.va^ /v^ «'^\^> '^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 Iri- IIM I.I 1^ IIII2J ^ US, M 2.0 1.8 1.25 1-4 IIIIII.6 v: <9 /}. /a '<^. s " \^. / >«« CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical Notes / Notes techniques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Physical features of this copy which may alter any of the images in the reproduction are checked below. L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Certains ddfauts susceptibles de nuire d la quality de la reproduction sont not6s ci-dessous. m Coloured covers/ Couvertures de couleur D Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur D D Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages ddcolordes, tachetdes ou piqudes Coloured plates/ Planches en couleur Show through/ Transparence n Tight binding (may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin)/ Reliure serrd (peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int^rieure) D Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes D Additional comments/ Commentaires suppl6mentaires Bibliographic Notes / Notes bibliographiques D Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Bound with other material/ Relid avec d'autres documents D D Pagination incorrect/ Erreurs de pagination Pages missing/ Des pages manquent n Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque D Maps missing/ Des cartes g^ographiques manquent D D Plates missing/ Des planches manquent Additional comments/ Commentaires suppldmentaires The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol -^(meaning CONTINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetd de I'exemplaire filmd, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la der- nidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". The original copy was borrowed from, and filmed with, the kind consent of the following institution: National Library of Canada L'exemplaire filmd fut reproduit grdce d la gdndrositd de I'dtablissement prdteur suivant : Bibliothdque nationale du Canada Maps or plates too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper Inft hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour §tre reproduites en un seul clichd sont film^es d partir de Tangle supdrieure gauche, de gauche h droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustre la m^thode : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 «■ '•1: '' BEim T ^^^€^ * t.'-V /''' »^ :-r"^A * ^ c c.^ , NOTES ON PREHISTORIC MAN IN EGYPT AND THE LEBANON. BY J. W, DAWSON, C.M.G. LL.D. F.R.S. BEING A PAPER BEAD BEFORE A MEETING OF TBE VICTORIA INSTITUTE, {HELD AT THE HOUSE OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS), MAY 6, 1884. AUTHOR'S COPY. vJC ■^>> ;■ ■■< i I \ i N ( ) 'I' \<] S UN PREHISTORIC MAN IN EGYPT AND THE LEBANON. liY J. W DAWSOX, C.M.G. LL.D.F.R.S. BEFNO .1 PAPER READ BEFORE A MEETINO OP THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE, (HELD AT THE HOUSE OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS), MAY 0, 1881, AUTETOH'S COPY. NOTES OX ri!EHlST(»l![C MAN IN EGVl'T AND TirE fJ']BANOX.* I IN my rt>cent visit to Ey:ypfc and Syria, I was very dosii-oiis to learn as niueli as possible respectiiiir the traces of prehistoric men in tlieso countries. In Egypt I was nn- successful in obtainino- any certain evidence of tlie existence of inan earhcr than the historical period ; but in Nortlieru Syria, following ju the footsteps of Canon Tristram and other explorers, more satisfactory results were obtained, and which may contribute something to the facts already known. Considerable attention has recently been given to the question of the existence of prehistoric man in Kgvpt, in consequence of the discovery of worked flints in vari(nis parts of the country. More especially I nuiy refer to the papers of Sir John Lubbock, i\[r. Fisher-Browne, Captain Burton, Mr. Greg, Jind General Pilt-Eivers, in the Joimud of the Anthroiioloyl.cal Institute, and that of Professor Haynes in the Journal of the American Acaih-my of Sciences. Egypt abounds in material for flint-working. Certain beds of the Eocene limestone hold numerous, and often large flint nodules, and, where these beds have been removed by denudation, the residual flints are widely scattered over the desert surfaces. There are also beds of gravel largely com- posed of entire and broken specimens of these flints. That the ancient Egyptians worked the flint nodules, and used flint arrows and knives, is well known, and it is also believed that flint flakes were used in the cutting of hieroglyphics on the softer limestones. Careful examination with "the lens of _ * The large muuber attending this meeting rendered it necessary to hold It at the House of the Society of Arts, instead of the Institute's Lecture- room : the f'haiv was taken by Su' H. Barkly, G.C.M.O. K.C'.B. F.R.S. B sculptured surfuccs of limestone convinces lue tluit tlio liioroji^lypliics wore usunlly scratclicd witli slinrp points vjitlicr tlian chiselled, and splinters of flint would ho very suitable! for tliis ]iurpose. Buuernian has described* Hint picks ot" trianj^ular and trapezif'orin shape fouiul in the ndnes worked by the Egyptians at Wady Meghara, in the Sinai peninsula, and states that the nuirks on the stone are such as these tools would make. The nianuf'acture has been continued to the present time, flints for muskets, and also for strike- lights, to be carried with steel and tinder of vegetable fibre in the tobacco-pouch, being still commonly made and sold. This manufactiu'e is carried on at Assiont, and also at the village of Kadasseh, near the Gizeh pyramids. It follows from this that the occui'rcnco of flint chips or flakes on