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MriR, B.S.A., Animal Hufhitidrran. A itiidy of the beef cattle feeding and market situation in Canada rereals a few facts of economic importance to the breeder and feeder (particularly the latter) of beef cattle, which might be summarized as follows: — First. That a relatively small number of animals as marketed are finished suffi- ciently to command the top price. Second. That a very small percentage of animals is marketed between December and April, inclusive. Third. That prices for finished animals are always highest during these months. Fourth. That the Canadian public discriminates against frozen beef, which means that, were the markets kept supplied with fresh beef more regularly, better prices would obtain. Fifth. That a relatively small percentage of steers classed as export steers are sufficiently well finished for the trade, hence proper winter finishing of such steers is advisable. The above facts all point to the possibilities for the breeder and feeder in tlie waj of producing and marketing better grown and better finished steers. Qualiiy rather than quanHty is what will count. In developing these possibilities, the economic value of the utilization of rough, unmarketable feeds on the farm and the retaining of the manure thus made for soil improvement must not be lost sight of. The greater the distance from the market the farm is at which these Lulky fodder and grain crops are grown, the more economical it is to market them through live stock and thus save on freight rates. From the breeder's, feeder's and farmer's standpoint the feeds that can be grown in Ontario, Quebec and the Maritime Provinces and marketed economically through l)eef cattle may be divided into three classes : dry roughages, succulent roughages and grains. Legume Hats. Dry Roughages Undoubtedly in Eastern Canada clover hay is the crop which can be recommended n. n generally. Not only is it of high nutritive value for beef cattle feeding, but it enters into practically any of the more popular crop rotations, and is a first-class soil improver. On good land, a second and third crop can often be grown. When cut at the right stage, just as it is coming well into bloom, it gives as high a tonnage ,ier acre as any of the legume hays. It is equally suitable for young growing cattle, for stockers and for fattening cattle. Alfalfa hay cannot be grown in all parts of Eastern Canada as successfully as red clover, and where it is grown, is usually in too great demand for diiiry cattle feeding to be available for beef cattle feeding, but, where available, it is con.-iderabiy more valuable than red clover. Once alfalfa is establishr^ in a suitable soil, it can be cropped two and three times a rear and has this advantage over red clover that, witl proper care, a good etand can be maintained for three or four years. It is partieularlv valuable for feeding to voimg animals. DOMINION EXPERIMENTAL FARMS E. 8. ARCHIBALD, B.A., B.8.A., G. B. ROTHWELL. B.S.A., Director Dominion Animal Husbandman EXHIBITION CIRCULAR No. 106 41118—1 Sweet clover is a compuratiTely new hay crop. Being a biennial, it takes tha •ame place in the rotation as red clover. It is not, however, quite so palatable and the oattle have to he forced to it at first, I they eventually develop a taste for it Being coarser, unless grown very thickly, if ot as valuable for feeding to young animals as is alfalfa or even good quality reu ver. lU odour is against it in dairy cattle feeding but should not affect its value for be^f cattle feeding. Better and more economical gains can be made from a carbonaceous ration balanced by some of these legume hays than from a similar ration balanced by means of high-priced protein feeds such as oil cake and cotton-seed meal. All of the above legume hays are best sown with a light nurse crop, luc follow- iiiK rates of seedinK are recommended : red clover, 10 pounds, timuChy, oounds, alsike, 2 pounds; or red clover, 10 pounds, timothy, 8 pounds, alsike, 2 pouuds, alfalfa, 6 pounds ; alfalfa alone at 80 pounds or alfalfa, 10 pounds, timothy, 6 pounds, and aUike, 2 pounds; sweet clover alone, 15-20 pounds, or as alfalfa in a mixture. For tile five years 1916 to 1D20, inclusive, the average yield of hay on the Central Experimental Farm, where the red clover, timothy, alsike and alfalfa mixture is used, was 3.6 tons per acre, which was grown at an average cost of $6.40 per ton. Timothy and Other Grass Hays. Timothy is niie of the standard hay crops ol ^rn Canada, and consequently is often used in beef cattle feeding. It is nc, nowever, nearly as jmlatable, as nutritious, nor as economical to grow and feed to beef cattle as is red clover hay. One cutting of one and a half to two and a half tons per acre is all that can be reasonably