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(iAGE & COMPANY. 1891. fc-7 1 -V-^^ f KMtcml um.nliii;.' to tlu' Art of I'arliiin.cnt of I'.uku: j;v \V. J. fiA(ii'. iV Co la, in tliu .\ciu' lb'. I In tlif Ol'lfO ( f till; Minister cf Aan>'iiltMn'. 880823 PREFACE. JHIS 1 «„ work „„,, ,e ,. ,,„^^^j^ ^ ,^^___^ ^ ^^^^ ^ ^^_^ h. . „,, . .„,. „, „,-„..e. o, .wet, e.t.aa, I, ij ..on. ro„ ,,.. „„,k. of a, „,a„, diff„„„. ,„„,„„_ ., ,, ,_ means of inform nc himsplf nn fu» liffl u .u *"® '"*°y P°'"t3 of inquiry and Mc„,.j, that c„„=..„«y „,,, j„ ,,. ^^^^ J J- P^«ra™„. a.,, „„,„■ t,„ p,.o,,i„„ autic, „f th» ao..o„,,„™, t^ he. can not r„«„„ab,y !,„ „p,„te,l to fl„. ti„e to a„ w Both ^cher and stutot „„,t constantly feel th, need „t a raannal auch aa i, herewith fnrnishe.l. In th. „,e of literary selection, for educational purpose, the fir. and ohie, ai„ of the skilled teacher .ill he to have htpuli read .nte ligently and with appreciation. In the prepa 1!^ xr'crr-'™" -'-">" '■- ^-i-onst:::; ... v,e„. I!xplanat,o„s, questions, suggestion, and eritieism. h.ve been so framed, it i, hoped, a, to ,tinu,late an,i „ ^de Z student in his own earnest eiforts. rather than in any mUn^t a jr.ede .he necessity for such efforts. Whateve appT: ^ he forn, of d,rec. statement Will he found to be matter of fL cxpIa„at,ons of allusions, etc., which are essential .0 full n^r andn,g of .he text and ta rejard to which, it may be a ,u ' el the me^s of information are no. generally available. ^ In add.tion to the standard dictionaries, cneyelop»,dias and .3tor.es, to which free recourse has been had, .ho au.^^; bL PKEFACE TO TIIK KDITION OF 1891. Thk present volume contains annotations to those portions of the High Sfhool lieuihr which have been uHsigncd for the Third Class or Primary Kxaniinations of Ontario High Schools. These annotations liave hvcn prepared ahnont entirely with a view to affording the pupil tlioso facts and suggestions which, in my opinion, it iH essential he sliould have for his careful study of the prescribed poems. In spite of what has been said of late against annotated texts, lam convinced tliat the pupil derives great profit from annotations, whether they come from the lips of his teacher or from the printed page of a book of notes. Every true work of art yields us the greater gain wlicn we have labored to under- stand-even if only on the intelloctual side-its cluiracter and its import. At the same time there is in the minute study of liter- ature a danger of a very grave nature. Poring so closely over the lines of a poem, let us not grow short-sighted in literature. Let the minute study of particular pieces be supplemented by other work suited to give up a wider and loftier range of vision. The pupil should, of course, memorize the poetical selections. He should 80 study them that all obstacles to his free understandi.ig of their particular and general meaning will be removed. But in addition to this he should broaden his views of a particular poem by a knowledge of other poems of the same writer, or on the same Bubjoct, and by an acquaintance with the life and times of the writer. Here it seems to me the teacher, with his wider know- ledge of literature and his greater command of books, will find his most useful work, and here he will find it most easy to awaken in his pupils a genuine love of good literature. Lest my shortcomings as an annotator should be visited on Mr. Wells, I may say that my part of the volume is exclusively con- cerned with the annotations on pages 180-182, and from page 240 to the end. I can only regret that business engagements pre- vented the senior editor from completing the task he worthily began. F. H. S. Toronto, January 6th, 1801. INDEX TO NOTES. LI. Horatiua LII The Baven .Macaulay ,Pge .. 210 . . 269 ^^^^^^■i LIV. My Kate. • Mrs. Browning. .. .Mrs. Browning. .. • Bryant .. 248 ^^H^H LV. A Dead Base .. 250 ^^^^^H LVI. To the Evening Wind LVII. Death of the Protector LVIII. Each and All LIX. Waterloo LX. The Diver .. 78 ^^■^H ^^^^^^1 .Carlyle "PjATKhson .. 81 . . 273 ^^1 .Lever . Schiller, Lytton. .Newman .Thackeray . Thacker \.y .. 89 .. 276 ^^^^^H:' Ii*?d. Thfi Pla^^iie of Tjopuats .. 160 ^^H LXII. The Cane-bottom'd Chair.. .. 251 .. 98 ^^^^^H| LXIV. The Island of the Scots... LXV. The Gambling Party LXVII. The Hanging of the Crane LXVIIL Earthworms LXIX. As Ships, Becalmed at Eve. LXX. Duty i LXXIL Dr. Arnold at Engby i LXXriI. Ode to the North-east Wind \ LXX IV. From "The Mill on th ' Floss." 1 LXXV. The Cloud Confines { LXX VI. Barbara Frietch ie i LXXVII. Contentment ! LXXrX. The Lord of Burleigh. . . . \ LXXX. "Break, Break, Break.".. \ LXXXI. The " Bevenge." 1 LXXXII. Herve Biel LXXXV. From the Apology of Socrate LXXX VII. Of the Mystery of Life. . . . 1 LXXXVm. TheKobin ! LXXXtX. The Old Cradle ' XC. Bughy Chapel A YTOUN .. 174 ^■: .Beaconsfield . . . . .;^jONorj'LLOW . TJ VRWIN . . . . • .. 188 .. 99 .. 192 ^^1 .Clouoh .CjT.dX'iaii .. 105 .. 280 ^^^^^^1; Stanley .. 96 ..Kingsley le .George Eliot .eossetti . Whittier .. 253 .. 108 .. 177 .. 257 ^^^^^Hi .HoLMEB .Tennyson .Tennyson .. 231 .. Ill .. 113 -Tennyson .. Ill .Browning S.JOWETT Etiskin .. 222 .. 195 .. 110 ^m .Lowell .Locker .Matt. Arnold.... .. 123 .. 284 .. 129 PAGE. .. 76 .. 208 .. 22G .. 207 .. 2G8 .. 210 .. 269 .. 248 .. 250 .. 78 .. 81 .. 273 .. 89 .. 276 ., 160 .. 251 .. 98 .. 174 .. 188 .. 99 ,. 192 .. 105 .. 280 .. 96 .. 253 Index to Notes. NUMBER. TITr.K. AUTHOB. XCIII. A Liberal Ed,,:;;- ;,; ^'""^ XCIV. Too Late... ,^"^"=^" XC V. Amor Mnndi "^ ' J^""'^' XCVI. Tovjours Auuua: t" ^''''''''' ^^'yil. England... l^™'^'^^' XCVIir. Bococo Aldlich CT Tho v^ 1 Aldrich CVir. Le Boi est Mori.'.'., ,^"'' ^-^"^'^^^-^'Ttkr, CVIIT. To Winter ""■ ^""ist.ktt ROUEUTS vu PAGE. , 134 138 285 280 287 288 289 140 ^0 142 261 t;:r. 202 API-KNDIx "_ -«0,3EUTS 290 EXAMINATIOK PaPAKS. . .. ^^^ 308 m |<^o.^ I'UEiMS PRESCRIBED FOR PRIMARY EXAMINATIONS 1891-1895. 1891 —The Trial Scene in the " Merchant of Venice; " To Lucasta, (in GoiiiK to the Wars ; Rule, Britannia ; The Cotter's Saturday Ni-ht ; The Land o' the Leal ; The Isles of Greece ; Go where Glory Waits Thee; Dear Harp of My Country; Come, ye Disconsolate; The Glove and the Lions ; The Bridge of Sighs ; Horatius ; My Kate; A Dead Rose; To the Evening Wind; The Cane-bottomed Chair; The Hanging of the Crane; Ode to the North-Last Wind; Barbara Frietchie; The Lord of Burleigh ; Break, Break Break; The "Revenge;" The Forsaken Garden; The Return of the Swal- lows ; Dawn Angels ; Le Roi est Mort; To Winter. 1892 --The Trial Scene in the " Merchant of Venice ; " To Daffo- dils; On the Morning of Christ's Nativity; Rule Britannia; The Bard ; To a Highland Girl ; France, an Ode ; Complaint and Re- proof ; The Isles of Greece ; The Glove and the Lions ; ihe Cloud ; On First Looking into Chapman's Homer ; Ou the Grasshopper and the Cricket; Indian Summer; To Helen; The Raven; My Kate ; A Dead Rose ; Each and All ; The Diver ; The Cane-bottomed Chair; The Hanging of the Crane ; The Cloud Confines ; The Return of the Swallows ; Dawn Angels ; Le Roi est Mort ; To Winter. 1893.— The Trial Scene in the " Merchant of Venice ; " To Daffo- dils ; The Bard ; The Land o' the Leal ; To a Highland Girl ; The Well of St. Keyue ; Go where Glory Waits Thee ; Dear Harp of my Country ; Come, ye Disconsolate ; The Cloud ; On First Looking into Chapman's Homer; Ou the Grasshopper and the Cricket; ihe Bridge of Sighs ; A Parental Ode to my 8ou ; Imlian Summer ; lo Helen; Horatius; Each and All; The Diver ; The Hanging of the Crane ; The Lord of Burleigii ; Break, Break, B-jeak; The "Revenge ; The Old Cradle ; Rugby Chapel. 1894— The Trial Scene from the "Merchant of Venice;" To Lucasta, on Going to the Wars : On the Morning of Chnsfs Nativity j The Cotter's Saturday Night; Tlie Lando' the Leal ; To a Hig'hland Girl ; The Well of St. Keyne; The Isles of Greece ; Each and All; The Hanging of tlie Crane ; As Ships, Becalmed at Eve; Duty ; llie Cloud Confines; rsarbarf. Frietchie; Contentment; T'le Lord of Burleigh; Break, Break, Break ; The "Revenge;" Rugby Chapel; Too Late; Amor Muudi ; Toujours Amour; England; Rococo. 1895 —The Trial See ..3 from the " Merchant of Venice; " The Bard ; To a Highland Girl ; France, an Ode ; Complaint and Re- proof; The Isles of Greece; The Cloud; On First Looknig into Chapman's Homer ; Ou the Grasshopper and the Cricket ; ._■> Helen ; Horatius; The Raven; To the Evening Wind ; The Hanging of the Crane ; As Ships, Becahned at Eve ; The Lord of Burleigh ; Break, Break, Break ; The " Revenge ; " Herve Riel ; The 1< orsaken Garden ; A Ballad to Queen Elizabeth ; The Return of the Swallows ; Dawn Angels; Le Roi est Mort; To Winter. NOTES OJf UTERATURE SELECTIOiVS William Sliakespeare or m,nl, yere, .< the .nost niul o Vs :^^^^^^^^^^ ^'^ f '^'^-P-r, or Shak- Stratford-o„-Avo„. i„ Warwdsl e f" • """'" ^^^^ ^^"^ '-^t -e.ns to have eo.nbined tl"t ^1^:^ "/ '"''- His father farmer and stock-raiser. His moH / °'''' '"'*'^ ^hat of a shire family. William's w^^^ le "d^^^^^^ ''' T""' ''' ''^^'--k- gamed at the Stratford free Iran n ', ''/"' "' "PP^^''^' ^^« and amount of this educa on t1 '''^°"'- ^' *° "^^ kind Widely varyingeoneluott'^:^^^^^^ cnties from the study of his wo ' T '"'"'^ ^'''' ^°'"^<^^^ by elassical scholar of l^-.^h attZl ' , "' "fS'"^ 'h'"^* "«"« but a works; others drawinranaZ "to "'"^^ ^^^^'"^ ^"«-^ those be easy for a clisput^I^t ^^^^^^^^^ It would support of either vioy, but on ^ ^IT^^^ ^"^^ extensively i„ '- -holarship mnstlat re^att : '' " ^^^"^ ^^^^ 'h" ^l"ence of business reverses wl "h vi^^ n'-'T?"^^'- ^" ^'°"- withdrawn from school at the " of f ^ ""'"' '^^"'^•" ^«^ --.tooneaeeourr^--;-^^^^^ KoTKS ON Literature SEUECTioKBi to a butcher. Another represents him as a Bchoohnaster. Quite possibly there may be truth in both stories. At the age of nine- teen he married Anne Hathaway, a young woman some eight years his senior, who resided in a neighbouring hamlet. About the year 1586, Shakespeare, being then 22, betook him. self to London. According, to a local and seemingly reliable tradition, his removal was a consequence of his having been caught poaching by the gamekeepers of Sir Thomas Lucy, of Charlicote, kept for the night a prisoner, and arraigned in the morning before Sir Thomas, in the latter's capacity of justice of the peace. In retaliation for tlie punishment in^.oted— whatever it may have been— Shakespeare composed and circulated " a bitter ballad" severely satirising the plaintiff-justice, and fled to escape the consequence of a prosecution which followed. There is also an almost entire lack of knowledge aa to Shake- speare's first connection with the London theatre. One tradition represents him as earning a scanty pittance by holding horses at the door. Another makes him for a time prompter's attendant. In a very brief period, however, he rose to importance, becoming at the same time dramatist, actor, and shareholder in the Black- friars Theatre. As an actor, he seems to have taken" a respectable but medium position. As a dramatist; as all the world has long kno n, he rose to the very foremost rank amongst the writers, not only of his own, but of all time. He rose rapidly to wealth as well as fame, purchased houses and landed property in his native Stratford, and finally returned thither m 1613 to spend his remaining days, which proved but few, as he die('. in 1616. It would be superfluous to comment here upon the mighty genius of the writer of the immortal dramas which have come down to us under the name of Shakespeare. The fact that only one or two of his minor poems were published under his own hand, coupled with the extraordinary breadth and power of the dramas which have placed him on a pinnacle high above all competitors, has given rise to various doubts and corjectures as to the real author- ship. A theory, not wholly devoid of plausibility, has been promulgated, according to which the great Bacon was the real aiiil Shakespeare only nominal author. An American student ♦ / of «0«»8 ON Lm^AXCKE SelBCTIOs. y hitherto unsuspected subtleties o eon /T "^ * ^'^ ^^ ^'^-^ hearted, is asked by hi^ fneTZZoZ' f'"""^ '"^^ '^-d- «and ducats to enable the latter to ^ '°"° °^ ^^''^^ thou, hand of Portia, a beautif:i ^ "33 .fBir^^V"' ^"^* ^^ *^« has fallen in love. All Antnl?^' ^^^n^ont, with whom he in ships and their oar^f:! ^.^^^^^^^ V' *^« ^i.e invested h- heart he goes to Shy ock 1 .""Vr^ Bomo pretended demur, consents toTet ^ '"' ''''' ^'^^' ^'^^^ '» -turn, as he says/'^in a terl ^^oT.'": *'^ """' *^king raoney is not repaid bv tb« Z ^, 'P^^^." a. bond that if tl,: Amomo;s body Shylock may 'eheoL """ ^'^*«^'^^ P-* of Antonio's ships have faLd to a^ ve ^nd th ?"' '" "^^"'"^^ measures to exact his penaltv Z '^''^' '« *^^'»g le J -ney b, ,,, ^.^^^ ^P^l y Bassamo lib.rally supplied ^ ;'^h.le Portia takes secret coun i 'wTtfa her " '' i''''''' ^'^^- learned in the lav. and as the result "''"' ^'^*«^ ^^"-'o, eourt in the disguise of a younT 1 lv"""*\'"^^^^ ^* *h Bellario. Gratiano, Bassaniow! . ^^''' '"'*^ ^^^ers from -id. fell i. love 'and r: mlSaTf^ '"' ''^"^^^^ ^^^ master and mistress, whom rel L "iv .. '""^^ ^'"'^ *« ^^eir nal scene develops the result o'l^f*'^^^ T'^^^'^^' ^he learned Bdlario. ^ °' *'" ^ consultation with the P;ifTO ilA TIM terjection of callin Oftene '§ I'kJ 14 with^o/ What, ho J >g- 8 NoTBS ON LiTEEATURB SbLECTIONS. Uncapable,— An old form, now replaced by incapable. Empty from any.— This is, probably, the only case in which Shakespeare uses fro7n after empti/. In other instances of is used. Dram (more commonly drachm) — Observe this use of a specific to denote an indefinite small quantity. This is a form of synecdoche which is often very effective in relieving style from dullness, and vivifying the reader's conceptions. Qualify.— To abate or soften, a sense in which Shakespeare often uses the word. Cf : " I do not seek to quench your love's hot Are, But qualify the flre'8 extreme rage." Obdurate.— Shakespeare and the poets generally accent this word, as here, upon the second syllable. Probably the prepon- derance of good usage is in favor of that pronunciation, though Walker and the American lexicographers put tho accent on the first syllable. Walker quotes indurate, but analogy has not hitherto counted for much in the pronunciation of English. And that.— The that seems superfluous here, but is often thus supplied by the older writers to introduce a second clause, dependent upon since introducing the first. Page 41. Leadest this fashion. —Keepest up this show or pre- tence of malicious purpose, till the moment for carrying it into effect shall arrive. Remorse.— Here used in the sense e,' pity, or sympathy. Cf. " Many little esteem of their own lives, yet for remorse of their wives and children would be withheld."— Spetiser. Perhaps this sense of the word arises from a kind of anticipatory synecdoche, by which the cause or dread of remorse is taken for the feeling itself. Compare Macbeth, I., 5, 45. •' Stop up the access and passafje to remorse That tio compunctious vlsitings of nature Shake my fell purpose." Lose. — Consent to lose Forego. Royal merchant. —As we say a princely merchant— one who ioes business on a princely scale. Pluck commiseration of his state.— Pity for his misfortunes. NOTKS ON LiTKRATUEE S«tBOnONa i.rm.°' """' ' P-P-^-I-'or^ed you »,.. „, Page 42. It is my humor. -My fancy downtrodden and despised ''' '^ '?'"' °^ « race obs!^tf ~''°'"'^^'- ^'''' '' ^ -'^^ -- very rare, and ia „o. Love not.-Cannot endure. Have an antipathy to wi^ f^s SlS^nd^^ "• ^ ^^^^^^^ P^^ ^-^^* to t^e table If they behold a cat.-Bertram in « All's Well » IV ^ « I could endure anything before but a cat » n « 7 ' ^'= his ..Medical Knowledge o1 Shakespeare .'says th^tVf " I"'"' " to cats " is one of the most unqueZnabt 1 . ""''^"'^^ emotions of repulsion." "^^^stionable and curious of the For your answer. -The ans.wer you ask for. . -Section, master of passion, sways it ->l,f../v. here used to denote susceptibi 1^7^ i "^ " ''^'"' **» ''^ from natural constitutroTtlmp^^^^^^^^^ '"P"^-' --"g or impulse itself, as determintg'cXt' ''"""" ''^ '""'^^ ?l ^r^T^^ '^^^^essity. uncontrollable impulse. ' of thenoun clause introducedW^t«mlfb''"~^^'''"'*'"'^*'«° ing/or t^/act, or w ,^, e,^ '^ '""^ '^^ ^^P^*"'^^ by supply. ,!li '31 10 NOTKS ON LlTBRAT0BB SbLKOTIONS. n A losing suit.— How losing ? I am not bound to please thee.— The emphasis is on thee. Hates any man.— The emphasis is on the verb. The implica- eion is that no man really hates the thing he would not kill. If unwilling to kill it, he cannot, according to Shylock's view, truly hate it. This line gives us a terrible insight into the vindictive- ness >f Shylock's nature. Every offence.— 0/e«ce is here used subjectively. Every feel- ing of offence. Think you question. —Consider or reflect that you are reason- ing with a Jew. Emphasize Jew. Main flood. — The ocean tide. Bate. — Abate, or lessen. Page 43. Conveniency.— Give him the legal facilities to which he is entitled under the circumstances. What judgment shall I dread ?— Note again how shrewdly the Jew parries the question and evades its point. I stand for judgment.— I demand a verdict. Bellario.— See introductory note. Page 44. A tainted wether. — " Tainted means dishonored, arraigned, attainted, besides its literal meaning stained ; ' marked to die.' " — Hunter. Meetest for death. — Antonio seems to have been constitu- tionally subject to fits of melancholy. The pathos of these lines is very touching. Why dost thou whet ? — This to the bottom of the page is a bit of side-play — a dialogue carried on while the Duke is acquainting himself with the contents of the letter. On thy soul. — It would seem from this pun, suggested by Shylock's whetting his knife on the sole of his shoe, that there must have been a slight difference in the pronunciation of sole and soul in Shakespeare's time- unless we assume the contrast to have been brought out by Bassanio's inflection and gestures. Observe also the Jew's certainty of the success of his suit. Notes on Literature Sulections. h ihs^m'ri'7-^ "'''''"■'"■'' ""«'' PWlo'oplie.-, a native of Who.-Either «;Ao is used absolutely with hana^d r,r fh„ spiritof revenge and hale"' "'' -"l--o«ation of the Page 45. A reverend estimation. -The reaard dno f„ „ i doctor of the law. ^ ^ *° ^ ^^^"^^'^ The difrerence.-The question at issue in the auit Throughly.— Thoroughli/. I^ge 46 In such rule.-l„ ,„ .w^j „„„„„,^„^^ ^.^^ |^^_ •Quality of mercy. -The trait of feeling which wp n.n or perhaps the exercise or exhibition of the f 1 n , bv '"'"'' ' of benevolence. Jl/ercv is thp «nnn •. ° ^ ^"""^ ^^^ Of def^itta. Cf.Ci:yrilM:re.r '"""'"• " «™'"» J' oiejoamer, tJn what compulsion must I » " ra'n fail. aliL :„:«:; :^:tntr''"'''?'. """ '*'* "■« j,::l: r:;t ■■.■ t:T ■" r *- - *"^' °'"^ ^^''- g,»^/e IS a happy epithet for the rain *The notes on this passage. Portia's 1,0, „*T^ ! ' ' main copied from the'^?^'^S ?o%&our h'K °J? J^'^'y' ''" *" the toem were ong.naUy prepared chieVy by the authoV^' '°' "^""^ '"<** «* 19 NarBs ON Literatuiib Selections. that omes down quietly, and is all the more welcome and refresiiiing because uuaccompanicd by damaging winds. From heaven. — Is thia plu-uso attributive or adverbial, i.e., is it an adjunct of rain or of droppeth? Give reasons for your opinion. Twice blessed, etc. — Imparting in its exercise a two-fold blessing, as explained in next line. See Acts xx.,35 : " It is more blessed to give than to receive." 'Tis mightiest, etc — This noble sentiment is in opposition to the too prevalent notion that the exhibition of the gentler qualities, such as compassion, a forgiving disposition, etc., is a sign of weakness of character. Throned. — Expand this word into a clause. Shows. — Represents, is emblematic of. Temporal power. — Power in matters temporal or worldly, as opnosed to matters spiritual or religious. Crown and sceptre, each being part of the insignia of earthly power, are used inter- changeably. Shews.— Represents, is the emblem of. The force. — The nature of it, or the kind of efifects it is cap- able of producing. The attribute. — That is, the sceptre is the attribute or token of the awe and majesty. Majesty.— "Awe " and "majesty" are the qualities or characteristics of the kingly office, which give rise to the cor- responding emotions of di'ead and fear in the subject. Gramma- tically it is better to take wherein as referring back to sceptre. Awe is used by metonymy for that in royalty which inspires awe. This is preferable, seeing that awe is co-ordinate with the subjective word majesty and followed by the objective terms di ead and fear in the next line, to taking " awe " objectively, as denoting the feelings of reverence and fear which the majesty inspires. Dread and fear.— *' This, like the phrase 'void and empty,' is an example of a redundancy of speech very conunon with Shakespeare. " — Humer. Of kmgs.- For the sing Orammar, ai But mercy by a sceptre, but mercy is seat of powe more, it is a kings. Show.— Ui or appear. Likest— Ii speare often c more and viosi Seasons.— Though jui before. Lega feit^d his bon Portia had ad note. Hence Course of j in the Psalms the Jews adhe That same petition of our objected with ; making this ap To mitigate Which if th is the antecede case. Page 47. Tei Ten times o' idea of exce.'?8 ' traced to the pr Notes on Litbratuhb Selbctions. ij Of kings-Objective. The dread an.l fear of men for kingB For the Bingular verb with a compound subject, see Mason's Orammar, art. 381. But mercy -This swa„ or authority, which can be symbolized by a sceptre. ,s but an external relation, an accident of pos J, out mercy ,3 of h.g^^er nature and origin. It has its throne o seat of power .n the heart, ruling even Icings themselves ; nay kings' '" * ^" ''^ *"' ^""^"'" °* ^°^ *'''"^^"' '^'^ K"'« of or!ppe1rr^'"^ '" *° intransitive or middle sense ; show itself. sn.^a!^!?fr^" ''""'"°" '"'**' °*''''' ^"*^" °^ »>i« ti'ne. Shake, epeare often compares with er and e.^ where later usage pretixei, more and vioat. *^ pituxea Seasons — Tempers, tones down. hel^r^l J"^f"' «*«•-" I «^"-- ^or judgment." said the Jew ?eit '%• ? i^' ^/"^'^ ^"' ^° ^^'^ "'g'^^- Antonio had for- feit u his bond, and the Jew could justly exact the penalW Portia had admitted this. See "Yet in such rule " etc and note. Hence the plea is now for mercy. ' ' ^""^ Course of jushce. -This is a sentiment emphatically taught rrsldTer^. °*^-^-^--^ *^« Old Tertamen,Io 2^ objected with force that it^ out 'fX::' r/pten ^:t a^^ making this appeal to a Jew. who rejects the New Testamerlt To nutigate.-To modify, or partially offset, the justice, eta Which If thou foUow.-It is not clear whether justice or plea .^.e antecedent of .kick, but the meaning is the slmeriifht Page 47. Tender it for him.-That is, for Antonio. idelTf llT.°;![rh'^'^^ "«« ^' -- P-'^^ble arisea from the „ „„i^li „ ^ Buconaary meaning of the word Pnail^, .r««l U. the prim«,. On. p.,me.t .^^ .mL aZ^ 1| ! ' 'm 14 Norma on Lni'.nxTvuK SKr.KtiTi^ -ts. i. in lir; w.c, m tha rcquct opens up a laige fi<,|,l ,„,, ,|i,' „,.„ A Daniel con,, lo Judgme.,t.-The .efmnoe i, l„ the ,tor, 1.0 manner in .hid, tl,e boy Daniei ,,o,eo.ed .he W,e „i S - the two judges, a. told in the Apocryphal historv of ■ H* , ' .^ J 16 ,|! Ill: Notes on Literature SfiLEOTioNg. "These are sa.^Ies of he IffLctiL'of 1 "^ ^" ^^^°*' Page 50. Thy lands and eoods — ThA Jo^ « tr . Page 51. I'll stay no lonffer auestinn t>ii -^ r discussion. ^ question. -I II wait for no further •Gainst all other voice.-No other tribunal can save him Jr'or half.— I. e., as to or asjor half f.- [ONg. le second syllable. hter Jessica had ^ saya in effect, ian husbands for n married to any i^enice are, truth- ? specially heavy ns. ' that the moral, in this passage. i strict justice. It to him on his lock. He must more than his f a scruple less, is, it must not e), but not even a pound. lave you in my in wrestling, for no further save him. 'f which some umstances. quoted above 3 that though lute the half NOTBB ON LlTERATTOB SELECTIONS. 17 Page 52. A halter gratis. -Gratiano, like each of the others makes a fine cha.-acter study. How consistent he is with hhn I throughout, m his hot-headed and at the same time ^tt imp. Isu-euess. Though his words seem vindictive one f^els ha they are but the outcome of the momentary Ind naturl eat of mdignatxon, and that his spirit would, if put to the t" f be found far removed from the relentless malignity of Shylock t.^'^^/:rt^t^:;;rr^^^^ half could not be remitted, bui Antonio I , ''^^^' hold it in trust for the hus'ban^d oltrifgrtrlrtri '' lias disowned for marrying a Christian. *^' ^'"^ lett wlVt? "^ '^'''-'' *■• ^" *^« -^^*^- *^at he will trust for the husband of the Jew's daughtr he doern'ot"'"'' " to add anything for the use of the orfgi^ sun^ In 7^"! by himself in the meantime. This ilT.ZV ^^ "'"'^ principles and his previous practice 1 thrcaTo^t:: "^'^ ''^ to friends, a practice of which the J«w IT , ° '°^°" injurious to himself and l^^llJZnt' ""^^^'""^' " Become a Christian. -Such compulsory conversions wer« . repugnant to the views of the time. 'conversions were not Unto his son Lorenzo.— It will be notPr9 tu.*. ♦u of the p„„i.l,„,e„. A»t„„i„ „k, Le to tve teictn '"■" '"*" Jew who .0 maliciously pWw against htrnli. "'"'" ""' ohjt.„„.,^LfhJt;:xJX::s;c Should'st have had ten more,—" To niak« „« + i . This vein of humor occurs in Randolphrl/w.T T-'"T^°- iv 4- 'TJiari ..o+u , . "*"""'pns Muse a Lookinn Glass IV., 4. I had rather see him remitted to th« jail vid ItT t;vulvc gouiathers, good men an.l +r„o " J'^"' »;5<{ havu his gallows. '"_/^„;^c^. " ''"'^ *'^""' ^"'^demn him to the Gratify —Reward, requite. 18 NOT^S ox LIXKR^XUKB S.rEcxxoi.a 1 1. NO. VIII.__ANGLING. Walton. . "1^^°' Of Tzaak, Walton, "the F.fi. . , ;" the town of Stafford, eUZ f^fZ °' ^"^^''^g'" ^as born '-t of a shop-keeper, ^robaty a loie!; ,^" "°"P^*'«° -- ton was a regular attendant on th! '°'° '^'^^''' Wal- Dr. Donne, the witty poet and S .'"'""*r^*'°«« of the famous ^™ of intimate a/dCh.lrt^ship"'*'^?"'" '^ ^^^ - Dr. Donne, Walton pubhshp A , ^^ ^^^^^ *he death of -ith a biography of tLir aulV° hT i'' ''' f ^™°°^' ^^^-^^ 3ame t:me, a biography of Sir Henry WoIT ''"'^'''^'' ^^°"* *h« '"guished friends. About the yelr YeT^ T''''' '^^ ^"« ^is- busmess. and left London for sorelLf ^''*°" ^^"^^^ from I" the metropolis anglinc had W \"^*f ^^'reat. While living '- had acquired great ImalTl,':' ""^*^ -creation. an| result of this predilection was the.M "°^ ^'^ ^^' ^'^' The "The Complete Angler or 0?^*'°° "^ '^^^ f-™o«B book This was first issuelas'a: ocWo^'^"^^- ''^"'^ ^^^-ti v'. became so popular that four other ejltt"' " ''"'■ '^'^^ -ori the author's lifetime. The W ed ""''^ ^"^"^^^^d during supplement by his friend Cotton oont" ^'^ ^""°^^^ ^^'th f eessful angling. Walton subseqlnttr? f f *'°"^ ^^ -- Hooker, of Herbert, and of Sanderl ^f^''^'"^ biographies of anonymously, a tract entitled 'w a d\'''' '^ P"'"^^^^ age ninety edited •< Thealma and H 1 "*^'" *°^ ^* *he by John Chalkhill, of Whom littTelstn? "V''P^^*°^^^ have been a relative of Walton's wfe VvT' "* ^'° ^^^'"^ *« and beloved for the simph'city, amTab lit Jf T ^'^ '^'^tingnished ^haracter. He died at the g'^^Xfj-; -^^ of his alternative, "Contemplative Ma^^ L'" T"'°""^ ^^^^ ^ts obtam a correct idea of^he scope LV^^"'*^^^^^ order to ' — or,gmaily had in that respeo.^t'iltLT;: Notes on Litkbature SEiEciioNa 19 measure lost by the lapse of time l^^t if <,f;ii .• long contiuue, to be read forZo^ continues, and will that .kill i„ tU o„rki„,U ' »? ■"""°'' """"^ "'"^i""' " mate but a so^yltltr'ojrh '™ """' "'"'°'" P'-"-' W» eye, Jl^^l^J^T^ ',7 J'" '"" '""*'■ """' "" k-' fore a 6tra„»er tZI H * "',"' '"""^ '"' ""* '■» »"» be. re.learn. ^ ' "'' '""°'' »'" ■"« J"'' -»" besinmog u, befht*reSt'i;r/:::T' "■"""«' f^'»'"S' °' «» -"> ...«. see the ™dt wlis'^^it J'^""^"'''' " '-" JttrabSa";;!:' ^"'' ^'■'°" °' ""«' "•*'^- ■•= - 'aycamore tree.-{Gr. dvtcov a fi^ ^„a . • -.he.y,. lae syca™„ p.^'a Sliv'e f ^Erpt S l"'"^ ^ther eastern countries Tt Jo k„ , ^syP^' byna, and •-nere sub-genus of the V The" o'llL ^'"^'^^^ '''''''' ^' « here alluded to, is a lar/e s,el7^l1j'r7: tT ^''''''''' It seen, to have been ^^^^^I^^^^^^J^^ ^- thmg good of its kind, of whatever descrtt /n t.^r ^^ m.ght be. Thus Bacon speaks of iron a^ '-T- ''''^''''' wneie wood aboundeth,"andPeDvssav«"..Trr" '^°"^'»'^'iity I walked to Whitehall." ^^ ^' ''^'''S a 6rat;e day I m 26 ^OXES 0« llTBK^,^^, SBIEOTIOKa. Hungry breakfast— Whs f a -on learned. The mastrlf riS'^ '^"^' *« ^-«'- Socrafc method-leading his punnt^ the principle of the ^'efioiency before underta^tg^ I;,?"^ *^^^!,^----y of his Practise.-^istinguish frol .Z^^ ''; "!!'f ^"^--*-- there aeems no good reason whyThe vl.l . l'^'''' °'^««^^««. "f '^ -^ -ell as the noun, a "^^n tZ ''""^'^ "^^^ ^^ ^P^lled only use of the distinction n L2 ■ ' "^^'•^"'^■^«. etc. The those words in ^hich the vet t^lf 'T' '^ ^^ ^- the case o syllable, and the . has the .sound a! V"^'^* ^" *^- ^-t graphy of the language is irreir/', '" '''^^■''- ^he ortho- out being increased !y purei;' ^^^^^^^^ -ough, with- . Page 63. I have no fortune ^ ^ ^"';-^— -^t-^- >n which fortnne is used si^? ^"^"''^ *^" ^^'^^^^^t senses this sense of success or g^od fo ttf'" '"^"^""^ ^^ '* ^ he affairs of men which.lken at 1 « ^i", " ^^^^^ ^« ^ «de in Let the student quote or frame Lt A^o^^. leads on to/ortune." other senses. ^'"' ^^^t^nces in which it is used in Yours is a better rod. -Note th. . naturalness of the dialogue Z . ""^ simplicity and Thefaultmustbeinlucrorinfhel r ^^ "'*"" ''^' "«*'- anywhere but in the indiWdual ''"^^''"^"*^' O'^ circumstances. Nay, then, take min^ tu a humor combined. ^ ^' ®'°''""° '"^thod and the Socratic The trout is not lost — p,.. , j, in his disappointment. ' "" ^''' °°* ^^''g^* his philosophy Ashorttale.-This tale is a good on. f memory by the pupils. ^ °°^ ^°' reproduction from "Which are fitted to m as Venator inciple of the iscovery of his i information. 5ter observes, aot be spelled ■e, etc. The Q the case of on the laat The ortho- noiigh, with- I'ariations. erent senses Y uses it in ' is a tide in iojortune." it is used in ilicity and his notion, umstances, le Socratio >hiIosophy tion from meaning, w, etc.— there are ;ate theTT! bat rela- I And this must be taue-ht voi, • n. with the punctuation of This sen^^ii^e ^ m ''!.;"y*'""g ^^^"g School Reader before tlie autho t ' ^ ''''*'°" "^ *^*^ High ^'o., and a comma afte.- heto/d a" t T""''" ^'^^^ *'^^ --'' ate it ? What must be the tZoJl r 7 7""'^ '''' ?""«*"■ introduced by "eiMer»r '^"'^«*'«=*i relation of the clause -formal a writer asVaTtt/ but it^"' ""'^^ '° «« ^-^'^nd which is much too common "n the3e d. " ""'"^'' '' ^ ^^^'^^^^ ^^om be taught to avoid :::^z^^;''^'j:''^' '^^ ^^"'-^ slightest analysis that the clause "than wi fiVl^ '"* '" ^'^^ belongs equally to each of the two nJ v ' ^^^ stream," have so much lead than^ j ^7 "etc"" "'' ' "'^'yo-rliue ingless. The simplest way ta\t J .u- ''"'"'" ^^^"^ '"ean- ring difficulty ia pUablyTolUXt thl fi"'"^"^^^ -- sentence and leave the ellipsis forth! . ^''' ^^'^ °f the line Wesomuchleadaswm iuhetf ' *'"^= "^^^^^''^ to fish, and no more. " The skilful tl . *", ^" ^^'^^ ^O" ^i^h his pupils first in discove ing 11^^- h"^'^ and second, in making, each\r h^j^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ - -ong; correction which expresses ^he mJnTn ^ , '°"«'=*'on. Any liBh should be acc!pted. and tC it ^^. "' ^ ^«°^ ^"^ approved. ^^^t <=oncise and elegant \ypifn„.„ r„, ""^"*y. though it spem° <-^ h., < vvaiton 3. ^he usage is easily understood T ? ''*^"" '" pruuary notion of «a:e;«;^, Jj^a^^g ' '"'""^^^ '^ ^^« ( }| 11 il l! . 22 Notes on Ltter.tttre SEiKcrioNa ^age 6u. Smoking- shower ni epithet «mo^.e„, to dcnot tl^e Je7t « ITn '^ ^^^"^^^ ^^ ^'^'^ day. The choice of the word c^notel ,h f '° "'^"^'^ "' ^ ^^'™ Pleasantly that rnSo^' tT: '^^^'^^^ ^Iser^er. adverb for the adjective in this cWa^d^^^^^^^^^ "" '' *'- ton's scholarship was not exto.siv but thl 7'"^' ^^^ .mitato.. to-day amongst those who W,:erlt '" "^"^ speech. ^'^ ^*^^^ excuse for incorrect " Holy Mr. Herhprf " n gomery Ltle. fn VA^s Jn J^^^^^ ^^"^^'■^ -s born in Mont- Herbert of Cherbury. He graduated at rlT-f ^'°*^''' °^ ^''^ felW about 1615, and it TfiQ^''"'^''^^'g^^°d was elected public orator. He' aftt;Vd?3t;Xd'rr "^ ''' ««- ^f orders. His principal poetic .'! "'*^' ""^ *°«k holy 1633. a year aL hz's Lt "it' : ^tri T ".°' ^^^^^^^^'^ *"' he ments of Herbert's poetry differ w d'r Th! '"""' "^^^^ that his beauties of thought and diction J ' '' "^ ^^"I't ^y far-fetched conceits and La^r nriat! '° '""'^'^ '"-^^d beauties are too real and admirS LT t ™'^''^' ^"* *h°«e defects. As Coleridge say" '.The n T''^ '^ ""^ '"^"or thoughts-not of his diction 'thaf^^rttr °' "'"^ ^^ ^'^ pure, manly, and unaffected-lhas bh^ 1!, " f '°^ '^"^ ^« "^ore general m^its of his poems, ^bic^t^e f:f^/"'^^« *° *^^ exquisite m their kind." Hp,4,.-f / "°^* Part. entitled The Country Parson. Lowejl ZToit" ^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ can poets and critics, has paid a hL trTut ..'' '' ^"^" pious elevation of Herbert. Walto 5s T "f /^ .^' ^'"'"« *»d been alluded to. and has don. rlu. ^"'^^^'* ^^^^ already If time can be gained rheta^hrlrrrdfr. '"^ '^^^^^ of Herbert's finer passages and h.ln .T ^"^ ^'' "^^«« «o™e themselves. When it r^menS^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ sentiments were written and publi fed • .^ ^"'' "'^^ P'°"« licentious age, it must be cone d th J, '"'''* ^^ ^ "^'^^ deserved the epithet of "holy" "'° ^^^« better The dew shall weep thy fall to-ni.hf. _th- -•. b...sprettey conceits, though the reprerental^n' ^f TeL^^:; Notes on Litekaturb Selections. i 23 evening as tears wept over thp ^„- ' j . poetsthatitisi.poss'bletodee;deto? ' '^ " ^'"'"'"^'^ '" one of them may lay claim "'"'^ origix^ality any intt'v of tS'oSrhuTas'datfr"'''' T'"' "P'-^^-*^ '^^ eye of .ne .'rash ga.e " seem "^ T °*'""'^^ affecting the critical taste, but C ^uite Tn k" " "^' -t™vagant to Herbert's time. ^ " ^"'^'"2 ^^^^ the fashion in The music shows ve havp Af^ wu . . , Like seasoned timber _Th,-<. ,-o scarcely poetic figures to wlu!h I °"' u *'' ''""^^^ ^"^ would be hard to defend 17 /u''"'' '^"^ ^'''' '"^^l^- It -bjectbyitslackof Xity. ''"'' °' '^^'^'^'^"^^ ^'^^ Whole world turn to coal tji,„ r student might be dispoLd to Jutelr.T" " T' " ^ "°^^^° tion of coal beds and layers unT' k '"°'^' °^ *^« ^°'™-- Geology .as a. .r^o!:!Ze^l wtl^H '' t. ^^^^^^• must have had in mind either the ge^erairfft^^^^ of J- 7'' ""''' usmg the word coal instead of ashes to su^th '^^"^^g^-^tion. will to be that Jchl";i L?JT,°'; '''• ^'^ ■"«"""« •i- Will ha™. „. „„, jr:cr'„:'rr° " ^''=^ °' '^^ They both work.-To what does J„tt „ferr As you know ota »ia„« j _ I , ly. S-r'^ill u NoTKs ON Literature Selections. ) {|; the n^eaning Pi^cator iatendsto "on: y It T '"'^"'^^ "^* apply such criticisms to Walton Th„V , IT "°* "'^'■^ ^ «"oh loose and solecistic exprestons are f "" ,^ ''"^- ^"* writers of the present dav anT 1 frequently met with in commemorated as "mt™",^? '. 'T "' " "ff^'ionaWy M„iv . ^ ■ "^'"'"'"'•' Shepherd'sCalendar'- in th. «;,.eLo beg „ntfw;fttr''°r'' ''"''' P"-'"'«'l your opinion «, angZg'vl * ^ "t t "'"'' »'""■• "» recreation, but .e a mode „f life' ' "'""'^ "' "■ -^-^ioual -h..b it delineate,, treLha, ul/'ptC:. t T'^'"'"- contains, or the fine moralitv ,> « P^^toral poetry which it Complete Angler) has rdyLfelT ' ""''=^*^^' '' ^^^^ languages. ''4,v!/oA„ Si. '"°"^ ^"^ °' *^« "^^ern cence. purity, and simplicity of heart the- '""^ ''""' "' '""" verses interspersed in if it would rl' . -^'^ '"^"^ *^^°^«« «" angry passion Pray mike von "^ "•'"" ""^^ ^'--^-"t iiamJ to Coleridge. ^ '" acquainted witla iV'-Charles popular so ^any p„,e and blt^fJl l^L^Llt'tt '^^^ NOTM OK Lkmaidb. Sbmotok* ss X.V.-THE WVE OP CWmmv AS A PBIKCIPLK OF BIOHAPD STBELB. but left college ^it^^^lZt^Z:^^^^^^^^^ to a rich estate by enlistintr imLu o '^^ *^° ^"'''^^'P his life was loose aVdt;fte^^ always sinning and repentfng. and! 1701 ^e J ,7. ." '* '' "^^ treatise. The Christian Bero ZthV ^^^''^^^'"'^^'Sions «on, which was not? WveT eLTeT V'^ °"" "'°™^- comedies, some of which met with .7 u,' "^^^^ «^^«^»I the influence of Add ioT wh^;! trf ."""• ^'^^""^^ through life, he was appoi'ntid galet l t^ Tht 1 ""^^'^ ^"' sequently taken from him an.1 P ^^'^- ,^*^'« o^ce waa sub- of Commons for certain m,!. ' '"^'""'^ ^''''' *^« House in which he manS \rwS; ;i^Slft'^* -"^'^ ^^« ^^^^^ the death of Queen Anne an7th?retu"n o thVw,""""^'^- ^" he was restored to rov.l fn, . , ^^ ^^ '"^s to power, extravagant, improvident ;in^ iT ® *'°'*' however, always emblrras'dtyeontroversi";,^"'^^ " '^^*' -^ considerable reputation ZTl Z '"^ ^^^ '"'*^- He won admired comedy,1^^?SoLf;r*',"P"""^ ^^ »•" ™»«h work as an essa;ist STtoo; "''' ^"' '^' ''^ ^^^' ^''-^^y which this essay i seLcted and "7T''^ ""''■ ''"^^-> ^^m lished thrice a week/cltSnglo^t a^sly^^^f ^^^ ^"^• domestic and foreign news etc Th . ? ^"^ '"^"'^^'•«' ^^ec^a^or, and thatin its ru;n by Jt ""i' '""""^^ ^^ ^'^« same kind, though ThTZl / ^«^^»««, journals of the literary chLactIf mJ^fT^'l'' ^^''''''^^'' ^^« ^^ higher these LerpS;- af l^tu^L f ' f ''''°" ^'^^"^^ ^^™ ^-^ ^pec^a^or. Steeb afterwaMs c „' '1'' "P'''^"^ *« ^^^« ^A« Lover, The i?«X 1 .^7"J°««d other periodicals, as literary fame re.^':^:^:^^^!!'^^^^ f ^*-«-d. His -d^«.^». Though und^^bieS^^-LSrr^-; t* i ',1 H?, ili 36 Note- oh Litkra,„r, s,u,„,„„^ Page 83. Generous seeds _7iv ♦u- doubt, means to .lenote the instinHv«'. «'^r>-e.8ion Steele, no native country. .,„.H ,. :iZZ^r:;:, ^ l^?. "^ -«'« be cultivated and stimulated till • """"•^'' -^'"8 f^^ohng ,„ay it may be ..e,,.eased and o ^ol^l^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ -'■"« P-ion, or and passions. ^ " ''^ ''*'''^'' '"«'e selfish interests Ennoble their bV*>«! p„* • x- ennobling p.,,ei,>,o. bu t~t n " ,?« "T- '^ '""'°^*''^ '"*« -> equally liable to k pcrve ted into 1^"""""'^'' ^^'"^'"^ " '« "«' National narrowness and sdL 1 '"'"'■''"' ^'^'^ ^^^"«'' -'P»lBe. and perhaps.xnore uu'seh Lvous Z tl" "'"''^ '"^ '''^*^^*^ble. to personal matters. ' " *^'' ''''"' ^"^'^i^ies in regard Universal deg-eneracv — Tl minds of n.ost men to oonfplain o kck IT' 'u^' * '""'^"""^ '" *he times, and to look backward for 1 et I ' '" '''"'* '° ^''^''^ «^» personal selfishness is al^ y " ,:^;'^" ^f^.°^P^*"otis.n. B«t enchantment to our views of thr; '';^:' 'T'^ ^^^-' ^^nds the general tone and character of the P vT ' '"' ^°" ^^"''^ "^ of Steele, discuss his state e, sho , "f \P''^'^ '" ^'^ *™« i^ere utters against his conCp^tr 2 -Z^'' ^^^^^ ^« methods by which the " inctntive " w'°"!' f"~''''"^ °^ *'- Rome would hardly have a ""ed T) f "P '» Greece and even in Steele's time. DescrSfe brlV T' l"' *° Englisl,men. of Sparta to the State. ''^^ ^^"^ '"^^'^^'^^ <>f the citizen Page 84. "Its first source from hence » Tl • before hence, thence, and whence is .nni . V ' "'" °^ •^''''»» on the ground that it is :^ ed Lt IT f '' ^'-^^ -- -ertheloss sanctioned by t Jus^^t S:"^ ^' ^ ^-^^t^trc^Sr—--. i I If 1111 I, NOTKS ON LiTKIUTUKR SELECTIONS. 27 the an ^cedent of L' ''^Zl ZrZ' ^"'"•^^^' '^'^' '« A projector.- ^ ,,ionar!; weld „ow be ti.e word scorn to taUe advantage of a prCe Jnd iZ'^nr'^^T'! a cent, will not hesitate to cheat the Zh T '''*'"* °^ regulations, or snmggli„.po?tIbl a 'f^r^ "^ '^''""■''' P*^^**' 1 . . &o""i, I'urtaDio articles acro'^?u':i:i^"aH- t'cirttrLf^r "'''' "^ '° ''*""'• ai.M„r investing hi. capL a U* ^ 1 "" '"""V"""""" ..-in. it .„ the a„ve„,:e„t at I Z .toj rtZt' ""' ^°'^' Codrus.-A mythical king of Athens whn .. 7- tradition, when his country'wasTn ad d W 'th "n ' *' *^' from the conaueatof +h„ p»i '"^'^''ed by the Dorians fresh were ^or^Z^:!^^!^^^^:' o"""'"^ ^'^^ ''' '^^^'^^^ which had foretold tha't tLy s , urr""" '/ ^" "'^"'^ l^i-g were not killed, resolved't fi e j'^^^^^^^^^^ ^ "" ^"^° and accordingly entered the Doric camDn,"^'' °°""^^y voked some of the soldiers to kiH him ^ '"'"' '"'^ ^''^ Scsvola (the left-handed). ~A^ the story is told bv T • v. Porsena, or Porseima. king of the Ffv.l ^ ^''^' ""^"^ Home. (T MpH"" « -„ t> Etruscans, was blockading ^-fi < 1 : hi Ft. s 28 Noras ON LiTIiEiTOM SKKmOM. I tit: o"s tl„,,U he uttered. Whereupot S'^t!':?'" T'""' eontemned the kinc'e tiiroat .l,r„.7 /""°"',"' '^ "'">»' how he whieh had been kindled toa'!! ,7"' '"'"'' ""° » 8™ fli-Whg. The kintet ck J th ' r' '"- " " """ "'"""" «t free. I„ ret„r„ for th . act of '°"' '"^""^ ''"" «« >"> that h. was but tl e let one !f Ir'T"'''' *•"='"' « "■■■ ..ohadhouudtheletlltrr^.'treCtlrd"'^""'''' consequence Craving thJe loefhr^rtlr """°'' "''"' '" This IS in nothing more conspicuous ~Th ,» . taken to illustrate a want of per pi cj^^v^r '"''' ""^^ ^ too com.non even iu so careful rS;lrSte!rT' ^''^' '^ the this refer: to the fact that th« f u !u ^^ ^'^ ^^** does he u dep>„.„g , ::rx:i ttit tTttr .r"""" *'• evil, no crime, 80fire..6"? Onlv „ "^'^ ,^°* ^^^a* there is ««no ..... pe.hap, noteUa't.rL'„n'Se°r "°"'«'- .™nrot;:;nren:f>.-;:^t::ri:' "r™- '--"<■ <» editors have ."foilowod copV'r«i an " "r',,,^^'*- «>» otherwise, the student Jf read% pe «,: 1:""° """' °' .nstanoes the punctuation adopted obsrnri.! . ""'"'' •learer, the meaning, obscures, instead of making So easily banished the breast —lint, tu , . or accusative, after the pS forf o tr ^K ' °'^"""^ use with a double accusative in the active Sh'i:' '"'^^'"^ "" the verb. " We 6a«^/. you our Ce^i^-I^:> ^^^^^^P^-''^ «o uses u«^^o;it ^:::^---:^t r r--- '•^ matic notion. Cf.-Our verv.r.f J "'«t'»ctive or axio- ^^ Uui very .,«.e of public good " on preceding, had oonoealed I '>y the king's in oonaequenco ad and brought m to be burnt ertain mysteri- show how he iiid into a fire there without sred him to bo ciu8 told him loman youths aa, despairing Romans and id Hccevola iu fcence may be 0Ui which is ["o what does Jublic spirit, << no here is the context, I. lere, and in k^hether the on used, or in several of making 3 objective, iplying its are so uses eems here B or axio- precediuff NontS ON LiTKIUTtTRR Sk/.kct/ons. Sf> i>emosthenes.-It wonld be superrtuous, no .Io„bt. to writ. • note upon the name of the groat Athenian orator, th. ovZr oTLuime."''' '" '"'''"''^' *"' """'^ "''"'•• ''""''«-« Z\ .4ischines.-This colebrat Athenian oratr^ was born In AU.ca B.C. 389 about ci,ht yonrs before his grolri a Jd pol, ,cal antagonist. D.rno.sthenes. Aoconling to DenuXl the father of ^.chines was a slave, and his m'othcr i I a. a wo„,an of low character. It would be imposHible. w t.^ Hketch.ng the history of Greece during a mos[ critical pe d when ^schmes and Demosthenes were at the head of the wo parties ,nto which not only Athens but all Greece was divide' to sumn.anze th. leading events of ^^.sohines' life. The p S enm.ty of these two g, eat leaders begat personal hatred wi^ culm.natedwhea Demosthenes charged ^Cschines with h!v , « been bnbed and having betrayed the interests of his c " y dunng the second embassy to Philip. The result of this c !« and the counter-charges of ^schines is not known bu h! popular.ty of tho latter was severely shak.n. and t^e w i ers o^ all ages have censured him as at least mercenary and relfseek .ng m comparison with tho spotless glory of Demosthene • p. re pa r.ot,sm .Escinnes was what would be called in these 72 a "self-made" man, and to his lack of early advanta. es am good traming may be attributed some of the defect" of hi^ personal character. As an orator he was second only and onlv second to Demosthenes. Their relative merits are aptly Hlust rated m an anecdote told of ^schines. It is said that on on he read to his audience in Rhodes his speech against Ctes' " and when some of his hearers expressed their^stonishm J his having been defeated after so brilliant an oration, he rep ed Jou would cease to be astonished if you had helrd Demot Who fled to the covert of his mean arts.-Observe the strik- ing and well-sust.'iiiied metaphor .,,",:!" *:,'!T:f=''r'''''.«'<'. ='"'''"' «p™, .„< thought -.!.! .1.. -...,,, at- ui Lui:; .sentence in his own words .dvancemeni "° A^^'r'"'" ''". " " " ""^^^-Pt^ble in their •avancement. —An efJective use of antithcsia. lllf,'-l 'III I li;! 30 NOTKS OX Ltxbh^XUBE SBLECTIoyg. oonscious integrity of pu nos. "" ^""^^ ^'' ""'^"«-- A upon an hi.s .;.,i Hi tveis" " °' *"'*^ ^^ ^-P--d overlook the effect of a il J t J .r'" ''""' ^'^ ^ ^^^'^ ^o f a whole sentence. The exT/n '" *° ^°^^ *^'« ^^^--g J^ife of Juliu3 Agricoh .%! ''°''^' ^^ '•^'^°'t"« are. Tht ;!;^tories, and a Sgu r^ ^; *^« «-ans. A^^ l^loquence. " '''' *^« Causes of the Decline of ''^'^'^'l^^^^^ Tacitus to a little "«^addtoor.„odifytrrafi'S"^ ^°- '^°- tests oT)>rtorici^'cr!«oism ''iM' "'* P^^^^'^ Unscathed the ;;- agree in stating that Ret^ZTl' f, *';—ient author- t -gin,ans. that „,ay probably be ac!!n^^f " ^''*^ ^^ ^'^^ Car- of lus tortures is now geaerallyVe fet Xh '' ' '"''- ^'^'^ ^^^^y "•ents to which the Kon,an writer ;,! '"• '^ '^' ^'"^^"^^^ t e;r own heroes, and brand . ZalTr '° "'^^ *« ^-^^^^ of their national enemies. '^'' '*'g'"* t^« characters -atitr^^^^^^ J-« -Pected and strict gram- -«ead of the pnterite deslre/ZZ' ^''*°''"^^ P^«-"*. sen enee is begun. This change f tens^rtr "'*' "'^^^ ^^^ of the same sentence, is a mark oP , "^-^'^^^'-^^^ Pa''t« for a .„„„„,! "^"^ -y do„bt-TI,at they w„„M heaitato fche use of that and a. as oorrelativ w T' ^"' "''^ '^^^^oL Steele, but is Horatian. '''"^^" ^« "«* original with -*h:t?t:l,"tj^:;:;;;;;*««- profitable -ding of an tl^" spuu of his argument. To thet -^1""'' ""^ *" '■"*'■•■ '-o ^othesei,o,ntstheforegoia,.^otes lent ^omao known ^ 5 impressed ■ ^au]t, To »e meaning 8 are. The s> Annals, Decline of to a little How does >ul(l there athed the >t author- the Car- ["he story Mbellish- gratify laractera * gram- present, lich the te parts to say lesitate usage, notion sr such with or an ' llltO uotes Notes .w Litkkatuub Sblections. 31 have been mainly directed 'VUav^ i. of ^f^U In n "^'^^'^^e^- i liere are, however, certain qualities marked of these, in the case of S ll ., *''' """^^ „i , . . ' ** '^^^^ o* Steele, is the care and skill -lia played m maintaining the rhythm and balance of the sent 1 eT It will be readily discerned by the ear, especially when the paragraphs are read aloud by a good reader. \d ^ "bru 't aesa m the beginning or ending of sentences, no sudd n :n:itt; of thought no use of unexpected or startling words or ph^sr dav Evet'^r"""'''^ ^'''' "^"^ ^-^^^ writerfof o ; day. Every sentence in the essay before us will b« f iT bear the marks, seemingly at leastf of Is^tli::^^ t^^ The care ul roun.hng and turning of the sentences, togetheih a studied and methodical arrangement is often oaSlT. ony, soothing the ear rather than stimulating the n^nd and diverting attention from the thought and ar«ument of T. writer to the elegance of his periods. '-argument of the The order of arrangement, too. is almost on the surface In the essay before us, for instance, w. have (a) the general propo W with the state of affairs m the early days of Greece and f.ome; this contrast does not result (0) from any dim n it In o pl^s.cal courage, but id) from lack of the patrbtTc mZ which (.) is even ridiculed in these days, as n ay be'e 1 (X ' the manner in which certain classes of reformei^ a Id ent^^ " are rptrir-rlo,! „, j / v ... "^ "^^"""^'S ana enthusiasts regarded, and {,/) the esteem in which brewers, merchants rranT^t^''^^ " ''-'' '-'''' '^^' 'y ---- s are^ wT' T f " "'"*' ^''" '"^ ""'^ '''^i''' ""t^l ^3 thoughts arebrought into logical and harmonious order ht-t -" " th. periection of art conceals ar^ '■ f;,;= i ' , "" ** i-uiiot.u.s die, tins order, when ton ■>lr.i,.K, apparent, weakens the effect. It 3 t.o o u M \ "'^'''" J- icdiiis, too, to anticipate what is coiniu^r lif .'I •'II (52 iu^i I '$1 jilr I NoTKs on LTTRruTHRR S„r,RnTroys. n; fe"/' '^^'^•i ^' '' Pa'-t o he Plan of i? °^ ^^^'"'^^fcl.eaes „d t could not be conlpleted. lie maf ;?' "'^''^y' ^^'t'"'"' which to go the lenerth of fancvin- it ^: J^^' ° '°'"'' ^^'^^s, be tempted ,^S';P" tj^ese illustrS' LlTu t^^^ with a vierto ainng the writer's fu.niliarity S Vh • f,'*?''"'' '"O'nent, and so Let the student- ^ '"''''"''^^ Instory and literature! , («). Spell and dpfinB +i,« en vc-;. i\ote any wordq in fi,-. NO. XV.-THB GOLDKN SCALES. ADDISON distinguished himself i„ Latin i«" ^" °""^^'^ he specially •ntended him for the church b^t ''':^'^°"«°"- ^^ father hid '•terature and politics, alvtlr^.r'"'"^^ '^-^ ^"« 'n P'^trons. especially Lord Some? trwh/^'^^ °' -A^-fa «n one of King Willian.'s eal*? "'^T ^'« ^^^icated a poen, pension of £300 a year. ReZS'aU T'^'"' '^ ^«99 a extended European tour remi- ""^'"T"^' ««* out upon an perfect himself in the Fre. Lh r ^^ '" ' '°"^ ^"°"«h to Swit.rland and Germ^nr^n^r^'"' ^^^^*^"« ^^^ '^^^ "Letter" to Lord Halifax h" re^ "^ i '''"*' ^'^ ^^ariniifg and m the foHowing year wLe-Riu"''^ ^' ^"S^^^d in 1703 Ministry of the d^y' ThTtHui^^^^^^^ •specially Lord Godolphin. ir^ZtllrZ^''^'''' ^»« patrons. even before the completioi of fh? ^' f "^ '"'="'■«'' ^ts autho^ ^^am.issioner of ^.p^^ J^;r!^;-^^^-^^r.Z e^,.^„j_^.^^ State, and two or ^u ~ ^'^''^"^ ^aa made or use has Notes on Literature Selections. 33 awkwardness and timidity unfitted him for a political office or parhamentary career. His auocess was tc be achieved Tn the : m I ft "<9 Hi ; u 34 Notes on Literature Selections. "^'^ ''w.lTe:;:^ Ba W-I„ad. b.. vni, lines 66-77 The middle Heav'n th' Ff ^^ 'Vi^^'l '^^^'d His golden Scales aiofc fn^'"?' ^5*^" ^ung The fatal death lot •fo; ?h^ ^''''^^'^ '" ^^oh * The one, the other for f hnl^°"^ °' ''''"y Then he d them bv th« m^ .^^^s^^lad Greeks; Of Greece, doTn to the T^'*' ', '^°"'° ««"k the lot Mounted the Troian ql? ""'i*^' "'''■•e high aloft Then loud he bide th« '^?"'' '<«« '<> Heav'n From Idi^s heS anH •H^l"u^ thunder peal He hurl'd hisXhJnjr li^h?,' • **"" ^'•^"^" '^nka Amu^-d the, ato^S:"a^n»rw^iJhtr!l^V'. Cf. also Iliad, bk. XVII 11 of/O 919 ~^'''^'' "'^n.iatum. ^«"-ng the .e.orable co.kt'bS'rra:: Z^ '''' For Hector one l',d hpfJI-t* '^*=^'"'=« °ne ; -^H:ieM:.tonreveLthrpictu L!d '"'' "'°^^ *« Heaven." des.ned to be vanquished'^" L'tThel"*'*'.! "'^'^ °'*^« -« the difference be explained by elt' etto^r" v l"^^'^^* each case put into the scale L Hoi •. "^^'"^ ^*« ^^ the ^' lot of doon,. " which was t^Z^J T *'? " '^-"^^ot," of the one about to be vanqurhedbrin . '"^''^°"g^^^'«' Milton on the other hand, TwL theT T *'^ ''''''' ^ fight." or as appears below /"whr. 1''^"'^°^ ^^^'^"^ '^^ «' symbols of thecon.batantsThLs!h"s whTh"* ""^'^^ "^ '^« scales, that which proved the hVhir be 'th ""''^ ^^^ ^*° *^« Page 88. Hector.-The son of P ^ . ''''°""°'' °''^^^«**- Queen of Troy. He w2^ hXa ,S^^^^^^^ ^-^ and and the animating spirit of Ttl 'Tr^' *^' ^''"J^" army, years' siege by thf Greeks HavfnT 'f"""'' ^"""^ *he ten iHend of Achilles, the latL.I^ ftfn'h^ ^^'^^ ^^*-^-. the Agamemnon, the Grecian Co;. ":?4"f .'^'^/.^^ *"'°' ^«^-«* avexige his fallen comrade, met and "f"'''^'""' took up arms to m Notes on Literature Selections. 35 aftemards succeeded in ransoming the body of hi. eon. and caused It to be buried with great pomp. Achilles.-The famous hero of Homer's Iliad. He was the son o Peleus a n.ythical King of Thessaly. and Thetis, a goddess o" the se, descended from Zeus or Jupiter. " Fathe; of'gods Td m n Havmg quarrelled with Agamemnon, who took from h^m h,8 beautiful captive Briseis. Achilles withdrew in sullen resentment, and for a long time refused to take any part n l" war In consequence of the absence of their redoubtable warrio , the Greeks sus^ined a series of defeats, until at last the slaying of Is fnend Patroclus. who had rashly donned the terr^wf chief^m s armour in the hope of frightening the Trojans, roused Achilles toavenge his death. Many later myths grew up around he name of Achille, such as that of his h'a vinf b"rth been d^.ed by his mother in the river Styx, to rende'r him invuhier able, after winch the only vulnerable spot in his body was the heel by which he had been held du.lng ^,e process. A passage of Virgil. -^ntid. bk. XII, 725-7 : '•Jo^ e sets the beam. In either scale he lavs The champion 8 fate, and each exactly we X On this side life, and lucky chance ascends" Loaded with death that other scale deSs." Turnus.-A King of the Rutulians. an ancient Italian tribe Turnus wa« a rival of ^neas for the hand of Lavinia th; daughter of King Latinus. Resisting the settlement o^ the exiled Trojans in Italy, he was slain by ^ueas of "^^T'"^'"' ''"'" t ^^'^'^'^ ^"«^'^' """^ "mythical ancestor of the Ro.man race. He was, according to Homer, th. -.no Anchises and he goddess Venus, and his exploits durin. .u. war r.nk him next to Hector amongst Trojan heroes. According to Virgil he escaped from Troy when it was captured by^the . ratagem of the wooden horse, and after many wanderings ^d adventures, m the course of which he landed in Thrace. CrTta ""?:t'i "iir 'Ti '" ''■^'°^'" *° ^^^*^^^«' ^« -^ "fa^ - •. to Ital;, and married Lavaua, daughter of King Latinus by .horn he had a son .^^ueas Sylvius, who was the aifcestor of thi lungs of Alba Longa, and of Romulus and Remus Those noble passages of Scripture. -See Daniel, Chap V ll'liiii ati NoTBa o„ L,r.«„„«, g,,,„,^^^ The Eternal — Ti • near the end. " ^'^^^^^ '^ ^^^'^ Paradise Lost. bk. IV, . His golden scales. -Libra fK u , «'gns of tlie Zodiac. ' *^° ''^'*°°«' tl^e seventh of the Pendu,ous..-Lat.Penrfeo.tohang. «*-"y or in its uZl?ZlZf '' ''' "^^'^ "-d here answer. What connective word orV'-^"'' """' ''^^°"^ ^- Page 89. Battles and real / ^"'" ''"^ «"PP'y- with e.e„fe. or gramnutically 0;^^/' f ^^^^^ds '^ apposition approve of the punctuation / °"*' ' " *^« ^-"er. do you The Sequel each.— Exnkin t), -*rict propriety express £ \^^Zf p" ""^- ^^^ ^^ - '^"^^^er. meaning? Qive reasons for your Though doubled now -To »», * j ^ote carefully the meaning of ZbZ bof ""'"f '"'^ '^"""^ '^^^^ ? Nor n:or.-Supply the'llip; ^'^^^ ''^'^^ ^^^^-S' Methought— Preterite of fL • Daly entertata.