, and for aught I can say to the contrary, the siuglt; genus and species, AntHni'apra Aiiicricand. uiay preside as llie type of a family. .Still 1 am far from the opinion that it will Iniig remain in solitary grandeur, for I am convinced that its iiiore ab(M"rant features are but bridges, the further I'diinecting end of which temporarily hazy to us, from our temporary, cir- cuuiscribed view."' I have already, in anotlu'r place, (pioted a passage from this author bearing directly on this branch of our subji'ct ; but, as it will be remembered, it is hardly necessary to repeat it here. Tli(! comparison lie there makes between this animal and the sheep, the giralYe, the deer, the goat, and the antelope, is for I I ' t m T^ 04 ////; wriii.iu'i: uf i Mi.nn i. till' |>iir|iMsc III' >liii\\iiin iliat. in soini' i'c;>|M'cts, lir |i;irt;il;rs u|' ccr- liiii) cliaiiH'ti'iist ii's sii[i|)u-icil to lie |)i'culiar In vm-\\ oI' tlicsc iiuilllllls. We liavr alrcinly srcn tliiil In ('(iiii|iar" llic liair of oiir aiiiiiial to thai u| the >lii'c|) is a sti'aint'il ('\|>rc.^>inii, while the iithrr |iai'alli'U ail' iinl wiihrnit rra^uiiaMi' waii'aiil. I I'aiiiiMl \\v\\) ri'- iiiiirliiiiL;', hiiwi'M'i', ihal it m'i'Iiis Id iiir thai ihr Icii'in'il ilnrtDf, ill st't'Uiiin' I'll' iiilt'iiiii'iliati' Liiaili's ill tin- rhararliTislifs of oiir iininiah has ([iiiti' iivrrlimki'd that uhirh is the iin'sl striUiiin' nl all; ami that is tlii' liniii. II' lir I'uinliiiU'S I'liaradi-ristifs I'l'sciii- l)liii^' iii'i'iiliarilics 111' si'vci'al ditVci'i'iil nciiiTa uf iiiiiiiiiaiils, his lini'ii scciiis Id ill- CMiislriirlt'il ii|iiiii an iiili'i'iin'iliali' |ilaii id-lufcii tlir hiilhiw-iiiiriH'il niininaiits, ol' w hirh tlu'ic arr s 'Vrral ni'iirra. iuwl llii' siiliil-liiH iii'il ruiiiiiiaiits whirh may all In- I'liihracril in ihu i^i'iiiis ('iTviis. it" Wf an- iin'liiii'd imt In iiiiilti|il\ classiUca- liniis lull I'lcclx . 'I'lir I'tiniici- have hiilliiw hiiiiis. which ai'i- (liTiiiai ciiiaiial iiiiis with hsscous ciircs, which in lad arc |ii'iici'sscs nf the .skull. Sii has this; iiiit all (illiff linllow liniiis arc persistent, while this is i|i'ci(hiiiiis. I'his latter characteri^l ic, has hccii hitln'rlii Miiniiiscil to lie pecnliai' to the ('ei\ iilc. all nl' which have solid horns |uiiely ol os>eoiis .^iriu'tun'. The only tliiiiL;' in coiii- inoii which these I wo classes of head aiipeiidaees have, is that lhe\ may lie considered ornaiiieiital. and serve as weapons of war- fare ; to which, however, we niav add that they appear more generally on the male than on tlu' female. They arc provided for both the male and femal(! of our antelope, ( )ii no other ani- mal do we liml a liolldw horn which is liranched or hifiiicated, while this is a characteiisiic of nearly ill! solid horns. This hol- low horn aloiu' is hranchecl, not .so distinctly, hv any means, as is usual with the solid horns, hut still there; is the rudiment of a branch, a; h'ast, which lias been iccoe,'iii/.ed by all naturalists as ii [jtoiil;'. if. then, we are in search of ii bride'e, to span the wide space between the hollow-horned and the solid-horiicd niminaiits. \Vi> lind it in this animal and in this animal al<>ue IJesides the horns, it more resembles tli ■ ho' .w-honied than the solid-horned ruminants, and most of ; " .iiielope. I's jveiiital organs are verv nearlv like those of tl .e antelope; A in mv grounds it showed a disposition to a aate with tin- antelope gazelli', while it was never known to pay the 'east attention to either ihe angora or the eomiuou goat, aiiv nmre than to the deer, the sheep, or the eows. In only two eharactt'ristics ean 1 find it resembles the goat. One is, that it euiistantly emits an i l;i,l tilt' Urllitlll I ill my iit('l()|»(' t'lDll to to the -; can 1 nits an ins ri.Mi: 65* iliir. wliicli, liowtiviT, is mostly coufnuMl to tin' mali' in tlic piat, wliilt' it is comnjoii to liotli sexes in our antelope. Then, ai;!iin, liie laclirymal sinus is wanting; in hotli tlie I'ront,^ 15iicU ami the ^.i;it : so it is wanting in many other hollow-horned niminants, as the shee[) and thti ox, while* it is present in the true antelope, imd, I helieve, in all tlm dei-r family. In all other respects it .JilViTs from IIm* {^oat, except in those thinn's which ai'e common In all ruminants In tlu.'ir food, especially, they are widely ajiait, iliMiiyh both lire' strictly veg(!tariaus ; so are all ruminants. Tlu* i^nat is the most prttmiscuous consumei- in this order of (piadni- pcds : while no one is more* delicate and select in its food than the J'ronj^ IhieU. 'V\w piat affects rough and rocky e'roiiiid-i. ainl climbs with eiise, and safety dangerous clilTs and ilillicuit passes, while the iiahit of our antelope is exactly the rever>e. I niiist say that I think if his natural history hail been well imderstood, he woidd never have been charged with a near kin- •;hip to the goat, and Ciipni would not have been a part of his iiaiiic. Surely a more ap[)ropriale name could ha\i' licen found. — one clearly expressive of the sti'iking peiadiaiities of this cx- iraoi'dinary animal. J Jut it is now too late to change it. It is far better to adhere to a bad name by which it is now known lo the scientific wt)rld, than to attt'iupt to iiitriMluc(! him by a new name, no matter how much nujre api)ropriate. In its osteology. Dr. Theodore dill, a gentleman emiiieiitly (pialilied for the investigation, excludes it from all the classiiica- tioiis of the hollow-horneil rumiiuiuts, ami distinctly places it among those which have solid deciduous antlers ; while, as wi* have seen, Dr. Murie liiids in its anatomy elements peculiar to each of these classifications. Like the deer, tlu.' female has four artivt* mamuL'e, while the goat has but two. In counnon with tlu! hollow-horned ruminants, it has the gall bladder, which is wanting in all the Cervida". Nj it If :" I, ■ I,; m: 1. rl^ FHE DEER OF AAIERICA. To tlie Fii'.st Cliiss oi" the Second Division of the First (ironjiol' Ruminants I liave assigned t!ie CVrvid.e. ( )n tliis i-ontinent they arc more widely distributeil, and more numerous than either of the otlier members of tlie group, whik^ in some other parts of the workl they are excelled in numbers by those assigned to tlit; First Class of tlie First Division. 'J'here are native of North America, eight distinct and we!! defined species of the Genus Cervus, namely : — ]. (^ERVUS AlCES. Moose Deer. 2. Cervus Canadensis. Wapiti Deer. Ameri'^an Elk. 8. Cervus Tarandus. Woodland Caribou. Reindeer. 4. Cervus Machotis. Mule Deer. 5. Cervus Columiuanus. Columbia Black-tailed Deer. (!. Cervus Virginian us. Common or Virginia Deer. 7. Cervus Tahaxdus Arctica. Barren-ground Caribou. Reindeer. 8. Cervus Acapulcensis. Acapulco Deer. There nuiy be and probably are, several other distinct species in Mexico aiul Central America, but I am not sutliciently in- formed to speak of tliem with assurance ; so I leave them as proper subjects for future investigation, and confine myself b< those of which I can speak with some confidence. It will be observed that I retain the reindeer in this genus, following Cuvier, for instance, rather than go with Hamilton <^ 1 Tin: CEIIVID.E. Olt I Smith and otliers, who phice them in u siqKirato gonus — Biuif/i- l'n\ — foi' whicrh I fail to liiul snthcicnt warnint. 1 t'onfcss I do nut sym[)athi/A' with that disposition, whicli seeks to multiply ^fi'iiera and speeies on slight distinctions, as the presence or ah- seiu'O of canine teeth, or tiie femal(> heing provided with antlers or mil. as constituting a generic dilTerence. Of the first, third, and seventh species of whicii I treat, 1 do not speak from lliat careful jiei'siinal study of great nnnd)ers of living specimens, which I cHild desire, and am obliged to depend to a large extent upon iiil'ormation derived from the observations of others. ( )f th(^ oiluTs I am enabled to s[)eak with assui'ed conlidenc(! from per- suind oi)servations of live specimens in my own grounds, w ' tc I could study them with the gi-eutest care thiough a cour.Ii;i!! be reipured to distinguish varieties, species, genera, orders, etc. From tlr; nature of tiie subject it may be impossibhi to lay down a general rule by which even its autiior would in all cases be able to place s )me })articular specimen which might occasion- ally be selected. Nor is it of tlie first importance that all should exactly agree on tliis point. At least it is more important that we get all tlu; facts relating to a particular subject; and then our disagreenu'nts about names, although inconvenient, may not be of vital im[)or- laiice. I may, however, say, that at least before we can declare a species as distinct from a variety, we nmst lind distinctive char- acteristics constant and uniform in every individual of the pro- posed spe(!ies, and wanting in every other individual of the same gemis, which characteristics should not be attributable! to facti- tious circumstances or local causes, as aliment, climate, altitude, and the like, which at most should only be allowed to mark varieties of the same species. Still we are liable to meet with (litlicidties, which may only bc^ removed, if at all, by long and careful observation and study, which may enable us to deti'rmine iipou the thousand pt)ints of divergence or similitude which may he manifested under a great variety of circumstances. ill: m ir .1 ¥ 68 THE DEER OF AMERICA. M [I- CervHs Alct's, CERVUS ALCES. Linn. Moose Deer. . . . IIaiu.an. Fauna Am., ^^O, 182."). GoDMAN, Am. Nat. Mist.. If. 271). GiMKi'iTH, All. Kiiiir.. IV'. 72. Fig. RioiiAnnsux, Fauna Ijoioali Americana, 2,12. 1821). Dr. Kay. N. Y. Zoiil., ]."», \Xl-2. Fig. Aid. & Hach., Quad. X. Am., II. 170, Fig. . . (Dierviile) Keiclieiihacli, Vollst., Xaturg. Siiugt., Ill, Wifderkauer, Id, 184.3, Figs. [Haird.] . . AdAssiz, Pr. IJost. Soc. N. II,, II. l,s,s, 184C. Jakdin-k. Nat. Lib., III. 125, 18;5"). [Uainl.] r.AiKi), U. S. Pat. Off. Agi-.. for is,")!. 112. ] S,-j2. P.AiKi), Pacific K. R. R.p., VIII. r,;;i. 0(;iM!Y, Pr. Zuol. Soc. Loud., IV. l;l.'), 18;!t;. (;i!AV. Knows. ^Ifiiag.. ('>7. 1S."((1. (iitw, Pr. Zoiil. Soc. Loud., XVIII. 221, I8."i(). Rhhakdsox, Zodl. of Herald. Foss. 3Iamni., 101, 18.12. Elilll. Sta«', or Apfiipfoil. Di; Moxrs. Nova Fiancia. 2.'h». K'.dl. l^lilll oil on>llslt. . . SAiiAKD-TiiKODAT. Canada. 711), !•;;!(;. AIiii»l. CJiniiMTii, Cuv.. IV. 72. r.Mi-itKvir.T.K, lliids. I'.ay, 170O. IIkuiuut's Ti!av., Fii;-. 1S{I7. P>Aiui), Pacific I{. R. K<.|,.. VIII. C'lL 18.-)7. Pkxxaxt, Aict. Zool., I. 17, Fig., 1781. Wai!1)i;\, r. S.. I. ,')2S. Goi>MAX. Xat. Hist., II. 271. All), it IJacii., (^uad. X. Am., II. 170. RiCHAUDsox, F. IJ. A.. 2.J2. DiDi.r.v, Phil. Trans.. Xo. 'MS, 1 •;.'», 1721. La IIoxtax, Voy., 72, 17(i;j. Chaim.kvoix, Xouv. France, V. 18:). 1711. I)i:xv. Descr. dc rAuicr.. I. 27. I)r Pi!ATz, Louis., I. .")(»1. FukxciiCaxaihax:^. [iiich. F. 15. A., 2.'}1.] m in H'l ■iV Fl 5 70 The Elk. . The 9l4H»se. TIIR DEER OF AMERICA. . . . GiUFi-iTir. Cuv.. V. 30;l. . . . IIaudv, F. L. ill Ac, 45, Fig., 18(;*). Largest of all the dt'or family and most ungainly in form. Head long and narrow. Eyes small and sunken. Nose long and flexible and cov- ered witii hairs, except a spot between the nostril.s. Ears very long and coarse. Antlers large and spreading; broadly palmated with numerous shar[» })oints. Xeck short and stout and nearly horizontal ; higher at the wethers than at the hips. Body short and round. Legs long and stout; fore legs the longest. Accessory hoofs large and loosely attached. No metatarsal gland. Tarsal gland inside the hock present but small. Female Moose. and covered with black reversed hair. Hair long, coarse, and rather biittle ; longest about the neck ; color variant from l)Iack to brown and yellowish gray. Antlers wanting on the female, which is smaller than the male and lisrhter colored in winter. GENKRAL RE^EARKS. I liJive never attempted the domesticiitiou of this speei(>.s, and have seen but few live specimens, and tlien under eirounistances not favorable to a careful study of tlie animal. Hence my ex- aminations have been princijjally confined to mounted specimens THE MOOSE. — 11 A Bl TA T. 71 iind skins ; tlunvforc, I am vastly luoro iiulcUtcd to \\w tnist- wditliy obsorvatiuiis (^f otlicrs. tlian to my own original ol)S(>rva- tidus. Fortunatoly the jNIcose lias Xwcn treated of hy several ii;itiiralists of great ability ; each of whom lias added sometliing to the general stock of knowledge, to whieli I may be able to make bnt slight additions. That there is much yet to l(>arn. may jint be (juestioned, and I much regret the want of o]>])ortiinities ftir studying this animal under domestication, for in this way alniie, d(» I deem it possible to attain anything like a (horoiigh knowledge of any member of this interesting family of ruminants. I hope it may be my good fortune to do this at some futun; time, but if I should not, then I trust some other ])erson, Ix'tter (piali- iieil to observe facts and to draw correct eonelusions through care- ful and })aticnt observations, will feel suilicient interest in the siiliject to incur the expense and tak(? the time to make prii|)(r investigations, and in the interests ol science to make; them i entire breadth of the continent. lie was seen aa far south as the ( )liio Hiver, and has been met Avith as far north as tlu^ mouth of Mackenzie River : thouu'h I think thev should be resfar^led as having been visitors rather than settled residents in both these localities. In pfu'tions of the territory which I have assigiu'd them he was rarely if ever found, because of the absence of th(> conditi(ms required by his habits ; but wherever these conditimis (lid exist, he occupied the country in numbers proportioned to the favorable character of them. Everywhere these conditions have been impaired, and in places destroyed, by the presence of the white man ; and in proportion as this has obtained has he disappeared altogether, or greatly diminished in number. Indeed, this may be said of most of our wild animals. They could stand the Indians, and could multiply and ])rosper in their pr(^sence. Tlu! rude weapons of the natives seemed not to have any abiding or fatal terror for the Moose, while the weapons and modes of de- struction adopted by the white man liave either destroyed them, or driven them to the most secluded jilaces attainable. When Hennepin and Lasalle first visited Illinois, two hundred years ago, the bison abounded in prodigious iiumi)ers, although the I. •pTi[r 7-2 THE DEER OF AMERICA. whole country was occupiotl by Indian tribes, who to a great extent Hved upon them. For th(^ next hundred years but few \\liite men visited tlie country, and scarcely any settled in it ; and yet in that time nearly all the bison had ci'ossed the Missis- sippi River: and after the most diligent research, I cannot learn that one has been seen in Illinois for the last eighty-five or ninety years. The last bison were observed in Illin(MS between 1780 imd 17ilO. If the range of the Moose is more inaccessible than that of the bison, and so lu; has been enabled to protect himself better when partially surrounded by civilization, his luibitat has been con- stantly more and more circumscribed, as civilization has advanced H|)(iM him, till now he is only found in considerable nund)ers in Northern Alaska. .AN'himpon, Avho explored the Yukon River in IstiT. found the moose very abundant in G.")° and (>(j° north lati- tuile, andat)Out 14<>° west longitude. lie says: " This i)artof the river abou.uls in Moose. At this season (June) the mosquitoes in the woods are a terrible scourge, and even the Moose cannot staiul them. lie plunges into tlu^ water and wades or swims, as the eas(^ may be, often making for the islands. This is, there- fore, a favorite part of the Vukou for the Indian hunter. The Moosi.! are scarce at Nuclukayeth, and never known as low as Nulato. They nuist, however, be abundant on the smaller rivers, as, for example, the Newicargut, when; the meat obtained was nearly all of this animal." Nulato is in west longitude 15'J° and within less than two degrees of the Pacidc Coast, and but littU; south of Behring Strait. Some are nuit with every year in Montar t, where they are sometimes called by the hunters Tree Toppers., and are repre- sented as being much taller than the average of the species ; though this I much doubt, presuming the size has been exag- gerated by hunters desiring to s(;ll ine live specimens at exorbi- tant prices. Tluiy are said to be found in considerable numbers in the Dominion north of Montana, whence they are now rapidly disappearing. It is impossible to say how abundant they are in the extreme nortlu'rn part of the continent, but it is probable they are not much diminished, for there they were never in great numbers, uiul probably never remained through the arctic winter. A fmv still remain in the extreme northeastern parts of the United States. In Nova Scotia and New Brunswick a few are taken the most skillful hunters, with patient }■" i(\y\\ w^ THE MOOSE. — A LI M EXT. — THE ( 7/.I SE. 73 liciscvcranco and liivrdy eiuluriuice to Insiiro sucocss in hunting ilicni. Hut tlu'V arc nohlo guinc, and wortliy the uniltitidu of the nut' s|ir)i-t.snian. Tlicy liave probably entirely ceased tlieir visits lo Xcwfonndland ; but in Labrador many still remain, though gradually retreating tluMKu^ towards the more secluded and inae- ifssible ])orti()ns ot" the country. Front I'jtper Canada all are i^Miic, and but ver_y few remain in Lower Canada, wiiere, titty years since, they w(!re (pute abundant. What are left have re- treated to the great, dense forests of the north. AI.IMKNT. Their principal food is arboreous, though they take for variety some (if the grasses and mosses freely: and, when necessity de- mands, will live on almost any sort of vegetation found in their range. In winter, when all herbaceous A'eg(,'tation is lUu'ply liuried in the snow, thev depend entirelv on the trees and slir'uhs. Tiii'ir favorite haunts, esix'cially in summer, are in the ncigh- liorliood of rivers, lak<'s, ans exceeded eight feet. It is safe to say, without the fear of exaggerating, that they sometimes attain a height of six feet at the wethers, or even more in extreme cases. Tlie averages weight of the adult male Moose may bo given as seven hundred poiMuls, while I think the statement well authen- ticated that specimens of twice that weight have been killed. The male Moose, and sometimes the female as well, is fur- nished with a pendulous aj)pendage under the throat. This may vary in length from four to ten inches on dilYerent individuals. It is covered with long coarse black hairs. Its diameter outsidt; the hairs is about one fourth its length. This by some has been supposed to be of a glandular structure, but on examination it is found to be simply dermal, without any muscular tissue. Tlie one I dissected was five inches long, without the hairs, and half an inch in diameter ; simply a I'ound i)iece of skin of uniform bigness its whole length, thickly set with the coarse liairs all around. These occupy a descending position all the way. They are quite firm, elastic, and enduring, like those of the mane of the horse, and probably are not shed with the rest of the coat, spring and fall. This hell^ as it is called by the hunters, is not found on the young male, and disappears when the animal gets old and his vigor and vitality are on the decline, so that it is in gen- eral confined to the male Moose in the prinu^ of life, although as stated it is in rare instances found on the females. I will sug- gest, without the authority of positive information, that these females would, upon examination, be found to be exceptionally vigorous. I am not prepared to offer any conjecture as to the purposes of this appendage, — Avhich after all seems to be transitory, — in the will thr illli tlir ihin W THE MOOSE. — THE ( (■I'niioiiiy of {he iiiiimal. Tlicn' is iki (^ImikI or (iit't of linii' on tliii mitsido of tlu! liiiid Icj;, but oil tlic insido of tlii' hack is a small t,'laii(l covered with a tuft of blaek luiir occupying ii horizontal [losition. TlIK (OAT. Tlie suninier coat of tlu* Moose is of soft, fine, iiiin liair, while the winter coat, which is at first short, fine, and glossy, as the season advances becomes coarse, open, and s])ory, non-elastic and rather fragile, though never as n»nch so as those on sevei-al of the other species. During the winter the Moose has an abun- dant undercoat of fur. The early winter coat on tlu! Moose when in the prime of life; niavbe said in general to be black. Toward spring it fades very I'dusiderably, more on the aged than on the younger speeimens. When the Moose has passed his prime, he loses that glossy bril- liancy which once distinguished him, and the color degenerates to a dirty gray, es})ecially in old age. gen- sng- IIA15ITS. The rutting season of the Moose, at least in the hnverhititudes, iduunences in September, althougli tlie fenndes (h) not reciprocate till October ; and during the interval the bucks an^ almost be- side- themselves with j)assion and are avoided by the females. At the proper tinu; the female seeks a companion, when tliev retire to some secluded s})ot and spend the honeymoon together, • [uite contented in each other's society nidess disturbed by some intruder. They are more strictly monogamic in their habits than any other of our deer, or indeed most other (Quadrupeds. In this respect it resembles the roe deer (Capreulas dor ens') of Europe, although it is not as constant in its conjugal relations as the roe deer. These continne constant throngh life, manifesting throughout the year the same atlection for each other, botli parents devoting themselves with equal fidelity to tin; charge of their young, while the constancy of the Moose is limited to a single season and during the rut. Still this is a great improve- ment on the beastly habit of o.r elk, wapiti, which goes to the "ther extreme, as we shall hereafter see. ^'W ~ TIfE DEElt OF AMEIUCA. Male Elk or Wapiti, in early winter coat I i 'I I ■1 CEinUS CANADENSIS, Euxlliien. American Elk. Wapiti Deer. CcrviisCiiiiiKlciisis. Ccrviis El)i|»lms Csiiiiuk'iisis. ("civiis (i:iii|)lnis) <'iiiiiul('ii.sis. Ci'i'viis iiiiijor r«T\iis sf roiitfj loC'lTOS. Ceiviis ^Vapiti. Aiiiei'icaii Elk. . . Eliipliiis Canadensis. Alces Aiiieiicauus. Elk Le Wapiti. Dksmaui'.st, ^^lllnm., II. I.l.i. |S2-_'. IIaklan, Fiiinia Amci-., 2;!('.. lSi'."». 3Iax vu\ Wii:i). H.i.sc, II. -Jl, IS'.VJ. St'iiKi.itKi;, Siiiiyt.. V. DlHl. CJoMMAN. II. 2!)1. GuAV, I'r. /.(),,]. Soo. LdikI., l.S.jil, (Jir.r.r.i,, Siii!<>t., l.s.'i.'t, .'il8. r.AiKi.,l'acilic II. li. Hop.. VIII. C.iS. Ki;.\i.i;iii,\, Syst.. ;!(i.'(. 1777. I5()iu> Ai;i;r, Klciiclius Anim., I;]."). 17.S1. Smuji. Grill'. Ciiv.. I\'. '.)(".. ()i;i).. (liiili. CcoM-.. •_';):>. |,si.'). I)i;sMAi;r.sT, 3Iiiiiiin., II. l.'rj. Ham. Smith, (Jiitl'. Cm., IV. loi. IS- I . HlCIlAKDSOX, F. |}. A., •_'."( 1. \S2'.). Scin!i:r.r.if, Siiug. 8ixi>KVAM„ K. N'etciiskiips Akud. llaiKl. for IJSII. li.vuTox. Am. riiil. Trans.. \l. 7(1. Lkacii. Jour, do l*l»ys., LXXW. 07. JJkwick, (^uad., 1 \-2. 1)1. Kav, N. Y. Zo..1., I. 118. Ali). & IlAcii., II. h:'>. Uaiki), I;. S. Pat. Oir. IJep. Agr. for l.S,-,l, 110. JiCKi-KKsoN, Notes on Virginia, 77. Li;wis & Clauk, .lune 18, 1804. Expedition, by Paul Allen, I. i;», et seq. Amkrican Fkoxtieusmkn axu iiuxteus. E. II. Smith, Med. Re[)., II. 157, 18(15. F. CuviEK, Hist Nat. des Mamni., Liv. 20, 1820. St, Hil. & Cuv., Hist. Mammif., IV. 1819, Fig. IJ! I ^1 '^= 11 78 Tin: i)i:i:n or amiiukw. Knl IhTF I'mi i!i;vii,i,i:. Ifiids. lliiy, It;;), 171H). Ill IISON l> AV 'I'lt \I>i;i{S (KiclliUll- Si\\%. ri:\NANT. Arci. /oul.. I. -j; Iiiiu., Mist, (^iia.l.. \(i. I."i. Tll4> >Vil|Mti Smihi. (iritlitli". \ii. Kinir.. I V. DO. MiipHI I'.vijK.N. M(d.;iii(l IMivs. .loiini., III. ;!'■. Wai.'i.i \. V. S.. I. Jll. Wowiisliiss Ill AiiM.. .loiini.. .;•',(). F.iii'L'i'r lliiiii ;iii\ kiinwri (IctT f\t'i|)t Cirrus ii/rcs. Head ^liiii ami liiiciv f'oriiRMl. .Miilllc |iartl\ iiaUfd. Kyrs iiK'diiiiii size iiinl iiiiHlcratrly |ii()iii- iiiciit. Aiitlris solid. cyliiKlrical. with inuiiy anterior tiiifs. lariat', cx- iniiidiii^. iclrcatiiig. dL-cidiious. Kars iart;'f iiiid cuarst'. I.ai'hryiiial siims large and naked. Neck rather short and elevated. Uody ronnd and rather sliorl, hi|)s sll)llin^•. Tail very short. Le^s well formed and >tniit. bnt not lloliy. .Metatarsal yiaml high up. Taisal gland wanting. l!odv yellowi>ii i)rown. llelly lilaek. Neck hrown to hiaek. Legs chestnut Itrown. Knnijt and hnltoek white. I loots tawny l)i-owii. Ant lens only oil the males. Interdigital glands wanting on all the feet. GENKRAL JlKM.MMv.S. For more tliiin (iftct'n years I liavo kept our I'.lk in (luine.sfieii- tiou. In all I liavu lunl more tluin one hunilred individuals, all of Avhieli, e\eei)t twelve, were dropjjed in my g;romids. I have had as many as fifty-four at one time, and now hav(? b(>tween forty and fifty; and liave devoted much time to their study. I liave hunted and studied them in their wild state, and 1 liave eorres[)onded and conversed very extensividy with tliose who liiivc observed their habits in their native range. I must elaim, therefore, that I liavo had excellent facilities for learning their natural history, and if I have not profited by these it is because I am incapable of doing so. IIAIUTAT. But fcnv quadrupeds in our country luive occupied a wider range thai, the American Elk. He was found in every part of the present I 'nited States and in northern Mexico ; and was abundant in both Upper and Lower Canada, and in Labrador. In the interior, he was found as far north as the fifty-sixth or fifty-seventh degree of north latitude ; but I canncjt find any evidence that lie ever went so far north on either coast. Our Elk preferred the woodlands or the mountains, and only inhabited the prairies in limited numbers. Like the bison they ■ ■) EI.K. oil WMTll. Til '.sticii- Is, illl 'i;iv(> tWlM'll V. I liiive wlu) 'luiiii. tlu'ir only thov ■'>vfe.^fe» Female Elk or Wapiti, in early wmler coat Young Elk or Wapiti, \\ (!i ^! 80 THE DEER (IE A ME UK 'A. fled before the approacli of civiliziition and soiiglit safety in seclu- sion, a;i mucli as possible, tliongli they remained in mountainous regions and in deep forests, long after tlie bison had been driven away by the occasional presence of the white man. Indeed, they followed the bison reluctantly, and braved the danger from their now enemies with a certain degree of resolution. Tliey were found in diminished numbers on our prairies, long after th(! bison liad crossed the Mississippi Kiver for safety. Ir hnul, not until the white settlers began to locate on the borders of the groves, did they finally depart. The last account I g(:t of tlieii- pri'senee in northern Illinois was in the year 1820, uv thereabouts. In 1818 they were not observed east of the Illinois River, and but few were then found on the western bank of that stream. An old settUir of high respectability assures me that he saw their tracks in the forest north of Peoria in 1820, but did not see the animals. In the Canadas, as also in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and in the northeastern parts ut the L'nited States, whcn-e their range lappetl over on that of the moose, the fear of the white man's weapons has long since driven them all away, although tluur larger relatives still linger there in diminished numbers, no doubt because they can evade pursuit more readily in the deep snows which there j)revail than the Wa])iti were able to do. Mi'. ,1. M. La ]Moine of Quebec, informs me that he can find no afcount of Wa[>iti having been met with in Lower Caiuula in the last one hundred and fifty years, though their fossil antlers are occasion- ally found tlu're. Mr. II. Y. Hind, in his account of '■'■ lCx[)lora- tions of Labrador," says that they remained in the seclusion of that peninsula till a mucii later period. Till ('(Mnparatively r ent times they were found in northern Iowa ; and in 1877 I saw several accounts of them having been killed in the northern jxu't of the lower peninsula of Michigan, also in Minnesota. So. too, in the southwest, in Arkansas and Texas, tlu^y still linger where they can find protection in the dense thickets. In California, where they were once exceedingly abundant, they are now rarely seen, altiiough they maintained their grouiul for some years after the miners had invaded that territory. In Oregon and Washington territories, they have been driven back by the white settlements, it is true, but still they are tiiere though in diminished numbers ; and the same may be said • i liritish Columbia. Fr m necessity they no longer abandon a country on the first appearance of the white settlers, for now scarcely any place is left THE i:i.k.--I(>i;m ami si//:. SI I'lir t lieiii ti» lice to, where tliev will li'it lie;ii' the re[)(ii't n|' the limiter's. or th(^ niliief's. or tlw' iii'i-dsnuiirs rille. They ;ife U'>w -di net hues met with not I'lir ^vest of tln' Missouri l\i\.'i' in seel m lid [ihicfs, along the borders (if the stre;ii:miis, eiiiiiiiiLi' down from the far oil" mountains, ;is well as alon;^" the liroUen fuot-liills of thf lloeky Alountaiiis ; and iiiu,'h up. on tln' main raiiL!,'es, the \'A\< are -lill to he fomid. sometimes siuLrU. and >i>metimes in eoiisiderahle liaiiils. In I^T'L \h\ llaydi'n's pailv killed one. on the li. ad- waters of the <'ast fol'U of llie V'llow siniie, at all ahitllde of more than ten thousand feet al'"\e the sea. Thcx will no doiihr eoiitimie to maintain theni>elves ,n thf more s- .-hided parts of the eountrv. where thi^. amonM- tl|c nolilest of o.iir u'anie animals, will oeeusionally reward tin' haidy hiintc-r, who shall with ^reat '•nerj4'v and toil seek him in his I'etreat. riifyha\t' heen ohserved ijiiitc lati'|\- on the Lower ^'illow- •>ioiu' River in ^'i-eater numluM's than in any other place of which 1 ]ia\e ;iny account. Lieut. 1^. !'>. Carpenter. I'. S. A., inform> iiie that lie has seen them there in immense droves containiii!^ pi-rhaps thousands. 1 have ne\cr heard of so large congregations of the \Va[iiti in any other place at any lime. ^ ill si/e tlh Llk is only less than the nioosi-. Inn iii this regard tliev varv very much, when adult, as well as in form. {'he soiitheni Klk attain the lai>j-st size, which is except ioiial among the deer. 'I'iie first male ElU I ever had was sent me from the south, and he was the „irgest I (!Vi'r owned. When he arrived, he was tiiroe years old and weigiied six hundred and liftv [loniuls at'ter ha.\ i»g been four days on steamboat and car-. In September, after lie was live years old, soiin' reckless or vicious per.son shot and broke one of hi> kind legs, when I was obliged to kill him. He w.is very fai and the butelu'r who ilressed him, i'stiiuai'-(l that he would weigh nine hundred pounds live weight. lie stood over sixteen hands high, at the withers. .\s the lOlk glows till he is I'iglit or nim^ years old, had the I^lk we are wait- ing aht)ut lived liis full agi; I think he would iiave attained to the wei<:ht of ten n* eleven Iiundred [)ounds. I shall alwavs re- gret the loss of Miw-'i an opportunity to ascertain, a[t[>roxiinatelv, the gretitest weight ■ liich the Elk will attain. I have had does that would not weigh over three hundred and fifty pounds at full luaiiu'ity, and were scarcely nnu'e than tliree> ami a half feet S-T THE DKEIl 01' ami: RICA. liigli. All tlicsf smiill s]i('ciiii('i:s an? now cliiii'matc'l iVnui my lici'il. whilf tilt' iiuprcss r,t' iliat first lar^'i- l)uck is vitv pcrccp- tll'lc nil iii\ slock. I tliiiik sIn Imiiilii'il p')iiii(U w ill cKcecd tln' average live wti^lit of the full j^rowu l)iivk. Tile I'ilk is talli'i- and slinrtcr in pi'oportion to his weight, than I'ithcr the ox or the liorsc It is to Uc rcorcttcil thai I lU'iiici'ted to take till' mcasiiroiiK'iits of tin- laiL;!' sjiccinicii of which i luive is]>okcii : hut tlio truth is, I did not understand the iiii|)ortanc(' of tlic ^nhjcct tln'n as I do now, nor did I tluMi feel llif scicntilic in- terest ill it which I now feel. ( )nr Elk has ii sniall. well-foi-nied lie;id. wlii. Ii is ver\' liroail iM-tweeii the eyes, which are I'arher liroiiiiiieiir and hrilliaiit. The nose is small and naked. '1 Im- lachrviiial op-.'iiiim' is larp'. and is situate ininieilialely helow the inn»r conier oi the eve. ;ind is surrounded liv a. naked iioi-dei-. It has ;i hirp', coarse ear. The antlers an; cylindrica,]. witli anterior tmes, which are long, slender, and n'rucelul. The neck is ra'hei- rrimuirt.. The liod\- is round. It has a verv short tail. Tile e-^'s ai- long, ciiwtBU, a:iid ilat. The foi'e legs arc straight, the hiiin*ili ii(»*g>- rsiitiker oicwoked. The feet arc small. Thv -iuwUii- 't'iii color diffei- consid«*ral)ly on dilTereiit individiii!.-,. Ill g"'iiieral it iniiiaK" lui* .'^lid that me head i> a chestnut lu'o.n: neck •lariv l)r<»TOUij;;; KuU».s..l)a«k,.iUBiil thighs, v-llowish gray ; inidcv the U ilv hbirk : V"ijs, ulwiv»* In'wwn. ( )n the ruiui!|i> is a white jiatch wittiich eN:ti»*n«li+ dtMW;*m *»«-e«ttiifr side of the tawl ami unites with til"' white W4i#w l..Mfw*H-«n the legs. The lowe-r part of the white patch liius :ii Vdlsuck Uoi"»ltM' on either Hvi,4e. The incra.taii'sall gliiniwd its prej^ent, Iwtt i+^ .wAfeTgrfwii with hairs: the tar>al i:'land \- eiitirdv wanting, in wrkiiiiirti it dilfers from all the other species "i this genus, in this counr''\, ihoagh ther;^ are some ill Miiropc ajrd in India, in which this gland is aJso want- ing. The I'Uk has u very thick skin, which alYords a great protection against violence. He minds hut little a blow from a clul). or a whi[i, or a stone. It takes a hard thrust even with a hay-fork, to make him inimJ it much unless a very vulnerahlc point is reached, as close back of the fore leg. The hairs of the smnnu'r coat and of the early winter coat arc short and jirctty solid, hut as the season advances, on the hoily, thighs, and neck the hairs grow longei', and in diameter and the cavity within, are much enlarged: they hecoiiie crinkled and mure fragile, hut never as brittle as on some of the other s[)ecics. In winter, a heavy undercoat of fur is always present. Ai the THE FJ.K.— Fonl) AXD IIAP.ITS. S3 The lU'sli is (iin' fhworcil. hut dilVors from all other venison. It is niui-.- wiitritious than any otlior meat of which 1 havi; kno\v!e(li;i-. A luinti'ry lahorine; man is satisfieil with aUout half ilie aiinoiiHt which would \w i'e([uireil of heef. 'J'his mitritious (|ualitv itf the ilesli of the I'^lk is lirst alluded to l>y Lewis and Clark, ami is fully conlirmed by my observations. It are lod V, 1 the and cics. KOOI) AND IIAIU'l'S. This animal is th(3 most promiscuous consumer of all the ileer. All the grasses and most of the weeds within his reach are taken I'reelv. and the leaves and twig's of all tht? dccidnnus trees are aliki- eiijoyeil. A consideral)le | iroporti' lU of his daily fund he (IcHliriw* III be arl)oreous. xct if dejji'iveil of it hi.' will kee[i in gnod nuiiiliaiiin on herbaceous food alone. \\\\ winter, he will take the coarsest food: even that which tin- o\ and the hoi'se reject, lie eats freely. Tlii'V a.r(^ g'reg'ai'ioiis in their hal>its both in a wild and dnmes- lic state, although they do not keep in close clusters like sheep, or gjither gcui'rally in large; dr.'Ves like tlu! bison. They ai'c iHore se[iarat('d in sununer than in winter. During the rutting M'asiiu, lli(> monarch of the henl drives olf the other bucks, and L:;:tliers the does into a bauil, which he appropi'iati'S to himself as nnich as possible. 'J'jie other buclvs Imver aruuml in his vi- cinity, generally ki'cping togetiier, ami annoying the cliii-f bv tlii'ir unwelcome presence, and occasionally stealing away a [lart el' his harem, for the does will sli[) away from his tyrannical I'uh; wlicuevi'r they got a chance. lie is grossly ungallant in his .\"\{- i>liiiess, driving a doe fi-oni any choice bit she may lind. with as liltle cereniiiny or affection as he would a buck-, lie has evi- ileuily no idea of love or aifection, aiul is only i)leased to act the tyrant and seek his own gratilication, perfectly regardless of the leclings of others. Still there are degrees in this regaril among dilferenl individuals. The mother, however, has a strong alb'c'ion foi- her young, and will defend it with great eiu'rgy. Their greatest anti[)athyis lings, and if one gets into the park, they harry him with a ter- lilile ferocity. The does show this dis]->i).;itii)n to the greatest extent ; but the bucks generallv join in th.' chase, and the wlmle ln'rd go tearing away at a rattling pace thrnugh the brush or across the oi)en space, uttering their lierce sipieal in a way that might friii'liten a lion. If the unfortunate cur is nverlaken befnre IfT- 84 THE DEER OF AMEIUCA. lie Ciui iiijiko Ills escape, ii single blow from the fore foot of tlie leiuling doe eruslies him down, and he is trampled to doatl) in a trice. If they see a dog- throngli the fence, their combativeness is at once aroused, and they will rush towai'd him and strike the fenei! terrible blows. The dog generally leaves at their I'irst bidding. Sometinu's the bucks are vicious and danrnTous durinc: tlu; rut- ting season, but a very wicked one is a rare exception ; still all at that time are more courageous than at other seasons, and it is prudent to avoiil an^^ contest and leavi- him the path it' vou meet one in the park. In the wild state, their timidity prinents them from attacking man, and they expend their courage or viciousness on their own species. In hot weather they are inclined to stand in the pools of water in the bed of the creek, and the males wallow in t\w, mud like the hog, so that they are often seen well smeared with the adhe- sive soil, and present a disgusting a[)i>earance. The Elk is not entirely voiceless, yet it never utters a sound, except under strong })ro vocation, generally of alarm or dciiance. Either expression is on a very high, sharp key, often uttered with great force. During the rut, the master buck is often heard in loud defiance, which serves as a warning to the younger males to keep clear of him. I shall have more to say when we come to compare the differ- ent species of the deer, and consider them more in detail. WOODLA XD CA IlIBOU. 85 Male Woodland Caribou, J' %:\ r-r-rw-jj CERVrS TAPtANDUS, Lixx. Woodland Caribou. Ccrviis fariiiiilus. < CIV IIS ti) rand IIS carilioii. • €cniis Iiiist'.ilis TJie Cariluiu f';iril»oii, oil, Asiip saiivaoe. (aire lioi'iif, or Carilioii. Taraiitus caribou. . . Itaiiit'ifVr faraiidiis. Uaiio-ifcr ht'stalis. Taraiiiiiis raiii^ifer, ICeiu-ik'or, or Itaiu-deer. The Iteiiideer, or fJaribou. llAur.AX, Fauna Am.. 2'>'>'2. lN:f">. (lon.MAx. Am. Nai. II., 11. I'^.'i. Saiiinf. Sii[)|i. Perr. Lst 'N'ov.. c.nc UiciiAUDsoN, App. to Peri'. iM \o\.. :]-2(). Ixos.s. I'ori'. .')(! ^'oy. Kkwr. Linn. -21)7, IT'.i-J. A(;assiz, I'r. Bost. Soc. X. Hist.. II. 18S, 1,^1(1. IlAi!i>y. For. Lf. in Acad.. 1 -'0. Gii.rix, ]\Iannn. of Nova. .")."). Sagaki) Tiikodat. Canada, 7.") i . 1 iuMu La IIontan. t. i., 77, 170;!. CiiAiu.KVoix, Nouv. Franoe, t. v., 100. Frkncii Canadians (Kicluinlson). Ax:i>. i^ Hacii., Quad. N. Am.. III.. III. 185;3. Fig. r>Aii:i), Pacific K. K. Rep).. C;].;. 1S.")7. I)K IVAY, N. Y. Zoi.l., 121, 1S2.".. Baiki), U. S. Pat. on: Uep. Agr. for l.s.-)l. KIS, 18.">2. C)(;ii.iiY, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond., I\'. i;34, 18;iG. J. E. Gray, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond., XVIIL 225, 18,>0. DitAGK, Voygs., I. 2"». Douus, Iluds. Bay, ll», 22. Pi.NXANT, Arct. Zool., I., 22. Caki'Wiugiit, Labdr., '.)l, lo3. PiciiAUDriOX, F. B. A., 238. In size less than wapiti. In color lighter than any of the otlicr deer. Face, neck, and l)elly api)roaclung white, and lighter t)n the hack than on tln' ^ide>, a shade darker anteriorly than further back. Tail white with a dark tinge on the upper side. Legs dark chestnut-browu. LIpiier lip or mulile covered with short silver-gray hair. Nose and ears have a chestnut shade. A white band surrounds the top of each hoof Hoofs, WooDLAM) CAUIP.Or. i^T very broad, flat, and sliort. Inner linos stnii;;lit, outer eonvex. Acces- sory liciofs very lar^e, I)r(ia(l. and flat, and sidiject to nmscnlar control. Hoot's all lilauk. nietarsal i;laiid wantini;-. Tarsal inland largo. Interdii;- ital inlands presont in hind feet only. Antlers of male curved, loni;- and slender, witli brauclies more or less |ialmate(l and very ii-rej^rular in form. Antlei's on female smaller and less palmated. liKNKit.vi. i:!:m.\i:ks. My (i[!ii(»rtiiiiities for ii ])er.s()ii:il stitdy of litis species have Keen limited, nor liavo extensive iiKniiries uiiioiig thos(i most; familial' with tiiis deei" resulted as satisfiietorily us I had hoped, j'^or the [iresent, I iiiiist say that a broad lield is left for fiiUtre (d)sei'va- tioiis, l)efor(^ our information will ajtproaeh C()m[)let(Miess. The rtuio-e of this s[)eeies is eoidiiied to tin; northern I'eu'ions of America, I'^tirope, iind Asia. It has crossed the o-pcat draiii- arior. It is still foiiml in Ni'W B'.'itnswiclv and Xt)va Scotia, and po.ssibly in Maine, l»iit is hecom- iiio' annually more and more scarce. It resides in ofeat nundiers in Newfoundland, wliere it has lieeii little disturhed liy white settlements, and wlience it is siiid frenndant soutli of Lake Superior, where it was found when the cop[)er and iron mines lirst invitetl extensive M't- tleinents then', tlie fact is not widl attested, ami I catniot learn tlitit iinv Iiave been met with south of that laki; within the last twenty years or more. It> the woodliind districts of Lalirador tliev have always been at home, extendinif its far north as liiid- son's Day. From Lake Sn]>erior tin y extended west to the Pacific coast, and west of the IJarren (irounds. theii ran^e extends noi'th to the limits of the continent. In the nortliern parts of Montana and Washington territories, and in British. Columbia, they are (daimed to be lar eiisterly regions their nnnd)ers are not .so threat. As tln^y affect wooded conn- tries almost exclnsiytdy, existence of f(jn'sts in the far northwe.-t may exphiin their presence there : still we nnist ivmember that the isothermal line trends rapidly to the northwest of the one hundredth nu'ridiiin. In jiortioiis of the Selkirk settlement, and west of Hudson's Pay these deer were formerly very al)niidant. Sir John Ultdiardson savs : " Mr. llntchins mentions that he has m m ra SM THE DEKlt OF A Mill! I (A. n n Female Woodland Caribo • :«i Young Woodland Caribou. WonDf.AXD CAUlllDr. 80 seen ( ig'oty carcasses of this kintl of tlt-rr, brouglit into York Vm'- liii'V ill one (lay and many otlicis Avb)nti'eal and (Quebec, tliouj^h ji few Avanderers found their way to tliose parts of tlie Canadas after they had been settled by the whites; luil many years have now elapsed since any have 1 n heard of there. They still maintain thoir ground in >.'ovii Scotia and New Urunswick, where they show more persistence in remainine' in the vicinity of tlie settlements of the white man than in any other i)ortion of their Driginal habitat. The Reindeer branch of tlu^ deer family jiresrnt extraordinary pceuliarities in their cormtte apjiendaiiies. 'I'lie most striking;' is 1 lie fact tluit the females have ant lei's, thouiih of less si/.c than tlnise (if the males. Then, at;aiii, we are struck with the extraor- ilinary variety, or want of uniformity in the forms of the ant- JiTs. HO two. even from the same animal. beiiiL;- alike, usually (lilTeriui^ as much from each other as those taken from dilTerent animals. Still there are ccM'tain peculiarities about them whieh tiiab]am of the antler is usually very long in proportion to its thick- iiess, and is always more or h'ss angular instead of round. ( )n the adult male, tlie antler is alwavs nion^ or less brancliing. and soiue of these branches are nsnally })almated. The upper brancluis have usually posterior projection, Avliile the lower, that is, th or the other of these is but rudimentary, or even entirely wanting. AVith very raroi if any exceptions, the brow tines on one of the antlers is broadly palmated, descending between the eyes, the compression being lateral. Like the elk, the brow tine usually ])rojects from the antler immediately above tlie bnrr, which is very small. The old males shed their antlers nsnally before Christmas, but the young males carry them later; the yearlings till spring, and ( 90 rilE T)EEU OF AMERICA. tlio f((iiiult's later still, uiid until after they luivo tlroppod their young. When r odnie to treat of (he antlers of the deer as a distinet suliject, and eonipure eaeli with the other, I shall eoinpare thcs antleis of the European reindeer with our own, when it will aj)- pear that the European are appreciably less ])alniated than the Aniei'ican : still f agree with those who lind no speeilic dilTerence between th(^ reindeer of Europe' and our Woodland Caribou. The forms of the feet and hind legs enable them to traAcl over the deep snows better than any other ruminant of tiieir size. The foot itself is very broad and thin, and tlu^ samc^ is true of the accessory or hind hoof, which on this animal seems to servi' a n'al purpose. In traviding through the snows, or soft marshy ground, the Caribou throws his hind feet forward, so as to bring the leg into sonu'thing of a horizontal [tositioii, spreads wide his claws, and broad accessory hoofs, and thus presents an extraordi- nary bearing surface to sustain him on the yielding ground, and so he is enabled to shullle along with great rapidity, when; any other large ([uadrnjied would mire in a bog, or become absolutely snow-bound. Tins Keiuileer alone leaves in his track the marks of all four of his hoofs belonging to each hind foot, and spcM'imens show the elfects of attrition on these secondary hoofs, and })rove that they serve a useful pnr[)ose in the economy of the animal. The white band around the lower part of each leg, extending up so as to endirace the hind hoofs, and even slightly above them, is an interesting mark. Its regularity and uniformity at once distinguishes it from the erratic and irregular white, observed about the feet of the Virginia deer, and very rarely on the wa- piti deer, while it is entirely wanting about the feet of all the other Cervida', so far as my investigations enable me to sj)eak. The dress of this animal is admirably ailapte CMni'.nr 01 rilis dft'i" i.s t'diul of arliorciiiis I'iiimI. o-i'iisscs. iiiid iuiiiiitic |>lim(s, liiit its i^i'oiit resource is licIioiiH. It t"re(|iieiits niiirsliy mikI swiiiiipy ■^roiiiuls more tliaii iiny ctiiei' nf tin- dcei- I'liinily ; I'or wiiieli. as \\u have seen, it is admirably adapted, and where it is well |iri)- •ted fi (till juirsuit. Ill tl le W 1 lltei' it resoi'ts to the dense t'(irest; on hiehep i^ronnd. As an article ol' I'ood, its llesh is not hie'hly pfi/.cd. Indeed, it is deemed inferior to any other venison, altlion('. I [irt'snme no systematic elfort has heen made to I'ear a race of dnniesticated Reindeer in thisountrv. To do this. pi'oliaMv the same diliicnltit'S wonld iiav(! to l)e overcome that are met with in the domestication of other deer, and it would re(|nire an elTui-t with many j^'enerations before Inihits of domestication would l»e- comi' estahlished and lu'Veditary. Still, in proper localities, Uww and judicious perseverance would no doubt accomplish the task ; when they would become ii valuable addition in the north to our dumesticated animals. Sir John liichardson says: " Contrary to tlu! practice of the I)arren-u,'i'ound Caribou, the Woodland variety travels to the south in tlie s})ring.'' l>nt if this lie a f^'eneral ride, it must admit of oxcoptions ; for it is estal)lished beyond all i[uestion that many at Jeast jiass tlu; entire yeai' in Newfound- laud, and on the continent, near the southern limits of their ranl.. II. L'lil. \\'AiiM:i;. Sii|i|). Scliiil).. I \'. .".71. I'l < IIKIIAN. .Mot), ('fit'. .\|c'lliv. illl .Mil... \I. .'iii'.i. V\.\i.\. IMiilii. A.I. Sci.. I.. II. Hii irAi;i»~oN, I". 15. A.. •_'")!. I!aii;i>. I'.irilic \l. II. Smv., i'>'>f'>. All). vV I>A( II.. (^iiail. \. Am.. II. -Jni;. (iiiit I itiis. All. Kiin,r(l., \'. Ni.. 7',M. Tci'VIIS (CiiriaCUs), IllUl'ruti.S. (iuAV. Knows. M.nai;. lii^,. ii7. (iitAV. I'r. Zo,,|. .Soc. Loin!.. X\III. •_';i'.t. ('t'l-VII.S UliritllS Waki.kn. Hist. r. S., did [Kidianl- SOIlJ. Ccrf mulct l)i:sMAi;i>T, >ramiii.. II.;. Itlslck-faiU'd Deer Li;\vis i^ ( i.ai;k, 1;.\im.M,VN. Nut. Mist., II. ;;i»."). Ul( IIAltDSON, 1'. I>. A.. I'VI. Kl.ick-tiiilcd, or Mule lleiT. Jami.s. Long's Ivviud.. 11. iVC. (lArts. Joiii'iial, ."»."). Lkwis A: Cf..V!{K, Iv\[iiil.. hv Pan! Al- len. II. 11(1. J.lVilt Eared IK'tT (iun irni. An. Kiin,ni.. I\M.!;!; \'.7'.i I. Mule l>eer Li;wi< ..VCi.AKK. K.\|.imI., hy I'anI Al- ien, I. .'301, 'AM, ;)ll. 31."i, .j^l; II. •Jii. .'.1."., .".im;. .■»;)( I. W.MJDKN. I'. S. I., 21."). All). & i>Acir.,(iinul. X. .\ni.. II. -JiM'.. Uaikd, Pacilic U. H. Kep., VIU. (;.")•;. Larger than the cdniiiioii deer, and coarser hnilt. Color dark gray. Antlers, oidy on the male. They are once or twice and sometimes thrice liit'iiieated. Kars long, hroad, thick, and clumsy, well covered with hair on lioth sides. Tail, short, small, round, white, terminating with a tutt ^i 1"^ ,iii rf^r^ '.•4 '/■///■; /'/■;/;/.' ;il Liliiiicl viTv large Mini Inlio. 'r,ns;|l oIiiim], | ,|f>(.l 1 1 . Iliidl's Mlick. Nn wllitf IlllilX aliuiit tlic t'cct iir till' iiirl:it;irs;il l;I;iii(I. A wliilc MM-linii ()|i|H)-.i|i' .iinl liclnw tin' tail. (;i:m;i;al i;i;.mai:ks. This (leer \v;is lirst (liscovcrrd \)\ Lewis aiui ('larl< mi tin- l^^ili i>l' S('|itciiil>fr. iMt-l, ill iiortli latitude ■\'l -'•,"). when ( 'a|ilain ( 'larh. in eiiuiiieratinL!; the animals I'lPiiml on the CnhiniMa ITim r lielnw the lalls. ealls it \\n' Mul,- Deer. And by that nanieihi'\ ever after sjieak dl" it, except in nne instanci' they aLCaiii eall ii the Illa-U-taih'd Deer. On tlu? ;l(ltli of Alienist , 1 ^Hi'). near where tliey lirst saw this deer in lM)l, they prcxMired n >iieeimen tu luiiiu' hniiie and ealled it the Miilr hiir. This is the last iiieii- tiuit they maleeii dii\en I'ack from the .Missouri Jviver, and has deserted other liinittMl localities, where the miners or settlers have dri\en him away. Its most natural lionie i.s i nioiintainous reeion. hut it is toiind on the ^reat plains hundreds of miles east of tiieiu, and it may not he improhalile that many ever live there that never see a nioiin- tain. ( )n the i;n'at iilains it ni(»st aiVects the horders of the streams where the ground is broken and arlioreoiis food can lie found. West of the Uockv Mountains this deer is met with almost everywhere, thoue'li much more alniiidaiit ty in some places tl others. In the Coast i\iiny:e of northern C'aliforn lan la tuev are al most entirely re|)laced hy the C'olumhia black-tailed deer, while in the ( "oasL Kann'e of southern California scarcely any other deer is met with. Here, however, ;i very distinct varietv of this deer occurs, dilTering in important particulars from those found east of the Sierras, as will be more [larticularly explained here- after, In all <»f Oregon, in Washington Territory, ami in liril- IP Mri.i: i>i:i:i:. 95 I'l'- i>li ( Mluiiilii;!. tliis ilccr is liii't w illi. llimiLrli iiiiicli If-'^ ;ilMi!iiI;iiit 'liiiii t!if ti'iii' liliirk-iiiilfil (li'cr, (ir cmmi llir \'iii;ini;i A'-y\\ I'liis licr ipc('ii|iics .il'iiiit lliii'lv (Icurci's uf latitmlf, tiMm (upr Si. Liiciis nil ilir suiitli iiitii I'liitisli ( 'iplmiil)i;i on tli:' iinitli. 1 1' t heir nil 111 Im'Is lire ilimiiiiNlii'd liv tlir iiit iii^inii 'i|' the while iiiMii. ilii'V slill iiiiiiiilaiii tlii'ir l:i'iimii(1 with iiimi-c |"i't iiiadl \ ihali ihf elk. 'i'hcy ha\c ihc saiiH' ihlVri ot' vi-imi as ha\r the olhiT iiu'iiilirrs 111' the '■('/•/•//>• laiiiily. uhirh hnwrxcr is in a ini'a->un' '•■iiii|M'iisati'(l liy an a|iee(l th''\ i!" IH'l L;e| ii\er ihe l;1'i iiiml fast. 'riie\ (IdiiiiI niii. ill a |irM|ier >eiis.-. Imii wieai in haste thev IhiiiihI ahmt;'. all the teei sinkiiin' ainl leaving' lli'' ^I'diinil al iiiiee. l'"iir a lew niiiiules tiie\ iiia\ inakc |ii'ell\ lapal |ir(.ore>s in this ninde. Imt it sui>n seems t'l lati^iie tlnaii. < 'nee when siltiiiL;' on a era^ mx the Knekv Mountains. neaiK bn thwu- ^;iiiil I'l'i't aliii\e the sea. with a L;ia>s. 1 wati'hed die whieh had heeii started l)y a euni]iaiiiiiii, while he iM.iinded ihrmiLih a valley ;i llinii-,and I'eet helnw iiie. 'rinMi^h he wa-'. ill \iew I'lir k-v^ ihaii liall a mile, he slmwcd e\idi'iil laliL;ue hrt'ipre he ]ia>>ed i.iit of -•ii;iil. The lalmrof ^.llell a niixle (if [iroLire^s. as e"iii|iai'ed with llir |Mn^■ ^Taeefiil leajisnf the r-iimiii,iii di-er when at full >|iei(l. iiiu>t lie appari'iil to any one who has eai'i -fully > iK-erx ed i he i wo. Iheir le^■s are niiieii lai'^'er and eoaiser ihan tlhi>e cif the \ ir^Inia deer, and so in their e\erv ii'otiun tlie\ are l.-^^ a^ih' ;iiid LiTaceful. Ill their entire form tlie\ ar<' awkward ainl iiii- Uiiiiily. Their i;-i-eat nncoiith ears, sk di-^jn'oiioit ioiied to e\ery "ilier part of the animal, are the ninst iiLilv feature aliout them, ;iiid in I'aet n'ive tone to tin- whole li'Miie and tend to di->pe| any admiration whieli mio'ht otherwise he excited. In eoldi'. this deer for its smnmer dress Iia-; a pale, dull \.llow. A-^ this is shed in the latter part of summer, it i-~ replaced hv a \crv line short hlack coaL as it appears in [ilace> di'imdcd •I the Slimmer coat as seen partiallv tliroiiL;li it. It retains the I'laek liiit for a few days. Almost immediately it lieLiiii> to i uni uiiiy. so that liel'ofe the siimiiier coat is fairly shed the Mack is niosiU Ml, He. As the hairs of the winter cuat orow loni^-ei- they u'low larger and so hecoiiie more di'ii-v any nieans univer>ally, lilack stripes descend froyi the inner sides of the eyes and unite an inch iind six lines below, and from tlie eyes extend up towards llic antlers, presenting in the forelioiul uf the deer wliiil the hunt- lit' w ■W:- I ' ' I ' m' 1^ 'Pfr 96 77//; />/;/;/.' or A.Mi.rnw. ci's call tlic Imrsi-slinr. A lilack or dark bi'ouii sjiol, also is seen bolow cai'li sidi' of tlir moiitli, ^rowiii}^ lighter in color as it passes around back of the cliiii, somrtinics uiiiliujj; there ;iiid soinetiiiies not. Tilt! brisket, and the helly liat'k of the f^re le<^s are hhu'k. {j.rowini; lii^-liter towards the iiinltiliciis ; thence backward a lighter shade prevails, till at the inguinal region it is a dull white ; passine- up lietweell the hiud le^s it hecouies (plite white, wideuiuL;' out towards the tiiil so as to involve all thelmttock. where the white portion is from six to eii^lit inches broad, pre- sentiny' a very conspicuous appearance when \\u'. aniiual is viewed from behind. I nlike the white pat<'h on the elk, the antelope. and the bi;^' horn, this white ]>ortioii does not extend up the rump above {\iv tail mon; than about an inch, but spreads out from the root of the tail each way to the breadth of three inches and then descends, widenine; and then contractinn' to the inside of the hams: so that at the top the white is six inches broad, lower down it is eie-lit inches, aiul then cont rai'ts to four inches between the Ici^s. Helow tilt; knees and elbows the leL;s are of a dark ciiuianion color. He subsists upon the same sort of vei;'etation as that on which the other deer of the temperatci regions feed. He seems unable to masticati! freely hard substances, such as drii'd corn or hard shelltMl nuts, which the others have no diiliculty in grinding to pieces. Black-tailed Deer. CKIJVUS ("OIJ'.MinAM'S. JJir,. Black-tailed Deer. rn'\ IIS iiiiHTotis, \ ill. roliiiiii>iiiiiiis. Kh n i.i>><'N. 1". I'.. A. .''7. ('4'i'\iis roliiiiibiiiiiiis i; \m;i>, I'liciiH' i;. i;. i;, |,.. c.i'.i. rcrVIIS liCWisii, l'i;\l.i. .Muiiini. .iml r>inl> l'. s. K\. V.S., ;;:i. Ccrviis (CiiriiK-iiN) licwisjj. ... .1. K. (ii:\>. I'c. /.ml. s,,c. I.nii,!.. Will. •.';;;•. Ccrviis <'iiri)l('ll> IMIIIctlllilflls. . . ( ii; \k Kimws. M. nn: . <,7. (cixiis ICirliiinlMMiiJ \ii>. iV r. \i 11. III. L'7. (oliiiiibiii lll'.uk-tiijicil Uvi'V \i i>. iv. \',\> n.. 111. .'7. ItliicK-tiiilcd Fiillow Ih'iT. . . . I.iui.- iV t'l.vi.iv. i;\|i(il.. iiy I'aul .Vll.ii. II. Jir.i. -•!(', •Jll.L'7. muck-railnl Ih'iT P.uim.. i'uriiic u. u. i{,.|,.. \ 111. C.V.I. Li'~s ill ^i/r tiiiiii till' iiiiilr ilccr. Slinri iioily and ^liuri \f^-. |-'.:ir«. larue Init Irs-; in >i/(' tliaii tlniM' df ilic niiilc deer. Mycs lar^f ami Wril- liaiit. Tail slioft ami roiiml. (dir tuiiiili of ilic cirriiiiiirriiii-c df iju- I, til oil the iiiidrr side i> wliitc; tlic iialaini' is a lawny dull iilaik. The hiack is of llic di-cpcsi >iiad(' on tlic lower part. .Mci.itai-al ulaiid liclufcii till' tar>ii^ and llir iniddli' of tlic \rii, i> iiiicrimdialc in ^i/.f lu'twci'ii tli(j*c on the iiiiilr (IttT and tliox' on llir \ iiuinia dciT. Taisal Ljlaiid niiicli tile .saiiK' in .•^i/.i' and form a> on ilio>r two s|ii'cir>, and ot .a ~liadi' lii;litfr color lli.an tin' j-nrroiindiin; i:oal : ccdor (d' l)od\ a taunv ^lay. uitii white on hack part of ludly and inguinal n uioii. f\',riiiliin,' to root of tail. Tile face is iji'ay with daiUiT toiclicad. I ndi r thr head wliitr. Losis i^ffiicrally of a iinif.n'm dark (;innainoii color, not a white iiair to lie found upon tiietii helow the hock. .Antlers once or twice liilnr- laled. tlait like that of tlie iiiiile lU-rv. Is fonnd on tln' I'ai'ilic coa^t (d' ilic rniieil States and llritisli ('ohiinhia only; haviiiLT the most limited iamj;e of all the di'cr found in tlm llniti'd States, and perhaps on this colitillC'llt. (lEN'KllAh IM'.MAI^KS. rilis iiitei'o.sting spiH'ics of deer was lifsf discovereil iiy l.fwis and Clark, near the mouth of the (Johiiultia Ivivcf. They liist iiienfion it under dat(^ of the lllth of Novcinhcr, lMl."». They SUV : " riiirt, liki; all those wt; hiive seen on this eutist, are imieh 7 El. '*•:.* r F' ■ f h'\r ff 98 T/iK i>i:i:n uf amj:i;ic.\. darker tliMii tlmsc of our cominoii tlrcr. 'riirir liodics, too, art! (Icfpcr, tlii'ir Irtrs shorter, and their eyes larger. 'I'lie hraiiches ol' the lioriis are siiiiihir, l)iit the ii[>|)er part ol' tlie tail is lihiek IVoiii tlie root to tlie end, and tlu-v do not U-ap, Imt jump like a slicep It i<^hlelle(l." In tlicir [general (h'sei'iption of the fauna ol)sei-ve(l dnrinn' their ex])edition ( vol, ii.. |». 'JOlt ). th<'y enumerate the ( 'ervida' thus : Th minion H'd deer, the Mack-tailed fallow deer, the niul deer, and the e d 'I'iiev hunted it for the lai'der, luit did not. idiniri' its Ih'sh, pronoiineinn' it dry and liard. P'ruiii this we niav infer that the deer were then in Itad condition, for sid)se- (|iient ol'servatioiis pi'ove that the venison is of tfood (piality. It i.s a cauii us and wary animal in the foi'est, wliich it much allVcts, i'e(piiring all !he skill and caution of the praetiiM'd liunter to se- cure success in its pui'siiit. he most extra()rdiiiarv fact n» con- nection with this d"er is the extreinelv narrow limits of its i-an found at the eastern slope of that range. If the deserts at the south would deter it from an i-astern migration, tiie valleys of tlie streiiuis heading in tlie Rocky Mountains, and emptying into the Colmnhia Kiver, invited it to follow their hanks, and woulil jiave led it to the summit of the range, and to practicable passes. The mule deer, which associates with it on the coast, although less enterprising than our common deer, the (dk, or the moose, has occupied the entire range of the l{ocky Mountains, and all the liabitaltle parts (tf tlie desert country west of it, and also extends its range far d(jwn the plains which lie eastward, and formerly reached the Missouri River us far down as the liig Sioux, if not the mouth of the I'latte. In iny grounds they have! endured the change of climate, food, and habit better than the mule deer, if then; be any dilVerenee, so that they W(>re not detern-d from extending their range further eastward l»y the rigors of the sea- son any more than their larger neighbors. Still some conditions exist which I am unable to point out, vvhii'li seem to confine them to that circumscribed country, beyond which it is impos- sible for them to pass. An imaginary line which becomes quite It ■••ts, sc- pon- r'u'ii, til.- crrd rhc.l /(•me not i.l is til.' tlu' tlir ;ivi' Ihi' less Ikis tlh- ■mis ci'ly nut the T, if I'roni se;i- tions nfinc npos- quite 1 III. Ads iMi.i:!) i>i:i:i;. 99 as iiii])iiss!il)l(' as a ('liiiifsr wall tn an I'litirc sjiccirs nl' animals who have full pliysical |ti)Wi'r to travcrsr il. luit iln \\n\, whilt^ all oilici's pass it unlifsilatiniily, is certainly a cnriiMis ami an intcrcstim^ fact, well falcnlati'il to stimiilatr tlif natnralist to seek for tlic cansc, wliicli lii'.s liitlirrlo rinded all in(|iiiries. In its own home, this animal seems to he healthy, \iti'irous, and prolilir, the females t^cnerally prodncinn' two and sometimes three at a liirth. The Itifurcated antler and the lionndini; ;^'ait ol>ser\ed in the mule deer, are fonnd also to he eharaeteristies of this dicr, hnt they an^ strictly eonlined to thesi- two species; nor is it easy to conceive wliv this lalioi'iou^ -ind fati<'nini>\iA\. Am. .\ai. ili-i., II. •■!<••■• Di, Kav. N. V. /nul.. ii;;. W 'a(,m.I!, Suji|i. Si|irr!i., IN'. ■">7."> Al l>. iV: r>A( II., N. \\U. (iliail., II. •Jl'O: III. ir.s. I'.Allil.. racilir i;. U. K'.|i.. N'lII. (;t;;. rmus (Cnriiicii.s) >ir|»-iiiiiiinis. .1. K. (;i:av, Kimus. Mcnag., ci;. 1S.")(I. ('«i'\iis d'.inia AincriciiiDi. (en IIS Icuciii'iis. . . I'',i!.\i.i r.i.N. Syst.. ."il-_', 1777. DcM (il.A.-i, Zdol. -Iniir. I\'.. •''•■''•. IviciiAKPSo.N, Fauna 1!. .\.. -•'. \\'a(im i;. Sii|i|). Srjiii !)., I\'. .'i7">. A\ ]>. ^. r.A( II.. N. Am. <,>ua(l., IN. I'rciii.iiAN, Moll. (Ill t'crl', Airliiv. (Ill .Mil •Mils., V Uaii;!). Tacitir I{. U. Uip.. VIII {\-2\K Conns .McxiCiiiius. Syst. .Nat., 1. 17'.l. 17S,- Vimiiiaii Deer. (Jmki.ix, Sy WAiiNI'.l!, .Supll. Sclllrl)., Silllgt. IV. ;i7.s. (iir.r.Ki., Siiiii^t. is,")."i. ,".10. Uaiui), racilic 1{. U. Kc])., ').3o. I'k.nnaxt, Syii., •'»!. SllAW, (Iciii. Zixil., II. -jsi. About till' size of the Coliiinbia doer, with longer Icirs and loiijj;er body ; head lean and slim ; nose po iited and naked ; eves larire and lii>- T^W (•()]/Mn\ 1,1:1:11. 101 iriiiis; car small ami trim ; aiitlci^ iia\c a sprcailiiiif |)(i--trfir its si/e ; tail luiii; and lancenlate in form; leijs stiainlit iiid Icini;. I.ai'liiymal -inus eii\ei'ed witli a I'nid nf sUin ; tar>al ,i:l;iiid |ife-.ent ; inetalai'sal <^land small, and lieldw (lie middle nf lli<' let;, naked, ami "Ui'' iDimded l)_v white liaii'^ ; milside of these ihire is iisnally u liand ol ilaiU liiowii hails, whieh are sni rounded liy loii;; rovt-fsed hails ol' thr eolof nt the 'eLj. I'wo animal pelaiies. Simiiner coat, from hay wA to ImlV ytllow ; winter eoat. a h'aden i:i'ay, ^really valiant. heeidiion- antlers, anci I'on- liiied to tlic males. li m m \m cc. 1( .). in. Common Deer. (;knm:i;.\i. i;i:m.\i;k.^. Tliis (Icrf lias llu> wiliest faiioc i>l' iniy iiu'inlicr of llie f.uiiily in iiiiy part of tlie woi'ld. It.s raiioo js fi-oiu tlic Athuitic to the I'aeiiii', evieiidiiio' into Caiiatla ami British C'olmiil)ia oi> the iioftli, ;m(l peiu'lialiiii< far into .Mexico on the south. It may he I'lUiiil to-dav, ill everv State and 'i'erritory of the I'liited States. Ii inhahits alike the deiisi; woodlands and the o|)eii iirairies, the liiuli nioiintaiiis ;ind the lowest valleys, the arid ])lains and the marshy swamps. As wo might well expect from its wiilc distribntion :ind v;iriod 11! 'IT' 102 77//; /'/;/;/.• of .\\ti:i:n.\. ran;,'!', wr liml scvcial inorc (ir less (li.stiiictiv iiiiirUrd vjirii'tii'S oT this s|irciis, nil (if wliii'li !ia\i' Wfll (Iclinctl indicia wliidi di'tcr- iniin- llicir s|)('cilic idt-iitilv. Tliis lu'aiiili of (nir sidiji'ct will lit' (■(iiisidfii'd ill aiintlit'i' |ilaci'. l''ilele and ])('r- maiieiit do^nestication. When yoiiii;^ it is ii |iri'tty |)ct aioiind the |ireinises, luit in a few years it hecoini's daii;^erons, and so is p'lierally pit lid of. In its markings it is less stalde than eitluT of the other s|iecies. Ill shades of color there are wide dilTerences aiiioii}^ individuals in the same iieiMhliorhood. while fiij^itive mark- ings are fre(|Mently oliseived, which are present only for a sin- gle yeiir, and some iiiilividiials have permanent iiuirkings which are wanting on others. In summer pelage a large maJDritvare of a hay ihmI. hnt with a great diversity in shade, wliili! others of tlie same herd will lie of ji light hulT yellow; lictweeii these ex- tremes almost evi'ry shade may he seen. In a given neighhorhooil there is a great dilTereiice in the si/e of iiidivitliials, hut tlierci is a permanent difference in size in dif- ferent localities ; tlu; snmllest being found in tlit; southern part of the range, bordering the fiiilf of Mexico and in Northern .Mexico, the westerly ones being tht; smallest of all, wlu've they have liceii classed by naturalists as a separate s[)eeies, under the name of <'i'nu(8 Mcricdiiiis. In their northern range and in the moinitainous regions of the west, the wli'.ie portions cover a larger surface of the body than in other regions, where they have been ranked by many naturalists as a separate species under the name of CervKS lu<-unix. \W hunters these have been called the long-tailed, or white-tailed deer, the latter name having bei'ii used by Lewis and Clark, while in truth their tails are no longer than those found in other regions. From the larger ex- tent of wliiti:r:i!. 10:5 tcl'SlM-rsfd JlllliiliM' till- wllilr. 'I'lic wllitf nil llif Iiclly. tnu, cV- iciiils ii|i tilt' siilfs I'lirtliiT lliaii is iisiimIIv uhsfrvcd. 'I'lii^ is cx- rf|itiuii:il, tlioii^li iii>t vir\ uiK'iimiiMni in tin- iinitli\vr>i. Imt I lliivc never seen it ill tllcir liiiiiillr i>V scplltlicrii r,ilii;v. | Imsc iK'Vfi- I'liiiinl any Mack mi tin- tails i>v fairs i>{ tlic iiniijirni vari- ety, wllile it is \eiy eiiiniiiiiii (ill llUH'e snlltlierll ami easleni \alie- ties. 'Iliirt accnnls willi a law, wliieli Imwever is imt iiiiivei-al, liV ullicll we are led to expect limre wilite nil tile same s|ieeies (iC i|iiadni|ieds or liirds, wliieli are |ieriiiaiieiitly Ineated, in the nni'tli tlian in tlu^ soiitli. Tlic antlers of the N'iri^inia deer are |teculiar and e:isilv reeiiLf- iii/.e(l. The eiir\iitiire (h'scrihed is nime alini|ii than mi aiiv ntlier s|H'cies, while the |)(isteriiir projecll' li III 'die tines fnun the heaiii is |ieenliar to this deer, e\i'e|it that it is soiiietinies ol»- Mi'ved on exeeptional aiitlei's of the iiMilc di'er and the ('oliiinliia deer, as will he niort! |i;.rtieiilarly '•sc'rihed in l!,t! appropriate I '.ace. I have closely studied this intcrestiiv aiiinial for niaiiv years, liiilli in doineslication and in its wild slate; and the notes of iii\ ohservations upon it would till a vohiine, hiil I think I can lietter present such of the facts as I can iiiid space to insei't, uii- ijir the dilTereiit hranclies of my suliject, where 1 propose in eom- |.aro tilt) dilTereiit species, I'erhaps I should luaU*' this iinnio- L;iapli fuller, as I am stroiiely teiiiptetl to do, hut I fear I should not know where to stop, aiitl so luinht eoinptd inystdf to too murh ii'petitioii hereafter, when I shall necessarily liavt; to 140 uver iiiaiiv of his lcadiiir (lil'fM'lll-.llulH'IIS, . . . I'.\li:i.. Picilic 1{. IJ. Hip.. VIII. (;;m. r«>l'VIIS tiUinillliS Cii|'4M'lllilll(li('lIS. Kl lilt, I ilili.. --".>7. Ccrvus tiiriiiidiis. \tir. a. Arctica. l«i< hakhson. ]•'. Ii. A.. Jll. CoililllOII Drrr Hi-akm-,. .Joiirncy. --'imi. Itiirrcii-iiToiiiid Ciiriboii. . . . Kk iiaudsun. i'. r,. a. -Jll. TiiriiiKliis an-ficiis IJaikd. r. .s. i»;it. on'. K'c |i. A^r. lor l.s,')l, !(»."). Tliis iiiiiiiKiI i'; of the rcimlrfr t v|it'. l)ut is iiuu'li siiimII'T tliiiii C funiii- i/iis. iiiiil iiidfi'tl is siiialici' tliiiii iiny of tlic deer wliicli we liavc liitiicr-lo iloci'ilicil. jViillfis imicl) loiipT ami iiiurt' slciulcr than those nf ihc wdodlaml cai'iliou. 'I'hi: tiuos are vcr\' erialic in form, sohk; nfwiiich are |i:ihiiat(iL In color it strongly resenililes the larger s|ie('ies of I'lin- 'Icci'. tliiini:li it is of apprceialily lighter coloi-. In tla; specimi'n hcfore iih' ilie legs, instead of the hrowii color of the other sjieeies. ai'e \\ lute with a lirowii ^liade on the anterior side, extending half way down. In- -trad of a whit(! section around the to|) of each hoof, thi' wIidIc foot is wiiite to some distance al' ve the accay, but Mr. Mc'i'avish, of the Hudson's Bay Company, informs nie that th.y are found still further south on the peninsula of Lab- rador. Westward of this point they do not conu' so far south ; so that the line of their southern limits from the Atlantic ]>\irsues a course north of west. This may be accounted for by the fact, that the temperature is much colder on the eastern coast than in tli(> same latitudes in the interior and on the western coast. Cai)tain Hall found them north and east of Hudson's Hay, and nearly all arctic explorers have found them on the islands of the Arctic Sea, where they serve to supplement the supply of sea food to the lCs(piimaux. They are very abundant on the ])enin- sula, east of Hudson's Hay, where from necessity their mij^ratoi-y tic tl lan range is very circumscribed. Its habits are more r.rc any other ruminant of this continent except the nnisk-ox, which affects the same frigid temperatun;, but is even less widely dis- tributed and far less numerous. The statement of Dr. King, as quoted by Haird, for the ])ur- pose of showing a specific dilTerence between the b.irren-ground and the woodlantl caribou is this: "that the barren-ground species is peculiar not only in tlie form of its liver but in not ])ossessing a rece[)tacl(! for bile." This implies C(U-tainly that Dr. King had found on examination that the woodland caribou lias the uall bladder attached to the liver. This certainly is not so, for the gall bladtler is wanting in the woodla.id carilxtu as well as in all of th(> other members of the deer family, a fact long since ob- served and atteste(l by several naturalists and often confirmed by critical examination. Notwithstanding there are many strong f W4 BA iiiiEX-anorxi) (A amor. 107 similitudes between our two Uiiids of cnrilinii, tliere are inimer- (ilis well autllelltieated (lilTfreliees, wlliell wlieil well cinisidcred iKit oidv justify hut euuipcl us t(t class tlieui as distinct species. The ditTereuce in si/e, iftliiswefe the only distinction, would lie entitled ti> but little weielif in the consideration of this (piestion, especially when we renuMubcr that we often find animals of the same spe(;ies occupyiu"^ high latitudes, smaller in size than those of wanner countries. The reverse, however, we lind li'enerallv the case with our ( "ervida'. ( )ur common deer are the smallest in 'J'exas and Mexico, where, simply on account of their dimiim- tive size, without any othei' well established and universal dis- tinction, tliey have been classed as a distinct species, (\ri'ux Mijicduiix. Th(! nuile deer in Lower California are even more ilimimitive in size, and their antlers have been i'educe(l to a sinu'le spike. AV(! mav iiud little dilTerence in the size of the moose, which We may ascribe to a ditVereiict^ in the latitude of their habitat. In the valley of tin; Mississippi tin* wcieht of evidence is that the southern l--lk ai'e the largest; but I do not learn that this is so on tlie I'acilic slo[)e, or even in the I'ocky Mountains. I icpeat, liowever, that I should not consider the dilTerence in size, which is fully one half, sullicieut of itself to establish a specilic dilTerence. The proportionate difference in the; sizt> of their antlers is still yreater, and I thiidc possesses more siynilicance. While the size of this animal isoidyhalf that of the woodland caribou, its antlers are fidly twice as large. Tliis proportionate^ dilTerence of four to one is (>ntitled to weiglit in this in([uiry. IJulTon and some ethers have concluded that the size of the antlers depend largely upon tlu' amount and (piality of the food supplied the deer. This position is not absolutely refuted in this instance, for the sup|)ly of food to the Harren-groiuul Caribou is rt-ally unlimited, and is of the most nutritious (piality, but the same is true also in that ]K)rtion of Labrailor occupied by the larger species. Hind assures us that he there found tin; beds of reindeer moss three feet deep, alTording comfortable walking over vast helds of erratic rocks, which were almost impassable where the moss liad been burned otT, and vet not a, word is said about an excessive de- velo{)ment of the antU'rs of tlu; deer. If the great abundance and excellent (juality of the food supplied tin; nortliein deer, has stimulated to this excessive growth of the antlers, it would I'cr- tainly l)e not unreasonable to expect that it would havt; ecpudly promoted an increase of tlie body of tlie animal, for all admit !! I ■ I I in. :i If I "nil iffrr^i F lOS 77/ A' ])KKll OF AMERICA. (liiit t\w si/o of Jill iininiiils lurj^t'ly (Icpciids on the quantity ami the (luality of tlio food with which they an; siipplicil. This is iiiiich hi'ttiM' t'stahlislu'd than tliiit the size of antlers is drpiMid- cnt on iht! sanic! cause. The (juestion is, why are the lari^er antlers i^rown on the smaller animal? Is it dut; to acciilental or factitious causes or to a specific dilTerenci! ? I |)erceive no cause whii'h could have produced tliis ^'reat development of the antlers, which would not also have produced an cipial developnu'nl of the wimle aninud. In hahits. too, they diiVer very considerahly. The lari^cr spe- cies are much less L!,'rei;arious than the smaller. 1 do nm kimw. however, that 1 should make very much out of this, hir it may ho accounted for by their yreater nundiers. The wondland carihou are nowhere so ahundant as the others, and are seldom found in large hands ; two or three, or a do/eu at most, heing found together, except in the inti'rior of Newfoundland, where tiieir ninid)ers are much greater, and there lliev are fonnd in larger hertls than on any ]»art of the continent, as far as I can learn, except to (he w<>st of Hudson's Hay, where Kicliai'dson informs us that large nund)ers assemiile together and move in bodies. Cormack, to whom wo ari,' indebted for the lirst idiable iid'ormation of the habits of this deer in the interiur nf New- foundland, tells us that they migrate in seai'ch of food in single iile, in herds of from twenty to two hundred each, and :-o tiie whole country is cut up in every direction with their paths. We have no account that the northern spi-cies travel in this order, and they assemble in bauds of thousands. We may, pi'rlia})s, attach more weight to the dilTerence in their habits of migration. Th(> northern sjiecies are strictly migratory, traversing in their miiirations some ten degrees of latitude or more from the Arctic Ocean, south, excepting where cunlined by [)hyslcal liarriers, as in Labrador. The woodland caribun ai'e migratory too, but to a less I'xtent, or rather the hal>it is less uni- vorsid. In Newfoundland, their migrations are uecessaiilv lim- ited in extent. ( )n the continent, they are at liberty to go to the Arctic Sea. but they stop short of the sixtieth degree of north latitude, and probably but a small ])rop<)rtion reach that. Tin' migrations of many, if not of a large ])roporiion. are pi'obably fi'( Ml one part of somc^ pretty large district adapted to their wants to another part, as nuiy be prompted by circumstances, t'itlier tlu^ disturbed condition of the coinitry, or the (>\igencies of food sup- ply. Those living in Nova Scotia and New IJrunswick probal)ly I "t| Ji I'l, ^^ BAinu:\ (iiiorxh (wn/r.oi: 109 ■ir ■V, ir IV iVr \\'\- 111- t.i •ill lir >ly lis 111." riirciv K'iivc tliost; proviiici's, wliilo tlicy iii;iy t'ir(HH'iilly [lass from niic favorite liaiiiit to aiintlirr. Tlicy arc vri-y rest less animals, almost constantly oil the move, ami, inducil, lliis is the disposi- tioii wliicli proiiKitrs lialiits of minratinn. 'I'lu' summary of all the rvitlciicc I can ^atlu-r v Sir John IJichai'dson ("Fauna IJoreali Americana,"' ji. lIoO ). wlm sa\s: ••( 'niitrary to the practice uf the i'larreii-^ruund ('aril)ou, the woedland. variety travels to the smithward in the spriiity. 'I'liey cross die Nelson and Sc\crn rivers in iiuiiieroiis herds in the month of May, and pass the summer on the Imw marshy slioiH's of James Uay, iind return to the northward, and at the same time retire more inland in the munili i,i Scpteinlier."" Here, then, \\v. liiid the woodland earilmu niiu'rat inij.' tu the nurihward, on the west coast of Ilmlsons IJav. and west <>( it as hieli as '>^)° to i'u^ of north latitude, whicii is within one degree of Churcliill, which is near the southern limit of the raiie'e uf the iJarren-ground Carilioii in that loiigitudi- as oiveii hy Richanlsun, thougli I have authentic evidence that they Sdiiiel iiiies come coii- >ideral)ly farther south in e.\ce[>tional seasons. .Mr. Mc'iavisli assures me, that in the winter of l.^ot!. the Jlarren-ground ( 'ari- hoii came in e-i-eat numhers down the Mississagui; Hiver to Lake Huron, about thirty-six miles below the Uruee Mine. This was ill about 47° north latitude, and the extreme .southern point of the ranei' of the woodlaml caribou. Tiiis, we may admit, was very exceptional, but we may, I think, safely iissunie, for all the evidence clearly establishes the fiots to this extent, that the iiortliern rano'e. of the southern species, and the soutlu'rn rang'e of the northern spi'cies overlap eaeli otiier, for at least a d"L;ree, and sometimes very much more, not only in Labrador, but also west of Hudson's IJav. As we "ro still further west, even to the Conj lennine ani I M; leKenzif rivers, w hieh is the western limit of the raiiii'e of the I>arren-vidence that then; has Ix-en any intermin- gling of the species. Ivicli maintains its individnalitios as dis- tinctly as when lirst discovered, and no donht as they h;iv(( existeil for ages. This could only hiivc^ occnri 'd from sexual iivi-rsion, which does not exist between varieiies of tin; same sfx'cies, but only where then? are specilie dilferences. 'I'ake a white or albino deer of any species, iind then? is no sexual or so- cial aversion between it and the other members of the species, and the same is true of all other animals. I>y son i; means all seem to look beyond the exceptional appearance of the individual and recognize their fellow at a glance'. This aversion is not absolute and uni\ersal, no doubt, for wo sometimes see individuals of dif- ferent spec'es, and oven of tlill'erent genera, contract a fondness for each other, even to the extent of sexual intercourse ; but when this is entirely voluntary, it is very exceptioiud. This more fre- quently occurs among animals in domestication ov in semi-domesti- cation than in the wild state, but even there it may sometimes occur when a mate of the same species cannot bo found. Such union between individuals of dill'erent species, when it does take place, may most likely be fertile, and the hybrids may possess the powers of reproduction, and may transmit that capacity to their posterity, as we shall see, when we come to treat of h//bfid- {(//, but this is not conclusive of the specific identity of the orig- inal parents. liut for this general sexual aversion between individuals of different species, no mere imaginary lino could have kept these two kinds of reindeer separate, to say nothing of how they origi- r,.\i:in:.\ i.Ji'diM) c.minor 111 lite lil'- IL'SS leii fro- sti- ues iK'h ike 3S0SS y to rid- s of lese rigi- iially sc|p;ir;itr(l with im pliysicnl Ipan'icr lictwci'ii iIkmii. /v.'CDid- iiii;' to ii universal law i>l' sclcctinii tiic lai'ii^rr iiialo nialler >|)eeies, whenever they did meet on the eomuiou e;rouud, and would have left theii' impress u|ion their pro^euN, whieh lieiun' larger and sti'on^'er than (he pure liloods would .-^ouu have usurped the entire jiateiaiity of the race and all d'.stinelion would lone- since have heeii ol)literate(l. It is no answer to this to ri'i'er iiie to dilVerent varieties of liie same species occupyiuL;' dilferent and ou those occupvin<^ the particular locality where the particular causes exist. This is not possiltle with migratory animals, where as in this case noth- ing liut. an imaginary line separates the tcrriloi'y ociaipicd liy each, and where even that line is freipiently if not annually oNcr- ste]tped liy individuals. Even without, tin; hiihit. mentioned liy IJichanlson, of ihi; soiitliern sjiecies migrating north and tin; north- ern species south in the fall, the habit of migration would in time have hrought them together, wlien the larger males of llie south would have l)ee()in<' the progenitors of tlie entire race, and the hi'oad distinctions, now so conspiouons and so constant, would have been lost. If not migratory, tlion we might accept the e\[»lanation suggested by their dilYerent localities as :i sullicieiit reason for the dilVerences observed. Why, then, do these two niemliers of this great family live M[)on contiguous and even overlap[)ing territories and continue so comph'tely se[)arated, with no visible cause to keep them apart? It must be because of inluM-ent constitutional, specilic diiVerences. It is evident that their well-beings reijuire dilTerent conditions of life arising from organic dirt'orenees which an* permanent and in- ilexible : on(> cammt live anil prosper where the other must live ill order to prosper. We learn of the difl'erenct^s whi<'h have been pointed out, as it were, by accident, for their habitat is so remote and inacci'ssible that the Barren-ground Caribous have been rarely visited liy com- petent naturalists, and I have no doubt that wlien they shall be carefully studied and thoroughly understood by conii)etent ob- servers, still broader distinctions between the two species will be 112 THE ] IE Ell OE AMEIIKW. fomul to exist, wliicli will remove evei-y dniiht wliicli niiiylie still entcrhiiiieil ;is to tlieir specilie dilTerences. Vi>v iiivsclf. I do not believe it pnssiMe for siiiiple varieties of tlie same sjieeies with inij^ratoi'v lialiits to oeeiipy eontioiioiis territories, ami still main- tain dilTerences so jii'oiioiiiiced and so constant as we liiid lietween these two kinds of I'eiiideer. W'iieii (lie etim|iai'at i ve analnmist shall have taken the sahjeet in hand and earrfully stiidie(l Ixitli, he will |ii'olial)ly lind many similitudes not yet noted ; so too he will ))rolial)ly lind dilTerences not yet imaeined. W'c liav(^ many facts stated which will snl)se.ipieiill\ ;i]i|te;ii' in tlie dilferent divisions of this work, and especiallv •• The ( 'liase.'' which tend stronejly to show thiit the eye of the I '.arreii-eroimd ( 'aribon is dnller than that of any of tlie other deer, and that this defect is not c'om|iensated by so sensitive u sintdl as is possessed bv the otlien '11 lev moreover sliow that it is a most wit CSS an- imal, eiisily dazed and c()nfnsed bv dan<4er or fright, withont strat- agem oi' the capacity to evaile its enenues. It seems more likely to vnn into danger than to avoid it, although the way of esca])e may be plainly open beforo it. In all this it is the very reverse of tlu! Woodland earibon, exee])t that the latter has an nnridiable vision. although not to the I'xtent of the former. I'^ven the moose IS hardiv more ■rti i\ in reso urces t( dial e i)ursiut, or escape from danger than the woodland caribou, and it is a proud tr unii)h for the sportsman who takes one. Of tl 10 em liirai ice ol (lie smaller sitecies I ai 11 not siillicieiitlv advised to speak uu(h>rstaudingly, but from the aci'ounts given of their capture I am led to the conclusion that thev are [)rostrated by a wound whicii most other deer would survive for a consider- able time. They hav(> a foolish curiosity fully equal to that of our ante- lope, of which hunters know how to take advaiit;ige, and by which the animal is often beguih.'d to destruction. The young have l)een often caught ami tameil, and like the other deer they soon h)se all i"eav of man and become interesting pets, but when they have been removed from their native boreal regions they have soon perished. !:i ,,1 CMKVUS A('Al»i;iA'KNSlS. Cato.v. Acapulco Deer. Smai.i.i.- r lit' :ill ilir Nniili AiiiiTiciiii ilccf. I IcaiMirdiul ;iiiil full. I'jyo |)niniiii('iit {Mill l)iii;lil. l'",;ir ,>iii;ill ;uiil lliiii, cnvi'icil willi xciv >linit, lint' liiiir, l/liU'U (iiii^iilc iiinl wliilr iii--iili'. Nu-^lril.s larix"'- Nn-i' naUccl ainl moist. Neck >liiii. taiKMinii. ami «'li'\ati'il. IJodv slinrt. i(juml. ami lum- part. !-ii;-i .-.liorl ami slim. .\cc(~-i)i'y linofs >mall. Tail ^linrt. liii--li\, and ratln-'r ll.il. Antlers small and slmrt. and llaltrncd tnuartis u|i|ii'r |iiii't, and milclicil at end, with small l)asal snau'> : lieams an- trian;,nilai" near base. I'cdirtis liiyli ami tar ajiart. IMctatarsal inland wanliiiij. 'i'ai'- sal i;land incxnl. l'"a(.N' lilack. I'mlcr tlif lii'ad and throat uhilr. hut prdportioiiallv lc,>s than on connnou dci'i'. Ncrk, hack, and sidis, dark clR'stniil hrown ; darkest on top ot" iieek and hack. r>ri-ket nearly hiaek. I>elly, inguinal region up to the tail, and under >ide of that uiem- lier, white. (ii:M:i;.\L iuimaiik.'^. Alter tlilin'cllf scurell, I Ullil l)Ilt one liielllini) of this deer 1)V ^vllieh I am eiiaMed to reeooni/c It. This occurs in a sentence in AndiiKon and iSaelnnan's •' (^na. :iO"), wiien treating of oiu' iintelopo. I will ([uole the sentence entire : "• 'I'lie Antelo[)(! lias no laelirymal i)its under tiic! eves, as have Deer and I'LlUs. norlian it any gland on the hind leg, so curious a featur»'in many of tliose animals of the deer t lihe, whicli drop their Inu'iis annually, ami only wanting (so far as oiir knowledge extends) in the Cvrrnx /iii'/i(irilt<'iiu'i\ which we con- sider in conse(|iicncc as a|)[)i"oa('Iiing the genns Aidrbij)i\ and in a small deer fritin Yucatan and Mexico, of which we had a livin mule deer, and the learned authors should have known that that gland is wanting both on the nioo.se and on the caribou. 'I'liey did not consider this gland of sutlicient iini»or- tance to retpiire particular study, but merely considei'ed it a luiriotis feature ; yet for its supposed iib.sence they ujiiko an iinteloj)e of I If ill fl lb. 115 n M^ w 114 77//V /'/:/•;/; or amehka. II ilccr. Till' li;il \;illl(' III" tin- srlltcili'f is ill lllc l;is| two lilli'S, ill wliii'li till' ;iiilliiir siivs 111- liiiil ill liis |ii)ssi'ssii)ii ;i siiiiill iIi'it IVmii \ iir;il;iii (');iiiil .Mi'\irn, in wliicii tliis ^iaiid \v;is wiiiil iii^, liy wllirll \\v ;ili' I'IKllili'iI to rrrun;iii/,(' it with MS lllllrjl riTlailltV as it" III' hail nivi'ii till' must t'lahnratc ijrsi'i'ipt imi. In mii' iji'ci' this Inland is waiitini;' also, wliirli (listiiiguislics it iVoiii all i>t' llir siiialli'i' ili'ii' ill I his I'Diiiif I'v. This I'M'i'i'ilinnlx licaiitil'nl animal lirst atlrai'tnl m\ atlriitinii in W'lPiidwanrs (ianlciis in San l''rancisri). win rr I luninl mn' friiialr. Till' iii\t ilay I Iraninl that ( Jus rrmn' Latham had rr- ('ri\rd a s|Hi'imi'ii li\ the sti'anishi|i /i',y//^A//r. and lia-li'iii'd In his I'lniiit ry I'l'sidi'iu'i' at .Mt'iilo I'arU. wlicrr I had llir unnd t'ur- tuiH' to iiH'it llii' ( iuvcniDi', will) had tlir dri'i' still in thr can'r. which ill' ai Hiirc tiild nic In cunsidrr my own. liiii' I had an opporl unify to stiid\ her with all the Icisiiir and cair I di'sircd. I then tiniird III r lonsi- in his park to recruit, and I'xamiiird tli" rest of his liii'd III di'i'i'. I t'oiiiid III' had six s|irrirs: ilir wapiti, the mull' di'iT. the ('oliiinhia lilack-taih'd driT, thr \'iri;iiiia di'iT ( calli'd ill till' W't'sl tlu; whitc-tiillcd or loiin-tailrd deer), this samt' Aiapiilco or South A'cvii-aii or Conti'al Ann'riran Dcim' (soiiir of w hirh till' ki'i'prr told me caiuo t"i'oiii Panama, and soiih' from Soiitiii'i'ii Mr\Ico), and (iiir luirk from tlu; Island of ('rylon. Here w;is a rare opportunity for stu hEEll. 11:. lie iiis- iiic. )ir of U'Sr •ViT ill'c T.T- will Icl-s Iccl'. ami tlK' wliicli was ill in liis i;arilfiis, ami ilinl sunn al'rr I iccciscd \\v\\ Mild twii ('cvluii (Idcs. 'I'lic lirst was ol a iiiiu'li daikir nij.ir lliaii ilir mic |iicsriiii'il li\ ( i(i\ ci'iiiii' Latlia'.ii, wliii'li siii\i\c'l. whifli lias al\\a\s liccn |icrl"crllv Inallliv. < M' ;ill tlirdctr I f\ ci- iiail. slirsliows ilic ^rralcsl ti'mlriicv ti) t'allcii. She rciiiaiii> in liiic ciidcr wlirii slicddiii;^' the wiiili'i' I'uut ill llir s|iriii^, wlicii niipst nt' llir iithi'l' s|irt' dcrl' Wfimiic \vV\ [iiior. Slir t'\cll sllrkK'S t\V(i li\laid lawns aliiiust as \>\|)r(ii's till InTi!. ilii'cc yr;ns ;il'ici' slic w as Inriird intu in\ ni'ininds. lie was n \er\ small s|iccinieii, twnvrai's old. I do not think llie\ iintircd .acli ollii'T lid'oic Si'|it('iiiliiT, wlii'ii I occasioiialU' >aw tlu'in to- et'iJicr, or ratlin- 1 111 hack seemed ineliiied to seik liei' socid v. luit --lie showed lierself ijiiite a vii'aeo, aiid Would li alter him as if -lie (k'siri'd aliove all things to irive him a eo,,,] hcaiinn-. This, liowevcr, she was much more inelined to do when I wa> aronml than when she did not see me. If this was a pretense of mod- esty on her part, it was the merest alVeetatioii. for, a> I shall hereafter e\|ilain under the head of /////-/•/(/////, I fear she has he- roine thoroiieiilv deitailehed, hy hivedilie' (o ipiiek> of another spe- cies, and that she will still favor them instead of the male of her Mwn species, whicii she seems so much iiii'lined to punish. How- ever, I have latidy seen him several times turn upon lur, as if iiuTnu'cl to defend hiiiistdf from lu-r vicious attack, and I hope he will soon lie alile to tanii^ tlu' tcfmae-ant. it is evident she will liiid him a very dilVereiit subject to deal with from the great awkward Mule Imck, which she tyranni/es over so wickeiUy. In 18T-), at the same time that 1 procured the Aeapuico doe, I ).rociired a Imck and two does of a size scarcely larecr than the former, in form and I'olor, and indeed in most characteristics re- ,>eml)line- her very much. 'Idie buck was presented to me by (lov- einor T.atham, who ini'ormed mc that he jiurdiased it from the deck of a ship just arrived from the Island of (^fvloii. whence, he was informed, the deer was brought, so that I can no longer doubt as to the place of its nativity*. The doi's are undoubtedly from the same place. Their close similaiity to the Aca[)uli'o dijer will in- duce me to compart! them when we discuss the diiVereiit branches of our subject. F(jr tiie present, I will only say tliat they are nearly the same in si/e, color, and form. Antlers about the sanu! size, but dilTering in form. Jiotli are very courageous, and com- bative with other deer. Both are robust, good feeders, and fat- ten easily, anil bare giving suck remarkably well, though the i if % ■lit w lit; I'/fr: hi: nil or ami.hk .\. Crylf^ii iliM'H do iidl kr(|i ill as goiul couditioii wliilr r!iisin<^ tlicir fiiwiis as (lues iIk; A('a|iiili'<) (1r ii sliadc tlic lii^liti'sl color. 'I"lu; iiiosi iiiiportiuit distinction is that tlic nit'tatarsal Ljlaml is prcsriit in tlic ( V-yloii deer, wliilc it is wantiii;^- in the .\i'a|)iilco deer. Alllioiinli tln! (!cylon hiicl; and tlic Aca- Mllco line \\( re ln'oii''lil iVoiii ('alit'ornia totretlier in a caee, ami seciiied iiiiicii attached to each other when tiiriicil in the ]iarU. tin doe reiiised to l»reetaiiil cadi, ami liy riimi>arisoii jicrccivi' their similitiidi's ami tlnir (lil'l'crrincs. Il' 111 (loiiij^ this wr find it necessary or coiiveiiieiit to repeat somc- tliimf whicli has already heeii said, we may find a r(>com|ieiise t'oi' it by liaviiin' the same farts presented in dilTereiil lii^lils and ill d i( "I'lit eoimei'tions, and thus the lieiter a|i|irei'iale their im- jMirtunee and fix theiii the more jx-rmaneiit ly in the memory. Indeed miieh of the value of our investigations must consist in riimi»ariiig the ohserved facts relating- to each species, with those nf ill! the others, and to do this we niiist classifv theiii and hriiiij; them into as close juxtaposition as practicalile. I'dltM AND SIZK. It may he proper that, we commem-e the compai'isoii of the dilVerent s[)ecies of deer of which [ ti'eat l>v cxaminiiiL; their i'cs[)i.'ctive j)hysic;d conliguratioiis and si/es. In ])ursnini^ the plan hitherto adojited I will commence with th(" lare;est. — tlu^ Moose. Our Moos(( is not only the largest of the American deer, hut it is the largest living vepre.scMitiitive of the faniily as yet discovered ill any part of tlu' world. In comparatively recent times a much largei' s[)ceies existed in Ireland, wliosti fossil remains ]iavt> been fouiul coinph'te and are now exhibiti-d as interesting relics of ioriner times, hut onr Moose, considerably exceeds in siz(> the same species in l^iirope, the Scandinavian «dk ; wlietlier he has tliere degenerateil in si/,e, may be an open question, but I tliink th(> Aveight of evidonci! shows that he was formerly of a, larger size than lie is now, altliougli individual specimens still are sometimes met with as large as tlio averages of our Moose. This animal is the most ungainly in form of ^ill the deer tribe. Its long head and slu.rt neck, its long legs and short body, its lack of symmetry in almost every line, leave no room for adniira- J ill 118 iiiE i>i:i:n or a.ueiuca ir i tinn, \A-liilc its small sunken cyo, with its sinishn* oxprcssion, com- pels (he ()l)S('i'vcr to turn away witli iin unpleasant sensation. Still its structure in many respects seems to ailapt it lo meet the exigencies el" the life which it is oljliyetl to jcail. Its hm^' and powerliil le^s enal)|e it to force its way thiMUi;h snows and thickels which it nl'ten encounters in winter, and to wade and swim in the water, to which its summer hahils lead it. Its i'ore leys are considei'ahly longer than its liin size. 110 is less so tliaii tlic l.;i|il;iiul rciiidi'cr, 'J'liis is sliowii more cli'iirly liv :i I'l'l'i'i'cnci' tn tilt' illiisti'atioiis tlian couM 1"' tloiic l>y ;uiy Mi'!!:>) t'.