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Wimai] s faijacea A FEW FACTS AND SIGNIFICANT ONES TOO. -A- {From the Ottawa Citizen, May %tJi, iSSg.) •*I noticed that you were at Mr. Wiman's lecture Saturday evening. What do you think of it ?" asked a Citizen reporter of Mr. George Johnson, the Government StatiHticiau. "Well," renlied Mr. Johnson, "you know r!iat I like Mr. Wiman. He has done more than any man livini; across the border to brine; the Dominion before the people of the United States, and has been a great factor in effecting the remarkable change in the opinions of our neighbours respecting the splendid geographical position, the marvel- lous development and the bright prospects of Canada. He has also for many years been especially kind and attentive to Cana- dians via ting New York. For these two reasons I have a warm corner m my heart for Mr. Wiman. As respects his speech on Saturday evening, there were many things in it with which I heartily agree. For instance what he said about the superiority of our constitution over that of the United States is entirely in ac- cord with my own convictions. There are many other statements made by him of which I am very doubtful, and there are many of his assertions which I know to be inaccurate. He began, if you recollect, by asking why Canada had not made the I'ROOBES? IN POPULATION that the United States have made during the present centnary. He took it for grant- ed that the Dominion had not made the same progross in that respect as her neigh- bour. I deny that assumption. The known facts are all agamst him. The Dominion had a half a million of people in 1810. The United States in that same year had £even and a quarter million. Canada has increased ten times; the United States but nine times. Had the United States increased their population as rapidly as the Dominion of Canada they would now have ",'2% million instead of the 65 million Mr. Wiman claimed for them. They are behind to-day by exactly the number of people they had in all their wide borders in 1810. Mr. Wiman asked why with conditions of climate so similar, with natural products so nearly alike Quebec and the Eastern Provinces were so far behind the New England States, and Ontario so far behind New York. He gave a variety of reasons to account for *he back- wardness ot the provinces. There was no need to do so, because the simple answer la the provinces named are no!, behind the States mentioned. Mr. Wiman's ([uestion is like the question King Charles asked the savants, "Why is a tub full of water no heavier with a fish in it than if the fish were not in it," Twenty different reasons were given, till some one put; tho qaes- tion, "Is it a fact ?" An ex- periment that showed the tub to weigh more by exactly the weight of the fish put an end to the ingenious reasons of the theor- izing philosophers. Well, I atlirm, in oppo- sition to Mr. Wiman's statement, that the four provinces are not only not behind the four States, but THEY ARE IX ADYANOK OF TIIKM. Let us see. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Quebec increased their population in ten years (1871 81) 13.82 per cent. • Maine, New Hampshire, Ver- mont and Mafsachusetts increased their population in ten years (1870-80) by S.S^' per cent. The four provinces saw the four States and went them Ave better. New Hampshire and Vermont, in 1820, had 480,000 of a population ; ((luebec Province had 12o,000 in 1820 ; the two States had o5,000 more of a population than ^ the province ; in 1S80 the two -'ateshad 680,000, and the province had l.oOU.OOO, or 700,000 more than the two States. The two States had increased 41 per cent, in GOyeare; the province had increased 220 per cent. In the same period the two States of Maine and Massachusetts incroased 190 per cent, bem^ far behind the Province of Quebec. Mr. Wiman contrasted Ontario with T»iew York, to the disparagement of ^Ontario. Here attain the facts are'against his assertion. Ontario has really made greater progress than the Empire State ft New York, ihe chief city of which does HG per cent, of the whole importing of all the United States. Ontario had in 1820 under 150,000 inhabitants; New York had iJGO.OOO, Ontario has increased her population thirteen times; New York a little over five times. If New York Sta^e had increased as rapidly as Ontario it would have had a p'^pulation of I2k millions instead of a little over five hiilliou. Mr. Wiman said "tlie United States had gone ahead in population faster than any country in the world." A careful study of the facts _ would have compelled him to add "except Canada." Moreover we have abetter population in every respect. The United States have been the dumping ground of the scum of Europe and Africa to such an extent that very serious social problems confront the civilization of our neighbours. The native American of British origin is in danger of beiu^ swamped by Huns and Vandals. For every eight white voters born on the soil of the United States there are nearly four voters who are foreign born or negro. Mr. Wiman evidently considered the (question of Commercial Union par excellence the/armers' question. He assumed that the farmers would be (iKKATLY BENEFITED BY ANY CHANGE in the commercial relations between Canada and the United States that would result in freer intercourse. I doubt that very much. The "cold facts" are all against him. In the iirbt place the enjoyment of the wide market of the United States by the United States farmers has not resulted in giving to them any superiority over the Canadian farmer. The American farmers' farms are not better cultivated. His surplus is not greater. The returns for his toil are not more abun- dant. His lot in life is not one to be envied by tho Canadian farmer. On