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MICROCOfY RfSOlUTION TKT CHART 
 
 (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2| 
 
 1^1 2.8 
 
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 '.^ ("6' "82-0300 -Phon, 
 
 ^^ ("6 ^fW - 5989 - Fo, 
 
DOMINION OF CANADA 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 FKJMINION EXPERIMENTAL FARMS 
 
 T JBACCO DIVISION 
 
 SUMMARY OF THREE YEARS EXPERIMENTS ON 
 THE TOBACCO STATION AT HARROW, ONT. 
 
 BY 
 
 D. D. DIGGES, B.A., M.S.A., Superintendent. 
 
 BULLETIN 41— Second Series. 
 
 Published by 
 Direction of tlie HON. T. A. CRERAR, Minister of Agriculture 
 
DOMINION OF CANADA 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 DOMINION EXPERIMENTAL FARMS 
 
 TOBACCO DIVISION 
 
 SUMMARY OF THREE YEARS EXPERIMENTS ON 
 THE TOBACCO STATION AT HARROW, ONT. 
 
 BY 
 
 D, D. DIGGES, B.A.. M.S.A., Superintendent. 
 
 BULLETIN 41— Second Series, 
 
 f.4iT;3 1 
 
 
09501196 
 
• Ml \» •,. ,||iii. |i>, i"i:t 
 
 Tlir llohiiiirtlili' 
 
 ' ■ . Mil' (i'l- ..I Anl-Mulhlir, 
 Olhiwii. 
 
 Sill. I lulM- lljr lii.liMlji' I,, llMIIMIlit ||. I, \ illi |||. IliahU-ilij I I. l:ui!i I rti II ,,l ill,' 
 
 Sccuiiil Sci'ii-«. iMlilii'.l •• Siiiiiiihiry .,1 'I'Ini'i \ .-.i-' Ia|" i'IiihmI-. .iU llir r.,!i,i.-,,, 
 Stiiiii)ii a*. Harrow, Out." uiiil prcpiiriMl li\ Mr. 1 ». I ». Ili>.:ac>, Suj. rinl. tulini mI tli.ii 
 Sln'',.ii. 
 
 A K'r>:it iliNil III' M r.v iMiiiistiikiii;: .mil ;iii'iirati , ■ rl-; lia- 1mi u li.iur ,it ili.- |lMrr..\v 
 Shitiiiii iliiriiiy: lln' lii-»t iVw ,m>im>, tlir illM'^liL;,lli iiiTi iiirluilin- i.-i, . I |i j,, , ,i| ., . ,| |„ ,| 
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 M'-tilii; lit' till! criip, iMiitriil uf in-i'rN aial iii-.ia-ii-. iMiiii;;, |.it.'riliir aIiIi Ir-lin:; .il 
 mricti't'- ami wurk in plant Imcilin^. 
 
 'I'lu' nmilt^ III' tlii'-tr iiivr<fiHiiliiiTis, ixn uivcii in this tuilli tin. slimilil prM,i. iiiti'r<'<l- 
 iiig auil valuaiili' In tin- lobaei-n (.thWi r- nt Sinitli-wi^ti rn Oiitiiriii. 
 
 I liavo till' liniiiiur til hi', sir, 
 
 YdiP' ihcilichl MTVlMlt, 
 
 I''. S. AR( lllli.M.lt, 
 J/iitilur, "■i.nitiiiiit li I ),' riiiind'U t\ii)iis. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 I'-tOK. 
 
 Il.ll'nlU>'tl 
 
 Till' riant lli'il K>,.<'rilli<'lila 
 
 T>p'» >it ll'-il-< 
 
 l'rfp.*r.4li..n <'f !*'■ '•=* 
 
 FiTtllioriK 
 
 HtiTlUcatliin 
 
 ^•■•■•Unii 
 
 NViitennit 
 
 HhiiitiiiK 
 
 V> iitllittirK 
 
 C» ri>l of I Mm'ilMi'S 
 
 Hurtlt'iiInK off 
 
 It'.iuUil umJ ri'C •liilll<'lnlaU>'llit .. • 
 
 It'.latloim 
 
 Sprlnif rriparation "f Ihf S.iil 
 
 Fall I'louKliliiK IS Sprinii I'l'.iigluim for Itiiil'- 
 
 Fi-rtiliHT 'I*!?''.!* I'll l-'Iuf I'tiif.l 'riib.ifct) .... 
 
 KfrliliHT T>Kt« on Hurl^'y 
 
 TratislilalllliiK 
 
 (■ulllv.al..n aiHl 'r"Pp;nif 
 
 nr,.wiii|t Tnt.ar. o S.iil 
 
 Contnil of Itisfii Kill I 
 Cut Wonn ... 
 Th»' Horn Worm 
 
 lii^ 
 
 of Toliafi^o 
 al,- l>l.«,ase . 
 
 Till' Hoot Uot 
 
 Bfil Hot or |i:uiiplnK-off 
 
 llarvistUiK 
 
 ScaffolillnK . ,«. liiriTl <orlnK 
 
 Varlt'ty Tints of Klii.-'-'nri-<l Toban-o 
 
 Varliiy Ti'KIs of .\lr-rurMj Toliaii-o 
 
 Hoim:' lirowii i ,« KorviRn <irown Toliaci'O .Set'd 
 SUMrnins urro into <'a.s*> 
 
 HI 
 til 
 !•) 
 II 
 I I 
 
 ii; 
 iii 
 If 
 
 17 
 IT 
 IT 
 
 IS 
 IS 
 Is 
 
 r.i 
 
 19 
 '9 
 20 
 20 
 21 
 21 
 
 64273—2 
 
SUMMARY OF THREE YEARS EXPERIMENTS WITH TOBACCO 
 ON THE TOBACCO STATION AT HARROW ONT. 
 
 Bv D. D. DifiOES, B.S.A., M.S.A. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The impetus given tuljiieoo growinir, in Ontario, durinfi the past throe years, due 
 to the increased denuind and th( ^ood prices paid, has caused Muite nn expansion in 
 this line of farming. Xaturally, many new frrowers liave cune into the field and the 
 tendency with all of the growers is to produce as large a ero]) aa possililo. Ilnwever, 
 
 on ai uiit of the >hnrtagc of labour the expansion as regards acreage is of uf'cssity 
 
 limited; and a greater produi'tion of tohaecn will depend, to a large extent, upon each 
 grower ol.taiuing larger yields from the same acreage than have been produced in the 
 past. Moreover, in order to maintain a steady demand fnr the home grown raw leaf 
 it would seem advisable for the growers, in general, to improve the <iuality of tiieir 
 product by using imiir.ived methods of culture. With the above facts in mind this 
 paper is being published; and wliiU' we re.ili/.e that the results of experiments which 
 have been conducteil for only three years can not b.- taken too cimclusivcly we feel 
 justified in publishing many of these results because of tiieir chise similarity in years 
 dilfering considerably as to climatic variations. 
 
 TiiK. Plant Bid EvrKiinii nts. 
 
 Tii4><s of Biv/.— For the proiliictioii of early, healthy seedlings. tc~t- were made 
 with tiic following types of beil: — 
 
 1. Cold bed, glass covered, fall steamed. 
 
 2. Cold bed, glass covered, spring steamed 
 
 3. Cold bed, canvas covered, siiriiig steam, d. 
 
 4. Hot bed, glass covered, spring steamed. 
 
 5. Semi-hot bed, glass covered, spring steamed. 
 
 6. Semi-hot bed, canvas covered, spring steniiied. 
 
 Preparation of 11 ds. —In preparing the cnld bed the original S"il, a sandy loam, 
 was simply worked up and wdl pulverized. 
 
 The semi-hot bed was made by digging out a trench about eight inches deep into 
 which straw, cornstalks, or any such material was plo'cd to a depth of six inches; after 
 packing this well into thi^ trench about five inches oi the soil which hail been rriiinvcd 
 was placed on tup o{ this material. 
 
 After the beds had been made a top dressing of two inches ef well rotted compost 
 was applied. This compost was obtained from a swampy bush and was practically 
 nothing but a mass of rotten vegetable matter. Th.' compost was hauled tlie sjiring 
 before it was to be used and was turned several times during the summer to insure its 
 being well sunned and aired. 
 
 Fertilizing. — A portion of each bed was fertilized with sulphate of ammonia at tl.. 
 rate of one ounce per square foot, and the fertilizer was well raked in just before storil- 
 
 C4273— ii 7 
 
izinpr. Other portions of the hods not fertilized before seeding were sprinkled with n 
 solution consisting of two and one-hnlf ponnds of nitrate of soda to forty-seven gal- 
 lons of water, at the rate of one gallon of the solution per eighteen sijuare feet of bed, 
 after the plants were up. A portion of the lieds was left unfertilixinl for comparison. 
 
 Sterilizniion. — Two methods for sterilizing the betls wore tested out; namely, with 
 sfi-ani and witli fornialiii and other chiniieal .-olutioiis. 
 