\pl;i!iiiti()iis. 'I'lif iii'xt ill si/c tn the woiidlaiiil I'arilxm cduvs llic Mule Dcci' 111' ti, ' IJncky M(ui;r.:iiiis ami tlic A\'' st. 'I'liis animal rarely at- tains a live wi'iLjIit cxiM'i'diiig' twc liiindfcd and lit't\ ixuinds, iliiiu<''li iiiilix idiials liavc been killi'd rxcccdinu' this: still the iivfiauc is nnu'li less. Its Iii'ad and neck ai'c well prnitni'tionrd. ihon^li its fiKinnoiis cai's ^'rcatly disligurc it; its Imdv is hain' iiud well |)(iiscd: its legs av' long', sti'aight, and rathrr heavy. Its unspriglit ly action contrihules more to its awkward appear- .iiiee than any disproportion of its memliers. 'JMu'i'i' is a great dilVerenee in size among individuals of the species, depending much on tlio altitude of their haliitat . tlmse inhahiting the higluT eli'vtitions being the hirgest. 1 have re- ferred in aiiotiier place to a n'markal)le vai'iety of this species fnuiid l>y .Mr. ,)olin Xantus, as lam informed i)y Professor i>aird, "lie of the most reliable i-oUectors for the Smithsonian institute, who forwarded several s[)eoimens to Washington from ('a]ie St. Lucas, in Lower California. W'itli till the oilier indicia of the Mule Deer, they are very diminiitive in si/.e. ami have spikt> an- tlers about six incli< .^ in length. 'I'his is one of the most reinark- alile niodilicat ions of a well-establislied species to be met with, which We must attribute to peculiar conditions of life: and \et 1 am not fully informed what these petailiar coiiditioiis are which produce this remarkable physical change. If mere si/.e and peculiarity of antler were alone siiHicieiit to establish a speeilic distinct ion, we should lie jiistiiied in itroiiouiicing these to be a distinct species. I liavi' not been able to learn that this diminu- tive Mule Deer has iieen met with except in the lnwer part of the [leiinsiila, and the extent of its habitat there is as yet iiiicer- laiii. In connection with this deer, this fact should be, reiiieiii- Itcred. The average si/.e of the Cohimbiti Black-taileil Deer is but little greater than that of the common iiecies. Its limited rang(! may ex])lain its greater iiniformitv in si/e. It is probably rare to meet an individual whose live weight would ri'ach one hundred and lifty pounds, while the average df adults would be considerably below that ligiire. It has a broad head, with a largt; and brilliant eye. Its ears are large, but not so disproportioned us to attract attention. Its •n: .11, r. Tjl — 120 THE DEER OF A ME/!/ (A. ':(* body is I'iillici' sliort iiiul round. Its l(>gs, too, aiv sliDi-t niid railior stout, liut hy no means eluinsy. The ])ositi(in in wliicli the tail is curved adds much to its appearance. Tliis is only drooping instead of heiui? closely de})ressed when at ease;, as is the case with all the dllier deer. t'l'mis llr;/i)iiinnis varies very much in size, even in the same latitude, though as a general rule they are larger at the north than in their soutliern range. Ahout i'ni-tv vcars ago I saw (he carcass of oiu! in the Chicago market, which 1 was cred- ibly informed weighed two Inmdrcd pounds. Manv years ago I killed one near the i.ntrance to Deer Park, in liasalle County, Illinois, whit'h I mention elsewhere, which three stout nu'U found a heavy lift t(( put into the end of the wagon, though it was so ])oor as to \w unlit for the table. lie must have weighed more than two hundred jiounds. As he was leaping through the brush when I shot him, he looked like; a large elk, tlmiigh (he excite- nu'ut of tlici moment no (hmbt magnilied him in my e In the fall of ISTO, I shot a buck in nortluiastern Wisconsin, which was judged by several experienced hunters to weigh uearly two htuuli'ed and fifty ])ounds. Four of our Indians canu' fi'om camp but would not undertake to carry him in (not more than a third of a mile ), although wo were very anxious to havti it ns among those wliieh I now ha\i». ( >f all our deer this is decidedly the most heautiful in furm as well as graeefid in motiim. WhelJier standing ([uietlv on the haidc iif a sli'eandet, oi- ixumding through the fnrest, it e(|nally ilialli'Uges iiiir admii'ation. It is the very emhudiment uf graee- ful form and agile motion. 'I'lie Mexican Deer, which I lind to In- hut a variety of ( '. ]"rr- 'I'liiiitHiix^ although it lias heeii often ranked as a ilisiind species ( ' '. Mijii'dHKs)^ is mucli smaller than liis iioi'iheni lu'olher, and this, as we shall see elsewhere, constitutes his onlv claim to a sjKH'ilic distinction. This variety of the Conunoii I )eei', I lind no account of north of Arizona, and very rarely niu'th a little longei- in pi'ojior- tion to its weight. TIk^ illustration is from a photograph kindly furnished nu' by Mr. ]\IcTavish of tlie Hudson's Hay Company, whose kindness has been already mentioned. The largest speci- mens of this animal \n\- found on the |>eninsula of Labr.idoi-, where they seem conlhied to a more southern range than those west of Hudson's IJay. A large specimen may weigh one hun- dred and (ifty {xmnds, but the averagt; is much less. Ordinarilv till' hunter can easily throw it on Ids back and carry it to camp. The smallest of the Nortli Ain<'rieao deer which I have stud- ied, is the Aca|Hdco Deer. None of the specimens which I have had, weighed oviT about thirty or forty pounds. 'I'he male which died in Governor liatliam's park, probablv when in health would have weighed fifty pounds. 'I'he male which I now have, is not (pute three; years old anKEU OF AMKliKA. Kroin ciiil of iiosc to mot of tail N't'itclini' of \\\\\ Lciit;tli of liairs l)cyoii(l r>('iii;lli iif lioiif on lop . Lt'liulll of Iioof nil lioitom . Aroiiinl liotli lioofs at top 1 Ici^lil at slieiililcr Ik'ijilit at liijis •14 That wo may make tlu; coiniuivisoii I will lioro ^ivc tlio mcas- uromonls Ity l^iclitoiistciii, as iiuotoil l>y I'rot'ossDr IJaird. <>f a lualo t 1 .lA '■ir<(}ms. remomlK'niio that m\ luoasiirciiiciit- an- nl I kirti't' IcmaU' Total IciiLiili t|> with small hasal siiaos. From these measure- nieuts, we might eonchide that the AeapiiU'o (h'or was not more tlian halt' the si/e of the smallest variety of the N'ii'oiiiia detM'. were it inil fur the faed that the Aeapiileo deer is shorter legyed. and shorter Ixidiod in proportion to its weioht than the cummon deer: still the dilVerenee in wi'iiiht nnisl have heen verv eon>id- eranle lie (liscussio 11 (d' other t)raii(dies of our siildeet will n aril v iiivtdve. to a eertaiii eXieiit, allusions to the si/e and form of th tl illereiit sueeios as thev eome under review luU COAT AM) COLOI! Wh leii we eareiiilly examine and well consider the coat, or covering of hair with which iiidiire has pnivided the several siiecies of deer, iiit erestiiiu' peculiarities are revealeil, some of 'V w ■llild 1 are CO inmon to all, while others are conllned t o siiecies or varieties or even to individuals. The first to lie observed is that tlu; coat on the hodv is i-ast oil fOAT .\.\l) <■(>/. I >i;. l-J.l or ■i-al s ur ;in(l r<'|ila('t'(l twice in ciu'li year, — a provisiiMi jiccnliar to tlic deer family in a slate <>{ nature, and alninst as extraordinary as tlie decldiinus cliaraeter of their antlers. 'Tliese cdats are well ada])ted to tlie comt'ort of tlie ;ininials diirini;' the dilTerent sea- sons when they prevail. Thev widelv dilTer. hoth in structure and <|uaiitity. So soon as warm weather is estahlished in the spi-int;-. as on most other (|uadi'U|ieds, the hea\y winter coat, liy which they have licen jti'iitected from tin- rigois of the season, heconies loosened ;ind is thrown olT ; and is replaced liv another cout, of hairs of an entirely diiVerent textui'e. 'I'he new hairs --prinLT from the same roots which nourished the old ones. As the new hail's shoot out, they e;raduallv loosen the old ones, which linally drop oil'. With some species, the process is (|uite er;idual, and occupies ;i considerahle time While with othei's. all seem to he loosened iiearlv at thi^ same tinx'. This is parti<'ularlv so with oui' l''dk (Wapiti), when the winter is heine' I'cplaccd 1)\ tla; •>unnner pelan'<', while the chani^'e from the sunnner to the winter coat is very Lirailual. The winter coat is all detached so nearly together, that if the hairs were dropped off so so(mi as they are loosened, the animal would for a time appt^ar almost naked, so shoi't would !»e the new coat. I>ut tlie inner coat of fur lias during the winter heeome felted together, emhracing and conliii- ing the long coai'M' hairs, so that the\ cover the animal as with a lilaiiket. after a consiih'raltle [mrtion have liecome loosened, thus allowing the young hairs to attain some length before their pred- ecessors are gone. Indeed, this old coat does not in iact drop olT. as ill ordinary cases, l)ut it is torn aw;iy in largi- patches, hy coiita<'l with the shriililierv. There would he no diHiciilty in gathering niaiiv haskets full of this coat from the luishcs in my grounds in the moiilh of .June. 'I'lie large proportion of \\\v in this pcdage would render it (piite practicahle to convert it into yarn ;ind cloth, m- into felted goods. When the old coat is gone the new one is verv short and line, and fairly glistens in the hright .sunshine. llow this process progresses with the moose and tlie earihou, T am Mot fiilh informed, only that it occurs at the same time in the spring, when other (piadriij)eds discanl their winter garh. I'^rom the fact that this occurs at a time when the deer are not in sea- Non for the hunter, hut few ohseivations have been made of them at this tinn>. ('arefiil ohservations can oiilv l»e made when they are in semi-doniestic;ition ', Tlu; oilier spccicK in my <>i'oiiii(ls hIkhI 11i»> wiiitci' com!: gi'jul). iilly, iiiiicli lis is tii(! c'iisc with llic cow, so tliiit tlic new <'out lias iittiiiiird II coiisidcviiblc length before tlui whole of the winter ('Oil! is inoiie. Oil the A'irj^iniii deer, iiud es|teei;illv on the Cohinihiii (leer, tlii' voiiii;:; red eoiit showint;' tliroiiuh the thin rem- nant of the old one, gi\cs the animal ([iiite u eiirioiis appearance for a few days. The hairs of tin; sniiimer coat differ very materially from those, of the winter coat. They are small in diameter, and as solid and straii,dit as those of the cow. Comiiii^ from the same roots as the discarded coat, we mav assume tliev are the same in niiniher, luit they are so much smaller in diameter that they present an open and loose a|ipearaiice, admittinsj,' freely the sum- mer air. With this coat there is no ap[)recial)le coat of under- fiir. This seinianimal cliaii<4e of coat I have onlv heeii alile to clearly dcmon^tl•ate on the hodv and neck, while on the head, le<4s, and tail. I can only vouch for one chaiitfe of <;'arl), which seems to take [)lace later in the sprinn', or in the suiiimer. Tliis is certainly so, on the tails of all the species in my oi()nnds. Tliere, the old hairs are <2'ra(hiallv lost throimh the sunimer, and the new ones as L;ra«lnally ap|)ear and grow, and only bei'omo coiis|)iciiiais when the winter coat comes on in the fall. The black tuft on the tail of the mule deer is persistent. The length of the suminer coat on the moose, the caribou, and the wa[)iti is relatively much shorter than on the smaller species. On our elk it is less than one fourth the length of the winter coat when both are at the longest. On the mule, tln^ Xiriiinia, and the Columbia deer, it is about half the length ; on the Acajiulco deev, and the Ceylon deer, it is more tli in half the length of the winter coat, which as \v(! shall see is very short. ( )ii the ears of the Virginia dei'r and the smalk'r species, the sunimer coat is very thin and light, so that the blood-vessels show plainly through it, and the ear ap[)ears transliiceiil when the sun shiiu's into the front side; of the ear and the observer stands behind it. The ears of the larger species are well cov- ered with hairs iluring the summer, although light in comparison to tl le winter coat. Tl le nairs o f tl le summer coat are without any crinkled or wavv appearance so characteristic of the winter I'oat of all the Cervida'. Indeed, this coat seems well adapted to the transmission of heat and to promote the comlort of the animal during the heat of summer ; with this great disadvantage, however, that it alTords 11 ^pv^NM roAT AM) cor. nil. o- Vll :ll ■ '1 'S. iii, lir the ■il'lS ii'ii ■\cr 'OV- IS(ll> avy (hv. u'at t of )rils sI'iLjlit. pr()t-i. wliicli so iV.n i[iii'iitly iiircsl till', native nuii^cs of tln's,- animaU. Tin' siiniincr I'oat is ioiiL;'si|nitors. is thi; taee, from the eves to the nose. If tilere is a llv in the foicst he will he sin'e to li ■ found on the d.'M'r's faei'. which after a while seems to iiccomc (|uiti' inscnsiWle. for 1 have often ohserM-il them ijiiite hai>[>y lakiui:; corn from my hand while the faci' was half co\cred with liloated niosijuitocs. The insects. lio\\c\cr. do not conline themselves to this favoriti^ locality, hut attack every vnl- neralile point where the hair is thin and short. This siunmer coat is wdrii luit three months V)V less. 15y August it hegins to disappear, and hy September is entirely re- placed by a new y'arl). This at lii'st is always tine and slioi-t, hut tin- hairs <^i'ow rapidly in length and dianietei', till by winter they form a dense, mass, which bids delianc-e to the bleakest winds and tin; Cf)ld(!st storms. For some years after 1 hatl eomincnced my observations I believed that our Elk had but one pelage during tlie year, and so was an exception to the geiu-ral rule which governs this genus. < )ue (lav in Septembc-r, long after I had publicly amiounced this as a fact to a scientilic body, I was startled to observe on the side of an l-ilk a slight dilTerence in the color between tin- u|iper and the lower portions of the side, although tlu' line of demarca- tion was not well ih'iined. I at once sns[)ected that I had fallen into an error. I continued my observations, long and anxiously scrutini/ing everv [lart of eacli individmil in the band, whii'h I could induc(! to come sntliciently near for tlie purjiose. At last it became pcrfi'ctly (.-lear that I had been in error. 'I'lie sunmier coats were disappearing and were being rephu'ed i)y the new coats, liut the new were in lenglh and color so nearly like the old. and the process \vas so gradual tliat it had been hitherto overlooked, although it had often l)een the sid)iect oi examination. 'Hk; truth is 1 had not known hnw to examine for it, for it had not occurred to me that the old and the new could be so nearly alike, and that tin; new hairs could spring up among the old ones so gradually, and b<; so well calculated to elude the scrutiny of tin; c)hscrver. After I learned how to examine and coin])reliended the mode of the change, the evidence of tlie truth ra[)idly accumu- lated, till finally the whole process ai)peared perfectly plain. I 'i. 1 ^ II i'2i; 77//; DEEll OF AMIlincA. roiild sec it now \r\-y distinctly, and was surpi'iscd that I liad hccn SI) lnni;' lilind with my opi-ii cyt's. I coiild now sec tliat Monit! (if liic animals had already takrii on almost tlir cntii'c new suits, while others had liai'diy eomnieneed to cast oil' tiie old ones, and \ct the earanc(>, ( )n this animal we set' the two ex- tremes of the process. The particulars of this process in thi' Moose and the('ariliou has not heen carefully studied l>y ;uiy one, so far as 1 can learn. Hut few have had facilities for sludyini;' it, and these have taken no interest in tlu! nuitter. Naturalists have deemed it of so little im[)urtaiiee, that 'they liavo rarely even mentioned the two pe- lages, allhoumh the marked difference in color of the two coats on the Virginia deer, which has been nuudi more stiidieil than any of the other species, has heen fre(piently s[)oken of, The red and the hlnr coats have been constantly remarked by hunters, because the deer are always poor wlien in the red, and are only worth killing when in the blue. If 1 lind occasional mention nuule of the summer and winter coats of thi' moose and the cai'ibou, I lack the necessary facts to give a. clear idea of the minute dilTerenocs which they exhibit. I have in mygrouiuls all the species of which 1 ti'eat. ext'ej)! the moose ami tiie caribou, and havi; been enabled to study at leisure the living specimens, anil so may speak with the utmost conlidt'uce of them. In all, the change from the sunuuer to the winter coat is grad- ual, the new dis[)lai'ing the old by disloilging the luiirs prlack aiipcaiancc al all. i'mi' till- pai't of till' ni'W coat whicli had Ihhmi exposed foi- a few days would have already assnine(l its e'l'ayish hue, and a pai't wiillld still he eovere(| 1 ly the old yellow sununel' eoat. The liner the condition of the animal, the more intense and lu'illianl is this Mack, and the loiiL^'er it resi>|s the leiulciicy to turn !j,i-a\ . 1 once had a farrow doe that was very fat, wiiich retained the lilack till the y(dlo\v was all j;'one, so that for a few days she was as lilack as a lieai', and s|ieciniens of the new coal, plucked from the luin. were mit more than live or si\ lines lone'. An exanniialion of these hairs slioweil that the lilack was conliiied to the uji|ii'i' pari, while the lower was bi'ittle, and lose their elasticity, so that the integ- riiy of the walls is destroyed when siiarply binit, and they remain in the given position. 'i'owar animals rubbing against the lives. This is espcciully the cas(; with tlu' caribou, which bv reason of the darker ends of the hairs becoming broken off, appears in almost a while garb to- wards •s[)ring. T have observed the same occurrciUH! in manv iuslaiices in the Virginia ilecr in my grounds. I have known a few instances in wliii'h the Virginia deer had l)itti'n olY, towards spring, almost tlni cntiro winter coat. I supposed this was caused by their being infected by vermin, but I was unable to verify this supposition. (-)n all the species, the hairs of the winter coat, (!xcept the short u I! . i 1'2H Tin: i>i:i:n <>r amuhk !■ I ones Oil llir I'acr nml legs, aro crinkled, ainl ;ill arc ti|>|)t'(l with Macli, w lii'i'i'srr till' coat is coldn'd, cscciii mi tin- carilpDii, wiici'i' tiiis law sciiiis icNci'scd. lOvcii the very wliili' hairs, wliii'li arc always Iniiiid spaiM'K scattci'i'd throii^'h the lilai'kr-| Modsc. arr pniNiili'd with a jd lilack li|t. so liiir, that the iialo'd rye will scai'oi'ly discern it. tlnaid-li it may he iVoiii twi> to Ihrre lines in leiiLith. Px'low this is a tawnv annular section of th allie ex- tern i\\ this, ayain. the hairs are as win te as snow All of the hlack hairs on ihe .Moose lia\c the insset or tawii\ --eclioii o|' twd or ihiee lines ill extent, ahout I'onr lines lielovy the shai'p. hlack points, and are wliit(! on their lower parts, for from one (piarter to one cij^hth their leiiinth. 'I"he hlack hairs are more .f the that the a>tic than the while ones, and the lower wl lite poilioii> hlack hail's are more hrittle than the hlack portions, s. ooluriiiLi' matter seems to add to the slrentxtli and elasijciiv of the lairs. On t he Caiihoii. the liairs av(^ much shorter than mi the moose, but, they are xciy dense and coinpaet. h)riiiiiin' a remarkably warm covering- for winter; and their skins are highly prized by the northern natives, who nse them for ^arnu'iits. The hairs are more nnihirm in color througliont tlu'ir lenn'th, than on any of the other species. As bi-fore statcti, tht-y are not like the oth< 's, tipped with hiai'k. while they are lighter ni-ar the body. ()ii the Cai'iboii, whei'i hit hair; e tne wlute generally prevails, iiie iiairs are white tilt! whole length, and where the tlark color [H'evails, they are dark colored tlu^ whole leiigtli. ( )ii oiir [''dk the hairs are longer, and very abundant. 'I'ln'V ai'e exci'edinglv light, and excellent non-condiiclors of heat. Th d tl f th lev are more erinlclea tliaii on any ol tlie oiiiers, and altnoiiL!n loss brittle' than on tlu^ caribou, they are (piite non-elastic. When used as robes, they are very warm and eoiufortable for covering. w leii iiseil as a cnsliion, tor riding, or in camp to a bed, the hairs break down under the j)ressiii'e. and their beauty and even comfort are spoiled. 'Idie siu'fat'e of the hairs ap])ears very smooth, but under the microscope! tlie ajipearaiice id minute scales is disclosed. In form, the hairs on Wapiti f'H' one hnirtli of their outer length taper, terminating with an exceedingly line ])oint, inoi't! dillicult to be seen than the point of a line needle. IJelow this the tliameter is nearly uniform till near the end. wliere they contract to the root, the neck of wdiich is about one eighth the largest diameter of the hair, then the root swells oui to doubh; the size of the neck and ternunates in a semi-spherical U'l" M n CO. I 7' .|.\ 7' I i>l.(>n. lli'.t I'oriii. Tilt' It'ii^tli nf tile niiii is iiciiily wciitv times its lurmcst iilli| iiinlcr till' iiick. 'I'lic liaiis of lliisun tPiir ell; an' ciMlit iiiclics InllLl. '"It I liaVC Ihit riillllil lllclll S(i lii|i'4' nil |||c llliin-,,'. tl|il|ln'|l ■ illi'Ts liavf. ( )ii the sidrs of tlic iicrk tln'\ arc iinl si i |l]|l^■. still llicy arc \ci'V iiiiicli lender tliaii uii aiiv nilicr part nt the animal, i'lic lillllc ilci'i' alsii lias a disliiict maiic, lait iint sn Ihiic' ;is alin\c, iIhI il is oil iJic ti)|i III' the iicck. ami cv<'ii extends almi^' tin- liack -omeiiiiics to the liips. Tliis malic falls apart >'p as In liaii^' n\cr "II cillici' siilc alniiL;- tlic tup (if ||ic lack, and lliis jiai'liijc' of ||ic liairs colli iiiiies dnwii the liack for a considcralilc di-^tam'c. and oil oiii' spciaiucii I oliscrvcd it rcaclicd llic hips. ( hi soini' accd specimens in mv croiinds I have found this mane lcs> coii>piciioiis, and the part iiic- nil the lop of the neck h'ss or scarccU nliNci'N aide ; Iml the darker line aloiic; the top of ihc Mci'ix and hack I have foiiiul on all tin' iiidi\idiials examined, ulicilier in my crnimds or in the ('liicaL;'o market, where I have seen Imndrcds, or in the woods, tlioiich this mark is less pro- iiniinccd oil some than on others. <)ii the rum|i. just ahove the while tail, where this dark stripe terniinates. the Mack is deeper than it is fiirllier forwanl. es|tecially on tho>e where the dark line i-> I he faintest . The hairs on all the species continue to iiKacasc in length and diameter till .laiuiary or i'MMi Fcliruai'v, li\ which time, on the liodies of the elk aiid file iiiulc deer, tliev lia\e altaiiied a lelicth of 1 wo ini'hcs nr more. ( )ii the fnrehcads they are an inch or more in Icnelli, which on the elk lie in wavv tufts, hut on the lillllc deer they slanii all the species the hairs on the face Ixdnwlhe eyes are short and stout, and have a backward or lateral set, which iniist tend to admil the rains when the animals are fci'dine-, hut allows them to remain iiiidisturlied hy coiitacf with the hriisli, or tall crass, or weeds, whcii ruimiiie' throucli them, and with the wind when facility it. ( >n the lec's, iilso, tho hairs iir(> short, hut Jirc the loiiLiest on the mule deer. ( )ii tlilVcrciit parts of the le^s, the hairs point in various *) riii: ni:i:i! or .\.\n:i;i< .\. Iiuduiii iif ilic iifck. ;iltli(niyli (111- Imils iii;i\- sniiictiiiirs 1)1' roiiiid J littlr l<>ii;^<'i' III) till' iii'i'l; lliaii oil tlic ImiU. I li;i\i' siMmlit nil Npcciiiit'iis (if till' ( 'i)liiiiilii;i ili'cr In W'jisliiii^^f- t'>ii TiTiiliii'v . ill ( h'c'^dii. iiinl ill ( alil'iiniiii. I'll!' llic lut'i of Imit;' hairs ip'ai' llic iiiiiiiilii'iis, ili'srrihi'il liv AihIiiIh iii. luil I ciuilil IH'Vi'l' (li'lrrt till' least il I >| ira TalH 'i • i 'I it .liilin llii'liai'dsiiji' lin'iii'i' nl till' iiiiilc (li'cr rcprcsi'iii^ that >|ii'cirs as [unv iilcil willi a >iinilai' a|i|iciiilaL;i', Iml tlii>. I ran I'linliilmtly a^^i'il is a inis- ilc-MTi|il ii 111. as well as llii' Imi;;- l>ii>liy tail wliii-li Ih' juils nil the saiiii' animal. Iinli'fil I liavc in'ViT I'niind tlii> tiii'l. wliidi is iiiii\i'r>all \ loiiniloii I lie ciiniiiiwii luijl, uii a sin^ii' iiiiliv iiliial i>l' riijii'i' III' ilic (li'cr I'aniilv, aiul am \ri'\ rnnlidi'iit it is imt an iiriliiiafv aiiiuiiilaiir In citlu'r (Hie .1' I iclll ii> tiilt .111 till' Iml marks the urilicc nl' tlir tiirca, wliidi mi Imlli tiic iiiiili' and tiir ( nliimiiia ili'rr. is lai iiai'k III tWCrll till' (illl as is iiiniT |iai : iciilai'lN' lii'SiTilicil 111 aiiiiilii'i' jilarr On till' Ml 111 lll\ riillrrt lull, till' n]i|HT li|t dl' lllll/,/|i' i> ■(iNricd witli liairs. ('\c('|it in iVniil. wlicri' tluTi' i> a naked pare siiaiied preeiselv like the cress section 111 an // rail\\a\ rail, the head nl' which is exactly hetweeii the iiii>t rils. and i:- line inch ami ten lines wide; ami Ireiu the ti he limire til the imnitli. nil which rests the I'nnt n| the rail, is (iiie inch and six lines, am I the thickness nt' the neck n}i the rail is three liiu This liniire is siii'ruiindeil with liairs imt umre than twn Ii lies in leiiet II. w nicli I adiale in every directinii I'roiii the borders nl' the head nl the lieiire. luit lielnw that |iniiit the iiairs assiinie a descending |in>itinii. These hairs nil the ii[>|)er lip are nl' a yel- liiwis h daw cnlnr dotted i)\ry with lilaek sjmls, I'mni eacli n which spriiiL!,s a stilV. ta[K'rinj l.lack hair liDin three tn six lines in length. I''ni' -ix iclies alinve the naked space are I'miml sparsely scattere(l similar Iiairs, I'rniii one to two inches in length. ( )n this reeiuii, and a'mve, the hairs assiiine an ascendine- direc- tinii. and ;j,rnw liehler in color till a tawny hrown is attained on the I'nrehead ; Iml on the cheeks and the iindei' side of the head Mack pre\ails. 'I'iiis naked mark on the nni/.zie, and indeed this wlioK; description, answiu's precisely to my ohserx atioiis mi the Scandinavian elk, only the .shades nf cnlor art^ geMerall\ liehlei' on the Moose. ( )n the C'ai'ibon alone, of all onr deer, is tlii^ niii/zh^ or nj^pcr lip entirely- covered with short, still' hairs, except a very narrow line alonu; the lower edge of the lip. There is no naked line down the initldle, as has been stated hy some, but tlie coat i> SCI ' Cfcl lire llll'l 'Hid CiT pari till' idwa aiiin mid IIIIIU pitlcc ( n.l V |.\7» col.oi:. \)\ |MTlVctlv miirnrm I'liliirly ;icrn-,^. Tn'l wnMi llic im-triU. tlnsc h.iirs a>siiiiic in :i>ci'iiirniL;' diiiTt inii, iiiid iUi' i>i ;i li^lil .■iiliir. ;is I'iir ii|i ;is the miililli' nl tin- llnsd'ils; hIkinc lhi> |ii>iiit l||i'\ m'ciW ;i lil I Ir 1ii||m;(.|' mid liccnliM' ;i cIkiCiiImIi' lU'iWII I'll' t lll'i'C inches, wlidi ll ■ Itrcouic (if ;i li^litiT >li;idr. lull -till tlh' I'ai'i' is lii'iiwii ii|i I" ill' iiiilli'is. I'lcldU. |m1" ,-a\ lln'i'f ini'lus. pi i-iiTinr iM ilic lii^lit dun. Ill' as t'ac liai k as tlic anuli' nl lln' niMiitli. il nia\ 111' lairK ralli'd lilack. Hack nl llial il lades nut to a dirlv \cll(i\\i>li wliiic almiL;' I lie midi'i' -idci.l' ihr licad. Ai'aind llic c\cs liic lii'uwn is nt' a dcipci' -liadi' llian llic rc-t. No kiiii; Mack liaiis arc I'niind nil llic ii|i|ici' lip i.r iii'>c nl' llic ('ariliMii, as cli>cl'\cd mi llic lllnnsc, lull HI lllcil' place a I'c a |c\\ wlllle liail'S, w liich >liii\\ i'iiiispiciiiiii>l V nil I lie dark L;i'niiiid. I Inimd i lii' same iiiarkiiies mi llie eastern reindeer's lace. llic llp|ic|' lip nf nlll' |'"dk is alsn cnscl'ed \\ i I 1 1 >lh.r! liailS. e\- ccpi I'm' >c Veil lines in liniil and the >pai'e lictwceii the im-tiils. which is naked. Iml a pnmi nl' lln' cnat almse imades the upper part nl' this naked space. 'I'lie dividine- space in I'rniil.nii the upper lip, I'm' nine nr ten line- almsc the niniith. i> imi ciilirclv naked, lull i> dnitcd n\er with lulls n|' very line -hiirl hairs. alnm.-i like I'nr. 'Ihcse (nils are le-s than a line in diaiiieier, aiidnNcra linca|iarl. 'I'lic-c ha\ e sninet liiiii;' the appearance nf the litilc tiuis nil many i^i the cacti family nf plaiils, and ci all. These three lar_e'e species, nf which we ha\c just spnkeii. we see have the mii/./.le nr iijipci' lip either partially nr eiitirelv cnv- cled with hair: lull nn the Mliallcst nf the three it is alnlle en- tirely cnNcred, while the ne\t alinve ill si/.e is the least covered. and the larm'sl is intermediate. All i as the upper [lail of the nostrils entirely naked," to ahmit the same e\teiit as the o\. This naked portion, when the animal is in health, is always moist uiid is colli to the tmieli, lieine- the niily part <>( the animal where an ait[)recial)le [)ei'spinitinii is observed. The fnrm and relative extent of the naked [lortion is [U'ccisely alike in the iiiiiie deer, the Coliuubia deer, the N'lrgiuiii deer ami the Aea- jHilco deer, and I may add the Ceylon deer; exet'pt that in the •r !I1'' 1:^.-^ i»j*j 77//; i>i:i:i! of ami'.ukw. I .( ; liirH'cst of tlifsc, the imilc dcci'. tlic li;iirs .iImivc cNtclitl dnwii lictucfii tlic iKisli'ils I'lir halt' an iiicli or iiuirc, ti'i'iiiiiiat Iiil;' in a ]>iiiiit at an an^lc nf i^'iiiaps civilly ilrnTt'cs. while mi all the (itlicis, ihc nppcr Ixii'dci' of tlio naked |ioi'tion passes dii'eetl\- across from one nosti'il to tlic other, at theii' nnner extremities. his naked portion extends around the u| iliel' lip, to a point e\- aell\ lielow the centre o[ the iiostril : so that the po>terioi hall o| 1 he lio>t I'll IS olil V separ iited from the hair liv an exeeedlliel y narrow naked holder, while all is naked around the anterior half. Always on all the species last named, the antei'ior point of the lair on the upper lip, where it meets the naked miillle under tin iiDstril, is white. 'Idiis white, i)ortion, allhoiiL'h alwa\s present, vanes niiich in ex tent. Tost erior to tins wniie spo hit. )t, frc(|iientl V occurs a Mai-k section extending hack to the aneie of the mouth. and from the inuulli upward, einhracine' the posterior part of thi' nostril, and uniting on top with a similar Mack section from the other side, const it lit iiiii' a lilack liaiul |»assino' over the iio.m' from the iiiouth on one side, to the mouth on the othei Not nncoiii- nionl\ , t'spe( lallv on the \' iro'ima deer, tins hlaci; section is iioi conliniious, hut is coniiiied to a secliicuoiis on the N'ire'iniii deer, liack of this hlack sei'tioii when it (h'sceiids to the month, iiiiniencine' at the anu'le of the month, occairs a while section the upper and po; iterior liordi'r of which is not widl detined. ( )i some specimens it is (luite limiti'd in extent, while on others it ditr uses itself over the wlioh; face, itosterior to the hi; ick portion aliove described, which it sometimes .'ompresses into very nar limits on top, while on others row the 1 )lacK occi lilies the whole fa. u p to the eyes. Iiide.'d this is nearly always the cas.^ .\ T AM) fd/jii;. 1 no 'i 'I 11 < )ii all tlicsc spfcics also, just aiiti'i'lor tn llic aii!j,It' of tlic nnuitli nil till' lower side, oc ms aiiotlirr Mark section, wliidi in a larm> iinjority of cases resolves itself into ;i Itliick hand eniliraiaiiLf the lower jaw just lieliind the chin, though somi'tinu'S this hand is Iirokeii on the iiiider side, anil sometimes it widens there, so as to 'd\er the Mosterior part of thi^ chin. I have studied this long and carefnllv to jind some distiiiguishinij; characteristic as appli- laMe to each species, hut without vcrv satisfaclorv results. The most I will venture to say is. that I am inclined to think' that the hlack is not so deep and is rather less in extent on the mule ^r^^\• than on the others, but on all the species it varies very iimrh in indi\ idiials, hotli in extent and in depth of colorin^•. Its ^^cat value is that il is ahvavs found in each individual in all the >pccii s of this division of the family, while it is wantiiiL;' on nil the otlu'rs. ( )n all. the anterior part of the chin is always white, and so it is of a lii;'hter shade on the elk and th " caribou, but (111 the moose it is the blackest part of the head. ( >n the Moose, even when in his blackest dress, tli(> forehead is a dark i-hestniit color, while the face is ni-arly black below tlie eves, ;nid the lower part near the inutile is reddish gray. The lest of the head is black. ( )n the Caribou the face and indeed the entire head is brown, with a reddish tinge, and is the darkest ])art of the animal, ex- cept the legs. 'I'here is on all the species, except the moose and the caribou, a light colored band surrounding tlu' eyes. This varies considtu'- aMv in individuals, hut it is always present in all; sometimes, indeed, it is hardly perceptible above the eye. v.hile on others it is there tlie most eonspicuoiis. Init this variation is among the individuals and not anioKg the s[)ecies, unless it may be less pio- iioiiiiced on the sin dlest — the Acapiilco deer, but tlu' number of >pccimens '>{ tlii . ivhich I. have examined is too limited to enable iiic to ailirm tii i'. it is mi. Its entire absence on t!" moose and llie caribou, and universal presence on all tlm "'"'. "s, is wortliv "f particular remark. The fai'e of tin VAk is a uniform rusr-et brown from the antlers tn the end of the nose, except the white oand which siirroiinds tile eve. There is no white under the head of our I'^lk, in wdiicli it re- seiuhles the other two large ^pecies, and dilTers from ali the smaller species. The forehead of ch(> .Mule and tiie Columbia deer is either [ji W: i;u 77//; />/;/;/.' or am nine lilmk 111' (liifk L^i'ay. .Must cDininnnlv a lilack liiH' cxtciids tVniii cadi eve lo tlic liasc uf cacli aiitliT. ami tln'^i' lines cx- tciiil (Inwii llic i'a<'c briwccii tln' f\('s. imitiii''' al a iMiim licjuw lir cxc^. wliilc a iiii'lilcr shade urfvail 'twcrll tili'si- lijii. wliicli. Iiuwcvcr. is iiitu'li (lai'kcr than ln'Icw. I )i'|(i\\- this, tin ill ISC II !• lace is lit' a iiiuch ii^lilcr I'lijur; all 1 IIS is til a (Icc'i-cc reversed mi iiic \'ii- una (leer am 1 the Aeani llco (leer, ln'ir laces arc hlackesl lielnw the eyes, ill iiiaiu' cases alniiist ciilirc|\ hlack. while ihc iorehead is iinl nf so dark a cnlur In all these the under side uf the head is always white, which c\leiids hack so as to cdver tile throat, and ii very little liclnw it, Iml iii»t tldwn tiie neck. The CDlorllie'S of the lees ;i|id alxnit the feet sliow ]ieclllia)'it ies wiirtli\ of sliid\-. ( )ii two of the species alone, white hairs are found alioiit the hoofs. ( )n the Carihoii these white inarkiiie;s are (•oiistant and uniforiii. The liristles lictwccii the claws are white. 'Iliis white extends up and coinpletelv surrounds liotli the lower and the accessory hoofs. ( )ii the posterior side, lietwecii the small and the lare-e hoof, these while hairs are ver\ stout and linn, [)art;ikine'. like those between the toes, of the character of bristles, except tliat near the points tlie\ are stouter and less llex- e. 'I'liese ]teciili:irities ;ire found oil all the feet at all ai^vs and iiil seasons, and on lioth sexes, and are neciiliar to the ('arilioii. In siieakiiie- of the whil e liairs am iind the hoof of t he f 'aril loll. Dr. ( iilpin sa vs : " Tl le Whole toe is eiiV(doi)e(l in a bcaiitifu Inline ol c arse hair, euiTniii' down over the hlaek hoof t III It iicarlv covers it. passiiie' netween the toes to turni a thick uioji o| coarse hair wrap|)ine' the sole and dew-claws in a warm cushimi. C)ii elitteriiic' ice or slippery slope> how secure this ice-foot. witJi its keen, cultiiiL;' cde'c : in soft snows, spreadiiie' the toes, it forms a soft cushion to hold up the deer upon its treacherous surface, as W(dl as to sITudd it from tiie . 'M. W'e •• ■ imine(liately stri.ik with an iUialogy most unexpecte(| lietwcen the hairy feet of the deer and th(( feathered le^;' and claw of the falcon and ^reat northern owl, and we are apt to speculate how the deer passiii" north lla^ had his limbs thus (dotlied in hair, and has departed from the typical, slender, satin-skinne(l foot of his r ice Above tl le accessii|'\' lioo fs on the Woodland ('aribmi. tli(> colm is variably of a clove brown I'oi- the winter dress; but in olie- dieiice to the e(.ncral law, this dark color fades more or less a- tlie winter iidvaiiccs. The r).irrcn-e;roiind Caribou has a foot similai'ly provided will (■Ill T .|,V/> en/. III! ■ir,\ INC stilT llMirs, l>Ut till' wllili' is lUllcll Iliul'i' f\ti|l(|r(l, Ill^tiMil ^ll^l•l>llnllllll'■ t lie iMiiit'^. \\ liil if liciiii;' coiiiiiicd til a iiaiTiiW haiiil llir li'ij,- is 111' a luit-hriiwn sliaili'. tlir wlinlr I'lmt aiiil Ii'l;' ari' wliilc •\rc]it a tawiiv ln'iiwn slrijir I'Xti'inliiit;' dnwii tin- tVniit nl' rarii Ii'l;\ with whiti' liairs iii(('rs|ii'i'sc(l. illniiiiisliin^- in rxli'iil as it iinirrcds iliiwiiwanl. t ill it tiTininaIrs in iVunl nf ihc ai'i-rssurv liiiii Is. At asl tins IS tlir ■■asc with ihnsc in ni\' mlli'i't mn. ami aril that iiiiih' arc nut iH'iailiar in this rc^an 111 1 lie I'liliir III till" ll'^S llf 1 II' 1 \Vi 1 SlIl'l'll'S 1 1 I" I'l'lllll 111' illlfrrillcr I'lT. W IH'II jilarril >i(lr liy sidr, is viTv st riki iiLi'. IJiit this ^rcatiT cxtiait nl wliilrnn llir iiiir'hi'rn s]ti'ri('s is in liariiniiiv willi a law alri-adx I'rir; rnl tn. Ill a ^Trat inajiirilv ni' rases, nmrr nr h'ss white is Inmid alimit till' liiHil's (if the X'ii'e-inia Di'ef. luit rareK in I wliii'h is iinil'iU'iiiK' fiiiind a In ml the I'ihiI nf t he ( 'aril mil. >'• that it le eMelll n| tjiat lllllSl 1)1' CllllSK lered a fiiuilive and imt a i>eriiianenl mark nf lli. 'ies. If |ires('nt. this while is sure In 1 te Sei'Il hrt W e^MI t III I'les. and siiiiielimes it is limited In that revinii. I -iiail\ thi while mark extfiids in a narrnw line n \) the fmill nf ih iillllnsil e t he ai'i'CSSnrV III II il he while alsii treiiueiil 1\ simws is niiix' |nr a simi" itself arnniid the upper part of the iiimfs. |)eiiia| (list a III 'I', and sum el lines, tlmn^h rarely, ipiite arniind Imi h. Snine- liiiies these white niai'kiiie's a|ipear nll nlie nr nmre nf the leel. and sninetiines on all. < )n snnie. im white e\'er ajipear^ ainiind the feel. This while is verv pure, imi a enlnred hair liein^' fniind 111 teriiiixed willi il . Al II i\ e. 1 lie lee is nf I he riifniis sh; ii|e. \ar\- iiiH' verv efeat 1 V in inteiisil w frnm the fuloy pre\ ailiiiu' nn the Imd In ainiiist iiiire wiiili ha\(' 111 tii\' cnjleelinn a siieianieii. llii i|n\\ llf whifli are aliimst eiilirelv nf a vellnwish while, milv a liiii n the aiileriiir ede-e nf ihe le^ has I iwiiv I'eil hairs inter- mixed with the white, imparl iiiLi; a sail Iv shade. The liift liver the metatarsal eland is a purer wiiile than nn the ri>i nf ihe lee nf tills v Mniinlains, where it is called the whitc-taili'd deer, nr, further imrlli. the Iniie- laileddeer, nf ' V/'ryrv /c/^r/o'/ZN (if siiine aiit In ii's : and \i'l the tail, all hniiMh 1 here is im Mack upnii ii . caiiiinl lie ili->l ine'iiished, eit In-r ill lene'th. fiirin, nr culnr, fmm many li\iiie' specimens in my e'rniinds. 1 have in iUiotlnn' place assiened the yr;\ suns wli\- we iniist class this with the Niruiiiia deer, and it IS scarci'h eiit It led 1.30 Tin: i>Ei:i: or amkuica. tn tli(> (listiiictidii of ;i vnrictv, tlic only ix'ciilijvril y being, tliat it liiis oil (lie nvcriii^c more; wiiitt' on it than lliosc native cast of tlic Missouri Jkivrr. This siK'cinu'n lias mere Avhitc on it than any other wliieli I have ever seen anywhere. On one specimen only of the Wapiti deer hav(> I found white hairs around the hoofs, and I have examined hundreds for them. This was a fine buck, sent from Laramie, on the Laramie jdaiiis, and probably killed in that neiglil>orliood in .January. IsTo. I judge him to have been liv(! years old. Anamd the hoofs on eaeh foot was ji band of ])ure white hairs. It, extendeil (piite around the upper ]>art of the hoofs, and was about throe lines broad, and was o f the like dimensions on ejieh foot. We ave seen in another })laee that white s})ots, or white hairs, fr, ' idy a|)pear on tin; Elk, but they are fugitive, never appi'ariig i • he same form or place, if at all, the next ycai'. It nie Would be iiu« ■• ting to know if this wa.s so on the. Laiai ( )n all the s[»eeies, save? tlu' oaril)ou and the N'irginia deer, not a white hair lias ever been detected around the hoofs, except the single elk just named: but if there be a distinction, the hairs around the hoofs are of a darker shade tliuii those above, though 1 was disa])p()inted not to iind some white hairs there on the Acapuico deer and the Ceylon deer. The h'gs of the female VVa|)iti are of a cliestnut brown, and on the bucks th(>y are brown bhiek, fading out iis the season pro- gi'esscs to tlu> color of the females, but on tlii' jiosterior edges on both, at all times, is the stripe of a iiiucii lighter and more yel- ow snade elsewnere descri d( ibed. 'i'he leg of tli(! Mule Deer, although cpiite dark in the earlv wmlei a liuht coa t, fades out ra]>idiy, so that by midwinter it is of ipiite lor, and bv surinu", it is sometimes nearly white, but diir iiKli vKluals (tiller verv much m tins reuan th Tl le same ri'iuark wi II a|)ply to both the Virginia, and the Columbia deer. < )n tin LcaiHilco (leer, the leu' is of a darker color, and fades 1 ess (luring the w inter, still it fades to a certain extent. I have already spoken somewhat of the general color of the Moose. We have seen that the new winter coat on the young Moose is black, and so it is till lie I'eachcs his prime. Although, even before that, the intensity or brilliaucv of the color niav TIk? lirst two or thn lose its lustre. Ca})tain Hardy says; days of September over, and the Moose has worked olT (from his antlers) the last ragged stri]) of the deciduous skin against his favorite rubbing-jxist." "His coat now lies chwe with a gloss COAT A XT) (OT.on. ir, >i icflcctiiii' the sun's ravs. like tliat of a wi'll-^rowtncd liorsc. His lirfvailiiiL;' color if in his ])riiii(' is jet black, with lioaiitiful ^'ohlcn brown lens jind Hanks pale fawn."" ' Di". (iiljiin, in dcscrihint^ the coloi- in Scptcnihcr. of a male tlirec years and fonr months old, says: '• "^I'lic color of this Imll was in the liii^hcst snninici' coatinti of deep olossy black and short as ;i wcll-i^rooincd horse. The niutllr and foreliead had a bi'ownish vellow cast, tlu! cheeksand neck dark l)lai'k ; the ears were li^ht fawn inside, a little darker outside; the crest y(dlowisli. niixed i^ray and white, and a yellow oray patch npon the croup. 'Ihe inside of the buttock and all the legs botli inside ami outride were briu'ht vellow fawn, the black of the bodv runninti' down half way to the hocks and to the knees, and ending with an ali- rupt line in a ]M)int. There was also a black line running from each hock and each knee in front and widening tu join the hoof. Tills line lias heretofore escaped obst-rvers."' Audubon and IJachman, in closing th(;ir description of the color of tile Moose, say: '* The young animals, for the iirst. winter, are of a reddish i»rown color; individuals even of the same age often dilTei- in color, some being darker than others, but there is always a striking dilTerence l)etween tlie summer and winter colors, tlu^ liairs in winter bei'oming darker; as the .\b)ose ad- vances in age, tlu! <'olor continues to dc'e])en, until it appears black; thence it was naine(l by Hamilton Smith, not inappro- la telv V as regarc pr some errors Is color, ' the American Black V. 11 (■re are that require co rrection. While the winter coat is ilarker than the summer coat the striking contrast is in Si'ptem- iter coat Iirst ap]iears. From that time onward, I )er, when the win it grows lighter continually. It is manifest, however, that they did not mistake the new winter coat for the summer coat, as very often occurs, but they clearly recognized tlie two pelages in each year, in tlie Moose, as occurs with all the other deer, which, however, has been rarely noticed or appreciated by those most famil lar w itli tlie animal, llowthev fell into the error of statiiu that the color of the Moose deepens as it ad\aiices in age until it finally a]ipi'ars black, it is not easy to explain. All most familiar with th(^ animal, agree that after the first year, the winter coat is blackest, and that after full maturity it sensibly grows lighter with advanciiii; aire. ('ai»tain Ilardv savs: " In (»ld bulls of the American vari»>ty the coat is inclined to assume a grizzly hue."" Mr. Morrow writes me, quoting from a frieiul who often ac- 1 Fori st l.ifi' in Aritdir. ]). 60. Ui :if iirfiF ins 'riiE i)i:i:i; i>r amkuka. Cf) iii|tani('s liiiii in tin' cIkisc dl' tlir Mduso : "• 'lin' yuiinu'i'r nniinii^ ire (lai'ki'st. As winter ikIvuiu'cs ilic liaii' ^r^ws |i)iii;i'r and • "•radiiallN lad iiiTduini"' mnrc ''-rav his lailMi'j,' "lit (>l tiK )l(ir t' iii't: i>|' nray, willi advancing an't', is a tai'l sn we rccdoni/.iMl l)_v all familiar with llie animal, so far as I liavc ln'cn alili' In Irarn. that" I du iidI (Iimmii it nrccssarv Id miiltijiK (inota- t urns (in til'' suiMi' hat. tins IS miicli iiniri' the casr with sonw )| all niir (leer. than willi others, we ma\' not ([uestion. anv more than that iiidi- \idiials of all ages dil'fer \r\'\ a[i])reeiahl\' in color, which is ad- mitted liy all. It is liv far the darkest colored i and it is prohaiily the of any oliserver who has done so, it may he propel thai I sliould group together some of the evideiici^ which r think tends strongly to establish it. Let us again i'(>ciir to what Dr. (Jiliiin savs of the coat in Septemlier of I he three-year old male Afoose : '■ The cohir of the hull was in the higliest summer coating of deep glossy hlack ;ind mcd horse." Now this was at a time ^vhen short as a well-iiroo the other species of deer liiivc; just discarded the sunnner coat an Doctor wrote tliis description, his attention had not been called to tills second pelage of the Moose, noi' do I any- where tind ii direct examination of the subjeci hv any author, nor. so I'ai' as I know, have tlu' hunters taken |iarticular note of it. Hardv sa\s : '• His coat now lies close, with a gloss rellect- me' the sun s rav: like that of a well-u'roomeil 1 lorse 1 I IIKl abiindauf evidence that the Moose has a, new coat in the fall in many observations, like the above. l'',ven without thi-se, analogy se. and we should t'ccniire the tells us that such must be the ca strongest evidence to dispute her teachings. The fact that tin' Moose is out of season and is never hunted when in the summer coiit, — that then tliey are without their antlers, and seek the deepest seclusion, — ex[)lains how it is that they are rarely seen W\ rOA r .\\l> inT.nl!. mo when ill lliiit unattnu'livc siinimcr suit. N;il iirnlists. stiulviiin' lliis ;iiilin;il. lijivc iKit niiidc this |i;ii'ti(Mil;ii' pMinl ;i siilijicl, u(' iii- ijiiiry. .'111(1 so tlu'ir nttciitidii liiis not hccn (jinctcd to tin- I'acts, I'vcii when seen, wliidi woulil serve to I'liiciilatc it. W'c iiiav sec a tlioiisaml t Iiiiin's witlioiit oliscrvint;' tliciii. if AVrdu not a|i|iri'- ciatc tlii'ir ini|iortan('c. We see tlieni and |iass tlieni 1>\ in i'oi'- ■iel fulness, unless we see in tlii'iii soin(> siL;nitieanec. \\\r\\ so ae- ciii-ate an ohsi-rver and accomiilislied a, naturalist as Dr. (iil]iln. lived aiiionu' tlie Moose, as Wf iiiav say. for forty years, without his attention being directed to this jiarticidar branch of the snb- jci't. * 111 answer to my iiii|iiiries in reference to two pclanes of the moose and the caribou. Mr. IJobei't .^^)l•l■ow. of Halifax, writes me: ■• Thev have a suimner and ii winti'r <-oat. but that thev shed it more than once a year I cannot say. 'liie Indians sav no. but it is not |>robable that their attention has been drawn to ilie subject. Dr. (iiljiin thinks, reasfjiiing from analo^v. that iliey partially shed their coat in the latti'r part of the suniiner. in wdiicli case tlio coat is shed spring and fall." W'iien T remember the dilliculty I had to detect the shedding of the coat in the fall bv the elk, and that after years of observa- tion with the best o]iport unities, T was still of o|»iniou that he had hut one peliigo in the year. I can appreciate how little reliance can be placeil on the iicgati\e comdusioiis of even the Indians, who, as Mr. Morrow suggests, probably ni'ver thought of the suliject. The observer who detecteil ;i clear and well-ilelined line hetween lighter and (hirker sIkuIcs along the side of the caribou, saw the same thing, though more distinctly, that first led me to discover the cluuigo of coat at the end of summer on the elk". The mule deer n>s(.'nibles the Moose most in the bhudc color of lite new winter coat, but it turns to gray much sooner than the Itlack of the Moose fades to the grayish white, which it assumes during the winter or to.vards the spring. 1 again (piot(^ from (iilpin : " The winter coating (of the Moose) is f(U'nied of long hair so stiiT as to stand bristly outward, and as each hair is leail colored at base, gravish-white in the middle, and blade at to[), ilie w hole animal has a grayish appearance, '["he crest loses its yellowish wash, and the Iniir on the cheeks and neck is both darker and shaggier than on the body. There is still a yellowish hrown wash on the ninlTer and forehead, and the ears an; brown- ish fawn. The beautiful yellow fawn and blaclc stripes of the legs disa[)pear, iind inix-cd gray cover them, hiding the abrupt lilt Wr 140 77//; /)j:i:i; of ameuica. lines of lihick iind tail." Altliou'rli (Hir iuitlior \viis not aware tliat li(! was (lescrihiiiijj the same winter coat at two ditVei'eiit ])eiio(ls of its f^rowtli, lie lias done so with marked clearness, and he wonid have appreciated this, if ln' had watched many individ- uals of most of th dirty and ragged appearance, and all at once, ill Septembor, w(i find it changed to a, rich ami beautiful nuptial dress, the admiration of all who see him. No one ever mentions him in this dress in the sumnier time, and I imagine no one of sense will suppose he ever wears such a dress at that time, and to suppose that tlu^ same hairs which had been long and harsh, and dull of (Milor, all at once become short, and soft, and brilliant, seems to me to bespeak an ignorance of the growth of the coats of qnadru])eds. It seems to mo impossible to account for this ornamental coat in tin? early fall, exce[)t on tli(» coin'lu- sion that it is (composed of now hairs, which have lately taken the place of others of a diiferent color and (piality just east oil". Audubon and Hachman say : " Hut there is always a striking diil'eronco between tlio summer and winter colors, the hairs in winter becoming darker." Now this must b(> a recognition of the two distinct coats of summer and winter ; the former of which is certainly lighter than the latter, even after it has faded from its lirst brilliant hues, ft wouhl bo an anomaly, indeed, for a sii'kly, pale coat to change to a brilliant black. IJoth from analogy and attested facts, when their true imjiort is proii(>rly considered, I think we are warranted in tlu; conclu- sion that the Moose, with tho others, has its two distinct pelages lacli yei w. 'II. I 'I \ i> COAT \M> fof.ol! 141 ( )|" the individual ludi's. Captain llardx sav Tl ic cxli'i'mi- tifs (inly this, csiirrijlly upon I ill' nci'h, whcrr I lind niaiiv hairs lilark ncai'lv t hrir w \\ii\r Iriin'th. and qnitc a nnndicr snow-w hiti-. trnni oim; extremity tn I lie othel'. 'The ei>at of niider fnr, whieli is almost as almndant as on oiir elk. is of a uniform dial>, and does not under^D the same ehanees of <'olor whieh are oliserved with the h)iiLL- coarse hair, which aloni' are seen liy the sn|ieiticial oiiserver. While the head and the lens of the Woodland ('aril>ou are al- ways distinctly colored, in a lar^e majority of individuals white predominales, especially on the neck, which is almost nni\ cisall v tlie whitest part of the animal. The hm;,;' whit(( mane of the uld hack is a very sti'ikini;' characteristic. Hardy says, ••The white mane reachinai'ts, pure white; legs "white inside, outside brown, with white fringes. In summer, neck, extr .\mi:iu( a. till' liairs !U'(^ diirkci' liciicatli tlinii ;il nr near (licii- (iiiicr t'lids, wliicli is tlic ex act ri'\cr>r nl' w hat we ohscrN c dii tlic otlici' s|i(Tirs. he iiinlcr coal u III!' Mil I lie ( 'arilxni IS vri-v a 1)1111(1: ml . aiH. i> (i|' llic ciiIdi' (if tlif hairs aiiidiin' which it is I'imiikI. ( )t' thccnat and ciilorinn' nf ihc r>airi'ii-L;i'Miiii(l ( 'arilioii, Sif .lnhii IlichariUnii iU'ivcs this i|clicil> its wiiili'i- i'ii\ riini;' and ac(|nii'('s a ^hll^t snionih cdat nf hair, of a ciilcir cMiiiiHi-M'd (if cJiiNc-liriiwn niini;l('il with dcc|i reddish and vclldW i--li lini\\n>: t he under surface df t he neck and liells.and the inner ^ides df the eMi'einities, reinainine' white in all seasnns. r le hair at lii'sl is hue and llexil nut as It leiiiitheiis il in (•leases er;i(hially in diameter at its idnts, liecdinine; at the saiin tiiiHi white, Sdfl, cdin]>ressilil(' and lirittle, like the hair df tin lll(iO.SL'-\ the larva; of the ead-llv makine w th leir wav throiiiih the skin, tliev riih theinscdvcs aeaiiist stones and rocks, until all the colori'd tips of the hair aro worn oil and their fiir appears to he of a soiled white color." This certainly eiscs us a very clear account of the winter coat, from its lirst appearance till towards the spring, at least. It i.> very clear that it never occurred to our author to iiupiire whether the animal has two p(dau;<'s, o but oni; (.luriiiiX tlu! veai That (piestion evideiiily iievi-r eneaged his attontion, and he made iin carefid observatidiis for the express purpose of elucidating it. Had he done so he w^ould no doubt liave settled it conclusively. As it is, 1 think further observations are rcquireil. Tl le new coat described is like the new^ winter coat of tin idiich illy )ther species, winch nsually comes on in September, njion th ptembi OSS o f tl le summer (.-oa t. It is I short smooth coat of hair. If there are two pelages, the casting of the summer coat could hartlly have occurred before August or September. But can it be that the winter coat is carried till July. Our author says: " In iNIay tlie females proceed towards tlie sea- coast. Soon after their arrival on the coast, the fcmah ■ III I'lll'fl ( i>A J .\sj> (('i.iii;. It;; ili'(i|) llicii' ydiiiii,^; llicy I'diniiit'iici' their n-luiii ti> tlif smitli in >c|iti'iiilMT, and I'cadi llic \i(init\ l^i llic udmls tuwanls llir md of ((ctolici', ulicic tlh'\ all' jiiini'il |p\ llic niali'- ('aptain I'dTX saw (IriT nn tile .Mi'Uilli' I 'i iii ii-^u la . as lali' as iIicl':'ii1 of *^c|)lfnilii'i-, and tin' frmalivs with ilicir fawns made llicir lii^t a|i|H'arani'i' lUi llic 'ln\ nf AjU'il." NHw. all Ip>ii'_;Ii ihc pcrind nf vcaninn' is \\n[ necessarily idcniical wiiii llic linic n\ slu'ddiiii;' the uinti'i' c(iaU nlpsei'valinn sliows that it i-. inlinialcK cduncclcd wilii it wluTc llic ciiiirsc (if iialui'c i^ iiiiiili>| ludcd. If (hat is I nic (if this animal, alsd, then t he winlci' cual sin add he discai-dc(l III the ni'iiith (if .May (ir .luiic at t!ic latest. riicii we shnidd lia\c Id |iiit hack the lime when the siiminer ccat is slic(l and ilie new winter coat taken till August di' Se|i|ciiilier nr e\cn < )c- ImIict, w hicli I )r. Richai'dsdii sa\ s is I lie t inic w laai the males jdiii llic females near the sdiitlicrn iturders df the liaircii (irdiiiids. If. as Ilicliardsdii sa\s, this animal takes on his nidst attractive attire while he is still pdor in llcsh. while his antlers arc in active ci'dwih, ami three nidiiths hefdi-e the seasdii df hive cdni- iiiciiees, we must indeed cdiisidcr it veiv exccpl' nal and \cr\ c\trad|-diiiary. It seein^ to he a prdvisidii df natarc, that the male shdiild he made the nidst alliacti\c Id the female at this season. His antlers, which wc may proiinic. accdrre he is pininplcd to show himself to these this dress ninst. he despoiled of itslieaiil\ and its att ract i\ eiiess destroyed hy two or three iiidiilhs" •.car. This may all he so and this exceptidnal stale df lhinL;s pnidnced hy his hioh iidrlhern raiic'c and the short siiniinei's there, hiit I could not help making these ivllections. which siiegest, the [lossi- hilitv that Richiirdsoii niiiv ]ia\e heeii mistakei. n the date which he el\cs for the time when the most drnami iiial coat is taken on. I hd[)e I ha\e. iidt hceii misled ii niakint;' these si|o- gi'stions by a desire to maintain a theoi-y which I cdiifess lias sonu'how taken possession of nie, tliat all of our doer must have two pelao'os in the year. I know tliat tlie maintenance of theo- ries is the great bane to imi)artial invi'stii.^'alion, and I try to H'uard au'ain.st it, but a e;r('at number of harmonious facts all jioiuting in one direction, necessarily so arrange themselves as to ; I i V'' 141 77//; i>i:i:i; nr amiihica. m H||iru;(.st fOlU'lllsiollS wllicll Siiiill crvst illli/.i' into tlu'dl'lcs, lliul tllc iliini^i'i- is tliiit, when such (■(Hicliisiniis liavf lu'cii thus iciirhnl, m- siii'li thi'Di'ics h;i\(' iici'ii oner lornicd, \vi' lire Inth to sec iiuy thint,' whiih is iiul in iinnunuy willi thrin. If |)i'. KichaiilsiiM is nut luislakcii in iiis (hitcs, then I think it sui'cly |iiii\i(l ih;il tliis (IciT h;is Iml imi' |icl;iL;'t' in t in' yrai' ;iiiil so is cxiM'ittioniil in lliis rr^ai'd ainoui;' oui" ('crvida'. M. il' they liil't'iT in (his rcs[icct tVoni all the nthrrs it may j_, ilttlc way to >ho\v that liiry arc n. ililVcrcnt: spccii's, wiiicli, howcNcr, I think aliun(kinlly inovcd in other wavs. ia\i' ciscw I'.i'i'c statcil tliat the specimens in niv colh'cl ion I I sliow that the white endu'aces nio-^t of liie ll'es as \\>- as the I i()(i \' < ii IIS (lee)'. W mic t he lees c .1 lie lai'LCel' S|)ec|es o| rellKlecj- ail' unifoniil\ iirown. As we have seen, the same thin^ oci ins witli the iioiiliern variety of tiie common deer, liiif il is hardiv a inake-\veie|il in tlie (h'teiininat ion of tlic ([ucstioiiof spccilic itK'Utit \ or dist inci ion. W now come to t lose species wiiicli I liavc carefully stU(hed in my own eroiinds and where I can depend on my own ol)si'rva- tions entirely. 'I'lic Slimmer coaf of the Wapiti dcci- is shorter an t hall on I lie (it liei' species, ain 1 is of a dirt \' yellowish w , cKer olor III the lioily, with u chestnut hrown on the legs, neck, ami head. reciahle dilTcrciicc between the males and and there is no app females. When this coat first appears in .luiie, upon the pccline' oil' of the old winter dress, it is of u tletqter shade and more glossy tiian i.- iliserved at any other season of the year, and so il is the most, hcautifiil dress the animal ever wears. It is e\i:ced- iiigly short, line, and soft, and fairly glistens in the bright spring sunshine. The contrast between this new spring dress, which may ju'rhaps ap[)ear on a part of the animal while the balance is coyered with the shaggy and tattered winter dress, hanging about in torn patches, some dangling a foot or two feet from the botly, is indi'ed unite remarkable. The one seems em- blematic of poverty and destitution, whili; the other looks like thrift and comfort. One appears like the fag-end of a hard \\\\\- ter, while the other suggi-sts the freshness and tlu; giiycty of spring. This soft glossy lustre fades in a short time as the sum- mer coat grows longer. Inuring its height tiitter.s of the ohl gar- ment often still hang to the animal. As the summer advances these short fine hairs grow longer and coarser, they lose their lustre and fade in color upon the body, while upon the heiul II! fill r .i.\7> coi.nn. ir. Ili'fk, 1111(1 Irns tllc ColdT cliailLCl'S llllt 1 il I |c t lll'i HImIi 1 lie ^llllllllt'r. With tliis smiiiiii'r cdiiI llic I'lir, wliirli is sn very al>miil;uil witii the winter coat, ddcs unt ii})i)rar. In Scptt'iiilicr thin cuat gives iilacc li> I lie winter ilress. Imt as I have elsewhere (»l>serveil, the chaiie'e is so gi'athial as to re(|iiire the closest scrutiny to deteit, it, al(houi;ii the new coal dilVeis very niateriall\ from the ohl in some jiails. • This dilTerenee is i;ivatesL ii|)on the necks and lees of the mules, and ii[ion the under si(h's (jf the hellies of all ; still the change of dress and eoii- seniieiitlv of color is so erailiial, that we may watch (he herd day !iv gs, and belly are a brownish black on the males, and the dark border on the lower part of the white posterior [)atch is a v(;ry intense black. At the same time, on tlu; female, the heail. iiei'k, legs, and belly, are a chestnut brown. Under the belly it is the darkest — indi'cd, fairly black on all. We can hardly ajiprt'ciate this, by observ- ing the live animal, but when the animal is kilK'd anil turned on its back to be dressed, we are surprised that we had so imu-h overlooked this darker shade of the belly, which now ai»pears to he ([uite black. The white patch on the rump commences at the top of the hip and extends back so as to embrace the tail ; its outer border de- scends laterally in a circular form, so that when even with tlu^ seat of the tail, above that member, it nearly describes a semi- circle; thence the outer border descends down the ham, gradually (hawing inwardly, contracting the white section which, however, descends to nnite with the lighter shades of the inguinal reuion. I'his white portion is bordered by an intensely black stripe, whicli commences on eitlier side above the region of the tail and continues down to the posterior sides of the thighs, where it fades out and is lost. This black mark appears on animal;: of all ages and both sexes, but is the most brilliant on the male in the prime of life and in the fall of the year. The tawny yellow of the body of the Elk, as it appears in the fall, fades out to a sickly, 10 ir: 146 THE DEER OF AMERICA. ■m I if II fl\' V \ flirty wliitc durinfj tlio winter, but tlioso sliiuli's of color dilYor very iniicli in individiiiils, while it is (iej)eiuleiit on iieillicr iige or SOX. ()ii th(^ body tiie does an^ as dark as the bucks at all sea- sons. I hiive sometimes thought I coidd detect a darker shade on the adults thau on the young animals, and tlu; next time I would exiuuint! the herd with a view to this very ])oiiit I would ihid niyseir obliged to abiindon the distinctions. It is oidy on the dark portions, as the head, neck, bellv, and legs, that tlui adult males are blacker than tiie females and the young in the early winter di'i'ss, but as before stated this distinction quitt; disappears by S})ring, except that on the mane of the adult, which nuiy be nearly a foot in length, hanging from the lower side of tlui neck, for its whole length there is a black stripe two or more inches wide, about two inches from its lower border. These two inches of the lower ends of the hairs of this mane are a ri.sset-brown, and such is tlH> color also above the bhick stripe, passing quite over the neck to the black stripe on the other side. For a numth before the shedding of the co;it commences, this black sti-ipe on tMther side of the mane becomes quite conspicuous, from the lighter shade to which tiie balance of tlu; mane has faded. 1 have noticed that this prominent black mark is more conspicuous some seasons than others. Audubon and Bachman have seen young elk, on whicii the white patch of tlie rumi) ap|)eared to be wanting till they were one or two years old. I have constantly looked for such speci- mens, liut have failed to find one on which this mark w;is imt conspicuous, as far ofV as the colors of the animal could \w dis- tinguished, and I have been unable to detect any substantial dilVerence in this regard between those of different iiges. Our I'>lk, this AVa])iti deer, is the only American species on which this white patch above the tail distinctly appears, and is well defined ; and the European stag or red deer (('. elaphiis), is the only European species, so far as I know, in which it is dis- tinctly defined as it is on the Wapiti, and on that it is less con- spicuous and more variable. We Juive several other ruminants in Avl.ich this distinguishing mark is equally conspicuous, notable among which are our antelope (^AntUocapra Americana) ^i\\i\^iu\\ treated of, and our llocky Mountain sheep, or the Big Horn (^Ovis nicnitani). Of the fugitive white colorings or spots which frequently ap- pear on the adult female Elk, I shall presently speak. I have already spoken of the deep black color in which tin; tilci line J''' hel,. the otlie is cold II of t All mi^m m COAT AND COLOR. 141 winter dross of the iNIulti Dcor first appears, wliieli getlier. As the winter advances, all become appreciably of a . ghter coloi-. On this deer, as on all the others of the smaller species, the white wiiich universally prevails on the under side of the head, terminates with the throat, or just after it reaches the upper part of the neck. Thence the under side of the neck has no white, liut is of the prevailing color of the rest of the neck, until we reach the lower extremity. There commences a black, or, on some specimens, a bn)wn stripe, which is always constant, and extends along the brisket to a line (;ven with the jxjsterior jtart of the fore legs. On either side of this black stripe all is white, which extends down the insidt; of tlu^ fore-legs to the knees. All of the belly is also a very pure white, embi-acnng also the inside of the thighs and hind legs to the hocks, and uji to the tail. This is constant on all the N'irginia Deer, but on no t)ther species. This white of the belly widens all the way back from the fore legs to the umbilicus, when it involves all the; under side of the animal. The white on the lower part of the legs vai'ies much ill extent on diiferent individuals, as has been elsewhere stated. ( )n some specimens there is a beautiful gray mark on the inner front side of the fore leg four or live inches long, and two inches \vid(! at the nj)per end, and terminating in a ])oint, below which it is separated from tlu' white beyond by a tawny stri|)e extend- ing from th(! body down to, and enveloping the lower leg. The individual liairs are always intensely black at their ex- tremities, with sharp points for perhajis two lines or more, then a lighter shade of about the same extent. The»; jigain tli(>v be- come darker, but })resently b(>gin in grow lighter, till on the lower parts they are white or a light drab. The nmler coat of fur is present with the winter coat, but not very abundant. It is irregularly and loosely curled around I" m ir)0 THE DEER OF AMERICA. i I M t. 1 f ■■lp ;■ 1,1 I, |i iimong tlie roiirso liaiis next tlio skin, and cniitiibntes larg<>ly to tli(^ waiintli of tlie dross, wliicli, like all the rest, constitutes a vory warm ("ovcrinL?, and enables the animal to endure the severest weather without eoinplaint, if he ean but <^et enough to eat. Indeed it is so complete a non-conductor of heat that snow, which he has left ui)on the leaves when he makes his bed, is not thawed in any appreciabh; degi'ee but oidy compressed. This undi-r coat of fur is not found with the sununer coat, which con- sists of rather fine, firm, and elastic hairs. On some speciuu-ns this siimnu'r i lat is of a light buif color, while on others it is of a bright main „.iny bay or red, while others may show every inter- mediate shade between these two extremes. We luiw come to tlu; smallest of the North American deer, a description of which I have not been so fortunate as to anywhere meet, except by a single allusion elsewhere mentif)ned. The color of the Acapulco Deer rcsend)les much that of the Virginia and the black-tailed deer, though more the latter than the former. In its black face, however, it is more like the Wv- ginia deer, and so of the white under the belly, a dai'ker shade than either generally prevailing. On this deer, howevi'r, the white of the belly commences at a point in the middle just back of the fore legs. At this point it will be remembered that the white on t\w belly of the Virginia deer commences in a fork, V)eing divided in front by the black stripe on the brisket. This feature, that the white on the belly of the one is divided in front and so forked, whiU; on the other it commences in a single point anteriorly, being constant, is worthy of special attention. At the umbilicus the white has widened out till it involves tlu' I'ntire width of the belly, the inside of the thighs and extending up jios- teriorly to the seat of the tail, the color of which is described in the apprf)priate place. This small species, as well as the Ceylon deer, fades much less in color than do the larg(>r species. In the spring, when the winter coat is cast oft", it still preserves its darker shades, and the rufous tinge remains to the last, though faded very appreciably. The ])ersistency of the deeper colorings is so great as to render tli(> animals conspicuous, when promiscuously intermixed with a movf nunu'rous band of common deer. The face of this deer is black, though not very intense, the black growing narrower and less intense below the ears and con- siderably lighter down tlie cheeks. The light baiul arouiul the eyes is wanting in its upper half or above the eye, but is present below. "^'Iie ear on the outside is black, and white on the inside. "^"■^•f m onyA M r:\TA l coa t. lol tlie liiiirs being loni^, fiiio, ;ind soft, and slightly ciirlcHl. Eilgn of the I'lir is bhick, wliicli invades the inside on the lower anterior jiart. Below the opening of the ear it is surrounded by Avhite which on the back side extends u[) nearly half the h-ngth of the lai'. On the female is a small jilace of very black hair where the imtler is situate on the male. On the Acapulco Deer the brisket is brown. The pf)sterior part of the inside of th(? fore leg is white extending to tlui elbow. The white insid<' the hind leg is eon- lined to the broad part, thence down the leg is fulvous yellow, lighter behind than below. The strong resemblance of the Ceylon deer to this Acapulco (leer, suggests the propriety of comparing them briefly. The Ceylon deer is larger than the Acapulco, but the dilTer- ence is not considerable. In form they are nearly alike, and in the general color of the winter coat there is not niuch dilTerenee, but in th(i summer dress the American species is decidedly darker and grayer than the other and has less of the red shade. In detail there is considerable ditl'erence in color or nMirkings. The forehead of the Ceylon deer is marked much like those of the Mule deer and the Columbia deer. 'J'his is not observal)le on the female, nor is it seen on the male of the Aca[)ulco (hser. The faces of the Ceylon deer are grayer than those of the Acapulco (leer, which are black. The ear is larger and has a denser coat of hair than the American species. Both an; e([ually courageous and belligerent. The minor dilVerences in color testify to no spe- cific dilTerences, aiul but for the presence of the nu'tatarsal gland in the on*^ and not in the other, and the ditl'erencc? in the antlers. I should not hesitate to pronounce them specilically identical. ORNAMENTAL COAT. We have no s[)ecies of deer, in North America at least, where the adult is uniforndy adorned with the beautifid spots of the fallow (U'cr of Europe. All of our species are born with a coat inor(! or less ornamented with sjxits, generally white on a C(jlored ground. These white spots must be considered more or less orna- mental. On the young of the moose and the caribou this orna- mentation has nearly faded out, so much so that the s[(ots an^ not observed on all the specimens, and indeed only upon a small portion of the young of the moose. Hut because I coidil not ilnd them on tlu; few which I have examined, it would be folly in me to say that they never occur and that those who claim to have mrn^H^ r 1.V2 711 E DKER UF AMEIilCA. ^1 lliir. ' 5 ipr seen tliom iU'c niistiikoii. T do not know that any man lias ever seen tlu; s])()ts f)n tlic adult Vir<^inia deer except in my parks, cer- taiidy I never heard of them having been seen elsewliere. Tlu^ aflirmative testimony of one reliables ()l)server who has seen them may bo held as conclusive that thoy do sometimes occni', while the observiitions of many who have examined for them without success may equally convince us that in a inajority of oases they cannf)t be detected, f j)resnme that comparatively but few specimens have been examined on this point, and the casual observer, not looking for spots at all, would be very likely to overlook tlu-m when not very distinct. Again they may b(! evanescent, and observable but for a few days and so more likely to escape detec- tion on those found in the woods, and we have* no account of any having been born in domestication in this country, and Dr. Gil- pin informs us that it is ver}' ditHcult to raise them when taken young, by hand or even on the cow. Of the ground color of the young ^Nloose Dr. Gilpin says, "I have seen the young calves in Junts when they could not hav(! been ten days old ; they were a lovely fawn color." For myself I have only examined mounted specimens, which were of a I'edder shade than here described, approaching nearer to a light bay. P)Ut the doctor's obs >rvations of a living specimen are far the most reliable. U'his is a point on which the observations of hunters wouUl be the least reliable, for they rarely meet with the young fawns, and when they do, even if they thiidc to notices the color they rarely note it down at the time, and without this mere mem- ory is of iittie worth. Gnly those who are in the habit of mak- ing notes of their observations at the time can appreciate their value. The very act of making the notes, systematizes and sharp- ens the obsei', ations and leads one to see many things whii-li would oHie' wise have been overlooked. And he who, some time after, writes on a subject from memory, and then refers to his notes to verify his work, will be astonished at the number of er- rors he has to correct. The ground color of the young Caribou I have had some diili- culty in ascertaining satisfactorily. If it is given by any author I hi've overlooked it. That they are at least frecpiently orna- mented with white spots is well established. The illustration of the young Garil)ou is from a ilrawing by Dr. Gilpin, which he kindly jirepared for me, taken from life. This shows a line of seven spots along the iliink and should be conclusive, but I nuiy add the testimony of Captain Hardy ('* Forest Life in Acadie," 'li^iJ ■■ipp p onXAMESTM. f'OAT. 158 |). 1-7 ) : " Tlu' young duer rCaribnu) !>iv diipplcd on tlu' si(l(> and Hank with light sandy sjtots." Whercvor I lind the sulijcct \\\- hidi'd to I lind tho spots nu'iitionod, so we may conchidc it is i^enoral if not universal. Tiie Caril»ou is generally admitted to lio among the oldest living repr(!sentatives of the deer in this I'ountry. Their fossil remains have been found associated with the extinct mammals, which is certaiidy strong evidence of their ancient existence. It may be — and yet we cannot allii'm that it is so — that this ornamentation of the young is fading out and be- coming more! rare or less distinct with time, but we must re- member that the spots are more frequently found on the young Caribou than the moose, an spots are no doubt ornamental ami are always noticed with pleasure by the observer wlio looks at the Elk fawn for the first tir.ie. Half a dozen, by the sides of iieir (luMis. Willi hmn th head s anti th tl K'lr ears tlirown torwanl a f. their eyes <»:listening, looking at the str ■S' mgei as I iniiiience( ind 1 jiartly by fear and partly by curiosity, form a pretty sight among tlu; trees, which one, though not a naturalist, cannot but lulinire. If when he turns away he is unable to tell you the ground color of the fawn or the dam, he will be sure to tell you of the spots. U i\\ mm^ lo4 Tlfl-: DEICn OF AMEIUCA. liii •■♦** The y()im<^ Elk wliidi I had born in NoviMiihcr, like tliose boi'ii in llii' s|»riiit;, li;ul tlie usual orniunoiitiil (*oi\t of his sjiccics. I iiil'orluMiitcly I was prevented from studying this specimen e;ire- fuUy, for I spent tlu; suceeoding winter uhi'oiul, and the keeper in charge, having caught iind tied him to ti post in order to put a ring in his nose, the youngster managed to break liis own neck, and even the skin was neglected, and the stupid fellow could not tell whether he had lost Ins spots or not, or what sort of ii coiit he had at the beginning of March ; so all that 1 can certainly say is that \w commenced th(( winter in a sum- mer dress, but as he was always reported lively and growing and in line coiulition, I imagine that nature thickened up his summer garb, so that it kept him wiirni during the winter. We have all often seen how promptly nature responds to tlu^ de- mands of necessity in similar cases. The horse that runs in the fields and sleeps out in tlu^ storms during the winter, will then have more than twice the i'f)at which lie has when kept in the stable, though without groonnug ; and tla; horse which is con- stantly blanketed in the stable will have ii much lighter coat than his mate, that stands beside him without the blaid Deer is well covered with white spots on a dirty yellowish oround. If thev are smaller than on the vouul!,' elk, it is oidy in proportion to t.lie size of the aninnd. 1 hey too lack order in their arrangement. They occupy the same ))ortion of the body as the other, but are nion; abundant on the neck. The white hairs constituting tlie spots generally disa})i)ear before the body of hairs constituting the ground are slied, so tliat this oruauKMitation tlisa[)[)ears while the first coat is yet worn. In the mean time, however, this coat undergoes a gradual chang<> of color, the yellowish shade assuming more of a mahogany hue. This in the fall is finally cast oil' and is replaced by the black, and then gray coat of tlu^ adult. The Cohunbia Hlack-tail(>d Deer also produces a fawn which is more decidedly ornamented with the white spots than either of tl;e others above mentioned. The ground coat is a bay red, the white has a cleaner appearance, the spots are smaller and more abundant and are more orderly in their arrangeuu'ut. Now for the first time we can trace a line of spots along either side of the back and even up the neck. The disappearance of these sptjts i '(I OliN AM i:\TAL COAT. liV, prii^rcsscH very niiicli iis in tlic ciisc of tlic nmlc (lr<>v, Imt tlic Ui'dimtl coiit iittcr llie disappciiraiu'c ot" the s|i()ts imdcrn'ocs so dc- citlcd ii cliniim' lliiit at first I was iiicliiKHl to lliiiik that an iiitcr- nu'diati! coat was sii|ij)licd. Hut this is not the case. 'I'iic liist coat lias grown long and looks rather rongh, and has assnnicd a bright hay color, with nothing ot" tlm variegated appearance of the winter coat of the adult, hut is like the universal summer CO, it. The ground color of this fawn is of a dcejK-r or darker shade than that of any other of our fawns, e.\ce[)t that of the Acapulco deer. liy far tlu' most beautiful, is tlu^ ornamental coat of the fawn of the Yiiginia Deer. The spots are a pure white set in a hi'ight hay I'ed ground. The contrast is marked, and commands the ad- iiiiration of all who see them. This is heighteneij by the exceed- ingly bright eye, erect attitude, elastic movenuuit, and vivarions a]))iearance of the little beauty. Although ii little out of place. I may as well describe the pace and motions of this fawn, in connection with his beautiful color- ings, for each lends fascination to the other. The highest perfection of graceful motion is seen in the fawn of but ii month or two old, after it has commtMU'ed foll.)wing its mother thi'ough the grounds. It is naturally very timid, and is alarnu'd at the sight of man, and when it sees its dam go boldly up to him and take food from his hand it manifests both apj^n^- hension iind surprise, and sometimes something akin to displeas- ure. I have seen one standinij a few rods uwav face me boldly and stamp his little foot, in a fierce and tlireatening way. as if he would say : "■ If you hurt my nnjther I will avenge the insult on the S[)ot."' Ordinarily it will stand with its head elevated to the utnutst ; its ears erect and projecting somewhiit forward ; its eye flashing, and raise one fore fof)t and susjiend it for a few mo- ments, and then trot olT and around at a safe distances with ;i measured jiace, which is not flight, and witli ;i grace and elas- ticity which must bt^ seen to be ap[)reciated, for it (juite defies verbal descriiition. A foot is raised from the ground so quickly that you hardly see it, it seems poised in the air for an instant and is then so quietly and even tenderly dropped, and again so instantly raised that yon are in doubt whether it even tone icd tli(! ground, and, if it did, you an; sure it would not crush the violet on which it fell. The bound, also, is exceedingly graceful and light. Indeed, the step of tlu^ fawn of the Virginiii Deer is so light that it seems almost worthy the hyperbole of one refer- .1 . l')(i riiK in:i:i; or am run a. r'm^ to iinotlici- siil»j<'('t wlion lie siiid, '•'• It was ;is li^'ht ;is tlic down (if a rcMtlicr plucked from tlic wiiij;' of a moment.'" If, as it {^rows iij), it loses something of tliis li<;Iitness and elasticity of step, it is only l)ecaus(! of the increased size of tlie animal, which enables one tlu; more rea(Uly t(j individnalizo tlie <^racefid mo- tions which, in the little fawn, seem lileiided together with a charm like the hleniUngof harmonious sounds. 'I'here is a tinnd eantidU (-xpressed in every sti'p, in the ])resenee of the strimj^'cr, which seems to fear the breaking of the smallest twiy,'. This can only lie seen in i);irks where they are suhjected to semi-domes- tication. It is destroyed hv (>xtreme fright of the wild deer in till' woods, and by close conlinement in menageries. 'J'his ornamental coat, with which the fawns are born, not oidy corresponds in color with the summer coat of the adult, — '^'dy the ground is a deeper red and is brighter, and the whit(^ spots are wanting in the latter, — but it also corresponds in the struc- ture of the hairs, which, as we have already seen, dilTer widely from the hairs of the winter dress. The latter are large, light, and open or spongy, presenting large cavities filled with a i>ithy substance and confinetl air, thus setairing the maximum amount of warmth, while the hairs of the former are small, hard, tirm, and elastic, much resembling in structure the hairs of the ox. The fawn born in May sheds his ornamental coat in September, about the time the adults change dresses, while later fawns carry their first coat longer, but never more than tin; threi* or four months assigned to young and old for the use of the summer dress. if tilt! animal is in health and fair conditi on. Tl le new coat which succe«'ds the first is of the texture and the color of the winter coat of the adult. Now, for the first time, ajtpears the inner coat of fur, Avliich is found in the winter coat of all the species, but is wanting in tli(> summer coat, probably of all. Spots appear on about five per cent, of tlu; adult N'irgi Deer in my grounds. These sj)ots appear with the winter coat, in September, and continue visible from three to six weeks. 'J'liey are not white, but simply a lighti-r shade than the ground color. either side of the dorsal line, ex- ma lev are loca ted m rows, on 'i'l tending from the shoulders to the croup. The lines of s})ots are about four inches apart on the loins, arc less separated at the shoulders and posterior extremities. There are sixteen of these spots in each row from the shoulder to the hij), and five thence posteriorly. They are a little larger than a dime inu'li. The an- terior ones are most distinct. On some specimens but a few \ ■ ■ r ■■iViM nliSAMESTAL CoAT. l")? (if tlicso 9|)ots iivo (lisctTiiihlt) from tlio slioiildcr l);u'k ; on others tlicy iii;iy !>•' cdUiitcd to tin; liips, iuiil on others !i!4";iiii the entire twenty-one. ()n one specimen only, — iin old doe which \v;is raisint;' ;i fiiwn, and was (|uile thin, as is always tho ease nndei' such eircnm- stanees, — I oliserved these spots re[)rosented liy tufts of the sunnner coat remainin- cics Mi'c iicai'ly aliUf in si/c, iiiid in iii;iiiy ollnT ri'.s|>(H'ts fcscmlilt' cacli iitiici th Tlicsi' fawns were dead ulu'ii fomul, and, as {\\v weatlit'i' was ficcziiig uold, they probiibly ilid not live niort', tluui a sinLjlf day. The i;i'onnd color is a di'c]i nialioLjany bay. Tlicy ai'c oi'na- nicntt'd (|nit(' as profnscly with while s[)ols as art! llic fawns of tlur V ii'tiini.i (li'iT, lit; wluLc IS as iinrc ossihli', and as tin Oi iMlcr, gfonnd is dai'kci" tlian on iIk; otlioivs, tin' contrast is <'r either side of tin; neck and down the hack these sjiots are ar- ranged in regniar lines, wliih^ on the sides below these lines, and on the thie'hs, th(! spots arc irregidarly disposed, in tlieir ai'- rangenicnl- tlu-y ant likt; tlu^se on the N'irginia fawn. Ihul these liveij I thiidi thcv wonld liave been vi'r\- bcantifid. '1' Ceylon fawns, a nnnd)er of whi'h 1 have raised. were (|nitt' as g.iy and Iteantifnl as the NMrginia fawns, and I jiresni the Acapnlco fawns wonld have ('(pialed oither. ne 'Ihe niarkine-s on tlu^ heads of the fawns whore the antler s wil grow on the males, wonld s(>ein to have some signiiicaiice. These aj)j)ear on the fawns of all the species in my gronnds. ( )n some these spots are blacker than on others, but on all they are of a darker shade than the siu'ronnding coat, exce})t on tlu! mule deer, on which these s})t)ts are of a lighter color than the snr- roiindings. These spots are more prtmonnced on tlu; female fawns than on the males. On several of the species there ari- protuberances, or the sknll is elevatetl nnder these spots. When tlu winter coat iirst appears on tlu; adidt deer, it ma\ with pro[»riety be considere (It -'ti an oinanieiital dress, it is then short, line, ami glossy, with tleeper colors than later in the sea- son. This change of dress takes place in Angust or Sc])tember, at the latest, wliile yet the weather is warm, and so it is not retpiisite that the new coat shonltl be as heavy astlnriii"' the rigors of the winter. This is the nnptial suit for all the sp u-s, -o it is fitting that it slionld be more beantifid ' .ractive than acli other, .1 later when the sexes have become indiil'erc so have no desire to attract or please. Fngitive whilt) spots often appear on the adults "f several of the species. I have a large female elk, which wa.-> fully adult when I procuretl her, antl was then ntjarly half white. All the legs were nearly white. And there were large white spots with well tlefineil borders on various parts of the body. The next year the well defined white spots disappeared and the white was o/,'.V.I.l//;.V7' I/. fOAT. I.V.I iiitt'i'spcrscd iiiiKiiii^ till' coliirfil liiiirs, hk tliiit I li;iil n li^^lit j^ray I'lk iiistcati n|' a spctttcil elk. Tlit- yi-ar rullnwint; that, tlir wliili' airs \v«'ic vt'i'v miu h .1 iiniiiishcil 111 niiiiilii'i', lull still wt'i'i- *lis- tiii('tl\ (iliscrvalilc (til several [tarts (tf ilie imily iiiul (HU' le<;^-. Since tlieii, lier coat. Iiiis Iteeii iiiidisl iii^iiislialile I'roiii tlie utiier lelliales (if tlie ll ",'(1. I liave since se\eial tillies nlisel'Ved (til ailiilt l'enial(! elk, \v»'ll (lejineil spots of clear white hairs iVoin OIK) to four iiiciies in (iiaiiieter, tint, I have iie\ er IihiikI these to occur tlie second time on the same animal. ( )n the N'irniniii deer it is not niicoinmoii to liiid a white hair atten Here UK I tl leic III the coat. IIKl once had a iloe oil whose torellead, Wiiell vear o Id. clear white M'l leai'ei altctut iialf an inch in diameter. This was oltscrxed for two yearn and then ([isa]i[teare(l. and never after was aiiythinn' oliserved ]te- diar almnt. the inarkiiiifs (tf this deer. Iictween these fiinitive cl individual memltcrs (tf sev- and transitory white spots observed on i eral species, and the perfect while coat and re(l eyes of the true alliino, every imaginaltle nradiition may he met with. I havt! mounted in my (•(tUectioii a Virj^inia ihte iUioiit half the body of which is white, tin; halance is the n(tnnal color ; the lines of inction (tf the two colors uro well deliiieil. While we are in the j> liiibit of calline; such specimens alltiiuts, they are pntlialily not so in fact, but; rather liav(> exceptional markings which are present, but a sinjfle vear, (tr at UKtst bnt a few ve irs. These abnormal markings are far more? abundant on ('crvu>< ('(iliuii/'luiuis than on either (tf the other species. On an examination of a lai'g(! lot (tf pelts (tf this deer in Portland, Oregon, I found a gi'eat many thus m irked. I saw non(^ that were pinu? white 1 iiiit, some that were nearly set, otlun'.s with but a little white u[ton them. I sehn'ted a skin for my C(tllec'tion, wliich I thought the most beautiful auKtng tliosti I examined, which I have iKtw. 'JMie body is cov- ered with a white ground. All over this ave .scattered nuiiK'ntus spots of ditl'erent sizes and various colors. jM(tst (tf them are either black (tr ap})roacliing the normal color of the animal. I have met but one true albino dijer ; that was of the common species, in a park in the city of lMiiladel[thia, many years ago. It was a g(tod sized buck, as white as snow all over, and I have no doubt had I'ed eyes, though 1 was not near enough to de- termine that question. I have heard of several others. That true albino Columbia deer are very common in Washington Terri- tory, I cannot doubt. White deer are there so abundant in cer- tain localities, that some have supposed they were a distinct spe- >li iHiifc;!: 160 THE DKEll OF AMERICA, :\V lift 1 '• :• ! CK!S, and others liave concluded that tliev an; liybrids from some other s})(>ci('S. On an island in I'uget's Sound theyan; said to be very abundant and indeed to predominate. 1 have very littl" doubt that a, eritieal examination woulil prove them to be the tru(! Columbia deer, either ti'ue albinos or with the v !'ite mark- inj^s unusually abunchmt. If albinos, their i)i!euliarities may be- conu' luM-editary, as we often see with the human species. I re- gret the want of op|)ortunitieo to examine critically thes(! inter- esting specimens, when then; could be no dilliculty in settling the matter delinitely\ TFIH HKAl). In the s[)eciric d(>scription of the Moose I have shown that its head is of (morinous size, angainly in form and (piite diivoid of beauty, according to our appreciation of beauty. Its great length in propt)rtioii to its width is magnified by the elongation of its upper lip or nose, which at last constitutes the most remarkable feature of this remarkable animal. It extends seing very large, are designed to su[)ply the lungs with a great amount of air, when required by hard exercise. The front of the muzzle is flat, as if cut square oil", and is covered with short grayish hair, except a small space bjlow each nostril, and a space about an inch and a half in diameter between the nostrils, with a narrow naked .strip extending from this down to the mouth. This has been alreody particuhirly described. This extraordinary feature — the elongation of the upper lip of the Moose — is scarcely apparent on the young calf, and dur- ing the first year is by no means remarkable, as will be observed by an inspection of the illustration of the young Moose. The eye is small, deep set, and has a sinister expression. Next to that of the moose, the head of the Caribou is the least to be ailmired. lu its proportions, the latter is the reverse of the former, for it is shorter in proportion to its thickness than any other of our deer. If we are not charmed with the proj»ortions of the head of the Caribou, as compared with that of the moose we should consider it beautifnl. The upper lip, or muflle of the Tin: HEAD. Itil ill Caril )()ii, IS not cxleiKU'd i'i'inark;i l.lv 1. H'\ (111(1 tli(! lower. 