the contrary I believe that I can show beyond a perad- venture that the condition of the American farmer is on an altogether lower level than that of the Canadian farmer -that in .fact with the unrestricted market of 65 million people the American farmer is in every re- spect a man to be sincerely pitied by the Canadian farmer. Taking up again Mr. Wimi as subdivision of Canada we find that the farmers in the four eastern provinces have fared vastly better than the farmers of the four New England States. la the four States the cultivated laud in 18G0 amounted to about 10,000,000 acres, and in 1880 to 11,- 200,000 acres — an increase of 1 1 i per oent. In the four provinces the cultivated land in 1880 was over 10,000,000 acres, an increase as compared with 1860 of over 43 per cent. The farmer and his sons appeal to have greater inducements to go on extending their operations in the four provinces than are held out to the farmers and their sons in the four States. With large centres of population near them; with all the French and English Canadians, who are said to have {locked to the manufacturing towns and cities of these four States, to be fed; with 800,000 more of a population within their borders than are in the four provinces, these States only show during twenty years an increase of 1,200,000 acres under cultivation against an increase in the same period in the four provinces of three million acres. Of hoiscs and cattle of all kinds the four States had in 1800, ;^,3S0,OOO, and m 1880 they had actually over .'^00,000 fewer than twenty years before. With, half a million acres of farm land less than the four States had, the four provinces iu 1880 had 4,200,000 horses and cattle of all kinds, an increase of over three-quarters of a million in twenty years. Twenty years' farming on the side of the four States resulted in a decrease of the stock owned by the larmers of over 300,000 head. On the side of the four pro- vinces twenty years' farming resulted in an increase of the stock by OVER TIIUEEQUARTERS OF A MILLION head. Evidently keeping stock does not pay in the four States, notwithstanding the closer relations of the farmers in those four States to the "general activities" which we are told would "boom" the four provinces. The Canadian with his shrewd common sense will be very likely to ask "why the 'activities have not awakened the farmers in the four States from their slumbers.' We have a right to say to Mr. Wiman and his co-agitators, "before we decide upon making this great change j'ou propose, show us first of all the fruits of your better systei.. — explain how it is to come to pass that while the farmers of the four States are worse off in every respeot after 20 years' experience of the great Go-million market, Canadian farmers arc all to be made rich by sharing in the fortunea of those who have been made poor." But Mr. Wiman may tellme that stock does not constitute the whole wealth of farmers, and that possibly the New England farmers have abandoned stock -raiaini? for some more productive branch of farming. Let us see. The seven principal crops enumerated in the United States census are wheat, barley, buckwheat, Indian corn, oats, rye and potatoes. The farmers of the four New England States raised of these in 1860 3S.^ million bushels, and in 1880 they raised over 3^ million bushels less. The farmers of the four provinces raised in 1880 75^ million bushels, an increase of 16,800,000 bushels us compared with the crop of 1860. While therefore, the farmers of the four States have been drying up, those of the four pro- vinces have been going ahead. I need hardly point out that if the farmers of the four States have less stock on their farms and less bushels for their harvest, com- biued with JiORE ACRES OF Cri-TIVATED LAND the value o^ their farms must have greatly depreciated during twenty years. It is not uncommon to find advevtisements [in the papers like this one taken from the New York Mail and ExPRKss of Dth November, 1888 : "For sale — (iood farm lands in Massachusetts for $2 and upwards uu acre." Bishop Hunting- don in last September's Forum stated, with somewhat of dismay at the state of affairs disclosed, that a farm :n No»v Hampshire yie' ling fifteen tons of hay and other crops each season was sold, with house and out- buildinfi's, for ^52. In tact, so utterly disheartened were new VARMEIiS ENGLAND that nobody wanted the farm. ]Sow what is the cause which has for so many years been operatincr to the destrujti'ju of farming in the four iNaw England States ? Mr. Wiman did not tell us. But we know the reason. It is that the unhappy condi- tion of the farmers in the New England States is due to the fact that the Western States have taken the bread out of the mouths of the farmers of the Elastern States. If that is the reason, what sense would there be in the four province exposing themselves to the same fatal rivalry as would be the case under Mr. Wiman's proposed scheme. The four provinces have now the rivalry of our own Province of Manitoba. Mr. Wiman in effect urges the farmers of the four provinces to expose themselves to the additional rivalry of the Western States, which has killed out the farming interest of the >(ew England States. Our farmers in the four provinces will take care not to enter into that "spider'a parlour." Mr. Wiman contrasted Ontario with New \ork, to the disadvantage of the former. During twenty /ears (1860 80) the im- proved farm lands of New York State 'in- creased from 15J million acres to 17 8-10 million. The holders of <^hesti 17 million acres are in the very heart of those "activities" which Mr. Wiman says wauld, under Commercial Union, give a boom to Ontario farmers, yet an investi- gation made into the condition of New York farmers, published