 In sterilizing with steam a galvanized iron )ian or wooden \v.\n six feet wide, twelve 
 feet long and six iiicliis di'i-p was inverted over the soil, after it had been well loosened, 
 and pulverized; the pan was then eoiinectcd to a biilir in whieh the steam was vnider 
 one hundrrd p 'unds pressure, or more, and the steam turned on for thirty minutes. 
 Some >e -tions of the beds were steamed for fort,v-five minutes and ;-ixty minutes. 
 
 The formalin treatment eonsisted of sprinkling the bed with a solution of one part 
 formalin to fifty parts water, at the rate of one gallim of the solution to two scpiare 
 feet of bed. The solution was jiut on in two applications twenty-four hours apart. 
 After each application the Ixd was well covered with old baps to keep the fumes of the 
 formalin in. Twenty-four hours after the last application the bags were removed and 
 the Siiil well loosened up to permit the fumes of the formalin to escape. The bed was 
 ready to be sown as soon as the fumes had escaped. 
 
 A portion of each bed was left unsterilized for comparison. 
 
 The frames were placed around the beds as soon as they had been sterilized. 
 
 Seeding. — The beds were swded almut April 15. at dilTercnt rates, with both dry 
 seed and seed which had been eiironlcd. T!otli home grown seed and foreign grown 
 tobacco seed was used. Dry sifted wood ashes was mixed with the dry seed and rotten 
 sawdust was mi.xed with the sprouted seed to act as carrier- in sowing. Aft<,'r being 
 sown the seed was covered by tamping the bed with a board and then sprinkling it with 
 water. 
 
 Watering.— TUt' beds were always kept just nicely moist after being seeded but 
 were never Hooded. They were also well watered just before and after drawing the 
 plants. 
 
 ^'/((«/!»£?.— Under glass the beds dried out very rapidly, on suimy days, while the 
 l)lanta were small. Since the plants are very easily killed by drying when they first 
 eome up it was found beneficial to shade the bed somewhat by sprinkling the glass 
 lightly with whitewash. However, this must be removed after the plants cover the 
 beds with their leaves or there will be a tendency for tiie plants to grow too spindling 
 and be too tender. 
 
 Ventilating. — Since a chanj. of air is absolutely necessary for the proper develop- 
 ment of the plants and as a means of holding diseases in check the glass covered beds 
 were ventilated a little every sunny day; and if fair days occurred too infrequently 
 they were ventilated a short while, aliout n' on. on cloudy days. The canvas covered 
 beds were also ventilated occasionally; especially on hot sultry days when there is 
 danger of plants scalding if this precaution is not taken. However, in ventilating, the 
 temperature of the bed was not lowered much below eighty degrees Fahrenheit, if it 
 could be avoided, for fear of cheeking the growth of the plants. Ventilation was 
 increased as the weather be<!ame warmer and as the plants increased in size. 
 
 Control of Diseases. — The diseases of the seed bed were usually eradicated by 
 sterilizing the bed with steam. However, in some instances where the plants were a 
 little too thick and the bed was kept a little too moist the bed rot or damping-off fungi 
 would appear. This was then controlled by throwing out the infoetej plants and soil, 
 giving all the ventilation possible, and allowing the bed to dry out for a day or so. 
 
9 
 
 Hardeninq-off. — About a week before the plnntg wore to be tran8plante<l. the bed 
 was permitted to dry out somewhat, and the canvas or (flass was removed durinp the 
 day and even left off over night, if there was no danger of frost, in order to allow the 
 plants to harden up. 
 
 Eenulis and Recommfnduti-ons.—d) The plass covered beds always produced plants 
 ready for transplanting about two weeks earlier than the canvas covered beds. 
 
 (2) The fall steamed colli l.il produced plants just as early and equally as thrifty 
 as the spring steamed cold bod; and it is advisable to steam a portion of the beds in 
 the fall as a safeguard against inclement springs. 
 
 (3) The glass covered hot bed produced plants about three days earlier than anr 
 other type of bed. 
 
 (4') The glass covered somi-hot be<l produced plants from five to eight days earlier 
 than the glass covered cold bod. 
 
 (.5) The canvas covered semi-hot bod produced plants about five days earlier than 
 the cold bed similarly covered. 
 
 (fi) The value of the semi-hot bed lies in its ability to r.tain the heat absorbed 
 for a longer period of time than the cold bed. The layer of straw or cornstalks stopped 
 the conduction of the heat from the five top inches of soil to the lower layers of soil ; 
 and, as a result, the semi-hot bed not only did not cool off as rapidly as the cold bed 
 but frequently the temperature of the former remained from one to two degrees higher 
 throughout the night than that of the latter. 
 
 (7) The use of a compost is recommended as a top dressing for the bed. The 
 compost is usually darker in colour than the soil in the tobacco growing sections, 
 therefore it absorbs more heat and holds the boat longer than the ordinary soils. Then 
 too the rains and watering can not pack it too tightly for the proper development of 
 the plants as is sometimes the case with ordinary soil. 
 
 (8) If chemical fertilizers such as sulphate of ammonia are to be applied to the 
 bed b(>fore sef^ding they should be sown on the l)eil several wi'<>ks before it is see<led. 
 in order to allow the soil moisture to dissolve and dilute the fertilizer before it comes 
 into contact with the young plant. 
 
 (9) Two or three applications of the nitrate oi soda solution proved very bene- 
 ficial in forcing the plants. However, the solution must n^t bo used too free!" or the 
 plants will be forced too rapidly and will be too watery, weak, and spindling to stand 
 the shock of transplanting well. Care must be taken to sprinkle the plants with pnre 
 water immediately after using the nitrate of soda solution or it will burn tlieni 
 seriously and may kill them. 
 
 (10) Tn view of the i)revalenee of tobacco diseases in this distri.-t. sterilization of 
 the seed bed is absolutely necessary in order to insure the production of healthy plants. 
 
 (11) Sterilization by steaming is suoerior to the use of chemicals. Steaming 
 not only kills the diseases but the weeds n- well and also leaves the soil in an excellent 
 mechanical condition. A bed can usuall.v be steamed for what it ■. ould cost to weed 
 it once. 
 
 (12) Plants were produced eight days earlier on ste: led soil than on soil which 
 had been treated with chemicals: and from eight to eightr.n days earlier on steamed 
 soil th;ni on unsteamod soil. 
 
 (13) Steaming for thirty minutes at one hundred pounds pressure was apparently 
 suiRcient for weed and disease eradication. 
 
 (14) Due to the fact that the high temperature to which the soil is raised tem- 
 porarily in steaming renders condition.s somewhat U!ifavourable for i)lant growth, it 
 is recommended that the bed be steamed .is long as possible before seeding. 
 
 (15) The steaming pan should only be deep enough to allow a small space between 
 the top of the soil and tho top of the pan for the passage of steam. If the pan is too 
 deep the steam is not fon-etl into the siril as raiiiJly as with a more shallow pan and 
 there is a groat<'r loss of steam bc^• condensation. 
 
10 
 
 (16) Although tlie sprouted sped developed plnnta a little earlier than the dry 
 seed very little was (gained by nsiiip sprouted seed under plnss. If the seed is sprouted 
 it should be soaked ju«t lone eiiouprh for the tiny white pemmule to appear. Sproutintr 
 until the leaves develop is a preat mistake; many plants are killed in this manner and 
 it is much more difficult to fjct straight pluiits. 
 
 (IT) The rate of seeding must bo fioverned according to the germinative power "( 
 the seed. If sown dry, seed which gcrmiiiati's about 8.5 per cent should be sown at the 
 rate of one-seventh of an ounce (or a slightly henpinj? teaspoonful) to one hundred 
 squiire feet of bed alniut April fifteenth. However, if tlie scetl is sprouted, a little more 
 should be used as it is almost impos-ible not to kill some of them in the sowing opera- 
 tion. 
 
 (18) Home grown seed gave plants ready for transplanting from three to seven 
 days earlier than foreign grown seed. 
 
 R0T.\TI0XS. 
 
 For exi,erimental purposes the land comprising the tobacco station was divided 
 and staked otf into forty-one plots on which regular rotations were followed. An 
 accurate record was kept of the yields of nil crops ferown on these plots, also of all 
 manures and fertillizcrs applied to them. 
 
 Four year rotations of corn, tobacco, cereals, and grass, tobacco, corn, cereals, and 
 grass; three year rotations of tobacco, corn, and cereals; and five year rotations of 
 tobacco, corn, cereals, and grass ftwo years) in the order named are being experiment d 
 ■with. 
 
 Due to the presence in the soil of the funsis Thielavia hasicola Zopf., which causes 
 the root-rot of tobacco, and the fact that red clover among other legumes is a host 
 plant of this fungus, the growing of clover was entirely abandoned. For hay a mixture 
 of timethy and red top was seeded. 
 
 Spiu.ng Preparation of the Soil. 
 
 All land for the production of tobacco was well broken and pulverized with the 
 disc and harrows. Tlic rows were then laid off at the desired width and the fertilizer 
 drilled into the rows. Then the fertilizer was covered with a ridger which left the rows 
 slightly elevated above the surrounding soil, thus minimizing the danger of the young 
 plants being drowned should a period of wet weather occur. This ridge was gradually 
 worked down during the process of cultivation until the hind was practically level 
 again. 
 