1ml it is lia iiu!. Ikmn V, and Uluiit, ami is entirely covcinmI with sliort ;j;r;iv ir. In this :'ospect it dilVers from all our other species, 1 ml 1- [n'ecisely parulh'led in the reindeer ( molars with i. load, harsh sound. This is not a pleasant smile 1ml a rid grin. It is so tliri'atenini'' that ilie ohserver h'l'- is glad II lie IS eparated h\n\\ tlit^ hrute hy an iiiijiassahle barrier. This is arely observed in the male exce[)t during the vut, or the female 1. Tl le head ot t lie e IS ers ot alt our deer, and when she has a young fawn to protei iiriiameiite(l with the most beautiful ant is only disligiired by the coarse, awkward ears. Till! head of the Mule Deer is well enough but for its dispro- p(>;rioneil ear. The eyt! is of niedium si/e, but lacks the ani- mated expression of some of the other species. It has a sunken forehead with a siiudl vo]unu> of liraiii. IJelow the eyes the face arger and coarser than on any of the other deer, except the IS d tl .noose and tlie carUiou. The Coliimbia Deer has a fuller forehead, a slimmer face, and a larger and brighter e\ i' than the mule deer. The ear. thoiiiih large, does not seem to detra.ct from its tine proportions. The head of the Virginia Deer is more admired than that of any of the others except that of the wa[)ili. It has a shar[) niii/- zl", rather narrow forehead, eves rather small and of good expres- "-loii. On the wholi>, the pro[iorti()ns of this head harmonize ad- mirably, and it is carried in scch a lofty, lortlly way, upon a long, >leii(ler, and graceful neck, that it may always \n' looked upon with admiration. The Acapulco Deer has a short but trim head. Its most markeil feature is, its broad, full forehead with a very large brain cavity, and it certainly knows more than any of our other deer. A small, delicate ear lioes not distigure it, wdiiletho eye is of go(.nl ^ize and pleasant expression. All oi llu' deer show the lachryniul sinus, but it varies soiiie- 11 102 THE DEER OE AMERICA. wliat ill position and niuoli in oxtiMit. On all. it is bolow tlin inner (•()riii'r of the eyo. ( )ii the moose aiitl earibou it is (juite near tl le eve, and is covered with liaii Whether it is dilated in ■xciteiiient, I have had no oppoi'timity of ohserviiig. ( )ii th \vai)i1i, we liave alivailv sei '11, tl le ojteir.iiii- loeate(l further h low the evf, is very large and has a naked border, whieh is con- cealed when in repose, though a ])ortion below the corner of the C\(! ( xteiidinti' to the orilice is naked. In excitement, tli e con- cealing hairs are thrown back, the lips which wei e closed arc WKlflV |)arted aiK It] le sinus IS <'noriiiousiy expanded, wliicli ad much to the threatening appearance of the enraged animal. I cannot say that similar phenomena might not be oltscrved with till' moose and the caribou, with the same ojtportunities for observation, but to mo tliese have not occurred. Ill all till' smaller species, this opening exists, l)ut IS siiiader. or at least appears to be so, and 1 Jiave ii'Sfr seen it exposed or di- lated in excitement. In all, a sort of thin waxy secretion is ex- led, though iKjt profus(dy, and I have not observed any (nlor to nd emanate from it. We may assntiK; that it serves some useful jiurpose in the economy of the animal, undoubtedly as connected IS it is not I'lnbraccd within the plan of this wi th th 'VI' but lid so cannot work, I liave not carefully dissected the jiarts, a spc'dv uiiilerstandingly on tlui subject. I leave a bro;id Held for tl le researcl h of the comparative aiiaton'ist diicli I have but rarelv invaded, lie will no doubt correct some of niv con Clll- ili sions. I will close tliis branch of my subject l)y giving the nieasui ni eiils of the head of a lartre i IKIH' Elk which I kiUe.l. live v eai-' old From lop of liead to end of nose lictweeii pedicels of luitlcrs . Bctwet'ii tiie eyes lietwrcn the eye and the pedicel Between ear and pedicel Length of nostril lU'twet'ii nostrils, lower Between nostrils, upper . Lenjitli of mouth llll'lll'S. l.\ PPI ) THE KM}. 103 The Ear. Tlio ears of the deor have ln'cii alrcuily incidfiitally or di- rectly spoken of and descrihed witli nutre or less particularity. l)ut many particulars remain to he; noticed, which will eiialile us to compare thosi; of the diflei'ont species, from which 1 trust we shall (Un'ive nnu'h instrut'tioii. In many respects the Moose and the Carihou mi>st resemlile eacli otlier, as for instance in their horeal habitat, their jialmated antlers, their hairy niuzzhjs, and in the shape of the foot : yet in their oars they jjriisent the two extremes. ()f all the deer fam- ily the Moose shows the' longest, the coarsest, and the >iL!,liest ear. almost as broad as it is loni;", ami nearly thick enoui;li foi- a plow- share, (hi the other hand, the Cai'ibou shows the least ami the sluH'test ear relatively, of all the family, though i)y no means the finest or most delicate. While tin; Moose's oar may be four- toon or fifteen inches long', I have never seen the ear of a Caribou over four inches long. ( )n a ina,l(! ^loose in my collection, said by ex])erts to be four years old, the oar is eleven inches long and seven inches broad. it rises from the head mnirly two inches in a cylindrii'ul form, before we reach the opening. It then varies but little in actual breadth for nearly half its height, and thence tapers to the end. It is thick and iioavy in structure. On the outside it is covered with a dense coat of short, soft hair of a grayish brown sliailo. Inside the oar the hair is abundant, and is longer than on the outside. The fi'ont hnver edge of the ear is black. The rest of the edge of the oar is a very dark brown. The ear of the Caribou is erect and is much less subject to lat- eral motion than the ''rger ears: and yet I canm)t say that the seuse of hearing 1;; at .,d impaired by the small oar, or that the larg(! oar makes that of the Moose much more acute. In both the sense of hearing is vei'v acute, as well as the sense of smell. When the hunter st'uds oil" the Caribou by the breaking of a sin- gle twig, h(! will regret that the scared animal was not a Moose ; with the hope or belief that tlu> latter could not have heard so small an alarm; but when on the other hand the Moose boi-omes alarmed by the least accidental toucli of a rille while the holder i- passing a tree or a rock, anil the Moose glides awav and soon starts into his long swinging trot, the hunter regrets that I'rovi- (Itiico had not given the Moose a smaller or loss acute ear. The oar of the Caribou on the specimen in my collection, is 1 1 1 * ill m uu THE />/■:/■: I! OF AMERICA. four iiiflit'S loiiu;- iiiul live inelic's hnind. It is sitiiivtod Ix'hind tin antlers one inch uiul rniir lines, iiml the eiirs are live iuelies apart Tl th lev ar(.' we .tlu with hair on lioth sides. ( )n the ontsiiK air IS short and Inu side iiair IS not so an asiiv wiiite color, 1 Oi lie 111- nse, IS longer, soinewliat enrled. aiu lighter eolor. ( H' the })ositions in which the ear is earritd in life, under dil'lereiit circumstanees, 1 have had no opportiinil v for ob- serving, nor have I any satisfaetory information. From ihe small si/A' of tlu! ear, we may assume that it is carried ert'ct, and is not so liable as th(^ ears of others to chaiij^e position under diil'er- eiit circumstances. On the reiiidei-r of Europe the ear exactly cori'espoiids in size and position with that of our caribou. I have never seen them ^vhell they were excited. When at rest rumiiuiting, the ears stiuul (piite erect, and are not often moved. The ear of our Elk, or the Wapiti, is very large and course ami like that of ('. nearly to a horizontal ])osiiion, as if to catch the least sound. W^lien a hostile; feeling pcr\adcs the animal, the jjosition vari^'s according to circumstances. If the alarm is threatening and he is doubtful of the attack, the position of the ear is dejtrcssed and set backward. When the attack i'- ileterniined upon aiul commenced, the ear is projeoteil forward even more than in the listening attitiuU'. 1 have often been interested to observe these different attitudes, when sejiarated b\ a secure fence from the wicked buck, during the rutting season. If nierelv giving notice to l(;ave, he \vould approach with a tie- liberate, stately step, liis ears laid back alougsidi' his neck, his muzzle thrown ii}), so that the antlers were parallel with tic back, the lips drawn back so as to present to view his froii; teeth, aiul a constant grating of the molars, which is a habii much alft'cted by tin; male, whenever he feels cross or jealous. At such times the stranger, at least, always feels doubtful of the sulliciency of the fence which separates him from the threatening !; •■! "Tl Tin: i:.\n. ir, ).) licast, and is incHncd to rclir'.' and observe from a grcali'r dis- tance. Jf, liowever, an atta( iv is resolved upon, lie lowers his head so as to brint;' his faee nearly level with the n'rnund, with the nose nearly between the fore legs, the; ears jirojecteil forward, and he comes against the fence with a fearful rush, wiiich tlioroughly tries its stability, and the fence is (jnly enablinl to witlistand the strain, from tht; great luiinber of tlu! points of the antlers, distributing tlu' force nf the eliaryc over so manv diiVer- ent palings. IJiit few can stand on the oppusitt; side witlmut llinching. This position of the ear is also particularly observed on the female when she sees a dug, which is lier greatest antip- athy. If on till! opposite side of tin; fence, she will rush up, her ears straight forward, and strike fearful bhiws with her fore feet at the (ipeiiings between tlu^ palings, in a vain elTort to reach the nbiect of her hate. Jlalf a dii/.eii or more eiirau'ed females beat a lively tattoo on such occasions, and the dog usually drops his tail ami leaves without a second bidiling. Perhaps this characteristic ])osition of the ear is most copspicu- ous when a strav North I'ark. to allow the elk to come down an.d show themselves to some guests, and there was the whoUt herd clustered around the gate. — the bucks, with their scarcely grown antlers still in the vclvi't, and ])robably a do/.en fenudes, with their young by their sides. Tlu! moment th(>y heard tlie dog, the does [)rojected their ears directly forward, stretched out their necks and started for that dog with an earnestness which [)roclaimed that they meant liusiness, while the deer shot through their open ranks. The moment tlu' cur comiirehended the situation, he wheeled and ran as lu^ver cur ran before. It was the most exciting and laughable chase 1 ever saw. The pursuers gaine sheltering thick shrubbery of the ravine close by, where was his onl_\ safety. The exultant cry of pur- suit had i)een followed bv the short (piick yelp of despair which escaped the tlog at every bound, while he would turn his head I I : 'I IGG 77//-; i>Ki:n of America. illi i til * i' 1! I Rf' i ( ,1 first to one side and llii'ii to tli(> other, to watcli tlif ])ro(fr(\ss of tlic ])iii'suit, the (Iniij^'i-r of wiiidi was hccomiiii^ iiiorc and more innninriiL cvi'rv nionicnt, as the leading doe was already close ii])on liini, and had eonunenced niakinu,' des[)erate passes with her fore feet, any one of whieli, had it hit liini, wonid have ended a worthless career. I)ut this was in fact his salvation, since hy striking' too soon the elk lost s^roiind, and just as he was about to receive the fatal hlow, Im gained the cover and shot into the thickt't, wlu'i'i^ tlu^ advantage was all on his side, and thus he esca[)ed ; but I ni'ver heard of that dog having been seen in tliose ground;- again. When the does returni;d, their (>ars were all thrown back \\\ ii threatening way, as if to challenge anv other o mvai le t lu'ir e'rounds. All this time, \\w bucks took no av, and niauif"sted little inti-rest in the result. dog t part in tl They walked down the lawn, elevated their heads and looked earnestly if not wisely, — that was ail. 'I'lu; chase beean scarcelv a hundred yards from where wo sat, or rather stood, for in an instant all ran to the window to see tlie excitine- sport, and so wi^ had the best possible opportunity to observe the habits of th animal nnder such circumstances. O n another occasion, as I was studyintr tlu^ herd in the east park, a largi; pointer dog found a passage under the fence, and Avent ranging tlirough the grounds in a characteristic way, when ho espied somo of the buck elks, which had strayed a little to ono side, and started for them with great fierceness. Altiiough their antlers were then hard, tlu> suddenness of the onset fright- ened them at first, and they trotted in towards the iieril, laying thoir ears back. The moment tlio does saw the dog tliey charged upon him with impetuosity, upon whicli that dog admitted that lie had no further business in the ])ark, and, aided by the shrub- bery, he succeeded in elTecting a safe retreat, which I did not regret. The whole herd of forty or fifty joined in the hunt, the bucks in the rear, but all with their ears forward, as if their only purpose was speed, without a hostile thought; but the noise they made as they craslied through the brushwood was like the rush- ing of many waters. As is always the case, on such occasions, the hair of the white patches on tlie rum[) became elevated like the bi' ties on the back of a boar at bay. The Mule Deer (Cervus iinicrotix), lias the largest ear of any of the species on either continent, in proportion to its si/e ; hence its name. The car of the adult Mule Deer is eight inches in length, Nlirt rill-: i:.\h\ ItiT wIit'tluT nifasui'cd on tin- (»utsi(lt', or tVoni the opiMiiii^' on tlir in- side. So it will 1)(' ol)scrv('(l that; tlui opcniiiLl is lit llu' vn'y l)asi> of till' car, wliili", as we iiavt- situ, on tin- otluT lai'^'r-rairil sjir- cii's, tlic nioosc, till! o|H'ninL;' coinnn-nri'S two iiu'lirs al)ovt' the lieail, or, for nioi'L' than oni' sixth of its liMigth, llu; car is a dosi'il rylindcr. The car is seven inches broail, is thick ami massive. 'I'he oiitsiile of the ear is covereil with a, heavy i-oat of soft, L;ray hair. ( )n the inside it is well Hlled with (|iiite a dense mass of long Iiairs, niosllv nearly white, tlioui^h in the lower front ]iart of the ear they are i|niti! dark colc)i-ed. Those hairs in the front pai't especially are inclined to onrl. When the animal is at ease the ear is unite erect and a little spreadinj^, but when the animal is ob.servinjr anythinu; with inter- est the ears are projected forward, as if to catch the faintest sonnd. When runiiinn', the cars incline backward, perha[)s froni the pressure of the atmos[)here, to which they exjiose so ei'i-it a surface. The edge of the ear is black, which color is more distinct and is broader along the upper front edge. 'J'lie ear of t'lriuix Ciihi)it/>i<(nns, the true Black-tailed Deer, is ni'Xt in size to that of tlie nude deer, and when these and the \'irginia deer are grouped together, the observer would pronoinice the ear of the Columbia Deer to be in size about half way be- tween that of the nude deer and of the Virginia deer, though a careful measurement shows that they are much nearer the lat- ter than the former. ()n the adult the ear is six and one half inches long, and at llie widest part is six inches broad. The outside of the ear is lovered with a shortish, tolerably dense coat of hair, of the pre- vailing color of the bod}'. On the lower front, outside of the car, is a patch of ver^- light gray, nearly four inches long, pointed at the top and broad at the base. The hair on the inside of the lar is not so abundant as on the mule deer, but there is plenty of it, which is mostly whit(! or very light drab. On the lower front side, and op[)osite the gray patch on the outside, is a taw- nv section three and a half inc^'es long and an inch or more hroad, pointed at both top anil bottom. The edge of the eai- is not black, as on the nude deer and the common deer. The ear is rather thick and heavy, but much less so than on the mule deer. The ear is carried more lazily than that of the mule deer, though never wholly drooping, but often partially so. When the animal is specially interested the ear is ensct or projected for- ward. When cross and threatening, the ear is laid back close to the neck. mr PIPP 108 THE hllEIl OF AMERICA. \ ■ Not iiiilil wf cdim! to llie Viminiii Doer do wo rnul aiivtliiiiink sluule. It dly IS ii'enerally carried erect, a little spreadiULT or inclined lorwan d. thougli this position is not so observahh; as on the larger eared s])ecies. In a threatening attitude, the ear is thrown hack, though not nearly so close to the neck as on the hlack-tailcd d \NMien runniiiL!' in fritiht, the ear is inclined forward. eer. On tl H! ivcapulco I) eer, tl le ear is a litth; shorter and a litth broader, and is almost as thin as piirchment. On the outside, the hair is yery short but thick set, of a darki'r color than on th(-' other, and has a sort of lustre, particularly observabh; in the sun- shine. In summer, it seems to be coyered rather slightly Avith a sort of fine fuzz, rather than hair. It is rather restless, which is more indicative of the sensibilities of this animal than is man- ifested by any of the others. Both in anger and in ]>lay the ear is frcipiently thrown (juite back upon its neck, and this is especially SI I w hen amusino- itself in chasintr some of the other deer, wl lie may he twic(; as larulco doe in on r rambles, the chances are that slu; will trv to cut 1 iiin oil from my [)rotectjon, and run him at the to]) of hi sf teetl in .sonu^ other direction. At such times she will maki; the rush with her ears lying Ihit to the neck, as if terribly in earnest, but afti'r TiiK i:.\n.— Tiii: asti.ki:^. KV.t ;i turn or two, lie p-nci'iiUy iniuuigcs to I'liii ii|i to iiic fnr protcc- tiiiii. wlicii slic will st()[) 11 littl(! way otT, Iniiijf tlif curs to a vcr- lical |iiisiti(in, iiiul litok as it' she would lily are grown from the beginning to maturity and then are cast away every year. In most cases the matured antler is east in the fall or winter, but in soin(! cases they an; nttaiiied till spring. In thos(! cases when,' the antler is dro[)i)ed in the fall or win- ter, immediately the j)eriostenm, which surrounds the pedicel or the process of the skidl on which the antler grrtws, the edge of which was li'ft naked and bleeding when the old antler was cast ort", commences extending itself over the nal-'ed end of the bone which it surrounds, and which constituted the seat oi the antler, and in a few days at most it lias closed over it, and consists of a thick vascular naked covering with a black cuticle, and in this con- dition it remains, just fairly filling the concavity which is left by the lower convex end of the discarded antler. This vascular cov- ering of the concave top of the pedicel, grows no more during the winter, but the blood circulates freely though moderately (hrougii it, maintaining about the same temperature as other jjortions of the skin of the animal which are clothed with hairs. \\'liile there are no hairs or far observed on this black skin, a sort of scaly dandruff forms on it which the animal, if very tain(\ will allow to be gently rubbed or scraped off with the fmger nail, and even seiMns to enjoy that operation. This remains in a (pilet staX(! till s])ring, when vegetation begins to shoot forth and a scanty supply is procured by the ihier. Then those bucks which had carried their antlers through the winter, drop them, the old- est iirst. Then the top of tht^ peilicel is immediately overgrown, as were those in which the antler hail been discarded in the fall or winter. Then all commence rising up in a convex form, as- suming first the appearance of a great blood-blister. Now the antler commences a longitudinal growth, the top maintaining its convex form, while the beam attains at once its full diameter ; and so it grows in length but never appreciably ft iif rill-: A\Tii:i!s. 171 111 tlllCKllCSS. is t(i tlii'iiw ( \\ icll the mil Ii;is iittaiiicil the lii'iijlit wlici't' it >ir ;i hi'iilic It lir 4 In lin's tlattciic(l ;it t ic end :mi( tlicii till- Iiil'iircatioii takes plaee, and tlie t Wd parts grow on juivl /»(Ksi(, ever iiiereasiiig in length l»iit in it in tlianu'ler, tiiat wliiili is to Ix! the longest growing faster than the other, ainl so on to the ('oni|ih'llon of tlio external growth, so that all the parts >|iall he eoi ll|)leteil ilt alioiit the same t line lie itiirr o f th ant ler is It .1 oes not attain it^ ilianieter at however an exce[itioii. iirst, Itiit is gradually enlarged during the growth of tin' antler, thoiigh It attains its full size before the gi'ow'di of the aiitU-r is eoliiplcteil. Wiieii this growth is linished e\teriiall\, the vaseii- ;ir coNci ing, called the velvet, and which consists of the j lel'los- tciiiii ovi'i'laid with a lilack thin skin covered with a lur, is riilihed olf hv the animal ae-ainst sina 11 t hol't ilelise Ih rees or ol her t^nw- veiiien t oh jwU At the time it is thus ruhlied oil thi> outer )veriiig is (|uitii tenacious and goi'ged witli 1) d. I Ol ice saw largi^ elk in my grounds, soon after he had coiumence(l this wurk of di'nudatioii. 'I'liis velvet was strip[)ed into long strings, which depeiuled from various parts of the antlers, some reaching as low as Ills knees. These shreds looked like red cords ; the head, neck, and breast were coven^d with fresh blood, and the entire iiitlers appeared smeared willi i)|( bl( still liioist, he animi a[tpoared iliishcd and irritated, and soon rushed awav to the thicket, and when I next saw him not ;i vestige of the blood or the shrudded skin remained, but the antlers wen; cl wliit(!. can and vciv I I lad very tamo buck ( if tl 10 ComiiKtn species with whi li I desired to try tin; elTcct of eastrtition upon the iniinature ant- lers. I delayed tho operation as long as I dared, and tiicii. with tlio aid of somo stout men, oauirht him, but lie thrashed about at sue h a rate that in snito of us ho hit hi;- s antlors agams t tl 10 ground and other objects, and to my surprise I observed the skin to peel off ill long strings, scattering the blood with which it was fully charged in every direction. I saw at once that it was too late to e\(!cuto my original [)ur[)ose, and so I contented myself witl 1 a I'ai eful study of the antlers and their late eoveriu';, and 111 tletachlng portions still remaining. Tho surface of the antlers .seemed hard and well matur(;d, and the points hard and sharp, hut I detected no interception of tho blood-vessels around the hurr, although that part of the antler had attained its full devel- opment more than a month before. There I could distinctly see the unobstructed arteries, some passing through holes and others mmm 172 77/A' iJi:i:i,' or i \ii:i!ir.\. m tlirmioli iiidc'iitiit ioiis ill tlir liiii'i'. So WHS rdiiclusivclv i"fl'ii1i'il tln'(iM iiolinii lliiit, 1 lie Mi'DWl li ut" llii' hiiiT tli'st nivs t Imsi' liliioil- vt'sscls liy i'i)iii|»n'ssii)ii, iiiitl lit'iu'f tlir velvet dies tor wiiiit ot' iiii- triiiieiit. Tliis iifitidii was the result cif jin iii^'eiiiDii^ . iiiade ihinii^h a. course of vears, is cMiichisive tiial nature |iioiii|)ts Ihe aiiiinal to denude its antlers ot tlieir eoveriiiL;', at a cerlaiii |ieriod oC its n'l'owtli, while yet the lilood has as tVei aeeess to t hat ixcrmn' !is It ever Ikk While, as 1 have shown, this is a I nie hone, and is sniiplieil its noiirishiiirnt in siiltstunlially the same way as other honrs ai'e sii]»|ilie(i, it is still an anonialons lioiie, and natiiiv^ has pfovided means meet lor these aiinmalies. It s|»rin;^s ii[) ra|tidly, and. in a t'l'w months s > I'ai- matures tlrnt it <'eases to re(|iiii't! noiirish- nieiit I'oi- its eiilaru'eiiieiit. hut only I'or its internal solidilication. and docs not, to anv appreeialde deyi'ee, under^'o the ehane'es ol waste or alisorption and renewal whieh taUe ])hiee wi th tl le inter- nal hones, Ipiit the e(|nivalenl ol' this is provided tor liy its eiitin* removal so so(Ui as it heeonies inert, and then siiceeeils ajL^aiii its entire renewal. II' the periosleum is destroyed on a ])ortiun ot the internal hone, the part thus denuded is lialile to dii' for want of the re(piisite iiut riiiieiit and to l)u thrown oil" from the rest ol the hone ;is foreiin'n matter. In the antler, when the periosteum is cut ii'elv removed from the w ,^hoh su rfaee, it still lives I'or a time, and progresses with its internal [jrow'th, (illine; up the eav- ities of the caiieellous tissue with i^'reat ra[)iditv from tin; ahuii- dant supply nuti'iinent it receives throuii'li tlie beam from Its tier I )ei!oines an niei" very seat, till the work is done, and the an mass, a forei^'u suhstanee, and it is thrown olf (mtiris Tlieso are the peculiarities of this anomalous member. Now li't us examine and we shall sec how beautifully nature has pro- vided, in the svstem for nutrition, to meet these peouliaritii^s, th lese extraordiiiarv re(]iiirements. pet In doinu: this wo shall bi: oblin'cd to run a sort of parallel in tlu; process of growth with the internal persistent bones, for so shall I be (enabled to explain th(^ most intelli"'iblv the results of inv mvestiuMtions. In both, the great source of nutriment, during active growth. is the arterial system of the periosteum. Within we tind the riaversian system com[tlete., with only su(rli luodilications as the exigencies which the peculiarities of this bone [)resent. For in- Till-: \\ri.i:i;s. I •» ^taiii'i', wlirii it is miiliiri'il il is cdmii;!!';!! ivrl\ a miTkI iHnif. willi iiioiii (ir less liiMiK'lirs, and llii'ii'is all alix'in'c n|' I lie iiiriliillai'v I'aiiiil, witli its iiian'uw, aitcrifs. and iicives; luit. as wr >jiali sec, \vc liavti tlit'ir t'(|nivai('iils, and iiiki'c, t'nr tln' lilimd M'ssrls triiv- crsiiiLJ tilt' iiiti'i'st ii'cs within ai'i- so (Apandrd during' tlu' rapid H'fiiwl h rif the ant li'i's as tn iiirrt till' aiii'inalmis dmiand lni'ilir c'lrniciits III' i^'mwili diii'iiii;' thai simrt Imt cxcilini; pfriiML I will iiuw cvplain hricllv the systfni i>l" ltliMMl-vi'>sc|s |irii\idt'd til ndiii'ish the antler (hiriiiL;' its rapid growth. First, tin' i'\ti'rnal sii}i|ily Irdin thr pcrinstcnin. Thcx' arc an fxlfiisioii nt a pari 111' th(! arli'rics ul' thr pcridstciini, wliirh prrsistnit ly cnscrs tin- pedicel which I'ni'ins the seat nf the new antli'i'. S md. a pail ■ if tlii> arteries dl" tlu- pe>'iiisteiini ul the pedicel tiiiii ill and uNcr- -■|)reail tho top ol' tiic pi'dieid at the artieuhilinii, and thence pa^s up thr(iut;'li the* iiiterinr (if the new antler. And lliird. we iinil a niiiiilier of arteries which [lass np throiieh the inlerinr ul' the pedicel and into the ^I'owiii^' antler. hiiriiin' the period i^'i ■growth, maiiv of all these three sets of arti-ries are oi eiioriihuis si/.(; as compared with the I )lood -vessels with which internal iioncH are snp[)lie(L llavinu,' thus In'ieily stated the systcn of hloud-vessels juo- \i(h'dfortlie ^^rowth of tht> new ant ler, let us iidw e'o hack to wlierewc left the top of th" pedicel, — t lie coiica \e seat of the antler overeriiwii with tin; thick vascular eoveriiiL;'. which was an extension of tiie periosteum, which persisteiitlv siirroiinds the liony process of the skidl, n[)on which the future antler is to lie e;rowii. Whether this has liceii accom[)lislied niontlis before, as when the antler was east oil' I'arly, or hut a day or two liefore, as in the case of our elk, at the proper time when the activ(! growth is to commenco, in the blood-vessels pussino- ii[) tlirough the periosteum, tlm circMilation becomes greatly aiM-elerated, the tcin[)erature is greatly increased, the [larts b'come exceedingly sensitive to the touch, and wci have the ajipearance of u high state of inilammation, though in reality but a very active nat- ural action. As before; stated, the thick, massive periosteum is raised u[) from tho bono beneath into a convex protuberance, liencath, the H[iaco is occupied by a new .systiun of blood-vessels, by far the greatest number shooting inward from the arteries in the periosteum, still others rising up through the bone bidow, the canals thmugh which have suddenly become greatly enlarged by the absorption of the inner laininiC. As yet nothing like ossification has taken place, and if the part be now inspected it 1 174 Til I-: DEFAt OF AM Fine A. pi'est'iits siin|il_v tlic npiicaraiH'c of coamilatcd hlond. lnil, as iniu;lit l>t' cxpcctcil, a rloscr oxaniiiiatiuii disi'lusi's a regular ami liiu'Iilv organized arterial and venous system, ti'avei'sing a mass .>t' soft and liighlv excited animal tissue. Now eomnienees tlit' process of ossilicalioii. j-'irst around tlie border nf tiie jx'dicel the osteal cells and tile intercellular tissue receive deposits of tlie eartliv ])arti(des. and thus the growth of the new hone is ciuunienced at the external iiortioii or tin .iri'Uiufer- elii'e al the seat of the aiitlcr. The i)rocess n( )W !ides on raiiKllv li\- the formation of new intercellular tissue and osteal cells on the inner side of the memhrane. which in turn ri'ceive their de- jKisit ^>i earthy matter, rapidly huilding up the outer wall and sliiwK lining up the interior with cancellous tissue. The cells nf the cancellous tissue commence lilling up with earthy matter. mtl ml arraiiiiinL! tlu'niseives in to II ivei'sian svstenis so soon as thev llenisel VeS are fdi'ined, and sd the lower circuml'erencc nf tli aiillei' is lirst hardened int o Miid'ao y compact Imne ; hut it is al this \cr\ point that this jn'ocess goes on the most s'owly. else the sources of nutriment which rise up through the lionv process of the skull, upon which alone the antler must depend for nutriment linish its growth after the j^erinsieum shall lia\c ln'cn i einoveii friun its siu'face, woidd he cut off while there is much work to ln' ddiie especially on young animals, after this greatest means of sii|)[ilv is g(uie. I was first made aware of this fact many years since, when I caught a young elk with his lirst antlers ahout two feet long, and iinely hranclied near the ends. These antlers had lieeii dixcsted of their velvet 'or fliree months, and to all appear- ance eiitireK matured. Hefore put ting him into the cage to he t to the ( "eiitral I'ark, ^ ^\\ \'(U'k, where he played the sov- seii fn for maiiv vears. I sa^ed oil' liis antlers ahout two in erell above the hiirrs. I (•lies was su rprised to liiid the hioud to Ihiw (piit freidv, sutlliaent to stain the saw for the whole length used. In no ot her I'ase have r saweil olT the antlers fi •oiu so Young an am- mal, hut very often from aihilis of the various species, from none of which did I lind the blood to (low: but in all eases, the lilood- vessels and the color were plainly visible to the naked eye. foi' a greater or less area near the middle of the antler, until near the time when it would drop oil'. l)Ut if .Mr. (ieo>'-e Keiinaii is not mistaken in what he saw. the blood 'irculates still more freely through the apitareiit ly ma- tured antlei's of the adult domestieated n-iiuleer in Sibi-ria. In Tent Life ill Siberia" (p. 1S()), he Siiys : " To prevt'iit the 111- THE AXTLICliS. ».) tci'fi'i'ciH'c ami kiKickiiio' togctlicr of the dccis' aiitU-rs wlicii tliry slioiild lie liai'iirss<'(l in couples, uin' liorii was relent I^-^In clKHiped olT close t<> the head l>v a native anne.t with a hea\y swoi'd-like knife. leaviiiLi,' a fed ghastly stnuip. iVom whuli the lilood ti'iekled in littlt; sti'eains over the animals" cars." It' he had had the ant- lers sawed oiV instead of chopped otf with a heavy knife. I should have liked it licttei' and so pidliahly won'' I the dcei-, foi' if ll lose nit lers Were a^ hard ;i> t'rn :i \ery diHiciilt as well as a veiy cruel task lo chop them off with anything. The deei- were pi-rliap^ castrated. tliouLi'h imperfectly, which wmild render the antlL'r le>s deii>-i' with more active arterial sv>tein than in perfect an'h'als : Imt certain it is that the antlers were well iiiatnr<-d, fur uur author Tells us just heforc that the ilrrv wei'c cauglit l)V throwing a lass oviM- the antlers of the liich made '• treiiiend-'iis leaps and frantic efforts t'>es- ape. " Id have lioi'iie wliicii the antlers uiii^t have liecii prcttv ileer, w well 1 iiatiircd. h;,rd. and strong. 'Idiis was in Xovemlier, near tl Arctic Circle, when on the full Kiicks, at least, the antlers must h;ivc hecii in tli eir priuh' II owcNi'i'. niakine- e\ci's' aljowanci' tnr iiiac(airatc ohservatioiis arising from want of appre -iation nf the importance of what ln' saw, we niav safelv cuuclude, that when the strong and pr'^tlv well matui'cil antler was severed near the head, there wa-> a disi ■liaruc of hliiod at least siitlicicnt 1\' CI li '|i Ills to drop (low n upon t lie oar; Ins IS miicli more i iiaii I h c\ cr I lusei'N'cd i\'e ire l)Ut all antlers do not show r-puil solidity at the time they dropped in the course of nature, and it is v<'ry uncomm'iii to lind eiie tluit is unite solid tnroughout. 1 sualU towards the lowt'r ciid and indeed for 'lie greatest portion of it and cm'ii extending into the tines, a. pair of the interior is more or less porous wjicii lies and IS thrown ,\]\ the internal g? iwth erusfs, the antler This internal growth i.s arrested before sidlicienl earthy matter has been de|»ositeiJ to lUl up tlw" jii«!rstices in the cancellous tissue and rend' the antler sohd throuu'hoiit , he result is that tiie antler, instead of Ueing solid has an open interiorof greater or less I'xtent, which, however, is braced in every direction \>\ thin ]ilates of li'ine, leaving tin- anthn' lighter, more elastic, and per- il ps as strong as if the solidilicatioii had extended thoughout. riiis arr<^t of the , lidifying proci'ss, before all the pores had n lil -d up with e5»<<*"ihy matter, results from the extreme solidi- lication of a thin plate at the lower extvemitv of the antler, wl Dei lie IS in actual contact wi«^h the })edio<'l. and through which the ii ^ Till'. i)i:i:i; (> mi: I! I (A. tcnial vessels liiul viisscd up into llic nntler, wliicli liad fiirnlslicil the intiTiiiil nourisliiiiL'iit iliiriim' th(! iffowtli of tlic; aiitli-r. and l)\ \v iicli llic liai'dcnint;' process within liad been continin'd aft CI' llic velvet liad lieen ndiWed oil". 'V\\o liardeninix of ihi' lower e\t I'emn V o f th antli'i". s tliroii e-h it iO a> io compress the \'(' which j)a> :ind aiTest the •ulathiii throMeii iheni. is the meat! It\' whi<'h til in tei'ior of the antler is left, to ii t>realei' or extent, porous ami iii-lit ;is ahove described, and whic; 1. as we readily ajipreciate. is for tile benejit of the animal. 'I'lie diaiii' ;er of iIk antler is onlv eiilan d.l iiriiiL;' Its i>iowt h the I'levation of ridees on th'- surface, so as to make chanm or beds lor th(^ lanm- lU'twies of llu' periosteiin T IfSI' lianiie or e'l'ioves can ' that the 'irte'le tenia, whi'h cannot m-c th«iiai. seen on th itl uitlers oi ill tl le siii'cies, aiu 1 ,si low 'S were ei)()rmous for blood-vi-ssels for a perio^ iiiternul bones are so minute i^hat the naked e\ At ti. I owe- I •xtreriBJtP of the antler, the ('nlaru'emeiit con tiniies, tili nine -vttn'nitl i^irurrli of the ant er IS we advanced formifiL'' - '■ r i pleted. : h> '1 iMllals t iijf" lejl indeiitai is wl ow IS com HIT. whetie. wdien the o'l unils s(v.:ie of the tirteries. formii; "■'!» th i»'\' pBitwi. while others TUllss riiroiiL,'li deep -t us eiieetuallv n^ Io lile eaiials. '11 us -InxfTS lis tksut till'"***' «i!:».tnrans4s who have attributed th death of tile velvet to tliiie coiupression ;it the burr, of the vessels leading into it, a;re nriistaikeii. This burr, iiusfe-a.d of i-oiiipresf^iiin those vessels bv its increased growth. i> aciaiiimir;dil\ desij^ied to protect them fmm ii.iurv: and tlie protecting canals ard itutlenla- tions never do fill uj, h\ eontinueil depo-^its of bone inat.<*ri;il. as occurs to tl le canals leading in to th ■ Hitler abov^ ir enc(> It that wlien the velvet is nibbed olV or torn away, it is found gorged with blood thrown u[t b\ these uncheekod arterie'-. lUit there is another sei of arieries, as we have seen. comiiiL^ from the ]H'rsisteiit p'riosteiim on the pedicel below, which pass 111 a I the articulation between the [tedieel and the ant (•r, Tl les> are numerous and so large that their canals may be readily de teeted with the naked eve. Let anv one curious to examine thi interesting subject, take the first deer"s heail w itli antlers, whic he liiids in the inaiket, and carefully disset't away the skin btdow the burr, and he will, without the aid even of a pocket glass, find both these systems of canals through the burr, for the supply of the periosteum, and those jiassing into the articulation be- THE Axrf.7:ns. i t twffii tlH> ('1(1 11(1 tlie new Iiiiiic, lor tlic iiitcnml supply ol' iiutri- lllcllt. Hut this i.i not ;ill. C'(i|ii(>ns as is the supplv of Itlond wliicli tlicsc LiTCMt ;ii-t('|-i(s iii'c ciipal)]!' ol' fiiniisliiiiu-, still it is iiiad- ('(jiiatc till' s(i rajiid ii fi'rowtli ; so we lind aiintlici' sci of lilood- vcsscls, (•■ inmmiicatiii^ dii'cctly ln't wccn the |)i'rsistcnt and tlic dci'iduons ossfons i'oi'niat ions. Tlicsc pass up tlii'oucii tlic l)od\- of tlic pedicel into tlic ant Icr. and toc-cf her with those just dc- scrihcd. pei'foriii the oHicc' (if the nie(hillary artery in the inlcrnal loijc- Imiics, siipplyinc- it with niiti'inicnt internally, and coinnui- nicatiii^', as in tlit^ case of coiiiinoii hones, with tlu' llaxcrsian systems connected with the pcriostciiin. i-ct us c\aininc a cross swtiiolil of t he pedicel, ju <{ helow the scat of the aiitlci'. when antli-r -. hut half e-i'own and the work is L^'iiiui;' on in ils full \ i^'or, and we lind it open and sjioiiey. apparent ly coiii|ioscd of pretty conipact cancellons tissue towards the circiiiiifcreiice. hut with open canals near the middle, in the specimen now hct'oi'e nic. which is cut across, one of these canals is nearly one line in diiinietcr. This is the larei-st distinct canal for the passaeo of an artery throueh the ])ediccl which I have found, luit when these canals are smaller. theiHi are more of them, if examined at the same slae'c of "'rowth. These canals alVord ahundant passa!.^e for the hlood-\csscls passing up throiiLi'h it into the iiew-e-rowiuijj ant ler. Let us compart! it with another, also on my tahlc. on which the antler had lieconic hard, and was ncai'ly ready to he cast olV. Now we lind this jiediccl. which a few months heforc was so porous, has liecomc a compact Imhk^ tliroiin'hout . with the cav- ities so fai' lilled n[i as to collapse the blood-vessels and ohstruct the apprcciahle passage of the rc(l hlood, thouc'h. ot course, the lacuna' and tlu' canaliculi are still preservi'd as necessary to its own continue(l vitality : hut all the visihle canals ai'c now tilled up. Here. then, is an order of nature found nowhere else, he- cause the necessities of the case nowhere "Ise n^piire it. We lind a persistent Ixuie, alternatidy compact and porous, altcr- nalint;' annuallv, simplv hecause it is necessary to tlu* per- htrmaiKM' of a peculiar function, iKJwhere else in the whole lann'c of nature's works demanded. When the time ajiproaches i'or the new antler to commence its growth, the lamina' which had tilled up the canals in the pciHcel through whii'h the nutriment to [)i'()ni(ite that new growth is to pass, are ahsorhed away and tlie canals are thus enlarged, and 12 I ■ !' i ilk 1 : Ji"'-"!^ 178 VV/A; 7;/i /■;/.' o/.' A Mimic A. lit ^l»! the 1p|()()(1-vcsscIs wliicli luid hccii (■(iiiiprcsscd iim\v swi'll (Uit ;iii(I hcc'oiuu active comliiils t'di' the rc(|iiir(Ml iiiitiiiiicnt tui'llir iniw i^riiwtli, 1111(1 ('\('i'ytliiiiL!,' wliicli had lircii loi" several luoiulis so ddi'iiiant suddenly hecoines the scene id" intens(Mictivitv. Tlieii aL;ain. as this new ^niwlh a|i|irened by the ahsorpt ion of the old. the Mood- vessels ai'(i ae'ain e'radiially diiiiinished, and linally practicallv closed, when their actisc functions are no loiiL;'('r re(|nirc(i. Thus w(! see how complete is the system, iiiid how perfectiv adapted is it for the anomalous i-e(piirements, to sn p pi v t he nut ri- nieiit. for the rapid erowt h of the deciduous antlers of the('er- viche. and a perfect com[)roheiisi()n of this will cnaMe iis {d UIK lerst UKl he remarkable ithases. under varie(l circninstance which it will l)(i necessary to explain before W(! coni[ilete oiii' present suliject. A more particular des(aa|>tioii of tin; proe'ress of this e'rowtli is now necessary, and we are the better prepare(l for this bv the in- vestigations already made. As has been already said, the tirst structure is of the outer r eircund'ereiuu! of the antler foianin^' a hollow exiinder. wans, () the cavil \' bein^; in the form of an inverteil cone. The specimen before nie is a deer's aiith-r less than half e-|-()\\ii, and is si\. inches loll"' and one inch in diameter. 'I'lie ossitied walls do not extend to the lo|>, which consists of a mass of blood-Ncssels, the osseous wall at the iip|)er end presenliiie' a thin serrated ede'e, the cavity there bt;ing' iiearlv one inch in diameter. Helow this the wall e'radually increases in thi(^kiiess, and is coni[»osed of cancellous tissue, more dense towards the circuinferenee : just abov<^ the Imrr, tlii^ cavity is nearly tilled with this tissue, through which the blood-vessels pass, with a, small open passage near the middle. 'I'he internal cavity does not entirely terminate at the seat of the antler, but continues down into the pculicel in the form of a canal, where it soon s[)reads out into many rainilieations, whence couie the tributaries traiismittiiig tlie great ilow of lilood which passes through that chaniK'l for the noiirishnieiit of the ra[)idly growing antler. The butt or lowcn- end of the matured antler is more or less eon- vex, corresponding to its concave seat at tin; top of the pedii.'cl. This lower extremity of the antler, where the articulation occur.>. is, as before intimated, exceedingly compact, corresponding, in that respect, to the articulate extremities of the interniil bones. ■rilE ASTf.KltS. 179 'V\w t il)s III t he ;iiit Id's, uii ii'li ;ii'(! the last I'liriiKMl, iirc ihc lir.-,t. ln'coiiKj sdliilitiiMl ipiiic llii'uiijj;!!, and I'imiu these jjoiiits the so- li(lil"\ iii^;' pi'nct'ss g'oes (111 (luwi 'lit I thiMiiLiii the liraiiehes ami th leani, till the passages thi'iMin'h the siirhice dl the antler, which idinitted the eii'eiilatiiiii tVoiii the perinsteuiii, ha\c heeoiiie eld-^cd. •;iiiiii attei' whieh the velvel IS discarded Ins eirciilat mn Irom ilie |iciiiisteuin inli) ihe aiillei' is lir.-^l shut nfl' nl the !i|i|ier ex- tremities, and (hence dnw iiw ;irds, imt the Mmid iinws lVcrl\ iiitn this outer vascular cnxcrini^' all this time, for it is |iri)\ided, though imperfectly, with a. venous as well as an arterial sys- tem. T lis velvet Will never snontalleouslv dlsenL:'a'''e itse ■lit ll It is not detached li\ violence, the Mood- ves>els which sustain it will soon close of themselves. Hot li\' inecliaiiical comprosimi at the hiirr, liiit in ohedience lo some law of nature not cloarU- under- stood. 1 think the most pmhahle cause is the imperfection ot i he venous svstem of this periosteum, which is inadeipiate to return the Mood as last as it is thrown up liv the arteries, now that the c'anals to the interior are closeil, and so. after a lonL:,e|- or shorter strnu'e'le, this outer covering; must die. if not previouslv torn away. It is rare that a portion of the \civet is thus retained. 't I h lavc several specimens in mv collection where i t has dieil upon the ant ler. and [n'escnts the appearance ol a thin sheet of L;iitta perclia adheriiiL:,' to the antler ■.ith '_;i'eat teiiacit\, fre- iliieiitly resisting;' all siihseipieiit allempls of the animal to remove it ; luit all th.e fur is worn off, and it is smooihlv iiolished hv suh- se(juent friction. This rnhhint;' process is not suspeiideil so ,>o( in the velvet is reii loved, hut continiieil ihr iiiLiiioiit the iiiltin 1 1 iiL; season, when the n[iper part of the antler lieconies liiieK polished, and the outer surfaces of the tiihercles, which fr"ipientl\ a[i[)ear nil the lower [lart ot t he heaiii, are ap[)reciably worn down. 1 his process is oarrieti on not only against the trunks of small trees, which arc sometimes denuded of their bark fiM' several feet, Iml also aeainst the hranches which are within reach. Indeed, xhti elk are often ^vr\\ twi-^tiuL; their ant lei's anioiiM- tjie ex t remit lev of the liraiiches, and 1 onee found a hraiich two inches in i'o|>ei- buni of lamina' elosint;- up the I'clls and pores, and obliteratim;' the lilood-\essels, both abovr and hiteiallv. In the mean time, the aiMei'ies which pasM'd up through the. butt of the antler and sn]i|ilied the interioi'. wei'e becominif uiorii and more coin|)resse(l, as the lower j^art, and especiallv the articular ])late, liei'anu' more and more solidified, till iinallv thev become entirely collapsed or cut off, and the cii'- cnhiMi'!! above arrested, ami the work of lillinn' up the inner cavi- iies slopped befon* the interior of the antler had become com- jiletely solidilied, leaving a jiortion of the interior still porous. 'J'he extent of this interior spungy j-aiT varies considerably in (buerent specimens, not dej)ending on a diiiereiice ot the species >f th Th is closing lip of the arteries. b\ the solidilication of tic arlic- idar plate, takes ])lace much sooner on old animals than on the young: still the canaliculi remain open for a consi(h'rable time. and maintain a certain amount of life in the antler, lint even these at last suecuinb, or cease to transmit sn^licient nutrinii'iit t" maintain vitality, Avhen tlie antler becomes an inert mass of bone, slid so lirmlv attached to its seat that no a\ailali'i' force can seii- irate it from the pc dicel at the ai'ticiilalion. If >iiHicieiit viol ellce be used, the i)e(licel will be carried awav with a i>art of the sk the antler will break oiT above, the burr. II or matter cannot remain stationary. Il owever, oruanizi'il must be either u'rowiii! 1- o|' I'l' decaying. So soon as the former 'proci'ss is linished the latl commences, at tirst very slowly, no doubt. ^'aturt! has made proper ])rovision for this, as is clearly ilis- closed by a careful stiuly. Let us remember that there were throe classes of arteries by which the antler was supjtlieil during the period of its ra})id growth. First, extei-nal. through the pcii- osteiim ; another, strictly internal, or those passing up throiigli the jtedicel intineiit tlie antler is thus removed the blood (lows freelv from the rnpt" ,d vessels which had [)asseil into the articulation and iloiK! the work of absor[)tioii, lait not a trace of blood can be found coming from the antler ; the detached convex surface, which is of an immaculate whiteness, though rough like very coar^ie sand-paper, shows plainly where the particles had been removed by absorption. Blood is frequently found on the end of thi! aiitltM", which oc- curs when some force lias been .ipplied to the ant lei', when it is nearly ready to drop otl, not snlhcieiit to detach it entirely, but which partially separates it tiom the seat, and ruptures a part )f the blood-vessels then tl hi-n the blood will insinuate itself wlierever the separation lias x-eu antler. The fact that blood flows fr« uTe«l and stain the end of tin from vessels around tlu* biM'- (lers o f till V dicel and not a partich from tlie antler, the i no- llleu t tlu separation takes place, siiows, wliat a more critical examination also i>roves, that at least some of the blood vessels passing into the articulation remain open and active nj) to the time of separation, while they are elTectively closed by the soliil- ilication of the lower extremity of the antler. I may give one or tv/o examples to illustrate this. Early in April, while walking through tlie park, I met Dick, a very tame tiiur-year old buck. ( )ne antler was standing, but the other 1S2 '/'///•; /)/•;/•;/.' or amiiuka. \v;is Lfoiic. ;m(l llic sent wiis <'(iv('r(Ml witli frcsli hlund. As lie \v;is ciilinn' cnrii I'loiii oiK? Iiiiiid, witli llii' (itlicr I sci/.rd the I't'iiKiiiiiiiL;' antler. Ih; iiniiicdiiitcly iuiii|»c(l hack and severed tlic antler with a sniart snap. Fie sliooU his he:id ami ran away as if eon- sidei'ahK hnrt, whih' tlie lilood llowed so I'reely I'ruin the exjiosed em! nf the pedieel tiiat it ran down the side of his hiee and (hojiped to the eionniL Aii inspection of the end of the anth'r. at tilt' point of separation, showed not a trace of hlood. hnt the idnLih convex snrhice was as undefded and as wliitc as it is pos- sihle to iniaeiiie. It was sonic ininntes hcforc lie would so far for- eive nie as to come and take more corn from mv liand. Tiieii I saw the concave seat of thi' ant ler was hded witli Mood already l)e!4"iiinint;' to coaniilate, and the hemon'liae(( had nearly ceased. Til'' next fall, cai'ly in Novemher, the same animal was follow- iiii;' me throueii the <;'rounds, hcggine' for o'rat iiities, while I wished to liestow my attentions niortM'xclnsivcly to a pet na/elle. and in my impatii'iice al his persistent importunities, I kickeil hackwai'd. just as he lowered his head, when 1 knocked off one of his antlers. Tiie dislocation took place with a smart crackiiiLT ise and [irol)ahly hy the use of ahoiit the same force as on the no fori iier occasion, and precisidy the same phenoinena wei ,h served, lie carried tlie vemainint;- antler luit a day or two when it disappeared. < )n this occasion this was the first deer in the park to lose his antlers, while on the other he carried them the longest of any. While the erowiiig' antler of the deei- is hnt indifferently pro- vided with a iiervons svstem. yet tlie nppei' jiortiou. ahove where the ossified wall has hecoiiie est.ihlished, is in a. situation reseiii- hlinu' a hii;li state of inllammation. and like really inflamed pai'ts is ( xc'cdiiie'ly s(^nsitiv(*. In the deer's antler the ap|)ar CIUIN intlan iniaiory action or hieh tom|)erature seems to siiliside soon as the ossified wall liecomes estahlislied. and the extrenu sellsl hilitv in the outer coverine' disa]ipears. There tl le antler may he handled. eom|)ressed, and even the velvet cut throuuh. without manifestations of suffering-, while al)ovo on the soft ami yielding ]iart, where the tempei-ature is nuicli liighertlian it is lielow. the least ]irossure or even touch seems (o produce pain. th lie antler o the ileei- sometimes tliouiih I'arelv heciJines di^ eased, w lien tlie same o leiionieiia oiH'ur as m diseased mteni: hones. The chaiiiU'ls of the Mood-vessels 1 )eci line large and t! vessi Is hecome expanded, and even the whole diseased part < the antler becomes ii'reatlv enlarged hy the sei)aratiou of th THE .WTf.KHS. 1S3 I* limiiiKi' !>v iiillaininiitorv (l('|ii>si(s Ik'Iwccii lliciii. iircsfntiiiLj to till' view li Idiist' mill |iiirnii.s a]i])i';inmi'r. Wln-ii in tliis iDiidi- tifni till' ilisciisi'd jiortinii (|mcs iinl iiiTl'cct its ^TMWtli si> as to ami ( Miasta li'ai' ( ( ri'i nlllH V, I'Xti'llilill!^' IVnlil ( 'nttnllW ( 'alil'nriiia. It will ni)(l Slallnll nhSrl'N I'll iiai ''■l» 111 il'W iiichrs nl' the niilrr cxtn'mitN nl' tlii' tiiu' is ^rratlv ciilar^i'd. At thi' tiiiii' till' d I'lT was Ih'd tl 11' vrhi't was I'i'iiiaiiuiiii,' mi tl lis M'tinii lit' till' aiitirr almii' All t' II' I'rsi was ili'iiinlril ami siii'lai'i' wi' )n|lslh'i| Alti V that I'l'iiiaiiiiiii;' had hrrnnic wr iiru'il VCSSI'IS |( d it n|T and i'miiid that tlii' canals Inl' ailinir IVniii the iii'i'insti'iini intn the diseased lioiic had iiec(»iiii' sn ( 'iilar^ed as to he pei'h'ctK distinct tn the naked eyi indeed niaiiv nl them wer e as ars^e a s a siii pill. he \lsil)li' i\ ersiaii systems wit Inn iiiniiths nl' these eaiials leadiii*^ to the II; arc c\ceediiiL!,iv iiunierniis. liiternallv the crnss sectinn nf tin diseased part itf the tine ])reseiits that li nl'ten seen in discasei n >pnnL;'\' appearance mile I When L;'i'n\vinji', the antler i>i the deer is i|uite pliant, and may e eiveii aliiinst any slia]ie nr directimi. withmit apparent injury. Nothinij; is mnre cniiininn than to meet with antlers I'rnm all the species nl' this oenns, taken from wild animals, with the lieam nr more I'leipieiitly some nt' the tines nccnpyin^ unnatural pnsiiimis atl riimtahle In some force applied when in an immature state. I I ia\e never known an install ce wiiere SUcil lllj urv In the antler has pri diiced di sease Oi icc w n en takiiiL!,' a pair of hlack-tailed deer from a Imat inti 111 a yaic nl Wlllil. nlle n the steamship in the C'nliimhia Iliver the antlers nf the huek. which was a few inches Iniiy. ^nt ciuslicd down, and vet it did imt appear tn hecnme diseased fmni the in- jury. It Li'i'ew nil ill the fniiii of all irregular mass, shed i;s velvet at ahoiifc the; siinie tiling as the uniiiiiiicd antler, and was cast off aoo lit tlie saiiK^ time, present iiiu' n lo sue anpearance oi iiisciise us ill the case lirst descrihed. 'ilu' next year the antler thrown upon I w ill 1S4 Till: in:i:i; or amehka. tlic s;uMi' .side wiis of [icrfcct t'onii, sliowiiiff that tin- jicdicd Imd not liccii injiii'cd. Tlic ("rvliiii liiiik in my grounds .'ivrivcd wlicn liis iintlcrH were iilxiiit Iiiiir I'l'owii, and niiu of tlicin was hadiv bruised and bent ovci', yd it i^rcw on to maturity witliout showing any signs of disease', hut without symmetrv or (hdiiiahh' foi'in. I have in my eoUeetion many specimens of defornu-d anlh-rs, some of which I have illustrated. ( )nc; without a beam on eithei' antler but consisting oidy of snugs or tines growing from the bui'r, others having apparently double nv ti'eble beams on the same antler. 'These deformiti((S, I think, have arisen from inju- ries received in the early stage of the growth of the antlers. They would, I doubt not, liave been shed at the proper time, and been succeeded by antlers of the proper form, Witliont injury ther(^ may be abnormal growths on the antlei's. As wlier*' tines a])pear in unnatural positions or jjlaces, or where the be:im is lii- furcated with regidar palms on eacli ju'ong, as shown in the il- lustration of the antlers of tlu' Scandinavian elk in Sty aiii|piilatioii as with us, but liy liriiisiii^ iiiid ci'iislihi^ the tfsticlf with tlic ttctli. witlmiit opciiiiin' tin' sci'dt nil and iTinoviiiy' tlif iin inln'i". lis (4 IKHTSSltV Is lllll very iiii|i('i-t'c('t cast rut inn, ainl while it may dcstiMy tlir capafity for !j;('iit'iati()ii, it docs not riitirdv ivinove drsiic. and niodciatcs (• oImTM- witlioiit destroy i II l;' the spirits of the aiiiinal. Were tii tioii ('oin|)lete, it inie'lit leave the aiiiiiial so dull uud stupid as to iiii|»air, if il did not destroy, his iisefnliiess. It had iie\cr oecnrred to the Lapp, that this operation had any illihleiice on the e'lMwtli of the antlers, liiit he supposed they were east oil' and renewed on the iiiiitilated as on the perfeel aiiiinal. On relleetioii, lioweNcr, he reineinhered that many eairied the velvet loiiu'er than usual, and that in ;i few instanecs the ileer had arriei' their antlers tliroiii;h the winter, aiK 1 it niiL;hl lie that the antlers were hrokeii olV near tlu^ heatl instead of liein detached ut the articulation as on the [x-rfect tmimal. My conclusion was, from all tlit; information I could L;atl ler, that coiiinleti! castration i if tl i(! reindeer lias the same eiiect oil is less. the growth of their antlers as on other deer, hut that in Lapland the operation is usually very imperfect, and so the eiVi and sometimes is so little, that IIk; antlur still matures, and is regularly cast oil' every year, wliilt! on others the operation is more complete, when the antler never matures, hut is broken olt near the head when it liecomes fro/en tlirouuh, and from the the f stump a new anller grows entiv see is tlio case with otlnn' deer, olIowiii'T year, as we slial pres- It IS no t reinarkablo that facts like these should he (piite over- looked by the La[)[)s, for to them they have no interest ; and the niucli surprised that I should coiiu! \y\\ loiibt ibliging l^ap[) was no ( so far to make inquiries about matters which to him were so iit- terl\ unimportant, for he could not sei^ how they could help to till tl le i)ot. su But even naturalists, if they have not entindy overlooked the bject, have not deemed it of suflicient imjiortance to institute ca reful exixjrinuints so as to arrivi' at correct coiu'lusioiis. W I lie most writers on the Cervida' have alluded to the subjei't. they have generally despatched it in a ])aragr;i[)li or two, in wliicli they have given vague rumors, or adopte n^X. ^^^ .-6^ wi^ i Mi, Um \m i 18G T/fE DEER OF AMEHKA. T^r. ( >\vciis' statcniciits uii tliis siiliji'i't ' acrord mon' cldsdv witli llic results wliii'li I have nbtaiiicd than aiiv (itlicrs wliicli I Iiiivc iiii't. Still tlicy dilViT ill some vciy iniportaiit jtarticiilars. Imt tlicy arc mostly t'oiiiided on cxiicrimcnts not made liy liim- scll' : and I must say that I think it fjuite jirobable, from what is sail], that there was mnch room for eia'oi'. It is possiltle, indeed, that a dillel'ent elVect ina\' lie produced on some S]>ecics of deer IVoiii that produced on others, hut all anahie'V would I'onder this exceed int;ly improhahle. When it is said that the antler on a ciistiMted specimen has hecii shed and renewed aimuallv as on the perfect animal, a, donht is left whether the animal was re tll\ or at least <^omj)letely castrate(| : s\ich we have s(M'n was the in- formation n'iven me hy the Lapp as his lirst impression, hut a careful examination showed that li(» was prohahlv mistaken in liis suppositiou. tliat castration had no elVect on the erowth of tlie antler on the reindeer. \\'(> may still doid)t whether th(> oper- ation was complete, or wheth(>r the hi'eakine' off of the antler near the head, ami the e-i'owinu; of a mnv one from the stump, which as we shall presently see alv.iiys occurs on the smallei' species in this lat itude, lias not been mistakiMi for a sheddinsi' ami renewal of the antler. Loni^ practice and ureat care, as well as a full ajipreciatioii of the distinctive featur<»s to he souelit f are iii(i,.qieiisal)le to (pialify us to make oliservations which n or. lav be absolutely rcdied u])oii. ^ly exjieriments have beoi) individ- uals of almost every ao'c, and continued through a louj^' course of years, I proceed to results. If a deer h(> castrated at any time after the antlers are so far matured that their v(dvet niav be riMiioved Avithout material in- jury, and while they still lirmly occupy their seat, th«\v will lnr,i- riiililji drop olT within thirty days thereafter, tliouLrh il mav lie nioiilhs before the lime when they would have been shed in the course of nature. In this ease, and also when the operation is performe(l after the antlers are drojiped nat urally, in the sprini:' followine' when llm new antlers on the perfect buck eomnience their erowlh, the same er(»\vth commences on the mutilated ani- mal, and proeresses to aJI external appearance the same as on the ]ierlecl animal till they have attained iiearlv the same si/e as those which were last cast off. If tin' buck be a younn' one with a sjiike antler, this will be a spike also of iiearK the same leneth. ' ('unijiiiialiri' Audioiiiii iiiiil /'/(i/sinlni/i/ nf Vi rlihntti s, \iil. iii,, ji. I'l.'il '/•///•; A.xT/.Ens. 1^7 fl If an olil liiick' witli (ivr tiiii's. llicsc will lie nf iiciirly the same si/.c as t 111' I'urmcr. with 1i\i' tiiu-s aiM>. Tlicsi'. Iiowcvcr. never |ii'riV('t tlicii' i^rnwtli ami never Inse their velvet : Imt at tin' time the antlers on the peri'ed laieks lose the velvet, tlmse on tlie mutilated l)iieks stop their urowth, hut a nin(l(>rate eirenlation is kept u]> in the Velvet, whieh remains warm to the touch, and so they continue stalioimrv till the sevel'e weathel' of winter freezes the antlers thron^h down to or \'ery near the hiirr. when liy the application of ,^1. me accidental foree tln'V snap off wiJiin a half an inch or an inch nf tln' Imrr, dependine' on the si/e (jf the antler. If we now exanune the detached ])ortion of an antler we >hall see that its enlii'e hodv i-^ loose and sponi,'y. more cinidi'iiseil at the cireumfeicnee than within. Imt has nowhere attained the eonsisten<'\' of hard hone, so as to close uj) the hlond-vessels lead- inu' into it from the periosteum. 'Idle c(umuiinieatioii has hecii all the while kejit up hetwei'ii the external and the internal cir- eulation, as was the case during" the j)eri(jd of growth nf the antler on t ln' perfect animal. These stum]is of the antlers are carried till the next sjiriiin'. when a new ant ler shoots out from the old stump not so lar^e as its predecessnr. and j^rows on in the same wa\' ami at the same rate as on the perfect animal, till those so far mafui'e a-^ tn sliecl their velvet, when as hefore that on the niutilateil animal stojis its Li'rowth. In the mean time the old stnmjt lias enlarged its diam- eter and put out larye tnheroles as if su])j)h'ni(>ntal to the Imrr. whi<'h is also consideraldv eiihirt^efl. The new antler tliii^ pro- duced is not so lar'_jeas the former, and if branched has less tines. And so this process e;oes on vcar after year, eaeh sueeeechim' antler licinu' less in si/e and pert'eetion than its preilei'essor. while the enlari.;'enient at the lower end hecDines an exaoe'i-rali'd Imrr. i'liis process of 'growth dilTers verv eonsideraldv in ililTereiit in- dividuals of the same species. In some, in a few years, these stumps t;'row to an enormous si/e. ci>vere(l all o\er with lar^'e tuhercles. Sollie of them alllnmitillL!; to shafts two or three imlies I'liic', which may he fro/en and hroken i>\'\' in tin- wiiilei', while neither may he so eonspiciioiis as fo he recoM-ni/ed as a licaiii. The whole of this irrenular mass is ever eovered, with the line. >ntt, M-jiissy fur. These two lar^^e masses in the place of the ant- lers, covered all over with these rudiinentarv shafts, present a \ery cuiiniis and inti'restiiiL;' appearance on the head of a deer. I>y hir the liiii'st speeinieii of this sm't I ever had I presented to tliL' Central I'ark. New York, in Isi;,"). I do not kn^iw if he is i m fW f 1S8 Tin-: DKEi: or ameiuca. still liviiiLj. I'lit if 111' is. and this extraordiiiary appciKla^i' has (•oiitimitMl its j^i-Dwth in the same uni([iii' tliivction, it nmstexhihit a ciii-iuiH spcctaele at this tliiu' ami he ail iiitei'cstiii;^ ohjcct inv St iidy t(» thi' iiatmalist. I ha\t' si'vi'i-al rastnitcd dct-r in my i^froiinds whirh wcit thcrr wiicii " liilly " was sent to New York, hiit iioiit! ol' tiiciii liave a|i- pi'oai'hi'd the s|)e('imeii nieiitioiKMl in the rediimlaiicy of this hasi- hir f^i'iiwtii. Still the dilTereiiee is only in (h'^^ree. This eii- lar^^emenfc df the hase and iliininiition of the shaft seems to be less and less ea<'li year as the animal ^rows older. In ()etohei', Istl"), I i-astrated niv lirst Wapiti, or ElU, the da\ aftiT he had killed Mr. DemmieU, who in spite of lucks and a very snltstantial picket fence eii;ht feet hi<;ii had manai;'ed to ^ei into the park a|iproj)riated exolnsively to the elk. 'Ihat was the most terrilily wicked elk I have ever sei'n. For a few days aftci- the operation he sei'med madder than t'ver. At length, how- ever, his rai;(' i;-radually subsided, and he was ever after tpiite an amiable brute. As I e\|K-cted, within four weeks the splendid antlers which had adoi-Med his head had disaitpeared, and only the larne pedi- cels which had snpportetl them remained to disli^nre the contonr of his head. The next vear new antlers •'rew. but smaller and with fewer bran •hes th lan the old, diil'erini: in this resi)ect malt rially from those observed on the smaller species castrated when fully adnlt. As was ex[)ected, these did not lost; their velvet at the time, it was shed from tlu' antlers of tiie perfect bucks, but the growth was simi)lv suspench'd. P- irintr I)ecend)er, the 1 »1' leaui of oneantlei'. about eighteen intdies from the point, was broken otl' by some accident. This fragment alVorded a rich held for study, but I was not satislied with it and killed the animal dur- ing the winter, antl was so enal>led to establish many facts only .suspected before, but to state each in detail would be too te(|ious. The successor to the deposed nionareh of the herd was onl\ less wicked than the other, lie was castrated on the 1st of .lanuary, lS(i7. The present antlei's wen; cast and the new one- grew, and sus[iended their growth as in the former case, and so they have continued to the present day. These were too large to be fro/en through and so were not broken olT near the head, as has always been the case with the smaller species, but only an inch or two of the ends wire broken. The next year's growth was to teach me something new, and I watched it with interest, rather expecting to see active growths shooting out from the iMl THE A.\Tu:ns. isit ItiNikcii points to iiiikiiowii Iciintlis. Ill this I \v;is (lis;i])|ioiiitr(l : till- cinis j^iTw over. iiri'st'iitiiiLT soiiictiiiiii;' t lie ii|i]i(';ir;iiift' o|' the end of an ;nn]int;il<'(l liniK iit'tci' it is licnlcil, Imt only on one point wiis tlici'c ;iny I'onsidcrnMc elongation and that diii iiol cxcTfd thrci' oi- t'onr inrlirs. 'I'lic new u'rowtli was jtrincipallv cxpiMidrd in thr cnlarucnn-nt of the old rciuainini;' paits. < )f thcs:' till' actual dianu'ter was a|>pri'('iaiily inrrcasi'ij, hnt the Ljrt'atfst vohinii' consisted in laree t nlierdcs all over the snri'ace. some with lai'L^e Kases. otliers attached to the ])aient stem hy small necks. These tnlien-les are lar^'est on the lowi'r part of tin- antler and especially aliont the Imri'. some extending down omm' the |iediccK and oni' neaiK two inches I)ri)ad now extends down over the face Dearly to the eye. This ainmal is now carrviiiLT these antlers the eighth winter. Kach yeai' portions have heeii broken oil" from the ends liy acci- dent, so that now l>nt tincdess stnhs remain scarcely eiL^lileen inches lonL;;. 'I'he^e fi-ai;nients ha\e rarcK lieen fonnd, ami I have liccn alile to add Init one to mv collection. I he ailual dian;eters of these shafts have Ix-eu more than donliled. Some of the old tnhercles are broken olT annnalh'. and those I'emaininL;' are enlaiged sonn-what each year, and new ones crowd theii' way ont amonn' the old. I>ut the nnndier of new ones ami the growth ot the old ones seeni to dinnnisji eacli year as the animal Li'inws older. ()ne of these tuliercdes I fonnd lianninii,' hv the skin, which I secined. That was snilicient to show that thev ;..•<■ eom|tosed o| the same cancellons tissne as the main stem on tins and the crow ini;- antler on the perfect animal. Tiie periostenm. and the cuticle coverine- it in uhicli the line soft fiir of the velvet is iii- serteil, expand with the growth of the tnUercle.--. so as to com- pletely envelop them, penetratiiie; them witli the nntriinent con- duits, the saiiK^ as descrihed when treating of the growth of the antler on the perfect animal. < >n the loth of July I castrated a common l»nck four years old. when his antlers were more than three ipiaiters grown, lie soon recovered from the wound. I watched the result, compar- ing his antlers with those of several others of ahout the same age not castrated. I could detect no diiVerence in the progress of growth till all seemed to hav(^ attained their full size. Those on 'li(i castriitc'd animal never so far matui-ed as to lose the velvet, while that on the perfect iinimal was of courso ruhhed otT as usual. 'I'he results of my experiments seem to ostahlish this slate of facts: that the roniovid of the testes of the deer whose m m m im I HE i)i:h:n or amlui'a. antlers arc ifrowii, at (nit'c arn'sts llio supply (>!' iiuti'iiiiciii wliirli lias liitlu'i'tu ll(i\vc(l ini'i lli<' aiillcr wliicii li;is l^st \\u- \rl\ii, til riiiiLi'li it s nasi he siiiiic ;is wlifii (lie lnw ci- i'\l ii-iiiil \ ha>al- taiiifd its iiia\iiiiiMii l|l'll^ily. ;iiiil lliiil I lie mhm'I Kciil pii iros im- llH'diiilcU (■(illlllli'lH'fS ll|i<>|| IJir liiUcr .^lirtacc ol lllr ;illirl||;ir plati', wliicli III till' iDiirsc of a siiij^ic niniitli lias su l.ii' lunccidid II ilir aiillcr at the art iciiiatinii, and it cliDps nil |iii'- n' liiMSi (■isi'l\ till- s;iiiH' as (iii llic [tcrl'i-cL aniiiial when llic l'iilliif» d I iiiir li;is an i\(il. Il' till' npciatioii is |M'rl'(iniicil lici'nrc the antler liiis so I'ar c.iin- |ilcti'(l its n'rowtli. the lU'posil ol caitliv matter is ;irn'>te(l liel'uie tlif raiials leadiiiu Iroiii tlic |)eiiost('Uiii are tilled up :iiid tli ii- IK'ctioll lictWcell tlie extcrillll aild illterillll lilood-\ e>.-el> is ellt olT. w lien the aiitjer iie\er matures, luit retiiiiis its \it;ilit\' and li comes [MM-sisteiit, althoiii^'li It attiiins a liiti,lier ilee'ree o| lierjeet h >|| 111 itserowtli than the antler which is whollv ;j,i'o\\n on the cis- tratcd laick. I poll the return of spring' tic ahsnrplion wilhiii the pedicel coiiiuiciu'cs ill the mutilated as in the perfeel aiiimid, wherehv til(! canals fur the passa^'e of the Iilood-Ncssi'ls are elilai^ed, ;iiid ail active circiiliitioii is estaltlished. ;md the new ;iiitier cnm- inences its urowtli on hotli alike, and is so ecinlimied. thnUL!,li wil !i diminished force on the mutilated animal, till the>iiminer wanes and the riittiiii;' season approaches, 'riieii a ceitain pnini is attained in the ifrowth of the antler which can never lie pas-ed oil the animal from which the testes have heeii coinpletelv le- mo\ed, while liy the st iliiillatilie- inlluelU'e whieli they affnid. the re(|iiisite nutrinieiit is forced into the antlers nf the mimutilaied animal which eiiahles tlieni to ^row on to complete perfect This inllnence seems to he niostlv excited in those hi 1-ve.- loli. W hich Ciller llie anller at its base, upon whieli the inleni nrowth of the antler depends, after the destriu-tion of the peiins- teum. luit the latter also is deprived of a certain porlinii of ii- (•nert^y. for it seems uiiahle to so solidify the surfaci- of the antler as to close the iiutriineiit vessels which lead ffun it, and tliroiie'li which the hlood which ascends throueli the arteries nf tiie periosteum is returned. 'I'lie e'l-c^tc-st deprivation would seem to he ill the ca[)acity to transport and [H'operlv di'|)osii tlie earthy matter by which the hone is solidilied, i'or it is, aftt-r all. this ilelicieiiey wliicli distinguishes tilt! one antler from tlie other. It is after the rutting season is past, and the activity and excite- ment uf the e'eiierative ttrgans lia\c coasotl, that the idjsorbeut- •/•///•; . I. V 7 7. /•;/.'. v. I'.'l (•niiiniciirc tlii'ir wi'ik at llic ai'lirulat ion, ami sn lonsi'ii lln' aiitli'i' iViiiii lis srat : lull cvfii al llial liiii''. in many casc^ llir sii>|irii- sinii of llic cii^ailalioii tlinuiuli t In- ai'liciilai' |(lali; is iiicuiii|>li'lc I'df ;i tiiiii', and tln'ii tlii' alisdrpt inn un ils luwcr >nrlai'i" is \cr\ ^radnal. il il lias even ciunnii'incd. ami il nia v take iiimhI li- lii-|'(irf llii' aiilli'i' is Idoscni'il, wliilf. as we iiavr |i'> an' ali- xiliili'ly rnniAcd, ( liis \\(jrk is at niiic CMiiiiin'iiriil ami ra|iiill\ |ir()st'(Mitf(l, sn llial witliiii a iimnlli al imi>i ikc aiiMii' i^ lliioun olT. I)iit lliHsc wliit lia\c sii|i|ii)sc(l thai iIh' ^rmaai i\ !• organs iif tlir mail- ('cividi' aic riuiri'l\ (luriiiaiit ami imM|ial'l<' "f nc- tiiiii fi-Diii the lime flic aiillci'is ca-^i lili il i> a'^ain lakfn in llirir ciiiii'liisidn^. 1 have sct-n Imili the wajiil i ami t lie smaller i Ire i' cniiiilatc niit nf x-asmi. ami afl i|- i lir\ had casl I hcii' aiil Irrs. wiili friiilfnl n'siilts, sm that llifold llicd- rifs on I his siiliji'cl arc mil fdiindt-d on fai-ts. It isiiodoidil true, as a Li'i'iicral nilc, that the sexual organs are less si imiilaic'd. and the male is not maddened liv desin- diirinn' the lime ulnn he is de|)ri\cd of this \vea|»on of warfare, so imieh as he i> wIkii il is in ]H'rt'e('t, coiidit ion : and this is a wise (Jider ol nal iire to |)re\cal those coinhats which arc excited liv jealousy al a lime ulien the efowiiig' of the antlers o|»cratcs as a sure lioiid to keep the peace, for !i siiiLi'le Kattle woulii litlerlv dotroy them. No doiilii a coii- scioiisiiess of this wi'akiii'Sn ma\' have a (iiiietiiiL;' clh-ct ujion their liellie'ercnt disposit ions, for il docs not eiitirel\ lea\etliem with the riittine" season, lait is manifested, t hoii^h le>s rceklcs--|\ . so lon;^ as the wi'ii|>oii retnains. W'e niav admit thai one phvsical hodv can oni\ produce a physical el'fect upon anoiher liocly li\ a phvsical medium, and so conclnde that then; must he a physical medium ln'tweeii tin- testes and the aiith-rs, .s/h'ci>il/// ilixiijmil iiml ifiKi/ijii i/ lo oio- diice tln' ellecl observed : hut if so it is as vet not identihed. and we can only Iio|)(i that some more ineenious and ctirefiil oliser\er may iiml it. Hie utmost we may sal'ely sa\ imw is. tlial in some way the testes eiiahle or stimulate the proper hloocl-vessels to carry into tlm antler ;i lareei- amount of earthy matter and then- pro[)erly deposit it, than they can do after tlic testes are re- moved, presuming ut the same time tiiiit the ahseiit f the ecu. erativ(! ofeaiis ile[)rives lliese vessels of, or weakens other impor- tant functicMis necessary to the full maturitv of the antler. When the i'aet is estalilislied. thut the testers exerci>e a potent inlhieiioe over the growth of the antlers of the deer, we might expect that such growth woiilil he entirely cut ull' hy tlieir re- Mi l'.t2 77//-; i)i:i:n or ami.hk a. nioval MS iimoli iis it is l»y iiiitiirc in tlic ffiuiilc ; possilily it nii;^'lit l)t' so if tliDSn ()rti;;iiis wci'i! rciiiitvcd Ix-I'drc tlicv ii;ul fxcnisiMl tlicii' iiilliii'iicc ii|)iiii tliii ori^iuisof niitriticiii n|ii>ii whii'li tlir niitlcr (Icp'.'inls t'ui" its i^rowtli. This is ;i i|iii'stioii I Imvc in \;iiii eli- de, isdi'i''! to settle : Imt I have lievei- lieeii aMe to sa \ e a lawn castraleil het'ori- the first antler had ^rown. I''i'oiii the i'aet thai tile antler ei-nwn alter tlic operation, never exceeds, or even ('(|iiaU in si/e the one previouslv e'rown, I will xciitnre the opinion tliiit no antler would erow on the male e;istiati'd when \i'V\ voiini^ and Uet'orc the antler has made an appreeiaMe start, so that he would always reseinl)le the doe in this reL^ard. Init in trxiiiL;; tliis experiment we must rememher that the I'awn i> liorii with the rudiments of the antler sdready ile\elo|)ed. aii erowlii is sometimes sidiieieiit to perforate the skin the lirst season \\ lat has heeii said would lie ti si 1 1. iiliicieiit answer to i'lut'f on s theory, that tlu^ antlers of the ('ervida' are vee'rialile "rowlhs on the animal body, had not all sid)se(pient authors discarded his iissninptioi) as unworthy of the least consideration. It IS nil Iced reinarKahle that !in author so renowned, ami win devoted so much time and labor to the study of natural historv, should have ohsiu'vcul so superlicially as to render such an error possible when ii very little examination would liavc^ prevented it. We will now consider the forms and locations anil uses of the antlers of tlie different species of the deer. I liave already alluded to the fact that these have been too much relied upon to distiii!i,iiisli species: still tliey are l>v no means to be overlooked in delerminine- classiiications. True, the fawns and the females, til the exception of the reindeer, are always without this evi- \\\ dence, to tell of tli(^ species; it is much if they can aid n j)laciiie' the older males. W(> shall see, however, that even this they are not reliable, for sonu^ vei'y distinct species 1 S 111 for lave an tiers precisely alike, while sonietini(>s we sliall lind them widely variant in dilTerent localities on the same species. After all, inveslin-ations of the natural history of tliese animals would our oils. vm'v imperfect, without a careful study of the forms, locati and uses of the antlers, in addition to what has been said of their structure and mode of growth. It may be pro[)(H" to explain pndiniinarily, the terms used in the description of this appendage of the deer. It has been often, ft! ■/•///■; . I. V 77. /■;/,'>. I'j:', though incdVi'i'iMK , fiilli'd ii Iim|-ii. ,\> ;is wr lime ali'i'inly sn'ii. it is ;in I'Mi'i'iml n-;si'i)iis llli'llllnT. Mini is ;is ililTi'i'i'llt ill its (Mlll- |iniii'nis tri'iii true Iini'ii, ms it is I'imih nmsi'li'. ( )iily in its uses lis ;i wiMjton and in its liuMtinii docs it romdili' tin- li'>ni. As a wlmli". till' iippfiiilapr is ]>i'(i|mtIv tii'iiifil an dutliT. Ilic main sli'iii is railed the IhiIih: tin' lai'L^vr liranclic-, I'lMm tlir licam ail' calli'd //;/«. v. and tlir liraiii'lirs tVoiii llirsc and small l)raiit'ln's iVdiii llic licam. an' failed sihii/s. Tin' tlattnii'd jnii'- tii)iisi(f ciilicr t 111' licam or I 111' tines are ralli'd jfilm^. 'I'Ih' ir- n'i;iilai' ciilarn'cmi'iil at the liase, is ealled the I'ltrr. and the warty eminences, nmre usually I'nund un the ' 'wei' |H,riinn uf the lieain, ai'e called ///'/An, "•.//•/.•>■. or //^ A. ■/•/■/<■>■. 'I'he luwer aiilcriMi' ciins|ticniiiis liranch, is called the /./•'(//•-////<, and the iicM the /«':- I'nir, and the third the r"j/ii/-f>iii' : then the sh r-r"i/ii/, etc. 'I'hcsc are most distinct un the aiillei' nf wapiti. l—nally liie lii'st ant ler I'l'DWii 1)11 the vminLi' liiicl< is imi iiraiiched. lnit cuii- ^-^"^^ M oose. sists (if l)c:uu onlv, and is called a '/'^/ ur s})//,i antler, iind the latter term i,p[)lies to tlic antlers n|" the adults wlicn they aro not hniiiched, wliicli is soinetinit's the case Tlit' ji, Jir,/ is tlio pov- iiiiini'ut process of tlie sUnll on wiiich the antler e'n,\v.s. 'I'hc most oonspicuons example of palmateil antlers is foimd on the largest of the deer family. — oiir Mouse. It, however, 13 illi I I '.•4 77//; /'/;/;/.' or amijik .\. (loc'H not (Ici'idfdly iissiiiiii' this cliMi'McttT till tlic iiniiiiiil hccoiiU's iit'iirly inliiit ; nltliuiiuli iil'trr tin' lirst. it Im'^^Ius id show ii ti'ii- (l(Mit;y li' lliillcii at tlic pliM'i- nf hil'iiiTal ion. I liavr i'\|M'rifiii'c(l miicli tliHiriill\ in dctrniii .liiin' tli(^ an't'>< "I tlui iMoiisr. ii|i(iii wliicli wrrc j^Tnwn till" (lirt'iTrjii aiitlrrs wliicli I liiivc cxaiiiiiicil. imr jiaxc I vet aniviMl at a sal istaclMry rcsiili, I liiiitiTs, ot' lai-!^(' cNiii'rii'iR'c ami alsn ^(,1,(1 nlisci'vcis, will ^\'\•<- a<;;rf»' as to tln' a^c <>t a yniini^ animal jmli^in;^^ from tlu! antlris. sonni bfliovinL;' it tn liavf liccn (ini' yrar olil, while otluM's jini- ndiincr it. to liavc licm (wo years old. Fur instance. I have in my I'ollrrtinii si\ Sets o|" niimse ant lei's, showing' a rci^ular ^n'ada- tioii in size and develupmeiit ; ami yet the lari;»'st was sent mh' from llalii'ax, as com ini;- from iin animal fonr years old, which I think is curn-ct, while it is ii dis|iiited i|Uestion, whether the smallest ai'c trum an animal one nr Iwn \ears old. tli(MiL;h ! he- lirVe it til lie t'ldin t lie lal ler, Jl is alninst imiiDssihlr tn seltl these (|Uesti()iis with certainlv, e\ee|it where the animal is <4T(i\\ii in domestication; and even then, many specinx'ns must he ex- amined to avoid heini:; niislrd, for on the other mendxTs of tin' family a wide dilVerence is ohscrvcd in the deytdopment of the lirst antlers; soi>;(' liein^' spiUes, while others are l>ifiircated, as wi' shall have occasion hereafter to notice. The character of the ]>;dm on (he antlers of the Moose is an irrcLjular, ohlontj; sheet terminating the lieam. It is tliimn'r ill the miihlle than at thi' circiimferenei', and has snags of a greater or less length set M[)on the horder; which snags varv verv miicii 111 mimocr and si/e liiese palms is It is rare that more than om found on the samo antler, yet sometimes a hraiich, when it is nearly tin- size of tlu; bejim above the fork, has a well-formed palm : hut in that case neither may be ex- pected to l>e as larg(! as when the beam aloiu; bears tlu; palm. Some specimens have been met with where tin; boain low down has divideil into nearly eipial branches with palms of nearly eipial siz(>. An exam[ile of this is shown in i\w, illustration u[)oii tin; iieM page, wiiich is from a Scaiulinavian elk which 1 met in the Koyal Museum in Co[)eiihagen. It was diiliciilt to show botli ])alnis in the drawing. The left antler divides into nearly equal parts, tiic one iibove the other, four inches from tlie burr, and on each braneli is a well-formed ptilm. In the collection of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, which was destroyed in the fire of 1S71. was a fossil skull and antlers of a Moose, one of which antlers was divided near the burr, presenting good palms on each division. m /■///; i.v •//./. ■/;>•. i:'.'. TIh' pcdici'ls nil whii'li lilt' .M(K)S(j aiitliTs «_;rii\v arc siluah' at llic tii|) dt' tin- head, and ai'r I'luiii >rvcii ('• niin' iiit'lirs apart, willi a lalffal iPinjt'ct inn. l-'imii tlir^r till' antler^ j^mw "iit lat- (■rallv ill liiiri/iiiital posit ioiis. A t'cw iiii'lics tV'iiii llicir hascs tln'v I'uiiiliH'iicc all ii|i\vaici and iCrward iair\ f. -.n t Imt ili('|ialiii ii-iiallv o(:cii|>i('S iK-arlv a vcrlicai |i(>-n- tal position, which it. maintains Tor nearly its whole leiie'tli, so liiat ihe c'Xtremo [)oints oi the antlers are alioiit as far apart as llieir eiiornioiis leiieth will permit. 1 lieliexe there is not any existiiiL;' representali\i' of the ^'eiius wliieh j>resents tiiis extraoi- liiiiary spreatl tif the antlers. The [)alms on the antlers tif the AFuose are ohloiiif, say luiee as long as they are witle, hut in this they slutw o^reat variations. I lie tines on the borders of the palms are variant in size and uiiiiihers on iliil'erent indiviihials, ami art; stoutest ami most al»UM- daiit on the anterior borders, a position in which they are pre- sented to the ailversary in battle. Wiieii the etlev of the broad, iliiii j)alin is [)resented with its deeply serrated blade in front, it Miav bear the shock of buttle with more resistance than the same ) II F IW nil': i>i:i:i! or .\]ii:i;i< .1. \m1iiiiii' wmilil (111 ill 11 cN HihIi'Ii'mI rui'iii. Idil nIkhiM t'lc \ici>-.i III ill'-; III i»,i II If I'Niiiisi' il In ;i l;i|ri;il lurn-. it wmi l| I 11' h'SS II 1 I !■ t 1 Wltll-illlinl I III' sllit' •k. A- \Vi' stiiil llcri'illl.T s|.,-. llir Ml liKi'iill llir 111 lii'ix lit' lliis LCniiis. jiiiii liiillli' willi ;i ;;ri';il rii-^li. ullii'll IIHlsl nflrll l|-\ llli' St rc!lL;tll liir;itiM|, lill I'ur llir '^ITilt ('l;is| inl \' |iiissi'ssi'i I liv nil ;inl liTs iiviT III! Ill I \>-v liMlli'S, (l\\lll'4 In till' l.ll'ri'r |ir' i|lii|'l inll III nilillllll IIIIIIIiT wllirll tlii'V riiiilMHi. a .siiir|r lialllr wiiiilil sitm' In (li'slrny llniii. Aimt lift' ]i<'i'llliaril \ nl' llu- aill Irr^ nl llir .Miin-^r. is lliat \\\y\ arr Vrl'V rillisiilrral)|\ lr>s ill \iillllllr. jllst al)ii\r till- lilllT wllrlr llir\ art! cN liiulriral. lliaii larl lin' iiji. Tliry iiirrrasr in Miliiinr. ilirlllilillf' tilC tillrs ami jialms. till almvr tllr lilhlillr (if llir wllulr lriiL;tli lit' tlir aiitlrfs. aii'l llini diiiiini^li in tlirir r\l rnnil irs. Ill |irii]inr| imi In lllrir \n|l|llir lllr\ al'r lllllrll >llnr|rl' lliall llir aiitlrrs nil any nf tlir ntlirr sprrirs. \rr\ rai'rly rcarliiii;;' a Iriirtli n| lllll'tv lllrlirs. altlin||r'il tiirV si illlrt lllirs rKcrrcl sl\ry pnlliuls in wrirlit. Tills liniitrd Irnrth in |)rn]inrtinn to Imlk, nt' cniiisr a'Ms ri'i'IllK' In llir sl|-rnr'tll nt' tlir \\ra|in|i. Tl lilllr, IIS rllnllllnus ^I'nWl ll IS arm in|iii>!lri| in alinllt llll'rr limnllis" lir t inir wllrll 1 lir ailllrl'S (if ihr M nnsr a I \ariaiil. ainl driu'inls iniirli nil tlic ar-r i,f V rasi IS i|iiili lir animal ll In lir a iinivrrsal law with the (Vrvidr llial llir Miiiiir-rr I serins ir ani- mal is tlir Iniir'rr IS tli(' antler iii nialiiriiir' and tin- lalrr is ii earned Tlir linir wlieii llie active ijrnwtli nf tlie antler enminei lee-. drlirllds lllinll the latlludr, nl' ralllrlnll llir ad\ aileelllr 111 (ll ll seasnll. iisiiallv III il s sniiilierii raiirc. sa\' in Nnva Sentia. the ^i rnwi ll eniiiineliees lale ill April, nr the liliie when the sap eniii llleliees In llnw ill the trees. ( )n tile adillls the rXlrl'lial r'mwil nf llir aiitlrris eninpleted liy the tir-t nf Srplrmlirr. w lirii lli velvi't is riililied oft', which is the cnniiiieiieeiiieiit nf the nut 11 MIL seasnll. This lasts iVoiii fnrly tn lifty days, as W(! sliall liav neeasinii tit observe hereal'ter. It is during' this season that tlir aiiiler is most reijiiirrd as a weapon of warfare, when it is all idivL' with tli(3 internal growtii, and is more elastic and capaMc of enduring ;i greater strain, than after il dies hy the destriiclmii of ili(i nutrient vessels, as has been helore related. On the older s|)eciniens the antler is .soinetiiiu;s shed in Deciunher, hut hy far till! largest proportion are cast during .laniiary and Fehi'uary. while some of the vouugi.r siieeiinens earrv their antlers lill ■////; I. \ 77, /;/,'>■. VXi April, nr ('Veil tll«' .M;iV ImIImu i||M> Altrr \]\<- I'llMillH' SfM-ill !-< |i;i>l, iluriiiif uliii'li lln' iiiillci's ;in' still in an rircciixr ci.nilil Imm as \vi'a|Mins m- sliicliU, iIhtc is rai'cU iii'ca^inn I'U- llicii' u>r. us tile I'cllii^rrrni i li^| m i^i I ii m crasi'^ with till' nil. As iii\ (Aiirriiiii'iii > sliuu ilial till' alisiiilicnt iiiMrr-.- wiri.ji liiusc'iis llir antler tium its si-al. rri|i;ir(-~ almiii uni' iii<>iilli l" ae- iiini|ilisli its wiiik. diirinn' wliiili il is an iiicil luiciMn apiii'inli^i-, \\i' sec tlial tlir \\ra|"i|i I'riaiiis its xilalitN and i'lliriciic\ I'di- a i'(i||>ii|.'raMf tillli'. wli.M il-. 11^1' Wulllil sci'lll to In' nil IhMU'iT tlr- iiiaiiilcil Ipv till' ili-'|i'i^it Iciji III' ilic aiiiiiial. i lie I'liJluw iim a.'r tlic Ml.M'r\at iiiii> dl' Mr. MiTimu df llalita\. • 11 t llis Slllijfct ; •• I'lic cpjil MiMix' >lic(| 1 llrir lliiilis illllir iMl-|\ [•ail nf willliT, a MTV ti'W ill 1 )ccrllllirl', tip' J^rcalcsi lUlllli' T ill .laiiiiarv ami lAKruai'v . 1 lia\c seen sninc in I''i'lii'iia! . wliirji had jiist Inst their linnis. I niice >hiit a \miiiil;' Imll ii. I'eiiiaarv, wliieh still wnr,' ills horns liniiU set on his I I. 'I in' hi linriis 1 lieli.'M' are earried until eaiK sjirihu The M ■■<-..■ luU iheif velvei ii-in the!,' hums, just I'l'l'iire and diiriii.;' \.,,- eaiK pal" "I' ilic nittiiiL;' season." l'a|itain llardv. in " l''oi< ^1 l/ih' in Aeaiiie," says, ••The vouiil;' hull niuose ^lows his lii>t lioin ( ,i ill I le da e' of a e\ liiidrieal t'oriii ) in his >eeoiid sunn iier. /. - ,. when "lie year old. iloth lhe>e aiii| the iie\t _\ear"s LiVowlh. which ai" hit'iircati', remain on the heail throughout the winter, lill April or May. The paliiiate horns ot' siieeeedine' years are dropped earlier, in .laniiary or |-"eliriiar\ , a new er,,\vtli eoiuinenein^ ill April. The lull ile\elojiliiellt ot' tile lloril appears to he al- laiiied when the auiiiial is in its seveiuh yeai-."" |)r. (iilpiii says.' •• In the hull eall' of ilu- tirsi year two kuolis --well out upon the forehead heiieatli the skin : in the second M'arthe true horn appears, — a siiiu'le [innin' si\ or eieht Indies I'Mie- ; in the third year the new horn is usually triliiieered and a lill le llatteiied ; and in the hdirtli year assumes the adult form. ilioiie'h small. The Indians and liiintiMs say, they increase i ill the eighth year. 'I'lu- horn of the adult hull springs at right angles from a hroatl knohhy hase on the forehead, thi'ows off one, two, or tlirco brow-prongs or tines, ami then rapidly llal- leiiing, retlects hackwards nearly at right angles, forming a hroad llalleiied [laliii, the anterior convex edge of which is suhdividecl into inort! or K'ss iiumei-oiis tines. 'Idiere is some analogy he- tWeell the iiiimlier of these tiiiesaiul the age of the owner, hut ' 111 Art. iv., (Jii III, Miiiiiiii'di't "f .\'"0( <>fiiiiti, i)V .1. IJiU'iKinl (;il]iiii, A. I!., M. ])., M. i;. S. C. in> 77//' hV.Ki; OF A mi:/; I' A. iKit Mcciinitr ('iinu<^ii I'oi' calciilatioii. Almiit si'vcii or ci^lit tiiics ;iri' till' msiimI niniilirr. Tlir liii'^cst |>:iii' ol' lioriis I Ii;i\r srcii. iiicioui'cil ti\(' I'ci'l ;iii(l two iiiclii's tVoin tip to tip, the lifinicst \\( i^iicil iiliout lil'ty j)ouii(ls 'I'licy sIhmI tlicm in I'\'l H'll iirv. iiiii I I I i;u (• S('( 11 llic yoiiiii,^ \('lvcl horn iii A] 'Xin'il. lifsi' (iiiotat ions iirc iVoiii {\\o vers Ix'st an' lioritic H'oihI olisciNcrs. witli till- very lu'st, attaiiiaMc opportniiitics lor ohscrv- iii^. Mr. Morrows observations, tliat soiiu' old specimens drop their antlers in I)eeeinl)er, meivly estal)lisli"s a t'aet wliicli liad iioi lieeii oliserved liy the others, l»nt wliieli he lia development. anly so long as lie lives, in health at 'I'lie antlers on the vonng Mooso are of a chestnut ))rown : a- the\ grow older thev lose tile oliestiiut sliaile and hecoiiie a gra\ hrown. and as thev grow older still, thi'V assunie a lighter shade. till liiialK' on aged animals they lieeoine fairly white. 'I'liese oliservatioiis !ip[>ly eipially to the Scandinavian VAk. a e'eiieral rule tin- antler on the latter is less iialmateil oiilv as than on our .Moose, and the tines are longer and laru'er. altl loll" 1 1 s|ieciniens n av he found from the .Vmerican variety, |ir esent iiii'' this peculiarity to as great an extent as in l'.i,ro{)e, and there [oo antlers are found as much palmated as lieic. so that it is onlv of til" average that the remark jnst made is applicahle if a niimlicr are compared together. \\y reason of the e\ce|)tional striK'tures met with on Doth contineiils, it is never satV' to declare the origin o| anv siiie|(> s pecimen [)resented, althongh an inspection of ; coiisideralile nnmher togetlu'r might leave little doiiht as t' whence thev came. 'I'liose from America mouIiI he found to hi ari-er. ov reason o f the increased si/.e of the animal 1 lere, as we is more |ialinated. with smaller tines. As we have already seen, hifiircated antlers with doiihle palin> ire met with in both countries, though they are \ery rare. I here present an illustration of an antler of u Scandina\ iaii THE a\tlj:i!s. mo I'Jk, prncnrf(| in R(M'lin, wli'u^Ii with tliosc sliown on ]>;in't^ 10.') and nil tln' animal sliown lii'n'atii-r iindfr llic Ih'iuI •• ( oiiLicncrs." will <4'iv»^ a lair idea of tlic proporlioiis of |ialni and tiin's of the antlt'i'sof that animal, and s(t they may Im I'omiian'd with the si'viM'al antlers of tin- Moos(i shown in the illustrations. That on ]>am^ !'.••'> is an t'Ktrcmt' s|)('ciiin'ii, showiiiij; a ^rcatfr jiro|iortion of palm than is usual with the Moimc. and I liavr never sri'ii any- Swedish EIk, from Berlin, thing ap)>roat']iing it on the Scandinavian Klic. I think onon^h has heeii shown to verify the conehision that the palm contains a larger proportion of the antler on the American varietv than oil the ICurojieaii variety. Still, for all this, they are specilicallv identical, as we shall hereafter see. We shall better nnderstaiid tlie comparisons by iiexl exaniin- iiig tilt! antlers of tlu^ Ileimleer. wliieh are the only other spi'cies \vhos(> antlers are decidedly [lalmale as a constant characteristic. ( U" tlu! antlers of the Woodlaml Carilioii. Dr. tJilpin, iji the paper from which I have already ipio|(>d. savs : '• liotli sexes have horns, the doe coiii|)arat ively .-mall, with great irregidaril \' of ■2W} riii: i)i:i:i! or amiuhca. t'orin. "^riicsc luinis iwv. all rcj^ular in two or tliri'c typical forms. Tlusy liavc almost always t)iie brow antler, ln'oad and j)alniatc(| ovci- the eye, tlii^ otliLM' corresponding antler ronnd. A second lirow antler iVontinu' i"orwarv ciilicr a NUva Sci.tiaii ur Ncwt'cuiiidlaiid spcci- liRMl. l)ft\vcrii these t\\(i, wiiieli may Ik- eoiisidered llie ultra cxtfcim's, the variety is eii(Uess." i\iiother typical t'eatiire is. that aliiuisi always one. and gen- erally liotli, (if the hrow tines, project diiwn wards over the t'ace, reachine with the spurs on the palms, nearly lo the end of the nose, and very freijUently obstruct ine' the vision more oi' less. Sometimes liotli the lii'ow ami the lie/ line tlesceiid fi'om tiie same antler to^'ther, and are hroadly palmated at the ends, Tiiese palms Liciierally stand vertically, or nearly so, or are coni- jiressed laterally. I hav(! in my collection four sets of male cariliou antlers, ami in all, the antlers on eiich heail ai'e exceptionally alike, as will hi; seen in the illusti'atioiis. TIh! largest ( I-'Il,'. -) are three fei't long' each. The lieains are nearly cvlindrical, or I'atlier trian^ulai', to near their ends, where they have small palms hordi-red with spurs. Ivich brow tint; which descends over the face is seventeen inches lonj;'. They are compressed laterally towards their ends to widths of three and four inches res[)ectively. thi> spurs of which approach each other to within three inches, while they are upart ten inches at the hcams. Kacli in my collection, exce[)t the smallest, throws off line or more postei'ior tines. These show an exceptional absence! of palmation. and much more I'esemble the antU'rs of the l^uro- pean variety than is usually met with in this country. A ehnice at the illustrations of the antlers of the Ileindei-r of liUi'o[)e and of till! Woodland Caribou will show this, but that the com- parison mav be the bettir understood 1 will t;'ive the measure- ments of the antlers of tlu> male wild Iveindeer which I bmueht from Laj)land, shown in the illustration. ( Fii^'. T, p. 'l^^-'u) The rin'ht antler is thirty-eieht inches and six lines long. ( bi that ihe brow tine is twi'lve inches and eight lines. It has two pos- terior tines near the end of the beam, the first of which is eight inches and three lines in length, and tlu! other is six inches and nine lines, 'i'here is no be/.-tine on this antler. The left antler is thirty-live inches and six lines long. The brow tine is niiit! inches an I tliree lines in length, and the be/.-tiu" is thirteen inches long. While these tines are llattened they are not pal- >d, as is iisuallv observes. ar.'l th<' shortt'st two inches and nine linos. As T do not find tht' antlers uf the female Caribou else- wliere descrilicd. only as that they are smaller than on the male. I ^\ill o'ive a particular description of a pair in my collection (Fin'. •">). in addition to the illustration. 'I'hev stand on conical 3. Female Caribou Antlers 4 and 5. Male Canbou Antlers. pedicels, which are nearly four inclies apart, and which at then' tops are one inch in their longest diamettM-, and nine lines in the shortx'st, wliii'h represents about the size ami .shaj)e of the antler at tlie butt, where there is .scarcely any burr. 'J'h(> ])edicel is seven lines loni;. The entire length of the right antler is eleven and a lialf iiu'lies. The brow-tine is seven inches long, is thrown olV one and a half inches above the butt, 'i'his tim- is forked two and ;i, half inches from thi' end. Six inches above the brow thie a posterior snag is thrown olT, nine lines long. THE AXTLKUS. 