in March, 1887, resulted in proving beyond question that "one in every twenty of the farm proprietors in the State IS HOPELESSLY IN DEBT." This means that between the Ontario farmer and tlie great market of New \'ork City is a great belt of farmers in a positioo to snap up first every good chance, and the position has been of so little benetit that an army of 7;'), 500 farmers are hopelessly in debt, rising ever morning and groaning every day over their troubles. W^ith another army of 75,.')00 careworn women wearing their lives out in a helpless struggle to "keep the wolf from the door;" with this terrible load of misery as the result of having the best position to take the cream of the 60 million market, with this prospect before them the prosperous farmers and farmers' wives ot Ontario will think twice before coming to the conclusion that they can send their products to the New York market and get fancy prices for them, while between them and that market are 75,500 farmers with their wives and sons and daughters living in constant dread of being any day turned out of house and home. These are worse evils than having a duty on horses, and being threatened with a duty on eggs. Mr. Wiman must explain to our farmers of Oiitario how they are to take their products a longer distance, carry them straight past thfcse 75,500 farms, mortgaged right up to the handle, and get such prices for them as will MAKE THEM riORE TROSPEROUS THAN EVER, while the result of enjoying this wonderfa>'. market for 20 ysara past, is that 75,500 farmers in New York State are hopelessly in debt. The New \ork far- mers have not been able to prevent themselves being squeezed by the middle- men of New York City and squeezed nearly to death. The Ontario farnjer would far© no better. I could adduce facta by the score alUhowiDKthatonthe north jride ot Lake Ontario there are fannipg activity, progreBB prosperity, development, and on the south aide decay, shrinkage, ruination _ Take Michigan and compare Ontario witb it The witching hour of midnight is approaching and it is time we Bought our%ed8. Therefore one fact will have to suffice. An investigation was made in 1887 into the indebteclness of the farming community of Michigan. The result was that the commiasioner computes ".'»**"« mortgage indebtedaess of the btate in 18«7 was |l29,229,M3. on which an annual in- terest of $9,451,851 was paid. Vou wi find this Statement on page 2. report Bureau Statistics, Michigan, 888 Two facta arc brought out in this statement. Ist that the average rate of interest la about S per cent. In Ontario, according to the Bworn returns of the land «"y„'^»««' ^J« rate of interest ranged from H \o 6, OJ ana 6i per cent. The second fact is that the nine million acres of improved lands m Michigan had an interest burden upon them greater by ^700,000 than tho net interest ff by the whole people of Canada on their whole pTiblic debt, and then did not ' use by any means as much live stock, »9 gr^uu «" number of bushels of '^^'^^'^''/^ .^'jj^"^: nor produce as many pounds of butter and cheese. There must be Bomething so radically wrong in the activities o the Go million market, that the farmer ot Onta„o will thank God that if he is m the frying pan it will be his own folly if he pmps into ?he Michigan or New York «tate -fire Kow,I think, concluded Mr. •Johnson, that's enough for one dose. TuE Citi/.es readers, Mn Reporter, will hold yourespoa sible for thia infliction. "•"-TT" PROGHESvS OF CANAT> )anieB, the 6, Gi and that the , lands in apon them it interest la on their , not ' ise as greut a 3 Ontario, of butter mething m of the 65 ol Ontario I the frying iumpa into ate "fire." . Johnson^ [K CiTI/.ES' you respoa Kdiwr of Thk Citizen. yiRj — 1 notice that several journals criti- cise mv statenu-ntrt about the comparative )/;rowth of Canada and the United States. They all fall into the same error, viz., of confounding percentages with proportion. My statement reduced to a sum in propor- tion was : "If ;100,0()0 persons forming a ooininuuity increased in 78 years to 5,0(K),- 001), wliat ought a community of Hnven and a-halt millions increase to iu the same period to be equal in its increase to the halt million com- thunity ?" The answer is 72.^ million. But aa the community of the United States only increased lo 65 million, that community has not made the .same progress in population as the half million has. The case can be stated wit 1 greater force than I stated it in your ishue of last Monday. In 1810 there were twenty five States and one district included in the census returns. In 18.S0 they had a population of 38,816,000. Thev had increased about 5^ times since 1810. During the same period the Pro- vinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and P. E. Island have increased H\ times. If the 26 States and district had increased in the same proportion as the live provinces they (the States) would have had 19 million more inhabitants in them than they have. It the four provinces had increased in the 8an>e proportion as the 26 States, they (the provinces) would have had 2,700,000 in- stead of 4,152,000. JMow, nobody has ventured to contend that if the tour provinces had joined the United States in islO they wouid have increased more rapidly than the 26 States. We are rold that we would have increased more rapidly than we have. That is all wind, in view of the fact that it we had been in the Union of States we must have become subject to the general condition of those 26 States. By remaining separate we have increased eight and a quarter times over our popula- tion of 1810. Union with those States would certainly have resulted iu our obeying the same general law ot increase they have obeyed. Yours, George Johnson. Ottawa, May Tlth.