 Before being broken, practically all land for the production of Burley liad an 
 application of twelve tons of manure per acre. No manure was applied to land to be 
 used for the production of flue cured tobacco. 
 
 Fall PLoroiii.VG vs. Spuini; PLOVf int. for Birlf.y. 
 
 Each fall two plots, each containing one and ilf acres, were manured for the 
 
 tobacco crop to bo grown on thost plots during the - lowing season. Sometime after 
 the first of October one half of each of those plots was ploughed, the other half remain- 
 ing in sod. The following spring each of the fall ploughed sections was disced twice, 
 at dilTercnt intervals, the last discing constituting the preparation necessary for plant- 
 ing; the sections remainilit in sod were ploughed and disced once as a preparation for 
 tobacco. The tobacco on each sectiju of those plots was all fertilized alike, planted on 
 the same day, cultivated alike, harvested on the same df^y, and every precaution taken to 
 make the time of ploughing the only factor affecting the yield. When the tobacco was 
 harvested the crop on each of the fall ploughed sections was tagged and kept separate 
 from that on each of the spring ploughed sections until after it had been stripped, and 
 weighed. 
 
11 
 
 The results of this exporiment will bo found in the following tab!"s: — 
 
 I'lut Xi,. 
 
 Hizf (if Plot. 
 
 Trcatim-iit. 
 
 Yi.M n„ Plot, 
 
 I.lx. 
 
 (iaiii i»r AiTi-, 
 Ll«. 
 
 Valii.- i.f lii'in 
 \tfr act**. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 
 } acri' 
 
 Kail iJousfhcd 
 
 l^priiiK 
 
 Kail „ 
 
 •'^prinf? .. 
 
 Kail 
 
 l,il7I 1 
 l.inwi 1 
 
 ass ( 
 
 Sill .5 1 
 7<i:i 1 
 t;2<) 1 
 
 .-i7'> ( 
 
 2»8 
 277 
 2.-.1 
 117 f. 
 
 » CtB. 
 
 IW 54 
 tW 71 
 
 3 
 
 : 
 
 
 4 
 
 ■7 1 acit'rt.. 
 
 Kail „ 
 
 ^printr 
 
 23 •» 
 
 i 
 
 ■74 
 
 riots number 1 and 2 were growr in IDIV, and plots 3 and 4 in 1918. 
 
 Conclusions. — (I) Fall manuring and ploughing for Burloy is highly profitable 
 
 (2) The profit derived from fall ploughing is even greater than the mere inerease 
 in value of the crop ob.'uincd, when we take into consideration the facts that ploughing 
 can be done more chc ;)ly in the fall than in ihe spring; that fall ploughing serves 
 to give a nn re even distribution of labour; and that ploughing after September the 
 twentieth is an effective means of combatting the cutworm. Very little trouble, due 
 to this pest, being experienced on the fall ploughed sections of the plots. 
 
 (■3) This experiment was conducted on a sandy loam soil; and while the fall 
 ploughed soil ran together somewhat'during the winter the two discings, in the spring, 
 was all that was required to put it in first cli.ss condition for planting. 
 
 (4) The poor yields on plots nunibei" four were due, at least in part, to the fact 
 that these plots were badly infected with the root rot in certain sections. 
 
 Fertilizer Tests on Flue Cured Tobvcco. 
 
 From thirteen to seventeen plots, one-twentieth acre ii^ size, were staked off on 
 land as nearly uniform as could be found. All of these plots, with the exception of 
 one check plot and ore plot on which a ready mixed commercial fertilizer was used, 
 had home-mixod fertilizers of different formulae drilled into the rows before the 
 tobacco was set out. The rows were laid off in such manner that each plot contained 
 the same number of hills of tobacco. The tobacco on these plots was all planted and 
 harvested on the same days, cultivated alike, and cured under as nearly the same 
 conditions as possible. When harvested the tobacco from each plot was tagged and 
 kept separate from that on the other plots until it had been stripptJ and weighed. 
 
 Xo manure was used to supplement the fertilizer on any of these plots. The data 
 concerning these plots will be found in the following tables: — 
 
 Table 1. 
 
ID 
 Table g. 
 
 riot No. 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 it 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14. 
 
 15 
 
 Sulphatr 
 
 of 
 Atnmitnia. 
 
 I.b". iH-r acre. 
 
 Ai'id 
 I'hoxphatf. 
 
 Lbi. |ier acre. 
 
 iriO 601) 200 
 
 IHO turn aoo 
 
 2KI (XPO '^lO 
 
 240 tiOO •»*) 
 
 180 300 2110 
 
 IHO 4(10 aO"! 
 
 ISO 800 200 
 
 180 eoo 2IN) 
 
 180 600 100 
 
 180 600 ino 
 
 180 flmt 20O 
 
 180 KOO 280 
 
 1,000 lb«. ready mix«d 2-7-8 
 
 No fertilizer. 
 180 600 670 lb«. 
 
 t<)bi)uc*> stem 
 ashes . 
 
 Mulphate 
 
 of 
 Potwh 
 
 Urn. 
 
 per »rre. 
 
 Yield 
 lier Acre. 
 
 LlK. 
 
 liSt"> 
 
 Slti 
 
 titifi 
 
 625 
 .'.il7 
 tU)2 
 745 
 
 ?:« 
 
 !KI> 
 701 
 6(K) 
 010 
 .')20 
 484 
 730 
 
 Per cent 
 
 of 
 
 Btiifht Leaf. 
 
 62 « 
 
 w: 
 
 67 8 
 41 
 .")4 4 
 
 &■> 6 
 07 7 
 67 3 
 74 5 
 72 
 04 4 
 H7 
 Ml 
 82 6 
 07 1 
 
 Plots 1, 3 and 4 were bndly damaged by excessive moisture so the results obtained 
 on them cannot be considered. 
 
 Table S. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 11. 
 
 yi. 
 
 13. 
 14 
 
 Ifi. 
 
 17. 
 
 Plut No 
 
 Sulphate 
 Amnumia. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 «T at.-e 
 
 100 
 110 
 IHO 
 210 
 140 
 140 
 140 
 140 
 140 
 140 
 140 
 140 
 
 l.iKXI llw. ready n 
 
 No f*'rtilizer , . 
 
 Snl|>hate of AniiiKinia .iO lbs. 
 
 Driefl bl.xKl 8.") 7 lbs. 
 
 Acid phosphate 000 
 
 Sulphate of potash 200 
 Sulphate of Auiinonia 70 Iba. 
 
 I).ie<l blood 120 Uw. 
 
 Acid phosphate {W> 
 
 Sulphate of jxitash 2<I0 
 
 Acid 
 Phosphate. 
 
 Ll)8. i>er :icre, 
 
 •aw 
 
 600 
 6110 
 600 
 300 
 400 
 
 ."■lOO 
 
 0(10 
 600 
 600 
 "■00 
 
 10 
 
 i8 
 
 d 2, 7, 
 
 Sulphate 
 
 of 
 Potash. 
 
 Lba. per acre. 
 
 200 
 200 
 200 
 200 
 200 
 200 
 200 
 21)0 
 100 
 13,S 
 166 
 200 
 62.^ 
 3, |)er acre. . . 
 
 Yield 
 Iier Acre. 
 
 IK-r acre 
 per acre.. 
 
 jier acre- 
 per acre.. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 530 
 r>90 
 5.>) 
 .VjO 
 KyQ 
 000 
 700 
 5IH1 
 600 
 510 
 5.V. 
 B.'V") 
 570 
 
 6;» 
 
 4(M 
 
 520 
 
 4(i5 
 
 I P.r Cent 
 
 of 
 I Briftlit Leaf. 
 
 88-6 
 
 85 5 
 84 2 
 75 it 
 81 5 
 
 81 6 
 
 86 -S 
 8H 1 
 73 
 79-4 
 
 82 « 
 il2 I 
 N07 
 88.1 
 82 7 
 
 817 
 
 72 
 
 Plots Ifi and 17 have the same plant food content as plots 1 and i, respectively. 
 Plot 17 was very badly missing. 
 
 General Discussion and Eecommendations.—TaUes 1, 2, and 3 are records of the 
 results of experiuieuUi conducted in the years of 1916, 1917, and 1918 respectively; 
 and since there was a great variation in the seasons of those years and the experiments 
 
1.T 
 
 Mere coiu.iu ted (n different pieces of land each year variations in the results obtained 
 were expected. 
 
 It will be noticed that the first twelve fertilizer plots in the tables may be divided 
 into three groups of four plots each, namely: nitrogen, acid phosphate, and potash 
 plots respectively. In each of these groups two ingredients of the fertilizer were kept 
 constant while the third ingredient was varied. 
 
 From the results recorded in Table 1 the beat formula, so far os yield is concerned, 
 would apparently bo: — 
 
 Sulphate of ammonl.i ISO pound! per acre. 
 
 Acid phospha'e 583 " " 
 
 Sulphate of potaih .. 300 " " 
 
 However, from plots 10 and 11 we sec that an Increase of potash over plot 9 gave 
 no corresponding incrense in yield; consofiuoiifly, it would seem advisable to change 
 tlic amount of potash to be used in the above funiiulu from 300 pounds to I.IO pounds 
 per acre. 
 