-I„ the ooluml" V"" ""'"« ''°"> "«"«■ "Jt»cetheta,Ui„„a\rr„'St'''"' «'™ °".er leaning. Page 90. Do not exert th. Explain the th„„«ht ^uveArinT" ^'"'''=' ««■ *- »lloforioal form. ^ "" ""» sentence, freed fr„„ ^siT,r:Lrt:i::n",r- '- «- chapter, . Avarice and poverty -T^Tnf. ;^*"''^- contained in thfs and parS 7'^'""^ ^'^^ --'"^^e truths exa^tly measured by his a':::.; ^ ^I^^ A man's poverty" With millions in his chest mUn^llT!" '" '''^■'^°* P^^-^v Pair« of antithetical words '" *"*^"S^« with othe'r One particular weight.-Cf. 11. Cor. IV.. 17. "*Sf fn, 25; Is. 5st, bk. IV, enth of the used here easons for supply. apposition 3r, do you •es each in for your ne refer ? uch used disuse. Lddisou'B leanings etc, -. d from 'ters at truths Jrty is oveitv other Nom OK Literature Selections. 37 increase the weight of t^l , .. ^o^^^^t^A added to «iora/»7v the explanat.::t ;?t:"T*^^^^ ^°"- -t particulars named ^^ ^'^'^ ^"rfi/«»e«<, and other ■^he veiled humor n th^ aTd H f T"''" ^"'^ "^^^«^- ^^^e .-•agraph. TheoilL ^L ^ ,e 'edfn ti""' TT"^ '' ''^' of the coin mentioned. " "'^'^ ^^ "»« smallness Tekel — See Daniel, V., 27. Itlt;r:etrt^^:1\^^^^ himse. Addison, style. with his own conclusions : "^ '"'^'^'"^^ ^''^ ^°'"P-™ br^ityTSrSolirthSJlrS^r -^ ^«-ted and easy. \Vhoever' wS eVtrattii.f nn ^^ '"'i- "J^"^'' ^'^ ^'°J"We buc not coarse, and eleganrbut n^ol^."!-'''' ''y^«' ^'^""'iar, elegance and mildnJst-GiU'^''"'^ ^^ '^' ^'"^^^^ graces of has rhetoric a sha e z^n S^' Or»^'"«^nts abound, and neTer himself. He is too measuredTnd Z.TlVale' '^*^"^'^- *<> NO. XX. -THE BARD. THOMAS GRAY ...ucaw a. Eton and Cambridge. He s^: I'lTeate^';^.:™' im. In the latter year he declined the position of < * # ! N * 88 Notes on Literature Selectioks. History. Hi3 O^J^rf^tro^ ^'^ ^''^'^ °^ M^<^«- student cannot fail to see from ! ' ^''.^'"'^«'''^ ^'^^. as the almost dazzling ^'ith brilUrf '^''°""'" '^'^^^^^ ^i™. are '"tricatepoetioLm „' t "^^^^^^^ -^ ^"" of deep' and on the mj,. The pop'^Iadtv of h '''*' '''"°«* ^^^^^^^^ It went through ^oJXJXI^^^^^^^^^ ^^ g-t' n^ore within a short period. That it %'":' *^™"^'^ '"^"^ immortality in it is evicfent from 'he LtW.t '^""^'^^^ °^ body who knows anything of Fv u *° ^'^'^ ^^^ ^^ery- admires it. ^"""^ of Enghsh poetry knows and Gray was also a prolific and gracefnl I ,, poetof Greece, who flourished a o t'490 b C tT' ^f ^ ''''' ^^"« of the PmdaricOde will be seen from f 7 . , ^ "^'^''acteristies are irregular and varied irmetrH '''^ '^ ^-^^ ^«'-'^- They fi^ced law, and the style is f*,\?: T""'' oonforming to no metaphors, and abrupt transition! ^°«°^Ption8, striking T,. , , ^^^N OF THE POEM. f..e oft 'iS;fptp'i;:.sv;r;,''^ ■""^t.-.g «. conquests of Edward frr^ u- ^ *^f ^^^th of Edward TT lu Prince, the deathS Ri ha.^'ll'lt' *iV« ^^^^^ of the Black imprisonment of Henry Tl'n/iv 1^^ ^ars of the Rosef the He then celebrates th? 1,; of 1^^^! V. and his brother Elizabeth's reign, and cof.cludeswfth !"••'' ^".^ ^^PeciaUy of Shakespeare and of Milton. * ''''''°" o^ the poetry of many other instanoPs of .oc-M.l n. '' *"'' Probably probably determined notVo 1:;^^^^^^^^^^^^ much by the harmonious effect of a N0M8 ON LlTBRAXUEE SELECTIONS. 39 repetition of the same sounda as hv o« .• x- congruity between the aouncWem^^^^^^ fr^*"'* °' be convoyed. There certainly aeomrTo T '" v ^'^"^ ''^'"^ *« the harsh rolling sound of the r nZli:!rr\^'''^ ^" word. It might howevpr h , ^ signification of the s»ppiw. Why not take !::;Lr«ti°fl rr""..'"' imperatives of the third person aft.. T ""■ '" '''■■™' ira peison, after the manner of the classics ! paSr;.etttt.t^:'fXrj -'"'-■ -• Jtjor^::r::rxnrx':h''r'" flowing,andthattheyconseauentIvhL„ ,1 u ^"^ ° """"'" though kept proudly flowinr ,1 ! ! ^ ^ ""^ "" '"'" ' »'' 'l>»'. triumph. We must , , ok to 1. ^ .' ?" """ ■'"" "' '«»'»« a.d th'e contextrnl't'orortLTrtr^'"^ °' ^'"^^'"^• of Si"r^ """ °"""" '- «■' '->• ^ -re poetic fo™ BeW the Chow, ^JsSrf;:Z:t£^Z'''""" " '"'" intTnt::.'""^'-"'' '°"''="' "- '--* -" »»» ..eel rings virt„«r° *^ «rtues.-What were some of Edward's chief Thy secret soul.— Transferred enith^^f Tf -, x,. , course, that were kept secret. ""^ *^^ ^'*"' «' From Camfaria's curse, from Cambria's tears -An «ff *• use of anaphora. tears.— An effective Cambria—The ancient name of Walefc m 40 Notes on Lirmurvm Sklkctions. The crested pride. -What ,?nn= *u card's «■..«/ ;,;,/,, H a ' in .. ""'^ "^'^^ »>>' ^'i" ^Vom the renutining lin.s of the n .^ ""*^^* "'"•^* — >'•• tiiat the crested (i.e hZl\ ^ *'^' '*"'''^"* ^'" P'^-'^'ivo ^^lo'stc. and Mo. tiJe; "' ''^ *""^^^ ^•-■"«'« ^ere such a« Snowdon.-A mountain ran^^e in C^ Wales. It contains one or two of '° , ^7""^'""«J»-re, North Britain. '"^^ °^ "^^ h'gl'est peaks in South Speechless trance -Ti,oc„ the very notion of trance the ont 'f '''^''^«««"'^«« ^b involved in ^o.ica,. Then again ..r;el^nT't;;r:?''^ ^"'^ *^"*«- conveying a suspicion that its nrZ, f ' '"^''"'^^y ''Wy, of the rhyme, rather than it!" •' '"^^ *'^^ — ^-^ - in the poefs mind. ^::%z::zz:::z ^^^ ^ ^^- - w '^^i:st::;r ::;:? ^ t- -^ --k or the warrior's chief weapon ^^' ''^'^" *'^^ ^P^^r was Quivering- Whv' Dn«.= +u Vibration o.,.,3ed b/„,e nc" /t'lli'j'r '"= "'"" *^^« am, or a tremor oansed by the sta ,, ' """K »■"■""'« wier.! voice of the „„sec„ bard ffil ^ ''""'"■oiatio,,, „f the I. ^. Conw.,. ,„.„i„, : _^;:7°"; '- -" «P...'on. miles long, flowing in a northerlv ,f;r I ""'"^ " ^^out 30 It is famed for the roma: c L t "'Th '"^'^ *'^ '''''' '^- course. '"'"''"^^ "^ the scenery alojig it, the y^^rL'trla'n'TalZ!^^ loose and latter only ? Give Lsons *'"'"'' ""^^ ^""•. °r with the Struck the deep sorrows ~Ti expression? Give reason for vonr'' * •''' ''"" *° y"" ^ '^appy or unfavorable. ^^^^ ""^^°^«'". whether favorabll m^:^;::^::::^^ --"y --d here ? what is the Beneath " breal n "'"" "' '""' "''^•• • • • breathe.-Do theae words make a p,,feot ' -i-. Notes on Litkkaturb Selkctions. 41 b..t h,.,„lred arm, ,cem, to indl " toTt I^ ! A '"'' ""«• the htt«,. .„„ keop, i,. „„„a o^; ;» fo'i: ''°'' '°'" "«" »• was slab. • ■ '" "'"•"' "'« '""■»»" 'tag Uewell,,, during the 12th a„„ foll„l:tg oe,",,:.:""" "'""'" "' "'°"'^<' . 'oott"s: r»heToL-;r:;— ir °«r»'" --^ gomery and Cardigan. ^ °''"''^'"' °^ Mont- fami.he<, eaglo a. .o„,i„s t„ei, natll : ^ '^.^ 17 '^ P.ey upon the g,,a,tly .o.pao, of .h„ marjela bal "« "^ straina of the iar.,hi« pentamc":;; i,,,^' / ""f"" """"''"' he BOnt,m,„t, a oharaotcWo which c„„t,ib"e LTt„tt fieedom and power of the Pindaric ode. ° On yonder cliJfs._An elTccHve use of th. ,>,.» • , , sometimes called " vision." rhetorical device '.^:^^;^t^:^::r:ftS^j:--™d Berkley's roof. -See preceding note. She-wolf of France—Isabella, the wife of Edward II wh„ took a prominent part in the conspiracy wh.'r Ld t th« <> >l n 43 1 1, I Lj, ^ I*! 11 .,) ;:*v.. NOTKB OK LZTERATUKB SbLBOTIOKS. From thee be born. •tc.-Edward TTr I«abe la, repeatedly i„vado.l F.aTc O '.?" "^ ^"^"^^'^ "' ">d gained important victonea. lead.Wh- . ''°°"^* °°'''«*>n he of Paris and inflicting Znt i- ^'^^^^ *° ^^^^ ^^^y gatea defeat of Cr.oy. Gray poetioa, /rT"' ""^ ^'^'^ *-'"-^0" -ent scourging of France rt^ X^r*/ !"'« '' ^ ^-v- husband. ^''^ «"« of Isabella against her d.8appo,ntn,ent and sorrow. '^"'"^ embittered by The sable warrior t»,« * The swarm etc ?— Ob '"**"''S lather. question is rep;ated from prec'ed^t Tl "' ^*°''™S^«on. The etc. fled ? " preceding sentence, - Has the swarm. Fair laug'hs the mom iw «J.the rosy, smiling, etc'. ZaSZy^' " °'*^° ^^'^^^^^ thmk it equally poetic ? ^ ' * '*''°°g'^'- *«»•«. Do you Youth on the prow.-Observp th^ cations in this and the pr , „ '^^f "°°^'^^ keeping with the weird. i^^^^^^J^^^' ."ite in Thar, hush'd, etc.-What i« fhn . P''^"'* *T;rr"^ in the ro™ :f r;c.tr "'"<«"• «■- ".J. "Fill high," etc-The soni. nK prophetic vision which is the combing "T""^' «*'" ^^'^es the* «>a^^nd the .-grisly ^^" ^^^^^^^^^^ -e li.., Keftofacrown ti,« * ^ ,^ "'cmien. abdication and^ZpHjonmr i tfrt'" ^^ ''"'^ ^^^^ supposed that he died by violence tJT^ ^"°^"- I* " traditionary belief that he di d of Jv ?°'' "'^ ^""^« *««<>«« The din of battle bmy ^The If Tf ""^ °' "tervation. «t i- here used seemsTbe^llL/T'" ''* ^^'^^ '" -hich <^^- Milton uses it tran.Itf^S?: :^*^^ ^''^ "»« G^. ;ffp«^«,. ^ rl" . f : I NOTKS ON LiTBUATURE Skm?CTI0NS. 43 ShakeBpeare spoak. of tho " tnunpof 3 .Iroa.Iful lo-uy." 'fl.e nos u>.ul.af u,so of tho wonl fn this ...so in in oonnootn w' h the hoaiao aomid tmitte.i by tho asa. u.o^z^" °' """"=-■""■ ■■•"""'- " "ow t„ ti,„ u'a,.. „r Kindred.- Explain. To? 'Tr"',°^ J"H"S, -Early writers have alleged that the rowur of I,n,Um was first erected hy Julius Ci«sai a« a R 101 tress. Iho tradition lacks pr,.,Zi^rZ^ Ii. what ,o„so ybirt is usej Joes not seem quite olelr ■ tl . „, encc prohably is to he. ..-eat (ortit„:,e JurCo t l;. o M ::a;i:zr" ""'■"°'"" '""-'■■« «^^esio*„^r t,:" His father's name.-Hc„ry v., the hero of Adnoourl .,,,1 oon,„,e,.„ro, Franee, was .,. ahle an,. lars„.,„i,„ea*::::,; ,'".^ well as a brave warrior ••"ucm.ii, as The meek usurper — Henry VI Wis .r,>nfin ; i- though pitiably weak in intellect. ' ' '" 'J-position. Her blushing foe. -See note on the rose of snow. The bristled boar in infant o-nro t* • that Edward V.. a lad of t^Z^ 'ZZ '''''''' onedia the Tower by their uncle, the Dukr;f gL? ! ""^"" also put to death by him. or by his order. ^^°"'=^«*«'-' ^^^e III. i.-The thread is spun.-/, e.. the warp is finished. I 44 NOTKS ON LiTKltATURK SEI.KCTrONS. Their glittering skirts. -Whose* 'I'hn.P nf +i our days tl at nin<'™ «" j749. He now eontempS ' ^ ' '°°* ^' '^^ ^'^'^ divinity, and law in succesSn h. . • ^'."'''^'""^ «^ *^^«h^-°g. conviviality, and vagran reffe "tuan T,*'"'""^^'^ *° ^^"--"ei «t-'y for either. His sch;:f ^^d L't'""' ''" ''■°™«-- some escapade in which he spent aShr'' ^^"^^-"y ended i„ 'eturned home in ra^s to T '"°°'^' ^'^^ ^^o^" which he indulgent uncle Z'Vo.tLlTAl^' '' ^^^ solicitation this uncle sent him oEdi^^^^ In 1752, at his own Here he remained about a year and ,"?> ^^^.^^^^^ "medicine, -me dissipated recklessness H:" unci n,'*'" '"'^^'^y'^'^ "- he next went to the University of T . ^ ^ P'""^"^^"^ ^^^ him. Plete his n.edical studies. S h s t' n-' '" ^°"^"^' *« ^'O'"' . too congenial and stimulating lu a mf.. "^ P^'^P^nsities found Holland, and without a shilli'gi" Hs 7.?'.'"' '" '^^^ ^« '^^^ tour of Europe, travelling througj rv^ r '^'" ''^ P^^^«*"-n and It.ly, With no meaL oPdf tl "n ""'^' '"'■*^^'-^^-' education and his flute. The for„ ef l^ ^^^ expenses except hi, 'nstitutions of learning where hf ^"''^ ^^"^ ^"^""'^^ion to the topics of literature, and^:e TLltarS,:'^^' ^^'^^-^ - circumstances." The flute seen Id Xl f V^' "^^""»««« of my the peasantry. In 1756 he managed L/"^ poverty and rags. During the JxV. ^"^''"'^ ^g^'°. '« unsuccessfully to practice a^s a physicL""'* T' ^« *"«d clerk, boarding-school usher, and !„.: '^'^ "" °^«™'«t'« now, however, began to Jr t. f .''^okseller's drudge. He contributions for th'e Malaxes ,„?"'!; ^"*^°''«"^^ ^^d oth^r he found himself in posse^^ o't ol^? r"' "^'^ ''' ^^^ «" but of literary distinction. He became 1 '"''°' '^ ^i^'elihood, men, amoneat ot,h«r» n~ - u ""^ acquainted with P^iJ-^n* phiiosopher;nd fHeVd,tipi:gr:'tot° became his T.-,: h« production a.. ..^ ^^ tr4^L';:<^!^ Jj^^^^^^ Notes on Literature Selections 47 published " The Traveller," an exquisite poem, M-hich at. once set him on the high road to fame. Two years hitm- appeared the "Vicar of Wakefield," the manuscript of which hisfaithlul friend Johnson took to the bookseller, and thus obtained money to pay its author's landlady. «' The Deserted Village, " appeared iu 1769, and " Retaliation," in 1774. These two and the "Travel- ler," are Goldsmith's best poetical productions. He tried h'^ iiand at two or three dramatic pieces, of which the well-knowq comedy " She stoops to Conquer," was most successful " The Citizen of the World," "Life of Beau Nash." and histories of England, Rome and Greece, are amongst his prose productions but the best known of these and tbr/- by .. liich he will be longest remembered, is that from which t'l, rrr ,^ct is taken, "The Vicar of Wakefield." Goldsmith remained poor, shiftless, extravagant and a gambler to the end. As his debts became more and more oppressive, he grew despondent, morose and irritable. He died in 1774. Page 127. Sophia. -The Vicar's second daughter and third child. Mr. Burchell.-A friend wlio had saved Sophia from drowning and m whom she had become interested, but who had ofTended the family by too much candor in giving good advice, and had left the place. Our Landlord.— A worthless young rake. Piquet, (pi-k6t).— A game of cards for two persons. Ate short and crisp. -Are the adjectives proper here, or should adverbs have been uF?d ? Give reasons. Page 128. Olivia. -The eldest daughter and second child of the family. Which was tallest.— See Mason's Grammar, 111, 112. The niceties of English Syntax were not always observed, or perhaps had scarcely been elaborated, in Goldsmith's day. Which she thought impenetrable. -The simplicity of the Vicar's wife, and her constant use of the most transparent artifices without a suspicion that any observer could see through them, is one of the most humorous features of the sttny. V im m ifom«, OK LlTBRATDBE SBLBOTIONa »7/«wji;w. mimatures, connected perhaps with Latin And I said much Th/» tt- feeble and hopeless ^tl.irrall?,? ""^^^ ^^^''"o'hont ina his wife and daughters "«""'«* *he vanity and weakness of together in the pictures as well a ?nh«' '^'"°*"^ ^^^^P^^ diamonds receivinga hec I Ll w. t ' T*""''' ^^^^O' '° from a clergyman iS cano iof L w^ " f '^^^^^^ °^ "monogamy dress sitting beside her, would 'it w , "^'^ '° * ^'°'^-'»««^ historical group. ' ' '"'" ^'" «^«"' constitute a unique Venus. ^The Roman goddess nf U^. t ancient artists. '^""^^ • '»^orit« ««bject for Cupids.-Cupid was one of the eod, of p sometimes represented as the son of vlus"'"'!,"^''^^"^^' as having sprung like Venus herself trZT% ^on'^times From the original mythical Cnn^r ' ^^^'^ °^ *h« «ea. a legion of liftle Cup d Thl ' n^'T^ '" ''' '**«^ ^^'^^'m ^«ed with Wings and^ted':Lt':^,^^^^^^ tj ^'"''^^ ^^"^ often represented with a bandage ov!hrv;„^"'r ^''' could pie-ce not only the hearts of 17 ^ ^'^ 'ove-darts fishes at the bottom of the eT th T,"^ fT '"' ""'''«-' I'"* gods on high Olympus. ' ''^' "^ *^« *'■''• '^d even th. Whistonian Conti07Prcjv w,ii- ttt. . and whimsical, but Tli^^'jlrt'^ t^ "*^ ^^ century. He was prosecuted in hel ^ ^^ *° °^ *^« ^^th his writings promulgated op „ins which " T'' ''' '^^^^ ^- The Vicar, in Chap tt T ^ . ^^'*°^'"®'^"°«'-thodox. aer-ns "trenuous^y^^- J^d^tlth'tMlr ^f"^ '"^ "^^ unlawful for a priest of th» pk T / "^histon, that it was Of his first wifef totake ItconrV L'^h ^'^"'' ^^*^^ ^'^^ ^^^ picture is heightened by the 1./ . . ''^ the historical -onogamy to ti heathen goSir'""'' °' *^^ '^^^-^ o^ ti:?ra~nittrf::r;:^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^ -^ -.n* i*owin ia their ,t»te. " ''■^*' '"^^''^d »<> n»«n to Notes on LiTEnATURB SBLEorioNfl, 49 Moses.— The second son and fourth child of the family. Page 130. Fix.— Is this word correctly used ? Note its com- mon misuse in our day. Page mo. Who came as friends to tell us, etc.— Note the veiled sarcasm on a very common foible. Too much cunning.— The feeble scruples of the poor Vicar are, as usual, overborne by the stronger personalities and less scrupulous ambition of wife and daughter. Page 131. It was then resolved.— Note the wrong position cf the adverb in this sentence and others. The then is clearly intended to modify teni/y, not resolved, and should have been placed after the latter and in juxtaposition with the former word. This question of the proper position of adverbs and other quali- fying words in our uninflected language is not, like many minor grammatical questions, a matter in regard to which there ia danger of being finical. It is closely related to the clear and exact expression of thought, and properly receives now from careful writers more attention than it did in Goldsmith's day. If he did not prevent it.— Do you approve the punctuation of this sentence ? As well as the novelty.— The Vicar's wife is, of course, impervious to this ironical thrust, as she is to the evasiveness and insincerity with which Mr. Thornhill parries her questions in the conversation which follows. ;:.n The student should not fail to read, if possible, the whole story, which is not lengthy. Subjoined are & few opinions v hich he may profitably compare with his own independent judgments : Goldsmith's "Vicar of WakefieM " (1776) is best ^ nown at the present day of the Novels of the Johnsonian Age, and will always be read for its simplicity and delicate hnmor.— Phillip's tnglish Literature. With that sweet story of "The Vicar of Wakefield," he haa found entry into every castle and every hamlet in Europe. —Goethe. "^ The admirable ease and grace of the naiTative, as well as the pleasmg ^th with which the principal characters are designed, make "The Vicar of Wakefield" one of the most delicioui morsels of fictitious composition on which the haman mind waa over oiapL>yed.--^ir WaUtr Scott. M !, fP 1 JM I't'i 'E 60 N0T« OS LlTKHATURE SkLKCTIO^S. '"aybedono without S.cad of T'''^*'^' ^^'"^es how m«nh There is as much human nature ,-„ ."^''"-^"■'^'"fl'^ow /m-;^^. XXV. -ON THE ATTAPK-Q axt ». AiiACKS ON HIS PENSION speeclies and writings in a mX I ^ "'"^"''^*'^ ^^="0""* of his of his genius and chLctL ^ Tp^- ^''-^^^ estimates panegyrist vvlio pronounces hin. the ^ s^f '''^. ''"" *''** °^ '''^ hensive of poh'tical philosopher th '7 , f ?^'""'^ ^"^ «<»"?'•«- to that of the critic who reZd! , • "^'^ '"^^ ««^°' down rather than a deep thinker, ^ww I "o \" '""'^"* ^^^*-ician one of the subtlest thinke s the mo^H "*"*' '' ''^"^ ^^"> «- Profoundest philosophers' Id 1 '"''"'"« ^tatemen. the -asters of rhetoric, iJCfj^]^' '>-"-* orato^'anj The exact date of Burke', hwil given from 1728 to 17.30. He tas educ'^T"' '"■"=" ^^^-^y J5»Win. of which city he was IT, "^ ** *^'« University of and taking his M. A. Vj;^:^^: ^^!f-*'"H B.A. in 17^^18 Enghsh bar. he entered the Sd e T^ , ""^^ '^^"'^^^ '^^ th I^e afterwards gave evidence of ha-n!"'^';" '''''' '"*' *'^^»gh jur.sprudenca, he did not take kindiv .1 ' ''°^' ^° ^-"^^ o« pro ession. and was never called to S, - "'"^ °' ''" '' ^ work was the Vindication ofNaJ'J: ^"!' ^''' ^''^^ ^'"PO'tant or tiie style and reasoning of LoTd Tr 'T ""!' "''"''^^ ^""tation Notes on Liteeatcee Sblec tions. 51 show, as he did most ^iccessfully, that the same mode of argn- Ztr" ^r-T,!"^'^ ""''^ '*1""^ '^''' '■'^ ^^^°'' «f "'^tural as aga nst "artificial society. Another work that acciuired nopu- Af TJ ^'"^^•'°^'^»^«^ ^«'?«'>.V into the Origin of our Idea, of the Subline and the Beautiful. What is considered a join, work of himself and his cousin and intimate friend, Willian, Burke, J„ Account of the European Settlements in An^rica pub lished m 1757. shows him to have been, even at that early date a careful student of the history and condition of the American 1769 on The Present State of the Nation, another the following year On ti I (ii V, '1, ,n\v ia """'■' "•- '■'"«—. K„.„™„,,, y »«sailo.M,ytlu. Dukoof |'.,jf , given without tl.ocon.sont'ofp'',"" *'"' ^'""'^""^ *'"^t they ^rere ^^^"« p'.Hcy of eoono.;: 1 : "Xh 7";:'^ ^""^'•^'' '*« ^« -- -t bu,-kvh; but ti..:tLy :::t'"*'""^' *'^""^"' *'-^-"' -•I bo pretty clear f.o,„ the ^, ' Tf n'" ""'"''''^>' 'l"-^" Nohlo Lon, " Which c-on^titutrttt ':; ""''"'^ " ^'''*^-- *" '» <"'oat, .•ih.io.st poerle^s ft, 7i ) ' -t"-t its faults. I Lva ":;;:? ''' ^'"■•••'^•^-- -- -t expc„.ht.n.e. though ho pro a m 'if ""•i^"' '" '-•-^*'' <>fficc. Hewaspas«io„atoL.Ito.ou ,' "^"^ *^^'^""""«t m ;;>»; "utractal.h, in politics a Jl 1 'f ""* ^^'^''^P''^ ""l''-^^««cal hoth party and pe,i,, , ', .^^ ^ -' -* la-t a state in which stood almost alone. It u^, 7 " n ' *'""" ^""^'^''^'l till ha -toun.,edbyitsbril,ia,!tt,ht;;af''"^ ^^ " ^- -toy -;«>"-.„t." and it is no doubt at ' '"'"'"''^'^ '^^' '*« '^ne and Who at first evoked the euthu i L^ "f^:: " *''"V'"* "*"^^ '»- and power of his eloquence di ao^ n '' '^^ ^'^^ '^'•'^liancy persistence in the mo.Lonol i '^^^ ^?• '"' ""^^^^ 't by !- influence upon the coun.s t o eZf ^'""'"^•" «"^ in most respects salutary and h . ,•! ^ """' l^oth great and '"™t. In October ot that yeariTe ' '?"' ~"'- '" P^'ia- l>»-.on of £2,S00 „.as ,rauL hL ^ "forward, another »iw ti„ fo„ a„a a hi, :' :t",v/'"r °° »""" *- grants was askcl for by Burke d,V ', *''"*'■■ °' these . "-. to have bee,, gi- e,f o„ I e'o ".^"^ - tadireotly. Both T. -er ebjeetions ,„„y ,, valid a^-."™""" «■« ""«■ What. Notes on LrrKKATf/uB Sklkotions. 53 deserving han,Is. To say nothing of Rnrko'H g.-eat service to the State .n other way., it was well known that I'"™ fathor'a tondea^ hop, htl t.1 7';""""'°" '""' "'"" "■" T"p:^jr::u:A;:tc::::;:r^^^^^^^^^ Pi.m us T ** '"^''^ness Of the sarcasm. iago 148. To assuage the sorrows -Th« .n^- .- sarcasm are all tl.e more telling becZe of 7h '°^'^"'»*'°° *»d of pathos which the memorv of «n ! occasional touch able sorrow gives them ^ ever-present and inextinuish- Swaddled, and rocked, and dandleH a *u . very effective amplification Polt „ nf 7^ ^ '°'*"'^"^ ^^ extract. ^°"'' °"* °*her instances in the Nitor in adversum.-.. I strive against opposition." Turnpike—This denotes pronerlv ♦!,... . at a point whe„ toll is to Cc*. 'd «t ""«'"• a ™d revolving ,r„,„e „ado of twooro., „ b^ wMorir"""'^ " only could be admitted .lu»ly, a t.rr.Z'^t'^''^'"^'"^ used frequently to denote the road itself "°" "J' "'tonymy nedrord in his hostllfel^^" ^ftXl^T^nr ' ""'• »' Page ,49. But took the =„hject..„atter.-This e..o.« „, .h. N0TB8 ON LiTERATURF SatBOTlONS. 05 confused dream seema a little {&r-{oioh,>A n„j Kussell, which Burke usea witli such tremendous effect foS^titrer'"" • • ^^'^^^^^ -dibility.-A fine and Levkthan.-Sce Job. chap. xli. Cf. Milton. Par. Lost, I., 200 vn^ii !6''°"* ''' ""^^^''^ '"^^-^^- ^"^-. ^"'•- ^o«.; •" Lies floating many a rood. "-Par. Lost, I 196 uJ'thf ^ * "^^^"'•^-With what special meaning does Burke r:otS^^:^:ii^:rtf-F^^ ■*"• -^"y weight or influence he possessed was not di.« to his own personal character or abilities but sol u.Tlu possessions bestowed upon his family ty 'the Crln. ' '""' His ribs, his fins, etc.— This elahnrnf,v>„ „ j the figure is not lierely a efinemert o7 ^ ampl.fioation of which weakens many L othe w^ L/d f' T"'^ ^ ''''' additional particular a'dds to ^'ZlZLZf''''' ^^^"^ Justifies the grants he holds —This is norhnno Probably the Duke of Bedford had I"e;.TwhVT'"^ '"■^• his title to his estates on the .rli d of h ^ ^"'"^^'"^ When property has come down^ tfa^lnt LS:;!'"^^ generations, he does not usually feel called ,? f "^ *"'" claim to it on the ground of perLtf s:::!:!^^;:^ ^^ '' It would not be more ridiculous. -Observe how skilfuiiv fj.- comparison is chosen. Had it been drawn from aTv o/h ^ than one which enabled Burke to be compli™ Z: ^t^ j^ "T^ at his own personal ,,xpense. it would be very diflicuJt /' w !,' his (Burke's) references to his own services to hi f "^ contrasted with those of Lord Bedford fom tie ." "^ "' egotism. ' "°™ **>« charge of Page 150. Not gross adulation, but uncivil iron^ v , • and expand the force of this antitheses What "^^"J^'r imply by saying it would be not arf^XbutTX^ " t'l , M NoTKs ON T.rTKHATtmK SRr,K,TroNa il that of thi. ,c„tc„o„. ™ "" '■•"""?'« of kMW ir„„j. tl„„, .'^^" cw,Ji:i:: --:;-; j^^^^ '1.0 fo„,„i,ui„„ 0, ,:;, „; ,»: : ,.^ -"'8 p-««r.pi. ^ i. moral grounds ? """Hsailable on patriotic and kindred pasaagea. A snecil Tf "'"'''' '" *''«« ^nd t- b °. A species of metosis, wi.t;f ror^rf-;';: r: :"•' *"-' "■"- •«^- "«•• easily explained by .„pp„ , ^ "' ' """^'^tio,,, .„„ „, ,„„|, ,, happened) tkat J^^Z\TJ^'^"' ';"• " '"""=" <'' l- (" took place, ,;», tL wo:u;;:'i:::;r;:«'- ^w. s,„. Bm4e evidently w.^hr"-;;'/;™"'' '"o "PO«ta ot i. .,„„„ :h,Tt„t*c:.'*''°"-'°'"="°'' ■"«- the a„ti.„„tic „•„,,., i„ pee'r;i;i,°:r:°"^ir-'«''^-i>oyo-„«.,,„y,,,,^ of the nobility, o. „„y o?L~:; ^7"'^ fr "-"c-'o.! •u ilia endeavor to preserv« +K. P^'*^' " ^vo"ltI seem as if. i.a„„„|, K^voluliop ' *'■ I"age 162. Mine was in defending. -The i»,t|ficaH„„ „ a review ot the whole hi.lory of Burke'. rem.rUU which U,e,.e is, i„.,ee.,, .h„,.dL. ,„a.^;" Tltt r^' " Municipal.-T|ii8wonli8Dovi.Bonerallv ....( -.u , to a eity or other sn„„ corp„„tiof," ^ulr^i " n t^ T the wider sense of olaLs of "^r^in 1'°°^ ^'es, or in .peoially in ™i„d the nnj,,,. and (o'fuilv ^ t ' '"'' of Catholic.. .'Even at the cloTe of ,1 ^ \ ^"""'Ption declare .hat the varion. de'ori^U Llf' L"! 7 ""*? ""'O nineh apart »s if tl„y were not on „T ' "^ wore kept a, «|,eeies.' There were Zsand " h, LTl'o rT' '""' '""""" 10 a Roman Catholie in tl.oir wl ,1 v , ""■"■■ *»"""' to talk -sanie„e;rr;L:::x\:rorrti:?or;:^ «oond or th,rd order,"-J/ort.,, E„„M u,n of Z^,' "' "" The larger one that was once etc Th^. r course, to the loss of the A.e'lt- Je's^ 1X: r! speeches on American Taxation (1774) and Oonoil . ^ t America (1775). a.d his Letter to tie sLff of C^^^^^^ among his best and most aHmimbie >>..^-^..-.-- "! - d??/) are competent critic, eays of th7m' VaM^r"'''' ^''^'■!''^' * ^^^y that the, ..pose 1 „ost pTf^t '^n::; L^rL'rV- ' t ; 'A ! . It- , tf6 Notes on Literature Selections. ^^bound with sentences which IvTZT i u ''' *'""^"« aphorisms of states-nanshtandThircoLl^ "'"'^' " the modern philosophy ^ ci.^. '"^ ^^^^^^^^f question with me is not whether you havea Xht t 7 people miserable, but whether it is Z ^ '"''"'' ^°''' them happy." "NoboX !h' n , ^°"' '°*'''^* *° "^^^e arc ooncrrTed. thfttto t Ifar :^^^^^^^^^^^ " I do not know the method of J ''^ conciliation." * whole people!^' ^'"'''"^ "^ "° indictment against The protection of a WoIsp^ 'ri,» i l Wolsey. who rose to be Card^! PH^Jm- "t ''*'^ ^'^"'"^^ fourteen years virtual rulTof Sgl^^rwarb ' T? '" ^'""' 1471. As is well known tn nil f , °'° ^' ^Pswich, in to be tried for high tteLl "'""""' '"' "" ^'^ '» !-«"-" Provoke a people to rebellion t+ ;» i. from historical sources the exaot , . °* '"'^ *° ^letermine lu 1540 when the great In w """ '""^ *'"*^ °' *'"'^ ^"»«i«°- ford obtained ":^S^:tiZ7::Z^::^^^^^^^ .^-^Bed- of extensive possessions belonging J^etto BnTt" .^ '"' would seem to indicate that th«f n . '''^' ^""«^^" family and estates of the Lor^Id^^^^^ ^ 'T'^' °^ ^''^ nad large influence as ar adviser of the kin. ^^^ 1 " ":,^''"^' influence to bri., about the aboli i n of t£ ml ?/ ""' f'^* overthrow redounded so greatly to his p ofir tI"''.^,"" referred to, if indeed the reference ZiZTh . u '''^'"''^° would seem to be that known as he «^T ^! 'P'^"^^' which broke out in 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace » .ln.™t every „„e he wroTrperfetl'/ot" T^'rV'"'" read the " ,Refleot.f,>„, „„ *l,. P--r -■ — °'° "'"' ''»•'« the cUta he here siVp lin t e^l^hll^'"" ' ""' """'™'*°'' Notes on Litekatuke Selections. 69 IgsilS i^ icy or necessity for sun end (ring Boulocrne kIXZT '°™ " """ — -^-e ,0.,, u .^, „, ,C ma energy and eloquence m ureiiiy tint if l>« „.„ i •., and determination. ^ "''^^'^ "^'^'^ "P"'^* Page 154. Having supported on all occasions Rn.i From the bottom of page 150 to end of the extract w. f,ov Burke, it will bo observer! i,„i «* distinct but related in mean ,. If """^ S"" '^^ 'P'*'"*^' climacteric in order WrTfT , ^'^"^^'^"^ '""'e or less aggregate and nnn^oli-hted • J f , l^^nevolcnt ; neas , just and necessary ; pure and untainted ; true and adequate. i 60 NOTKS ON LiTKIlATURE SELECTIONS. Analyze carcfnlly tl.e sentences beginning as follows, viz.: p. 148, At every step of niy progress in life," etc.; p 140 had not Its funcVetc; p. .152, "Mine wa« to -support." " My ment was to awnken," etc.; p. 153, "It was my endeavor," etc. Point ont wl,y Burke introduced the following words into the sentences in which they are respectively found and the effect of each upon his general statement or argument:-.S>o«te«eo.«, p. 147; de.o/afe, p. 148; munon, do; sole, do; nmcieldu, p. 149. tnexhaustible, p. 150 ; vohm/arlbj, p. 151 ; levelling, do ; ^^escrL (ton, p. 152; focus, p. 154 ; ostentatious, do ; inward, do. Write brief essays upon the following topics suggested by this lesson : — ^ 1. Burke's use of antithesis and its effect upon his style, intro- ducmg illustrations from the extract, 2. Burke's use of metaphor and its effect upou hia style. Give illufitratoins from the extract. 3. Burke's use of amplification and its effect upon his stvk b. »r«ck of her private fortune "n^7'- v""™ '""^ '""^ •"' "'» »u,,. ,uh L irri Jit: jA;-rr::i;rrr !;■■::; Notes on Litbratdbb Seleotioni ri f set gave even in early life a morbid cast to a naturally violent temper and sensitive disposition. At the age of eleven he iiiljer- ited the title and estate of his father's uncle, Lord Byron, and after finishing his boyish education at Harrow, he eutered'cam- bridge University in 1805. In 1807 appeared a small volume of Kis juvenile poems, entitled "Hours of Idleness." The caustic uotice in the Edinburgh Review of these not very remarkable pro- ductions stung him to the quick, and in 1809 he published his " English Bards and Scotch Reviewers," a sharp but indiscrimi- nate satire on his literary contemporaries. In the same year h* started out on a tour of Europe, which occupied two years. Dur- ing that time he wrote the first and secon ab,e,-,ce:r:^; :: :5:r:;:,:7' -"'•'- '■^' and Haidee celebnt,. fi,»- • * . ^P°" "^ "'s death Don Juan tivities. The S^I or»':T »" ""^^"'^ "^^'^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^- has travelled muTh and s a'^ ' " 7'"""*^'' '' * ^^^'^ -"« nationality of hTs audL 1 h " '' '"" ''' '''"'' *^ *^° referred to, ' ^' " P''^^^"* «* t^e festivities »,« r, J • . "^"''' "'""'"^ '" ''° '""^ '" his warm youth » t:::^;:rsr:s^^^i-°-'*---ev^^^^ ^^as written, promnted tl^ ' ^ 7 "^^'^''^^ ^^^^'^ *'^'« °de denceof Greece £!L1 ^"""» *^"* ^^^"^^^^ ^^e indepen- ten at Ven cdn isfo Z? """" "' ^''^"*^ ™- ^^"'"'^ ^- -"*" In 18O0 AH P t ' .7^' °°' published till 1821. «n.a„y.»„d as interesting i.isto c,' a „„i° i„„?TM "^ "' :".r';',;!r:;:fi:,;:r-'"«°^^^^^^^^^^^^^ o^ wi,ic,,. i.».uain;ci'C'°: toirtSe" t' ™r above ode, still belong to Turkey. reterred to m the ...''r'll.!:^---'^';^'-;-™ -«^ and analogous for.. Notes on Litriutorb SELEcTiowa 63 been bom about B.C. 630. She wrote lyrio poetry of a hi^h order of merit but very little of it is now' cxtLt L .it w^' the mventor of a metre which still bears her nam; En ugir known of the facts of her life to explode the story of her beU dnven by her unrequited love for Phaon to commft su de l^t Byron evidently alludes to the same tradition here, and he ha And onward view'd the mount, not yet forgot, The lovers refu-e, an(i the Lesbian's grave I^:^ZTr ''''"'"' '- '- ''- -^^-* ' '"-^'^^' *^« -dern w.W^n ?.'^T '°'^-'^'^^'' " ««"*" island in the J^.ean Sea n" fo l:t ""T''^"^^°"^ °^ *^« waters at°tloon: raand of Neptune, in order to afford an asylum for Laton. „ K she was pursued by the vengeance of J^ o xLre t '•: children Apollo and Diana-ealled also Ph.bus Ind Phi and Cynthius and Cynthia-were born Th« n i , P^^os and y... Laning ^•^^^ ^'l .^^^ ^ ^:zt^^-r - ~ - the sun-/o/: :: pn^Ah^.P^'of ,'"°-^° '""''P'' «^« Mason's Grar mar 2S? of ste h 'i^'"^P^'^^'^» «— -. 118. Point out the figuS of speech in these two lines. The contrast between uatur^ bnghtness of climate and the darkness of political subjecttnt given with epigrammatic force and brevity " The dailTu of night is just before day." and it was d^^ring Greet s da*;": bour^«.at Byron wrote these lines. Compare^' cSrHarotl/ _ . yrna. Apart fron its Homeric interest it acquired a hlh fh«r.7 "^ ■*•;:•" ''""" ^"" ^act liiat Isocrates taught oratoVv there for some time, and that it was the birth-place of Th^n ^ pus te historian, and Theocritus the orat r^^d op Js^^^ one of the largest and most fertHo islands in the ^Tan Sea. i , I in 1' 64 ,. u .i ii N0TB8 ON LlTERATURB SblE( I'lONa figured prominently througliout ancient Greek History, and a number of its people in 1822 joining in a revolt of the Samians tiie island was sacked by the Turks and most of its uihabitants ^..-ra killed or sold into slavery. It i« still under Turkish domiur,.,., but It long agu recovered its former prosperity. In 1881 it suf' fered severely from the shock of an earthquake. TeOp. an loniav. city on the coa.si of Asia Minor, wa3 the birth-place of the ooet Anacreon, See '■■ Childe Hiro1d,"II., 63 : Love canquore v>, • ^so U'\6z hath averred, So siiiga the Teia-. .\(\ i;? . lo,{s in soci. \ The Muses were in early tiinef, In Greece r«garded as the god- desses of song ; heuce the cuotoiv .f invoking their aid as the ancient poets were wont to .to. IvJUton foiiows their example in several of his poems. See '-Ritadise Lost," I., 6 ; "Paradise ilegained," I., 8-17 ; "Hymn on the Nativity," stanza in. Islands of the Blest. -The reference is to the warm apprecia- tion of Greek poetry ii. western Europe since the time of thf, renase-nce, and also in Ad erica. The «• Islands of the Blest," the aboci J of righteous souls after death, were fabled to lie afir off in the Western Ocean, but their precise location was never given by eitlur Greek or Latin writers. Tliey are generally identified with the Cape Verde, or the Canary Islands. Stanza 3. The iuountains look.— Byron's MS. has for the first line of this stanza : Euboea looks on Marathon. Marathon was a village on the eastern coast of Attica, about 20 miles from Athens. On the plain adjacent to it the Greek force., B.C. 490, under Miltiades, defeated the army sent by Darius Hystapes of Peraia to conquer the country. The plain was offered m 1809 to Byron for about $4,500, on which offer he remarks • •• Was the dust of Miltiades worth no more ? It could scarcely have fetched less if sold by weight." On the Persian's grave. -That is, on the spot where the slaughtered Persians were buried. Traces of the mound erected in honor of the fallen Athenians are still visible. .,l,„..^ :r, « iiiiig aaic.--j.ho Kmg re nd to is Xerxes. The form sate is, with Byron, an affectatio: - a kind in wmoa he udulged frequently, and not always with a oorreot knowledge of KoTiiS ON LlTBRATURB SblKOTIONA 66 I old English ur,c.|ie ; for some curious examples see the opfciUiia stunzaa of " Childe Harold." Sea-born Salamis.-Sakinis ia a small island off the west wast of Attica la tlie strait between it and the mainland was fought B.C. 480, the battle in which the Greek fleet under The- mistoclos destroyed the armament collected by Xerxes, who, on the ijUore of xH:tica, was an eye witness of the contest. The " rocky brow " was one of the declivities of Mount ^galeoa. Where were they ?-Point out the figure of speech. Compare the description of the same scene by yEachylus : Deep were the groans of Xerxes, when he saw This havoo : for his seat, a lofty mound Comraanditig the wide sea, o'orlooked the hosti. With rueful cries he rent his royal robes, And through his troops embattled on the shore Gave signal of defeat ; then started wild And fled disordered. Stanza 6. Degenerate into hands—The minstrel contrasts his own song with the productions of the old Greek poets. The ••lyre"— fabled to have been invented by Mercury— was one of the most ancient of musical instruments. It consisted essentially as the modern harp does, of several strings stretched across L frame, and, like it, was played by twitching the strings with the fingers. As it was generally used to accompany the voice, poetry intended to be sung came to be known as " lyric " poetry. Com- pare with this stanza Moore's "The harp that once through Tara's halls. " * Stanza 6. In the dearth of fame. -Dearth is derived from the Anglo-Saxon deore, dear, by the addition of the sufiix Ch which signifies "condition"; it therefore means ' ' dearness, " as "health," ' om hal, means " wholeness." The original moaning of "dear " .eems to have been "costly," and amongst the transi- tions it underwent was one to the meaning "scarce," since scarcity is always an element of costliness. The reference in /etter'd '■s to the long subjection of the Greeks to the Ottomans, which •atedfrom the takijig of Constantinople in 14a.3. Byron had not always been a pliilhellenist. During his European tour in 1S09-1 1 he sojourned in different parts of the country, and, in his writ- ings of that period, he shows that he was favorably impressed V.ul ^! n J.il y~\ 66 Notes on Literature SBLEonoNa unless CrreivecuLt„\S'^'^ ^^I^^-' Harold " he ^avp f! 1 ^ ^''^ """^"'^ "^"*° °f "Cl"lde «.n, and mean, "by thTo„'t,ide " AM ,. "'"'' ? "" " '«"' Gramt.t^.''''''''''^'"" °™""^--. "8-120, and Ma.on-; J^ur fatters Wed-Notioe the antitheses in the preceding f„n. ^^A new Thern,opyte,_Con,pare -Childe Harold," Canto H.. Nol rooh ih, „„ who whilom JId .wait, The hopeloss wirrion ot » willing doom. In birak TbermopyW, .epukhr.l .Irait- '"' "'"' ""' gallant "plrll .hall resume ( Thermopyta (the <■ hot gates "j-a narrow pass between Mt (Eu and the sea, and leading from Thms»,l„ t^ j . '"°™ "*• 2 of the Turkish satrap. AliPacha-hiznself of Albania^ Ueweat- ' i :/|| f: I :l'i. I "'II 70 Notes on Litkratdrb Selj!otion& cloned the contest an.I n, T f^f''^"^' *'»en a mere youth, abau- where the/r 1 L^ . tT Son n """' *° *'^ ^'^■'^" I«^-' 'S09 he pa'd a viai toT Paet at S '"",' ^T' '°"^ '" back to Athens, was neuHy lost i, a ^ 1' ' ", ''! ^^"^^ ''■•iven on the eoast of s!u. SeT '.CI , 1 r. n .^ •"°'^ ^'^ The kindness «-ith „,>„• . 1. '^ riaioid," ii. 65-68. n.uness with which the mountainecia trpatrH v,;^ *i seems to have Pvnb-nri „ . "'""^' "* ireattrt him then received It ;« ^ fi 7 "^ ^°'' '* ''^^^ would have prise an advanci, fTul-sh? T """'''' ^'^""'^'^ *° «"^- nortl„m boundary of Greece «^leeed ante-mortem song of the swan. Compare witli the all sion in the text the following, from one of Dr Donne's poema " What is that, Mother?" •• The swan, my love • He is floating down to his native grove. iJcath darkens his eye and unplumes his winw. Yet his sweetest song is the last he sings Live so, my son, that when death shall c^me Swan-lil£e and sweet, it may waft thoe homo!"' Drayton, v^ his " Baron's Wars, " b. vi., haa the following : Bright Empress, yet be pleased to peruse The swan-like dirges of a dying man. Shakespeare, as a matter of course, makes use of so poetical a fancy, and with great effect. In "King John. Act v ^ ne 7 Pnn- //e«^ says to his dyin- father, who has' Just be'en hl^ 'Tls strange that death should sing I am the cygnet to this pale, faint swan Who charts a c-oleful hymn on his own death And from the organ-pipe of frailty sings His soul and body to their lasting rest. In the '« Merchant of Venice." he makes Portia say, while Bmsamo is choosing the casket : Let music sound while he doth make his choice Then, if he lose, he makes a swan-like end, Fading in music; that the comparison May stand more proper, my eye shall be the stream And watory deathbed for him. In "Othello" he make.s stfl? more -ffanfK- -• x- » h«»l£. to . djm,g .w«.. Retarmg to J>e.,Um.^; tee^ ice to muai. ngst poetic latural his- ' This bircL ost beauti- m that its a thaw — a untry with ces to tnt 1 the allu 1 poema: wmg )oetical a , scene 7, en heard Noras on Literaturb SBLRorioNa" 73 ing, and the plaintive old ballad which had so peraLtently re- curred to her before her murder, /Emilia says : ^ What did thy song bode, lady ? Hark, canst thou hear me? I will play tho swan And die in rousio : "Willow, willow, willow." In the " Rape of Lucrece " he has : And now this pale swan in her watery nest Begins the sad dirge of her certain ending. Pope, in the ' ' Rape of the Lock, " canto v. , says : Thus on Maeander's flowery margin lies The expiring swan, and as he sing?, he diet .0 oTd""He;i°de::"'rT: "'*" "-'^ "-"■ "'• • -'-- Sic ubi fata rooant, udis abjectus in herbis. Ad vada Mjeandri concinitalbus olor. For a highly poetical treatment of the same myth, see Tennv- son 8 short piece entitled •' The Dying Swan." Similar allusions Z'^ThlTTTrlT''- , ^'''- '"«*^"-. Proude. in his essay on The Book of Job," speaking of the Jewish prophets, says : tnidmg themselves too late to save, and only, like Cassandra despised and disregarded, their voices rise up singing the swan' 8ong of a dying people." ^ fe fe « swan A land of slaves, .tc, -These lines are a fitting conclusion to what Lord Jeffrey called " this glorious ode on the aspirations of Greece after liberty." m ^ " ««P." falling ,^n the third ^T'"^ "'"'"""° O" "" «"" «"<- «nd the second "we come "T!^" Tf"^ "■ "" •!°°'>«»»^ road witrre^urn^t;*!""" r ".'-"=■" -^'°« «» -^ derof l,h. .'■.,,,?'"" ""Ph»s«e "other," the r.™»Jn. -eking irony;.i;:;^^«;'t„"'* *" ''^■••"'°'' »' W'"'. KoTBs ON Literature Selections. 76 "nh«r l?"~^i°' ^'' ''"P'^*^^^^ "Pynhic." and in line 2 phalanx," reading the line in a tone of /ndignant reZke Une 4 : emphasize " nobler " and " manlier >' iTn^ ^ -•'letters" with pause, and -.CaZ "' Lit ^ rlT h^ ^^Hl^'^'T^'r^^^'^ '-^'-^^ to '""« recognfze the character depfc'^dTn !'•'' '""''*'"^ ''^'^^^'^ '^'lose individuality is weak an/ t ^'^ ^''^""S ^^'^^s. but 'nv.rtobrate. Notice the vlr Ltv nf "' ^ack-bone- n.orally this character, and the prlfa ' fo J'"'""'"'^ "^^^ *° ^'^^'^-tl of the sentences. Study I^^^if^^^'^'^^f ^ " *^° ^*^-*-e -'-ther the expansion 'iaTSj^^^ "^'^ "^ ^°^"' ^-d repetition, tautological, or are th^" l\ ' ^ '^^^"'=- ^^« the Page 231. Have no Jeat «n ^-^^^''^^'^^ ^^^'^^^''^I^ ? theworda;,;,..,,,,;:,fJ^^^JP^^,te.-This incidental use of Dr. Arnold's fanc/a^d ^ "' ^' ^r^''^"^ "'^'^^ "-•pleasantly obtruding it. to the end f 7. ^ ""^'^^'' ^'^^out o the.etaphor are olel-veV t ;:fgl :^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^e Ws or incongruity, and the illustration! i x ''" '' °° '"'^"re physical .system are much n^^'I ^'"^"Z'-^™ *he laws of ti.e been if formally introduced br^.f/r '''" '''' ^^"^^ ^^^^ Page 232. But the time and „ es/ "'"'"" ete.-Cantheuseher6ofthesinr,a.f ' ' " 'Ws has been. bein.tified,orisitgra..at;c^;''X/:::^J^^,^^^ That an unnatural and cons^nf ®'^' '■^^«°"«' Boveral step.s i„ this logical sta" y^ tTth '"f'~^^*^ *^^ can be no spiritual life;" also tho n'l . """^""^^ " ^^^ere -hich sum up the teaching of to ^ '"' T"'"' P^^P°«^«-« draw up both these i„ tabular L'i^"", fr^' '^ ^^«" *° logic, in syllogistic form. ^*"'^^"t '^as studied LVI._TO THE EVENING WIND. BRYANT, William Cullen Bryant wa., pquaHv e-r-in. .- publicist, and his long life afforded hi "^ * P°"* *°^ « but NOTKS ON I.rTERATURB Sf.MXtIONS. 79 cal life of hia day and country. He was horn nf e^^ • . Mass.. in 1794. and died at /ew ^^.k ^g L^J p'T,"' ^'lisped in nun.be. ... for his earliest poe.s Z^J^^^Zl^:: he was only ten years of age. At nineteen he wrote "Thana tsTV ^f *^>->"^--^*-"-^ position that poem has. ever since . 8 first pubhcation m 1817, held in English literature, issuffi n p. of of the precocity of the author.s geniu3. After a p^'tij college course and a brief career at the bar, he turned his at ten t.on to journahsm. In 1826 he joined the staff of the Nel and wh.ch, during his connection with it, he raised to a very hiih position amongst American journals. From time to time lie pro duced poems ..lich added to his literary reputation botha ZmJ and abroad, and secured for him a warm reception on his Tst vis,t to Europe in 18^4. Bryant has produced no work o g^ magnitude except h>s translations of the "Iliad .. and the "Odys- sey. His longest original poom, " The A^'cs " wa<. «;,.iff \ be read before one of the >4reeL letter. roltilarH^d College. His minor poems are full of beauty and feeling, and^^ justly popular wherever tlie Englisli LangiLe is snoktn H.! retained the chief editorship of the .W./po/. tTtt'-.nd" h^LS ],fe. but for some years before his death the position was almost a nominal oue.-Oa^e'. Sicth Header. The charming simplicity of these verses is such as render anv extended explanation or comment unnecessary and .uperfluo"' rho e who have ever dwelt on the shore of ocean o. lake duri k- the heao of summer and enjoyed the refreshing coolness of th^ ening sea-breeze, will be.t appreciate tlie s^entin.ents o poem. I he cause of the regular alternation of tl>o off-shore morning and on-shore evening breezes is easily understood. t1 temperature of he surface of the water is, for reasons which neec not here be explained, much less variable than that of thesurf^ of the land. Consequently the stratum of air in contact with t1^ land becomes rarified by the heat of th3 latter « poet Notes >*n Literature Selections. 81 agree ? Shall restore with sounds and scents.— Can you justify this statement? Does Bryant probably mean it liteially of both sounds and 8cents, or is the explanation so far as the former or both are concerned, to be found in the last two lines ? Shall tell the homesick mariner.— This allusion to the opera- tion of the law of association of ideas is poetical and suggestive. The student will not fail to notice the prevalence of words of one syllable and of Anglo-Saxon origin in the foregoing poem. It would be a profitable exercise to make a list of the latter. Observe, too, how adn)irably the personification of the wind is kept up throughout the poem. In the second and third stanzas there is a series of double personifications. The vast inland is languishing for the grateful sound ; the fainting earth is revived by the coming of the beneficent breeze, "God's blessing" breathed upon it; the "wide, old wood" is roused from his majestic rest, and summons from its innumerable boughs its strange, sweet harmonies ; even the shutting flower meekly bows its Iicad in silent greeting. Bryant has been well named the "Philosophical and Picturesque Poet." Bryant is generally regarded as the finest type of American poets. His poems are characterized by a close adherence to nature, a carefully polished versification, and naturalness of expression. —PAi7^ij53. His poetry overflows with natural religion,— with what Words- worth calls the " religion of the wooda."— Christopher North. The verses of Mr. Bryant (the best of the American poets) come as assuredly from the " will of English undefiled " as the finer compositions of Mr. Wordsworth.— Beirospective Review. His name is classical in the literature of the language. Where- ever English poetry is read and loved his poems are known by heart.— (?. S. Hillard. ■f ■1r 1 LVn.— "DEATH OF THE PROTECTOR." CAHhTLE. The facts of the life and character of Thomas Carlyle havs been so recently and so prominently before the public that it b » rM^tulate them here at any length. He was J4*l i -'I ! ■*- h H'l S2 N I. 1^ Notes on Litbiuture Seleotioks. born ill 179/5 in the vilkfP nf i? w . Scotland, ins educatio ^as lefu: ^2 "^r'"^^"'^^' continued at Annan Grammar iT\ , "'"'»" ■'"^""^• -completed at ,U,, at^^iX^h tnteXTe^*^'^' ^" ^^ study with a view to the Ministry of the sS«h Chn"?"^""' adopting opinions which precluded him from h'' ^"^^ taught school for a time at KircZ Z, „T . '"''"'' ^' study of law. but finally gave hTm elV to li/. ?" "*-"" *^' extensively for encycloimL .nl ^'tcrature. He wrote the first to^-ntrodufe Cirn'::^ "T^^" «« -- and speculative wealth' rdirL T^ °^^'""^^^ literature. Under the tonoh !fT """'^^^ ^'"'™a'> Schiller. Fichte Jet S R chter'^^r" T'* ''^^ ""^^^^^ °^ thinkers, started into life bl.^te^^^^ ''',"'""* ""^^^'^ lectures and books on Historv T ' '"^^^'^ P"'^^'""" ^ia Biography, are too nu^erou t be ^':^:r!:'lT'^y'J^' were all aglow with the fiery ene! v .""'"''^^*^"^ ^'''- They Bified almost to fierceness. ^r::^';.;:::!i:":;' °^^° -*«- sets him as a writer in a class .y M ". 7 ala ^7"' n '"^' categories. In his "Latter-day pLr.' et " T\ "" *" '^' 1850, he almost surpassed himself in ?• . "^ ^^^'^'"'^ ^" "The French RevoSV" 11^''^^^^ G;^a," are both m^^niL^ ^^:^l^:^-^l^- Cntics are divided in opinion as to ^^h;.u t u- ^ ^'°'^- go down to future a^^ln^- 1 T:.r„t*°r'" e.pec ally between two. "Sartor R^.Z^'^rn.rZT' Over," the title of .„ old Soottieh souk) and aj ?°"° which the extract i. taken "OlwTr' '"'',''"" """-t 'rom Speechee -=* ElueidationTand". 'Zn'r/tra^^?" r r ". Aue iirst, an indescribable mixtum nf fu-^ 1 1- and the grotesaue " liL-n „, ,*' ""^'"re ot the sublime eo see. .o..^.rd%a.'trr;zr irrirt' r marvellous research and i« nnno.-^ i . second displays of the p:^.oc.or"^\:i:rt;;;sr?:Ts,rr';°° Froude as his literacy executor Tl,/ "'^°.'" ^»81, leaving ,):-»H.___ . ^ executor. The manner in whinl, fh- i-^f -! —Wgtru, or as many would think betrayed thisTr„ f *" - 1, «„oh d^eussion. His ^u^uojff't:::::^: . NOTBB ON LiTBRATURB SBLEOTIONa 88 prirate lettem and diaries, Home of them exhibiting Carlylo's domestic and gocial q.alitiea in a very unamiable light, and above all, hifl giving to th-- world material of this kind which, as baa lately appeared, he was strictly enjoined not to publish, nave exposed him to deservedly severe oriticiism. Page 274. What we call ended—Note the suggestiven^s. of this expression. The^ 'ave not really ended. There is no such thing as an absolute end of the speakings and actings and Btrugghngs of such a man. Their influence is perpetual Victorious after struggle—The reference is to the conspicuous pan taken in the Battle of the Dunes, or Sandhills, by Cromwells Puritan contigent-" the immortal six thousand, "-of the French army^ and the capture which followed of the long coveted town of Dunkirk, by the Cromweliian force under the command of Iap khart. Three score and ten years See Ps. xa, 10. Would have given another history— The truth and force of this remark are obvious. It would be difficult to over-estimate what won d have been, in all probability, the effect upon England s future of another ten years of Cromwell's protectorate It was not to be so-These are not simply the words of one doubt, of that stro.g beUef in predetermining and over-rulmg destiny which was one of the elements of strength in Carlvle's character, as it has been in the characters of so many of the men who have wrought as great moral forces iii e world Often indbpo.ed.-That is strictly he. not his healtF was often indisposed. Garlyle's abruptness of expression and co^ tempt for the niceties of syntax were a part of himself, and ehould not be imitated His style is full of irregularis especially those grajnmatical irregularities which rhetorioiaTs ^ by the nse of such terms aa anacoluOan, asyruleto^Z Like a tower.— C£. precedbc note, and «nm«i-*- *h« »^ „)n_ - - r--—^ «ae express. Page 275. Manzinis and Dues de CreqnL-Ambassadors who came m splendor across the Channel to congratukt* «.fh« ! iavincible of Sovereign-," on his «reat victoj^ *^' ^°^* 1 1 n , t\ i ,.i>i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // h ^ # ^^< /a 1.0 I.I |50 '""^= 1 2.5 2.2 us KS 110 lyi iiu. .6 Photoeranhic o ^f- Sciences Corporation ^. i\ ^ V 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 o .**■'- %^ 4'. '"'V^ .■ V Ki 84 Notes on Literature Sblections. Hampton Court-The Palace i„ this court was long a roy.I rc3id..ce and was occasionally occupied by Cromwell £ I'y iJenry VIII. The gardens in connection with fi,» i cover 44 acres. They were laid out by ^ Cm I . ^d it" amongst other curious features a .'maze," Z labyrinth Th« palace underwent extensive repairs fivp L .i ''"'^'^'"*''- ^^e though Windsor Castle has superseded 7t ^ T" T ^' Royalty, it is stiU usually occupie7:r;Ll^:jr'^^^^ '' Of much deeper and quite opposite interp' T^' tr:w:\t::h:i:r '-'' -^----X"i: Notes on Literaturb SBLsoTioNa 85 oom,r,enc?no; before Lady Elizabeth's death, and a scene at the court a ow days after it, in which Cromwell haa 'an bono Jb' ToXf' '""° " ''^'' ^'^^^'^^P-- -• '^om which he deS^ed ''Qua'frl'^T'''' !""'" °' *'^ «''^''''*y °^ Friends, or bu? when abouf ,r ","-''^ '^' apprenticed to a shoemaier. out When about 19 hm religious impressions became so vivid thu he believed himself called to a special Divine miss on. and lox sniveled much persecution for his religious opinions but Ci-ounvell after an interview, pronounced \is do trir^ and irp: ;i'"T"'^''^' ^^^'^-^^ '^■^p"* - thestr ggi w"h n r Sht "etc '""f ^- 5°^' ^"""''^^ ^°°*'-- ^ *<> ^^ " - ner light, etc., need not be here discussed .1"^"^ ?• ^^'^'"'^ '"^'^-^^^- ^-■'^- --« one of the three «>lcuo,s towhon. the warrant for the exeoutioa of C?h:r,es I Mews-(Fr. muer, from Lat. muto to exchange. Hence to shed, as feathers, to moult.) The royal stables. caHe^^tm^Ltrgirrof tlH ?f?-"'^ ''' ''^^' ^^^^les. vlfeu;/; bavin:. beenS forkiJ .u'^t"" P" t'^^i"- «te, ^e from the tinie^f RicS H.-Ean,? ^'"^^ ''^^°""''' ** ^«^«* Orin favor of him, George.-These fine thoughts true we may believe in their application to Cromwell, see„rdoub al" prate as addressed to George Fox. who professed to have been enlisted by the same great Commander-fn-Chief. and Luve " constant view of the next life. In the hollow of the tree.-Marsh, in his Life of George Fox tolls us that he passed the early part of the year 1647 «« wander' .n, about through various counties, a strang'er upon earT « eluding himself in solitary places, fasting often, and often eitC ni hollow trees with bis P.ible until night came ; and not unfre qnently passing whole nights mournfully in these retired places .' -d ure. H s seen ,s to have aoue this not from anv religion- mjf m u& 86 K0TB8 ON Literature Selectionb. 2^entl,j Carlyle refers probably to the durability of the .nat. nof^;;;:;:^r '""""-"' ''^^*'^'"^^ '^-^ >- ^ °t^-«. Nell-Gvvynne, Defender -In allusion to King CI ades IL.^vho fTi . TV""r " "' ''"«''^"''' "^'^ ^*y'^'' " I^efender of th ' aitli, and his notorious mistress All-victorious cant. -This is rhc-oughly Carlylean fn hi. ^s^l.a,e.eIiveinisanageofshow.Lits^eli:J^^^ Page 277. Worsening. -An expressive word, rare in modern Engl.l,but used by George Eliot, Gladstone and other goj Tertian.— Returning every third day. Harvey.