20:', Tlic wIk.Ic l.'iij^'tli of the left antlci' is thirteen iiirhes: ahove the liiitt, two inches, tlie hrow-line is thrown olV, wliieli is six and a lialf inclies lon^- and not forked. Six inelies above this, a posterior sniiuf slioots olT, which is two inelies lon<;'. No hrond pahns are shown on these antlers. P.otli beams and tines are greatly compressed laterally, thickest in their middle ami di'aw- ing <[nite renjularly to ed^cs cncli w;iy. Tln'se are interestinn' for tli(^ entire absence of any p;«lni, althon,n;h tlu^ Ihittened form shows a strong tendency throughout to palniatation. Onr au- thors and hunters seem to have equally ovi-rlooked the imjior- t;in<'e of a careful studv of th(> antlers of the female and the 6. From F(aiale Wild Reindeer frorn Lapland. 7. From Male Wild Reindeer frorn Lapland. young mal(> of this species, though the difTereneo to me is very jtlain. These certainly bear a strong resemblance to the small pair in Dr. Giljnn's collection, his descrijttion of which I will re- peat: " I possess another pair of very small horns with one sim- ple brow-iintler and but one tine, fr)m a S(!arcely pal mated horn. This last camo from Labrador, and J think is a (hjc's." Now tlu>se are the only words of any author wliicdi I find, tend- ing to give th'i l(>ast idea of the antlers of th(> doe, excei)t that they are much sm.dler than those of tlu; buck. An examination of many specimens, esjx'cially fi'oiu the 1-lu- ropean Meindeer, shows that the l)(»ctoi- was Undoubtedly correct in his conclusion that his specimen was from a female Caribou. Compare his description with the illustrations of tht^ antlers of i It II it 204 '/•///■; hi:i:i! oj' amehka. tlic Aiiicrii'Mii iiiitl Jmii'()])i';»ii female J{eiii(li'er, iiiid iiiiy ilnuKl !•(>- iiiainiiijj,' iniist l)e reiuuved. I^ct US iKiw \f\\i\ II (lescriptidii ami measurements of the pair of female wild lieimleer antlers wliicli 1 lirmin ( l''i.i;'. (i (111 p. 2a|ilaii(l The rie'iil antler is eiehtcen inches and live lines lunu'. with a 1) )r()\v-t nie. sciven mclies and three lines hniy', ;iii(l two posteriDi d t' tines, llm loiiLi'est live iiiela iUK 1 tl iree hues in leiijiith. T lelt antler is nineteen inches and huir lines in leiii;ili. 1 he hniw-antlcr is six; inches and seven lines in leiiLith, with a small smiLi,' al)(ivc it and then an anterior tine live and a half iiicln's lout;'. There are four postcrioi' lines or snags. Jliere arc nn jialms (HI these antlers, tiiouyli the lines are coiisideraldy llat- tencd, especially the hrow tines, which desi:end over the IS invariahlv the case with the iintlers of the Keind eer ace a- liese we see are considerably lai'in'er than those from the American variety, but this is accidental, for such is not usually the case. Ordinarily the antlers of the Caribou spring' from the head in an oblique direction, about forty-live degrees from the hori/oiital. or ninety degrees from each other ; their direction is lirst baekwaid and outward for about half their length, and then forward, ii|i- ward, and inward, so that tlu; tevmiiial points are nearer togetlci' than the beams ai'(! at the aiiii'le () f tl le curvature, and alioiit as far forward as tin; seats of the antlers; many, howi^vcr, depart from these characteristics. Strangely vtiriant as tliesc! antlers )ften tin( 1 an; iroin each otlu-r, even when grown on the same iieai 1 at the same time, yet they jiossess features never to \» mistaken by the careful observer, who will at once recognize' the Caribou's antU'r, no matter what its form. In another respect the antlers of the Caribou and also of tli>' Eiiro])ean Ileinde(;r are (piite peculiar. 'J'liey have by far the least burr of any antlers grown upon any deer. (Jencrally tl liave what may bi; called destitute of it, but on all it lev L riulimeii tal b )urr, and very lew an is very insignilicant and on most it is (juite wanting on some part of the circumference. A glance at tin- illustrations will show, while the antlers of the Woodland Caribou and the liarren-ground Carilioii are formed on the same general [ilan, they present dilferences generally suili- eient to identify the species on wliich they gri;w. The most striking dilVerence between the two species is in their relative si/e. The Woodland Caribou is twice as large as his more northern rehitive, and the antlers of the latter are twic»; as large i '/■///■; . I. V 7 7, /;/;>■. 205 as tliDsc lit' till' foriiitT, so tliat llu- siiialli'i' aiiiiiial has antlers wliii'li arc I'liur tiiiics as larnf in iiim|ii irt ion tu tin' si/.c nf lih^ aiiiiiial iis tilt- t"oriui'i'. As tiir aiitlns nt' liir WMMcilmul ('ariKdii arc as iai'i^r in |>ni[i()rtiiin In iiis si/i- as tlm-^i' ci| any nt' tlir nilicr spcrics. \vc set' tliat tliosf t^Town nn till- ISai'i'i-n-^i'iMinil ('ariinai al'i- SM r\crssi\r in l^roWtll as tn rXcilr I'lir Wiiinlrr. It cl'ialrs till' iinpri'ssii.n tlial lir must l>i' I'airU' lail''ii ili)\vn with thdr Wfinlit, and tliat tlir drain ii|ii)ii tin- >vsiciii tu siipply tlii> imimi-- niniis growth III' lidiii' ill a few niniiihs. iniHt mtri'lili- the aiiiinal. for till' liiiii' at least. 'Ihis is nut sn. huwcvrr. inure than with the I'lller spei'ies. All thentlier species wlliell \ liave perxillallv (>liser\ed. while tile ailtler is ^MMwillL;'. seem to lie inure iir less cnl'eelileil and in pmir eiiiiditinn. and most of all is this tin- rase with the \ ir^'inia deer. Diirini;' the same periml the females are sui'kliiiL;' their yciiiiL!,'. whirli would M'ein to lie a snllieieiit ex- planation why they are poor also : luit my oliser\ ations teaeh me that the liarreii does maintain a lietter eiinditioii of tlesh diirinn' the summer than the otlu'rs, though these also liecoine ipiite piKir in earlv summer. llow tar the 1 larreii-n'ronnd Carilioii are an I'xeeption to this rule. I am imt prepared to say. •• 'I'he reindeer. " s;ivs ('aptain Lvmi. "'■ visits the ]iolar regions at the latter end of Mav, or earlv part of .liiiu', and remains until late in Sejitemlier. < )n his arrival he is thin and his tlesh is tasteless, iiiil the short suniiiH'r is sulli- eieiit to fatten him to two or tlii'ee inches on the haunches." |{ieli;irds()n (p. :^4:'>) say.s : "When in (•oiiditioii there is a layer of fat deposited on the haek or rnnip of the males to the dejitli of two or three inches or more ininiedi.itelv under tin; skin, which is termed ihjinK'ilIc hy the ('anadian voyagers ; and as an article of Indian trade it is ofteu of more value than all the remainder of the carcass. The Jc/m///'//^' is thickest at the comiiienci'mcnt of the rutting .season : it then hecome.s of ti red color, iiciiiiires ii liieh flavor, and soon after disap|ii'ars." ( )ne not familiar with the hahit: of the deer, would he likelv to iiiiilerstand ('ai)taiu Lyon's remark as stating that thi' animal had heen increasing in ilesh during tin; whole time his antlers had lieeii growing. This would he a great mistake. The fact that the deer are in the iinest eoiulition at tin; beifiniiinix <>f th ) rut. which is shortly after tin; vi'lvet is rulilied off the antlers, is not conlined to tht; IJarreii-grouml Caribou, Imt applies to all of the family. It does not reipiire the wlioh; of even the shortest summer for any deer to imi)rove from a lean condition to that of '.t i fi ? ii i i: i: 200 77//'; /^/i'TiVt' O/- AMEIilCA. § Woodland Caribou. [Copied from Hardv.l 8. The Oniinary Canada Type. Q. Carilxm Horns from iJewfoundland. lo. Horns fnim Labrador. 77/ A' .\XTf./:j;s. 207 Barren-ground Canbo (CoiiieU from RidiardsoiiJ 20S 77//; /'/;/;/.' "/■ .\mi:i;ic.\. Hi H :i!i' L 'If m I I M vi'fv f;il iini>ri>vt' in cuiiiliti'in, ami in a \ci'v sliiirt tinit' afli'i' tin' vcKrt is nililu'd nt as IJielianlsdii tells ns. a laiL^'e |iri)| nl' nntritidii are drawn iVoiii the llesli. so that it is nearly wnrtli- less as I'diiil. while (he meat: nl the tiioose, wlidse antler is mil niie sixth the relative size, is still niitrltidus thuuLdi tl e annual Ue jlDdl', IJiiiTon thinks that the size nf the deer's antler deiiemls nii iinonnt nf nntrinieiit which he takes : that the a W<'ll-l(Hl (leer Wli have larccr antlers than one even nf the same species nut well nourished. If this lie so, then hy a|i|ilyini;' the tlienry to this spoeics, wo may lind sdinc explanation df the cmirnions dcvclop- iiuMit of the untlers, lor the very nutritious lichens (jn which lliey feed are practically unlimited within their rang'e. Ill fdnii, tdd, as well as in size, there is an ap[irecialile dilTer- ciice lielweeii the lai'Ljc and th(> small Carilidii. altlidU!j;h tlie\ possess the same e'cnend cdiaracteristics which distiiiu;'uisli then: fi'din those of the other Ccrvida'. A s a ^cm rtd rule the 1 )eani of tin; antler is loii:;'er in pro[)ortion to its diameter than on the larger species: it has less tines, is h'ss palmated, and presents more curvature, tdthoueh exeeptions to this eencpal ruK' are fre- quently met with. In speaking of the Northern Indians, Uichardson says: "Of tlie caribou horns tliey form their iish s[)ears and hooks, and previous to tlie introduction of Eurojiean iron, ice-ciiisels, and va- rious other utensils were likewise made of them."' This is cer- tainly suggestive of tlie solidity and tenacity of tlieso antlers, and shows tliiit although so large and grown in so short a season, their growth is quite as perfin-t. ai'.d they ai'e as well matured as the antlers of ;inv of the other deer. liv /•///; . I \- 77. /;/.'>'. JD'.t .\l\ mily iiil'unii;iii(iii is tlial llic nM Im.ks .-licl ilhir iim Iii's liv till' cinl III' .\u\ I'liilx'i'. while tin- yniiiiM- Imrlis cai'i'v lliiii>< imti! spriiii;', and the females retain tlieir> until .Ma\ ov .liine. when they are ahont to drup tiieir yminL,'. In nue respeet only do the ant leis of the I >airen -ground ( '.ni- lioU I'esendde tllo>e i.f the Laplaud Keiudeii- mnic than do ll|..-e of I he Woodland ( 'ai'iliou, and thai is in the lea t n re thai i lii\ ai'e less palniated in |iro|ioition to their Milume. In this we wl.>er\e the same distinction lieiween the reindeer n\ the ( »|d W'oild and those of America that we see hetweeii the elk (if I'',iirii]ie ami the moose of this country. In lioth a lareei' |UM|iorii.iu >A the antler is in tlu' palms on the .\meiican vaiieties than nn the I'anopean, and \('t we lind lioth exticmes in this reeard in hoih ehe most needs weapons for the defense of her youn^'. If, a- a eeneral economy of natui'c, [>arts are adapted to wants ur ends. this would sucm to be an excei)tion ; \et I think it noi im|iroli- alile tliiit a more intimate ai'ipiaintani c with the sidijeci wnuld explain these phenomena consistent ly with the e;eneral rule. 'idle naturalist nuisL renieudier t hat In- is not i-eipiiri'd to ex- plain the pur[»ose of every provision in nature which la; to escape his persecutions. Now tliis assumes tliat the aged males have such destrnetivo dispositions, without, st) far as I know, a- siugU; Tact to warrant it. and es[)eci;dly does it overlook the fact that all the members of this family use the fore feet as powerful wi'apons, exce[)t in earnest combat, when the antlers serve as shields as well as swords. Undoubtedly were the male ilis^xised H ii lit HI r II ■ !:■ UV ¥ f ■1 }'' fit r ' I : i 1 » lild 77//; /'/■.7;/.' "/■ .1 \ii:i;i(A. In ilrsl r(i\ till' yoiiiiM- I'awiH. Ill' wuiiM iiM' Ilis t'nrc fi'ct for ilir ]iiii'iM»sc iiislcail III' Ilis ;iiil ji'i's, even tlimiLili tin' l;it ti-r wt'ic in ]ii'i'|'cctiiiii. 13. Crown Antler of American Elk. 14. Common Form of Antler of American Elk. I must close this brancli of my subject with the ivniiirk tli;ii i'ui'tlier observations are necessary to enable us to fullv imihi- stand this interesting feature of the economy of this animal, am! 77//; .1 \'77./;/,'\. :ii '.' ^^'''''* I l':i\'' said sliall iii.lii uiy wlin Ii;i\v(l p|H,i t iiiiit v I'M- iii.ikin- tli.« ii.T.-ssaiy (Jis.Tvatiniis t,, ,|,, sn, I shall U-i-l lii,ylil\ Lrralilird. Of all kiiMuii .l.vf thr lual." Wapiti. ,„■ Amon.'aii KlIc, is pro- valr,l will, thr Icmnvst.lli.. ii.ost m|.,,, villi au.l svi.iin..tn.'alaiitlrrs, .•I'l.I wliirl, aivals,, lllnst ..IL.rlivr as l.ntl, w,.ai,u|IS aii.l sliirMs.' •'^'"' ""'y '!"■ '"■■"" l"'t llic liii..saiv..vliii,|riral in ru:a,K altlh li '.'" '"'"''^ •'"'>■ '"•'• """■•" '"• I'-^s llilttr 1 iMwai.l tliM ends, \v|i,"v tHrli:i:ii OF AMi:nicA. til ;i |Mist(ri(ir iiiul lateral iiu'liiuitiiin, and tln-ii at lialf tlicir Ifiigtli llit'\ ciii'vi! aiitL'i'iufly ami iiiwanl .so that tiic points ap- pi'oacli cacli oilier iiiori' or less. The lower part of tin- lieain is ninif angular or less round lha»i the .sul)He(|iient antlers. The taper, I'roiii a I'l.'W inelies aliove the liiirr to the jioint, is very iini- I'olii: ami the eiirvatiire is eraceful. Ill several instances in my grounds, tlie dag antler on the vouiii'' I'^llv has l)i'en hiliireated. This took iilaeis near the u Pl'er emi. ami the i)rongs wei'e not widely diiiereiit in their leiiL:i This has oeeurred on the large speeinieiis, though not net lis. sanl\ are'es t, for the lar; ;est it lias happened were spikes, 'lliese large specimens are divested of their velvet in ()ctol)er or N ovemhei and \re dropped in Apail or M IV iUK are onlv grown on the earliest fawns dropped in May or oarly in June later lawns have smaller antlers wlien they become yearlings line (Impped late in Julv. whose first antlers tli( and 1 1 lave liad next se;ison Would lie liiit a few inches in length, and the velvet ite ill the winter, and thev would retain their would reiiiain til antlers til nine )!' even later, am I I once liiul a very lat( awn vliose antlers did not niaturo the first season of their growth. Hit carried the velvet all wiiitei', and urew on and matured the next siMsoii. Iiese are pheiioiuena not likely t.) 1 lave oeeii o b- serve a large number in coiilinenieut. and who have studied them for a number of years in sueeessiou ; wliicU may serve to explain why liuuters, of (.'ven the largest ex- perience, may sometimes disagree as t(j tl le ai le of the doer oil wnicii ^I'lveu siiecimelis "rew It IS no t siillicieut to euabli a i)er- son to arrive at correct conclusions to have live or six sets o antlers grown m successive years on tlie same animal to judge from, for as we have seen, even the first may be ipiite diifereiil from those grown oil another individual of the .same age. lu'i'e is more iiniforiiiitv in \\' ipiti. < )ii all these which 1 the 1 seci )|u I antlers uroun on tl e Ueen reared in mv I'ldiiin sc couil antlers iiave both the brow and the be/, tines, aiul soiii times a snag or tiiu' in a Iditi ion, lias appearetl on one oi red Del antlers, though I have met with specimens elsewhere, on whicl e be/.-tiiK' was wanting or was merely rudinuMitary. The third antlers almost uniformlv have the roval-tine and rarely more The fourth and the lifth year in ■ly or mav nut. pr odiii'e the siir-roval on one or liotli antlers. 'I'hose of sm ceeding years may be expected to have additional tines, but thcii presence one year furnishes no certain evidonco tliat they wil ■ Tin: A ST 1.1:11s. •2in a]ipo;ir tli(» iirxt ; still tlu^ foiii' fifst tines and a It'.fmv'atinn alH)vi' tlicin, niav, with cnnsidi'ral))!' ('(infidcnct'. I'l- iclicd npnn. I'm' all after the iirsfc ai'i' forked near the ends; fi-e(juently the s|H'iamens taken fi'oni tlie ohh'r Itueks show three tines at tlie npper fmk. The second and siil)se(|ti>'Mt ant lers present forms of the same Li'eiiei'al eharaeterisiies. though ihey are suhjeet to eonsidiT;dile variation in detail. 'I'liese anth rs rise with a lateral inelination more or less jirononnei'il, some liein^' ver\' s|Meadino' while oiliers are mueh nioi-e vertical. They assume at first an anterior direc- tion, and then cnr\(' backward. All tie normal tines have an antei'ior projection, thoiiu'h fi'eipiently ahnormaj tines or snajj;s occur which violate this law. The Imrr is laru,'e and i-(jul!,]i. The hrow-*ine spi-in^s from immediately ahove the hnrr. in a desceuilim;' and lateral direc- tion; hut at about one third its leiieth from the point, it com- mences a ^racefid upwai'd (Mirvc so that tlie point stamls nearly vertical. The teianinal point is verv sharp. Immediatelv ahovc tlie lii'ow-tine, t he lie/.-tine springs out in a less (h'presse(I auil niort! lateral direction. It is nearly the same lcnij;th and form as the lirow-tine ; above this the biMui becomes reiluced in si/.e aiiil rises as a naked round shaft, till the royal-tine is thrown out. This is n-cnerally eousiderablv -mailer than thosi' below, and has an upwai'd inclination. In this it differs from the antlers im ll • stau; of I'airope, where the roval-tine is usually larj^'er than the bi'ow-tin(\ In lOurope. also, on the ri'd ih'ci'. the biv.-tine is usurdl\ much smaller than the lu'ow-t inc. thouu'h I have met with spiH'imeiis there, which corrcsjiond with oui- |''dk in these par- ti(Milais, and I have met with specimens L^rown here, having- (he >mall bc/.-tine and more freijUeiitly with the larL;'e roval-tine. 1 have in my collection a very lar^'e fossil antler, on whi<'h the ro\al-tine is as lari-'e prouortionattdv as anv I e\i'rsaw froiu the red deer. I'l) to and iiu'luiliuL;,' the royal-tine, usnallv liotli antlers are Ncry much alike. Above this, while thev ;_;cni'rall\' uearK' cor- respond in length and volume, they are ipiite likidy to dilVei' in the number and si/.e of their prongs ; but we mav alwa\s expect to lind them near the ends, either bifurcated or t rifurcateair of ] iv s ant Ids, iial ap[).'araiicr one of wliicii lias the iiulcntatioii drscrihctl, and is as pcrffct a crown antler as is often met with from the red deer, while tlic other approaches it very nearly. These ar(> illnstratiul in Fi_e'. 1:1, paye lild. There may he many of theses antlers found on tin.' Wa[)iti deer, luit this is the only one I lia\(' ever met with, hav- iiie' a ilish at the end, with a capacity siillicieiit to hold a good drink ol wine. These antlers may l>c compared with crown ant- lers of the red deer hv examiniiiij' the illustrations. m lU H# Crown Antlers of the Red Deer or Stag of ELjrope. Almormal snags may frinpiently occur on any part of the lieaiii or the tines, more fremieiitly on the hrow-tines. These more rarelv occur on the .vtlantic than on the I'aeiiie coast. There, I have found the hrow-tiiu' forked near tlu' end into ( (pial hraiichcs, — an illustration of which I e-iv(>. 'I'his I have never ohservcd on an eastern l''dk', or on the red deer. ( )n ahout iivi' ])er cent, of the antlers er()\vn on I'dk in the Kccky Mountains and east of them, a, short snag', more or less (le\elo])ed, appears on the npj )ei; side ami iisiiallv neares t tl le eiK 1 of the hrow-tiii e, and sometime on the !ie/,-t i lie his nia\ l)e an inch long or a nieri' pr (il ulicr- ani<_'. 1 examined a large collection of the antlers of the v^d deer in Uerlin, and found the same development on these tines there and in about the same ]u'oportii)n Tl lose from Bohemia am d THE AXri.EIlS. i>i;, Hiinu'arv -woiv imicli the largest iintlcrs, and not r\\>\\\ disiin- giiislicd from tlio antliTs of our Klk, of wliieli tlien^ were a inini- lior in tlu' collection. There were s(!veral .s[)eciniens, wliicli I was at a loss to deternii)U! wlictlier they wore "rown in America or Kurope. I nnist say that the ty|iical indicia of the antlers of hoth these varieties are [ireeisely alike. I present U[)on the next |ia,u'e ( Fig. IS") an illustration of trip- let antlers on the ?,aine head, from a \lv^\ Deer, wliicji I >aw in Roseidiurg Castle, Copenhagen, said to have hcen killed hvthe king several centuries ago. |-'.ach, it, will he dhserved, has a dis- tinct and independent [)edicel. 'J'lie rigjit antler is t,liiri\-Lwo From a California Elk. in(dies long. The upper left antler is (wenty-nine and a half inches long, and the lower left antler is tweut\-Hve inches in length. A similar almormal growth (iccuri'ed in this State ( Illi- nois) so!ne years since, on an American 101k. oulv the extra, ant- ler was hetweeii the other two. nearer to one than the niher. and Wiis relatively smaller than the l^uropean s[)eciiuen. It had a distinct pedicel, and seemed to grow ipiite iudepeiidenl l\ 'A the other anth'rs. Tlu; s[iecimen was in the collection of Dr. \'elay and was destroyed in tlu; great Chicago lire in 1>71. I lia\e lu'vi'i' heard of an instance where tripK-t antlers ha\e urowu ii[)ou any otlier species of deer. On hotli our I'^lk ami the iMiropi'an Stag, timse aidlers which spread the most an; usually the longest, are the most symmetri- cal, and are the most admired. li 1 ■■n !■ ■ ' ] li i 21 1 ; 77//; DEElt OF AMIllilCA. Five feet is tlio extreme lelK^tll of tlu! Jilltler of tllc Elk. of wliieli I liave any jiiitlieiitic! aeroimt. 'J'lioso arc now in tlie cdl- le-ti-n of llie hit..' Ml-. W. F. Parker, of West Merideii, Cdin. (>ii the I'in'lit antler tlu; snr-royal \\\w is bifurcated, tli(> t\v.. ]>uliits (if wliicli are of about equal le'iiL^tlis. Around the buiTs o\v-t ini'v the\ are tliirteeii inches, between tlie liurrs and the br the I'ircuiiifert nee III tile beam is ti'U and one half incl les. Til riL^lii antler lei> are as liresents eight, and tlu; left six points. TJiesi' ;int- remarkalile for their sNinnietrical and eleL;ant fnrin ami uraceliil eurvalures as lor their exti'aorchnarv si/.e. 1 he type of tlie antler is established wlien the animal is ii third \ear. that is. with his second antlers. If these ant 1 lib efS are Triplet Antlers from a European Red Deer. rejiiaikably lar^'e. or remarkably broad or s])readiiiu; or the d Aerse. the saiiie cliai'ai'tei'istics nia^'. with conlidence, be; expectc ill all llie antlers sub-^i'inientlv irrown on that iniiiial \\'it 1 nianv other interestina' views. Dr. Ila\den, U. S. Gi oi;ist, jireseiiteil me with the jiliotograph, by .Jackson, of an Flk killed on the liSthi.f Aui-ust, iSTI.at an altitude of about 10,<'iio ■t abii\i' t he sea, on t lie < livide between tlu; YellowstoiK^ Lak ami t lie Ileal 1 wat ers 111 the Hast Fork of the V whiih isslmwii 111 the illustration. )tli th owstoiie luvcr. lese antlers show re- markable imjierfections in their growth, which may, no doubt, lie attriiinted to some injury received in their earlv stages. This Id, or in his third v^'ar's growth with liis .second I \\:\> two vears u li Ml THE .WTI.KIls. •217 srt i:i:n of amiiuka. iis ('iiiupart'd willi tliosc in my f^romids, besides liciiiL;' v flV 111- I'criur in si/c and very dcliciciit in nicinbi'i's. We may iii>t accdiint f'ltr tliis niiirkeil elTeet hy a want of I'lxxl, for it was in llic mid.^t of foi'i'sts and slirii'olierv wliieh is its tavonte aiiincii iicitlicr eoiild it liave siilTered fi'oiii want of t;i'assc>, for \vi' licar no (•oin|ilaint tliat tlie numerous liorses of a lar^'e expedirMn did Hdi iiiiil iileiitv for tiieir siil)sisten('e while in tlie same eounlrx, \\ inav safelv assume, however, that in that region vc'm'tatioii was as much retanh-d in tlie spriiin' as was tlie growth of tlirse antlers ill the summer : anil this I thiiiU the most proliahle e\|ilaiial ion ol their late growth, for ever\ where the eommeiiei'nient of the "row th )f the ai itjer o f the i.\('{'V seems to in; alioiit the time when vee' hoot forth. c'tatioii heelns to s 1 may say here, that I think the antlers of all the deer are not as largely developed when they an; eoiilineil in parks of even arii'e extent as when ninnme; wild Th IS may be part ly at I rilui- taole to ehanu'e >f Jiabit, but mf)re probalily t o a want ol t lai •lertioii of food which tliev find in the wihl state T lev Slll- le\ fer most for the laek of an aluindaiu'e of arboreous food, for tl seem thnibbery within their reach. lh)Wi'ver. I have had some very line antlers orown in my grounds. 'I'lie antler of the l\lk coiilinues to in- crease in volume lonu' after the bodv has attained its full si/e. and siiii'i'es- iii many cases, probably, tlirough life. I liav(> heard no tion from any source that {\w antlers of the l\lk decrease in size after the animal has passed its full vigor, nor have 1 made aiiv oliservation to warrant such conclusion, as is said to l)e the case with tJH^ inoosi'. The largest antlers are not necessarily from the largest animals. 'J'lie largest ever grown in m\ •'•rounds were on a mi'dium sized animal, and he was always snliject to th(> control of a laro'cr buck with smaller antlers. Indeed, there were sev- eral in the band with antlers larger than those on this monarch. Tfe is now a mounted specimen in the Royal Museum in Cliiis- tiana. Norwav. After the lirst si't of antlers, i isuallv, a line drawn from tl ee. so seat of the jintler to the ti[> will be in a line with the fa that when running Ihrongli the bush with the nose thrown up so as to bring the face in a horizontal ])osilion, the butts and llie tips of the antlers will be, on the same level with the face. 'Iheii all the tines are curved backwards, so that they canuoi become entangled in the; brush. Still these imnu'nse antlers are a serious impediment tu their speed thruiigli dense thickets. Hence W(! Ill 77//; . I. V //./;/;>■. 210 :il\V!ivs iiiid tlicii' |iiitlis avdiil such [ilacfs wlicii ju-ai'ticalilr, and arc iiiailc tliinuuli (lie open "iadcs : tlnaicli tlicv mmt- ti> lia\(' IK) olijccrKHi to tlic dcc|t sliadcs jirodiiccd l»_v dense lnliac'c alxisc. Ill (Uir latitude, tlie vclvel on tin: antler til' tlic ai;cd elk is \\illi ereat nnil'nrniit \ discarded in Aiii;ii>l, and the aiiller is iiivari- al)ly di'dpiied in April. 'I'lie Wapiti is the (inly s|tec!es m|' our deer which carries its anilers t'or so lone- a time, or so late in the >|)riiii;\ and is so nnit'orni in the time of slieddini;' them. 1 was for ;i lone- time disinclined lo credit this exceptional unit'ormitv, liiit its reciiireiice for many years and with e\crv iiidi\idual ( and I have had lar^'e niimhers to ohserve ). compelled me In reliiKpiish my d(.nlit. 'I'hat tlu^ times of slieddiiii;' may differ in dil'ferciit latitudes is no donhf true, hut I feel conlidciit that the same uniformity prevails every wliei'e. I may leinark here, that the I'^uropcaii red deer also carries its antlers throue'hont the winter, ami with the same uniformity drops them in the sprini;' ahoiil the season tiiat fresh veectation lieniiis to shout forth. Siu'li is the infonmition <>'iven me hv the director of the zoi'ilniiical ear- dens at I'xMliii, where there wvv a consideralile iiumher of red deer, and I found his observations corrohorated hy others. Altli()iie]i possessini;' many marked specific diil'ereiices, the .Mide heerand the ( 'olumhia l)lack-tailed Deer have ant lers >o nearly alike in all their feat iires, even in their ecceiitricilies, that I. at least, am unahle to disliniiuish them from each other, and so shall treat of them toecther. As miL;lit he expected, the first antler on the young huck is Usually a s[)ike from six to nine inclu's lone;. 'Ihe first which I had drop[ied in my eroiinds was a ('olumhia \)('i\\ with a spike antler about six inches in length. The next was a Muli> Dt'cr. It was an early fawn dropped the last of May. His first antlers were eight inches long, and lioih were forked at the ends with tines two inches long. Aiutther Mide lawn had spike antlers about six inches long. The antlers of these dei'r start from tlit; head in a dire(;tion iiicliniiig backward and outward: bid below the middle of the antler, conimence a graceful forward curve. They jiresent a >liglilly crinkled appearance and are not pei'fei'tly round. .\fter the dag antlers, thoir distinguishing characteristic is a liifurcafion into preit\ nearly e([ual parts, and on old specimens a se(;ond bifurcation, or a division of these parts into nearly etpial tines: but there is less certainly in tin; regularity of these divis- ioiLs tliiin in the formur. These characteristics 1 lind as constant 220 Tin: j)/:/:i; or .\mi:i;ic.\. nnd iniifnnii on aiiiiiiMls found on tlic cast side of tlic Hocliv .Monnlains as on tlio Pacillc Coast. Tlic second and sul)sc(|ncnt antlers o'fown on tlicsc dcci- nsnalU liavc a very small snau; iHi inch of two above tlie liuir, on tin- iH)|)er or inni'i- side of the hcani, standini;' in neatly a v<'rtii'a! l»osition, hut sonietimi's curved one; way oi' the other. This an- swers well to tli(! I)iisal snai;' on tlie antler of tlu; Virginia deer. only it is vei-y much smallei'. 'I'he lower part of the beams of tlu' antlers of these are covered more or less with tubercles, those near the burr beiiiethe larLjest and (|nit(! disa])i)earin<4' at the lirsi fork, but these are most ly confined to the U|i]iei' side of the l>eani. These tubercles also appear on the antler of tlu; Vire-inia deer. even more abundant, for they are found on the lower side of the beam as well. A medium ])air of antlers in my collection and shown in the illustration (V\iX- 21. ]>. 221 ), may be brielly described. They arise fi'om the head, in a line with the face, but sjireail lateralU . Two and a half inches above the burr, a basal snaj^ appears nn le up])er snie. whicji is two niches long, hroni this point t )eam has a slie'lit anterior curvature for seven and one halt clies, then it divides. 'IMie anterior prone' of the left anti er m continues with the same curve, for six inches, when it forks tli(^ front tine beiiiu; four inches and tlir(M! lines lone-, and tin other four inches in leiielh. The posterior [irong of the lirs bifurt'ation curves posterioily for six inches, where it forks iiiti ifuite iiiKMpial tines, the front one beiiiLi; live inches long ami tin other three inches and tlire(> lines in leiie'th. The extreme leniill if this antler is twentv-oiie inches. Tl le same di'scrii)tioii wil answer for the right antler, exce[)t that the first posterior prong rises eight inches before it forks, with tines but two inches and three lines long, 'i'hese anthers ai'e from a Columbia l)lack-tailc(l Deer, and as before remarked, are of medium si/.e. 1 have a much larger ])air from the same species, taken near igo, in Shasta County, California, already ri-ferred to (p. IS:!), and illustrated ill Fig. 22, p. 221, which exhibit the abnormal diseased proiiu descending from tlu^ lower side of the beam of the left antler. These antlers arc^ twenty-four inches long. They have an un- usual spreaen(ling line is also fouinl on the b(>am of tin- riirht antler of this pair. Hoth of these viairs of antlers show the 1 11^ Till-: A.\Ti.i:ns. •1-1\ Icnglli (loiil)l(' I.ifiiivMlioiis clianictiM-isti.' of tin. antlers ,,1" (Iicsr two spccirs, ami aiv lierc illustrated oii the same [.late, to show liow Columbia Black-taWed Deer and Mule Deer 20. Alpiioniiiil Frrin of AutKr from IMiick-tiiiled Peer. 2t. Xnniial Form of Aiitltr frmn lil.'icU-Ciili.d Deerfnun Califonim. 22. Ncniial Korm of Aiitier fn.m Itliuk-tiiilcd Drer from Califuniia, with nii Ahnoniial [)i?eiisea TiuH on tlie Left AntliT. 23. Xoriiml !•' onn of Aiitier from Mule Iifcr from the Black Hills, witli an Ab Tine ou the Kight Aiitlei normal c'xactly alike tliey are in general feat •lent opinion that no one, no nuitter how 1 nres. I express the eonli- ony and carefuUv lu < 1 u m; 1 ' If ii 1 Hi jm ■ r 1 .-).).) 77//; /'/■;/;/.' n/' .\.\ii:i;ic.\. iniiv study tin; siilijcct. cim ever dccidi' liv tln'ir iiis|)('ctinii fi-nm wliii'li s|»crirs citliiT rami' ; wliilc In- will rraililN di'tcniiiin' lliat til('\ LJircW nil III) (illliT s|ii'cit'S of di'cr. 'J'lici'c is, liuwcvd', auiillirr I'niin of aiilli'i' soincl iiiH's mrt wiih III) l)iitli the ( '(iliiinliiii and iIh' Mule drcr, iniu'li iiKiri' rcsciidiliii'.; till' aiitirr III till' N'iri^iiiia dciT, and wliirli mn' wlu) liad nut rair- I'ldly slndinl tliriii niiiilil rradily inisiaUf tnr tlir antliT nl' llh' lattiT. ( )nr nl' tli. sr in my CHlli'ct ion is iVum a ( 'uluiuliia DriT. killi'd iirar ilii' ('alavnas ni'n\i' nl Mi;' tri'cs. in tlir Sirrra Nr- \ailas, and is slmwn in I'i^. i!'L and aiintjicr s]H'i'iiiirii is imw nn a two vrar nlil Miilr |)('ri' ill my inrniinds : tlii'v arr his si'imikI antlci's. llir lii'sl having lirm mi'diiim si/.rd spiki' anilrrs. TIimm. on till' Mull' I )('i'r ari' aliniii I lie saiiir si/i' as i Imsi' iVniu I lie ( 'nliiiii- liia Di'iT. wliirli wi'i'i' pinliaMy also IVnin a yniiiiij animal. I'Ihv arc I'niisidci'alilv smallri' than llic usual si/,i' ni ihr anilrrs n'l'nwii nt lint ll tlli'Sr spci'irs. i'^rniii ( i >n till' adult nt' hnth tl I'^rnin I lii , \vi' minlit lie Inl to till' cnnrliisiiiii that this I'M'i'pl loiial Inrm is usually i;rn\vii VKUni;' animals, and it may bi' sn, l>iit it rrrtaiiilv is nut alwavs m I'nr tlirrr is a skclrtnii nl' a t'lilly adull Mulr Di'iT in tin- iiium'Ui III' the Chiragn .Mrdii'al ( 'nlli'L;i'. wliirli has iliis I'nrni nl' aiilli with all its |u'ruliaritirs ; nnr dn the yniiiin' males alwa\ this rnrm nl' antler, t'ur as we hav(i seen, I had a Mule 1) nn s liavi' err Willi dag antlers wliieh were I'oi'ked, with tines nl' eijual lengths ; ami 1 have seen many specimens not tiilly adult, with antlers nf till usual tnrin iirnwn nn these speeies. Til IS except mnal Inrm antler I'nr ils lower pari has a pnsterinr ii^'linatinii, and linn curves anteriorly like the heain of the \'ii'L;'iiiia deer, imt lln' ra- dius nl' the curve is iniicli longer than that nn the latter animal : nor docs the u|ipi'r part nl' the lieam ever point so direcllv I'ni- \v ard. II' this t'orin nl' the heam is ever i'oiiiul on the \'ir ii'llll; deer it must be very exceptional, I'nr I have never nl The nc\l dcparturi' fmiii the antler nf theVirg'ii )servi'i| II lia (leer IS 111 till' basal snaix, wliicli is miicl I smaller, corrcspoiuiini;' in si/e wilh that on the usual bifurcated antler. The tines uri' all [jrojeilnl posteriorly from tlic beam, like those mi the N'irginia, deer. Imi thev are propnrtiniially niurli longer, are not curved, and are of a dill'ereiit fnriu. ( )n the cnmninn deer if the tines are llatteiied al all it is at their base, where they always show their greatest diaiii- oters. On the others the lower part of the. tiiu> is always i-oiiiul. o\w quarter or one third of the way up, when; it flattens out iiiie soujething of a triangular form, so that it then' sliows ji larger diametc'r than below. As we proceed towai'd the point, how- Tin: .1 \ 11. 1:1::^. I)k);> ever. i( L;iMilii;illy rrsiiincs tin' r_\ liinlritMl I'uriii, so (I',;it \[< ii|i|)rr p;irt is iiH-aiii rdimd. 'I'liis I'urin is mure ulisci'valilc i>\\ llir lnwci' liiii' lliiiii nil tliiisc ;il)()V(' it. < )ii :ill till' s|ii'('iiii('iis I liavc met. will; till' lii'aiii is I'liiiiiil, wiiilc on tlic \' iri^inia flrcr (Ik' Im'siiii is l'n'i|ii(iil U llal li'iicd. Iia\iiiti,a lalrral CMiiiiiri'^sinii. AltMi^vi lici' tlic carft'iil iiliscrvi'i' will lia\t' lilllc Irniililc In ili^- tini^iiisliinn' this I'xri'jttitiiial t'oriii nf tlir aiitlt'is ol' tlii-sc iV'w IrDiii tlh'sr of the X'ii-M'iiiiii dt'cf, altlioi|M|i tlic I'rscmlilaiicf is very >Iiii||m' in soiiii- ol llicir feat hits. Indciil, tlic l)asal siiml;" aloin- wiiuld in nio^t cases lie MilUcicnl to dist iiieiii-'li tlicni lic- \oiii| a dniilit. To 111c it was ail intcri'si inM- tact to oliscr\c that Hot oiil\ llic aiitli'i'sol' the oi-diiiar\ lonu "ii these two species are iiiilist iiic'uislia!>lc IVoiii each other. Imt that "H hotli are soine- tiiiies I'oiiiid this except ioiia! t'oriii. hasinij,' the same peculiarities which distine'iii^h it I'roiii that ol' the N'ir^inia ilcer. '\'\\\^ t'oiin is iioi iiy any means aiioinaristic, for when it occurs it coiifoniis to those descrili<'d, ami so seellis to oliev all estahlishi'd law. lint it is simply iiniisiial. The Mule I)eer in my er,niiids whose lirst antlers after the spikes were of this exceptional I'orni. the next yciir had antlers of the same form, and had he lived we ma\ con- cliitlc would alwaxs lia\e had them. So we may st roiielv sus- pect it is a cliaructeriHtic of the indixidual. I wi>h i knew if it is hereditary. In coiiipariiiu' this unusual antler with tliat of the \'iruinia deer, 1 iiiid thai the tiiliercles found mi hotli. for some ilistaiiee aliove the luirrs, iirc nearly all coiilined on the foinier to the up- per side while the hiwer side is (pilte siiioolh. as is iisualU the case on those of the ordinary hi furcated form, w hile on the antler of the \'irL;inia deer the tid)ercles are found on ihe lower as well as the upper side, ami are hirger and more ahundaiit than on either form from the Mule Deer ur the C'oliiinliia Deer. \\'hal has lieeii already said must eive some idea "f the pe- culiar characteristics of the antlers of ('. ri/-i/iiu'ii)U(s, — our ( 'ominoii 1 )eer. Thev are in form ([uile unlike those of aiiv other of the genus. unless it he the exi'ejitional form of the antlers of th(> ninle and the ('olumhia deer, already t('l\ aiiin'oarli cacli ntlici', Tlii s fiial'lcs IIh' aniiiial hv Imw- iii^' iiis licad ill liatllr, as is ]iis lialiil, li> prcsi-iit llu' lim'S tu tin; ailvcrsarv in Iroiil. Wiicii two iiu'ct in tlic siiucli uf liattlc tliii> ariiii'il. tlirsc antlers I'onii sn cniniiirtf a sliicid lliat 1 liavc iicmm' known a puim lo rraeli an adviTsarv, as will lie srcn wlnii \\\' \.\. Acapu Ico D eer. j; an d jG, C ornmon Ueer rol lie to di'scrilic tlit'ir iiindc ol' warfare Tlic liasal snat>' star! illiolll two illcl ii's aliiive till' l>urr and ris(>s to tlu' lll'inllt (l|' IVdll two to live inches at an an^lc of from lifteeii to tliirlv deercts li the beam. '11 lis snai is iisiiallv 'noi'e covered with tuliercli than the tines aliovc, and on ^■c^y l;ir v.- s|ieciiiieiis from aL;i'd mals is soinetiiiu's liifiirrated, and si nielimes llattciied as in !•" 'Jll ; sometimes a small HUpplciiicnlal siKiii' oeciirs near the 1 ini- lasc aiK I I 1 lave oceasioiKV lly ol)si isorved one or more of the tulien of the burr extend to snatis an inch Imin', Usuallv from one 1' Imlf a dozen tines oceiu" on each antler, the lower ones liciii^' tli' lono'ost and largest ; on very lare'e specimens some of these tiiic may [iroihiee snags, or a siiay may arise from tlic! beam at abmi the same point where a tine occurs. ( )n the smaller specimeii> the tines usually ctirrespond on the two antk-rs on the same head but as the animal grows older and the antlers larger this is le> likely to be the case, though if one antler has an extraordinai' w <• St all > iViiiii rccs 111 uTcli-^ (■(1 aui- in l'"iL:. (' liasi', (inr 1" iiii;' ill'' sf tiiw- (: aliiiii; fiini'ii-. u! licail, is li'-" ■ji'dinai > /•///; .i.v7/./;a'n. ■i-2:> iiiiiiil))')- (if |)iiiiits, tlif iitlii'i' is i|iiilr siii'i- i<> liaM'aii iiini->nal iiiiiiilirr also. A very fi'iiiiiiiiii idea has |irrvailri| aniniiii' limili'is ainl li'iii- t ii-rsiiicii tlial till' iiiiiiilii'i' n|' lilies I'll till' ant Ifis 111' tin' deer in- (lieate its ae-i', eaeli |iiiiiil ie| ii'esent i lit;' a _\eai'. riiis eertaiiilv is a |iMjiiilar error, tlionoh it ,i|t|iri)\iiiiati's tln' tiiitli iinire with yDjiiiiT aiiiinals tliaii with nhl nies. 'I'lir nmst that can he saiil is, thai the older tin' aiiinial the iiioie prunes arc liUely to occur on the antlers. In doniestication, I ha\e never seen oiieeiuuii with more than li\e point-. I have, liowe\ir. in iii\ colledioii two jiairs o|' antlers of the ('oinnion I )eer. Imth "f which were killed in this \ icinity ( i-a Salle ( 'oiiiity. 111.) in 1^1"^. ,,hicli are of nearly ei|iial si/e. and the largest I e\er reiiieinlier to li:i\e seen. 'I'he antlers of the one which fell til ni\ own rille weieh li\e |ioiinds and eleven ounces : each aiithr has six points ln'sidcs the stiih of a. liruki'n prone' (ui the h'fl aiitli'r, 'I'he other, killed liy .Mr. .Mackey. wei^^di live pounds and one ounce. The ri^hi antler has eleven points, and the left twelve. Thns wi' see thai the lai'ecst antlers have hut ahont half the miinlM'r of point- that are found on the smaller ones, (hi each of these aiillei> the hasal snae' is liifnrcated, which onl\ occurs on the largest speci- mens. ( )ne of theprojies o| the Iiasal suae' of the left ^f ihe larei'st antlers is live inches in leiieth. The si/.e and position- of tliesi' liasul snaes woidd almost ciitille them to the name of hret without referring to thri'e fdssil antlers in my collection, I'ouiul in the lowi'r drift in the valley of the Fox Kiver, ni'ar ( )ttawa. Illinois. Here has been an u[)lieaval which elevated the coal measures, and I'xposed all to the action of the great currents wliich sweep southward, and which carried away everything, down to the St. Peti'r's sand- stone. I'xcept in Ji few places where, for a few humlred acivs. the lower vein of coal renuiins. ( )ver this sometimes a jtortion of i.he soapstoue remains, jiiul in others it is gone. Where tliese fossils were found, about two feet of the soapstoiie remained in place over the coal ; the deep furrows on the toj) of which show j)laiuly the glacial action, or rather the plowings of thi^ icebergs, which drifted down with the great current and grouudetl two or tlnve miles lower down, where the extent and foims of many may now be seen and traced, by the chisters of great bowlders whieli they left when they nu'lted away, us [)l:'inly as if marked on a map. After this ileiiudation there was de|)osited a stratum of gravel six inches thick and above that, nu)re than sixteen fed first of sand and gravel, then sand, then sand and clav, theii clav. iinc I histly. sur face U)am. In this lowest stratum of gravel, wli icn IM M .viiing- U snb- injurv il have veft'vvin'j,- V clril't in llevo has 1 exposed iiitlnvav'l. cr's siiii'l- rinl aiM-cs. n povtii'ti lunv tlu'sr inainctl in liioh show ,. icel)i'r-:;;s. iihI two or inauv may (U'l-s w hi. av kcil on a stratum of lixtoon fri'l then avt. •lav, 1, whH'h 77//-; AXTf.nns. 227 was the first deposit ai'tci' the i('ch{'f|L;s liad ceased to (h'ii't, and the denuding proci'ss was lin".-.iied, thesis antlers were found, in positions showiiin' beyond doid>t that they wei'e drifted in with till- i;ra\'',.'l. 'Ihey were not found ton'<'ther hut at fonsiderahle distances a[)art, and ai'e from different aniuials. In tin? sauu' vt'in of grivel ari^ found a considerable variety of fossil woods; several specinieus of Avhii'h I have submitted to the inspection of the learned professor, Leo i.as(|uereau\. who. fort v years ago, examined the peat-beds of Denmark, and distinguished the suc- cessive gi'Uerations of trees there (le|)osiled, which had grown, flourished, decayed, ami disappeared, lea\ing (Uilv that decayed record of (heir having once existed in ;i land where for unknown ages they have been entire strangers. Tliese he finds to be arbo- rescent conifers which are not now found neai'er than the regions ;)f Lake Su|>erior, and oaks wliicli are now flourishing here but ai'e not growing tlutre. Two of thesi' fossil antlers exhibit all the peculiar charact(M'is- I'k IH'S O f the antlers of the X'iriiinia Deer m nihaliitiUL;' tins eoun- trv in the most pronouncinl form : one from a fullv adult animal and the other about four yeai's old. They luid both been ilro[)[»ed in the course of nature. The other presents but about six iiK'hes of the lower ])avt of the beam and before any of the tines hail o<'curi'eil, and so it ma\ not b(> identified with eertainty. nd the beam is straiglitei than is fie l)asal snag is rudiuuMitary usual on the V iririnia 1 )eer And in tliese respects it resembles the exci'ptioual form of the autlc'r of flu; nude deer and the Columbia deer, but it is not safe to declare that it did gi'ow on a dtier of one of these species. In the same locality and at t »" sauu; deptl 1, 111 a no( ■ket ell i\ deposited in the lower str.tuiu of gravel, I found nearly tlu; tire skeleton of a female \'irginia deer. With great pains I ve compared these Dont ^ individually with the bones of a frdly an IS adult female Commoii Deer tlKst died in my grounds, and discover no appreciable diti'erence in size or form. The' i nearly identical as possibh' throughout. These were evidently deposited at a later iieriod than were the antlers. We loarn from those relies that our C'ommon Deer was an in- habitant of our el(r>ated plains or at least of a region north of us, soon after the waters left tlieni and while this Lireat vallev h'liii 1 a niih' and a half to tw'o miles wide; and moie th; in one iiiidretl feet deei) was vet filled wife, tl T y lie ix\ eat current •.vliicli swept down from the north and brought with it and deposited 228 Tin: DEER OF AMERICA. tlic llrst drift, al'tcr tlic more riipid curi'ciit with its icelxM'gs li;ies. we mav pronounce our (h-er th(; oMest of our extant fauna. Tim late Dr. .1. W. Foster carefully examined the locality with me, and lu' j)ronounced it tlu! oldest of the valley drift which had dejxis- ited these remains, and considered tin- ihid of the highest geo- loL!;ical inti'rest. The antlins of the Aenpulco Deer, which is the smallest of all our North American s})ecies, are witlely separated from those of either of the otlier species both in size and form. I have but one j)aii' oi these in my collection from an adult, though 1 have S(!ver 111 irom vounu buck The larii'e ones were from an animal that died aire in the i)ark of (Governor Latham in C"al- ifcn'iiia, to whom 1 am indebted for a female of the same s| )ecies. It is unfortunate that I have not antlers from 1 consuieraoh' number of full gi'own bucks of this spi'cies so that I could feel a conlident assurance that I am pi'esenting typical characteristics. Now tliere is a bare j)ossiliility. that the antlers before me are excejitional in their foi'ms. Jlowever, in desci-ibing this single pair W'e may provisionally assume that the peculiarities are char- acteristic of the species, admitting that there may be minor dif- ferences in individuals, as we observe with all the others. They are ilhistrated in Fig. 24, on |>. 224, 'JMiesi! antlers spring fi'om pedicels of unnsu I height for their si/e, which at their tops are two and one half inches apart. The extreme length of these antics is seven inches and three lines aud above the burr the circumfereni v of each is two inclies and nine lines where they are nearly round, but they very soon assume a triangular shai)e, and at two inches above the burrs from the inner side of the beams, the basal snags ai'se. That on i\w right antler is one inch ii\ h'ligth and on the left it is nine lines long. Above these snags, the antlers flatten out from the triangular form into distinct palms, increasing in w idth and di- mnnsnin |>!ilni, extends two inches and tliree lini's to tlie imint on tiie right anth'r, and on the left one and one lialf inches. Tlie anterior eder on these antlers, but tin; basal snags are niuisuallv ili-vtjloped for the size of tlu^ antlers. The notches at the ends present distin(!t points, so that we nuiy be justilied in saying that each antler presents three points. These anllei's are I'emarkably stout for their length and worn (piite smooth by abrasion. These antlers, it will be obsei'veil, are nuich more j)almate than any of the others, except the moose; and the caribou, wliicli this deer also I'csembles, as we have already seen, in the absence of the metatarsal gland; and so in aiinther inipurtant feat ui'c, also, we se(! these extremes meet where thev widely dilTer fimu the inter- nu'diate species. ( )n a young buck which I have of this species, the first anilers were deformed from injuries. The second antlers are two and one half inches long, with a rudinu'utary basal snag, showing as yet no tendency to Ihitten. I have another [tail' from a two-year old buck much smaller than these, but with the same chai'acter- istics. The antlers on tlu; ('eyloii l)uck in my grounds, which in si/e, form, and color, most resembles the Acapulco deer, may not be entirely neglected. Those of tlu^ lirst pair gi'own on this buck after I got him are considerably smaller than those Hrst dcscril.ed ; they are straighter and much moi'c cylindrical, although they show a little disposition to flatten towards the I'lids. Hut the most striking feature is a long brow-tine in plac<' of the basal snag. This tine is stout and neai-ly half the length of the antler. The secoml antlers grown on this buck in mv gi-ounds more ill- m If! 1 II li 2:10 77//; /)j:ki,' or America. nearly rcsciiil)k' tlmsf frnm tli(^ Acapulco doer, wliilc tlmy rcscin- 1)1(' till' (ii'st ill iiiosi of tlii'ir (iiaractcristics, except tliat tiie |.>iiLi' tine is now reduced to a, siiau," scarcelv more tliaii an iiidi lon^-, and the left antler is more ilatteiied at the end. Thes(! are more fully considered under the title " Analo_<;'ues." Mr. Darwin, tin; distinguishod naturalist, \vhen jirepariiii;- his celehrated work, " 'iiie Descent of Man,"' for tin; press, asked nie for my ohscrvations as to tlie utility to tlie animal of the branched forms of the antlers of tlu^ Cervida-. This is a (|iiestioii cortaiiilv not easilv solved, and vi't tho mode of warfare of these animals mav serve to tl irow some lioht on tli(> suhiect 'J'he mode of p sing battle, as wo shall see in another place s, is with a tremendous rush t(ivt'iii('iit of tln' nu'c Tlif iimst \ii;'iii'- iiiis ami active males arc still left niaslci's df the Held ami so Kecoinc the ])n)geuitors of siicceediiii;- ijjeiKiratinns. It has loii!^ hetMi ;i ])revaUM»t opinion anioni;' hnnters, and to some extent has been ado|)ted l)y naturalists, that a race of cum- nioii deer tin; adults of which have iintlei's without hranchcs. have ostublislied tlu-mselves in the northeaslei'u part of the I'liiied States and in Canada, whence they ure drivini^' out the pnuiL;- antlered bucks. This is a. matter of the o'realest seientide importance, and I have taken pains to investigate it to mv s;itisfaetion. and am entirely convinced that it is a ]ii)pular ei'i'or. founded upnu in- cnmj)lete observations. The spike fnicks found in the Ailirnn- dacks are all yearliiiL;; bucks with tluur (irst antlers. 'I'he uni- versal testimniiy, so far as I iiavt; been able to gather it, is. that tlicv are smaller than the averaii'e of tii(> prong-antlered bucks, and that their s[)ikes vai'v in length from eight inches, oi- ten incht's at tin- very utmost, down to two or three inches in length. It is only i\u'. largest of these, that any have claimed to lie adults. It is very easy for a hunter to say. ami even believe, that ho has killed deer with s[)ikes ten indu's long, but diil lie actually measure them, and make a note of the fact, with tiuu' and place, describing its appearance, and take ani:i:it or a mi: me. kiKtuicdgo, and I trii.st tho tiiiic is coiniiit;' wIumi sporlsincn will i^cncrally adopt this oi)m'si'. In this way, tlicv will dniddc thi- pli-asuri'.s of till' cliasc, and wluMi tlioy meet in llio caiiii) or at tin' clnl) lioiisc. to recount tlicir triuniplis and compare tlieir ohserva- tioiis, tliey will enjoy an intejlei^tuiil treat, i'ar snr[)assine' the stoi'v oF the simple score or tlic skillful sliot. JJiit K;t us return to the consideration of the spihe buck. 1 ic- \)o:\t. so far as 1 know, wo liavo no well authenticated, reliahle ohservations to justify the conclusion that these spike antlei's are evei ^I'own upon adult animals. All we have on the suhjeet is a sort of general conjecture, founded no douht upon exceptional cases. en Continued observations upon the young dcM'r in my ])ai'ks, 1 light lave ened me nmcli on tins snoj th d. ]' or several years I real p(M'suade(l mvself that 1 had the true spike-antlered bucks, and set myseif to care! y imti' theii- ])eculiarities. and fondly believed that I was about to add an important chapter to scientilie knowl- 15 u! ■ ic .s(> careful and coutinued observations soon iindi (ieived and disa PI' '.tee year, w hicl l)y marking the spike biu'k of on 1 was as large as one hu'ding by his side, having or tl u'ce tines on each antler I loiind tl le next year that his aiil- lei's were also branched, and my spike-antlereil buck Inul become f the ordinary kind. And tluMi tlu* earlv fawn tin le specimen o of tlu^ year before, drop[»ed from ;i fully adult yigorous doi which had furnished him j)lenty of milk, had now grown to tli si/.e of a niediuin adult, and had fine spike ant Jill thiiiiis liis older brother of the th lers, resembling in pret'eding yi'ar now bearing pr ono'ed antlers. And so 1 an xionsiv iiursiu't 1 1 "y )l)ser V!l- tions for a, number of vears, ever looking in yain for a seceuil antler without [)n)n \\'itlu)ut this certain means of ki low edge, I should have believed that those large s])ike-antlered bin wen; more than yearlings aiu tition nut'' ht 1 I nearly adult. It is true the deii- lavt^ undeceived me, but this .1 could not ascertain while the animal was alive, and this test has probably lieeii 1 and carefully studied by those hunters, who rarely examined ami car( believe they have killed adult deer, with s[)ik<' antlers. I fee quite sun; that they had not the means of accurately determiniiu the t ru(^ ages o f tl le wi Id deer which they had killed ; and what I havi! already stated may serve to show liow yery liable all arc to be misled in relation to a point, upon a certain knowledge of which tin; whole question depends. I think the evidence siitisfuccory to establisli tlie fac;t, that in a few instiinces female Virginia deer have been killed liaving snial! THE A.\l'f.i:i!S. O-'O spiki^ aiilliTs. Mild T li;iv(! iiotircd nil iifcduiit of out' in rnlifoniia. prolinlily a, ("t)liiiiil)ia deer. ()ii(' example is tumid in the Siiiitli- suniaii coUectidii wliid: I luive had an i>|>|iiirt unity of sludvini;'. The antl'Ts are on Inw, small ]iedi('els. 'i'liey are in the velvet. Iiiit appear to have been nearly matnre(l. Thev are almiit six inciies in length and halt" an inch in diameter, and have a ^raee- fnl anterior curvature, and spi'ead apart less than is usual on tlie spiUed l)ucl\. The spike on the perfect i)U('k is alwavs straie'ht. so far as my ohsei'vations extend, and [ have examinetj hundreds. I presume, so that this anterior eurvaiui'e dlstiniiiiislies it from the spike on the male. 1 have, however, noticed a similai' cur- vjiture on the velvet antler of a castrated huck, wln-re the opera- lion was performed when he carried his spike antlei's, and had I met with this specimen without information that it was from a female, I should liav<' concluded it was from a vouni; castrated liuck. l>ut I am willing to accept the statement that it was from a female, Such an occurrence may he as probable as that a woman should have a full (lowing beard, which we sometimes, though verv rarelv, see. r have noticed many otht^r accounts in sporting [)apers and in the journals of the day, of antlei-ed does having been killed, and if mention was made of their form and condition, thev were always small spike antlers and in the \elvet: and the jiei'iods when the notices appeared would indicate, that they were killed when the antlers on the, bucks had ])erfected their external growth and lost their vidvt^t. Now this h;is suggested to me the jjos- sibility, that wlu'ii the antler is found upon the doe, it is still of an imperfect growth, like the antlers upon the castrated buck, so that it never matures so far as to los(( its V(dvet, and that in win- ter it is frozen and broken olY without bi'ing shed as is th.e antler of the perfect buck. It may not be im])robabl(! that these antlered does will always b(! found to be barr n. My observations upon the effect of castration on the growth of the antlers of the buck, show that there is an intimate connection Itetweeii tlie repro- ductive oroans and the e'rowth of antlers, and so it is not un- reasonable to su[)[)ose, that the phenomenon of antlers upon a female deer niav arista from some peculiarity in the ovaries, or some other of the genital organs. I make these suggestions more with the hope that those* who may have the opportunity, may be induced to maki' cari'ful ob- servations on the bubj(!ct, than for any other value whicli they may possess. B : ■ 1 ',' 'i ■ ■im ffp •234 77//; i)r:i:i! or amejuca. TAILS. mt-' ol tiiils (if the (Ifcr liavc hccn mostly dcscrilicil wlicii t IIk' ( IVIlt- lilT crciit, sjM'cics s('])iiriit('ly, so tliiit imw lilt (• I'rli- m > - CO M CTl Q u ctitiiiii iiiiiy hi'Cdiiic 1111- iivoi(l;ii)l(' wlicii it lic- coiiii's iicccssai'V to ('((111- pui't' tlicm. As til.' tails of til ircc Fiiis. irjiH'st spcci •). 10) most cacli other, Z. o vosomhK s ^ and arc (iiiitc iiiilikf ^ Z those of any of the y H otlu'i" species, we will treat of them lirst and toe'cthcr. The tail <<{ ^ the Moose is longer than ! that of either of the olh-- °- er three, and is lonu'er and lareer than that nf its 1^: nro[)eaii cone'ener. Audnhon and liaehmaii give ns thi^ measure- ments of two, one of w hieh 1 was eleven and *-' one half inches, and the Z other nin(^ inches long. H Should Ave tak(> these °° for a fair average, we - lind them much longer Q than th(),s(! of the Wa- iiti. Both ar(! car- n §■ ried closely depressed, ^-"^ thougli that of the " — Moose is the most util- ized. 'J'he tiiil of our J-: is never elevated. UKl rarelv movec lat: w hetl ler standing ease or going a t tl icir best six'ed Fl U's or mos(piitoes may annoy i ■ V. V II '' Tin: T.\/f.. 2:1', tlicin never so iniuli. slill the tail remains (,iilet, while they may l)e staiiipin-' with their feet or Ihrashiii-' ahum the hea,| iii a I'raiiti ' way. Oil I>()th these animals the tails ure round : on the .Mo,,se they lire s.Miiewhat ta|.erin-, while .m the Klk the tail is of a unilorin ilianieter, with an aliriqit termin;ition. The tail of thi' Caril.oii is soinethiiiu' lonu'er than that of the Klk. It is somewhat ilatteiied, v.mt hroad at the hase. laperino' :ill the way to the end. It is very short for so hir.^v an animal^ hut is more active than on the I-'dk. On the Moose the color of the tail varies from verv lin-ht to dark' lirown. 'I'he tail of the Carihoii is of a dark shade on top^approai'liinn' a hrown. ami on some specimens it is decidedly so. On all the smaller species the tail is fonnd'to l.e a, promin.'iit, and to some extent, a useful member. Ka.'li has a tall con- structed on a plan peculiarly its own. hy which it mav he r.'ad- iiy distinguished, and l.y this mark alone mav th.. species he ideiitiiied.^ \Vhil(! each may vary from th.' otl'iers in length, all are of sniHeient size to harmonize with the i;vneral structure of the animal. The larnvst of this ,<;-roup, and the one which we shall lirst con- sider, is the Mule Deer. Jn many respects this tail differs from all tli(i others of the species, and its individualities are such as to identify it at (mee and e verv where. Ill my earlier studies I was led into some erroiuMuis e(.nclu- sions as to the tail of this deer, wdiicli I have been able to cor- rect by subse(|uent observations. The most strikinn- peculiarities and wliicli first strike the ob- server, are that it is of a yellowish white color except a tuft at the lower end wliicli is black, and for most of the wav it is naked "11 the umler side; the color <.f this tail is a shade "the lightest on the under side bor.leriiio- the naked part. There are two varieties of the Mule Dinn: The eastern or IJocky Arountaiu variety I shall lirst consider. AVhile in color the tails of different specimens are (juite alike, in form they are quite variant. Most are larn^e at the base, taperinn- to small dimensions to the limit of the white hair, and then terminating with u large black tuft. "^ This form is most observable on the aged animals. Tn other speciniens the white hairs are nearer of a nniforin length, so that ^<"l•y little taper is observed. In these specimens the white hairs t Hi 1 ll il i '■ ill It i 1 •: ^ :■ I 280 77//; /^/;/;/,' or amiuika. ovorlii)) llic iip])(M' piii't of llic bliick so !is io liidc n porllon of it. This coiidilioii iisii;iily occurs in the f;ill of this yciir iiiid on yoiiiin' nuiinals not niort; tliiiii tlii'cc m- four years old. 'I'Iim foniicr condition is. to sonu' extent at least, artificial. Il i-esidl-- from those wiiile haii's near tiie lower part of the tail liecomiiiu worn o|] so that thev are shorter ins IS rendered possihle from the while hairs liein;^ open, sponi,fy, non-ehl^ so that they are reai )] lie anil hritl lilv 1) )i'oken oil ov connnti' in contact, wit ol) I'cts wlien the tad is moved liv tiie annn; Th lose hairs near the upper end of tlie tail are less exposed to ahrasion than tlmsi lower down ami near the end. 'I'iie hhick hairs eoinposiiii^ tin switch are dil'ferent. Tln^v are (piit(^ solid, firm, ami elastic illvt^ Hose ( Ml the tail of tin; lioiv and so cun bear a yreat anioiint of frit'tioii without beiiin' lirokeii oil". Tlioy eiidure iIh' violence, while the white hairs just al)ove them liccoine worn down short. The two extremes and an interinediat(! form air shown in the illustrations. Fies. li, :!, 4. p. 'l'-\A. Independent of this jibrasioii there is in most s|)ecimens a cer- tain deeree of taper rosnltine- from the fact that on them the w liite hairs ai shorter on the linwr than on the upper part the tail. ( )n an'cd specimens these whit(^ hairs are more hrit lie than on youneei- animals, hence they are worn shorter on thcin and so present a much more taperine- form. 'I\ike a specinicMi about the first of Aut^ust, when the old while hairs are nearly shed ami the new ones are still short, and aliovc (^ way up, while the the black tuft the tail IS verv smal th bli hairs which are constiint, lik(^ those on tlu; tail of the lior- remain eoiispicnoiis tlinnie'liout the year. These lilack hairs arc generally shorter and stand in a more radical ])osition on the old tl sjx'cimens tlian on tiie youii th ( )ii the voune- tliat wdi icii i.- worn off of the black liairs is replaced by new growth which 1^ more vieoroiis ovi the young than the old ; on the latter tlie growth is tardy and does not fully rei)air the loss, so that on tlii> young tlie black tiift appears longer and of less dianuder than on tlm oM. I have said that the under side of the tail of the M ule 1) is naked down to wwv the end, like; the lion tail. T eel' lis IS not absolutely so, for v,\v\\ the on young sjieeimeiis a careful in spection will rev(>al to the naked eyes a number of scatteriiiL very short line hairs, more abundant towards the lower end o tl le n aked space tl ies(! grow somewhat laru'er as the animal grows older, but are always ke{)t worn short, so that on (»ld specimens the lower part of the nakinl portion exhibits a good 77//; y.i//.. 2;J7 niMiiy short stiihs of liaii's, dl' almost llic (rminctcr of the liairs 1111 tin- ii|i|)f'r side, wliidi tlirv arc liUc in color and Icxtiiic. 'I'lic lihicU hairs cover I'ldiii one eli^htli to one leiitli of the vertcliia' at its exlrcmity, and as liefnre staled are iimi >lied with tiie _e<.|)(.i'al coat as an; tlie white liairs on the rest of the tail. 'I'his Mack |iortion is clothed as ahundantly i«n the lower as on the u|>|)er side. Alton'cther the cliarai'teristics of the tail of this deer ari' so pt'cidiar that any one of the least oltservatioii can readily (list iiis^iiisli it in any of its t'oriiis, at any season of the, vear or at any ae'c. I have only had in domestication six specimens, taken wild, of which tlinu' were of each sex. 'Hiey exhiliited tliese several forms, hut the specimens killed hy hunters which 1 have exam- ined showed e'reater extremes than those in my own grounds, es- jicciallv did they show the hairs more worn o|'f on the parts most cX|iosed ; that is, 1 have foiiml on the wild animals tails mori; tapering from the ni)[H'r end down tt) the hliick tuft and on the oldest and largest the most so. 1 think tlie males show this more than the females. These tails always ap])car to he round. l''.ven the aliseiice of hairs on the under side hiils to nive them the flat appearance always seen on the \'ire;inia deer. IJy measurements, taken on a female Mule Deer four years old in my erounds, I find the diam- eter of the tail at tlu; hase, it'casurine- from the ends of the hairs in their natural position, is two and one half inches, and live inches lowi'r down I tind the diameter to he one and one half inches, 'i'lie diameter of the tuft of hiack liairs corresponds with that at tlu- hase of the tail. Another specimen in my collection (Fig. -), from a very large huck killed in the JMack Hills, shows that the diameters are nearly half an inch less at all the ))oiuts indicated, which gives the tail a much more tapering ap[)t'arance than the first. The Icne-th of the vertebra' of this tail is eight and one half inches, whili! the black hairs extend three and one lialf inches I'urth' r., making the tail twelve inches long. I have another specimen in which the vertebra; is fivt; and one half iiu'hes long, wl •' it is fully ten inches to the end of the black hairs. This was from a voting animal killed early in the seasoi T le white; hairs are 1)11 t little worn down, and they overlap the black hairs for more than half their length, so tha,t the black tuft is no larger than the white hairs above it, but there is a gradual though slight taper all the way from the base to and includine; the blai'k tuft in its ■i r '^^,H 'riir: i>i:i:u or ami.hica liiri;'('sl piirt : tlinici' it t;i]it'rs jo ;i point. I Imvc in my !LCri>iiii(ls ;i .Mull' liiirk ill his srcoinl yt'iii', wIium' l;iil in I )ci'fiii!ii'r wms almost tilt' ('(iiiiitiTiiart of tills. Ill tlic latter part o|' wiiilrr it was coii- si(lri-aM\ (ruiiiiiislii'd in si/r towards llif lower portion dj' |||,. while, show inn' the taperiiie' roini down to the lilaek lull. In .liilv I'ollowin^', the white hairs were nearly all shed, lea\iiiL( the tail scaivi'ly larger than one's liiiecr, while tla; liil't ol' lila<'U hairs maintained its orieinal hinness. The verlehra- was six inelies loiin'. and to the end of the tiifl the tail was ten iiieln's loii<^. ( >n the ('alifornia variety of this deer, the tail has nearly the same foiin luit avera^'i's a little loiter. Its ereat dist iiiel ion Is in t 111- eolor of t he tail, whii )ne IS SllHieiellt to declare il ver\ dislinel variety, weie other indi<'ia, wliieli are plainly de- clared, wanting. it has the naked portion on the under side the same as the eastern variety, Iml instead of all lieinn while ahov the iilack liift at the end, a stripe ol' the color of the Lack aho\e the tall, with which it unites, runs down the upper side of the tail and unites with the terniiiial lilacU liifl. On some specimen^ r end, and on e Mack tiifl. this liiown stripe erows darker towards the lowi some llie tawny lirown sliaile of the stripe invades th Ordiiiarilv the tail of the Mule l)cci- is carried d el ii'esse( I, cji isc to the liody. In rnnniiii;- it is elevated ;i little hut not ecnerally above the h' 'ri/ontal : hut when the male is very lia])py and feels Very SI If-iinportant he will strut ahoiit with tin- tail elevated in a vertical position or iiiclinine- a, little forward, remiiidiiie' one of the actions of the male j^oat when he feels his self-importanee in a, hie'li deeree. This is peculiar to the iNliilc Deer, certainly aiiiouL; tlu^ American species. It is to lie ivi^retted that this deer, with moi'*' of a while tail than any other of our tieer, — with in hict a white tail tippetl with black, — is universally called by the hunters of the JJocky Moun- tains ///(' />/(i<-k-liii/i''l l>i'i'r. As they know nothine; of the true black-tailed deer of tlui Pacific Slope, it creates no local incon- venience, but wheiKner one's in(]uiries extend west of this local- ity confusion necessarily results. Wliether this ina})i)ropriatc local name will ever be liiveii up bv those wjio do not extend their observations iievond tliat reidoii, 1 very much iloiibt. The tail of the Columbia Deer is j)eenliar and cliaraeteristic of the animal, and shows the aj)pro])riati'ness of the name oiven it by Lewis and ('larke, of liUtck-tailed JJcer. It is short, or aboiir the length of the tail of tlio mule deer. It is very nearly straight, i!ii i^ ■////■; 7.1//,. 20lt tlMHii^li a sli^lil upwni'd mill thru rcvci'-iil cmNc iiinv he nhsrrvnl, li is all iiclivc iiii'iiilirr llial is cajialilr n|' liciiiM- wliisUi'd almiit. llii'ii^ii it i> iidl iiiiicli used ill that way. 'I'lif |insiti that i>l all tlii' ntlur >|fci'. I hi'- |iii-~itiMii is imi Ncrtiral nr (|c|iicssr(l against thr IhmIv, l>iil il slaiiiUmit ill a (lrii()|iiii^° nf iiu'linril |ii>sili(iil in a liiH' with llic liat'lvlioiii', I'i'iini the ti>|i ol' lli.' hips |Mi>tcri(irl\ . it \>r\- liaps a II w iji'^^rcrs niin'r (li'|iiT>scil. In t'liiiii the tail is I'lUind, ti'iiiiiiiatiii^ with a sliai'|i hut alniipt liji, thr |ii.int III whirh is uii a liiH' with the Inwcr side nl the tail nv a litl li' d('|irr>si'd. It is cuvci'i'd all a nun id with hairs nl' iirailv a uiiilnriii Irii^lh. ni\ini;' it ilir lunii drsrrihcd. ( >ii tup and till the sides at tin- liiwci' end for half its Iciintli the tail is lilaik. 'I'lifiifc ii|iwai'd the ends nf a part nf thr hairs hrciiiiir tippril fni' a i|iiarlri' iif an iiirli nr niiii'r with a tawny >lia(h'. 'I'llr llllllllirl' nf tllrsr illrl'rasr rapidlv IIS Wc asrrlld ill the rNaiiiinat imi, and thr hudics of thr iiairs iircmiir. lir'htrr. * .-pi . ialiy on lilt' lower half, until iirar thr I'oni nf tjir tail thr Inwri- half of thr hail' lircoiiirs a li,r;ht i^rav. i im intrrvnirs a idiisidrraMy darhcr shade, trrmiiiat In^- with thr tawny tip wliirli L^ivr-- a rrildish cast to the npprr portion of thr tail. Thr iindcr >iilr of the tail is wliitr, iirai' the root fiillv onr half of thr cir- iiiiiifrnMicr ; hilt a little lower down, not more than one (|iiartrr nf the einaiiiifrrmrr is white, so that we may proprrly say that llirre is a white stripe aloii^- the under side of the tail which is iinrdereil l)y a russet streak on each side alonr- {\\i.> lower iialf iiiorr eonspiciioiis towards the end, and as these russet hairs and even souu' of the white ones are longer tlian the hlacU, the e\- iremt! point of the tail is a tawny white. A careful inspection shows tiiat the hairs attaclied to tlie hnver side of tla; last ini-h nf the vertebra' are all black', with dilVerent degrees of intensity mi llieir outer parts and the inner portions white or tawny, whrrras above that point the wliitc; hairs maintain that (.'olor thr whole leiigtii. The tail ta])ers sliglitly and lias a slight upward curve, as shown in the illustration. The above descriptions are from tlio only four I liave, one male and three females now in my grounds, whose tails are almost ex- actly alike; yet I have a number of specim»!ns which I obtained frniii dried skins at Victoria, li. C, and Portland, Oregon, some nf which are considerably longer and a little more; i)ointed at th(! ends. Still all hold their bigness with great uniformity to very near the extreme ends, and in this respect dill'er very much from 240 THE DEER OF AMERICA. tlie Virglniii deer. In color, I ciinnot peivcive luiy iipprccialili' (lift'eiviuu; between niy live specimens antl those obtained at Vic- toria and Portland. Tlie white between the hams, nnder the tail of this deer, is wider than the tail itself, so that when looking at the deer from behind, it is seen about one inch broad on each side of the tail for its whole lenirth. II ! The tail of the Vircjinia Deer exceeds in length that of aii\ other of our deer. It varies very much on dilTerent adult indi- viduals, on sonu! being not more than eleven or twelve inches long, wliile on others it is found to be sixteen or even eighteen inches in length. In sha[)e it is ilatteneci, being the broadest a little posterior to its base : tlience it contracts in width gradually and (piite regularly to a point at the end, giving it a lanceolat(! f irm. as shown in the illustration. On the under side and on the edues it is alwavs white, luii on to]) it is very variant in color. I have some s[)ecimens in m\ grounds which are jet black for the lower half, growing liglitei' towai'ds the anterior or upper part by the interspersion of gray hairs witli the black, which become more abundant anteriorly. These very bhick specimens are (pute rare, but more or less black towards the extremities. \ a majority have erv man '■}' J' How- ever, have no black upon them, but are of a tawny gnvy on top. Scarcely any two an; exactly of the same shade of color, some being of an exceedingly light gray on top, and betw'een these and the black every intermediate shade is to be found. The blackest s[)ecimens are met with east of the Mississipj'i River. In the Rocky Mountains and west of thi;m, the lightest colored specimens are met with, and I have never met with one there with any black uj)on it. Hence in that region they are called the White-tailed Deer. In the northwest they have been called the Long-tailed Deer, not, I imagine, becaus(! the tails there! are longer than on the same species east, but because they have longer tads th an an V other deer in that region. When viewed posteriorly, the white of the eilges shows dis- tinctly as a border to the colored [lortion on to[). And when tiie tail is elevated and the hairs radiate in excitement, nothing but the white is seen, exce})t from an anterior view. The nuturai tion of the tail is dein-essed or vertical. When the animal posit IS excited, jis by seeing a dog, for instance, the tail is elevated to a horizontal position, and the hairs become radiate, while the aui- THE TAIL. 241 inal is standing deliborating wlictlicr to I'un or not ;. and so it is wIr'U the deer approaches an object in a tlireateiiin^ Avay. When it runs away in fright, it generally raises the tail to a vertical position, the hairs still spread out s(j as to much enlarge its ap- pearance. This, however, is by no means universally the cas(\ They friMpiently run at full s[)eed with the tail as much de}>rcssed as when (piietly standing. I have often observed a lot of a do/en or twenty when alarmed, running from one part of the park to another to escape a supposed danger, and usually have seen one, or perhaps several, with tlu; tails depressed. Indeed, a larger proportion will have the ilag elevated wlien I'unning at ;j^ niod- erati! s[)(!e(l than when a})])arently doing their Ix-st. When a Virginia Deer is wounded, Ik; almost in\ariably di'ops his tail and runs with it pt'iident, or if much hurt, he will lash it from side to side, and by this, more than any Dtlier indication, the hunter determines the extent of the injury iuilicted liy his shot. As the tail of the Virginia J)eer is longer than that of any of the others, so it is niore used or is n\ore freiptently in motion, but wiih all this the hairs are never pei'ceptibly worn oif as on the tail of the nud(,' deer. All the hairs on the tail are nuich mon^ solid, elastic, and enduring, th.an on the body. No matter what tiie size or color of the tail i.f this deer, its tlattened and lanceolate form ami white; borders will always de- clare its identity to even an indilTei-ent oliserver. As I liave said, the tail of the A'irgiuia Deer is Hat and ta|)er- ing to a point. The anterior part is twice as wide as it is thick. The white at the under side and tlie borders (iccu])ies fullv two thirds of the circumference of the tail. The tail of the Acapulco Deer more resembles that of the X'w- ginia deer than any of the others ; yet it has its distinctive char- acteristics. While it is eonsideral>ly flattened, it is not as nuich so as ou the common dee'", yet much more so than on any of the others. By reference to the illustration it will be seen that it does not taper regularly from the root to the point, but nearly maintains its widtli till near the end and then tapers raj)idly to a much more blunt point. riie under side is pure white, but this does not extend around the sides or edges so it can be seen from a posterior view as on the common deer when the position of the tail is ilepn'ssed, but only the colored portion which pervades the top of the tail is seen. 10 II i M 242 T/fJC J)/:KII of AMERICA. I liavt' iiliviuly stiitod that the color of tliis spccifs is vei\y va- riant oil (liUV'ient iiulividiials, from a dark russet gray to a russet brown ; and tin; same is true of the color of the upper j)art of the tail, — some are decidedly brown, approaching a dull black, which is more i)ronounced on the lower part, while others are of a light tiuvny shade, with no part black or even brown. Tiie length of the tail may be stated at eight inches. The position of the tail on the Acapulco Deer is usually closely depressed, and ordinarily is but little raised from this when run- ning, especially when jnu'suing the other deer to amuse itself. It is more freipiently raised when fleeing from supposed danger, but not as much as is usual with the common deer. Wh' " excited tlie hairs are radiated as on the common dew. 1 am unable to distinguish any appreciable ditl'erence between the tail of the ^Vcapulco deer and that of the Ceylon dtH-r. On the tails of all the deer the hair is shed but once in the year, which process is gradual and occurs in the summer time, while, as stated, the black switch on the Mule Deer is not shed at all. * I ! rilK F(X)T. The forms of the hoofs of the different species of the deer may receive our attention for a short time. I have found them si> de- pendent on circumstances that it is not practicable at all times to determiiu! to which of several species a given specimen belonged. This is more particuUirly the case with the smaller species ; that is, those less in size than the caribou, at the head of which stands the ^lule Deer. If the hoofs on these smalhu- sj)ecies dilYer somewhat in the projiortions of length to breadth, still in general configurations they are alike, aiul the dilTercnce in their ])rop()i'- tions is so sliu'lit that observers do not always ai'ree in iheir con- elusions. Thcwe inhabiting rocky or gravelly ground become worn down so as to change their size and proj)ortions, as compared with those wliich live on the prairies and travel principally on. the soft grass. When examining a specimen, therefore, it is necessary to incpiire as the character of the country which it inhabittnl. This is no doubt the principal cause of disagreement among observers, as to the form and extent of the hoofs of the dilYerent specie.-'. When all are grown in the same place, as in a park for instance. then the iMpiality of condition renders our observations of moic value than when they are limited to wild animals. THE FOOT. 24:'. l1 M-y va- , russet ; of tlie , \vlnt'li :i liglit nnlh ot closoly en vun- ic'lf. It o-er, but excltLHl between T. -e in the lev time, not slunl (leer may MU SO de- L times to belonged, les : tluit I slands es ditl"e\' ot-neral propor- R'ir eon- n u't 01 irn down red witli u tb(! soft ssarv t«i lb This )bsei'vevs, lit species, f instanee. IS oi more Till! tV»rm of the foot eondjines with other eauses ( Isewlicri^ mentioned to establish a line, whieh separates our deer into two divisions. The (ii'st, (Mnbracing the moose, the wapiti, and the two speci(>s of caribou, wliieli have shorter, broader, and Hatter hoofs tli;in the seeond, whieli embraces the mule deer, the Columbia deer, the Virginia deer, and tin; Aeapulco deer, whieh have higher, longer, and narrower feet. The hoofs of the Moose are not remarkably hum', eoiisidi-rinj"' the size of tlie animal, nnd would seem to be less than would be convenient for him in the deep snows of winter and the soft uiarshy grounds whieh \w. affects in summer. They are not long l)ut broad, and conveK at the outer edges. They pi'ead only less than those of the caribou. The hoofs themsi'lvt.'s are not rigidly attached, but have considerable involuntary motion, when tlie font is lifted from the ground, especially if tin; animal is traveling fast, so that tlu-y striUt! together at every step, i^roducing a louil clacking noise, whieli t\w. hunters used to ascribe to the cracking of the joints. The hind hoofs or dew claws, as they art; often called in this country, are rather loosely attached and an; far apart. Tlie font has more s})read than any (»f the other sj)ecies, except the car- ibou. Our I'dk has a neat and well shajied foot, longer and narrower than the ox in proportion to his size. It is convex at the lower outer edge. The false or hind hoofs are small and ])oint well downward, never touehiue; the ground unless it is verv soit. so that the track is deeply impressed. The foot of till! Caribou has more remarkabh' charactei'istics tlian any other of the deer family, and is peculiarly adapti'd to sustain it in snows and in soft swampy gi-inuid. The hoof is large and very broad, maintaining its bri'adth well to the point. The cleft between the toes extends far up, anot at some times appears nearly twice as large as at others, and thii iiii[)rint in soft ground is so much larger than on a hard surface, as to reijuire the eye of a practical hunter to recognize the track as miule by the same animal. Each hoof is surrounded with an ahimdance of coarse stilY hairs extending quite down the ch'ft, which add to the bearing surface when the animal is traveling over soft material. The hind or accessory hoofs on this animal arc of real use, which will be readily appreciated upon careful $il. ■ I r 1,. ■ 1 11! [1' 244 77//; /;/•;/;/.' (//•' AMF.niCA. ()1)S('rv!itiiiii. 'rii(>so lire largor tliaii on iiny otlici- qnadnipcd of its si/c. Tlirii' jKisitioii is inorc 'lateral tliaii on the other species. wliieli eiial)les them when I'tMpiired by circunistancL's to add mneh In the hearing surface (if the foot. 'J"he f(ilh)\ving is Captiiin Hardy's description nf tin; foot of the Woodhind Carihon In tlie wintei' : "Hut fur tlie Caribou I can aver tliat its foot is a beautiful ada])ta.tion to the snow-covered country in which it resides, and that on ice it has naturally an advantage similar to that obtained artilicially by tlie skater, in winter time the froo- is almost entirely absorbed, and the edu'cs ot the hoof, now (|uite cone ve, grow out in thin shai-p ridges : each division on the umli'i surface jiresenting the ap[>ea.rance of a hng(> nnisch^ shell. Accoi'ding to ' Tlu! ()lil Hunter.' who h;i> kindly lurwunled to me some specimens shot by him in New- foundland in the fall of ISl^T, for comparison with examples nf mv own shot in winter, the frog is absorbed by the latter ens ai'e frozen ; the shell grows with great nipidity, and the frog does not fill up again till spring, when llic anth'rs bud out. AVith this singidar conformation of the fnot, i(s great lateral spread and the additiunal assistan<'e afforded in nniintaining a footliold on s]ip[)(>ry surfaci's by the hmg stiff biis- tles wliich grow downwards from the fcMloek, curving nj)wari| underneath between the ilivisions, the Caribou is enabled to pni- ceed over crusted snow, to cross frozen lakes, oi- ascend icy jirec- ij)ices, with an ease which placi's him, when in flight, bevMinl the reach of all enemies, e\ce[)t, perha^JS, tile nind)le and untir- ing Wiilf." ^ Thesi' judicious observations sliow the appreciative naturalist in tlu^ study of his subject, and should teach us not to pass li\ facts which appi'ar to be unimportant as nnwnrthy of our atten- tion. In this case our author readily perceived their signilicanee, and p()ints out their impoi'tance in the economy of the animal. They show ns how readily nature interposes to change structural formations to meet emergencies arising from peculiar conditions of life. We can readily understand how such a foot is recpiired to secure safe and rapid locomotion in tlie winter season in the frlgi'l zoiK' and a rougli and broken country, intersected by ice-l)ouiiil lakelets and frozen streams. Hut these conditiims only exist for a part of the year, and it is only during that season that tlu> foot of the Caribou is made to conform to tln^ I'xigencies which tlnv impose. Upon the disappearance of the snow and ice, the sharp ' Fonsl l.ifi ill Aoitlii, ])|i. 1l>'.i, 1;!0. a :'i- THE FOOT. 245 ,'111(1 coiiciive foot wliicli tlicso niiulc^ iiccossiiry to the wfll-heiiig of tlu! aiiiiiiiil, tills up with a more chistic siibstiiuc.'. bettur iulaptiiii; it to tiK! conditions of its suiiiiiicr ran. If I do not (jiiito an'i'oc with Captain llardv that the fro^j,' of the foot of the Carihou tlisappt'ars in the fall hy ahsorption, still tlie fact which lie first iiiontions, so far as I know, is none the less significant. My own ol)servatit)iis incline iiie to think that tlu^ fi'og ilisappcars Ity abrasion and detachineiit. IJv taking the foot of the Caribou with tlu; full fi'og and soaking it in diluted ah^oliol, or even in a weak brims we may oi)serv(' that the frog is laininateil or arranged in layers, and after a wl.ik? it becomes almost as soft as muck, and may be all removed by the linger up to a hard horny crust, caj»able of resisting abrasion almost as elVectually as the outsid(! of the hoof, leaving the ho(^f a thill |)late, seiiseU'ss and elastic. My own conclusion is that this inner wall, which is less diMise, and through which the blood- vessels pass during the summer, and nourish tlu; frog during its growth and maturity, becomes inon^ indurated towards fall, ami iiiially gradually closes those blood-vessels, when for the want of uourishmeiit the frog dies, and becomes a dead, inert substance, and then decay and destruction commence. This lirst occurs on flic lower surface, where it is exposed to abrasion, and jtrocceds gradually till all is gone ; in tlu> s[)riiig, when this peculiarity of the foot is no longer roijuircd, this plate, which constitutes tiie wall on which the frog is built, becomes softer, and allows the blood-vessels which {)ass through it to resume their functions, when the growth of the new frog is commenced, and proceeds rapidly till the foot is again filled with the rather soft, tough, and elastic lUass. which coin[)arative anatomists call the frog. The truth, however, can only be revealed by the microscope, and 1 now feel a self-rc[)roach for leaving this undetermined. ( )thers, I trust, will assume the task, who can perform it bettei' than 1 can. These peculiarities in the feet of the Woodland Caribou I find even am})lified in the IJarren-ground Caribou. The hind feet are larger and broader than the fore feet. The hoofs on the hind feet of the former in my collection are two inches and six lines long at the cleft, and three inches broad, and measure five inches around tlie sharp edge from the |)oint to the heel. Th(> accessory hoof is two inches long, and one inch and six lilies broad. In the accessory hoof the frog is but jiartially gom>, but the edge is very sharp, especially at the point. Tlu^ hoof of the fore foot is also two inches and six lines long, but is only two m m 24»; THE DEER OE AMEUICA. inches iind tlireo lines broad, and four inclios around the outtM- edt^e. 'i'lu; aceessoiy liooF on the fore foot is one iiieli and eleven lines lon^. and one inch and five lines l)road. The edj^es are less worn or sharper on tin; fore feet than on the hind feet. It is evident that the hind ftM't are ])repared for, and endurt; much the hardest service. On th(? fore feet the lower phalanj^^eal bone, to wiiich the accessory hoof is attached, is half an inch long' aliovc tlui hoof, the next, or upper phalangeal bone between the articu- lations, is ten lines long and six lines in diameter, and the spliul, or accessory carpal bon«% above the articulation, is three inches h-ng and half an inch in diameter at the lower end, tapering to a blunt point at the upper end. This accessory carpal bone, which j)ossesses an imperfect facet of artieidation, is attached longitu- dinally to the carpal bone for its whole length by ligamentary tissue which admits of great vertical and lateral motion, thus facilitating the great spread of these members of the foot oh- served in the reindeer. All the bones connected with this ac- cessory hoof in tlie reindeer, are more than ten times as larg(> as they are in the connnon deer. 'Jliis alone should c!()nvince us that real work is expected to be performed by this accessory hndt' of tin; ('aril)ou. These bones are ap[)reciably larger and stoutci- in the hind foot than in the fore foot. That we may compare the foot of the liarren-ground Caribou with that of the Woodland Caribou, I give the measurements of a fore foot of this last species in my colU^etion. It is two int'hes and six lines long at the cleft, and is two inches and six lines bi'oad ; measuring around the curved eilge, it is four inches and nine lines. When we remember that the Barren-ground is but half the size of his Woodland cousi'i, it will be observed that its foot is much the largest proportionally, and that the outer edge is uuicli more convex, that is, it maintains its width towards the point nuich better, thus presenting more bearing surface in })roportiou to its length and greatest width. This peculiarity is very strik- ing to the eye when they are viewed side by side. On the smaller aninu.l tluj accessory lioof is, in fact, larger than on tlic other. On the specimen before me from the larger species, the accessorv' hoof is one inch and nine lines long, and one iucli and six lines broad. "^I'liis UTUch greater bearing surface of the foot, it being about twice as large in proportion to the si/e of the animal, would seem to be required h\ the more nortlunn and suowy region occupied by the deer. The hoofs of the hind foot ill ;: TVim F^ THE GLANDS. 241 (if tlio wild reindeer from Norway, :vro nt tlie cleft two inches long and are two inches and six lines Lroad, and measure around the curved edge three inches and six lines. The aceessory hoof is one inch and nine lines long, and one inch and six lines hroad. The accessory carpal bone is two inches and six lines long. This hoof corresponds in shape with that of our Woodland Car- ihou, with which the doer is si)ecilically identical, iind is of ahout the same piT)portionate size. T regret that 1 have no specinuuis of the Woodland Caribou from the northwest, where it reaches the frozen ocean west of the Macken/ie liiver, nor have I n'liable information as to the size of this animal in that region. I have already shown that there is no marked ])eculiarity about the forms of the feet of the other species of our deer, nor is the distinction bi'tween them very marked. I have spent much time in examining their tra<'ks in light snows, and could generally ilis- tinguish the track of the mule deer by its being longer and slim- mer than the other ; but even as to this, I was sometimes in doubt, exce[)t in the cases of fully adult specimens, the feet of which ar*; larm'r than the feet of the larm'st Virccinia deer. AN'hen com[tared with that of any other (luadrui)eds, tlu' track of the smaller deer is readilv distiimuishable. Its narrow iieel and sharp points — its length in ])roportion to its breadth and graceful outside curvature, can never leave a doubt of the iden- tity of the track of a deer. It can n(n'er be mistaken for the track of the sheep, the goat, or the antelope. The white fumtive markino- around the feet of tlu; Virginia Deer, and its absence on all the others, excejtt the caribou, has been explained in another place. THE GLAKDS. From necessity the naturalist must ever be in search for pe- culiarities in organized beings which will enable him satisfac- torily to se[)ari;*'e them into divisions, orders, genera, and species, and it is not remarkable that some more than others should at- tach importances to peculiar characteristics. On the 2Sth of June, 1(S.')(), Dr. (iray made some observations before the Zoological Society of London — see its proceedings of that dat hock and none on the outside of the metatarsus, J)r. Gray found this on two species from Demcrara and one allied species from South America. He thought he could discern the internal tuft on the reindeer in the Society's museum, but no trace of one on the outside of the nu'tatarsus, which was covi-red by a very uniform thick coat of hair. In this section woulil be included our moose and caribou, as we shall presently see, and also my diminutive Acapulco deer. 4. Of the fourth section he speaks with doubt, but assigns to it the European elk, Cerviis alecs, on which he f(mnd distinct tufts on the inside of the hock and on the outside of the meta- tarsus, about one third of its length from the heel, as in the lirst section, but of the existence of the l;Src may conclude that the difYerences would gradually disapjx'ar on a change of circumstances ; then we may be justified in the opinion that the chanoe is transient and we have but a variety. I know of no feature or member of any of these animals so exactly alike, in dimensions, location, coloring, and structure, on every indiviilual of each species of our deer, as these tufts of hair and the glands which they conceal, and yet those on the outside of the metatarsus are entirely dilTeivnt from each other on the difYerent species, anil this difference is so great that when one's attention is once called to tliem the most casual observation is sufiicient to identify them, and i-nable us to say, with certainty, to which species they belong. We look in vain for any other 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 ' 1 t IfiiiHit; ! 1 : IIS'^s ' 1 III?; 'I ' 1 h m !/^ 250 '/•///•; r>/:T:n of ameiuca. mark so limited in extent wliioli so tlistinetly deolares the species. I'nlesH I exagijjerate to myself tlie im|M)rtanee of tliese indieia, T sliall he jiistilicd in ileserihinj^' tli(>m on each of tlie species of whicli I treat witli hiu;1i partieuhirit)' as will enahle anyone to ^aiish them. The iLjland on the outside of the liind le-.iiKin Deer. 7. Acapuico Deer. 5. Black-tailed Deer, the outsidt^ of the hind legs of all the species of which I treat, except that of the barren-ground caribou, which would only dif- fer from that of the woodland caribou in size and in liaving more white upon it. The location and extent of the metatarsal gland is shown on Figs. 