the surface, and especially near " ateliers," vilhige sites, or tombs, &c., carries with it no evidence of age, except such as may be afforded by the condition or forms of the flints ; and the former is somewhat invalidated by the con- siderations that some flints weather more rapidly than others, and that under certain conditions of exposure* weathering occurs very rapidly; while the latter is of little value, as r.ho rudest forms of Bints have been used for strike-lights and other purposes in the most modern times. Nor is it remarkable that worked flints are more common on the desert surfaces than on the alluvial plain, since it is on the former that the material for their manufacture is to be found, and on the latter they are likely to have been buried by recent deposits. The well-known locality near Ilelouan forms a good example of the mode of occurrence of modern flint imple- ments. At this place the worked flints, which are mostly of the form of long, slender flakes and pointed spicules, occur on the desert surface, or only under a little drifted sand, and the locality where they are found is evidently an old village site, as it has remains of foundations and tond)s, worked blocks of limestone, and numerous fragments of burned brick, which occur along with the flakes. The character of the bricks would seem to indicate that the site was inhabited in the Roman time, or later. The flakes may have been made for use on the spot, perhaps in carving stone from the neigh- bouring quarries ; or they may have been sold in Helouan or in Memphis, as they now are in Assiout and Cairo. Arrow- heads are said to have been found at Helouan, but 1 saw none of these, unless, indeed, some of the pointed flakes might * Journal of the Geological Society, vol. xxv, ',] or have been iiiteiuled f(jr this use. It is worthy of remark thivt the desert near Heljuaii is less abundantly supplied with flint nodules than most other j)lnces, so that the material may have been brouj^ht from some distance. The flakes are usually much discoloured on the surfuce, many of them being of a kind of flint which blackens on weathering; but some of them of a difl'erent kind of flint are comparatively fresh in appearance. The {)rincipal locality is about half a mile stiuth- west of the present town, and apparently on the line of an old track leading from the quarries to the river. (PI. II., Figs. (3, 7.) A difl'erent conclusion would be warranted if such worked flints were found in old deposits, anterior to the times of Egyptian civilisation. A case of this kind seems to be furnished by the discovery, reported by General Pitt-Uivers, in the Jourmd of t/ie Atithrujiolojical Institute,'^ of flint flakes in an old gravel at a place called by the natives Jebel Assart, at the mouth of the ravine of i3ab-el-Molook, in which are the tombs of the kings, near Thebes. I have examiuetl this place with some care, and am convinced of the antiquity of the gravel. It constitutes a stratified bed of considerable area, 25 feet in thickness, and with intercalated layers of sandy matter mixed with smuU stones. These layers are entirely different from the Nile mud, and are made up of fine debris of the Eocene rocks, with small stoties and broken iiiuts. They indicate moie tranquil deposition, pro- ceeding in the intervals of the gravel deposits and under water. General Pitt-Rivers refers to only one of these beds, but in the deeper sections three may be observed (Fig. 1). The whole mass has been cemented by calcareous infiltration so as to constitute a rock of some hardness. It is true it consists of the same materials now washed down the ravine by the torrents caused by winter rains, namely, paitially-rounded masses of lime- stone and flints, whole and broken, but it must have been formed at a time when the ravine was steeper and less excavated than at present, and probably subject to more violent inundations, and when it must have carried its gravel into a larger Nile than the present, or possibly into an arm of the sea. It is, in all probability, one of the Pleistocene gravels of the valley, which belong to a period of subsidence indicated by similar beds in other places, and also by the raised beaches and the rocks covered with modern oysters and bored by lithodomous shells, which are seen near Cairo and at Gizeh, at the heiflrht of 200 feet above the sea. * No. 31), May, 1^82. Along tv wiidy or niviiio cut iliroiiHh the oed by tliu inodeni torronts, tlio ancient I'^i'-yptian.s liav(! fxcavatctl tombs in tlio hnvd gravel. lint, independently of this, a geoloijfist wonld have littlo donbt as to its ])rehistoric ago. The doubt hero lies with respect to the flints. The bed is full of broken flints, as are the Tiiodern gravels carried down tho ravine at present, and ind(>ed all gravels (ornied by powerful torrents or surf-action in flint »listricts. These result from tho violent ini]nnging of stones on the flints, and therefore have nil tho characters of specimens broken by hand, except that they have no determinate forms. In this respect the l)r(,)ken flints found in these beds dilTer from those found at Uelouan,oi' in tho bono caves of the In-banon, and resemble those which may bo foutid in any bed of gravel formed by violent mechanical action. It is true, a few out of tliousatuls of shaj)eless flakes mi^dit be likened t(') flat flakes formed by man ; but tho same projiortion of such foi-ms may be found in tho modern (li'Iirin of the torrents. The main point at issue in respect to these forms is tho importance attached to what is termed a "bulb of percussion," pnnluced by a sharp blow striking ofT a flake. 