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"All true work Is sacred; In all true work, even but true hand-laboar, there is sonietblng of dlvlneness. O brotbcr, If this is not worship, then I say the more pity for worship, for this Is the nobiept thing yet discov- ered under God's sky. Who art thou who corapiainest of thy life of tollT Complain not. Look up, my wearied brother; see thy fellow workmen there In God's eternity; surviving there, they alone surviving; sacred band of the immortals, celestial body-guard of the Empire of Mank'nd." —Thomas Carlyle. Biographical Details. — Tlionias Carlyle was born De'iember 4, 179"), ill Ecclefechan, Annandale, first son of James Carlyle, mason and small I'armer, and his second wife, Janet Aitken. Carlyle had the usual training of the clever Scotch hoy— even peasants' son — a start at home from mother and father in reading and arithmetic, the village scliool, Latin under the eye of the minister, the grammar school (Annan) for some Frenoli, I^tin, mathematics, then the university. Carlyle went up (walked) to Edinburgh in November, 1809, expecting in the end to enter I the ministry. He got some Latin, Greek, and mathematics at college, but he was not remarked except among his associates, to whom he seemed a second Dean Swift. He became mathematical tutor nt Annan,/ 1814, and set about qualifying for the ministry by preaching two sermons in Edinburgh. In 1816 he went to Kirkcaldy to teach, became intimate there with Irving, then also a schoolmaster. There he abandoned his) orthodox vinws and all thoughts of the ministry. In 1819 he l)egan the study of law, but it was soon given up. Dyspepsia seized on him. His " three most miserable years " follow , in which hackwork and tutoring keep him alive. The "spiritual new birth " described in Sarior, is an autobiographic fragment of this j)eriod. His study of German revealed to him a master in Goethe. For some years Carlyle acted as tutor to Charles I and Arthur Bullet, which took him to London. His literary work, passing over articles for encyclopedias and translations of Goethe's Wil- helm Meister and Legendre's geometry, was fairly begun by his Life of Schiller. In 1826 Carlyle married J.-xne Welsh, " the flower of Hadding- ton", a marriage not vithout its mutual affection and happiness and comradeship, likewise not without its heartburnings and explosions and human discontent. They lived at Edinburgh, then at Craigenputtock, 1828 to 1834, where in the quiet of a remote counti/ bouse Carlyle forged his intellect to its best uses. Sartor Reaartua and many of the essays belong to this period. In May, 1834, he went to London, soon renting No. 5 (now 24) Cheyne Row, Chelsea, his abode till death. The French Revolution, begun there the year of his arrival, was finished in 1837, and its publication marks the turn of the tide of fortune, His (3) 'i !i: :'i ' } ^ u ^ article! were accepted in magazines. He lectured publicly, the moat im- portant course ( 1840) being published as Hero- Wori^hi]). Friends gathered about him— Stirling, F. D. Maurice, Tcnnj'son, Macready, Dickens, Thackeray. His interest in present politics in criticjil times is marked by Chartism, 1839, Past and Prcmit, 1843, Laitcr-day PanqyhlclH, 18o0. Meanwhile five years of work h.ad been put into the Life and Letters of Oliver Cromwell, 1845, which "established his position as a leader of lit- erature." The admirable life of Stirling belongs to 1851. In 1857 he entered "the valley of the shadow of Frederick", and after fourteen years of labour mostly spent in his "sound-^'-oof '' room, Frederick //.was completed (i., ii. 1858 ; iii. 1862 ; IV., 1864 ; v., vi., 1865). Carlyle I was elected rector of the University of Edinburgh, but " the perfect tri- umph " of his recejition was almost immediately darkened by the death of his wife, April 21, 1866. Carlyle's final years were clouded by this loss. The writing of his reminiscences and the preparation of the Letters of Jane ]Vehh Carlyle were the last works of his hand. His death was on February 4, 1881. He was buried, according to his wish, in the kirk- yard of his father at Ecclefechan. The best brief article on Canyie » '"(p Is that of Sidney Lee, in the Dic- tionary of National Biography. An excellent brief account of the man and his work is afforded by Dr. Gatn&it's*^ Life of Thomas Carlyle ("Great Writers'' series : London, Walter Scott); John Nichol's Thomas Carlyle ("English Men of Letters" serias); Professor Masson, Carlyle Personally and in his Writings. For other memoirs by "Wylie, Conway, NicoU, Larkiu, Shep- herd, etc., see Anderson's bi])liography appended to Dr. Garnett's book. The ultimate sources are Carlyle's lieminiseences ; Fronde's Tlwmas Carlyle (first 40 years) and Thomas Carlyle (life in London); Letters and Memorial of Jane Welsh Carlyle ; Correspondence of Carlyle and Emerson ; his Letters, edited by Professor Norton. Interesting details of Carlyle localities are given in Homes and Haunts of Thomas Carlyle, " Westminster Gazette Library," and The Carlyles^ Chelsea Home, by Reginald Blunt. The authorized