 On the basis of bright leaf produced the l.c^t formula in Table 1 was : — 
 
 Sulph.ite of ammonia . . .. iso pounds per acre. 
 
 Acid phosphate 35O " ■' 
 
 Sulphate of potash 300 " " 
 
 However, these figures as regards acid phosphate arc in direct opposition to the 
 known tendency of acid phosphate to brighten the colour and should not be taken too 
 conclusively. 
 
 From the results recorded in Table 2, the best formula for both yield and colour 
 would apparently be: — 
 
 Sulphate of ammonia ISO pounds per acre. 
 
 Acid phosphate gOO " " 
 
 Sulphate of potash 100 •■ " 
 
 Computinff the ditTerence between the value of the tobacco grown on plots 9 and 
 14 (Table 2) ' thirty-five cents per pound and subtracting the cost of the fertilizer, 
 computed on the basis of $40() per ton for potash, $100 per ton for ammonia, and $22 
 pir ton for acid phosphate, we find we made $119.10 clear profit per acre for the use of 
 the fertilizer. 
 
 By comparing the results obtained on plot 15 with those obtained on plots 2, S and 
 11 (Table 2), all o.' which had the same fertilizer applied with the exception of plot 1.5 
 on which enough tob.icco stem ashes were substituted for sulphate of potash to give 
 the efjuivalent of potash, it would seem that the ashes may safely be used as a sub- 
 stitute for that ingredient. 
 
 From the results recorded in Table .^, the best formula for yield would apiiarently 
 consist of : — 
 
 Sulph.ite of ammoni.i 140 pounds per acre. 
 
 Add phosphate BOO " " 
 
 Sulphate of potash '. 200 " " 
 
 The results reported in Table ri were obtained during the season of 191S which was 
 a very dry season and a very poor one for fertilizers to show up to the best advantage. 
 However, by computing the difference between the value of the tobacco grown on plots 
 7 and 1.5 at fifty-five cents per pound and substracting the cost of the fertilizer, eom- 
 puted on the basis of .$400 pc- ton for potash. $110 per ton for ammoniii, and $24 per 
 ton for acid phosphate, we find that there was a not profit of $10S.55 per acre for the 
 use of the fertilizer. 
 
 In comparing the results obtained on plots l.T and 14 (Table 3), o. between home 
 mixed and ready mixed fertilizer, it wnuld soom that the source of aiT: nonia used liv 
 the manufacturer was better adapted to the production of tobacco, in dry seasons, than 
 the source used in the home mixed fertilizer. 
 
14 
 
 From the rrsults dlituiiuMl on plot It) ns conipari'il to tho^i- ohtaiiu'd on plot 1 it 
 would seem tlint dried blood wnn ii littio slow in lilitratinK its nitropcn for tho ii.-o of 
 the pinnt. However, iu more humid seasons tliure is a possibility of this defect beint; 
 renu'dii'd. 
 
 From the results recorded in the forcgoini; tables the following general conclu- 
 sions Were deemed justifiable. 
 
 (1) All of tho fertilized plots gave better yields thnn tho unfertilized plots. 
 
 (■-') On the ferlilizer plots whieli jiiive the larirest yir'ls there was n net profit of 
 from $2 to (f.'l."! f .r every dnilur Mpeiit in fertilizer. 
 
 f T) On these soils, which are n pre^intativi! of the heavier types of soil used in the 
 pi-odui'tiori of (liie-eured tobneeo, it would seini that a complete fertilizer is refpiired to 
 seeiire the maximum yield and the best (luality. 
 
 (•i) These results also indicate that for 1/oth yield and quality, on the heavier soil-t, 
 tho following mi.xture is best: — 
 
 Sulphatp of animnnia 140 pounds per aero. 
 
 Arltl )>)io!<plinte 500 " " 
 
 Sulphate of pofadh 200 " " 
 
 This ff rmiila gives a total of "^40 pounds of fertilizer per aerc; however, the plant 
 food eimtained in that S40 jwunds is ai)i)roxiinntcly equivalent to the plant fond con- 
 tained in 1,100 poiinds of a ready-mixed fertilizer with an analysis of 3 per cent 
 ammonia, 8 per cent phosphoric acid, and per cent potash. 
 
 Fkrtilizer Tests on Bi .iLKy. 
 
 From sixteen to eighteen one-twentieth acre plots were staked oil and the same 
 precaut' as taken and cultural methods used as on tiie fertilizer plots of flue-cured 
 tobacco. 
 
 The fertilizers used anil the results obtained will be found in the following 
 tables : — 
 
 Tablk I.— Choi- 1017. 
 
 I'L.t .\"i, 
 
 H . 
 
 9 
 
 10. 
 
 It 
 
 12 
 
 13. 
 
 14. 
 
 15. 
 
 pIlHtl' 
 
 Aci.l 
 Ph.,«|.liat.-. 
 
 .^illpliate 
 
 of 
 I'litlisll, 
 
 Yield 
 
 Kind ul Vint 
 
 
 
 
 
 KT ucre 
 
 Lbs. Per iicrt- 
 
 Lbs. [H-r ;ilTl'. 
 
 Los. 
 
 
 240 
 
 400 
 
 200 
 
 17oo 
 
 Nitrogen 
 
 320 
 
 40(1 
 
 200 
 
 ls(;o 
 
 Plots. 
 
 400 
 
 400 
 
 2<'iP 
 
 22411 
 
 
 4S0 
 
 41KI 
 
 200 
 
 1410 
 
 
 4(KI 
 
 'JOO 
 
 2(KI 
 
 Kiso 
 
 
 4110 
 
 ■MHi 
 
 20O 
 
 1010 
 
 rhofpllilte 
 
 4IKI 
 
 4IP0 
 
 2IM* 
 
 I'HIO 
 
 ■'■ ts. 
 
 4r>0 
 
 ."pIk: 
 
 2oO 
 
 i:7o 
 
 
 4<IG 
 
 4IKI 
 
 PH) 
 
 bViO 
 
 Potash Pl(it.«. 
 
 4tM) 
 
 4(KI 
 
 i:« 
 
 1S40 
 
 
 400 
 
 400 
 
 r.ii; 
 
 l.").")0 
 
 ,, 
 
 4011 
 
 400 
 
 200 
 
 IWXI 
 
 ,, 
 
 lIKlOllw. 
 
 rtHitiv inixe;i 2- 
 
 7-3 IHT acr-. . . 
 
 l.-)SO 
 
 
 No. ft-rt 
 
 ili/*'r 
 
 
 1"10 
 
 
 400 
 
 400 
 
 070 Mm 
 tobacco Pteni 
 ashes |»er acre. 
 
 ISiiO 
 
 
 Plots 4, 5, 6, 8 and !) were slightly damaged by excessive moisture. 
 
 Plots 11 and 15 were badly damaged by water. 
 
 The fertilizer on these plots was not supplemented with manure. 
 
Table 8.— Crop 1U18. 
 
 J'l..t X... 
 
 » 
 
 4 .. 
 
 ft .. 
 
 «. .. 
 
 ?•■ 
 
 H... 
 
 0. ,. 
 
 10.. 
 
 11. 
 
 13.. 
 
 13. 
 
 II.. 
 
 in.. 
 
 HI.. 
 17 
 1» . 
 
 \.\ 
 
 .VMIIlinniu. 
 
 m, |i»-l* IWTt*. 
 -.'HI 
 
 tlKI 
 IHtl 
 
 tin 
 
 imi 
 
 4ii(> 
 
 tiiti 
 
 Mm 
 
 Ml> 
 
 4INI 
 
 4)KI 
 Kt\ 
 Itum lU. r. u.lv 
 Nn tiTtlli/.tT- 
 Ni) ti rtili/.. 1- 
 
 ;;ni 
 
 
 r.i» 
 
 
 \>*r livrv 
 
 l.l... 
 
 41 H) 
 4111) 
 
 4IKI 
 
 LHNI 
 IIIHI 
 
 4IIII 
 41 M 
 I'M 10 
 lim 
 
 IIMI 
 
 4IIII 
 4:f"i 
 
 lllixr'l L* 
 rii> iii.iiiuri> .. 
 
 lini 
 
 ' :i 
 
 It* r luT*-, 
 Lid 
 
 ■Jl M t 
 •J< 11 1 
 •J(l(l 
 •.'11(1 
 
 •.1H1 
 
 Yirlil yrritcn.^ Kir»l ><l I'lut. 
 
 LI.. 
 
 1 •-'."• 
 I.VKt 
 III?" 
 lo'iti 
 
 I :f HI 
 |f)^l 
 
 l.;iiii 
 1 I'll 
 1 •-':«! 
 
 11. t" 
 
 IHII) 
 its) I 
 l>.".0 
 ,h40 
 
 li'lil 
 
 IMM) 
 
 LSitruirni l'l..t. 
 
 i 
 
 i|'l|l:H|.hutl' 
 
 r;..i. 
 
 'l'..tH-ll IMnt-. 
 
 Pints 17 and IH had li' t.ms uf maiiuif per iicre, eacli, to su!ii)loimiit tlu' ffrtilizer. 
 
 The fertilizer nn the first 1"> plots was not supplemiMited with manure. 
 