'J'hat this is usually an evideiu-e of human agency may bo admitted ; but since it may be ])roduced by the action of a water-driven stone, it cannot be regarded as an infallible proof, except when sus- tained by other evidences of the presence of man. The specimens figured as from this bed by General Pitt-]?ivors are in no respect exceptions to this, and I dug out many similar ones from tho same beds, but none which could with any certainty be assigned to human agency. 1 do not, of course, refer to those which he describes from tombs and from the surface, one of which is a finely-formed knife, with edges modified by pressure. Another, supposed, to bo for scraping or polishing shatts of spears, is like specimens of worn strike-lights from the pouches of modern Arabs. (PI. II., Fig. 8.) The annular nodules figured by General Pitt-Pivers, which are numerous in some of the limestones, of course liave no connexion with the worked flints, and the specimens which he figures from the surface, though some of them are no doubt ancient, are probably in part natural and in part from tho littlo heaps left by Arabs aiid others in ])laces where they have been shaping flints for muskets or for strike-lights. I obtained numbers of such surface specimens, evidentlv of more recent date than the old n^ravels above referred to, and whose mode of occurrence renders it impos- sible to decide as to their origin or antiquity. There is no foundation in fact for the statement that flint in Egypt has Pi 'i i illKl J on oral I dui^ which I do ombs iuifo, to b(5 ns of l.ll., ivors, ourso moDs m are part hioos • for npos- is no it has beou iuij)ortod from a distanco for tho manufacture of implo- mont.s. Flint nodules occur in tho liiiicHtones throu^'liout tho Mih' valley, and aro abundant in thu di'hiis derived troni their •waste J and though llake.s and chips aro numerous near tojubs, quarries, and village sites, they aro also very abutidant in tho places where tho Hint is found. T found no largo hatchets of " paheolithic " form in l'lgy[)t, but purchased a spear-liko weajxni (jf polished slate, said to have bei-n found in a tomb, and a beautifid little polisbod hatchet of jade, perforateil for susj)ension as an ornament. 1 may add that the hardened gravel ami silt above refcM-red to all'oriled no fossils, except those in limestone jiebbles, iind a few irregidar root-like bodies in the iiner bands, and which mj. have b(>en arpuitic plants, and would go to confirm tho conclusion that the bods were deposited under water. The Lebanon Mountains, composed as they aro principally of horizontal or slightly inclined beds of limestone of ditl'erent degri'ss of hardness, and traversed by many .'aultsand fissures, are eminently suited for the jiroduction of caverns and rock shelters available for human residence or for slu'ltering animals, and such caverns accordinylv abound in most iiarts of tho rnnge, and have, from the earliest pei'iods, been employed for these purposes. These caverns aro, with respect to their origin, of two kinds, — river caverns and sea-cliff caverns. The former have been excavated by streams running under- ground along lines of fissure which they have enlarged into tunnels. A remarkable example of this kind is the Gi'otto of the Kahr-el-Kelb, or Dog Hiver, the ancient Jjycus, which was explored in 1873 by Messrs. .^larshall, liliss, Brigstoke, and Huxley, and found to extend for 1,250 yards, and to expand into large halls with magnificent stalactites. Another is that from which the nei<>'hbourin<»' mountain stream of Ant Elias issues like a gigantic fountain. These water-caves may ultimately become dry, by tho streams finding a lower level, either in tho rock itself or in some adjacent ravine, this being, perhaps, sometimes determined by the jiartial falling-in or choking of the cavern itself. In the ravine of ^Vnt Elias, in addition to the present water-cave, there is one wliich lias become perfectly dry, and thei-e are renniins of others wliich have been cut into and unroofed by the further excavation of the ravine. The second class of caverns, — those excavated by the sea, — may bo seen in process of formation at many places on tho coast, where the waves have cut into fissures or have undercut the harder beds. They are usually not veiy deep, and are often mere shelters or overhanging ledges. Such caverns arc frequent on the old inland cliH's which have been subjected to erosion when the land stood at a lower level. Caverns of both these classes contain evidences of their use by man. The remains of an ancient cavern were discovered in 18G4 by the Kev. Canon Tristram in the celebrated maritime pass at the mouth of the Nahr-el-Kelb, and were thus described by him ; — " The position of this mass of bone was several feet above the height of the present roadway, but below the level of the ancient Egyptian track. Tlie remains extend i'ov perhaps 124 feet, and it has probably formed the Hooriugof an aucicnt cavern, the roof ot which must have been cut away by liamesea to Ibrm his road or to obtain a surface fbi'his tablet. From the position of the deposit, it would seem as though the Hoor of the cave had once extended to the sea-face of the clitt", and that the remaining portion was excavated by Antonine for his road, leaving only the small portion which we examined.^' (He then notices the fallen masses of breccia which have been thrown down on the talus formed in making the road.) "The bones are all in fragments, the remains, in all pro- bability, of the feasts of the makers of the rude implements. Four of the teeth have belonged to an ox somewhat resembling the ox of our peat-mosses, and one of them probably to a bison. Of the othei's, some may probably be assigned to the red-de(!r or reindeer, and another to an elk.'' Lartet has described the caves of this district in his geo- logical report of the expedition of the Due de Luynes, and Fraas has devoted some space to them in Aus ditii Orient. The latter specities as found in these caverns, Ursiis arcios, l'\'liti .spcliVd, lliiinoceros iichvrliinuf<, ii^o-y ^Ti.s'fu.s, />V(tV Jy?