'J, 4, T) and (^ while it is entirely want- ing on Figs. 1, •), and 7. These? marks or their absence are sliown on the full iigures of the animals. If we commence; with the largest in our examination, we hnd that the nuitatarsal gland is entirely wanting on the iMoose, nor is there any tuft of hair on the outside of the metatarsus. All the hairs are of an even length, and lie smooth and flat. I have bi^en led to a more careful examination for this gland, or some tuft of hair in its place, from the fact that Dr. Gray, in " Knows- I Tin: (.i.i.xns. 2:)1 lev INIciiMgcric,'" (IcscimIm's this filaiul iis |)n'st'iit in (lie Swedish elk, wliicli I liavc Inimd by rarcful stuily tti In- spccilically iilnili- cal with our iiiodsc. In his spccilic dt'scriptioii of ( '. ii/ri s he dcrlai'i's its jircscncr in tlicsc words, '• hind h'^s liavc tlic tiil'l of hair ratlici- above tiie niichlle of th(! ini'tatarsns." He had pi'e- viousiy stated to the /oiihinieal Soeioty at tiie ineetiii;^ to whieh I liave rrfcrrcd. tliat, he had examined the elk at tiie Ib'itisli Mii- senni and '^ it a|i|)eared to have very (bstinct tnfts on th(^ iinier si(h' of tlie hocks, and others also on the outside of the metatar- sus abont one tliird of its U-ngth from the heel," tiion^li of the latter tufts he says he was by no means certain on account of the aye ami state of the specimen. I liave lieen to no small pains to satisfy myself by a personal examination, and find that there is no ylatid or tuft of hairon the outside of the hind h'g of the Scandinavian elk. so that it exactly resend)l('s onr Moose in this rej^ard. The best observer is liable to be misled when I'xamining mounted specimens, es- [u'cially of ([iiadrnpcds. There are sonuf features of the tarsal gland found on the insidt^ of the liock, which are common to all, which may be lii'st men- tioned. All are entirely overgrown with liairs which are ele- vated to a greater or less angle from the skin, and more than tli(i surrounding coat. Except on ( '. (docs, the rise or eh'vatioii of the liairs cnm- lUfMices at the upper and smaller end of the tuft, at which poivit the hairs are longest and extend down to the large end of the tuft, which is thi' liiiihest, and terminates rather abruittlv. 'IMie skin under this tuft is occupied with the gland composed of sei-ret- ing ducts, witli their canals extending to tlie surface, now pai'- tially obliterated and nearly dormant. The skin presents to the I'asual observe^' a s[iongv ai)pearance, of twi(H> the thickness of the surrounding skin. A peculiar muscular and nervous arrange- ment enables ami prompts the animal, whenever excited by fe:ir or hostility, to elevate the hairs of this tuft, so that they stand nut at right angles to the skin. ( )n our i\I()os(> and on the Swedish Elk, the tuft of liair cover- ing the tarsal gland dilVers in size, position, ami color from that on any of the other species. It comnu'ncos at a ])oint at tlu^ ])os- terior extremity of the hock : from this point a seam slightly elevated, caused by the m(H'ting of the short hairs which ap- jtroach from above and below inclining forward, extends ante- riorly on the inside of the hock for one incli and three lines. i I lit f III m •2.".2 77//; i>i:i:i! or i.i//;/,7''.i. Hero this scmiii divides so as to I'inbriicc tlic tuft prnpor. This tuft is ou(.' iiH'li and niix' liin's h>nin', widrniun- out from the point of connufncruii'nt for one inch of its Icni^th, where it is neiiil\ nine lines wiiht; thi-nce it niirrows down to its itnterior e-xtri'Uiity, where it is rounded otT. l''roiu all dii'ertions tii(i hairs on the surroundiun' re^'ion, — whieh are of a very lii;l\t roan eoh)r, or (hill white with red hiiirs sparsely scattered throu;^h them, — point to tliis tuft and overlap its l)or(h'rs. Most of the hairs intiietiift are a dull hlucU, hut u few an- wliite and sonw a russet red : oii nianv the general appearanco is jet black. The contrast in col or of most specimens nudlitt'rat<'il iIimm oh imy nf oiir (itlitT species, ;is not ;i ves- tige ri'iiiiiiiis of the iii('t;itiirsiil i;'I;iiiil, iiiul tin- tiirsal is the Icnst of nil in si/c. As we sliuU liereiifter see, tlie nietiitiirsiil ffjiintl is WiNitini^' on tjn'ee of liie otiier sjieeies. vet, on all these tlie tiirsal gliUid remains in full si/e or nearly so in |>rM|untinn to llie si/e uf tlie animal. 2 is from the Woodland Caribou. 3 is from the Male, and 4 is from the Female Wild Reindeer of Norway. On tlu> Woodland ("arihou the tuft of hairs over the tarsal has its characteristios, whieli enable one who has is more variable in U'land also stud' I it to readily recognize it, thougli it size and shai)e than on the moose. 'I'he hairs composing the tuft occupy a descending position. From the upper end th(? tuft commences to rise up gradually, and so continues to the lower t ■fUn ■i' gtii ii if ii! i II ; •254 77/a; />/■;/•;« of amiiiuca. eml, wlit'i'o llui I'levutioii is giViitest. Tlic length ul" tliis tiit't is two inches, while the breiulth is one inch >.n(l three; lines. The midlife of this tnt't is ii yellowish white, for a horizontu! extent ol' two inches, and a vertical extent ol" one inch and three; lines. The nreatest diiiineter of the white [)oflioi\ is near the lower border ol the tul't. Below the white ])ortion the tnl't shades down to the olive brown of the rest of tlui leg. It occnpies the internal cavity cf the hock posterior to the central part. Jt is not (luite so large in proj)orti()n to the size of the aniiual as im most of the other species, neither is it nuich beiow them in rela- tive size. It is not so exactly alike on each individual of this species as it is on the smaller species. A careful exaniination of his congener, the European KeindciT, shows that they correspond in the glandular systi-m on the hind leg as well as in other respects. The illustrations show the tufts of hair on the inside of the hocks of both varietii-s of this drer. It will be seen that they corres])ond both in location, ft)rm, and extent. Those from the male and female wild European Rein- deer, were drawn from a ])air I obtained from Tromso, within the arctic circle on the west coast of Norway. It will be ol>serveil that they do not corres^xind exactly with each other or with that on the Caribou. Those on the female reindeer and tin; ('aril)ou being more alike than those on the male! and female IJeindcei-. They vary a little in size, tliat on the female being the largest as well as most irregular at the lowi'r [)art of the tuft. Altogethi'r the dilTi'rence is more marked than is to be found among individ- uals of any of the other sjtecies, and to that extent it impairs the reliability to be placed upon this tuft as a distinguishing mark. and yet they sire quite unlike those found on any of the othei- species. After all they have distinct characteristics which tell US their origin at once. I studic'l several hundred tame lieindeer in Lapland, and observeil thai those general charai'teristics pre- vailed, while the dilference in size and form here re})resentcil was observi'd among tiiein. This tid't of hair on the inside of the liock is iiresent 0:1 the Barren-ground Caribou, and the specimen in my collection is much more circular in form, wanting the long, sharj) j)i)int at tln' upper end which is so observable on the Woodland Caribou. ( )n both si)eci(.'3 of our Caril)o\i, as ■well as on tlu; I''.uroi)can Keindeer, the most careful scrutiny fails to disclose tiie least ves- tiii't' of a liland or tuft of hairs on the outer side of the meta- tarsus, and in this respect it correspi)nds wi th \i> nei ghlx '^''1 '/■///•; (,/..\\/>s. 2.35 Illli'LT, I liiutl " lllfts II. and Uciu- liii till' sei'vcd li that 'avibini ikUtv. L;'est as ctll'T livid- •S till' nark, other h tell nderr s pri'- 'Utetl !'. the ;ii)n is at the u, ropean ist ves- mcta- i^hbur, occupying tlie same siil)-Aivtic ren-ion, the ninose and the Swed- ish elk. The speeilic identity of o\iv \Voitarren-i;'round Car- ibou. The Woodland Caribou is nntloubtedlv larger than either the wild or ti > tanu; Reindeer of l-iUrope, but there is said to be; a variety of Ueindeer in nortlieastern Asi;i eorresponding in size to our Woodland Caribou. It was tin; La[)'and Ifeiudecr which 1 person; lly studied, on all of which the nu'tatarsal gland was entirely wanting, and so I am constrained to conclude that Dr. (iray was in error, when, in his specific description of the same animal, he said: '■'The external metatarsal gland is ab.ive the middle of the leg." However, the same careful and intelligent nliserver tebs us tliat upon an examination of the reindeer in the IJritish .Museum, lu; thought he could observe the intei'ual tid'ts. but no trace of the exteri>al, the entire hinder edge of the nu't- atarsus being coveretl with a uniform very thick coat of hair, thus corresponding with my oi'ser\ations of the same animal and of our Woodland Caribou. I \\\\\ aild that 1 was unable to de- tect t!;,- metatarsal u'land or anv ontsidt; tuft of hair on the mounted specimen of the I'airopean lieindeer in the Snuthsonian collection, but the tlillieulty of making sure work with dried specimens always leaves me in doubt as to correct c!0!iclusiipiis, and especially on this particular point. I sought long and carefully for this gland on a dried skin of a ileer from South America without deLCctiiii'' a trace of it, but after softeninii' the skin with a day's soid]itioual in tliis regard. It is also wanting on tht; red (U'cr of Ivirope. Tlie metatarsal gland (Hi the outside nf tlu; hind leg of the AVapiti, and so of the red deer, is cousjiicuously present, though wo may with propriety say that it is moi'(> ohliterati'd than on the .tl otliei's w hicli still retain it. On this animal alone tl lis liiand i ent ii'ejv overthrown wi th 1 lairs. It is situated on the outside, i icar the hacU edge, and about two inches below the ui)per end of tli( cainu)u ooiu au( I is covered with a tuft of lonu' white hair.- oil the i>utsid(> of which tlnn-e is a border of long colored hairs ( se 1' p. 2.")S). The tuft is ovate in shape, is fi'oni three to foiii inches long, and is one inch and six lines broad. The space occu- pied by the white hairs is about oiK^ inch and six lines long, and less tlian one inch broad. These white hairs are frecpiently con- cealed by longer surroundini; luiirs overlaying tlunn, and some- times tlie white hairs are niucli longer tlian the others, and biK'ome (piit(-' cons[»icuiMis, and extend themselves posteriorly as if they would embrace the back I'dge of the leg. When the sui'roinidiug hairs are the longest, and overlay the white, tluiy unite in a seam which has a descending posterior direction. Surrounding tlie long colored hairs is a border of short cinnamon-colored hairs. This border of short haii's is of a nnich lighter color than those on tlic leg bey(Uid it, ami is about half an inch broad. From the bot- tom of the tuft descends ii stripe of tlie same rufous color, niiir lines broad, down the posterior edge of the leg to between the small hind toes or accessory hoofs. The structure of the gland beneath is much like tliat of the tarsal gland on the other mi'iii- bers of this family. This metatarsal gland has almost; l)ecomc inactive on Wapiti, and pn^sents a massive sj)ongy ap})earanoc. making the skin api)ear much thii-ker there than on tin- surrouiid- it has not yet attained that vitality and activity which enables it to obliterat(> the hairs wliich cover it, as is observed on tlie otiior sitecies where it is present. mg parts ; or ju'rhaps In tl us COl mection it is interesting to repeat, tliat no remnai or rudiment of this metatarsal uland is found on the two other 77//; nr.AXDs. • )( fact, irvoiuiu- ity !U\(! cr it, as Mimaiii ,() otli' r larn'c sp(>cics,()f dccn- — tlic Mdoso and tlu^ Cai'lbdii. Tlio extent (if tlie tarsal n'land on tlie Mouse is less than i the nielatai'sal L;land on the Wapiti, while tin; latter is soniethiniLi less in relative extent than th(> tarsal eland on llui Carilion, which is a smaller animal than mir elk while the .Moos.{> is laru'er. We mi^'ht infei- Ironi this, that with the advancement in size the dennind in the animal econnmv for this glandular svstem is less nre-cnt. and with the decrease of this demand tin* ehmds themselves are grad- ually tlis;i[)pearin<4, and in the process of time may linally liecume extinct altou!;ellier. I>nt here W(! aro met with the fact that the smallest of our species as well as the lareesi, is also without the metatarsal '^land, which is not eompensated hv an increased development of th > tarsal L;land, so that at last we may not he at liherty \n at- li-ihnte the disappearance of these n'lands to the increased size of the species. \)\\i niv ol)|ect is to stati' imparliallv oliserved and well authent ieated facts, I'at her than to s[)ecnlale u[ioii them or tn deduce or sustain theories fi'om them. ( )n the other extreme of develop:. ;ent of the metatarsal e'land is the MuK' Deer ( Kig. '), p. '2'>>^). which animal is next in size to the woodland oarihou, on which as we havi; seen it is entirely wantinc^. ( )n tile insldi> of the hock (er the tuft of hair .'(jxcr- iuii' the tarsal glaml is larjji;er than on auy of the [)reoedinn'. is of pear sha[u'd form, and occupies a vertical jiosition with the small end uppermost. Like the others it is composed of loiiLf. elevated hairs, those on the top beinu; the long'est and liiidiuL!,' I heir seat at ( hairs cciveriuL;- and overlaying the gland commence just below the tarsus, and extends down the leg eight inches, and is in width about one inch 17 'II: 2.", 8 77//; DEKll OF AMEIIIL'A. R-:s I I \m m '!0/, % /: '// WW/ ^w ^ \\X>^^A^ o THE <;L.iyi>s. 2:)0 and six linos at the uppov end, but is narmwor below the gland. About six lines below the upper end ( t' this tuft ('(nnnienees the upper end (>i tlie naIv(Ml spaee over the elaud. Tiiis nal\e, p. l!.')S.") 'I'ht^ g'land extends beyoud the naked ])orlion so that its borders are under the tuft of hairs, but the poilion covered with hairs is much less active than the naked [mrtion, so that the encroaclunent of the hairs would seem to be oradiially obliter- ating' the gland, or the advancement of the gland, by di'grces displacing the hairs. 'J'lie elevat glands of all our species on which they are found, and also on the small deer from ('eylnii. with the tufts of hair which cover them, ojteiied so as to expose the naked poilions covered with tlu" black incrustations. liv seeing them thus brought together, we are the better enabled to compare them. In this o-landular system the lUack-tailed deer, ('. ('nhiinliiiUinx. as well as in sonu' other peculiar characteristics, is nearest allied to the nude deer, as we shall see in another place, although in ether respects these species are widely divei-geiit. 'I'lie meta- tarsal glaixl counnences a little lower down on the metatarsus, than on the mule deer, and its tuft of long partially reversed hairs occupies a s])ace about foiu- inclu's long and fully on{> inch liroad. ( )n a large s[>ecimen the naked crusted })ortion is two inches in length and scarcely three lines broad. The hairs nf this tuft iUH^ disposed imu'h iis on the mule deer, though the central seam over the gland is not so well delined. Like the other it corresponds exactly in color witli the hairs on the rest of the leg, without a single white or black hair in the region, and '.!H •i ' t ^ jti ' 'C 1 m W Imu 1 m 1"- 200 77//-; />/•;/•;/.' o/ AMhiiKw. iiltog'ctlu'r is scarcely (lislinL!,Miisli!il>l(> troiii tliat on tlio niulc (lc(>r. <>.\:cc])t from its diiiiinislicd si/c, Tlicsc indicia of species I liave found exaolly alike, wlietlicr taken from specimens captnred a tlionsand mill's apart or hred in mv ni'onnds. Tile tarsal gland on tliis deer occupies abont tlie same position as (in the mule deer, is similarly shaped. Iml is a litlle less in I'Xtent. The tuft covering it differs fmni the other most st lik- ingly in color. Instead of |iresenting a lighlish yellow color on tile surface it is a foxy red. and it |)resents hut little change wjicn opened, although careful inspection shows a liarker shade near tlie ii'iT halt ski n; tlu! hairs when ind'vidiially eAamined are for the ii| a foxy red color, then they begin to turn a little gray, and ncnr the lower end are a light brown. When the hairs of this tuft are spread out in excitement, no appreciable change of color i^ observed in the ajipearance of the tnft. Its individiiiil characler- istics are suillciently pronounced to declare tlu' species to wliirh it belonsi's. Scarcely less I'haracterisiic ai'c tli(>se glands on the \'irgii na Deer, tlioiiiili from their wide distribution sliifht variations in size are 1(1 und on those taken from widelv dilVerent l(H'aliti( Still they possess such distinctive (pialities as never to leave the least doubt us to tlie species to which they bidong wIumi nothing but tlH> skin of that portion of the leg is examined. The tuft of hairs covering tin; nu'tatarsal gland on the N'irginia Deer commences six lines above the middle of the cannon bone, and extends downward one inch and six lines, and is nine lin"s la'oad, the post(>rior line extending a, little bey(Mid the jiosterio'' edge of the leg, as in all the other s])ecies. On the fully adiill the naked jxirtion, which is covered with the same hard black scale as the others, is nine lines long, the u|iper end of which i- as neai" as possible at the longitudinal niiddh; of the leg and is about two lines wide. The largest })ro[)ortionate sj)(>cimens T have found were on tin' coast of the (nilf of Mexico, tdtlanigh the animals are smaller than further north. The longest 1 have ev(n' met with, on a me- dium sized animal, was one inch and one lliut lonn- and taken from m animal I found in the Mobile market: and on a v eai'lilig line we I f killed on NeL''<'o Hummock near the month of linrwicks I'a\ ound the naked portion nearly one inch in length. From al the Hpecimens I have been able to examine, from near our south ern border, I can se ircelv doubt that thi^ 'land is appreciablv hireer on the Virginia Deer there than it is in this latitude, and % ■ Tin: (; LANDS. 2(11 tlii.s, Ix's'uli; till! (rmiiliishcd size uF (lie ;iiiiiii;iK is the o\\\\ ]ii'- ciiliarity I liave been able to discdvci' in the animals roiiiid in the far south. On the very hii'^c Imrk wiiicli I killed in Wisconsin, in iNTti, the niclalai'sal L;land was one inch and six lines lon^'. which, however, was no larL;er propurtioiialeK than isoliscrved on aninuils ot the ordlnaiy si/e. The smallest I lia\c ever I'ound on on ailnlt was on a small I'emale and was si\ lines lone'. In all, both wild and in |iarks, iVom one oi'can to the other, in the mid- dle States and north of them, 1 ha\c lonnd a wondeifid nnifonnitv in the si/,i! of this elaiul, varvine, of coiuse, with the size of the animal. Imniediatidy aronnd the naked space is a band of white' haii's, which occnpies a space on the skin about two lines broad, al- though from their being longer than those aroiuid them they appear to oeeu[)\' ii greater space. Jmnu'diately outside this white band tluM'e is usually a very narrow dark border, shading- down to the prevailing color of the balance of tlie leg, which is more generally of a fawn color, though there is great variation in the color of \\\v, li'g of the CV)nnnon Deer, even more than on other [larts of the body. Sometimes the baial sui'ronnding the white hairs is fairlv black with the outer border adioiniuL;' the rufous colored and shorter hairs well deiined. On the specinuMiH found in the western mountainous regions and in the high northern latitudes — wliere tlu'v sire ealleil the white-tuiled or the long-tailed deer, and have been doubtfulh named C /cKctirux — this dark border is wanting, and this is tin- only dilTerence I can liiul in and about this glaml from the com- mon varii'ty here. In location, formation, size, and covering, they are precisely alike, save; only tliis small pencil of (lee|)lv colored hairs surrounding the wdiite tuft, which would never bo noticed by the casual ol)server, and which would be unworthy the attention of the most critical intpiirer, wore it not for their constant presence and exact uniformity, except as to the depth of the color on nearly every specimen found east of the llocky Mountain slope and south of latitude forty-three degrees north. On specimens from the far i\orth and west, the white portions of the aninud are ai)preeial)ly niort; extensive than on specimens found here, as we have seen, when s[)eaking of the coat and c,olor ; and on one specimen in my colU'ction from the far north- west, not only all the hairs in the region of this gland, but tlie whole k'g, including the hock, is white, with a few red hairs in- terspersed along the lower front part. I cannot think that the 202 THE DEE It OF AMERICA. m absence of tlic pencil of diirk' liairs nroiintl tlie wliite wliicli sur- rounds the ^land, is snllicient to jastil'y us in setting- up ii new species or retaining an old one. .Many individuals from i-acli re- gion may l>e met with exai'tly alike in color, only this little dark [)oneil of liairs is almost universally found on those native Ihtc, and ucnerallv wantintf on those ixrown there. The tarsal that are stained sufliciently to show when they lie oom])a('tly together. Let but a dog come along on the outside of tlu^ fence and look in, and these tufts on every deer near enough to notice him, will immediately rise up and spread out, {>resenting the appearance of a great snow-ball of the purest white on the inside of each hock, and not a trace of the stains will be observed. Lastly, we come to my little Acapulco Deer, which may bo soon dis[iosed of, for as previously remarked, the metatarsal gland is entirely wanting, as it is on the moose and the caribou. Ibit the tarsal gland is present, with tlie tuft of hair covering it of a gooil size, considering the size of the animal. It bears the sanu; gt'u- eral a[)i)earance as on all the other species, except the moose, hut is of the same color as the re";ions surroundino' it. The want of the metatarsal gland separates it more distinctly from the Ceylon Deer in my grounds than any other character- istic, tlu)Ugh it is sometliing smaller in stature, and the antlers differ somewhat, as we have seen, when that branch of my sub- ject was considered. The tarsal gland is present on this Ceylon species as well, resembling much those on the others, while the gland on the outside of tin; leg is situated lowtu- down, and is much smaller than on any of the other species (see Fig. (S, p. 2oS). A few white hairs are observed about this gland, though the tufi is so small as to elude detection, except on a close examination. Dr. Gray expressed the opinion when he first suggested the im- portance of the tufts of hairs covering these cutaneous glands as It.i ,. Trrf THE ai.AXDS. 203 ii nioiuis of dividing; tlio n^cnns, tlmt (loini'.>ti('Mtioii or confinc- iiicnt ti'iid.s to (liniiiiisli tin; si/i' of tlii'si' tufts. I'^roin this siig- <;'t'stioii 1 liav(! hi'Cii led to carcftdly look for siicli clTcct iiiidi'i' tlio conditions sngi^cstt'd, Imt I liavo licrii iinablo to d^'tcct any dilTcrcnco in tli(! sizt; of tlirsc tufts, on the wild animals and those I'cai'cd in parks or Iccpt in dose cdntincnicnt. W'liih' on each of the st'|iaratt' spcL'ics tlif tarsal i;lanil and the tuft of hairs covcriniif it, is not so niai'kcd in its distinrtlvo char- acteristics, cxccjit indeed u|ion the niodse, yet there is (|nit.i' a plain dilVerenee between those found on any om; s[ieeies and those on either of the others. 'I'he fact that lheyar(^ just alike on each individual of either s])eeies, renders these niai'ks of nre;it value, and justilies a. cai'eful study of each so as to eleai'ly ap[U'e- ciate. dilTerenres hotweon ihos.i found on the dillVreut s])eeies. There is another set of e'lands, which, though not found on all of the s[»ecies. are constant on some, and would seem to lie usual, to say the least, on others. 'I'hese are interdigital ehuuls, and like the others of which 1 have treated, are conglomerate and dermal. They ai'o situate(l tietwo(»n tin; up})er phalangeal bones. They ar(i ii» th(! form of small sacks opening anteriorlv. ( )n sonu! spejies they are largei" in diameter and in depth, ]M-opoi-- tionally, than on others, and in a given s[)ecii's they vary accord- ing to the size of the animal, as do the other glands treated of. All have more or less liairs growing within the sack', and they vary considi-rably in their activity. < )n the moi-e active ones, at least, when dissected out from tlii' recently killed animal and ex- amined on the ilesh side, they seem to be literally covchmI with (Uicts or divided into lobules readily distinguislied by the naked eye. So far iis I have been a\)le to make a personal examination I have found them the most extensive in the smallest species, the little Acapulco Deer. On a fidly adult doe I find the sack to he about one inch in ileptli and live lines in diameter. The sack contains a limited amount of hairs and a considerabU^ amount of secreted matter which has a pungent, disagreeable, musky odor. I fnid it on all the feet in all the specimen- I have had an oppor- tunity to examine, and all substantially corresponding to tlie above description, only on smaller specimens it is proportionally less. About the same may be stated of the Ceylon Deer. Of the Virginia Deer I have examined great numbers for this gland. It is always present in all the feet. It is about the same si/0 in both sexes. On a medium si/.ed animal it is fully r t !l I 111 f, .'^ ihi 'H\\ 77//; />/;/■;/.' o/' amfjikw. (iiif iiicli ill (Irpili mill .scvtii lines in diiinii'lt'r. ( )ii \cr\ liii'n'i' aninials [ have I'diiini il liilly om^ inch and a. Iiaif in a limilcd minilici', arc found williin it. ( )ii lliis dcci' I have loiiiid lliis eland more active than on aiiv <•!' the olheis. It, alway's eouLains ;i eonsidei-altlc aiiKiuiit (it tla; secreted niatter. which is about the ciiiisistciicy ol' ceruineii, uiid a |i(irti»in of it fret I uc III l_\ assiinics t lie i'oriii of pellets almut; the si/e of a small |iea. which, however, arc so soft as to he iiiort^ or less llatlciUMl. This sulislaiicc is of ;i ijjravish color, and emits an oih)r which is stroll^ ami oifcusivi' to most; nostrils. 1 have never seen a white man smell of it who did luft look ami express himself dise'usti'd. 'rill! (.'olumhia Deer [»ossess this gland in each font. While its location is the sanu' its position seems to he a litth' dilVereiit fi that on any of the others, and it is more massive, and has the olii jcarancc o f muscle attached to the inner sidi tJH aii- uii. thoiiLih in tact it iiervados tl le Whole Lin. Th lol)iiles are larger than on any others c\amiiu;d, heinghalf a line in diameter, and sexangiilar or octaimular in form, and readilv distine'uished l)V tlio luiked eve. The direction of tlu; opening is more parallel with the li lie o the foot, the opening being found hy passing the proiu' ii[) the dee[) indentation between the phalangeal bones. TIu> sack is about seven lines deep and live lines in diameter at the oriiicu', eontraeting toward the end. it contains a limited amount of hairs, and the amount of secreted matter within is moderatelv abundant. The gland is not confined to the sack, but extends down to the extreme point of division between tlui hoofs, the hairs overgrowing it at the bottom of the indentation, all the wav down, being stained a yellowish shade liy tht> eNiidatinii. This retains its ])iingent udor a long time after the death of the animal Tl lis i* land .1)1 is aji[)reciat)iy larger, as we sliall sei th III is that on the mule deer, which has ideiiticallv the same uait when at its best speed. I\ly opportunities for examining the ^Iiile Deer have been sulli- cieiitly extensive to be satisfactory. This gland is present in all the feet, but is much less extensive than in the Virginia deer and proportionally less than on the Columbia deer. On a fully adult animal the sack is six lines deep and five lines in diaiiu'ter. 'J'his sack is nu)re abundantly lined with hairs than that on the Virginia di;er. These hairs are line, soft, and elastic, and from their conlinement have assumed a curled or curved for m. Th secretions I found less abundant, and less ]mngent to the smell than ill the Virginia deer or the Columbia deer. f ■It i iliL:.tl. J. \ , -fr. I in: >,..\Mis. .'•;.) .M y i>l>l'i>rluiiil ii's to cNaiiiiiir tlir ISai'i'i'ii-uitniinl ('arilHiii I'ui tlii.s ^iaiid have Ihtii liiniti d. I liuAn bill two liiml I'ict ainl mn lore I'lHit, (il tills aiiiiiial, which 1 have carcl'iilK (li»ccl( ( >ii the Inn- I'nnt tlici'f is 111) a | i|ii'ai'a lire of the L;l;ni'l. ' *ii "iic hind loot IiiiiikI it very <'oiis|ii(M|oiis. U was an iiu'li ami li\ c hnc iiMh'pth and six: lines in diaiiKjUT, and was literally lillcd with I'oaisc, slilV hairs, pointiui;' to and even prol indiiij;' iVoiii ihc oil licv All of ihi' hall's williin the sa>k wcit staiiu'il a tawii\ \i ow color, dccpcsl, near the orilicc, hut lic\(inil ll tin' ends faded 1 lilt, to liearlv wh he. When soaked and waslied niiieji oj Ills coloiiiiij,- inaller is rt'iiiovcd, l)nt still the hairs do not ln'conic white. This coloring niatti-r is the cxudalioii of the L;laiidiilar ducts, which is very al»iiiidaiit upon ami near ilie skin anioim the lower |iait of the hairs, and is found in detached paillcles adlier- liie- |o tlii^ hairs for sonic distance up from their {-(lols. I ol)>ei \coii. t Ins Mjaml was entirely wanting. The fact that it w a> coiisiilciiously |ires- eiit ill the right hind foot and wanting in the lefl foot of the same animal, shows that in that sjiccics at least this mark is not reliable. The sunie thing may occur in other deer, but I have hearil of no example of it unless it be in the Woodland Caribou. I li;iv(.' not liatl an opportunity to examine the feel of llie Wood- land Ciiribou, but Dr. (iiipin informs niu that he linds Ihcsi; ghinds in tlio hind foct ul' this animal and not in tlu; lure feet of the adult, though he found them distinct though \ei'y small in a fawn of this species, Avhich suggested to him the possibilitv that they might '.c present in the fawns and become obliterateil ill the adult. 'I'liis I uiidersiand also corresponds wit h the obser- vations of .Mr. Morrow of Halifax. My examination (»f the wild reindeer which I brought from Norway shows that I hey agree with the Woodlaml Caribou in haviiiii' the interdieilal lilaiitls in the hind feet and not in the fore feet. From the many specimens examined of our i^lk, I think I may safely say that this gland is entirely wanting in all of its fi-et ; at least 1 have never found a vi'stige of it in any spi'ciiiu'ii. The cleft or indentation between the phalangeal bones is very deep, but that is all. I have no reliable information whether this gland is pri-sent in any of the feet of the Moose or not, and so must leave that to future observations. 1 I Umm ft I Iwii 2ii(; '/•///■; i>i:i:i! "/• .\mi:i;i< i. I 111 That tlic oiliir I'liiilti'il liy tlii'sc j^laiids is left ii|i(iii tin- track of tilt' (li'cr may Ix' pi'csiiiiicil, Imt, as the li'ail n\' oIIkt animals not piMvidi'd uitli tlii'sc oi'Ljaiis sr 'ins tn lie as readily iollnwid liv the liniiiids, \vc may safely cinicliidr that- Ihry arr imt the only siiiiri'fs ol' the sci-iit Irft in the tra<-U. 'Ilic (•a|)acity nf aii ai\imal to have a scciil whii'h may ln' l'M||i)\vcd hy an ciumiiv. would seem to he (let I'imciital to its salrty oi' well hein^^. e-,- [x'ciiillv ill a wild state, lnit it is eommnii to most if iioi all lef- iH'slrial animals. There are eumpeiisatin^' advamai;<'s. no doulit, at least to soiiit^ extent, foi' it enahlfs them to find comiianiuns which tlit'v mii^lit otherwise seek in vain. Whatever may lir (he uses of these glands, certain it is th;ii tliev are very active, constantly secrctine' matter; and this, in everv case where I have examined the live or recently killed animal, emits a luineeiit odor. I prefer rather to ;^ive the facts, than to advance or maliilalii doiil>tfiil theories. The lonneratid the more minutely I have examined this i;iaiid- iilar svstem on the hind le^s of the different species of this eeuu-. the iiion^ I have liecoiiK' impressed with its imporlaiice in the ilivisioii into or ideiitilieation of species. As Dr. (iray justh remarked, they are not transient, or exce|)tional, like the antlers, liiit are present on both sexes and at all ages, and had he studied them with care he would have added that they are as iie;ir aliki' as possible on each individual of each species, ami that those mi the outside of the lei(s, when present, are entirely unlike on the dilTereiit species; so that upon an examination of the part of tin- skin eontaininu; this ulaud, no one familiar with the subject could hesitate to declare with certainty from which sjiecies it came. Hardly anv other single mark pervading so many species is so rc- lial)le as this, and certainly none of so small dimensions. The tail of the mule deer, no doubt, will always declare itself, and so will the foot of the caribou ; but still they vary in size even pro[ioi- tionately, while this gland is so exact that from it alone; one may closely ai>l>r()xiniate tlie size of tlie animal. Should I be presented with a piei-e of skin, conttiining a gland similar to the oiie which I have above described, yot differing from it, I should conclude that it came from some distiint country, and that other distinc- tions W(»uld ])robably be found establishing a species dilTering from any of ours. As, for instance, shfaild I lind one resembling tluit on our Virginia deer, but without the white; band, or es- pecially with a black band around it, or one otherwise corrc- im Tr. Till: i.i.AShs. .'ti. spoiitliiii;' to that ol' tln' iiiiilc deer or tin- ( 'oliiuildii dcrr, willi ritlicr !i wliilc or ;i li|;ii-k liaiiil iiroiind it, I could not lit'sitali- to drclaic that it lirlolincil to llcithiT of those s|M'i'irs, nor yi't to aiiv of the others wlliell I have descrilied. It will lie oliservcd tliat tlicrc is a i^'n-iit- similarilv in th lor, and not a very wide dilTci'ence in ihi' extent of the Infis o\ei' ihr metatarsal ylamls on the Nirt^inia dier and the wapiti, while they dilVer widely ill their location, and es|ieei,illy in that on the latter the eland is entirely overerown with tln' white hairs, while Oil the former the ehmd is covered with a horny scale and is en- tirely destit iito of hairs, except around its outer and iiearK dor- mant liorder upon which most of the white hiiirs eiow . In the inille and the ( 'ollllnliia deer they closely resenilile e.ich other, in shape and locution, and differ piincij \\\\ in esteiil, and appreeialily in color; and this is so niarUed mh all the individuals of each species, as to separate them widely, and leave no diljiciilt v in determiniiii^f as to which any eiveii specimen helone-cd. If from the fawn of the mule deer and so no larecr than from an adult lilack-tailed deer, the entire absence ot the hoiii\ crust, or concent rated e\ in la lion from the e-laiid. w oiihl reiiio\ e all doiilit as to where it should he placed. I now see that I have omitted to mention in the proper place, that this horny ernsl does not appear upon the fawn, hut later, after the secretions of the ""land have lieeil elliitle(l and coliceil- tral<'tl. and this increases in thickness and in density with the age of till' tiiiimal. Once .' hail three female Mack-tailed deer sent me from () re- eon, l>y Dr. I'lummer. The loiii;' voyaee told severely upon them, and all arrived very poor, and one sick. In detiaiice of the most, careful attention, she continued ill for two months, when she dropped two fawns. She lived a month loneer and died. Tht; fawns were scarcely a third the natural si/.i; and were uiiahle to stand, hilt when ivy.\ with warm cows" milk they were soon ahle to stae'^rer altoul. hut both died in a <'ouple of days. ( )n both these premature fawns, as I suspect they were, the metatarsal elands were entirely overgrown with soft, line hairs. About a month later both the other does drojiped a fawn each, which were .small and emaciated, but I think mature, on wliicli this ejand was naked, in the middle at least, but ai)peared to be more encroached upon by line, short hairs than on tlu! adults. These line hairs soon disa}>peared from the spaces where there arc no hairs on the adults. These seemed to thrive moderately well for about f(jur 268 '/'///■; hi:i:i; nr ameiuca. iiiontli.s, and till tlic}- luul slice! tlieir (»rii:uno)itiil coal, wliidi was veplaecd by a full euat of bay ivd hairs, wlioi they died, and their skins wero added to the Smithsonian colleetion. Fr'iui the fact observed, as above stated, we may infer, that wIkmi tlu! eoat of hairs ap[)ears on the fcetal fa-wn, it pervades tin- whole surface of Jie gland, but that even before birth it ordinarilv disap[)ears, at least })artially, and very soon aftei' to the same ex- tent as on the adult. Those aetpiainted with tlie sul)ject will lec- oyiiize that this is not an uncummon oecurrenee to betal L!,i'(iwth : still it seems to me not without interest in eonneetion with the other faets I have stated, of the present t'ondition of this glandidai' system on the dil'ferent species of which I particularly treat. (iK()UL'L\(iS. I IIAVK alrciuly sIidwii Ui;it tlicrc aic iiiaiiy iii' aiis wliicli we uiiuiil ail(Pi>t lor classifying' tiir ilccr of diir count ry, l)iit none wliicli would be completely satisfactory. If we niakt> a, class of those wlios(! antlers are paluiated. ami another of tliose whose antlers are I'.ylindrical, we slujuld lind ourselves ii. harmonv with another mode of classification, for on all the former, the metatar- sal i^iaiid is wanting, while il is present on all thosr which have cvlindi-ic;il antlers. In this lirst class, I repeat, \v(! include tlu' largest ami the smallest of the s[)ecieH» that is, the moose and the Acapidco deei-, and it would also eml)race the reindeer. Al- though the pahnatation is less pronounci'd on the smallest species, it is very distinct on the upjier part of the antlers of the adult. Iieine- llatlt'neil out. almost liUe ■,\ knife l)lade THK OKVtTALS. The genital organs afford us anothei- anl Ncrv distinct mode of classiiication, as will bt- seen by a more particular desenptio.. of them. ( )n all, the scrotnni is moderately pendi'nt, more so than tliatof the hoi'se, but less ^.o than that "T the bull, the ram. or the goat, and it is much le-s in si/,(> than on either of these. It I'U- larges \fry decidedlx during the i ,t, ( )n the Moose the theca ♦"xtends np tlie abdomen about half way to the und>ilicns and temiinatc^s with a simi)le (irilice without ;i prepuce, The same df-criptioii answers for the Caribou as well. On the Hlk. the theca exttnids uj) the aJxlomen ap))reciably further than on either of IIh' o(ih«M's. full; two thiids of the way i>v more to the uui 'ilicus. nnidi like that of the bull, terminating also without a prepuce, but at times during the. rut th(> limp nia'e organ is partially exposed, which might be mistaken l)y a casual observer for a very conspicuous prepuce. On neither is there a tufi of long hairs at he orilice of the theca .as is seen on the bull. In tiles.- cliaractrtit'^'tics, I lind tlu^ I'Jiropeaii elk to curresjioiul with i>ur moose, i)i.e reindeer of Lapland to agree with our caribuii, and the red dc^-r of I'airope to be like our wapiti. ill f i! ^i!) H m 270 77//; />/•;/■;/.' or amfjuca. Til all the other species of our comitiy the checa extends up the alHloineii har(lly at all, but is cpiito detiiehed from il,aii(l drops down vcM'tii-ally close to tlie serotmn. to a jf-n^th of iwn inches (ir mere. I''iiiiii this case, ordiiiarilv. the penis ddcs iint entirely ictreat. I'his is a feat arc which I iiave not eisewhere met ancMiu- 1 iiiniiiaiits : nor do I rememlier to hav" observed it on any other (piadni])ed. Here, then, is a very distinguisiiiiiL,' cliai'aei eristic common lo all the lesM'r sjn'cies of tin de.-r, wliili- the i liree larger specie- resemble in this part of their organl/atii ii most other rumi- nants. There is norhino' remarka-We in the location of the femali organs of any of tiie spei""s, except in our J'^lk. In lier thi> organ is situated niu<'h further below the anus than in th'- other specie^. It is -.1 fardiiwii thar it is not covered bv the sliori tail of tile animal, \vliw4^.as m*^ have sei-n, ir« about four inches Ioul;-. In this respect, tli.irt: is. ii» liie leniiT.h of the tail, the I'eij di-ei- ditVers from the \Va.||Witi. In the i:orm*-r, tlie tail is generally sufUcieiiliy long to ti*»<*!r ti«f iiwtuiilt- organ. r. ^u'e'inia Deor t'ar sui- ...I.-. Lts slender, deli- s, make it an object of ilia ole e:ise allil <''r:ice >>\ In lieauty of botln f«<«riin aii ' i rinr "' ])asses I'ither of the otim-r s|m cate h-gs, and its synmietrical pi universa! admirati(Ui : but iit; is tint- iiudt - its motion which till one with .■d)Molul.e deliglit. The-*- 1 hav.- already described on pitge l.V». in connection with the onii!ianii»'i:'. ;d coat of this fawn, wliieli have alwavs associated themseivt^s in my mind, each seeming t() add i charm to tiu; other. It i-^ un- necessary to repeat liere what was there said of the graieiuJ step of the fawn of the \ irginia I )eei'. The trot, both of th' fawn and the adult, freipuuitly varies to a graceful anibh' when it is about to sto[), but docs not ejiangc! to that ])ace when it is about to incri'ase its speed. When startled l)y surprise the Virginia Deer's first gait is a canter, whicli it pursues for two. three, or four jiim|)s, when it nuikes a high, long leap, as if to enable itself to take a broader survey of surrounding obji cts ; tlieii follow a lew of the ordinary lower and shiH'ter jumps, wiiich are again succeeded by the high, long lea{)s, and m) ou till it becomes satisfied that its apprehensions are groiindles-;, when it subsides to a trot or and)le, and then stops, with head ■■■f (iAIT. :7i ;inanio motions with tlu! other foot, again bringing it to the ground with a stamp in a threatening way, as if to try the courage of the exciting olijt'ct. This motion may terminate wit h a stand still and an earnest u'aze, or in the uraeefiil trot aboNc deseribed, or he may rush away with a, loud whistle or snort. The gaits of the Acapulco Deer and of the Ceylon D.'cr are the same as those of the N'irginia {\i.'v\\ only they are less grace- tul and agile. When iliey run the back assumes more of a con- vex curvature. The\ run, however, with great speed, especially tlieCevlon Deer. I have no observations indicatiii": whether they are ca[iable of maintaining this high s]iecd for a gi'eat length of time. Their shorter legs ami shorter, thickm- bodies explain the want of that graceful elasticity observed in the Virginia, deer. There is nothing graceful or attractive in any of the paces of !?!' :w. iilN : 1 il 11 ii. 272 T/fE DEER OE AMERICA. \]n\ Mult' Deer, ni'pordiiii^ to my iipprt'ciation, tlioiigli less so in tlu^ wild stilt'' )li;iii in scMni-doincsticMtion, It lias jin ii\vl<\v;n'(l nnd sliJinililiiiL;' walli, and its trot is still less to ho adniiri'd. .Mnjlic. an old doc, was fond of following' nic aronnd the grounds wln'ii I was ridini;' in a l>nu'!4V, and wlicn she had to trot to kccji n]>. >\\t' ])res('nt('d so hidicfoiis an ohjcct as to \h'. (jnitc lanyhahlo. I nov(>r saw hrr or any other adnlt of the spci.'ics in niy grounds at fnll speed, hnt 1 have seen the wihl deer in the nionntains when tlei'inij,- from al>oVe (ie- first are always performi'd in a la/y. leisurely wa\-, and the last is resorted to oidy in alarm and c\- citenu-nt. he same description mav be given to the gait o f the ( >linu- hia 1 >laiiv-tailt Ol • 1 1 )eer, except that the walk mav be a littl slower and more di'liberat(>, and the trot is less awkward and le- freipiently practiced. Notwithstanding this appa,rent w;inl elasticity in the motions of thesi\ two species as com]>ared with the Virginia deer, they iire nmch more inclined to leaji fences. Mollie w IJlack-tailed buck at full speed, \Vhen I was (pnetly stamling neai' the edge of the bluli in the North I'aric, he canu' rushing nji the steep hill at a fcarhil rate, and was about to pass me when I spoke to hini. Ileal once stopped his tremendous bounds, ami walked up to me. lu't (.AIT. •21 r, |l t'niir •, r\'A\\ to llir lit two n linnil at full luff ii> I'ciirl'iil llr ;ii nil'. iM't raj)i(lly, but in an au'ltalcd way, as it ^lad of my protect ion. SonictliiiiLj iniisi, liuvc o'reatly alannctl liiin. tlioiinh I coulil imt disc.ovci' what it; was. His fail was clcvalfd. tlioii| before his eyes and at a rapid rate, w;lhout the least laistliiig anumg the leaves or the crack- ing of ;■ twig, and is miles away before his escape is even sus peeled. All agree that the Moose will escape with ",ri'at celerltv and without noise overground where an Indian with miHcasoned feet ((juld Hot e'o without beiu''' heard. Unless ai. a. vei'v slow and cautious rate. 'Idle iiii/its of the Caribou ai'c, the walk, the t rot. and the run. or galhip. When uiidist urbed and migrating from jilace to place, the gait is invariably a, walk, unless one lags behind the iiand to pick u|) sonu- choice mor.sel which has lenipled it. when it ma\' strike into a moderate trot to overtake its companions. When the Reindeer bei'i)mes alarmed, he will stiike into a long swing- ing trot, which Ik; maiutaius for hours, and he allows noihiuL;' to divei't; him, till he has fairlv left the couutr\, nr at least till he lias placed many miles between himself and the object which alarmed him. His oi-ilinarv traveling gait thi'U. is a walk : when in hast(! he trots, but whei\ grt'atlv alarmed he runs with speed. When ('a[)taiii Hardv missed his lirst Caribou, ^vhicll was lyiiiii; dnw II in the snow, he says: •• Up iliev jumped, live of them, ai-- parcnily rising from all directions around u-^, and. after a, b. •■( stare, made off in long gracefid bnunds.""' llel'i.n-. on p. ,•'.(•, 1 Full si l.ij'i ill Ariiilii. Lomlciii I'll.. |i. tts. J8 p 274 THE l)i:i:ii OF A MRU I C A. li(> siiys: "Tlic ])iio(i of tlic ("iirihou wlicn stni'ttMl is like lliat dl' the .Mddsc, — ;i Idiin' stcMilv ti'dt, l)i'r:ikiiig into a lirisk walk, ill iiilcrvals. us tlic pdiut of idarm is Icl't l»cliiii(k \\v soiiic- tiiiK's nalldps, dl- ratlici' boiiiKls lor ;i sliort distiinco at iirsl. This tiir -M diisc iie'vcr does The jiaccs n|' tlic Wapiti Dcci' arc, tlic walk, tlic trot, and liir galld]), or run. W'licn moving voluntarily, not hastened Ity aiiv sense of alarm, his ])aou is always a walk. Tills niav 1 )e \-:v\ rapid if hint dii eiiangino- his feeding grounds to a distant rcg loll. his is alwavs done in the night, and even when feeding 1 li )V tiK' wav he lre(piently will cover an immense! distance in a, siiigli night. Uut he is a natural trotter. 'I'his is the uait wliicli h always ailo[)ts when tlecing irom danger, unh'ss lie is thrown oil his feet, when he may lircak into a run ; but tliis is so unnatural a uail for him that, if he is fat it soon worries him and l)reak> hini down. \\ leii the animal is lean, a ind so it is with the vouiil;' animal- he is niiieli more iiuTiiied to break his trot and adojil lln' ruiini''.; gait. lie can run faster than he can trot, and if in con- dition ti> maintain that jiaee it increases liis chances for escape, but when the fat buck is once forced into a run, lie must somi Cdllie tol >a\' ( )ii this subject Colonel Dodge ^ says : " Singular as it may ap- pear, i>lains liiinters are e(iually divideil in opinion as to the gaii of the KIk when goi'\g at his best sjiced. Some old hunters wlm have bagged their liundn if IClk, stoutly maintain that \< olllv trots when at his best pace; while other eipially auihorilies insist that he runs like a deer. 'I'lie truth is, both ai soniewhal rielit ;'ni botl 1 wrong. 'Hie I'^lk trots wit) 1 o-real speed, and this seems to be his easii'st and most natural gait. lie t'an, however, and does run much faster than he can trot, but it is a great eilort and soon tires him out." In iiiv grounds the Elk have learned to eomc! to the call, though in the summer time, Avlieii the weather i s warm aiK I th le iias- (H'c turage is abunilant, the keeper may call till lie is hoarse, bef one will get up in the cool shade, but when the weather gct^ cooler, they will come towards him in a slow, lazy walk, but after tli(,' frost has come, and they have had a few tastes of niai/.e (an old one will crunch an ear ten inches long, and an inch ami a half in diameter, withdut making two bites of it), they answer with alacrity thdiigh half a mile awtiy. The whole herd will .start at lirst ipiite leisurely ; presently, one or two will strike a ' T/ir Phiiiis a/ III" <;.■■( (tl lt>47, |). iiu. mr a A IT. 127:) trot-, Aviicn nil will do so, oxcopt the yoiiiitjf 0110s, wliicli break into a run. TIk; pafo is iiicroas.'d l.y all, till tlioy roarli a Miil't', or ravine, when all break into a t'nrions run, and come tlinnderinn' down the clilT like an a\alanehe. When you see forty or liftv Elk, inore than one fourth of tliein ha\ino' huge antlers, cDnic rnshin,!,' down towards you, you feel glad there is a good fence ni fi'ont o!' .u. Sueli a sight is worth going many inil(\s to see. When chasing ii dog in the grounds, or when pursuing each other in animosity, they always run. The Elk is nndouhlvdiv a n.dni'al trotter, and Colonel Dodno s; ivs : I l.eli eve an wil trot across ordinary prairie at the rate of alM)ut a, mile in three minutes Ihirly seconds."" There is. h..wever, about the ihiToreiKte in speetl among JOIk as among horses. same UXmV AND DOMESTICATION. A I.I, III' thr (li'cr t';iiuily arc easily tamed, in a wiM slate tlicv llee fiiiiii man and all tlieii' natural enemies, and except dnrinn tile rutting season tlicv are |)ca('eal>le anicn^^ tlieinsidvcs. ^\'llen stimulated and even cuaded (in hy their passions durinc' the nn. tile males liecome very Ixdlin'crent', towards each oilier, Imt llii.-- arises from jealousy or rivalry alone, lor even at this sea->Mn their timidity generally restrains them from attackini;' other animals. m> 'WW. Alod.si;. I- I'oin this L;'cner;il remark we ma\ possili Iv except the >h wliose ereat size and sli'ciioth emholdciis him in rare instances s( us to make him voliintarilv iitlack even men, durliic' the riiltiiii. sciison. Dr. ( I ilpiii sa\s T owanls llie eiH 1 ol' the rnt some tew hulls licconie inl'uriated. attacking' the cow e([uallv with liiil at tackiii!'' cn er\ thin'. 1 .^, nic other authors make sim lar stiitementis ; hut the c'cucral conclusion is that the Moose \ciy rarely attacks tlie hunter in the woods unless he is both wounded and very hardly pressed, seidnu; no rcasonahle chance I'or esiMpc. lie does not attack from I'a^e or for rcncnu'c hut for defense. There are, however, a. few cases reconled where the wouiidcij .Mo( ver\ exceptional. In dnmesticatioii, like the other nieinhcrs of this familv, tliev lose their fear of man to u <'ertain extent, when. has pursued and attacked the hiinler, hut smdi cases ai xceptioiial. Ill domestication, like the other nieinhcr: at |iart icular seasons. tliev are inclined to attack him. Mr. M' row writes me: " Wlu'ii u boy, 1 recollo(!t that ii Moose which was liroii^ht from the countiy in a semi-doniesticatcd state and kept in a barn adjoinini;' my father's house (I think in the lallei- part of the month of September), would attack aiiv one who, while visiting it, showed any signs of fear." We mav sai'elv con- clude that it is not from an innocent disposition but fi'om a lack of courage! that Ihev do not attack the hunter in the forest. I'lom nti lis IS lost bv mtercouiM ii> timidity or fear they llee from hiai with him, their naturally wicked disposition asserts its(df. T timidity is much overcome, no doubt, by the stimulant of deslii during the rut. but it is not destroyed. Then they are the niori e;isil_\ [)rovoked and are inncli the most dangerous. 'Idieii tl ie\ ' (ht l/ti' MlllHIIKlilll (l/Wuni Sl'l:li hoMllsric \ 7IOX. will att;icl< ;in < .iciiiy <>v ilcfcnd tliciiisclvcs iiiidfi' ciri'iiiiisl.iiiccs, wlit'ii llicy woiild only think of cscnix; at otlirr scasnii^. Till' li'inali' also loses lici' tiiiiiilil\ soiin'tiiiii's, and lictMjnu's couran't'oMs and even desperate in del'ense o|' liei- xonni;'. Mr. ( iilpin, son ol' I )r, ( iilpin, of I lalifa\. once niel one when lnini inn" small Li;anie, that, charee,! Iiim mi si^lit, niosl fnriously. Imt iu; had th<' presence of mind to meet the charn'e with his fowline- piece, and severe(l her windpipe with a diarue (jf slmt. Ilei' lawn was too youne' to escape, and in her maternal >olicitud(' she fore'of hel' feai's of even her most dreaded enem\. These (h'er are less niini'atoi'N- than the carilion, and so con- line their rane-e to more linuled areas, iioi' are thevso eaNilv driven away fi-om their nsnal haunts 1)\ the enci'oachnients of the white settler. 'I'liounh very wary and e\er on the look-out for an enemv, they will listen with eomiiiacency to the distant sound of the w oodmans a\e. the rinnhlinn'of the raili'oad t I'ain. oi' the sound of the whistle of the en^'ine. without ln'ing driven to another country, oi" even Iteine" much disturbed. 'The M(jos( has often lieen I'eared and tameil in this counti'v ; luit I know of no systematic attempt to domesticate them, nor have. I ever heard of their l)reedinL;' in domestication. Thev have heen sonu'times broken to the harness and proveil iheni- selves al»lc to di'aw <:;ood loads; and yet 1 know of no reeidar id'fort that has l)een made to i-ediice them to servitude. When tamed, tlie\ are reasonahly docile, except the males during' the ruttino" season, when, as Uiie'ht he suspected, (hey heconie fero- cious, and should be kept in close (piarters whert; thev can do no harm. If castrated youne', and eai'ly tau^llt olx'dienci- to man, we mav not doubt that tiu'y would readily submit to his domin- ion, anil tlieii' e'reat st rength would give pi'omise of useful beasts of draught, es[)ecially in countries where ih'cp simws prevail, throueli \vhich they pass with hu'ility where ordinary cattle c(juld make no progress. Of his Kuro[)eau brother, Louis Fignier, in " .Maunnalia," sa\ s : " 'riu! (dk when ciiught young may l)e completely tanu'd with- out dillieulty. It recogni/es the [)ei'son wdio takes care of it and will follow him lik(> a dog, manifesting considerable joy on see- ing him after a separation. It goes in harn(>ss as well as a rein- deer, ami i:an thus perfoi-m hmg journeys. Vov two or tlirec; ci'Uturies it was nsed for tliis purpose in Sweden, but tlie custom is now given up." If in this the learned author is n(it nnstaken, then the Swedisli 101k at that time must have been bred in ch)- f'^ •21 S Tin: i>i:i:i! or amiiuka. nu'sticiilioii, else siiU'icIciit stock coiild not liiivf liccii procuri'il for uciicral use, IT oiu'c fairlv siiliicctiMl to n tliis sultject. we may i-eceive ihc statement of Ml'. Lloyd in exjtianation. lit; says: " l-'orniei I v these animals were maile use o|' in Sweden to draw sletlg'es ; l»iit owine', as it was said, to their speed l'rc(|neiitly ai'coleratinn' the c'Sca[)C! ol' [)eople who had been guilty of nnn'ders or other crimes, tliL'ir uso was ])rohil)ited nnder great penalties. Thongh I ap- prehend those ordinan(.'es, if not alii'oga,ted an; obsolete. I am not aware that ihe elk are evei- nnide use of in that kingdom ni the present day eithei' to draw a sledge or for other domeslic purposes." ' Again, in a sidiseipient and mor(^ elaborate work,- thc! samt> author says: "The elk can l)e easily donu'sticated. Several instances have coiue to my knowledge, when brouglii up from a tender age, have become nearly as t;ime as the callle. with which Ihey wei'e. not nnfreijuently, allowed to consort and jmstnre. Uut I never heard of this animal being trained to h,n- nt'ss as formerly was often tlio ca.sc! in Scandinavia." It is to lie d(>eply rogretted tliat sonu' one, in a locality in this country ada[)ted to their natui'al wants, has not thoroughly tried the experiment of domesticating our Aluost', and determined the [)racticability of breeding them in (h)mestication and of their uses. We may i'eai' that tlu-n; would be found diiru'ully in pro- curing an abunihuKM^ of their favorite food, around habitations or in enclosures, but as we shall presently see that our elk is healthy and thrives well on herbaceous food almost I'utirelv, so it might prove that the Moose can prosper on a Ic'ss pro[)ortion of arboreous food tlian he gets in tlie wild state. ( )ne of tile most remarkalde features of this deer, whii-li dis- tinguislies it from all our other species, is its monogamous habir. While seeking a companion during the rutting season the male is no doul)t vei'v much in earnest, and manifests a high state of ex- citement. Wlien he finds himself accepted by an agre(>able part- nei' they retire to a dee[), secludetl thicket in low marsliy ground, where they spend their honeymoon of three or four weeks ([uite contented with each other's society, never leaving the localifv, the male at least scarcely taking food, living a rather (piiet and re- spectable life, (piite in contrast to the one In; led wdiih; he was a roving bachelor seeking an associate. If, iiowever, his (piiet |)ri- 1 Fiilil Sj)i)/iii iif the \iinii 11/' /■',iii(i/ii', ]i. ,'i.'!I, - St'diiiliiiiiri'iii ^[ilri iiliins, -Jd odilioii, Loiiiiun, lf.-)4, [i. \V2. ii.'.r.ir I.N/' i>ti\ii:siii.\iii>\. \iU'_\ is ilistiii'liiil \)\ II risal, his liiTi'dicss iiinl nin'c ;iii' ;ii "Hcc kimllcd iiili) w I'lirv, mid lie ^ncs to un'i'l lin' luc licyninl ilic pii'- ciiii't III' his hiii". Ill his |ii'i\;iti' rctrc;il hi' piiw^ up ihr >'ilt. iiinist I'iirth till III' iiiaki's ;i ('(Piisiih'raMc ('\('a\:ititiii, in whiili hi' wallitws, liiiviiiL; s|)riiikh'il it witli liis iiriiir, iiiid which ln'riuius scented with ii very |)i)\vi'i-|'ui ddni- whifli is said to lu- so oll'i'ii- sive tliat none hut an Indian cares to ('iicoiinter it. It is interot- iiii;' to ol)scrvi' how exact I V t he haliits ot' his l'jii'o|ii'aii conn'ciicr coi'i'espond with those of lia' Moose in this extraordinary feature. Mr. liioyd .says : •• Although just, prior to tlie nittiiijj; season ihe males wander or,.atl\ in search of iiiatcs. yet as soon as they have found a [lartiier the pair retire tou'dlier to a dense hrake, L;'eih'r- allv consistiiiL;' of lir or spruce, in tlie wildest recesses of tic for- est. Here the male forms a ^n'oss or ca\ity in the ground, which he very pleiitifullv liesprinkles with urine, and jieiice the term gross. It is said tiiat for some tlirci' weeks, (hiring which the rnttine' season continues, the pair couliiie themselves to tin- imme- diate vicinity of tlie spot, to uithin a space, indeed, of Mime frw feet in diaiiieter, wliii'ii spot of their own accord, they will on no accoiiiit desert: and even should tlie\' he scared from tliriicr liv pe()[)le or dogs, tliey will, as soon as the pursuit has ceased, return to it again. Several pair of elk arc sometimes found near to the gross, tlio sel(>ctioii of which is frei[ucntly made known liy the males scoring the small trees in the vicinity with their honi-. or it iiiav he in twisting them in the manner of witlis." ' Ihre is an exact correspondence in hahit with the Moose in a ver\ i-x- traordinarv disposition, which is something more than acciden- tal, occurring with animals separati'd hy a great oce;iii, which of ail than at the moiioii'amic hahit itself, sti iccie itself would suggest a lU'ar relationship. We ai'(i even more sur- prised at the d this is exceedingly exce[itional among (|uadru[»eds, although ipiite common among hii-ds. Thiji hahit is said to he sometimes oh- served among the monkey trihes, and there is one other s[ i)f deov, in wliicli it is more marked than in ('. hIi-ck, that is the )-oe-decr of l'airi)[)e. where the male and female, once lia\iiig made their selection, continue constant to I'acli other thi'ough life, ever associating together, eschi'wing the socii.'ty of all others even of their own kind, except their own oll'spring, to the care of which hoth parents devote themselves, as wo have seen in another place. IJut to return to the Moose. During this connuhial period the male Moose hecomes emaci- "^fiiiKliiiurltin Ailri iiliins liv I.,. Llnvil, 2>[ 1. lS:i4, vol. ii., 11. 1011. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) h A / My. 1.0 I.I i^lM |2.5 11.25 i 1.4 1.8 1.6 '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4db; /•;/•;/.' or .\\ii:iu st ill di'i'iicr x'cliisiMH. w Imti w'llli I'rl iiniicl a|i|"'tit(' lir t rii's Id rcn-uit lii- llcsli ami st ivii'_;i h W Ip'ICW il ll In 11)1 'rl lllc I'i fill's III" winter : IpIII if he l>f ail nlil In 111 li'' I'lit |iaiiially >iir.'iM(l-. in lliis. ami it' llir liiiiitiT lias In (Irpfm I'll his iloli tip sii|i|il\ liis caiiiii lie needs sliarp teeth ami a l;cmm| a|ipetiti' t't make it lemler ninl deliridiis. I lie lUllilie >.>;i-,iili with llle nld allilliaU (•iiiniliellees in S,|i leiiiiier imd the liiwiis are diiiji|ied ill Ma\. NN'illi nuuii- ani- mal.-- lhi> .^easiUI is later witll Itutll se\es. Ill eellel'iil il nia\ 1 I said to (•iiiiinieiiee ;it the time the aiitlers of the males are di- ll t vested III Ijleir Vel\e|. aiHl tills lelliaik IS ei|liall\ aliplliM ll this eieat lamilv of iiiiiiinaiits, tliniieii. as I li.ve si |ii\\ll eNe- \\ liel'e. I |ie\ lire ea|i;ili|e ii pinrreiil lull at aii\ utlier seasnii I'l tl vear. and when ip])|iMrtunit ies are uaiitine- at the |irii|)er seasmi lliev at leiist smiiet iiiies lirced at utlier tiiiu's (if the \('ar. I' UK are worked in haiiiess liy the Lapps, t which thus soiiu'timcs manifests itself when at work should he consid'.'ivd except iomil did \\x' not rcineinlier that tin* operation of emasculation is very imperfectly |ierl'orineil , so that the stini- iilatine', or provokiiie- inlliieiice is still felt, at least partially. In all of tlu' species with which I lia\e expi'iimeiited in this diri'c- tioii, after ciunjtlete emasculation every vestige of wickedness .seems to he eradicated, ami scarcely any courage, even, seems In he left; ami I doiiht niueli if the reindeer should he considered exceptional in this regard. Jlilt few elTorls have heeil llKule to domesticate either sj of our Carihou. The Woodland Ciirihoii, at least, seems ti> he a wild, restless animal, even during the winter ranging through wide districts of countrv, and often chaniriii!'' his home, and vi;rv sus- teclcs II Mil r \.\l> hoMl.sricA Ijnx. 281 picidiis ami wary. An alarm. tVnm wliidi tln' 'iium-,!' WduM ,,]\\v lice a I'fW mill's, will -rml auav tlic ('arilmii a wlinlrdas. al a r:i|tiil ]ia<'f. uliicli takrs liini (|iiilc (Hit of tli iinliv, ami ildii-; llif |Hirsiiit III' tlic Imiili'i-. 'I'iirsr art' cliaiailcrisi ics wliicji dn iml iHMiiii^i' wrll t'oi' tlii'ir (iiimolii'aliiiii. W'licii i-ai>i(| as pris, lili i- caw'd i-eindeei' iit' N'oi'lhern l'>uro|)e and .\>ia. I here i> no dtliei' domolie animal whieh )iro[)aL,fates its species in thai cMndiiiou wliich i-ctains su nnndi of its wild naliiie as tlie-e icindeer. I'liis |io>silily may lie accdunted I'or li\ the frecjiient iniermixl iiie of wild liloiiil aiiidiio- t hi' domcst ic herds, which i-^ said to lie eii- coiiraued liy the l^app-^. as it is sii|i|idscd to infuse xi^nr into the stock. This is not a dillieidt end to accomjilish. as the \\il,| deer oltiMl fani^'e the same imaiiitaiiis which arc inhahited h\ the lame. 'I'lic domestication of oiii- ( "arihou should oid\ lie altempied in situations wlici-e the cliuiate and fond are adapted to the well heine' of the animal in the wihl slate. In the U'W instances recorded, or of which I ha\e heard, no attem|)t has hcen made in hreed them in the dome-^iic stale, iuii theylia\e liccn simply kept as pets, nr lor exhihitiou. Sn jai' as I am infoi-nicd, most of the elToi'ts to traiisp'irt them to I'anope have failed, tliev d\ inu' duriii'j; the voxaLTc. 'Jdiis nuiv. pii>-iiilv, have lesulled from a iieeh-ct to take alone- the leindeer nio^s, wliich. as I have shown, is indis[)i'nsal)le to the health nf the Miiropeaii reindeer, whether tame or wild. It is not inn late vet t'oi- a fair trial of the e\[)eriinent of doiiiesticat in"' this deer : still it mie'ht ill' lietter to try ami import those already domesticated from l.apliiiid, and if the ifroater si/e of the('arihou he desired they could he lired to them. I am ii little surprised that the Hudson's r>ay ( 'oiiipaiiy, which has evei' shown remarkalile enter- prise and [ter.severance in tlio coiuliict of its imsiiie.ss, has never imported the rt'iiuleer for transportation purposes, wherever the |)roner food is found, as tliev would (,'ertuinlv be nioru economical than dogs for that purjtose. TiiK Ki.K, ou WAi'iTi iu:i:it. I have had a good opportunitN to study the disposition of our I'^lk jiiul of all the other smaller s[iecies in my own grounds. After all it is only in senii-iloniestication that wo are enubkd to f sulllciriitlv cilisciNf tlic iiniiiiiil ill varlmis rircuiiistaiici's ami cnn- ilitiojis. tci (Irtcnniiit' his real iiatiirc Tlici'c is iml flic It-ast rcasdii tu ln-Hcvc that niir VA\i Iiavc rvi r shown llrlli^rlrllt ( lis|(nsi | i. ilis ill thf wild slate. CXCi'lit tipWai'iU carh iilhtT. Aithnii^h very |)n\vi'rl'iii animals, tlicv arc tiiniij ami \\ai\. Tiicv ill) iH't ('(intiiic t liriiisclvrs to a limited ran^e. Imi are lialile to roam over extensive disi I'icts of eoiiiilrv : now lii'^h u|) tile mcMintaiiis. auaiii in the deep eafioiis or fertile vallex^, and ai_;ain. far out on the plains alonjj; ihe Imrders of ^oiiie water- course. When earefullv >tiidied in parUs, they manifest dispo-iiidii- not altoj^etiier lovely, nor yet desperately vvieUed. The iiiale^ show no sense of o,ilh>'ili'y towards tlui females, nor do aiiv of them manifest a sympathy for eaeh other. At any time ihi^ liliek will dlive the doe laitlllessly f|-oin ailV choice thine' she liiav lie eatiipj;. in his iirntish sellishness, haviiie- mH the least regard for anvthine' hut his own t^ratilicatioii. l'".ven in the sea-iiii,,f love, a> we shall see. he riilcs liis harem with a hriital des|ioii>m. without the least manifestation of alfeclion. I'lveii with the females, (iidv the maternal instinct shows anv trait of teiiil erne or regard for the comfort or welfare of another. Indeed, th Iv to ill treat ii v when it fairly screamed, in so pierciiie a tone that it startled im and its whole fraiii(> tpii vered fr(»m the pain. It must have heeii III fearful Mow to have thus disahleil the poor thine-. It died two (lavs in spite of all I could do for it. The otiier I foil hrnised in a frielitful way, indicatin"' that it had heeii murdered IHI in malicious wickei llless. I nil sorrv to write such unkind tliines of [lets, for which I have kiiidlv cared for so many years, hut 1 must tell tile truth. I think the females sliow more real courage tiiaii the males. I \V!i3 once driving' through the [)arU, when we observed an old doe whose anxious look excitetl sus[)icit)n ; we liitehed the horses, and lilpii^ iTI IIM.ir AMI hi)Mi:sll( A llii\. J8:; comnn'iiccd a mmivIi fm- a fawn ; at last \\v saw it (Uirlrd ii|i In the lca\cs, |»iTlia|is two Immli'fil iVrt i'ri)ni the liani. wlm fa.rd us all tli<' while. \\'lirii sjir saw w.' liad disenvrrcd it. and were enine- tn\\ari..ii oj' iJnvatrninu' ■>.|Ucals which sMiiiidcd to us anythinLi; l>ui nin--icai, al tlir same linu' walking sh.wly tnwanls us, with an air and a ^Icani of llirrvf not to l.c mistalirn. W'v did not rouni the spots ,,ii ih;il f;iun that day. liuL ret rcati'd in ;is '^nm\ or(hT as iios>ili|i- with our laces to the toe. My friend, wlh) was not iimmI to ihr animal. reniarUeil — while I was ailnionishinL:,' him to show no si^ns of h'ar hut to retire as if ii was nuiie \ nhmtai'v — •• I wouM L;i\e;i hie- check to he in thai hu^^y now ! " llail we run fniui hei', we niinht not have won. the lace willhMit trouMe. At another time, when alone. I came aci-i,ss an oM i\,n- which was \ery tame, anil which I had v.aw often fed from ni\ hand. Sli(( was lickiuL;' her yoinin' fawn, |>r ihahK' not two hour- (.Id. I s[ioke to her kindly, as usual, and >lie i-i'ceived uh' wiih '_;i-eat cordiality, and when I petti-d liei' hahy, and even lifteil it to its h'ct, she seemed pleased with my al tent ions, and rather jiroud ot her olTspi'iiiM'. She had iioh'arthat 1 woidd hint her darlini,s hul I'ather reinend)ereil the many ears of corn I had L;i\ en her, inid no dollht expected souie then, as u>iial. It evidelllU did not occur to her that I I'ould Imi'i anylhiii;^-. She associated noihiiii; of harm with my presence, w' ''• in tl liar <'ase, the mother ihoueht of notlhne' else, wla i she olisei\ed that we hid iMiind her lawn. 'I'his one was never tame like ihe o| her. and so had ui'ver receixcd so many of mv favors. Hut the amiahle one was not always amiahle, anil not alwavs to he trusted. I mu,m' came across her when walkini;- through the |iai'k with mv little daiiyh- tcr. I left, her h■edin^■ the Mik. and walkeil awa\-, perhaps to [lick some wild Mower, and tinaied round just as the hrute >truck ;it tlh' child : hirtunately. >he was not ipiite in I'each. I spoke to her in no very mild terms, ami the hlow was not repeated. There was nianil'ested a ilis|)ositioii to strike the child sinijtK hecause she knew it was unahlc to protect itsell". The animosity to dogs .seems to he nnich sironeTr in the h'- Muilcs, and a[)pcars to he all the same with those that h;ive voun^' aiul those that have not. If a doe- e-,.ts into the park the does always lead the chase, while the hucks go hindx-rine' along he- hind, as if rather to .see tin! result than to join in the frav. Whih' the females sliow the ferocity of tigers, the hucks do not sei'in to care very much whether the dog gets away or not. It -Nl ■////; i,i:i:i: or i mi.uk a. is llir fciniilcs I lial \\\A\ at lln- iVncc tu ^vt al ilic il .^ mi tli,. l \vi iiH'i'ls a liaiid III' liiirk |''Jk. tlit'\ will lakr tii<'hl ami Krcak aw IV Inwards I hr d lilt, wln'ii III' lalU III wTili I'Vi'ii a siimlr llii' wliili' palili ii|inii till' niiiiji rises up immedialelv : her e\es lla--li with ra^e. and, witlinut an iii--taiit"s lie-^ital imi. >lie ]iitelii'> at liiiii. while the Imrks will fall in the rear, anil |ierlia|ps stop nr fiilliiw lip, rather than inin in the elia-^e. Indeed. I am nMiecd 111 sav that I he Imk k lllk' is imt (inl\ e\l leiiiel V seiti^li ami I \ ran meal, liiit. as is usual with t\rants. is an arrant cnwai'd III ma\ lie fei'iieii HIS. lull n^t n iiirae'emis. Neiihei- in the wilder the diilllestil' slate will lie make an ell'nrt tn |irntei't nr defend cither the vonne' nr the female, Imt seems williiie- to saeriiiee lliein all fur Ids own saf(>tv. Individuals dilTer ver\ niiieli in their di-pnsitiniis. smne 1 ii'iii'. miicli mni'e vii'iiHis than nthers. nr I'atlnT smiie liein^' natiirall v verv wieked. while a lai'Lje majnrity slmw im sneh dis|insii iun. I have had iimre ihaii niie hundi'ed in my e'l'minds altne-e) li,.)-^ and yet I nexcr had Imt two that wei'e pnsitively wicked. 'I'lie^e I'eached as near the |iniiit nf tntal dejiravitv diirinethe nittiiiu scasnii as I lllink it [mssihle fur !l liriltc tn i\*K \\<>\\\ these animals I [uirchased with fniir dnes. 'i'hev were pmlialilv rai'-ed l>y hand, whii'li, as we shall see. tends to divest, all the deer iain- ily of their natural fear nf man, which allows their native vieioiis- ness to manifest itself, whii'li is very a[)t to happen, al least with the males, diirine' the rut. This, no dnuhl . teiidci] to aeLjravate the innate wii'kcdness of these I'llk, Imt is ipiite insiitlieieiit to e\[)lain it all. 1 had pri'viously had a very line specimen, live years old. wliich had not only been hroiieht up by hand. 1ml kept ill a sliow for a. lone- time. and. altlioiieh diirine' tlie rut he would make n^^ly faces, utter the t hreatenine' sipieal. and make threateniiiLC e'estures. especially to strant^'ers, lie never iiiade an assault ii[ion any one, a ml not onlv liis keei>er hut stranger: Were ill the habit of ^'oiii;^ tlirout;li the park at all seasons. The fall after lie was three years olil, having; returned home after a short absence, I wtiut into the park and met the Elk which i>rove(l to be so wicked, Duriiiy mv absence, he had shed tli(^ velvet from his antlers, which were ii ow well itoiis slied. At soon as ho saw mo ho walked towards me in a contideiit and rather inipudent wnv.' I i)icked iii) a hickorv club I found near. ipu picKed iij ami stopped behiiul u small tree, which ho directly straddlod HMUT Wit />(i]f'sTI( .\7t. I stnirk liiin ;i -n',,,! l,l,.\v uii t lir Ih'inl. ihr luivr of wllirll. ||,,\\c\rl-. u ;h | M'i 1 1, 'i [ );i | s spmt m,| his anil. 'IS. 'I'lic ..Illy cri.Tt was In iii,.|v;is,. Iiis .■rtuii> I,, ivarli m.'. ' '•''' ""' "i"'''i lil<'' til'' siluaii,,!! aiH^ |.|h|h.s,'.| a .•(.mprnini-..'. I tliivw .|(.\vii an ..ar .,f ,.,,111 a liiilr In ,,ii,. si.l.- wliidi li.- iv:i.lilv '""''^- ■""' •'i"''l"'i' tlii-'>\vii >lill fiirili.r a\\;iv was a.MM.|,|,.,| a-, a |"'ar.. nllVi'in- Wl,,.,! 1„. I, a, I liiii.],,.,! il,,.',,, |„. \valk.-,l,,nirily away, .'111. 1 as I muM imi iviiH^inlMT any ni h,.,- iiiipnriani iMisi- n.'ss in til,. |,ark jii-^l lli.^il .■niirlit,!,.,! I,,',vliirii Imm,.. 1 ^av,. '"''''•'■;-^ tn I, avail llir i;ik tmii..| int.. I li.. Nm-th Park tli.. m.xt """'"'".^'- "!"■ |'i'n|.ii,.tv ,,r wlii.'h \va> III., i.iniv appaiviii uhn, ' l''anii'.| thai li.> ha. I niii .'s .Ty man ..ill .i|' lh.>|.ark thai w.'iit int.. it t hal sain.' cv.'iiiiiL^'. '" ''"' mnininn- li.' was ai.M,l,ii,.ls i'iiri.,iis. an. I w..iil.| ni>!i against, I h.' I'.'ii.M' with -ival i'mv... at lli.' m^Iu nf a man ..n lli.' "|'l"'^i''' -i'l'-. aii.l W..11I.I rnjh.w him alniiM- ||„. iVn,.,., ti-htinu- it all tlic way. aii.i hy this m.Miis al..n.' was h.' t ransh-nv,] |V,,ii, ''"; ^""'1' t" 111" X.irtli I'ark. ami I...I in ihr iimih pan nf it 'I"''"' '"" "•' ill'' way, whil.' tli.- l.alan.v nf th.. h.'i.l w.'iv trans- '■''n'.'.l In ih.. saiii.. in,>|.,suiv, th,. w;,t.s ..■.aiiviv l...-k.'.|, ami th.. '''"'■'■ '"^■'I'l'""''! aii.l r.'paiiv.l with tlif iitninst ,-aiv. If h.' .li.l n..t ^T..w .n..iv vi.a.ms as th.- s.^asmi a. Ivan. •.■.1 ii was simplv '"''■■11'-^'' 'li'-i''' was nn r,,nm I'nr him t.. .In >n. ||,. was aliva.K at ""' ''^ii-'ni'' |...i f wi.'k.Mln.'ss, an. I s.. h,- cnuM nnt m,, 1„ y,,ii.l it. lie was ti'iily tciiiiili.. All visii,,rs w. •!•... ,f cMii's.. ,.x.-lu.l. .1 fr.,m th.. Nnitli Park. an. I ''X.'i'y p.i-Hl.l,. 11. .li,.,. niv.'ii .if th,. ,laii^vr ..f inva.lin-- it. Within :' "i'"Hli thr.'.. 111. .11, wh.. tli..ii-ht ih..y kii,.w Lot Hinl w.t.. imt i'lVai.l ..f aiiyl.n,ly-s KIk, >,.al..,l th,. iVii,-,., an.l .|iii..|lv walk.'.l =''"".- 'ill '!"■> ni.'l th.. Ii..|',l ,.f KIk. wli,.ii th,. |,.a,l,.|. start. .1 aft.T tluMU in a v.-ry ,li-iiili,.,l walk. 'I'lmy l||,.iinh, th,.y lia.l s..,.|, ''ii'Mi-h. an.l .-..111111.. II,.,., I an ..r.l.'rly r..tivat. 'I'll.. |.;'lk iiu'ivas,..! liis pa.-... an.l s.m.ii t i'...'.l Iw.. n( th,. parly ami kill,., I 1 1„. ,,t h,.r. On., nf tli,.m. a y..iiiin-. a-'liv... athl..|i.- man. left his Uv.. an.l hy '■"""'".- '■'■•"" "•'■'■ t" tivr linally ..s.^ap,.,!, ua\,. tli.- alarai', i-aiscd a party wh.. fniiuht tli- KIk with pitclif..i'ks till they linally .In. v.. him ..li'. altli,.iiM|i at lirsi ii,. .In.w th,. thr...- r..sn|„b. a'-tiv.' ill. .11, thus arm. ..1, s..v,.ral liiiiuhv.l Irct: h,.fnr,. tli,.\ ..mil,! siiHi,.i,.ntly l.n.ak his ni,ar,| t.. r..iiip,.| him t.) a<.kii.,wl...'l.4v th.i virtimsnf th,.irshar[> liay-f.,rks. ||,. ,|i,| n,)t, cliarnv up,,irt h.mi with a nisli, in tin; ..nliiiary niode .jf j<.iiiing].atll.' pra.'i ierd l.v all ft 2st; 77//; /'/.•/;/.' i>r i Mimh a. the (111';', liiit InWiTtil liiN licml si» ;is tn liriii;.; his fiici' iicnly pin'- .'illi'l will) llic L;riiiiiiil. |>l•l'■^(•lltilln■ liis ^rcal ;iinliT> I'l iIh' I'lii'inv. iTinli'i'iii'4 it (lilliciilt fill' till' iiicii til I'l'iicli liiin with tlirir wriip- oiis. Ill nnlfi' ti) SIT liri'ipi'i' liiiii Iif \v;i> iilili^cil til turn liis In-ad ninrc 111' li'ss sidi'wavs wHifii oin- nl tlir antlers wmilil rcarli tin' ^riiiiiiil ami raise the lieail smiiew hal. At length tli e llailKel" \\ I le elialili'd til reai'h h Mil |ii\\ I liiwn liai'k III' the I'm e \i-'S. W iHle tile skill In tlllll Ins caiiM'il iinii tu ,L;ive \va\ and liiialh In n tin, liiit >lii\vl\ and sullenly and withmit flight. We iiia\ well sn|t|iiise t hat under the eircnnislani'is. trxint;' tn drive an iiil'iii'l- nted liiiite I'loiii a d\in^ man, the\ slrin'k lieavv Idnus with their sliar|i h irks. I'il liei' mie uf wliieh umild nn dniilit have killed a hnrse 111' all ii\, and yet they Karely siilliced tn kee|) (his VA\< a sh'irt distance away. And after the wmindcd man was placed in the earriaee and i,'M;irdcd liy all Imt the driver he i'lilluwe.l tliein I'lnselv and threateniii^iy till they jiassed niit nt' the eate. and thi'V im dmilit tell relieved when tlle hiuh lelice was lietweell iheiii. Alter they lej'i he seemed lieside himself with rae'c, and tdwanls evcniiie'. wlien his keeper, ulm had dften punished him severely with the fnrk. was walkinu' alnni;' the fence, lie rnslied al him as if he desired an nppnrt unity to settle all scores at nnce. and nn dnulit lie would ha\e done so could he have e'ot at him. The keeper passed dowil the felici'. the deer followllie," .screaiuiii'^ with raee all the way to an ojieiiine' left for the smaller deer, 'riiroiieli this he thrust his face, when the man struck him with all his inie;ht with a heavy hickory cliih with the purpose of kill- iue' him if piissilile. The lilow staecfered liim. hut that was all. The man ipiickly passed throiiirh the openiiiL; to repeat the Mow before the liriite could rei'o\er. The punishment was so severe that the l''Jk retired a little way and would retreat so Ioiil;' as he was pursued, hut so soon as the man turned to loiive the park tlu' lii'ule followed, though at a respectful distance. The next mornine' I went with the keeper and two other ac- tive men and castrated the buck. We had no trouble to catch him. I'or so soon as we came in sielit outside tiie park he rushed to the I'ence and tried to break through. The kee[)er had but to gi't on to the upper rail and with a strong ropt' tlirow a noose over the cud of one antler below the tirst prong wliih' tlii> a mal was making frantic elforts to reach him. So soon asthi- was dont! we Itore willing hands and tlrew tin' antler tight against the palings. lie made tremendous elVorts to break loose. and 1 expected to sec the antler give way, but it held him, al- io- i ': !l m'- ll. k ik^: ' // 1 /;/•/■ AX/i i>(i\ii:sr/< iv/^.v. llli'll'^ll it S|i|-Ill!'4' Vi'I'V llllli'll lllliliT the m'cat Str;ii)l. l|u|- Uiillld 111' lucak Ills iicrk. ;i ri''^iilt wliifli I nilliiT i|i'>ircil. AI'I'T Ih' li.id lici'iiliic well \Vi>llic'(l I lu(i|< ;i |(i||^' clnill ;|l|i| ;il'ti'l';i wllllr ^IK- rcrdiil ill ^i'ttill'4 it x'Clirt'd lirnlllid Ilis llfcl^. mill I'li^Iilhd it liriiily til a |iM>t. We tln-ii drtaclinl ilir iii|)i' I'imhi liis ai>lliT and wnil iii-idr and n iiiiiiii'ni'fd ii|MTaliciii> tn wirki'diu'ss sccnird tu aliatr day li\ day. and li\ llii' i-nd uj a week all had disappiari'd and 111' was cvrr at'trr as diicilc as a laiiili. This wassimii dis- riiM'i'i'd liy till' othi'i' luu'k. wliii'h was a yrar viiiiiil;i'1' and ii\ci' whiili 111' had tyranni/.i'd in a Infdly way. Luiil;' hi'lurr his ant In's dri)|t|H'(l oil', wliii'h (iccnnTil in ahniit I'liiir wcrks. thr vihiiil;' Id- li)W was lakinn' his rcNcn^i- almndantK. and my synipat liii'> wrii- vc.'y little excited, when I saw him chasinL!,' the nld tvrant lliiniieh the l>rn>li at a rattling" [laee. wiieiiex it he xentnied near the harem, the ;j,'iiverniiieiU nl' which the yniine- Inick a-->iimi'i| and i'\i'ri'i>ed with the same des|iMtisiii which had characteri/.ed the rule nt' the other. This was in Septemln'r, the heiiilit of the nittinj^ season. In a very short time this yomin' luick devel- o|ied all the wickedness of the tirsl, Init as I liad no other one old enone'h for lireedint;' I was obliecd to endure him till a \ear from the first of the next .laiiuary. when I castrated him also. And now for tlie last ten years lie has lieon the tamest and most inoi'feiisive I'^lk in the l>anr iIhI 1 cmh- Milt'C it >;i|r |'m|- ;( >l r;i ll'_;i-l- In i^ii illl>> l||.' |i;ilk. lillt lll\ i>\\ll llli II wi'iii iiiii.iio|| ii ;,i ,||| linns in -.ri'niu. ( Inr |;il!. I >riii iii\ tcilllis ill I ) li;iii| -tMih- iViiIll lllf I'.lk l';i|-k illirllin till' rill 1 iiiu s>M- >ii. It \\;i-i iii;iiiil'''>l III' iTkI not liki' it , lull lir i iiiiiii' ii<> ;it till ii|M>ii iIk'Iii. iIimii'^Ii In- uo|||i| |'i'i'i|iii'iii |\ |il:ii'{' liinisi'll in lli< r>M<| :iliil l;i<'i' llii'iii. ImiI wmiiM ;iI|i>\\ lliciii t<> i|iiii'll\ liil'll mil ,'iihl «lii\ !• ir. iiiinl liiin. < )t' nuir'-i'. tlii'\ wcir |irr|i;in'i| lor I'liirri^cii- cir-i. ;iiii| wiTi- (inlrici| lo iiiiiiini>li till' iiiiiiilii'r 1>\ mn' it In' oi- Ifi'i'il lo iilladv. 'I'lic olIiiT liiit'Us — jiiiil tlii'ii' wi'ii' ;il li';i>t .i llo/i'li ;|li Mil IIS hirU'' a-> lie was lli'Vcl' -ImWimI IIic |i';|-I \ii'iiil|s- lli'>S ;it ;|||\ Nrasiill. ,illi| -o it Was witll till' Si'i'dIuI I'llr illllill'.;' ||p> i'i'i,L;ii I'l till' iii^i IIS iiliii\c iji'scrilii'il. an u IimIc disjiiisil ion si'iiiinl cliaii^i'il at uin.'. ami In- iiiiiiii'irnit<'l\ Ix'i-aiiH' a^ I'ad as \\\r ntlirr. .\s we slmll hiTi all IT >ir. this wa.> ilii' lii>t of ni\ vns xifimi.- 1 I hi Ilk tl l;il I 111' M'l'V Wh ki'd liiii'k> ai'i' lArcpl ioiial |iroli,ilil\ . k. Wr all a> iiiiicli >o as virions lnills aiiioii^:' oiir roiiiiiion slot kimw lliiii ■a-ioiiall\ a lnill is iin't with which will iillark iiii\ iM'i'soii on siLi'lii. >iill ilnv air ^I'licralK i In.'ili'. I'.il iah> with some liniilai ion-,. I ihink ihf saiiif law n'ovmis ihr I'"Jk, ihhI ih; \\r .-hall laiiK lind s|priiiiii-iis as virions a> iIiom' drsi rilird. 1 I liist and tiiM-i iniilc l-"dk I i-xt-i- hud was 1 ii'oiiL;hl up o\ hand \\ as v.ill haltc r ludkrii, iiiid licrii ('luistiiiil Iv handled, and \ <'i Ih was no| virion- in disposition, althmioli he would ol'i rii iiial deinoii-l rat ioiis towards straiiLCrrs diiriiiL; the rut. While tli.'\ seem to Iia\e no indi\idiiiil iittarliiiieiits. and no alVertioii I'or ea.h other, and are \erv selfish. tlie\ are slill social in their iialiii''. and so arc ^i-rj^iirioiis in their liahits. Ii is rare lo lind a soli- tary individual, and tli"n I think it is the result of accident rather than choice. '|'lie\ are casilv alarmed, and when oin' sliow- sii^iis of fear it iiislaiitiv conimiinicat<'s itself to the whole hand,. Tl le lii'st, to take alarm is niosl lii 1 ' !» 1 • • h '^^ »-i iiMirr I \/* hi'Mr.si ii i / /u\. ''"'■ ''^ ^" ^"'T'^"',,. l,:,v,. 1 „ |,„. ,.„,,,„| „„, I,,,,. 1 „„. ""■''::. ^'';-=""' •'" ""' """"■ "m wiii, ti ..,.11,1,. ,„.. ,,.,1 '•lllllllJirilV tl|r\ u|i,v |||;i||i|',..|r,|. ,'"''•;■" ^'""'".^ '^ I'N.ks.lnl isth..s,. fin- f,,„, ,,,,,, "-'"•'"":'■'■'"'■'"■' ^^i'"-'- 'I'l'i^i^.l V :,„„:..„„.,„ Ilnv.. '■^''T""':''"' "-'^'•'" !"• I l'^'^-n"vr..i;.,.r.,..,|,|„. I,.;,., ,|i,. •""'""" '"""• >""l,Lrr:nv„s.,r,l„. .1,,,., „. ,,!,, ,.,,,l„.,-,„ :,„v ^'"'' '■•"^ '^ """■'■ l'"I.V^'.'i>iini,sin his h;,l,l,> i|,,n ;,„v n,I„.r ,!..,.,• ■•"■'•I" '"^ '•""-.■„,. r (|„. ||,.,1 |)„„, ,,,• |.;„,,.|,„ , ,.. ,/, /,„^., ,,,. 7;;;' "";'■;'-'■ ;i"-ln,,„.,l .Ml, ul,.,.. |,:,1,;,. I :„„ :„.,|„:,i,n,.,|. •''"•'■ '"'''^ "'"••'"• •^""••'"'"■"■^■"""'■^'iivf I >„,v,i„.,:,i,,„„„i,. ;:;!""■>'■•■"•/.'" "'" '•">"""",vn.,.,,i,,i' (i.-r,,,..!,,.,,,!,,. ,„,•,.;,.,. Mk.,ss..,,s Ins |.,vro-,liv,...lnv..s lVu,„ il„. l,;,n,| ;,ll , ,|,„, I'Mrk-,. ...n,|.-:,,lH.rstl,..,|,,,.s ;,,■,,,,,,,! Inn, .•.,nlk,.,.,,s,|„,„ ,,„,,,,„,,, ■':; '; -i"-i''i"- i'n,'in^,i,is,i„„.,i„.vn„„^ 1 1., :,,„„i, :""; •"l"'=''''" K'-"v tntl,is,lis..i,,|i,H.. :,n.| ninMlv k,.,.,. , ,,|„., -V tl,..,„s..|v..s in a.lisCuit |,;„.| „r t h. ,.:n-k. ^.....r;,!! v u i, I,"':, ,„u- ''■"■'*''''■'' ''"^" '■'"''"■'I tl"' vi-ilan,.,. n{ ,|„. ina.t,.,-.' |;„, „„„„ >kn-ts.,t ,|,..l,an,l .,| .|,„.s :,„.l .iv.s ,1 ...;„,, .,,„ , ,. ,,„ JvI.M-l.s....,ns,o_l,..an.al s„„nv of ..„j.,. „„.,„ „■ l,i. ,„,„„.„„; li In- sl,„ws l,„n.,.|f t.,n ,„.ar. his s.ni,,,. uill ,•„,!, ;„ | ..i,,,' ' "■'''' ''■■•"'•il,va..l ,.|,as,. him, u it I, I l„v;,N,,i„.. „,„„,u „,.|,^^ ^^ ■;'"■."•• •;-' lmn.in..| v:.nk ,naki„^ a CmM,. ,.,•:,>!, i„ , I,!. l,n,'h ;lHnML; th.. ..has,.. f,„. ,h.. ,,„,.,„„| „.,.|^, lln. ,hi,-k... -,hn,l,l„.,., "; .';'^ "'.^^'''..''-Hl. if ha,..| ,„.,.ss..,l. th.. N,„n,us„.,. .11! ,„„.,.'., >linll.sm.aiii .,f alann. hut alwavs inatia-vs i,, savr his hi,|,, ,„'| ^t-ps short so soon as tho jHirsnil is ovo... an,l to||,,„s "in.k l""lty rloso u|.on tlu. I„...|s of th.. ,,|,| JMirk, uh,, har.llv .■■,.,. hi '..nnly_vv..ll rn\\rrU.\ h.Ur his j,.alo„sy is a^ain ..x.i,,.,? l.v , h.- ';"|-'''"...n.... of his t..|.nH.nt.,r. ul„.n ano,!,,.,- nisI, i. nia.!,'. an.l 'l";'":n,..nv..risn.,H.at...l. WIut.. I h..,-.. ar.. a -lo..., .., , ,. ,„.,;,,|^ :;> ar^.' as hnns..if, with luvnty or thirty ,|o..s to wai.h. ,| |il '""""■ ''='-^ •■' 'l'^f<'ssii,- tini." .,r it. an,! son„.tin...s I „,s av !..■ hr.,nl at :i J^rcal .hstan..... This noto so n..arly r,.s..n>l.l..s that .,f a st,. ,n, " Mstk. wh..M ,,it..h.-.l o„ u hiuh k,.y, that I hav.. son„.ti s mis- t.k.'M th.. on.. f.,r th.. ..th..r wh..n half a mil., auav. This „ot<. '> lieanl 111 tlu. night nuu-l, nior.. than in tho dav tim.. 'J'his i. Ilit li'.tK Hiiiiii'tiint s so en I III: i>i:i:i: or .ii//j./r,i. nliniiniis iis tu ilistiiili till- rot nl' tli. ;c.|»|- faiii'ih', wlmsc liuiisr is litllc mure tli;iii ii <|ii:ii'li'i' of m iiiiIo Irum ill"' l'",lk I'ai'U. This iiiilr o|' rai^c is simift inirs r"all\ a|i|iaHiii'j. f aw a\ . -'> iiinU a-, il It \vi i. »' SIMS' III I lir^c ri\|. ami. u Im'Ii iIh' animal is halt' a mi rii'lil iiii'itr lln' wimlnw. In tlu' hriirhl ut th sci'Ui I" I 'I' k'l'l II I • inarly the w hole ni^^lit, iliifiiiL;' w hirh t li<' ri\- clcrs ract' of his life. \\'li\ i\<> im-i two up nioi'i- fui'iii all alliance ami allai'k and wliiji tin- master? liul their |ihi|(isi!|i|i\ iloes iidt reach to thai e\leiit, ami it is wdl nr- tlel'cij lliat I t slioiiM not. f(ir sliipiilil (Pile attack him willi \ii' Mi' while he is eni;aL,fe(l with aiiulher hi' woiiM he >nre|\ killeil ,ii the lirst charge, ami it such a sxsti'in were followed iip the Ini. L> W Ml lid SMI HI he reduced to t Wo : Sm We see it Is hetter as il I- A- cejpi diiriiiM' the riittiiiM' season, in my e'roiiiids al lea-l, the I'.lk call lianlh lie cuiisn lered I iioctiii'iial animal, tliMimli in I he w ilil slate, ami wIumi siirrMinKied hv ilanei'rMiis emiiii I h le W It lii> fMMd at ni^ht and iiiiniiiati' in sMine secret [ilaci- during III' (I i\, I iie\ei'see the luicUs cliasiiie' the does at sii.cd dnriiiL;' tin nitt ill'' season, as is the cMnstant ha hi I with I he eMiiim 'inlier. f, .r. after all. lliev seem less iiii|)Mrtiiiiale, and s'l the d'Ms are i|.,i dri\eii |m shun the society of the mail's liefMic iheir |ii'i|ier liiii'' arrives, which is not till smiiic time after the iiiicks hecuine \ei\ anient. If the female \Ak desires to oeL jiway from the cuiit I'l of the master siie slips mIV ijiiietly while Ills attention is eiiLrav;''] in aii'it her direction, when she L,'<'iierallv rt'sorts to the hand "I NoiiiiMcr hucks, who seem to pay scarcely more atti'iilion I'l Ihi than to each other. This cMiitiniial excitement and acti\ity reiliices the llesli of tli'- ohl I'lick so that lit! always commences the winter | n-r than an\ o f the others, altlioii '111'' is I'lU'il} itiitl r:i;ii'. tlir lit I' Id' I'lii'ri;^ • l.V Ills 1111- iitillcs liiiii Itarki'il 1 \ Irivfii tV'i'i ace (111 til'' inn jiinls ;' iiM'i' liiiii iiini liis own laic cniiiiiaiiiuii^ with wlioiii. Iml tin' 'l;iy Iii'Imi'i', lie |i:ii| nia/(.|| suinr sri'ludi'd I'Miiid' 111' till' park in pi'iii'i' :iiiil I'l'ii'iiilsliip. Ilis cuiil iiiiii'il rri^ii. Iniwivri'. i-^ iml al\\:i\s iissiii'cij, lor niicc. al lt';i>l. I nli-crvcil thai t In- i|i'|iii>i'il iiiniiaii li, at'tiT ri'i'i'iiit iiin' fill' ;i wt'i'k m' Ini ili|c. Till' i|.irs si'i'iii t" liMik iijiiiii llii'-i' -.t i'iil;l;I'"^ with '^I'l'il iinlilTi'i'i'iii'i-. \\ni:it iiialli'i' In |Im-iii wlnlliir a I tniii'linii < Ila\i' I'li'- i|lll'llt liatljcs In srltlr lllc i 1 1 U'-t ii il 1 Iml nlllv ni >"\ i Ti 'IL;! 1 1 \ Imt ul" si||irliiil'il \ ; llnf all' lIli'Si' M'llli il li\ a •-ill!;|f \irliir\ lift W nil till' iliiliv iiliials. Wliilf il is lai'i' lliat iiiii' i^ a> ' ill\ ilijill'i'd li\ tii'-i' (■iiiili'>ls. llii'x ate si'iiH't iiin'S I'atal. I have !•■>( tW" adult lilk> iti iliis\\a\. Ill till' fall III' 1 ^T.'i, filic '" :i> tniiiid liad'' -ni'i'd. and a|>|ii'ari'd to liaxc ln'm .irad si'\t'., , da\s. an 1 in NiiMiiilni'. r T'i. till' inmiari'li was t'uiind di'ad. cnIi'i' iliiiL;; many \\iiiind>. i.iki' t 111' iitlii'i' dcrr. 111! I-',lk al\\a_\ s jnii' Wal i Ic with a iii^li. w licii till- sliiirk is irally Ici'iiiii'. and tlii' clash ul' aiilli'is may hr liia;d till' a ureal liisiaiirr: iIh'N llini |iu>li and u ni ly radi ntliir tm'a liiiii'. till iiiH' tiiids hinisi'll' III a dl>ail'- aiila^i- In Mimi- \\a\, 'aiu'Ii III' will i|nii'kly jiim|) In mu' sidr and cniirM' ariuind a littk' wav and a^ain Ian' his antanMiii^^i. whi-n aiintlii'i' rush and I'nliisiiiii takes jilai'i' : and this iiia\ he ri'iieatcd si\ eial linns liet'iiii' nin' linally aekimw ledees del'eat. In inineul' the hallles whieli have lieeii witnessed ill III V Li'ionnds. has either >u>laiiii'il injiirv. so that I eaminl explain the ineideiits nl' tlmse wliiili lia\e In-iii ae- iiiiii[)anied with fatal i'esull>. luit prnlialily sdine nlislaile has in- tervened wliii'h prevented the e-Jcape III" l:he vaiiipiished. whieli has always lieeii elVeeted when the eiilitests ha Ve liee|l i)lisir\ id. 1 have never witnessed one III" these ineeliiies iiivsell'. Imt se\ei'al have iM'i'iirred in view of my men. who had rereived pari ieiilar iiistriii'tioiis how to ohsei've. and from them I have olitaiiied what I lielieve to be full and relialde information. 'I lie Wapiti is iniieli hetter adapted [n domestieat ion than any "f the oilier deer with whieh I have e\periiiiented. In the lirst iilace. they ai'e much more healthy. Indeed. I never had a sick I.Ik in my eroiinds to my kiiowlede-e. They are liheial feeders. Mil douht. but then they are imt particular about their diet. Mildness and timidity are not so inyriiined with them as wi,h the others. The men who feed llieiu in winter go among them, Il» I .)<,.) I hi: i>i:i:i: or ameuka. ;mil .111' >liiiiiiii'(l scMTci'lv iiKU'f, liv citlicr hM m' yniiiiL;', tlmii iIh'\ Willi, ,1 he 1>\ (iiir ciiiiimiiii cattle, tliiit. liavc no iikh'i' (•diistaiit as- sdciatinii willi iiian tliaii tliry have. 'I'lii-y will init siiliiiiit to he - |ileii>iis serin to lie aroused and they will lireak hark ai:*' retreat to a distant part of the park. 'Hiis no diaiht resiills tVoni want of lii'cakint^. Had we [H'aetired driving and herding them fidin the lieMinning. I have no doiilit thev eoiild have liecn as rcadilv handled as our sheep or ealth'. I'liey are very easily lu'oken. wiii'ii they ([iiietly submit. A young Elk may he eaiiglit up and put in the stahle. and so soon as lie appreciates that he caniini get away, that his ell'orts to escape avail him nothing, and tlini he is kindly treated and has nothing to fe;iv, he sulmiits to In- hiiiiilled and hariiesseil like a colt, though in this experiineiil I have found iiulividuals to dii'h'r min'h in disposition. ! lia\. found 111! dilliiultv in completelv suliduiiig the fully adult I'dk. and this must lie done hefore it is safe to put him in a cage in send away. I once hail to ship a pair to friends in ( 'alifornia, and gilt a iiiimlier in the yard and captured and caged the hiick ( lir was a line specimen, weighing eleven hundred and lifty jmimiN with the eaiic, which mav have weiiilied three hundred noundsi. W e cone hided, as it was "•ettini'' late, to cati-li the doe in an ea M.'l' and ipiicker way: so we renioveil a board from the side of the yard and placed the cage ill front of it ; she saw the opening and daslnd in and was sei'iired in a moment. I saw .she made a good deal ^l fuss about it. but thought she would b(! quiet by morning, and -'i she was. for I found she had broken her neck during the niglit, when we had to catch and subdue another, and had no fiirtln i diHiciilty. A short exjilanatiou of how this is done, taking a large buck, for I'xample. may be interesting. For the purpnsc I have a Spanish hissci, the noose of which is sjiread upon tlir (jround in the vard or on the fet'din!-' grounds, when we maiia'j,!' to get him to ste[) into it with a hind foot ; then three stout nun on the outside spring it and draw him t( wards the fence, bciii;.; .sure at all times to keep the U'g dniwn out. 'IMiat is all they iiv io do without drawing him home too fast. His elTorts to escapi' are at first almost appalling. Directly he tlirows liimself and perhaps will m'l ipiite over and endeavor to s[)ring up, and if ton near 'he fence he nnist be iiUowed to do this, at letist so far as to get furtlier away, wiien another .strong pull will bring liim down. and then when he goes to rise again a good pull will prevcui ! lliiiii tlicy iistiint ;is- iiiiit 111 !)(■ lllStilllCC. tlirir sus- '.'1 rrlrcai roiii want llClll iVdlll as rradilv V lu'fikfii. lit II]) aiiil he cauuii! and thai nits t'> !"■ irriincnl 1 , I hav. :l('tlllt Klk. 1 a I'au'r 111 "ornia, ami '. linek ( ]['• tv ])iinnil- juiumls). 