-Thia chronicle,, from whosL account Carlyle ouotes "" at.rictnce 01 the old Puritan writer. These ne tZ r"". ' g— ^t-ally connected with the preced ". one hough not sopu.ctuated. The t,.,-.senessadds streLh J- t IS ea.y to supply the ellipses. A similar syntactical inco!nipl i;::sz^'''^t^'^\j'''''^^'^^' --^ others of'L lylehnn elf So long as his meaning M-as clear, he scorned to oZZ c1 T'-' -— y. -ve for' form'. Ike. Owen, Goodwm, Sterry. -Prominent Puritans of the day Whitehall. -The Chapel of the Royal Palace ^ lage278. Strangre enougrh to us. -Such prayers real sou! wrestlings, Carlyle thinks have become strangefaui tre l iTn guage obsolete, in these degenerate days idfir^t^Lir^::;— ^n-w..^ wrongin allowing what were, afti'^ir^L^'^C'Xrf:: " Cromweirs recovery to become transcendent, rising al, e h i submission to the DivineWill. and so cont.avenin, the true sp of prayer whose embodiment must ever be '' ThyVil, be on " Authenhc -Note the repeated and accurate 1, of thie Zd ^ 5,_i-H ^.^trrecn iiUi/icniic Aud ymuine. NoTBb ON Literature Selections. 87 And of English Puritanism. -In what sense and to what ex- tent was the exit of Cromwell that of English Puritanism? Thurloe.— Cromwell's private secretary. Crfriwelf ""^'''*''' '"'^"^ *'" '^'^"°'"' ""' ''^^^^^^^ °^ ^'"^^''^ One does not know.- Does not know what ? That Richard's was the nam. wr.ttcn in the p.por. or that it might have been a good name had ten years more been granted? The meaning ia not clear; perhaps Carlyle means the statement to be a general one, includmg both those ideas. general Fleetwood. -One of Cromwell's military officers. Page 279. Since the victories of Dunbar and Worcester _ At Dunbar on the 3rd September. mO, Cromwell hrd .ofeated I^e Scottish army under Leslie, and on the same day of the fcl lowujg year he had gained the decisive victory over Kin.. Cnarles, at Worcester. ^ Page 280._Friday 3rd September, It was a somewhat singu arcomcidence that Cromwell's death should have occurred on the anniversary of his great victories. Fauconberg.-Lord Fauconberg. husband of Cromwell's third daughter, Mary. Cromwell elsewhere describes him as " a briJ. hant, jugenuous and hopeful younc/ man " Revolutions of Eighty-eight.lTha revolution of x688. re- snltingm the deposition of James II.. and the crowning of VVil- ham and Mary, marking as it did «,s enthronement of Constitu- tionalism in England, was one of the fruits of the seed sown bv Cromwell. ' Star-Chambers.-The English court of the Star-chamber ia .aid to have been so called from the circumstP.nce that the roof ot the Council-chamber of the palace of Westminster where it met, was decorated with gilt stars. The court seems to have originated in very early times, and at first probably consisted of t le King s Council acting in a judicial capacity. Tiie powers o the tribunal were curtailed and its composition modified at vari- ou. periods The proceeding, of the Star-chamber had alwnvs been viewed with n.uro or less distrust by the Commons, bu^i wa« durm« the reign of Charles I. that it n.ade itself odLxu by ■ 'I m- .,, 88 Notes ox Literature Selections. ita high-handed iniquities. The student might write a ahort sketch of the tyrannical proceedings which led to its abolition Branding-irons—Ear-slittings, branding with hot irons, and other mutilatious and tortures were common Stai-chamber inflic- tions during the Tudor and Stuart periods. All-hailowtide.-The time of the celebration of the festival of All-hamts, November 1st. Oliver's works do follow him. -The student will do well to study this paragraph and the following carefully, both for the weight of their compressed tiiought and the power of their terse and vehement expression. A volume of combined history and philosophy is condensed in them. The passage is a fine example of Oarlyle s best style. *^ Puritanism without its king, is kingless—This, which sounds at first like what the logicians call an identical proposition is in reality a fine play upon words, and enunciates both a subtle thought and a broad historical truth. The old disowned defender—That is, a king of the old style who will be a defender of the High church, i ^t Puritan, faith ' Hypocrisis.-A Latinized form of the Greek ^7c6Ki6ii The word originally signified the playing of a part upon the stage • hence Its derivative meaning, as in our own hypocrisy. Carlyla It will be seen, uses it with a double reference. In his intense and exaggerated conception all religious observances, since the decay of Puritanism, are hypocrisy, in both the Greek and the English sense of the word. Mewing her mighty youth.-Seo note on Mews, ante. " Me- thinks I see her as an eagle mewing her mighty youth, and kind, hug her undazzled eyes at the full midday hciim."~MiUon Gemus. -Conceived by the ancients as a spirit, or tuielary deity, presiding over the destinies of an individual, place, or na- tion, and representing or symbolizing his or itsossential character Intent on provender and a whole skin.-This sarcasm recalls the French taunt, that theEnglish are "a nation of shopkeepers " That the nation and her rulers do not revel in battles by sea and by land as in past centuries, is one of the best indications of true progress. That her sons are not poltroons has l>..,. proved Oil too many bloody fields even in this century. NOTBS OW LlTKRATDIlB SelbOTIONS. 88 Church-tippets, King^loaks. • -Carlylo despises »U church S3ir.r '"^'^^^^ ^ ^^"'^ - ''' vliestP^ritan:^ or^nTfT .^ P°;*"'°ri-A logical tenD denoting reasoning or p oof dezuved from a view of consequences; opposed to a prtort, from first principles. I'i'^aou w a Mark carefully the pronunciation and give th« meaning and denvatjon of the following words .-manifold, reZcZ wS^ !-f 7'°^ ""' * ^'"^ °"*'^' ^P*^''"" °P0° *»»« ^-^^ from which the foregoing extract is taken • and philosophy of that country afUll *^\?*°g"ag?. literature cTlS hiSf .^fAfSd aZcK: .frnrth^e'S'^ '^^^^"4 ^ Goethe was his intellectual god^PM^J^^^ the German woods." NO. LIX.-WATERLOO. CHARLES J A il KS LE VER. Charles James Lever, M.D.. was born in Dublin in 1806 and educated at Trinity College in that city. He afterwards took ! degree at G5ttingeu. Ho studied medicine and "act Led L» profes-ion with great success in the north of Ireland d.^g ^, I ■ I.' i n I' 90 N0IE8 ON LiTERATURB Sl!T,FX'TIONa ravages of cholera in 1832. He subsequently filled for three yeanst e postof Physician to the Brit'h EnL.y at Z..!«r Mai'i" iT '"'"'"''' "''*°^ "^ *^« ""'^'- University Magazne Three years later he .e.igned this position an.l emoved to Florence, though he still continued to write for tl ^Z:T^Z ^''''- 'T\ ''■'' ""^'^^ ''' -perintendenc:: tie was, n I808, appointed vice-consul at Spezzia, and was ra..fe..ed to Trieste in 1867. He died in the latt'er city n S; ,^'^%^J;""'""^ '■'^^•^'^ -« a novelist connneuced with the pub .cat.on of Harry Lorrequer. He was a very prolific write o hcfon, and it would require considerable space' to gile ve„ the title, of the novels, nunil.ring a score ormore. wh ch he published over his own name, to say nothin, of m i^y whos authorsh^ was not acknowledged. Some of his best known ae Charles O^Malley. Tom Burke. Roland ( 'ashel. The Dodd Family Ab oad. Davenport Dunn. etc. His books, especially the earlier ones, are noted for the dashing jollity of the character' and the mtense spirit and frolic of his sketches and inciden s which were sud, as to overcome the gravity of even the stenS critics and elicit their hearty commendations. The extract o course but a detached bit of the narrative of whi:h it tms a part, but the connection with what precedes it is sufficiently apparent. The scene is laid on the eve of tlie Battle of Waterloo rhe selection is worthy of study as an admirably graphic description of one of the greatest events in history. Page 284. - This is the officer. " etc.-The student may reduce his to grammatical English by placing the preposition before the rehitive and replacing the latter with the objective case of who At the same time he will do well to observe how stiff and awkward the sentence is in the amended form, and to note that in colloquial speech at least, the genius of the language persist^ m placing the preposition after the relative it governs. Aid-de-camp (ad'-de-hong), plur. aid,, -de-camp. The handsome features. etc.-Note how informally and skil- fully the characters are introduced in this short paragraph, and how much information is compressed within its four or five lines Notes on Literature Selections. 91 Debouch-ngr {de..hoosh'-inr,).-To Mouch is to march out of a narrow or conHne.l place into an open one. Page 285 Slight circuitous.-S/iyhtly is evirlently the worrl Z .t, ""'' '^'""^ """ *•'*' '^^'-^'^ »'-^ '" a ty - graphical error. "" Tumbrils.-The ^/^..,anddenote.api;eeoftinXne^^^^^^^^^^^^ ent directions with wooden spikes, five or six feet in 1 gth ! d pointed with iron. They were used to defend a passag^ Ip a breach in a wall etc. The use of the singular art.cle h 're wftl th plural noun is to say the least, peculiar. It a.ose, perhin not so much from inadvertency, as from the author's concept' ! of a combination of parts into a continuous and prolonged wholT Best blood of Britain. -/;/oorf for those in «,»..» blood flowed. What is the figure? ^"'' ^"'"^ "^« Mitraille. -Grape or canister shot, i. f - numh.r ^f balls enclosed in a case fitted to the elnnon.' ' '' ''"^" Filled up like magic-Criticise this use of the word /,7v Wi . are the two terms of the comparison ? The xplln 1 T precision. Replace it with a better. ""'*' '^^P'^^ssion lacks Bristling files—Why bri.tlin.j ? Explain and. if so, in what respect ? * ^' <^«-t--tion faulty. i ■WiM \'-\\m M NOTBS ON LiTERATURK SELBOTIONg. Men and horses rolled, etc. -This paragraph, u in fact th« whole extract, aflbrds an admiial.le example of descriptive word- painting. Let the student note how clearly the successive scenes and incidents stand out to view. Kach sentence contains a distinct picture. The heaped up barricade ; the British com- mander-in-chief, on the rising ground, surrounded by his staff • Ney's columns advancing in the valley ; the advance of the cuirassiers; the British line standing firm with projecting bayonets ; the terrific charge ; the volley from the British ..juare • the fall and confused struggling of the wounded cuirassiers, etc form a succession of pictures set forth so clearly that the whole terrible scene seems to pass before the eye of the reader as in a panorama. Page 285. Hussar (huz-zar', u as in ni7e, a as in far).— This word is of Hungarian origin, and originally denoted a Hungarian or Polish horse-soldier, but came to be used, as here, to denote light as distinguished from fully equipped or heavy cavalry. The incident of the Belgian regiment, as here related, serves the thrie-fold purpose of illustrating the watchfulness of the Duke of Wellington, whose notice nothing could escape ; his quiet manner and apparent coolness, which were no doubt but the result of the intcn^est emotion under the control of an iron will, and the contrast between the punctilious adherence of the Belgian commander to military rule and the unconquerable obstinacy of the British commander and troops, neither of whom quailed at any odds or knew when they ought, by all military precedent, to have been beaten. The Duke ordered the Belgian regiment ofl" the field for fear their example might be contagious. In what part of the field, etc. -It would conduce much to the interest of the lesson and the clear understanding of the dcscrip- tion, if the teacher, having studied the geography of the battle field, should sketch on the black-board the relative positions of the points named and of the chief British and Fiench leaders The great decisive movements of the two armies could thus be portrayed to the eyes of the pupil. Page 287. Brigade—Define and distinguish regiment, brigade squadron. ' NoTiW ON LlTBRATDaK SBLKtmONS. 93 Swept past. -Muoh of tho life and effect of snoh a word- picturing as tliat of the Iush,,,, depends upon tho apt choice oi telhn- words ; note, e.g., on pages 2SG and 287, tlie follo\vi«g • ikfi'c, poured, swept, aword-rtrm, flew, dashed, thunder-boU. Let any of these ho replaced hy less figurative an.! m<,rc c.nnnonplac-e words .^pressing the same general ideas, and obaerve how ti.t. spirit will he taken out of the .Icacription. As the tall corn.-A striking and effective, though perhaps scarcely original, sitnilo. Steel-clad. — Explain. Nervous. -Note and distinguish the double and almost con- tra8teakeWosm.nster Abbey the great eentre of religious and na ^onal hfem a truly liberal spirit." The "Life' of Arnold.'' "breath,ng"as has been well said, " in every chapterrth I Rugby spa-:t of protest against despotism, and deep s;mpathy Page 350. Not performance, but promise.- aost valuable distmction wlueh the student teacher will do wei. to ponder and develop more fully in his own language. The very 'essence of Arnold s managen>ent was not the enforcement of arbitrary law but the strengthening of the traits of character which would mak; he boy a law unto himself, and lead him up to a true C^^ tian manhood. v«i»o Page 351 He shrunk from pressing. -The principle laid down m this sentence is worthy of the most serious thought. Let the studen who aims at becoming a teacher write his views upon the last half of It m particular. Should the teacher shrink from enforcmg a nght action, because of a boy's inability, at his sta.e of moral development, to perform it from the right motive? Would the action be right if performed from any otSer mot ve Give reasons, pro and con. Failure of this trial.-Of what trial? Explain the meaning. The neutral and undecided. -Dr. Arnold here a.lmits the existence of great differences in the characters of boys when they come to school. Should all be subjected to the same temptatioiis and influences, irrespective of those characters? Or should a different regime be adopted for those who are found to be neutral and indecisive ? The question is a very i„.per deceased husband, bearing the same title. ' "^'*""8 Page 315. Non omnis moriar.— Hor. Od. III., 20 0. LXVII.-THE HANGING OF THE CRANE. LONGFELLOW. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, the most generally popular of Amencan poets, was born in Portland, Maine, in 1807. He waa educated at Bowdoin CoUege, wUr. h. grp..,ted in im,Z A\ iOO Notes on Literaturb Selections. lie spent aome three years in a European tour in order to fit him- ^t/r ■';^^!''^r?,^r-^"'°' ^'^^^ '° '^^' institution. From ks29 to 183o lie held this position, and in the latter year he was jvppointecl professor of belies-hUres in Harvard College. Again before entering on his work, lie spent some months in European travel m order to fit himself the better for undertaking it sue- cesstully. Ih. connection with Harvard endured till 1854 when he retired to devote himselt to literature, and was succeeded by James Russell Lowell. From that year to his death, in 1882 he lived in quiet retirement at his home in Cambridge, near Bos- ton, the monotony of his litera.y labors being broken only by the demands of social life and by vLas to Europe. Lon.^fellow's career of authorship began when he was an undergraduate of Bowdom College. Some of his more important minor poems ap- peared during his incumbency of a chair in the same institution • but the great majority of them belong to the period of his Har' raid professorship. To the latter belong also his " Spanish Stu- dent '• and "Evangeline," while the first-fruits of his retirement were "The Song of Hiawatha," "Miles Standish," and "Tales of a Wayside Inn. " His literary activity lasted almost unimpaired till 1878, but subsequently to that date he wrote comparatively Uttle. Longfellow had little of the real epic or dramatic spirit His plots were of the thinnest character, and he was as deficient in humor as he was in the objective faculty ; but his poems are marked by a purity of sentiment, a felicity of diction, and a gen- umeness of pathos which ensure for them lasting popularity This 13 especially true of his beautiful lyrics, some of which as for example the " Psalm of Life," " Village Blacksmith," "Ex- cel8ior,»and "The Builders," are more familiar to the masses than the productions of almost any other poet. His works reflect little of the storm and stress of turbulent American democracy but they exhibit, in its most attractive form, the inner aspects of American domestic liie.—Oage'a Sixth Header. The metre of this poem is, as will be seen, of two kinds Each division consists of wl)at may be called an introduction or pre- lude, and a description or vision. The introductory stanzas are regularly formed and consist in each caae of su lines or verses of Notes 05 Literatdrbi SELEoiioNa 101 which the first five are Iambic Pentameters and the sixth an lam- Tre/uLr 1 h "' "'""''' '' four Iambics, but are I. The hanging of the crane. -The stove of the present dav has we l-n.gh cast out the old-fashioned fireplace, w t al he pleasant associations that cluster aroun.l it L th nJmor 3 ' our ..a„aparents or great-grandparents. The crane of eol fireplace was a projecting iron rod or arm in the sha^ > nf T crane for raiding heavy weights with which ver^et fin ,^^^^^ I revolved freely in sockets by which its vertical sha^wa; attached to one side of the fireplace, while from ^e lo^ont^ ^aft were suspended pots, kettles, etc.. over the b a'C lot When.inNewEngland,anewly.marriedcouplewereabouttocoS' mence house-keeping the relatives and friends used toaccolTv" them to the. new home and hang the crane with due forZS and with much innocent mirth and jollity lormaUty ;.ebularhypothesi3'.ofL%rX^^^^^^^^^ ubul., or patches of indistinct light observed in the W ns jare supposed to bo attenuated world-matter in process of con densation mto stars which were being from time to ime LuLled' iorth mto space Later observations with telescop 3 of higher power have resolved these so-called nebul. into cluLra of fta 3 already fonned, and so destroyeLB0TIOK& 10^ IV. A Princess from the PairvUUo nu- r, . T«m«o„ fro. t,„ ,„o„ u.„am.!f;,:',:r " '"" ■* * ■""" All cover'd and embower'd in curU v^i pretty and appropriate, but cl^^aTcuVlf^'Z^^^^^^ " grammatically and poetically. ^ ^ criticism. Ours.-Explain the grammatical construction of this word Ltrapid. -Connected with Gr Xdu^,,^ * ; clear, brightly transparent. '^''""' ^-^ ^^""«- ^ence Yet nothing: see beyond the horizon of their bowls Thi. can scar-Ply be meant literally, t u 7 — •^"" probably, id iU "^^ '" '*" '""' ^"^ "" P»»« fMcfhor' * '«^"— T"-' ■•• "»'h- ..-..ile Which .e.„. .t N.XO,. Then =>^> ^L ^^ ^'ChtX'L'r'^ .".- crown as a constellation in the sky wedding. .:rra:t;l^;T™-ror;r.:x^:■•'-^ into the simile in the foilowing li„., ^^ '" ""P""""" charge Of tan^bg;™ '°'" '"" "™ °' ^"' ''" '-"" ^ I^igM-errantry.-Write an explanatory note in reewot t. Uwkii.ghl8.Mrantofth. middle-agw »«■ "■ re.p«« to ij^ ' t i PS hU I m Verm ov Litbratum SsLBorioMa St (S Lyric muse.— Which of the nine muse* presided orer lyrical poetry ? The phantom with the beckoning hand.— Such phantoms arc common in tlie novels of an earlier peii. 1. Whether the poit liad some particular legend in mind it is no! very easy to deter- mine. VI. Runs with a swifter current- -An allusion to the familiar fact that the proportion of deaths rapidly increases after middle age is past. Like the magician's scroll.— This simile seems open to the same critici.sni made in regard to several previous ones, of seem- ing too studied and ingenious. If the proper use of the simile ia to illustrate by reference to something more obvioug or familiar these fail of their purpose. Brighter than the day — Criticise this description. Does it itrike you as forcible ? And hearts.— A jewel can easily be conceived m shining in a komt. Can you conceive it aii shining in a heart t In Ceylon or in Zanzibar.— Locate these places. Have they foreign trade or connnerce which makes them likely to be visited b}j Americans ? Cathay, (Ka-thA).— An old name for China, said to have been mtroduced into Europe by Marco Polo, the celebrated Venetian traveller. It is corrupted from the Tartar Kh\tai (Ke-ti), that IB, the country of the Khitans, Avho occupied the northern por lions of the Empire at the period of the Mongol invasion. Thousands bleed to lift one hero into fame.- Of how many of the world's battle-fields this is true. Anxious she bends.— The picture drawn in this and following dues is touchingly suggestive. It would be worthy the brush of * Raphael or Michael Angelo. Vn. After a day of cloud.— The beauty and truthfulness to nature of this stanza cannot fail to strike any but the most matter-of-fact reader. Golden wedding-day.— The fiftieth anniversary of the wed- iing d.ay. Monarch of the Moon fa«« M round aa m th« Moon. -Cf. Stanza UL, line 10. " With Notes on Litkratuub SKr.Eonoiri. 105 One charm of the lorogoing poem the stiulont should «p. cLally note, tlie rhythmical harmony and melody of the versification. Very many of tlie words chosen with poetic instinct are among the softest anil most musical in the langnago. Note, f.,r instance the smootliness of flow and the prevalenc- of liquid sounds iii •uch verses as " And tell tiietn talcs of land and sea," "In purple oliambers of the morn," " Limpid as planets that emerge," etc. All of his (Tx>ngfellow's) works are eminently picturesque, and are characterized by elaborate-, scludarly finish.— PAiV/t^. Some of his shorter Lyrics are aliiKjst perfect in idea and ex- pression. Mis poetry is deficient in form but full of picturesque- ness. — Chambera' EncyclopQjdia. LXIX.-'d to Join anew those who have been separated by it ' Re.wnte these three stanzas, carefully transposing them into prose order and supplying all words absolutely necessary t<. ex press the meaning clearly. ' ThisT;!.'" f ^'-r^'f "*« °f . to know, or to suppose. the Bible, Kmg James' translation, and by early writers. Now it IS scarcely used except in poetry. Cf. mt an intransitive forn. apparently froni the same root, used only in the infinitive to uut. What first with dawn appeared. -/. e., the divergence of their courses of thought and their gradual separation Stanza 5. To veer -A nautical term, meaning to change the course of the vessel. Why does he pronounce Lain ? Z vou suppose the poet to imply that to veer is possible but vain,' or that the attempt would be vain ? Note the important metaphysi- cal and moral question involved-that of our power to change our opinions. "-uj^o Brave barks—Distinguish bark, barque and barge One compass pides.-What do you understand ihe one com- pass to be If both were guided by one compass how canZ divergence be accounted for ? Stan.^6^ BHthe^Distinguish the two souuda of the digraph M.. Which sound has it in this word ? pa^V^"^^* ^^"^'"^ past.- What is the construction o* |h!.; ni 106 Notes on Litkratuur hRLEorioNs. They join again. -Wlmt is the mood of the vavh join f By what word dcteiniini'd ? Kxpress the same in prost; form. Stanza 7. Fare.— Wliat is the moaning of /a?v liere ? Qive other meanings and trace so far as you can tho transitioua. LXXIV.-FROM "TIIK MILL ON THE FLOSS.' OKOnnii ELIOT, fieorge Eh< t !a tho worn d,' p/ume of one of tho most taUnitod of English novch'sts, Marian Evans. Like several other distin- guiahed female writers she seems to have doomed tliat her ch.incps of literary success would be impaired by the knowledge of her BOX. So many women liavo of lato years won the highest repu- tation as writers oi fiction that whatever basis there may liave been thirty or forty years since for tlic belief tlius implied in the prejudice of the novel-roading public must have been pretty well removed. Marian, or Mary Anno, Evans was boru at Griflf, near Nuneaton, in 1820. Her education was begun at Coventry, where she studied music, French, German, Greek, and Latin. Later in life she added to her language acquisitions, Spanish and Hebrew. Her first literary work was a translation, in 1846, of StrauBs's Leben Jmi. Five years later she settled in London as assistant to tlie editor of the Westminster Jieview. " The Scenea of Clerical Life," published in Blackwood, in 1854, was her first novel. Its merit was at once recognized. "Adam Bede," in 1858, and " The Mill on the Floss," in 1859, fully confirmed thi- high estimate already formed of the powers of the still unknown writer. By 1863,\v!ien "Romola," an historical novel dealing MMh Italian life, appeared, the guise of George Eliot had been pierced by the critics and Miss Evans was by many of the most compe- tent aspiigned a place in the front rank of novelists. "Felix Holt," ' niddlemarch," and " Daniel Deronda," which followed at intevvt. th? last m 1876, enhanced her already brilliant repu- tation. Mv. >:. ,- is uho a poetof no mean order, " TheSpanish Gypsy," ^A^H -a,' ^^Jubal," and "Armgart," being amongst her poetici^ j : : -cfions. She i vidf is said to have preferred her poetrj to ber .rose, a judgment in which she is probably alone amongst oritios. Miss Evana was at least m rtrong aympaiA^ nmg NoTRfl ON LlTERATUUR SkI.KCTIONS. 109 «rith tho Po.sitivista, though sho doen not ol.tnido hor Hoopticiil ^ewa iipfin her rcadcra. Sho wa« for many yoar.s known as tho wife ot <:eor^e Henry Lewes, who died in I87S. In 1880, aho married Mr. .. W. Crosa. In December of that year she died. Page 356. Maggie was trotting, etc.— Mow clearly the rural portrait aut before our eyes in the words of this single Henteuco ia outlined. Of tho whole extract it may he said that tliere is little in it requiring explanation, but mucii that will repay study and analysis. The piece is a prose idyl, inimitable in its simple naturalness, its finished word-picturing, its touching mingling of humor and pathos. As the perfeotion of art is to conceal art, so the surpassing charm of such a bit of writing is seen in the impres- sion it gives one at first reading that he could tell tlie story in the same style himself. But if any one, as Ik; reads and re-reads attentively, does not realize that he is in the presence of genius of the higliest order, does not feel that the finest chords of the thought-instrument are under the touch of a master hand, it is to be feared that criticism can do but little for such a mind in its dormant state. Those who are sensible of the charm of the description may be glad of a few suggestions intended as iielpa in the search for the hidden sources and elements of that charm. By apeculiar gift.— Note the surprising choice of the word gift, and compare the definition of humor quoted in a previous extract. Tom, indeed, was of opinion.— How true to nature is this Reeling of couacious superiority, and patronizing condes(!ension, on tue part of the boy. One is not sure that the counterpart, the self-abasement of the sister, is quite so common. Page 357. The round pool. How skilfully the elements of awe and mystery surrounding this pool are interwoven to iieighteu the general effect. Had tlio fishing been carried on in an ordinary stream, a considerable part of the effect would have been lost. Maggie was frightened.— This Uttle shadow-stroke in tha picture is touchingly suggestive. Compare the sentence begin- ning «• Maggie thought it would make a very nice heaven," » little farther on. rnr iO I NOTKS ON LlTE«A-,VnB SELECTIONS. Page 3(58. The mill with its boo,, how few and simple words iing-.— Note hore agaiu with natural ohjeet is li^n.cd and ^t.uds tto '^'l'"^*--' --'^ the touch that connects witi etl^ ha ;"";""'"" ^''''"' '' associations of childhood's ha,w days '"' -^'^i^-oe.UU' highest or spring tide., flow; ba^k in a sw tlTr """^/'" bank over the surface of the water «f 7\^ '"^ "^^^ °'- Bay of Fundy this ti ■'' Pedestal as which underlies so much of h ,n a I fe t 'P*'°" '^ '^' ^''^g- y the subtle analysis of characte. i /h! r .^f^'" 'l»'et-seenn-ncr i,, the web of co.„plex hM 'tii'v" .h^^''"""'^'^ ''^''^^' ""'ave unr va led in our Englisl Jo^e eLit h'vr^^ *°. "? '^'^^"lutely m all the branches of ins art-tS mfX ^ '"" '''''" ^^ unrivalle.y C. Kecjan Paul. ^rt-the mighty master Shakespeare. - George Eliot's work is renmL-iJ^i,. 0U3. H;ealth of pegnant sugg s ion i^^^^^ ^^ "obility ol for tenderness o? fo.ii.,„ 1"°° "'.' subtilty of insight i-< ment. and width and vSdety of ymp, t" ' f/''^*'''^'^^ «^ ^'^^t' everywhere dominant; but the 1?JE S^;., '^T^^ P"''!'"^^ i« UBed with grace and elTect. The s vie T, "^ "'^ novelist are Chamber,^ Kncydopmlia, ^'^ " i'"^'^ «^nd forcible.- Notes on Literature Selections. in LXXlX.-TnE LORD OF BURLEIGH. LORD T/:yyysoi\. Alfred Tennyson was born in 1809 in Soniersby, Lincolnshire. . ^r'/ ''^^■«>''"''^'^ ^"'i al30 somewhat of a poet and artist, und the family seems to have been a pecidiarly gifted one Arthur was educated at the Louth Grannnar School a:ti at Trht y College Cambndge. In the latter his '< Timbuctoo " gained the Chancellor's medal in 1829, as the English prize poem His first htei^ry venture was in a .small volume of poems which ho published m conjunction with his brother Charles when both were boys, entitled 'Tocms by Two. Brothers." His first inde pendent appearance as an author was in 1830 when a volume of loems, Chiefly Lyrical," announced to the discriminating pub- he that a new poetic star of the first magnitude was on the hori- .on. Inconsequence, it is said, of tlie extravagant and injudicious pia se with which certain critics greeted tliis effort, Professor J Z '^t;' "'''" """'' '" "'"""^-^^^^ ^" Blacku,ood's Maga. a«e. May 1832. some trenchant and discriminating criticism and some good advice. The publication ot '< The Princess." the first of Tennyson's lengthy poems, in 1817, established his reputatior as a poet of the highest order. In 1S50, "In Memoiiam » a nbute to the memory of his chosen Cambridge friend, Ar hur Hallam, a son of the celebrated historian, appeared. In t e opinion of many competent judges, "In Mernoriam " ranks not only as lennyson's masterpiece, but as. in many respects, one of the noblest poems ever written in any language, and in some iii.h quail les quite unique. "The Idylls of the King" saw the lig^n Jn 1859 and at once took a foremost place amongst great l-^,.dth poems. It would be tedious and is unnecessary to recapitulate here even the titles of the numerous productions with which Ten nyson has enriched Englisli classical literature during nevls three score ycara. Some of his lighter pieces have beenfit mus mpovtan efforts continue, by universal consent, to hob! ant: be admitted, smgularly trivial and ephemeral, but all his more ored place amon- the best pn.d.w-tions of the ^n- -^^ V T lennyson was made Poet Laureate in 1850, and in 1884 w.s .a.«ed to the Peerage as Baron Tennyson. I 5 ■ ' ■ H}\ r I'll' t . p I ' * I " 112 Notes on Literature Selections. t^ouie ui a aeiiguttul disappointment, finds hia woii meant deception has only placed her in a DositL „^ T • weighed down continually ^ '°" "^^""^^ «^« " " With the burden of an honor Unto which she was not born,- and by which Bhe is in a few years crushed into the grave Tho«« I. do. not „ecc„„u, foit'^^r/oitr™ rst the >uggestoe„e3s of the poem for tho plan of he" torv Both St,:: '"""''' ** '°''='""™ '"" — -nunXnat In the land. -Up to tliis point the critic will not find a sin^l« weak, unnecessary, or ill-chosen word. This adverWol , has a little the appearance of having be;n put in' otl fouuZ hne. The student will do well to notice, as one of the character istic excellencies of Tennyson's poems, the rarity of weak o Buperiluous phrases. As a rule every clause and "^very word J full of meaning and exactly to the point. Longfellow's p^Jv ^ con.dered highly finished and artfstic. but th'e c X sHi th" respect^wiU not fail to strike the discerning reader Fro.« deep thought-The reader can well imagine the tenor ::tf :cre. ej^:- "- "-'' "*-- ^^ -»• '»- ' Tetrameter, i are often a will observe ance of what ndensed into i deeply with e is grandly 8 and heroip sibilities for or with the truly loved 3s his well- rhete she is ive. Those jh" will not rtain point. Qdebted to >ry. Both I legend or ' spelling? id a single >ial clause ill out the Bharacter- weak or y word u poetry it st in this the tenor fe, Intro* KTOTBS ON LiTERATORB SELECTIONS. n'd That loves him well. -This relative sentence adds nothing to the picture or to our information, but even Homer sometimes nods. Page 371. O, but she will love him truly.— Those loving re- solves but lieighten the efTect of the coming disillusion. In gentle murmur. —The word murmur evidently would not have been chosen but for the rhyme. His spirit changed within.— The nature of the change can be inferred from the context. Her cottage visions are dispelled at a stroke. Cheer'd her soul with love. -The effect was no doubt very different from that he anticipated. Instead of watching her transports in the ecstacy of her delight, he finds himself called upon to sooth and clieer. Page 372. Strove against her weakness.— There is a touch of genuine pathos in the picture given us in these two lines. Write sentences illustrating the meaning and use of each of the following words : landscape, park, lodge, twain, armorial, bear- ings, consort. NO. LXXX.-" BREAK, BREAK, BREAK." LORD TENNYSOJU. For biographical sketch see preceding lesson. This little ode, like the lengthy In Memoriam, is a tribute to the memory of the poet's friend, Arthur Hallam. Stanza 1. Break, break, break.— The dirge-like, despairing moan conveyed by the repetition of this long monosyllable can be better felt than described. It will be observed that the three long syllables correspond to and stand for an anapajstic trimeter, as in the first line of stanzas two and three. There is a species of onomatopoeia not so much in the sound of the word itself, as in the solemn, monotonous repetition of the same dreary syllable, leoallini^ as it does tiie steady, ceaseless, and, to the pensive and sorrowing mind, mournful daahipjj of the waves upon the cold, gray stones of the beacbu I i*i IkP II P: >■ 114 Notes on Literature Selections. _ Cold gray stones. -What a world of loneliness and pathos s wrapped up ,n these tin-ee word... Co^ gray, stone, elch is the symbol of an idea of dreariness peculiar to itself, but all combaie to express a sadness unutterable and hopeless. Note agani the effect of the three long monosyllabic sounds And I would, etc—The idea suggested that the thoughts and .neuK.nes awakened lie " too deep for utterance » may add some- what to the pathos of the situation. Yet n.ost readers will probably feel that there is a decided falling off in the second half 01 the stanza. O well for the fisherman's boy. -The fisherman's boy and the sailor lad know nothing of the deep anguish of such a bereave- men as that of the poet, consequently the breaking waves on the desolate coast I,ring to them no message of sorrow The stately ships.-Under other circu.nstances the stately ship moving over tlie waters " like a thing of life " would fill the poets m,nd with a sense of beauty and joy. Now they cannot divert or repress the sense of bereavement But O for the touch-Words would bi'it mar the simph. and pathetic perfection of these lines. They voice in sin.ple poetic Auglo-Saxun the universal longing of bereaved and aching hearts the wide world over. ^ But the tender grace.- Compare this beautiful and touching couplet with that ending the first stanza, criticised above It would seem that the essence and culmination of all sorrow for the dead are concentrated in the knowledge that they will never come back to ua. => j uuwr LXXXI.-THE REVENGE. LORD TENNYHOX. The historical incident upon which this ballad is founded occurred ni 1591 It is thus told in Knight's History of 1 ng land, chapter LXXVII. : ^ fiff,r"«„„ -1 '-'-•-F "•-•• piopttic 1, and nc ntted out a forcp i,i Spanish pri«. ito'wa, th:;uihfp°s''4.LrStl"„ro.;; NOTBS ON LlTEBATDBB SeLECTION& 116 Prfnt-M •^'?"°^*'»« ,^«-. It was Commanded by Sir Richard ?„^? i^-'wu- u*'^"^^'"''"*'' ^""^ *I^« memory of the uneq a nSn ^dthtl^ir' °*T'"'° «."«*^'"^'' from three in the aX - Sr 1 nY„ T ?• ^^ u^^^l '"°''"'°S ^°"S abided with the English rrinvflir .i?''^°>^^'* examples of courage and resolution. GreaviIIe was three times wounded during the action, in whic tfuSTire 'T'^fi^' ^^r^' "'^-^ constantly asraile! waters HkfrLw'- ^*^ ""S**^ *^" 8*^°'^ «'»P I'-^y "PO" tJ^^ waters hke alog. Her capfc.m proposed to blow her up, rather ■ SVi,"^"k''' •" •* '^® '"'■^J°"*y «f the crew compelled him tc yield himself a prisoner. He died in a few days and his last words were : "Here die I, Richard Grenville, S a joyful Si ought to do, fighting for his country, queen, religion and honor." The term ballad is of Italian origin {ballata) and onginally de- noted a dance-song (mid. Lat. ballare, or balare; Gr. /SaUtlsiv to dance). In the twelfth century the Italians" gave the name ballads to short, purely lyrical pieces, which generally had the sorrows of lovers for their subject. The word is now commonly appbed to a species of minor epic ; a versified narrative in a simple, popular, and often rude style, of some heroic deed, or some tragic or touching event. The ballad is comparatively short, being confined to a single incident or seriss of connected incidents. It is generally adapted to be sun^ or accompanied by an instrument. The earliest ballads, as thus understood, are those of l:;ngland and Scotland. They date back to about the fourteenth century. Of the popular ballads Scotland, or rather the border-land of Scotland and England, is considered to have produced the best exampNs, e.g., Chevy Chase, etc. In recent days the ballad has been cultivated chiefly by the Germans, who have given it a more artificial development than any other people. The standard metre of the ballad seems to be Iambic Hexa- meter, but the lines are very irregular. Not only are the com- mon substitutes for the Iambics, such as the spondee, trochee anapjBst, and pyrrhicvery freely introduced, but the length of the lines varies from three to seventeen or eighteen syllables. The reonrrence of the rhyme is equally irregular. In both caaes the irregularities are studied and artistic, the author having sue- ceeded admirably in imitating both the form and the spirit of the old war balladi. « I. ■ , . Mil I*. iir, Notes on Litehature SELRCTioNa Page 373. Flores in the Azores.— ^Yores is one of the nine principal islaiuls of the group. Locate the Azores. Pinnace.— This word denotes either a ship's barge, interme- diate between a launch and a cutter, propelled by six or eight oars, or a small scliooner-rigged vessel, generally two-masted. It •'« here evidently the latter. Gear.— Give the derivation and trace the connection between the different meanings of this word. Wiiat does it denote here ? Page 374. Ships of the line.— In the old nautical phraseology ships of the line were the larger war ships, carrying from fifty guns upwards, seventy-four being the most common. Tliey were so called by way of distinction from the frigates, which were smaller, carrying from twenty to twenty-five guns, and which did not usually join the line of battle, but were employed as scouts and cruisers. Inquisition dogs.— jTAe Inquisition, or Hoh/ Office, may be regarded as having Jiad its origin in the "inquisitors" appointed by the emperors Tlieodosius and Justinian, in the 6th ceutury, for the detection and punishment of heresy, but it was first organized as a permanent court under Pope Innocent IV., in 1248. Its chief management was at first in the hands of the Dominicans. Its functions as a civil and ecclesiastical court extended for a time to France, Germany, and Poland, but its great infamy in history is derived almost exclusively from its operations in Spain and Portugal, from the latter part of the fifteenth to the latter part of the seventeenth century. Its terrible and bloody work commenced under Torquemada in 1483 and was continued under Diego Deza, and other inquisi- tors-general. The Inquisition seems to have exercised the most absolute authority, the Popes themselves having in some cases striven ineffectually to control its arbitrary action, and moderate its terrible zeal. It is highly probable that the accounts which have come down to us of butcheries and other horrible atrocities perpetrated by it in the name of religion, are gieatly exaggerated. The popular historian of the Inquisition, Llorente, affirms that under Torquemada alone nearly 9,000 so-called heretics were burned. But Roman Catholic writers loudly protest against ■nch allegationa as monstrous fabrications, and Protestant Notes on Literature SELsoTioNa 117 writers of the more ju° he won the Newd ^te ;'fe f r F "r ?'""'' ^^^^^^'^^ ^^^^^ graduated in 1842. I,: I8« h^ ^'?^f\^''''y '" 1839, and his AMern Painters The n!' ''"."^^ ''' ^"-^^ ^^^"'"^ "^ prove the infil Hup rtr r^ 'T" ^^ ^'^'^ ^^^^ ^^ ^ e«pecially Turner, to t] e d L'ast rs ^ • ."; "f ^^ P""^^"' --e fifth and last was pub i l'^ L S60 " le" I '*" '•''"™^' avastdiscu.sive treatL on he pi'' po'^^ with artistic and synibolienl A J """°'P'^! ^^ *'^*> interspersed rate and i.naginatrt,tl?tX"r "'''"' "^^^ ^^^^^• bef.re attempted. .w.;^rr^:n:LC:;;:::ir^ '" Its spirit and aim. and naturally excited 1 1 ^.^^ hostility of the conservatives in art IWfh T'"'°'' ''^"'^ of its style gave it a place In Z\ "»<^q"^"e^l «pIcndoi disciples sprang p ' tl vi w ;"; ^^"^^^ ^^ -^"-era and .radLllyLelay^.LndU^raVe/d^Z '' ""^^'^ cliaracter of later En.li^h art TT^ J,, *'""'"7' ^^'^ '=«"rse and "The SevenLamps oFArch; etuf , ''t^tr^^^^^^^^ both of which were efForts to introdu e ne. ^nrilltr^'' tions of the significance of domestic archTtet "r Bot""'* exqu.s,tely illustrated by Ruskin hin..e f He ns ll "T shed several courses of letters addressed fo aZn " "^^ ' Kaphaeht.sm. as a distinct phase of modern Ir 1, "' warmest sympathy, and called fJrth many ktters ' rn^l ; I notes from his pen Fors, (Vn.; '*"J' '^"^^^s- Pamphlets and Which he issued^; ^^Z^'^^^t"'"'' ^^"^'"^^ drawn from the general pubHs^lg ifous f tW oT V T-'" are not out of print being issued b'y his T;:': , ''Zj'Z vehemence of his langua^ :.d'ti:f e^r!:^^!':^:^^. ^« nounce, what he regards as the shams o7the l^tL Z create with years, some of his recent utteraLril . aooherent in fcWr intensity and fiercene^r "^ '^'"* i>M :-i , ! T> i liii w 120 Notes ow Litrrature Srlectionr. Page 390. Who feel themselves wrong.— The principle laid flown in this paragraph is doiihtlcsa aa true aa it is grand. Thu inspiration of art, like that of poetry, ia a consciousness of short- coming, a longing after something loftier, nobler, purer, than ordinary life possesses. Who know also that they are right -Ruskin here takes his stand on the high ground that tliere ia a standard of truth, of absolute perfection, which is unattainable here, but towards wh'ioh true art ia ever striving, ever aspiring. It is so in all departments of truth-seeking. Take away the conviction that there is positive truth, absolute perfection, which one may ever approximate though never reach, and you take away the highest incentive to effort. Faith in the possible perfection of our ideals is the highest inspiration of art, of poetry, and of life. The second lesson.— This ia, as the author truly says, a very precious one. That true happinesa ia to bo found in doit. ,', not attaining ; in the motive and spirit in which the work ia done, not in the accomplishment of some ulterior result, is the true phil- osophy of a useful and contented life, and of the highest success in achievement. The principle is of universal application. Inflame the cloud of life with endless fire of pain. Criticise this metaphor. It has the merit of clearness and originality. It brings up instantaneously the picture of the dark cloud, bordered with fiery flame by the glowing sunbeams. But ia it a good metaphor to suggest the idea the author wishes to convey ? Is it easy to associate pain with the darning glory of the sun-kindled cloud? Another and a sadder one.— What is this third lesson? Study the next three paragraphs and try to condense the answer into a single sentence. By majesty of memory and streng:th of example. -Do those words majesty and strmyth seem well chosen ? Page 392. The first Cantons. -The reference ia, seemingly to the seven Catholic Cantons of Switzerland. Can you name them? The Vaudois valleys.— There are three valleys on the Italian •ide of the Cottian Alps, which are occupied by the Vaudois, or Waldenses,— Perosa, San Mai tino, and Lucerna, drained res^ »»ely by three tributariea of the Fa The Gan mythology d with the hel to Hera by ( came by a i in which the The moie c located thee Atlas. A few gra famine in Or Lilies was pu tion, though computed to one-and-a-hal famines in In cipated and r no such whoI( The art of sions to wea\ stations. Ho Peloponnesus, of the gorgon •' dragons wit fphigenia reco ahe had long b the wife of Od what she fabri Their virgi whom the Ro the patroness c of craftsmen. arts, and instri try, she inveni were accustom( The word o: Page 393. A ideas conveyed NOTBS ON LlTBRATUKB SbLBOTIONB. 121 The Garden of the Hesperides.-The name Hosnorides in w.th the help a dragon, the golden apples which had been giv«„ to Hem by Ge (the earth) on i>er marriage with Zeus. The nam nwli h.t"'"r' *""^'*'"" to^'enote^theplaoeofthe^Irrn m wh.ch the apple, were kept, which was a matter of contr^oversy The more common tradition, to which Ruekin here alludes located thon> on the north-west coast of Africa. we.t of Mt' fw^'"^ !>*'"' of rice.-The allusion is. no doubt, to the great ^.^.e, was pubhshed, during Lor.l Laurence's Indian administ.": t.on. though at that dreadful time the deaths by starvaZrare computed to have reached three times the number here g van or one-and-a-hal millions. There have been two or th.ee ifreateLed lated '" " ," "7: *'"' ''''' ''"* *^«y h-« been so far ant ' cpated and reheved by the British and Indian Governments that no such wholesale starvation has ensued. The art of Queens—Ancient literature abounds with alln- ons to weavz„« as an art practised by women in tre highest stations. Homer represents Creusa, wife of Xuthus. King of the Pe oponnesus. as proving to Ion that she is his mother b/mel of thegorgon woven in the centre of the web. and by resnkndent •cragons with golden jaws, the virgin lal^r of h^^^r s£^^^^^^^^ LhalToS'"^ ^"^-^^ I' * ''-'''^'^^^ «^ theotame is he had long before woven in the " fine-thre.ded web." Penelope the w.fe of Odysseus, puts off the suitors by unravelling at S what she fabricates by day, etc. ^ Their virgin goddess. -The Grecian goddess Athena with whom the Roman Minerva was identified, was representelai the patroness of all arts and trades and was invoked by all kind" of craftsmen In addition to having taught men all the usefu arts, and mstructed them in the use of the implements of .ndus try. she invented nearly every kind of work in which women were accustomed to engage, and was herself skilled .'n such w^r' The word of the wisest king.-Prov. xxxi. 19-24 " Page 393. All civic pride and sacred principle. -Develoo th. Ideas conveyed by this pair of expressions. ^ ^' i' r 122 Notes on Litrraturk SBi.RCTioNa '^1 It Ramparts built by poor atoms. —Writo a brief casay upon the coral insects, tlieir modca of workintj, the plact'3 whixe they abound, and the results of their labors. Page 394. Must it be always thus ? -RusUin here touches upon what ia not only one of the ;^ieat iuy-,te'.ic8 of life, but one of the great problems of political economy, of modern atatcsiwau- ship. Strange indeed that with millions of fertile acres untillod, so many should be hun-ry and idle ; that with a superabundance of material in the animd and vegetable kingdoms so many should want for decent clothing, so many for hon.^e8 to cover them. Surely human brains and hand.s have been euiployed to little purpose through all tliese centuries. This passage is a fine specimen of eloquent and impassioned, yet chaste and tasteful rhetoric. Page 395. Does it vanish then?— The remaining two para- graphs of the extract afford a fine example of logical reasoning ■ as well as of glowing eloquence. The dikmma is skilfully and powerfully used. Either human life vani'''"3 in the grave or it does not. If it does, if it is indeed so brief and perishable a thing, surely it should be made the most of while it lastd. If it does not, then by all the added motives derived from our relations to the great future, we are bound to make the most of the present. Thus it will be seen the writer used the climax as well as the dUemma, or the dilemma in climacteric form. Nor should we fail to note farther that while the first alternative is fairly put, it is yet put in such form that the condition with its logical concomitants is felt to be antagonistic to our higher reason ; repugnant to every lofty instinct and aspiration of tii -:oul. See, e. nRuskin'a aning m tins and the paralKI sentences which follow Let e student after careful .tudy of this extract lay asuio th« ok and repro uce it in outline. He should he ahlel "v *' only the general divisions, but a clear stitemonf f I? ^, ' " Define meanings of the followinrr wo^ds •-«?^,^«,, • ■. i, .;««, .»p««, „<„„„,, ,^,,,„, ,v..w„i,&. ' '• '^™" B«t,n8uisl, bot,.„n art;, ,„ u,„l „,;,,,. j„^ .„,, j,^, . ;rri°:r''*'' -" ""■--'•• —».-::;;:?; Mark the pronunciation of industry, artisan, bequeathed fort. --. ^d^oi.m, tapestry, enthusiasm, impotent, momentZX^^^. NO. LXXXVIII._THE ROP.IN. J A MES R USSELL LO WELL. Hif L^""" '' the descendant of an old Massachusetts family H.s father was a Congreyationali.t minister of Jioston h: graduated from Harvard University i„ 1838 Jd T' . matriculated at tl. University of ^^.^'^ ^ZS^ btewait He recited a class poem upon tiie occasion of his oT;^mr'i: ivr ^ •^"''"^^" ^ ''--' '^' '^^ «^'"-'-- 01 p.cm . In 1843 he, ni conjunction with Robert Carter now ceased, commenced the publication of TAe Pioneer, a Li"Z and truncal Magazine, ^hu:k di.d .t the end of three monti7 .J.n want not of iuternal vigo, but of external suppo S lbi-1 ho published another volume of poetry, followed i^ 1845 by 124 Notes ON Litekature Selections. Conversations on Some of the Old Poets. Another series of poems aod The Vision of Sir Lavnfal appeared in 1848. After some time spent in travel, he was appointed, in 1855, Professor of Belles Lettrea at Harvard, a position afterwards held by Longfellow. Lowell was the first editor of The Atlantic Monthly, established in 1857, and afterwards became one of the editors of the North American Review. In these and other magazines he published many poems, essays, and critical papers. Among his prose writ- ings may be mentioned Amomj viij Books, and ily Study Windows, each containing a series of critical and historical studies, to which are addeil, in the latter, observations on nature and con- iemporary life. But the writings which moat indelibly stamp him as both a wit and a genius of no mean order are the Bhjlow Papers, two series of satirical poems, the first of which was written to mark his detestation of the Mexican war, and the second, with somewhat deeper feeling, to express his sentiments during the great Rebellion. In 1877 Mr. Lowell was sent as Minister Plenipotentiary to Spain, and in 1880 he was transferred to hold a similar relation to the British Government. From the latter position he retired in 1885, and returned to his native country, where he has since resided. Page 397. Eminent or notorious. Distinguish these words. Authentic— Distinguish this word from genuine. Zero of Farenheit.— Farenhcit'a thermometer is the one with which we are familiar, as it is the one generally used in Eiihe changes in these luminaries were combined with all his feelings and his fortunes : how the dawn waa hope to him ; how the fierce mid-day briglit- ness was power to him ; how the declining sun was death to him ; and how the new morning was a resurrection to him : nay, more, how the sun and the moon and the stars were his personal friends, as well as his deities ; how he held communion with ihem, and thought that they regarded every act and word ; how, in his solitude, he fondly imagined that they sympathized with him; and how, with outstretched arms, he appealed to them against their own unkindness, or against the injustice of his fellow-man." As poets should.— Another suggestive simile in a sentence of three words. With no afterthought.— From the feeling of the moment. With no eye to efifect. 'ihey muiHe their voices. — The author was keenly observant of nature. How many of the class have ever observed tliia softening of the voice by birds, producing the effect of distance ? Pecksniff. — Pecksniff is a character in Dickens' " Martfn Chuzzlewit," noted for his hypocrisy. lenteuce of Notes on Litrratuiir Sblbction8. 129 As Italian cooks.— Tlu" similp (..'.„ i LowcU lauuohe, ,Ck.» s a ''f", """■■. "'"' """'""• oom,ptio„ of the day ° "*'""" "" ''°'''''"" Averse from early pears. -Whether averse shouM l,c t„ll„w,,l in hXttingr" '"' Philanthrophy are the don^inant elements force a^i.l olearnero 1 ^^ ,^^ '« wit, au.P thj essays a fascinating cha.-m:"i^5^;;;::?;,^':'^ ^a^^Sr "'^^ XC— RUGBY CHAPEL. JUATTJIEtV Alt.SOLD. Matthew Arnold, eldest son of the celebrated Dr. Arnold of Rugby, was born :n 1822 at Laleham. where Dr. Arnold then re B:ded w.th lus pupds, and was educated at Winchester. Rugby »«^ ,K xr' ~^-"T "'.""" ■^^'-' '''"^ elected Scholar in 1^40 wou the Newd,gate pme for English ver^e (subject. CromweUja. ,'!'it th > 130 Notes on Literature Selections. 