expected, whereas a good crop of red clover will yield from three to five tons per acre. It works in well in a long rotation but the long rotation is not usually an economical one. Hay from other grasses and native marsh or slough hay are often available. These, like timothy, are not the best of feeds, but, iu certain localities, are often available at reasonable cost, and therefore it is advisable to use them up. While a certain amount will be consumed readily in the dry cured state, it is often advisable and economical, if large quantities are to be consumed, to cut some of the hay and mix it with succulent feeds, such as ensilage or pulped roots, thus making the hay more palatable and digestible. Straw. Straw from the variouc cereals, if of good quality, can be used to advantage in beef cattle feeding. When used as the sole dry roughage, it must, of course, be balanced by plenty of succulent feed such as silage or roots and by a fairly liberal proteinaceous grrain ration. As with inferior hay, greater quantities will be con- sumed if tlic straw is cut and mixed with ensilage or roots so as to make it more palatable. The use of a little feeding molasses with such coarse roughages to increase their palatability is also often economical. Oat, barley ahd wheat straw are most valuable and in the order named. Annual Hay Crops. In some instances, as where the new seeding has been killed out or where ''.e acreage devoted to hay is not likely to be sufficient for the winter's needs, an additional tonnage of hay can be grown from some form of spring sown crop. The most popular crop fur this purpose is oats, though others, such as oats and peas; oats, peas, and barley or vetch; spring rye or some of the millets may be used. Oats are a favourite because they are a crop with which the farmer is acquainted, the seed ia cheap, and the yield of hay is sufficiently heavy that, when its quality is considered, it is equal to any of the others, with the possible exception of oats and peas. The oat and pea or oat, pe« and barley ot retch mixture wonM follow in order giTen. The«e may be olaated a* early to medium cropa in lo far ' ite of teeding ia concerned. If aown too late in the aeaaon, the oata are liable ead out before the crop ia aufBcientl.r heavy to giye a good yield of hay. If aeeding ia unuaually late, then the milleta ahould be uaed, as they are a hot weather crop and will give a good tonnage even though aown aa late aa the end of June. Common millet ia moat generally recommended. Theae cropa ahould all bo cut frr hay just aa or ahortly after they have headed out Oata alone ahould be aeedcd at the rate of 3 buahela ; oaU and p«aa at 2 buahela end 1 buahel ; oata. peaa and barley or vetche* at 3 buahela, i buahel and I buahel ; apring rye at U buahela and milleU at 20 to 25 pounds per acre, all m well tilled aoil At the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, oat and pea hay haa giveu, in a comparatively dry aeaaon, a yield at one cutting of 2.63 ton? per acre, at a coat of $0.83 per ton. In a good aeaaon and in more humid aections, greater yielda might b« expected. Succulent Roughage* Emulaou. In all localitiea where com can he grown at all auoceaafally, eom ailage ia undoubtedly the most aatiafactory aucculent roughage for the winter feeding of beef cattle. Properly grown and ensiled, it ia one of the moat economical cropx to grow and to atore, at the aame time being equally as palatable and nutritious as roots ^nd most other silage cropa, besides being one of the most innportant crops in crop rotations from a soil improving and weed removing point of view. The average yield of corn for ensilage at the Central Experimental Farm for the ten years ending 1!>20 haa been 15 to3s per acre and the average cost stored in the silo aoproximately $2.86 per ton. It haa been estimated that, if hay had a miirket vnlue of $24.30 per ton aa in 1920, corn silage waa worth $7.05 per ton. With hay at $10.26 per ton, as in 1W7, corn ailage was worth $3.70 per ton. In those parta of Eastern Canada where corn cannot be grown auccessfully, i.e., not a dependable crop, there are other croiM which can be used economically as silage crops. Probably chief of these, at least from a tonnage standpoint, ia the sunflower. It ia a comparatively new silage crop which is gaining rapid favour in the West, as it will grow where com will not grow and yields a heavy tonnage of fairly palatable silage, though, in the latter respect, it doea not equal com silage or even good pea and oat silage. It takes the same place aa com in the rotation and is planted, cultivated and harvested in the same way. the cutting being done when the sunflowers Hre about 20 to 30 per cent in bloom. If left till a larger percentage is in loom, the palatability of the silage is not so good aa it is