1 an cash I' if till' yaiil md dasliril )(id deal nl ng. and -n tlic nielli, ni) I'urtlui' . tak'uiL;' a l>ni'|tiisf I npim till' \\v niana;^'i' stout nil 11 cnec, beiuu dl llu'V ill' s to »'sra[ii' iinsclf mill , and if tmi so fill' ;is til liini down, ill previh! IIM'.ir AM) /i(,Mi:s7/i I 77^ .V L'lt:! IntiK anil so he is allowed to stnm-1,. till lie is fairlv cxliaiistrd. A man tlicn cues in and tlimws the noose nf a Inno- V,,],,. ,,ver an under. The <.'at,! is now opened ijiiiekly and In- is dra^^vd (,iit and the o'ate elosed on the ivniainin-' Idk. Sd sium as this is done the man at the n.pe sniihs it arniind a j.nst oi' a live, while those;, I the lasso pull away till he is i'airly stretched out and is p<'|-lV<'tly helpless, when all is made fast. In t his ennditiuii t wo incn will stand ni)ou the antler whieh lies upon the -round, when a eord is attached to the lunse hiud foMi. which i> di'awM up and tied to the opposite fore font. 'I'l tlur hind foot is now drawn u|) l>y the lasso and securely tied to the other lore foot. A stout halter is now juit upon the head; lirst one and then th,. other antler is sawed olT just al.ove the l.ina's. lie is then rolled almut "'^"''''"'"■'■'■'1 •>'! induced to make another st rii-M|e, hut iievei- struck or hurt nioi-e than is necessarily involved in thi> unpleas- ant operation. When he has completely submitted to his fate, tlu' open end of the ca-v is I.rou-ht u[., the fall of the halter passed throiieh ii, the head is raiseil and put into the ca-v as fai' as it will g-o, when the feel aiv loosened, and as he rises the men •" "!'•' 'i^ili''!' I'lill Iiim in, and l.y the time he is faii-ly on his feel h.' is completely witjlill his pi'ison. 'Hie open end is now closeil. the halter tied to the cagv. and the job is done. After this iivat- lueiit 1 liave never known one to mak(' a struggle, though th,. ••agv be tipped iind carried about as it must nt-cessarih'be in '"•iiig put into a wagon (u- car. In shm't, they are fairlv sub- dued, acknowledge their weakness, and resign themselves to what- ever niiiy come, rieiierally in a, few minutes after tlu^y are in ihi' cage tlieywillgo to eating hay :ind corn as if nothing had hap[)ened. Last fall I diivcted a female Klk to be caughl and caged. The iiK'n caught her by the hiud I--, as .hscrdK.!. and wTeu they Mipposed she was well worried, one went into the vard to throw a noose over her head, when, in a great struggle, the lariat which la'hl the hind foot broke. She made no attempt toniiiawav. but went for the num in away that left no mistake as to hi'.r purpose. He showt'd unwonted agility in do.iging behind the lives, and h'aping to the upp.u- rail of the fence, and so .'scaped. The most prominent instinct in the young fawn, is that of de- '■cjition. I have several times i u- across fawns evidently but a lew hours old. left by t!ie mother in supjiosed seciiritv. Tliev ;il1ect death to perfection, only they forget to shut tlieir eves. 'Hiey lay without a motion, and if you pick them ii[). they aiv as ;i," ! :.;»;'! m iHlMi ' 'I'll TmIm^It Ti 1 i I 11 HH j^g ! 1 H ^^^^Hi' \F ^^^H 1^ 1 hmh 1 ^1 1 ■ : ■ ■ : .1" V 204 77/;; Di:i:i,' df ameiuca. liiiil» iis u wt'f r;i^\ llic liciul iind limbs li:iiiL;inii,' down, witlmnt tlic It'jist iiiiisculur iictioii, the t»rine has ever bred till after she was four years old, and scarcidy mon; than half of the older females may be expected i'- fidiirss was [)asst'd, and he was traiislalcd to a m-yx rcspcctalili- positimi iiiuh'i' I'l'dt'cssdi' l^siiiai'k, as staled alinvc lie was siir- cc't'di'd liy a buck not inori! than a year vcmnncr, whu \n>\. and then I'cifaiiKid, liis sway v were only partially lirokeii. and were overloaded with a light butjirv and man in it, and so would if fU ml il|: M^ m M 1 1 in m •J'.m; 77//-; />/;/•;/." or ameuk a. have 1m 'I'll two licit'ci's or colts of t lie siimc aj^o. I never lianiesseil tlifiii al'terwariN. They are iindouhteillv as st^oll^• as a liorse of tlif saiiii- si/r. ami afe iiiik-Ii more natural trottci's than the horse, and with traiinn^. I think, would fully e([ual him in speed and eiKhiraiice, and wonld, when fidly adult, proltahly surpass him in hotli. 'I'hc l"JI< has not the weight i'oi' lieavv draught, hut seems wcli adaptecl for light. (|uic-k' work, I confess I ha\(' loo long n«'g- lei'te(l t his practical ipiestion. illl'. MCI,]-: DKKIl. The disposition of the .Xfule Deci" pi'eseiits a study of more in- terest than that of any (jf the others. In S(Mne respects thcv ai'e worse and in others better than either of the otiier species. The adult bucks when brought up liv haml are wiclceil diiriiiL; the rutting season, and seem to take ;i positive delight in thr''al- eiiing if not in attacking their best friend, so that it is never sate to veutui'e \vv\ near to them without ii good club during tic rut. 'I'hc old docs, too, are treacliei'ous at all seasons, and aie liable to at tack children wlieiievci' the tind them un[)i'otected : at the same time tliev arc the greatest cowards alive. I had an old doe, almost as large as a small elk, that wouM even attack womi'U if she met them alone in the |)ark. while she would be vci'y complacent to a man whom she thought a])le to deteiid him- self : still she was so great a coward that the smallest \'irginia deer would drive her whei'ever it j)leased. 1 hav(^ been vastly amused in observing the litth^ Acapulco doe chasing an adult Mule doe around the grounds. The little thing does not ajipcar to be actuated by malice, but does it rather for ainnsemcnt. The Mule Deer Would be followiiiLi' me throuo'li the i)ark, and when- ever it would happen to get a little wav from me the little one would dash in between us and run it off, while the ^Fule Deer iro- aii'i would make a circuit and as soon as [)ossible run to nie for | tection. when the little tease would stop a litth^ way oil' look as if it would enjoy a iiearty laugh. This was repeated many times during a single walk. The larger one is fully tlii'ec times the size of her tormentor, but I have never seen it olbr tlie least resistance to these attacks. I have often seen her cha-c a Mule buck, whieh was two years old, in tlio same way. 'Jdie Mide Di'cr is the oidy one 1 have over si'en manifest a clear and decided disjvisition to l>lay. This they do something: after the manner of lambs, l)y running c(uirses and gandioliu'^ iibout auil running up and down the bhilVs manifestly for amuse- IIMMT AM) IxiMI.SllcMloX. int'iit niilv. I liav r iiiicc iKitiiTil soiiii'tliiiiL;' lilni't df a play, if iiidcid lliat was its iiicaiiiiiL;'. And this pfstiM'inLi' nt thr Mule |)ccr was till' nniy aniiiscnicnt I Iiavr seen the (rnniniil i\ c sjn'cio in- (hiluc in. Hut tlic Muh' Dfcr noi only amuses itsi-lf in tlic wav drsciiliiil hut loves to luive nie join liiin in a little sham lii^lit. and it" 1 liandhi liini a little muj^hlv. oi' try to throw him dnwn when he rears up and places his feet on my shoulders, he will i-c- eover and jump sideways and l>aekwaril> twistinn' hini-e|f inl<> i^Totesipie attitudes, tlmueh lie does this in an awkwaid \\a\. I lia\e not olisei'ved this disposition to jilay after the animal is two or three yeais old. and the male seems more inelineil Id ii tlian the h'liiali . ! elsewhere mention that he sometimes appears to he- come very appr<'eiat ive of his own importaiiee. when he will >lrut around, his tail elevated to a vertical j)osition, as is (ih>erved with the male i;oat. Alloe'cfher there is litth; to admire in the di>piisitiiui of the Mull- Deerlieyond liis tastt," for ai ii^enieiit as ahove descrihed. The viciv lar the most salacious disposition of any of the deer which I have had an opjiortunity of clo>el\- studvinti'. Mv etVorts to domesticate the Mule l)eer and the C'oluml •la Deer lia\i' lieen practical failures. l"'or the last eieht years I Iia\t' with ercat care and at considei-ahle expense, oxperimei.ted with both these species, and luvve hroiin'ht many individuals from U'reat distances, and have studied their wants and cared for them with unwearied pains. Imt now all are dead. 'J'lie last died hut a few weeks since. My failures, however, hy no means assure us that they inav not sustain the luirdeii of (h)nie.stication in coun- tries wlieiH! tlie\ liv(^ and prosper in a wild stut(>. lioth are na- ti\es of the far West. The Mule Deei' I hrouglit from I'tah and Nevada, distances from lifteeii hundred to two thousand miles, aiiil the ('oliimhia Deer from \\'ashingtoii 'I'erritory and Oregon, say throe thousand luilos awuv. No wild Mule Deer 298 Tllh: hEEIi or A Mi: UK A. \v;is cscr licanl nt' witliiu live ImiKlrrd miles of licrc, mid ii<> wild ('(tliiiul)i;i Dfcr Wits ever scrii ritlicr in or cast ol' the |{(>c|' of climate and prulialtly of aliment was too ^M'cat foi" tlieiii. All have died of one disease, — diari'liea. I hope some one in a coneenial lo- cality will make ii serions cIToi't to domesticate hotli these spreies. ( )f both s|)ecies the (ii'st I had dropped in my eroimds w nc twins. Those from the Mnle doe lived nearly a year and a half, which iL,':ive me a in'ood opporlnnilv to ohsei've the hahits of tlic yonnn'. I'hey ni',.\v to n t';ur size; and on the male ^rew veiv lai'e'e antlers for liis ane, hoth of which were hifnrc'ated. Xeithei' of these fawns showed the least inclination to lirced the snmnier tliev were a year old. 'l"he condnct of the mother as conuecied with these fawns, of conrse interested me. She hid them in separate places, and only soueht them at intervals to ^ive tlniii noiirishment. and wonld nevei- 5^0 near ihiMii, if she suspected she was watched, iniitatine' exactly in this ree-ard the \'iru;inia, deer. AN'hen oiu! was fonnd and placi'd in a yard with a fence four feet liigh, she would sometimes inm[) the fence ani visit it, lint re- fused to allow it to suck rill tlu! other was found and [ilaced in tlic same yard, when she nursed them hoth indilVei'ent ly. I could not imagine the cause of lier conduct to the lirst till I found she had another, for which she was evidently saving all the milk. I kept them in the vard but a co.i[)le of weeks, where tliey were visited fi'eipiently in onh'r to tame theni, hut ue made litthi progress in that direction ; and believing they wonhl do better at large I turned tliem out, when slie immediately secreted them, and it was six: weeks more before she allowed them to follow her, never being seen to visit them except very eaily in the morning, or late in the evening. 1 wonld sometimes come across one in its seclusion, when after the manner of the \'irglnia fawn it would crouch as low down as possible, with its chin iij)ou the ground and gri'at ears laid back u])on its neck, and if it believed itself uiulis(M)vered would remain i)erfeetly still, following me with its bright I'ves till very near it, but as soon as it ap- preeiatcid that it was discovi'i'ed would bound away with tlie jumps before described, towards some ravine or thicket till out of sight, never stopping once to look back, as is freipiently the case Avitli the fawns of the Virginia deer. In the fall, how(!ver, tliev become niiicli tamer than the Virginia fawns raised in the same grounds and under the same circunistaiiee, except the two weeks" confinement before mentioned. By Novembei' tliev would cau- ! 1. i i' i IIM-.IT AMI /)i>.\fj:s-n(ATIoX. ■2W no wilil I- liiicky c'linKiti' live 1 1 it'll ;'('ni;il ln- ■ slircH'S. ikK wcri' 1(1 ;i liiill'. s dl' llic rcw very Neither .simiiiier niniecle(l tliein ill ;ive tliein ected she Ilia, (leer. four iVi't t, l)Ut re- |)laeeil in vntly. 1 irst till 1 avin;4 all ks, where \Vi' made woiihl tin V j and heoaii to ect irvil. 'Hi.' N'ir^inia iawns that follow up in the same way soon learn what shdli'd corn is, and in the course of the winter bei'oine so enilioldciicd as ^'» pi<'l< it ii|' within ten feet of tiie keeper, who feeds them every day. All the deer, as w(dl as the Hock of wild tnrkevs. the sanddiill cranc's. and tlu^ wild o-ccse, and Soiiihdown shrep in my grounds, soon learn what the rattliii;^' of the .•orn-sheller means, and it is one of the })leasantest sigliis [ have amone- mv pets, to see all start at this sound and make a rush for the U'vd- ing grounds where all eat together pretty harnionioiisl v, ilic' wildest of each always showing a little suspicion and kei-ping well on the outer borders. 'I'lIK 1{I,ACK-TATLED DEER. Tin- male of the Columbia Ulack-tailed Deer is only less wicked than 1 have reason to Indieve the fully adult mule deer, when ]ui has been raised by hautl. J low he would behave if raised by his (lam in the [)ark I cannot say. I have never observed any vicious manifestations by the adult dues, as is the ease with the mule does. The first of ('. (''iIiiin/'/ifnHf< which I avin- had I procured on the Cowlitz River in Washington Territory, in ls7<». Th,. jnale was then one year old and the female two years old. They stood the journey of threi; thousand miles by sea and land well, and arrived in fine condition. 15;)th had been brough . nj) bv hand, but the doe had iiever been subjected to tlie halter, and for a time gave me some troubh' in transferring her from one convey- ance to another, but by the time she got through she was well halter-broken. Ml !l •><»(! 77//; iii:i:/; or ami.ihi .\. Tlii'V ;i|i|ii';iri'il to tlirivc well wiicii turned into llic parks in •Inly. iMul sliiiwt'd no svni|»ti>nis (if salivation IVoni tlir wliitr cloMT, wliii'li was so sfxi'i't' u|)on tin' nnili' ileiT tln' \car lu'l'oir. In till' tail llh'V wtTf! turned infd tin' or 1, eliard ami vuu'Var th U' Ol' t Wo older tlliin t he\ Wel'c d willi II en- M pair ol luule (leer, ii yea (licy remained till eai-iy winter, wlieii tliey were all retuiaied to the parks. In the late winter the ('olundiia doe died, liavine- in her t w II fawns si V tl lilicientU deVelopeil to show t he\' Wel'e froUl tl olunihi.'i huck. n- t he ne\t t Wo \ ear: I onlv IkkI the liUek of US species. lie Continued as tanie as any di'cr in my grounds. but always iuanifeste(| u morose if not a \i''ious dis|)osition. At lirst. the doe, lieini,' a \car the oldest. t\ramii/e(l ovei' him in a vci-y undutiful wav, hut so soon as his spike anth-rs, iiearK seven inches lonu", were matured, the masterv was cliane'ed and he retui'ned he!' attentions in kind. While in the vineyard Wy them- selves neither of the four deei' seemed inclined to associat(! wit h either of the othei's. liul I alwavs found them solitary, even dur- //■ while injx 1h<' ruttiu''" season. althou"ii Itotli does liecamo i iir'nii there liv the imcks of their own species. I iie\fr saw either of these liucks make the least attempt to chase the does, which is so prominent a hahit with the N'irn'inia deei'. I )nrinn' the next summer and after, so \n\\\f as he lived, the huck rane'ed tiie parks at will, but ^encrallv soliiarv. So soon as hi> second ant lers matured he showed such sinus of viciousness that I sawe(I them otV, whicli re(luced his t hreateninn' demonslration>. but still his conduct seemed to sav that he wiinte(l to liui't some- body. This was when he was two yeai's old past, an ap' at which I have never observ('(l a \'ireinia buck to show the least wicke(l- ness. lie walked about the erouiids, even while his antlers were e-roN wine', witli a slow and measured step, with Ins ears laid liack upon his neck, when there was notliiiiL;' in sight to excite his ani- mosity, lie would come to my call to take corn from my hand, but he approached not with gladness but slowlv and with thai overlastine- leer, as if he would prefer to strike me rather than I think, however, that sometimes at least this tak(! the corn. oxpression did him injustice, for he would fre(|uently lay his head upon my breast in an atVeetionate way as if to invite ca- resses, which he seemed to enjov. After his antlers were sawed oil' he would follow a pedestrian in the road, for half a mile aloiiL; tlie fence, as if he woidd be glad I ) get at him. A month or six weeks after his antlers were taken otV, he somehow escapeil from the park and went up the road half a mile, when he met a man iiAr.i r AM) i)(>\ii:sri<.\Titi\. .'.ol '""' =' '"'>■ "'"li \^l I '"■ 'li>|Mit.-.l 111., riuht ,,|' \v;i\ 111 ..ii,',.. Tl,,. '"•"' '"'"l^'' "P •' ''"I"''' I'-anl MV.T his li,.a,l, l.ilt Weill iM^rass twice ill III,, cilllliet ail.l revived some l.niises iVollI llis |u|V lee Imt tile {i-\u'^' saved liiiii |'n,ii I'e leet, lis es- •serKMis injury. So soon ; '•ape and iliis f.-at were repi.rte.l, tin; la'ei)er went jur liim and at tempted t.) put a strap aruuiid Ids iieek an.l lead liiiii Ii,.ine. u||..,i lie Unneked liiiii dowii. l.iil was satislied with that, and ipiieily siil.initted to I.e led l.aek to ih.; park. Indeed I lliink he showed as iniieh wickedness as .lid the mid., deer at his a-e : and duriiie' the entire winter h." looked and acted as if tmuMed uith l.ad 77//; i>i:i:i; <>r .\mi:i:I( .\. Tin; ( i>MM(.N |ii:i-.i;. sr- \\\ iiiitiiif till' \'ir^iiii;i I)<'fi- is limit' tiiiiiil tliiiii cillicr ol' tin' iiliiiM', W'lii'ii i;ii-cil l>v liiiml ilic mall- tdi'^i-ts llial man is its iialiiral fiiciii\ , ami so ceases lo tear hiiii, ami tlieii lie is very apt (Inline' the nit to hecDiue wicked ami (laiie'enms. 'I'liis ilis|iu- sitiiiii. Iiii\\e\er, is nut nianit'ested till lie is three er lunr Near- old : iior is it universal, for 1 have had some that iie\er he- caiiie \ii'i.iiis even diii'iiiL;' the nit. though this is e\ce|il iMnal. IJilt M'lV lew call he salclv ke|»t as [)ets alter tlu'V hecoiiie adult, unless Miie lia> iMoper facilitii's I'or coniiuini; iheiii. I'suidly sawing otV the antlers will so moderate their vicioiisness as to render them coiuparati vel y harmless, luit not always. (leiier- allv it iiiav l>e said that the \ ireiiiia does never hccoine \icious. IhniiLili I ha\e had one or two that would strike a child when I'eeiliiie- tlii'in, it" one tliouifht she did not eft her share, oi' it was not e'iveii her a> last as siiiteil her. When raised in the park hy its dam, the \'ir_eiuia \)ri'i- never loses its tear of man so as to show the least disposition to attack liiiii, or to come near enouLjh to tak(! food friuii his hand. Still there is a ereat dillereiici; aiiioiie' them in this ree'anl, some veiituriiiLj within a few feet t(t pick ii[) corn from the s^rouml, while othi'is will always kee|> at a wary distance. They soun learn to come to the call of one who feeds them, and it is a prei t \ sie-lit to see tueiitv or thirty, wliieli were (piietly lyin;^ / /( A r/ox. Ill llh" II is its cry ■■\\liuii;il. ' luliilt, rsiii.lly ss ;is tn ( ii'iicr- \ ii'iiius, III wlli'll tv il was cr iifVi'T In attack (1. Still I'll. si);nc M'niuiul, ln'V S(>i>!l a prcltN n<^ (IdWii jiiini) t'l use, tlaii's ■ laviiiL's. s natural 1 111' man. ml kt'l't ■parali'il ic wililfi' s, tlinnt^li ikcii vcfv kunw nil ) from it^ l( rly, and •Diitidcnit' iind kind- hand that I'ri'ds it vvillinut stint and witlmul irst laiiit . Il' taken atler a few llliilltllS u|d. its wildin'SS seelllS i ijeTad iiM 1 'le. I iiljie eallL,'llt a fawn in l)ere|iilier ill tile deep >niiW. wllieli had heeDilie ^M eiiia- ciiited that it eiiiild nut esra|ie. and plaeeil it in a ei)iiif'>rt;dili' stall in tile hain. So sdhii as it heeaiiie uai'iii. and ieiii\ered siiiiiethlnc" iif its vitality.it made frantie elVnits \i> e-^eape. It, l|ii\\e\er, S'piill Ciillllnelieed tn eat, if lio mie \va-> plesellt, wllell it reriiMTcd its >tl'e|ie|ll aild Spirit. It \\;is kept ill tile >allle liini- foiiiilile i|uaitt'rs d urine- the w inter, and ;;iit in line lundilinii. in it, si'eiiied alisiiliitidy iiiitainalile, thoiieh daily elVnrts were ni.'de hy the keeper to aeipiire its enlilidenee, \\'liene\er he Wnllld l;i i into the stall and try ti> pet it. it would make >trone' ellMrls tn e^iMpe liy iunipiiie' against the sides, and when it found thai iuipnssiliie, it wmild turn and lii^lit him. dealiiiLi' lierce liluwswitli its little feet ; and when it was turned out in April, it seemed as wild as at the lirst. thoiieli it had received nothine' hut kindness frmu him diirine' its fmir months of conrineinent. It hastened awav to the iloi'k, and was tho sleokcst deer of theiii all, and l>y this means it was recoi^nized for ;i time, hut imiu! of them was wilder than he was sii Imie' as he cniild he ideiililied. .More elVorts liavo been made to dninestieate this deer than any of oiir other species, and generally tinder more favorahle ciiemn- staiiees tlian my grounds alTord. Sdiiu' years >iiiee I \isited tho |ilautation of ( ienoral Hardine-, near Nasln ille. 'reiiiiessee, in learn the lonlt of his experiments. I found his parks much lareer than mine and the conditions much more favorahle I'or success. Here was a large, gently rolling lawn carpeted with a heavy t'oat of hhie grass, and scattered tliroiieii it a great miinher of maLT- i.ilicent old oaks, whose hroad s]U'eadiiig hraiielies alTorded a de- lightful shade everywhere. Ileyoiid. and sejiarated fiuin it hv a low fence which tlu! doer could easily scale, was an inclnsiire of high rolling ground densely covered with a tliicki't of evei'green cane and several other kinds of shrubhery, of whicii ii(>arly all ruminants are very I'ond. Tlu' grounds wi'r<> well watered. Here we fiiul every condition reiiuisite for the well heiue- of the deer, witii little restraint tind conditions nearly ii[iproac]i- ing the wild state. The deer we met with in driving throuuli the grounds were wihler than most of mine, and yet they did not seem alarmed wdioii we approached them bnt trotted awiiy so as to keep some distance oIL I learned they wtsre reasonably fertile, tinntgh not as much so as in the wild state. At the com- mencement of tlio late war there were about eiirhtv deer in these li III' 504 Till: i)i:i:i; or i Miinnw. 141M11111U. lull till' iiLii'i'li 111' ^I'l'iit iirmirs is iihI l';i\iir;ilil 1' in Illr |)rii>iii'nl \ III 'li'iT III ^iicli ;i pliii ;i ml siMiii nil w ci'i' lit liiT ilii\ I'll :i w i\ Ml' killi'il. Till' ( ii'iH-nil w il'^ .siirpii-i'il iiinl ^latilii'il tu nii- sci'vc tlial ntli'i' till war was (ivcr ami [(caiT ami i|iii('l iiiiri- imtri- I'l'i'^iicil aWiiiit I III -i I' old liitiiic. the (It 'IT 111 'n'a 11 vnliiiil arily tn I'l'liirn. su thai ill a li'W \rai's tin- ^luiimls wen- a'^aiii well slurUcil. | lliniiL,'lil it a larl (il iiiiii'li iiiti'i'csl that t lie (Im' n-t iiiiiiil \ii|iiii- tarily al'li'f an al'x'iicc of tlir r I'mih' xcars. I lia\i' lirard nl' sonic ilcri parks in tin- iiplaml |>'irtii>iis mI' \ irL;iiiia wlnTr ilrrr wen- siicri's>l'iilly cut lappi'd as well a- I'carcil. Ti) a('ri)ni|ilisli tlic lornicr the well Uiiuun haltit diirinij; the nit. Ill' the due lleciiie- i'lom ihr |iiirsnit III' tlic Iniek \\a- iitili/cd. The iiu'ldsiii-c almie- a steep hilUidc wa> n'> piepaied that the deer eould easily jiiin|) iiiln the park Imt e.iiild 11 >l jmiip Diit. An iiid doe, which had liecn l>rtii|cht up l>y hand and always acciisluincd to the place and well acipiaiiited with tlii> runway, was turned iimse in the siiriuiiiidinc- j'drest and luaiiicd alMiiil at will, till she met with a cailant Inick wlidi the race w mild ciiiiinieiice ; (he ardeiil loxcr w laild he ipiickly led to the riinwav and into the pai'k from which there was no cscajic. When I lirst he^'an to oaihei- my stm-k ol' N'irginia Deer I >ur- ceedcd ill olilainii'L; iilioiit sixtiH-n iiHliviihuils in the cnnise n|' three vears. mostly females, all Imt uiie liurn in a wild stale. For tW'i or three years they were innderatelv priililic. rarcl\ lircedinc' till they were three years old, and still imne rarely ha\- iiii;" twins. A lew dieil from ace, Imt tlm fawns seemed reason- altly \ ic'oroiis, and mv stock increased to aliout sixty, not witli- standine; ccnsideralile losses from a swelliiie' under the jaw. riic fawns, however, came later and later each siiccccdiiiLC \iar; the Imcks showed less inclination to pursue the does, and a Ics,- proportion of the does had fawns, showing altogether a great de- crease in the vie'or of the herd ireiierallv : hut this was more i'>- peciallv manifest in the fawns, ii very larg(> proportion of which died Itefore cold Weather si't in. I sometimes found two or three dead fawns in a morning's walk through the ground. A perii \ y/cv. no;, WiK'ks l"i)r my nwii tiililr. I IkhI nUsciMd \\\n ,,v tlir li>c-< tluit Iffin-rJilly liiid two t'nwiis at u l>lilli wlil'li ;i|>|HMri'il vi'^nrmi^ :iii(| IiimIiIiv. wliilr llic dllici' ■-; ||i:it siii\i\ri| 1 ifin n ir or ;il\v.i\> Imd 1 II Imitcii. I lliiiik I iiiMV sardv cNpicss tlic ip|iiniMii tli;it I'r.iiii ;i few i'\ci'|ili(p|ial iiidis idiials that cuiild hear dnini'>t icaliipii and wliM wi'i'c caii.dilr dj' iiiiiiai'tiiin- similar \ it,fur to tln-ir dfsi'i'iid- aiits, I have olitaiiu'd a stuck uf \'ii'L;'iiiir. I )ri'r. wliirli tlini|M|i Hdt as |ii'('lilic liy any means as tlic wild di''a', an' still nindrialidy x) and lia\i' siiHiciciit vi^cir to insure tlie siieees.^ nl' my e\]iiMiiiieiit, wliiie tlie descendants i >t' ninety |ie|- I'ejit. MJ' tlie taken tVdm llie wild state will dee'enerate ill dunie>lieat inn. sn that in a I'ew i;enei'at ions they will ht'coine extinct. This want ol' xi^oi'does not show itsell' so niiich in tin- liist stock as in the second and third Ljetierat ion. while Imt verv I'ew will reach the I'dni'th '_;'i'ii- ef;.''(>ii. I am now passini;' the lit'lli winter with what I may cii vie()roiis lawns, none ol" which have died fmin an appar- ent want ol' vie-or, as was ihe case licjore. so that my stock has actually increased, while I ha\c supplied niv taMe almndantly with venison I'roin the bucks. A majority of the does are >till liar- I'cn, liiit this I deem I'ortiinate, tor they are not eiviii;^ me en- I'eeliled descendants to peipetuate for a lime a stock which caniint hear domestication. However, a part ot' the harrenness of one year may prohalily he attrihiited to my allempt to I'or.'c across lictween the N'irj^iiiia does and the Mack-tailed liuck. to el'l'ect which I kept (piite a nuinlier of the does in one of t he |>arks w ith that liuck alone, hut none of them had fawns, and my e\peiimeiii was a failure. Indeed, the huck ])aiil no more attention to tin- does, so far as we could ohsei've. than did the Southdown ram ill the same inclosure. I'^acli would drive ;i <|oe from coveted food witii e([ual rudeness. 'I'he want of vij^oi- and reproductive pf)wers in the deer are prol)- :ihly due, to sonu; extunt, at least, to the want of arl>oreous food, iif which th«! N'irginia Deer Iiavt; to a largo extent heen deprived. However, a want of proper food is not the sole cause of the dete- rioration produced by doine.stication. The confinement which prevents them from roaming abroad, the want of exercise, and the absence of that constant vigilance, prompted by the instin- t ef self preservation to avoid imemies, no doubt, have a large in- tliieiice to produce tlie result I have observed. Hut we may not he able to wdiolly explain why it is that a considerabh; [»ropor- lion of the Common Deer taken from the wild state and subjected t'l the influence of domestication, so deteriorate as to become 20 ! ..!^ fin Hllf'M 80G THE I)i:ki; of amkuica. oitlicr wlmlly of partiiilly Itiirrcn, and their pfOLjcMy in a, few l^rncratiniis iKfCoiiic so ('iil"('fl)lc(l as to dii' out altou'ctliiT. Hm Wf have seen tliat a lew do :i]p])an'iitly I'ctain niiicli of tlidr native vin'op, and i-eprodnctive iioweis. wliidi tliey transmit in a lai-of di'^i-ct' to their descendants, "{iipsy,'" a I'avoritr ^hn- now tell years old, taken in the wild state when a fawn. did. for sevend years at least, prodnoo heidthy viyoriais twins, al- tlioiiuh siie rarely got arboreous food, exce]it what was lirokm from the tri'es liy storms, or fell in the rourse of nature, — for in the N'orili and South I'arUs the deer have killed off all iln- shrulibery, which was there originally, and whiles the di'teriorat inn in viLTor and re[iroduetive powers was not observable, was ver\ al)iindant. 1 do not desjiair of finally producintj;' a race of dcfi- that will be both healthy and prolitie in domestication, and ihat. too, when conliiied entirely to herbaceous food. To accom[)li-li this, I liav(> no doubt much weakness must b(^ eliminated from the stock, but nature is doing- that, and if but some, survive the test then is the experiuKMit a success, (\tnld we go far enough back in history to learn of tli(> particulars of the domestieation of many of our domestic animals, which now breed and thrive wcil in our hands, we should probably lind some such t'xperience as I have relateil. However, if this be; generally true of the iiiiad- rup<''re<"arious in a wild state than in the parks; yet solitary tleer are frecpiently nut with in the prairies and in tlu^ forests. There is no reeognized monarch among th(^ bucks, though where tliev meet frequently a superiority is soon settle()Mi:s'ri(\Ti(,\\ :!01 111 a fi'w IT. 1)IU of llicir •imit ill ii iritc llni- iwii. ^\\^. wins, al- ls ln'iiki'ii , — for ill Y all ill- cricralinii was vi-ry •(• (li (IriT ami thai. (H'Ollipli.-ll ati'il fi'iiiii lU'vivi' till' 'ar i-nini^li tieation nt' ilirivo wrll rionrc as I the ([iiail- My cxpi ri- ; rcari'il in iiuit'li inmr (|ually |HM- iiiah' arc a l)iil)ly, as a ss inipaii'fii , aftiT tli'\\ ■(" Udt very tcr tilt' iiit- s in a wil'l ^ucutly 111*' ■ks. tliouuli ttletl wliicli. ,(. nioutlis a trr (Icrr. s oUisctl sli.,,!-, as in usual with rams, but th.' halll.. vvas . ■,,!,- tmuotl by pushing, guar.liiig, aii.l alt.unptiiig I., lavak a.'h ..iIi.t's guard aii.l g..a(lii,g whenever a elianee eoul.l In- g,,t, wl,i,'h was very rare. It was a trial .,f strength aii.l ..n.b.raniv, assist..! I,y skill in fencing an.l a. tivity. Th,' c.nt.'st last.'.! f.,r iw., !„, lur.i without the animals lieing on.-.i s.-parated, during whi,.|i ihey fnuglit over perhaps half an aer.' of ground. Alnu.st fr,,m tlie beginiiiiig. both fouglit with their m..utlis opeP,. f.)r th.^v .!,, n.-L protru.!,- tlie tongue pr.uuinently, like tlie ox, wli-m Invathin-r througli the m..utli. S,. ewnly matehed w.'iv thev that l.,.th w.'iv nearly .'xhau-^ted, when .,n.. at last su.ld.Mily turn.',! tail to am! lied; Iii.s adversary pursued him but a litt!.' '.-av. I .■,„dd not detect a scratch upon either suflicient to serap.> .,|V tlu- hair, and the ..nly imnishnieiit sullVred was fatigue an.l a eons.a.a.s- ness of dofeat l.y the van.piishe.l. I may remark that th.- viet,.r was the intruder from the East Park, where he ha.l liv..! with perhaps a dozen .•.)mpaiiious, almost as wild as in a state .,f na- ture, for it is mostly appr.tpriat.'d to tlie elk, wh.-iv visit, ,rs an- not allowed. There ihey can be as se.'lud..d as th.'v please. It contains sixty-liv(; acres, is bnike- with several bri)a.l ravin.'S, an.l IS oveivd with a young forest with many .lens,, thick. 'ts ,,f slirul.s, and is a real j.aradise for the Virginia I),.er wli,.se tinii.i- ity [.roinpts him to .seek seclusi..n. The i>ursuit of the doe by th-' buck coinm..n.>es h.-lore I,,.,- seas.ui has arrive.!, an.l hence f,.r tw.. or tliiv.. weeks she ivniaiiLS as sechuh.d as p.issil.le. He fol!,,ws li..r tra..k with his iiuse to tlio ground, and when started fn. ui h..r h.-d th.. ra.-e is v.'ry ■^liu'it..d ; but she manages to elude the pursuit by mingling with the other deer and again slipping uway. .\o attempt is ma.le by a buck to her.l the does, as is the custom of the elk. an.l l.ii't lew of these deer are found ass....iating t.,getlier during the riifc- tnig seas<.n : but after it is passed they assemble in larg.'r henls tkan at anv other season. mi ^i:i 308 THE i)i:i:n or amiiuka. The f;nvns art.' woiincd by tlu; tinio tlicy im; four moiitlis uM, but they follow tlic dam, — tlu; males for ono year, and llic ic- malos for two years. After tlu; fawns are weaned, tlie does iu'- pi'ovc very rapidly in llesli. Indeed it is astonisliing to see iinw ra2)idly a i)uclc or a doe will improve so soon as the acorns begin to fall. Ten days arc su.Iicient to ehange a poor deer to a fai one, at the time wlien the summer eoat is diseanled and the glossy winter ilress appears. THE ACAPULCO DKKi;.^ While I cannot charge the Aeapulco Deer will) having a wlckiil disposition, it certainly has more courage and condiativeness (liaii any of our other deer, iuid corresponds in these res[»ects with the Ceylon deer. This is apparent from what has l)een already in- cidentally mentiontul in several places in this work. T' 'v An not hesitatt; to attack deer of the other species three time eii' size and strength, and beat them by mere force of courage and will. I shall not now repi-at examples to illustrate this. They seem to be hardy in domestication, but whether tlicv would continue so and would be prolilic througli succeeding gen- erations, are questions yet to \w proved. So far both tlu'y and the Ceylon deer have proved hardy and prolilic, but so it was with the \'irginia deer at first, and it was not till the third m' fourth gtmeration, that tin; great want of vigor and r<'[)rodMcti\i' 1 Wliilo this work is i;(iin;,' tliniui:!! tin' ]irpss, I liiid in tlie Museuiii of ('(/iii]. illa- tive Zciil();;v ot' Ilai'Viini Colk'^e ii iiiomiti'il sprciiiieii of this Aca|iiih'o Di'cr iiiarkn! " Ci rriiK M' riciiniis" iu\i\ ratvvrln'j: to " Ilasslfr Kx|itMlitioii," ami giviii;.' Arajiiili'd as its IdciUion. 'V /v//s .l/i .,/(■««((.< of tlic naturalists is imicli lar^rtii- than this (kii, anil has all tin' indicia of C. \'iniiiii(iiiiis, only it is snialhr than the same spceii's tar thcr north. I have found the hest representatives of '.'. Mi.rirdiins in the nanleiis at the London Z(ioliiL;i<'al Society. Without aL;ain ;:oyi.^ into tlu^ dciail of the indicia oliscrM'd, I may say that the metatarsal <:land is ])rc>cnt on ' '. .lA i/cku'^.v, iiinl is in ail rc>]ic'cts case marked ])recisely as on the conin.on deer; while this i:lanil is cntii(l\ wanting; on <'. .\riijiiilc( nsls, ami so it is on the mounted s]>ecimcn referred to. It i- not rema'.'kalile that one who has not made a sjieeial study ol' the deer, should con found the two, and so 1,'ive the snuiller iind more southern species the name ol the other, actually helievinf^ them to he identical. JIad not the name Ci rrmt M loll}.' attached. Hence I was compelled to give it another name in onler to pnser\e the projier distinction. If travelers, ami even naturalists, have hitherto supposed these two si)ecies of small Mexican deer to he identical,! trust hereafter they will have no trouhle in distinguishing and identifying a .spei'imcn of cither whenever in i with. Ih M IfA/UT AXl) DO.MF.STICATIoX. 809 l)()\v.'rs wore so fatally iiianifcst. 'I'lie .sccoiul gciu'ratioii of tlio Cevloi) lost two the past suninicr, one in vcaniii"-, and the otli.-r when 1 was absent, and from an nnknown cause. The fact that they never saw snow till they came into my grounds, when they were fully adult, and have" borne three win"- ters, the two first very severe, without injury, except the loss of small poi'tioiis of the ears, would indicates tiiat they have har.ly constitutions, naturally; but that two of the secondgoneration (if the C.'ylon deer hav(! had the swelling under the head indicates :i tendency to weakness; but the fact again, that both recovered without treatment, while the disease, if left to take its course, lias always proved fatal to the common deer, encourages the be- litif that they possess a large amount of vitality. Certain it is that they have been much more healthy in domestication than either the mule deer or the Cohnnbia deer, although nnu'h further removcKl from their native habitat, and from the torrid zone to a rigorous climate, where they liave endured a, temperature at times forty or fifty degrees below tlie freezing pf)int of water, while the houK! of the latter is at least as cold as it is here. It is safe to say then, that they aro ca[)able of enduring greater cluinges in tlie conditions of life than the larger species, which are sure to die in a few years, upon being brought from the Pacific coast, or even the Rocky Mountains, to the cast of the Mi.ssi.ssi))pi Jiiver. IIYI5KIDJTY OF THE CEU\'JI).E. As lias liccn alrciuly several tiiiu's iiitiiiiiitctl, nature seems to have establislied a law ol' sexual avei'sion not only ariono- tlie genera, luit even anioiiL; the species of animals ami [)lants, wlii.-h is more or less intense as tlu^ dividing- line which se[)arates the species is more or less [)ronounced. 'Ihis ii\ersion is mor(> poicnt with the ftMuahi than the male, and is mori^ commanding in the wild state than when they are brought together in conrmemeiii. and [lartial or complete domestication. 'J'his aversion is suilicient to ]>revent the commingling of l)lood of speci<'S vi'i'v nearlv allied when unrestrained in tlu; wild state, though inhaljitiiiL;- abundantly the same wild range, and perhaps this law of si'xual aversion may furnish as saft^ a rule as any to distinguish specii> from varieties. A'arieties are never constant and distinguishable in the same district of country, for the simple reason that tin it is no sexual restraint, wdiich absolutely prevents the maintenance of hereilitary distinctions which distinguish varieties, and so woujcl it hap[)en among species, were there no natural restraint to keep them asunder. When such restraint exists which amounts to practical prohibition, nature itself declares a |)ui'pose to luaintain ji s})eciiic distinction. If we recoguiz(! the law of evolution, then the lines of separa- ration of divergent families from an original stock, have become so widi'ly separated as to inter[)ose this luw of sexual avei'sion betwei'U them, ami we shall be sure to liml ])ermanent physical characteristics dep I sexual aversion, satisfactorily declares distinct species, where, a long time Itefore, when the lines of divergence w(>re less sep- arated, they were but varieties, with sciycely impaired sexual inclin-ations for i-ach other. We may adndt that sexual intercourse sometimes occurs be- tween individuals of ditVtMvnt species in tlu; wild state, \mM a^ we see unnatural impulses manifested sometimes in both niaj and brute, but they are so exeecidingly rare as to be entitled to no iniluence in the general discussion, and we may if you chouse agree with those who eoiiteml that when such intercourse dee- ',>■* ■ iiYi'.uiDiry (IF Till: (iinvin.i:. 311 seems to ri()ii<4 till' lis, ^\•l^u•ll unites till- )re ]»ntciit lip,' in till' irineiiiciit. ; sulUcleiil ry iii'iirly inliiiMtiiiL;- of Si'MlIll sll SJi('rii'> iiguislialilc that tliciv ii'mteiiaiifi' 1(1 so wouM lit to ki'i'|i IHOllllts In iiia'mtaiii of sejiara- Lve becoini' al iiversiou lit pliysiral taiu'cs. liut tlie law "t 's, where, a re less si'ji- ired sexual , ooeiirs hi'- ate, just as 1 both iiiaa . I'lititliHl 1.. VoU ehocis.' VOUl'Se (In. > tiiko place it is more apt to he fertile, than when the imlividiials are in eoniinement or semi-domestiention. Indeed we sjioulil an- ticipate such a, residt, for as I show elsewhere. iiearl\- all wild animals are less fertile in eoniinement thiin in the wild state, and this arises not so iniieh beoause of less inelination to sexual inter- course, but because such intercourse when it does oc(;ur is less fruitful. I)Ut it is not my [)urpose to o-o far back of the present and H'r()p(! my way in intricate ])aths which at best must be iait im- perfectly lighted up. and discuss subjects not embraced in mv present in(iuiry. and which 1 am less (pialified to examine than others who can brinn- to their ehuMdation a much broader imiuii'v and much more abundant facts than are at mv command. .Mv audiition rather is to briu"' new fads arising- within the limited sphere of my observations, which will serve as a sinele brick to be ]ilace(l by other and mor(^ eom|)etent hands in the e-i'cat struc- ture of ultimate truth, the construction of which is already com- menced in tlie world of science. Ife who shall furnish the most accurately observed facts, will provide the most acceptable mate- rial lor the hands of tlie architect, and an exhaustive in(|uir\ as to facts even within ji very narrow si)here will have onl\ done that which must be done in reference to all other siilijects before the skillful ,u-eneralizer will be provided with the iiecessaiv material for his (i-reat work. A very common error lias prevailed, even to some extent in scientific (quarters, that hybrids, or the issu(! of parents of dilVerent species, are iKM'essarily unfertile ; in other words, if a supposed hybrid is ca[)ableof ])ropa,t^atioii it is conclusive evidenci! that tin? parents were of tli(^ same species. The fact that hybrids are less likely to be productive or ai'e less fertile than the proe-eny of parents of the same species is undoubtedly triKS and a fertile oifsprinn- _<;oes a veiw lon^' wav to prove that tin; parents wen; of the same species; but there are many well antheiiticated cas(>s of fertile hxbrids. The most couuiion and familiar hybrid is the cross between the ass and the mare, which as .a general rule is incapable of propau'a- tion, either among themselves or with either parent, and this no doui)t has had a large inlluence in creating the general belief re- h'l'red to: still there are many cases where the mule has bred from the horse; and Dr. Morton says that this is verv common in Spain. In his essay on hybridity. ])ublis]ied in the - American Journal of Arts and Sciences,"' 1S47. pan,. 21:^, Dr. .Morton has It; 31 1> 77/a; j)i:i:ii or amiiuka. collected toi/etlu'r iiiiiiiy I'aels on this subject, teiidilin' to h ■ o\v tlic I'ei'tility of iiiaiiy liyltrids jtrodiieed from very distinct species. iind soni(^ from ./:. ■.',]:] bctw.M'ii tlic Vir-iiiia buck and the Aca|)iili'(t d'.c In tlic first case the iiiah" was three years old. in full Iieahh and vi^or, and the female was two years old, in tint' comlition. Diirint;- that sea- son there was no buck of her on-n species about tin- place old cnoni^'h for service. She did not re<-eive the Colmnbia i)u.k. with which she iiad been loii^- acipiainted, till six weeks after the usual soason. IJefore the fawn was dropped she had liecoiue sickly and both the mother and ..iVsjirin^' died within t'oiir inonlhs after. I had previously kept the same in;de with an older female mule i\oi-y conlined ton'ether in a, small indosure for some montlis during- the proper season, but she refused all iiis advances jH'rsistontly, nor did hr, manifest much ardor in the pursuit. 'J'lie year before I jiad kept this same female mule deer with a mahi of the same species, and a female ( "ulumbia deer with t liis s;iiii,> male of that species in the vineyard, and each doe pnnluceda jiair of fawns true to their species, although the male (,f r. „iii- i'l-nt'is was older and stronger than that of ('. ( '■'/iHH/'i'iniix. ;\ui\ always manifested a hostile disposition towards him. so that it was clearly the choice of the b'lnalc which determined the jiater- iiity. In the second ease, both male and female were in line comli- tion ; had been brought from California in the same cage, and for ii time at least after their arrival associated much together; and I liad no male deer of tlu- same species with the female, and still they passed by tin? ordinary season without coupling, and the union only took [)lace six months later, and the ulTspring when, produced was still-born, or at least was dead when found. The next fall th(> (\'ylon buck met with an accident and died before the rut. In his al)senc(( the Ceyhm does associated, prob- ably reluctantly, with a Virginia buck, from which the oldest produced two hybrids, and the youngest one. These were liorn after the usnal season, but have always been healthv and vigor- ous, and jiartake largely of the (lualities of tlie sire. They are nearly as large as the Virginia fawns of the same age, and the tutt of hair over tli(> metatarsal gland is so conspicuous that it may be seen nearly as far as on the Virginia deer, while on their mothers it can only be seen on very close inspection. All tin; Ceylon does have freely bred to the Virginia buck ever since. The Acapuleo doe which hud reluctantly bred to the Cevlon buck six months after the usmd time, after his death refused the advances of tin' Virginia buck for the first season, but linally •submitted, und produced two iiue hybrids, which, by November, P,14 THE liEER or AMI.iniA. p< .' . 4 ilW wove ii'.'iirly iis larifr as tlii' iimtlici'. ( )i\ tlicst^ tlii' tiil'l nf liaii- over llic iiKitatarsal sexual aversion already iioteil. XoiK! of these hybrids have as yet bred, though I shall lie disappointe(l if tliev do no*^ prove reasonably fertile. In every in procuring hybi'ids the females instance wliere I 1 lave succeed'"; i iiave not had access to males or their own species. \\ herever there has been such o{)[Hirtunlty, the}' have always bred true to the species. Xow that I have procured an Acapulco buck, it be interesting to know whether the female of that species forsake her unnatural associations with the \'irginia buck. wil wil During the summer, these Aeapulco deer seemed to take no notice of each otiier, but in September I generally found them in the vicinitv of each other: but the doe, which was fiillv ( )ne er- third larger than the young buck, showed lierself a vicious t inagant, and chased him about fearfullv, especially if she saw me feeding him. liy November he began to resent this, and would turn upon her and exchange a few passes, and bv tin; lirst of December he succeeded in coiKjuering her, and now seems to lead a more peaceable domestic life. I never saw him ap|)ear to pay the least attention to any other doe in the ])ark, though I was verv anxious to st>e him with the Cevlon d( Still I have i nv III! ap[)i>'liensions that botii the ('eylon and Aca])ulco iloe.s will ag; breed to the common bucks, fcjr mv observations have convinced ffv/ih'/hrrv i>r Tin: cr.iivin.K. r.l.-) iiic tiiiit whi'ii a fcinalc lias oiicc bred in a iiialr nf an<)tIi(M' species .she lifcoini's (lrl»aiicli('(l and so (liMiiorali/.cd that she is inclined li> receive aiiytliiiit,' that i^onn^s alnni;-, no matter how repulsive he may Iiavt! heeii at first. I fad not this Ai-apnlco doe jirst allowed hersi'lf to lui sediieod hy the C'eylon buck, which so much rcsfMnhled her in size, form, and coloi-, and with whom she was so well aciiuaintcd, I vei'y much douht whether she would ever liav(^ received the attentions of the N'ir^inia ImcU, nearly three times her size, and dilVerinL;' from her in so many im]>oi'iant par- ticnlars. I5nt onci- having' suhmitted to the Cevlon ImcU, sin; cociuettcd a while with the lar^vr species, and finally suiimitted. Still I hnpe she has virtue ennuuli left to return to jier own sp(>cies, now that she has an oppdi-tunitv. AN'hile it is undoubtedly true that the sexes of the same s])ecies will, as a c-eneral rule, associate too-ethei- when they can, and nninifest no inclination to intei'bret>(l with a. neai'ly allied species, yet we sometimes 9,va\ nnnatnral attachments between opposite sexes of dilTerent genera even, in domestication at least, which seem to overcome tlu' natui'al rei)nL;-nan('e which ordinarily pre- vails. A remarkable instance of this once occurred in mv erounds. \\'hen I had but one male elk, with several females, a strong at- taclnnent grew up between the buck and a two-year old Din-ham heifer, so tiiat he abandoned the society of the female elk, as the heiter did tliat of the cows in the same inclosure with which she liad been reared, and they devoted themselves exclusividv to each other. When they laid down in tin; shade to ruminate, they were always found close together, and wlien oik; got np to feed, the other would immediately follow. They ke[)t away bv them- selves, idways avoiding the, society of all the other animals. \\ henever the heifer was in season, which ocenrred (pute I'egn- larly eveiw month, sIk; accepted the embraces of the elk, without showing an inclination to seek the other cattle ; nor did this seem to b(! the result of any constraint. 'J'his intercourse continued throughout the summer, during the <'ntire growth of tin; antlers of the elk, but unfortunately he was killed before t\w rut com- menced with the fennde elk. It is hardly iu>cessary to state that no im[)regnation over occurred from her intercoursiMvith the ellc, and so far as this instance; may go to establish it, we may con- cludi> that the constitutional dilVerences of the elk and the cow are so great that they cannot successfidly interbreed. Probably no intelligent naturalist of the present day would n iim :){i\ Tin: i>i:i:i; i>f amiiiuca. • f'lvn till- Ifiist ri'tMlriici- to llii^ storii's (tf the iiii('"n'i\ts (if ii livlirni ruiii I' Altl Dill :iiiil tl K' niiiri'. which til.. V ri'iicli caUcd iiiimir 1()iil;1i tlii'v iii'f h'ss unliUii t'adi nthi'f thiiii thi' wolf and \\\o sh('c|), still ihi' liiiiiiiilary hctwccii tiiciii is lar too hroaii to rciiih'r iiitt'i'l)ri'c(hii;4' in the rt'iiiott'st dcnrt't' iiroliaMc. Still less dis>iiii- ilar af !hi' Cci'vida' and the l»os, for thrir dij^cstivc and ni'iicra- t ivi' oi'i^ans an- oil the same general plan, hut in other res]iccls they ai'e so very dissiniihir in their organization and ei'ononiN, that we should re(|iiire tlie most eonelusiv(^ ]>roof hefoic we cMiild lielieve thai their union could ever prove I'ertile. 'I'lie most con- spicuous, or at least ohvious distinction is, that one has a hollow, permanent horn, while that of the (jtlier is solid and temiiorary. A much ell oser alliaiu'e. o r at least similitiKhs is found hetw eell the n'oat. the sheep, anil the antelope, and yet all naturalists have agreed in placing thein in separate! genera; but for all this. 1 know not how to reject the »;videni'e that the sheep and the goat liave sometimes ])ropagated togetluu', and that their hybrid ot'l'- spring have proved permanently lertih ir ow much more nai ily, then, may we admit the interbrooding of elosely allied species — as all the deer oertiiinly are, — and that their hybrids should sometimes be t'a})able of reproduction, althougli the repugnance is so great that when unconstrained they do not ap^troacli . er. and I state inv re isoiis in ano tlier pi; tor con- sidering them if not al)solutely identical in species, at least very nearly allied, and that probably they have descended from the same ancestors. I have been so much interested with the fol- lowing account of hybridizing the wapiti and the red deer, — if that be the true term. — from " Land and Water," that I cannot do better than to copy it : — The Prince I'K dio 1 las targe possessions in Sii(>siii, has sut Si]( li ceoded. utter repeated trials, in obtaining a cross between the Wapiti (^Cerrii.t ('uninfeiisis), and tlie connnon red deer. " III isi'i-i the Prince bought fourteen Wa[)itisfroni Coinit Arco. a l>:i- varian iteiitleiuan, wlio had reared these from four broiiixlit from C'aiiaila f: I tt I iiYiiinhrry or rin: <■/■:/,' ii/i.i:. ••ir MX y.'MiN iiivvi.Mi^ly. Tlicy lia.l tliiivcii jiml l.ivd urll in |||r 1,I,.,.,1^ 'll"llllt,liM rliiiialr ,,(■ till' Ih TclltCSUil'lt'll. " < >lll nf III,, (niirlrcli, scwi, Wdv |iiii,|, far i:(.|ir W illl ruW. •|'|„, I,,.,,,,,.,. wim )ia.iv.m| i.y ih,. nx- of proper rrtnr.lies. 'J'h,. ,|i.,.a.t. was a distr,M|M.r I'r.MHiht on |,y fi,,..hn,i,r on tin sonr-for.-t ,nra>.. an.l i. ••all,,! in C.-rinaii 'Anthraskrankh.-if.- of wlii.'h thrrc aiv (lill'crcnt phra,.,. .Mii/j,,.,.,,,,!. Liiniicnhrand, Karhunclf. Ivu'lic •■Tho Mirvivors wcro ivniovr.j to hinhrr ami h.althifr -nnuMl. An- oth..r fell a virtim I.) the .li>t..inp.-r. anW fonr now r.niain..',l. whirl, ,uul- ''l'li'''l rapiJly. Kv.ay hind .Iroppr.j h,r calf n-nlarly. 'I'l,,. .h.r were imalliM'i.d \,y ,.,,M; for in a tmiprraturc of lift, en ,l.';!rrc,'s i,, twi^n- ty-thrc- ,l,.Mr.M.. l„.l,,w /.wn ( Kcaunnir). tlna lav ont in an rxp,,.,.-! wiii.ly sp,.t. Still tin- (lisfnip.T nMn'wed il> atl"a,k, ..yrrv war. aiMJ soMirtinii's Willi .h'udly ivsnit. s,) tlial the sioi^k linctiiatcd in iin'mhcrs I.,.- twocn two ami fonrtccn. ••I'lir l,r,.,.,iinirof th,. pnr,. Wapiti app-arin- to 1„. a faihnv, it was diriilod to try a cross with th,> native r..l ,|c,t. althonuh /o,.l,,-i>t> Ind prononnc.l tills to hv. an iin|H,s>il.iliiy. m- at lca>t Iiad pivdict,,l' that ihc olf-piiiitr Would 1)0 sK^rilc. '•Fifteen hinds of the c,)iiinion red il,-,.r i-rcd wen, laki'ii aii.l ,.n- dosed in the nei-lihorho,.!! of th,j Wapiti> : and in the rnttiiii; season a tiiree-year old Wapiti stan- was a(hiiitt,'d t,) tluMii. A lw,..vear ,d.l Wapiti stag -ot livo calves. Half-i,ree,l hinds, wiieii thive years ,d.|, Iiore calves, and thus tin; f.'ciiiidity of tlw liyl.ri,ls was afiiif >irr,.m/,/i in spite ,.f the zooloo-ists. As the supply ,,f two-y,.ar ohl Wapiti -ta-s faile,| they were replaced Iiy yearlings, which, however, invariahlv di.'d. The two-year old stags of half breed w,uv eindosed and s,-parat.i| fr,.m the hinds. A two-year old Wapiti stag admitted t(j the half l.iv,| hinds was replaced hy one of mixed breed. The pr,.,hice of the hinds pn.veij that the cross ,.f the Wapiti stag with half I.iv.mI, was a sure,.-,.. *• Karly in ISCs all tlie pure Wapitis except on,' hail died. aii,l there remaine,! twnty-eight hea.l of half Iu'cmIs. of which three or fmir had been twice and some oiiee, crossed with pinv Wapiti. The breeding \.itli the half i)lo,ide,l stock is to be eoiitiiined. and tiiey are to be let uito the open forest when the present space becomes too small. "The half breed deer is of colossal size, little inf.-rior to a Wapiti in Imlk and antlers. Its roar is less souoroiis than that of the red d(;er. A four-year old Iialf breed, twice crossed, carries large antlers with f,.nr- teen points. In general appearance it resembles the red deer but is laimT."' nis 77//; i>i:i:n or ami.iuca. if Ij't iiH' a^;iiu rc|ii'at lliat 1 aiii slrnii^ly iiicliiinl tnilif c)|hii- inii. liuwrviT, llial tliis is iKil a real case ol' livltridil \ , Inil thai tlif I'iiiiM|icaii stau,' ami iiiir \va|iiti should \n\ raiikt'd as s|)('cili(all\ tilt! suiuc, liaviii;^' dcscfiidfil (irij^'mally frcin the saiiK' pi'iin^cnitMrs, tlioiiyh I'lii- a, loii^ tiiiH! tlicy hiivc liccii s('[)aratiMl liy iiiipassahlc pliysiral harriers, iuid sn have dcscciidccl in S('|>aratf liiics. duriiiLj which |i('rmaiH'iit, i-haiin'i's liavi! taUt-ii placi' in i-afii, many ni' tlum divcrnin^s di' n|)|insit(', while in other and more permaiieiil cliai- ai'terislies. no cliaiiLji! lui.s taUen place. liiit this ipiestioii I mn- sider elsewhere. I rei^ret. that similar experiments haver not to my knowledge hi-en Irii'd with our luoost; and the I'luropean eJU, ami oui' caiilioii and the liaplaml I'eiinleor. I doulil not that they would lireed i'reely ton-ether, with a, I'ertih^ progeny. Ill ALIMKNT. [Tin So iiiiii'li \\.i- licfii said ill Milirr plaics, nf lin- I'imkI ii|iii|| ulildi tllC Nal'iiills S|ii'cics dl' nlir (Irir >l||i>i,N|. that we lli'id ilc\(.ti' lillt littlr Sjiacf tip this liiallch of oiir silliiri't linw. All the { 'i r\ iiLi' ari' ^liictiy vi-^i-tariaiis ; ;_;i'iii'iall\ . llir\ cnii- siiiiic iiiipic arliHi'fdiis I'lKid than iiinst nthcr iiiiiiiiiaiits. luii iioiii' (li'|Miiil ii|iiiii it exclusively. The Mnosr almie hahiliialK eats tile leaves alld twin's (if the ei iiiil'i'is. Ill IJn' wiiitiT. |iailiei|- larly, they siilisist larj^cly iipuii these, and, iml I, tln'v laki! them at all seasdiis when mi't with. Mr. .Mnnill >a\s. that this is s(i iiiueli the case that their diii|i|iiiins emit a vei\ |MMiL;'eiit odiil', delised i'lOlll their ever^leeii I'lind, whieli, liki' inil>l<. is \erv ilj^reealile td Sdliie jiedple, while to dlheis it is \crv dni'ii>ive. They cdnsiiiiie, lai'gely, also, the leaves, twills, and haik >>{ the decidiidiis trees, to dhtain which tliev ImmkI down lai'"'e sapliiies: iind in their wintin* yards they denude tlie laiLi'e trees oj' their bark as hlL;li upas they can reach. 'I'd dd this ihi'V place the exti'cinity of the upper jaw, whicli is fiirnished with a soi't of pad, iieainst the tree, ami scrape upniirdri with their powcrfid incisors, teai'iny ol'f the (hick, nuigli hark with astonishiiiL;' furcf and facility, lint they partake of Jierhaceous food as w( II, thoni;li they cannot conveniently L;ra/.e like otliei' riiminants, luit they can crop the ends of Idiii;- erass, which is dfieu f(,Mnd in the marshy grounds whicli they frequent in the summer time. At this season, also, they de[)eiid laro-ely on as hciu'ath it, :ind l>y kouk' unexplained nieiins seems always to select the hest places. I irviX my herd of I^lk in winter almost exclusively on corn (inai/.e) stalks, and they will keep fat u|)on them if only fhev n'et enouLih, tliipug'h they he compelled to oat all tlio stalks not lar<^er than one's linL;er. They an; promiscuous consumers, thoui^h e-rcat fcedei's, re(piirine' as much to kce[) them as the same lunnlter of our lilack cattle ; hut they will eat i;ri'cdily damaged hay, which the cattle or horses would reject. After we commence feeding them in winter thev stop foraging for themselves, until their rations ai'c stiijtped, and they are forced to it hy two or three; days' fasting. They make no attemjtt in the winter to ^-trip tln> hark from even the wild apple or tin; })oplar, although thev do this sometimes, though larely, in sumnu'r. In ii very few years they killed out all the shruhhery in their park, and keep tin; trees thoroughly trimmed as far as they can reach. 1 am not aware that they ever eat the leaves or twigs of evergreens, nor have I ever known them to i-at tlu' parasitic lichens which fre- (jueiitly grow upon the trees, or the mosses found on decaving lojfs. Thev an; vci'V fond of all sorts of grain, and it is astdiiish- ing In see wlitit an enormous ear of maize they will take ami crunch up at once. I'jven the cob, after tlie corn has all heeii removed, I have never known them to reject. They soon learn to come to the ctill of one who feeds tliem, in the latter part of the season. Iml in the summer, when the gniss is sweet iind ten- der, they are mon; indilYerent, iuid may refuse to answer. I'xitli species of Caribou livi; largidy upon !i variety of lichetis found in their res[)ective ninges. and indeed these seem iudis- pensable io their \t'ell-beiiig. At least it is so with tlu? iMiropean reindeer, for when'ver they tire ke[)t in gardens or menageries the mosses from their natives ninges have to be im[)orteil for them. »rhis. Iu)wever, is not their only food. They, too, feed upon the trees iind shrubbery, iind upon the grasses, wherever they Iind them. The experienced hunter follows them through the bush with gretit fiieility by noticing where they have cropped the tw igs or stripj)ed the niosa from the trees in passing, iind by careful inspection will judge something of their number, tuid ' Li-,.. A/JMi:x/\ ■)-2l l>v (lie ''I'licv I'lVrlv I.-m nnvntlytlpyluv. p;tssr.]. This ornppl,,. i. ,lo„, '"""••' ""'"'"t ^f'ri'in.U' to f ll,„t ;,s it walks ulo,,,. tnk,. tl,. vanouskin.Isnf .,.ass..s f„uml in tli.-ir „.„;;. ..v,..v. seo..ryhyaFreneh..h..nnst,wh,,hassu. h.l in -;xlrae,n;,aleohol,nlar^e,p,antitieslVon, liehens. and espeeiallv ''•''"' !'"; ••''"'<'"<■'• .noss (identical in Knr.,pe with that nf Kuu-i- :•;•). i>^ int,.resting, and readily suggests the value of this'prin,- ■tivev..gvtat.on,,nsupportingani,ual life in that i.oreal eli'naie :r;"'TT" "";"^'' '■ '''■^'•''■^'''-'^"-^-hiehapp.a.st.l,; ■tytaph. h>..l, tin- ('ard.a, partakes ..!■ tlH. /,v;.. 7,. .Jv.MAVA^^^^ /'"^™-0, una ..h.r parasitic liclu-ns growing ..n the hark of Hvs and .s exem]:n,>y f..nd of the /-.... which grows on the •oughs (espec.al y a.tecting the tops) of the black spruce, in I^..^ IH^ndent naaks. i- the forests on .he ( -und.erlaud liilk in ^ovaN..tK^ .aave observed the snow quite trodden down durin.. "- n,ght .y ^ue Caribou, which i,ad resorted to i:i:n of Ameuk'a. stnin^*' l)iit well !uitlii-'iiti(';it('(l tiistc of tlic I'oi'nicr iiiuiiuil by ih'voiiiiiig till- Iciiimiiijj; ;' ollicrwisi! the liabit.s of tlu; two vari- ctics arc pci'fcctlv similar as i'c'<^av(ls food." Spcakiiii;' of tlui ISarrcn-^roiiiid ('ai';l)oii, Sir .lolm Ivicliarilsoii savs 'riic lichens on wliicli \\\v. ('arilmii feed whil >>ii till' )arrc'n ^rnimus arc the ( 'iirnit'iildri'i tr/'s/is, (livrr' ctually seen a C()X(iEXEi>S. On; study of the American D.vr would be < juifi' ineomplrte, lifan s|i('rics were we to onnt a con.parison of them with Kuro,,..,,. s,,..,.h.s und seewhetherwe there lind their amdogi..s. I iLv.- pm-sued tnsuupnry with so,ne industry, and find nothing ti.ere. bear Mudia sinnhtnde to our mule deer, our black-taih-.l d.-er our ^nJ,una.er or our Acapul.o deer, as to suggest \J: ng n, at leas m mod-rn times, even in a geological s.ns,.. I„ the lorm of the antlers there is nothing whieh m„ ,..,, ane ••.•iHtKmsh.p, although all are composed of the same nn.tirial an -e gnnvn n. the .une way, and all are more or h.ss brjl'h!!;; chamcterisfcs winch .listing.dsh the Cerviche from all other rami- nants. ' _ In other parts of the world we find many species of doer with unportant pecidiarities, widch are entireh- wanting in a «l-c.es. We have others, however, whicli are s.rnearlv lil Lurope=ui siH-eies that we feel constrained to deelare that thc-re is no speeihc dillerence between them. THE MfXtsiO ANO TIIK KMv. The first of these wideh demand our attention are tho \meri- J-an Moose and the European Klk. These are not alike abso- lutely, nor are the individuals con.posing the distinct varieties in ..ich conn ry; but the distinctions, whatever thev are. must be <1^|ternnned by the average of large numbers in' each eouutrv when, we may an y conclude, they aris. fn.m the dilferen, ,..„- 'I't.ons .n winch they have lived, during the manv ages the v iKive Inn^n separated by impassable physical barriers: Fpn.sc.nt an dlustrat.on of the Scandinavian Elk, and the reader cal, r - dy compare with him the Moose at page 08. T1U3 Anu.ri..an Moose is larger in si^ and darker in <-olor than the European Elk. These .listinctions have been recognised e " .nee the American variety was first discovered by those familiar -th the other variety. This is only ascertain^ ^bv observin./a arge number, for individuals may be found whicl,'if considered by themselves, would contradict the conclusion. There is no m ii O.l 24 'JHi: DKim OF AM Kill ('A. (l(inl>t, mon; vtiriiitioii in color as well as in si/.c olisfM'vcd anionfr (Mir Moose than among tlu; Kast<'i'n ICIk. Soino attain to enor- mous size, largei- than anv individuals found in the north nf luirope. and some are black to a den-pee never met with aiuonL;- the others, while other smaller and lighter specimens are niei with lu-re not essentially diiVerine- from the average of those foniul in I'^iirope. i ' «i W'" Scandinavian El<. There is, too, an observable dilYerenee in tiie antlers, although in both the general characteristics are the same. The antlers ;ire not much smaller on the Elk than on the Moose, in proportion ti' the size of the animal, bat they are less palmated, that is, a less proportion of the volume of the antler is spread out in the l)alm, and a greater proportion devoted to the cylindrical parts. IJcsides the palms being less, relatively, the tines, set upon their borders, are larger and longer than on our variety. While this is true as a general rule, it is by no means universally so. I lia\e "A ^7;.^7;/^s•. y^ seen siK'ciincns .,[• tli.. M,k,s.. iiutlcrs, wliciv ti piilins WL'i-i' ([iiitc as stmit mid 11' tin • ■S ll|lnll t iM-aii ^,l^i(•ty. and tlic cxainincr \v( uld tlit-ni an eastern orij^in, tl o], tlie lar: lit'sitate, wiiile I woidd he little ex as loni;- as on anv I'l iiin tlie .iii-n- >e inclined to assign tn ;'e si/e niiu'lit make him llle witl no peciniens m tl le east \vl lere It ii;;^vi'ation to sav that tl !<■ whole antler w ;T<'at palm, as in the Ilulifax speeim.Mi shown in tl (<">fr, p. l!):!). 1 think all liii-o(. lunnhers of i)otl IS one le illustration antlers of the M I'areful ohservers who have examined 1 varieties, will a,ui-ee with me tiiat the (ii)S(! are Have lesseoiispieuous tines than tl I 1 i« ii ,uenei-al rule, more paliiiated, and lose ( .ft! >\\('l lave .selected those for illustration, which I 1 lish !•: w nil- ii fair idea of tl M'lieved would iioiK! of those extreme le average form of the Kll U'n e antlers, I met with oases sometimes met with here, and iion. sliowing larger relative palms and less tines tl illustrated (see dute, ])p. lit.'), l!i;i). \ lan some of tl lese illustrations of the A mav sav tli e same o the Ilalif merican varietv. tl louoh the IX museum should, undouhtediv, b specimen troin deriiig on tlie extreme eonsidered as I II ir- '11 le ililVeren tl iinals, and in the form of tl iL'u, consists in the si/e and U! antler, tli eolor of the an- sa me oiigh ill the lattt general diaracteristies prevail in hoth ■V tin ferenees occur in a majority of cases, versa), nor are entire similitudes in tl or even uncommon. W liile tl lese ( tl lif- ley are hv no means iini- lese regards extrenielv rai Souk comparative anatomists or osteolo..Ists I they could discover a dill others could not see. W 10 species of this o-enu lave •i-i'iice in the forms of the cr tl ile the form of t le skul supposed iiiia, which in each of IS investigation, a slight, and at most a doiihtful, .liiV ill tli cannot he allowed a cont been unable to find the supposed dill prepared to admit its actual exist s is very constant, and s< ) oi ii'rea t val lie ercilce rolling influence. For mvs<'|f I I lave erence, a ml am \>\ no mean claimed is, that however, I repeat c'lice. Tlw most that has I one is a little broader than the other, wl is not an accepted fact. W cell lich. 1-cally appreciable, it would bo open to the inspection of all. Ill all other respects these animal ere the din eri'iice I can detect no other dill'ei universally recognized, f(.r it is s are preciselv alike, at least la-etended to do so. ences, and I know of ikj one who has I will refer to a few of tl peculiar to this animal. lu similitudes, some of whicl ;-'h are :52t; 77//; hi:i:u of amkhh .\. Tlicy occupy tlic iioi'tlicrii porliDiis of hotli conjiiicnts. lu-iiifr only cxcci'ili'd ill tlicji- iiortlicrii r.'iiiL;i' liy tlic rcimlccr. 'I'licv iiiiist liv( ill ;i wooilcd coiiiitrv. 'I'Ih'v alTcct the s.iinc kinds ol' fond, and arc tiic only deer wliicli \vc lind iialiii iially lirow.^int; iipiiii conil'crs. 'I'iic whole t'onii of tlic animal )iieseiits niaii\ [iccniiar cliaractcrist ics, entirely wantiiie' in all other animals: jinione' whicii I caiiiiot overlook, that |ieciiliar tuft of lilack hair on the inside of tlie liock. which is exactlv alike on evei\ imli- vidual of iiotli varieties, so far as it has lieeii ])ossilile to exumiiie. while never a elmid or tuft of hair is found mi the outside of the liiiid h.'L;", althoiinh this is cNcejitioiial in the L;enns. I'crhaps the most reiiiarkal)le feature of all is. hoth iiro iiioiio<_f- iiinons in their jiahits. with strani;'e peculiarities, which are ])ai- ticml; \- (leserihed on p. l^TS, rl srij.. where I also show that with the exception of one other species of deer ( ('. niiirr"/ iis ), fo'ind in Ijirope. ;ind :'.oine of the nionkev trilie. so far as I recol- lec!. ha" ! ver seen this liahit ascrilied to any other (|uadrii]>c(l. At any rate u is exceediiiLijIy rare, and so has the inori' value in the cataloeiie of similitu(h's when comparing these animals. How strikiiiely in every detail this ])eculiiir lialiit is practiced l)y the KIk in lMivo[)e as it is by the Moose in America, is there shown. ( )iie could write a hook almost, without exhaustine' the similit ndcs het ween these animals, maiiv of whicli are iieeuliar to them, wliil n !*i; their few and slieht dilferciices are specitied in a few words, ever' one of whicli mav Ix' found in individuals on either eonliiie'it. Tilt; ("AiMiiof AND Till". 1! i:i xi»i:i:i;. That the Iveindeer and our Woodland Caribou art; speciiically identical. I think ei|ually clear. 'I'he divert^'ciiet; whicli has resulted from loiiej separation under somewhat dilTi'rent condi- tions of life is even h'ss, if possible, than that which lias occu rrcii with the two varieties of A/i'cs. Their dilTereiiees are easily eiiii- nierated. The fii'st to be notiiM'd with them is in the anth-rs. 'Idle ecn- eral conHiiuration is the same in liotli. With a lone' and slendei- lieani. first retreatine' and spreadiiii,'. and then curvine- forwaril iind inward, they present fundaniontal jieculiarities observed in none othi'i's of the j;'enus, except that which is (doselv alli<>il to them, to say the least, namely, the H:irren-e-roniid Caribou. i>otli have brow-tines exceedin«ilv variiint on individuals, and even in diiVereiit iintlers on the si line animal, wi th tl le universal eiiarai ts. licillLT kinds III' l)ri)\\ .-'\\) value 111 als. II'iw rd l)y tlic re sliowii. iiniilituilc^ u'ln, wliili' )r(ls. every tiiient. r;|ieeilieally wliicli lias "eiit cniidi- is occiirreil easily eiiii- 'IdlC evii- nid slender ig forward )l).servcd ill \\ allied In ibou. lietll nid even in rsal oliarae- ''i.\i./:\i:/;s. .■127 fensf,,.. I,nwev..r. that lliey sprin- fnuii tln> l.cain in fmnt just :'l»"\e the l.urr in a desr-cndinn- direction iicarlv in llie lacial line '•"•' '•'• '•"til nf which nsually extend nearly the l-n-ll, nf tj,,. f;„.,. iiii'l i^ palmated at the end. |.rcsciitin.,r niinier.nis sna-s ciirviiin. inward. Alx.v... the antler is mure or less palniatc.l. "^'I'h,. ant" h'rs nil liotli varieties are o alii.nt tiic same mai,'niliidc ]n'o| )(ir- timied fi, the size (if the animal. As with the mnnse and the elk, the diirerelicc in these craisists I"'""''!'''">' '" ""' ''^t'-nt '.f th.. palmatatinn. This feature is •'vcn iiaav marked in Tur.m.his than in J/,,,.. They arc als,, h'ss l.ran.'hcd in the l-airupean variety than in the American. These ditlVivnces will he Letter niHlerstuud I,v an examinatinn '•• >li'' illnslratiuns than they cmild he l.v verhal descri|.t i,,ns. These cupied frnm Captain llar.ly's -Forest l.ifc in Aca-lie." i I"'''"""' "•'"•ly <1 ^t'v I' palinatatiun i,, the American variety, and for that very reason are valuahlc as showiiin- to what •'Xleni this f<.atiiiv sometiiiK's uivnrs in this countrv. — an c\lent which I have nowhere found parall.ded in the Kiiropean variety. •''""•'■ i" lil''- ill <-<.llectinns, or illustrations. [ have nict witli'a" few fancy sketches ereatly exaenvratin- the extent and immlH.r ot l.ran.Hi"s antlers, that is, the av..ra-e form. ( ).,(. .If thes... from the Carihon. simws as litth' paliiialati..n as that fr.rm the Pairo- poan ]{einde(.ranr extn-ni.' in this ivgard, and should he s.-t opposit." tims,. from Ilardv. wliil.. tli.. mean h..twe..n them niav he eonsi.l,.r...l th.- truth. ' It will 1... ohserve.l, that the n..arly ]>alinl..ss antl..rs ,,f the Carihou aiv v..rv iHn..h st.-ut.T than tli.ise fn.m th.. Kur..p..an l{..in.l.M.r. If w.. tak.. m.ainted spe..im..ns, t.) h.. met with in puhlic ..olle,- tmns, tlh.y w..ul.| generally !..■ f.a.n.l nior.. palmat...l. lor th.. s ,n- ]>1'- ivason that we ar." apt to seh...t tli.' I...sr. that is. the larc^st. the most l.raud.ing, .)r most palinat...! sp,.,.iinens f..r monnt"ine- • and m.leed th(^ hunter is more apt t.. save th..s,. than inh.rior'or «'i;dinary specim..ns, for the reason that thev will hring him a higlu.r price. These are matt.-rs ,.v..r t.. 1.,: horn., in min.l hv hm. who w.M.ld stu.ly or illustrat.. nature as it actually exists. ' .1//'' , p. J. It;. i'l ill'* I ii :!'! 028 •/■///■; />/;/;/.' or am nun a. One set (tF tlic illllsli';i(i(Piis (if ii lit Id's on the I'JI ro] icii ii l{i'Iiii Iimt. ;ir(' iVdiii ;i liviiin' pair In llir /uriliiMicul (ianlciis at Hrrlin, imd tlic iitlicis ari' laitliliil coiiics i>l" the aiillcrs of a malr iiiid Ifiiialc wild KcindctT, wliicli I luiMiLi'lit Irinii Arctic NOrwav, |irni'iin i| ni TrDiiisiM- (SCI- ii,th\ |i. ijo:;. and j'^st, :V1\\. .V.\U). \ Ikinc not illiis- tralc(' my cxlicinc ca-;cs of |ialnialatioii of tlic i'-nro|ican variclv, for the .sini[»l(! reason tliat I have noL met with them, ihon^li I have examined imuiy collections in iMirope ; still I ha,ve no dunlit tliey exist, though far short of those co|>ied from ( 'aptain I Iard\ "s valiialile work. Those |ireseiited I lielieve fairlv illnstrale the averae'e antler of the l']iiro|)ean \ariety, and liy comiiarison tlii- reader will readily appreciale the dilVereiice in '•triictnre whiili my investie'atioiis teach nit- exists. 'riierc WW. two other peculiarities common to these varieties and not observed on the antlers of the otlier deer, 'i'lie Hr'-t is the excecdiiie-ly small Imrr, which fieipieiitly in some portions of the circiimfcrciice is ipiite waiitiiie-, and in no [lart is ever promi- nent ; and the other is that the lieam is never round, hnt its sur- face [ireseiits roiin 'ed alleles and partially Hat spaces lietwecn them, approiicliiiie- nearer to a Iriauguhir form tliuii any other lie;iire In size tlie I'>iiropeaii IJeindeer, whetlier wild or tame, is appre- ciably smaller than oiir Woodland Carihon, tlioneh much laieer than the Ijarreii-gronnd Cariliou. 'I'liere is as ereat a dil'feiiiire in size lietween the American and the Kiiropean varieties of the Keindcer as there is lietween the moose and the elk, the diftei- I'lici' in liotli iMses beiiie- in favor of the American varieties. Thus \\t.\ see that in the American varieties we have the most [lalmalcd antlers and the lare-est size. 'JMie Woodland Cariliou in exceptional cases attain to a very lai'e'e size; and from the best examination 1 have been able to e'ive tilt; subieet, I think it safe to sav that tliev averaee one t[uarter to one tliinl lare-er than the wiltl Reintleer in iMirope. Captain Ilartly snpposctl that they attain tlieir best dc^veltipmeiit antl perfection tui the Atlantic side t»f the eontinejit ; but further investigations I think teiitl stn)nj>;ly to slif)W" that they are ([iiitc as lare'e on the western sitle of the continent. Ill Xoi theastern Asia tht; Reiiuleer are representetl, as we have elsewhere seen, as attaining an extraortlinary size in domestica- tion ; ami as the experiments in Wt^stern Knrtipe do ntit show that nian"s ilirect care ami dtuninion over them have tentleel to in- crease their develtipment, we m;'.y fairly presume tliat the same , < <>\(;i:,\i:i!s. :;-J!t iiii|ir(i\i'm('iit III >!/,(' iiiiiy Im- iiici iniiuiin' ilu- wild s|»('ciiiii'iis in tlial t';ii' casicni i-cniiilrv. Tli'' (lillcn-iicc in si/c, (licrcrurc, iic- twi'cu llic (Mstfiii ami the ucstcni vaiictirs is nut iiiii\ iMsal. Imt is only "l)scTSi'(l wlirii (Hirs is coiniiarcd willi llinsc dl' tlic Nuitli III' Miirii|'('. In I'lirni, also, there is an a|i|)recialile (lilTerciice lieiween the Anicricaii ami Kiin>|teaii \ai'ieties of this iU'i'w This will he readily appreeialed I'y eniiiiiarin;^- the ilhi^t rations here |)resi'iited iloniesliea- v/v ..^-Chi: Wild European Reindeer, Male. of ii pair of wild Reindeer in the Z(»IiU) at unci' sn^iicst a i'<-latii>nsliip. I iiave had no nioi'r inlncslinL; slii(l_\ (IminL;- my invi'stie-ations than conipariiii;' these animals. Wild European RBino oer, remale In eiilor, also, tliere is a niarked di(T('i'iMie(> bet th woen tile wih d( cr of Norway and onr Caribou, hut unlike, th(> hirg'er speeii's. in whifh the Swedish elk is lighter than tlio moose, we lind tin- >.'()rwe^'ian Ueindeer in the wild state arc very appn'eial)ly darker than ours and nuieli more unit'orm in shade on tin; dill'erent indi- viduals, and es[)eeially with h'ss whiter about the neck. A studv of tlie to a very consideral)le extent, al- though even with tliem a largt^ projiortion retain the dark V»ro\\i: chocolate shaile which is quite uniform on tlu( wild deer, in th;it ren'ion. es|iecially in early wiPiter coat. In all else I have been unable to detect any ditVerence in thesi' f'i\',/:.yi:/!s. ■I'vcr. tliaf •a>t r.iiiii- nincr, aiiil Irai'i'iliiia- iicu(iii> (III I Im'sc aiil- iniis. as Im iilcrcsliiii; iiiiiials. 001 '^^■•; ;^;'''""- "I n.„Ml.vr: a.„l nuLss uv a.vv.rv a,„l,„i„„. „. '''-••M;lys,.....,..s ,, s,.,.,ns I. ,n,. ,|,a, uv ..ann,,, l,,. j„s,i,i...| i„ :('■'•""'-♦'!'!' /'"■^'■^'i^>" -"'' M-a.iv.lv Mni,n,i.nan, ,|i.- '"".■'"■"^;:^'""'' "'•" ■•'"- M'-i nnnn ainu,,. in,|i. i,|,„.,|s „|' "-'•' "ngm, even in r.-uiotc. a.iti.p.itv. If in* l- ; , ,ve can t,..,ee tno separate hues constantly diverui„... i,„„..|, j^ „,,,. ,„, ,,„^ iltlc. we .nay .•atio.,alIy co..clude that, ..ouul w.. t.'aee tlieu, l.aek '="■ ynough while they are consta.>tly appi-oachi... ea.-h oth...., we should at last find tl.e.n u..itiuo. at sou.e p<.iut whenee ,1,,.; • 'oininenced their depart u.-e. If origh.ally fro.u the san.e stock, long a-es ...ust have elapsed sn.ce their fi.ral separation by the interposition of a nhv'i.al l-arner winch could not be overstepped, du.-ing which thev have grown on indepcdently with no possibilitv of i.iterinin.dh,.. to ''.! ' i' I i!i^ i ; ■! 1l!i ;v-:!! 77//; ni:i:i: <>r \\ii:in<\\. lil'ill'J,' tllrlll lilK'k to o'l'cjilrr si llli lit l|i !<• Ill lllf ColiilllOll piirrllt, diiriiin' w liirli tlii'ir (lil'l'crnil nuiditiMiis of lil'i- must liavr i>i;ili- lislicd |'liysir;il |ii'ciili,iiitlrs ill cmcIi. wliicli wuiiltl liiially Imtmiih' licri'ilitary, iiml tlicsc |ir(iiliaiitii's iniist liavc ln'Cdiiic iiiiilli|ilii(| ami iiiai^iiilicil in caili willi t lie (•nnliiiiiaiici' (if tiiiif ami ^I'lirra- tiiiii, ami s(i the (li\ ci'^iiiLj liiu's wuiijd liccoim nl' ' mnic and mure si'|iaratt'd. It is a iliviiii' law stam|>('d iiiM cliiliii;'!' mii>t ever occur, clsi- the Work of tin- Sii|iiciiic Architect would Im' at last finished, and when linished. his sii|iei'\ isiic^' c!iir(i would he no lonu'er rei|uired. Such a time, we think, can never come, eM'ii as to the m".milcst particle of matter, else it wiaild at last arrive as to all things. If tim law of elian^fe is ever active; if destruction and recoiistruftioii are always al work, oliserviitinii ti'lls us that everv reconstruction dil'fer> in some respect, however minute, from all that, had tieen hefori' : the loiio- ae'M'reyation of minute cliane'es must in time liecome ver\ Ljreat. how ercnt no one mav venture to dejine. I'he e\n ac- tion of sine'le drops of uatiM' would at leii(^-tli dry tiie I of tln' ocean: the removal of simple erains of sand wmil jijace a desert in the course of time. If change is ever com in,, ais, who sliall li\ limits to trunsformutions which may at len^■tll occiii', Tliest! are considerations wliicli mav he well reim.'inliered when we approaeli tluf present iiKpiirv. We all know that there are certain features in tlie animal economy whicii are coinpai'ativel v transitorv, ami so are easil\ obliterated or i'liangeil, wliih^ others are more persistent, and maintain their integrity to a greater or li'ss (h'gree under almost all circumstances or conditions. The nearer alike tliese ])ecul- iiirities are found to he on all the indivi(hials of a species, we may reasonably eoiiclutle the more persistent they are and the less chiingo tliey have uiulergom^ during the course of time. IIow long the physical condition of the earth has rendered it ini[)ossible for these two varieties to intermingle, and .so keep up an absolute identity, of course it is impossibli! to eonjecture: but. at tli(( shortest, it must have been a very long tim(\ At least the genenitions nui.st be counted by very many thousands. During that time we first notice that a great cliangt; has taken place in the si/e : the western has beeonu! much lartrt^r than the east(,'rn. That >ne may have increased in size on tluj western continent, while the other has grown smaller on the eastern, at- tributable to physical causes, as alinuiiit, climate, or the like. i r<>\',/:\i:i!s. nm |i;n'iiit, (■ f^iali- iiltiiili''il ' iiiiiri' nil lll.ll- ll|r(';i>l l|i^ \lvl|it«M't |u'rvisiii:j' liiiik. •'iiii ■ 1-, ''Isc it ■liiiii;j;i' i-< l\va\s a I ilil'lVrs i>i 1 licti ii''' : •(llllr VlTV ic cxli'ai-- ■1 (,r til.' Iilai'i- a ,. ais, wli'i ptli occur, red wlicii ic animal ai'c ca>il>' .tent, anil cr alniKst 'sc |)i'ciil- iccics. \vi' ■ and the me. ndel'ed it ) keep tip tnri': l>nt. At, least ds. Iliiis taken than the WL'steni Isteni, ut- the like, maV l>e ,sl||)|insed. althuULill we maV lie nnalije t'l recdi^lii/e ljle.se causes with certainty. The most veiiiai'kalile dilTereiice, liesiih-s tlie si/.e, is in the lone;er tail ni' the Stan', 'he partial nlplilefalioii o|' the white sec- tion t>n the iiinip oii many of tin' individuals, and i>\\ utheisthe jiresi'iice o|' a line of spnis ailing the llank^ <>ii either -ide ,>( the ilorsal line, similar to t In i>e w hi eh I lia\ e nieiii i.'iied as soineiinies M,N•■'):') 1 present the? li^'ure of ;i lied Deer in tlie /oi'iKpn- ieal (Jardeiis in I'erlin, drawn from life, hy the same ailisl who di'ew the reindeer. IJy coniparing it with tlie Wapiti (iin/r, p. 7*') ). their liUeness will be seen; and by eomparinu,' its antlers and the antlers of the lied Deer (/)fy//r. [)»). 214. ^I^IJ), with the eominnn anil crown antlei'sof oar I''dk (iinti\ p. lll(t),it will be readily sern how peculiar and yet Ikjw alike they are. While tin; nviieral iigures of tliese antlers are qniti^ unlike those of any other mem- ber of the family, they are strictly alike in ilesii^n, thoiii;h in (K'tail there an; some diil'i'rences, which are fre((ui'nt though not universal. 'J'lie first to be noticed is that the bez-tine is mu' h shorter than the brow or the royal tine on the Iletl Deei'. whiji' on our Elk it is usually about the same length as the bi'ow-tiiic. and the royal is usually shorter tiian either; still this is iidt universally the case, and formerly these peculiarities were less observable in both than now. This is manifest from an examina- tion of a great mimber of ft)ssil antlers found in both countries. Ami this is true of another characteristic as w(;ll. It is now ex- ceediiii'lv rare to find the snag on th e u pper side of the bi ii\V- antler of the J\ed Deer. Of all that 1 examined in Kurojie. I found it well developed only on one pair of antlers of the present (lav, ai id they were from Bohemia, and would hav»? been taken at once by any naturalist to have come from Anierica, and yet e have seen that this snag is d(!veloped in about five per cenr. in this country. w '11 le crown antler, w tk ,hich is shown in the illustrations, is v erv common m J^uroue J-; 4' but is verv rare in this country ind until quite lately I had no evidence of its existence here; but I am now enabled to illustrate a jiair of antlers from an American Elk fn iii the Kocky Mountains, both of which are crown antlers, as well devi'loped as is often met with in Europe (^tintc, ]). 21rtion ol crown antlers than are grown there at the jn-esent day, whiK these antlers are much larger and about the size of our !• II.- antlers. If we should take all the fossil antlers of this animal which 1 have examined in Euroi)e and America, and arrange them to- gether proiii'scuously, I at least should have diihculty in cor- ((>Mii:M:i,'s. l]:io may 1>i' ibji'ct is ■tist wlio ( gt'UiTal lor im'iii- liuii_^li in DUgh II' it is iiiii'li M'V. wliili' )r(i\\-tini'. Iiis is nut Wt'VC ll'SS oxiuuina- countrifs. ,H now cx- tlH" lu'nW- |EllVi)lH'. I 1(> present "en taken I, ;in«l yi't piT cent. is, is vovy and until 1 am now Klk fn ni •s, as well )• IT pvopor )(>rtit>n ol |lay, wlillr our L'lv |l which 1 them to- tv in CDV- rc^ctly classil'ying tliom, while 1 wniild make I'ew mistakes in classil'yiiig those of tht; present day. The linest collection of both together which I Inive ever seen was in IJerlin, where they were kept for sale, and where I had an excellent opportunity of studying tiieni. to which I have al- ready referred in th{> chapter on ani lers. 'rimse from Northern lMirop(^ were (>asi[y distingnisluid from those from America, hui those from Silesia, IJohemia. and Hungary were iimcii laiger, and in all things much more lik(( those from the Aniei-icaii Mlk, and in many of the s[)ecimeiis 1 was at a loss to declare on which continent tln-y grew. •luilgiug from the antlers alone, upon all the evider.ee 1 have l)i'en ahle to accunuilate, I could hanlly hesitate to say I hat the Stag of Kurope is a dege. derate descemlant of tiie same j)arents to which our Klk owe their origin, ami that this (h>geiieracy is nnist marked in those of the most nortiiern conuti'ics. I have else- when; rennirked that our own VAk grow larger in the sonthern ranges, than in the northern, while the reverse is tin- case with most if not all of '.lie other sjiecies of the family. Another exceptional feature as connected with the antler, may not be without signiticance. In no case does the Wapiti or American V,\k shed its antlers in the winter, but always carries them till spring opens, if the animal be in health. All the other members of the family drop their antlers at irregular intervals, from November till sjiring, except the femali- caribou, as is more fully explained in tlie article on the antlers. In this very re- markabli! habit the lied Deer corresponds with our I'dk. ( )n this point Professor William I'eters of lim'lin writes me: '• Concern- ing the shedding of the horns of our ('crt'Kx i/ ncidence if they ww not relatives. There is a difference in the color of these animals which seems to have become permanent and characteristic. 'J'he general cojur of the body of the Wapiti is a yellowish gray on the back and sides, with a darker shade on the belly, neck, and legs. 'J'ln' Stan- shows a reddish gray, instead of the y(dlowish gray, also with {i darker shade below as on the American variety, but the dilTei-- ence in color is no greater than on the two other specii's wlmse analogies we have already considered. TIk^ white border ai'ouiid the (>y(-', a nnirk oliserved on most though not all of the deei' fam- ily, thonu'li varying greatly in extent on dil'ferent individuals, is still genei'ally present on the Stag, is more faded on ^\'apiti. and on some individuals seems wanting. After all, the greatest distinction I have been able to discovei' is in the tail, that on tlu^ Red Deer being aj)[)recial)ly longer in proportion to tlie size of the animal than on our Elk, it having more of a rufous shade of color and t(;rminating less abruptly, or being more pointed. <^n our ]"^lk the tail is so short that it does not cover the genital organ of the female, while this is completely hidden on the Red Deer. Of all the dilTerences which 1 have been able to discover between these two animals, this to nu^ has seemed the most important and has made me hesitate longest in making \\\) my mind as to the identity of the species. The dilYerence in size of the animals, though very great, sav more than one half, has very little signilicance in determining the question. Very great differences exist among individuals on both sides. I have seen some Red Deer as large as some of my smallest Elk, although this is no doubt of rare occurrence. But we have still greater ditl'erences in size among some of our undoubted species. The average of the Virginia deer is twice as large in the north as when found in its most southern range, (■n\(,i:.\i:ns. II botll. 'utirt'ly a tuft tiiwuy '(nitinu- in liotli exact ly u! of tlie lis o;l:iml tliey a>v eh scciiis ■ral (i>1mv )ai'k aiiil VUr St;iii- so with u lie (lilTiT- ii'S wliKSf iM- ai'iiMinl dcci' faiii- viiluals. i> apiti. aii'l O (lisi'dVlT loiiLi'i'i' in it liavin^ niptly. or lat it (loos impU'tt'ly h 1 liavt' () im^ liiis longest ill • rcat, sav Itenniniiig ,i(luals oil Inio of my lioe. )mo of our Ss twice as lorn raiwi-', M while ill all other respects tiiey exactly con'i'spiniil, ami no ra- tional (loul)t shonld exist of tlieii speciiic identity. Thr mule deer ill tile Kneky .Mminlains is fmir times as hirp- as in i.nwer (.'alit'oniia, woicli dilVereiice is also su[iplemented liy ihr fact tlial the chaiig" ill the antler is quite as L;reat. for on all of the small vari(>tv the antler has ceased to he liifiireatcd. hut presents a s|iike like that uf the yearling' deer of the north; or if eviT hi- fiircated that feature is as rare as on the liist antlers of the het- ter developed \arictvof the north, and yet 1 do iiot hc>itate to rank them in the same s[)ecies trom their exa<'t >iiiiilitiide in all other respects, according to the reli;i)|e informat ion J ha\c re- ceived of them. With th(^ same [H'opriety might we (|en\ iliat tile Fiiegiaii and the I'atagoniaii are of the same s[ii'<'ies. In consi(|('ring this ([Uestion of speciiic ideiilit\' we should ii\' no means forget that these animals freely interhreed whenever they have op[)ortimiiy, and their progeny [)i'oves as fertile as either of tiie parents, as has been shown in the arlicK; on IIv- liriditx . NN'hile this should not be considered as conclusive evi- dence of s[)ecili(' identity, it is important cuinnlalive e\ideiice in that direction. If in the wild state in the forest it were found that tlu^ sexes showed the same inclination for each other which tliev show for the opposite sex: of tiieir own varieties, this would add vastiv to the weight of the evidence and would make out a verv strong prhihi f often enjoyed, I at least have been unable to obtain a liyl»rid under other conditions, and even when no proper nial(> liai. been on any [tart of the grounds suc- cess has very rarely attended \\\\ elTorts, as is more fully shown in another [)lace. After the best investigation and consideration I have been al)le to glv(! tlu! subject — ami my op[)ortunities iiave not been stinted, — I am inclined to fall back into the ranks of those nat- uralists who lirst compared the two animals, who failed to Iind sullicient dilYerenees to justify i\w erection of a lunv species to acconunodate the new varietv found on this continent, and I fi« 338 THE DEKIl OF AMERICA. should liiivc Ix'cii well justified in dropping llic spcciiic naiiic of Ccrviix Ciind'h'Huix :iiul returning to tli;it of Cirrus i/dj./ai.s. •J i; ift'^'ifi irif* TllK ACAl'ULL'O DKKli AND TIIK ClAI.oN in;i;i;. Till' similarity in si/e, form, color, and lialiits of mir liitic A, distinctly present in the other (se(^ illustration, ((///• . J). lioS). Kven the antlers have a striking similarity, although I have but one set grown on the adult Acajuilco Deer, and twoxls grown on the Ceylon buck in my grounds, and those grown in lS7-i ililYer in an important particular from those gro\' n on tip' same animal in l^To, in that the latter showed a very Ion- anterior |U'ong in proportion to the length of the beam, while on tlu' former it is but a snag, although still longer than the snag on the At'a[)iilco deer. In hut]\ there is a decided tendency {<< flatten towards the? end of the beam, but the foreign deer has the longest and slinnnest beam. Still it wouhl be necessary to com- pare a nuieli larger iiumljer than I have been able to do. befcre we can pronounce definitely as to positive distinctions, if there really be any. At last we are bnjught face to face with the (luesfion whethei- the entire; absence of the metatarsal gland on une, and its distinct presence on the other, is sulHcient to establish a specific dilVer- ence. For myself I am prepared to recognize such dilTereiice. I am undoubtedly strengthened in this conclusion from tlu' fact that they come from places separated by ten thousand miles of ocean, and one from an isolated island in the ocean, present iiig insuperable obstacles to a common origin within an immeiisi; dis- tance of time, to say the least. Lest there might be some mistake as to the halVitat of this Ceylon Deer, which after a earefid stutly showed so great a sini ilaritv to the deer from Mexico, 1 wrote to (loveriioi' Latham. who present(Hl me with the buck, inipiiring if it were not po>- sibh' that there was a mistake as to its origin : to which he answered tlitit there could be no mistake, for he took it from ;i sailing vessel which had just arrived at San Francisco from Cev- lon, which had not touched at any intermediate [)ort. The ctliei' arrived at San Francisco while I was there, on a Fucillc mail steamer, from Panama, wdiich touched at Acapulco, where the H <'OX(Jl-XKl;s. (■ iKinic of I'lnis. liltli- Ac;i ■ iillv dllTiT- oiic. wliiK' tidii. '(Ill- ■ illllliill;j.il 1 1(1 tWll M't< _> m'liwii ill i^n (111 till' vcrv I'liiu I. while (111 11 tile slKi'r ciulciicv In L'cr lias ill'- iry to ciiiii- I do. Ik^'Ii'Ic IS, it' tll'T'- 1)11 wlictlicr its disiiii'i ciiic dilVci- dirt'crciK'''. 1111 the tail lid miles 111 , pivseuliiig lUiieuso dis- lital of iliis j,'i'c!at a siiii- or Latham, ■n; not im--- ) which li'' )k it from ;i a fi'om C'i>- The other I'aeiiic muil , where till.' DO, I ' f Ih' haliitat of , hese 1 ii- 7 ""!'■*-«- ilk- .iiir,.,,.;: '• ■'>l.\ «'iise. I. lit Iron, (|„. I'.^.t fi '■' .H'l'eat mini \\onld "or Would it ill '"' "" ''>^iiiiiina!ioii ,,f ;, ,,,.,..^,. '•'''■^•^'"-''vidnalsofniostorthesMeele """";' ^'•"'^< '^•''•'••■''''--■'l-.stosav, ,T ;: V''''"''''''''' =^lil<-n..:dl(f,l,es.,ni '-M"'-'... on all, ami is ,,,„(.!.. -the. ..f the! ;^^^^:^.^^^^^^^ ^i-i^'^.'=n.an,.iiir'.:.;:t.:s::;'";:^7-'-'''V^ '•tlaehed less ininorta.iee , .• ^"'•. " "^'"■>- "^H nralisis h;n li:m« studied i( less. ' ' '•^■' ■H''^^' tl"- nndJhnind this .lami present or ahsei ''■•'I dirfei-enee hetu-een ll 'i"^''''*' to point oMr.,„v""l'7";''/T"""" '"'"'' '""'^^" I"-" Ultllon..h..ol.,;.:^::i"."\;:''r^""^'"' •''»—' l-tueen them mtlioii-l, eoniiiio. f,,,,,,,,,^^.;,!,,, ■•■';. ■"■^^^'■'■l. Hiein ^-^••'"— "-. i tl.ontieate(l in :J: '^^^^^^^^^ ^. '-'• '-anl of .„,. ...11 au- Aito,(.tiiei.ui;::,t^ ;;^;:-'';, •'-'.•'- '>l>^erved in tlu^sedee.. »■ i '"''' '' ''' '^■^""' ='^'-'-^'""" -i« of dimt^iS, ';^ ; '; '■^""">- '•'-■--i i-twee,. individ. 4>^ues, wlHch augments tne evidence of specilie ! : m ■Jin 340 '/I lie i>i:i:i: of amiii'jca. din'crciiec vi'i'y iiuicli. In this we lia\t! tlic ti'stiiiKHiy dI tlic a..