1843, graduateil in honors in 1844, and was elected a Fellow of Oriel College in 1845. From 1847 to 1851 he occupied the posi- tion of private secretary to the late Lord Lanadowne. In the latter year ho received an appointment as one of the Lay In- spectors of Schools, under the Coirmittce of the Council on Edu- cation. This position he still holds, and in discharge of its duties he has rendered valuable service to the cause of public education. Mr. Arnold first achieved literary fame as a poet. His first pub- lication was "Strayed Reveller, and other Poems," in 1848. This work was given to the public over the signature " A." In 1854 he published a volume of poems over his own name, made up of new pieces and selections from previous volumes. In 1867 he was was elected Professor of Poetry at Oxford. In the fol- lowing year appeared " Merop3," a tragedy after the antique, prefaced with a treatise on the principles of (Jreek tragedy. Three years later in some lectures "On Translating Homer," he advocated the adoption of the English hexameter as the best equivalent to the Homeric rhythm, an opinion in which, it is scarcely necessary to add, he stands almost alone. In the same year, 1861, he presented the first of a series of Reports on the educational systems of France, Germany and Holland, which countries he had visited as Foreign Assistant Commissioner to the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the state of popular education. In 1865 he again visited the Continent to acquire in- formation respecting foreign schools for the middle and upper classes, and during the current year he has made a third visit and presented to the Commissioners another valuable report on the same subject. Mr. Arnold visited America in 1883, and again in 1886 and whUe there delivered some lectures, written with his usual ability and high literary finish. Mr. Arnold's poetry is marked, as will be seen in the subjoined extract, by purity of style and diction, and by every evidence of a refined and cultivated taste. Of late years he has confined himself exclusively to prose, of which he is one of the greatest of living masters. His numerous essays on political, social, literary, edu- cational, and religious topics are models of clear and elegant expiessioa, as well as of trenchant criticism. The elegance is that of artistic simplicity, the criticism is unhappily rather of tbc a Fellow of id the posi- le. In the ihe Lay In- icil on Edu- of its duties education, "is first pub- ," in 1848. "A." In lame, made 8. In 1867 In the fol- he antique, k tragedy, lomer," he IS the best vhich, it ia n the same 3rt3 on the ind, which lissiouer to i of popular acquire in- and upper third visit a report on 1833, and es, written r. Arnold's extract, by f a refined ed himself st ot living Brary, edu- ad elegant moe ia that her of the NoTBs ON Literature SflLRCTioNa 131 unsettling and destructive kind. This latter feature ia atill unfa.rness begotten of anti-theological prejuc ce whll unpardonable in the son of Dr. Ar^^ld of Rugby. The metre is Trochaic Trimeter with numerous substitutions of the trochee and anap.st in all places. The effect is llZ in keeping w.th the sad. sombre melancholy that pervSes £ beaut^ul and touching tribute to the memly of^illtred Page 401. Coldly, sadly dl^ds.-How skilfully the key no e of the poem is struck in these openin. words ThTw ^ ptingof the first stanza, in its chLte, ^ally olen n relh-:!" has ew equals m the English, or any language. CrTtLT coL ".ent IS unnecessary and would seen, almost sacrilegious Seasons impaired not the ray.-The thought or sentiment of this stanza is generalized and epitomized in this sentence ^A clearly in your own language what that thought or lenlentt re^ZT~'''''- ''°"^' "°""^^'^' ^' -"- the strictly cor: dist: "" -fo-een.-Dr. Arnold di^ auddenly of heart In thy shade rested.-Let the student mark this beautiful sunile and tne perfection of ta- te with which it is developed u" far enough to bring out its full suggestivene«. and not /f ^ as to weaken the effect. Cf. Song'of Song" H 3 '" '' For that force surely.-The poet's ingrained scepticism here Sounding labor-house vast-Note the flu, oonoeplion here of the unseen universe, not aa the atilly abode of KM- \f 4«.«bed in h^then c,.»io., nor a. 'th.'^d^'^r:;;*;;:^ •« < 1.12 Notes on Literature Selections. \ :, I i! of listless souls sometimes pictured in the imaginations of tired {,'liristians, but as a vast labor-bouse resounding with the hum of unceasing activity. Page 403. Conscious or not of the past.— One of the strangest and inoat unsatisfactory conceptions of the semi-sceptical school of modern philosophers is that of a future state of being which has no conscious connection with the present — an immortality iliorn of that continuity which is its most inspiring condition. In an article in the Canadian Monthly, Mr. Goldwin Smith, aome years since, developed this dreary idea. Still thou upraisest with zeal. — This stanza most graphically and truthfully describes the noblest features of Dr. Arnold's work at Rugby. Most men eddy about. — Here again we have in a few masterly strokes a sadly truthful picture of human life — the life of the niaiiy. Students of the classics will be reminded of a passage in Lucian's Charon, in which the lives of the masses are likened to foam bubbles, but the touch of the Greek satirist falls far short of the efl'ectivenesB of that o^ the Bible-taught English philoso- pher. And there are some. — I. would be difficult to find in all lit- erature a more thrilling description of the experience of a strong, aspiring soul which refuses to feed on the poor husks around which the multitudes linger, sets out in pursuit of some higher achievement, some mora satisfying and enduring good, and yet fails to reach the highest goal. No one can study this wonder- ful passage without realizing in some measure through what foarful midnight darkness and tempest the soul of Matthew Arnold must have passed, only to reach the loneliness and chili of the icy peaks of philosophical scepticism. The history oJ months or years of life and death struggle is, we may readily be- lieve, compressed into the grand, awe-inspiring metaphor of thu magnificent paragraph. Sadly he must have needed the ho.i|i of a vanished hand. Page 404.— In an eddy of purposeless dust. — A strik/^ metaphor. What can better symbolize purposelesaaeds than U»»4 whirl of the drifting pyramid of duet wldok iii«0 paat ia » in:* day? J^om ON UrnnArvm RKr,„:,,T,oN8. 13.1 Nor all glut- The em,.l,u.sis is on „// . • >'«. all the parts of our J.pChlT n T""% "" "'''''" "^ "Nonom«;..monar multaau«. Cf- Horace Car.n, III.,yo. Their hanging ruin—A very effe..hv« i . • snow or ice beds about to descend t ''''^^™''t"^««" -^ the .ta^:;rti°:^^;~::'^' '^-^^ °^ ^^^^-'^^ ^'^^^^^e other in. woS:fth!;l:tlr;t:t"°' -^one-By theu.eof thi. between the selfish str 2 ;* Hhe f;"'"^' "'-''" *^- -utrast heroic unselfishness of his fath!'« ''^"'' travellers, and the ing himself i„ his long ZallZTT" ^'"^' ^° ^'^^ ^-'» '«- occasion of his lughestl^att i ^^'•''^^''^"' '^^ "^^^es it the memorating. ^ '^"*' *° *^« ''^^^'--^l name he is com- Of that we saw nothing- — Th,'a ^^ ^••ng his .wn bruises and sffferl^ ZZ T°"''"^ '' '^'^^'■ for others, is one of the loftiest tSt f ^^''u^^ ^"^ helpfulness Through theel belieJltt :;lfe-a ^r"" . missions of great and good men seemr/. K ? ."' °^ *^' '"»'' ine and explain thTcont t't I^^J/^^f "^ ^^^^^ -^« -^h this Not as servants ye knetl^ jI 'frTs^^^^^'- His, who willingly sees -Cf Maf • acquaintance with the Bible and apprec'llMo; It '. ^''*' '^™'''*'^ ings. »PP'ecution of its grand teach- See I In the rocks of the wori^i v of the poem we have the cond'tC^;"; w? '^' P°'°* *° *^« «°d the noble mission of such lea " a B 7"''.'' ""^'^•"^'" ^"^ *rdordivine."setforthintheformnf K '"°'^' " ^^^'''^nt with careful «fud,, f ).. -„,? , °^ * beautiful alle^rorv. A ..-r description in his own words reproduce the whole Jave^themtheirgoal-Whatandwhereiathatgoal. ^ < ( m ul . n i ! ' i : i ; ■ i :;■ ItS'i^^^ 'SI^^^H h i ■ la f'J !■ 134 Notes on Litkraturb Selbotions. Define the words: Dank, apace, avstere, buoyant, oblivion, goal, tactiturn, avalanche, arid, faction, beacon. rronounco: Elm8, radiant, buoyant, beneficent, gaunt, avalanche* hideous, myriad, beacon. I .ls» W-r. ;', " For combined culture and fine natuml feeling in the matter of veisification, Mr. Arnold has no livint,' superior. Thougli some- times slovenly in the versificatio.i of his smaller poems, when he is put upon his mettle by a particular aflection for his su})ject, he manages the most irregular and difficult metres witu admir- able skill and feeling." — Kdinborough Rtview, " First known as a poet of classic taste and exqui.'ite purity of imagination. " — Chambers' Enctjclopcedia. '• His narrative poems are better than his lyric In more than one of the latter he has aimed at a simplicity, Wi^ich, ou proof, turns out to be puerility." — London Athenamm. I XCII.~MORALS AND CHARACTER IN THJiJ EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. QOLDWIN SMITH. Goldwin Smith was born in 1823, at Reading, England, where his father was a physician. He was educated at Eton and Ox- ford, taking his degree of B.A. in 184/5, with distinguished hon- ors in classics. Two years later he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, but lo never practised his profession. He acted »a assistant secretary to the first, and as secretary to the second, commission appointed to inquire into the condition of Oxford University, and was appointed a member of the Education Com- misaioa of 1858. In 185S he was selected to fill the Modern His- tory Chair in Oxford, and signalized his accession t^ it by a series of lectures, since republished, on "The Study of History.'' Hia strongly expressed opinions provoked a reply fr:;m the West N0TB8 ON LlTBRATURK SELEOTIONa \s6 m/n»<«r ^evfetr, and to this Mr ^m.-fk London DaU, News. In 1868 T 1 '''^•°'"'°' '" '^"•''•» *<> *he Oxfora, hewasappointe.lP,.rr ''"7J'^«'g"">« W^ position in History in CornerUn-:L!;;'Te;°^^^^^^^ retained for two or three years dZ' T. ' '^ ^°"""" ^'"^'' ^e time Bince his coming to Ameril hf " ''"^'" ^"•*"^" '^^ *'- Cauada. In 1867applred t^e eHes of le"t '""''■'• " '''''"^''' English Statesmen- Pym CromTlI » "'' '"^'"^^ " '^^^'''ee "Lectures on the StuV/ if HTtlrv ""\^'"'" "'■^'' ^^'^"^ ^'^ torical work. Amongst hi« nfh , 7' " ™°'* important his- of Cowper." whil^ :roTthe""' '"f °*'"^^ '« '^^ "^-^« Letters." During the Trirr It nfr"' °^, """"^"^'^ ^'^^ ^^ has been a contributor ZcZT °^ i"t^««'^'««^e in Toronto he aome time he coad ted a ^ " '? ^"^"^' ^'°"'-"'^'^' -^ for Mr. Smith stands in the vrfrontTT'r ""^' ""'^ ^^^^«-'-- language, and is one of the C;':. "'?"'°' *'" ^^"^''^^ perfection. He is never to I'larht".'*'"" '^PP^^^^^^*'^ expression, and he never has the^nn '° '^ V °^ * ^''P-^^o^ truth or sense for the sake of form'' 3?" °' "°"''^'"" ^^*^- of erudition that may fairly be des^;-h5 """''' '"'"^ " ^^'g^t it always at command when hetth ! . 'm ^"T '«l-<"''. ^nd haa an apt m.tration orasugTestrin:-::""""^*^ ''' ^^^^ ^^ caS^it tx::';:t'it"Lt^r?;";i ^-"^ ^ acme years past been the hTJ f , '^ *^'* ^^- S'"'*'^ ^^^ ^or dian journa? of ^ lit t s Ltv" f rl "^ ^'' '^'''' * ^ana. Toronto. ^ ' '''°"*y' ^"'^ literature, published in The world into which Cowoer cariA r 1731 and died in 1800 HeTC f^^^'—p^^'^^^ ^^a born in the eighteenth century Pope had JiT T. *'" '^'''' ""''' '' was a child, so that thrpo^i v and fl" '^''' "'^" ^°"P«' gieau trio created and reoresentpH ^^~^7. ^''^ ivxiiton. -Thia Spenser's '' Fairie Queen^ "r^ven to t^^^ ^^ ^•- --' enthroned him permanently a^ Sin ,? '^ '° L590.91,and , , I: i? ■ ' ii. 136 NoTKS ON Literature Seleotionb. ■;?* I- vhich not only made him the world's greatest dramatist, but sil nitn in solitary grandeur above all its literary geniuses, about the year 1800. Milton gave to English literature its one gnat epic in 1672, only a few years before the Revolution which trans formed England into another nation. The arch-versifier Pope.— Tiiis well-chosen epithet fitly ilc. scribes Pope as a poet, whether we have regard to hin voluminous ncss or to his wonderful facility and fluency in versification. There have been few famous men whose writin .js have been so variously estimated by critics as Pope, but the sober judgment of the pre- sent day would probably incline to the view hinted at in the above expression, ami while cheerfully admitting his claim to rank as the very prince of versifiers, and a great literary artist and satirist, would hesitate to assign him a place in the royal Bucccsaiou of England's greatest poets. The Revolution of i688. — Write a brief account of this great revolution, its causes, and its consequences. The Puritan Revoltuion. — Read chapter viii., Green's "Shori History of the English People." TruUiber. — A fat clergyman iu Fielding's novel, "The Adven tures of Joseph Andrews. " Dr. Primrose. — The vain, weak, yet in many respects amiable and estimable vicar, in Goldsmith's " Vicar of Wakefield." Pluralities. — This word was technically used to denote the holding of more than one benefice, or ecclesiastica. living, by one clergyman. Each benefice was called a " plurality." Hogarth. — William Hogarth, the celebrated English painter, who won both fame and fortune by his inimitable skill in depict- ing the follies and vices of his day (16!t7-l"61). Fielding. — Henry (1707-54). The first great English novelist. Tom Jones, the hero of his most famous iio.vel is an immortal creation, " a miracle of invention, character and wit." Smollett, Tobiaa. — Another eminent English novelist, and author of a History of England. " Roderic Random " was one of hia numcrouo lur. :.Is. Page 410. Chesterfield. — Lord Chesterfield, whose name has become a synonym of courtly elegance and grace, filled many important oflBoes in the state. He was possessed of considerable it, but Bll about the gri at epio ich trans t fitly do. iluminous on. There » variously if tlie pro- at in t)io i claim to rary artist the royal this great I'a "Shor\ he Aflven ta amiable ild." lenote the ug> by one h painter, in depict- 1 novelist, immortal elist, and " was one name has lied many nsiderabU NonW ON LiTERATURB SblBOTIONS. 18? aloquence and ability, but was chiefly distinguished for brilliant w t and elegance of conversation and manners. As to the est his character ,s no doubt fitly described in the text. ' tinr'^T~^'" ^""°"' '^°^° ^^"''°''« ^J>°. though the prosecu ions and persecutions of the Government of the day mLe him the champ.on of civil liberty and the most poplr In .^ pr:C;.""' °' ' "^""^ ''-'''''' '^ ^^" - ^ --"i- Potters and Sandwiche9.-Lord Sandwich. Secretary of State for a time m the Greuville Ministrv in 1 7fi^ ^n- 7.^ p™flig.t.n„b,«. 0, that pXt? °e "h. :rr^; r Allworthy.-A character in Fielding's "Tom Jones " distin guished for benevolence and genuine worth the^.W °^"" ^^^r^'i'^-'' " "''™^ '^ ' P^'''"'"^"* "member of the imagmary club under whu.se direction The Spectator was pro fesaedly edited. Addison has endowed this famous creltTon of h.s bram with all the v rtues and weak.esaes lean ng IIZX side^of the beat type of an English nobleman of the period F-^ f"!f ;;:^'^"'" '^'^'''° " ^ J°"y °0"»t'-y gentleman in Fieldmg s " History of a Foundling." Sir Walter Scott deTiib^ him as «'an inimitable picture of ignorance, prejudice, ir^dbT hty. and rusticity^-, combined with acme good\JaHtie^. ^^a 1 Positivists-Positiviam. as a system of philosophy, was fo^unded by Auguste Comte (1795-1867). The fundJ:-.^" p..ncipie ol tiasaystem, wiuch has some distinguished adh;;;nte! «> far as ,t can be stated in a sentence, is the abandonment of ^1 " vam search after the cause, and essences of things." and the J^^ .Inchon of Ul plulo«,phi« e.,uiry lo " ^. di«Xy oJ the I,^ i ,4 ' h 3 I;; |i ^1 II v 138 Notes on Litbratdrb SELEorioNa of phenomena." Comte claimed that Europe had outlived the theological and metaphysical stages of intellectual development and had reached the positive which had superseded both. Hogarth's Election. — A series of four pictures representing scenes at the elections of the day. Page 411. Temple Bar.— The bar in connection with the two iiuig of Court in London, which are called respectively the Inner and the Middle Temple, because they are in the building form- erly occupied by the order of Knight Templars. John Wesley, Whitefield, Johnson, Howard, fftZ6«r/orce— Write a brief note upon each of these well-known names. Write explanatory notes upon Puritan, Nonconformist, Whig, Unitarian, Pronounce and define the following words : prosaic, manipu- lated, sinecurism, fanatic, sordid, rationalistic, culminated, obse- quioualy. XOIIL— A LIBERAL EDUCATION. HUXLEY. Thomas Henry Huxley was born at Ealing, Middlesex, in 1825. His father was one of the masters of the public school ui Ealing, and in that school he reoeived his preliminary education, This preparatory training was supplemented by a course of dili- gent private study, which included German scientific literature and the study of medicine. In the latter subject he was assisted by a brother-in-law who was a physician. He also subsequently attended a course of lectures at the Medical School of the Charing Cross Hospital. In 1845 the took the degree of M.B. at the University of London, with honors in physiology. Having passed the requisite examinations he was appointed assistant-surgeon to H. M. S. Victor, for service at Haslar Hospital. He afterwards had the same appointment in H. M. S. Rattlesnake, in which he "1 ..oof/**, r.of.4* f\f 4>V.A 4*1^2 '"/^T« 1QA*y Eastern and Northern coast of Australia. During this cruise he collected the materials for a work on " Oceanic Hydrozoa." In \ 850 Mr. Huxley was elected a Fellow of the Boyal Society. In m Notes on Literature Selections 139 Professor of Physiology to thpP f'x ^•""«y<'^^ Fullenan in Physiology iTclV;^^^^:^^^^^^^^ ajul Examiner London. In Ift^s i,„ „ . ^^^^^^V to the University of Royal Societvth \,^^^°^"*''' ^^"""'^''"'^ ^^'=*"^«'- *» t^e member of the London School Board r«7n. , l"*'*^ ' Cuurch Tn i«74 1, . """^'^'"^^ of t"e Roman Catholio Anguished honl: C' b„« BrTfetTJ ,"' ^'"« --""" Page 413. Retzsch.-An eminent painter and engraver of Dresden, Germany (ITTQ-lSai^ w^ Z • , engraver of Page 414. Conduct would still be shaoed Tt _,ii u that Professor Huxley leaves no room ff ^nv ^In^Tn ^'/ "!° or wrong but that derived from observation 'of'the^natur":! c:^ «equence8 of actions. His system takes no account of intuire or supernatural teachings. In other words he is a util tlr a" I i^4 1| it J 'If •Tl >M Notes on T.iTRHiTnRE Selections. Who learn the laws which govern.— It would be out of place to criticise in these notes the philosophy here taught. It will be well, however, to caution the student against accepting it as more than a half -truth, at least until he has carefully studied the whole subject. " Poll" (Gr. oi noWoi, the many).— This word as here used is a technical or slang term in Cambridge University, iljiioting those students who simply take a pass course for a degree, and do not try for honors in any department. Page 415. Ignorance is visited as sharply.— Is this true uni- versally and absolutely, or only within certain limits ? Discuss the proposition briefly. The object of what we commonly call Education.— The thought of this paragraph is fine and well worthy of attention. Gossamer. — What is it? la there a re'al antithesis between gossamer and anchor ? If so, in what does it consist ? Page 416. To come to heel. — To be obedient and submissive. A metaphor borrowed from a dog trained to follow at the heels of its master. Vigorous will, tender conscience. — The nature and sphere of will and conscience are amongst the questions in dispute between the utilitarian and other schools of philosophy. Give definition and mark pronunciation of phenomena, monitor, extermination, compulsory, incapacity, discipline, preliminary, fMchaniam, ascetic, beneficent. Hi 01. —THE FORSAKEN GARDEN. ALQERSON CHARLES SWINBURNE. Algernon Charles Swinburne, one of the first of living poets, is the son of Admiral Charles Henry Swinburne. He was born in 1837. He entered as a commoner at Balliol College, Oxford, in 1857, but left the University without graduating. His first literary venture, avolume published in 1861, containing two plays, "The Queen Mothor," and "Rosamond" attracted little atten- tion ; but "Atalanta in Calydon," a tragedy, which appeared in 1865, at once established a reputation whioh has been well sus- huned by numeroiw saooeeding publications. Amongst his later NOTKS ON LiTBRATUnE SeT,E0TION8. 141 tragediea "Bothwell" (1874) and "Mary Stuart" (1881), may be mentioned. " Poems and Ballads " appeared in 1866, and a new series of the same in 1878. "Songs Before Sunrise," one of his most popular works was published in 1871, "Songs of the Spring- tide » in 1880, and " Studies in Song " in ] 8 SI. "A Century of Roundels " came out iu 1883. The foregoing is by no means a complete list of his works, but will suffice foi- the purposes of this sketch. The writer of the article under his name in ' 'Cham- ber's Encyclopaedia," from which the above account is abbrevi- ated, says "Swinburne belongs to what has been called the 'fleshly school • of poetry, and even those who most admire his power of poetical expression, r.>lu, 3 of coloring, and happy lyrical eCfects, must deplore the ■ ma tone of his muse. He has also been severely animad'cv^ii upon for the wanton violence with which he attacks the most sacred beliefs of his fellow-men." The metre of the first seven lines of each stanza is Anapjestio Tetrameter, the eighth line Anapaestic Monometer. The Iambus is often substituted for the Anapaest, especially at the beginning of the lines, and many of them have a hypermetrical sylkble at the end making a double rhyme. The student should scan so many of the verses in each case as is necessary to make him familiar with the metre. Stanza 1. Coign.— (Spelled also cotgne, coin, and quoin). A corner. The word is now rare, but common in Shakespeare. "See you yond' 001.771 of the capitol?" "No jutty, frieze, but- tress nor coigne of vantage. " Sea-dowiis.— The downs are banks of sand formed along the sea-coast by the joint action of wind and wave. Where the weeds.— Note how the coloring of the picture of desolation is heightened by representing the weeds which spring from the grave of the roses as themselves dead. Stanza 2. Long lone land.— Note the abounding alliterationa in this and the preceding stanza. Would a ghost not rise. This touch ia finely suggestive of the intense loneliness of the scene. '!l :ll! 142 ! mW ■ IStcES ON LiTRRATURE ^ELECTIONS. h!rlZlL\^'"" remain. '< The good die first." Swinburne loruT '" ""^' *° *^^ ""'SetMe and mineral Sp!'? ^ ^°r^*? ^' Prest-Is ^m.. an allowable spelling? See Angus's Hand-book, § 295, i'*="'"b • th.'?' ^°°J f ^^, ^^"' "°^-^^°te the ingenious reduplication of but„r;::tto "• ^'•^^^"«^-'^-«--to'.epress: a "re'^o^thf f ;" ^f '"-'^^^^ -"i"""« "P -idst the waste 1:^:1^' ''''"' '•^'"^•^ '''' '^ ^ «- ^^-^ of the poetic Stanza 7. They are loveless now. -The chill of Agnosticism SMe deac take tkou,jht for the dead ? Christian philosoly affords a better poetic inspiration. Its refrain is :'^.. W is deeper than the grave. It is immortal. " th!::::: Ll" ''^ ^^^ "°" ^°'^- -^'^ -^^* --- ^^ ^he year is th?z^;cS::s^^t:7 '^^' "°'-^^ *^^ --^-- - stanza 10. Death lies dead. -Explain in the language of prose he meanmg of this last stanza. The words of the lasf line may have been cuggested by I. Cor. xv. 26. Compare the tLouS conveyed by the two writers. ^noughts I CV.-THE RETURI^ OF THE SWALLOWS. EDMUyD WILLIAM GOSSE. Edmund William Gosse was borne in London in 1849 His ather was Philip Henry Gosse. F.R.S. The son was appointed assistan hbraraan at the British Museum in 1867. and 1^875 was n^ade Translator to the Board of Trade. In 872 and 8 4 he v,s,tec. Norw..y, Denmark, and Sweden for the purpose ot Btudymg the literature of those countries; and in 1877 he vi^ ted ^ ,, f. i Notes on Literature Selections. 1425 - Milllf s?""^'' TT''' ^'^ P«^*'-' -"*-g« consist of Madnga Songs and Sonnets " (in connection with a friend), •n 1870; "On Y,ol and Flute," lyrical poems. 1873- "Kint Lrick," a fcraeedv 187fi . <.y, contributed to W.ru V Engli.1. Poo4;" in 1880-81, 1 . .t,e of tin, poem ; „l,<, t,,„ .„,„„ t„ ,^^ J 'ht ta?'' """'""^ '" "'" «■■" P"-' ^^h.t in other p»rt. c4':ron' 'Kirt*; ™*f P-"-TW» « a ,ome„hat peculiar ^ome motion or pulsation akin to shivering ^ Spirally up -The lark is noted for its strong flighf^pwards ;>ln.ost perpendicularly. Can you tell if there fs any LcuZ tv .n Us flight which Justifies the use of the word spJlyT ' Horizons are luminous. -With returning spring the eastern aiHl western horizons glow more bri^htlv «f tnn • 7 s "*» "lore ongntly at sunrise and sunset. _ Stanza 2. Far away, by the sea.-The scene is changed to he sunny south, whiti, or the swallows migrated at the a p Ih ooneT-;;'''''^ °''"; ''^" '' *'^^ ™^ ' ^h-h is the more correct ? (See note on drouth in Worcester's Dictionary ) Fragrant. -Justify the use of this word !<- there anvflii i" the preceding part of the stanza to suggest it ^' ^ ^'' No sound from the larks.-Many of the larks are themselves i : I '■■ \:k i I ■ n i 144 Notes on Literaturb Selections. IT migratory. Whether the poet has tliat fact in min.l and intends to represent them as having returned northward earlier and in- vitnig the swallows to follow, or simply intimates that the first flights of the "strong yo.r g wings" of the larks in the spring , takes place before the return of the swallows, is not clear. Stanza 3, Soft rich throats. -Some of the many varieties of tiie tln-ush are amongst the sweetest of feathered songsters. Tlie song-thrush, or throstle (Scotch mavis), is celebrated for the mellow richness of its notes. The thrush is common in botii iMirope and'America, the black-bird being one of the commonest varieties. Many of these varieties are migratory. Musical thought—A pretty thought very happily expressed. Ihe influence of the mild air of early spring prompts to song. The buds are all bursting. -It will be no iced that t'le poet represents the tiirush's song as begun later in the spr: ;g than that of the lark, but earlier than the return of the swallow. Stanza 4. Algiers.— Locate and describe. Why "whiter Flashingly shadowing.— A fine word picture. Explain. Bazaar. -The Oriental bazaar is, it will be borne in mind, a market place, open or covered (which is it in the mind of the poet?) where various articles are offered for sale and where merchants meet for the transaction of business. It is the eastern "Change." The Place Royale in the centre of Algiers is a famous bazaar, in which may be found representatives of almost every race under the sun. Stanza 5. Dingles. —Dales, or hollows between hills. A some- what rare word, but a pretty and poetical one. "I know each lane, and every alley green, Dingle, or bushy dell, of this wild wood." —Milton. Daffodil.— Sometimes written dafadil/y, and daffadowndilly. A species of the narcissus, bearing bell-shaped, vellow flowers. It is a native of England and of most parts of Europe, growing in woods and hedges. A promise that noon fulfils.— A promise of coming warmth. A later stage of the spring than tiiose previously alluded to ia indicated. II P i Notes ov Litkratitre Selections. 145 The cuckoo cried. -The cuck..o, like tl.o lark and the stork IS a migratory bir.l. It is a native of I.ulia and other warni chmates, and appeiu-s in Britain in April. To swoop and herald. -The low swooping flight of the swal- low before a rain-storm is proverbial. " Low o'er the grass the swallow wings" is one of the signs of rain in the old, familiar rhyme. Stanza 6. Something awoke. -The migratory instinct is one of the many wonderful provisions of nature for the preservation of her unreasoning offspring. It is made scarcely less wonderful or admirable by being called in the parlance of a .school of modern scientists an "inherited instinct." White dreamy square.-Cf. Stanza 4, "the white Algiers." The " square " is no doubt the bazao.r above referred to. It is a well-known habit of the swallows to assemble in great numbers just before migrating. Sad slave woman.— Algiers was always a great slave mart. With a weary sigh. -The poet intimates either that the slave v/oman will miss the companionship of the swallows in her heart loneliness, or that she envies their freedom and longs for their power to fly away and find rest, To-mcrrow the swallows.-The migration of swallows and other species of birds is now one of the settled facts. It was long disbelieved, and the old theory that they lay torpid iii winter was clung to, in spite of the destructive fact that no one ever found any of them in their torpid state. Compose sentences containing each of the following words, and also each of any other words similarly pronounced but different in spelling or meaning, or in both : Air, (ea,Jleiv, blue, eaves, brick.:, slow, rain, heart. Pronounce and define: Spiralli/, horizom, luminom, infinite, rivulet, alien. , Point out and explain force of allixes in such of the above words as havi; them. i i ■ M ■ ■ ' 1 ; -J ,S1 146 Notes on J.itekatukr SKr.KcxiONs. XXXIV. -THE WELL OF ST. KEYNE. mUEliV SOUTllEY. Robert Soiitiiev was born at Bristol in 1774. He was the ; Lo . r ''''"■^^- "^ "^^^ «^P^"-l f-"^ West, tor. after a resulence of four yeara.in con sc.,nence of havi., . wn ten a severe attack upon ti.e systc.n of corporal punisl.n.enl w^He^It ^f f- ''' '"' '^^" -tended for the c'hu;:l;Z Po n andT'"; «^^'° .^'^t'^^^^-- '" '^«^ ^V-. a dramatic poem and m other writmgs to opinions that effectually barrel the doors of that profession against hin. After vain y attempting to raise funds for the purpose of fn„„ding the mode^ reimbhc on the bajiks of the Susquehanna, a fuller'acoun o hteiature. Joan of Arc was published in 1794. The next year he marriecl Miss Fricker, a sister of the wife of his frfe d Coleridge (who was married on the same day), and went wh an uncle to Portueal. He re^iidpr? ;« t jm / ■ " wh,-.i +• I 1 iie resided in Lisbon for six months, durintr which time he devoted himself to the study of Span sh and Portuguese Returning to England he "wrote rrsan^ epi s tragedies, histories, romances-nothing was deemed to^ aspinng or his towering ambition." subsisting meanthHe upon theherahtyofafriendwhogenero^^ In 1801 he received an appointment ,« Private Secretary to th^ Chancellor of he Excliequer for Ireland, but retained it only a few months. In 1804 he settled at Greta Hall, near Kesw ck where he lived till his death in 1843. ^^eswick, • ^Tf ^' If ''"^'P*^ P^^'"^ ^ere Thalaba, the Destroyer ■ Met- lio and 82M i 7 ''^'^"f ''' "'"^'^ ^ared between IbOl and 1821 m the order named. He also wrote voluminouslv m prose, lusLife of Nelson being probably his best work Fn 1807 he was m receipt of a Government pension ; in 1813 he was ^ade Poet Laureate ; in 1835 he declined the offe; of a blronotr His iirst wiie l.aving died in 1837, he, two years afterwards married Mis, Caroline Bowles, herself a writer'of some graced,' / NoTKS OX LlTKHATI'UR SkLKCTIONS. 147 poetry. Tl.e List y.ar.s of hh life were pa^so-l ii, Impolcss itn- becility. He cliud at (ireta Hall, near Kcauick, ii 184;}. This quaintly humorous ballad was suggested to Southey by tlie following passage in the writings of Thomas Fuller, D.D., an eminent historian and divine of the 17th century : " I know not whether it be worth the reporting, that there is in Cornwall, near the parish of 8t. Neots, a woll arched over with the robes of four kinds of trees-!vithy, oak, elm, and ash- dedicated to St. Keyne. The reported virtue of the water is this, tiiat whether husband or wife come first to drink thereof, they may get the mastery thereby." Soutiiey says, in a preparatory note to the ballad, in tlie edition of his poems which he himself collected and edited in 1837, that the ballad has produced so n)any imitations that he deems it prudent to assert its originality lest he should be thereafter accused of committing the plagiarism which had been practised upon it. The structure of the ballad is so simple that little is needed in the way of explanation or connnent. Joyfully he drewnigh.— The student will be conscious of some defect in the rhythm of this line. On inspection he will find that it contains but six syllables instead of the seven which are found in the corresponding lines in other stan/as. Attention may be called to the law of versification which permits of the occasional substitution of a spondee for a dactyl or an anapiest, and vice versa ; or, to speak more in accordance with the English manner of versification, the law which regulates the metre by accents rather than by syllables. Comparing, for instance, the second line in the first and second stanzas with this, And a clear' | er one nev' | er was seen,' And be- hind' | doth an ash' | tree grow,' Joy'-ful-ly I he drew' | nigh,' we find that while the first has nine syllables, and tlie second eight, the third has but six. On closer jnspection it is seen that the number of accents in e.aeh line is the same, viz., three, and that the differences consist in the substitution of two syllables with the accent on the latter (spondee) in the last foot of the r .C m if I 148 NdfKS i,N LiTRIUTI UF SKI.Rrrio.Vs. m-co.i.l, fr.rtlim., uitl. accent ,>i, U.c l..sl, (unap:...! and tlic substitution of ti ill tlie first a 2.^ . . , "'*•''. "itliaocoutou (ii St (duotyl) in the first foot of tl.o tin,.,], au.l of two, with accent on second (spondee); and of a .smg e accented syllahh, in the third line, for the three anapa.stsu. the first respectively. 0th., .orresponding linos in the ball may be compared in the same way to illustrate the license taken by the poets in this kind of versification, in the way of (1) substituting one metrical foot ior another, and (•») *U-oppn.g the unaccented syllables of the foot when necessary'. (See Bain s '« English Composition," pp. 2;i(i-2.S9. ) An if thou hast.- J« is a form sometimes used by Shakespere, Bacon, ami other English writers of the period, in the sense of It. Ihe use of ij with an is clearly a redundancy Hast drank—The use of ,/r^iopesis. Note the significance of the well-chosen word sheepishly. It suggests more than many words could have described as to the results to the Cornish-man of having been so out-witted by his r faith.-An abbreviation of in faith. In the abbreviated lorm the expression may be regarded as an adverb. So much has been said at one time and another of the "T^ks Poeta" and their influence upon one another, upon the poetry of NOTK.1 ON LlTERATUKK Ski.KCTIONM. 14{) tlidr time and upon tlmt of their suocoasor,, that the ,t«dent Av.ll do well to make some comparison of the men and their works, .n order to I.e ahl« to form an opinion, not only of their relative mer.ts. but of the relation of their poetry to that of he.r predecessors and successors. What is there i„ common in their poetry winch was at the same time peculiar to it, di.tin- gmslung ,t from other poetry of the period? Did they reallv make any new departure or set any new fashion, sufficiently marked to entitle them to be regarded as the founders of a new Hohool of poets ? Of the three, Wordsworth, Coleridge. Southey whose poems are at the present day exerting by far the greateS influence upon readers and writers of poetry ? Ill XXX. -THE TRIAL BV CUMIUT AT THE DIAMOND OF THE DESKRT. From "Thf Talixman." SIR WALTElt SCOTT. Sir Walter Soott was born in Edinburgh in 1771.' In child- hood and early youth he was feeble and sickly, and at a very early age he was smitten with a lameness which remained with lum through life, though he afterwards developed into a very strong and robust man. His childhood was mostly spent at Sandyknowe, m Roxburgshiro. Here, on the farm of his grand- father m memory was stored and his imagination stimulated with the ballads and legen.ls winch al)oun.led amongst the people of the neighborhood. These, no doubt, had much to ,lo with g.vmg h,s mind its bent in the direction in which he afterwards acquned so great literary renown. From the age of eight to • that ,.f twelve or thirteen he attended the Edinburgh High .School. i„ 1789 h, ,„t^,.^,j ,,^^ u,,j^.^^.^.^^. .,^ ^^^,^.^,_ ,^^ - _^^ ._^fe^ for three years. In neither institution di.l he greatly distinguish umself m the regular course of study, and the conscioutness that he had faded to improve to the utmost those early oppor- tunities caused him deep regret in after life. But though his acquisitions in Latin and Greek were small, he t^ni-uwl n knovd eageof FrenHi, Italian, Spanish, and Gorman, which afterwards stood hmi in good stead. lU w.s, moreover, at M times m ■m i I if ' P, I i It! 150 NOTB8 OK rilTBRATUKB SbLKOTIONB. omnijorons reader; and » very tenacious memory, aided, no doubt, by tiie intense attention and interest wl.ich he brought to the !.ookfl in which he delighted, enabled him to store up a vast amount of miscellaneous knowledge ^hich afterwards became very serviceable. In 1783 he entered his father's law office, and SIX years later was called to the bar. He had fair succeas in the practice of his profession. In 1797 he married a lady of French extraction. About the same time his first work, a translation of Burger, ballads, Lenoreand The Wild Huntsman, was puhlishci though his predilection for a literary life bad for Home time before been manifesting itself. It would serve no useful purpose to enumerate here the titles and dates of those subsequent works m poetry and fiction which have made his name immort.l. In 1802 and 1803 the three volumes of his Border Minstrelsy were very favorably received, and in 1805 the Lay of the Last Minstrel made him the most popular author of his day. During the next ten years his fruitful pen produced a large number of miscel- laneous works, including Marmion and the Lady of the Lake But as the charm of novelty wore oflT, and his poetic fame began to be to some extent eclipsed by that of r,yron, he gradually turned his talents into another channel in which still greater and more enduring renown awaited him. In 1814 appeared Waverhy, the first of that unique series of historical romances which have made the name of the author of the Waver^ novels familiar as a household word to all readers of fiction Ouv Mannering, The Antiquary, Old Mortality, Rob Roy, and others of that immortal series raised him to the highest pinnacle of literary fame. He also reaped more substantial rewards in no stinted measure. The history of his financial achievements and disasters is familiar. Perhaps no other man of letters in Great Britian ever reaped such magnificent rewards in the shape of social distinction and pecuniary returns. To quote the writer of the sketch of his life in Chambers' Encyclo- peedia: "He resided chiefly at Abbotsford, the 'romance in stone ' hf h?,d built himself in the Border country which he loved, and thither, as « Pilgrims of his Geniu.g/ summer .after •ummer, repwred crowd« of the ooUe (wd the distinguished, to NoTBB ON LlTKKATURM SblEOTIONH. Ifil lluuUiMin fh'""'' .^-P'*"""- «f a „.a„ whom thoy found a. ?n„n f u ""'^ "'t'''--">'^«o of l.i« Lome as befo.o they ha.l found him m h 8 wiitiiitfH Tn laon * ^ ■ ""^y "'v(i disfi.w.fmn k '*'"*5*- ^" ^^20. to aetaaoal m-un all this diHt nation, a baronetcy was bestowed upon him as a snec-ial -aik of the royal favor." I„ 1805 and auLeqnert y ars To t income was from £1000 to more than £2000 A^e.r from vari" •ources, ...dependent of the proceeds of hi. Uterar- 'alJa In ambuion to found a great estate he wae not con^c ! Ti'th h but embarked m a great commercial .r Un nu. w' oh thou 'h' eemingly prosperous at firat. came to ruin a .... v.nv, afterwal liabilities to the tune of something lika £150,000. In this calamity the manly honesty and integritv of his nature w re conspicuously displayed. Disdaining t'o m'ake alZoZoTZ herculean task of working oflf this great burden. «« God «rantine him ime and health" he declared he would owe no man f pe^/ fellingtZT'""' "^^ T"^ brain and pen he suceecdeTfn lealizing within two years no less than £40,000 for his creditors But lus strength proved unequal to the enormous strairand in 1830 he was smitten by the nemesis of overwrouLd>/i?r,? o^lr- ;!^,r\h--«ht restoration unci: the ulyS Govet^mertT^^^^^^^ "" "T' ^° * ''''^'^ '''^^'^' '^^h government for the purpose. In his exile he longed for Abbots ford, and returned thither to die in 1832 As a poet. Scott^s place m.at be assigned in the second rank Lacking m some of those higher qualities, both of matter and Ji a |)o»1sworth or a Tennyson, his poems will yet never fail to me^ft .^ ':" '°^'""^ '' "^"'^^P*-" -d ^--lo- of move! ment their charm of narrative, and taeir unfailing frLl n" We and vigor As a novelist, Scott was long accorfed tl, t pace, in talent as well as in time, in what may be called the h torical .chool In these latter days, howevlr. othe s have the ir^."'^ '' "'•" '' *'^^^*^"' '' *»^«y J^-^ -t dest oyed the absolute supremacy so Ioul- claimed fnr hi- >>» -hJr T and more conscientious study "of character" a^dTncidentTand 'i' 6H i'/^ 153 Notes on Literatueb Sblections. 1; ! ■ working out of detail. As works of genius, his creations mnst always maintain a very high place ; as works of art, it would not be difficult to name others to which the palm must be accorded by modern criticism. The historical incident upon which the scenes described in the nx tract are founded is pretty fully related in the note appended to the text in the P.eader. It is highly desirable, however, that the teacher at least should be familiar with The Talisman as a whole, in order that he may not only view the passage in its proper setting amidst surroundings with which the genius of Scott has adorned it, but may also have become fully imbued with the spirit of the narrative. PLOT OF "the TALISMAM." The plot of The Talisman, which is considered one of the best of Scott's novels, turns on the story of the cure of Richard Cceur de Lion of a fever with which he was prostrated while in the Holy Land, by Saladin, the Soldan, his noble and magnanimous enemy. Saladin, having heard of Richard's illness, donned the garb of Adonbec el Hakim, the physician, and visited the king's tent. The cure was effected by means of the talisman, a little red purse, which the distinguished Soldan carried in his bosom. Filling a cup with spring water, he dipped the talisman into it, and allowed it to remain for a certain length of time. He then gave the king the draught to drink. During Ricliard's illness, the Archduke of Austria had planted his own banner beside that of England. On recovering, Richard immediately tore down the Austrian banner and gave it in custody to Sir Kenneth. During a temporary absence. Sir Kenneth left the banner under *]ie guardianship of his faithful dog, but on his return he found the dog wounded and the banner missing. King Richard, in his rage, ordered that Sir Kenneth should be put to death for unfaithfulness to his trust, but pardoned him on f ; i intercession of the physician (the disguised Soldan). Tab >trAn0(> anf.innfVm aVinxTn U^ C<:_ tr aui_ J i y-i C ■ — ""J «»il"»T.l Ujr >jii iiOiiuctu 13 UU^ to 5jiOnr6a*i Notes on Literature -Srlections. 16n Marquis of Montserratt. aroused suspicion a^gainst the latter, an,l led to h.3 being challenged to prove l>is innocence in sinHe combat, with the result stated in the extract Jrl' "tT^'^""!'^: °^ "°"^'''' ^' incomplete without its love story. That is mterwoven with the narrative. ■ As may be inferred from the scene following the combat. Sir Kenneth/who Edi h p7? T' "i ^''*'"^^ '■" '^'^Suise. is in love with Lady Edith Plantagenet, the king's relative, who accompanies Queen Berengana. The tale concludes with their marriage Page 179. The heat of the climate. -Locate the spot as nearls- "atZ. ''" ''' ^'^*^'"'" ^^^^"^^ ^^ ^*« ^1-^ti', Diamond of the Desert.-The name given to a beautiful fountain m the desert, about midway between the camp of Chns lansand thatof the Saracens, and for that reason chosen by Saladm as the place for the combat. cat^or""^'""^ *^^ '"''^'"^^ ""'^"'"^ ^"^ *''*°" ""^^ present appli- Knight of the Leopard—Consult foot-note in Reader. Sir Earl of Huntingdon, Prince Royal of Scotland. See above. Saladin.-Thi3 is the western abbreviation of Salah-ed-din Lussuf ^n Ayah, the Sultan or Soldan of Egypt and Syrt and the ounder of the Ayabite dynasty of tho'se countf^ ' He was the great Moslem hero of the third crusade, and ^ represented as a model of Eastern courage and chival -y F Ber^^ed m the bynan army, and was much addicted to wine and gambling but on becoming, by the death of his uncle grand.viz:er of one of ^ , califs, he began to display ZTse qualities of genera ship which afterwards made him soLmidab e an opponent of the Crusaders. As vizier he «ore than once foded and defeated the Christians of Syria and Palestine by 164 Notes on Literature Selections. II engaged in petty wars with the Christians and in strengthening and consolidating his dominions. Provoked by the plundering of a rich caravan by the Christians, in violation of a treaty, he attacked and defeated their army at Tiberias, and stormed and captured Jerusalem and almost every other fortified place in Palestine, The news of the victory having reached Europe and England, led to the organization of the third crusade, under the king of France and Richard Cceur de Lion of England, by whom he was repeatedly defeated and finally compelled to sign a treaty ceding to the Christiana the coast from Jaffa to Tyre. This occurred a year before his death. Saladin was not only a brave warrior and a skilful general, but a wise admin- istrator, and a man of many noble qualities of mind and heart. His fidelity in the observance of treaties put to shame the bad faith )f some of his so-called Christian enemies. Page 180. Without being themselves exposed to view.— This was, of course, in accordance with Eastern customs which in many cases even ye't forbid women to appear openly and unveiled in public places. Archduke.— At the time of the crusades, that portion of the western empire founded by Cliarlemagne called Austria (Ostreich, the Eastern government), had not yet attained to the dignity of a separate state, but was merely a duchy. The title of " Archduke," or chief-duke, was gradually assumed by the dukes of Austria as a mark of precedence over the other dukes of the empire, though the prefix was not invariably assumed or bestowed. It is question- able wiiether Scott is not guilty of a sliglit anachronism in here . ascribing the title to the Duke of Austria, since Duke Rudolph IV., who called himself Archidux in 1359, seems to have been the first to claim the dist- tion. Cceur de Lion.— Explain the meaning of the epithet, and write a brief sketch of the life of Richard I. Conrade.— Marquis of Montserrat. See foot-note in Reader, The Soldan.— An old form, now obsolete, meaning the same as Sultan. Georgian Guards.— The Georgians are one of the numerous tribes or nations that inimbit the Caucasus. They were formerly engthening aidering of treaty, he ormed and fied place ed Europe 1 crusade, E England, npelled to n JaflFa to a was not se admin- .nd heart. 3 bad faith ) view. — ms which lenly and ion of the [Ostreich, gnity of a rchduke, " Austria as e, though question* n in here . Rudolph been the het, and Reader, bhe same inmerous rormerly NoMs ON LiiEBAiuK Sei,ect,ons. ]65 under.,™, 'JZi fl' t *7 "; '';°'»'"|>- "«S»e»ted But believers are not to commence their prayers «MW ! n,. noon, or .„,„et, ,e,t they »,,„„„ be „„rf™,Z t'lT' infidel worshippers of the sun. It is well tr. „l Z « Scotfs reference might other" i'e lead to ^'r ^", '''°'' Buttho„ghtheMohammLnsde,pi::;hi^Vo%tto:;r:- a ,^r"'"^r^^« "»"^^--" or mueddln is an official attached to a Moliamraedan mosque, whose dutv if ;. * '^cuacned to of prayer. ^ '' *^ announce the hours Mecca. -This is one of the oldest tovn^ of Arabia fh. x.- ., tinTt:t',^i=° '^» ^-^ -^ ofiri:r::t ian^:i°L°xi«sr7o"ir;f'''^ eo„i.ct„.ed that he hronght ^Oo'instld'of "tho's ip S "^ followers with him, and that the spear head, had V.„ 1 .. , they conid easily be found when Lm tt^^^^MiT sun's rays confirm that conjecture ? ^ """ "" De Va„x.-The Lord of Gilsland, a district in Cumbertand. CoSi'nVK""'-^''-"'" ^"'""= »' '"" ^-«"' Sultan at Queen Berengaria—Riohard's -luoen-consort. Page 182^ Still more exquisite pleasure.-Note the sarcasm '='.. century by somel>uch .;i: ^^ t pSS 'l!. Z • Vt .f'E 11 ■ ' •If J I I 1 'J I'M I ! 156 litoTES ON LiTBBATUBB SblECTIOIIS. Holy Sspulchre, and of pilgrims resorting thither. Templan ia an abbreviation for "Soldiers of the Temple of Solomon." Their governor or chief was styled ''Master of the Temple." The habit of the Templars was white, with a red cross on the left shoulder. Hermit of Engaddi. — Engaddi is a town about forty miles from Jerusalem. The Hermit of Engaddi, Theodorick, was a religious enthusiast. He was an exiled noble, Aberick of Mortemar. Page 183. "I have confessed to you too often already. "- An allusion to the secret crimes of which they had been mutually cognizant, one of which was a conspiracy to have Richard assassinated. O, procrastination.— The Hermit foresaw the fatal result of the coming combat. He is represented as also foreseeing or fore boding the coming terrible fate of the Grand Master. Gear.— A peculiar use of the word in contempt of the cere- mony of confession, which he regards as a superstitious forr. The word gear denotes properly garb, dress, ornament, and so any useful or ornamental appendage, as the ropes and blocks of ships. Page 184. Not according to the canon. —The canon or ecclesiastical law in relation to the confessional, which is ex- plained in the following sentence. Otherwise,— God help, &c.— What does this aentence imply! The strange discovery.— See analysis of plot, at the begin- ning of the notes. Page 186. Spruck-sprecher. — A " sayer of sayings," who accompanied the Archduke in the capacity of wise man. Carmelite friar.— The Carmelites, or Order of Our Lady oj Mount Carmel, were a monastic order founded in the 12tb century. Page 188. A serrated and rocky mount.— The reference Id, of course, to Montserrat (serrated mountain). Serrated (aetrt,' » Hiiw), uotoUed or ridged iu the iorxn of a saw. Notes on Literature Seleotjons. Career.— Properly, a race, or running. of pbt! ^^^' ^^^ ^"^""an-A species of charm. See analysis T^r^'~'^^' ^°^'^ °' ^'^^^' "^ '^"^'^ ^y ^'^^ Arabs and onhe'^2'^ °"''! °!^"'*''^ ^^ myself.-Por the real motive of the Templar see last sentence in thira paragraph of page 185 Page 190. Do so, I pray thee.-Seott. in this scene, presents jlT^i'TT °' ''^ ^^'^'^^"^^^ -^^ humanity of the 1 on tT^.tT''-'''''''''' whioh are generally asLi^te. i:^*! ins?:::::^ntf ' *"'"^^*' cy^bal-Deacribe these various EtWopja^ may change—Explain the allusion. When the Kmght of the Leopard had been pardoned on the intercessTon o Richtd ''","" ^':^'''"^' '^ "^« «^^- *« *h« latter by sir„ V. '';. "^"'^"^ ^™ '°*« •'^ o^" encampment Salad n caused h,s 3Lin to be dyed, and returned him as an Ethio- P an slave as a present to Richard. The supposed slave's watch- fulness and prowess saved Richard from -> dagger of the asslll employed by the Grand Master and Conr. le ^'assassLarhim Clerks.- Li the old sense of learned men. Leech.— A physician, doctor. kIT"^^1' .^"'"^i'^^' °' ^""^disten-.-The land of the Kurds." Locate and describe. Paviilion. -More commonly pavUion. Royal tent. BlondeL-Blondel de Nesle (Neel), xiichard's favorite minstrel. Edith.— See analysis of plot. Page 192. Gorget.-The neck-piece of the suit of armor thfranS. ^'^ '' ' ^°'^ -'^^^ Pl-ta^enet-Explain o. ,,._.^ vuuo.ed wica fat, Dutter, or me#t Mazeni.— Large cujw or gobletn. f m 111 If-' 168 JJ^OTES ON LlTEKATDRB SELECTIONS. Horoscope.— A diagram noting the position of the stars at i, particular time, used by the old astrologers, who pretejided to foretell future events by their occult science. Who would not have said.— The lormit hi/i i Had in the stars, at a time when both Saladin and the Knight of tb i Lee; ird were in hia tent, that there rested under his .oof a priiice, tl e natural fc2 of Richard, who was to marry Edith. Having no douLt that .-aladin was i-n nai;, the hti mit had unfolded to him the propl;»-cy. Page 195. A-? a wild cat in a chamber. -Explain the appli- cation of this simile. '"Ve this." For the explanation see : agea Accipe hoc- 198-9 of Header -Referring to a previous Page 196. Ktcneth to . . Ilderim. meeting, when both were in disguise. Ethiop to the Hakim Adonbec— See analysis of plot Hakim means properly wiso man, here physician. Knew not of the formation of ice.— Referring to a discussion between them when both were disguised. Curdman. — A man of Kurdistan. Does on.— That is, puts on. To do on, or do of, was formerly used in the sense of to put on or put oflF. Don and dof are modern abbreviations. Frangistan.— Land of the Franks. All the nations of Western Europe were called Franks by the Saracens. Page 197. Not for his manifold tieasons.— See foot-note in Reader, also previous notes. Page 198. Simoon.— The simoon is a very hot, diy wind, bluwing from a desert, and generally bearing along a quantity of fine sand. For this reason, and its intense, parching heat, it may well be said to poison the atmosphere. Page 199. -The brand of inhospitality.— This idea of the sacred sanction of hospitality M-as very common in the East an 1 among the nations of antiquity. The stranger, once he had p ■ taken of the hospitality which was always freely given, co\'id not be punished by his h ■■ for even the most atrocic - : committed previously, ev ,' -gainst himself or family. Notes on Literature SELErTioxs. igg sen^r"' ^!!l T '^"*^-A-"-r instance of the use of r,o in the sense m which we now use put. Page 201 What if we two should now. -This proposal to ciec.de the .sue of the holy war by a personal encounter is quiL ihere is too good reason for the reader to suspect that tiio wamor k.ng ,n n.aking the proposal is no less influenced by h burning desire to enter the lists with a foeman worthy of h or^felttr''" TfeT" "r""'" "'^ Norman-French for pagan do^t°'tn'^r''. °' "'°'''' *"' stones.-The reference is, no doubt, to the homage paid to images of the Virgin and o hor ZZT "' """ '* *'^ ^^'^ ^^^" ^" Ch Itendon: wis Allah. -The Arabic name for God or the Supreme Being. If not for Jerusalem, then—King Richard's longing for a tilt now openly displays itself. ^ ^ * "" m.u'.'f r"^ l^nces.-That is, «Aar;,.