 From the yields on the plotg it will readily he seen that the soil lacked uniformity. 
 This was more largely due to the rollintr charaetcr of the soil, s( me plots bein^ slightly 
 higher and suffering more from drought than others, than to differences in fertility. 
 
 (ieneral discu-^ion and rreonimondatiniis: from the results shown in Tabic 1 the 
 best formula would apjiarently consist of :— 
 
 Sulphnte uf atiunonla 400 poundB per acre. 
 
 Acid phcisphatc 400 
 
 Sulphate of potash 200 " " 
 
 By computinLT the ditferenco between the value of the tohaceo grown on plots 3 
 and 14 at twenty-three cents per pound and subtracting the cost of the fertili;^er. com- 
 puted on the Iwsis of $100 jier ton ft)r potash, $100 per ton for ammonia, and $22 pet 
 ton for acid iilio.-pliatc. we find that thire was a m t jirotit of .'ri'l">..'iii ix-r acre for iho 
 \i>e of the fertilizer; or a lut profit of $;!..'!S for every doUi r siieiit in fertilizer. 
 
 In view of the damage done to plot 1." (T;ible 1) by filter no eoiiclesioiia rould be 
 drawn regarding the substitution of tobacco stem ashes for sulphate of potash. 
 
 From the results recorded in Table 2 the bipst formula for Burley would apparently 
 be;— 
 
 Sulphate of ammonia 320 poundt peratr • 
 
 Acid phosphate 500 " 
 
 Sulphate of potash 133 
 
 By computing the ( Itferenee between the value of the tobacco grown < ts 2 
 
 and 15 at thirty-tive cents per pound and subtracting the cost of the fcrt . com- 
 
 puted on the basis of $400 i t ton lor ])otash, $110 per ton for ammonia. ;i . -^-'4 jxr 
 ton for acid phosphate, wc^ find 'hat thciu was a net , jfit of $108.00 pi-r aero for the 
 use of the fertilizer; or $2.70 for every dollar spent in fertilizer. 
 
 On comparing the results obtain.d on plots 1.'! and 14, or between ready-mixed and 
 home-mi.\ed fertilizers, both of wh' -h contained the same amounts of plant food we 
 see that there was an apprecii.L,;0 i icrease in yield on the home-mi.xcd fertilizer plot 
 over the ready-mixed fertilizer plot. 
 
 While plots 17 and 18 were fertilized with a mixture having vhe same plant food 
 content as that applied to plots 1 and 2 respectively, and in addition received a sup- 
 
in 
 
 Iil.mcntury •ppliention of miinure nt tho rnto of 12 ton* \teT ncrp. the yield on the two 
 furiiitT plot! wait not no hijjh n-i nn th.. Inttrr plot*. This wim prolmhly ,liio to the fo<t 
 that i>lot« 17 nnd l>* with hijihor nn.l dri. r thnn ph-tg 1 nntl 2 mid fno unfortunately 
 till- niunuro applittl to thoac plotH did n-.t d.'.-iiy .|uickly enough to px.rt much influen.e 
 oa the (Top. 
 
 All of tho fertilized plot* jrave better remilt* than the plot* which were not fer- 
 tilized. 
 
 For the (rwjeral run of iii-miiuured s.iils tho follnwiiit' f-rinula ghould prore to he 
 profitnlile: — 
 
 SuUjhute of «mn,onla 400 poundi per.crt. 
 
 Arlil iihoii|ihate ^Oq .. ' ■" 
 
 Muliihale of Dotaiti [[ [[ '] " jr,0 » ., 
 
 On the soiU which had lieen manured lilxrally the amount of su!i>hate .,f nmmouia 
 
 m the above formiila could prolnbly !,<■ reilu 1 to L'(tO im.uimU per ai're with safety; 
 
 how. ver, it would hanlly be udvi-nble to redu.c the amounts of p-.ta^h and phogpha'te 
 re<-oniinended above. 
 
 Tbanhplantino. 
 
 Tl'o crop was transplanted fr.im ^fay I'T to June 18, prnetienllv .ill of this work 
 beinK done -.vitli the transplanter. 
 
 Whilf in ordinary seasons no diirrren<r wn-i noted between th ■ vielda of tho early 
 nn.l llio late pinnt.^l crops it w.ns obs.'rvcl that tb.e crops plrnted .a'rlv and Imrvest.il 
 early cured up the bri(rhte~f colour. 
 
 On various plots of h„,-l.y and flu.-cured toba.-.-) different di-tancs for i.lantin" 
 were tested. Tho results indl. , ted that the be.t distances for transplantinR tho various 
 tyiM's of tobacco were as follows : — 
 
 ^.Tn.i.'r't.''',"'^*' ** inches by 28 Inch... 
 
 Stanuup Burley 42 " 28 " 
 
 Fluc-curcJ .... .. .. . ' ,', 38 •• oi .. 
 
 While the distance recommendi.l f..r Iriinsplantinpr the tliic-cur.^.l varieties mav lie 
 rather elo.se for the liKhter .soils of the district for the heavy soiLs, on this Station, it is 
 the liest method w<! have for ovcrcoininR tb." tend.'iu'y of the tobacco to grow too coarse 
 anil heavy and still obtain a maximum yield. 
 
 ril.TrVATION A\I) ToPPIVO. 
 
 Tne first hoeing- aiul cultivation was jrivcn the tob.ieco about cipht days after it 
 wns set out. After this the tobacco was cultivated fre(|uently ennurfi to keep down tho 
 wee.ls and Krass and al»o k.cp a dint iinilcii forin.-d. All cultivation was stopped after 
 the tobacco bad been t.)piHMl. To continue the cultivation aft.^r toppiuR has b.vu found 
 to delay the ripeninp process and is the- fore detriinciital. as a peneral thintr. 
 
 T..pt.in}.' wa-^ (lone from .Tuly 1!> to Aujrust 10. as soon ns the majority of the plants 
 bad beprun to bud out. In some plots it was necessary to repeat this operation due to 
 the lar'k of uniformity in the buddinp out of the plants. At .>iic|i toppinp after the 
 first tho jilnnts were topped about two leaves lowr, than the first, in order to cause tho 
 crop to ripen more uniformly. 
 
 PostpnniiKT the t-ppinp operation, as is sotneHmcs done, until a larpe number of 
 the plants have flowered out tan not be too stronirly condemned. To do so not only 
 causes a loss of plant food but also retards the ripeninp - jcess. 
 
 Orowint; Tonvrro Si:i:n. 
 
 .-.-• quantities of tohncco seed of the diff.Tcnt varieties were prodticed on the 
 Station. In producinf? these seed large numbers of plants were selected and the seed 
 
17 
 
 hf. hajrir'^l j'»!»t I'fforo tin" flr«t fliiwi-r* iiiii'iiol. In l«(ri(intr tlio *«i^\ homli all Ii-avp4, 
 •Uo m, oiiit lutt'riil ItrnnrhiHi wort- romovcii frnm ilio top of tlw pliint niitil ntilv llw> 
 cro> foot wiiB U'ft. ThU wim then rovorcil with a M-txninii innnilla Im;?, ihi' iin'iith of 
 whi' 1 wns ti)><l ariiutiil thi< Ktjilk jii^t Ih'Iiw tlic lnwrxt ri<mainln)r l)ran>'hi"<. At two 
 Inter ♦••li'pfion* iIm' original iiiitiili<T of |iliiiit< Mi'lii'tiil wii< rcducrcl until only the lio^t 
 typo f pliiiit'< of till' varict.v (l(»ircil wrri' lift. Alimit rvrry tlinr wi-ck* tlio Wiiif* vviti- 
 reinov i], the diirkorn mid faltiMi lilomninn ('It-atii'ij out, and the l>aB:«i rcplai'fil. Winn tlio 
 jxmI* V TO nliout oiit'liiilf ifruwri tlio liat'-* were rtinovcd anil all lato tlowiT'*, \<\uU, and 
 caiwuli-a wrro fut niT. Iti'iiiiiviiit» llio lia^js, after thi' capunlp^ havr fonniil, aiiU in 
 innturiraf the •iccd licids rnrlitr. 
 
 Thr »erd hi'nd.i should 1m> liarvciti-d nn «oon ns the poils turn lirown, pnfiralily 
 bi'toro fr -i, and hiiiitf up i.i a liarn to i-urr fo' idiout two inontlin; iiftiT tlii~ tin- -i rd 
 •hould I'- hillod out, I'iianod, and sfortd in a dry idm-p in some (•oiitaiinT wiii'li will 
 exfiiidp ■ niii'c and in^pi't^ hut whii'h wil! mlniit thi' nir. 
 
 It r •; about tliirty-fivo iilants triininrd up ux ri'viouilv ili -iTihoil, to pii.iliu'p 
 
 otw pound • -iM'd. 
 
 "oNTiini, of Tv •!►:(? KsT.Mn;s 
 
 I f^^r W*' ^?-V, -Four nirtlioilt for ii'niliatlinir tho cut worm wito tinted on thi' 
 «tatl«nn. nampK . (1) Sprayini: tiio plants altor traii>plantiiu; with dry powdcnil arse- 
 nate af W-ad, ttii.«<*d with un npial wrijrht of sifted wood aslus us a ea'/rier. 
 