- iiiiiils tlu'iiisi'lvcs, wliifli is scai-ccly less satisractdi'v tliaii iiiaiiilVst physical (lirrci'ciicos ; nay, I ;iiii iii»l |)i't'|iar('(l to say tha( this sexual aversion, whieli is so clearly nianil'esl, is not nioic; conclu- sive than very consiihu'iihlo viu'iations of pliysical struilure. Should we hring" toLicther two purties of deer, of several individ- uals, hrought from distant localities, diiVereiil physically in what we might consider important features, and iind them associat- ing iind interlireeding without the least restraint or reluctance. we should regurd it iis conclusive of s[)t'i;ilic identity, notwith- sttmding the physical dill'erenees. A white crow is recogni/.ed by his black brethren as a good crow, notwithstanding his den'ener- \iU\ color, and the albino deer is rt'irardcd bv the othei's as good a deer as the best of them. TIk,' doe in my collection was shot when standing by the side of a buck of the ordinary color. The social standing and sexual inclination manifested nnist be allowed to overconu! serious diiru'ulties in establishing relatioii- shij), and so on the otlu'r hand where aversion exists instead of inclination, it assures us of a radical diU'erenci' though \ve may bo unable to detect it c" nna'e inspection. In this case the sex- ual aversion adds nmch to the signilicauee of tlu' absence of the glan 1 on tla; hind K>g, and leads us to expi'ct that llie compara- tive anatomist will surely Iind other dill'erenees which we cannot now dett'Ct. It is an additional evidence of the imi)ortance of this ghuul in classifying the deer. i'lfiij ) in il tlic a..- 1 inanltVst tlial. this l(i COlK'hl- strucluri'. il iiidiviil- V ill what . assiH'lal- ohu'tancc. , not with- )<4Mii/.r(l liy , (h'i;t'iii'r- othiTs a> .H'tioii was uiry I'olor. (1 must lie g- ri'laticiii- iiisti'ad tit '^\ we may SI' tht! st'X- :UC'0 111' the u compai'u- wt' camii't iiortaiU'L' III ])1SKASKS OF TIIK I)KKi>. j''- -only wl„.n Urn .h.,.,-aiv in ..nnli,K.„m,„ ,h;„ ,,..,,„ simlv 'I'"'"'" «i""»- »Iii.-l, »,„„. ^s ,..n-v „IV ,.,,.. vat, <'"tln'iiti.'a(...i accounts of su<-h , ':iv." nod,.,, I hav,.. however, hwn m U tli( ''■I'lii'i''^- Such a,voiiiils as I iilinci (,. th.. N'iri-inia I),.,.r. ^icn(Muo,.s.'.„.,h.M.aHl„.uar.. i„th,-wil,lstat,.sui:i,.,, „..| ■ -I-sI.I,.m.lc.mwi,,an,ly,.,iMsm., in,p,.,.ha ,^^,^.^^^ -l^nn.-niays,..a,.,,n...sh..,all,hcmhu,,.av..'.,.. ,J.i , f'^''i" "' ••'"Innnu ^ivat vi..issitmh.s. I I,av > for nnnvv 1 . '7;;'-.i^^.s.an,, an. n,,,awa.. ,hat:;,/:a : /^^^^^^^ -ly h.-yK^'t enough ^> eat Jts,.anvlvn.a,t..,.swln^^^^,;^ "^'""'"■^'I'l'yandino-,,,,,! eon,litiou. ' ' ' J^..I.-..h..Mulel),.,... hav,. m.tpn.ve.lh..al,hv. The ,1,.^ u ,.o,.„n..l, I iun.,..l i„„. t,,., ,,„,, wh,.n.a\ si,.,.,. .1 '-^'''■"- -'""'"•"t a month I oKs,.m.,l th,.m ,1 " ^ ■l.;""I..T,.ll„.y, ,1 ,,„ lin.l ll„. Wnv,.,.. , „ d, juul gavi^ them small doses of podiipJii/l/iiii!, and tonios, as ginseng, quassia, f|uiniiie, and the like, giving them ilaily a small supply of the foliage and twigs of the wild cherry. Their hoofs immediately stojjped the ahiioiinal growth, and in ten days they eommeiieeil ruminating again, ami in a month they wi're turned out (juite well. These are all the cases of this distemper I liave ever had. In the fall l)()th these fawns were attacked with a diarrliea when tliev were again put in hospital and treated as before, with promising re- sults. The disease was cheeked, and returned several times, but before winter tlu^ female died. The buck struggled with it for two months, till linally ho seemed (jiiite reeoverew one to break itself. When the, tame deer are attackcul with this distemper, and it is observed in time, I have never failed to cure it. If -when it jirst api)ears it is examined, a small hard kernel is found just under the skin. If this is then cut out the deer gets well at once. Later, the lump seems to bo dissipated, but if the swelling has not extended above the lower jaw, though it nuiy be /'/>/;. I. s7;.v OF THE /,r:/:/i. oh) irgcd and ic urdiaril til slinwi'd iiic(lia|flv u'li; small L, f|uiniiic. i)lian'i' i""l oppcd the imrmatinn' II. These fll tlie I'all they were iiiising' re- times, but vitli it for did liiiely ihed w]i('n ^lule Deer ed having to all the iree years, le disease. , and have ure to I'e- I had was I'd to her. hut heini;' again dis- iVO species under the L the chin. below the jf pus-like nver knew I with this ed to cure ivd kernel i deer gets but if the it may be '"'"" ""• "" ':"'- "'"' the prot,d.erauce an ineh thick, and reallv 'as an alarming appearance, u deep central incision an ineh,:,. "">'■*' i'"ig' has always proved elfectual. lint as ,.nlv the .aine d'-or,ivh.eican be caught, can bo treated, all the wihl \-ir...inia ).'er w iich have l,.en attacked, so far as I know, have died.'"^ In tlie early part of my experiments, this disease was much'n.ore ['••'■^■"•'■"f "'an >u later years, and so I conclu.lc that those more remon.ly deseended from the wild stock are the least liable to it It only attacks the a.lults, or those more than two years old Iwo ot the Ceylon a.lult does have been attacked with it, both ot winch were .In.pped in my ground. They were too ^vild ,o .0 taken and treated, but to my surprise both recoveivd. which has 1 think never happened with the Virginia J)eer. 1 have no account that this .lisease has ever been observed among the wild deer ot the lorests : cc-rtainly, I hay,, never s,.,.n one a(liict(..l with I have ney..r obs,.ryed any sympb.n.s of it either among the Llk, the Mule deer, the Columbia deer, or the Acaiudeo d..er. m:)' ! ! !'> If, iL ii 11 1 IE , j 1 ' 4 li: TIIK CHASE. • No saint ill lilt' ciili'iKlar lias hail more dcvntt'd or uku'c jiaiiis- takiiiii' ilisci[)|fs tliaii Saint IliiluTt. In sa\aui' lite lln' |iur--uit (>!' wilil licasts Ml' till' ra]itiii"(' of lisli has alwavs Ihtii a ncri'ssil \ . ami in all a^i'S. ami in all rivilizcil cniiiit rirs, many i)i'isiiiis Ikim' I'nuiiil tlii'ir iiinst ('\i|nisiti' ('iiioynicnls in tlic same pursuit. A- a n'l'iicral rule, tlirsi' |pi'rsoiis art; luvrrs of iiaturt' iiiiniarrcil Kv till' Ii;iiiil lit' man. Tlii'V lovt", to hear (lif riishiii'j,' uf mi^liiv wati'i's. ami tliry lovi- tlir sot't radciirc ol' tlii' niiirnuiriiiL;' hi'iok, Tliry love thcilcrji sliadi' ot' tilt' jirimcval fori'st, ami tlu'v ImM' till' liroad t'\|iaiisr of tlir wild ]>raiiMt', willi its i;rt'i'n. i^'rassv fai- prt. t^'fiiiim'tl all ovfi' with hi'illiaiit wild llowiTs whose I'lanram-r tlii'y iiihah; with a lU'W dflight. 'i'liey lovf ihf rofky rafioii and tilt' inoiiiitain crag, whin'i' tlif thvoi's of iiatiiri' have ii|ilii'avrd liif farth's di'i'p <'i'ust and thrown all into a wiltl fonfnsion. as if in anger an Almighty hand had then' dashfil thf dfliris uf aiiolhfr world. Tlify lo\t' to sli'f[) ht-iifath tln' oltl piiir trt't', and tisti'ii to tlif sighing of till' wind as it softly I'rt'fjis through its long and slfutlrr loavt'S. or iijion the soft grass by tht' sidf of tin* sweet spring of watt'r under the broad s[)r('ading oak. the rustling of whose leaves sootlu^s to ipiiet repose. 'J'hev love to listen to the raging storm, and see its wiltl work all around them: and sothev love the soothing inllueiiee of the quiet ealui, when nature seems in profound repose, and all is still as the infant's sleep. At the break of day iiiion the inouiitaiu side they love to eoiint the stars, and witness the waking of animated nature, when the binls lly forth to sing, and the beasts leave their lairs to seek their food while yet the tlew softens the herbage whieli the\ love the best. They |o\e to eateh the sun's first rays as tliev dait from beneath the distant litn'izoii, fiM'ling new life and viuiir a> they shine u])on them, and with swelliii':; heart they wateh him rise, as if from a l)ed of rest, ami cast his sinilt! iijion the new- born day. ( )li, it is a glorious joy to be where tlu; defacing haml of man has never marretl the harmonious beauty which pervades Nature's handiworks. There we look with reverence and awe upon what (iod has done, and what (Jod alone could do, and re- joice, even in our insignilicance, that we are penuitted there to Tin: ( nasi:. iU.*) |mrsuit '(■(■ssi! y. lis llllM' lit. A-> rrrd \<\ llll'J,lll_V ;■ liriiiil<. ussy ciir- rnnraiH'!' lUlill llllll ;iv('4 till' . ;is if in imntlici listni In loiin- anil llO SW'rct IstlitlL: nl •11 lo till' I SI. tli'^y lire si'fiiis ■pp. Ai nllllt till' Ivllfll llli' to si'i-k \\r\ li i\ 1' hry dart \i^i)r Us itfli liiiii llllf iicw- ill^• liaiiti [ii'i'vaili'-^ and aw' , and !■•'- tllLTC t" coiitcnipIiiU! siicli siililiiiic display. l''ar away I'miii cvci -restless city lil'c, and its sniLriiiu' <'ru\vd and its tainird air, \\c Iunc tn brt'iitlic till' air nt' iVccdMin swrrt and nnrniilaiiiinatid. wlicrc cvcrv lu'catli revives llie spirits, stininlates the circiilal imi. awak- ens the (hirniant eiieie'ies, and inspires new lite within lis. If tins he savaj^e life, then :iiii J a savage still. If these lie traits i>f cliaraeter inherited froin renrnte haiharie atici'sidis. ! rejuice that civili/atiiiii lias hiiled to st raiigK- w hat in llieiii was. purest iind UKist eleNatinn'. Iliit the spirlsniaii of the present day is adinilled In a higher jileasiire than those (if aiu.'ient. times (Minld e\er know. i''or this he is iiidid)ted to diir civili/atioii, whieh while it cdidd no| eradi- cate in him a love of nature, lias eiialileil him to niidei>tand na- ture. — to liecdiiie a naturalist ; to know ahoiil thai naliire whieh surrounds him. and whieh he loves so well : lo appreciate the eliaracteristies and the peeiiliarlties df llmse dhjeeis wlid^e elia-^e and capture lills him with siieh a thrill of pleasure. When he has shot a l»ird, ea|ilured a ([uadrupiMl, or taken a lish, he lake-- it up and examines it as he would a hodk full df kiidv, ledec. and is ciiabh'd td see its peculiarities, and discover its man\ pdlnts df licauty and harnidiiy, which tlidse who siuipK' kill local, or per- haps from a love of Idood and slaii^hler, can never see. or seeing- cijuld not appieciate, and so eiijox. The coll^■ar seeks his prey to satisf\ his ,> me'er, the sport>ma!i that he may study nat lire ill herxarioiis phases and under~laiid her harmonies ; the heller he is (pialilied to do tlu'se, the higher will he his sense of pleasure at his capt iires. 1 am n'latilird to ()l)serve auioiin' iiiodi'i'ii sportsmen a more elevated tone, a hieher culture', l>y which t'icy the better nndersland the natural history of the various objects which tliev pnrsiu'. ( )f all men they have; the e'i-,.;it(>sl oppdrtunities to observe the cliarac|eri>lics of the animals which they meet with in tin- chase, and the belter they learn how to observe, the moi-e will they observe and cdiii|iare. and note (h)wn, and throueh them may we soon hope to |L;'ather a fund of scicntilic ol)scrvatioiis, which will leave far behind all that has been written or known of many of dur most familiar animals, l-^vcn now he takes with him to liis camp in the furest works on natural history, treating of those animals which he pro- poses to pursue, and critically comi)ares his captures with the observations of tlu? authors, and corrects or coniirms their state- ments. To the pot hunter, who kills the game to s(dl as a butcher does a sliee[), [iiirsues it not because lie is a lover of nature, and il :^>-l<) 77//; /*/;/;/,' or amhuk .\. tiik<'s IK) inure |(Ic;isiir<' in it tlian lie wmild in wcnlinn' ii lo'il ..f oniniis, (it' cMiii'sc II stiuiy III' llif iiniiiKils lir kills wuiiM {ill'drd liim IK) |)|r;isiir('. l)llt to till' cult iviltril llliinl r;i]);il)|r nt' II IK li ■! >t ;i IK I i 11^' iiikI iipprrrijitiiin' till' WDi'Us nl' till' Disiiii' IkiihI, iIk' |ilf;isiiris nt' till' ])iiisiiil ;iri' iiiiiiK';isiiriil)ly tlilianccd l)y ;i capariiy tn iiikIit- sI;iikI IIh- Dlijrrt t;iki'li. i m '■!,! fl'l rii i No Dtlii'T L^'i'iiiis nt' i|ii;i(Mls is distrihiitrd nvrr ^d Imi^i' ;i [iDrliDii III' the ciii'tli's sui'l'iicc lis till' ( "crvidn', ik) iitln'i- li;i- so liirj^i'ly I'oiitriliiitcd In tlii' siistcnuiirc of iiiiciv ili/i'd hkiii. hikI iIk' lli'sli of lilt otlii'i' is so i^i'iii'i'iilly iidiiiiri'd ;is I'uod. l''roiii iIk' IikI tliiil it liiis coiitrilMiti'd niori' tliiui iiiiy otliiT (lUMdriipi'd to tin- support of snva^i' lift', it lias hrcu moro tlu' olijcrt of piiisiiii than any oIIkt by uiR'ivili/.cd rai-fs. In till' Itordrr scttlcnit'iits of our own country, tln' dci'i' lias been :in important source of food supply to our frontier si'ttln-. av1k> niielit justly be called a rac(M)f hunters; very few indeed liave made it a constant business, hut nearly all have made it an occasional and incidental pursuit. From the earliest times to tlie present, flie deer has iii'ciipleil the first. I'ank as a game animal, alYording exercise and exiite- nient to the sportsman. In Afrii'a alone the deer are not abun- dant, but the antelope, the bulTalo, and the el(>])Iiant, are there the principal objects of pursuit by the savagx; and the civilized. In a very limited area in our own country, the bisnii is, or was, more important than the deer, but the district is so small where tin; bison is ov was found in pli'uty, that it loses all com- jiarison with the to i considerable extent by bows and arrows, bi ' \y by me;ois ni traps or inclosures of various kinds, and )iiiptings ol ant developed contrivances which insured a 1 measure of success. These are all based npon the capabilities of tl animals, de- veloped by their habits, which were a life study of the Iiidiai' hnnter, and were comprehended by him in a remarkable dcgicc. The principal of these, or at least the most im])ortant, are the defect of vision and the acuteness of the senses of siiiell and ot hearing. These are characteristics which are connnon to all deer. and must never be forgotten by the savage hunter or the civilized ft f ;i l)f(l if llTiM'il III III 'l'>l:imliliH' til uiiilcr- rilE (11 A si:. I^I-rtsMKinAll luv.. v......^,n.,.,I (1... nnit. s-ns,. i.f s 1| an !"'"''"'^\;;"'' ^"•'"■^ l-v-artnl,., lH.,|..r..,,iv,..l.i,„|.. ^""•■:*""' ' ''I'^iHy ri„„,,n.lM,„li,invvl,v il w:,s '''•'liii''«''l ■"' t" iirl ill ..nl.T to iiisin-,. .siicmss. Ili;it llii'v w I'l'C ;() Ini'Li'i' il cr li;i-^ sii I. iiiiil I III' II till' l';ii'l I'll tn till' III' |tinsiiii di'i'i' Inn •r si'ttliTs. I'W illllci'll iiiuli' it all ^ ucciiiiii'il III! cxi'iti'- imt aliun- ■ tlliTC the /('.I. isnii is, or is SII small 's all cniii- 11 ami val- 'ai'ilic. aiiil I. i vilizatiiin, I . to I \ iiii'aiis ot ;'s ot -■■ant <)| Su>'*-H'SS. liiiials. (If- Llic Indian blc (It'grci'. lit, are tin' H'U and 111' to all deer, he civilized '11 II'', Mdosi':. ,^y" '''■'^" '•'■■■'^"" '" '"■l'"^" 'I"" 111- Indian ua< nnf ,,ar(!e- '•■■•"■Iv si.e.'.'ssln! in ,1,„ ,,.,„„,„„,• ,||.. Mi,i,si.ni,||,|ii.l,„u and !"" /^'■'■"^v. ||„. .,'„a, si/,, sin.),.',!,, and endiiran.',' i ,|- |„. "":'' '■'■'"''■'■'■'' i' 'li"i-nll lo I.nnuliinidiiun Willi, ha, ui': , unless al v.'i'v elus,- ran^.', .„d Ids al,lli,v to d,-,.., ,|.,. K.ast' •""•'"'' •■;•"' '""""'■'■ "- !'■-< l^'i'it in ■l.:air. ni,il,.,',.,|a.'li,s.. "''I"'";'"'' ^"'.^ ''i"i""l'- '■' .summer time |„. was .„ f,,.. ''""""•; "■•'I'""'"'' i"'l'""nt.'r. At,l,atsi'asonI,..airi'i',s,iiai.|iv .l^TiMinds, will',',, lak.'s and lake|..,s al.i.i.nd. and iu„. ,|„.... |,;. I'lungi's I., ,.,s,'a,u. tlie tunnents nf ,|„. ,|i„s „|il ,1,,.. ,. ;l-d'ly iimiHTMiig' IdinseinnnelM.r the tinu', .,.,i,'rallv ui,|, onlV us nose a hove wah'r In this positi,,,, In- .'ould he su,v..s.|„||;. ■"'"f"'' '''^- "';• '-''^'"■^ u, th.'i,. .an„.'s. at s„|li,.i.,,|, [ ,- ..,„;, •JUit'-tjM's In niake ll.eiramnvseir.v,ivi,„.'tliev. d .'v'en dis- ';'''•' '"'" ^vKl. l.lou-s l.efia-,. ],.. ,,.i,ld esi'api.; This wa. i,|„'n cliU'n-ernusspi.H or l.nsiness, whichever vm, pl.'as.' tu ,.all it Inr .isuiul.. liliiw iVom the antlers or tia. foot of a nioos,- wa. .nili- eKM.t to demolish or sink u canoe, when th,. hun„'r would he ortnnate .1 I,,, .sraped with his life. This mode of p,„'sui, w,. however, generally successful, and , h meat was ohtaiiu'd "in that way by the natives. The Moose, and so of the other deer, have (h.'i, favori,.' palhs or highways ,n the forests where they al.ound, and in .hes. Ihcv were Ire.p.ently captured. For this purpose a lasso was ....t from the green hide ol the Moose, by following nuind it. .'iittim.' widiu- at the thinner portions, till the desired length was attained. The '='>r was tlii.M closely shaved olV, the thong twisted ,0 ,he p, ,• •c'gree, and then stretehed to the ut st, and in this plsi, on •^••'od_. Alter tins ,t was made pliable to a .'ertain .le.!ree, bv working or use, retaining, how.^ver, sutlicient rigiditv^V.r tlu. lHUTos<'. I Ins was suspended across a eonveuient limb, with a running noose at one end, which was suspe.wled diivellv over the path, ubundantly large for the head and antlers of the lar-est Moose to pass through, but sufficiently high from the .iround to obstruct the passage of tlie feet. To the other .n^ a heavy h ' I m hi I JK' !liX 348 '/'///■; i)}:nR of AMi:n;r\\. wciglil, I'.simlly a Inn- of wood, wiis iiitaclicd. Tliis was lidd siispciidcd lii^li above llic ground liy a ( rip. iH'opci'lN' arraiiLiCil. wliicli ^vas (o spring- l»y the least strain from t!i • loop of the tliniiu-. riiriMiM-|i (Ids ihe M()os(( would unsuspeclinglv |)ass, til! Ills lu'east, oi- lore lees should toueli tlie lower line of the nouse. when the trip would spring, the weight would drop, and the line wiiuld lie drawn tightK ai'onnd the m-i i< of the aninial. 'Ihe attaehuient to ihe lind) not heing rigid, the animal ciuld go some distance hy drawing the log u|i to the lind), hut hv the time this was dune, the animal would !)(> nearly choked down, the di-aLi' "f the weight always maintaining the se\ere tension. A few- minutes rearing and. sirriggling must always end in the death if the animal. In this mode the Indians captured manv mouse, elk. and 'Iher ainmals, hefon^ they obtained lir<'-arins; and even since, it has been sometimes resort(\l io with success. Whymper describes the. niodc! ])racticed bv the Indians in Alaska, of pursuing the .Moose in the summer tiim. lie sa\s: 'M )iu' was killed in the water bv the knife nf the Indian. The nalixcs do iinf always ,vasle jiowdei- and shut over ihein, but get near the nieose, nianeUNcring round in their bii'chd)ark caiiees till the ;inimal is fatigued, and then stealthily approach and stab it in 1 he hearf oi' luins."" ' All agree that they take to the water readily, and arc goed swimmers, though thev swim higher than ihe common A^'rv. In the summer t hey are usua,lly hunted abouf the lakes and risers which they fi-eipient. and })robab1y more are. killed in the water and on (hi- ishiudsthan on th(> main land. 'rheautlii>r above (pi'iled, in a ne|e. says: •• In some cases, the Indians in mindiers surround an island known to have moose ov rt'iudeei- on it, when a regular Uiillih ensues."" The gi-eatesl slaughtei- of the .Moose bv the uat i ves -^ and so it has been by the white men since — took place in the winter, w hen the coinilry was covereil o\cr with deep snow. Willi the ai depth at every step. Xo endurance i''>uld seitaiii him a hmg tinu^ with such labor, and his prodigious strength nmst at last succumb, while the Jndian was rapidly i>ur- ^inui, him on the snrl'a ce o f tl le liuht snow on his bi (.•ait snow- shoes. Later in the season, when the surface of tin; snow was softened or melted by the sun during the day. and became fro/.cii 1 Jiards ill Al<(sha ami on Ihe h'liLon, \). 'J4t'). 1^ '/'///; ciiAsi:. ■\\\) '■'•'••l ''n-:n^ ,ln. ni^i,,. a ,.n,s| woul.l 1,. r,,n,,..,UnlIl,.i..nM,, I,,..,,. =v'''|.M<,r:Mln., |,„t inrapMl.l. of suslnini,,.. tl,.. M,,,,.,, ^v|,;,, =• AIous.. .,,s ,-„„n.l w,ul..,- sn..|, rou.li, ions; 1„. . .s .nil,. ., ,|„. ;'::7;,'''''':':''^''''''% '--'si,,,,., .lismn..,. i„. ,,, ,■„,„..,,,, ^^.l^ tI,ro.,,l, ,h.. ,,v;,..l,..nH.s s.ou, i,,,,, ,vhi,.|, 1„. un„M .si„k ■„ ™yst..,,,l„,t .prising IVnn, il I h. sharp ..,|,vs nf i i,,. ^.v nus, '"' ovciiakcii an, I dispalclicd. Tl,isrn,..| ino,!.. nf|,„rs„ino. il„.,|„,,rl,as ,,.,, 1,,.,.,,..,. tl..' nnr(l„.n, ,vn.i,,„s, vvl„.,v alu,,,. ,|,„ ,M,„„„ ,,,, „,„, VH to tl„. al.,ri,n.in,.s. u lio hum..,! lurilir n-rc.sn-ic. ,,f ;;,""' -'■"':':^' '•'■^"•"•'•" --"-'I'-^l-. wl,,.,,,...,.,!,.. ...nW.- '-sp.nu,,,.., ,,.„;„ nnml.M-s of ,1,., v„..i„i, .,,■,.,■ u,.,v ,l,„s '"'7"' :""' ^l-'^i'>'-'l. -- onlv l,v ,1a. al,„n.,in,.. 1,„ our iroiita-r sell], MS ;is well. F, I.I to II''' llli'l Willi, II, , I- ill', and i\' ^'" •'"■ N ^■,^■.^,a d.v a.v .n„s, ahnndanl. d,.,, su.us ,■,.<..■,.,' ^^■'"""-^"•"""•"'•-siliav,. lM...n.rn.,vo.v,invn',. ''1 ''"";?""'"''"" """'"'■'• '■"•'■"""•" •'•■l|'l"- ,lian anv ,.,ln.r ;7';;'l;'''- '>-•'-- .nil,, sniall, sharp f,,,,,..Un,.|,,a,l.,l,,.,,,,,d. :,:; '""''"'"''■■""^^•"i'--iiniaisw,Mddi„. siipp„|.,,„, „,„,„••, Mil tare h ,;• ,s,,,.p,,ii, has lu^n h'ss prrs,.,.,,!,.,! uIIkt nicnilirrs ,i|' "I 'lii-- \\a\ ihan lli(. , '•""' ""■ ^''l'^" -"' <1 — '-il..n. ,|||,i„. „a. w |.. .vla.n |l-Tsnnusan.|n,,n..nlin,l.. f,„vs,s whi,.|Mh,.v inlial.i,. ,.„1|,.,m (•'.U'Hli.'r in sinail hands and Inrm wha •'I'.'illy thr Iciiialfs an Ml' iiin>i p,.|.|',.,.t iiid liiintia-s. In .'Il ill'!' <"dlcd ilili-ils, ,.,.!,- " vui,,,.. hv ll,i.nisi.|v,.s. s,„;„. ,,(■ ,,;„^,. ="■'■ """■'■ ''"i"!'!.'!.' than olhiTs. ,.,n,| it is ,,nlv l' wlii.'h iiavr h,.,.,, usuallv dis.Til.'.l l.y authors !!"■"■ "I'V'"".'' ":■■""'' ""■ ^""^v down lo a hard II • , hnandiout ^''•^vard'avn>,■ ,, snrronniK'd l,va v.'rlii.a! wall ,,.' ,h,, ,, nil.;:,,,..,, :r-. "';■ '''^ ^ -'"'•<'■"' '•"•••l-s.'vardsari. d,'ns,.,hi,.l..,s, ..tlonini, ,h.. .iva,..s, al.nndaun' of .|,rnM„.rv. vii'Min^ tlnar -nnti' |oo.i, .vhi. , is arhon s. This Ih,.,' „h„|.1v d,.,rov nu h.'ir v:ud l.v..onsnniin^,h..,wi^sands,|.ippin,.,,n',li;. ;""';•'-;■•' '!■;■ la.'.. Ir.'.'s whli-l, ,IVv .anno, 1„.|„| down ,o -.Ul.i'lops,,!i.'ydi'nud.'or(lH'l,arksolaras,h,,v,.an r,.a,.h t'"'.^- •'" ""' -lish this ..oars,',dry hark of , ho' Ian.,, iroos flH'.Vronsuin.' if all ,,, .safisfv thrir hunnvr. Wlai within Ihi. yard,— which toiulcd to rrarh tlir shrill)! way to aiiodit'r loi-alion wlion'' a frcs! ■siiiiictiiiu's bcconi •n all ,|io I's (•onsid,.r;ili|\ •<'i'y. — IS (•onsunicd. ,|i,.\ l.ivak ('\- lu'ir I orm il new van!. I .supply may \h- loinid, and w-v w fin m ^s ' '. m\ : 350 T/II-: DEER OF AMIUIICA. It Is nirc. liMwcvcr, tliat lliese Viivds hiivc :ill llic surfnec cum- pactly troildcii dnwii. I'lu'V makc! i):itlis IVdih the nidial jidiiits to reach the tici's or .shrul)l»ei'y in the iieii;id)(>iiiiMid, so that tlu' area of tlicir liahitatioii is nun'li cKteiidccI 1)\ •^t rccts (ir pnilis, ■well ]iackcd diiwi), between whieli the deej) sik.w I'eiiiaiiis midis- liirlif(K ami lrtM|Ueiitly this system ot" ]»atlis eiuistiliiti's the \ard. witii liiit a very limited central area, quite trodden duwn. When th(^ snow is dee]) and covered witli a liai'd crust, the deer are sought in these vards, hut not oxchisivelv. The reindeei' are mui.'h less accustonu'd to yard in wiutei' than the ^Nlonse. and it is a liahit rarely nhserved in au\ uther df tin.' deer faniilv, sn I'ar as 1 iiave int'ormatiou. Since the ai)[)earanc(^ of civilized man ^vitll tirearms. mid the introduction ol' those weapiuis amony the sa\aL;'<'s. a, eliaUL;!' has necessarily heen made in the chase of the ih'vw as well as other U'anie. or at least the old modes are less relied upon, and tln' new weajion has heeonie the |>rincii»al (le[)endence. The mode o|' hunliiiy this deer now is, in general, the same with the civilized and the savage huntei', especially on the frontiers and with the lariier species, which are only found in the wildeiness lievond the borders of the white si'ttlements. More endurance anil sagacity are re(]uired in the cha and cautious, and seem to possess the senses of smell ami hear- ing in a higher degree tlian the smaller species. Indeed, it seems to be a general rule that the older and the larger specimens (if a given species are more dillicidt to cajtture than the smaller, as well as that the largi-r species are more cautious than the smaller. A life-long exp(M'ienc(i and study of the habits of the animal and of wood craft, s(^em to iiave endowed the Indian with greater skill than the white man, especially in the pursuit of the jNIoose and the Caribou : hence the white hunter ^'enerallv secures the services of an Indian when he go'>s in pursuit of this noble game. The [)roper season for hunting the Moose is at the eounneuee- ment of the rut, say in Si^ptember, when his antleis have per- fected their growth, the velvet has biicn rubbed off. and they have btjcome linely polished against the trees. Then it is, that he is in tin; best condition and the venison is the choicest ; then it is, that his desires have stimulated his courage and deprived him of a portion of that caution which makes his capture st) dil- f ' '^ THE CHASE. 351 ace cnlii- ial |ii)iiiis tlmt the or jKillis, ins uiidis- tlic yard. 1. WllCli (letT aiv iircr tliaii rv (if the . ami till' laiiL^v lias I as (illicr I till' new llUnlc nf ■ cixili/cil with tlh' ■Vdiid till' so of tllc suspicion^ md licai'- 1, it. sccnis ciiuclis of ' sinalK'T. than the U' aniniai liaii witii nit (if tile ly sccui'cs this iiolilf iiiiinciK'c- liavc pcr- aiid tlicy it is, thai est ; tlicii ilei)riv('d lire .s(,) dil- fi-lt. ..... ,t ,s tl.at he nmy he met with. , .ashlv.-oaud,,... throuo . ,h. t,.,,,t ,„„,tin^. for a mate, at the sa,n,. ti.nc sccki,,':: condnus with h,s own speeie.s and ,sex. After he ],as f I ,C n.ate he desuys. and they have retired to the s.vhuh.,! nla.v s,- -l.'d lor th..,r ho.ne where they are to pass th. hon-v n.oon- JI.av(. already stated that Ihey are n.ono^an.ie - th,; ^ive up this roving halat and remain .piietly ^l iion.e. till the' sea.u) is 1-ssed. unless disturhed hythe hunter or ,1 ude is divorced und expelled I.y son.e powerful rival. When his d cstic rela- t.(>ns are thus hrohen np he a(,ain Starrs on his travels n,ore n,ad. ;''■";"' """' '"''•'•" ""'" '-f<"v, and although he n.av he an Iv ';':;:' •;: •";-;'; -•<' l-voke, the h.ek of his ..uston.arv (•ant;:,n "^\'r■^ ' '"" ■'' """■« ^■•i«.y P'vy to th(. eautions hunter^ ,. \''' '"''";^:^ '"'"^'"S: the Moose at this season are, "hietlvre- '-;' 'M-n.^nul n.b,.th of ti.ese the skill of the Indian is ,p,ite •"lls]H;nsa de. he lirst is the still hunt, in which the tra.k of he.unnKd,s ..ll,.w...l over the nK.st.liH^ ih-n eand wdh the e.,,a,-st eantion, till the ^.une is seen he- fore he suspects the presence of his pnrsner, and is then ap- Vyon.U-:\ with still o,,,,ter labor and care, till within rille ran. '> or .s d,s(.overed u. Ids sechuhxl lair, and is crept np,u. hv tla^ -u ;ous hunter, tdl he can he reach(.l by tl J hJleu uds.le ^h . s to crown the hopes of the hunter and reward hin. for . ls_pa,ns. ll.->ther,s the..//, in which the Indian inntales dlT,! ''■'■^^'""'"^'"^'•'-'^•"•'••"-i-" all its variations. •""I '>.^ I ns nn-ans .ndnces the dehuled animal t., approach the ;;•""•'■■•'''■'' ''•'"'-•' 'ill '"'-.nes within shooting, distance The --- -nust be pursue.l in the (lay-t -1 st likely to take up his alJle dar- ing the conjugal relation. The call can only be snccessfnilv re- oi^cd to by those who after infinite practic.; are enabled at'wdl to Hn.ta.e to perfection all the notes nttered ' v the Moose of l..;!! sexes, a.id all ages, and under all circumstances, from the feeble Till: i>i:i:n of ameiuca. '.i'\ call ol" tlic \ (iiin'4' call', t In- aiix.iiius call of the si)licii(iiis nidllicr. the aiiiiii'iiiis noli' of the rciiiah,' .seeking' a male. n\- tin- iiiasciiliiii' rcspniisi' (if lliciiialc, to tlio licrc(? and ddiaiif cliallciin'f of tlir liiill wlii'ii a rival is .suspected to he near, l^adi of these, oil oc- casion, must lie |ierfeetly expressed, or llie coiinlei'felt will he de- tected and llie siis|iicious ^'aiiie will insraiitlv disa|i|iear. I can liest illustrate the lirst nio(l<' of hunt inn' the Moose liv an extract from that ardent and experienced sporlsniaii and admir- able writer, Caplain CainpUell Ifardv, in "Forest Life in Acii- die.'" p. '.'t. I have no fear that inv extract will lie too lone, f,,]' it is instructive as well as interestiiie" : — " I'rt.'sent ly the canoe was sie'iialed. and u'oiiie' ilown to the water's ede-e I eiiiharked, and in a few iniimtes st, uvideutlv Imilt liv sonic settler who had a notion of makiiio- his fori line li\ the aid of a small stream, which llowed into the lake close \<\\ and over which stood a saw-mill. .\ii old liarn was attached, and from its rafters hiiiij^' inoosc-liidcs of all aL;('s and in all stae('s of decomposition: horns, lee's. and hoofs: porcupines dcjirived of t heir (piills. which are used for ornamental work by the women: and in fact a \ci\ similar collection, only on a grander scale, to that which is often dis[)lavcd on the mitsiih' of a e-aniekeepi'r"s barn in I'Jiniand. "A rush i[>c till ymi and .fiiii are read\ .' I replied, not much relishing the appearance of the parboilcl moose-meat, which Jim was fishing out of the pot. • No clianc<' of calling to-night, I'm afraiil, Joe ; wc; shall have a wet night." '* ' I never see such weather for time of year, Capteii ; everv- thing in woods so w< t — ciin't Inirdly make lire: but grand time for creeping, tih, grand I (ncrytiiing you see, so soft, don"t make no noise. What sort of moccasin you got ? ' "• * A good pair of moose-shanks, yon sold nn? last winter, Joe: they lire the best soi't for keeping out the wet, and they are so thick and warm.' " 'I'JK! moose-shank moccasin is cut from the iiind leg of the Moose; it is in shape like an angk'-boot, and is sewn up tiglitl\ at tlie toe, iind with this exce[)tioii being without seam, is nearly water tight. The interior of Cope's castle was not V(n'y sweet. I TIIIC cifAsh: 858 s iiKitlicr, iiiiisciiliiii' il;c (if till' 'SI', (111 (IC- vill \m (Ic- (isf liv an 11(1 adiiiir- ' ill Aca- ) Imi!'. tor ill In tile 'tore .Iocs t liy SDiuc ' aiil (it' a i\('i' which its ral'ici's ii]i(isili(iii : lis, which act a \vv\ •h is (ii'tcii ;lan(l. rdiiu'li the iti'u — all. ic visitiiin lUT along i'(> read} ." parhdilc.l SO I'liaiicc night.' 11 ; fvery- rand time in"t make liter, Joe : ley are so eg Oi the ij) tiglitl\ is nearly rv sweet. % ' '" '^ ^": "idcrly manner — this II' al)se|icc (,r (III. ■'"■'''■ ; pofalocs were "■'' ''> li;ive aiiv (■('!•. "'>• ,'"""".'-' ""-se were st,vun.'v(',.v'u '-P<- .n various eon.ers, and n.^hinc 2^ ,t the ornamental, for „„, .f , "\' '' '"'^^•"-''- -",.. id, '^'"•"•''"•"Vided.he wal ' t la '-'"""' ^""'^ ' "" .saints a, lartvrs -uml.e,' „| gaudy ,,i,,nivs . •'"•' had, iKMvcver. son,,. i,|,,;i nd "1' 1 he repast lieinc' dvei- ft,,. \ v — ■■^' I., i.^'.v HI ,.,;:;,:::' '•;,7"V""""- >^ ™'i.|' ".s s|„v.,i „,.,, „iis„r I,,:,,, ' ""'"'■'■I" ' >^'^ 11- "^ .-^'""< Which Was strew..,] ..t -i.l-ll,..,n, a (In. , ''■'■'' '■'/ "'"^'■"" iHishes skirti the wati'r u ' '■""""•■ ""' '"^'pl" ^''■''-i.i,.w;;. ;i . r '^ --'--•''si.h^.iftiH ;;■;;''''■•' --'-'-"''''''^ ' tiH^dii-tops, i,' ...iv ^> J ;.':;'■'''•' '^ ^''-'' •'' -''-''ill,, a,.,.,.., ^='inlvus,,,iH.,,,,,.. ■'^'''' 7''''''>--'P-S(.,|. Ande..,- -.^..•tahlys.at..(I,mal.lank(.t,(a. : I : ;,^';'''''":''' bottom of (|„. eanoe, - i .i...,„,,.. , • '•'^^" '"'"-''^ llcll to M'iiM' ■-'■':r^-''-'''''^''-K":i';':i:!»r,.::''- ■ '--"- "II either side. itill g on the gunuah Pi 1 !»: ;ii •I r,r)4 rili: JiEEIl OF AMi:i!lcA. (li'iiiKlinotlier, — wii iiiiist givt; Iht somclliiiig", or wi* liavc no lu.-k.' " 'I'o the i-oclis 111 ([ucstiou iirc^ attaclicd a superstitions attribute of li.'iviiig' lii(! ]^)o\vt'r of iiilliicuciiig tln^ good or had fnrtiiiii- of tliu liimtcr. Tlii'v arc sujuioscd to Ix; tliu I'licliantrd form of .oinc gfiiiiis of tlio forest ; and few Indians, on a, liiinting mission ii[i t!i(! lal«'»-i»"i. v,i ,■,,,,„„.,„, Ti. ,'';"■'""; "' " "» "■ »■■'• ""■■ „.,v wit ,»,, \-„„. : ' I »;""l'<- •■ii- '--r ''•":-' ' »..iii>:;;i::;„';:t :;;;::::,::;' .;r; : "1 ii l«!\v m imtes w.. h.M-,. .. • ,. "^""' "'^ ^t"'Ks. and i-^^.,,,,,.e„,i::jr:; :;-;;: ;;-;';;;i-vi,, ,,,.,,,,, »l"to of tl,„ a,lv,.,-». ..|, „t ■ , ,:„ '"■'■'' "I ". i" -'-.--u, in,K-,',;i:,,,^.j :i!;,:i;f^'-H,;'" «;i'l.".-t.s; .1,0 c,u,va,s U ,„„.„ll,.,l an,, s . .M , n "'"■'''" H.v,.l,.a,,K,an"- Hi" li,-o aa.l ,lis„„,„,l i,, I,,,,., I I !, • "'" "■•■" ■^l'"l<"'l !-i.ii.,. ,. r„rt,.o,. i.,ok i; «::;:";;„ .; ;:;vt-!' f ■"■•"'■ .» s,i„atli„g „vo,- H,o I!,,, witi, ,. woll (ii ", ° ' ''" ''"^ »"" i.i»»i.^».,.. a,.,..., .,,,,, ;:;:,;:;t;!,:r;!:' '"- ■^ -".u\;;:;;^;:'::;;;::'::r-'''7 4n.ne„ ,.„ Uul „ah„.o for travolin?, tl„. ...-o,,:, I L i' ■ ''■ ""'^ »t.'owo,l with aoa.1 t,-oe, oTti.e lore ,;, , ° "" """'"''■^y fiii iili i m «n ill' nm nil-: ]>i:i:n or .\Mi:inr.\, brok'cii limhs and rmiMli ni-mitc roi-Us often cause a severe hruise of fall to tlie Innitei-. 1 1 was, as Joe said, !i ' erand plaee " I'.ir eallini;' the Moose, as in some sjiols the eouiili'v coiild lie scanned for miles ai'onnd, wliilst the nmnei'oiis small hushes and rock l>o\vhlers would aHord a n-ady com-ealmeiit from the (|uick si^ht, of this animal. However, lime would show. If calling could not lie attem|iti'd ne\t morniiig, it would most likelv he suitahie, for crecpine'; so, hopine' for a calm nioiaiine' and a, clear skv, oi', at all events for a cessation of the rain, wi^ stretched ourselves for repose; and the |)atteiin<^ drops and t he crackliue" an translated us to the land of dreams. " To oui' diseust, it still rained wlien we awoke next morning; the wind was in the same direction, and the same eluomv skv promised no hettei- things foi- us that day. The old Indian, how- ever, drew on his r.io,'asins, and started oi'f lo llu^ harreii hv himself, to take a sni'vey of the country whilst the hreakfast was pri'parine', and I gloomily threw myself hack on tlie hlanket for another snooze. After an hour or so"s ahsence, .fo(! returned and sat (h)\vn to liis lu'eakfast (we liad finished oni'"s and wcu'c smok- ing), looking very wet and excited. ' Two .Moose pass round close to camp last night," said lie. ' I find their tracks on har- ren. They gone down the little valh'v towards the lake, and I .see their tracks again in the woods (piite fresh, ^'on get rcaily, (.'ai)ten : I have notion we see Moose to-ilay. I see sou'.e mure trat'ks on th(! barren going .southward ; however, we try the track's near camp first, — may he we find them, if not startecl hy the smell of the fire.' "' We were soon at it: aixl left our camp witli hopeful hearts, and in Indian file, ste])ping lightly in each other's tracks over the elastic^ moss. I'^verything was in first-rate order for cr(!e[)ing on thii iMoos(; ; the fallen leaves did not rustle on the ground, and e\cn dead sticks heiit witlH)Ut sna[)i)ing, and we [)rogn'ssed ia|i- iilly and noiselessly as cats towards the lake. Presently we came on the tracks, here and there deeply im]iresseil on a, han; spot of soil, hut on the moss hardly discernible, except to the Indian's keen vision. They were going down the valley ; a little bi'ook eoursi'd through it towards the lake, and from the mossy hanks s])rung' graceful bushes of moose-wood and maple, on the young shoots of which the Moose had been feeding as they passed. The tracks showed that they were a young bull and a cow, those of \m. Tin: iii.isi:. tl.0 l.it,.,- h..;„.^ ,„„,|, i,.,.„„,. ,„„, „„„,„ ,■„,,„, |,,.,.^ , : •' I-'..- -vMi,.,,. s„. ,„,,„,,„ ,„,„,,: ::::.. t-tTr:;,;:;r;:;-;,:,;';;^;::,::,;'V;;v:;;::: t:l"T ;'T '""--'■i"-i""^'...i"i"i .1,,.,,. :.:::::',"■• .-"'•'"■•.- - i"-'i -■ i J,:, , II llllll.'ltlMll 1. I Mllii'd the II' they sl;,|-|C(| ; •'111 \v;is iii;ikii|M' th,. -,'•""•"'""""•"""■'• '^i-'""- 'In, nstallllH.fi,,,,. IV. t->-,.n,,.... n,.. Uns,...n,i,,...^ ,u„ ;•;;-•"■'... loi- ,1„. ..an...ns al-ovc. I., was ..:,..: ,/; tlirnusow.. u-,.Mtuir(oaM,.UH..-,,arh,.ni,.. 1,,,.,,. .. I.. ,x..y..itl..,,..sy.^ ■intKon tin. w.. , s,n.,<„h rorks. or slin,y s,u.ra„,.. ,,„„•„! -Hh.u, s,.,.,,,. M.,os,.. tlHu..h ...spiHlsw...... ,,vv.;,,.!,; ^ flaggiMu- l,y (•,>iistaiitly t',ilI,)\'vii,M. |V,.sl nun I tracks. 'J'h,, .^[,)(,s,. w,.,.,. .tmat,,m.. ,l,,,p,,,,,,,,,,,,,ttV.HutIu,I.,,lia,. ^ ,,,„,„^. ;;:rr ;'''''';■'''•'''''• '^''--^^'•--..ipa.-t„rti. ■u. \.,,„.,,is,...,l„...,.,Hl..,I liills..fth.M>pp„sih. sl„,n.„r tl,c Ukn I,,,.,,,,,,.. ,|a,.kly thn-ngh the, ...ist, an,l l,..,-. an,l l|„.,v ., l-t.oa.>t,ts.laHcwat..s. The count,v was v... ..p,.,, ; V.,,,,' nu'..t, covered ...save hen. ana there a ehunponiwarnup^ p..stui e trunks, hlaek,.,,...! l.y fn-e, lying across the rocks otten gave n.e a start, as, seen at a .iislanee, thr, •lark, ni.sty air, th<.y resen.l.le.l the forms oi' o,u- I,,,, gan,e-particularlyso,when snnnounte.l bv twiste.l Zoi^'^i^- l.ea..a,nteu-tall whicIwM>poaredtocn.u;th..n.witl^ .^top, ( apten . not a nmve ; ' snddenly whispc-r..,! ohl Joe ^^I.o was crossn.g the barren a few yards to niy left; ' don> l»lea,'h-,l High the our long-siiii'di 5 rf! s H 858 77/A' i>i:i:i; or ami:i;ic.\. liKivcdiic liiti' III' lialt' Iiisscd Mini Iialf said lliroiioli liis tcclli. 'l)(n\iil .sink (IdWii — slow, like iiic I ' iiiid \vc all s^radiial!'- sulisidiMl ill the wet biislios. '' I liiid not si'cii liim : I knmv it was a Moose, 11ioiil;Ii [ dai'cd iiol asl' .luc : luit (|uirtly awaited I'lirtlicr diriM'tioiis. I'irsciit l\ . on .Joe's in\itatioii. I slowly dra;^'<4'cd my liod\ tlii'on^ji tin' hushes to liiiii. 'Now yoii see him, Capteii : there — tliiTel My sakes. what a laill I What a pily we not a little nearer — such opi'ii country I " '• 'I'heii' he st„sl,..s. Aiiutl,,.,- I,,lf ''"•'"• l..'.ss,.s in ,.n.,.,,i,,o. lil,.. ,,„|,„, n„,„„^.,, „,,. ^^^,, ,^^^^,^^ wliiHi uv ,.a„ sranvly hu,,.. will ..„„....,•,] „s ,„u..l, |,.„„,.r Ft «<'«-'in,s an :,p., MU.l ..ft,.,,. „„.[ nnxiouslv. I |u„k „ ,|H.,,,n„r ,„v' sn.-N-l.im.| nfl.. I a.u :,Im,hI, an.hd |..,,,ll, jinl^i,.. .',„. I,u,i- ;''••••! "•;•' tu-Mty yanis to ]>.• ,|,.. .list;,,,..., ! Va., s,;„.l i, „„ l-.'UV.-, l.„t: ,vs..!vn f,> ,l..,.i,|„ n.at t.-rs l.y a .si,„t, a.,.| li,v tl„.„„.|, «lMn.v.a,,.l,,la,.i,,n.,lH...all,,,|,isli,,s, ,,tl..,s(l,,.,.|,;,||..,,...,.ril,;. lM.II-mu..s... S|,.^vly ai„l „,aj..st ically tl... ^.va, a„i,„:i ,.is,.s, '"'•'"•'Iv i:H'„,n- ,n,.,a„.l ,i,.,/.,.s „,H,n „„. f,,, , , ,„, ^ „,. l-nj^- staj,'^..,- follows fl,.. n.p,„.i,.„.l Ih- wl„.,.|s ana,n,| i„.l,i,Hl a . " ' ••'■i'v.' : yo„ l,it l,i,„. y„„ i,i| ,„,,, „,„,„^|,; ,|„„„^ _,,,,,^ |^.^^,,_ ;"r""' '"•■"■^•=" " w-i„oos.. uhid, l,a,l„„L„,.w„„.„sl „ VM,^ ..|..s,. I„.si.l. th. bull. 'C,„„. alo„^;a„,l w,. all ,,h„„-., '"•"'ll-n.U- ...t., (1... sua.„i,. D'va.lfal ..,.„„,. at.a..k,.,l ,„v I..; "". al,„„st prc.v.M,t...I ,„.. f,-,„n ^.tti,,.. thnai^l,. - th- ,v;„h^'i snJ.l.M, v,ol..,., „..ti,.„, afh.,- tl... n.st,.ai,....l „.ov..„.,.,„. i,, ,1,.. <•'"'• ^v' ."..ss, a„.l l,„..k|..l,..,Ty I.„sl„.s. A IVw p;„.„s ,„. tl,.. "tl-r s„!,.,_a,.d thooTcat iu.ll s,..].l..„|y ,.,... i„ tV,„,, of „s, ,.,„.; .sn.|,..l..n,„h>t.i..ko.,v..,.t. A»..th..,-sl,„t an.l 1,,. si„ks li,V|..., ■•t -;•<-• I - li,.st I.all ha.l ..„t..,....| tl,..v..,-v ....,,„.,. ofhis bivast, ai,.. s..f:tk.,ne„t: The ,„as;iv.. h..a.i an.. a.,tl,.>s W('l-(! \V,th ,IS. .'".HI.-, ■■ • Ah n,.u,,.]n,..tl,.>r,- sai.l Jo... as wo pass.,! the iM.]isti„..t o„t- Im.'s ol the sp„.,t: .-oeks, ^ yo,. v..,.y g-..o.l t., „.s this ti,,,,.. a„vhou- • vry „,i...h w.. tha„ky..„, (i,.a„.ln,otl,<.,. " ,. V/'^"''''^; ''••''■ ''''"^'■'-••'''^''='tw.'hav..,,ol ti,,,.. tos,.., Ml..th..,-th..o|h.nn^s..ly,.stc.nlaya,v ^o,,.. o,-„ot;l.„l „,i„.l yon^o up tl,.. lake agai., t,,-,,,..,.,-,...- to l„.ing ....fc tl„. .....a,; -'<1"1'- f'..-gvt y,u..-(;,.a,,.l,,,otl,..,.,f,,..J ....alTv think sh.. ha been in.)st kii,.! to us."" ' All tl,.. es..,.tial ..l.M,,...,ls fo,.MiU-l,,,nting the M.>ose a...M,,au- ib.stcil 111 tins single iiiUTative. A thorough knowLnlg.. of the habits .,f the anin.al n,us, t..a..h the hunter where to h.ok f.u- ],i,n at .■...■fain seasons of ,1„. ...a,' :;r "I l>a,-tu.ula._ times of the .lay. in fai.- or in stor.nv w,.ath.M' il.o supe.aor v,s,on ..f n,an over that of the M....se, is n.oiv than con.pensated to the latter by the a.lvantage of his position, l.ei,,.. :!(;0 77//; /'/;/;/; af .\mi:i;ic.\. t ,*! I'ii ?1 I V ■ 111 ^I'lit'iMlIy slill Iiiiiisrir, while till' liiiiiti'f is in iiHilidii. wliiili lii'lp-, out, Ills (li'l'iTtivr si^lit.;iii(l I'liiiMcs liiiii In iilnilily till' iiiM\ inn; olijrrl. IWil ii'W ;iiiiiii;ils liavr ;i nmir ('(H'rcrl vi>inii linn iii;in. It cimlilcs liiiii Id iilc'iitily oltjccts at a j^rcat (listaiirr, witliiuii i|ii> aid lit' iiii.liiiii, liul lor siicci'ssl'iil Mnusc Inmtiiii'— aiitl tlir siihh' rciiiark is ni'Mcrjilly tnn^ nf nllirr name as wril — llir sisioii iiiii>l lit! riillivatcil l>y I'ljin' |)racliiT ami I'arri'iil study. 'I'liis tlu' Indian has siircrrdi'd in dninn' In a n'lcalcr rNlnil ihan ihc ciil- tivali'il man. 'I'Ih- rrasim nl' this is nliviiMis. 'I'ln' iniiid nj' ihi' Indian is iiccii|»lcil witli lew and siiii|ili' tliminhts, and In llir-,c he ran di'Vidi' all tlir rnci'u'ii'S of whati'ver iliti'lli'd he has. and hence we niie'ht ('.\|u'i't <;'i'('at, iirnjieieney in the lew |iiiisiiits to which he i|e\dtes a I i I'e-t inie. 1)111 I'ew white men make a lll'e- lone' lMi>iness ol' hiintine'. and even these few have learned to think- III" nioi'i' siiltji'ct.s than the Indian, and those snlijects will inlrnde themselves, more or h-ss, upon the cultivated mind, wlieii not under the sti'oii«^ I'XciteMicnt ai'isinn' I'roiii the immediate |>ieseiice of eaiiie. and so lie does not cultivate, those senses, the hie'hesr order of wliicli art; indispensalile to meet the shai'|)ened insliiicts of the lare'er eanie whose constant aiipi'elieiision makes them ever on the alert. The improved vision of the Indian hunter, — and that is the o('cu|iation of nearly all Indians, from childhocd to old ae'e, — and that class of ohscr\ations which eiiaMes him to draw eorriict conclusions from slieht evidence which would escape the notice, or not arrest the attention, of the ordinary whiter num, lias lieeii noticed l>y all who have hunted nuicli with the ahoiieines, uiul lias lieen recoi'ded by all who havi' written of their t'Xperieiice. The instance just narrated, when the Indian recoeni/ed the moose, when he was not nioving-. the instant la came within the line of vision, and heforo the moose ohsei'ved the liunter, althoueh in motion, is not sine'ular, or even e\cc[)- tional. But tile huntei's knew they had keener senses to deal with than the dull eye of their eanu'. His ipiick ear would detect the least noise, and his acute senst; of snu-ll would detect the least taint in the air, which would tell him of the presence of his enemies, when the g'time would he lost. How these; endiarrassnieiits were over- coniis is well explained, and tlu'y an; always to \w, met with in still-lumting the deer, and so indeed in many other modes of his pursuit. While the still hunt may be followed at all seasons of the year, and is available for all the species of the deer, the eidl hunting is ■/■///; < II A si:. ;](;i ;'"•';''•''• ';• "- 1"-S..,( Ui ,|„. Muns,.,,MnI is >uI,s(;M,Iu1K ,.„„- ""■ '"•' '■•■nssr,.,.,,M.„lll,.H,-l, (I,,.,,, II i. ;,v,vl„M,.'.,s uv I'-'V" s'''ii, as;ui.v;ii„ry t.. u|lnTimM|,.,s ..f l,„„tii,^r, ..!„| ,,, ,,,|,„, s<'iis(iiis. '"" '"-"""•:"' """''■•''• I^='V..,.ysiI,.„t.„l,n;,l.nn,| ,|... „..„f ,|„. ;;"'■" '■- "'""■^' ••'.ti,vlvn,„r,u...l to ,1m. lwu|,.„-..st .,„.,.i..s ,1,.. ^'""r" "'"' ,"'•• ^^"I'i'i- TIh. .M„ns.. „,„>( „!■ „||. rsL.Z |,is l-n-iuMs-.r l,.s..nsii,ilili..sl,s nt l.-Hi,^ .,.u,„U ..^,„v>,i^ ,. „,• ,|ir. ,;'"'" ''^"r"',"V""'"'"^''''''"'"-^^'''"'""'"i"'""i^^'''"H..I vh. !'"""" '^""'•'"" ^"■'•"",I.Mu,.,|l,vllH.|M„„..r;,su,.|| Tn'in, ;'"" •.'"••^•■';^'^"'""Hi.s ,,„ in-ln„n,.,„, „„.„!.. ,,!• I.;,,!.,,,.;, |.,,||,„v '""■"• '-'-•!;- MM ai.l,wl,il...,.l,..,ss„v luvlM.vinullii ,|,.. "'y^'',"- ls:snn..;.oss..ss,hi>l;.,.„l,v„r i„nl:„i,:;, i„ " •'"."•!' iH'.M.r ,!.,,■,■..,. ,lK,n ..Huts, an.l su,,,,-' .v,.,, ,.,• v,., ilC(|llll'f |(. l^nriui^ (Ih. n,t(in^s..„s,.n, ns l,as I,,.,,, s:,i,|, , j,,. n,;,|,. M,,.,s„ -|-l:,lly nn|H.||,..| i.y I h. an!,.,- „f his passinns, los.s a ,,aH .f ^'"' """",','>■ '""' <■•""!"" I'.v ^vlnrl, |„. is .nvrnn..! al o.l,,.,. M"as,,„s. ||,..y l„...„na. not only anl.nt, 1,,,. ...ura^.ous a.al ;:'""''""^"'- ' "'il '" = "'"lwill,alV,„ahMlH.v..n.s|, ,li,. i loivsls ami swan,,,s in a half fp.n.i,.! ,.,,n,lii ion. ....klrn. ,1,,. cc.snv,Iol.,,H.I.an,la|.|,an.nllya..|,in-lora li:;h(. X„w i, i'^ihal tlH._hnnl,.rs....k.stolak,. a.ivanta.uoof his (.MMuM-anuM,,. l,v in,- |t"lin,-sn..h..allsof his kin,l as a,v n.os, hk-lv .oalhnv hhn |o '":'"'"• '" ' '''^"- '" ""• '•■•ill li.int ,ho hnnl..,- ha. ,•,„„,■,.- Mtivly Imh. lo r,.ar tVon, ,h. si-h, .,f ,ho .Moo.,-, In, I iVon, t'h.. S.-..S..S ol sna.ll an.l h.-arin^ h.. has ..v-rythin^ to appn.h.n.l. "'•• >'"',.. ..hoson ,s ..ithcr niuht or ,,,rlv ni.,rnin- II,. n,,.s, "." , '"' ' '""I' ■' ••^"Hi..i..nl .listanc.. IVon, thr nrnun.! s..l,.,-i..,l f,,,. :'"■ """• '" l"'"^''"^ i'-^ ,^i^ i'l.U- ""ti.v to tin. ^^nuw of his ,„v.,.nr,. in t Ih- n..,^'hl.o,hoo,l. Th..,v n,nsl 1... n,> win.l to ..a.rx ll h.r of_tlH.hMnt..rinany.lin...tiou,,.ls,. th.. sa^a.-ions an.l ■sns,,i..ions ;'>""'='l ;v'll ••'• .^inv (o ,ak,> a.ivantanv of i,. „, .,,,.,„,..,, ,|„. Inintcr Ironi the l,.(.\vai'.l. and so .l..t....t, tl the hunt 1.^ spoil. .,1. A I'liil I tcr to sec th.' name \\| ciifitCN' when in ran-'e. 'I' trail. I at ..nc... \\h..n '"">" i-^ r...piir,.,l t.) cnai.h. the hnn- K'li It apiiroaclu's, an.l to sho.)t witl 1 ao <'ii a still iiit^Wit in S..ptcn)l.oi- or (),.t.,l ai"t..r the antlers of the Moose have I •er, with a l:-oo(1 i loiill. 'wvj; riil.lie.l against the tree-stems, tl "'e.iiiif nieely polishe.l |,y n resort of the M.iose, sele(?t le experienced hunt.'r re- pairs t.. the well-know position in a country as op.-n as may he found, an.l ron..,,als 1 WMX an el.. vat. mil t , 1 1 1 r 1 1}: tl )^- ■t l! .' ii m;! I 111 362 'JJir: DKKIt OF AMERICA. self licliiiid s{rino |)rosti';»t(> Ircn^ or U-Ies are to lie realized, and if the least hi'eath nf air is stirring to t'arry thi- scent, lie is sun- lo catcli it, and heats a retreat so (piii'tlv that not ;• twig snaps he- ni'ath his f(>et, whih; before the clacking noise of his great antlers thrashing among the di'v Tnuhs, could he heard at^ a gi'cat distance, ^^'hell suspicion is thus cdulirmi'd, the retreat of the INIoose is so (piiet, the lun.ri;- will strain his eyes lo get a. glimpse of the game when^ he I'ist heard him, wIk n he is ra[)idly ri'- treating a long distance awav. If no suspicious scent or noise conliiMus the fears of ihe Moose, he gradually apjiroaches the spot whei'e t'le call was heard, which he I'eadilv locates with inierriu'j; certainty, till at last his great form looms up against the liini/Mii. and then it is llu; fault of the hunter if Moose steaks are imi over the camp-lii'c the next morning. 'J'he hull Moose is the ]iriucipal ohject of pursuit in call hunt- ing, the cow lieing rarelv enticed liy the call. Although this is no douht exciting sport at limes, for it is dilli- cult to couceive of a feeliag more iutens(> than that ins^iired iiy the crashing tread of t' > advaiu-ing hull or the rolling of his great antlers among the iWy limhs. as he thrashes them ahout in deliance of a supposed adversary, w lios(> challenge he thiid has heard, and with whom he is aiid)iti(>us to do haltle, vet this is not in general a successful mode of hunting the Mouse, and failures are many, while successes are few. In Scandinavia, Mi'. Lioyd t(dls us that the <'lk is successfully hunted with dogs held in leash. 1 h' cautioiislv follows in the track till the game is approache(l. when the ilog is lied to a tree and the hunter stalks tlu^ ipiarry alone. This mode, only meets with ((ualilied success there. 1 have no information that this nH>de of hunt- .g i\w Moose has e\i'r been practiced here. i% '"Wi Til J:: (7/. IN/;. for the I niiiti'. iilliirecl ]>('rf('('t V of an ly [lass- r. snuir- )t'('n (Ic- 1 if the sure In ia|is Ix'- is ^Tcat ; ii <;'ri'at t of tilt' 'j;!iniiist! tidly rt'- or nolsi! tlie spot UlUMM'illL; ■ li(iri/'iii. s are imt ;all liuul- it is dilli- ^pii'i'il liy )M- I if liis iliiiiit in inl'is lie vi't this ose, and ■t'ssfully ;s in till' to a tri'i' ly meets that thi-^ 'I'llK W.mKI.AND CAUIISor. The cndowinents of .his animal render its [lursnit a woi'k of care and lahor in those ree'ions w lucre ii has lieeii much hnnled, iuul so the e\citemcnt of the chase is enhanced in a coi'icsjiomliny degree. Indeed none other of the deer i'iiniliv ahhors civilization so nnich as this, and noiii' so (piicklv desert a coiimi'x upon its iijiproach. \\'hile it occupies the i'aii'j;e jointlv with the moM>e, thuy are liy no means social neiehhoi'-. and the Caiil'ou hastens away, \vliene\ei- it finds ii.-elf in close conla. i with iis laru'ei' consin. lC\ce|i| in iiidVe(|nont<'d .i"j,ions it is onlvf'iund in timhered hinds or in the luishv harrcns. where ii can lind sale coscrt fi-oni its ]iur>uers. If once alarmed li\ ;he hunii'r. it llees away in conlinuid alarm. nor.>l"iis to rest or U-'A. till it has ediie so ei'eat aihstaiiee ihal pursuit is (piite on: ot the ipiest ion. If lhee\- jierienced hunter wounds tlx- ('arihou. he makes no at'einpt to follow hini. unless he l(eliev(>s him so disalileil that he lacks tin- physical strength to escape to anv e'l'eat distance, foi- he knows he will ne\cr stop till conipelled l>v ah-^olute (.'xiiausl inn, or a per- fectly safe distance has lieeii aHained. If. like the nther r liorne in mind i'\ the suceessfid hnnter. The hahits of ^his deer varv verv much in dil'ferent localities, so iliev must lie -[leci.alK studied under varving circum- stances. The niode t pui-^uii which ma\ he \'eiy sncc<'sslul. in remote seclusion, uiiere it is rarely ahirnieil. inieiit he i|nil(' f|•nilll■-^s whci-c it is frei|uentlv pursni'il, and so has hecoine ever watchful and v .'irilant AltliouL the < ario.iii is iiearlv voieidess. vet it is not wh.tlly so. I)nrine' the iuve season the male e\pre>ses his desires, and invites a iiiait«-» l»v a sl't• •n harrieil l)y the white man. the case is (piite i ill m 304 '/■///•; dJ'Jk;; of amiiuka. (lilTfi'ciit. I iniiv here I'cpcat, ^vllilt I have iii(iiimti-il in aiiMthcr ■j)lai'i', llial the liidiim, rvt u silicic In* lias a('i|iiii'iMl tln' iisi- ni lipi.. ariiis. (lues imt nrdliiiirily ilrivc L^aiiif fioiii a '•uinitrv, as the white scttlrr (ir cvi'ii till' wliitc liiiiii r is ipiiir lil^rlv t'> ih'. His i|iiict, st<'altli_v iii«i(|c n|' pi'iK'ccdinu- does not create tli;it penniiiiciil iiu- prcssioii of alanii, wliicli rcsulis from the lioi>tri'oiis and ( an-icss |)i'o('i'(Mlih_;s too often indiilo-ed in or )>ractieed liv tlie wliite mini. If lie kills liis eaiiie, it is done so ijiiietly and evei-\ t liiii-j,' i> so (|niet afterwards, that tiiose escapine' are liardlv alile to ;i|ij)ie- eiate wli.iV ciieniy lias thinned tliiMr ranks. In what niiiv !»e termed the alarmed districts, iiothiiiLT shoit t<& the skill of Hie Indian can suecessfnlly pnrsue tin' ( ';irilioii. ;indl fti> it is indi^ ^leiisahle to tiio sportsman who would hum liiiu. to sooure thn- services of a native hunter, w liose life-lon<4' traininii; alom .nld (jiialify liim for the ditiicult task. The sport is de- ferr'il till arlv wiiirer sets in, when the ground is covere(l with snow. whiTts. reveals uhc tnwks of the deer, and liiids more or |e>s lodji'iwn'tiiiit in tho l)oni«hs ami on the bai'k of the irees. imikiiiLi' efferA'-thiino' -" lai^arl'T correspond with the eoloi' of the ('nr'h^. til; ii ■ iHi; "JftJ-trt «»t 1sl*e ipiick ; _ •(• of the Indian can detec iii'i!. till Jie oonii'K. awray foreveu. 3la.iuv exijw-rr I-iMiiar '••■■e for many yi-ars almost made il ;i ])rofe-.-Ni("i)n to a-si-sr tlh j ■ vnian in the pursuit oi tin* moose mid the diiiriil)on. m lfl»i)>*<- fe-w 4i»t)rii'ts when; these wli»*«*r are found and are svill ;i ie ]'■• tlie sportsman. The-e Indians arc not oidv skillful liuii'teiK*, imt, are often amii-ini,' comp:iiiions and use- ful camp servaiii-': makiiie- camp, simp p ii,';- t.ie tires, cle.iiiiii;^ the e'liiis and c • kiuLT the mca.ls, anil hrinuin^ in the L^aine. It is ill the d Mip and fresh falleiii snow ihiit tlie ("airiheii ;s most succe-siiiliy stalked. 'I'lieii M is that tl»e foot, ilad in the moccasin, made from the skin of the lnock of fii moose, leiiirns no sound to the hunter's step, ami he is enahlecl lo glidi. through the dark forest or the hleaU harren as noiselessK as a cat upon a carpet. 'J'he ("arilioii. like the moose, frc(pieiitlv ci'ojis *he parasitic mosses or the twie> of Imshes whih; he is traveliii;;-. and l>y this means the e\perien<'ed hunter is assisted in following' his trail when his tracks are indistinct: and from the freshness of tlies" sio'iis he jude-es how recently the animal has [lassed. In districts where the Caribou is not hitnted except hyilic Indians, as in the interior of Newfoundland and Labrador. tlie\ are less suspicioiH, and less dillii'iilt to a.pjiro n'h. Tliere tlio, n -rpr THE CIIASK. .".(;.■) ui'itlicr III' lii'c- I- wlnti' s (juict, ,('iit 1111- lari-it'ss tr lllilll. ml:,' is sn I ;i|iprr- slmit I'liii lull. aiM'l liiiii. t" tiMiiiiii;i rt is 'Ir- ■ITli willl )•(' 111" less , llKlkillLr ti'i' ll!'!!. ii;nli' i( :i ijixisr iUlil U-O I'lUllul s ;uv ii'if au'l us.-- rliMuiuL;' 111'*. 'airiU.'U ;s 1(1 in llh' .. returns tlinumli it ii|iiiii a jiarasitic l.y this liis trail (if tin's'' |ii liy til'' |ul(ir. tli('\ llidv lU''^ i :■ Inivt' tlii-^r rc^'iilai' trails and runways, wliicli tlu'y ])ur>uc in tlicir rci^ular nii^ratioiis, alwavs crossini;' tlic stnsini.^ at lavoritc Irnds. Iiii thee miiiratidiis the deci' march in small hands, in silicic tile, p-ncrall V several Ict'l apart, in well healeii |iatli<. Their march is h^isiii'elv made, and rather slow. I'i'e(|ii( iitly )iick'inn' the lichens us tiicy [lass, iinh'ss they ohserve soniethinu' tn excite dieir siis- [)iciMiis. This is tlnMinn' t'oi' tlu! natives Id make their harvest (if meal. The gmitust opportunity is at the lord of a Kroad stream. Dr. Ilichardsoii. in trcatini;' u{ the WoitiUmid ( 'nialn ni. says : '- .Mr. ! 1 11 tell ills iiieiitidiis that In; has seen eighty carcasses dt" this kind (if iV'i'V lii-dueiit into ^ ork Factdi'y in niie day. and many I'.i.hers \vei'(i i"cfused for the want of salt to pre-erve them. 'I'hcse W'vrc killed when in the act of crossine- Ila\s i{i\cr. and the na- ti\('S cMiiiinued todeslro\' them, for the sake of the skins, hain' after ili'V had store(i uj) more meat than lhe\' reijiiired. I have oeeii iiiloi-nie(l hv several of t\w. residents of ^ ork Factory that the herds are sometimes so lai'i;i! as to rci[uire several hours to cross the river in a crowded ;>haian.\." < )n t he island of Newfoundland, this deer is e(pially miu'ratoi'\' : lint necessarily ii> mie'ratioiis are nioic limiie(l territorialK . e\- cejit in the few instances when they cross the lii'oad water- uliieh separate llie island from Lahrador, in the wini>r on the ice : but. this rather facilitates than impc(|es this moileof capture li\' tli(> natives, for it compels tlii'in to pursue theii' ti'avds within more dclined routes, and so they are the more easil\ wax laid and desli' »\C(i. In the interior of I.al)rador this deer, espociallv in the winler si'asou, (dutrihutcs larg'elv to tli<> sustenance of the nati\(^. who ;Uill pursue it with the how and arrow with some deer( f suc- cess, i !ind. staiidinc;- on the dixide ix'tween the waters of the Miosie and the A>liwanipi. listened to the stor\' of the Indian. Mich(d, the theatre of which lav lieforc them, and ^ixcs it tlm>: 'MIe had iteeii watchinij; lor some hour; with his companion when tlicy lieard the clattci' of hoofs o\cr the rocks. Lookiu'.;' in a direction from which they least ex|)ect"(l ('ai'ih'iu wmild come. the\ saw two ('aril)ou, pursued l>y a snail hand of wolxcs. mak- ing dircctiv for the s[iot wliere the\ were l\ine-. They were not more t han three hundred yards away, and coming with tre- mendous hounds, and last increasing the distance hetween tin in- selves and the wolves, who had e\idenll\ surprised them only a short time hefoi'e. Neither .Michel nor his com[ianioii had iii'c- I; M m ! ! i' ! . ! i i I- 1 ; 1 1 , \ 1 1 \ ; - i (l h^ i^i 3GG 77//-; />/;/•;/.' these ileer, using the reindeer moss for bait, 'i'he ti'a|» is constructed of fro/cii snow or ii'c, iiielo>ing a room of snllicient dimensions to hold several deer, and o\er this is laid a thiii slab of iee, supported on wooden a\les forward of the centre of gravity. The to|) of this is only acce>si!ile \>\ a way prepared for the [uirpose, and bevond the tempting nio» is laid. In reaching it, the deer passes over the ti'caehei'ous slab of ice, which is lilted by the weight of the tU'i'V, and Im is precipitated into the room below, when tlu^ top, relievcil of the weight., resumes its horizontal position, and is ready set f(a- another victim. They are snared with thongs made of the skin of the animal, by placing the noose in positions wln're the head will [lass through it, soinethine' in the manner describeil in snaring the im and if they ilo not find a tree convenient to which the line may be attached, they will hitch it to the middle of a loose pole, whicli soon becomes entangled in tlu! luishes ai;d among the rocks, so that the animal ('annut escape to any gri'at dislaiice, (Jreat numbers are captured by the Indians b\ drixing theui into pens or inclosures made of bushes, and placed in the coui'se of some well beati'ii path, where a narrow gateway is left., fnnu either side of which a diverging line of bushes or [liles of st«>i.ie,. jK'rhaps one hundred feet apart, are placed. These Tiwiy eVK'l**!; a mile or two, and at their extremities be far apart. A watvh is kept from some higli point of observation, and hIji-hi a lu'rd i*^; deer is observed a]>}iroaching, the whole family, hk-hk women, aint eliihlren, tpiietly skulk around them, and Jrivi them within the converging lines of objects which, in their stuj^iflity and defcctiv*; eyesight, they regard as iin[)assable barriers, nd so rush sti'aight forwartl upon the i);ith into tin; inclosure, in which is a lab\ linth h 3G8 77//; />/•;/•;/.■ ar ami:i:ica. of \v;i\ s iiiiidc li\ ivpws 'if liiislics. wIh'I'c the deer Ix'cuinc t'liirlv (l;i/,cil. ;iiii| ;ir(' sI;iiiL;iit.-i'f(l with sprars, ainl cvi-ii cliiK^. iIk^ wiiiiicii and cliildrrii in tht' nicaiitliiic n'liai'diiin' the outside .if tlic iiiclosuiT to |iicvciit the escape of any. The inindier shiuinlif ered in tills wav is very L;'reat. and funiisiies llie native-; willi |irovisioii in ei'eat alMindanee. W'e lia\(' nian\' facts related of tlie IJaiTen-j^'roniid ( .iriltMii whicli -er\'e to infiii'ni us of the (h'Li'ree and accuracy of their powers (if \ isi in. and from these I thiid< we iua\' safel\' cnuclud(i tlial if theii- sense of siciiV is (jiiick it is not I'elialile. Indeed we are led to tile conchision that tllev idenfifv ohjects wilh less cerlaintv than any of the oiher deer. As we have just seen, rows iif hushes or piles of stone placed at considerahle distances a|iarl ser\e to prevent them from passing the lines, and i_;aide them to the pound into which thev are dri\en. This show-, iiiat. the\' do not identifv the olijects which ^llide them, llol' do lliev in tln'ir ciiiifusion even individnali/e those . hut I'ltliem lhe\ are so confused that they appear to foian cont iimous lines on either side, else t"he\ wdidd ])ass out hetweeu them. Thl-; defect "f visiiai is furthei' illust rate(| h\- what Captain l'"ranklin say> of this deei', as iprnted hy llichardsun : "The I'cinileei' has a ipiick e\e. hut the huuter. hy keeping' to the wlnd"\ard of them, and usIul;' a litth' caniioii. niav approach ver\ n<'ai', (heir apprehensions heinn' nuidi more easil\- ai'onsed li\- th smell than the sii_;ht of any unusual oliject. I ndeed. tlieii' cnrinsily often causes them to c,)U)e close up td and ".\heel I'nnnd thehinitei-, thus affording him a 'j^oimI opportunitx of sinMTni^- out the fa'test of till' herd: and upon these occasions tlie\ hecome so confused hy the shouts ami in'cstures of their eiiemv that they run hack- wards ami forwards with ereat rapiditv. hut without tlu' power of makini;' their escape. The ('opper Indians lind 1)\ expei'i.'nce that a white dress attracts them most I'eadilv, ami they often sncceeil in lirini;ii;e- them within shot hv knei-liiiL!," an 1 \ihraliuL;' the e-iiii tVoin side to side in imitation of the motion of the deer's liorirs. when he is in the act of ruhhiiiLi,- his head against a stone, d'he Don'-ril) Indians have a wa\ of killino lln'se ani- mals which, ihoiioh simple, is vei'v successful. It is thus de- sia-ihed hy Mr. Went/ell. wdio resided lone' ainoii'^'si that people. The huntei's e'r, in pairs, the h)reinost man carr\ iuL;' in one hand the lioiais and part of tlu' skin of the head of a deer, and in the other a small hinich of twin's, a^'ainst which he. from time to time, rnhs t h<' horirs, iinit.itiny the gestiiri's pecidiar to th<' animal. THE (//A Si:. 300 liiniv ^. tlu- ul' \]\r iMiTi'tl wisioii .1' tlii-ir illl !''SS (1 i^aiilt*. as ilr.it do \\\'-y V< \\\'-\\\ Ills I'nirs 1. Tlii^ l-"r;iuklin ili'iT lets 'Aiinl "I [iir, tln'M' lli;m imil''!'. fan '-St mi'ii -''il 11 liMi'k- H'i'i"iii'ii ■V ot'li'll iliratiuL;' !■ (It'iT s ^aiiisl a CSC ani- lius df- t IlCDlllc. n ic liaiiil ,1 ill tilt! tlllK' i'> ' animal. I lis coniradc follows, trcailiiii^ cxai'tlv in liis footslcps ami lioM- iiiH (lie n'uiis of liotli in a liori/.ontal posilion. so that tln' nm/./.lcs project iiiali'i' the arms of him who carries the head. IJolh liiintcrs ha\(' a lillct: of while skin around their foreheads, and the foicm.'st has a strip of the same around his waist. Tliev ap[)roaeh the herd hy de;j;rees. raisiiie' their leL;s verv slowK ImL KetliiiL;- them down somewhat suddenly, after the manner of a (leer, and always taking' care to lift I'lght or lefl feet simullaiu!- ously. If any of the herd lea\('s oil' feodine' to ^a/.e upon this e.\l iMordinary phenomenon it instant I v stops, and t he head lie-ins to play its part hv liekine- its shoulders anarren-L;roiind ('aril)ou. From the facts stated I arrived tit a dirferent conclu- sion from tliatstate(i hv ('aptain l'"ranklin. He sa\s the Rein- deer " has a ijiiick eve ; "' luit his conduct shows that he has the dullest e\eof I h(! e-eiiiis. .\nyof tin; others with whose haliils we are wi'll a"(piainled would have detected the counterfeit, es- pecially when one hunter was foUowini; tho other, lonn hefore thev reached the lua'd. The facts related demonstrate thai tin; sense of smell is not so idiaide as has l>ei u often stateil, else the Inmters, under no circnnistaiices. cotdd have reacheil the middlt; of the herd wilhout (avatiiiu alarm. As further i'liistratini^ the liahils of this animal, I must 'pioh; from what ('a|)tain Lvoii say- of the mode of humin^ it hy tlu; Esipiimaux. "The Keindecr \ isits the I'olar regions at the lat- ter end of Mav, or earlv p irt of .Iiine. [unl remains till Si'ptein- her. ()n his lirst iirrival he is thin and liis ilesh is tasteless, hut the short, summer is siiilicient to fatttm him to two or tliriH.' inches on the haunches. When feedine- on the level e'i''iund an Esipiiinau mtikes no atteiii[it to ap[)roach liini, hut should a few 1^ UK) ■11/ 1: i)i:i:i; or ami.iuca. I w. \i. i '! M ! 1 j \ i \ \ ■! i ) i I I i i i'i:>'i : :! nx'Us lie iiciw, tli(! Wiii'v liuiitcr iiiiikcs sure of liis ])r(>v. IJcliiiid oiii' (if these lie caiitidiisly creeps niid liiivlii!^ la'ul himself vei'v cli'se, with his liow iiiui arrow liei'ore him, imitates the helluw (jf 1 he ilecr w hell eaUiii!^' each olliei' ; sometimes for more con'|ilete (lecejitioii the liiiiiter wears his deer-skin coat and hood so drawn over his head, as lo resemliU> in a yreat nieasun; the nnsnspectinL;' animals he is enticing', 'riimigh tlu! bellow proves considei'aliie attraction, yet if a man has ^rciit. ])atienee he may do without it and may he e(|nally certain that his prey will ultimately cniiie to examine him : the licindeer hein^ an impusitive animal and at the same time so silly that if he sees any sns[)iei()MS olijeci which is not actnallv chasiii<; him he will I'radiiallv and after man\ ca- perinn's and formint;' repeated circles apj)roacli nearer and nearer to it. The lvs(prniiaii\ rarely shoot till tin; creatnre is within twelve paces, and 1 have heeii fre([iiently told of their being killed at a inncli shorter distance, it is to be; observed that tln^ hunters never appear openly, bnt employ stratagiMn for their piir|iose : thus by patience and ingenuity riMidering their rudely formed bows, ami still worse arrows, as elYeetive as tlu; rifles of the i'.u- ropeans. Where two men hunt in company they sometimes ]iur- poselv show themselves to the deer, one before the other. 'Ihc deer follows and when the hunters arrives near a .ston(! the fore- most drops behind it and pre[)ares his bow, wliili^ his eompaniou continues walking steadily forward. 'I'liis latter the deer still follows imsnsiiectingiy. who thus passes near the concealed man wlui takes deliberate aim and kills the animal. When the deer assemble in herds there are particular passes which they invaria- bly take, and on being driven to them are killed by arrows by the men, while the women with shouts drive them to the water. Here they swim with the ease and activity of water-dogs, the people in hayaks chasing and easily s[iearing them. The car- casses iloat anil the hunter then presses forwartl and kills as many as he finds in his ti'ac-k. Xo sjirings or traps wvo nsed in tin- capture of these animals, as is practiced to the southward, in coii- seijuence of the total absi'uce of standing wotnl." We nowhere else lind in the sanu' space so much valuable in- formation concerning this animal as in this extract. It tells us of the great curiosity of this deer, which so often leads it to destruction, in which it most resembles our antelojie, but it conclusively proves as well that the vision is so defective that even with the aid of motion it cannot identify objects. The facts stateil also show that this deer has not the acute sense of Till- (If A si:. I'x'llilld ISi'lf vltv liclldW CT slill LM'alcd mail Ml tilt' (lt!L'l' cy invai'ia- • arrows liy tlif wattT. ■L'-(1mu'S, llic TIh' .'ar- lUs as many useil in tlio ai'd. in coH- ^•aliial'lc in- eli so ol'uMi u' antcloiH', so ilul'iu'tivc ijects. 'i'lit- ute sense ot •■171 w - ■^lllell wlliell is J)OS.S(>HS(.(l l,v tlie ..tin.,. J ,. 1 ■ . llliit III,. ,l,.,.rli,„,l,,| „|,,, 1„,;„„ III! , ,.., '"■" ''^ ,,r ll„. ;, , ''"' """■'■ l''-"llll'ii^ll.|,., I,r,;,„s,. , ,. ;;■ -"I'- »i,i,.i, , d,.»i,.v,.,„,,i.,, „,„,.; tl'e u-a(er, |.„fc then uncloubt.-.ilv tliev ,v,n,i,. •, ve - -■..".■-:f:v;::::s:r:::,:::t:,:-;-;::;;:;:-; ";;' ■'^P">'t«'":'M is iH.ft,.,- rewar I j,,- (]„. ,.,,,,f,,,,,, ,- . , ^--""•'<1 '^^■•il.on, whi<.h l.asn.,uin.Ia!lhi Vl -T'^ SH:«HEtESa?5 ail^M-o„ce .n the c.ulovvments for self ,„....,.,-,.;,..! I Ir " ' '"^ •spoeavs of ,leer, if not the m..st niai-ke.l piusevvatiou of thi-si; t tl leni of (lilfei-ent .species, is still )f ti lose whieh dec], wo I r{3 vei y remarkable and iiit.'ivst ni!''. m m\\\ p 1^1 i!' 11 1 1 . i - ' 1 ! t III 1 •. ;' : 37:2 ■jjih' i)i:i:it uF AMiinicA. TIIK i:i,K. Tilt' Aiiicricini l^lk, or \\':i[iiti Deer, is iinlilc nnuu-. ami lis |iiir- suit atVni'ds cxcitiiii^ sport to tlic Iiimtcr. His raii^c is niiicli inori' divcM'silii'il tliaii that of the moose, I'or lie raiiL;('s tlic prai- ries and till' plains, as well as the Forests and the niounlains. If he does not make his Jiome on tin; Itarren plains of the far wesl. he ranges across them from on(! belt of lindiei- toanothrr, which are iisnally found along the streams which intersect thiMii ; and lirforc the white man haIU, either hy the Indian or the white man. is l»y stalking, or the still hunt, oi- soniclinics li\ puisuitT on horscliaek. Ih'ing social and eregarious in thrir lialiits. thevare usuallv found in hands of greater or less mimhcrs, although it is by no means uncommon to lind solitary individuals scattered through the country, — usually young malfs. 'I'liey are less suspicious than the moose, and their scirscs of smell and hear- ing ai'c less acute, while few other animals excel tlieiu in these regards. Uut. as the hunters express it, they have less .V(//.vc than the moose, or, indeed, most of the suudler deer, but they an- bv no means so simple as to (U'stvoy on(('s interest in them, or make their capture an easy matter. WluMi sought foi' in prairie countries, the hunter ex[iei>ts to lind theiu along the creek or river bottoms, where fla^ grasses are more abuiulant and sweeter, and wluu'e they lind arboi'eous food, which they crav(! to mix with the herbaceous. Here, too. they find the shade in which they delight. 'I'hus ociaipying lowi-r groUiid than the surrouiuling counti'v, tic hunter from elcvatcil positions may overlook the valley, till the ganu' is discovericl either grazing in security below, or quietly ruminating in llie shade of the trees, lie has already studied the coui'se of tln' wiiul. so as to be always to this leeward of the ganu-. A carefid study of the gromid then ensues, and objects sought which may be made to cover the approach to within range. This is not so dillicult as t\w approach to the naoose, still it is indispensable to study the coiu'se of the wind, for if the wind wafts to him the least taint from his enemy, the Elk detects it in an instant, and is oil'. He is not sent away by the snapping of a twig, or the rustle of a leaf, if he cannot see the cause, still the hunter musi observe great caution in his a])proach, and especially not to al- low the game to get iiiit;\'ms. f I lie fur aiiiillicr, ct tlii'iii : {' |>rairii'.s the Klk. )(> liuliaii Dtlll'tillH'S ; ill llirir iiimilHTs, idividiiaU T\u'\ arc ami lifar- 1 ill tlicso ,T/(.sT than lev an- I'V 1, uv iiiakt^ ;>\'p('cts to I'l'asscs arc •foiis fond, , too, tlicy iiiu; lower n clfvati'il disL'ovL'i'cd iny in tlio irso ol' til (3 A cavci'ul wliifli may s is not so pciisable to to liim the nstiint, and :\vig, or tlu' luiitcr nuisi y not to al- '. In stalk - V7//; ( //AS/:. :;7;. '•'^ ',';" '■'"- ""• '""""'• '""St 1m. ,.arti,.|,larlv cautinus n,„ ,„ Htuml.l.. npon a .l....,-, wliilc his alt.Mitio,, is int.-ntlv dcvut.d ,.. ""';";;V '"^'">--l-> imhisuay. A.hi..kl.nm:h,.ruill,.vs, '"■'"" "'"">" ,y^'-S may h.. s,.|..,.,..d ;,s (|,, ,.l,j„,, , „,, ,,;, ;'''';'■'"'■'; ^'"•'' '^ =' '""^' lil-ly place In,,,,. Klk,,. make his ':"■'''■■'';""• "'^•y^4'nMM--.!>l-r..rcy,„Miu, ,,.,. fee, ;,wav, uhcna sm^loUl^.l,nay,al=''l"'- '•"nnine. , f.,v |,„ndre.| yards, the whole l,,.,nd will ^-T'M. -me cuunmindiii. eh.vatinn tu see wha, istiie n. ,-. " ""'""V'"' ""■ '''■' """"'^-I'-P'-l'.'l.lv will not. still he is ;■-' 'lu.t.. happy, and will ii,,t delay till he has placed manv miles "■'™ ""''':"' ""' •'""'•■'•• il-a 1..I..- animal is thus 'st.ned '-"HllS ln.d ot willows or high orass. hefoiv he sees the puisuer H-.sve,y|,k.,|ytos,opfora mmt or two after niakiilc „ fe^ ''■••'I'S.'M.d that momentary p;,use lu.s 1 „ the oppo,.,u,dtv for "|-yula,al shot, which has laid low, he head which hon.n, - indceiit antlers. ° Tin. Klk is of„.n found among ,he foot hills of ,he mountains. •'"' "; ;'■'■>■ '"•"'<''"^ '•-••ky ground. This is the s, killin.r p.'.d. I mean lor the hunter to pursue him in. ,-o,.vou nnis; »-->;;"'• I'-'-ohclow and chnnherthrough on foot, w he, vou ■'^re ha .le to come upon a lone Klk suddenlv, and close helore .von, when a.pnck shot settles the matter; oV if vou see one o,, -nsnleral. lylugher or lower groun.l, one hundred' vardso, ,. away wi h a lavoraM,. wind, he may stand seventrshots, if vou. -l.li.K,t.ng allows it, 1-fore he will take s™.sala..m'a,.d niti.ki! oil, Jt^is not easy to .leler.nine the highest altitude of the ranee . he Klk, but ,t IS prolnt'ole that they go to the utmost of tlie"^tin b<"i- lim.. I ],tve found thei,. tnieks .„o..e than te.. thousand f..e. a Hive the sea level, on the Sierra Mad.-e Mountains. Whether hose that Ire^uent these high altitudes ever visit the plains, o, abide per,mu.e,itly ,n the mou.itains, I have no ..ea.,s),f detei- ^^^^l^^^!:^. U lien the seve.'e winter sets in they .lescend i.ito the bii.sinsa.id caiKHis, whore the mountain .st.-eams have thei.- sou.ves :^"' ^^-here they find grass beneath the snow, ami in thes,. poekets HI the mounlauis the hunter seeks tl.e.n, keepi.ig on the liieher IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ {./ :/. 1.0 I.I M 12.5 K . .,. Ill 2.2 !L25 i 1.4 6" 1.6 ^ PhoiDgraphic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTEh, ;.' Y. 14580 (716) B72-4bbl m WW ^V \\ '."i. LV o^ ^^•^ ^ C/j c.^ ;1T4 'I in: hi.i.i: of .\mi:];i< .\. ii I i;rHini- IminN ot I",lk li:i\c lii'cii tliii- iilisc'i\ I'll ti'iiii lii'^li. MVi-rl'MikiiiL^ jiniiits, wliiii ;i '4,ili' III wiinl \v;i^ lilow lii'_'. win in-i- tli«' Iiniit<-r li;i> shut (I'lwn ;i i'iiMsii|ii;ilili' nuiiili.'i' lii't'.iif til" l>;il:ili<-'' Woiilil t;ikf tin' al;inii. IIii'N wuiild luuU ii|)iiii tin- -tiii'_'_'i.--i nf tli<' tH'tiii'^ it \v;i< tin- work ol :in CIli'lllN . 'lliiTf is no ildulil lli.it niir l",lk liiis l.-ss t«-ii;i<-il\ I'f lifi' lli.i!i ;ui\ ntliiT Anii'iiraii niiiniui' of tin' faiiiilv. I li:iv<- iiillirti'il a wiiiiinl ii|iiin all l'"Jk tlirmiLili tlir lii-a'l. i|iiit<' Im-Imw iIk- liraiii. ami witlimit cuttiiiL;' an artiTV. ami witlfut iH-.-asiunin::; inm'li lii'UiiiiiliaL;'!'. uliicli a ('111111111111 di'iT wmilil li.ivi- rarrifil titty inilcs. ami tiiiiml tlii> I'ilk di'ail in lialf an liniir att'-r. antlv ninii' <'\|irrii'iiii' than I ran I'laini. ami it niv r >]lf«'tii>ii I'ii^litly si'i'vi's nil', till' olisi'i'valiuiis ol' Lewis and C'hirkt- wuri- 1<» tlu_' sanif ctVrcl. I liavr sci'ii a few aii'i'iints of tln-ir iM-ini: |>Mr-iii mi till' wrstcin piaiiis, hv arni\ "itlii-iTs stati"md at tinii- ticr i»i>sts. liiit. Irmii tlir arcMiiiits. I jndiLif tln-y af«' ii'it a> ^'aiiiy as till' ('iniiniuii di'i'i'. — tli'Mij^li tln-v iiiav fi|nal in I'lidnram-i' tin' I-aiiippran states. — and tlirv iiiidiiid)tt'i' or till' cariiiiiii. W'lirii |iiirsii.-d i>n li'ii-i'l>,ii'k llif VAk make- till' Iiiiikiii and riirk\ nimind. it anv !•<• ai-i-i'->il>l<'. wlii'ii- till' |iiiisiiit ii>iiallv tcnniiiati's. Imt if away <.ii tin- plains, tlir rliasr is an ixritiiiLi' and an intcri'stiiiL;" <>n»^. 'lln- I^lk Ifails away in a rapid trnt. wliirli if iml lirnkfn Iir lii.lds for a Imiir distann'. lait wlii'ii fiiri'i'd tViiin tliis inin a inn. it" tlif animal '><■ tat. In- sunn lirraks dnwii. liiit il' Iran lir I'lidiiri's it Wfll. and lisuls a tim' rliasc h.-t'iii'i' 111' is run into. N'lini' iitlii'i' of oiir diiT fatten so kimllv or ii»'t so fat as the I'dk. and possilily this may ace-oiint for tlu'ir lat-k uf (•"thou in the cliasr. Till'; Mii.i: i>KEiJ. The pursuit of the Mnlr Di-.t is almost fntir<'ly conllm'd to stalking' or still hnntiniLf. Tln'V art' found in tin* liiLrli iiionnlain- as well as in the valleys of the .'rct-ks and rivi-rs in tin' plains. Whci'i' tlii'v an- iiiiicli piirsii.'d thrv aif warv. and tax tin- skill of till' hiintrr to appioarli tht'iii. Tln'V an- fond nf lifowsimj, mi till' yoiiiiL!; fottonwooils, wiiidi j^n-ow alontj th<' stn-ams ami in hi ////: '//.i>/;. •1 (-) Ih'V li;iiiils ciiii,' jioiiits, '■r has slint '1 take tlif >• llv niKir ii>ii ri<_;litly ;<> till' .saiiu' w itli urrv- t'l at tVoii- Kit as ijaiiiv Inraiic-c tlic I'liiiaiici' of ..k ill.- Klk .il)lf. wliii.' jilaiiis. till' Icaiis away iiT ilistaiu'c. tat. he SIX. II a liiii' rliasi' fat iis till' t" ("itdon in i-nllllllcil 111 I iiioiiiitaiii'- tlic jtlaiiis. a\ till' skill iI'mW sili'4' nil nils ami in I -'•-,,,,(. I,,. an,ll...f,,n. ,,,;., i,,,,., I,. „„..,„,„,,,.,„,,;, "'-•"' ""■ — '-^ i-i'i.-v,ii ,.„:,i,i,' 1,1,;, ,_,,.„, ,,„;:' III.IV llMll,' to •'■(•t ■ I shot. II III' ll-'V ai-.' II, .t as -|TL,r,.,|.i,„|. .|^ ,1,,. |.-||^ ' ■"— -"Ui.'i-livi,l,ial is , u„l,i„a,,la,.,' ~Tii..v " '""^ '"• •";"""-"—••---.-•'•.,„•,',„.,., ol,i,|„, ,„,„„„,, '"IT ••""' '"'"i"''""- "'■'•'■ •l„.yaivs,.i„.|„ 1„ , I,..;,, ,..,,. :7'';^'""^^''""""-.i""M-M,:an,|. as,li,.v,.a,i,i,„ i.,. '.,,!: ";■;;'""' — "i';"'—n.,L;.i. a i-,.. ,...,..,„.,.,,,., ^^,^,i,^ ' ' •■'" "l'!- >^--.'i Hi,' ..aivf,,U,:,,,,,,^ " T '""• ■•'! '"'.^ •'■ •■ III tllf lllMll,|l;|i|| ih '■ I'lai'U-laik'd "' '7" '"'""' ''"■'''■■"•'-'^''''■'' •''•'■'• "'■'-' '•il'innlanl i„ \,,|.,i,- "'■"/":";'"' '"."' ""■ ^^■''i"'-' = 'il"'l -I'-r on th,' C, ,,„.,■ \,„. "'";'': '""I'^l— 'in. f,.i,ii,l almn.lant o,, ,1,,' u-r.U-l ,,l,i„. ""' " .'^ '"^ "I'i-ion that a ^nva, manvof ,|,„„, „„,,., J,,.' ,,,; ;;''7:7;'\. '■'''• '-i-'''''-'>''''->>'-iii.ia,,,'.,,,,.N.,,,,,,,,,,. ^''"'''"";'7'-'V""'"- '■ir-.Miss„„|.i.,„v.. i„„i, ., i„. i, -inoii I,,,,,,,.,,, ,,nil..sfi .li.'Ro,'kvMoi,ii,aiiis. ',!„,, 1,,' '•l...lv-ail..,|.|..oi' ./..„,, ,.n'f.'i',l,.,l,I,,.|, l,,„n. „„, , I.,,., ,,,,,, i,,..^ ;:v'"\;'^"'-^- 7"" " '---''■'''••■.-..i...,s,ii,.'„,;,,:s: '""7 •",„'..„.,. |„„„.,„s,l,a, li- .an li.Hl.an.l will ,„„.,. ,||„, .Y>n(owakwi,li,naf.'wf...., ,.fhiinwi,l„„„ ii„.i ^ ,,.,;_..,. •'"Ill loiin.l I,.,,. f,,,„| ,,,,,.,._ - ' ■" I.' Iiiiiii '■I lliinktlia, |u..^o,l f...,, ,„;,vl,„ saf,'Iv s.'| ,lown asti " '"■'"- ^ ' ^'-'vwli.Mv ,„.ai' tinil,,,. li„., s.'s,.,al , , u.is h\ I •////•; /ii:i:i; "/■ ,i \ii:i!ir,\. \\'.-M ' i; :!! ^ sfii^iii). ill rliiiiliiiin' till- iiiMiiiitaiiis ill .Nditli N'l'W .Mf\Ii'(i. I liiivc I'liiiinl wliilc-tiiilrd ili'cr tVuin tin- I'mit liiils u|) the iiiiniiitMiii >iil(' tn iilinut lO.IMHi t'.ct, ;illil lInMl S('('H )|i) llinrc (Iccrtill illl I'li-VallMlj dl' aliinit liJ.iiiMi I'cct was rcai-Iicd, wlicii tlir lilarU-iailcd deer aji- lii'aicd. and ucii' ui'tcii scni alii»\c (iiiilirr liiii'. 'Iliis was in the siiiiiiiMi-. ( >ii till' a|i|in>a<-li of winter. Imtli s]prcii's ran^<' hiwcr." Altn^"tlicr t he Mnlc I )riT dues lint alTi)rd as vai'ifd and cM'ii in.^- s|nirt as siMiic III tin- ntlnr di -it. still tlicy arc will wnit Ii\ t lie pni- suit '>!" tlif s|i(irtsiiiaii, wlio is ins|tircd liy tliat |ii'(idiar spirit wliii'li sliriiik> al no lalmr or I'atiLiiic. and liiids a riiji rcwani fur all liardslii|i< and discdinfurls in the cxritciiiciit nl' tln' rlia>e. and till' (■(■sta>\ wllii'll 111- ('\|ifricnci-S, wlicll lie sees Sllrll lidlilc gallic answrrinu' disdiarn'i's of liis rillc l)_v falliiiii' in his tracks if >laiid- in«^. (ir li\ lurninj,' a liiiixli suiiicrsault and then tiiniKliiiL; to the oroimd with a fearful crash, if oii thlaiid- liiin; to till' a tlirill nt' i\llirll |HT- ill cxrili'- \liii spi'iids will niurc I'Xplaiii it. 1 till- pain iTiii'c ; i'nr 'Irasiirc III Hind. lie f utility tu il st railed' Hid that n{ 111- lu'liciir- llis siirci'ss wlli'll till' nii'ii' liivr tcr III! till' ! imtclii rs, lay .satiate tu !l USL't'ul (HT is lllll- ivoid.s tliu ■pting the 'J/fi: < II A si:. .,-- 0( I ""'"•■^"'•""" '•"' \v Hand laiil.nu. h is fund ,,f ,1 1 , ^ l,;!l 1 . '• 1 L IS Itillll III I II,. ,!■,, ■,.,, t , '"^""' ''l'''^^ ' -'— idi.s.asuLlias thi'di',,, s,',. , ; <•""''■">'• ''>'v>tsi,f ,|„. l„.vlunils. In ('.difni-ni.. i '"""',"' .IIHl \\ as||||ln|,,|l tl'ITItulV I'l i;,, |. I > " r^"'l s|,„i.„,,' ,1, ' "'"",\- " I'l.d. a wil,.,,,,,.. I.u i„ ,1,,.,!,, ' ,. ■' ""—''--> 'V,. sulii..|Ml,..|val,„nn,|. ,,.„,,.,,„',. \"''" '■*■"•'■=" ". |.a>.' i.f dan,..|.. 1- tli.. ..,;„,„,„ ,,;,,; '^v"-"^'="'r""'-^-''- -■>. .1,1,^,1, ;,,,': '"'■"' •,"":'"''\"'"'-'- '-'-'■ "-V inlialiit, t,., I,.. ,,' nnril \-. In llir inipi this iil;i'1 s .S,iiiii,| 1 1 I'-y iissiTt i||,.ir niiiiHTiial snin ^'""""1 '-^''.v llii' stilMiiint iii-.MMlkii,.,- A ,1, .'":'""- ;;::;>,-'■"•;';'-•"" "- •'-'■-n:i::n:':r;t;;i::: ^''■^tdawni.ltli,.n,,,,.nin,.|nustl,,.fa|.l.,.v,,nil,i,,.,,,ln,.n., f 1 .. > ■ 1 \ Mt I inii> II' ta Ki'ii K ii .1 .1 . ■ • "-»- ■ ^"' -'i.i- -,. I,,. I, :,: '■;;;,''p; V" » |- .iM...ig.,i I,. ,„ ,„n.,,i„, ,,„„„ ,„„ :.,'„,■,,:,.,; wliii'li iiia\- <>• \(> wii-ini.,,- CI- siiaiM'ii, "".'^ f,i\* waiiiiiin ,,( iiij^ iircsciic.'. I'ji,. sd...,i r, i ;"""'v '"■■■"'- ■'"'■•. '"s..»i.i,..n,', :;,:!;;:;:!';:,':; to cat.li I'Vi'M till' faintest .sound fn liiiinr may l,o i„il,..s awav, l.iit tl •■I'- "P"" it. 'n..-..,.ia.,i,i»,..,„i,„-r;„.;i:;r;i;,.:-;i,:,: "" "".V i|nai1i'r. '|-||,i'. tlio "'"• :t.^'aiii, the liiinlcr i„,iv l„. •al :',7S 77//; i)i:i:i; nr .1 ]//:!: /< 1. cliimi'i' will 111' lust. 'I'liis tlic ('\|icri('iiriil Iniiili'i' will Hf\i'r (!'>, i'l.r wi'll li" kii'iws tli;it c'ln- will in tlic t-inl \' iiiiU lAjii'ds III liml ;i si.lii;i|-\ iiiili\ ii|ii;,l, t'lir tlifsi- iji-ri' Mil' less ;4ifi:;iiii>us tliiiii till' lit licrs. ;iii(| si'Mdiii wjiinli'i' i;ir ill "•iiin|i;iii\'. Ill' limy. IIS In- cjiiit imitily jic('|>-; uviTtli.' riil'_;i' nr tViiiii lii'liiml '111' riii'k. lirsl si^rlit tlic i^iiiin' witliiii cIum' nuiui' (•ru|i]iiiiL;- till' li';iv('S tri)iii the slinililicry. ur tlic ','r,iss lrU|-silil. the hiiiiti'f wall-lies his nio\ iiiieiiis. aeenriliii^ to which 111' la\s his plans ami makes his appriiach with cuntiniied eaiiliuii. which in tlic eiiii will surely luiii^ him within ranee of the Imck. wliusc iirsi 111. lice ul' tlic presence lit" all enemy will lie the fatal luillet crashiiii^- lliriiiii;h his frame, when In will irap liiii'h ami fall aniuiin' the nii'ks. ami in his dyiiii,' st iii<4H|fs w ill mil farduwii intii the valley lieluw. S.iiiictimes the pursuit is ended while it is\cl early iiiiirniiiii;. and soiiict inies it last> until the evcniiiL!,- has ('(Uiie. when the liiintci' will make a lire lieside a luuken ruck, cut mil a steak and limil it. eal his supper, smoke his iiiexiialilc ])ipc. and then lay him>e|f dnwii lic>i(le iils Imphx and cduiiI the stars till he eors to sleep, all the tim>- having his trustv rillc wit hill his leach. Such was the liistiiry of the, chase and cajitme uf the last I'lack-taili'd Deer which I helped tn eal. lie was a iinlile luick with ma!4iiiliieiit twice liifiircaled antlers, which imdiiiilil still lie hlcachiiiu' liieli ii|) a cariuii uf the ( 'uast l{,iiii;e. alimit iifteeii miles friiiii the (ie\scr SpriiiLi's iif ( 'alifurnia. It iimk the ea]iti)r half (»f the next dav til hriiiLj out, the meat to where he e(Hili| reach it with a mule, when he hecanie tun fatiL;'iieil to ;;o hack for the licad and antlers, except ioiial as they were in si/e. I do not l>e- lie\e there is ally more fat ieiii ml;;' sport than this; vet for all that it is the nioi'e keenly relished, since sport without fatigue is often too cheap to have a relish, is loo insipid to Iia\e a tlavor. Another favorite mode of chasing' this deer is with hounds, niiich after the manner of chasin;^ the N'irLiinia Art-v. iintalilv in ( Md \ ir^'inia. only it is i^eiierallv done upon more level nroiind and in lii'iivicr forests, tlioueh sometimes anioni;' the fooldiills jiiid even in the nioiintaiiis. j-'.veii here the deer have their riin- w !iys, which the s[tortsmen of the ncie'hliorhood soon aril, •ili'il with , ti If t Iicsr i'.'IIhIiT |';ir ■ I'iilu'i' iir IViilU the ' in;i\ sec iilain s'uli' >t' 11 single is si-;iiv-i'lv ll'Sllil. I ll>' • lavs his . whii'h ill <'k. whiisr ilnl ImiHcI 1 and fail far tliiw I! il while ii .I'liiiiL;- has ikril I'liik'. iiic\ italih' CI 111 lit I III' rust V rillr " thr last lohli' liiick l.t still lii. tt'i'll llliirs •a|>ti)r half id i-cadi it ■k for thr Id lint lii'- nr all that ic is often h lioiimls, iiotaltK ill el eroiiinl foot -hill- jlirir nm- lou learn, '/'///.• //Is/; \vll.Tr fhev .tatio,, I heins..] Ves list,. park t.. iihll, ■,■,!.. imiil;- hir tj. ^\"" 1-^ to hr fa\.,|V,| 'iniiiL;- ,,f ih,. I' •'■u-;:;:::;-'\'; '■'■''-■' -■■-■"■-^:"'^.•;.::r::;,:''•'' ' ""' ^\'i'''liiTs aiv waniril in ill i i ■• .,,■ , ■ , ^'""' " '? ""■ li'inii-U that la m,, '^ ;il""I. Ml thus,. !• ,,|is uhi.r.. 1 .1 1 I " .,1,1,, I,- ,1, ,. . "'"" '•'il''l ■lii'i' IS \,.|v . isir. ^ ;.,";■'•,"■ '• '-'ir--liin,-. ,„.„|,:,,,h 1„„ ,,'. , „ ' '^" ''"■'^""•Mhi.iv uiav h-lu:,i,rii,„v If ,„ f '■" ' I'"-- 'I- \vill iiiaki. for ,h,. i.taii.s ,„• ,■ K l , ;.;'', "'.""■ ■'■ '■'■■■"iii> '-■■'"■ .ii,.,i„:,.„ini„. I ,, r ' I 111. wan I i( |;i|,,. ,,,. |.|\,.,. 1 IV I, .h • If il,,. '•""■'•• ''"'.v iiiav !,,. ,.x, ,,„! t,.s,...tti.rif ,h,.,. I ■';"""■ ""■: '■ "• '"■ ^'I'l- 1" .i.-i.-i' iiii. f„.i .„ .,„ :■;;,;'''''■'•,-"--■-''--■- ■ f. t ,,.„;,.',:. :'"':■■"": ""■ ' i.-, ■.i...i.:.l ■:„::; ■ill,\ pnlerivil t,, thr rill,.. ■-- '" ' ''''•Y''-a,..|,astIie(',.hniil,ial;ivi.r.o,.,,nislai,,Mii,h..S,,, :, '"'•|-rs„e,.s,„.,nakin. f,,.. .„i„he,. islaii.l.hat if ,,, ;;;;;^-'-^-i;.'MMon.i......,.k...th..v ,...,,.,.,,,_,, J , "^' ;-n„on lie..,.. When thev take ,„,!„. wat..,.,h..vnnv : ;::;;;:'^ '■' Vr^ ''■ :'■•';' •— --iiwhiehti:.. " "■"!'' '•v.M.(ake„.se,/..,l l.yth. aMth.,.s ami ,|,.,.w-,ie,| if ,!,. , ^""'""" '■^'i-irep..ai.(i..al.l.. in,hefo,.e.stof,h,. l,.wM„ils ;;;; i ';';;';f ,'"; "";, r''>;--'-',«,,.,,/, ,.,,,,,,,,,, ,,,_^^^^,^^^ lllell e.se le. I he 1111O..1. tl. . r ■ ^ 1 ii'«. liiinte,, thereloiv, must 1,.; ever on ih.- al..,.t, :]s() Till: hi:/:/; or .i.i//.7,'/r.i. ainl l.;i> im liii>iii<'S> In lie ^IiidyiiiL^ iiiMtliciiKil ics wlim he is slil lniiitiii'j, till' ( 'kIhiiiIiIii r»l;irk-taili'il Drcr. I iiii'; ((tM.MnN m;i;i:. Till' \ ULrii'iii l><'i'i' is imt (iiily tlic iii'ist alxmdanl. ami Iicih'c tlic ]\\'<-\ ii'^i'tiil 'it' all llic Aiiicriran s|icrics. Imt its caiilini' al- t'diils till' iiiii>t varii'd ami llir iiinst cxcitiiiy" cxiTcisr tu llir s]iiirt>iiiaii. Its >i^lit is fully im|iijiI it' not: suin'rim- to that nl' any of till' otiicr spiTiis, wliilr its senses of lieariiiy' ami siiirll air oiil\ iiifi-rlor to tliose of tlie moose. It liiis an iiitrHij^eiice wliiili eiuiMi's it to rrsort to i'\|H'ilii'iits to liatllc its pursiiei-, ami it |i(is- sessrs a vitalitN wliirli fiialiles it to esea[)c with woiimls. which woiijil iH'ostrate some other species tit once. If its actual iihIui- aiice is inferior to s(jme others, in lleetiiess it siii'|iasses all of them. ill all the tiTiitory now occiiiiinl liy the I'niteil States ami Noiiliriii Mexico at least, the Common Deer was a lar^e resource f(i|- fooil to the ahori^ines. ami hence the |iursuit of ihem was a life stmlv with the Indian. Ills [irincipal weapon of di struction was the how and arrow; to maki' this eil'ective, it was necessai'V to aiiproach the ^anie within very sliort rane'e. and to acconiiiliNh this his im^eimity was taxed to the utmost. To he successful he must lie familiar with the hal'its. the tastes, the instincts, and the capahilities of the animal. TaUine' advantaLji? of the wind he wavlaid him on liis known routes from one [>lace to auoihei'. he secreted himself in trees near the salt licks, to which the deer jiaid niictuin;»l visits. At other times lu' wonld assume the skin with the head and antlers of the deer, and thus diseuised. cau- tionsly approach his game to within shooting distance, lie Would sometimes imitate, tlu; call of the young fawn, anti thus allure tin; mother within his reach. In dei'p snows, he pursueil the deer on snow-shoes, and soon exhausted the strength ot the latter in the uneipial chase, or followed him on the crust, through which the struggling animal would sink and lacerati^ his lees in Ills t'lVorts to escape. The early settlers of this coimtry, depended lai'gely upon thi> ileer for their [U'ovisions, and their mode of j)ursuing it was gen- erally the still-lumt. When the deer were a'lundant in all the forots the new comers had little trouble in securing an ahundant siip[ily of venison, without even much elToi't or the loss of much time. In the winter, when thev cut down trees to hrowse their Tin: (II A si:. j;,si r is slill- ml liciici' |iliiri' al- ;<■ tu ihr at III aii\ ■^iiH'll ari' Iff wliirli 1(1 it |nis- Is. which 111 ciiiliir- ■cs all i'i at<'s ami ■ I'csdill'rr Mil was a stnictiiiii iicccssai'V •(•(iin|i|i>h csst'iil III' S ami till' wiiiil he lotlicr. hi' tile ili'i r • the skill iscil. caii- lll'C. Ill' uinl thus ' |)iirsii('il ■til 1)1 the , tlirniiuli is li'i;s ill uiiiiii tlii> was n'l'ii- II all the ii1)Uiiilant of lIUIi'Il wsc tliL'ir • Mtth' I'ur the want c.t" \\w li „■., . ■ . ..ailvi 'uln,.- . ''''•^•' "•'^"•" ■•'""" -nun tl,;,,,- In till' ""'"■,"■■"••"■■ ^'-^i'''!- "1,1 ,,„..,,,„,,„. ,„i„„.,.", ,,':' """ '• ""• '''ii'ii'i' niadr a cIms,' shut '':"">,U' in his Janln-. '"' vi'ni-,,,11 wiiiiM su, thu Hill- :,?'';7' '".''-'-', '■ "— i«. .v,.,„,i„„ ' ■,""7''^ '"".'■■''■'■ '"'• l'l-» I. inuwi ,. , :-■:-■;:;::: i;:i::::;;,;:;:,::r:::;:-;::;:t;;:::^ I" a-nv.-;,,i,l vi .,.„, lif,. If ,,„., I I'l •"■"■■I" >lill ;,„,• • . .1 ''i-i • , "''"'" >iii..i\ 1 ni'vci' wvaric, ,,|- i^,,,,, 7,'" '• ""■"■ 'i"K' .■N|~ ri,. ..„-|, i,,.,..l.„, „ I ':;'.""|"";"'' '■';■. -m,, i« i„n,i... , ■, ■ ;:''''f '■'':'^'' "'"'I' '''■^v»,,,.,.:,,i,i,,,i, , ,,,,,,,, 1,,,,^'''- ;:::::;™;ps;t;;;;r::;; ;:;:::■;::;;,;;:;; ™.t:';t;::;:.:;:;,:-;,, :;;,:;; - ■"': '' '"Wl" ""t l"-.lil'i™ll i„ ,.,.„„., .,.,,, I, „f ,|„ , , ">'■" '"«»-' !<• Dm... s„lli,v, ... i, ;■".,"'';"'■'■"■ »-"'"'^'ll.v ■• ,i;"i»..I. A sHil,.,- 1,.,| „.„! •, ' '■' ' '"" '•"■■" '""I '-^'ii" ■i--iui.-viM,ii;;,4i4,,;,i, ;,,,;, ;r'f ""■ ,•'■;•■■ "■■ -i-'i i"» riM,: ,„„i ,,;..„■";",;:';« "I'l"---'' »""" l-lM.M a ,-m,v..„i,.,„ ..I,,.,,,,. ,., I , ■■ ,' "■'';■" i' »'-"■'! •ii->iy-v„vr, I ,,: .ir; ':;;;• !li .';s2 Till: hi.Ki; "/■■ ,1 1//.7.7' .1. I'.' ^1)11(1 liiiiisr\\ il'c \\;is iiiiMiiiisU walrliiiit:; llic i'i'>iilt. liiil uli.'H sill- saw till' Ljaiiic L;rai'''lull\ liiiinnrni^- a\\a\. Iht liMjir< of Vfiii- suii iicarU ilii'd ciiil. SiKiii till' ilcci' passril i'lii-.c \\\ ilir huii-,!', wlicii in Im'I' i'\'ltriiii'iit, slic slai'ti d atli'i- it a-* it -Im' i iitiinli'il In I'liii it (|i)\\ii ill a iair lirld. As ^Lc was a larj^f. lal 1iim|\, iliiri|._;li \( iiiii;, lii'altliv . and |)(i\V('rt'nl. tills to tlir av('i'a;j,(' liiinliT iniMln Iia\f srciiifd a dcs|ii'iatc iindfilakiiiL;'. and pri iliai>l\ llu' a^'l il'-f|t' \\asMil('l\ line III' ini|nils('. Ilowcvn- t'urliinc kiinlh laM'n-d lirr, I'lir in a iVu li'aps, tlic drcr plun^^cd into llu; cvcavali'iii iii>l <\i-- scrilif(l, wliicli liad a vertical wall (in tin- ii|)|i(isilr side uliicji ihr deer t'aili'd to scale, and fell liai'k. Tile excited Wuinan cMiii|,ie- lieiided her cliance at a n'lance. and rushed d'lw n the iiiiTnncI wav. sei/.ed the deer 1 1\ t he hind le^s and III 'Id it. I ill t he liii>lianil. ha.^leiied hy her niilciv, ran up and ended the sciillle with his liiinlinn' kiiile. This erc;iL leat made the wninaii a heidinc the c'iiiisc 111' which she could luni;' years alter relate Id IhI' !j;rand- childrcii. NiiW this was looked U|ioll IiV those old. e\|ierie|icei| hunters as scarcely less than a niii'acle, I'or with the at l lilnile^ tins luid idways ascribed to the deer, it siioiild havi; kiekvd hei' lu ile;,!h, oral least Creed itsell' rroni liei' in an instant : and so ii would have done, had she sei/ed liiit one ol' the hmd le^s. I'nr with either hind jooi loose it would have iiiade lilondy work with the ad\ersar\. My own e\|ierience shows that a man can leadiK liold a i\vy'v il' he, can sei/.e lioth hind l(\i;s at once : Imt it' he •frasjis liiit one, he must let it go imincdialtdy, or he will lie >ure to sillier. When the hind legs arc well stretched out. and not allowed to touch the e-inund. the aninnil is almost [n werles>. lit- is always ureiiiL;' himselt' forward as niiicji as possilile with his i'ore leiis. and unless the man liolilino- hiin is so lin'hl thai he can draw him up, lu; has im [iiircliase with his hind lees, and cannot \\\v\i at all. It is the ra[tidity ot" the inuscuhir ai'timi of the deer that makes it apjx-iir so stronjjj. Its motions lire so very ipiiek, that it is th(^ most niniiana<^e;il)le animal of its actual streiiLith I Iiiive ever eiieoimtered, if it ean Imt get a chance to act. I have seen two men try to I'oree a pet yearlint^ deer into a park from which it liail I'scaped. hy tlieii' cai'tdessly leaviiiL;' the .^ale ojieii, when their clothes would lly oil' in shreils. Two sIioiilC men, with a strap around tiie deer's neck, can do it ; hut tliev have no leisure to ilo anything (dse at the same tinu!. lOither one nf them ootiUl liave walked right away with it by tiie iiind legs. J have found this the easiest way to handle the Common Deer when castrating. In I ■////.' ' //I N/.. is: 1)11 1 \\\\>'\\ I'S cit' M'lli- IIh' Ipilisr, llt>'l|i|<'i| l>> ||} , I liiiii'4li II' ;hi itself i\iirf(| licr. HI jii-l <\<-- W llirll ill,. I II l'( Jllljll'l'- K' ilh'lllh'it r llll--li;illi|. If w ith hi-; Cioilli'. t he her j^iaiul- ■l\ llUlltcIN ImIIc.-, thi'\ aiiil >M il ,1 Ir^-s. I'wf wnrk wilh (Mil I'lMiliiv lull if \\f ill III' sUl'i' II, mill not itIi's,-,. III. li' with his :liiit lir i';ui mil caiiiiol >f tiic (Ifcr ii'iy iiuicU, sti'i'ii^th I t. I haw j)ai'k from i;ali' ()|)('ii, tlnlllf iiieii. I'V havi! no no of them s. 1 have )i,'i'r when '•-ni.M,,ni..,h..,r,.lli.v..,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,^,,,l,,. ^^ , '"': '-'•■''•■'-■•— 'niLv.,,,,. I,..,,., tiii..,.|..i,„. 'V •■ '■7^'- -""• '-^^--'.U.a,ii|.....K|..:„n,.ii.l,: •'•-"" = ""■", uli..,Ml,i.,vhail f,,||„wi.,la trail I, ■""' ' ''' •-"' •"i'i-ipati. tii,.ir,.,,Tix;,| ;,, . '" •'"■'■^'11 "f Ih- \.Mf. Ulll.,, till. . I 'ii'ii, maii\ iihiil,. 'I" :i -h-ll ili-.|;i||,.|., I ,ui\i'ii pMiiii. '■"'■ '■"'■• ill ih" lim-l rMihli. I Imi.iiii-.. ,,f hiiiiiinu ih,.,,,. t., l,u in , 0,,,., ,„• I------ Thi. .,,11-hunt uas ,1,,.,, i. .i„. ,;„ ' ■■^'''■"•^"'--''•'1 .l-ii'uav.ln. h ,1 i.., ,,„ ,• 7 :v-"',"r ;''- "••- ^'•i^>''>"iii:::i:.i': ::: i::;:';. I''-;- -l''l-ii-l...na„„ns|.„,,„.,|„ t h-m .,.„.„.,: ,. ;;■' ;;''^^:--'-''-.v.nn,:i.,i,h,. ,,.,„,.,,,,,,, ,„ , , ••"■ "'••'"."'• ""• ^'' ='li. ha.., ,h,i.ki.,7.l, . ; '7'' ^''■'■, ''''•'-'"•"— •'■'•• ^.■.