«erf. Richard wants no mere would h'\r"*"'- ''""''^ ^^ ^^^^-- *hat the conqTe would be vastly easier were Saladin out of the way thJnn' 7T' ^'^''' *^' Shepherd, -In this and other places the novelist represents the Arabian chief as giving utterance to S!; iTm™"'^ '^'^" *'^ "^''-''^ ^^"^- History'wiii ;:;!; EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. I. Indicate carefully the pronunciation and meaning of each of e^quisue, vahau, bla.pf.emous, sacrament, tournament, accoutred m .. avouched, caracole., couched, diapason, homage assidu^ ^^^c^gouts, roniard, para.j^e, courteous, chi.al^L, Jo^ II. Frame sentences containing the following words, so used « to make ,t clear that the moaning is undotstood:!!:^.' fit if; It ■ : I !■■« 160 Notes on Literature Sbibctions. stanchion, procrastination, absolution, scrupulous, orthodox, naught vision, amjury, ominous, omen, guise, nvjhUy, knightly, spells, charms, acclaim, serrated, statues, statutes, collation, pennm. trophy, statuary, intrusion, abortive. LXL— THE PLAGUE OF LOCUSTS. CARDINAL NEWMAN. John Henry Newman, D. D., was born in London, in 1801 He was educated at Trinity College, Oxford, graduating in 1820 Two years later he became a fellow at Oriel College, and while there was employed by Dr. Whately in the preparation of his well-known Treatise on Logic for the press. He was ordained in 1824, and m 1825 was selected by Dr. Whately as vice-principal of St. Alban's Hall, of which Dr. Whately had been made head In 1828 he became vicar of St. Mary's. At this time he was an ardent Protestant and an active opponent of the Roman Catholic Church. He afterwards was one of the most active in commencing and carrying on that remarkable agitation known as the Oxford Movement, or Tractarian Controversy. The great object of this movement was to counteract on the one hand the Romanizing and on the other the dissenting, tendencies of the times. The mode in which it was sought to accomplish this end was by restoring what was believed to be the Catholic doctrines and observances of theearly English Church. Apostolical Succession Pnestly Absolution, Baptismal Regeneration, and other teachings and practices closely resembling those of the Romish Church were advocated. To further this end Dr. Newman commenced in 1833 to publish the series of tracts known as the Oxford Tracts. Ninety in all of these were published, when their publi- cation was forbidden by the Bishop of Oxford. He obeyed the mandate, but after a few years more of study and ascetic exercises he eventually, in 1845, applied for and obtained admission into the Catholic Church. In 1852 he was appointed rector of the Dublin Catholic University, a position which he retained for five years. He has long been regarded as one of the most distin- guished prelates of the Catholic Church, of which hs was some I, \ NOTKS ON LiTEEAXUBB SELECTIONS. 16] years ago created a cardinal Wa ia fi,o tu of ta,«rta„t do*ta., :d'-„i.i I'lr":: vit'h wer, written before. otLera after, hi.se J „„ Zta w" Ln ..ot,« or three worka of Bctioo, of „hieh oJl^Z^ m.^izzz'z T,r "■" r''°r -''- '"^ "■ '^= of fl.« r^i /,' ^ ^'^P^'" ^"'i thrilling narrative flm^thlX;^: '^°"^*^' ^''^^' ^°"^*^*"^- *^« ^--' ^« -^-te! Page 299. A transition substance. -The meaning is a little obscure, but the author probably intends to represent the bi mud banks as now becoming a breeding ground for the locust The female locusts excavate holes in the earth in which th!v deposit their eggs, regularly arranged ia a long' Is'tf ey h/ dncal shape. The mass is enveloped in a gluLou se LeSr The young locusts do not undergo a complete transformlt on Hk; many msect tribes, their form when they are first hrched nn^ chfferzng much from that of the full-grown locus Henee thev are ready to commence their destructive career at a very earlVage"^ Hanging over it. -The too frequent renetition of *h. Thi wf 'IX ^^ '''' '''-'^- ^^^^^^^z: The position of this last "it" causes a momentary ambiguUy aS If the word might refer to ««mud." but a re-readinfo '^f sentences quickly makes the meaning clear ^ "^ '^^ Clouds of the devastatinp- ■■ : prf w«,„i i -.. i. for the writer to ^^.^^^.a^^^^f^'^'^' for your opinion. P^^tai msecCa / Give reason* iM ■ i wm m :!il i I' i i 162 NoTiia ON Literature Selections. » And so ubiquitous are they.— What ia the meaning of ubiquitoua? Doi : the word seem to be used here in its proper or ordinary sense ? Would wo say of thf "„.r nd women in a densely populated country that they i,.^ ' ^ uoiquitous ? " If not, construct a sentence illustrating the common use of the word. Page 301. Harpies.— The harpy is a fabulous creature in the ancient Greek mythology, usually represented as sent to inflict the vengeance of the gods. Some writers describe them as fair- haired maidens, winged, and flying very swiftly; others as winged orectiues, loathsome, and repulsive to sight and smell, and defiling everything wliich they came near. The latter is, of course, the description in the mind of the author. Virus.— The poisonous matter which carries contagious disease. Corroding.— Distinguish from scorchin-; or burning. Malevolence. —Give the meaning and derivation, and those of the antithetic word with the same ending. Manage to Qtstroy. -Does the author really mean what he says when he describes the locusts as dying with a malevolent purpose ? If not, what figure of speech is he using ? Vanguard.— Give the terms concsponding, which would be needed to include a whole army. Formed one after the other.— The mt ning probably is that the young locusts, whi •! have ' en hatci 1 in countless myriads from eggs deposited in the soil, have just now reached the stage at which their wings are sufficiently developed to enable them to fly, .and 80 rise in hosts h": iiauy out of the hot mould. Innumerous.— Innumerable. According to the more common force of the prefix in, we should expect the ord to mean not numerous, but the prefix is here privative, nor negative. Innum- erous is used by Milton and by the i of earlier day, bu* 's rare in the literature of to-day. Their whizzing and hissing.— Tue stridu.ous noise is made 5 V the friction of their rough hind -legs against their wing-covers. These wing-covers are of a leathery texture, narrower than the wings but of the same length. ious disease. md those of I would be Notes on Liteuatcjre Sklections. 163 Upon fields, crops, grardens, etc.-Does the fivfm„l„ ] eratiDH of obiocts hnrp «• ,1, . extended enum- ui oujtci.s nere wuaken or streiij/thon tlio for,.o «f +i dosciintion ' Whm, fa if i • 1 1 . o<""'" tno rorce of tlie »i.b,.„;,-..„, ;„ rc:;;,i'„' ;"■""'"' '° ""«-"•■■-• -" »'-■ ^^ «o.ne years a2o t^, "V''"'^''*^'^" ^^^^^^^ '""I our own Manitoba ciiggin^^hrp.o.^^„ z;:h:^r':v'° r^ ^'^^"-• those described in the text Th a ' ^^'' '''"'*■'' '""'''^'' *« sn.alier than :he Ortlta. ^""'"° ^^^"^^ '^ ^ ^^^ ^^^ Befor •:hem a paradise, etc.-Compare Joel ii.. 1_12 i^-age 30 Bargain for a funeral pile.-Wliat i. fh„ clear cuiioeptmu, of i ihtr.mt „i!V * ""»' """■« reproduce the „,ai„ f. Z J°iT ^'T'"' ""'' °" language, ' " ''°''' ''""""Pt'on in their own Jir,'"*- °«""->"-f'-»P-ly au ofBeer b oo,„,„a„a oi ten »f a place in the cntre towank ,..hi.l, ,, ' , »>-'-'"- pig whioH ,f. u„,.,.e .0 :;r: r ;:::i r ^tf :.""°'"« are entirely Dastor-vl Ti, /"""iKaia. Herrick'a poems within 174 Zt ™ri '" """" ''"'"''^«'' '"-'If °"iy among.. BnLh ^oeT, Sf 1 Z' f 7" ""' "°"™"=^ Imodred i„ all, noloue i, Ie,gtt o „ l^"' "v""' ""''"" P»reB them to « ma., of je„-,T, „f ' i^l ^" """"• "'" ■=""■■ .Odette, inacasUet, .a/. :; 'iT^'/sZ^r: "'' "'"""; Ot April. May. of June and July flowers, ^«°.i:Lr^ri;s:/'ri'zir^^^ /)<#oi«i. .1,, popular ESh., Inf: ; "■ ,""' t^"*""""*-) 'eeliog. .0 which the poet i. ,Wif,t;l^:J^'°'''''' " "*'' Hastino- Arnf^ +i,„ j- , , connection Doe's ^ seem"to"h" T'^ "' '^^ '^'''''' '" '^ mind IH) the foregoing^ ' ^''" "^^'"^^ ^" ''^ ?««*'• 166 Notes on Literature Set.eotions. Even-song-.— The song used at evening worship. Frequoi.t allusions to it are found in the earlier poets. Thee, 'chantress of the wooda among-, I woo to hear thy even-soiig'. —Milton'. II Peiiseroso, 64, It opened at the matin hour And fell at even-song. —RDSsetli, Symbols. He tuned his notes both even-song and morn. —Drydeii. The word is poetically rich by reason of its homelike and sacred associations. Will go with you along.— Does this refer to retiring for the night or tc death ? Give reasons for your opinion. To meet decay.— Expand carefully your conception of the thought in this line. Does the poet mean that the object of growth is to prepare for decay, or only that decay is an inevitable sequence of growth ? In either case, develop the fullness of meaning wrapped up in this short phrase. Anything, etc.— At first thought this word will probably jar a little on the taste as if used without special significance, merely to fill out the line. Perhaps closer study will remove this impression. If anything is meant to suggest everything, it adds immensely to the pathos of the sentiment. As your hours do.— Can you justify the use of "your hours " where the antithesis seems to require only "you," or is tlie additional word used only for the sake of the metre? Try the line with special emphasis on hours. What is the efifect oil the thought ? Ne'er to be found again.— This thought is climacteric. Ii suggests decay without reproduction, deatli without resurrection. As a Christian poet, Herrick might have been expected to suggest that the life of the plant remains in the bulb and re-appears in the new flower ; that no particle of the dewdrop is destroyed, but each dissolved only to re-appear in uew combinations. J J- NoTEs ON Literature Selections. 167 XXXI. -TO A HIGHLAND GIRL. WILLIAM WORDSWORTH. The name and history of Williim \v.>. i ^, to all readers of English poeTrv aTf o r''*^ ^'' '' ^"'""'^^ and character almost sSoTsTheT^^^^^^ ^"« '^^'^ mouth in 1770 and w.. if. 7 ^ ^""^ ^'""^ *<^ Cocker- ' He was edillter't sTj rColSrc:! ^^ f ^°""^^- he graduated in 1791. He was bv no ^""'^"f^^' ^^°™ ^hich in the m-dinary subjects of Z Jm '"''"' ' ^"""°* ^^^^^'^ the first gave^.imieru;'i:t ; tfthTSv :f ^''"r 'r company with a fellow-student he madi a IV. ^"^ ^^^ ^'^ EiH-ope in 1771. and in the autumn oTthe ..."'" *°"' "^ graduation, he returned to FrancT In tl ''"''7^'' '^'^^ ^^^ generosityof hispoetictemp! aTelthes^ p^^^^^^^^^^^ '''''' ^"^^ >Mth the aims of the revolutionist ludt^''"'""*''^ involved himself with f h« «!« f ', "'^' '"^ cons^cquence. so had not cTou.'" :;:t ,p' ^^ i' :!!' p ''f T'r '^ '"»' haiJly have escanc.l fl„. „, ,1 !• , ° England he eoulj •■Seldom; i, ever,., .irj Co Wif " r , '" ^"'""■' »-««•■ original p«.tio ge„i„, .L™ , l£arv „, °'""«''"™ "' »" .nno„.,oe,:... These poe™ imXitZT r::::'"'"": impression on the public mind A+fi- I./ '^'"' """'•'^ .trai.ened ^'r.^Jt.ZZLt^^TJZZtr' "" '- newspaper employment wh^n nn , ^'''"S °"* ^'^'^ elements of poetic geniua I'tUt '""^H^ '" I'im th. have a f ''"'' ^'■'^*"^* surd.' >"rlf ,-- ' -" /''Potation which had been alowlv but suiM^ -,a,It up ncspite many sneers and iibes of T«(r " I otner critics. Even his warL,f n i "'""y ^"'^ - be e.p.ed -ae^rrh'l^dl^r h^X' » i' ftJ I'- il rf-r-^"l 1 l.^^H I'.^^^H 168 NOTBg ON LiTKRATUKB SbLKOTIONS, ludicrous affectations in style, and the occasional choice of mean and impracticable subjects. But the true genius of the poet gradually rose above these mannerisms until hostile critics were obliged to confess tiiat though the bloniishes obscured they could not conceal the lofty nobility of thought, and the freshness, beauty, and refinement of sentiment, in The Excursion and subsequent works. Critics are even yet divided in opinion as to whetiier "The Lake School"— the term used to denote the works of Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey, who happened to live in the same neighborhood in the lake region of Westmoreland, but whose productions have little in common— was first given seriously or as a nickname. Wordsworth himself certainly deserves to be regarded aa the founder of a new and splendid school of poetry. Without occupying space with further particulars, the following estimate of his rank and work from the pen of a recent writer may be quoted as eminently just and appreciative: "As Scott turned in disgust from his own age to the illusions of romance, Wordsworth turned to the sanctities of nature. His dreams of perfect human brotherhood were at an end, but his imagination sought ideal communion with the pure loveliness and solemn grandeur of the external universe. The school of poets reigning when Wordsworth appeared were blind to nature or looked on it as a dull, dead painting. Wordsworth set himself to study 'an infinite variety of natural appearances that had been un- noticed by the poets of any age or country.' He recognized a soul in nature and rendered homage to her personality, and it is as nature's high priest that he stands alone among all other poets. In pure originality, i.e., in absolute self-dependence of genius, he had no superior in any age and no compeer in his own. Even Keats and Shelley, with all their unique and splendid powers of imagination, do not disdain to learn from him, but he learns from no one. His thougiits have a divine freshness and beauty, as if nature in some supremely gracious mood had whispered to liis soul her inmost secrets, and gifted him with a novel magic in uttering them." WordBworth'a "serene life was in haamouy with his nobl» teaching." He died in I860. !e of mean f the poet ■itica were they could 3s, beauty, ubsequent whetlier works of to live in eland, but 1 seriously rves to be 3f poetry, following snt writer 'As Scott romance, dreams of lagination id solemn 3 reigning looked on to study been un- Jgnized a and it is all other idence of his own. splendid n, but he ness and lood had m with a lis noblp NoTBg ON LiTEEATUEB SblKCHoNS. 109 paSlady hapT ft ^T'"'^''''. ^^P^^^^" '^"^ -* •«"" sities of rhyme Lsiblv T ""']" '"««•'«*«'* ''^ '^' "^o^" themyth of'SInaM tg^;^rtrer :^^^ ""'' "^^ *""«^^'^ ^ lover visited her i^ the £Ta LtfrT^illt^^ .oppo^on scarcely rescues the line .JI^^;7:Z of ^rJsL"^. ^"cJ/' "''-'''"' ^ ''""'-^''y »-^ » *fae -s. " My father at the road Expects my comingr. there to see me shipp'd." —Shakegpeart, Together do ye seem—This description of a quiet acen« o. the lake shore. a« embalmed in memory and idealLd h! f Btnkingly characteristic of Wordswor'th'a poetj I^^^^^ aspect of it which enables him to d^Ucht- ■ ^ ' * '** nature in all her varying forms ' "'"""'^'''^ "^^'^ With a human heart.— Whv dop<. +i,« >,^ * i. epithet have suited the thought as well! ™* dM su,p„.... Do,. .,. ; jrf,;, t'pe :^:::;„" ^-'^ anjtbmg to th. boauty or force of the thought, ^" Scattered like a random seed — OriHnj.^^ ^ wi.- word scattered in reference to a siLe o 7^? , "" °' *'^ ness and force of the simile. ^ ' ^*^ *'^' ^PP'-opmte- Quick and eager visitingfs. -Justify the use of these adjective. indicates the clo.e observer and i^^fLl^^' , ° T "^"^^^^ P'^'-'^' Oi Qttsurai gestures. ^^. m Who ar. .0 heautif„l.-A oo„.„„„p,ae. .ndi.,. ■f 170 Notes on Literature Sklections. O happy pleasure I-<3riticise the choice of the epithet. Does it seem a happy one ? But as a wave.— Explain the poet's meaning by a free para- plirase of this and following six lines. My recompense. —What was his recompense ? Nor am I loth.— State in your own words why the poet was not loth to part from one who had given him so much pleasure. XLI. —THE CLOUD. PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY. Percy Bysshe Shelley was born in Sussex, England, in 1792. He was in some respects a precocious youth, with a peculiarly delicate and sensitive organism. His approach to manhood was signalized by the profession of profound atheism and the pro- duction of wild romances, interesting only by reason of their amazing extravagance. Only one or two of these ever found their way into print. In 1810 Shelley went to Oxford (University College), but early the following year he was expelled for having circulated a pamphlet on The Necessity of Atheism. A year or two later he published Queen Mab, a poem which he hoped would sweep religion from the world, but which he himself afterwards despised as a juvenile eflFort. His first great poem, Alastor, was published in 1816, followed by The Revolt of Islam m 1818. In the latter year he took up his permanent abode in Italy. During the four years which intervened before his death he produced iiis grandest works, Prometheus Unboxmd, the Cenci, Adonais, etc. The Arlonais, in which he deplored the death of Keats, has been by some pronounced the finest elegy in all literature. Some of his lyrics are surpassingly beautiful. Of others of his productions, it is enough to say that one or two were suppressed at the instance of the Society for the Suppression of Vice. Shelley was drowned in 1822, while sailing in an open — •'„■■■■' " t--j i-reiiv-j, a. town OH loe snore or tne Bay oi 3pezil^ where be was residing. Notes on Litkuature Selections. 171 character prevented hiaexalte.l 1 / ' "i'""*"" °^ ^'^ nition it .nerited. ^n^Zt^^:^^''^:^''' *'^ ^^^^^- and less prejudiced opinion orthrnrp;.^^' ^'"'^ ^"^°™«''- the verdict of his 'contrn^tti ^ :d t f:" '" *° ^^^^- admitted that his life was in f h • """^ generally -ed .an, esti.a Jerd^tbrruair ^^r " '^^ ^« tra^xrs^^hrds";^^^^^^^^^^^ f-- ^^ ^"-oZ: ^"culeated the purerte^n ft tT u'f' '^^^ ^^^^ always thought intensely and spoke veh. f '' '''°°^' ''' restless, unhappy, but p L andTenefi 'r h^ ""-'^ "'^ "^^ on principle, but a Christian in pricttr A ''"' '"''"^'^^^^ the masculine vigour of Byron n^^ .' ^ ^^'^ '^^ ^^« °°t language, but he iLorefindv-:*.^ ^^^*^' ^"--t luxury of verse has a subtle and thdlW Tfl""t"' '''" '''''''' ^"^^ his ever equalled." "^ '"'^'^^^ ^^^^ "^ English poet has hy?h::"itr:f1he^^^^^^^^^^ -^«^ -'ody produced - of pentameters and dimeter^ i^ 7^ cS^' ^"' *^^ ^^^--t- Page 219. Noon-day dreams n- ' •., in the annotated edition of the Twel TarsLin "," '^'"^^^^ to the prevalent and perhaps correc belief that '/ "'' *""'^^ development of plant-life takea JI.T\ ^ «'°^^^ ^^^ the leaves and b'ud, dormlnt at^Td ^^/J* T' '''' ''^' evening dews. ^' ^^^ awakened by the From my wings are shaken metaphor. What could be mor«.C , ^^^^^^ °^ *he of the falling dew as part:' er^i ^t '^^ '"^^ — Ption beneficent cloud-spirit ? I, ho w " 7 ^^""^ ^"'g« °f » nature and fact, in so far as it':epi^sln« .)" T^^'^*'"" *^"« *« the cloud ? ^^ "®°'* *he dew as coming f mm •And laugh as I nasci Tf ' pleading, to conceivo'of the thund'l^'^i' "°f '^,^^ — 1^ ' peal Itself a., ^ho laugh of the rM ; I E ^ 172 NoTRs ON Literature Seucctions. cloud, if that is tho poet's thought. May it not be that he has in mind rather the silvery or golden gleams that glorifj the edges of the dissolving cloud after the storm has passed over? The changes of metaphor, which enhance the beautieB of the first stanza, correspond charmingly to the variation in the forms and movements of the clouds from day to day and from i^eason to season, which they ere intended to describe. Pines groan aghast.— What is the nature and cause of the groaning ? Juatify the choice of the word agha/it. 'Tis my pillow white.— What is the piUow, the snow in the atmosphere, or that which has fallen on the mountains ? Give reasons for your opinion. While I sleep.— Can you justify the description of the cloud as asleep while the blast is blowing, or can you offer another explanation ? Sublime on the towers.— Is sublime used in tlie literal or derivative sense ? Criticise the use of the word bower. In a cavern under,- Have you observed anything in the phenomena of thunder and lightning to warrant this description of the lightning as sitting above the thunder ? Can you refer to any passages in the Greek or Latin classics which may have suggested this striking representation of the thunder as imprisoned in a cavern, etc.? Page 220, And I all the while. -Can you conceive of the cloud as basking in heaven's blue (why blue ?) smile, while the lightning, which sits as a pilot on its towers, is dissolving in rain ? Criticise or justify. It will seem almost like sacrilege to attempt to transform one of these stanzas into plain prose, yet it will be well to have the student do so, preserving the metaphors, in order to enable him to know whether his imagination ha? clearly reproduced each of the poet's marvellous pictures. Sanguine. — In what sense used ? Mel-#»r»r AV0S ^Tnafi'ft^ +Ui^ -1 ™: -ii . . . ,^ __, „„ .,„5„ ,;..tti ;jj,jiy cpiv.-iei, SQCWlQg its appropriateness and truth to nature. NoTBa ON LlTERATURK SkLKCTIONS. 173 Burning plumes. -Distinguish these from tlio " meteor eyes. " Rack. -Explain the meaning of the word. Justify the .rtetuphor contained iu the first four lines of this .stanza, and the ennile in the next four. Its golden wings.-The golden wings of what, the sun or the The lit sea.— How lit? Beneath.-Does this word form an exact or only an allow- ab e rhyme with breathe ? Explain and illustrate the sharp and flat sounds of the digrapli th. Ardor of rest. -Can you justify tiiis expression ? Would vou regard it as an oxymoron ? As a brooding dove. -A felicitous comparison, as every one who has ever watched the clouds resting peacefully in the heavens on a quiet summer evening will feel. Bythe . . . strewn—What is it that is strewn by the mid- night breezes, and upon what ? Peep . . a«d peer-Shelley's exquisite taste in the choice of words here shows itself in a nice discrimination between two words which are roughly used as synonyms. Peep (an onoma- topoetic word, probably derived from the chicken's chirp or peep closely following its peeping from the shell) suggests the firrt appearance of some shy creature looking over an obstacle or through a crevice. Peer means to look closely or sharply, and therefore continuously. Cf. Shakespeare's use of the two words : " Peep through the blanket of the dark." " I can see his pride peep through each part of him." "When daffodils begin to peer." " Peering in maps (or ports, and piera. and roads." Page 221. And these. -To what does these refer ? Here again the student should be required to translate the imagery ot the (foregoing) stanza into plain prose, in order to assure himself that he realiaes every feature of the picture. The exercise will nrove voru .^.■>»^-«.ki„ :_ i___- • t ... , -, ■■"•' "" '"^ -" naming tlic uorueptive faculties and the sense of the beautiful, if it leads to a careful observance of the various poenomena so charmingly depictwi. |r ■ r L ■h .» ' » »i i • ■ii' f*^ 174 No™ OK LiTERATURe Skleotionh 16 u ^^ epithet /awy/uw^ as here used tarth and water.— How can ti,n „i i . daughter of ^ar^A^ *''" '^°"'' b« «^id to be the take too much for erantcl in ,. T/ , ^ ^ ""^""y common to comprehension of tt thoth a'^ ''' ''""=^ ^"""^ '•'^-<^-'« like the above, in metaphor J ""''"^ °' ^ ^"^"^ ^^--^-S. LXIV.-THE ISLAND OP THE SCOTS. WILLIAM EDMONSTOUNE AYTOUN bar .u J8«. «.d wa. appototed ftofa.„r„VRi;;;;™/^* ;^; Notes on Literature Selectionb. 176 Lettres in the University of Edinburgh in 1845. Aytoun and Theodore Martin united in 1854 in the production of a vohimc of clever parodies and humorous pieces called the Bon Oaultier Ballads. His Ballads of Scotland are regarded as possessing considerable merit. He published, also in connection with Theodore Martin, a volume of translations of Gcethe's minor poems. But his reputation as a poet rests cliiefly on his Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers, from which the extract is taken. These were published in 1849, and have gone through several editions. They are in the style of the school of Sir Walter Scott, and are full of racy life and thrilling vigor. Aytoun was also one of the brightest journalists of his day, and was for many years a valued contributor to Blackwood. Of a series of tales published in this magazine, the best known for their broad and robust humor are The Olenmutchkin Raihoay and How I Became a Yeoman. He died in 1865. mf' m, . Page 315. The Rhine is running.— Note the fine eflfect pro- duced by the poet's plunging in medias res. The attention is captured at a stroke. ^ Serried.— Closely drawn up, compacted. Serried is the par- ticiple of an obsolete verb, serry, to pack or crowd together. See there I— Describe fully the situation as suggested in the first two stanzas. Page 316. Mareschal. —The older form of marshal. Never thought to dare.— What is the meaiiinii? Bold Duguesclin.— Bertrand du Guescliu was a constable of France in the 14th century, and the most famous French warrior of his age. The history of the period records many of his daring exploits. The name appears in a variety of forms in contem" porary records, c.r/., Chvquin, Klesquin, Guescquin, Glayaquin.etc. That gentle blood.— See fifth stanza below. .-.,n ^reaL jl^uhucc. v-iMcuiiin; uundee, John Graham of Claverhouse, and a reUtive of Montrose. Write a sketch of hia career. ,i;i ■ -Si ti' (I I f^ I II 176 Notes on Litekaturb Se'.ectio.ns. When he fought and fell.-The Pass of Killiecrankie e.plo,ts in foreign lan.ls a basis in l.istorioal f^clf ' *'"'' The traitors and the ijpoilers - F,fn]a;n .i, i.- allusions. «po"ers. hxplain the historical Let me name the soell A «»<./; .„ ■ mg of .„,,. „„„,. ofTl^ow TnT^'" T°°""''- word meant a aaying or tak Z, .^ , '^"s'»*xo„ the !,o,pel. ' ' ■ ^"•''° *'" '••' P«" of the word l.rnearTe';^„';\-;S:aS:f rr^rr '" '^' «'«"• "Faster flasli' l y <- flamn " xr«+ ^l effect, Otaerv..,,,^: L"rL""i;'''.l'''''''™""'" '"O i'- fine „,e „, t„e o»» ,. it^rt, t d^a ;«" 'id r""" ^^|eet „f,e.. .ataoe. o, the effeot.e .e of^SirdewLtX he.^rJtL'Lt,-::;.^'^^/^*'': °^""- '• fellow in their rear. "°*' "'"' "'"''= »»« «»«- i.e^:;;:„re:::;tr/tr:t4tr„v"'''^^°': ^-'■"'• of the Soot, to c^npare i^ZT^flnP^-TZt"'.^'"""''' whioh bow before the blaat, only to rear tr.tMn , ^^^'^ '"^ nnyielding nmjesty. ^ '» ™" """■ «»11 forms again i„ Page 819 Onr dead Claverhonse.-John Graham of ri house was the family name of Duadee ""■■ Seo';lh'H°::i~l':%l7.;'':"''-^ --' '---^0.0.. by the double-edg'd broILofr " """' '"""" '" ° "-'""'■ilted. The parent springs.— Wherp aio +i,„ Describe the avalanche. ' '""'■'^'' ''^ ^^'^ ^b^M i NOVES ON LlTBRATUBB SELECTIONS. 177 !n vain their leaders.— This is grammaticaUy obscure, but the their ol)viou8ly refers bade to the Germans. The deadly brand.— Wliy is the sword called the hrandJ O lonely island.— The sad picture tliat follows is drawn ^ great power. Note the distinctness with which every feiit.ue stands out to view. Note, too, the skilful adaptation of the metre to the th. -. We have no longer the martial rush of the rhythmical periods, but tlie solemn and sombre tread of a mourn- ful measure. Whereas it is difficult to read the previous stanza* without uueonsciously falling into impetuous haste, it will be found as difBcult to read theae lines with other than a slow, sorrowful cadence, A b ire and batter'd mound.— What was this ? Pago 320. A strang-er band.— The mercenary usually gets the lion's share of the danger, tlie lamb's share of the glory. The danger was their meed.— Explain. Is this spoken in irony or in em nost. The leg-end does not live.— This may perhaps be taken to intimate tliat this lay is not founded upon legend, but drawn from imagination. Tiiis, however, does not prevent its being true in the higher sense,— true to the facts of Scottish character aai hit ity. LXXV.— THE CLOUD CONFINES. DANTJ^ GABu. ELE ROSSETTI. Dant6 Gabriele Rossetti was the sou of r;.ibriele Rossetti, a celebrated Italian author. ITe M-as born in London in 1828. His highest fame was, perhaps, achieved in the domain of art, to thb study of w lich he early devoted himself. In connection with Holman Hunt, Milkis, Madox Brown, and others, he founded what is known as the Pre-Raphaelite School of painting, which has asserted its principles with great vigor, t^ ugh opposed to the general tenutiicics of English arb. As lysaetti never allowed his pictures to be exhibited at the Academy, they were generally transferred at once from his studio to priv oe coUeo- W i J ^^>. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A /- i/.x i/.. V] ^ / 'em ^^ m /a / 1.0 I.I 11.25 ^IM 11125 ui liii ilf 1^ 12.0 1^ 1^ Photographic Sciences Corporation U ill.6 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 €3 ,\ iV :\ \ V ^^1^^ \ '^%S rv^' ^ S" ^ ,.v .^ ^ chaps xvx vwi J? . History of En^hud.] ' ' ^'^^'•-■^"^ <--een's Sack us.-Pillage our towns. Fagot and stock us _< «^tn,.i. > -i illnsJnn ir. fi, 1 ^^' ^ I"'^ °f s^^aw or wood, etc allusion to the burning of heretics. ^'. i-ii-., Neptunc-Roman god of the sea, for the sea itself n.e?ce"h°vi"n;'^r^''^'? 7^ ^''^- '"^'""- '' '"^^^^ -'-'' ^^ip of com- merce. ha^ng four decks, used formerly by the Spaniards Kirtles.-A loose gown, or outer petticoat. Stern-frames.-The poop ; the lofty deck in the stern. cane^H-rg^aiir^L;;;:^ «po^n7L:t"Lt:-fT.T?^:;^"r ^'t-^ ''-'-' -'' -^-'- '-"^ I bears son e r u ^"' ''^'■'' '" ^'''""'' ^"''"^h game. 1 hears some resemblance to curli„g. The v-ord « rubl)er ' ^ener all/ used ,n card-playing, denotes either in a series of thre^ g m" here to ^ ■ '''' '""''^"'='' ''^ ^^^^ I'"-^' *" t^^*-' country inn Bacchus.-Romangodofwine. St. James -This is almost an anachronism. Whitehall was the royal residence in Elizabeth's time Sf Tnn, ..' . ' , " ""'^^ as a manor. See Co„tr.t..„, and i^'tc! "' ^^ "^^*"^' ""'^ "■^^'^' Or at sea.— Before, etc. Cf. " Or ever th. silver cord he loosed. "-Eccles. xii 6 sn^rfo'i'f's'' ''""•: ^:- --^ --i--l by Pi.arro and a •small lorcc of Span.anls m ]r,H3, and remaine.l part of the Spanish verpiai tor it& gold and silver mines. ,1m 1 i ' 182 NOTKS ON f.n-KRATURT.: SlCI.F.CTIONS. Tug at his bullet and chain.-TIu. ball n„cl chain fastened to the prisoner to prevent his escape. Envoy.—See A])pen(lix. Gloriana.-Tlie name under which Spenser in his Faery Queen cclelnated h.s well-l.eloved sovereign, Queen Eli.al.eth. ^ Don.-(Sp. don, Lat. donnnus). A Spanish title formerly , .e,! on y to nobles, now used as a polite title of address, liL " Mister. Here used for 'Spaniard.' thf«..,, ,„, u.e Century. The first volumes o'f h .catterod yr:cs were publishe.l in 1878 under the title Fi,nettc. in A^;'.. and Vers de Soru',', followed in 1H77 by ProreH. inror. Zll^ll^r !f;rV.'"-'-'-"-^' '-^--lin 188.S, was called tirne oft ^^ r " ^'"' "^ '^" ^-^''^ ^^'^^^^ '^ ^^^ ''-^test vol- ^e of verse In prose, Mr. Dobson's work consists of a /.> ./ ^■tk;L.feofFie!dln,; Life of Steele ; while he has edhecf Stulc , SeIeU>o„s fron, Goldsnnth. Mr. Dobson has the honor to rench ves.hcat.on known as the rondeau, villanelle, and the bai- lie ,„f the last of which, the Ballad to Queen FMetl., furnishes us HI h an example. These are the favorite forn.s to.hy of the interl;,"p ' T'^'f '' "'""'"■' '^"'"'^"' ^""'^' "" ^"^-"^ "^ social uterest. Pr.aed Locker, Lang, Dobson, have all done excellent m VI._ON CONTENTEDNESS IN ALL ESTATES AND ACCIDENTS. JERK MY TAYLOR. Jeremy Taylor was, by general consent, one of the greatest theological writers and the most eloquent pulpit orator of the seventeenth century. He was the son of a barber, and was born in the town of Can,bridge, England, A. D. 1613. At the age of thirteen he entered Cuius College as a sizar {i.e., a student who, m return for certain services, received free commons), and after a brilliant course of seven years in classics and theology, took the degree of M.A. He was admitted to holy orders before he was twenty-one. His advancement in the Church was rapid, and in 1642 Charles I made him a D.D. and one of the royal chaplains. After the successes of the Parliamentarians had deprived him of his living, he withdrew into Wales, where he opened a school. During the thirteen years of his seclusion (1647-16G0) most of his great works were written, The Rule and Exercises of Hob, Living, from which the extract is taken, being among the first. His works are very numerous, nearly all on questions of theology and morals. After the Restoration he was, in J 660, elevated to the bishopric of Down and Connor, but this see, which he held until his death in 1667, he was far from enjoying. He even described it as a •« place of torment." being greatly vexed by the ' * 1 u i I 184 NOMS ON LlTBRATURE SeLBOTIONB. opposition and popularity of the Scotch Presbyterian ministers. Though one of his famous works was a defence of the Liberty oj Propheayim,, written on behalf of Church of England clergymen when they were being expelled from their livings by the Puritans, and was the "first famoua plea for tolerance in religion on a comprehensive basis and on deep-seated foundations" ever made, he failed, when in authority, to rise to the level of his own lofty teachings, having within three months of his consecration to tlio bishopric deposed 36 Presbyterian ministers whom the law had placed in his power. But the spirit of the age was intolerant, and true religious liberty was not understood. In depth of learning, elevation of sentiment, richness of fancy and imagery, and philosophical breadth of view, he had no superior, and in some, at least, of those characteristics no equal in the age in which he lived. He died in 1667, Page 66.— In this, as in all similar cases, the student should first carefully read-and, if necessary, re-read-the extract as a whole, until he is able not only to state clearly its main thought or import, but to give in a few words the leading idea of each paragraph, and to explain the logical relation of the paragraphs to each other and to the whole. The first paragraph abounds in those subtle reasonings and that brilliant play of fancy for which the author is famous. There is no better exercise for the student than the repro- duction in as few words as possible, consistent with clearness, of the meaning or argument of such a paragraph as this, before details are entered into. For instance, in this first paragraph the au, .1 elaborates the thought that a contented mind is a cure and the only cure for all the ills of life, and seeks to prove it true by arguing that, happiness being the result of an adaptation between desires and circumstances, if it be impossible to adapt the latter to the former the same end may be reached by bringing the former into conformity with the latter. Virtues and discourses.— i)Mcou7-se is here evidently used in the sense of reasoning or philosophizing. Cf. Shakespeare s " He that raade ua with suoh large diacourat. Looking: before and after." NOTKH ON LlTRRATURR ReIRCTIONR 185 Those are the >-est.-Wl.at follows nhows that the word tkvs« refers to Jrlends, though still witii in.lirect reference to mrtues. The old writers were ofton lens precise in what we should call the grammatical structure of their seutencea than we now con- sider essential to good writing. In this sense . . . friendless. -What is the exact meaning ? Reason to complain. -What do you think of the argument , that no man lias reason to complain, because if he will but adapt his spirit to his surroundings he may be happy ? In his own infelicity. -Omit the preposition, which is pro- bably a misprint. . Hath variety of instances. -/«.sto«cM in the sense of oppor- tunities. The idea of this and what follows seems to be tl.at happiness consists in a placid acceptance of things as they are and a constant adaptation of the mind's mood to its surroundings' just as the hub of the wheel by constant turning suits itself to the position of the spokes at each point of the revolution. Page r>7. Beauty is not made, etc. - Explain the exact meaning of the comparison. Apprehensions. -This word is apparently used in the sense of powers of understanding, or intellectual faculties, while by mind the author means I'm, soul or spirit conceived of as the seat, not only of the thinking powers, but of the appetites and passions Perhaps our word "disposition" would pretty nearly express the idea. And so is our felicity. -That is, our felicity is made, not by rules, but by our minds and apprehensions. The grammatical structure is careless, but the meaning is made clear by what follows. The old moral philosophy. -The doctrine of contentedness as thus explained by Bisiiop Taylor is very similar in some of its aspects to that of the old Greek and Roman Stoics. Even Horace mingles it freely with his Epicureanism. See, for instance Carm. iii. 16. ' !i ;i " M 186 Notes on Litkratuue Sk lections. To press it with the proper arguments.- -These a,-,..nc.ntH, cn.„„c,ato.l .n the following clause, are follow,.! up in the res ot tlie iliacourse. It only diflFers.-An impersonal form of expression, resem- encl*''i8 "^ ' ^ "'"'^^''" '"''"'" '"''"^'^ '"^ '"^''"^ °"'y ''•"■^•■• I'age 58. Master of the Scenes-Manager of the play. The metaphor IS, of course, taken from the stage. Let it be as it is.-Extn.n,..3 meet. There is a striking simi- lanty between the passive siihuiission here taught as the supreme ol.hgat.on of Christianity and the fatalistic view of the in exorable course of natural law, to which a class of mo.lern men of science bul us l.ow, as to the unciianging and inevitable. Modern theology, If we do not mistake, finds in reason and Scripture a larger place for the operation of the individual will as a factor m determinmg conditions and results. reason ? 1 lobably enjoying the consciousness of right-doing and «elf. approbation, in liaving followed its dictates. For is not all the world, etc. -In this paragraph we have a touchof Bishop Taylor's simple, genuine eHuei.ce. Note tL short, ringing sentences, the suggestive Mietorical questions, etc. Page 59. These accidents amongst things eligible. -Reckon that the adversity or sorrow is a thing to be desired and preferred. JT, f ^°[ "u '^' ^^^''■' '*°-T'^^ «*"''^"t should be jvsked to draw out the comparison at length. As the adder by that that IS her most vulnerable spot, so the man who exhibits great solicitude in respect to any matter, shows his enemy the we-k po,nt in his character, or the way in which he may be made to suffer most keenly. tJ^l°^^ Stoics. -The Stoical system of philosopy dates from the 4th century before Christ. Zeno (340-260 B C.) was its founder. The Stoics held that the universe is governed by a 1:^ 1^ Uj,'IUI)Lllt.s, ill thu rest on, resem- >iily diU'er- play. Tlic kiiij,' simi- ti supremo i the in- m men of Modern ui'iptuiu a 3 a factor I our own loiiig and we have Not(! the ions, cto. -Reckon led and lould be dder, by liouaness exhibits emy the may be ;es from was ita id by a Notes on Litehaturr Selections. 187 dlmr 'rw "',' " '''' '^"' ""'''' ^*^'"« ""•'- him inferior deities. Thm god exercised a moral Kovenuuent nnder wh7ch he good ... ,.,.p ,.,. ^^.^,,^, ^„^,,,,^^^^^_ ,^__^ ^_^ did notTntr fated 1 V hn 7 ""'''''■ ^" ^''"'«^ ^^^-^ ^™lered or a tv r 7-"' '". """ ^'^^ ''«^'«"^^ *° l'^ the governing H less t::: :::r" ^^ ^^'^"^'-^^ '^^ *^^ bodny jsibinti:' nappmess, they declared, was not necessary. Pain was not nn evi . and was to be triumphed over, and a diLpli of eml rleo rr;:r:xrir=^^^^ had . great i„fl„c„„„ „vor tl,„ phU„,„phic,f s,. c„ 'f „ ,» Bishop Tayto!:.. CL;!;!: '^'"'' '"""""^ " "'>- p-'p'-w^ - What reason or nature call* fnr tk i* ;- w. the ,„. . .. j:: - r - - .— ^ JO In the choice of another. -Let the student r^ ••. „„t t»,„ argument of this last paragraph in his own lan'iag ' '' I'age 61. Freer than the Parthian kine-s 'Vh. . e ' • dyrstv o the r • " ""r"'"' "• *° ''^^ ^^««1"««- of the f ynasty of the Arsacul*, who exercised tlie most comnletelv ^1 aidves. It the latter, tiie word freer is .i«b,1 .•« „ somewhat peculiar sense, referring^to suprema'cy Tr ireiUty .ievetpLtrof te? ' '"""''^ "^^°^'^""^^^ ^^ ^^^--^ the iLsof wordl. ''.V^""^""'=^"' ^'^^'^'^'■'^'1^ "^ r««P^ot to the mean- mgs of words and idiomatic usages. The student might profitably : k ■ r^^ fifl -J^^^H 1 :: 'ii^H ffjJHBH !.|^| 188 NOTM ON LiTBEATUM SEtEOTlOWit write notes on such change- as seen in sneh words and expr^wions M the following : Page m~discourst,, acci.fents, in/elicUy, com- poses, instances; page 57 -proportion, chance,, propoHtim, U only rhfers; V'^ge 58~melanchofy ; m^ i^Q-principte, eligible ; page W)~-wrapt, amazement; page Ql—paasiona. LXV.— THE GAMBLING FARTT. EARL OF BBACONSFIELD. Benjamin Disraeli was, as his name implies, of Jewish descent He was born in London in 1805. His father was Isaac Disraeli, the author of the well-known Cariosities of Literature and othe^ works, whose fether, a converte.l Jew from Venice, had settled in England in 174S. The grandfather was described by his grandson m terms which have been quoted as well fitted to describe the latter as "a man of ardent character; sanguine, courageous, apeculafye. and fortunate ; with a temper which no disappoint- ment could disturb, and a brain, amid reverses full of resources " Benjamin was educated by private tutors. At the age of eighteen he visited Germany, and on his return published Vivian Orev which was described by the London Magazine aa "the history of an ambitious young man of rank," and, notwithstanding its bombastic style and other juvenile faults, was pronounced decidedly the cleverest production of the class to which it belongs. In 1826 Mr. Disraeli visited Italy and Greece. In 1831 he was the Radical candidate for the borough of Wycombe and was twice defeated. In 1835 he had no better success as a Conservative candidate for the borough of Taunton. Durina these years his pen had been constantly employed, both in political productions and in works of a purely literary character among the latter being The Young Duke (1831), from which the extract is taken. Other works of this period were ContaHni Fleming, Hennetta Temple, The Revolutionary Epoch, etc. Many stones, no doubt greatly exaggerated, are told of his extrava- gances and eccentricities in dress, manner, and speech during this period. On the dissolution of Parliament, which followed tb« de»th of William IV., he wm returned as one of tb9 Notes on Literaturb Sklkowons i^ ing an aml.itious and cccpntrio «.«„„ u ■ *'"'*' ^"^^ * "ver- th. .i,„e will c„,„„ wh.„\,,o; Im'l'r •,! ■" "T''"" ;''" with „,„„«,„ B ii^^r li ,. ! "Z"" ""; "'T -'"•-'«-'■ oLang. of face i„ tl„' „,;»„,„, ^htc'<„^''t """,""'«"-•' leader nf ft,« n^ .■ ° Laws; his choice aa leadtr 01 the Conservative niii-fv Jn ic^q i • , Reform Bill, a,,,l,h,J;2" Lord nr. «■"■"■"""" on it. coveted position „f p,i„,„ „,„.«' "J »« h, acce,„„„ t„ .h, long period o, opposition; w, ,,.„,,„",;, tf;;^;;,"'''" "^ popular applause which ereeted l,i„ ''""'■"" '«^i the great ■igning of th. memorable Sv o 1° ' h" "'" """ '"^ to have heen largely sh.pecltdlol,^ ' J' ^^J,^:""'^ and resolute attitude —ill t),o«^ siutwd foresight portant matters, o Brit h W torv" T '^t'''' ^"' ^'^'•y -" of Mr. Disraeli's busy Hfe 1 ^' i '"^ *^' ^''^''' P"'-*''^" labours were, t: aXe ex^t/^ ^o^ V^ ^'^7 most important works of his middlf Hf! n "^'* **"" and ran«.rf (,844-47). ' C ( 87o ?" rT''''' ''''''' especially the latter, are tl.oulrt to ! ^ n !'"''''' ^'^'^^' standard of merit of some f I '" '''^'^ °^ *^« ^"g'' Mr. Disraeli w^raitdr t. '" '"" P'-^"'"^*'""^- I" 1876 was raised to the peerage as Earl of Beaconsfield f ■ , I' 1-1 '■■■ 1.90 Notes on Literature SELEonoNa I. i •nie novel from which the extract is taken is designed to portray the principles, habits, and morals that prevailed in certam aristocratic circles. Though the extract which constitutes the lesson is comparatively short, each of the characters intro- duced stands out with sufficient distinctness to enable us to recognize his individuality, and to form some conception of the class he is meant to represent. ^TJ^^' ,^*"<^^°"=^y P'ain, very little wine.-Each was bent contest ^'''^^'' °^ ™'°^ ^ readiness for the coming Usual silent manner. -In this and the following sentenced the author gives us, in a few touches, so graphic a picture of Tom Cogit that we can almost see him moving about, and can readily set him down as the type of a class with which we are all familiar. The same remark is true in substance of each of the characters introduced. The student should note this fact Ability to make each of his characters stand out distinctly as revealed by his own words and acts, without the tediousness of a formal description, is one of the qualities of genius. He winked familiarly, etc. -Note the familiarity with one the obsequiousness to another, according to rank, which is one of the characteristics of this kind of servitor. Hermitage. -A kind of French wine. Ecarte (a-kar-t^).-A game of cards; so called because the players may discard or exchange their cards for others. Without having exchanged a word—This is a fine descrip- tive touch It suggests the intensity of the passion in each bosom much more effectively than if they had been described as openly planning the contest. Page 322 Not to his Grace, but to the Baron.-Note again tins htt e touch. It would have been altogether too great a hberty for the rank-worshipping Tom to have addressed the Duke himself. As fools say. -It is not easy to see the mark of folly in the « of the expression j a cynical critic might remind us that 986 Notes on Literature Sbiections. 19] Fresh as eagles.-Why this comparison* con of an, one'. .=o,„«„, , .„A, 30'r L'X" "Z^^"'- .Page 323. At first he had limited eto TUi Your cowed mind. -What do you think of th. u ness of the epithet "cowed"? "" 'P"^*^' of °tL'lTI'Tl7?''^'r -^^ *'^ ^^"^^*^ - «*'--■- paragraph ' ' ■^'""^"^''' "'^""'^^' ^--^'^-'-. '"" thi« Page 324. Ankle-deep in cards. -Explain. Such a Hell. -Justify this epithet. Hot game they were hunting down -That i. +},. t^ , who was their victim. School-boys an7g, Is wiU ,1 1 "^ nation of this use of the word "hot." ""^ ^''^^^• There they sat.— For vividness and power tho !»> .f ^ • tion which follows has rarely been surpassed F "^' read it without mentally shuddering a7rten!"Ld1 T carried away with the excitement. Note 11";!' "' choice of words, cannibal, torn of, callus f/nT,/ "T'""'' smelt, etc. ■^' '^"'' *^«o^^«^«. gleamed, .aSt^S"'' '"''"'"^' " '^' *" "" "-" «»«»<• 0' Page 325, As he lonlrpri tv,;. «tudy. The student ^ y et i oftrieT 7''^'"' "^^^ upon the words and features 1 el pt/l-T''^ "^*" him most noteworthy. ^''-scupt.on which ,eem to A flash burst, etc. — Does th.a <^9om !ifc*. » f t, " "' like a touch ot reality t , i (>■■■• iim » diBt^^^^^^l ' ir^^^l i;:i 1 ' I'^^^^^^l ^ti|H 1 fl^H 192 NOTKS ON LiTERATUKB SELECTIONS. fi-' ii Ib it natural or conceivable that such a thouglit should bring a flash of liglit, a sense of relief, at sucli a moment? Page 326. Cant.— The language of hypocrisy. Note, too, how each of the genteel robbers exhibits hie own peculiar traits to the last. LX VIII. —EARTHWORMS. CHARLES DARWIN. Charles Darwin, by common consent the most profound and original scientific investigator of the age, was born at Shrewsbury, on February 12th, 1809. He was a son of Dr. Robert W. Darwin, P.R.S., and a grandson of Dr. Erasmus Darwin, who attained some note as a natural philosopher and didactic poet. Darwin studied at Edinburgh University and Christ College, Cambridge, and took his degree from the latter university in 1831. In the same year he sailed as a naturalist with the Government scien- tific expedition on H.M.S. Beagle, and spent five years in a survey of South America and the circumnavigation of the world. Darwin's whole life was devoted to scientific research. He was a member of the principal scientific societies, and obtained the Royal Society's medal and the Wollaai;on medal of the Geological Society. His first works, relating to geology and natural history, were published after his return to England in 1836. Numerous others followed, but his two chief productions were undoubtedly the Origin of Species (1859) and the Descent of Man (1871). These works created a great sensation in scientific circles, and gave rise to intense controversy. The dominant feature of Darwinism has been described as the substitution of natural causes for divine or supernatural determinations, the author's main thesis being iiat all organic beings have descended from a few primordial forms, which forms have been modified, during the lapse of ages, and under the operation of unvarying laws, such as those of "natural selection," and "the survival of the fittest" in the struggle for existence, into the almost innumerable species which exist at the present day, or have become extinct in past centuries. What was the exact number of these original Notes on Litkraturk Selections. 193 types, or primordial forma VTr t^ • , Hetermin, .hough d'Z's l^t tlul' ^ Te ''''TV' chapter of his Ori^jin of Specie. T u "^"<^''"''"g "animals are desoende,! fr , . "'P'"'' ^'' ^^^'^^ *hat genitors. and pi ntsftt ' , "T' "'^ ''^"'- °^ «- P^- « , ".nd plants tiom an equal or esser number " w^ points out that analocry would Ipnd i ""™''^'^- He even "amely. to the belief that Tn , ™ °°' '^''P ^"'•*^>«'-. from aome one p; o yt^^ '^"^ ^"*« ^^^ '^-eended' guide. DarwinrSLl ^ ^^'^ "' ^' "'^'"^*^^' '"^ ''^^-tf"' cations, aee:;;:d ^T^ZL^Z ^^^L ^r.^ '"""f men of high rank, notably Professor h'w Th "I "T'''^' still far fron^ being universally aecepted bv I^; ? -"^ *'"^ ^'^ and may never attnJn fi , ^ ffP*^"* ^^ ^^^^^cd investigators, vation that the ch r" o 1'" ' ""'^^ "'^"'^^^ *^« «''-'•- for a time w th grtt veh- ''• " ''" "'''' '" ^* "'^^ or development He tr'"'' "'""'* '" *'"'"'^ "^ ^^^^"^'^ the properties and subiection to th! 1 . ^"'^"^"^"t with indispensable cond'onTof ello Zt" T'' T'' "^ *'^ creator, not less than the hypotheZ " '; ' " n" "'"'*'' acts of creation. Mr. Darwhfw.orseve^ ''''^'. ^' great powers of observation and resea ch th. T, """'^ in character than the two remLkab e b , L l^ "" ''"^'"« died in 1882. remarkable books above named. He The chief characteri.stic of Darwin's stvlp i« ?fa i directness of purpose. Whatever diffi.nf '''''''■"''' *"'' solves to the student wilfbe fotmff'"- ""'1^"''* *'"'"■ complexity or minuteness ttorrtaon?^^^^ 'T *'^ has always ^::s:^^^z:zz^- T -''- ;;-;^tin::^fp::-:::L^^^^^^^ rnough lew succeed so well Th^;.. „i x- . ""Ction, " »o weil. iheii. absorption in their theme, 194 KoTBS ON Literature Sbleotionb. ■ j .1 i 1 and their anxiety to make the facts they have observed, or the conclusions they have reached, known and understood, leave them, as a rule, neither time nor inclination for the arts of the rhetorician. Their devotion is to science, not to literature. This interesting extract will tlierefore call for few notes, save, perhaps, in the way of explication of terms. Page 343. Humus-acids (Lat. humus, the soil).— Acids gener- ated in the surface soil. Decomposition and disintegration. — In common usage these words are pretty nearly synonymous. Darwin probably means by the former the cliange wrought b" decay in the organic matter in the soil, by the latter the separation of tlie particles of inorganic substances, as stones and minerals. Trituration (Lab. trituro, to giind or rub together; from tritus, part, of tero, to rub).— Tin; wearing away caused by rubbing together of surfaces. Archaeologists.— Students of ancient relics. Why is it that any article of wood, stone, metal, etc., dropped on the ground, soon disappears beneath the surface? Darwin's tlieory is in- genious and noteworthy, though one may well question whether in most cases the rains and winds are not more efficient agencies than the worms, yet the worms, as he shows, are subsidiary even to these. Tesselated (tessella, diminutive of tessera, a square).— Formed of materials of different colors put together in little squares, triangles, etc. Would not rains, chemical action, and other causes produce similarly uneven results, according to the ma- terials operated upon ? Page 344. Nitrification.— The formation, by natural chemical changes, of nitrogenous (composed largely of nitrogen) compounds. Land-molluscs. —Such as snails, and other soft-bodied in- vertebrates. Von Hensen.— A Germaii naturalist of distinction. Page 345. They can just distinguish. —Probably by some MQsatiou produced by the rays of light falling upon them. rved, or tho tood, leave arts of the iture. This r'e, perhaps, Lcids geuer- usage these ably means ;he organic particles of from tritits, by rubbiiig r is it that he ground, 3ory is in- m whether [it agencies subsidiary . — Formed le squares, and other o tho ma- .1 chemical Dmpounds. bodied in- ' by some em. No™ OK LiTHRATTOE Skmotiobs. 196 .w and cul rfl idtd tZ"" """T'r' P"''""' Student.. ^ "" P'""""' otaervalions of tha»i:lt:tr:''.d''it'°vi*?"T;f™ °' "■" "-• •» «« meaning. „, tHe^ri'frd tj: f ^ ^^'fT 'T mistv TJ,^ » 1 \ ^ ''^^^^ *'■« "lost likely to be :::• i"rxt:rLre ei* :rr '- """-""" meantag. a„d derivation, J^ZZti^'J'TT'^T found in a good dicliouarv Th. < ,i "'' ''"" ^^ e.a™p,e.„fLd.on:"2-i,:,t:e'ift„T3t« """''? "" regard to the point, indicated- A,!?; , ''"'"'"° LXXXV.-PROM THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES. BENJAMIN JOWETT, PLATO. J-l^^i !^ T^°' "^ "■' ""-'amons Dialogues of Socrate. (A^totie loin,, of to^ t^elt ,'Z?; wolfj '°"^'"" pnuo ophy. He was born at Athens in the year 429 B G R« mother's side with Solon, the «reat ithliant: 1;!:, "L n^ w.« educated, after the fashion of his day." in tl. 1.W m hi 11 \i n t fl ' i ,1 ! I 196 Notes on Literature Selections. ture, and gymnn sties. He is said to have courted the Muses in Ins youthful days, but having, at the age of twenty, come in contact with Socrates, the moulding power of that mighty mind changed tlie whole current of his life. He gave all the powers of his wonstencies of the -ethod. often called af him tlT """''^' '""^ ^^^ ^^^ which he took the role of J^Ti T'""''"' '° ^'^'^^^dance with and by a series of ilf; S:!