•i^v7^s, and remains of Uquus, Cervius, and Capra, an assemblage which may well be called prehistoi-ic, even in a country whose history extends so far back as that of Syria. Lartet, however, mentions only species of stag, goat, antelope, &c., all of them believed to have been found in the Lebanon in early historic times. i had the pleasure of visiting this place in company with Rev. Dr. JBliss, of the Bey rout College, in February last, and endeavoured, as far as possible, to supplement and perfect the observations of Canon Tristram (PI. i., Fig. 2). At the point in question, the present road, which is probably nearly identical with that cut by the Roma!is, is about 100 feet above the sea-level, from which the bank rises in a steep slope, compos ed of i'allen blocks of stone. The road bends inward into the clilf, which here recedes in a little cove fncing tlic r: ^. ems are jected to venis of lau. in 18G4 line pass escribed et above i\ of the perhaps 1 ancient lianieses ''rom the I floor of :liff, and B for his iiiined/' ch have le road.) all pro- lemeiits. enibling )ly to a d to the lis geu- les, and Orient. arcioSj !iubhige ountiy Lartet, 30, &c., Eiuuu in ly with iXi, and ect the •obably 00 feet sU)})e, inward ng tiic i N.W., at the bottom of which was the cave. The remains of this consist of a stahigmite floor, about 18 inches in its general thickness, extending inward from the road toward the cliff about six paces, and in breadth along the road about nine paces. The roof and sides of the cave are gone, but at the back the vertical cliff presents a sort of niche with the top slightly arched, and corresponding to the back of the cave, which must have been nine yards broad and of consi- derable height, with an arched roof. It has evidently been a sea-cave, excavated at the bottom of a small cove or indenta- tion in the clitf", and at a time when the sea was about 100 feet above its present level. Near the cave, the clirt' rises in a scries of little terraces, on wdiich grain had been sown ; and over the top runs an old road or track which seems to have been that in use whea the early Assyrian and Egyptian tablets were cut on the rock, as they are evidently related to the level of this and not to that of the present road. Whether the roof of the cavern had fallen in before the Eoman road was made is uncertain ; but it is clear that the floor of tiie cave was cut into in making the road, and at least the debris of its sides and roof used in forming the bank, as large masses, both of the stalagmite and of the limestone rock, lie on the slope, some of the latter holding characteristic cretaceous corals, which belong to the soft bed in which the cave was originally excavated. A large slab of the bone- breccia eight feet in length, now forms part of the parapet of the road, and would make a magniflcent museum specimen. The exposed surfaces of the stalagmite, and the pieces on the bank, were carefully searched for teeth and bones and flint knives, and the specimens found will be described in the sequel.* Search was also made in the little terraces near the cave, and a few flint flakes were found, but no other signs of human occupancy. On the flat top of the clitf, over which the old track runs, nothing was seen. The cretaceous limestone has an anticlinal undulation at the locality of the caves, dipping W.S.W. at one end, and N.E. at the other. In the same cove with Tristram's cave, a little to the south and thirty-five feet higher in the bank, another, though smaller, cave exists, with its roof still entire. The floor of this cave is of soft earth, and in digging in it nothing was found. Near the mouth, however, was an oval bed made of stones, lined with green rushes, on which some one had slept * See appended Note. Prof. Boyd Dawkins, F.R.S., has kindly under- taken their more detailed examination. 8 within a lew (lay?!, t'nniisliinfjf an oxainplo of tlio recent n.so of this cavern. In the next a(ljoininry, and oven of glass, and tliut flakes and itnpleineiits, wliich are jiartly covered with blown sand (I'l. JJ.). Among the stones 1 fonnd fragments oE vesicidar trap, which may have been imported for millstones, and a small ])iece of Egyptian granite. All these bodies are mixed together, without anything to determine tlieir relative age.-n, and they arc most abundant at the surface of the red sand, and immediately under the drifted sand, or wliero it has been removed by the wind. The flint ilakes are much whitened by w^eathering, and evidently of great antiquity, and with them arc many large and irr(>gular flakes, ]n'obably rejected as useless. A few spear and arrow heads have been found at this place. 1 found only one fiagment of a^ lance or spear, but this had evidently been worked with some skill by ])ressure on the edges, in the manner now employed by the American Indians (PI. I., Fig. 1). A small ilake of obsidian, ■with a rounded indentation at the edge, as if intended for use as a ludlow scraper, was also found, and may indicate the iiupoilat on of this material for the manufacture of implements. 