believed to be the heads which cause the rather rancid taate and odour peculiar to sunflower silage. At the Central Experimental Farm in 1921 sunflowers gave the same tonnage and cost practically the same per ton in the silo as did corn. In a feeding test with dairy cows, they gave almost equal results, though com had the advantage in every respect. They should be equally well suited to feeding beef cattle. Other outstanding crops for silage in place of com are green oata or peas, oats and vetch mixture, or, in fact, a mixture of any of the cereals such as wheat, oats, rye and barley. Even the clovers, including red clover and sweet clover, and alfalfa have been used when the season was auch ttiat they could not be used as hay or pasture. They we not, however, as suitable aa are the cereals. Possibly sweet clover being the least suitable for hay and yielding a heavy tonnage is best suited for silage purpose*. Out sufficiently green end well tramped into the silo, theee crops, particularly the cereals, make an excellent class of silage much relished by the cattle, being more palatable than sunflower silage. In districts suited to com or sunflowers, the cereals and legumes mentioned would hardly yield sufficiently heavy to compete with the former, but in ino«t district* where corn mid •unflower* can not b« grown, the .t cultiv.ition can be practised. They ihould be cut wh.'n just heading out while the sUlk. are .till juicy, then be put into the »ilo iinmediately. Being hollow-stemmed crops, they require extra tramping in the .ilo to oxcludc the air in the stcmt and may even require the addition of water if natural moisture is lacking. If it lo happened that crops of .unflower., wreals or legume, were readv for the silo at the aame time thew cropa could be mixed together as they went into the silo and as pood or a better class of silage would be likrly to result than if anv one of these crops were put in alone. ... ' Silos for the storage of the above crops can be puf up at fairly reasonable cost in any part of Kastern Canada. Stave, cement, cement ^i "k or pit silos may be used f.iually sucessfuUy, the eliuice deptnding on local conditiona as regards site, nvail- a»,iliry of material, etc' • .u . •/ . A point worthy of mention in connection with these ensilage cropa is ttiat, it at silo filling time a silo were not available they could all, with the exception of sun- flowers be cured into fodder. While not as good as corn ensilage, corn fodder, nevertheless, makes a fairly good rough fer It, of course, requires more handling and there is some waste in tho large .talks, unless it is run through a cutting box. which i. the ideal way to feed it. The crops mentioned other than corn and sunflowers can all be made into hay. Rt>0TS. Where silage can be grown auceessfuUy, it is usually so much more ec -omical to crow and store than roots that it i. not advi^iible to grow the latter in any great quantity for beef cattle feeding unless for developing and fin.»hing very young or baby beeves Where other forms of succulent feeds can not be grown, however, it is advisable to grow the necessary acreage of roots for a little succulent feed in the ration of beef animal, is needed. Turnips (Swedes) are usually looked upon a.-t the l,est class of root for fattening stock and possibly rightly so. In some cases, however, it is difficult to grow them on account of club root disease. When there le no danger of this disease, turnips will usually yield as heavily as mangeU, at leas coat, and will irivc a little greater feeding value than mangels. Where turnipe can not be grown, mangels or half sugar mangels, should be grown and practically equally good resul'a will be obtained. , , , .. -i Besides entailing considerably more manual labour than a silage crop, roots require storage space safe from frost, which is rather hard to secure on most farma. They are, however valuable in the lotation and ration and use should be made of them wherever conditions warrant the same. Like the intertilled ailage cropa, they are valuable in the rotation in which they take the same place. If sufficient moisture is likely to be present in the soil, ' .e roots can be sown ridged up, but usually it i» aafw to sow them on the flat, in re 30 inches apart and thin them to 9 inches between planto in the row Mangels require 5-6 pounds of seed per acre and turnips 4 pounds.' 