•.n,.,.,nivf,„.,h,. ; umt:;:.:::: '''''■'''' ''^^^ ..i-. ..o,.,, t,,..':: Jt:;:^:::;:,::::'''';::';;:::::-^ -'- ■:•';-' ^-^■ •l",l^-. Willrh ImIIou,.,! I.V si., Ill .,,,,1 I ,1, , III , ■ "^ ■■'" ^""" "^ '"• '■'III'' ii|i uilh ""'''■'": ^•'■'•'"■■""'■^'" '--'- 'i'--i.'.i him-uui, I I,,;! -I'l'iir,. '''^'iniiismas,..,.sh„n|.ln.,ni...|.,„i|u,tha,.,.>i,i., .1,,,, •^I'lr'-Mi.r .1,0 ..„a„..|.s w..,v that tho .|..|.,. .„„|,| ,.„„„ ,,: ;4'i ■ I 1 1 1 1 i\i. thi. Hill. Illll iiHHlal '"' '"' '7 ="'" ""-.^l' "i"i'.Mllv u„un,|,..l. u,.ul,| „,; ''■^'' '7'^ Vr' •''■'■'-■ '--.iil.liinailv..a,,t,n.|.h.:, ♦^'^^"''""^'l-^-ill K'.- tar ami s„ las,,ait.:r n.ioivi ., 7'''' v.vsalo,.h,. ,s,,n,i,fs,,.ht,l,,.f,,,... howHI li,. ,|„J, m .hsti..Y.l,t..iv..ovi.r,.,s,..,.i,.. Tho h..st .,,.,.,. ,„^ '■" ' ''7'^';''--'-v..v,,, tiii.still-ln,nr,ua,sa..r,,ssl,..,..,..,H tI..-grovho..mla,,.lal,ull-<|,,,.. ilo uas lleot. sai^ioi,,,,. ..„il ,.,■ i;--'-''- l; -.iastor.iam.tsoi.,.ar...v,.a.,7h,.|.:^^'^ l-v..umlo. aoortoi.ay. howassttn. tot.U h |„.. ^ ';.".'""!"'""' ""•" -"'^ I'i^ "lastor and h-a,! I lliis iiii-ht 1.0 miles awav. f,,,. if tl 11 ;iiiil li'ii ." tin- sjiiit. 10 wound IS 11, ,t \rv\ s..v(.iv a , , ^ - - .. I,,, itwiiiKi p, I III \|.r\ si'V,.,.,- •! ».n.„«,i™,.„,ii,,..,i„„.,,.»t,,,„„,„„.„i,.».,i„ ,i,„,;.;;::,;; n.s4 77//; hi: 111! (>/• A.Mi.HhA. \ ''• 'i Ix'l'drc 'H' Is (iVcrlllUl'll. Tile licst (Inijr I v\rV oWllfil t'lip |l|r >till- liiiiit was !i pdiiilcr. 'rii(mi;li imt mi lli-ct nr sn iiuwcrl'iil as tin- nllicr, Ills liiii- iiDsc aiiil yi'cal saijacilv ciimiii'iis'iliil ii>\- nil rl>i . Ill- woiilil take tlif track nl' tlir iIimt aial tullt.w ii Kv I lie scent jii^t IIS last (ir slow as (lii'c'clfil, , Mini as >l ill as a cat. Wlini In* lti'iiii'_;iii a wuiindcil (|c(i- (i) |pa\. lie wniiM ^i\c tuiie'iir as I'liii- e early sell Icrs ol'tcll llllllteil tile (leel- oil llolSeliack. ami ma\ lia\i' tlioiielil the i,raine\\as more easilv a|i|iroacliei| tliiis than oil I'liut : imt m\ own e\|)ci'ienee has led me |o a dil'lei'iiit coiiclu>ion. The ilcer when liiiis hunti'd soon leanied that the mounted hunter w;is as daiiLCerous as it' on fool, while e.Miceal- inciit was almost inijiossilile. ( )ii ihe [uairies the horse was prcferal'ic. for coiiccalmcnl was dilliciilt in either ca-e. The nioimled hunter in the e\ent of success had the means of takiiiL;' home his ^ame when ca|itiireil. If the iV-rv was too lar^e for him to lift to the horse's hack, with a cord or the lion^h of a tree he mi^ht Ke allacheil |o the horse's tail, and thus drawn lioiiie. and this was tin,' usual practice of some who insisted that a lioise could draw the lar^'est ilcer in that way. without the least appearance of disi ress. When the pedestrian liuiiler killed his deer, lie Med him and removed the \ iscera, and then liiiiie' him in a t rei' iie\ ond the reach of the wohes. until he could come for him with the means to reinosc him. This mi^lit seem a dillicult matter with a heavy deer. liut. it is not so. ( )f course a Ioiili; cord slioiiM l>e carried in the jioeket for the [uirpose. 11 the deer is too heav\ to lie (sustained l>y u sapliiie- which the hunter is al'le to Keiid down. liL' selects the largest he can maiiaec near to a hireer tree. The sapling is heiit down and fasteiie(l in that ])osition. To it, ten or twelve feel from the ground, the dei'l' is attached liy the heels. The sapling is then allowed to spring liackwith the cord at- tached near the top. This cord is then passed over a limli of the larger tree, when a moderate jiull will assist the small tree to assiinu' a vertical [xjsition and your deer is safely sus])ended. ( >f (toui'se you must go as far from under the liml) as possiWle to save frictift in the woods to lie stolen. 1 reidly helieve a man who would not hesitate to steal ■ ■r !• Illr >tll!- Illl ;is llir !■ .'ill rU, . llir scflit Wlini li,. II' a- I'lii'i- Lii'cat pi-r- ■I'ack. ami cIu'iI tliiis a ilill'i'i'i'iil I (1(1 lar^c iioimli "I IIS draw II ^i-^tcd tliat iIkmiI the him and •\iiiid the he means h a heavy he carried •avy til he •nd ddwii. I'ee. 'Idle III it, ten the heels. ' C'lvA at- ml> III' the dl tree to idcd. Of lie to sa\e haiie' the iis s|)orts- ods til hi' i to stcul )S-) ////■ '//(s/.;. ;^r '■' '■ " ^ ' ^'■: ,.. i lle-e saim. ^\llll il|||,|'(,v,., I C, ,'.... I., ' '""'V U-eillleiii,.,, ' ^'ll'le froliliel'sni,.,, i,, ,' I ^•"Mlfry the .leer ..Icstlv Iw^^nuu^"^] , !' ""■''•^'■'"'•'■N.'M l.illv ^;7'''';i'''''--''t''.-.i...es.'i,..H,,, ,,,'•;' "-••"-•-■at •■''1st,, el. h,'Ue,,,ss..d.MVU ,1. '■'"'■■>". HI- where , !„. ;;'''''■'•' ■•i''-v,:i(,M,add;: ;/;,:;;:;;, ^::'''''^''^ •'"'"■'■"""■"''"'• 'lie s,i(,ri tini, he III ''"■''"""' (""■^"'■'1 the <'':■'••■''' i-ii.. Til,. .i',:r::i':;'''''''' =';••''■'■ '•'■•• i-.,,,,,. ^t",.id. h,„.,„,. 't, " :^'""-:;, '"-(-..us,.,,. ""''"'•'• 'l"i^ was m,|,,n.-,.. '""'• The >„i.liin,. s '""""'" "'■ >l,e (|;,rk f,,,,.., is "' stllliicss ,,(• ^jl,, ' ' llla\ ;|(|d '" ii:i],, ""■""■"''' I f"i-n,„„i„^. ,i,„,i ,..,,, ■ ■■■■'■ (■ '"- '':"■'" "'■ ^- ■■ •■.- 1:.. ,„ I .',:';■:/;■ ":■■■ ','"; '■■; "'v' '•'"•■■I"- '"-I. N~.ii,„.ii '"""""'"'• ^;iri::;:::;:i;r'';:;::;::-:;.;-' -"...•■.. ,.f.i dl : ::; '-"t •"«■".-■-„„„, -' -»'■:." :;;:;c;::i;:;:: '::::: --".:i '■"-'''-''':::;;:i.;r::;i:;r:'i,,.i-,- p~''': "'■■' 1.-, s, 1; •''"■'•.''''■>■ -■'■■^"ir''.i..n,i si- .„„.,„.. Tl„^,i.H,,.;^:''■■v^*'"'■''• '''■■' 1.^ "'■IVolll'ses ill e-,,i,|a. '>■ ■•Ipl'l-'iaell Ihe liltj" I'larlv ''■lleraJly (111 "•d at ,.;i,.|| lilt (iiiiiiii- 1 ^.■'i'", af first lih. ., f • ''"""•^•'- ''■"•-■'vvay in tho dist, ■'■'■— "H^^,:!,:' :«:;■;;;;■ ;;':'»i-"f--^-.. l-« the favon,d (" V''"^ -i. watcher i. Jj::r- .i'e-! ^''^'■- ^''-^^^'-ion 0^ •''• ''^ -stnimed to the ntim.st tension, to detect bv tlio 886 THE liEKll OF A Mimic A. ^r\ i . sound tlic ooiirso si'lcctcd liy llu' di'cr. liillfs are CMcked. not a \vliis|i"r is lu'ciitlied. not ii twig is lind^cii, not a lent' is stiri'cd. Mvcrv waiidei'iii'' tlioiinht is suiuiiioncd hiu'k and al)soi'l)fd in ilit; cxcilfiHcnt 1)1' tlic nioiMi'iit. TIk' courst! of ilic liuiimls niav Itc tniccil liy ilicii' voices, facli listtMUT calculalini^ tlic rlianccs u|" tli'ir arriving at his stand. 'J'iiis is llu; moment when tin; iiiex;j)erit'nccd linnter is I'alile to mai;e hi:? greatest mistaUi;. He forgets tiiat the deer is not witli tlie dogs, liut may In- a mik", or more ahead of tiiem. lie listens to the dogs, and his eyi's are in the direction whence the soniid comes. If they seem to ai»]troach him, he forgi^ts tlnit the game may he already upon him. When lu) letist exjx'cts it, there is a rushing noise, ;i ciaekling of the brush, and the deer emerges from the thicket, and with an elastic hoimd isalreadvat the ford, and with a few lofty k'aps is across the creek, ami like a llash disappears in the dark covert beyond before the startleil watcher, (|iiakiiig from hciid to foot with the liiifk-fern\ could more than bring his gun to his face and lire a I'andom shot, when all is still again, save the tumultuous beating of Iiis own heart. Less fortunate is the deer if lu; makes tlu; runway (>ccupieU' to U'lt with Ic listens ill- sound thf pinif lien- is a I'lnrrijjcs tlio ford. (• a ila>li wali'lu'i', lore than dl is still L.'U[)it'il liy cr lichind H' baying' alol't his nee to ins nislu's to is aci'iis- \hfn IHU- .'spectiuii'. rt intently ould indi- • hreakiug leaves. 11' tremor or blished in is (juiekly t'tv bound, lursts from his antlers 1 and vine s, his scut jnt of the ir, u sharp '•<;i'"i'(- is heard, wln-n, to us,- ;, I, • ).> I Holds. r:;::.i;'-''-f''-;'-::::::.':::::;:i::;::::,:z Hi,,i, „ II , / - •. vi.i 11.-, a cniu ) etc sn .1. upon the ,.,.,.„,„, ,,i„,...,, ,,,,„,,,„_ -^1' f'-H" Shoulders sinash.-d;.,,. in,,,., I,.., ■;,„,. J '^•M'- l-rhaps the shot w,s I,i,.|...r ,1 «tlteh is dropped in fi,.. ,'"- "' ^''^"' ^^''^^ '-'tended, ai mnn. , ' ^"^'•'"'l"^^'""Vertons,.a-nu. I, I.,,,,,,. ""''■-'iiidi. and heai-l. HI' witli •Si'endiiio; ji, 1,1^ '" \\:is intended, and a '" ''if'"''- eaM.. tl ,,„. '"•>""•"(. and uiisur,nss,.,| I'.'i "^" '•^■'i". I. i- a -|.,ri,,„s nadthedeerl,..,,/,',''''''.'^-^'''^!'''^'!^ '''•'-' l^'''-l'-d^e. '- ^''-'■^ue;:;::; ':;c:'.;;^^ ■'^^•'•il-'lhe,.,.,,!,!,,,.,,,. .,,. ': '" '•"•'"" '" ""■ ]-si.i,,u de. ""n 111 \ CI 1 iM' ai ',1 1 n with walerino- uiuutiis — '''•""''"•»''l- they have hr,.|i I' "' I'il's. and '■"li'l^;- since •1-1. f-r ...el,, das,.,.-; ,";■''' "^'' '■'■'"-'■ »"-!- li.li,,,.. (-"It..,-: ,„. !,,»,.,■ ';i ■',""•*"" ''"'"' "^il'. I,.,v..,l h, f:il'M-i"'Saiidtiieirtrininnl,. 'I'l '""■' ^'"" <'M'"'^"'vs, tlu-ir i .. «tl.,„„, cl,,.,,;,, i,-,„„ vo„is„„, lx,„- „a,.t, 888 Tin: i)i:i:ii or am/:i;i<\. wild turkey. 'Ilicii it \v;i.s lie K-iiriu'd to use tli-- ritl--. ninl cuni- iiH'iicctl tlic study (if the Ii;il)ils of tlie various animals lie limited, as iiuirli for siisteiiaiiei' as for the sport. lie h-arued all tlieir liidiiiL!,' places and runways, and ^ri'W eiinniiig in everv iii'mIc <,f their piM'siiit, and has watehcd the cliaiijjjes wliieh new enndi- tioiis have iiitro(hu'ed in the mode of huntine; the dilTereiu i,'ame. These \ver(( frecpieiitlv iiicn of mariced intt.-llivt and eiilmre. and tiieir observations with tongue and pen liave contributetl mate- rially to the cause of science. 'iiie nKJtle of iiiinting the deer upon the prairies, or rather in the prairii' countries, is in many ri'spects ditVereiit from those' practiced in moiiiitaiiious and limbered countries. Where piairies predominate, as in Illinois, for instance, they are fn-qiieiuly dotteil with isolati'd eroves. and are intersected bv >kirts of timb<'r alon timber to pass the night, un- less indeed ]u\ is prowling about in the farmer's maize or wheat fields, which he, very much atfoets. A'ery "ften tlie deer may be seen leaving tlu; forests for the prairies in tiie gray of the morn- ing and returning again in tlu; dusk of the ev»-ning. During the day, too, they are often seen passing from one forest to another, whether the inti'rvening prairie be one mile or ten inih's wide, though generally where there are long stretches, they will stop and rest on the wav. They iiiid much of their aliment in the prairie grasses, but they will have their arb.»ivous food if any be accessible, and this they usually take in the timber in tho night tinu'. Indeed they spend most of the day in repose, well se- creted in the hiu'li slou<>h-ini- liiintrd, nil ihfir Illi.clr iif w fiiiidi- !il Ll'lltllt'. tui'i'. and •d llKlt*!- ratliiT ill jin tlmsf e ]>iaivies tly dnttcd li>-r almig ill'' |irai- a ])rairi(' ; t') many >in a lew Imt Ik- is t> st-ascms st, lllollgll iiiulit. uii- nr wheat vv may l>t' tlif morn- )iiriiig the aiinther, iiilcs \vid<', y will stop cut ill the 1 if any be th(> nij^ht I', well se- HiiitofS are • the pests ere oinieeal d a partial 3 conditions ,1 carefully le season of [ the coun- 880 le prairie, and e. he ivniilatcs I'lu: I II {si:. f,-v..,„l,l„.,vl„t;v,. ,„„i,i |. ,;„,!„.,■ ;„„l , «"•, nsiisj,: :,:'"■" 7''" —>!,:,, i„. ■■ ' ■'-'^^'''>^«:-^::^.' !:::''^::v":': ■'"■'■ """■- '-■'■•■'-■i" .:iH,,.,,,,,,.f :;,.,;,,;'"''':;:'■-■-■'' "rli,.|, ,„■ |i,„|„., „„.„. , " ,""'l- "■'l-■^"m•,■a,■,|, ,n» i;,.,,^,. '»• <■ I r.:;,:.','::,:;:.,:;,:/';::;;;:' "-■•■• "■'-'■ k i .™» „., i'«i'.'.^ii...i,.,.,.„iM I.. iii<,.iv;, ■,. , ' " ""■" "■'"' ^■p.-.i.."f-u.,,ll ,;::;:;;;:■■;,,-■:-■■'''■", - "t W.aU str..;„„ „|, f,. ;. ,.' , ■ ■ ""■',""■ Ii'« n,VH ^"^ -'-".i«...Hu;: :r'::;r''V"T'' ' •""■'^'^CL^^X. z T ""■'■"' '"-^ '■■"•"■>■• ' '■■■ "■'■"i"™ an ,,, „ , "'"I":"'- M, ,, l,.is,„,,, „,,||,, ^,,,,1 ■lis,.,, „M,, ,,, , •■-'^^I'tt , .,„„|,|,„ -■"::^-t;;::;;;;;ri;:;.,::Lr:^:r;:r::/;:;'^^^ comes 111 f 'ill ,1 . „ * • t.iKes as i(> f-* i» "V,.,.. ::;■', ;:;t,^^^^^ - l""> .iln.,x» „,s„ tl,e ubb,-,vi,,te,l ,v„nl, „f |„,',| „, 390 Tin: i>i:i:n i>f amiiiuca. i; I ? ;l tF.^ crackers and cild vi'iiisdii steak. Tlie coui'se for llie (l;iy is agreed upon, and tlic^ wayon is taken alonn' and t lie teamster is e within ten or twenty vards. When a diaible shot is olTerc th le hunter it is freiiuentlv advisable to take tl le longest shot first, and liis own ])ractice will suggest whether to P «I .)en with the ball or the bucksliot. '/■///•: ciiAsi:. w (l;i_v is anistcr is :() (iliscrvc lislcii fur 1 lie is td II' ol'()\lll(l, is usually rncil ()\cr. llifir laii's. idi'sc. auil (k'(l to go, no inatti'V - all' lii'i'il. rass. wlnlc rnnnnauil tunmu'l I'l I till' aiigli! 'or nivsi'lt', 1)1' Mrd or r liaiuuH'r, I' a (loulilc I liavo al- tlinsi' ^vll() t (iiie man ai'i' many rt.'d ynuny, isci(Uisly as lias always link ililYer- upiiu tlicni. hey will bn other, luit bi'lt of the ly till' iicar- makcs will jiimiis lii,i;li, 111' shot, for II a (loiil)li' to taki' th(> whether to niti '..■":x:';;'::;;:;:;:;:;,::;^;-:;::;;i;;:;.::,;;,,;;;^ r;:- "■■■■'■ '- -^v t:,,.. ,,„„i',,.l : .j ;''"- M,,.,n. „,,„„„. .„.,.,. i,„i i, i„. ,•.,„,,,,, ,„.;, ' "" "■;" l«'r^ I""' ""I- iv,,l, :,M,I „„.M,V ,1 ,.,. ■■^ II. 't II Im s|,,[, • l|llii'l fnl' prnliahly, ■ :il'e thus ^\ Iiiiiiiil;' imisi' li ll|i \n Ins l'''^-^ him, an. I l,v j, |,,^.. i..:i:;::,:;:',;'r,.;;:: ""- "'"•■ =:;;:::::;:;J:-;nL;::^;-::::,! i-v''- . nms, , ,,. ,„„,, ,,„. ^.^^,, ^. ^^ "•'^-.s- another shot, tl ,. you nms, not .'x,,,,,. ;>«-lose the sivon.I time as In- ,11,1 .,t <'-;'■ 's_nofs.,rea.lilyl,roi,^ht to hav in the ,. " .i4" oir .jiiii'tly ami and si'Kli' pe.'l jiini Id |;iv tile first. Tl,,. woiin.l.il prairii' |,_v ih.. ,|mu-. ;'^ "" '- ni tin.l,,., : pn.hahlv h.-ran'si. h.- ran s... ,,„. ,, , i ..lav l,.v.. t„ ,,, s,.v,.r,l ,„:.,„ ,'" •'™""l'l'»l. tl.is l„. -■^'■•■."--.■v.^ a ,; : T'''■^"'■''''|''■M-- 'n 8it2 77//; i>j:j:ii or ami.iu'A. v\ !■ ; i iuul struck all (il'ji'ct witliin two iiiili'> of cam]), uliicli f Uiuw was oil tlic \va\. and tlicii I spent t \vu liums or more circling; rouinl on a section of land: every halt hour oi' so I \v}tle in this condition sliould incliiu' to wainler in a circle, it is not luv place now to iiKpiin-, but such is fre(piently noiu;h ])robably not always the case. Nor does it seem to make miii-h ditVereiuM^ whether one is lost iii the woods or ou the prairie, the same sys- tem or the want of it in bewihU'rmeiit si'cms to pre\ail. It comes ou when one is not susj)ectine; it, or l(K)kiiig out for if, I'lse by watchfulness it might be guardeil against. FrcMiuently in this kind of prairie hunting, one hunter may th'ive the deer upon am)ther. The instant, tlieicfore. a shot is heard, tln' hunter should stop and remain perfectly still. If he does not move, the deer iiuiv coiiu! directly ujioii him if lie is in their .selected cour.se, witlu)ut recognizing him, and ln' may get a shot as it passes, or wliut is much mori' likelv, he mav trac;(! its Ct)l use at a distance, and watch it to a new bed. d *' 1 was veturning toward.s cainj) one evening, said my irien;iss • a-> tlic lljlTt llH iiral i'\- at cvcr- klHW I I a limi- liiit trail ' uriiiui'l |>rints (it" idcil tlie , can ap- il tn the I kii< ii\ her way. ifk trail. I'licii ami )('eu I'ist. )t'oi)K' ill s not my lably imt liil'tM-l'llCt^ iaim' sys- ."vail. It or it, else liter may a sluit is 11. If lie I' lie is in iiKiY i;'i't :i ' trace its uy frieiiil, id enjoyed ng .a liiiili )ii tlie (pp- itly watcli- l been left 77//; ('II ASK. ''> '•"■ I"'''"'" '■"••'• I 'li '"• '••'''' ''"^^" '■" =' '""i.'l. of Inn], .,,,ss. "^I ...,ntinm.d t,. AViilk mv liMiN,. slowly across the valley, ^.'aduallv drawin..- m,.,v '" ,"';• ''"■'■'■""" "'■ tlledec, he l,..,i,.v ,n,^- he was entilvTv eu,,- '''■*'''•''■••""' '•^' or more l,een chaii-ino. th,. positim, of mv -nn. some- times to my shoulder, sometimes to mv h-ft arm. and somei imcs ^" *'';'I' •""•'"'■ '"vsaddh.. WiM.nloot opposite him I couul r"",' " """""■ "'" '''•' ''"'"' '='>'"-■ "••'t "" "'" uroumi, i,ut the ""'• "•'' •■'""-Hh'd. At the proper moment I c .kcd mv horse I'va word, turned in the saddk., raised the eun and ih'ed the """''";'"'•"''"■'''■"'• ''^""'"llvnade up his mind that he was dis- covered, re.ersini^ the l.uckshol tor a fairer mark in case the bail miss,.d, and he sho.dd jump up. I'.ut he did not l[e •sl'-ai,^lilen..d himself out, jfml .^ave up the si ruenle with a U'^^■ spasmodi,. kicks. That was the lareest deer killed l.v the parlv •Innng ,1,,. hunt, and was a satisfactorv conelusio,, of a lin,. d av's sport An old l.uek is as eunninn- as a fox, hut if von undi..-- stand Ins ways, ,t is possible to circumvent him. amfto do so is I .<■ very ess,.nce of sport. My companions were returnini,^ will, 111..' wa.^on halt a mile away, and had been watchino- nn niovo- ments tor some time, but havi.io. seen no ,|eer, supposed I had 1";"<1 to brino' them that way rather than ,i;o out of mv wav to j.'in them, and so were relu.-tant to answer mv signal to come ...I they came at last, duly a.lmire.l mN- trophV, assisted to put l'"H ou the wagon, when we all returned to camp together with as iine a loai:i:i; or ami:i:ic.\. i';iin|i. ;iiiil it ^i'ciiit'4 as it" cadi oiir was (Icfci'iiiiiird to s|hiI1 ninn' ol' it than aiiutlicr. At tifst ravciiniis, tlicii inoilrratc, tlii'ii ili'l- iriiic, [lickint^ ovci- tin' savory mess to get ;i sweet iiioistl." 'I'll!' sii|i|ici- ill caiiiii is not" a iiastv im-al, towanls tli'' cimI at lfa>t. ami is usually afcoinpauird liv lull ai'couiils of tlio iu- ciilfiil-; dj' tlic (1m\ and of foinirr sportiuif cvpiaiciici's. wliicli ai'f coiitimu'd lonj^' after tlie pipes liave 1 n lighted and the weafy iiuntcr is stretched out upon his rohe at the inoiith of the tent, eliiMyiiij^r tile sootllint,^ illliuellee of llie luil'lled llel'li, witllollt which camp life wmild lose half its chai'ins. l'erliap> the most exhilaratinLj mode of eliasiiie- the deer, is in the piaiiie with the ei-eyiioiind. The broad, iinlirokcn prairie pioeiits a tii'ld for this sjxirt unsurpassed. After the prairie lires have left most of the elevated portions of the crcat plain ipiite iiaUcd. and tiie dry seasons wliicli j^eiicrally prevail in the fall of the Near leave the sloiie'lis suHiciently hard for the free passa^e of the horse, while the tall grass which covers tlieiu and has heeii liy moisture Uept too green to ii'viX the lire, whicli cohsuiikmI tiiat which had matured and withered on the, dry upland, the proper conditions for this unitaralleled sport exist. The dogs should !)(' well trained to the s[)ort, should he strong and enduring, and the more experieneo they Iiave had the lii'tter. The liorse as well as the dog soon learns to enter eagerly into tile spirit and the excitement of tlie'chase, and evidently enjoys it as miu'li as Ids master. It takes a smart greyhouml to coiiu^ up to the average deer on tlu; prairies, and <>idy one that has learneil his lesson severely can hanilh; the deer id'ter he is over- taken. Much of this he must h'arn l)y experience aided l»y his own sagacity. His master is rarely up at the first encounter, and the iieopliyte is sure to be cut by the feet and antlers of the deer, which thcr [ l>i' strong thf Ix'ttfi-. igcrly into itly enjoys 1(1 to conies (' tluit luts lie is oVlT- (Icil l)y his rnconnttT, Icrs of the dexterity, nd if iiitel- xperirnced .'r to seenre rest of th(i can over- itteni|)t to vantage of 'vei'e ; and 1 1 is \v;iy he and gives u arrive to ""■i-u-„ ■.r...,i„.,i,,, , t, ■ ,,;' '--•i-";.i ;"-v..,,,,,,, „.,,,,,, ,,,,,,, ,,,,.,„ ,; I..... ""''"'•'■■" "■,iii„.f,„„„i,i,,v,. :„„„., i„„,. I,,,., ,1 " "■'■;■ ('(tlllVn Ml,. - 1 .. • . . . * ■ 111 (III W 1 1 1 I ( ' . ()f Ei:i! "/■ .1.1//;/,'/' i. cnvt'i't. Tilt' clcviitfcl mill (lis|i('rs('(l pcisitioiis (if ijii- linrscmrii ciiaiilc tlicin to iiiwiivs k('r|) the <'li;isi' in si^lit, iiml >o tlic \vr|l traiiiiMJ IiiimikI is kept ii|)iin liis coiii'si' w itlioiit loss, tli'iii^ii tin' ^^iiiiii' may lVi'i|iii'iit ly lie lust to view. ll is a pluiidiis si^lit wlicii till' JiurM'iiH'ii and llic IiipiiihIs draw iirai- t In- i;'aiiii'. w Iumi I'vasidii (ir cinicitaliiit'iit is iiu Imi^fr |i(pssili|c, and it lircdiiifs a iiicri' (|iicsli()ii ot" niiisclc and cndiiraiuM' ; wlicii tlic slioiit^ of tlio ridi-rs stiiniilati' Imtli tlir liorscs and tlic lioinids, ami iiiaddfii llic trii^litciicd di'cr to the last piissiMc clfort of cvci-v sinew. Tlic |iai'k is st i'iiiil;' uiit in a Iohlj and scattered line and sm are the Imrsc- nieii. each striving' to tlie iilimist to u;ain nn tlic i|iiari'\', ti> kce[i the lead or to make \\\) the lost distance. To lie the foremost in such ii chase, to keep even with the leadin^' lioiuid, and sei- that <'acli stride lessens tilt! int er\ fiiinn' space lietween the piir.^iiers and the pursued, is tlit! culmination tif excitement only knuwii to the artlcnt sptirtsmaii. At each st title the hiudinn' hoiintl ilraws iienrer to the deer that is strainine- every muscle to maintain his distjinci", his wihl eye protnitliiiLC frt>in its socket, his month with; open, ami his tail occasionally lasheil hetween his lee's, as e\iilciice that he is pressetl lieytnitl his strength, and is alrcativ tlistressed with his e'reat ellorts. At leiigMh as ho soos his pursuers are i^ainine' upon him, and tlio friendly thicket is yet far ilistant, fear comes and inoreases the emharrassmeiit of fati<^iie, ami he begins to jump wildly, which retards his lliffht. The horseman, meantime, nrj^fs his steed to the utmost to keep up with the lioiiiitl, which, htiw- evei', lit> fails to do ; luit, as he sees the rae(> is soon to terminate, he strives tt) kee[) us near as ptissilile. Xi>w the leader tif the ])ack is ii|iwitli the game. He seizes him a litth; insiile the thigh just as the hind feet leave the ground, and by a side jerk throws him heavily to the groinitl, letting go as the tpiairy falls. If an ex'pei-ieiicctl dog. aiitl sure of speeily supptirt, he will wait till the deer gets up and resumes his flight, when he will again throw him in the sanu^ way, and st> repeatetlly till others of the pack come up, wIhmi all will close in upttu the exhausted animal and usiiall\ make short work of it. Hut great vitality remains in an old buck. If an inexperienced dtig exposes liims(df to tlu; blow of a wounded buck lu^ mav be knoeketl ten feet away by either foot, or he may be impaled by a single dash of tlu^ sharp antlers. One s(*vere lesson, aitled by the example of the older dogs, is generally enough to make tlic beginner cautious even in the midst of the excitement. One or two dogs at the throat laying linrsciiii'ti n \\\r wrll ll'lllnli til,. DllS sin'lit lllr. wlli'll lirciinii'S ;i, nils of ihi' aildi'ii t he Tile |i;|r|< t lie Ikptsc- y. til l.•( ^ H'- I IN,. ,„„'„ ,, ,„.,:,ii ■„ ' '":'"'■;■ "'" '^ Il.r..„.|,i,„l,v,s„.|„i„.r ""■■'-", ,1k. l.„v,.,-,h,„l, I "■■- m".».nk/.!::;:.:^;:::;:;: :;;;::;,, ':;,,,tf ■■■''■■ filing the I viii..'..-anie 'u..! ■.^ fl, 1 "^ ^" > "* J"-iiHr, p,,,-. Of all the mod,>.s of eliasiiM.- fhe . !<.,.,■ W ■ . ^•i<^ -ith horse and hound i 1, , 1 ' T'''^'"'"' "'" I-''" "".1 a Jn„i i>,„i ,;,;„': r.""™ »■■"■ ■■' ' - ..er;:::,;:,,;:c:;^;:;;'::;;.r;"r' ;"■•""" ■ -- -I'ii" otiu.,.,".,,, „„i. 1 .:,„•':■;: ttt '>• ^-w™ w\ ;::';■ :.i;'"tV'': '"'I'' ""• '■^"■'■^- '--" i" ti'o pri„u. „f life . , I , r ;■ ",'■■"=-'' -'■•I- 1"^ -k, ml" nns '/•///; j>i:i:i.' <>r \Mi:i:ir ■I M : hr i :■. ,f oliscrvat inns. It is iidI iiiiu'Ii t";i\iirf(l 1p\ s|ini'Uiiicii, luit is liitlid' ciilisiilri'iMl ;is licliltiiin- \\li;i( an- ciillcil /"■f-lnnif^ rx. Tlic (leer is larj^i'ly a imci mnal aiiiinal. rspccially in tin' nfiM;||l„,|-|i(),„l of settlements, oi- in fe^'ions niiirli Ininleil. l-'oi- this mode of Iiiintinn' a still, ilai'k nii^lit is selected. The plaee chosen is wheie inilieations are almndant that the deer niahe llnir noeiiii'nal visits, and where the eovrl is not so thick ;is to (ilisli-iict the ai'tilii'ial lin'ht too iniich. It niav In- in the fanners' gi'ain liclds, around salt licks, or aloni;' the margins of ri\ei's. ( Jein'rally, two i^o (oLjether in this sort of hunt. They are providi'd wit n an artiticial liij,'ht, usually made of |iitch-]pine knots, oi the loose outside hark of the hickory tree, which cdutains an inllamnialile oil, and makes an admiralde torch. This is so ar- raiieed, and carried in such a |tositiou. that none of the rays of lie'hl fall u|>on the hunters, one of whom either precedes or fol- lows close behind the other, who carries the torch al>o\e his head or in front of him, his/her than his head. A supply of material (o renew the lorch, is taken aloii^- and used as occasion reipiires. The hunters of course proceed with care and watchfulness and without noise. The deer sees the lii;ht slowly approachiuL;' and is rather fas- cinated than alarmed liy it. and so he facos and starts a; it in wdiideriui'iit. when his eyes act as mirrors and rellect, hack the lie'ht, and ap|)ear to the hunters like two M;reat- stars, or as they sometinu's express it, like two halls of lire set in notliing but darkness: but neither of these expressions give a c()rrect idea of the appearaiU'e of the lii;'ht rellected by the eve. The radiation of the star is not seen, und the li^iit is whiti; instead of the red liLiht of lire. Nothing else of the d<'<-y is seen. The advanco should be made with extreme caution, for the least noise would l)e sure to scare away the game. The shot, if low. should be fatal ; yet it is, I am told, very freijueiitly not so. It has some- times lia[tj)ened when several ileer have been thus found together that those not hit have seemed to be so faseinati'd with the light, that after a few bounds away they stopped to gaze upon it, and wi'it' i)revented from uoine; further. 'J'his sort of liuiitinu' can never be safely j)racticed in the neighborhood of settlenuMits •where cattle an^ rumiing at large, or the hunter may have to >lt or a eoit or a cow^ Nearly allied to this is the jaek-luuiting, or niglit hunting upon tlu! water, of which I eannot plead entire imiocence. When thick underbrush obscures the view, and not a breath of t is liitlicr ly ill till' It'll. I''i.r Till' |il;iri' li'cr iniiUr llii'k !IS ti) I' liiniH'rs" M'lS. Tlicy iU'i' illi' Ullnts, iitiiiiis all •; is so ai'- lii' rays n\' Us ur Inl- ' Iiis Jn-ail iiiali'i'ial i'('i|iiir('S. liios ami alliiT t'as- s a; it ill liark Ihc >r as tlii'V liiiig but ct idi'ii of radiiitiuii I' the red ailvaiii'O isr would iliould lu! has soiui,'- I togi'tllt'l- the light, in it, !ind iitiiig ran ttlcilHMltS ' liiivo to iiuntiiig iiuoceiu'i'. breatli of •''"' ^'ii-< :i Iraf iiiioi, ill,. «,.,.,.^ ,,,i, , , . . Il'" 'l-r ■.u.■^.■n f.N„l r ,. !■ ", '"■ "'■"""'• "' »l''-l' "^""r''""^"'••sh.uvw„uld 1.1' di.,1.,.", '""""""•'': "lll'-ll lllllsl '" i';isi.'. .\ |i,,|,, ii'ial i.r raiini.. .hi' oaiMii'/is I!:;:':'''';'' '';■'.'•''-■■'-'-' ^i-- u...... j :'\---iM.. IM. di'si|...d. A li,|„ isi.a.,.i,.d . ■ '• / — 'i-,|..'shaM' I „ ius,.n>.'d|-.„',his li ■""■'^■^: I'", a wa..'li,i,an-s lam,,. an;„.h,..l .,. .,. ''^'"' i"li Mil' I'all'i'ij iiiaii ''••"hiT Jial. aiiswi'i's "!•' ''llnMii'd In ihi' iVuni ,,| ;, li,,.. I.. M'i-i'dl,vah'..,h .' 7-u' 1""''"'^" ^^■""- ''''"■ lii^!ii >h„„ld -i^^ •'.-.:;::.!;;"';;;:: ;;;;''i::;;;'::- 't'"" '"1 "-I-d that Ih. Ii,,|,, ,• II ; ' • ""^ ""'^' '"••-" '■■"^ ■ '''i'H^;:;:::,,:':-;':;;-'-'-^--''.''.' "I.i" fur ll.is ,,,„„,. " " "'■ -\''^"l-«l Hill is ,i,.si,.. ,JI;;:,. •:;;: :,:; ;'-""■■'; -..ni :„„„. , '"'^.ai.i"«Mi,,,„i,M,.,,,,,. ;•'.;;:'■ •■•■ -'" i ;;<■ >'; two Iiiindi',.,1 yards nf ih",. g'l to Ileal' ihi' 11 :i stil Indian I Wo >.l"m . l,M.n-fl„„g H |,rof„,„„ilv siili, |,„||, li,,,,,,;,,;, ll'Sllt II1I3 may 1.0 ,l,.t..,.tL.,l l,v Hi i,.|. ,.,,,,',■ ,, "'■ llilv.. I,u,i.l,v,l vanis -uvlv \ ' , ' "'""" i" II"- »at0L- U ho. I T V '" ""■ "''■I' "'■ ""■ •''■••I li.o ,..,int ...„,' "'"/'."'';"• ■V""'^'> ""■"» ""■ ■■ I" ''■--i'|v.".h:i i7"i:i;:Jr •■> Kvml. I',v,o„tly, two balls of |i„|,t , ''"■' '' -'"'"" yo. of tho .,00,. ..olloofing baol. „„. Ti, , „.„„ ;"■■',.;:" ,'"" auLin.itiiy oltnuted and d.'in-e.s.sed in the -wi ,,f f . i- -i«i. I I..V.,. boon at.,0. to coiooivo boj':; i::,;, ^r;'!' ev sue ll th ••'' '-i'vii. TIk'hi' an; the r e 400 Tin: DF.KIi OF AMKRICA. t ' full reflection fnun the eyes wlicii tlie Iicail was (Icprcsscd to the very water, feathering the a<|iiati(' L;rass, l)ut no matter wliat tlio ])osition is, the refleetion seems always eciually brit;Iit as it' look- ing dii'eetly towards you, and it is only by the movements tliat you know that tliey sire not, and th'it tht; animal is feeding un- C'oncei'nedly. When sutlieientlv near, delihi'iate aim slmidd bo taken, not between tlie eyes, but about four inches lielow them. I'nless one is niueh accustomed to this kind of shootinir, he is almost sure to over-shoot, and if the face of the deer is nearly lioi'i/ontal, as it will be if he is looking at you, on(,' inch too high will miss the deer, while if you shoot too low, a shot in the neck is as fatal as if in the head. The <>'reat excitement in tlii> mude of hunting is, when the Indian is rapidly paddling you toward the splashing in the water, while the j)addle di[)s so softly that it gives out no sound, and all you can hear of your own advance is a gentle murmur at the bow as it swiftly divides the waters. You are then earnestly looking into the still glixiiu. and when the orbs of light ahead are seen moving up antl down and from side to side, while you are vet too far awav to shoot, but with the gun to your face waiting for the Indian to say xlii">t, if you do not breathe r-'pidly, and your heart does not thump as if it would brt'ak your ril)s, or ap[)ear to get into your throat and half '•hoke you, tlieii you have become a /i(ir(hiiciJ huntei-. and lost a IKirt of that nervous sensibility, which afTords such exijuisito pleasure, if not too painful, for the line between these sensations 1 know to b(^ verv thin. With the linht upon your head you t Oil t, cannot so well judge of distance as the Indian in the. stern, so leave that to him. The last time I was in sucli a place, — and it is not many months since, — then; broke out from the darkness four balls of light, both deer evidently feeding a little way a[)art. The Indian pulleil first for the one on my right, and he dro[)[ied with a shot in the neck close to the head. Innnediately I cockeil tin; other lock for the one on the left, but when the gun cam.' to the face I could see nothing for the smoke, but the Indian umlerstood his work, and shot me out of the cloud of smoke in a fraction of a second, and before the big doe could turn half round to jum[) tin? bank, presenting the left hip, a shot in the loin, ranging far for- ward, dropped her on the spot, and it took two men to pull her out of the water and u[) that bank. They were a pretty jtair as they lay side by side, and the loud whoop of the Indian showed that he thouti'ht it a well executed ri'dit and left. sscd to tlio •r wliat the t iis it' look- Miicnts tliat fcc(llii '""ak,,,;^ wale. ui,|, | | l'-^ S\\;ini|,.,| ^^jii, with s„e|, ,,,e;.„.v. ■ '"".' ^^ "''•'• "' tl'"c:„ ,„d ,•,, '" •' 'ii'''l wMh lis ;,nd '|Me||t|v '■ '^"'"" il- 'I'hev h:„'| nrvn.ha;;;:::.:,::,,^;::;';:;';''^^';'''';' '-■'-uii,h,:wiid '"'"'''""■"'■^- One Ml n,v ,.,, " I ■■"'''' I ~' 1 1.1 1 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 I ( . , , I I • Ml In ''''■■'"••-vi"i"i.. :';:";;: ::'r-'^'''', !-'■- '<- '"■■ I sn.l „,. ,„i,„|,t „„. ,, ' , ll.isnll,. |„„;,|,. "-!■".■ .1. v,.„is ;:,, I, „""■''" '"■^' '■' 'l'l"-l -. IV- ., I,,;.;, ',,''■ ,'"'''1' "'""'" -'!'i'i-'i "i'l' Il,i.„.,.„„„t;,, , • •"■ f'-'-; (His.,,.,,, „-,..,,.„.., •;•' ^ • - • "•'" '^''^ thi-oiioi, (h,. iioiHT hd<,. oads ^ \' / / . I'.iiise at tile bur, Cr ,,f , -"' -■ -.uld ^et them ,he,.e if ai.vwlien ;"'• "iir skill in all ,!,.. ,.-„.. , ">""(!.. \\ ,. ..xha,,. '" 'III Hie wavs we k le Illy •b'hil ed ,'(.1 '^'-•^''•-rnpnnit m r; "^'n^'''"""^^ r''^n.s ..ei^. ,,.;:;;;;;;.;;-;■; -<^- ^'^tf'""i 1 b. move in and then tl . ' "" ■""''"'^" l"-kod alive-. ,,.,""'"'"> the sport commen I. J,,,,, ''" '^'''I -^"ny a merry tune. Join, was we 1110 -::s:;i;;: ::;;:-:,;--: t'^:r:' • « ■"- ^ la.j IS iiitu up h) tl'l- lljr m M- : I i: 402 77//; in:/:/,' (>/• .\mi:i:/i a. tile liiisim'>s am! riiii the caiinc into tin- lak'-. I" \<*<-y liiiii liryoiul the lil\ sldiis, for if lir had L^nt aiiniiiL:: tln'iii. iii\ ta.■ .-."iii as I Mill' of him. for ihr lin<' \va> l"ii;: tlioii^li >iiialL ilc liit a> la/il\ as a siickcr, luit afbT lliat tli>'r<' \\a-> iioi a hi/y imisi-lc ill him. lie foiij^hl lilliake the Iiook from his month, luit I maiiaL^ed iiot to M;i\e liim an in<-li of sLick. After a lon^;' and eaUant ^triiLTL;'!''. he >nneiideied and •11 I lloated him up to the how of tii I'olied over oil Ills S!(!e, \Vll( raiioe and Slocki(m lifted him in witiioiit a -trif^L:! le nad foIlL lit till lie W as Comiili'telV e\ haiist.'.l. II. was a> iii^'ht. e\ee|iliiie' mi the Kelly, w hieh ua^ [larlly .ui'ay. lie WMS lmni|i-sh(inldere(l and thick nieated. and ali^^.-iiier the liiiesi hass I hail excrseell. It |iro\cd to lie ]//,r"/'t, iiis in;//-, r.iiis. ISaii'd. T le secret was 1 io\\ out. At alnio-^t f\eiv ea^' W" took a lisii, hilt ne\ <■!• lelt a lilte .M. ire than halt o| the t im-- ">■ ere slnie' all n^' with a liie' iis1i siiuiiltaiieoiisl\ . If it was exeliiiii; spoit it was liani worl After we ha il each smashed a ti]'. we took time to look at till' pile ill the ealloe. and eolie|l|d>d ih-'le was ellollL^h for that chowder. There were seventeen li-ll ^Vei^hill^ >evellty- iive |ioniids. The larn'cst was over >i\ poimd-. \\ hen wc i^nt to cani[i. Stockton laid him on a piece oi paper, and cut out his lU'otlle It IS tMciitv inches ami tlirei' line> [■•nu and six inclies ■p. and he was \ery tlTu liat was a nice ehowilc'r we liad and when the lisli was fried with iioik it made a huiiurv man aniialilc. to eat it. W e reele( 1 in our lines, and -lohii lieade.l tl le ealloe lor caiiiii As we were [tassine" through the strait, we heard a pack of wohes la r away in the woods, hut tiny seemed to lie approach- iiiti', and when ahoiit in i!ie middle of the lower lake nearly ahead of us \vo saw a lar<^e huck dash from tlie thicket int(j the slialliiw watxT, which was covered with lily-pads, ami rush tlir(m I'hu'k as V. I li' was • liiii-sl liass //(.•>'. Uaiid. todk a lisli, ci-i' stnig- IDM >[M ll't it I- iiMik time was ciioiiLi.li iim x'vciity- lini \vc ynt .Ul iillt Ills il si\ iiK'lics (l.T \\r hail, Imnury man (' f(ir camp. I a |>afk dl" ir aiijirnacli- lakf nearly thirkft into Is, and rnsh ■r ilccprlH'il. !■ dec]) I'lrar cw liiijjli liis aiii'liiny ant- llis JUIVSIH'I'.S. was stirring-, I' liriLilit do- far cuit n[)()n Id:: iH'f'.ivns in all hi ,„ • r" """''■'■''"' "'" .^'val arlis, s„„,d "■'l""l'-"lilnd,'is raivlvhruk,.,, l,v inv; "'■I''- Wiv cMi'niics l,rloiv I "' '■^'•:i|>'' iV.ini wiiirh Ik IICIV S|r,||M-|,|. ■ ;||,,| ., "' ""• M"i''l l;il,. i.,.l,in,L ' ''"'^V"'''! hl^ l-rih. -In. ,.,„„, ''"'—'' -"•'! hnHv hiss,.d uJ, \... '':• ?'"' Iln ;-: .■"-■-".^i:;™: ,;;;;:;,:::: •!'';,:''''V' "''"7 ;■■" '■■■"■>"""'i"-".i. .1.. u:„.,..„.„ .iin,,K. I,, ,■ ,""■ ;.'";■■'"'■"'■■;'"'■"■■—' i-ii ;.: i,,i,r: hiddin- I aimrd t„ s.rll- l' • , '"'"'' "" "■'■ ' • ll-rr (live, as v.m I,.,,- C. ninu i j,i\\, J III. >; I I ' '•ul...ns,...nam„skral .liv.., hp,ui ,|„. """' l''iil'> '■"iisi,|,.ral.|\ uul of wit,.|. uu-;,, , * I "'.-"I' ^'ii 1". v,.-„;oi II,, ,,,';;,;"'' '" • ';-'""- "i. s.. I i,i,-,,i,.ii,ii, . 1 , i. i';^ -.>-:;::;;:::::;:;: :;r --.,,, .1::;;;:.;;;;::-:.;; ■'- '" til. ua\,M, 1 could not shoot, I,„t if tho -ioi Tin: /)/:/:/; or amkiuca. k' • I !i;r i^'iin li;i(l liccii in iiii('\[)crii'iicc(l Iiaiids, I would iint liuvc Ix-cii in StocUtiiir.s |il;icc. nnd I was impatient with tiic Jndiaii tiial he would not .i;'i\<' nic a slmt iict'oiT we not so in'ar, luit I now saw if \\i' had liccn ten yards I'arthci- olV the oaivass would liaAc suid< out of I'l'aih. When the tro[)hy was srinirc'd, the Indian <^avc a whoop, such as only an Indian can L,dv(', tluniuh 1 nnist confess ihci-c were sonic i)ra\f attempts to inutatc; it ri^ht then and there. At tlu; di'ath. we were scarcely a, (piarter of a mile fi-oni tin- landine'. ami in full hearinij; of the ca.m|», and it was a si^ht worth seeing to seu our t wo (•om[)ani()ns and the thr, .; Indians, all of whom were in camp wiieii the shots were lired, conn; rush- in^' down to the beach to see what it all meant. It was slow towing the deer thronL;h the lily pads, which extendeil out foi' hftv vai'ds or more. liefore we landed, the three Indians on shore. rusheil into tlui water, seized and dragged the dei-r to the Wank. JK; must have been a gi'eat warrior, for all the points on his luitlers wei'c! broken off. lie was a big {{vi'V. and a Ix'autlful sight as he lay there upon tin' gn-en grass. Ibit I have sjiokeu uf his remarkable si/e in another and more appropriate place. That was one of those fortunate but unexpected chances which, JKJweVi'r, often occur, and which tlu^ discreet hunter will be always prepared for. It would be diilicult to recall a liner after- nuuu".s spurt, or one with mure satisfactory results. ff! I . '"trnmrnmi^ • l)i'cn ill 1 that li(i now saw laAc Slink n <^a\(' a ;t ci'iifcss tlitii ami llilr tVnlU IS ;i si;j,iit Indians, line rush- was .slow t Ini- lil'ty on sliMi'ti tl.c liank. its nil his hcaiitil'iil ,•(', spuki'ii jilai-c. ■cs whirl), [■ will lit! ner alLci"- VEXISOX. ^IN.-K ,1,,. ,,,Mlitv„f (h. |l,.sh ,h.,."n.lsv,.n-nn„.h n, ,|,.. ;,;;;:' '^,^'^^'!'■•-'^^•■••■''^i'''■''•-'.^i,h( ,., ,',„,i.i.i ';'''''''''''''7V''T--^''^ ••'•'•-- -llvwl,..,M|„...„,,,„i,J .:::,:::::;::'.!;■ '"'^'" ^''"^" "'-i— '-^ ^-> i-i..^ i... nut Alla,n.,Ml,at,1,,. ,l,.sh.r,h,.^ ^,„.„,,,^^,^^ ■'" ;"''."'• V"».soii, ,n this, thai th,. ,.x,..n,;,l (,t whi.], i. pn,.,.t,.,lw„h tl,.. n„.s,.h. iss.,t.an,l iv^iiiis i,s nni-liu M ;:; '■'';;''-;'•-' -'il:-''-in,,.n,al fat is^.n-hanhnk,. ,1,.. ,a, ^ H sw,.,.t aii.l ,ui.y, .v.n thuii.h nn, i,, ,I,„ i,„„ „,•„,,,,,.; ;'';"'■';";""•, '^''•''-'i-"-ys:-ri„.th.sh„nh,.M„„..is,noiv ■ ''• -3-;tl- amn.al, an,, p,.i,,,.^^ ,„ J'l^l'lv P'-..i...,.nhy..pinn...s,wh,.,h,.,-i„ „ an,,, ...I , 1 .,..,. ,ni,.n,.,,n.nto,,h. ,.,.,, in. s,.as wh.n th. ll.sh th.. ,1 n,,,l,.s,s..ons,.],.,v,|,.i,.|iaiHl,i,.ii..i,,,,s. Cap.ain ranlvha,, "^ a v,.,.,- la,-,, n.al. M,„.,. whi-h .I„h„. h :'•;'• 7' '•''"'■'' "'•• -n — ..i„„.ni.„_..C„n, Ca ,. •• '">"■'"'"'•= l'"l"l^'<-i'intl,.. Iall,iotso.,-.„„|,|, t«),i--|, and Mack.'" goiMl lllollgli ; SDoli ..-rL ,, "'."'"' "' !'"^='"".al has always l.vnhi^hlv ,..(..,., | i ;-'-"— vi-v ,t is fo,n„l in X,„lh..,.„ K,.n,,.,:a,;,l a, ,,,. , v-.-nw..lla.la,,,,.,l,..,,,...s,,,.va,i,,n,n,,,,.,,a,av|,wi,l,,,i,.kl,.,,,. IS ihc .i|ii\- C';;',:::j''- "' - ""- ^.". ' ,n:.:,"„:v:i,; -i'--'.v"i "1."""..; i,utti,.„.,.i.i„„f „i„ii,„,:i,i,i„ ,,;,,^,; li iv H ! I ■ ^\ ' ?» : JC»^' JL 400 77//-; /'/.7;A' "/■ AMi:i;ii A its <'Ni'clli'iicy wlii'ii it is in tjooil nnJcr in tin' pfnpi'i' sc;is.>ii. (';i|il;iin I '-ii'il y. spiMkiuL;' tcd."" (Ml till' hiIici' liaiid. Ilii'iiardsDii sii\ s nf liiis dcrr : "It is iiiiii'li lai'^i'f tliaii till' r>aiTiii-^i'niiiid ('ariliuii: lias siiialliT lidi'iis, and is iniicli iiil'crlur as an artitdf oi' I'und." lluwi'xcr. as this is liiit a i'niii|iai'isiiii, ami. as ■«•<• shall prcsi'iit Iv sec In; speaks ill lii^h Icniis >!' tin' il'sh uf thf snialliT spccii's. the tastes of t liese 1 \\ II iili>er\crs niie'lil imt hi- irrecdiieilalile, at lasi. AI'I'T all. tastes >n widely dilTer. espeeially as to eaine I'dnd. men mav We'l (li>ai;ree a-> tn the i|llalil\ 111" this meat. l''l'Mni nlhel' SKUITeS I learn that this \cni.--nii i> eenerally very hie'hlv esteemed. \ have imw hei'e seen a i'iim|iai'i>i)ii made lietweeii the ilesh nl' imr ('aril)nii and that nl the [•jirujiean lleindeer ur hel weeii that nf the tame and the wild Keindeer there. liiehardsdii is almnst mir mily aiitlinrity that speaks direetly ill the ipiality i)f the xcnisnii of the iiari'en-n'i'iaind ('aril)ciii. ■■The Ilesh 111' the (arilnni is ver\' tender, and its ilavnr when in season is. in my npininii. siiperiur In the liiiest MiiLillsh xeiiisun; lait when the animal is lean it is verv insipid: the dilTereiieo lielllLi' iJl'calei' liiiwei 11 Well-led and lean CarilMni than aii\ nil eaii eniiiei\e wlin has lint had all nppnrtiinity nf iiideiiin'. riio lean meal tills the stmiiaeh. l)iit never satislies t he appet it e. and seal'eely Sel'SeS 'I'he ll'e^h nf t tn 1-eernit the .streiiu'tli when exhausted li\ lalmr, le ninose (leer and 1.1 iff lln. nil I lie nt jief iialld. 1^ Iniieh when leaii, liiit is iii'ver sn iitterlv tasteless and de\nid of iiniirishineiit as that nf the ('arilmii in pnnr eniiditinii." All tlesli fmiii pnnr animals has a lai'u'er pmpnrtinii '^i water, and is i^{ pnnier ll,i\nr, aiid is less iinii rislii lie' (hail frniii fat animals, evi'ii the mnside ; lint we nia\ lielieve fmin this stateiiieiil nf so en, III an niiserver. and haxiiiL;' siieli almndaiit nppnri unit les i fnrm an npininii. ihaf tin' Ilesh f^i the I barren- L;'rniiiid ('arilmn IS v\ \ceiitinnal iii this ree'ard. \\ lietiier tins is a cniistit iit mnal pe- iliaritv, nr results frniii peculiarity nf fnnd, we mav imt safely ('ertain it is that, in the siiriiie' nr summer time, when, if sav tlle\ are like all the ntlier ileer. they are III the |i(iiiresl enlidltinll, tlie\ eel lln arlinlenlis fnnil. lieille' dependent elltireK' nil till! lielieiis of tin; liarreti eronnds, only liiidiiiL;' tree fnnd in their soitthern raiii;e in the fall and winter. \\\\{ then that is their jiriiieipal fnnd at all times, and is e'eiierally areredited as lieiiie; very iiniirishiiie'. The ntlier species, Urn, depend very largely ou I I7;.\7.so.V, 407 [K'f SCMSoll. says '• I-'.v- lillls. lll'ill^', lisoii 1 liavt? , .Irrr : •• It lias sinalli'i' I Iiiwcvcr. lll\' srr. ll(! ^. llh' tasti'S lasl. Aft'T 1. iiK'ii may , lii'l' snlirrcs ^t^'^'llll'(l. I tIl•^ll (if dill' rrll llial (if aks (lii'cctly 1(1 ( 'arilidii. Vdl' wllcll ill isli vciiisdii : (• (litTi'icnce liaii any niio IgillLi'. 'Hit' |)|)('l itc. and (■(I li\ labiir. Iht hand, is (I llc\(li(l ol' •• Ail llcsh ltd', and is fat animals, lenient 111 so jrtnnities to 1 ('ai'ilxiii is illllidlial |ie- IV iidt safely me. when, if 'st cdnditidii, ivlv dU flu; Odd ill their that, is theii- led as heiiiu; rv lar^clv on mosses fdr their siisteiinneo. altlion-h tlmvaiv raivlv if evei' en- tirely dependelU „,„,„ the,,,. TlvAl the liesh ,,f this ('aril,,,,, is •■X'V,,tldnalIy tender we must l,e|ieve. for even in its , v., e,,M. •''"'"" ""ll'i'i.uis said a! its heine- t(„|eh. lait onls that it is tasteless or in>i,, id, and n.,t iidnrisiiine'. I think ucmnM ;„|,nit thaf when It ,s i., ^.M.d ednditi(,n it differs from, and is deeidedlv t^iiperidi- td all dther \cnisdii. *"' ""■ ^■""'^"" "'■ '""■ I'^ll^ I >h'Hdd he ahle td speak imde,- •'^' = ""'"'-'> '""'' "•■ ""■ ^vild animals and thd.e raided 1,, ,nv f"7"'^- '''I'" '^'ll'-v "( 'Ihs deer. Iha, is. the internal fat, is ''■"''''■'• "'^"' "'■•""'■ '"'>-"l' >h(. other deer, and almd.t a- hard as l><'''sua\ dr stearin,.. A temperatnre df im F;dir. >(■,.,„. .e,,velv t-s,,|(e,i the surface appreeiaMy. The external fat i.aUo l.n-de'r '''■'" "'•■'• "' "">■ "ll'-fdeer. thd„.i, i, is „,,, „,|„,,| .,, ,,„. j„. ^'■'■"•'' '■■"• ' 'l''"l<- hdwexer, after ,,ecial lavcan, i,,„s necessary t,. |„v,,a,v l|,,s v.mison (ny the tahle ,de,- Idaianv- '■''•""■."^'""'■^'•'■i'''!"'"- K nin-t he.MM-Ved hdl ;,„d kept hdt.,,r '■'"■ '' '''"'■'■ '"■ """■!' ''■" '" il "II- will tind a, Ihin >,,|e ,,f ,he '" '■■'=' I "lU- I he r(u,f df Ihe n„,„,h. uhlch 1,, ,„.,sl pe.Sdnsis ^erv disaeiveahle, and (ny which hnl an indilhav,,, cdmpe,,.al io,, is '"•""' '" ""■ '■''•'"■■'< ll:ivdran(l then„,st nn, ,-ii i ve pi'opert ies. •*''''"'^";'l.^ '' '^ I'd, s(, tender as the ve,,i.,„, ,,f ,|„. s, nailer '^'■'■'■' '"" " '■" """■•' I'lili'ilidus than anv dihe,- llch uiih uliid, I ="" ■"•M'l^ii'il.'d. \V|,i|„ I I,;,,, ,„, ,,„,,i,,|, ,,|,|, ,^,,1,.,, ,,^ ^^^.^1^^. ''"■''"'"I""''^""- ' li:ive hamd, l,y actnai „se ,,„ ,n,„v a>i,,„s =""' ''"'' '"•'">■ I"-!'!'', that al.d„| ,„,(. half the an,dnnl ,,f I'lk meat- will satisfy l,,i,,^er a,id sustain the system which WduM ]„. n'(Hiired dt e(„„l h^ef. AllotluM- |)eciilia,-ity is that this Is the nidsl dilli,ailt ((f all Id oiv- serve. 'i'he (hijienlly ,,f eman;. Klk mea,. i. Ursi n,i,.n,.,i hv Lewis and ( 'larke, at Cd '"'II' winter eailip ,,e;ii- the ln,,u|j| ,,f ihe "I'l'iii'ia, liive,-. ahdut Christmas i;, 1m),-,. 'n,,,,. ,.,,._ ..,,,,,. |-:ik nieat is sp,,ili„e. i„ eo,,se,p,ence ,,f | he wa'rmlh ,,f the leather— I h.ai^h we have kept a cdnslanl sn,..ke nnd.a' il." Ac-am. •• Ihe whdie st,,ek ,,f meat l,ei„- n.,w cdinpleielv spoiled •"11' p-nnded lish hecanie acain (,„,■ chief depe,„lence." 'l.;ik was tl>''ii' only meat. I lost several hdsof Klk meal, which I prepared 4 OS 77//; J>EKi: <.]■• AMEHK ,\. t'i'i- (lr\ ii|M- ill ilic saiiif \v;iv I wmilil 1 f for tliiit purixisc. W'lu'ii iMit iiiiii iliiiiiMT [licccs it is [MTlVctU' |pi'actii-;il)li' Id ciirr mid drx' il. I III- dryiiit;' sliould Itc pit'tlv rapid and tliiiroii^li, wlirii ilic j)rcpanil meat will I'fiiiaiii ^wcd fur an indclinitc tiiiic if kept dry. 'ill" luari'dW-liciiii'S (if tile V.Wi arc very rii'li. and >cc(iiid nnK t'l tliMSi' i.f ihc Msuii. and tin- sanir is trur of tlic tuii^nc. 1 lia\i' licTii uiialilc to discDvcr any apprcriaMc ilit'fcrcnfi' in tin- 'pialiiy cif lilt! vcnisKU (if (lie Mnlc l)i'i'r. llic IMack-taiJcd I )i'cr. and I lie \'irL;inia Deer. Lew Is and (Mark c fnund tlic \cnisiiii iif tile ( 'iiliiniliia l>lack-lailc(l Deer dry and liai'd, and (•(indciinicd it as t lie piMii'csi iif all; Imt il is evident tliat the speeimens t liev pri 11-11 r.'d iimsi lia\ c Ik -en in liad i-midit imi, for all since speak (if it in fa \ oral lie terms ; it (-mnniaiids as liie-h a prici' in t lie markets as any 111 In-r \ (•nisiiii. and is as nuK-li approved Iiv epicures, i-'nr my- self. I iiiav say \vli(-never 1 have had an (ippurl unit \' nf tasline- it I liav(- alwavs had to resort to (-ollal(-ral evidem-e to (li-t(-rmin(i what deer it was from. 'Ihe \e||i>(ili of the Mule Deer I liave, witll feW exceptions, only (-ateii in eain|i; and it ninsl he admitted that a hard day's tiamp in the mountains makes an\ dish that is r(-ally ^ood tasti; Verv l;oim|. and has a tendency to destroy that nii-e disi-rimiuation which Would ciialile one to detiM-t the ilavor of the nude's hoof in the mushroom soup, when the veo'ctahle had liecu (-i-ushed by the tread 'if that animal. Still I douht if anv one i-an distineiiish the llesh of the Mule Deer from that of the common ^V'rv. Almost i-verv one, in America at least, is familiar with the ven- ison of tin- \ ir^inia Deer. While ;i few persons (-aiinot eat it, and otli(-r> dislike it, to say the least, a majority of mankind ad- mire it as food, and othor.s esteem it above all other llesh. It is dark colored, is line gi-ained, and has a llavoi- |)e(-nliarly its own. Wln-n (-ooked wiiiioiit accessories il is dryer than lieef, Imt is ten(l(-rer. r,f, ris jittrihns. This venison is tender and noiirish- iuL;. and of e'ood Ilavor, even in the sumin(-r time when the ani- mal is alwavs poor, though of course far inferior to the luscious feast aH'orded hv the fat hiick just at the commencement of tht^ rut. wli(-ii he fairly swells out with new made fat and llesh, which Ik- has taken on in an incredililv short time. At this time 1 think the Iuk-Ic in the itriimt of life affords the liest and most siilislantial vi-nisou, hut at no lime will the same ipiantity nourish the system as much as beef of the same (piality, and so is vastly inferior in this res[)ect to the venison of the VAk. I/; v/.sM.v. •I't'.t 't-Ni..U,..,..n.i..r,..M,„v.nn,li,s,.i..|,ll,-,v,„.. 1, i/v., ' .vnlil - :;"■;■ '•>''':>'"f- 'i-^.'^" .i-^-.is,.n I. i.n. i,,:;:; . -|k.;'-n,n,l,...,..lin:,,.vU,.|,,,,,n,i,,,.,,,,,,,,,,^,.|, ; ;:;7';r^ ;:'''-■''-'-'''■'• '--",,,.. .i,,,,.,,,!,.,..,..: .111(1 na\ (ir all tlic tiini'. JVI-n.l.. In.lians,j,.,.ki, tin.- ..,„ i, intn .hi,, s, rips ,.,• si (. :''"-^ """'"'""' "'••-'--l-ii'-lHnn„hlv .l„n,:i, I,,.,. ;r '''•:"=!'•'"''•=""';"" '"■"^''^ ^ • "'^'^ 'i'-- l-.n,, nnl..s '■'""■; ;'■"' •'-'-- -. .■x...ll..nt sou,,. U ^vl,i,.h i, ,, ,„. '"'".'"''■" '"•';">- ''""• '^ - --,. 1.^. ../..,/. a.nli. a , v>nu,M,n>rl, totak.. intu,|„. u.,.n,is. I '■■111 "Illy CMll jrctllr,. ;|,s t, Aeapiilcu I),.,T. 'Jo do this is ' 111'' '|iialit\- (.f the \(.| ll-'ill h| ill, iiiiiiriTssar\-. r ii Till": SKINS. t III h\ xM if:' M3 l'< ti'Xl ill'i'. I 111' .-skills III' all llic ilriT iili' alil lA' fi'lli'ij lilircs. ainl an- sul'l, .s|llHl^•\, ami clastic Iniiii wliii'li tlic i'|iiilri'iiiis is ca^iK' si'iiai'ati'ii. 'I'lu'sr |ii'ii]ii'rl H'-^ ail- iiiii'alily aila|i! tln'iii to sii|t[)lv tin- |)lai'c nl' I'lutli in llic I'lul liiiiu; <||' till' iiativi's, ami sd (Miistiiuir llicir ]iriiici|ial material t'nr dros. 'Ilii' |ii'iiifi[ial artii'lt'S used liv lln' Iinllaiis in taiiiiiiii^ llicsi' skins air liraiiis ami smoke, lliniinii (lie latter is riei|iieiit ly i>init teil. es|ierially liV tlle Wi'St'TIl tl'ilieS. Ill tile mill riillllt ries tile >killS an- usually taiiiud with tlie hair mi, wliieh is SDiiietiiiies wurii inside, and sniuelimes outside. in the temperate and tropieal oliinates the hair is removed from the skin hefore it is tanned, unless it is desii^iied lo he used as a rolie. Whenever the skin is lliiek and heavv it is chiiiiied away on the llesli side till it is so rediieeij as (o make it even and |ilialile, and eoiiveiiieiit fur Use. In this way they reject the weakest part of the skill. TIh! skill of the Moost" is thick and heavy, and alwavs re- qiiin^s to be reduced lo lit it for use as clothini;', or even for rohes. ^\ It lioun'h coaise-L;'rained it is stroiie' and serviceable. Here is wliiit Kichardson savs, speakini;' of the. Moose Deer: ''Their skins, when properly dressed, make ;i soft, thick, pliable leather, cxcellentlv adapted for moccasins, or other articles of winter clothiiie'. The I )oL;-ril»s excel in the art of dressing the skins, which is done in the following' manner : Thev are first s<.'niped to an eipial thickness tliroue'hoiit. and the hair taken olV l)y a scrujier maile of the shin-bono of the deer, split longitu- dinally ; they are then repi-atedlv moistened and rul)lieil. after being' smeared with the brains of tin; animal until tht'y acipilre ;i Soft, spongy feel ; and, lasdy, they are sns])ended over a lire, made of rotten wood, until they are well impregnated with the smoke. This last mentioned process imparts a peculiar odor to the leather, aiid hus 1 1 IVect of i)reventing it from becoming so hard, aftt'r being wet, as it would otherwise (h)."" In fact, this describes the mode of tiinniiig the skins of all the deer, b\ the diU'erent Indian tribes, who de|ieud so hu'gely upon them for tlie-ir clothing, except that the hair is freipieully allowed to rt;- Tin: >h/.\s. 411 V consist [if. IViim Itii's ;i(l- rliitllilin III' (ll'OS. CSC slv'ms uinil Icil. tlic ^kliis ics wnni t ninic;il s tiuiiicil, ;i\v;iy nil il |ili;il)lc, ; wciikcst I WHYS vc- CVCll fill' rviccablc. sc I)i'cr : k. pl'uil'lc rticlc.s of 'ssiiic' tlic ,• ;\yr lirst taken olV t loiic-iiii- licil, after 'V acnulre ,(M' a lire, with tlic ir odor to •oiiiing' so fact, tills •cr, 1)_\ the tlieiu for veil to re- I'l.'iin, especially o„ H,,. .kins ,,f il„. rcii„|,...r. '1"!,.. ,,i,mc anil„,r says, wjirii (ivaliii-,.f tlic iiancn-erniin.l Ciiril.nn: ••Tip. Iii,|,. 'li'''sse,| nil!, ,|„. f,„. is. ;,s lus I n alrea.lv mciiiioncl. cx, ■,■!!, .nt '"'■ '''"'"'• '■'""li"-C, :M1.| Sll|,,,li,.. ||„. |,1;m.',. uf l„,l|, l,|;,,,kcl ;,,m| I''"''"''-'""'' '" I'"' inlial.itaiil, (,| il,,. .\ivtic uil,U. Wl„.„ ,,,1,. ■!''''''■'''"''"' I'l''"'''^^ '''■^•■lil'c.l in Ilic arlicl,. ,,n ll,.. M,,,,,,. |),.,.r '' '''"'"'^^ =' ■•^"''' '""I I'li.il'l" leather, ;,.|;,,,t,,l f, ,, „i,Mvasins ami """ '■ '•'"•I'iiiL^-. or, wic.n sixiy ,,r sevcniv ..kins arc scu..,l |,,- ,^e||„.r. th.-y make ;, tent Mitliriml f,,r the ivsi.lrn. f a hii-c h'inily." - 'I'll,. niMivssc.l hi,|,.. ,.,ft,.,. ,|„. |,,,i,. is |;,k,ii nlT. i, ,.nt "ilo thon-s ,,f various t Iii,.kii..>s, uhirh aiv luis|..,| i,,i,, .1,.,,,. snares, how-sti in-s, nc(-|in,.s, ami. in fac.t. siippK ;i|| i|„. ,,„,.- poses ,,f rup,.. 'I'll,, liner lliMi^. ;,,... us,.,| j,, il,,. inaniilad ,,, v ,,f tishinu'-nris, nr in niakin- simw-shnrs ; while the tciMlnns ,,| H,,. dorsal iiiiis..l,.s aiv split inl,. line and .■xcHmr scu in.-i |,,,,;„|;- . ''''"• l""-li"" "'■ Ihcskin of ih,. M,„,s,. innst prl/cF \\,y i .,.a- smsislhat ahoiil thclc.k, whi.-li is p,.,.l..d .luwn witlioiif hcine' l'" l-U' i^ lii'nier. aii.l is nioiv iii,p..,N ious |,, '.'"' ^^■""' "'••'" 'I'^'l "I' 111" 1-dy. aii.l Ih,. Iiairtl,..rei. .hori,.,-, '■'■""■'' 1 'iioiv. cndiirin-' than on oih,.!- jiarts. 'I'h.- skin .,f th.' \\-apiti I)....r is l,.s.s i,.iia..i.nis an. I I..ss ..ii.hnin..- tli'i'i that n\- any ..tli..r ..f the sp,.,.i,.s. 'I'his fact was ,lis,.,,v..iv,l |,v I.cwis an.l Clark.-, nm.'li t.. lli..ir ,.,,st. 'i-o ....v.-r lli..ir ir.ui-l iMni..d hoat al...v.' th.' falls ..f th,. .Missuiiri. tliev s..|,.<.|,.d KIk skins in pivf.'ivn..' t.. the skins .,f ih,. iMiflalo. (...-ans.. ih..v snppu...d th.'y w.'iv 'Mii..re str.me-an.l .lural.l.".- l.nt wli..n it was t,,,, lai,. they dis,.,.v..|vf the skin .,f th.. KIk. 1 Iv.iw ha.l th,.ni ta,niie.l l.y vari.uis pro....ss..s an.l int., vari.uis kin. Is .,f |,.atli..r. J had a prime hiiuk skin taiin...l ini.) ham. -ss l..atli..r. k was soft ami jiliahl.-, hut ha.l very little stl•..n^•th ami ..n.liiran.... Ilii.J,. inexstraps niad.^ fnuii it seined v.'i-y ni..... hut their t..iisil,. streiie'th was v(.ry |,,w. iin.l tli..y a.'ti'ially w.uv oiii hv a iVw \v.-..ks' use. Sev.'ral skins fr,. iii y.Hiiie- Klk |,.ss than a \..ar .,|.|, taniu'd int.. sli,,e l.-ath.-r. app,.ar all that .-.miI.I h,. ,l..s;n.,l f,,,- sho.'s ,M- s<,ft l)o..ts, hut th.^y have so littl." str.-nmh that tli.'v ..an 1»'- t'H'ii in two hy the liamis like a pi,..v ,,f mu.lin, whil.- \ liu.l Mil th.' skins ..f Ih,. other sp,.,.i,.s of d.Htr wlih^h I liav.,. in .•.mliii,- Hiciit. taiin.Ml in the same way, as struiiu- as if tann.j,l hv th ne lii '1 1 1 412 77//; /'/;/;/,' or .\mi:i:i( .\. Iinliaii [(I'lH'i's^. mill tlTn, Imi, wIh'Ii IIh' skins ni'i' Iimiii iiniiiiiils nl' iill iin'i's. I'lvni till' skins i>\' t Imsc wliii'li ilicil in the ^;rniinils, inul MTV |iiH)i'. all liKiij^li \t'i'\ tliiii ami lij^lil, arc as sIimum' ii-, |i|ii- jinrliiiii to ilicir tliickiii'ss as tlinsc IVnm animals in prime vnw- (iitiiin.aml pnivc wnndt'i'fuliv ciidurinL;' wlirii wni'ii as slijipcrs. Tlic ^raiii lakes a euixl polisli. tliuue'li il is easily liruken l>y vmieji usae'e. 'I'liis sjiiiws llial tlie mmje uf tannine' ilid nut ile- sti'ii\ the |enaeii\- or diiraliilit v ol' tlie I-"Jk skins. I liase liad manv \'AU skins tanned \\i\- mlies. \\ jien llie skin jii'(i\cs siillieienlly emlurine to wear (ml tin- hair, which is mi fraeile that it is sdon woi'n olV if nsed as eiisliiinis or lieds, thnneji (he Ulldel'-I'ui' still remains. liut the |i>SS nt" the ends III' the \n\^^_f liair e'ivi'S it an nnsieiitiv a|i|H>arance. and it liecmnes (if liltht value. If used carefidlv as a la[i in\n\ ttv covcrine'. it einhires fur a ImiLi,' time, and is verv warm and cumfni'taMe, tlmneli if the animal was in full winter cnat, the Imrih'n nf hair is so ]iea\\ as Id make its use rather ineimvenient. What has lieen alread\- said snlIiptional ipiality of the I'-lk skin has lieeii so rarelv alluded to l>y those who have had e\tensiv(! opporl unities to ol)serv(! it. It must be well known amoiie' th(> iudi ns and the fur traders, and yet I iiiid them iio\\her )mi>laic,inn- that the I'dk skin is valueless, thoun'h I nowhere learn that it is purchased by tlie trath'rs lik(3 the skins of the other deer, l^veu Richardson, who so rarely overlooks aiuihiiie- (if interest, makes no mention of it. (lioue'h he says the skill of the aiitelop(^ is considered nearly valmdess by tlu^ Indians and Iraders, and yet a stiino' cut from tin; skin of ihe I'^lk iiftet'ii times as heavy as that cut from the antelope skin, is not as stroiie-, and probably would not have ;i hnndreiUh [tart the endurance when used as a, string about a pack-saddle, for iii- stiuiee. ihi 1 A I'l'KX Di X A I \]\r la-t iiioinirii. f ; "" '-ii.-il'N'.l In |,ivM.|,t in ||,i, |;,| '■"V.-s .•\,-milll;ilinIi ainl .IrMTipi inn ,,| I'll! liic i;,ii,,u- liinii' I'.'''"'"' ''■ iiii|'"i-i:.ni t;i,i, in ill,. |,.\,. .M|,'m,,'' •f -N.nmal s,,,n,.,, H.ii,;,,. x. S. \,„i| ■. |>-- i , ''"■ '■:^' '" 'll'' l"'''k nrih,. Ciiil,,,, • (i liir ilic s.ic; and. in order Id (ilil.iiii shhk. iiilMrinalion mi Imlli ] Klin Is. lie went 1(1 I lie w (Mills in l)eceiiilier last , and siicceeiled ill killiii'i a lai'iic liiick. llie re^iilf III ilie cNaiiiiiiai i( ill of wliicli. anil di^^eciidn df (illii-rs. male and Icmale. iiia('e since, lie woiiM place lieldic llic lii-lilnle. Itiil lirsi, he llmiiulii it iicce-sary Id j^ive ('aiii|iei"s ilescii|ilion u( the ineiiiliranou- -ac li'Hii ;; l!t indeer " Idiir ye.-ir^ did." '"anijicr >ays.' '• tliat as lie did imt kimw the lieiiideiT. and as the im]iciicct accdiinl wMcli \'alclityii L:a\e of Siciiniis's dis- seciion in lii7L'. did mil i^ive liiiii iimcli liiilu, lie was l'drce(l to jirdcccd wiili caiilidii ((laie, .Iiiiie, 1771 ). lie had (il'len (i!i-cr\('(l in the Imcks. that when tlie-e animals swalldwed. all llie larynx ni-e ami tell in a |ieciiliar m.iiiner, and Seen led Id iii(licale siiincl liiiii sin ■pillar in I hi- jiarl. lie then renidved the skin dl' llie neck willi iiillch care. The milscles hcin'.:- raided in the same \va\-. lie t'diind a nieiiihraiiiiii- -ac. which had it- d|-iL;iii lielweei. the os hyiiido and the ihyi'diil cai'liLiL:!'. I le llieii di-cii\c)'i(l two muscles, wdiich lake their dri'.:iii Irniii the Id wer part (il the os livdidcs. cxaellv where the lia-e (jt I he (is lii .iniliiriii and the Cdi'iiiia 11. ret. 'I'liese iiin-cjes Were llat and thin al llieir liei^iiiniiiLr, Imt widened Id ward- iheir iiim linn wiih the \\r tVum t kmiw the ■iiiiii>'s iii>- oct'i'il with , tliat wlii'ii aiiiicr, ami (■(1 till- >kiii mr wa\', ill.' ilrs ami till' oriLiiii I rum miliii'iii ami ;lllliill;i. lillt I) siippiiri il liail ii[irm'il ilti> a lai'ui' aiiil liiriiiril rcaily mcii- (Ifivcii ffimi il a I'liiisiil- iiiit seen tlif licrtVct as it f till' animal .>s not exist ; liar (')>t 111" I on rutting I'd sac liav- ,y 1)1' callud Ills lua'tcr : III' til" sami- l.is accoiiiil I's only I he riie mil. clcs lies, in Mr. iroliahly the lis will lator ley [lass to- iiuiJc hv iit- wanUihiir iii.,.,ii,in in thr liv,,i,l l„,m'. '!'!„■ viK,. wl,l,.l, r ,, i '":;;">-"-":"-' - ' -< .in. :t:!:l'^Tz:;:z :"'r^";"7 "-"-""-" — Ho, til,, tnii. .11. .„., ml!.,, 'fr'; :,'--^-— lin.l„n.it,„lina!ly,„„„,I„.l,.„i,i, . • , |„ : """■"'>'•""' -■'i'^'^-' V lM,m,hi.,.i,mav..x„.,„,-, .,„„„,,,,' l-H-MMal..o, the -,,..,.i,H,.nal,.|.ailv,,,..n,i,,,,.,,|/,,.. ,,,.,,,,,,;,,,'•; ''•''' """ ""■-•"'■ — ''■ -IVall i. :in oi-^ f .„:.,.. TL ,. '':T'"' """^ '"^^""•' '-^"- '^'l" ----■'Mlii. larynx a,.|. a- lull, J.!L i.i-nuth iif larynx from ha-.. ,,f ,.|,iul,,ttis tu l,av „| iIm ,-,, f.-iriihiui' .... ('iriiiintrrciiri' iii' Jai'vux ln>iili. (lianii'trr oi' larvnx 'I'lira::.' Ml' thrrrimirrrwliirii Camiirr ^''•b■-n,dd,.v,.,o,,anllfln.nl^hc.;l;:: :^^^^^^^^ r^'' ;■"■'-"'" '•>-'''---"---cx,..m,in. f.„..ard-,h •,: '"■ "I'Pn- and iiun.r i H,,. „f ,1„. hyoid l,„nc. TIicm' 111,,.,., h-ivo m, ., al-l .1.^ SI... ., a Miiall horsi-la'an) was h , ,..:„n-i. naJlv i'J .ss:ii. vitli a n odcr.tc prop„r,i,„. „r ,,an,ilar ....Ps. Thi. |„„K. wliiH. w . '"-■l-:dv..wasaI.scn,in,hcdocandvc,.yr„i ncarv in th. f,. ' , <-"!'-• ;-'"-—t-l,at, he fcniaic n.iml...... is wi n.HH ihi- „,.... i" lam.x.and....thatitisno, ptvscntinthi. „..' . .'W dcr. am . . , specimen exhioited it was s.'cn that it was n„t in ,|,.. Vi,..i„i, deer a h ati MMde „t ,h.. hoek oflhe ('a,.il,„„ ,h. re is a pateh of hair ..f a li.,hter eo'i.r nds.i,pha, .m,..r,i,an thai which., ,ve:s the skin in its it. ,• ! »'""-'• and the skin inidcr thi. pal.h is slightly thicker than thai in, ^ tely around ,.. This spot is u.ially called a - glan.l.-' It i. ciu.., ' ar,en.e„.ofthehairlol,icles.l.as,.^ >• t glaiHl I,., n.attcr -.roducing this scent is e„,i,.,.lv dlflerent f-., 1 at .,,. ai,i..d in the liih .; it appears ,., .... . „i,,,, ,.,,„;,; .,, ^., ' ;- «alt lo. a long tune .iter tUe rest of ihe .kin Las becuine saturated ; when dry 416 A/'/'i:.\i>/.\. ■; » R0, 11 II I' IK' * ,M ■•i h: i;' I I it cipHciTS nil lllc Mi|t~i.|c (if tllr ;>kill ill tln' form I'f \iTV 'lllilll -imIc-. -Ilrli ;h wiiiilij lie Irt'l liy ininiili' |iiii'l inn- (if v:iriii-ii. Altlioir.'li Mi'. M'TViw ijiil iidt sec the animal i\~f tlii-; s(i callcil •■ 'jiaii'l." vit iii- Iii'liaii liiiiitcr saw a iIim' CaiilKiii use it in ilii< way: wlicii >iu' iiaij lini-lnil iiriiiaiiii'^ (-in- xjiial- ill ilic act aliiKiM iwacily !ii\c a sliic|i) -lie riilili.il tln--c •_'laiiilrt inLictluT, ii'aviii'^' true >i,'('iit licliiiii! Ik r \'nv a >iiort d'-tan-i-. \Vlii'n i r-cpiii:; modse (ir Carilirin. lliis >(■( iil llnatin.: in liic air liii'l nt'ii-n lui n with liim ii siili- jcct (if ini|iiiry, ami he ]\:v\ \cry little dnnlit liiit tliat tlii- was at li-a-l one way in wliich thc^e '^lainls are ii-cii. anil in (■"iiliriiiati'Hi he iiieiitiniied iliat the (lo-s. at (ine lime (i|ieiily iim-i| tnr iinntinu iikki-c iliil net ot'teii take the scent (if that animal fi'um tlie mhiw. Imt liy -taiidiiei ii]inii their liiiid Icl'- as if il hail lieeii rulilnij frmn ejanils as de-iiilieil. 'I he |)('iiit was merely men- tinned in tile hope that -nine Lieiilleman |a'e-i'iil would !"• alile tn ilnnw -nine li'_dil ii|inii it. or kee|i it in mind when an (i]i|initiiiiit v niVered fnr n!i-''rvation, (•(iiifninainry or nllierwise. .\ lillle fiirllier dnwii the Ic'i, nil the niit-iih' at tlie liair parliii^. lie -hiiwe(l the •• iiie!alar-al 'jiand,"' wliieli had lieeii Innkeil fnr diiriie.'' ;i loiivr |ieri(id hv l)r. (iilpin. Ml-. 'I'. .] . Iv^aii. and liiiii-elf in aii-wer tn an iiniiiiry frnm ijie Hnii- oralile .Iiid.;'' (ainii. 'I'iii- was the lii'st lliey liad ever -eeii. and may prnlial.ly lie taken a- a mark nf adull a-e. Il was afterwanN fnimil in the old dni'. lint II, it -n |ierfeeil_\ iiiai'keil. jin^-ilily lieeau-e the dne wa- killed ill Fehrnary, the liiick in Deeenilier. Atleiilioii was al-o drawn tn the tiilie< in the feet of the ('arilMiii. which first altracte(l the iintice nf Dr. (iilpin fmm iininiries made hy Jiidje ("ainii. Dr. (iilpin as well as nlliers tlioiiuht that they were niilv tn I.e fniiiid in the hind feet, and the discovery of them in the fnre feet of the Carilmii i- due eiitindy to Dr. .^nmmers. Camper say-;, speakiiiix of these tidies: " In additinii to the peeiiliariiies of the reindeer nf which I have jn-t spoken. I ha\c di-( nvered he-ide- -oiiicthiii'j; very siiiuiilar in the hind feel nf this animal, that i- tn -a\. a (hep -heath lie- tweeii the skin at the jilace where the dew (laws are united tnuether. of the si/e of the harrel of a (piill. riiniiiii'j: (lee]ily a- far as the point where ilie dew- claws are articulated with the hone <>( the metatar-ii-. The-e sheaths were filled internally with Ioiil;' hairs, iuid ' yellow olea'^iiinus m:itter jiroceeded from them, the odor of wlii(di was not \ery aiireeahle. I have not I'niind these sheaths ill the fore feet. Il was not pos-ihle for tlle tn ili-cover the n-e of llieiii, inasiiiiieh ;is the heat of the siitiinier ohliniMl me to remove the llesh from the skeleton." Atid further on !. ■ -av-. that in another reindeer he loi.iid no tnlie in the hind fnnt. Imt one very aii]i:i''eiit in the tore foot, and ai^aiii, he found ttilies in the hind feet, hut none in the fore feet. " >(,« tli:it I am imt ahlc to determine anyihiifi very exactly nti thi- sulij t." In till' -kill of one t\i the hind leus ni tile oM Imck, the hones (if which had hecii removed for the purpose, the tiihi .. s shown (the tiihe nf the ntlier foot had lieeii used in exiicriinents), and also a iiiimher of other speeinieiis of tiihes frniii the Carilinii. one from the Vir'j.iiii:i deer, and the hind foot of a moose, eon- taiiiiiiL:: a tuhe. In the skin of the fore feet of the old hiiek Carihoti. al-o exhih- ited. there was no appearance of the tiihe^. they hail heen ahsorhed. I>y niiiny, Mr. Morrow said, these liihes weri' eonsidereil to he seetit •"•.iland-." Camper evideiitK' did not ti ink them so. altliouL'h he meiitiiins that ilie skin of the hind as well a- the fore feel " wevo sprinkled with ■_'la.>ilules which pidhahly 4 Aj'/'i:\/)!.\-. 417 (U], -ivp out an (.Icn-iii.ar. mattn- i.it.MMl,-.! (,, ,,n,t. ct tlir 1 f ■.v'.uu^t (!„• mk.w "' i'nnv to DrrnnlMT la.t, Mr. .Mom,.v v,i,l ,l,al W lr„l ,,;,i,l vn-v linl,. .timii/,., ''- lIu'M. iul„... .,,,,1 l>a,l tl„. ,i,„.Mi,,„ Imtu a>k..,l 1,;,,,. Wer,. ihiv .rrni ■■hnuU ' ''"' •'">"•'■'• '"i^l'l I'ave hc.Mi allinnaiivr. I,ur aih-r;, ,.nvi>,l fxaniiimii,,,, ,,f ,|,.. animal wl,il,. warm, he lia.l ,-,.,„,. to the .■,.nc!;;HM„ ,l,,,t tl,..,. Uxh.< aiv nm ■•-lan.ls-- |,n,,„.rly>Mrall.Ml. Ilislir>t \i..w, il,;,, l!,,- i nl.r. wnv |,,r tl,r ,„„- I'" ' -nTi.^iiln.innu- llu- Lmc^ of il„. f..,., ,,f il,i. a.,i,nal i„ ils .pri,,,. ,,,„„ ""■tl..Tcxa„Mnat:„nof a Mum!,,..- „f \n:h tnl„... an.l IV ,1„. ,.!„..rvati..n< oC Dr. San-iHTs .lurs nm „,,u- a|,|„.ar I,, I,,- imaM,.. ainl Mr lii~ ,,nu part hr lia.l <"adupl (■a,„p.r-sslat,.n„.ul.a,„l..nnM ,„,t .,v ulr.I ua. tlMaru-,.: I,„l tl„.v are m't scent "^lamls." il tla-v wrr. i. seetne.l ..anelv pr,,l,al,le tl.at a> the Hiek enuH.s tn maturity l.e w.,ul,| |„. .|,.priw.,| ,,f tl,. .'nran. ,,f Lavi,.- M.,.„t t-m nsl„re ...., at tl„. tia,.. when l,e n.,M re,|nir,.,l i, . u i, „ takin. inio •■"nM,!,.rali,,„ the ,aH that ih. tul,e „nly .■xi in tlie lor,, fi.-t uf ih. malr t" an nnkn..wn a-v) „r in ijie tmiale in a laalimeniarv Male. The waxy maltrr is e,„itaine,l in llie tnhes ,,l ih.'hin.l leet ni tl,,. ('ariiM,,, ■■I'xl n. all th,. tulM- in the l.-et nf the Virginia deer, owin^r tn tlieir ^l,ap,. ami the ,hsa,i:r,.eal,le Mtmll aMTil.e.l ,othi> matter is ,hm to the ,p,anl it v uf i, n- '^""";' '" '■' "■''""' ' '^'^- 'I'""' in!"- of th.. Carihnn ar,. ra,h,.r widm- in ihe "H'uthan.lni m„n. equal diameter to their l<,wer eitd thanih.,-,. nf ,he Vir- ,^mia .hrr, which at their oprnin- arc soniewliat na>T,,w and widen toward- the.r crnlre. Th,. Moose, eontrary to preeonceiv,.,! id. as (and tld. -how. '"'"• II"''' "iir animals are stu.li..,!), also has tnln.s on its fe,.t. fnllv d..x,.Iop..d '" "'" '"'"'■ '•'"li""'>"a^v ill tin- fore f,...t, hut of a verv ,lirf,.n.ut "-icm,. f',,m 11-.^- of th,. Carihon and Virginia .l.-r. hein^^ in th,. 'liin-i f,.,., v.-rv wid,. ai ' "■ >iH.uth an,i ufa.inaliy tap.-rin- towanis their l„wer ..xtr..n>ii i..s: ti,.-.,. fnan their -liape ..an i.etain hut littl.. if anv w.a.w mall..r. In .^,.n,.ral t.-rms. the Kn.'k ( 'arih,;. wh.'n v.ain- le.-iJn' lua... in th.' inn- teet m a n„i.,n..ntary form, whi.-h instea.l of pas-in^ upward an.l ha.kwar.l to th.. skin ..lose t., th.. .lew-.-laws. as in th.. .l..velop,.,l tul„. of th,- hind te..|. 1„. l„.tw....u an.l n,.arly parallel with th,. h ,s ,,f th,. f,.,.i. an.l th..v are .^Ta.h.ally ahsorhe.l until ..eriahdy in th,. a.lulf male th,.v entir.lv ,lis;,pp,.,, • tlu' . loe has thetu also perf,.,.tly ,lev..lope,l iu th,. hin.l an.l rt.linu.'ntarv it, th,.' tore teet. an.l it ,s a .p.estiot, whi..h is yel to he ,l,.,.„h.,l wIh.iIu r lh,.'-e tulu.s ',.v..rentir..ly ta.l,. out of the feet of the .l,,e. In the .,1,1 .j,,,. the tul„.s al- though small are still plainly to he se..n. A y.am^ moo^., in possession of Ml- .) M. Nairs. has th.. luhes in all its f,...,. ,h„se in .he hin.l f..,.. ar,. l.erte..tlyd,.v..lope,l.an.l pass, as in the farih.Mi, hetw..en the phalai - in the tore leet th,.y ar... as in ,1,,. Carihou of ll,.. suae a^.., onlv ru,lim..nt;n.v. I,nt at what time ot lil,. they ,lisipp,.ar on this animal, or wh,.ther iu uial.. nv fe- luaU.. or hoth. ..annot. owin- t., our pr.,hihit,.rv law, at pr.sent. he ,|..,ide.' Mr. .Morrow .ai.l that it ha.l heen shown that th,. Carih.a, ami uioom. have tl... tiihos develop,..l in the himl an.l ru.limeutarv in tlie for., f,.... Vn ..xim- n.at.on of a Wapiti or J-;ik (Cn-us Cnn.,,!, „..!s) ,kin with fe. t atta,!,.,!, in .Mr. Kuan s (...llecti.-n, presented the fact, ...mliriue.l hv J.ul-.. Catoii. that this iinunal has n.. tuhe iu any foot, and that its feet ar.. of a ,liirer..ni shap.. from thos.. of the M.,ose, Carih.,u, .,r Virjriuia d..er, an.! that th.. phalan.n.s ar.. verv nra..h shorter Ml proporthm to the size of the ani nal in the specimen r,.ferre,"l to tiiau in the Carihou or Vir-lnia ,h...r; fr..iu tl„. meta..arpo-plialan ...al arth- Illation to the point of the hoof they measure seven inches, while th.js.. of tl... ■! !*r- L \mi 418 \'iiiiii'i ii'i( k Ciril )Oii iiK.',i-:nri' A /'/•/: M>/.\. IIlr||('~. lit Ilic (II 1 (1 ii iiiin I .', iiii-iir-., and lit till I'M liiick :i iiii-lh--:. Tlir LiriitlriiKUi iilri'iidv rclcrrcil I.I inlnriiicil him tliMt tlir \\ ajiili i< ;i ii;iiiiral iroitrr, ' " \\r, liowrvci', ran aii'l (liir~ run niuih ra-;iT ilian lie (,'an trut, Imi it i-; a Lilnircil I'linPl aii'l >()i)ii tiiTs him uiil. il IS run i> an awkwanl, luiulirriiii. lulliii'^ '^allnii. A t'rw liumlrcil yards ui' iliis ^'ait telK. It i- saiil lliat an flk will trot at an cijual ^pcrd witlmat sln|i|iini nv cviui ihi'j- uiiig. for twenty miles." Tin' N'ir^rinia iIiht lias a tiilie in eae'ii tnot t'lilU- ile- vclopi'il, whii-li Inl him to ini|uirc the i^ail ot this animal, his ini|)ressii)n thai il Wdulil [u'livi' tci 111' a runnin.;' ileer ln-inu' i-niilii'mecl. Tin' inlVrcni-i' he wislit'il til ilraw was this, that the nnnilier (if tiilies in tlie feel of the ilillrrent species of ileer will puiiit mit tlie i;ait of the animal, tho-c whiih liavc a tulic fully ili'Vi-ln|n'il in each fnot >liouM lie lioiunlers or runners, while tlio-c -.vant- tlie tnlies, or havinj; tliem partiallv ilevelopeil in the fui ami fulU- in tli liinil feet sliould he trotteis. This point, as far as he was awai'e. had nevei he. ■. t'liiehed npuii liy any naturali.-l. and as it e.uild nut he pursued liei'e, hi nie'.i; line ! it ie the hope that il may he examined into hy th.iM.' who liavi aeee unilier (if different specie- of ill u;( . e^ llet llv Iho.-e to tlie tulies, Mr. .^h iw slated, that as his notes upon them wei'i liiinti therefore of verv little .-eientilic \alue, he wouM Use thus..' of Dr. Sommers, as follows : — In the oliservations here annexed 1 have en.leavored to funii-h an aeeurate deseriiition ot th e -o-ealled ■• iiiteriliiiit al glands," whieh exist in the feet of the Carilion, hy >ulii.'etinu- them to very eareful anatomieal and mieroM'opieal in-peetion. 'J'lu' eonehi>ion at whieh [ arrive relative to their >l ruel lire and fiinetions is that thev are not '.^lanijular in the correct ineaniii'i of ihai term, an oiiinion whieh eoiiieu des with that wliiel 1 you pre\iously i'Npi'es>e 'i'his or^an presenl> the a]ij earanee of a lli'shy tnlie with thick walls and a rounded blind extremity like that of a small te>i tiilie llattened on its ]io>terior ur under side, conve.x on il< upper or iinteriur side : that from the yiiuiiL: hiii.'k heiii'j; ahoiit one and a half inches in leiiLith helow, Miinewhat >liiirter ahove : its cireumferenee ahoiit three ipiartersof an inch: it tapers sli'^^htly towards its termination : when \ iewed in position it hear- a strikiiiLi' I'csemlilanee to th liiiinan "uvula. T le .-urlat'C expi d liv d i-seciion exliiliiis a structure coiisistine of rounded or sli'^liily pulyi^onal >pa('e- ref' till' Onat ]\'i>t, liy Col. Doil^e, pages lli4 ami ll'a'i. •i'i'i:.\i>i.\. 41U ¥ liin.l Irrt, y.t il ,litf,,-s in pOHli,,,, ivlativr to l':„. plialMI.. .■,.;,! 1„„„.< h\u- ,„, ,.'"""'■ I'"""' ''^ '''■■'' '"' '!"• inilrrior wall Ml ihr ^v.l., it. .,u„ a,.|,.,i„- w,ll "■m-„H.„r,,or;m.,lwiil, ,!„• ui.l-r M,rl',„v „f tlu- A\n and thm hv ^1„„ im,.! t'-al.oui nn,.,inart,.r,.raninrl, in Im^ih; llu^ |„..„.rinr wall, l.owrvrr. .vinu,,. iln-ouul. tlu- tlii. knr^- of it< walU ^h,,w,.,l au rxirrna! I,,v,.,. '.'^ "■"'"'"■'1 l"''^ i'l.-il '■..ij. witli Muall nurlri, ami a .Ir,.,,,.,- ,.■ ini,.rn,al hu'rr 111 whirl, ,lu. ,.,.11. „.,.iv nu.iv ronn.l.Ml iunl lllh.l with |n-ulo,,!aMn. '11, i- .liifVr- '•'"■^•1" Hi- upiMTniost ;iinl lowrrnioM lay.T was l.r,,u,hi on, l,v ih,. Mainii,.- I"-'";'-s. and il i. in thrM' ,,nly thai w. liml th. lin,. „l drniMiT.ai'ion. th.. intn" vcnuu; lawT~ iinT'ln-.^Tadnallyonrinto tlu- oihrr. ( )i1ut stnn-turrs ol,~,.,-vr.l |v'Mv Ihr haii's and hair f,,lli,.h.. wiihihrir a-ruinpanvin- li^Mir.. and ^unu- fihivs. rrpr.-rnlinuno douh; ih,. ,,,„■ skin, whirl, i^ n..i drvrloprd in ihr^r or-ans to any c'oii>idcrahic c.strnt. The two l.-nvrs of .-.dU roriT^pond to thr same |.arl. in man. namrU-. , '""■".V la>rrrxt,.nial. hnt of rour-r inlrrnal in th," .-nl-dr-sar. a nm ,. layn- f.xtrrnal wImmi ilifsac is di-rrtrd from its sni-mundinus ihr .diavrd po-hiMn ot Ihrsr lay.Ts is owin- to th,. rirrnm.tanr.. ,,f ,hr >ae-s hdiu an ins a^. inai i,.n ol thr cpid.Tnnr layer into the true >kin. Keuardin- th,. funnion^ of this Mrurinr,. various and coiitradirlorv ,.pinion< are express,.,!, that of ii. hein^. glandular l„.in^ mo^t prevalent ; a.ain it is ^aid to have no exiM-.m-e in ih,. wapiii and moose and in the Ion- f.-n of the a'lult, Carihou. The fan ..f it. ,.xiMenr,. i,, for,, ami hind tm ,„ ,1„. Xdr.inj., deerhe.n-w,.ll nndrrstood. itspreM.nee in th,. animal is said t,. 1,,. lor thr l.urp,.M. ot K.avin- a trar,. ,,r s,.,.ni ,.n th,. ..n,nnd, and in thi< wav srrvin ■ tl„. imi.m of th,. s..x,.s al ,.,.riain .-raM;,,- ; Imt if thi- is ,1,,. ,.as,.. w.. m ,v a~k v hv shoul.l ,t not ,.xi.t in th,. w.-,piii, and he fnllv develop,.,! ,n th,. Caril,,,., and i"o,>se. sn„.e ,r mn>t 1„. ohvions to ns that t!,e fnKill ni of i hr ,.„nditi,m> Avhieh ohtaiu m the Vii-inia d,.,r. ar,. re,p,ir..,l aK., in thr wapiii. M,,r,. th ,n this we kiH.w that a true seenl or-an in th,. Cariimn is Minat, d ,„, ihr indd,. ot the Ii,.els or u-ainlirils. On tin. oe,.,.,Mon of my lirM ,livM.,.ii,,n of this strn,.tnr,. in the Carihou l,n,.k l.^iwn. 1 expr,.sse,l t!,..,, pinion tliai it w,)ul,l h,. Ihini,! also in l!ir lorr t-,.,.i of ""■ ="l"'f animal, thonrl, p,.rhap< nior,. rmlim,.,,! arv. and a suh^..^,,.,,, ,.xuni- "•"""' "f •'" a.lult ,1,„. has fully ,.onlirm,.,l Hii^ opinhm. >in,.,. I found tld^ ^trm.lnre as well ,!evelope,l a< in the youn..- animal. I now ir,.] mor,. ihin L'ver ..onv.ne,.,! that it exists in all our ,|,.,.r Irihe, noi ,.x.ludin ■• ih,. wapiii |>lthon.,h ,t may h,. lar^r,,, i„ „„„, ,i„„ ;„ ,„,„,,.^. ,^,, i„„„^,„„,^. ji^j,,,, J^^^J 111 l.,i~.. ..ind eim.r-,. lhrouL;li it> ,ip,.ni 3,1. 1' iH.ninr-, th,.pi:.\i)ix ilrciil ii|),ni_v ilic ]i:iir fulliclcs or Kullis dvcr tlic wIkjIi' iiili'LT'imi'iit of ilic iiiii- lual, •• this ixiT|iiiiiii i- mailc for uliviiiiis aiiiitoiiiical nM«iiii-i, lir\fl ihcU thr >i'li;iir(iu> tiiliirli's WlTC Hot (il)SiTVr(l ill tlir ^JK'iiMirns CXMlllillfil \\\\\\ t!l Illicr(iscii|)i'. Itli. 'I'lir cxMiiiiiKiliiiii of llic iiiiillcr tilling; tlic tulics in tlic A"irt':iii's ami oil ^lolnilcs. .Microscojii- caliv it n'-ciniilcil >iiic^ina frcjin the skin of man, or jii'iliaps cIo^it -lilj. the '■ NiTiiix raM'ii>a ■' from that of a i'im-imiI ly ilcli\ crcij infant : rcmcmlici'iiii; iliat tlic epidermis in man and in all animals is a noii-vascnlar tissnc. that, unlike onr oihci- tissue, it is sliclled o|f from the snrfaee, we can readily aceoinii for these deM|namaled scales heinu' I'ctaiiicMl here in a narrow poi'kct, from which they Could not lie easily dis<'hari:fi|. l{ctro:;rade chani^es in these cells, secre- tions from sidiai'coiis and sweat i:lands in adjacent ]iarts. will acconnt not only le substance, but also lor ll le inlor for the oily matter seen, the vi-cidity of tl \vhi(di it possesses, the latter heiii'j; no ereater than that of the ^'ciieral iiitei 'lit. and aiises from the Ves; ■■<■{ tliey arc not in any decree compa same cause, namely, the jicrspiration : hut in this lolleciioii at ralilc with the elamli t' .'k- before mentioned, which will retain the peculiar odoi' of the animal for a 1( »'A ]< riod after the renio\al of the ski In jireseiire o !i 'irv, u'' us orLiaii IS onl\' riid f these facts We must conclude that tl no I'linction which is obvious to its; it is not ii sccri'tin'i oruan, ndiilar tissue: the oiieiiini; in the dorsum instead of the sole the foot, would point also in this way; it does not ser\c to j^ive strength or since it (Iriniiess to tl le loot, iiaviu;. none of the totiiiliness and elasiiiil\' of the sk 11) in other jiarts. without comparison with the tendons, etc., which are provided for this jiurpose, (some instances of oi'Lians without ii: I'loin an indiviiliial |)oint of view, takiiiii ii» nH the circiimst: there ajijicar to be only two ways of aceountiii;j: for this strnclure : ii is eith es were also Liiveil), illces referred to, aljoi'led ••iinuual follicle." or otlierwise it is a ciil de-sac, n itill'r ill' ture I'ornieil bv coalescence of the skin from side to side in the fieiiis. Its striietiire would cunvinct? one of the first conehision if tl le aiiima 1 had riidi- inentary toe hones in tlie same position, indicative (jf a three-toed ancestor; hut all observations rilativi.' to tlu' inor[)holoLry of llie foot are ojiposed to tliis view, sincv; the ouUr bones and their aiijiendaj^i'S ari^ aborted in all animals of this kind; we are therefore compelled to adopt the otlier view, wliicdi eaii only be settled satisfactorily by examination ot'tlie jiart in the iVetiis. Xevertheless, kiiowiii'j; the dilliciilty of substantiating;' any theory connected with its supposed ori;;iii and tise, still more tlie dilliciilty of riddini; one's mind of a theory once entertained, my faith in either of tiiese is held very loosely. TIu' pajier coii(diideil with some ijeneral observations by >Mr. .Morrow, and a coiiversalioii in which a lumiber of the members of the Institute took part. IXOEX. A. Abiim-iiiiU antlers on fciiiiiliMk'ci-, L'.'VJ, 2.'!.'). tiiU's on luitlfi's, 1 ,>*.■!, 22(1, 221. growths of antlers, 1S2, IS;!, 187, .7 sif]., 22."), 2211. Aoapnlco Deer, ll-'i, 121, I.Mi, ICs, 228, 241, 2.")0, 202, 2(;;i, 271, 2',m;, .'JdS, .■il2, r< S'-'/., •'!22, .'!:1S, 40!). Alaska, .Moose in, 72. Alee AUes, IV.). Ak'cs American ns, (ll). Alees maleliis, I'p'.t, Alliinos, ]')<.). Kio. I Aliment of Antelope, 41. ' of the (Vrviihe, 7'!, S.'!,:il, 2iis, .'ilS, rf HI''/. I Ameriean .\iitelo|ie, 1(1, 21. ' B. American lilaek KIk, r,'j. i!.,;,. i i>,. ,■ ■ . , . , ,. , , li.iHd, J loi., eonimuniraiion to 1,\ ( 'an- Amusein.'nts or jihiy ot the deer, •2'Ji), ,j^^,|,| .,,; 297, .'ioi. " I (-.'"•'■ ; nl^t iiotic's n-;uir o| tarsal ylaml I Antlers of female KrindciT, s;), 2(<2, 20;!, 201, 20',l. of I tlier fi'inali' deer, 2;i2, 2;!;>. not as lar::u in parks as wild, 21.^. carried to sprini;- on \Va|iiti, 21'.i. are true hone, icit, i rj. their constituents, 1 1','). sy>tem of niitiition and mode of .!.;ro\vth, I 70, it .v. y. tire drcidnoiis, I 7o. hlood circnlaliuL; in, I 74. not strictly solid, 1 7.-,. uroovi's in .-.ni-faic of, I 7i;. why hranidicd, 2;!o. Arteries of prriosicnm. 172, 17;;. not comprcs.-ed hy \,[iv\-. 1 7i'p, Antelo].c, 17-21. Antelope, Ameriean, l',», 21. Antiloeapra Americana, IS, 21. Antilocapra fnrcifer, 21. Aiitilo))e Americana. 21. AiitiloiK^ antcflcxa, 22. Antilope (Dicranoccr.is) palmata, 22 Antilopo fnrcifer, 21. Antilope iialmata, 21. Antlers, 17, l(;;i, 1!».3. in Wapiti Drfi-, 2.'it',. , JJarren-sronnd Carilion, 104, on Mule Dec:-, and lilack-tailcd Di'cr, 21 !i, 220. niack-tailcd ("'olnmlda Drcr, '.m; ',i7 ;m, n-ren-nmnd Carihou, 207, 20s. HIaek-tailcd Falh.w I Kiiropean Klk, 1'.I4, Hi iEoose, lii.'i, it. .vii/. 'Slnln Deer, 2Hi, it! Wapiti Deer, 21 1, )i'i'r, ;i~- I'.IS, I '.HI. ccr, '.1;;. nie deer is jKM'sist- it Woodland C '/• iiri 1)011, I'.i'j, (/ l'>laid<-tailed, or .Miilr D niaek tuft on tail of .M ent, 124, IJIood-vessels, systctn of, in antlei-s, 171 it S( a. I !• .H 42: niiii' ciiiit of ii.MT, 121. iji; /.\ii/:\. lit, -J'.H, liil.'i, od.'l, liiri'iliiii: ill (loiiic-'tic'iitii oor.w .■.,./. Mrou till!', r.i.'i, L'no. r.iiiT (if iiiiilcr, 171, iTi'i. r./;;. ~ii]iill (111 ( iiriliiiii ami Uciiiili'cr, >inr (liir- lint coiiiiiri'.- O0(l-\(/SSC'l.«, t'^llil , L'-J. Cimiiilil, Dr., oil tlic Aiiti'lo]i(', 'Ji'i, SO, ('iiiilMiii, I!:irrcii-;:riiuiiil, I04,i' CciMis tarMiidiH, vjir. ff. Airlica, lo.' \'ii jiiiiiiiiiis, lilO. \\'a|iiii, 77. ('i;vliin \hvv. Il."i, 1 Ifj. I.-|«. if o.iil- oT (li.T, IJJ. -/ .■;. ..VcMjiiili'd Di'or, I ."id. l!an'rii-L:roiiiiil ( 'arilmii, 1 I'J. ( ■oliiiiihia Dcrr, l-Jl. .ModSf, 7."), 1 -'.'!, I :!(',. Cliai IK^' :\liili' DccT, 1-jCi I) iruiiiiii Drcr, liil. 1 l7. W '/■ ■Wiijiiii I)<'cr, li'.!. I2."i. iL'ii, 1-14. WochIImihI ( 'ariliiiii, 111. riinso of Anil 7- aiillii-s (il, L'ii7, (/ .• \\'(MM|laiiii. S."). ./ s"i aiilliTS cf, I'.i'.t, ,/ 7' (111, (111, Asm' ^aiiva;i(', ."^ii. Cni-i) ( 'niic 1 (liif, (ir ( iirilioii, .'^li. ( 'a.-iirali(iii, cUcii of (-in antlers, Is-i, it. ■~'7- ( '( rl iiiiilil. '.•.'1. ( (1 \ nla (I I N'orili America, fii'i <'el\u^ .\ea|iiileeii>is, ll.'i, .'(08. < >ceiilelltMlis, 77. Alee>, Cii;, Ci'.l. iiinitiis, ',!.'!. !iil ureal lis, 22. Cai ladcii?]^. (ifi, < I . (( 'ariaciis) Leuisii, !17. (( 'ariaeiis) inaerotis, '.t.3. Caiiaeiis |illlleliilal ll>, '.I". (Caiiaeus) \'irL:iiii.iiiii>, 100. ( 'iiliiiiiliiaiiiis, til). ;i7. I)aiiiii Aiiierieaiia, loo. cla|iliii>, I'.'il, i'.-!.-). elajiliiis ('aiiaileii?is, 77. h iiiialiis, :i2. liestalis, .^(i. I.eiieiiriis, loO, IG7. l.ewjsii, '.)7. lolialiis, t'l'.l. iiiiR'ruiis, !);). var. ('(iliiiiiliiamis, 07. major, 77. MeNieaiiils i;7, 100, 308. oeeiilelltalis, 77. oiij;li;il. till. liielianisonii, '.t7. stroii^vloceros, 77. tarandiis, ti(;-,*ilieiitioii, Coat ol' .Veaiii Deer, l.'iO, l.-)l. Antelope, .'l.'^. .'i!l. liarreii ;:roiiiid t'arilioii, lo.'i, 12ii. l-'s, l.'Ui, Uli. 1 l.i. r>l,iek-tailcd Deer, 147, W<. ('(ililliioii Deer, lOJ. \i>^, < t .on. Ml ■4. I'ii;, (/ 7- IMlile Deer. H."), l.'i'.l, Ul'i, 147. 7- Coals Wapiti Deer, 144, (/; Woodland Carillon, '.10. IJi'i, 1J8, l.-.o, 141. shed Iwiee a vear, 112:.' 1-j;). 14o, 7- Color ol' \ ea|iiik'o Deer, 114, I'jO, 1,-)1, 1 i7. Iti'.t. Anlelope, ;!'.). ]{arren-L;roimd Carilion, lo.'i, 144. HIaek tailed Deer, 'J7, 147, I4S, l.-|'.l. Coininoli Deer, 102, 103, 14S, 14".t, IM 1.-1.5, l.-iC, oose, 7."i, 1.51. :MiiIe Deer, ii.'i, '.10, 141., 147, 1.".4. \\'apiti Deer, 144, (I sn/. ^\'oo(llaIld Carilion, iio, 1 il, lyj. Coliiinliia IJlaek-tailod J)L'er, '.I7. Coiliinon Deer, 100. Comparisons, 117. Coiiiieiiers. Moose and Klk, .'ii'i', (/ *■( '/. Carilion and Hi.'indeer, '.^2'), (t sn]. Wapili and Red Deer, 3;io, d snj. /.\i'/:.\. 1 1 It' 11 I'I'i. l-'8. Coni^i'iKiN. , ,, c K , . , ,^ '••VI' (if Aiitcldii.', i;4. Ac;i|,ii|c,, l),,.i- aihl (Vvloii Dai- 1! rnrisiilrrcil, .'l.'W, ,/ >•,./. ('iiiira-c, I i.'i. 2',ii;, .'m:. Ciuwii Aiiilrrs .III li(.,l I), .CI-, :>i;i. I'll \N'Mi.iii Dfci', \>\\, C'lirio^ily ui Alllrldpr, .-,7, .-,s. I!iinrii-i:r.)inii| ( 'aiil,(,ii, oi'i'-*, .'!7ii. Cvstiiiiitrkof t'aiil.oii, 41;!, ,/.v,y.' D. l>;i,u- Miitli'i-s, i!i.'i, 211, L>i;). Dc'iilMMiis )i(,nis(,i- Aiit.'ln|M., Is, I!), •>:,. antlers (,f the iIct, IS, 17(i. ])cfoctiv,. vinon c,f all ,!,■,■]•. /i (c,. l>q»>"iII'''Hi l!anv,i,:.M-oiin,l Caiihoii, L'lC. Disuasi's, Uiis, .■;(i|i, ;j.||^ ,f ^., l'is|M)M'ti,„i. Sue Unhlt. I'icl'ailCM'iTdS AllHTicMllllS, L'l'. DiscoMi'v .,r Aiuc|,,|„., -2^, lilack-lailcil Deer, !I7. l>|)^s,'anti|iailiv ol" \\ ]) ini'ii-i^idiiihl ( 'ai'il.i.ii, 1 1 •>, Hl.U'k-tailcl Dicr, ;is, |i;|. ( 'nllllllnll I )r.T, I ti I . Mii(i>c, I till, ]\Iiili' I)(i r, ii;i. Waiiiti D.ir, iiii, I'O'-iuliti.r .\iii, ■!„,„. ami !),.■,■ ,i,.r,rtiv,., •'"i, 'ir,.':-!!;, .-ii-iu, .'ji;;), /ic^, l\ F.-iiv, Il':i, ./ ,v, y. '■'•'"'■ii 'piii'l^l^. Mil .livr, Lid.-i-L'dS. l-'awii (if Aca|iiili'i) |),.ci, i-,7. I'.iack-laili'.l l),vr, l.-,t, (Vvlmi DcT, l.-|S, Coimiiiiii Deer. I.'i.'i, l'7ii, ii;)s. Mull' Deer, l,"i|, i);is, ••■i;:liiiii-, iiHMlrcf.hy ilr.-r, L".i(),;;(ii;,, ./,.,,, I''<"iil , .'( Antiii|„\ -lii, I'lanvii -iMiiiiil C'an'h.iii, 112, I!lark-I,iii,.(| l)r,T, 2;i;i, ,t s,,/. CiiiiiliKiii 1),.,.|-, 2!i7, .■ill2, IIII Ihr ivjiriMliictive liiiwiTs, ;!(I4, ,1 ,«y, Doiihli; jialiii,-* on aiitU'i-s, i;m, I'J."). E, Imh- of Acapiilcd Dcrr, li;s!, n;;). -AmIc'1()|ic, 2.'), l!lack-tail(.,| I ),.,.r, i(;7. <'i»iiniiiiii Dci'i-^ ics, iMiiii.sc, IC,,-), IVIiili' I)(.,T, ICCi. AVapiii Drrr, itu. "\\'i.'iiillaii(l Carilioii, Hi;}. Klan, (Ml (iri-iiMi, fiii, I-.Imii, Srau', or A|ita|)ton, G'j. Kiajiliii.^; CanailriiM'.'*, 77. I'ilk, iViiiciicaii, 77. St'aniliii.avi.iii, l<)4, i;),-,^ i<,j,j^ ,,)g^ liaricn -riiiiiKl ('aril , i.'si ];{-,^ I -M:i, 2H;, I ( ''iiiiiiioii Drcr, |;i.") -I |7 I M..l.,-r,2t.!. I Wapiii j). rv. |:!i;, 2|.'i, ' W(iii(l|,-|ii,| Carilioii, ;mi, 1;m •'41- LMO, Form (if Aca|iiilc,, j),,.]-, 12I. ! Aiiii-l(i|,c, 22, 21. Iiarrcii-Mri,ii],,| ('aillpiui, |ii,->, 121 j -'114. ' " ' lila.k-tailril !),.,. r, '.i7, ;is, l|;i. ' 'iiiiiiiHiti 1 )iTr, 112, I 2ii. Ka^tcrii Ueimiivr, .•i2'<, .■;2II. ^loosi', 7), I 17^ ;;2;j, ;;2.j, .■MiiIl' Dci'r, !!."., I |!i. Sraiiiliii.avi.aii Kik, 1 17, ;!2.'i, .■i24, Wapiii i)i'rr, N|, lis. Woiiiilaml CarilHiii, 1 1 y, 2(14, .•!2>^ Fiis>ii aiillcrs, 21.'!, 227, skck'ioii (,f ,1,.,.|-, 227. Fur of aiitcl„j,c. and iW'rr, r.x, 141, 14s. a. ai'.'i, ,f ,s-,, Einnsi isciil.-itioM, rItVcton antlri-.s IM, t/ .s-e,y. F^oof Aiapuk'o Doir, Kii. Gait of Acapiilco Deer, i>7l, Alilclopi', ,-,7. (;2. J51ack-tailc(l Deer, :ili. 272. Ci'vlon I )(■(>!•, -'71. f'ominon Dfcr, l.").), 270. Jloo.^ic, 27.';. I i| ii: ■' h t ill ! 424 Gait of Mule I) f\i>/:x. I'lT, '.l.'l. -JTi' Wn|iiii Dm-, 27 i. ■_'7."). ■WiMidlaiul CiirilMMi, J7;!. (icniliils (iC AmIi'Io|,c, .17. MdDSC, •ji\'.). Sc.'iiiiliimvinn Klk, -JC,'.). AVii|iiti DciT, :ii',i). A\'c)oi|l:iiiil Carilioii, \>W, f)!' llic oihcr ilccr, L'H'.i 270. Oliinils, L'i7. '/ '/• (iliind.s (if Aiajjiilco Dt'LT, ll;i, 2<\-2, 2('p.1. Aiilclii|if, .'id, .'i7. Huri'i'Ti-firiiiMiil CariliDii, 1I.')J, 41l', ft S( I/, Bliick-lailnl l)iTi-,',l7, 2,js, L).-)i», i)r,l, •MU. Cevloii Di'cr, L'llj. roiiiinoti DciT, '.'.■)!>, (/ .sri/., aCi."!. Ilaii'.-i of Wdoillaiid f* iiriliiiii, 'ID, )2S, in .•iiiiiiiiiri- lOMt of ilcir. 1 Jl, 1 t.'l, 144. wiiiti'r coat of (kur, I ID 14!l, it '/■ 11 ivi'isiaii systriiis in aiitUi-, I7u', 174. II lyilrii's Kik, 217. Ik'iid of AtMimlio Dicr, \i',\. Anil IS ipc, 21. ai'ic'ii-^iroiiinl ( aniioii. 1 tii). niiicktailiMl Drcr, hW. CorniiKJii Dcir. lOl. .Mo()>c, Kill. .Mule DciT, 101. \Va|iiii Dicr, I I'll. Wooillaiiij ( 'ai'iliou, It'll). liiiniiir, .ii ir Horns, i; 71), n;;). Ai)ti' Jl iio-i', 2.'"i(}, 2.")2. 2.1 I'lonc, li.i. Mill.' I) Hollow lioiiis, 1 ; I'cr, 't '/• ScMniliiiaN iaii Islk, I'.'il . I-a|ilaiiil Ki'iiiili'cr. i'.").'!, Wa|.iii I), (Icciiliiiiiis, of Aiitcl(i| trrowtli of, 2s, , t si'i. MU. .See C/iiiSi , .'i4.). cr, 2.')4, 2.')."), '>')*'>. llvl A\'ooillaiiiI Carili( iriii#, .'11 . pt SI' 111, J.").!, 2.')4, 2:>C>, livliii.ls mil alwavs iinfcTlili", .•!12. firoiqiiii^is, 17, tt sn/, tiiV.). H. Habitat of .Acaimlco Deer, 11."). Ante 2.'i. ]5an'L'n-;ri'oiiii(l Carilioii, 101. Rliicktailcd Deer. !IS. Coininoii Di'or, liil. JI.; ■1. :MiiIc Di'it, (14. AVa|iili Deer, 78. AVooiil.'iiiil ('arilioii, S7. Haliits of Aca]ailro Doit. 115, AMt('lo|p|', I.'!, ' I so/. !i)7, .'lOS. Bunvn-f;roiinil Carilioii, lOS, ct seq. Elack-taiU'il Deer, 2'.l'.), et seq. (.'oiiimoii Deer, .')02, tt .s-i ]\r seq. OO.'Sl', ,,), 27(1, ''/ ]\Inlc DiH'r, 200, ct si '/• ^caniiinaviai) Klk, AVapiti Dcvr, s:!, 2s|, ct srq. AVooillaiid C;arilioii, 108, 2S0, 281. Hairs of .\utL'li)|ii', 'iS. Hanvn-.ui-oiind t!aiilioii, 142. Blaek-taik'tl Dwr, 148. Coninioii Deer, 14!>. MnoH", 124, 12-!, 12'.». Mule Deer, 2;!r). AVajiiti Doer, 12C), 12S. Ilvliiidiiy of ilic (V'rvicliu, .'ill), ii! siq. TiitclliL;'i'nc(' of Aiiirlopo, .")2. Ititonlijrital jjlainN, 2(i.'i, it skj., 41.'!, et S(q. Iri.>,li Klk, I'.i."). KacliiTmal sinus, nil, 1G2. I,c'.:s, color of , 40, 1.!."), 130. r,u \\'a|iiti, 77. Lou;,'-tailud deer, lli2. -Ar. .Araniu)a\ all deer have four activo, 2'.),5. sialic of .AIoosc, 12',). AVajiiii Deer, 129. Metatarsal -laiiiN, l.'i.'i, 250, it so/., 41 G. Migrations, of liarri'ii-^round Carilioii, '.)1, 108, 1 ()'.). AA'oodlaud Caribou, 01, 108. Monoi;aniic habit of Moose, 75. of De »oe 1 'eer, i .>. Aloiitana, Moose in, 72. .Aloose, (10, et seq., 117, 118, 12(1-128, l."?0- 13.1, 137, it seq., 151, 152, 157, 1(13, 103, et seq., 236, 250, et sn/., 2(10, 273, 27(1, it seq., 310, 323, et seq., 347, it si q., .353, 400,411. Moose Deer, 00. I,;': f.\/>/:\. Mudlc covci-cd, SCi, l.'ll , l.'(7, iMilli' Deer, U2, !i:). M\ivu; Dr.. (.n jr|,ii„U ,,f Atiicldiie, .'(7. Mm/.h, \r,{), i;ii. O. "ilor III' .\ntrlii[ir. .'K;, .'i:, CI, c;,, of tMi-.-ul Miami (if CiiiilK.ii, i\:,, of intcnli-iial -lands „f ,|,.ei-, yo;)^ ' ' ■•>■' '/• "i-iiaiiiciital ccial, l.'il, ,/ stq. < M'i-iial, C.'.i. < iv-ilicaliiiii of aiillT--, I 7.(. 1'. I'lilin 0)1 aiitlci-.s, i;i;!, ol Ara|puli(i 1 )n'i', -J-Js, 'J^'.). 15arrfii-;;roiin(l CaiilMJii, 2(>^, -JHU. -Moose, i;i4, rl s,,/. ^^ "oillaiiii ( 'aiilioii, I'm). J'c'licel fill- aiilli'is, I :i), 177, jy.'j, I'l Acajpiilro I )('(.i-, vjvjj^. \\'ii|iiti Dicr, I'l 1. • IVlanc, l;!^, 1 JO, ,/ ,,,^ IVriostfiiiii of aiillrrs, I7ii, 170. I'lar,; i„ Xaiural llisiorv of Anlrlopc' <;■■!, .■100. riay or aiMiiscnicnt of ilrcr, Mi). ■J!i7, .'!()|. l'ol.v;:aiiiou-. Iiahit of \Va|iiii I )eiT, .v;!. I'roti;; Kiiik, 111, 'J-J. l'l■oll^' lloiii Aiitidoiic, :.':.'. 'H miiiatiiral ^oiiictiiiioji, Sexual iiicliiiaiii ■•il.-i. Si::lil of Aiit(li.|.r. :,{\. J{iirrell-;.'liiUiiil < 'aiilioii, .'ms, ,rs-). Jiiiireii-;ji(jiiiMl ( 'aril. oil, loj, \-j\. Ulaek-laili.l Dn-r, i |;i, I ('oiiiliinii I)ei I-, 1(12. I jii, |-Jl. LM|ilaiHl Ivi'iiiili ir, I I'l, .'j;)^ Moosi', rn. 7 1, 117, ;.j;;, ;.^,|_ i Mule Dr. T, I 1:1. Iv( li 1 »e.|- 111' .Sia;;', .'l.-.^, 1/ s,,/. ( Srti ,li>|| I'iik, ;!;-;;, ;;2|. Wa]iiii Dfrr, M, lis, .■);j2, W'ooillaii.l ( 'aiilioii, Mi, 1|>, ;;os. Skili>, 412. of Alllelii|ie, tl. liiaek-taileil Deer, -i]:]. Com 1 I (err, I 12. MiMiM', ilo. Mill Dicr, tlL'. Wap-ii Deer, 111. 112. ^^'ol^ll,l^|| ( 'arli.iiii, liii. Smell, .M'liM (.1 in D,.ir, .jiill in IJarivn- Kiiii,i;il'er < iroeiiliimiieiis, 10.-,. Haniiifei- liastalis, Sil. Itaimifir laramlus, m;. Heil eoat of Deer, 1 20. ]!ud Deer, 78, 14ti. Red Deer of Ceylon, llCi. Keindeer or liaindeer, 8lj. Koyal tine, I'.I.'J. liumiiiantia, 17. Kiittiui; season, time and eliaraefer of — of AliteIo|ie, 44-4ti. ]{arren-y round Caribou, 101). Cominoii ])eer, .'5i)7. jNhile Deer, 21»7. Moo-sc, 75, 278, 280, ;5:)0, 3('>1. Wapiti, 83, 284, 2S;i, rf s,^. S. .i^roiiml ( 'aiil.iiu, I I 2. Siia^s on antlers, \\i:;, 228. on lii'ow and lav. lim'S of anilers of lied Deer and Wapili Deer, I 214. 21.".. Solid II0111-, IS. ', Speeies of Aeapiileo Deer. 1 l.'i. of .\ineiiean Deer eiiiimeraieil, iWl. of liarieii Hi-iiuMil Caril.oii diMinet, lIM'i. 't sii;. CerMi- leaeurii- ■",,1 Crrvus .M,\i- I'uniis are Cervus \'ir;:iniaiuis, 1(»2, 121. Spceilie drs.'riplioii of Aeajiiileo ])eer, ll't. Antelo'i ■, -'2. Jiariv ■::' ml Carilimi, 10,-,, ]51aek-taiied Dnr, 'I7. (,'0111111011 Deir, loo. Moo>e, To. Mule Deer, '.i.'i. Wapiii Dr.'r, 78. 'Woodland C.irilioii, ^C. Spike antlers, I'.l.i, 2.'iii, r/ ,s, y. iipv„.,l , . • ,... ^^''^^"^ Hiieks, no siieli varietv, 2'iO, ri sen. Sexual ave.s.on among dilferent species, : Sportsmen heenniino naturalists, .'U.!. Spots oil fawns, i.-)i, ,7 sen., 157, 158. Scandinavian Klk, llilt exual aver 310, ct seij 42ti i\iii:\. S|Mil:4 (III Mllllll-i, I "ill, I I SI ij. ill phlrc (if illlllrlS. 1 .'i'^. Slii|ii'l, li.iiirii -nniinl ( ■.iriliiiii, \\^^,'M'u. SlIlllIIH'l' ('Dill III lllr liri'l', I 'I\. SwiMli-li lak, I'.i'.i. T. TmII (if AciiimlcoDicr, ll.'i, L''M, •-'! I, -'tl'. Ant ■l(i]ii', ■')■>. 15iinvii-'jniiiiii| '"ariliiiii, -j;; I. ]51iick-taili(l DiTi-, !i:. j.M, i>;i.-.. CiMimioii Krcr, 1(11 , -SW. JKI, :i41. !M ()(),«c, li.'U, li.'j.l ISIiilc Diicr, ',).■!, -.'.'ll, :i.'!5, L'.'iCi, Hcd Wvw, .•i.'tii. Wiiiiiii Drcr, 'J'll. •S■\'^. -'.'111, Wdocllaml ('aiilioii, t^Ci, :i;u, :i;i,"i. Tursal ;,'laiicls, •JJl, ./ sn/. 'I'ai'iiiuliis Arcliciis, Id.'), 'raraiidiis ( 'arilicii, 8ti. 'raranilns vaiii;il('i', SC. 'I'ciillilaliiiai'aiiii', '.I'l. 'I'lir Cariliiiii, Ml. T lasi', ■■;i." \'i'lv(.'t is iKit ill .■sioii dI' ai'ti'iii s at llir liiirr, I 7i'. \'ciii-( n (if .\iiii lii|"'. 1 1 . Iiarii ii-uiiiiitiil ( 'arilioii, Iii7. \'(.'iii-iiii (if lihu-ii-lailcil i)(cr, '.IS, ID'.). ('iiiiiiiii)ii D-cr, ■»ii'.i,41(l. M(Mi»r, (IMi. .Miilr l».i r, |ii!i. ^VM|'ili I 111 r, lii-^. X'ciiisdi) (if Wiiiiiilniiil ( N'ii'uiiiia DciT. Kill. \ itality (if Aiililiii I', .'iT, .'>' ColiniKlll I >( rl', .1-1 . 'II, lOl'i, \v itiiti I )rcr, 'I'lic Uciiidcrr or ( 'arilmii, -il. Till' Wa)iiii, 7."^. ■i'iiic< (if antlers. I'.i.'!, -M:i. 'rrl|ilrt aiiilcrs, l'1 .'i, Jl i'>. 'I'iiIii'itIcs (in am Ids, I'l.'!, "J'-''!, 'I'l'.K Tufts of lijiirs iiM'i' alaiiils, l'17, it sn/., L'.'jS, -M'lit, 'Jl'il. on tail of .Mule Dcur, ',i.'), -'.■)."). U. L'liiiatiiral as<(ii-ialiiiu lirlwi.'i'il tlu; .soxos (if iliffcrciit Liciirra. -il .'i. y. W'lvL't (in antliMS, 171. h(i\v it i.> Iiini (iff, 1 7-', 1 '. I, 177. N'dicc (if till' .Mm.-', .■l.M,.'!')-.', .'ICil. ihr \\'.l|iitl I li'ii', >~, 7s, Willi Lapland i!ii iidnr, antler- of, 'Jo:!, L'lll. Winter coat of deer, l-f- White piitcli on rump ( liijie, lo. Wapiti Deer. II.,. WJlitelailed Deer, |IIL>. Woodland < 'aiilmii, sti. autler> of, I'.l'.t, it scq. ViiUU''' Anteliipe, -.'(I, 4'.l. deer, l.'il , it '/• 15arri ii-^riiuiid Carilioii, wliun drnpiied, 1 (2, N.'!. iiirc-iMiiii lit tii7. '.•s, lutt. !U, 40f,, UV.i. r- (jf, -Jit:), , \vlicii