 3) Spra'ir iff-r traiisplantinji: with a solution of pa^te arsenate of lead and 
 ••water, thne tiunuH* ol the pa»te imt (jallon of water. 
 
 Spray insr f'" plants before transplant inff with a golution consintinft of IJ 
 itr'' arwipite of lead [mt jralion of water. ". • plants should he .sprayed in 
 • If ti.r tlitjii to drv before beintr set out. 
 
 (4) .ipip!.\ iUK u p«)isoned brau nii.'iture broadeast on the liiM after trau.splanting, 
 tH*^ iiB tl- followinir proiiortions: — 
 
 **'!««« bran poumi SO 
 
 1j !t preMi pounii 1 
 
 Mmataet. . . ealton. 1 
 
 Water '. gallons. li 
 
 . urnrl I'ow'..— While this exprrina'iit has hardly been run lotijf i iioiiirh to arrive 
 II ay ver\ detinite eoiu'Iusioiis the results were as follows: (1) All of the methods (jave 
 
 f results than no trei'tnient at all; (2) The poisoned bran mixture ga.e the jioorest 
 
 i*, hihI if used at all this mixture .-lumld be -own broadea.-t over the field, late in 
 tprr-inn, one or two days before transplaiitiufr; care beiuf; taken to first kill . 1 
 and trras*; CI) SprayiuK the plants with the arsetuite of lead solution before 
 'raii*|ili»ntiiij? was apparently the most elfeetive of the treatments. 
 
 Tob«e( tielil-. oil the station, whieh were fall plous-'hed alter Sipteiiib r -.'0 >utlered 
 practically iiij iry from the cut worm and fall plou;;iiiii(r is stmii^ly reeommended 
 as u control inoasiire. 
 
 Tilt I'tHS W'OliM. — The iiici^t itTiitive and economical method for eombatting 
 the tobaeio Im n worm was found to be sprayiiiit vith arsenate of lead. This may be 
 applied either i:i solution or in the powdered form. Up until the tobacco i.s about half 
 irrown it can be sprayed very etfc'ctively with the solution in a spray cart which sprays 
 four rows ainultaneously. For this six imunds of powdered arsenate of lead to one 
 hundred jralloiw of water is usually sufficient. 
 
 After tho tobacco becomes larprer the top and middle leaves so nearly cover the 
 bottom leaves as to render the cart and solution iuelTeelive. Il is tlien tluit tiie dust 
 (jun proves its value. For use in the dust j;un the powdcreil arsenate of lead is mixed 
 with an ecjual quantity of dry eifted wood ashes; or air-slaked lime if the ashes are not 
 to be obtained. The powder is then applied early in tlie morning while the dew is on 
 
18 
 
 the tob.co^. the oiH-ralor holdii.K the ..o«,l« ..f the du.t mm «t .uch ... «««le m to hrii.B 
 u about the ,„,.ldlc of th. ,.l,u.t. For tob.u..-o uennug maturity .ix ",.nd/ * 
 nr...naie ofhud u riH,u.r..d iH,r aero; for «,mller tobmvo f„ur ..nd one half ,h.,„uU 
 
 u, u„l y .ul.«., ., ,,„•!. ott... an ..pml ,|uanti.y .f a , wa« u««J. Thi» in«-r.i..i.l.. 
 
 .Ml ..nl, kill, nil h,. worm. th. ,. „n tl,.. tol.a.v,, but continue, to kill .11 which hat.-h 
 tor several day* nft.'r it i* applied. 
 
 Thw are «.-veral form, of arn-nat. of lend on the market and a. all are not «uil- 
 «ble for .pr«.v„,K .obaion the grower ,houM ,l..„,a,„l the form ImviuK a Kua.ant.rd 
 ana y... „. not 1... than thirty p..r cent ar.enic oxide of which not tnoro than one pe 
 lent H water hdIiiIiIo. ' 
 
 Diskankn or ToBAWo. 
 
 Atomic />u.,M,..-The MoHHic I)i..MM.. commonly known m " Calico." " Frenchinff" 
 
 and lr>- vanou* other lo.-al name, was ,|uite ,,rev nt i„ the tobne<-o crops .ome P-asoni: 
 
 It Lenw mn,t cmm.m in rath.T w.t y..„r. or in l„w wet rejrion!. in the ti..ld.. It is 
 ajMrnrently vn m .M-tioun and a larij.' numh.T of healthy plant* could he inCvtcd fr..m 
 a ».MKl,. U,soa„ .1 plant in the operatioiH of toppim^ and Mickcrinif. Since thi« di.ca-e 
 attacks the yountfct fantct growiuR part, of the plant it i* ueni rally most in evidence 
 on he top leaves KivmK tlicm a characteristic mottle.1 crinkly app.nrance. the disease 
 itill Ih lUK in evidence after curing in the lack of elastidtv of the leaf 
 
 In an exK-rinant conduefcl to determine the power of tobacco need to transmit 
 the d,.ease o pl.ints pro. ueed from that seed the 8ce,; of a ilosaiced plant was sown and 
 after^the plants, from that seed, had developed sut«,.iently they were transplante.l to 
 the n-ld. Apparently those plants wre entirely frcK- of the di.oase as not a smuV 
 plant :iowed si^ns ot heintf infeetcl throuRhout tho ^rowinfr season. 
 
 In an experiment conducte.1, in co-operation with ifr. CI. C. Routt relative to tl„- 
 mfeet.ousiie-s of the Mosaic I>ise,.se nil of the infected plants were pulled out of some 
 plots of tolmcco early ,n the season, while in the other plots no infected plants were 
 removed, Ihe nu. l.r of inf..eted plants was recor,le<l in each and before harvesting 
 the plots n s..cond e„„„t „f .h^.ased plants was made. DurinR the topping and sucker- 
 uic' o,,er..,t,o„s ,,,re .• t,,ke„ „ot to infeef the ,,!:,nts in the plots from oufsi,ie sources. 
 The results of the en ...ts indicate,! thnt the disease eould \yr held in ehe(-k by pullinR 
 out the Jiseascii plants early in the season. 
 
 The diseas.. is ...irried over from vear to ve.r i.i inf..rted le.ve, and stalks and on 
 decayinjt these dis-ieminate it. 
 
 Metho,l8 of control consist of usintr only fresh soil for the production of plants 
 steril.zinK seed beds, rotating cro,,s. and where a field is not too badly infected milline 
 up the diseased plants as soon as discovered. 
 
 ,-n /n\'^r'/'''''~'^'"' *"''"'^'" '""* " "''■'' ^>- ''"^ ^""S"" Thirlavia ha^icoh, 
 
 B i: Br.) Zopf was .|uite prevalent in the tobacco ficl.ls of this section duriuR the r.ast 
 three years. Although „11 pi,„t. set o,„ on tlu- .tatio,. IkuI p.od healthv root systems 
 some ot the hclds were badly infected. 
 
 This funjrus attacks the entire root system but is generally more in evidence on the 
 .vouMfr fibrous root.s causing- them to d.H.iy; whereupon these roots cease to function ',. 
 food carriers and. as a result, the plant is starved. The decree of starvation depends 
 lipon the extent to which the field and plant are infected, the climatic conditions pre- 
 vailing at the time of transplanting, and the robustness of the plant. Some plants 
 died; however, with the majority the roots apparently functioned just lonR enough 
 before becoming <iisease<l. to keep the plant livinir but not Inn^ .'i-u^h to e-inhlp it t 
 make any growth. The diseased plants generally remained small until late in the 
 season when th^ began to grow; however, such plants never attained the size which n 
 normal plant did and oBually were harvested green of necessity. 
 
10 
 
 Tt.,. ,|,-o,,.r „ftii.-kr.l th.' pl»Mt< K.th in Iho tirM ,,,,.1 in fhr t>tnnt ImmI Tn iho 
 plant »«..l. the diwmmd pl.int u«u«lly hn.l ,i y,.|low vn: irifly ni.iH.,....n.o nn.l iH arowth 
 wu» cotn|mrntiv..|y ,|„w, though l\n* w,m n„t ulwny, tli.. rn*... off-n upon ..xiimitm- 
 ti.m planf-t whi..h hn.l .. k„m,| ,.„l„ur nn.l xv-r.. ,-.nkinK n -..ti,far-orv (rr..w(h. in the 
 
 ' • *"■" '""•"' '" '"' i"l''-'-'l. In th,. (I..|,l ,1,.. ,|,.,.„.,..| plant, hml fh'.- -ui,.. unthrifty 
 
 MPP.'an,n.v un.l hu-k of «r..wth m„l oft-n th.- -i.-M w.,nl.l hav.. a oh.H.k,-,..,! uppoufamv 
 th.-rc ,..,n„ ....v.rnl Mi.nll ,,Iant. f..li.,«.M| hy h,r«.- h.>alfhy on..«. Tn .-ilhor ram. upon 
 .•nn.fully pulhtitf up th,. ph.nt un.l .xatninins fho tino r..ul. it w..-:.! I,. H,..n that the 
 h.tt.T turn..l hhi.k nn.l wrr.. r..tt..n. Aft.r th.. pli.nt ha.l h,'r.,uw iuU-tM „„ n„,„„nt 
 of CMltivitMii or f.'rtilizintf upp..ar..! t.. 1... of valu.- in sinrtin,,- it t.. irr..w. II.,w.v.-r 
 wh..n h.althy r,.hu^t plaiifi w.r.- traM^.lantcl on -liifhtiv .li-. ,i.,-,l ti,.|.|, „hi,h lin.i 
 hren th..r..UKhly prrparcl. ni..l th.. ..|iniali,. con.llti..ns vv.r.. f.iv..iirnl.|.. r.,r a .pr.'U 
 trrowth th.. plants w.r.. Mppnr..ntly ...ipal.Io of r..«i«tinif tho (llg..av nr.l nulonu a n,.r- 
 inal Krowfh. On ih.. othrr han.l. a .•..ntinu...l wt sp.-ll „r anything whi..h t.n.|...I to 
 w..ak..n or .•h..(.k th.- »fr..wth ..f th.. plant appar.ntly l.'s,..,,,..! it^ r.-..i.stan..<. t.. th.. .Il^.a-o 
 and th.. d.'Kr...> ..f infc'th.n was in(.r(.jiM'.|. 
 