'f'he fact that these flint implements occur along with pottery and other city refuse, probably implies that they belong to the historic period; and the reason of their occur- rence h(>re may be that the place was occupied by native tribes who came to trade with or to attack the I'hccnician ci)lony ; oi- ihat it was resorted to by such people, because of rhe aijundauce of good ilint in the limestone neai- this pkace. Qlie de])osit might thus seem to connect the time of the foundation of the early Phoenician colony with that of the later flint folk. It is, however, possible that "n older deposit of flints may have subsequently been buried \\itli city refuse, which is still being carted out to this place; or, on the other hand, that the citizens of JJerytus may have continued to use flint flakes and arrows at the same time with pottery, and when tluy wore building edifices of stone. A curious instance of this connexion was mentioned to me by Mr. Sarruf, of the lieyrout College. He had ibund in a grave in the J.ebanon, lance-heads of bronze and copper, along with ilint flakes, thus shcnvino- (he continued use of the latter after the natives had obtained weapons of bronze. On the other hand, Dr. .lessup, of the American Mission, has found, near 'i'yi'e, ancient tombs excavated in the bone-breccias of older prehistf)rie caverns. Thus, in the Lebanon, we appear to have evidence of ante- diluviaji or post-glacial cave-dwellers, belonging to the earliest known rac(s of men, and of later Troglodytes and flint ])eople, who must have continued in the ctuntry till it was colonised ■^: 18 ^•lass, fuid ■rod with jfiiients of li 11. stones, )odit'P are r relative E tlio red ere it has re much [uity, and ])r()bably lavo been I Innco or 3 skill by .'d by the obsidian, (d for nse icato the plements. )n(jf with hat they .'ir occur- )y native locnician ocause of lis place, of the of the r deposit y refuse, other d to use ery, and :o me by a <^rave ng- with er after 10 other lu, near uf older by tlic Canaanites and Phoenicians, and who may have occupied tlio remoter <(lens of the mountains down to a comparatively recent time. It is to bo observed here that the present bare condition of these mountains must be quite diH'erent from their primitive state, when they must have been clothed with forests, and were probably inhabited by many kinds of g'ame long since extinct. In this state, also, they would be much more abundantly watered than at present, and would possess a more equable, though on the whole cooler, climate. It is also interesting to note the possible connexion of at least the later cave-dwellers of the Lebanon with some of those primitive peoples referred to by Moses in the Book of Deuteronomy, as having inhabited Palestine before its colonisa- tion by the Canaanites and Seiuites. If we endeavour, in conclusion, to sum up the later geo- logical history of the Lebanon district, we may conclude that, like other parts of Syria, it experienced considerable elevatory movements at the close of the Eocene period, and further elevation in the Pliocene ; that in the Pleistocene period it was submerged to the extent of several hundred feet, and at this time many of the ancient sea-cliffs and caverns were cut ; and that in the early modern or post-glacial age it partook of the elevati(m which at this time seems to have affected the whole coasts of the Mediterranean. It may have been in this time of elevation, when there was probably much more land at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, that men first appeared and took possession of the country, and established themselves in the caves. These, however, they probably occupied only at those seasons when they needed such shelter, or when they resorted to the hills in pursuit of game. They may have had other stations, now submerged, in the low grounds or by the sea-coast. This state of things was closed by the great post-glacial submergence or deluge, of which we are now finding so many evidences in different parts of the world, and after tliis the present geographical conditions were estab- lished, and the period of history commenced. In this, the country, then wooded and tenanted by wild animals, was first occupied by rude tribes, probably of Tui'anian or Hamite origin, and afterwards by the more civilised Phoenicians. )f ante- earliest people, )l()nised ^ 4 u NOTE ON TEETH AND BONES, AND ON FLINT IMPLEMENTS. Pnor. Dawkins has been so kind as to examine in a prelinnnary niinncr the speciniens of teeth, &c,, collected, and has authorised me to state that the breccia from the Pass of Nahr-el-Kelb contains remains of Rhinoceros (probably Ji. tichorhiaus), Cervus, Bos, and Eipiua. In tlie cirth uf the probably more modern cave of Ant Elian are teeth of the ho;,', and of the goat or sheep, jtnd an antler of the roe-deer. These facts are sufficient to indicate the earlier date of the Nahr-el-Kelb caverns, as stated above ; but more detailed examination of the fragments of breccia collected will, no doubt, doveJope other points of interest. It is to be observed here that at the Nahr-el-Kelb River, Lartet has found a rock shelter which contains remains similar to those of Ant Elias, but these have not yet been found in connexion with the old caverns at the Pass. In the breccia of Nahr-el-Kelb there are large and small knives of the ordinary form, curved Hakes roughly chipped at one fide, triangular Hakes chipped at the edges (Pis. II. and III.), and a flake with the point rounded, and slightly chipped as if for a scraper. There are also remains of cores, and many minute chips, indicating that implements were made on the spot. No large implements of the Palieolithic type were observed. No charcoal was noticed, but a few of the fragments of bone have a brown colour, as if from exposure to fire. Some of the flint knives are perfectly fresh on their surfaces, others are much whitened and decayed. In Plate 111. I have represented