-^^^-^-- of learning, meshes of his own contradirH! .r ^ '"' opponent in the own mouth. He refu d to T ""'"""'^ '""" ^"' ^' ^i^ His ethical pHneipS^^^,^:^-!;J^ ^or his ^aching. assuming that no man would flofh. I. knowledge, and -can scarcely be accepted al .T^ '^ ^' '^"'^^ *^« '''8^* most important h J oft;!; tTuI h'^ T.'f *"'*'' ^^^^^ ^ steadfastness with whichTe !. ^ '• *^' ^'^'^ ''^"^^g^ ''^"'i trines of right. withrtandin'Tr '" ' ^'^^''^^ ^'^ «^« doc measures of the Tht^ T^ts • '^^^^^^^^ '' '^'^ "^«' *^^ -f— when entreated to do so Irhtfri I d^f^^ T^' ^-'" P-- discussing, with keen insight Ldloft T 1 ^'"'^^"'^ ^ ^'^^^ ' of the immortality of the sou ^ri g L iTt' '' ^""' ^"^^"- calmly drinking the fatal hemlock 1 .t ''''" ^"""' ''''' have made his „,emory one of tt . ^PP^mted moment. antiquity to all generatLr '"' ''"''°"' ^'^"^«*« «^ BENJAMIN JOWETT wa. bom at Cambe™;,'"„ Z f r""" '*°''"-'^ '««"»». •■■ii 198 NOTKS ON LlTEHATURB SbI,KOTION& II ;)f tlie University from 1882 to 1884. His renderings of Plato, Aristotle, ami 'J'lmcydidea have given him a high rank among classical scholars. The extract which constitutes the lesson is the concluding portion of the apology or defence which Plato records as having been made by Socrates at the trial wliicli resulted in his con- demnation. The defence proper ends, however, with the section preceding the commencement of the extract. When that defence had been concluded the judges proceeded to pass the sentence, and condemned Socrates to 'eath. After tiie sentence had been pronounced he went on to bid farewell to his countrymen in the striking and beautiful language of the extract. The two charges preferred against him were that he did not believe in the gods recognized by the State, and that he corrupted the youth of Athens by teaching them not to believe. The first charge he neither confessed nor denied, though ho assented that he did believe in God so firmly that, even to save his life, he would not abandon teaching, and thus fulfilling the mission the Deity had given him. As to the second, he contented himself with cross-examining his chief accuser, Melitus (Mel-Uus), in his usual inimitable fasiiion, and finally impaling him upon the horns of a dilemma of such a character that, on either alternative, the charge must fail. Plato waa present at the trial, and, it is thought probable, gives us the very arguments used by Socrates. Page 384. Not much time will be gained.— The meaning appears a little below. "It is my death you desire, but if you had waited a little you would have had it without incurring the odium which you are now incurring." The detractors of the city.— Note the modesty with which the argument is put. He does not say that these accusers will act from regard to his (Socrates') personal merit or innocence, but from a wish to defame the city and the judges. They will call me wise.— The only wisdom that Socrates would admit himself possessed of w^as that claimed in an earlier ■If I i! i of Plato, ink amoug concluding I as having in his con- the section at defence ! sentence, ! had been trymen in The two believe in upted the The first euted that lis life, be lission the 3d himself i-i-tus), in him upon on either ; the trial, lents nsed ) meaning but if you urring the ith which iusers will innocence, ) Socrates an earlier Notes ox Litkeature SErECTioNS. 199 part oi the apology, where he savs that .n one who was reputed vriJ u ' ^' ^ 'I'^cussion witli "lam wiser tha' his Z'f' "7"''^ ^'"'^ "'*'> '''"-If = anything g.eat o g d but h?r '' 1 " '"'''''' '^ '^"-' although he knowsTo hing wh re'T '\ '"'"^ ^°'"^*'^-^'- thing, so I do not fancy I t lTtL\ V " "'* '^""^ ^">'- I appear to be wiser tLn I "^'"^ Particular, then, -h. X ,„ „„. -r. "(cj;::;::— .',^" -' '-- ■ -■-• .evl'r;.""" "■ ^""-* '»" -"^y Wa .hem tha. „. „., .hr'"„?tt'rteS„T::rr/ 'r-^-"'- iw-.e.. elabomte oration Sir' > K T',"""' '° '»'''" "» "' - for him. "'" "" ««'''>■•«« Lyda. had prepared elevXn of senHm"?!'""^ ""'■eW«"sness.-Kole the «oble "»-.er ZZ'ZZ^t'^ ^-"""■' •»»«°'^- ^et the 0. «t:fhro.Th"--!Jatr 'tI^ "■'"«'■■■ - "-» '«"»« h„ ^euer hro..ht o. h, o:r:l;„/re SI L":";^' t-f- - V.« otL::.':,;::--™;. ■""" '■ -^-•<' '- Homer. deft:"':eftur„",,7:^;t-p^2:'^ ""^ """«■ -" They will be more severe eto rt.: by the event. Melitu, and In tlT ^ ^'?'"'°^ '"^ '"'^'^^ suffered violent de.th::r':':r:"h:;:h:';" '"" "''"'" «'■"- -a!S,?l,t.:°3t.tf .^""■^'T^-O-"' *= -at re. that ho „a. i„;>eTo "Lded T"'^'""' """" ™ "■' "•"•' wbo.e voice he .Lpted'aftfof LMT' " ""'"" ''"''■ ..re°i-fJr,u''';"«t~'°"rr" ""•" '"■""■" "'■°-» »■* ..^ve.r:..„;:';:c;i,t:ttrrr»^''''^'"*-' 800 NOTKB ON LiTERATURB SkLKCTIONS. ii. II Si t'li li li Page 387. The great king-, i.e., the King of Persia ; Minos, a mythical king of Crete ; Rhadamanthus, a hrotlior of Minos ; iEacus, a mythical king of ^Egina ; Triptolemus, a mythical hero of Attica, who is fabled to have taught men agriculture. All these were demi-gods, the first three sons of Zeus himself, who by reason of their justice and piety on earth were made judges in the under-world. Orpheus and Musaeus.— Mythical poets of remote antiquity. Hesiod.— One of the earliest of the Grecian poets, author of Works and Days and other cosmological poems. Homer.— The reputed author of the Iliad and Odyssey, the the most famous Grecian epics. Palamedes. — Ont of the great Grecian heroes in the Trojan expedition, represented as having been, through the jealousy of Ulysses and other chiefs, falsely accused and treacherously con- victed of traitorous communication with Priam, and stoned to death. His last exclamation is said to have been "Truth, I lament thee, for thou hast died even before me !" Ajax, the son of Telamon.— So called to distinguish him from Ajax, the son of Oileus. The first was called also Ajax the Greater. Various accounts of his death are given, all, however, representing him as the victim of some wrong. Homer describes Ulysses as having, during his visit to the under-world, met the shade of Ajax and tried in vain to appeaae his resentment. My search into true and false knowledge.— A noble con- ception of the future state this, which Socrates places "above all." The leader.— Agamemnon, commander-in-chief of the Trojan expedition. Page 388. Odysseus.— The Grecian hero whose name gener- ally appears in the Latin form Ulysses, or Ulixes, the most crafty of all the Grecian chiefs, whose wanderings, on his return voyage from Troy, form the story of the Otlyssey. Sisyphus. — For crimes committed on earth Sisyphus was punished in the under-world by being compelled to roll a huge Notes on Literature Selectiom. 2OI -tone^perpetuany up a hiU. down which it ia kept « porp.tu.Jty negative cH.e in not „l:r;:: do ^oIk^^'"^^ '''"^ ''' ''^'^ the Lu2. °' *'' ^^«" "°' *"« «'-'^*-" «f Not caring about . . . thinkinc- that Ti.«. f tain the substance of the faults anV'tTo'TirS "I" "" cont.uan, convicting the Athenians J^^' :^::::::::- VIL-TO LUCASTA. ON GOING TO THE WARS. HI CHARD LOVELACE. Gloucester Hall Oxford Hn »''^"'"^'^ea at Chaitoiliouse and th. French .™y, a,u, was I'X ./"j, ^k TV" believed to have been killed nnH i„ •^""'^'rk. He was -y Sacheverell. the S^;;::J l^s-^Zl-^f Lovel CO was cUsconsolate. Having «pent his fortune in t « Kings service, he d.ed miserably in Shoe Lane, London i„ 165^ Whde xn prison he wrote the well-known lines beginntg "Stone walls do not a prison make. Nor iron bars a cage." On his return to EuL'land in ifii« i>„ . . pre-s a ,olum. of p„„„, „M„h ^^a publi.h,d i„ S i" Z ftlc of i„ca«a. Ihi. w„.d, which h. adopted as hriao name, was eontn-fc-i f . ; tf^^ «w mo poecic ic, wtt_ contracted iiom /wa; casta. "chastA ii«hf " 4.1, .y which it iap,„,,.Meheo..i,taaUyd;.i;tri;?:U:CI llii No rag ON LiTBRATDRB Sblkotions. He is said to h^ve been one of the handsomest of the gay cavaliers of his day. A few of his lyrical pieces arc very beautiful, but most of his productions were marred by artificiality,-the Htyle being inverted and intricate and the thought obscure,— and have been deservedly let die. Page 61. That from the nunnery, i.e., /« that, in the doina of that act. ® Nunnery. -01)H. rve the fine antithesis with " war and arms." A stronger faith. -^a.7A in the sense of loyalty or devotion This seems at first uncomplimentary to the lady, but is neatly turned into a compliment ia the next stan^^a. I could not love thee. -See preceding note. The idea of "honor " suggested is not a high one, as it seems merely equiva- lent to glory or renown in war, else the sen faient would be a noble one. As it is, it affords a good illustration of those subtler turns of thought which are so charactoiistic of much of the poetry, and prose too, of the times. XXXIII. -THE COTTER'S SATURDAY NIGHT. BURNS. Robert Burns, the greatest of Scottish poets, was born on the 25th of January, 1759, in a small cottage near Ayr. His father was a poor farmer, and, though he succeed.^ in giving his chddren a fair education, the earlier years of Burns' life were passed amid considerable hardship. He commenced early in life to write poetry, but his first volume was not published until 1786 when the farming operations which, with his brother, he had carried on sin.- the death of their father, proving unremunerative he wished to I ivioney to pay his passage to Jamaica. The book, howevc-, ^.vi... hirhy successful, and attracting the attention of th. -i-ta y r-Mic in Edinburgh, Bums went instead to that city. L'ev? h istociated wi';l i^^ople eminent in literary and fashionable ufe, an., his conversational powers attracted no *'■♦ NoTEg ON LlTKHATUKR Su* MOTIONS. 203 i«.^« attention thai, hin pu.try. I„ 178S, |„ settled with hi« wif :f:.rir:::"t"''''f'''-'-'-'^"^^^^ ■a.led ..tu enthus,a«rn tLo French Resolution, and was ^n fonsequoi.ce, shunned by some of hi. fn.«... / , ' w„„uu„ ,.,„ -, •' "'" °' "'^ toir^or friends amonir the pnme of manhood, on July o^nt 17fl« Ti 1 1 '' constitute the very soul of n2 . , ? oppression, which .r^ I 1 • 1 ^ poetry, whde the form in which th«v are clad ,s the embodiment of rythmical beaut.. ^ deS;yL~?p:;tt'thT"'r7 *™^ "^ ''' '^'^-•- chantlr''„ 1 -^ ' ''""'y flevotions by reading "the chapter and giving out the psalm. After his fath^'« ^ .. u succeeded, according to Scottish oustMi to te ofi'^: of f , My . . . friend.— R. Aik^n v.^ 4.^ „j, ^ ,. fawcribed. '-' "'"'' ^ ^^"™ '^« Po««n wm 1 v|. 204 Notes on Litekatlre Selections. No mercenary bard. -The allusion is to the too common practice of earlier poets of dedicating their poems to some wealthy patron in expectation of pecuniary acknowledgment. The fowly train.— In this and other lines the effect of Gray's Elegy, one stanza of which prefaces the poem, may be traced. The student may compare and point out resemblances in thought and expression. The black'ning trains. -What is the force of hlach'ning? Is It simply a transferred epithet, or does it refer to the in- creasing density of the trains as the crows increase in numbers? or to the effect of the gathering darkness upon the appearance of the trams? Notd how well-chosen and effective is each of the other epithets in this and the following stanza. Does homeward bend.— Cf. with corresponding line in Elegy. Page 172. Weary carking cares. -Note the preponderance of Anglo-Saxon words all through the poem. Anticipation forward. -Is the anticipation that of the parents or the children ? Give reasons for your answer. Page 173. An' oh I be sure—Note how, as the exhortation becomes more solemn, the poet glides into the direct quotation. Can you give a reason ? Duty, i.e., your private devotions. Like the lave. -See foot-note in Reader. The meaning probably is "like other people's daughters." O happy love J- Why does the poet drop the Scotch for the English in this stanza ? Page 174. Those strains that once.— Explain, Page 175. Wild warbling. -Note the pleasing effect produced by the alliteration combined with the recurrence of liquids. Nae unison hae they. -The poet here intimates, no doubt correctly, that one secret of the thrilling effect produced by these old tunes is their association with the act of worship. The royal bard. See // Samuel, 12. Rapt Isaiah.— The epithet is peculiarly effwtive as denoting JVOTES ON LlTERATORE SelecTJONS. 205 !? ritr"*''"? '"^ "'' '''"^'^ ^^'^h i« characteristic of much of Wh s prophesying. Give derivation and „,ea,.ing of Z Cixpiain the alhisions in the stanza. The saint the father, and the husband.-Do you see anv special force in the three-fold characterization v ^ ^ •'See fron, the brake the whirring phemnt springe, And mounts exulting on triumphant wings " Pageant, pompous, sacerdotal. stole—Define and explain An honest man's, etc.-Pope's Essay on Man, Ep. iv. ' Page 177. Crowns and coronets—Distinguish. A virtuous populace.-PoiD«/ace is now generally, though not Invariably, used in a disparaging sense. ^ * Wallace's undaunted heart. -Wallace, the great Scottish chieftain a^d patriot, who defended his country so va ,an v against the forces of King Edward. Wallace's lif"^ storyTs ^ mixed up with the marvellous and fabulous that it irdffficut to disentangle the true from the mythicaL i!^. \ XXXVI.-GO WHERE GLORY WAITS THEE. MOORE. Thomas Moore was born in Dublin on the 28th of May 1779 His father was a grocer and afterwards barrack-master arDubl L The poet early manifested a talent for recitation and rhymin"' i']- .,. ^ , 206 Notes on Literature Sblbotions. I. ! appeared, and met with great success. It was followed by two volumes of original poems. Moore relinquished his intention of studying for the bar, and, through tliu iniluence of Lord Moira, procured, first the laureateship, whicli he held but a short time and afterwards the office of Registrar of the Admiralty Court of Bermuda. He soon transferred his new duties to a deputy how- ever, and, after travelling in the United States and Canada, prepared a new volume, which was published in 1806 under the title of Epistles, Odes, and Other Poems. About this time the poet composed the fii-st numbers of the Irish Melodies, from which the first two extracts are taken. On these beautiful lyrics Moore's fame largely rests. The poignant wit of his political satires and squibs, directed against the Prince Regent and the Tory party, gave them great popularity, though they stood in the way of his political advancement. The lon^.est and best known of Moore's poems is Lalla Rookh, an Oriental romance, which met with extraordinary success. His sacred poems, from which the third extract is taken, are also admirable. Moore wrote biographies of Sheridan, of Lord Byron, with whom he was intimate, and of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, as well as a history of Ireland and other prose works. He was an ardent Irish patriot, and was pressed to enter Parliament as a follower of O'Connell, but would not consent to do so. Financial diffi- culties beset him during the greater part of his life. In 1835 he was granted a pension of £300 per annum by the Whig Govern- ment. He was married in 1811 to Miss Elizabeth Dyke an actress, and died on February 26, 1852. His last years were clouded by a mental affliction, brought on by domestic trouble Page 214.-Thi8, like the rest of the songs adapted to the Irish Melodies, was written, as Moore himself explains, with a political meaning, at a time when it was hardly safe to manifest openly much Irish patriotism. The m«, presented as a maiden appeal- ing to her lover, is Ireland persJUpd. The melodious verse is •0 simple that comment wouyif^neFAlly, be superfluous. By the star, i.e,, under the light of the star. f 1< Notes on Lttkratxjre Selections. 207 Page 216. Her who wove them.-The idea suggested is that of a chaplet, woven by tlie hands of the loved one. This, again, suggests the flowery dales of green Erin. The student will do well to trace the method that runs through the stanzas, and observe that they are not mere rhapsodies without plan or order. The patriot abroad is exhorted to re- member his country in the hour of his fame, and amidst his dearest joys; in his evening stroll; at the close of summer- amid^j ine decaying glories of autumn; beside the blazing hearth, and when he is listening to music. , XXXVII.— DEAR HARP OP MY COUNTRY. In darkness I found thee. -In the preface to the Melodies Moore gives the credit for preserving the old national airs of Ireland tr Mr. Bunting, who, in 1796 and following years, pub- lished some volumes of them. Moore's own part consisted in writing the patriotic odes adapted to the melodies. The cold chain of silence. -The author quotes in a foot-note the following line from "that rebellious but beautiful mm ' When Erin first rose' "— "The dark chain of silence was tliiown o'er the deep." He explains that the chain of silence was a sort of practical figure of rhetoric among the ancient Irish. Page 216. The warm lay.— Note the variety of lays referred to in this stanza. If the pulse, etc.-Note how rffcdestly the poet disclaims personal merit in order to enhance th^^^^aises of his conntrv The sweetness was in the harp, not the performer, and found i"ts response in the hearts attuned by patriotisui, not captivated by poetic skill. XXXVIII. -COME, YE DISCONSOLATE. Come, ye disconsolate.— This beautiful and familiar hymn is one of a number of saored songs written at diflferent times and .* 208 Notes on Litbraturb SELEciioys. collected by the poet himself. The words of the refrain in the last line are familiar as household words in all places where religious consolation is offered to the sorrowing. XLVI.-THE BRIDGE OF SIGHS. HOOD. Though Thomas Hood does not rank with the great poets, three of his poems are among the best known and most perfect of their kind in the English language. These are the Song oj the Shirt, Eugene Aram's Dream, and this selection. Hood was born in London in 1798, and in 1821 entered on his literary career as sub-editor of «'The London Magazine." He was a brilliant humorist, as well as a master of pathos, and some of his writings show a curious mingling of the grave and the light. As a punster, Hood stood without a rival. He published for nine years "The Comic Annual," and was editor for a year of a periodical called «' The Gem." In 1838 he commenced the publi- cation of " Hood's Own," but his health failing, he was obliged to spend some years on the Continent. On his return he became editor of " The New Monthly Magazine." In 1844, was started Hood's Magazine," to the pages of which the humorist contri- buted till within a month of his death, which took place on May 3rd, 1845. A pension of £100 a year, which had shortly before been bestowed on him by Sir Robert Peel, was transferred to his wife. Among Hood's productions are Odes and Addresses to Great People, Whims and Oddities, Up the Rhine, and a novel called Tylney HalL The theme of this poem, almost unique in its pathos, was suggested by a real incident which came under the eye of the poet, the recovery of the body of a young woman who had com- mitted suicide in the Thames. This fact accounts for the in- tensely realistic character of some of the passaees. It is worth while to scan closely the metre "of the poem, and observe how strikingly it is adapted to the sentiment. Th« Notes on Litbbatueb S^blections. 209 prevailing foot is a dactyl, and two dactyls make up the line,— as simple a metre as can easily be conceived of. The spondee sometimes takes the place of the dactyl, generally with good effect. There are several instances of anacntsis, or the intro- duction of a redundant syllable at th«» beginning of the line. Page 234. One more.— There is a peculiar pathos in these words, suggesting as they do that the dark tragedy and the misery of which it is the outcome are of no infrequent occurrence. Importunate. — Forcing admittance through death's portal. Too impatient to await her turn. I*ote the suggestiveness of the word. Take her up tenderly.— This and Ahe following stanza bring the picture very vividly before us. Cerements. — A cerement f cera, wax) « a cloth dipped in melted wax, and folded around the body in wnbalming. The force of the comparison is obvious. Mutiny rash and undutiful.—Muticf ajjainst whom, or what authority? Possibly against parental or moral restraint at some earlier stage, but probably the ide*, is mutiny against the law of Nature and God, which forbids to destroy one's own life. Page 235. F r all slips of hers.— Notmthstanding all her errors and sins, she was still a woman, and so had a claim on her brothers and sisters, as a member of the one great human family. Oozing so clammily. — Another of those realistic touches which make us almost see the dad spectaol«. See, too, the next stanza. Who was her father ? — Note the naturalness of the transition. After the first shock the mind is led to ask these queatioos. Next to the sadneps comes the myatery of the case. Alas I for the rarity. — Account in like manner, for this transition. Near a whole city full. — Full of what, homen or people? Feelings had changed.— Imagination now traces the history of the aad fall. s I' ,1 ;: ^ fli him -i -.Wl ., if, it I t, 210 NOTKS ON LlTBRATUBB SblboTIORBI By harsh evidence. -Stern proofs of miecondaot. tio!?h''^*^^ 'f^P^ quiver. -Expand into a connected deecrip. tion the story of this stanza and the next ^ JtTJ''' ■ °'''!''""^ ^'tarin^.-Note how the poet brin.a IS back again and again. a:.d compels us to «aze nnon th« harrowing reality. ^ "P"" *°® fh?'°^u ^" ^^"^^-Anything more touchingly appropriate l^iltd/^'^^^-^'^"^ described at the last cllu Z2;t ' LI.— HORATIUS. MACAULAT. Quarterly Magaz ne," and in 1S2t mn.]^ u- -^-nignts columns of "Th. ^^- T \i ^ ^'^ appearance in the M Z 7. li ^-^ "^^"'•gl^ Review" with his famous essay on Mi ton. lo this periodical he was, for nearly twenty years a distmgu^hed contributor. That Macaulay was a poetT'^o mean order is conclusively proven by his Lays 0} Ir^^t Ro2 a series of martial ballads, from which ,1 L:::t^:Z renown. Ihe fiist two volumes of his Hhtory of Ennland from the Accession of James II. appeared in 1848 tLTT/ attained great popularity, '^-hich "as stm fu threnwl by the publication of the third and fourth vo msTn 1855^ Macaulay entered Parliament in 18.S0 as an adheren of the Whig party, and rendered good service in the memorable struggle for reform then goinc on TT« =nf 1 ""^^^^^^^^ member for Lee.,,, „„, maHfor Ly!u 'B^tdTSt "■ *e Supren,, Council. He .em.fued iu lodi. L yeltd 4 Notes on Literature Selections. 211 his return was elected to Parliiiment to represent the city of Edinburgh. In 1840 he was appointed War Secretary, and in 1846 Paymaster-General. His liberal opinions, courageously expressed, cost him his seat in 1847, but five years later he was re-elected with no effort of his own. In 1849 Macaulay was chosen Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow, and in 1857 ho was raised to the peerage as Baron Macaulay of Rotliley. He died, somewhat suddenly, on December 28th, 1859, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Macaulay was a man of great learning and splendid intellectual power. In felicity of style and perfect mastery of trenchant, idiomatic English, he stands unexcelled, if not unequalled, among the prose-writers of the century. The science of historical criticism has made sad havoc with the foundation of truth on whicli the incidents described in this and many other ballads referring to the early days of Rome were supposed to rest. It has now been pretty clearly demonstrated that none of the legends of the ancient historians concerning the war with Porsena (or Porsenna) can be accepted as having any basis in fact. The truth is that Porsena completely subjugated Rome and compelled its people to do homage to him as their sovereign lord. But the want of a historical foundation does not mar the poetical effect of such a lay as that of Horatius, or render it any the less successful as an effort to reproduce the style and spirit of the old legendary ballads. The old Roman lay gives the story of the defence of the bridge by Horatius Codes ("the one-eyed ") substantially as here repro- duced. But Polybius gives quite a different version, making Horatius defend the bridge alone, and perish in the river. Macaulay supposes, with much probability, that there were two old Roman lays, one of them giving the story as Livy has handed it down, which is as we have it here. That version would com- mend itself to the people of Rome generally. The other, ascribing the whoio glory to Horatius, would be tiie favorite of the Hora- tian family. I ■:. -I: i ■ m r : i i I i ¥ 'I 213 Notes on Literature SBLEonowa o<"e hight •;;r.° '''""^° "•^"'°"'«^ -»«"-" »'- «««" TlTStinr day. -A day (or .a appointed „,ettog. Sardinia.— Locate and describe. of ^"ifnT/'' '^-^^ ^^" ^^*-* -y ^-'* - the scansion Traced from the right.-Like the Hebrew and PhcBnician. Page 249. Nurscia. -iNro.,.-„. the Etruscan goddess of fortune. reptlrd~taXTre'J:i*'^ T'^"^ '''' ^' ^*--' miles from Rome ^'"°'*' ^*°^"^« " ^^ ^'"ly 32 " °"» of i.i» peace plenty, a,ul repose. Thi. dream of Ztola" C-'' p";o,c^,,«:r.,t,:e^t^^^^^^ wards studied at Goltmgen, in Germanv ori- ! wro^arHeie. o. poUtiosVd litet:: L ^^^ t^^l^ became a victim to the L u\^. !' '° ^'' '**«^ y«^>« ''« tellect becameTaduXlZr^^^^^^^^ t'f ^'^ ^^'^^'^^ -" were spent iu London w./^u, * ^^'* ^"^""^ ^^ h'« lif« phiIoao'phica;a'^ttlt:^^t^^^^^^^^^ ^-- of great faculty, amounting almott ol" crL" '' Ztl " ""n'u'^''^ of difficult and profound fl. ? , ""'"^ °" *" ^^«'1« '-a., ^rts of:;;:r„trw.etr:::,-.7 ""™ -■"» listened to him «« *- «" ~- - ^ ■ " ' "^ C-^/'TCrsa^towe. aud to a sage. He died in 18^4, in his 62nd 1 •! *! M ' 1 %\i i 1 .X \ 'i '-i !■ I ? 1 21 r. NoTE« ON LtTRRATIRK SKLEfTIONS. year. Colon.Igo ch,l „ot pio.h.ce a very larqo amount of original poetry an.l a goo.1 .leal of what he did produce i« pronouS 'prosaic and artificial." but " the rcsiduo," Hayn a cW ,c -t o he h„he«t order of n.erit. No poet ever ^volvedL ':;,,;: J melody fo thm day he stan.ls alsc. in the front rank o philo- aophical critics. He died at Highgate in 1834. ^ In order fully to understand and appreciate this ode it is necessary that the student should have Tclear conce^tio ;f h t^me at which it was written, and the events which gave He to 1 These can be ga.Me.I only hy a study of tlie poet's life, especi- a^ y of h,s mental history in relation to the French RevoluLn ment of the great uprising in France, from which so much ha^l been expected into a military .lespotism, had destroyed his faith m the capacity of the French mind for self-rule, an.l of t le French revolutionary methods to secure it. But the coul of t le poe s ought may b. developed as wo proceed wit tie tul of the several stanzas. The ode was written in 1797 or 1798 I. This first stanza is an apostrophe, one of the loftiest forms of poetic composition, but at the same time one of the most dZer ous, because of the ease with which any writer save one of tei g mus. who attempts it m,y prove how narrow is the space whTh divides the sublime fron. the ridiculous. The highest foTm of the poet addresses himself to inanimate natural objects. The 8tu,lent will not fail to observe that each of the obiects- douds. w.ves. woods, sun. and sky, on which the poe t Is to witness the sincerity of his worship of ' divinest Liberty ' is de scribed and addressed as itself emblematic of that liberty It wi 1 be a profitable exercise to form a definite oiftline or word-picture of the scene in the midst of which tt poet eih" uay. etc. All the necessarv material J" fncrJ-J-^r! u m „ i-iia. ... junionea lu the scauza. NOTKH ON LiTKRATURE SkLK(TIONs. 21? obs^ul'''Cw,.T°''' ^^-'^'"■^"--.«-..unaticalIy. a little ot)8tur«. In wi.at Hen.,. ,« tl.e uor.l ,v,/;«.,/ use.l, an.l with wl.at »>« when eta Tlie ,l„pe woul.l ,eo,„ t„ |,o that of » Mlv IZTcmlT 1 "■": '°"-"'"" "'" '°''' -"' "--Ho.pt: poses ot cultivation towards the base. ana luterto";r'"~''''r\ *'' "'«'^* ''« «*'" *''« -«-'« -''«« Beloved of God. -The idea is probably that of a relidous poses of religious meditation, an.l represented by the poet L they were no doubt regarded by their superstitic^is con e nl Where, i.e. in which, in the wood described. Inspired beyond the guess of folly. -Drinking in an fnspira- tion from these dim shapes and wild sounds, of wtch the sup r f5c,al, foolish multitudes can have no conception ^ II. And with that oath.-Has oafh reference to some particular act or crisis m the breaking out of the Revolution, or is th word introduced merely .to complete the personification \ Unawed I sang. -The reference is probably rather to senti .ents scattered here and there through^is wrings than tl a^ A Slavish band.— Who were they ? ;: I: m 218 fSoTBS OV IjTTERATTTRE ^ELECTIONS. J I „ J* IP The Monarchs marched. -What monarchs joined the eoali- tion against France ? Yet still . . . sang defeat.-Invoked defeat for all, including even his own nation, who fought against France. Shame too long delayed. -Explain meaning and grammatical relation. For ne'er . . . with partial aim. -He did not suffer even patriotism to make him wish for any half-way measures, or par- tial success, for the revolutionists. III. "And what. . . though Blasphemy's," etc. -Explain the features of the Revolution here alluded to. Ye Storms. -Note the beautiful metaphor which explains, more forcibly than any mere description could have done, the source of the poet's confidence. Just as the rising sun often dispels the storm-clouds gathered in the east, so the spirit of Liberty would soon quell the disorders which showed themselves in loud blasphemy and drunken revelry. The dissonance ceased. -The allusion is, of course, to the death of Robespierre and the end of the terrible regime of the so-called "Committee of Public Safety." When France, etc. -France triumphantly beat back all her invaders, and in turn successfully invaded the territories of some of her assailants. Insupportably.— In what sense is this word used ? How does that differ from its usual applicF.tion ? Domestic treason crushed.— Explain the allusion. Then I reproached my fears. -On what were these fea-s based, and why would they not flee ? The glimpses, the excesses, and outrages committed had given him an insight into the characters and motives of those who had brought about the Revolution, and the nature of the insurrections in La Vendee and Brittany, etc., had created a distrust which could not be shaken off. JVoTEs ON Literature Selections. 2i» IV. From bleak Helvetia.-The Helvetii were the ancient in habitants of Switzerland. ancient in- Fi'c^L!'Tf7"8T~^^^t"^^^^ ^^^ "°* °— ^y the written in that year. Freedom is groaning because of the wounds It has received in Switzerland at the hands of the French Tho very people to whom the poet had been looking to « to coleUhe natK,ns be free. ' had invaded and conquered the freeZ-1 v^g' Swiss, slaying some and driving others wounded to the fastness f of their snow-clad mountains. Well might the poet crave Fe dom s pardon for having sung the praists of the French of te Revolution as her votaries. ^ Inexpiable. —Define and ex plain . And patriot only.- « Patriot ' i. used with adjectival force strtr T''°"' *°"^-Her patriotism was wholly of the de- structive type-manifesting itself in doing injury to o'^her nations. Frlfot ^'"'r',^"f ""^^ Dark. -The poet's disappointment in the Fiench people leads him to reflect more deenlv Hp n J whTth'f °" ^T '' ^"^^^^^^ °">^ ^^ '^^^''^^o 1 IZZl t; that the slaves of ignorance and sensuality cannot be made freemen by any political revolution. tho^ughf°" ■ ' ' ^"""^^ P°wer.-Explain clearly the two-fold Alike . thou speedest. -Do you recognize in 'Priestcraft's harpy minions,' and 'Blasphe„,y's obscener slaves,' any spel reference to the at.te of France at the time of the ievofution ' Harpy. ^Explain derivation ^rid forpe in this oonneotion. 220 NoTKs ON Literature Sei.icctioks. On that sea-cliff's verge.— Compare witli objects apostro phized in first stanza. We append, by permission of the writer, Mr. J. E. Wetherell, M.A., Principal of Strathroy Collegiate Institute, the following,' contributed by him for onr use in the Canada School Journal some five or six years since : — 1. " France is a misnomer." Why ? 2. Wliy was the ode first styled " The Recantation " ? 3. Give the ode a suitable title. 4. Show from internal evidence that the date of publication, 1798, given in sevei^al edioious, is wrong by a year. 5. " The prelude 'is magnificent in music, and in sentiment and emotion far above any other of his poems, nor are the last notes in- adequate to this majestic overture." Quote the last notes and the majestic overture. meVly-tut tfe tt."^^'' °^'~''°' '^'^ "^"'^ Prominent personage How does the intrusion of the poet's personality affect (1) our in- terest in the poem, (2) our estimate of its merit as a work of art ? 7. "^he ode revolves upon itself and is circular." Explain the statement. ^ *u^l ^'iT *l!!;*^*^® versification of this ode is not as elaborate as that of the Ode to the Departing Year." What is the only devia- tion from perfect parity of structure in the respective stanzas? iJoes mere poetic overflow account for this deviation ? I. 1. In stanza V, the poet says : — "a ^i^' ^'"^® I s*""^ ^^^ gazed, my temples bare, And shot my being thro' earth, sea and air, O Liberty ! my spirit felt thee there." In stanza I. is nature seized at a {)articular period ? (Compare night-birds singing " witli " rising sun.") ^ 2. Has the use of different tenses in lines 1 and 16 any special SL'^rred ") ^ "^' ' ^^^^^ ^°^* ''"^ P*""'^ ' " " ^^ ^^"""^^ or^'o^S'/'"'^**^ »^«2/ control." Does " may " indicate ^amimo/i 1 !•• " It^^ homage only to eternal laws." Show that this line em- bodies the essence of true liberty. 5. "A man beloved of God." Show that the " man beloved of God " (tlie Hermit) in The Ancient Mariiur is just such a keen observer of nature as is here aeacnb«d. ;ts apostro Wetherell, 3 following, ool Journal Notes on Litekatukb SKLtrnoNs. 221 publication, itiment and iSt notes in- tes and the i personage ; (1) our in- of art ? Sxplaiu the [aborate as aniy devia- i stanzas? (Compare ny special Ye Clouds wrmisszon is line em- id of God" i observer 6. " Inspired beyond tlie guess of folly By each rude shape and wild unconquerable sound " of 'cXfesTet;." °' *'"" '''''' ^" -^-^^^"^ «- drift of n.uch Quote the famous parallel passage of Wordsworth's : ^o me the meanest flower," etc ^^7. p,scnminate between " blue rejoicing sky " and " blue-rejoicing 8 " I have still adored the spirit of divinest liberty." spadtuVtC^ ir^^^tSuallv'dis'^ emphasi.es the truth that sual...^bytheiownco^^;^£^^^ ( O Liberty ! my spirit felt thee there.") n. 1. Howdid the " National Oath " smite " n.v .o.fi 2. What was " the wizard wand " Zl Ta 1 ' ^""^ '"'' " 3. " Dear her shores and circhng ocean '' "°'^"^'^ ' to?iL°Se*XC'w''"°" °' ^^« "-°*J^- -le" ^rom the "Ode these'l^jSons!^^ light »-« Damped thy flame." Distinguish mfanfnf^ '' *^^ "^°^* P*^""^ l-« of the stanza ? Explain it, patZ^'lZ^ff ^'"'' ^°^^^ ^°^ ^m^^^a^^on, u>kehn, circling, m. 1. Point out the peculiar aptness of strove (1.2) and wove (l 3) Show frr.^^-r"' *'^'^" ^'«^ "^« -^-^«'« dream " ^ ^ ^' wfl'd7an\^r^.%t;S^^ tl^'^^i}5 *?b^^ «*^«"^'' ^^- dream.) i^ream, d. Wilder than a maniac's 3. " The dawning east." What figure ? 4. What does the Sun symbolize? what the storms ? Bent mfaning ? ^'' *^^ etymology of " front " discover its pre- ^^^^SSl^.e^%.S^s^7Z%J^^ charge agai.t 7. "While timid looks of fury glancing repi^serJa'i'v^'fiue ^^^einti'vrirf'i" *i'i%P--g« Pope's famous womidccl .aake drags itsrw length lng"T'^ '"^^''^ ^'^' ■* Al •r ■' ! 222 NOTKS ON LlTURATTKE SELECTIONS. IV. 1. " Bleak Helvetia's icy cavern. " Is it more natural to make " rftvprn » v^f„« J. o •.. place of refuge for freedom" J^lih \ ■ *? Switzerland as " a country? ^ irceaom, or to the physical appearance of the 2. " Spot with wounds." Explain !' << ,^" •J^^^^l^^"*-" What was the inlieritance ? " with -^^SprylPd"?- '''''''-" ^" "'"^^ «f the following ways is IH u® \tained the table with acid. ^ (2.) He struck the table with force, o. Quote the apostrophe to France. 6. How is France " patriot in pernicious toils " ? .uit ? ^° ^"'"^* *^^^ ^^"'^^ °^ I^il'^rty." What constitutes the in- V. oU,I%fod? »P°""P''»'> "> Liberty ,„ common .„o„e poel, 3 Ei!,S! f'™',°"°" >"■"■« to F™»» a heavier chain ? plfe..!;?sfSe'°""'"°°' '° "1'™*=""'= minion," .„d "BI.,. ..fa;ff.t\Ze-j;feSsitSur2^t:"„ti^^^^^^^ LXXXII.-HERVE RIEL. liODE/il BBOWAfXG. in mr^^TZ "" '"■" '" C-^^--«»' London, England, i ., ' "''*'°" ^''"^ °^*^'"^^ •« ^ somewhat irrLla - o "sb 'r; ^ ''^* "'"°' ^"' P^^^'y from private tutors hI wa for a short tur . at the University of London, but he comp Lrd no regular University course. His poetical talents maS d very fond of Byron s works, but as he grew older he conceived a fondness for the writings of Shelley and Keats, an.l otl eTo7^1: school of writers, and there can be no doubt tliat tVi.. .-,«,!* »«.it. impre«« upon most of his later productions." thou,! i, >> 'Blas- NoTE.s ox Literatt;re Selk.^tions. 223 the one m question could have been nnf ;.,+ * ^semoiing understood, but whether th "Ly ho L t T ' .""l";"'' ""''^ could have been expres.^d in pi ner th n '' Th T'^' can be ascertamefl only by dint of closest stu.ly and t oult a d not .Iways even thus. Though it is yet too soon o as^ ' ," h.s proper and permanent place in the rank. , BritisT;? , IS pretty certain that his poetry will always occupy a verW^^^^^^^ expression, be very popular with the many. Amon/t ,0°! f i^ecember, 1889, and was buried in Westminster Abbey This stirring narrative poem tells its own tale based on n.. mcdent connected with the defeat of the Fr^. Z':;Z !. i 224 Notes ov Litbrature Sei.kction.s. ooit,W„o,l Knglfsh ,u,.l Dutch lleeti, m 11)92. LiHIo f, T.ft f„' « "ig li om the form of expres.ioii, aii.l to mi the stiulant ■„ „„! ho. graphic.,,,, a,, „i.h .,„„. „„„,„„„ Itt '; o7 e pot"^ all made to co„t,il,„te to the effeet of the „»r,ative rittre^-i^elfp^Icldrtr"' "fh' *^' "■"»«"""' Horn .,d v.gn.:„d :i:^:rjtT::^;,j:^ -and this » a short epic-the poet aelavs us with SI T, tio.., but plunges at once ,„ MeL, Z ° '°'''"''"" v^ZT Atfhr^"-T-'''*\'°" "'^°' ^^ '^^"^^y^^ - *hese three words. At the same time that they tell us the issue of the battle Uiey conten, a tribute to the prowess of the British 17/ I'mplv mg that no other result could have been expected. ^' ^'' fusfon.*"'""^*'**''"'^ "^"'''' °^ o'^oma^o;,^; expressive of con- Like a crowd, etc.-Study this effective simile Note the antithes. .n «W. and porpoises, arising from the strong^e ' trasted nature habits, and movements of the two species. Justify the omission of the relative. Justiry , ", I ^''' '"^P^' '' * ^^''^'fi^^ ^«^° standing on asmall sland 1 than three miles in circumference, which ifes near t shore and .connected with it by a causeway 650 feet long The harbour ,s spacious and safe when once entered, but ite enhance is narrow, and thickly studded with rocks and shallows. i is left for tlie i)scurities aris- lent in noting of the powers admirably the le length and 3sive lines are le thoughtful lining. Like epic-writers, no introduc- b point of the :Iish Channel opposite this iOok it up in ith Cape La insula. these three f the battle, avy, imply. ive of con- Note the rongly con- 38. Justify department on a small !S near the feet long, d, but its shallows. Notes on Literatuhk Selections. 225 'o triS' •'■':;! '""■*''^' '"^ ^^^ "■« ''^^ ^^- -- « tl H.1n It "'"''' '^^P*'^ "^ ^^'^*«'- f«'' «1"P« at high-tide Help the winners, etc-N^te the keen sarcasms in tins tnd following hues. Are they out of place in the mouth o the fleeing commander ? Give reasons for your an Je^ Rend H t:::^ -' °^-- - — - of r^L atli:: "clfZ T '■'I'^^r*^' ''''^' '° port-Compare Tennyson's bv port fetvmnl J,, Ti , ' * ^""^ """^ "^^^^ supersede.! aL' ::«tt„tr;;r::::r "°'"°""'' --'-"^ - *-'- Thmk to enter. -That is, Shall ,l,o think, etc. The omi„io„ tne occasion. It is also characteristic of Browning Now tis slackest ebb.-If this means it is now low-tide the »o.aBes„eto;hee:rzr„:t?r:rr;;r ■'■■-■' Not a ship will leave. -Every one will be w,eok«l Bnef and bitter. -What figure » Breton. -A native of Brittany, or Bretagne. Wille.-The celebratcl French adniiral who wae com :=X:',:?o::,:xs:r/r^^^^^ re 226 Notes ox LiTKRATiruR Sklkotions. W'9 ■ go is more estioii, as lid hardly ime. Or lerstood. le latter. forms of I hardly iu view >spect of 3 to the t'ivea or Notes on Litrkature Selections. 227 surpj, it. °' "'° '""»'"■"«» "»"1'> "Pply nothing to Let France's king.-Wlici was lie ! The speaking hard—Why ham? Explain. The dut/s done.-The brave seaman has hut ,|„„e his ,l„i;' an! makes l.gl.t „f the exploit. It „,s nothing toa • ! » before a fa,r wind to one who knew the channel 1 T^^A the contrast betw.e , the al ,1 r/th! """ ■""'! T'^'""' .rrt:^rhtr-o7r ,1^ ti;:;r:r* ™r - •>"'- head „t a flshug.smack in iriike fes TlTl T" ", "'='»"■ contest. ^ ^ '' ''^" ^' ^ P"^« i" ««•"« athletic Flung: Pell.mell.-Hu„g without special order or system. Louvre—The national picture-gallery in Pari« Tu evidently thinks it a shame that fL17 ^^^ P°^* to commemorate Herve R l' 1!^ , J" S^ ^'"''''^ °' ^'"*"^ poem to supply the lack, ^fl^ ::t:^:\^:2"^ fr ''' a more lasting memorial. "'"'^ '' '' '" P^'ov^ I 'I '"H -'» ^fiVf ii^H ■i > » J^^^^^^l ii ' ■ 1 ■1 l!:^^| ' ^'ifll 1 1' 228 Nr)TES ON LiTEKATrKK SKLECTIONb. i i ! XXXII. -COM PLAINT AND REPROOF. COLEniDGK. These two stanzas contain a wealth of soun.l philosophy. The ftr.t and chief tiling requisite in their stu.ly i.s to comprehend the n.eaning an»th of h , experience and thought while th„, encaired He appear, to have aheady conceived the an.bition. ,eZf oi and religious freedom. During twenty years (1640 irwim T produced in swift succession a sfries of U:Zjr^!!Z^: passed. In 1649 he was appointed Latin Secretary to Cromwel > ot' oT K/r ^T^' ''-' ''''' ''' ^^-"^ Defence of "; itople of England. H.s Letters of State during th.s period were remarkable documents. Some of *Kem esnecialiv th! , relatprl tr, +v,^ ^„ .• . , ' ^^P^^ialiy those which elated to the persecution of tiie Waldenses. entitled him to the asting gratitude of all lovers of freedom. It was while enled m these labors that he becan.e perfectly blind Wi h fh^ Restoration he found himself remanded toob'curiyan]pove.^^^ He now dictated hi. immortal epic, Paradise Xo. 'for whTch h^ h 230 NoTKS OV lilTKUATtlHR J^KI,K(TIONS. received at first live poiiiiiLs, nfterwards thirteen more— cigiiteeii in all. It wan pnhlislied in Hi()7 in a small volume sold at three Hhniings. Paraiihe Jfiijaived and Sdnmon Aijoimtm followed in 1071. Among his numi-rous other works we siioiiM mention hiH A rcoiimjitka, a Spachjor the l/,h,rty of Unlkeiised I'rintinn, whieh is by many deemed his mas-terpieco in prose, and his Sonneln, which some consider the finest in the language. Ho was thrice married, but was not very happy in his domestic relations. He died in 1(574. In 17.17 a tablet was erected to his memory in Westminster Abbey. w This is the month.— This ode, which has been pronounced by so competent a ciitic as Hallam, "perhaps the finest ode in the English language," was written, or at least partly written, on Christmas Day, 1G29, wlien the author was but 20 years of age. Our deadly forfeit.— That is, our forfeited lives, the forfeit of which death was the penalty. A species of metonymy. II. Unsufferable.— In Milton's time both vu and in were used as negative prefixes. Wont.— For older form woned, preterite of A. 8. loone., to be accustomed. Wonted is a double form, Trinal Unity.— The three in one, Father, Son, and Spuit, always named in this order, with Son in the midst or middle place. III. Say, Heavenly Muse.— The influence of his classical studies is everywhere present in Milton's writings. Following the order of the great Greek and Latin epics, lie first states his theme, then invokes the muse. The tiieme being sacred, the hmvenly muse is invoked. The Sun's team untrod.— The allusion is, of course, to the classical conception of Tiio bus Apollo, the sun-go"»'■' W">.™f then ta,oy thomsel tT"""" " "'" """"">'■ °"'l ^.1, [;-" -e ft a,.,,:;: ::;,'';r r>;:!:i;;r;„ -' ;:;: -» - tl.at possil.ly the time fixed in ti,o n.o "''-'"• ^'"« «»««est8 -"ilar reference, inste.1 I in^ ^ rf,!^"^'^ "^'^^^ ''-« ^ fenced at so early an ho.,r. ^ P°"" '"^^ ''^^i" Star-led vrizards.-Wizard (wm-ard) „ , • v sense <.f a ,vi.o nun. Spender uses tT 1 ' '" '^ P™''^' <'^'«en. IV. xii. 2 "six L-.,„ ^ T^.' ",V''^«'^'"e sense: /am> of the tenninltSn aZj^''' °''' ''''^^^ ^ ^'^^ "«-! force Irrc;^:"tnr"^^'^ ^"^yougiveotherexamples. Secret altar . . . fire.-Se. Lsaiali, vi. 6, 7. The Hymn. her robea of beauty a ^Xest hl-^f" '' '' ' '"'""'' sympathy With ti,eLr,ws , d s'Zf '" "T""'"« ^-•^. i" lot of the new-born child/ler L ! f, "'"' """^ *'^ ''^ *'^« mar it by raising the question wb.' 1 ""* '"'''^^ ^^"« *« take place dunn'g the STelf'^^her^*'"^ "' "^'^^ mi..l an Engiisb. not a PalestLTn winle'^ '" ' "'''^""^ '^ ''^ Pollute—Old form for wo/;„i'). 232 Notes on Litekatuke Selections. III. UnZ Ir'" f° "^^^•-^^-'^ "««d transitively with causal force. Crowned with oHve.-The olive is an evergreen tree, seldom jnore than thirty feet in height. It is a nativf of Asia ttugT It has been naturalized in the south of Europe. It has been regarded m all ages as an emblem of peace and plenty The turning: sphere. -The poet conceives the atmosphere and the space surrounchng the earth as forming a part of the sphere and revolving with it. Can you see that the use of the epithet .™.^acids in any way to the beauty or force of tl,e pLu. His ready harbinger. -A harbinger is, strictly, one who pro- vides or assigns a lodging; hence, one who goes before to secure odgings, a messenger or forerunner. There is a beautiful thought wrapped up in this conception of Peace as -the ready harbinger" of the Maker. ^. Withturtlewing:s.-Thatis,intheformofaturtle.dove. The dove has been almost universally regarded as an emblem of inno- cence and peace, and as such celebrated by poets. It was in the liken^^of adove that the Spirit descen/eJ upon 0^^:* at h': Her myrtle wand. -The myrtle has always been a great favor- e tMr It ''^'"^' '°^'"' '^^"*""^ green'coloi^^ra sweet odor It was in ancient times sacred to Venus, goddess of love and was regarded as a symbol of peace and joy ^Hence a wand of myrtle would be a fitting sceptre for '< meek-eyed IV, Hooked chariot.-A chariot with scythes projecting from the axlea, anciently used as a war chariot by the Celts With awful eye. -With eye full of awe, not as is the more usual meaning, inspiring awe. Whist. -H«shea us of the moon. It is derived from Mount Cynthus, i„ called Cynthus). and of Diana, goddess of the moon, "must^ff^^ ""ion. -The allusion is, no doubt, to the fabled coXr. • "^"'"\ ^'' ^■'"'^■'' ^'^'"'•'^ ""Hi^t be supposed to control their motions and hold them in union, NOTRS ON LiTERATrRE SelE.TIONS. ^ I. .' i! 236 XI. A globe of circular lie-ht rv^; • The shamefaced night. -Why sh»met««e,l • gencie,. We know noth.' "° """"'"f ''""'only intelli- distinction. Scripture to warrant ,uch a the":: JZ''!,-;,': *' •-- «' »«"-*. Warton .„i„ka "The fair, the chaste, and unexpressive she." XII. Sons of Morning.-See Job, xxxviii. 7 Welt'ring: (A.S. weaKan, to roll). -Rolling. XIII. Shakespeare W n^^lnl^;;:, ^ S;! .^^ J^^^ ^^ ten heaved b"he ;:;":"' 'T"'^"'''"^ "'^«'^' -"^^-^ "^ heavenly m^idc bvT ^ '^ ^ "'""""^ ^''^' ^"^ Pr°^l»<=ing intervalLr/dinX ria^'Tr*' ^'"^ '^"'^ ''''''^^^' '' Bcale. Some find n ! 7n ^""'"^' ''^ * ^"'^^""^ '""^''^-l revolutionsof th« , • ' '^ harmony" au allusion to the wheels, Milton's ''wheel of Ta^a^d n t .-T""r" f"'" "^ 135, constituting a ninth wh^.f So t^e Lt '" T ''"'' ""' the Reader exDlaina Tf . " '• , "^ °^ ^''^ ""<>«8 *<> ■: J •[ f it PI f 1 .It 236 Notes on Litkuatuke Selkctions. XIV. The age of Gold.— The ancient poets regarded the liuman race as degenerating, and celebrated the ages of the past as ages of gold, of silver, of brass, and of iron. The age of gold was, of course, the age of innocence and unalloyed happiness. Speckled -vsimty. —Speclcled is probably used in the sense of spotted \vith disease. XV. TiUth and Justice -The classic poets represented the goddess of Truth as having loft the earth after the golden age, in con- sequence of men's unworthiness. The student should realize clearly the beautiful imagery of this and other stanzas, and dwell upon them till he fully appreciates their poetic splendor. Like glories wearing.— Like, that is, to those which Truth and Justice wear,— the orb or halo of rainbow tints .about their heads. XVI. Ychain'd. — The // is an old English prefix to participles. A corruption of the Anglo-Saxon ije. Yet first.— Before what ? Wakeful trun^p.— See I. Cor. xv. 52; I. Thes. iv. 6. XVII. Horrid clang. — Note the onomatopoetic words. Aghast,— What other spelling of this word V Which is etymo- logically correct ? Old Dragon.- Rev. xii. 4. XVIII. XIX. Runs through, etc.— What period of time is referred to in this stanza ? Apollo from his shrine. -The shrine of Apollo, at Delphos, or Delphi, was the seat of the most famous of the ancient oracles. Delphi (now Castri) was a small town on the declivity of Mt. Parnassus, in Phocis. The temple was erected over a fissure or small chasm iu thu rock, from which arose fiom time to time a mephitic vapor which seems to have had an intoxicating effect ;he human tast as ages )ld was, of le sense of he goddess .ge, in con- Lild realize and dwell or. lich Truth .bout their ciples. A I is etymo- rred to in telphos, or it oracles, ty of Mt. b fissure or to time a ting effect Notes on Literatitue Sklrction's. 237 upon those who inhaled it. Over this opening a tripod was placed, on which the "pale-eyed" priestess, Pythia, took her seat when the oracle was to be consulted. In the "trance," or de- lirium produced by the vapor, she uttered words which were taken down by an attendant and given as the answer of the oracle. These words were often arranged, with studied ambiguity, so as to be capable of alternative interpretations, to suit the event. Hence the poet's epithet "deceiving." This stanza seems to refer to a myth which represented Apollo as leaving his temple with a shriek of despair on the birth of our Saviour. XX. The parting genius.— PartiiKj in the sense of departing, in which sense it was frequently used by the poets. The poet "goes on to describe the fancied effects protluced by the coming of Christ upon the genii or spirits with which the imagination of the ancients peopled groves and streams, and every part of the natural world. All these genii are driven out by the great event of all time, and depart with weeping and sighing, or with "loud lament. " The nymphs of the woods and the springs are specially referred to in this stanza. XXI. Lars and Lemures.— The Lur^ or Lares were the guardian deities of the household. The Lemures were the restless spirits or ghosts of departed ancestors, who were regarded with terror rather than with trust. Both were objects of worship. In urns, and altars round.— The urns were the receptacles in which the ashes of tiie dead were preserved. Affrights the Flamens.— The Flame,is were properly a class of Roman priests, but the word is here used for priests generally. Metonymy. The chill marble.— The marble statues of the gods are represented as sweating in their perturbation and grief at being compelled to leave their wonted seats. XXII. Peer, and Baalim.— The poet here enumerates several of the "peculiar powers" reierred to. Peor or Baal-Peor was one of the Phceuiciau deities included in the generic name Baalim. ii\ 1 1 233 N,)TK» ON LlTERATURB SbI.ECTIONS. The twice-baller'd g-od " o«™„ k:. the reference ,„ ,»■..*„„ '^te iTsZX °''' '' *"'■ "'' «oa,,e. Of the .„„,„ . t.Cr;:7;:,1*:;;;''' - ^•"-. wild i^ar orCn l^^^Tl '"'^^ "" """ '""'«' ''^ " »very year. Thi" ma^° ' , ""', '""™'' '■"■ "' ■""""'» »' xxni. god of the Ammorite, Hew *""" "' *'°">""« ■" <-he burnedaUve. Zjl™* .^.^ST'"''' ^^ '"™" -■««™. wh^:trSid°L-T"*;i.-''«' "- " W'ow b™.e„ idol, .Jt'erh^-;:'zt7':;:n^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ™X'r:red":^L°vi,.f ;te r' °' '^^ ^«^^"- <>»'«- of some of .he low" aatal " """'' "'""'^ "' '■' ?«• %^r^ro;-^:;™:i-j--2™.a,dei„^^ the epithet ■• br„«,„ » 1°! .T* .*"; >"°_»"'l the ,„oo„. From wuh .,,. .ho ~ wo;:, -p'^rrd:::;!:';::.: :f::r °'«' Notes on Literature Selections. 239 XXIV. Sacred chest.— The "worshipped ark" in which the sacrerl utensils used in tiie worship of the god was kept, Sable-stoled sorcerers.— The black-robed priests who carried the ark. They claimed powens of magic or divination. XXV. Dusky eyn.—Ei/n is an old form of the plural of eye. Typhon huge.— Typhon, in the Egyptian mythology, was a son of Seb (Chronos) and Nut (Rhoa). He was the tliird of five children, of whom Osiris was the eldest, and Isis the fourth. He often appears on the monuments in the form of the crocodile, the hippopotamus, or the ass. In the earliest times he was a lighly venerated god, but in later times Ins worship was aban- doned, his name and figure were obliterated from many of the monuments, and he camo to be regarded as a hostile deity, and eventually was given a bad preeminence as the embodiment of all that is evil. He became, in short, the Egyptian Devil, the opponent of all good and the adversary of Osiris. The student of classics will compare the Greek Typhon with the Egyptian. XXVI. Pillows his chin.— Warton could not recall the use of cliin in old poetry with dignified associations, but Masson quotes several instances, e.g. : "Jove shook his sable chin," in Chapman's Homer. The yellow-skirted fays. —The fays or fairies, generally represented as dancing in tlie moonlight. Night-Steeds.— Cf. Paradise Lost, ii. 662. XXVII. Youngest-teemed star.— The new-born star which guided the sages from the east tc *.he manger in Bethlehem. Hath fix'd.— Write a note on the true meaning and the abuse of the verb^fa;. The courtly stable.— The stable now changed by its royal tenant and his angel ministers into a kingly palace. l%\ t-;*' Ii I ^^■iO Notes ox Litekature Selections. XVIII.__RULE, BRITANNIA Ode f, -en Alfred, a Masque, ly Jamus THOMSON. Explanatory. personified. The personlal f i^"^*^^ "'™« ^^ Britain «'.ielcIa„dtndentorro 'rb" oil ;'"" " ' "'^'"^'^ ^^^^ 'lates as far back as tl. t me of r1 ^ ' "' """^ '^""«^ -»«. Azure n,n- < .r °^-^^«»'^« supremacy in England. 'chief,' «gre!r'~alf"' T" °"^'"^"y ^ ^^J^ot-e meaning 'sea' IS very frequent. Cf.