 M..th,..l. of ,..,ntrol ..on-isto.l ..f st.rili^i,,^ tl„. ph.nf ho.U thor..u«hlv. n..t u.»!-.(r 
 tho san... .oil f..r tho pro.l„,.tion ..f plants to,, l,..,s. rntatin^ ..f cropy an-lHloppintr tho 
 .•ultur.. ,, r...l ol„v,.r on fi..ld. known I- l,.. inf....t..,I. \,. ph.nfs sh-mhl l,o u-.l from a 
 discas...! l.e.l a. the us.. .,f ,|is.a-.l | . .uu wil! .pr.-a.! tho disfuw ..v.T an ..ntiro field 
 in a short while. 
 
 Bed Hot or Damping-olf.-TW rotting or <h.mi.inir-otr of the v„.in» s.-dliuL'.. it. 
 the p ant h..d h oaiise.l hy tun^'ii whi,.h sprea.l v<.ry rar.idly. The plants att,.<.k..d by 
 this disease usually bejtau to r.,t n<.ar th. Mirln<.i. of th.. ground the inf....tion. in s..nie 
 oases spreading' .,n up the stalk even fl.o leav..s lH...oi,iinfr .h.eav...|. Inf.-.t.nl plants 
 usually bent over, wilte<l, an.l died; th,.UKh some ro..ov..re<l Riving' ...videnee of the 
 nttaok hy a brownish deaden.-d area on the stalk near the root. Such plants should he 
 discarded as they f-eldom prove satisfaotory when transplanted. The disease was m.ist 
 prevalent in thickly .ao.'ded l..>.l.s «hi<.h were v..ry inoiu and Ia..ked ventilH^-,n. 
 
 .Sterilization of the b..d and s.-e.linir thinly were the ni,,st .•tT....tive .n. iho.K f,,r 
 rreventinp the diseas.^ After it oeeurre.1 it was ..heck...! l.y throHin« .,iit th,. in- 
 fe,.te.i' plants. low..ritie the teiiipi-rature l.y ventilatiiig the 1....I w.ll, aii.l all,.wins: 
 th.. Led t,. .Iry out for n whil... In warm rainy weatlur it wa- verv dilli..|ilt to ..hcek 
 it ami at all tini<_.s tlii. l.t.-t m..th..il of <■, ntn.l was prcvi'iitativ,.. 
 
 IIaII\ K.STI.S.i. 
 
 The crops v.ere hnrv.'sted fioni Aui.'u^t :.'0 fo Sept.ioh.r 1<. 
 
 Practii-ally all of th.. t.il.ac.'o was harvest...! l,y th.. -plit stalk ni,tli..,l. 'I'hi, 
 ni..thod coi-isfc.l of (li-trihiitiny; the t,,hai.|^, h'ths alon;; ev.Tv f.oirlli r.nv in th,. 
 field, bef,,ro th,. harv.-t. then the plant was split frcm the top't,, within Iw,, in..ii.< 
 of the prouiiil. cut ..(T ..los.. to the uronii,! and al|,.w..d t., U,. where if fell until it ha.l 
 wilted' sutiicieiitly t,, haii.ll,. wifhuit bn-akinR; aft...- it had will, a it was placed .lU 
 the lath and haul..d to the barn. 
 
 S.inic of the crop was spud.le.l or nee.Iled for (..unparison, and it was f,,un,l that 
 the tobac.'o whii.li was si)u<lded rfviuired from two to four wicks loiiper to cure th.-in 
 that tho stalks of which were split; .tikI too tho leaves on tho stalks which wjre 
 spuddtvi curetj up a darker colour than those on the stalks which were split. 
 
 h rciuired t\yo h.nirs less labour per acre to harvest by the split stalk method 
 than by the spudding method. 
 
 ScAFFOI.nlNO VS DiHECT CuRINO. 
 
 Plots of Burley were scaffolded in the field immediately after bcinj? harve-tcl 
 for different periods of time and compared with Burley cut at the same time ant^ 
 
20 
 
 « the field ...fely for about thno days, in fair wi.utl.c.r, u..d u li.tlo .,ui.-k..r /nd 
 Ku,..?':. ;'""'"■' """ "■'."■" 'I'" '"'""^"" ^"^ '-"'^''^ innnodiatdy , u' ,' 
 
 aiico ami redden up considerably. 
 
 un.,i^''!V'''''Jr"'"' "*; r"*^"''^"* '■''"""•" '" ""• «'■"'' "'- i" tl.c fact tbat it is a 
 
 «r.. t .a^cr of t.me and ham s„aee. Tl,e fobacv he.„n>.M ti.nnn.Kl.Iy wilted on the 
 
 oaflold and can be placed n.ucl. closer together in the barn u i.l,:,,, .lan^c . , , c 
 
 and be lanled to the barn m tb,. n.nrnin^^ before the otber toba, has dricl- off 
 
 surtiPUMitl.v to Ko on will, the barvcstinj;. 
 
 V\I!Ii:tv Tksts <H' Kh K-ctHKn 'I 
 
 011A( CO. 
 
 Ihc ruany varieties Kro'wn may be divided into two ;;emTal .•lasses, I,:,.,.d on the 
 >hapo and s./e of t be leaf, namely: the bmadlef ami tbe narrow-leaf tv,,es 
 
 As a inle, tbe broadleal types were somewbat biter in matnriiiK, .larker in <v.lour 
 when cure,! and car-er than the narrow-leaf type-; an.l when boll, tvpe. we,e 
 I'l'iHlcd at the sail,,, distance the bmao'b.af types were tbe la-aviest vicbK-rs. 
 \V1 .'''^ •''""; •'.•'f varieties (^rown in..lmled the Lon^' Leaf Cooch. (^m,|neror, Adc.k 
 Of ," T .'"""■"; ^ ':'^',"'",<'"1'1 I-"f"- \\'"""'. II'-"T, Ili.'kory Pryor, and Critcher! 
 Of thc-e the -on^. Leaf (.o„cl,. CoiKiuc-or. Adcoek, White St,n, Orinoco. Vir^Wnia 
 (.old l-caf and Hester Krew very rank and coarse; and while they were heavv vielders 
 thty were too heavy m b«ly to cur<> satisfact,n-ily. However, on a vrv liKbl soil 
 these varieties, especially the Hcsfr. Adcoek. and Virginia (iol.l l..af. wonld probably 
 
 i<Kl>.luiH;;! """■ "'■ ""■ ""■'"''" '"■" '"■'"" ■'"-'"'" "'"' "•- ^-" ■' "■•'">•"■' ''f 
 
 The Warne is ahm.t the most satisfactory variety for the general run of soils,, 
 KUU.K n very smooth leaf of t'ood body „„d a K'ood yield; however, it has a tendency 
 to cure up with a dull fa.'e and on h.'avy soils it Rrows rather rank. 
 
 Tbe Hickory Pryor and Critcber are quite similar in their characteristics; both 
 will ^r.ve a ,.,ind leaf of a bright llnshy face and are fair yi..l,lers. thonsh not so ^rood 
 as yielders as the Warne. Of the two tbe Hickory Pryor is the best yiel.ler and has 
 the smoother loaf, and on the heavier sr.ils gives the most satisfa,-tc ry r..s„lts of any 
 ot the broad-leaf varieties. 
 
 Tbe narrow-leaf varieties ^rown included l'Tai,„a-au and (Gopher Skin The 
 I'b.n.u.jran has a fairly smooth medium si/.-d leaf of Rood bo.ly and cures up with a 
 bn.^ht tbisby face. It is a lair yielder and tbe res,ilts of the experiments in.lieate 
 that on the heav,er tyiK-s of sod, ,f it is planted a little closer than is customary in 
 plantiiiff tbe broad-leaf var,et,es it will yield just as well as the latter and -ive ■, 
 iTifibtcr coboircil leaf of go,i(l body. 
 