1 See Circular 102, " Silo Conrtructlon." • Bee Pamphlet Xo. 10. " Root and Storaje Cellara." Grains HoMK-o«owi» Oraixs. The wonoiiiv of or profit! to b« obtainrd from beef c«ttle feedint •«*'*'> •■' other lini. of live itock feedinit Afpend* upon the «niount of home-irrown feed* •t»i1- able that can be utilir^d. AH of the previou.ly mentioned roughajto. thould be home- Itrown and the larirr the percentage of home-grown grain feedn the greater the profiti that may be ejpected. It is true that it it often economical to purchaae ■ome .OBcentratc., l.ut thia applies particularly to the pureha.e of high grade protein- rich concentrate*, wliich can not be produced on the farm. ... The greateat of «li fattening grain*, corn, can only be grown in limited arma in Knatern Canada and in these localitie. it ahould be mad., the most of. Torn haa a Bood ieoond. however, in barley. The acreage of barle.v K'rown in Eaatern » anada haa fallen off in the laM year or two in spite of llw- fact that u ii a pa.vn.g crop partu-ularly for fattening purpone*. The yield of barley in poun.U p«r aor.- i. higher than tMt of oata in each of the five Eastern Provin.-.-* and iu fe..liDg value for fattening purpose* i. fully 10 per tent higher than that of oat«. It would be well for the proapective feed.r to put in a good area of this crop and watch the re«ulU. Oata. the atandard grain crop of the Ea.t. are better for growing than for fattening .tock. but nevertheless. c«n be made good ui.e of for the latter purpose, too. Peaa are not grown as a straight crop as much as formerly, consequently are not often available. They can be made use of. however, by sowing a small quantity in a mixture of other grains such as oats and barley. Tha resulting crop is easy to harvest and, when ground, mukcs an excellent feeding mixture. Care must be taken to use varietiea that will ripen at approximately the same time. A good mixture would be Banner or O.A.C. Xo. 72 oats. IJ bushels; O.A.C. No. 21 barley. | bushel; Arthur pt-as. i bushel. Purchased Orai.n. If the above home-grown grains must be supplemented by purchased feed* of like nature then corn will generally be found to he the grain that will beat meet the demand market barley and oata usually being much too high m price. AnoUier .ommod'itv which may be considered in this connection is elevator screenings. Pro- vided the'qualitv is good (and they should be bought by sample only), they may be eonsidered as be'ing nearly equal to oats and within fifteen per cent of the value of harlev Success with this commodity depends on the quality of the screenings and the nrice which in turn, ii*f!ecied by the freight rates, making it almo-t prohibitive ic the feeder in the Maritime I'rovinccs. hut worth investigating on the part of those in Ontario ami Quebec. • « u / j If nrotein-rich concentrates are needed to balance the ration of home-grown feeds. oil cake meal or cotton seed meal should be chosen, and the high', the percenUge of nrotein the better the buy, provided the price is at all proportional. VJhere there is a lack of succulence in the ration, oil cake should be the f rst choice. If there js plenf of succulence in the ration, then the choice would depend on which was the cheapest npr Dound of protein contained nen being used in the early part of the feeding period and per pound of digestible nui-iente contained when being used during the finishing ^^J^° .-^^ j^j^j^^ ^;^pg j|,g t„t^, d,y „,a,^, as well as the toUl digestiTjle nrotein carbohydrates and fat of the various feeds mentioned. The column to the riffht of the table givea the total digestible nutrients in one ton of each feed. These fimires are within certain limits, an indication of the relative value of the respective feeds How do they agree with your preconceived idea of their relative values f OIOE8TIRUC KUTRIKNT8 IN KKKD« MENTIONKD IN CIK^ULAR Dbt RnuoHAOM Ifmi C'loy«r h«y AUallshay ■wMt clov»r h«y Clovarud miud ■rmahay Ttmotb V Orchanl I RwMapi MiMdL Btnw «mU). Btnw (buley) fHtaw (whMt) Oat hay Pmu and oaU hay Paaa, <>au aiui barley Ry* hay («vly bloom). Millat hi»y (comraonl Fodder com Deatoora Bariey OaU Pea» Hcreeainta (r.E.F.1 Oil cake meal Cotton need meal, choice. Total Dry Matter rr IM lb* lb* m I •14 •14 M* m 4 88-4 (OS WJ *M I M» •I a IW R'l 4 •I'd 8ft 7 81 7 DIaattibIa NatriaaM k IMNw. i'rolala tba 7 8 |0« 109 4 7 SO 4 7 I'S 4'S to 0* 07 4-t 8-3 • 3 8 4 AO 30 rarfao- hydralaa Fat BUOCUUIHT RoVOHAOBa Connila«a(C.E.F.) .. Suaflower tilase C.E.F.). Paai aad oaU ailaca (('.E.» .) Ctovarailaae AUallaiUaci :„„-; Sweat clover aUaoa (C.E.F.) MaacaU Tumipa (Swadaa) UBAINa lb* M 3 3t a 3l« 3 3«« 438 41 I 40 1 44 3 42 « 40 2 3A 1 38 t 37 1 38 » 48 48 47 3 Iba 18 08 7 13 II 1 8 08 1-3 08 08 01 1-7 IS 18 M IS l-S Total DICMtlbla NatrieaU ia OM toa Iba I.OIS' LOSS- 1,014- •M- •70- MS- •OS- LOSS' •IS- 880- 738- •SS- 878- 1.0030 1.088- I.IOO- 1.074- 23 83 98 I32« S-11 380- 2S 82 09 1.1 03 1-31 339- 20 97 30S 13 80 1 38 3wft- 27 80 1 30 • 50 ON 238- 24 M 1-2 780 08 208- 24 93 1-81 804 -34 303 8 • 40 0-8 84 1 14M- 10-0 10 77 3 188- 8»-S 7-S 87-8 4-8 1.714- •0-7 • 068 1-8 1.588- •0 8 97 52 1 38 1.408- 91) 8 190 .M8 Oft 1.524 88-83 1020 44-94 SOS 1.329 904 31-7 37-9 S-8 1,51H- •3 ft 37-0 31-8 SS 1.584- MiHlai