some adilitional flint implements worked out from the breccia of the Nahr-el-Kelb Pass. Fig. 1 is a knife or scraper partly embedded in the breccia. One side has been shaped by fine chipping, or perhaps worn by use in scraping. Fig. 2 is part of a large flake, which may originally have been a spear or lance, but has been much worn at one side by use as a knife or scraper. Fig. 3 is a flake, which has had a curved no', ch chipped in one end, and the upper side chipped by use. Fig. 4 is a rough one-edged knife, much worn and chipped. Fig. 5 may possibly have been the end of a spear or arrow. Besides these there was found in a mass of the breccia a fragment of a stone hammer of diorite, broken by use. It may have been a naturally smoothed stone, or may have been artificially polished. As this kind of stone is not found at the locality, it may have been brought from some distance. It was reduced to a very fragile condition by decay of its felspar. There was also found in the breccia a fragment of crystalline alabaster, which may have been employed in the manufacture of ornaments, but no carvings or ornaments were observed. \^? 15 r FLINT irninary ni:innor le to state that i of Rhinoceros le Ortrth of the lio;,', and of tlie ire sufficient to ;eii above ; but Iccted wilJ, no 3d here that at vhich contains fet been found In the cave earth at Ant Elias there are numerous and well-made flint knives (I'l, If., Fijrs. ii, 3). Some of these are very thin and delicate. There I Hre also scrapers rounded and chipped at the edj,'es, and many cores and I minute flakes. A few of thu fragments of bone are distinctly charred. Some of the knives and bones are encrusted with stalajjmitic matter, but not in sufficient quantity to cement them toj,'ether ; and at the sides and front of the cave there are knives and fragments of bone enclosed in stalagmite, which is of a different colour and texture from that of Nahr-el-Kelb, and contains shells of a small Helix. Several specimens of the large edible Hdix were found in the cave earth, and one shell of a small Turbo. No implements other than knives and scrapers were found, except a pointed instrument about four inches in length, and an inch thick at the butt, which had been roughly fashioned out of limestone. According to Lartf't (Vowptes Rendus, 18(54), Dr. Hedenborg was the first to direct attention to the Ant Elias caves, but he does not seem to have examined their contents. M. Botta was the first to notice the rock shelters near the Nahr-el-Kelb l^iver, which Lartet himself afterwards explored, and which are obviously more modern in their contents than the breccias of the Nahr-el-Kelb Pass. 1 knives of the iangular flakes )oint rounded, lains of cores, e on the spot. No charcoal n colour, as if fresh on their iients worked ifo or scraper ine chipping, flake, which worn at one lad a curved Fig. 4 is a 'ossibly have in a mass of by use. It 1 artificially t may have le condition fragment of uifacture of IN '\ i PIL a •~^=T- k "- '''■ T ~ *:: ■-■ Q r. 5 ■' --■ - - ^r ":' ,.V', JrCHEL ASSAJiT -'JilKaFa. (a) Indurato-l Saud. (b> (|,,ivel. Fig. :i.-K\n{\\c£ OF cAvntv ,vr ant raiA.s. Fig;2.~-RKMAINS or C'AVEUX ON PASS OK NATIR-l-I.-TvFXrt. (a) Eoad. ,1m Ilrei-'cia, (c) Koof now removed. (d; 'J'aliis if large stoues and breccia. (el rtea. /'/. u. 1. Fragment of Spear, Ras, Beyrout. 2, Knife, Do. 3, Knife, Ant Elias. 4. 5 Kn.ves, Nahr-el-Kelb. C, 7, Knife and Spicule, Helouan. «■ Modoni Strike-light, worn on one side. # 1 ' j, 1; »' * i * ' i 1 ■ 1 ! ; ''1 :;i ! ;f ■ 1^ 1 . ll 1 ■■■ PI in. FUNTS KROM THE BRECCIA OP THE PASS OK NADR-En-KELB. ». 2. 3, 4, ia. Knives, or Scrapers. 5, 5a, Spear? or arrow ? Cljc Wuiam Institute, or |1|)iIasop!]ical ^ocictj of §xai firitain, 7, A DELPHI TERRACE, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. Correspondence (including communicationa from intending Members or Associates, &c.) to be addressed to "The Secretary." (For Subscriptions, see next page.) THE PRIMABY OBJECTS. rpmS SOCIETY has been founded for the purpose of promoting the followiri; -I- Objects, which will be admitted by all to be of high importance both to Religion and Science : — First. — To investigate fully and impartially the most important questions of Philosophy antl Science, but more esi)ecially those that l)ear U[)on the great truths revealed in Holy Scripture, with the view of reconciling any ajiparent discrepancies between Christianity and Science. Second. — To assfjciate Mex of Scienc'c and Authors* who have already been engaged in such investigations, and all oth^M's who may be interested in thera, in order to strengthen their etl'orts by association, and by bringing together the results of such labours, after full discussion, in the printed TransiU'tions of an Institution, to give greater force and iuHuence to proofs and arguments which might lie little known, or even disregarded, if put forward merely by individuals. [Eor the special advantages secured to Country and Colonial Members and Associates in the Journal of Tiansactions, see below.] Third. — To consider the mutual bearings of the various scientific conclusions arrived at in the several distinct branches into which Science is now divided, in order to get rid of contradictions and conflicting hypotheses, and thus promote the real advancement of true Science ; and to examine and discuss all supposed scientific results with reference to final causes, and the more coinprehen,,ive and fundamental principles of Philosophy propei', based upon faith in the existence of one Eternal God, who in His wisdom created all things very good. The Journal of Transactions Is arranged so as to secure its special usefulness to