 The (iopher Skin has a smaller and little rougher t.ypo of 1,-af than the Flin- 
 nattan. ]t cures up bright and while it is a fair yielder tbe .pialitv of the leaf is 
 not (piite so good as that of the Flanuagan. 
 
 Vauie'tv Tksts of Aiii-rnii;n Tonvcoo. 
 
 For the gem.rai crop of Burb.y three varieties w.-re grown, nnmelv: liroadlenf 
 Mat ion Standup, and .lohnson's IJi'sistant nurby. 
 
 The Station Standup Hurley is charaeterized by a long, fairly narrow, pointed 
 leaf wlncl, grows somewhat erect. While it is a little smaller typo of plant than the 
 Hroad-leaf JUirley ,f it ,s planted a little closer than the latter the yield obtained will 
 be about the same, and the Standup always surpasses the liroadleaf in the final colour 
 of the cured leaf. The Standup is especially adapted f.r pl.ntinK "n dark ho.uv 
 soils niH will give a fair colour on such soils when the Broadleaf would he quite dark. 
 
 i^^mmW^ 
 
81 
 
 The Broadleaf Hurhy has rather l.roa.l .hooping l..„v,.s. N a ^'„.„I .vi..|,i..r. ,„«.„ro8 
 a little ater han the Sta..diip. and 0,1 account of it* hcavi.T sa,. ,.,„t,mt oiiros „„ 
 darker than tho Intti-r. > "l 
 
 Thi; Kciistaiit strains of }U\r\ry tested were of the l.inadleif-standup l.vpe- / ,■ 
 ijMt so hrond and <Iro,.pi„f,. as the I'.n.adhmf nor so narrow nnd .nvt as tlie Slandiip' 
 
 Itieso t.vpos possassod heaves of fair hr.'adth. were appan.nllv a. ^'o.mI a Uf»- :>. ,ld 
 
 .e wished for in tho tiehl. eiired np exeepli liy hri^ht. hnl nnf.,rtunatelv the eon .1 
 
 leal IS very thin pivinp. as a ronlt. a .Hinparatively h.vv vieM. The |{c-.i,tai,l l.vp... 
 
 were a little rpiieker in starliiifr -fT to kh.w :,fler transplani in- than tl her |'v|m.s 
 
 "I l.nHe.v mimI Ironi the results ..htained with th.^iii nn soil >npp.,-,,l |,, !„• ,li>eas,.,'l ,,r 
 
 •• l.nrleyed O.it" they jrave ev.iy indieali„ii of hein^- resistant In the 1 t-n.t l|.,«- 
 
 ovr, due to their rather lisht yiehlin^- ehara.ter it is a.lvisahle to plant th.ni ,,„ly ,„. 
 diseased land. On sueh soil they will ^ive hotter yhlds than the nun-resistant tvpe^. 
 Other liurley varieties grown witc as t",,lh,ws:— 
 
 Kniadlcaf Stanilup Rurlcy. 
 
 Hope's Staiiilup nurloy. 
 
 Halley's Burlcv. 
 
 Hullptfs Builey. ^ 
 
 Kollcy's Burley. 
 
 Yeltow Burley. 
 
 I!o(i Hurley. 
 
 Of tin- ahov,' varieth.s the Halley's and llnpe's Standup ,-ured np the h,it:lil,.,| the 
 eolour beint' ah„nt the same as that nf ll,e Resistant an.! Statin,, Standnp Ihirlev 
 I ho other varieties eiire.l up ah.Hit the same c.iloiir as tho P.roadleaf. 
 
 Of tho ahove varieties the Hope's Standnp was the only „i„. e.pial In nr ..x.-el 
 
 the liroadleaf an>l Station Standnp as a yiehiir. 
 
 In a.ldifion to the Hnrhy varieties -trains n( Canadian tinhl Leaf (InldiMi Se-,1 
 and I'eilillo O'Or weiv ;:rnw„. Of the three the Cold Leaf wa- ih,. nm-l prnini^iie^ 
 
 t.vpe. It ha,l lar«e, nval. drnnp;,,^, h,,ves ,.l.>sely plaee.i n„ ||„. stalk; an,i. tl «h it 
 
 was snmewhat late in inalnrin-. wlien planted and harvest,,] ,arlv it enn,! np falilv 
 liriphf and yield,^,! fnnii I.SIM) 1,, -J.nod p,,|in,ls p,.r aere. 
 
 The C<dden Seal ,li.I nnt .■nmpare rav,,iiral,ly with th,- Cnhl I.,.af It I, a,! nimv 
 oreet taper. nfr. and narrnuvr h.avs than th,- latt,..-. ,li,l imt yi,.I,l as w,.|l, hut was 
 sliKlitly earlier in inatiirini:. 
 
 Tho Fenillo IVOr was the VvrhU-.l yi,.|d.T of the three. The leaves of that varn-tv 
 were very thick, narmw. and sirap-like. Tt was fairly early in matnrin^' hn. .-iiivd 
 np a dark imIout. 
 
 IfoMi: CuouN vs. roin;i,:\ Ci 
 
 ',MiAc, ,1 Sr,i:i>. 
 
 An .-xperniamt was ..on.lu,.t,-,l with hmh home .^rown ami f i^rn pr-n, s 1 nf 
 
 rialloy s linrh^y Th-,,a,l loaf Standnp linrley. Station Sfnmlup -Pnrl.w and tu„ v:„.i,.ties 
 of fliu-eiiro,] t,.ha,vo a\an.,- an.l Flanna.^an) with the „l,i,.et nf ,l,.terini,Hn.. what 
 differeneo there wonld ho hotwen th,. ,h.v,.l„pmont and matiirin;r nf ,.lants prn,ln,.,.,I 
 
 from nna<.el, mated s,,,,] „,„1 fr,„n s 1 whi.di had he,.omo a.vlimatiz,.!. It was f.nin.l 
 
 liMt_ plants prodiiee,] from home Rrnwn seed wore roa.ly fnr transplantinu- frnm three 
 to si.x days earlier, rea.ly for topping fmn, throe tn .'idit ,lavs earlh-r. ami rip,, from 
 three to ten days sooner than those produced from iina,velimato,l «,vd 
 
 Not only did the plants from the h..mo grown s 1 ri,H-„ ,.arli,.r than lh,.>e pm- 
 
 duced from foreign grown see.l hnt tho former ripe,,,.! nmro nnifnnnlv than tl,- 
 latter. 
 
 StKaMIm; ToliAriT, T\in CxsK. 
 
 Oft,.,i. during the curing ,s.^asnn. aft,.r a kiln ,.f tnha, 1, ,~ h,v„ ,•,,,,, I 
 
 hav,. sn, table woalh.T in bring the l„l.a, Into ,.ase: an.l fre,p„„tlv ,1 ,. ,„ , 
 
 empty the kiln in ,.nl,r to ,Mre fn,- ,.||„.r lohinvo which has imt been ,ur,-d 
 
 ,' ,1 t 
 
 - arv tn 
 
Wl,il„ „., ,„..,h,„l Im. I „ r.„„„l r.„- l.rlMu'iu^' (.,1,:,,.,.,. i,„,. ,,,... whloh «iv,.. 
 
 al.o«ethrr. as ..,..„,.,.„, n-,,!,- .. ,„,,, ,,„;,„ .„ „ ,,,,^ , ,,.,„, ,.,^,^„, , , 
 
 I"' a f.iirl.v siitisfiirt..,r.v -iil.-i ilii'r. 
 
 iM brinpinp U„. tok i„,„ ,..-,. ,,, „„- ,1„„1 i,, i. ,.,.,,.,,.,, ,„ ,,.„, ^^c kiln 
 
 .ilM.I„t.l.v r„h\: ,.,.. Mil l„.„t I,, r.,t..,| ,i„rlnu' ll,.. ,M,rm..v|.r,M.,.ss nni.st U- clispn,c.l of 
 
 I hoM steal,, at n low ,.r,.ssMr,.. not ov,.r tvv..„t.v-tiv.. po,„»K is rarri,..! i„to the kiln 
 hrouKh a )mso or ,.„.n. My movin- ll... l,os.. tV.,„, ,..,0,, to pla,..; tho whole k.ln is 
 .rouKh n.to oaso. ( 'ar,. nnist Ik- tak.n in this ,,ro,.,.,iMn. to pn.vnt Kottinff the tobarro 
 
 vi'lt "r ' ,""".'■•'""• ,! ^'"""'' '"■ ^•'■^"•"•'1 ""l.v "»til tho l..,f is plia.it .non^h to han,!!,. 
 wthout hn^akmsr. lo steam nntil thr whole „,i>lril, is pliant wonhl he n.nnintr a 
 ehanee of turning the ^vhoI.. leaf re,!. As so„n as the tohaeoo .an he han,l!e.l withont 
 hr..ak,nf; it shoiil.l he tak.M. .I.-wm as it will ,l,,v ont v..r.v fast when it has heen steame.1 
 into case. 
 
 T..ha.'.'o ean al,-o 1,. luMuj^hl into ,a>,- fm- -Irippinfr l>v the alx.vc proi-cdure. 
 
 W^5S^ 
 
 '^ssE^^TTvr 
 
 "T^w^*^^*^ 
 
TTTT^m^^^