- for the CT»«„, a document f,om a ,1"!/ 't° '°'' '" '''°'""' nations not so blest Mncf 4. a. makes this statement, jidg^"! from Z "^'^"^ ^^^^'~'^^' P°«* which fell from freedom t^n , ' °^ ^•"^'^"* ^''^e^e. which, from a great Zblo^ ' 'T '" ^"^ ' °^ ^^'"^ hi. successors ^'^f theTt^: 'rTr *'' ?"-^ °' ^"^-*- -^ tyranny of princes, tc Has ZT'^: "'r' ^^^"'^ ""^^ ^^e ^ *- , -"^^t^e prophecy been fulfilled V .0 oa'r?. tf™Vit»',";«:rj*%!f ' "P"" 'he oak than go more .leepjy than n,„st oth"; W. °' "^ '"''•'■:'» to OrfarBJLr'"^'" "''' '"'''°«'"«' "">"«'' ""' exelnsively, (s»e™.i„,hea thei/;L:,r «;:,!:;"" '"*""'-"' '«"^ The rural r«j„.--s„p,.e„,„ey i„ agneuJtnre. Notes on Litekatuke Selections. 241 All thine shall be the subject main.—' Subject' has liere :he force of a predicate adjective. ♦ The sea shall be thine and sub- ject to thee. ' The Muses.— In classical mythology tlie Muses, in number from three to nine, were the divinities regarded as inspiring the songs of poets apd the strains of musicians. Here the name is figuratively used (Rhet. 2) to mean ' literature, art, science.' Still with freedom found.— Ever found in free countries. ' Still ' for ' ever ' is frequent in older English. Cf . : " Thou oallest ine up at niidiiipht to fetch dew From the still- vexed Bermoothes (the ever stormy Bermudas)." — Shakupere, Matchless beauty. — Figuratively (Rhet. 2) for beautiful women. Gen KRAI. Exercise. 1. What is the theme of liule, Britannia as a whole? 2. What part of the theme does the first stanza contain, and the second, and the third, etc.? 3. What spirit pervades the poem? 4. Is it a spirit characteristic of EnglLslimen ? 5. Is it your ideal of wiiat constitutes great national senti- ment? 6. What other poems show a similar spirit? 7. How do you account for English feeling towards the sea ? 8. Have we Canadians any poems indicative of national feeling? 9. Does the poem appear to you to be written with vigor? If so, point out what you consider to be forcible lines. (See Appendix I.) Read also "England," by T. B. Aldrich, H. S. B., p. 419. Rhetoric. 1. Figures of Similarity.— In the sentence That soldier Jig hts like a lion, we depart from the plain matter-of-fact statement, That soldier fights bravely, and such departure is made for the sake of more effective expression. Deviations from liberal state- ments of facts for the sake of greater effect are called Figures OF Speech. We are able to say, That soldier fights like a lion because of a certain resemblance in bravery between the soldier and the lion. So also. That xoklier is a lion in battle. So also, we may speak of the angry sea, the bellowing winds, the threatening clouds, because of a certain resemldance to persons who are angry. '■ »i 242 Notes ox Literatukk Sele. tion.s. animals i «» « qncon inii,,,. ti,e sea, Z'i Z'"' ■'" '?"'' ''"''■''' "' " °°"""-y n^L'Strrr'''^ '"" '"="'"^ °' '^- ""•"^'» oon.pa.0.,, 'ee.t,^:.f':r.r';:;;;:r'';t *•-:" " p--' ^^^nificatiL, eha.„n,g the o^ect into a person : I^ule, Other figures of ..HaHty are the AUe,or,, FaMe, an., P„,..,„ 2. Thou Shalt flourish 3 7 tCV'~' S"^*^' Britannia! but to root. 4. Attempts to ben tt"^ ^^'^'* '^'^^'^ thy generous flame. 6 The nrll •'' '^'''^i'- ^' Arouse ^^^^^^'^ZVt^::':^ -^ -pressions as: the plain, matter-of-fact statelnrM^ ^''' ^«^'^*'«»« from ^-«^^2. ./«/>., etc, Thecevattn ; ''"'''* *'''"^^' « ^'^^ "/ lance, for the water is nttikHu"' '??"^^' "°* -« ^^ -semh- «lnp. It occurs on account o th ^ '' ""'' *'« ^'^» "'^^^ *»>« t-pityof theobjectstrvedi Ik^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^r^^^-' -- winter has to do with the year pff' "'^ '^ "«^^ the water; the of objects are :_ ^ ' * '^"'"^ involving the contiguity («). iT/e.PI ^ i V 'f. 244 Noms ox LlTEKATtRR SbleotIONs. XXIX.-THE LANf> 0' THK LEAL. LADY NAUtNE.' . , Explanatory. ay.''"'llX:':'^i:''^f " -- '"'r- Cf. "For eve, .„a f„. Sorrow's sel' wear<: ni.c.4. a atall'^^t.lr.M::^,.!:""^'''--"-' °<«-^ «.» way ,„. H«d ye le.I.-Koep ,h„M, ..<,„^. .„j deatJj regarded "> 4 Wht ^ •* ^P'"^ '» the approach of be or not to be " Pfn \. j S ^^^let look on death C' Trv fif- P- 386 «?4) and^L^Sn^^t^r-^'^^^^^^^^ • f-. Whence ia derived the view o?^/h°'^ ^ Resignation "). tamed in the present iTem v 7 rt V^"^ ^"*"^« ^"« °o°- fortmg thoughts thatare ted to «f t *H'°"«tout the com- we feel a personal interest ^nwhi^"* ^- H^^isitthat thoughts ofone unkioCto ^'^0^*7?^^^!:^% i« but the make us feel the nathos Z 1 ^- ^°^^ the use of dialect how the introducHnn I^f ^ *^® P°^'" more? 10 Fvnl!- *"" * * ■*^*^'<«^^^i^3iS55in;r=;i;i;s^ Notes o.v Litkuatukr Sklkotion.s. 245 IvHKTORIC. 3. Figures of Contrast. -There is a principle of t! . r. nd to b- o^^j., ,n such ix.ta„ces a. the cliHtinot.o.s of white c the bh^ckhoard. of the joy of the prisoner on being set . .e. and of the umd.d on recov.nng his health. This p,?nciple is ttat the i„„.d as more vividly affeete.l by an object or ea wt. another object or idea presents a contrast to it. This cont I ::rr^:i:^j::r^'------- in literrt oo^^:i:;:;trr^;pr::;.^^"^^-^^^^^ •| But work their woe and thy renown." "Thore's nao sorrow there, John There s neither eauld nor care, John, The d.'vy is aye fair ' In the' land o' the leal." The introduction of evil characters in company with noble in novels and dramas is but an extension of th.s figure. lUZ other passages in this poem are antitheses to be found ? Biographical. Cahcune OupiiANT (17(J6.1S4.3), by marriage Lady Naime ranks .fer Burns as the greatest writer of lyricfl poetry t^i by the Scottish muse. Of .lelicate sensibility even as a ch Id she early counted herself among the admirers of B. .s and wha; to take the place of the coarser lines in vogue in his dav in^nJrZl her to enter i„ the same work. The songs ^^^^Z^l^^"^ inga of hei hu.band (as m Wha'll he Kin, Lut Charlie?), pictures oi popular Scotch lifr taa i-. r- >■ j/ . . I'li-tures OomZ). ' ^ ^''""' ^^"■'•'"+ ^'"* ^'^'« ^"*« 0' u '. i tContaiwd in Chambers' Cyclopedia of English^Llteraturo: 246 NOIES ON LiTEKATURE SELECTIONS. XL—THE GLOVE AND THE LIONS. LEIOH HUNT. ExPLANATORy. King Francis — Francis I. of France (]4q4 ^nA>^^ rary of Henry VIIL of England. ^^^^^-^^^'^)> contempo- Royal sport.-A sport fit for kings to view. The crowning show—That finest of ail spectacles (Th, following line describes the show. ) spectacles. (The bea'J^tl'lJ^llei^^^- -^^ ''^'"'^'''^ ^- ^-- ^'^^ghts and Rorap'd—Leaped. -Browning. Laughing jaws-Referring to the distortion of the lion's lips of S ireL'i?'^-^^ ^^^'^ ^" ^^*^- *^^^ -^" give proof No love, but vanity, sets love a task like that. Not love, set tha'S^.ToTur&'. —Browning, General Exercise. '' ^2!nvS:tt^dTdistSLTa^*^r^*^^- ^^^ p-- the force of ''sharo bHahA ^'^ 1^. i'°''g«« ^^ve'? (show same," ' ^eat S'v will IT' ^^"'^^ ^'^^^^ ^^^"^ ^ the characterj^ 3 T^hat kin nf -I- ^'"^* ^s ind.cating her 4. J-tify^helci^g'f.Krult'rF^ht^^^^^^^ ^-"^^ ^^Con^pare Browning's poem, The Glove, treating of the same Rhetoric. Exercise. —Give tJie litera? -neanino' nf t\.^ t u ■ shew the peculiarities of expSon.„a,"etrf P''''""^^' ployed :— 1. Valor and Iovp nnrlTl/ u ^'^^ H^res em- beasts below. 2 G n o S.l t",i u'"^ *^°^«' ^^d the royal with their pawsT ''r':^^:^^\::::^.j,_^:-^^^ 5. No love, but vanity, sets lovl ; T.;^ llktlS ^'^ ^'"S* contempo- les. (The ights and ion's lips, ive proof e poem. '? (show m'd the ing her Count? le same hrases ; res em- le royal (1 went i king. Notes on Literature Selections. 247 4. Euphemism—Sometimes, for more effective expression we subs ,tute a mild phrase for what might literally be'egl dei a harsh and discordant. Speaking softly of Death, we may sa! using a metaphor) "the endless sleep ' of the fie;ce figh fng:' Such solid "'' "?^ ^""^ synecdoche), .'the lions'strove " Such softened expressions are termed Euphemisms. Biographical. Leigh Hunt was born m 1784, when the throbs of a new poetic life were being felt throughout Europe. Hs first lite ary nT^spZor'h^V^ ^^^ '' twenty-four! for tl. E^^l newspaper of which he was joint editor and owner. A democ at ZpS ^'"r' 'J""^' '" °°« °^ ^'« articlest splTo the Prince^gent as the "fat Adonis of fifty," a periphras^ hat landed its author in prison on a conviction of ifbel Th imprisonment, however, had its advantages. It procu ed fo his firm fuends. It enabled him to write The Story o/Himini a poem of merit great enough to place its author among tTe Lt names of his day. Freed from prison. Hunt again embarked o, the sea of journalism, sailing in many vessels, but wilhou Zv in / . ' """' ^^'' ^**^''«^' ^^hich he edited from Italy in conjunction with Byron. His quarrel with Byron er bittered hi, Byron and his Contemporaries, published in 1828 SeryTeth'fT'^, T' '^^"^ ^'^ P^"' '«*^ «^ P-- - ' did Tisst ■ ""^ Honey from Mount Hyhla. rI Hunt was not a writer who profoundly .tirred the world by his onginahty ; rather was he one who polished and ornamented ttdenT * f .' r *^'- ^^''' *^^"^"^^' °^ the delicacy and ful spirit of his essays, this may seem but scant justice for him whom Shelley spoke of as "gentlest of the wise." i fa, L 248 Notes on Literature Selections. J^ «:r '^t :M ,.: ,.|i p I] '4 p 4 LIV.— MY KATE. ELIZABETH BAREETT BROWNING, ^ Explanatory. l.ea!tTlud1irf''1 ?"'''"^ ^"'^ snow.-The rosiest hue of iieaitn and the fairest of complexions, app''elHu°tl^'?''' •" *'' '^^^■'^-^^-- ways.-Fade away, dis- S pa t or Z^:S^^ "!^- ,,^«*^ *^^^ *^« %-s Carres- ' l^'^r^ lor part, with those in the preceding line. through ^ ;^' ^' *'^ ^'•^^*'^^ P""*y °^ h- -ul shone Charm of her presence was felt. -The charm people felt in her presence was realized only when she departed. ' ^ " Ribald (.?6'««)._Evil in mind and word See what you have I-See what has happened here ! . General Exercise. of this Uut?furtypforwomSr^^^ treated in some such wavl« Tiff? n • ^®* ^^°^ ***"2a be second stanza :~In LTmannlr /)?"°'^'°S expansion of the fieant of the t uth and VXS of ^^ ""f ^^^^^^^^g signi- - ments a subtle grace th«?n^ •'''' ",^*"'^ ' in her move- might be handsomer vet fmmfr'''°"/[y '^■°" *"• Others awly to read on the fafr smoott^r? ^T^^^^'"'' ^"'•"^d tender, something that », l?i ^"'^^'^^ad and lips firm yet sincerity. candt.Vn'dlnLcete Wr^L^f "^ ^^^^^''^^^ ^ ,. Rhetoric. ^f/vo'^tarlratarlT;, '' ^ '°°^''' "'- "'»- 5 My sweet uZh "'' """" "'"' '" ''" '"■■ ^y^lf- Show tho ».e m^e of Contrast throughont the poem. fS. 5. '■ rosiest hue of ade away, dis- figures corres- ae. ■ manner and character. 3r soul shone •n, —That was Id serve as a people felt in ere ! , it would be laracteristics 3h stanza be .nsion of the 3thing signi- in her move- all. Others I you turned ips firm yet beauty — the vmg; name her silence, for thyself. Notes on Literature Selections. 240 .nr. 7'"*°"— ^''^t^'-^ ^'i«hi«g to render a scene more vivid famt touch of th,s ,s to be seen in the line, "See what you have -" Another instance and a better, occurs in the Cune.hoUom,l Chair, ^. S R., p. 308, My Fanny I see in my cane-bottomed chair '' Such expressions are said to be instances of the figure of Vidon. Biographical. Elizabeth Barrett (Mrs. BR0WNiNG).-It has been reserved for our age as the age pre-enunent in opening up careers to women, to have the seal of approval set upon this n'ov : the great ment and fame of Elizabeth T^arrett, the greater woman poet that the world has knowledge of. sL Mas bo fh ittnm'tV''';.*,'^ '^"^'^^^ ^^ ^" ^"^"^^ ^^*-' -" Itohan mother. Delicate even unto ill-health in childhood, she ad a soul that seemed to beat even more passionately becau e of Its feeble prison-bars. Endowed with a singularly sensitive and ;:r::i"""^^' '"' '''''' ^" '-''- -''^'- -^ --■ TT„j. •„ ." H""' I felt it beat Under my pillow,- in the morninff dark. My books r°'^ *^^ '"" '^°"''' '^' ""^ '^^ ' Her mental view grew ever stronger and clearer as she drew Even as a child she wrote verses, dedicated to h-r father who was -her public and hercritio." At seventeen she had prbUed a volume of poems ; at twenty-four a translation from the Greek poet ^schylus of P,w../.„,,; a few years later Se^apki^Zl other Poems, the first of her works she in after years deem worhy of preservation. Then came sad years. The bursting o a blood-vessel m her lungs consigned her to seclusion, a confilie ment lengthened and clouded by the death of J.er brothe who was drowned off Torbay before her windows. Restored to hellth after seven years, she married in 1846 Robert Browning the great poet-a union of congenial souls, proving a souL of perfect happme.s.. No type of love-poetry exist! higll th^n the Sonnets/rom ike Portuguese, in which she tells of the wooing t i-. 250 NOTRS ON LlTKEATURE SELECTIONS. m™^ .y .,.e H„,e„.,,f. as „,„ oftZseut '° """■ ^LV.-A DEAD ROSE. MRS. DROWNING. EXPLAN'ATOKY. Who dares to name thee.-To call thee by thy name. rnZ^ r "^^""^ thee. -The terms one might appl. to a rose-sweet rose, soft rose-seem to mock thy prtsent state. Thi , "f"^'^''"'" *^^ hedgerow thorns-up the lane _ These hnes K.lustrate the poet's power to depiet a scene by a f"ew Would forego thee—Pass thee by. Mix his glory-flower to burn—And in thy calyx nungied h.s glowmg bean.s with thy rich petals till one knew not wh X r It was the sunlir:ht or the flower that was so fair. Incarnadined-Red (lit. flesh-colored, from L. caro icarnU) flesh). ShakspereusesthewordinJ/ac6e^A,ii.2: ^'"""'^' Th „.''™''''='"^ Will rather ine inuUitudinous seas incarnadine, -Makiiiy the green one red." The tendrils of its feel. -.Tendril ■ i, generally „,ed „f p|„„fc, -that t.y ^,.t „y „M=„ t„ey ci.p i,o,a of j,^ , ,:;;:,': orl^'wetttl':;^',""'"'"''"" ""■' '""""'"'" 'V glowing petala, o^kaore^'o'te":;:;:.""'""""'^ '- "■= ''• ""-"" -^ «-» r Italy, and ■ work (Cma 31 she died, 'line's Court- f her Works, two poems, ■ her genius >athos, and ame. tppb to a state. he lane. — e by a few lagine tlic Notes ox Literatuue Selections. 251 Coldly.— Carelessly. Thy perfumed ambers-The yellow, semi-transparent color Which Juha wears at dances. -The proper name givesl definite picture of tlie fashionable young lady. ^ General Exercise. (here accounf fn^-^ ^ li^ i 1 ^'?' '^'i '* seems associated o whJpff^l J *'"' '^^'V'^ ^h'^^h '"'^aks below thee ")" ^A 'Fi I ^"*v'"S^ now; (f, Swoon m thee for inv . (d) The heart doth smell thee ; (e) Roses bold ^^ ' Rhetoric. '-^rl ^5^th -^J^^a--2- the .iv;/"H"T.'l°"-~^""' "^°''^ ^^^'^^^^^ ^^Pression can be given a though by making a statement in the/o.., of a questio O Rose, who dares to name thee? i.e. No one -p, fn „ thee. Such a figure is terr.,ed Interroyat^n. '" "'"" 14, X mingled t whether » {carnis). of plants ) support g petals ; id by the LXII.-THE CANE-BOTTOM'D CHAIR. W. M. THACKERAY. Explanatory. Four pair of stairs-Four fligl^ts of stairs. The peculiar "SO of pair m this phrase is difficult to account for. It ne haP anses from an old and rare sense of the word to iidica e an object in a complete form, as "a pair of gallows » (S^kstre "a pair (pack) of cards" (Imp. Diet.). « l^^nakspere), Chimney.pots.-The earthenware tiles placed sometimes unon chimneys to prevent them from smoking. "^ Prints. —Engravings. ^J,nl''''''^'T ^.'■^^^"'^-A collection of curiosities mo^ as Viose you might give two-peuce to see, !■< 252 Notes on Lixeraturk Hkle(;tions. Divan (dt-van'), Pers. dwn'n, Arab dioum, Tf,. , i. ception room ' is one. From the low .nf '' ' "'^"■'=''f ''''■'^' 're- walls of eastern divans tho T. 7 '""^"^'^^ "'"'^""^ ^^^ 'ived. Whi.h s he 1 :""^ ""'"'""^^ "^ '«°f^' i« d^- vv nion IS the meanin|r m the text ' .ho™,, set taction fror„":;.cr' "'' """"'"• ""■""■ ■.wTrr?„";;ot„*i'rr"'7 *" *" '"' °' *» ca.pi»u soa oy nber.— Figurative for a particular mrt of tu near the Tfber, namely Rome. ^ ^'^^ "'""*''y Mameluk^^.-The Mamelukes were orisinallv n h. i * .. oasian slaves, serving as guards to tl f ^ e'lt^^^^^ Increasng in power they became masters S Ct (iLff and even when their king.lom was overthrown (I5mthl^' of the provinces were chosen from their Tn be ' '4 /XT Mahommed AU " ™"' ^''' "^^^^^^'^ ^^^ ^^der of Latakie.-L. is a sea-port of Syria, opposite Cyprus 0„ tl, Shrine of a saint— patroneos ^ f p * • M .!.«. pa..ticuU.. p„.,.,, ,,aoc,, .,.aa«, ...X*", ;t;„'-. i W'^^rfl has a nsi'e,,' «re- fiiound the lofa' is de- i rickets, a of repair, ' istrnment, horizontal (It. spina, ispian Sea ie favorite le Caspian lieirrai(is. d owners. 3 country r of Cau- f Egypt. 254), and jovernors played a ; shortly order of On the ) ; hence' '• band4, ince the the be- eaph H I Notes ox Literature Selections. 253 special protector among tl,e saints, known as the patron saint. (Cf. St. George for Kngland, St. CrL^pin for shoemakers.) Rhetoric. treasury. 7. Sofa that baS by The L 8 Th», „,"'"!:"^ ttr„( ,lK*JtS.'T2.'rba'„Vy°4^^^ W Wither'd oM arms. U. t,l,e sat there andtwd' I' &amt Fanny, my patroness sweet. ^^a mioma. lo. bfcSfprhet?""^^^^^ *^^P-*- WhereXriines 7. Condensed Sentence.-In the sentence, She\l a scarf on her neek, and a smile on her face, it will be noticed that an unusual construction is employed-the construing of the one word had in two sencences, with a slightly different meaning in each. As it is an abbreviated construction for, She ^oore a scarf round her n^Jc and had a smile on her face, it is said to be a Condensed Sentence. This construction is often employed for humorous effect. ' BlOCRAPHIOAL. For the biography of Tliackeray see page 98. LXXIII,_ODE TO THE NORTH-EAST WIND. CHARLES KINQSLEY. EXPLAXATORY. Ode.- Though 'ode' etymologically denotes 'song,' it has come to mean a poem filled with lofty and passionate feeling, t Tfur" I P'''"" °' '^J*^''* '^'''''^''^ ' ^« Shelley's Ode To the West Wind, Bryant's To the Evening Wind {[{. S. /?., p. 272). Zephyr. -A soft, w.-,.-m bree:.« ; »,ore particularly one'biowing trom the west (L. zephyrus, west wind). I I 264 Notes on Literature Selections. Gaudy glare.-The dazzling, pretentious light of summer. Black North-easter. -Driving before it the black clouds. The German foam. -The German Ocean (North Sea^ TJnf the sea foamnig beneath the blast. iumat^'''"'^-~^""^^"^"j°^'^' (hearty, good-natured) feeling ca.?af ^. DvV^.^^ dyke.-Curl the sleepy waters of ditch and The curdled sfcy.-The 8ky with its grey clouds. Breast-high lies the scent.-I„ fox-hn„ti„g, ".he kin^ of Bng .sh .ports » the scent of the fox is said to be .brlt "Lh^ or burnmg 'when it is ,o diffused that the fox-houuds Xh hit fciteris''.x.'z/rr r-^'^^^^^^^^ 1 1 "-"K-i, niey run with their noapq tn -tha Heath,— A stretch of waste land. ' Bent—Though bent (or bent-gross) is the common name of a coarse grass growing on moors, it seems to bear hereTnoth ° 1^ an nnusual meaning of "iiilLside." .reca;i:7.:::::r/z''t'':„rt"°r:fi°rr' Jummer. clouds. Sea). Note t by a word red) feeling ditch and (A.S. die), ditch. s, with bill 1 moors, in whistle or e king of east-high ' 'hich hunt Jast high. es to the snt article jonnected lame of a )ther and e hounds 3 hounds i hunter lite with 'he dogs Notes on Liter atuke Sele< tions. ^55 ing of tho chase '"""'' """*-^^"« ^^^ ^-* ^f .logs drea.n- seatr °' "'-''""^ '^ ^ ^--••^-' P-ipHra.is for « English ^^n.^z:z^::r'^^ ""^^'i' ^-'^^^' ^" ^-^^-d fo.. their coast (the coa^t o^'soJ i^'C^ ^[^^ ^-— ^f Germany) which drove the hunters Z ^'"^ "«''^l'-""-'«tern the tl.ee English tribes to a But e' d' ''"""" '^^ race already broke out in fl "■'"^' 'P"'* "^ the onse,inthLar:,esgl ewithXrt[ '-^"^ ^"f ''— o^ the oar. « Foes are they ^anla Vn '^ ""'"''^ '''^''' '^^"^ °'' foes, and cunnin/as' tie v n' fi " P"'*' '^^^''^^ ^^^^^^^ «ther war, and the storn. Li ^f^^: ^ 'Z/ ''' ''' 1 ''^'^ ^^^^ ^f the pillage of the world. ' ''-Jt'e^ "^ ' '""''^'" ''^^^ "^« °» buus!:!^!:::^;;^'?: ^-'- -action with .king., longing to. T^e\l' ttcTp;;r:hr'r^^^ '^• during the ninth and t^Jh ^'°"P*^'« ^^ the Northn.en who, creeks and bay o l^' 1^ ""' *° P"* ^"* ^-^ "' and France. The Normal^^^ °^ ^"^^-^ land were descendarorer^lri ::^ ^^^^^ -- " The SMrjfe's salt is in our veins. The sea-breeze in our breath inrou-h all, come life, come death A.fd'vo.r"'' ""'^''^ were are we • And Norsemen are we now as whpn A3 Kings of waves and men. " —Bennett. ^^^ERAL EXKKCISE. ye dapi)led darlin soften lieart alike and SS pen? 5. What does lie but itae NoTKS ON LlTFUATURE HeLEUTIONS. - ., KlIETORTC. u- i. ,„ai c„ CoUri/ r l" ;,°„'-'''i ?; .Sl;»w what expression. (Cfcome, wiW North-eaater ] would in f„l| be / hid sent entT. *^' f ^* "' '* P^'^^^"*' *° '"^"^"^^^e o'-J-ts as sentient beings, so : fK./come, «,,Yrf j^ror^A-m^^er / Such an ad dress IS termed an Apostrophe. (Compare Vision, R^^t 5T in 7; "yPY'?^«-^'"°«'>"^l fueling often shows itself likewise termed ^jr;,crJofe. ^'^^ ^--^s- 'SiH>h an e> .^geration fs Biographical. ThfsI;orT ^r'""^ ^*^ ^^ '^ - Devonshir<^ in 18^9 love for EnT . ' "' ''^""' '^^ '^^^ '^>^ -*"- -^ training a love for English sports and English scenes. After a distin...i3hed course m mathematics and classics ntr«mK.;i u \ Chnroh, and a. the recto *orE:,?e::T' n!," ""t mo., of hU life, the life of L earnei: alii .r'' .nTd of an act, ve and ,„cce»,ful writer. Po,,:eaai„g K a°"c Known as Christian Sociali™, he embmlied his views on aooi.l questions m AUan iocfe ,,849), a novel with a t^r.^ri NOTKS O.V LiTKRATlTUK SkLEc'TIONS. 257 studies Ll l„-,n to o u ^^'■"'•'^'^°''«'- Hi« theological presents a v v p et of".? ' T'' ''"'"'"' ^''''^' -^"•^•'' paganism and L^t r^ J t^el mf "' f""'^*'"'^"'^^ ^^■•^^ *"*' research is further ace^ in wL , "Tr Y'' "'" ^'"''^'^^^^^ Elizabethan adventure iN^ """"■'' ^^"■' ('*V.), a story of in the list of hi r/ks 77^C rr ^^ ^''"' ' ' ^^'^ ^"'^'^^ children's story T1859LT '"' *'"' "'^'^^ ^"*^'"-t'^'« History in Calnd^iTj^n^Xr^' '^^'^^^^'^ °^ ^-^'•- showing deep f.. 'L Iw"'''"'^"' '"^^' "'^'^ ^^'-'y. ofton forg.ttn, nor wll f^'lf^ ^^"-'^ ff-'"^^''. will not soon be write:- °^"'"°' °^ ''"" «««» ^He who could $ LXX VI. -BARBARA FllIETCHIE ^0/iiV GHEEXLEAy WIIITTlER. „., EXPLAXATOBY. When the War of Secession broke out ns«n d u _ t^ , Lee ^< as appointed by the Southirn Af ^' ''"'^ ^^'"""'^ generals of the new republic Th In ^'■''' ""' °^ *'"' ^""-^ -mmand of the Conf'de 1 aXtT"''''"" ^« ^^^ P"* - with the defence of R; i T^ Virginia, and entrusted along the Porac ' T^:lxVJr^.'''''l ""^ ''^'^^^^ lieutenant tlan Lee had in Th r , "'^ ^''^'"^^ ^" ^^ler l^ad captured the .elSlrJ.'rr^ t'^^"" p^^^^^^^ •^-^-" hi-nself. by the .ool bravery of' his bSl^'^^r'tur: 258 NOTKS OP LiTRKATt RR SeLRCTIONS. li ' Bull Run (July 2lHt, 1801), the name of «• Stonewall." McCUellan was forced to retire from before Richmond, Pope wa« defeated in a second huttle of Bull Run, and Lee ami .Taokson, crossing the Potoni.i.! (Sept. 4th, 1802), laid plana for an in- vasion of Maryland and tiie North. Maryland was inclined to 1)6 neutral in the struggle, but was occupied by Federal troops. Lee, who, by September 6th, liad advanced as far as Frederic (City), then the State capital, in its fertile vall^ among the hills of the Blue Ridge of the Alleghanies, was attacked and defeated in the battle of Antietani. Forced back into Virginia, Lee fought the battle of Cliancelloi.ville (18U.S), a victory embittered by the loss of (ieijeral Jackson, accidently killed by the soldiers whose idol he was. Victories and defeats followed Lee as he struggled with a courage, a tenacity, a strategy that have won the world's admiration, against the overpowering forces that Grant and Sherman drew together around Riciimond. Losing Petersburg (April 2nd, 1805), the Confederate general was obliged to surrender with his whole army, and with this sur- render the war was over and the slave was free. The remaining days of Lee were spent as President of Washington College in Lexington, Virginia, where he died in 1870. As to the historical character of the incidents of Barbara Frklchie we cannot do better tlian quote from H. C. Douglas's article in the Century, of June, 1886, and Mr. Whittier's correc- tion in the September number of the same year. Col. Douglas wrote : — " Just a few words hore in regard to " Barbara Frietjhie," a touching poem wiiich sprang full-armed from the loyal brain of Mr. Whittier. An old woman, l)y that now immortal name, did live in Frederick in those days, but she was eighty-four years old, and bedridden ; she never saw General Jackson, and General Jackson never saw hur. I was with him every moment of the time he was in that city— he was tliere only twice -and nothing like the scene so graphically described by the poet ever happened. The story will perhaps live, as Mr. Whittier boasted, until it gets beyond the reach of correction." In reply to this Mr. Whittier wrote :— " Those who know me will bear witness that I am not in the habit of boasting of anything whatever, least of all, of congratulating myself upon a doubtful statement outliving the pussibility of correction. I ceruinly ide Stonewall." d, Pope wuH ntl .Taoksf)ii, 1 for an in- 3 inclined to leral troops. a.s Frederic >ng the hills iiul defeated irginia, Lee r embittered the soldiers I Lee as he ,t have won forces that ad. Losing ;eneral was th this sur- e remaining I College in of Barbara 1 Douglas's ier's correc- juching poem Lii old woman, 9, but she was Jackson, and >f the time he the scene so perhaps live, ion." the habit of iiyseif ii|ioii a 3rtainly ide Notes on Literature Selections. 250 n,e rrom .ource^ which "'r^^^T^ZZ ZS:"^^^!? " T' '^ in newHjmpers, and Imd srained i.nhii . i ""able , it had boon published before n./poe;n wa i t" ^', ' 1";''"''^ '", ^^ 'T'^'"^''"" -" M-3 "and I am still constrained to bdL-e that it hTlT " , ^ ' "" ^"''''"''- »''«"• '^"'^ otherwise I should not hesi e o el rest t Tt^r '" 'T.'" " ' ^^^'^^''^ to interfere with n.y allegiance to truth " " •"■'''" "' '*"*^"'''*'"l' with aiterLte z 1::^^:::^'''' ''''- -^ ^ ''- «-->. The sun looked down and saw not one Th.o ; • •.• of the passiveness of Maryland inThe war "^""°"" Silken scarf.— The ncce' -^^'^J f«'- II. threw lumsdf in L Yh "'' " '*' *''" '''''''''' ^^^^ "'^^ pnrew lumself into the inoven,ent for tlio liberation of slave, Pi G 6;| t 'I hD! > si 260 NOTKS ON LiTKRATURE SELECTIONS. in the United States. In 1836 he became secretary of the American Anti-Slavery Society, and shortly afterwards editor of the Pennsylvania Freeman, and one of the ablest of the "abolitionists." In 18'10 he returned to Amesbury, where he still resides, devoted as ever to philanthropy and letters. It is said that Whittier's ambition to become a poet, was aroused when, as a boy of fourteen, he became possessor of a copy of Burns. Somewhat in the spirit of tlie Scotch poet has his work been done. No poet has given more frequent or more faithful pictures of American scenery ; no one has chronicled with such fidelity and sympathy the familiar scenes and events of country life. Whittier's work has not stopped there. With lofty moral feeling and deep earnestness he has taken part in the great national movements of late years, and when he was asked to celebrate in verse the hundred years of peaceful progress of the Rer.nblic at the Centennial Exhibition, it was but because, more than, any other poet, he had identified himself with thecaus- of the people. His chief works are Voices of Freedom (1836), Sonijs of Labor (1851), Home Ballads (1859), In War Time, including Barbara Frietchie (1864), Snow-Bound (1866), The Tent on the Beach, National Lyrics (1867). AD VIGILEM. [Stedman's Sonnet to Whittier on his SOlh birthday.] What seest ihou where the peaks above thee stand, Far up the ridgo that severs from our view That reahn uii visited ? What prospect new Holds thy rapt eye ? What glories of the land Which from yon loftier cliff thou now hast soanned, Upon thy visajjre set their lustrous hue ? Speak and interpret still, O watchman true, The signals answering thy lifted hand ? And bide thou yet I still linger, ere thy feet To sainted bards that beckon bear thee down — Thou^rh lilies, abphodel, and spikenard sweet Await thy ticad to blossom ; and the crown Long since is woven of heaven's palm-leaves, meet For him whom oaith nan loin! isn ninro, rcno-n. iry of the ards editor lest of the , where he ers. , poet was sessor of a jh poet has snt or more chronicled and events 3re. With part in the was asked progress of it because, h thecaus- om (1836), Fay Time, ), The Tent Notes on Literati^ke Selections. 261 CVI.-DAWN ANGELS. A. MAJiV F. ROBINSON that winoh ,.?o!:p.e fo 2-:;*^' ^"f - "-^"-tic, ^ meno of mtine-the i„,tli, , !u """'""« "><= -""-ions pl,e„o. of divinities. Whilp +!,« r,^ • ., ! sea— to the presence tta.sf»„„ t,.er;:i' -^ri:-: s^^^tf- .i '"" Explanatory. For welcome came or warnino- r,. , i warn the sleeping world to^Ike ''■"" ""' *'^ '^^""' *° goiiitfercoi::Te^7t? v-T" ^'^ "^^^^^ --^- ^« «^ ^ with the blue at '"""^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ "^^t iningling Pale wandering- souls that shun thf Uo-hf t- • that disappear before the rays of the sun ^Th" ?'"''^ The blessed tlamozcl loaned oit From the gold bar of heaven T,,e f.„. .apo. a„. i„ «. „,,... ^ tTL. a.,„ .„. „ elat^rimLttTZ'fr-"'^''' "' =""■' -'"- ^-«- as fire o. .J. z X: ^^-T:;:::^ 7" t-'" lydreamsare made of. •'tl«nal,-„t,.,ch staff as heaven. Some held the light-Some were ligl.fgiving „,s. --noGn- out their hatvest-color'd wino-«5 ^^i,^ n ance of morning extended. «»"&«— Ihe yellow radi- ^62 Notes on Literature Selections. II Music (whose sound was light).— The sweet murmur of tlio angels' wings we couUl not hear, but yet, descending, it spread upon tile earth and illumined it. Wiien the angels sang, their song was still unheard, for their music was light and their song the Day. Waxen.— Grown ; the past participle of wax, to grow (A.S. weaxau, to grow). Exekoise. 1. Describe literally the dawn of such a morning as the poet speaks of. 2. Describe imaginatively the same scene, repre- senting the coming of the angels of dawn. Biographical. A. Mary F. Robinson (Mrs. James Darmestaetter) won for herself, at an early age, a name in learning and literature. Born in Leamington, England, in 1857, educated on the Continent and ni University College, London, she appeared as an autiior when only twenty-one, publishing a volume of verse entitle the .otion of the heathen tig" „" ,o!e° "" """ '°"°"' "'-^'= we have nothing to do. ^''"''""e tnith of this belief See preceding lesson for biographical note. XLH._ON KIK8T LO„KIN« INTO CHAPMAN',, HOMEE >^OUM KEATS. EXI' SANATORY. • On f a-st Looking into C^^:^l^, ^'"^ ^« *'- -"-^ mail's translation had been lent L n ,' "^"^^ °^ ^''^P' Keats sat up till clay i.^htro \^';^^^^ Clarke; he and with delightf and Men 'c Lt.^ :^ tt T, '°""^ ^"^^ ^'^^^^"^ «ent the sonnet to cLke It lA f"""'"^ '"°''"'"« ^^^^^ inspiration, a little rill of lav. 7 "" ^ ''''^'^''' innnodiate -r. .^/. As..,,,: "'" ^°^''"^' «"* °f « poetic volcano." Chapman's Homer tv,^ i- . ^ HomerLliaclandoI;.7vwLr .u"""*"* *™='»'°-- "' Shaksperc's time rCeJ r""? *''"''""''°' " '''■■""""' <" P.o,,o„„ced the gre,Lt o/ai; Kn:;iLVr f:;i:r'„:r,._^" iwuth have I travpiiM .• ^ x . * ioahns depicted by Z pots ' "^ '" '''' ^'"-^'"-tion the . » r ,. ( 264 NOTKS OX LiTKRATURB SELECTIONS. m., Islands which bards in fealty to Apollo hold.— To hold in fealty is an allusion to the fcii.lal system, under which the vassel held land in fealty (tidelity), i.e. on his oath to be faithful to his lord against his enemies. The poets had made their own the islands described by them, but they were subjects even in so doing to Apollo, the god of their art. Demesne. —Estate in lands. The word is a doublet of domain . Yet never did I breathe.— Greek as Keats was by inspiration, he was not familiar with the literature of Greece at first hand. Cortez.- Hernan Cortez (1485-1547) was a daring Spaniard who, with 600 or 700 men, effected a conquest of Mexico (1518- 1521). The honor of discovering the Pacific Ocean at Darien must . be attributed, however, not as Keats attributes it to Cortez, but to another Spaniard, Vasco Balbo'a. The latter took part in an expedition of colonization to Darien, and becoming leader of the colony, organized an expedition (151.3) to test the truth of current rumors of a vast ocean to the west. Ascending a lofty mountain peak in the isthmus of Panama, he— the first European to behold such a sight— saw the Pacific Ocean stretching before him. (The voyage of Magellan round the world, it will be remembered, did not take place till 1519-22.) The structure of the sonnet should be studied in this and the following sonnet, as well as elsewhere in the Header. Biographical. John Keats was born in London in 1796, and died in Rome in 1821,— a few short years of much suffering, yet of lasting achieve- ment. At an early age he lost his parents, who left him but a small competence. Apprenticed to a surgeon, he gave only slight attention to his profession, and though he passed a creditable examination, his literary tastes became ever stronger imtil finally medicine was abandoned for the muses. From tiie time Spenser's /Tcr^r^ r^>//f',.;( foil into his hands (1S12) poetry became more and more his passion. In 1817, at the ago of tu eiity-oiu;, he publisiicd liis first volume of poems, containing tlio sonnets on Cka/>mu/i:H Huiih'r and The Orasshop/ier ,niil tl„. drirht. h\ ISI > l.,u!:nn,k>ii >,ciB published. Already the hand uf de^th wacs dcacunding on — To hold in ich the vassel aithful to his leir own the ji even in so et of domain. '■ inspiration, first hand. ng Spaniard exico (1518- Darien must » Cortez, but 'k part in an eader of the th of current ty mountain in to behold him. (The mbered, did bhis and the in Rome in ing aohieve- ; him but a '■ only slight b creditable intil finally 10 Spenser's more and epublislied Chaimiaii^s i Liit/.tjmion jcutling on NoxEs ox LiTKKATfKE Sklecxions. 2G5 ^ir:^the^:Se:'ti:m:7r^';' '- '^^^'-*« ^- ^^^ criticism Jl^'^''^\^' ^''« '"ade i;»dymion the butt of savage .gainst tl.. slura of the «,itio "Thl , ^ ', '""^"""^ '''"' bered name. " Presrf, ' | ' Jl.l.i r T^"" '''"' °" " "'""'"■ in vain hope of relief, he died. ^ ^ *° ^^"'"^ Forget the past, his fat?a,!;l'fi':j';alri;!f An echo and a light «„to etenlity"" '' XLIII.-OX THE ORASSHOPim AND THE CRICKET ^^jV^u.kthep„ef,app..eei»t,„„„t nat.ne, ,„ nat„«l ,;>, w„„,s. .on™:;::;',,'::;'""" "■ "°"''"""™ -"^ «'-. »- THK GKASSHOPPER AM) XHE CKICKKT. Green little vaultor in the sunn v uraNs Catching your heart up at the feet o June- hole voice that's heard amidst the lazy ",oon When even the beea lag at the sunimo "ing brass • w^K'iL"'''""u""'« housekeeper, ^^f^^^' With those wh<. think the ,and|,' , ,■ n.' 7v on ^iLk the glad, silont nioment-v as ivy pi^sa ■■ O sweet and tiny cousins that belo,. ^ ' One to the Helds, the other to th '--.uth Indoors and out, s.nunM^, ,d winter, nlirth. See preceding lesson for bio"^Ji^,icai note. lin ' l;i Lad Notes ox Literatukb Selections. XLVII.-A PARENTAL ODE TO MY SON. THOMAS HOOD. Explanatory. Thiapoem illustrates one feature of Hood's genius— his power of caricature, just as the Brul,je of Shjhs shows his power of pathos. The poet represents himself as striving to write a picture of ideal childhood, a picture which is manifestly forced and un- natural, devoid of genuine feeling, but as being gradually driven to desperation by the intrusion of real childhood and as finally abandoning his task. It is amusing to see how each parenthesis caricatures the false sentiment of what immediately precedes, and to watch how the poet in his desperation is driven to platitudes ever growing. balder. It must be noted, however, that the lack of delicacy in some features of the humor of the piece is not characteristic of Hood's genius at its best. Elf.— Generally 'fairy'; here ' diminutive person.' Sprite.— Poetic for 'spirit,' suggesting the notion of quickness and activity. Puck.— Literally one of the chiefs of the fairies, a rough, mis- chievous little goblin, called also Robin Goodfellow. (See Shak- spere's Midstimmer Night's Dream, ii. 1 ; iii. \.) Antic toys, etc. -With odd, fanciful playthings funnily fasten- ed together. ( « Bestuck ' usually means ' filled with holes. ') Imp.— Formerly used in a good sense, ' child, ' ' offspring. ' It retains here much of its original significance. Fays. —Poetic for ' fairies. ' (Fr. fie, fairy. ) ^ Elysium— The Paradise of the Greeks ; spoken of also as the Elysian fields. Hymeneal.— From ' Hymen,' Latin god of marriage. Epitome of man.— Man in little ; man in miniature. 'Epi- tome ' is literally ' abridgement,' ' summary,' as of a book. Prompting, etc. —Adjectival to ' fancies. ' )N. -his power power of e a picture d and un- -lly driven as finally 8 the false I how the • growing lelicacy in teristic of quickness ugh, mis- ^ee Sliak- iy fasten- les.') 'ing.' It so as the . 'Epi- ik. Notes on Liter atttre Selections. 267 For biographical sketch of Hood, see page 208. XLIX. -INDIAN SUMMER. SAMUEL LO VER. Explanatory. The poem is of very doubtful value, weak as a description of Indzan summer, still weaker in tl>e connnon-place moraliW the .eference to human life. Compare Longfellow's 11:™!--'^" *'' Was for a .uo.nent .o„s" Ld All sou 1 wp!^f "T '"^^'•* "^ *he ocea.. Vo ces of chikirL-ri nf .,1.,, fh -.„ '>o>"'as were iii hannony blended Whir of w'„L' h,U .^; *!';^^^'■°J•'f of '^"':l^« i- the fa^^yaX All were siihTln,,) „„,i i ' ^7' '^'"^ **!« cooin;,' of piifeoiis Loo:ed^.;/;at ^of ^TeThrouS^^^^ ''''' ^"^ "^^'^^ ^^^^ Whilst arrayed in its roben of Zl/*'''/"'''*;" '''PO'''' ^"-ox'-'i him ; Bright with the sheen of The derta^htn'^f'"* ^"'* >"^"°^^' Flashed like the plane-tree thp,'/;? ^'''"ering tree of th.) forest Plane tret, the 1 ersian adorned with mantle, and jewels." summer fs^aT""^ renewal sees. -The balmy season of Indian summer is in a way a renewal of spring Biographical. bofnTDur''''i-«-'"t "•*"*' ^^"° P«^*' -'1 — I-t, was born in Dubhn, 1,9.. Encouraged by Moore, he publ shed J^^i/ends and Stories of Ireland (]H-m «., r • ^'"""^"ea T«., 1 •, , ./ -"e«t/w ^js.j^). 'Successful in authorshin Low.backed Car, Molh, Bawn tL l^^]'^' ^^"'^'^ ?'«*=«« « M ■ I, •' Jiawn, llw, Four-leaved Shamrorl- >»» universally popular. "Irish Even,„«.." wbi.u ,,,1™! f, 268 Notes on LiTKUATcrRE SaLKCTKm.s. if:^ L.-TO HKLKN. WINTHROP MACKWOItTIl I'liAKD. KXI'LANATORV. Helen.— See biographical sketch. Bested {6e-se placed in d in a state in invalid's telling. ,1802. He ps, famous verse — one 1 power of won prizes erse, whi- ;azines anct ►opularity. ! at Eton, was called ipying the ;udent, he irliament. too much •bert Peel ould have ited him. who, dur- roted and 3 his wife 1 often in •hese has afore the Notes on Litekatuke SELKfTToNs. 260 author's death. He died in 1839. His works are classed as poems of love and fancy, life and manners, and, though often lac-kmg m earnestneH.s, they are generally sparkling and witty, and always clear and polished. LII.-THE RAVEN. EDGAR ALLAN POK EXPLANATOKY. No commentary can give a better account of the artistic con- struction of The Haven than Poe himself gives in his essay. The Philosophy of Compositim, in y,\noh he gives or purports to give us an insight into the details of the art of literary composition by means of an account of the manner in which The Ruvni was composed The first thing to be considered, said Poe, was extent. As all intense excitement must be brief, a poom seeking to pro- duce this excitement must bo brief ; or, if long, it must be, as it were a succession of short poems. The proper len,jth for his poem, therefore, he conceived to be about one hundred lines-whai could be read at a sitting. The next consideration was the nature of the effect to be produced. The highest aim of poetry was to create the pleasurable elevation of soul experienced in contemplating the beautiful. In tone the poem mJ to be sa.l since beauty in its supreme development invariably excites the sensitive soul to tears. The " key-note " of the poem was to be a re/mm but variety was to be added by varying the application of the refrain. The refrain lending itself best to a variety of applications was a single word. Seeking the word most suitable in sonorousness and emphasis, and best harmonizing with tiie melancholy character of the poem, "nevermore" was chosen. As the repetition of "nevermore " was not in keeping with the action of a sensible being, the poet chose first a parrot, then a raven to give voice to the word. As the tone was to be sad, the ^ddest of all themes was chosen-tlie lament for the death of a beautiful woman from the lips of the bereaved lover Th- Raven was to repeat his word to the queries of the lover ' Tl, -.se queries were to be in climateric order until the lover, startle i '4 m l^OTKS OX LiTERATURR SelKCTXONS. delights in self-t r: : iem " '^^'""" °' •'^•^^'^'■'- '''^^'^ ti.e expected 'neverl-^ 1:T'. " '"r'""^ '' '■^'^■^'■^'^ intolerable of sorrow Th "^««t ^'^'''-•'ous becuse the most gestion of the spirit of the A, , • , i * '° ^""'^ admittance, and to ie co„tr ,• ^ tl I "'""""» «~k">3 point on the poem became profoundly serious The n ^:^:z "L»;?:;;r: -tr " «- - if the poet .hall meet hi, mi" erhe,clt hTr""!'''"'''';'' So far the incident, are within bo,:,!" ' tt r'Th:,:';- S'the ::""'^ "^^ "■' -««-«->- Of thritrle ' . Meal the two concludrng stanzas we™ a.l.lcd. • F,.„„ „,,.,„' kearf ,s the first metaphorieal expres,io„ i„ tl,e Zm Th biemat^ttlt i^t ^^'t^r; L^^riif T.r "T"- ' """^ Sh'lnT' IT/"* *''* ''^"'"^^ *"** '-« fl°»ti"^ on the floor Shall be lifted— nevkrmor e. ' s "u me noor Such in brief is The PkUo^opky of Com,osUlon, a philosophy . NOTE-S ON LiTERATUKK HeLKCUUSH. 271 Lrr mI:"'\°T 'T- *" --"-complex c.,.aM„„, Fl.rt-Q„„ , ,„„t,„„,i,,,<,,„,,|,^„i„g^ « y' lenuet IE still more 111' Mipafinr/ /«„„/-1u "avpo^inistra cava pitudixit ab ilice comix." " T iVn fi,« =„ 1 . -ViRoiL, ^iStieid, i. IS. The sfckni^n'i'""''''^''"^,,'^^^" that tolls The sick-,uan 8 passport. "-Marlowk, ye«, 0/ Alalia. 4 ■iff II ^. * t>. sumes for the moment his personality, and to it, as to himself, is ad- dressed the mournful appeal. Balm in Gilead.'-The balm (balsam) of Gilead, a liquid resmous substance, prized iu tlie East as a drug and as a perfume. See Jeremiah, xlvi. 11, H. 8, but particularly viii. 22. ' Aidenn (Heb. eden, delight). -Eden, used here of heaven. BlOGEAPHIOAL. _ Edgar Allan PoE was born in Boston, Mass., 1S09. He died in Baltimore, 1849. Of good family, thougJi reduced in fortune, Foe was left an orphan and penniless. Adopted into the family of a wealthy Virginian, Mr. Allan of Richmond, Poe was raised m luxury. He spent five years at school in England, and re- turned to enter the University of Virginia, from which he had to withdraw on account of his gambling debts. Put into the counting-house of his foster-father, he found the life too irksome, and left for Boston, where he endeavored to eke out his narrow means by pu),lishing Tamerhune and other Poems. Poverty lorced him to join tlie United States army us a private, but Mr Allan hearing of his condition, procured his discharge, and «.e end of Mr. Allan's long-suffering forbearance. Poe turned to iterature for support. He won a prize offered by the Balti- rmreSaticrdai, J ^saor for a short story, an honor which procured for him the editorship of the Southern Literary Me..sonid, genius has created the most ^yeird pictures of hopeless sorrow that English literature possesses. iri M LVIII.-EACH AND ALL, RALPH WALDO EMERSON. Napoleon -In 180U, Napoleon, then First Consul of France. made his brilliant march across tlie Alps into Italy to defeat the In-lrlT ""* ^^'''^"^''' ^'""'■'""'^ "^^'•^«"* •« «ot necessarUy Noisome. -Ofiensive, disgusting (from the slime on them). > ■? f 274 Notes on Literature Selections. of fenrj "'""~^' '"'""^^ ^^■^^^^^^^"' "^'- «--"^^ - a length Club-moss.-Thc tree clul.-moss, a little nhnt nf " I yielded myself to the perfect whole.-Thh line !,,„„„. n-iiuLiic)cs. r.lsewnere lie o.;ms, the two which mark the opening and the close of his literary career-the '^iood-bye, proud world, I'm going home " in which he bids farewell to his busy nfe of teaching in Boston, and the Jeimniiis, in which he realizes that "It is tiiiit to be v>lij, To t.iki; in sail — " are especially pleasing. 77u- World Soul, The Sphinx, May Day, The Snow Storm, The Harp, /rW-A'.to, are others, which make good his right to be considered "a born poet," if not, as Dr. Holmes says "a born singer." His chief prose works were: Representative Men, first and second series of Essays, English Traits, The Con- duct of Life, Society ani Solitude, and Miscellanies (a selection from lectures and addresses, including A^a^/-' ^^aioiaro. 1 his whirlpool, situated in the straits of Messina near the Sicilian town of Messim wis Ues though he has substituted for the characters of the ancient myth those of a more modern story ^ The incidents of this story are briefly these: About 1500, Freder ck King of Naples, wishing to know something of the whirlpool o Galofaro, prevailed upon a famous diver, Nicolas Pescecol bv he promise of a goblet of gold, to explore its depths Onl'^^ f was successful, but bribed by the Kin^ to . a\ "'^"' Squire.— Armed attendant of a knight. Guerdon _(A hybrid compound of the old German «,^^.;. back and the Latin donum, gift, reward). ' ^'■^' Maelstrom {mal'strum).-The Maelstrom (mill-stream) is a whirlpool on the N.W coast of Norway, near the isla d f M ikoe Small vessels, even whales have been engulfed by it. See Poe^ tale, Desce»i into the Maelstrom. Here The t^rJ with whirlpool. ^ '""" '' synonymous Notes on L.tkuah-kk Si;li.;ction.s. 277 Wight.—Archaic word fur 'i.cr.uii' Chiumv "n wight," no kind of person. ' "" '"'"'-''' Doffing.--' Doff is ,/o-i-ojr, as 'don" is ,/.4-.// ist!rn?r '"'',^^^^" ^"^ -^ars._Langua,c.inma.iveof sound IS termed .....,.././.,,,, j,,,^,,^,. ^j,^. ^^._^ somewhat of the wild force of the original. J. > /urn Huuuu- .i.ni.rt d.r .lanipleiul.. ( lischt Unci Hut anf M,u suit oh,.' ICniki ,lr..ngt." Welkin.-(S.A. Tc;,;/,vw, cloud, sky.) \-ault of heaven. Laborir^g the birth of a sea.-The old myths represent thi. comnunum ., the water by the „,onster Charybdis swa low 2 vomitmj; forth the sea tiuice daily. ^ If thou shouldst, etc.-This stan.a represents what each spec- tator says to himself. 'Thou " is the king. ' More hollow and more.-More and more hollow /. ^■■^\r''~''l T ^'•'- ^"'' '""'"'' ''' l^--' -'y 'he infinitive ;; /; :"'""^^'' ^'''^^ '^ ^" -^^y'' --' 'he past tense .... re.nain, the latter used as a present tense. Cygnet.-\-oung swan. Diminutive of French a\^,u; swan The ve,l which is woven with terror and night.-The ongtnal reads : Let man not ten.pt the Ciods, let him never long to gaze on what they in mercy veil with ni^du and terror not'^frshilT'r' 'r'^'r''^'^ "-• <-y— > since fashionless. not tashioned, unformeci. Salamander. -A reptile about four feet in length, resembling he luard nr forn. Though harmless, it bea.s a reputation for u.K,mousness and rs the ol^ect of much popular dread. During the Mtd.Ile Ages n,any curious notions were attached to the sahmander, the commonest being that it coul.l live in the hottest Dragon.-The falndous winged serpent of Middle .Age romances Hammer-fish V rapaciot.s ,ish, called also the hannner- Jlmmer " ""' "'"'"'"''^^ '""^^'''^^ "^ clouble-headcd I f. 278 NOTKS ON LIIKKATURK SeLKCTIONS. ^V'f 1.^' n-i in 1:'- II, a dread hundrtd-Iimbed creature.-Th» ,,„„l,,c „ „eto. HM,,.l,,u,s, „r,„e ,„dc„,„ i. ,„ „„i,„,,| r„„i»he,l „i,h dgh, an, .o,„cl„„cH iwo fcot in Icngih. The M„,ics „f ihe nncicnls "Zr vico, Hugo. cal,,t,c clcscnpiion in /.„ Tmvailkyn d, la Me, In»l„„cc>, of ,h..r a.,„clls on man, however, are not wan,*/ onMhf ot' 7°' ""^ ^;'- ""' ■"■'"''""• 'l''-^''' ->'■ "■"'■ -™»i"» „:;:;:::/"'''■ "-" '" "■'■ '"" »"- •^"" '— » Heaven spoke out from the «;nar». tu I, ^P^'^^-^Thc ])rosnect ofsomiich ive'n'l'i'.r ''""■■;."";"'' "'••"■"'»- l»"8-ge aid in ,he impress- iveness ot the narration? BlOGRAPiriCAI.. Friei.kich von Schiller, after Ga>lhe, the j^reatest of CJerman wn ers, was born in 1759. Educated at first for law and hen ^ mediane, Schiller soon found his vocation was Y.^^^^ he abandoned all. The .success of his youthful --^^"'-^n ^ -^. cusVor "'^^* "°"^^* denying.-Refusingnone of the claims of V^l^'~^^'^: '^'^'' '^'"^''^^'1'"'^^'. Perf. part. o( cnnnan, to know) acquamtance. found°"°' ^'^'-''TZ T- '^^- "^^^ '""^^^ ^^"^ ^"^h freedom found, in Ihomson's Mit/e, Britannia. 6eZ^r" '''"' *?' biIl.-There is a method in business'of demandmg payment of a debt by means of a c^ra/t. Because A owes B a certam sum, B may c^raw on A through the bank for the menT T MH™''' """^'" ^'^ ''^'^ ^"^ P^-^e for its pay! ment. Treat this operation figuratively. thfn'f!r"^"''T^:~^°'' '^' •'^1^^"*^^^ °f 'hese terms rather than father and mother in a satire on one fon.i of a social hypocrisy By leading.-By being led; under the guidance of others. Bath chair.-Invalid's chair, deriving its name from Bath, a famous English health resort. Questing.— Searching, looking for. Soul's own soul.— Cf. Shakspere's rp, ^ . . ," Give me the man Xn my heart s core, aye, in my heart of hearts." CI" NOTKS r,N LiTKKATUKK SKrKCT.ON.S. 281 To a shade by terror maHp ti, ■ Atrophy._u„,|u.,, wasti„B and woakcninf. Exinanition. — sint,. ,>f i • o.,..y).h„e,..„,:ar::,,;':,,:;;;:;n.:i:'' "' """"^ "•'«■ "'""- By duty's prime condition.-Hy tint nr,. r.n„n . vmue of which Cuty exists at .U-^, ^[Z^^T "'""''^ '" For biographical sketch of C^, see pp. lO.';. c'i-lOG. LXXVII.— CONTENTMENT. <^i:/K^A' // -EX DELL ' HOL.'iTES. EXI'I.ANATORY. affords. Sonicwh-it th. .. "''^'' '''•'^' ^f^'-" ^^"'•'^l with Its necessaries " ^^''' <^'»spense " Then pilgrim, turn, thy cares foreRo • All earth-born cares are wrong- ' Aim, wants but little here below^ ' Nor wants that little long " an .ha. Jost,";'a;.;'e;'^:,r, ,"" """"' """"""' »'■""">■"■ f'" Vanffla.ice.-Thc. E„„fch r„, .. i,e „eam » is " ice " Note of hand.-Promissory „„ie amI,assaclor or envoy at -i fore 1. / r , ^'''^"'Potentiary, an Bent his nation. ^ '"""' ^""^ empowered to repre- 282 NOTKS ON LlTKRATUkR Sf.I.KCTIONS. , 'J W. t n i Is'R St. James -St. Ja.ncs's Vahcc in London was from William III. Thee ;;;tU ■ "''^■""':' ^"'"■^^ ■^"^•^■^^■'■^'"^ ^"•'-" Lonco The Court was consequently cnll..! the Court of Si. J;„„es a n.n.e .t st.Il reta,ns, although the palace is only use.I on special i^:!:: Gubernator -President (Lnt. ,v.v/.vv/«/.,. governor). Jy^'re °M r "! ^r"""'-" ^^^^^'^•^^■^^- ^^-•'^- "f '^'*'" finest (or'^rr';.",'''?'''""" Silk.-,>ieces of China silk crape, (or .;,/.) wuh the soft nch crinkled appearance peculiar to crape. of H ?"'/^'f V'^'^-Titian (1477-1570) wasan Italian painter o classical and rehgu.us subjects. II.s greatest n.erit J "the sufhccd to gwe hnn a place alongside the very greatest names in an - Raphael r/w:'A ./;._J>aintin^r chicHy religious and classical subjects, Raphael (UH.-I.,,,), „so an It.dinn, Attained thetj^ enunence m art His .Madonnas are the world's a.hniration. of aii^rtl; i:.^ ^'^^" '^"' ^^'^^'^^^^ ^^^ --"^ '^^ -- 1— Turner.-J. M. W. Turner (1775-1851), the greatest of liriush adscapepanuers. "Inmiddl^^ . . . he was distinguished for a n>asterly and vigorous execution, and an unrivalled bdlliancy of colonng. The profuse and glaring color of some of his pictures r -i^., Aam, Steam, and Speed) lends some point to the satire Red morocco's gilded eleam.-Morocco is a fine quality of goat-skm leather, imported from the Levant, Barbary, etc. It is much used m rich bindings. « Gilded gleam ' is the gleam of the gilt ZTT'-^^^ ^''' T^'^ "^ P'^rchment. Parchment binding was the favonte style of ancient binding, and has of late years been revived. ^ Cameos.-A cameo is a stone, for a ring or brooch, of several ayers. havmg a figure carved in one layer, while another forms the background. Stradivarius.-Anto'nius S.radiva'rius was one of the most ^Villiam in. in Lonilon. lies, a name il occasions. ■if the finest Cashmere sill< crape, to crape. lian painter it is " the alone lias lies ill art." '1 classical he highest ion. ■^t precious of Briiish tintjiiislied brilliancy is pictures It ire. :juality of tc. It is of the gilt t bimling ears been if several onus the he most NOTl-S ON LITERATURE SELECTIONS. 283 famous makers of violins. He liv,.,l ; r- ■ . century. ' '" "' '" ^'•'■•niona in the eighteenth Meerschaum (fJcrnnn >» .,- «"l..s.anco. .originally suZ, To ' '''' ":'r"' ^""^'"'- ^"^'^^'^^^ '"-.1 up.n tht seal "7 ' " ;;i|:n;""^V"-'^""' '"'" ''^'"« kin.Is of tobacco pines- ..,.| . ''" '^>"^''' '" "'--^'^inK the f^ner beauty of their d si g ' J '^7 '^ "'"'^^"' '"'"''''' ^-" ^'- '*>"■'• '^'^ '•) no means uncommon." good or an evil ? WlTr^nn. ,'''":''' "^ '^""^'-'ntnient ; is it a views of what wou /l c ,m ' ' i; 'r n" ^•"°""' "'" '"'^ "^n Mr. Holmes gives? ^ h.m, following such details as BlOGRAPIIlCAL. "f le.,e„. After ihrec yo," a," "lI ,'"''?"''"'' "••■ '™'' I'een an author. One of hi. ,.. ,i r , Holmes has saved the old .igate '^:iJ::z''^:z:';:::t '^^-'^'^'^ "meetings of his college societv h.v.? i V7 '" "''' ^^^ B"t the establishmenf of n ,./.'' ^"''^' "''"^"y ^'''''^"^as. greatest impuli;!X;Lt;^::;''' ''r'^'r''' save the creatnc ))o«e.s, and ,n it has appeared the Il ' Notes on Literature Selections. /,« /../, „,ay ,,e „ke„ as n„«„,ive. The geniali.y a„„ tj. LXXXIX.—TIIE OLD CRADLE. l^'REDERfCK L OCKEn . Fardel of life.-The ln:rden of life. Cf Shakspere: " For who would fardels l,cai 1 o grunt and sweat under a weary life ? • Infantile frailty.— The 'wailing. ' Cf'^kr^c!■^°' '°''-Y/' "" l"""- •"^^^■"l^ "f ''"■'^"e -'' confusion. Cf. tor 'coil,' meaning 'bustle ' : "For in that sleep of death what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this mortal coil?" ' —Hamlet, Hi. i. "Who was so firm so constant, that this coil Would not mfect his reason." -J . — Tempest, i. s. He ,s riding post-haste, etc.-Death. 'Post-haste' derives i s meaning from the early custon, of transmitting governmen despatches by n.cans of reL.ys of couriers, whose re^larity and speed became proverbial in a time when no other organized means of communication e.xisted. ^^u means "he Autocrat invels Elsie ■s of Motley lany po^.ns, Hhay, The and tender- er, together operated in ;iish readers is used to playfully of f the con- confusion. :' derives vernrnent irity and 2d means Notes on Literature Sklkctions. 