Country and Foreign Members and Associates (who form two-thirds of the Institute). It contains the Papers read at the Meetings, and the Discussions thereon. Before they are pub' 5hed in the Journal, the papers themselves, and the discussions, are revised and corrected by their Authors, and MS. comments and supplementary remarks are added, which have been seut in by those Home and Foreign Members to whom, as being specially qualified to pronounce an opinion upon the respective subjects, proof copies of the Papers have been submitted for consideration. These arrangements, which cannot but add to the value of the Journal, are carried out with a view to the advantage of all, especially Country and Foreign Members, who thus find in the Journal much valuable matter, in addition to that which had come before those actually present at the Meetings. (The Journal is sent post-free.) • The Society now consists of about 1,000 Subscribers (neahly TWO-TUinDS ok whom auk COUNTUY AND FoKEiGN Mkmbkhs) ; including sevoial Prelates ami otlier leadinu Ministers of Koligion, Profossors of English ami Fnreign Universities, Literary and Scientific Men in general, and others favourable to tho Objecrs. (The proseut average aiuuial increase is upwards of a hundred ) 2 TKE VICTOUIA I.VSTITUTO. rreanlent.—'The Right Honourable the Earl 08" Shaftesbuut, K.G. V ten- Presidents. Sir Joseph Favrer, K.C.S.I., M.D., F.R.S. I VV. Forsyth, Esq., Q.C., I.L.D. Philip Henuy Gosse, Eaq., F.R.S. | Rev. Robinson Thornton, D.1>. UoHwari/ Correspondent Members, Professor L. Pastkuh, F.R.S., Paris. Professor G. G. ST0KE9, F.R.S., dvnh. Professor Joachi.m Hahkanue, Pnu/ue. V.-CtiancoUor J, \V. Dawson, (^.M.G., F.R.S. HoRMUZD RAS.SAM, Esq. Prof. A. WiJRTZ, F.R.S., P(tm. Prof. 0. IIeer, iTumA. Professor SIaspero, Cairo. \ Profoaaor Naville. Honorary Treasurer. — William Nowell West, Esq. Hon. Sec. and Editor of Journal— Ga,\)iMn F. W. II. Petrie, F.R.S.L., F.G.S., &c. MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTIONS. Intenrling i\Ieinber.s and Associates are requested to address "The Secretary." The Annual Sulwcription for Members is Two Giiiiteaa, with Oiiii Guinea Entrance Fee (see privilei,'es). The Annual Subscription for Associates is One Guinea, without Entrance Fee. In lieu of Annual Subscription, the payment of Twenty (hiinens (without Entrance Fee) will constitute a Life Member, or Ten Guineas a Life Associate. The payment of a Oonation of wot less than Sixty Guineas qualifies for the office of Vice-Patron, with all the privilefjes of a Life Member or Life Associate, [It is to be understood, that only such as are professedly Christians are entitled to become Members.'] *^* AW Subscriptions are p-ayable to the "Victoria Instit0tk's" credit at Messrs. " Ransom," 1, Pall Mall East, S.W., or may be remitted to" W. N. West," Esq. (the Treasurer), at the Institute's Office, 7, Adelphi Terrace, London, W.C. PRIVILEGES. Members — on election, are presented with any Volume ot the First or Second Series of the ./our ual of t/ie Transactions, and are entitled — to a Copy of the Journal, either in the Quarterly Part.t, or the Annual (bound) Volume, for the years during which they may subacrihe, and to a copy of any other documents or books which may be published under the auspices of tho Society in furtherance of Object VI., and, on applications to a copy of every paper published in tho "People's Edition " ; to the use of the Library ( Hooks can be sent to the country), Reading and VVritinir Rooms (afTordins? many of the conveniences of a Club) ; and to introduce two Visitors at each Meeting. The Council are chosen from among the Members, who alone are eligible to vote by ballot in determining any question at a General Meeting. Members are further privileged to obtain any Volumes, other than that chosen, of the Transactions i.iswed prior to their jaininf; the Institute at half-price (half-a-guinea each), or any Quarterly Parts for past years at half-a-crown each. The Library, Reading and Writing Rooms are open, for the use of tho Members only, from ton till five (Saturdays till two). The Institute exchanges Transactions with the Royal Society and many other leading English and Foreign Scientific bodies, whose transactions are therefore added to the Library. Associates —ARE entitled, to the Journal, in Quarterly Parts or in the Annual Volume, for the years during which they may subscribe ; to obtain tho earlier Volumes or Parts at a reduced price ; and to introduce one Visitor at each Meeting. Members and Associates have the right to be present at all Meetings of the Society. The Meetings, of which due notice is given, are held at 7, Adelphi Terrace, at Eight o'clock on the evenings of the First and Third Mondays of the Winter, Spring, and Summer Months. Proof Copies of the Papers to be read can be had by those desirous of placing their opinions thereon before the Members (when unable to attend, they can do this in writing). !• Members and Associates on 1st January, 1871, 203. — Joined since. — In 1871, 91 ;— 1872, 109 ;— 1873, 110 ;— 1874, 111 ;— 1875, 115 ;— 1876, 107 ;— 1877, 100 ;— 1878, 101 ;— 1879, 105 ;-1880, 104 ;— 1881, 122 ;— 1882, 122. Members and Associates joined during 1883. Foreign and Colonial 77 London and Country 52 129 ill: J«T, K.G. 'TON, D.l), P-R..S., Camh. N. <'.M.(J.,K.H.S ■ Heek, 2!uric/i. XLE. S.L., F.G.S.,&c. ^he Secretary." til r>//,. 6?«i«ea sociates ig C>;/g wm,9 (without es for the office ndoii, ^y.c. irst or Second r the Journal, years during which may be '" 'Applications library (Hooks 3 conveniences e chosen from 'y question at •liunes, other ' at half-price I. lie use of the fhe Institute many other transactions iiial Volume, oes or Parts e Society. 