285 Biographical. 182r"o""d'^°rr ^h"'"''^' Locker.La,npson) was born in e.r1v a.e FI / ^^' " '"^"''^ '^^ ^"^^^^ civil service at an clcted into the r."'''^;''r' ^° ""'°"^ '"'^^-^-^ ^^e poe.s arum (1867), and author of Patchn,ori (1879). is second wife rithofhtf'ir -^v''^ ""''''' ^^"'^^-' -^- na^ro Th death of his father-in-law, Mr. Locker assumed. As a poet Mr. Locker has written some dainty verse treatinir of love and society in a half-bantering, though alwJys grL^ sTyle XCIV.-TOO LATE. D/JVAff jr. Mi7LOCK cra/k: Exi'LANATORV. Douglas Douglas, tender and true.-This refrain is the bur- den of an old poem, 7^. /W.., by Sir John Holland. See Scot 's Mdot, chap. XXXV., and the author's note. I lay my heart on your dead heart r oflv. .• . "caa neart — I con.iecrate a mv affections to your memory ^ ann!""''' !''' "-7^ '"^'''''''"' ^^ ^^"^ ^^''^ ooni:.ining whatever appropriate incidents your imagination can supply to the poem. Biographical. Miss Dinah Makia Mulock (Mrs. Craik) was born at Stoke-upon-Trent ]S'>f) K\-,a ko i , . v.,r\i I ■ a , "'^-^ '"^*^" ^ voluminous and pouular writer, chiefly, however, of novels For ^ .,,/, / v , 1; ''" , ' Hni;fn^ n .7 ' "ovtis. i-^K-x A^i^atliai Husband, font Hahfa., Gentlanan, Ai,,, Arthur, Senuous Out of Churh\n.\ foetus are characteristic .orks. She is the wife of G. L Crat nistorian of English literature. ' 286 Notes on Literature Selections. 11 XCV.— AMOR MUNDI. CHRISTINA GEORGINA ROSETTI The poem is an allegory on the old theme that the wages of sin is death. Youth yielding to the temptation of sin is the burde^ o S^roTfL""^^^^^^^^ Amor Mundi.-Latin for, Love of the world. Love-locks The light curl of hair, such as was fashionable with the courtiers of Elizabeth and James L An it please.— 'An' is archaic for «if.' Swift feet seemed to float, etc. Q. : "E'en the slight hare-bell raised its head H-lastic from her airy tread. " „,, , , —^coti,"La,{yo/t/,e Lake." tor her feet have touched the meadows, And left the daisies rosy." — Tennyson, "Maud:' Where grey cloud-flakes are seven.-Miss Rossetti shares m the peculiarity of her brother, in finding poetic suggestion in num- bers. Compare the language of the book of Revelations. " ^*'!i'^u'^ ''"'^^ ''•'^'^ '" ^^^ hand, Ajid the stars in her hair were .seven ' —T>. G. Rossetti, "The Blessed Damozel.'- Flock and flake are forms of the same word. Where blackest clouds hang riven, etc.-The rain-clouds are torn asunder, and in the rent, amidst the grey flocks of clouds is seen the meteor, ' Portentous.-It was formerly believed that meteors were warn- ings from providence. Of many references in Shakspere, we quote: "And be no more an exhaled meteor, A prodigy of fear and a portent Of broached mischief to the unbon. limes. " - —i-HenryIV.,v.i. Undeciphered—Its import is vague, mysterious, not clear. Scaled and headed worm.-Evilconseciucnces of wrongdoing The reference is to the co'bra da cape'Uo (hooded snake), wnion when angry, dilates the skin of the neck, forming a sort of hood. Its Jite produces death within two hours. Noii.s ON Literature Selections. 287 Waits the eternal term—This passage will suggest different Ideas to different minds. To some it will suggest that the l.ody awaits the Judgment ; to others, that it awaits that eternity in which the body IS not; others again will say that the body is to wait (remain) through eternity. Any one of the meanings would satisfy the requirements of the poem. Note that this line contains the climax of the narration. Blor.RAPHiCAL. Christina Georgina Rossetti is the youngest daughter of Gabriell Rossetti, formerly professor of Italian literature in King's College^ London. She is one of an illustrious family, sister of Maria Francesca Rossetti, author of J Shadow of Dante ; of Dante Oabriel Rossetti, the poet and painter; of William Michael Rossetti '^^^o'^'^lf T''- ^°'" ^" ^^•^^' ^^^ ^^^"<^^' ^^' ^'-' volume in labJ, Gobhn Market, following it in later years with The Prince's Progress (1866), Commonplace and Short Stories in Prose (1870) Speahng Likenesses (1874), Annus Domini (1874), A Pageant ami Other Poems (1B81). XCVI.-TOUJOURS AMOUR. EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN. Toujours amour.-[There is] always love (French). Little archer.-4Husion to Cupid, with his bow and quiver; and, figuratively, for the graceful charms that captivate. Hoary love.~The love felt by the old. When do frosts put out the fire.-For 'frosts' in reference to old age. Cf. : rtK were nih locks, and his cheeks as brown as the oak-leaves.' —Longfellmv, "Evangeline." "Though now this grained face of mine be hid in sap-consuming winter's drizzled snow, And all the cotidiiits of my blood froze up, \ et hath my night of life some memory ' 'Fire' here refers to th Sltakspiff. "CoDiedy of Errors. e vigor of the passion of luv( 288 NOTKS ON I.ITKRATURK SkI.KCTIONS. Biographical. Edmund Clarencp STPnx»»xT i imn &r, c u ^lEmtAy was born in Hartford, Conn of .he New York ,!-„^^ Z ' L e^ T" "■■■' "■•■■'-~"»*'>"<>«nt Oe.e„l Bate., b„. ,eli„<,„«he<, nis^^^lLnr^el rt showing keen insight and fine taste. -"ticism, XCVII. -ENGLAND. THOMAS BAILEY ALDRICH. This lofty tribute to the greatness of England from Mr Aldrich Jhou blue-cinctured isle.-Cincture==girdle. Cf. Shak- "This precious stone set in a silver sea,' and Tennyson's "Compassed by the inviolate sea." ^^ To the Queen" East US tribute brings.-The benefit England receives from he commerce with the East, especially with fndia. The use of tribute IS apt in a reference to Asiatic countries. Write a short essay on England, showing in detail the historir.I facts upon which the poet bases the s.Uemtnts of his s'me^ ''Richard II r 1(1 there be ^rd, Conn., ne editor of d Herald. •respondent 'Ugh never ) Attorney- rs later to s followed, mtrihuting Volumes tion of his itic. His criticism, Aldrich ed States : Shak- iiir ■een." 'es from '■ use of storical Notes on Litkratl-rk SKLEciiONs. 280 Biographical. Thomas Bailkv Ai.drich was horn in Portsnouth, N.II., 1836 Hi youth was spent in Louisiana. He intended to enter a I e.e t.:^ed r r''"'" ^'*^^ ^■'"'' ^^-^ "- ^-^ ofhis^m, . .t : turned In. plans. Lntering the countin^;-house of his uncle a New Wk merchant Mr. Aldrich used his leisure time to s.ch p rno^^ tl^BT^^l " ""? -"^ '° various journals. His /U/) ation that he felt literature and not trade was his vocation After readmg '< proof " for a firm of publishers, he became ed , oV ^^1 r cently. he was editor of the .mmu Monthly. But the editor h' also been a writer. In verse, his Poaus (IHOS-Go), and in p os (1880), contam the best of his work, and are marked by truth and delicacy of sentiment, and by elegance of expression. XCVHI.-ROCOCO. THOMAS B^ILEV ALDRICH. Rococo.-In architecture, the term 'rococo' is applied to -x style which, originating in Italy, prevailed in France ancGe ml during the latter part of the seventeenth century. It wa chara teT -ed by profusion of ornament. The poet use's the term n , a , Mark the graceful cynicism of the poet, who has gained experience v^:!^^ ' '''''''-' '''''"'- '-'^' ^'-^' ^-^^^^^^ a b'^r'^r/l'"""''"!;"""' (1^«9-1^27), an Italian, author of a book, ne Prtnce, m which treachery an, the trees uid varied of brooks, whistling he twitter earns in at longs for I mortal, beauty of unded liy >e, abun- horizon, '■ a king, are the air be- I. brms of Y' as a Notes on Literature Selections. 291 Frost.caught star-beams fallen sheer.-The twinkling rays o starlight are transforn.ed. as they fall pure to earth, by the artists of Winter into the beautiful crj-stals of the hoar-frost. jeier^"^''"^"^""^''''""^'' °''""'"^"^^d ^i'h raised work of Bord'ring realms.— See 1, 4. Liquid sobbing brooks.-Better: liquid-sohhing, as in '„,ea dow-threading,' 'rapturous-noted,' 'high-consulting.' Note Mr. Roberts freedom-even license-in coining words. Molten-throated wooings.-< Molten' is a form of 'melted ' The comparison of sounds to lic,ui.ls is not rare; we even call the smooth-Howing consonants (1, m, n, r) liquids. Multitudes flashing.-The birds in the sudden flash of sunlight For thy snared soul's delight.-For the delight of thy soul held^captive by the music. Note the prolepsis (Anticipation) in 'Les. -Rare abbreviation for 'unless.' High-consulting.-Deliberating together on lofty themes. olcU W I.",h '""^ '": «Pheres.-Allu.sion to the doctrine of the old Creek 1 ythagoras, that the heavenly bodies were placed apart at chstances in harmonic progression, and that, conseq ently, as they ircled on their courses, they made .sphere-music. Cf. t note o 'mortal-cloaked ear' below. mc nott to to^whVn'fhoTTf" "''^'''? '^'"^'^^'" ''''''' '^ '^ '^ - -"trast to when thou dost he at night.' Grosbeak.-The grosbeak is a small bird of the finch family It takes Its name from the thickness of the base of its bill (l-v',.., oig). The Pine Grosbeak is, no doubt, here . eferred to, the hardies of the grosbeaks, which rarely remain with us in winter. Mortal-cloaked ear.-Allusion to .Shakspere's lines: «ut in hi, motion like an anijel siiu's S .11 ,|,i,ri„^r ,„ the younff-ey,..l dien.bins : •Vich hnrm.iiiy is in immorla! snuN • Hu, whilst ihi, „„uMy vesinro of decay iJoth Krossly close it in, we caiiii.,t hear it." - ■}ri:nliant o/l'enkc, iv. g. 292 NOTKS ON LiTERATUki.: SKLhXTIONS. [hi h,* l""" ""','"' J''"'P"--r''« juniper is a ,h„,b „r,he «™ ,t;;:L:;:;:,M:s.,,;.:,f,tr:' '"- '° " ^"' '- '"^^'^^ In lush crimsons—Lush-rich, l„,„ria„,. cr. "How i„,u A gorgeous legend «,eaves._Thc s,„,y „f ,h, ,„„,„„ , BlOr.RAPHICAl,. Utcnt;.re"of 'r ''•,''• ''°""^'"' °'" "' ^'^^ ""'^htest names in the ."a on "''''""''?' '^*'^ ^'-•-•'- l^y l-th, training, and Sv "r vT °'" '" ''"' '" """«'^^' ^•^^■' ^he son of the Rev. G G. Roberts. Mr. Roberts' boyh, od days were s„ent nt Vestcock and in Frederic.on, where his father was ap,^ ed rec or esptcially m the study of Latin and Greek. He entered the Unwersuy of New Brunswick in 1876, an.l after a fairly uccessfu urse was graduated with honors in political science.' The yea 1H80 was spent in teaching in Chatham, N.K, where amidst Z chstracons of school life, he gathered the first fnuts 'h s /cj / 7 r T," r' ""''"] '''"'"' "^ ^^'^h we find the ^:^e ? S re tsc J;™ ?' TT'^ *" Fredericton as Headmaster of York Street School. In 1,S84, he became editor of the Toronto IVeek t "nconge„.al position, soon relinquished. He then TcceoS tH profc.sorshipofModernLiteraturein King'sCollegc wS^N^ which he still hnlrU it;, i < , '^ '"^fa*-) **in^'n>^^ one Weld niterfuse them in the patriots (lame- Whose forging on Thine anvil was begun In blood, late shed to purge the common shame : Ihat so our hearts, the fever of faction done, Kanish old feud m our young nation's name." H APPENDIX w f ;V I •: I ,1 .1 iikij! I 1 t , THE ELEMENTARY STUDY OF STYLE. THE CARDINAL QUALITIES OF STYLE. In order that writing may be regarded as literature at all. it must be intelligiDie. If writing were so confused and ambiguous as to be generally unintelligible, no literature would be possible Ueamess of expression is then a fundamental quality of style But a writer is never satisfied merely with being understood ; he seeks in various ways so to present his thoughts that they impress themselves upon the reader's mind. Force (in its various manifestations of vivacity, vigor, fervor, splendor, dignity, loftiness, sublimity) is, therefore, a second cardinal quality of style. Again, things offensive to general good taste-harshness of expression, vulgarity, coarseness-are certainly absent from good writing. _ Hence we may regard Taste as an essential consideration in style. Perfection in these qualities may not always be attained : a word may be ambiguous, a construction weak, just as any work of art may have blemishes; but in the large meaning of the terms, good writing must have Clearness Force, and Taste. Other qualities that are frequently met with in literature will be noted hereafter. First let us investigate the means by which the essential qualities of style are secured : — "^ As to Words:- ^-^^^^^ ™ «^«^«ne3s. (a) In such a line as : ' Oh, that's a thin dead body which waits the eternal term. '-Page 417. Notes on Literature Selections. 295 STYLE. iure at all, it id ambiguous 1 be possible, ility of style. understood ; its that they [in its various lor, dignity, al quality of e — harshness absent from an essential ;ies may not construction mishes; but must have e frequently First let ua ties of style -Page 417. the author chooses ' thin ' rather than ' loan,' because it suggests what ' loan ' doea not, viz., ' worn away by dissipation or disease.' Precision in the use of words is a first means to clearness. Many wonls have common element of meaning, but have also aliades of difference wliioli must be respected. Clearness demands elean, accurate use of language. (h) In the same line the use of ' eternal term ' may be thought faulty, for 'term' is used to mean 'limit' or 'boundary,' and also 'extent of time,' and it may be doubtful to many whicli meaning is here appropriate. Such use of language would be a grave fault in prose, though a minor fault in poetry ; for as prose appeals generally to the intellect, clearness is in prose the great need, but as poetry appeals to the emotions, often great gain is made by the very vagueness of the lines when that vagueness can be made to appeal to tlie soul. {(•) And)iguity often aiises also from the careless use of pro- nouns and modifying words. Tiie latter should stand near the words they are intended to modify. As to Sentences :— Examine Emerson's Each and All (page 282), and it will be seen that that poem of perfect clearness owes nmch to the care- ful attention paid to the structure of the sentence. Every sentence has, as it should have, only one main statement, and whatsoever else the sentence contains is clearly subservient. In other words, the sentences have unity. As to the Paragraph (prose) and the Stanza (poetry) :— (a) Unity .-—Examine, from the point of view of the meaning of the writer, Raskin's O/the Mystery of Life (p. 390) and Holmes's Contentment (p. 3G4), and it will be seen that the paragraph in prose and the stanza in poetry are intended to contain those sentences wliich bear on a chief part of the theme. When those sentences are tlius grouped, there is a distinct gain in intelligi- bility. The eye at once grasps their relation to one another, and clearness results. (6) Openiufi Sentence, etc.— The same pieces may be examined, to see the relation of the thought expressed by the opening mu NOTKH ON LlTKHATUKl, SklECTIONS. >,-M sentence to tlio general theme of the paragraph or stanza. If that sentence indicates the subject of the paragraph, it is evident that the mind will have a key to the subject to bo treated, and will be thus freed from all doubt. (c) Co7itinuif!/ :-OhscrvG also how carefully every piece of good writing IS pla.ined. Note in Barhara Fnetchh how accurately the order of incidents in time is observed. I„ every composition the va.ioua thoughts should bo so ar.anged tliat they may be recognized as "consecutive steps in a progressing thought." (d) ExplWd Ji,'/rrenre. --Tho use of words to show the con- nection of one thought with another is universal in language. * * • • ( , " I've a snug little kingdom up five pair o( stairs." (Page 300.) " To mount to thin realm is a toil, to be sure, But the fire thue is bright and the air rather pure ; And the view / behoM on a sunshiny day Is grand through the chimney-pots over the way." The use of the words italicised clearly shows the relation of the Btanza containing them to the stanza that precedes. Conjunctions, conju.ictional phrases, personal pronouns, and demonstratives rektLn' ''P"'*'"" °' '^°'^ "^ ''^'^'^ ''''' "" ""^'^"« '°' the clear expression oi Parallel construction, or the succession of sentences or stanzas having a common beanng and a similar construction, is. likewise, always a clear mode of expression. See The Cane-bottomed Chair, stanzas, 4, 5, 6. II.— MEANS TO FORCE. Cleaiiiess as a means to Force :— If our attention is diverted from the ti-ought of a writer in r^x endeavor to solve the obscurities and ambiguities of his langr. . it IS plain that the thought can make but little impression on us Wlien, however, the thought is clearly expressed, there are no such obstacles between the writer's thought and our mind. The ineann-. as it were, shines upon us through the crystal clearness ot tha L uai^e • the thought seizes our attention, impresses Itself o-i r... .u.dad-.,, rouses, subdues with whatever strength It posse-^.,-. ..Jvr.y efcep to clearness is, therefore, a step to N<»TK« ON LriKiunuK SSklkhionh. 207 Simplicity as a means to Force :- - The Englisli laii<,'U(ige by its vast vocabulary— the greatest ever at tha coiiiiiifind of jiiun — bus vasst roMources for the exprr aoii r,{ tliought. Its Anglo-Saxon vocalmliiry is fnll of 'limploand ianiili.ir terms, telling of homely things and homely fci'lings ; its fore ign vocabulary is rcpb'te with the terms of si-ience and the language) of sonorous eloquence. As a result of this double vocabulary, discourse nuiy bo made easy, simple, intelligible even tu a child ; while, on tlie other hand, it may bo made obatruse, erudite, intelligible only to the scholar. An argument similar to that in tlu; case of Clearness may be used to show that simple words and a simple structure of sentences are, generally speaking, means to force. If our atttaition is absorbed in an attempt to solve the meaning of abstruse terms and intricate coi structions, there is little opportunity for the writer's thought to effect us.'^ Simplicity shows itself in :— (a) A simple vocabulary — a characteristic of most poetry ; oa in Tlie Bridijc of Shj/is and Ode to the North-eant Wind. In scientific writing, abstruse terms are necessary for the clear presentation of tho thought. See Earthworms. (h) Simple structure; such as short sentences, (f) The use of figures of speech, illustrative story, etc. " Take thy beak from out my heart" is expressive in a very simple way of the jviiffuish of mind into which the lover was thrown by tho Raven. " Rule, Britannia, rule the waves I" is niiich easier to prasp and much loftier than its plain equivalent, "May Britain be the greatest of maritime nations." See, oIto, the story in Walton's AntiUng. Force by Brevity : — In respect to the number of words used, the great virtue of language is brevity : to employ just words enough to give full expression to the thought. To use more than the occasion calls '"A reader or a listener has at each moment but a limited amount of mental power available, . . . Heme, tho more time and attention it takes to receive and understand each sentence, the less time and attention can be given to the contained idea, and the less vividly v^'ill it be conceived. . . . What- ever force is absorbed by the machine i- •Ic-'-'iCte'l from the rrsiilt."— fl^rfterf Spencer, n I 298 Notes on LixiSKATiKR Sklections. "Or like stout Cortez when with eagle eyea He stared at the Pacific-and all his men Look'd at each other with a wild surmise- Silent, upon a peak in Darien." Force by Amplification :— of ampi fication or repetition and extension is a great means to z.z''"' ^"°' -p««-*--ke3 us dweiinpof. ri:;:^ '"'''''»'» the month, and this the happy morn" Jlf,v/„« "Touch her not scornfully ; Think of her mournfully, Gently and humanly."— if ood gists [ druggists'] „ot£;, ^°"f^'=f°"ers [? confectioners'], to the drug- eat o dri,;r he ; a^ h 7^^^ ''"" = "'"'^^^^ '"^" ''^ -'^ht to conquest, "-^7,'ir '' '' °' "-"'''• ''^°"^' °' ^PP^"'^- '^"'a'" of Ft/ce by Contrast:— The quick succession of opposites affects us forcibly .iv^^s- '£^t: ::-:^r r^:- -^ — - -• - - isatd^TtTr'^''^''''^''*^*^^^"^*^'-'^ -*-^ between the rose as it Force by Climax :— If thoughts are so presented to us that they come with retrular _Of_the parts of a sentence-the beginning, the nnVldle. the *Except, indeed, "all," the presence of which must be an"c;^ight: Notes on Lttkrature Selections. 290 end — is any one part naturally more promincut than any other ? Consider, for example : " Strength of these weak haiidH, lifj[ht of these dim eyes, In sickness, as in health— bless you, My Own ! "—Praed. " ' Horatius,' quoth the Consul, ' as thou sayest, so let it be.' "—Macaulaii. " And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor Shall be lifted— nevermore "—Poe. If the emphatic words find their place in the emphatic of the Bentence, the sentence is, thus far, strong and forcible. Force is often secured by another device. It is of the nature of mind to notice the unusual, the extraordinary. Now, the usual form of the sentence is with the subject preceding the verb, the adjective its noun, the verb its modifiers. If, then, variation can be got, consistent with the genius of the language, from the ordinary form of the sentence, it will be found to lend special emphasis to the word out of its normal order. " One port, methought, alike they sought, One purpose hold where'er they fare, — bounding breeze, O rushing seas ! At last, at last, unite them there."— CJoHflrft. Force from Variety :— In prose, monotony in the form of the sentence would detract from the vigor of the writing. Where the thought grows ani- mated, short, abrupt sentences are used ; while it is calm and lofty it loves the dignity and comprehensiveness of the long sentence. Antitheses naturally find expression in balanced sentences. In short, an unbroken succession of sentences of the same kind would express a monotony of thought, and would be intolerably wearisome, and consequently weak. There is force by variation. Figurative language, quotation, allusion, humor, pathos, etc., all go to lend variety, to please, interest, and impress. III.— MEANS TO TASTE. Pure English :— The full consideration of the various ways in which a good writer makes his work conform to the principles of good taste goes beyond the clenzcntary character of our prcseiit discusaion. It is sufficient to recognize that the use of slang, of vulgarisms of m 300 NOTKM ON LiTKKATUKE SKLr.<,nO.S,< Writer-. Ung^^e Ll. bl e',,,,^ ^^bf """"r"?' " w. mean the words are E, g,i,h ISvTLmtl ^- '^"I'' f "«"* an., that the n,ea„:;::;it;if ttrl'tlZ*'"^'' -ample, i„ i«fe,„ i^„ edwL: "t"- f *• '" PM'iy, the greater free,lom that „!,.f T ""''"■"ms of arrangement of the words the iT 7 ,'" °"°"' f'"" '" "■" %»at,ve nature o, ZtXrll 'ZT r' ?' *°'' "' melody. < ^ ^ ' "" *"^ attention he pays to OTHER QUALITIES OF STYLE. Picturesqueness :— " Oft of one wide expanse have I been told Tha^..p.,,„.., ^,,,,,. ^„,^^ ^^ ^^^ demea„e."-,r.... The breeze that used to Woi«' odor ja to last all day,- ^ n breathing now. unsweeten'd would forgo thee." "Nought spake he to Lars Porsena f„ « . ~'^'''' ^'^'"^'^'^' But he saw on Pa.ath.us rSfp'or ^S r.t" ''''' '' ' In these quotations we mav nntfn^ +i * -/^""""^y. «.e po»er „, ea,H„g ..ZIT;^;!'^:^''-- "- Picturesqueness. P'^i-uies , the language lias Pathos :— " I'm wearin" awa', John, Like snaw-wreatha in thaw, John I'm wearin' awa' ' To the land 0' the leal.»_/iarfy jvamw. "Take her up tenderly, Lift her with care ; Fashion'd so slenderly, Young and so fair."_.ffood. Notes on LiTKUATtMiE Selections 301 The Ludicrous-Wit and Humor :_ •' A Mameluke fierce yonder da^^sfer has drawn • T.8 a murderous knife to toast muffins upon."-Thackeraj/. "Little I ask ; my wants are few ; I only wish a bit of stone, (A very plain brown stone will do,) That I may call my o\vn."~J/oimes. nln *'"i'"'y /f '^'^ !•««« as these to create laughter is be tl. r.' '''"°' ^'^^^'^^ "^'^ ^'"1 ^^'»««'- is rather to worlt thl ","'""r'- '''^* '^ "^^*^^' -«- concerned with words than ideas, with the intellect than with the heart Hiror ^ia^te:! ?''r":'^" abrilliantflash; it is th' outZ Elegance :— JX'n!t7T^ T 1 *"*^' '" "^'^^ «- *-*« - not of wX, :^:z:z:;;:^r '''-' -' ^-^^-^ ^^-- study Contentment, A Dead Rose, Rococo, etc. Melody :— pleasure. In prose ,t „ to be noticcl in the use of sraootlilv ay. JNote in the following passages what is peculiar in sound. " Tired of listless d/eaniing Through tho lazy d,,i'."-KinuBley. Ml s^ 502 Ko'tK.S ox LlTEIlATriM^ ^'KLKCTIONS. vowet '" *'" ^"""'"""'' '""' '"'"''■■"= P''^^^^"* •'^ *he fall of tl,e "And the Rebel rides on his raids no more " ilngua^r"' ''''"'"'' '' "'^^'^ " " ^••^^* ^^^ *° ^'^^ "^»- «f Still another means of giving a musical ring to verse may be seen m such lines as : & oc m^y ue («) •• Up from the meadows rich with corn, ^'*'*' '"the cool September j/iom. "— Whit tier (6) " The warm lay of love and the light note of gladness Have waken'd thy fondest, thy liveliest thrill ; But so oft hast thou echo'd the deep sijfh of sadness, That e en in thy mirth it will steal from thee still, "-ilfoore. ^^' ' " Take her up tenderly. Lift her with care ; Fashioned so slenderly, Young and so fair. "—Hood. This similarity of sound in syllables is termed Rhyme. In (a) we have S^ngle, in (6) Double, in (c) Triple rhymes. ^^ In the following passages the rhyme is not terminal • " Once upon a midnight dreary, as I pondered weak and weary '-Poe sprung there, I clung there,_an,i death pass'd n,e bv "-Lvtton I bring fr«h showers for the thhsting jlotvers."-Shelley I%mes thus occuring in the line itself are called Middle Bhymes be both Identity and difiference of sound. The beginning of the rhyming part must be different in each, but the efding mu t L the same. The beginning of the rhyming part must afso be an accented syllable. So we must regard as a bad rhyme : " When the candles burn low, and the company's gone, In the silence of night as I sit here alone." -Thackeray Unrhymed verse, as in The Trial Seem, is termed Blank Verse. heW in'thT?^* T rr '''*'"'"' ""'''' ^^*'^ '^^ ^^' ^ <^he place held ,n the hue by those syllables or words that bear the stress of the voice, and by those that are without «uch stress. Let u mdicate the accented syllables, or tho.e Ix-arin.. the stress by-! and ihe light syllables, or those witiiout the stress by ^. ' > fall of the le music of "se may be Moore. !. In (a) ■■"-Poe. tton. Rhymes. ere shall ig of the must be io be an h Verse. lie place le stress Let us 'by—; Notes on Literature Selections. 303 (a) Hrns^Fm-J w7« a A^ KiiTg md 1^'d V r^-y-Sl Bp^. (0) So my spir-it of-ten ach-eth. (c) tlit hTa sSj.^.tJ^ h^ff to St. James. In (a) a light syllable is follovved by an accented one, a.ul this combination of light syllable followed by an accented one occurs seven times. In (6) an accented syllable precedes a light syllable, and this combination occurs four times. In (c) two light syllables are followed by an accented syllable, and this combination occurs three times. From this we may see that lines of poetry are made up of some such combnmtions. Each of these combination is called a root. Examining (a), (/.), and (.) we shall find that /.e< are oi umerent kinds. When the foot is made up of ^ _, it is Iambus : c^-plite. When the foot is made up of - ^, it i« Trochee : dim pk. When the foot is made up of - _, it is Spondee : sclTool-gh^l. The dissyllabic feet are then Iambic, Trochaic, ^Spondaic. When the foot is made up of , it is DactyMisli-i^Tg. Wh!n tV T r "''' 7 ''^^~' '' '' ^"^P"' ■' Pro».e^.fde. bracks *"'^"^^'' ^''* ^'" *^^" ^^''y^^'--^ Anapestic, or Amphi- The number of times that the foot occurs in a 'line varies in different poems, so that we must take into consideration, as well the length of the line. ' The Iambic Measures:— {(') Would have his grief a^gain. Six-syllable or Trimetre (i.e. with three feet). {f>) When sum-mer'a ver-da'iit beaut-'^fli^s. Octosyllabic or Tetrameter (i.e. having eight syllables or four feet). )-^l i vCi 1T( )TK OS LiTKUATUKE SELECTIONS. ('■) V Deraiojilahic or /• Note here what is Vi, not UM.wi;:-L'(miM ,iotli this m \tamtU' called lorii arise. r (/.e. liaving ten syllables or five feet). Heroic Couplet. ^:^^>^^^:^r.!:^-^-^} As tri hP r . '^ or so fnght-ful mier ^ _^^' *o 'Je hated, needs but to be seen, j (d) The dread.f^^ J.^.e i^ .nfd.dTe ai? «hTll spread hi^ thr-^ne. ^ ^oelve-.,i)llahle ov Alexandrine. («) The Rhino is run-„r„g deep a^d red, tlieTs-la^d li^s b^-fore I'ourteen-iiylluble or Fourteener («) III her^eaj; he w'hisjpTrs gSy-TJ'' liai-deli, I ha^ve watch'd thee d"ai-l^ Ek)ht-syllable Trocliaic. ^^Hence most trochaic measures end with the accented syllable. Prithe"? tefl i^e, Drni-pi^'chTn. _ Seren-syl table Trochaic. (*) 0„ee .rp.o7. r .nTd-nirh, .T...^, whTie YpT^r.-d^-d. «Tak a^nd wTar-^ o„f Vhtf-"'; ""'' °"""' """'"^ "^y "« ^ta'My worked receivpq ;= «f +i ' ' ' '' ^'^^ accentuation a word leceives is of the most variable charirtpr Tf u i ""'**"'^" out that the word 'impenetrabintv ' , "^ '''"' P""'*^^ a impenetrabihty may be written to show the graduations of stress : im-pe-n'e-t/a b'i li h, t. • general and fundamental 'chararo't nl^ ^ZV"' :^:^ - reading we do^ot^^r^^^ I^L:;! oataIectic[i.e. lackinsr a sMlairr , ? *'' ''"'"'"'^ting with heptametre and ter.„iLtin, ^ :x:::::::::z^::^' ^-*^ -p-^^^^ "> thrrefrai„. MWanti m the pos.t.on of the accented syllables, it i, . Notes on Litkuatt-ke Selections. 306 In poetry tlie lines are oitli r Continuous or in Stanzas The heroic couplet, because of its effect in continuous narra- Z\ ^TTfl ""' '"^'"^ ^^ ^ ''^^- So we should reganl Each and All, Essay on Man, an.l To Winter as continuous. In Barbara B-ietchze, however, we find stanza divisions. Stanzas : — The most ordinary forms of stanza are the following :_ The Triplet, or stanza of three verses : " Like an ,Eolian harp that makes No certain air, hut overtakes Far thought with music that it makes. m, ^ _. , . —Tennyson. oetr ^^ ""' °'" '*^"'^ °^ four verses, a favorite form of lyric "Be not triumphant, little flower, When on her haughty heart you lie. But modestly enjoy your hour: She'll weary of you by-and-by. " _, —Aldrich. Jptt ''■^''■' ^''"'*' '^"""*"^ '' ^ ^"**-'" «°d a ' ' ' Plain food is good enough for me ; Three courses are as good as ten ;— If nature can subsist on three, Thank Heaven for three. Amen ! I I always thought cold victual nice— My choice would be vanilla-ice." —Holmes. f.rZ ^f,f^"f Stanza, consisting of eight lines iambic pen- tameter followed by an Alexandrine, with rhymes arrazLd aAa^b^,l>,c,c. See The Cotter^s Saturday Nigk "^'"■•'""'-'iie bairn's' thoic', John," meni, in spite of the lack of a liyht sy.Ial.lc. r 4 ■ 306 Notes on Lixehatuue Selections. in the T\T IT 7 ''■ "' "" ^°^'"^' •^^^«"^- ■■" rhymes and n the length of the hnes. Note, however, in The Ld that InLr ^ '""^^"*^ °^ construction in each three of the nine The Sonnet is one of the most perfect stanza forms. It con- sists properly of fourteen iambic lines of ten syllables each with the rhymes arranged thus : In the octave < In the sestette or c d e c d e or c d c d e e or even other variations. I„ thought it is limited to the expres- sion of one Klea Usually the octave (first eight lines) coTi s :p;Lror'^ '' ^-^ ''-'' --' ''- -^^^^- ^^- ^^ ^-^^ the Tt!'r .^r"%^^,/^ ^"•^t'^^r ^'^'•y «l^borate form in the stanza. It consists of three stanzas of eight lines each, followed by a stanza of four hnes. called an Envoy, in which the writer L misses h.s subject with a dedication. The concluding line of each stanza must be the same. The nature of the rhyming lines IvLsS. '"" ' ' ''''''"°' *° """''""'^ ^ Bald to Queen Harmony :— A good writer unconsciously changes his language and his rythm under the influence of the thought he is expressing In verse, the mfluenceof the thought over the expression is even more marked than in prose. Thus it is that th^ forms of verse are so complex and so varied. Every metre has its peculiar character. IS expressive of a peculiar mental attitude. Compare for example, the effect of the iambics in : ^«mpare. "The Rhine is running deep and rod. the island lies before." hymes and Bard that '■ the nine I. It con- each with c d le expres- I contains lines) the t's On a i stanza, .'ed by a riter dis- ? line of ling lines to Queen and his ing. In is even of verse peculiar ompare, NOTKS OV LiTERATntR SKLKCTtON'^'. 307 with the trochees in : " Prithee tell me, Dimple-Chin." and with the anapests in : " Kiiiff iniilip had vaunted hiu claims ; He had sworn for a year he would sack us."' Even a seeming irregularity in metre may be in the highest degree admirable, as in : "Break, break, break !" wlie; the omiHsion of the light syllables adds greatly to the pathos. To tiie bold, irregular freedom of tiie metres in IJerv^ Hid and The " Revenge " h due much of the rugged power that those spirited compositions possess. The sympatliy between the tlioughtand the expression is, as a quiility of style, termed Harmony. To sum up, goo.l literature Aviil be found always to possess some of the following qualities : — i Clearness. Intellectual qualities Simplicity. ( Abstruseness. Qualities partly Intellectual, partly Emotional / ^9^^^- ( ricturesqueness /Pathos Emotional Tlie Lutlicrous f J^'*' \ [ Humor. I r Taste, Elegance. VTlu! .E.stlietic - Melody. ( Harmony. In studying the style of a piece of literature, we may analyze it in accordance with this scheme. M ••• » m Notes on Litekatikf. Selections. «DiKntion Slepiirtment, (Hntarto.- JHibeumnur C.viiminations, IS$7. THIRD CLASS TEACHERS. ENGLISH LITERATURE - PROSE. hammers:- John Seal/,, B.A., and M. J. Kelbj, M.D., LL.B TiMR.— Onk Hocr and a Half. ma^xiSfum!^"''*""''" "^ **" ''•'"« °' *"« paper counta 76 ni.rk8-the which were much more ponderouB in my hand tlan the other ' ihere is a saying among the Scotcli, that " an ounce of m^tloo,. This odd phenomenon showed itself in other particulars 1« n * w^hrL'^a^'rSW^S.^^^^ this paper. ' "' '^ "" ^° Juc'iitioned m 'HI rl 1 10 tt NoTRs ON Literature Selectionb. 2. Oomment on the author's ase of the lUHclzed words, and Im- prove, where you can, the literary form. 8. Explain concisely eaqh part of the allegory contained in the nrpt two and the last two sentences of the above extract. 4. Name and describe the class of compositioni to which " The Golden Scale* " belongs. IL • ^^ ?i? ^^ ■ometlmes felt, gazing up from the deck at midnieht into the boundleas starlit depths overhead, in a rapluje of devout wonder at that endlo^s brightneBS and beauty — in some such a way now, the depth of this pure devotion quite smote upon him, and filled his heart with thanksgiving. Gracious 5 liod, who was he, weak and friendless creature, that such a love sliould be poured out upon him ? Not in vain— not in vain has he lived— hard and thankless should he be to think so— that has such a treasure given him. What is ambition compared to that, but selfish vanity ? To be rich, to be famous ? What do tliese profit a year hence, wfun other namea $ound louder than yours when you he hidden away under the ground, along with idle titles engraven on your coffin ? But only true love lives after yon— follow your memory with secret blessing— or precedes you, and intercedes for you. N.wi omnis moriar— if dying I yet 16 live in a tender heart or two ; nor am lost and hcJheleso livinj? if a sainted departed soul still loves and prays for me. 1. What L vbe subject of the above extract ? 2. Explain the meaning of the italicized expressions. 8. Express as statements the thoughts the author intends to convey by the questions in the extract. 4. Why did the author write "gazing," 1.1; "devotion." 1 4- smote upon him," U. 4-6 ; " hidden away under the ground," 1." 12 • and precedes," 1. 14; and not "looking," "attachment," " struck him," buried," and " goes before " ? B. Why did the author insert " at miinight," 1. 1 : " weak and friendless creature," 1. 6; " a year heuce," L 11 ? IIL The wood I walk in on this mild May day, with the young yellow-brown foliage of the oaks between me and the blue sky the white star-flowers, and the blue-eyed speedwell, and the ground-ivy at my feet— what grove of tropic palms, what strange ferns or splendid broad-petaled blossoms, could ever thrill such S deep and delicate fibres within ma as this home-scene ? These familiar flowers, these well-remembered bhrd-notes, this sky with Its fitful brightness, these furrowed and grassy fields, each with a sort of personality given to it by the capricious hedgerows— such things as these are the mother tongue of our imaainntum 10 tlie language that is laden with all the subtle inextricable asso' oiations the fleeting hours of our childhood left behind them Por delight in the suushine on the deep-bladed grass to-4av \m 10 NOTM ON LiTBRATURE SbLRCTIoNS. y. might be no more than the faint perception of wearied souU if whT«h' ??i'/°' •''•' ^^'^^'J'^^ and the ^ranB in the far-off yearB, 16 which still live m us, and transform our perception into love 1. What is the subject of the above extract ? •lOTS^**** ^" ""^'^ language the meaning of th« italicized ezprws. .«^" «^'° V°* V*" eflfects produced upon the structure of the first and second sentences by the author's desire for emphasis. tJt'. "*JfJ /*if T^/"''"".** o"'.^ °1 ^^^ italicized words in the follow- ing^ fitful bng-htness." 1. 8 ; " that is laden,'' 1. 11 ; fleeting hoursT" »bJ'« eitrict.*' '"" ** P"'"''^*' w^e'^ein consists the beauty of the ENGLISH LITERATURE— POETRY. Bwaminers :—John Seath, B.A., and 4f. /, Kelly, M.D., LL.B. Timt— Two HoDBS. ■aSSL:'^"'""*'"'*" °' "** '*•"• *" *"• P*P«' «>«°*» "• «nark»-tht 10 I see the table wider grown, I see it garlanded with guests, As if fair Ariadne's Crown Out of the sky had fallen down ; Maidens within whose tender breasts A thousand restless hopes and fears, ^rth reaching to the coming i/ear$. Flutter awhile, then quiet He', Like timid birds that fain would fly, But do not dare to leave their nests;— And youths, who iu their strength elat* Challenge the van and front of fate, Eager as champions to be In the divine knight-errantry Of youth, that travels sea and land Seeking adventures, or pursues, Through cities, and through solitude* Frequented by the lyric Muse, The phantom with the beckoning hand That still allures and still eludes, _ _..^c. 'T.viiB VI tuc uruiu 1 O sudden thrills of fire and frost I ihe world is bright while ye remain, Bd dark and d»ad when ye are lost i ^1 if ■11 '■•' NOTBS ON LiTERATUBB SELBCTIOWt. 1. What is th* ■nbjeet of this extract ? the-forc^ otthi'itL'fsed '^^'' °°*'°« ^^^^^^^ *^« -°'^-' -^ and'g^and'io'* appropriateness of the comparison, in U. 8 and 4, wfthSe^p^l^iS^coilS?. "^°'' ^^'^ *^^y "« ~°°~*^ ^ ■«"«« n. Then, in such honr of need Of your fainting, dispirited raot^ Te, like angels, appear, Badiant with ardor divino. Beacons of hope, ye appear I Languor is not in your heart, Weakness is not in your word, Weariness not on your brow. Ye alight in our van I at your Toioe. Panic, despair, j^efl away. Te move through the ranks, recall The stragglers, refresh the ootwora. Fraise, re-inspire the brave ; Order, courage, return ; By ea rekindling, andprayer$ Follow your ttepa aa ye go. Te fill up the gaps in our flies, Strengthen the wavering line, Stablish, continue our march, On, to the, bound of the watte. On, to the city of God. 1. What is the subject of this extract f 2. State in your own words, how the poet has elsewhere described dJepffirracI/' ^^^'''''^' "''^ " ''^"^ ^""^ °' "««^ °' ^oJr f Sn^ sensethSieJritt:. ' "^ '' ""^ "^"'^ ^'"^ "" ^ ««• connected in itic?setpS""'^ *'' "'•"^^ °' "• '-21' °*»«"S especiaUy the m. As ships, beoalm'd at eve, that lay With canvas drooping side by side. Two towers of sail, at dawn of day Are scarce long leagues apart descried; When fell the night, upsprung the breeze, ■^nd all the darkling hours they plied. If or dreamt but each the selfsame aetu By taeh imm cleaving, aide by titU : Notes on Litrr\tcre Srt,ection», it elsewhere ontrast aud U. 8 and 4, ed itt sense describefi r fainting, neoted in uaUjth* E'en BO— but why the tale reveal Of those, w?iom year by year unchanged. Brief absence join'd anew to feel, Aatounded,8oulfromaoulettrangedf At^ead of night their sails were flll'd, And onward each rejoicing steer'd— Ah, neither blame, for neither will'd, Or wist, what first with dawn appear'd. To veer, how vain I On, onward strain Brave barks I In light, in darkness too, m "? winds and tides one compass niiii milht*l'« I'TV}'''.^ the unslaked S/S/slaSer We'll might the gallant leader of the gallant host as he wXv.^.^ f^ reckless onslaught of the untiring enemy and lookr/ln J^® o unflinching few, who, bearing thf prou7badRe of BrftJfr"/'" ^^ sustain the fight, well might%e exS, «• N^ght, ^rfeherT 1. What are the subjects— leading and subordinat«_r,f fv,„ t going paragraph, and which sentences contain them PAccountT' the oraer in which the Bubjeots are introduced. Account for 2. Name and explain the value of the diffnrflnf ii-in-io ->» in the paragrapb,%inting out the most SaXd elml^'of^r^^ s'^rt-tions.'"^''^ ''''^ ''^ P^^^^-P^ "- principl^o^^fill^el cS ess; unflinching," and " certain ; " " car- onslaught," 1. 85 and 10 15 20 inchanged ye Sainte, lad gained 11 held by Jrumbling uaflinch- on. The fy masses I our view lange was their left irer to the igorously ig, which, isslans, — now the g but the ayielding had been igh upon :e nearly ist pi-ove yond his ence of a decisive 2ii y's lines, lugh the inch his crashing n of his led their and feed r. Well 3hed the ipon tlie 35 n, alone aoherl " )f the fore- iccount for t sentences )le of each irallel Con- flinching," in;" "car- '' 1. 35 and Notes on Litbratuek Sklections. 30 foregoinTextV^cH'^-rrtrj 'N°V'? »?"•? I?,r«^«™^'« '" ^^e army."l. 10, or "aU the army ''^^•8^00?'' «**'" '^'''^ °^ ^'^^ forerunner," 1. 23, or " fore Junners -•^° .t'h ^^' *"" 'ni'itain;" "the success of which;" «were»l 2fi „J ^^°'^?"'=^'•'*«•" '• 24, or he exclaim," 1. 87, or "excla7m!:» ' "''• ''"^ " ^«" '"'ght th^rsftw°"LTtL'crrnVthif^of'?rd^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^•'^ ^-"- of unadorned paraphrase oT^th^ slS^sTusffg- s fY^^l^rSt is bl\prnstsstrg\s^^ opportunity to watch them and see for^;«o?f?*J ?'^^* ^'^^e ^"H raised on poles, these poles having wTreT string ^f,^^''^'^^ '^°"''«« I trained my vines. I may mentilnThnf on *^^ °° ^^^'^' °° ^^^^ich T grow on an average over half a ton 5f l^- ^° '"°^ ^°^« «* Poles cord Eumelan, Rebecca, Delaware PrCT^' ''"^'^ year, of Con- The houses were made o boxer abou^l7f°if ?^ '"''"y ^t^ers. m breadth, divided in the middll and a Ji ''^^' ^°u"^' l^'^^ ^^^ 8 was fastened on a broad board for 1 fl"" °V^/^ ^°^- The box house on each side and could se^e for 7^ ^"^ torm^As. fuU nest many at the other end of the vXie h^ T^P^^" ^ ^^^« «ho' residence. I carefullv protect th«mT' P"* .fever near my own that they eat both wh^eKd oSsTs all maZ^v ^^'}- ^^^^t-^^n^en^ seed. In the winter thev can tlf lif/il many varieties of grain and other grains, and whSYits of Sked no ato««'S "5^^^ ^^^^^ ^°d their quick eyes can pick up This food Kf.'- ''f^'^'^ C'"°^''«' ^^'> appears with early ^es anS other insects tT** "^ ^^^ '°"^ ^•^' bluebirds, and rouins ohnso a^A l"r ^' ^ "*^e seen sparrows the snow' in Apri, termed b? trout fi?^ ^^'^^ ^^ter-fly.PofLC on browns.' I have seen them^hase them n^%h° ^^^^^'^'^ ' ^arch '?Re r wr V '^"^"^ to thl1rSs°tC fS'd T.'^^^ ?^ *^« 1. Re.w,.te the foregoing paragraph in good litera^S^' of him-lsfrn'JtiSafe^^f'Srvarue"'''*^^' ^'^ ^-^"'^ -Perience «^Si?;^^----^^ — *rs;^^Sjij;^-»^ exatmnattone, 1889. tt THIRD CLASS TEACHERS. ENGLISH POETICAL LITERATURE. Examiners.-John Seath, B.A., and J. E. Hodgson, M.A IiSTi?*"*^''''*^^ *'" *«''• -«°n« IV. and V., and any o»« o, sections I.. Th! ^^^'^il^* '° **^« mightiest ; it becomes ' r The throned monarch bitter than Ws crown • ° Th«l?.P•K^'^°"'* ''^^ ^o'-^^^ of temporal power The attribute to awe and majesty, ^ ' Wherein doth sit the dread and W of kings • But mercy is above this sceptred swav- It IS enthroned in the hearts of kings It IS an at ribute to God himselfT ^ ' ^heTJilU?^^'' ^°-*^ .*.^^'^ ^^""^ "test God's wnen mercy seasona justice. Therefore r«w That"fn ibfo^ *' '7-^^^«' consfd'erSi'''' Shnnlfl «i^ ?"?•* of justice, none of us SnZS«f^ salvation : we do pray for mercy • V^Jfi-^f^Ii'^fy- I have spoke th s much To mi with reasons, which should receive more emphasis:— 2. ,r ?5 "earth and sky," 1. 2; "thou" or "must die," 1. 4; thou 'or must die," 1. 8; " virtuous " or " soul," 1. 13; " season'd " or " timber," 1. 14. III. I bring fresh showers for the thirsting flowers Prom the seas and the streams ; I bear light shade for the leaves when laid In their noon-day dreame. til emphasis: ' or " dread plea,"l. 15; reading ? 10 IS esented as preceding and this poem nceita and ins for the erbert has ,nd 11. 8-4, iphasis: — lie," 1. 4; season'd " Examination Papers. Prom my wings are shaken the dews that waken The sweet buds every one, When roc^k'd to rest on their Mother's breast. As she dunces about the sun I wield the flail of the lashing hail, And whiten the green plains under: And then again I dissolve it in rain And laugh as I pass in thunder. ' a}1 ^."°^ °" *^» mountains below. A -^^ ,A, "^ S*"^^* P'"«8 groan ngliast: "lilf-l"'/ ',"«*'* '^" ^nypUlow white, While I sleep in the anns of the blast. Sublime on the towers of my skyey boweri Lightning, my pilot, sits; In a cavern under is fetter'd the Thunder— It struggles and howls at fits. Oyer earth and ocean with gentle motion inis pilot IS guiding me. Lured by the love of the Genii that move In the dtnths of the purple sea ; Over the rilis and the crags and the hills, Ofi Over the lakes and the plains, * Wherever he dream under mountain or stream The spirit he loves remains ; u^h,f'i *^'- "H^'^^ ^'^'^ *'« **« ^«'»'« ^lue smile wnile he IS dissolving in rains. oa cafioi"' ^^ ''*"''°°' *° "• ^■®' «^P^*'" *^« P°««oai value of personifi- (c) Explain the meaning of the italicized parts. 10 Ifi ao 7; "ku'gh!'M'l2'-Xif °" 1 T3''f.^.^^l'" ""k" "^°"-^'« breast," , augij, i.i.^, siiD, i. Id ; and " skyey bowers," 1. 17 th^-H"a^i^lTo7?h*ViS^^^^^^^ ^°- *^^ Melody and the%SpSTeatii'Xrs7oem.^"'^ ^^^'^^^ *°°«' ^^ '-« -^^^^ ^or l&^A^S^:r '^°"'^ '« ""^^^ '^^^-^^^ *h« reading of 11. maetriSTl"l2."27"":!l'^^'*^ ^^'•**-' '--. «-P--s to b. Examination Paprr«. IV. r i . «,!^i"'°^"''" *J^' 8ubfltaj.ce of either of the following Relectiona In a P^°«*.?°??l"l«»"V»..'ll«Pl»ying suital.Ie taste and feeling: (1) 1 he Lord of Burleigh ;" (2) " The Revenge." V. Quote any one of the following: (1) " To Daffodils "• m "An Khi^i. CcTfinT.?-** ^'"''" ^'^ '""^ la'^^t'tLee stanza, ^f'^^kf Si ENGLISH PROSE LITERATURE AND COMPOSITION. Examinert .'-John Stath, S.A., and J. E. Hodgson, M.A. hJIT'T"^*"^''**'*'' *""' **'*« Sections II. and III., the flrat three auestioni In Section I., and any onb of the remaining questions in SecWonL ^ urK^^h *^'*^"° of locusts one of the most awful visitants to which t^e countries included in the Roman empire were exposed extended from the Adriatic to Ethiopia, from Awbia to India and from the Nile and Red Sea to Greece and the north of Asia Minor Instances are recorded in history of clouds of the devastating insect 5 w/i°^T^- ^^"'^ ^"* ^ P°^*°^' """^ *h« Mediterranean tl Lorn fl^': * *^ t^ numerous in its species as it is wide in its rani?« of territory. Brood follows brood, m,»7A a «or< offZhjUklnefa yet with distinct attributes. It wakens intoexSiVandac' waSnt'r^'^ "' *^" '"^^^^^^ ^"'^' ''"* '''«t'*°"«« are n,^ j^ June ^Cn «r^ PJf "''* ^'^'^'y' °'. '^' '^PPe'^rance as late as im^t-„ / • °'"'^y^J comprtses myriads upon myriads passing l7eZJn^^'ii^ which the drops of rain or the sands of^the sel are the only fit comparison; and hence it is almost a proverbial mode of expression in the East, by way of <1 escribing a vastinval 15 ing army,to liken it to the locusts. So den se are they, when upon fromTh^i'.?*- '* '' T ^"""HSerMon to say that they hide the?un° An? ^•"u^ circumstance indeed their nanu; in Arabic is derived And 80 ubiquitous are they when they have alighted on the ewth that they simply cover or clothe its surface. ' on „i„ '^ last characteristic is stated in the sacred accoiKit of the &r ^l^^yP*' where their faculty of devastation in also men! tioned. The corrupting fly and the brusing and prostrating hail preceded them in that series of visitations, but fhey cSo do mitrbnf" h "f^™°'* thor hiy j,^^ „J4 ^l crops and 25 fhi I ' I *AHf ^"'S* o' the forest itseM, nay, the small twigs and ianaPiS ° T^ ^?'' T ^^^ ^^^^^ «* their curious and energetic [h« lnnL= ;^^ h^e been known even to L-uaw the door-posts of the houses Nor do they execute their tasl in so slovenly a way that, as they have succeeded other plagues, so they mavhave 80 meT/H^'^''';r ^^'^ ^''^^ P'''"^ *° «P°" what thT/leave! Liiie the Harpies, they smear everything that thev touch with a miserable shme, which has the e&eot If a vira.^iS^ corrSg* Examination PAPiaa 16 20 or aa aome say, in scorching and burning. And then, perhaoB, aa If all this were little, when they can do nothing vine, they die; as 35 if out of sheer malevolence to man, for tlio poisonouH elements of their nature are then let loose and dispersed abroad, and create* pestilence ; and they manage to destroy many more by their death than in their life. 1. What is the main subject of each of theM paragraphs? What are the subordinate subjects, and what sentences are included under each? 2. Give for the italicized parts equivalent expressions which may be substituted for those in the text, without destroying the literary form. 3. Give the terms that describe the style, and exemplify their application from the extract. 4. Shewing in each case which ispreferable, discriminate between the meanings of "awful visitents," f. 1, and "dreadful visits:" "de- vastating," 1. 6, and "ravaging;" "range," 1. 7, and "extent;" .. 7*,!*' ,,^P'nV^ .''^JF ' " " characteristic," 1. 21, and " quality ; " "foliage," 1. 26, and "leaves;" succeeded," 1. 30, and "followed'" and "pestilence," 1. 38, and " visitant." 5. State, with reasons, which of the following is preferable • " The plague— Asia Minor," 11. 1-4, or " The plague of locusts extended over many of the countries included in the Roman Empire;" "It is— territory," 11. 7 and 8, or "It is also numorous in its species* " ' And so ubiquitous are they," 1. 19. n, -They are also so ubiquitous;" "they simply cover clothe," 1. 20, or "they clothe ; "even to gnaw," 1. 28, or " co gnaw even ; " and " Like the Harpies, they smear," 1. 32, or " They smear." 6. By means of four well marked instances, show how the quality of Strength (or Force) has been secured; and, by means of two well- marked instances, shew how the quality of Melody has been secured. II. 1. Point out what you conaider the five chief defects in the literary lorm of either (a) or (b). ^ 2. Re-write ej"*. although I started well, I could not frfv,i!'„1 was sent to bed in disgrace. Going his rounds, as my S seYtten w«7.'- ^»,r''°^."''"°-^'^^*y' *° **^« ^^^^^'^^'^ bed- rooms^ to see that all was right, and coming as usual to my room, and hear mg my voice, it was joon plain that I was talking in mv sl^ec in fact ?hr' "''^ though he told me, which he did to encourage SblTl^'aytSTesson.''''^ '' ^"'*' ^'"'''''^ "^ "^^ ''''^' ^ ^^« «*^" m. SUBJECT FOE COMPOSITION. (Candidates will write on any one subject.) (a) The Final Sckne at Watebloo : The charge of the French Eeserves; their reception by the Guards; the result. viftir'sTreatmentf' ''°"''" ^ ^^^ preparation.; the combat; th. fnS "^tf^^":."^ Imaginary Visit to a Feiend (described in the aJ^nai\&'' ^l^ {onniey; his home and the surrounding fected therf5^th?fh^°''*r^*^'"'''^°°'/"^^ «l'g'^t accident con^ ^^'■^^^^' Examination Papers. vu , in fact ®btication llejjartwettt, (Dntano.— Jftibsummcr (Examinatiou0, 1890. PRIMARY EXAMINATION. ENGLISH POETICAL LITERATURE. Examiners :— John Seath, B.A., J. F. White. NoTB.— A choice is allowed between the third and the fourth question in each ot sections I, and II. All the other questions in each of these sections are obligatory. I. Fair Daffodils, we weep to see You haste away so soon ; As yet the early-rising sun Has not attained his noon. Stay, stay, 6 Until tlie hasting day Has run But to the even-song ; And, having pray'd together, we Will go with you along. We have short time to stay, as you ; We have as short a spring ; As quick a growth to meet decay, As you, or anything. We die As your hours do, and dry Away, Like to the summer's rain ; Or as the pearls of morning's dew, Ne'er to be found again. 10 15 20 1. State fully (a) the circumstances of time, place, and mood under which this poem has been professedly (that is, as appears from the poem) writ- ten ; and (6) the subject of each stanza and of the poem. 2. Explain fully the meaning, sentence by sentence, commenting especially upon those expressions that seem to you most beautiful and suggestive. iu^l •^^P^?'^° t^" liioUicai structure ; and show, as well as you can, that It and the language are in harmony with the poet's mood and thoughts. viii Examination Papers. broug^ht^TtYn^iU''ng?''^""'"^ sentiment, and how should it be Btlni'"''^^' "^'^ ^^-^^-^^ *he especially emphatic words in the iirst inSe?e7onTst'nSr'^'^ P'^^° '° ^-^-^ the likeness expressed f^) Point out and account for the variations in the rate, pitch, and force, II. Whither, 'midst falling dew Th/solitary way ? ^ ' °°'* ^'^^^ ?"""« IVY- i,.^*'",^y 'he fowler's eye Thy figure floats along. ^' Seek'st thpu the plashv brinlr Of weedy lake, oi' margf of rfver wide On tt chl'S^ hiUowsrise^and'sink un tbe chafed ocean side ? T«««v,?^t5® " a power whose care Lone wandering, but not lost. At tbn^^! ^''^ *hv wings have fanned, 1 hough the dark night is near. And shall nol soon depart. ' f;n{* '^*'' *° *»>« identificatio,, xU Examination Papers. The Mway and the letter are obligatory on each candidate : the value thereof constitutes 60 per cent, of the value of the paper. Write an essay on any one of tlie following sul.jects :— (1) On Contentedness in all Estates and Accidents. (2) The Plague of Locusts. (3) The Rocky Mountains. (4) The Wonders of the Nineteenth Century. B. Write, to a friend, a descriptive and narrative letter, dated from Toronto, and signed with an assumed name. S/"^',- J.': e value thereof I dated from H f r" H It y NIC BNC 3 3286 08395937 5 ■All' ■ .. '