36, at Eight ■nd Summer •lacing their writing). -In 1871, ^ ;— 1877, 2. 53, 54. 55. THE TRANSACTI0l\ls7 VOL. XIV. (for 1880). o Eh r^ 05 O S^ *^ © •-^ Si O r-i O -^ o o w O The Topogra^phy of the Sinaitic Peninsula,'' (giving results of last survey) By the late "The Ethnology of thtp^cific" ^ Bv the'C 'I'T w " ^""^^^i, ^''^ ^ ^^^ ^^V map, showing the distribution of Races^nH nil fi, ^^ """'^E ^ L.S. ; with a large new The Annual Meeting. "'^'^^^ ^""^ ^" *^« '^sults of the latest discoveries On the Data of Ethics, b/ Pi'ocinal w°c"' nn ° "■"S:t'^whl?',S^^^^^^ 'f« Co^fmpUtion o, th, Di,. THK VICTORIA IXsTITrTE. Late Assyrian ami Babylonian llusearch. ]5y lIoitMUZD IIassam, Esq. On tlio Eviik-nco of tho Later Movements of Klovation ami Depression in tho British Islos. By Trofossor Ht'(iiii;s, M.A. (Woodwanlian I'rofossor of (leolo^^yat Cambririgo). On tho Nature of Lifo. Hy Professor H. A. Njciloi.HON, M.D., F.li.S.E., Abonleon. fit). On tlio Iteligion and Mythology of the Aryans of Northern Europe. By U. Bkown F.S.A. VOL. XV. (for 1881). :>7. Tlio T;ifo of Joseph. Illustrated from Som-ces External to Holy Scripture. By Rev. 11. (!. Tom KINS, M.A. On the Relation between Science and Reliunon, through tho Principles of Unity, Orde.-, ai;d I Cau.sation. Annual Address by the Right Kov. IJishop CoTTi:iur,r,, ]).!). ! Some Considerations on tho Action of Will in tho Formation and Regulation of the Universe I —being an Kxamiimtion au'l Itcfutatioii ot crtiiin Arguments against the existence of a personal conscious Doitv. By ilio late Fiorl 0'\i;ii.r,. 58. On the Modern Science of Ueligiou, with Special Reference to those parts of Prof. INfax Mullor's " Chips from a (lerman Workshop," which treat thereon. Rev. (}. Blkncowk. On tho Early Destinies of Man. By the late .J. K. lIoWAHi), Esq., F. R.S. I Pliocono Man in America. By Dr. Soi'TiiAi.Ti (United States) ; a second pai)er on tho sanio, by Principal and Vico-(;iiai;coll ir .1. W. Daw.son, C.M.Ct., liB.D., F.li.S.,of .M'(iill College, Montreal; and cominunicai ions from the Duke of Augvi.l, K.(J. ; T'rol'cssor I W. J5oyd-1)a\vkins, F. R.S. ; Profos-or T. McK. IIl'uiihs (Woodwanlian Professor of I Geology at Cambrid<,'o), and otlier.s. 69 '■ Scientific Facts .and the Caves of South Devon. By tho lato J. E. HhwaRD, Esq., F.R.S. Implements of tho Stono Ago as a primitive Demarcation between Man and other Animals. By tho lato J. P. Tiiomi-sdn, D.D., LL.D. .Meteorology; Rainfall. By .). F. Batk.man, Ksq., F.R.S., F.R.S.E. On the Rainfall and Climate of India. By Sir .losKi'il Fayukii, M.D., F.R.S. , K. C.S.I. ' with a now Map, showing tho Physical Geography and Meteorology of India, by ' Ti{i:la\vni:y W. Saundkhs, Esq. tlO, Language and the Theories of its Origin. By R. Brown, Esq., F.S.A. 01. 62. VOL. XVI. (for lSS2h The Credibility of the Supernatural. (Ann. Addres-!.) By the lato Lord O'Neill. Supposed Pake jlithic Tools of tho Valley of tho Axo, Devonshire. By N. WiilTLEV, Esq. with ongraviuL's. An Examination of tho Pliilosophy of Mr. Ilerl)ert Spencer. ]>y the Rev. W. T>. GnorND. On Herbert Spencer's Theory of tho Will. By Rev. W. D. (!i!oi;ni) ; with ('ommunications. Biblical Proper Names, personal and local, illustrated from sources external tolioly Scriptiiro. By Rev. II. G. Tomkins. Comments by Professor Masi'kuo, Mr. Kassam, and others. Breaks in the Continuity of ^Mammalian Lifo at. certain Geoloyieal Periods fatal to tho Darwinian Theory of Evolution. By T, K. C.vi.laiid, Esq., F.G.S., with Comments by t>4. several Geologists. The New Materialism Unscientific ; Thought. By Professor LlOXK On tho Living and the Non-Living. The Theory of Evolution taught J. Hassei.l. Tho Supernatural in Nature. By the late J. E. IIowaKD, Esq., F.R.S. Materialism. By Judge C. W. Rit'iiMu.Nn. or, Dictatorial Scientific Utterances and the Decline of S. Bkai.k, M.D., F.R.S. By the same. On the New Materialism. By the sant'?, by Ha'ckel, and hold by hib followers. Examined. VOL. XVn. (for 1883). b.i. «(). Tho Recent Survey of Western Pakstine, and its Bearinir upon the Bible. By Trei.awnf.y I Sal'Ndehs, Es(i. ; with the S]iecches at the Ainiual Meeting. Remarks on Clia'ato in relation to Organic Nature. By Surgeon-General C. A. GoiiDON, I M.D., C.B. Speeches by Sir J. RisuoN Bennett, V.P.R.S.; Sir Joseph Faykf.u, I K.C. S. I., M. D. , F. R. S. ; and ..ther.s. On the Argument from Design in Nature, with some Illustrations from Plants. By AV. P. James, Esq., M.A. ; Is it possible to know God? Considerations on the Unknown and Unknowable of i Modern 'J'hought. By the lu-v. Professor J. J. LiAS, M.A. , Hulsean Lecturer. Com- ments by Lord O'Xeii.L and others. jOn certain Theories of Life. By Surg.-Gen. C. A. Gordon, M.D., C.B., Hon. Phys. I to the Queen. i On Certain Definitions of Matter. By the lato J. E. Howard, Esq., F.R.S. 67. On the Absence of Real Opposition between Science and Revelation. By Prof. G. G. I Stokes, F.R.S. Comments by several leading scientific men. j Babylonian Cities. By Iloii.MizD Ra«sam ; with Remarks by Professor Delitzsch, Mr. St. Chad Bo.s^awen, and others. 68. ' The Origin of Man. By Archdeacon Bardseky. Did the World Evolve ]t.self ? ];y Sir E. Beckett, Bart., LL.D., Q.C. T mg^l^-^WM-K 'i British ihiidy;e). eon. N F.S.A. ev. H. 0. )rde.", ai;(l 3 Universe istuiice of Frof. Max ;LKNt'0\VK. er on the ,()f M'(iill Professor •ofessor of ,.,F.R.S. r Animiils. , K.f'.S.l. India, by TLEV, Esq. GnorND. uiiications. ■ Scriptnro. vnd others, ital to the ranients by I Decline of f the sam>?, Examineil. ■t' i '!■" ■ ! .■■■;ilrli ^.. Goi'vDON, ti Favukii, i;y w. p. nowalile of irer. Com- [lon. Phvs. ^rof. G. G, iiTZSCH, Mr.