publishers of Carlyle are Chapman and Hall, who have his chief works in a convenient and very inexpensive form. Their Cen- tenary edition (New York: Scribners, §1.25 per vol.) is admirable. There is a Bibliography of Carlyle, by R. H. Shepherd, Loudon, 1881 ; see also Anderson, alwve. Lecture. I. Formative Influences. Ecclefechan, the E.itepfuhl of Sartor, de- Bcribed. The Carlyles, "fighting masons of Ecclefechan"; shrewd ' University Extension students would do well to procure for themselves copies of books marked ** and possibly those marked *. The rniversity Extension library for this eourso will contain the most imi»rtaut works of reference. V / l< sense, native integrity and piety of Carlyle's father; sensitiveness o( his mother. The Scotch family life — i)elief in education, hopes and sacrifices for the clever son. Ileliraic Ciist of Scotch Calvinism. Carlyle owed much to his lather and to Ecclefechan both in his powers and his limitations. Debt to Goethe and Fichte. Yet he made himself. Jlis" fire- baptism " was in Loith Walk ; the forging of the man at Craigenpnttock. Carlyle united many gifts in strongly accentuated form : an intense indi-\ viduality, egoism, bj which he reached a fresh Tiew of things and a fresh | style; idealism, yet with a deep sense of actuality, which emphasized the deed and the doer; belief in the divine within man and without; hence, reverence before the mysterious universe and human life; keenness of vision and marvellous powers of expression; humour and tenderness; gro- tesqueness growing toward coarseness; rugged strength united with fervid poetic imagination; a seer rather than a scholar; narrowness of sympathy, especially in the fine arts; 'a Calvinist without a creed', standing prophet-like amidst a despised civilization. II. 37tf key to Carlyle's nature is Sartor liesarlun. Faith, duty, God — the Puritan ideal, stript of its theology. Its negative side, hatred of cant and sham. The "clothes-philosophy ". Swift and Byron compared as sfvtirists of life. Tlie gospel of work ; its sacredness and dignity. Car- lyle's love of actuality, of significant fact, illustrated in the essays on Burns, Johnson, Goethe. Dry-as-dust industry in search of such fact, in CromwclVs Letters and Speeches, and imaginative interpretation of it in terms of life. Vindication of Carlyle's ethical position and method in his rehabilitation of Cromwell. Limitations of his view of history in French Revolution. Carlyle's hero-worship: make the divine prevail. What is the divine within man and without ? ' ' Tliis world is built, not on falsehood and jargon, but on truth and reason." The mission of the hero in human affairs, to see truth and proclaim it. Frederick. Contrast with the mission of industrialism, democracy, and the ballot-box. Chart- ism, Latter-day Pamphlets. Carlyle and the Eternities and Immensities; his transcendentalism. Reverence for the unseen divine, the eternal background of this little transient life. III. Limitations to Carlyle's vicio of life, polities, history. His £uritan ideal, reliance on intuition, subjective prepossessions. Inconsistencies of preaching and practice. His historical method rejected by the histo- rians, his sociology by the economists. Do these limitations vitiate his position as the greatest intellectual force of the era ? "A moral force of great importance " (Goethe), the chief stimulus in a lethargic, utilitarian age. His work also effective through others — Tennyson, Euskin, Kingsley. . A liberalizing force, a solvent of dogma and conventions. His gospel of duty, work, God, sets up no low standard of living. Literature, however, claims him in the main. i i ii V ^ \ \ 6 IV. Chnractrrldm an a writer. Kye for detail; nnexopll d in land- Boupe, une., Bpecinl characteristics of Carlyle'a flt.yle, as respectH diction and struotnre of sentence. (11) Studies o. Carlyle's style as respects (a) Force, (6) Humour, (c) Tender- ness. (12, A study ol' the cliaruuter and genius of Jane Welsh Carlyle. Critical Comments, In General. " xowards Kn^laiid no man has been ond done like you." — Stirling's last letter to Carlyle. Ah Thinker. " As a thinker lie judges by intuition instead of calcula- tion. In history he tries to we the essential facts stripped of the Kiosses of pedants; in politics to reco^jnize the real forces marked ])y constitu- tional mechanism; in philosoiihy to hold to the living spiiit untram- melled by the dead letter." — Leslie .Stephen, Dkiionari/ of National Biogriiphy, ix., 125. "A teacher without grasp even of his own teaching, a life-long preacher of contradictions, a propiiet with a gospel of shreds and patches." — John M. Kot)ertson, Modern JfiiiunnislK, p. 22. fjffevt of his Work. " The merits of a preacher must be estimated rather by his stimulus to thought than by the soundness of his concla- sions. Measured by such a test, Carlyle was nnapproached in his day. He stirred the mass of readers rather by antagonism than sympathy; but his intense moral convictions, his respect for realities, and his imagina- tive grasp of historical facts give unique value to his writings." — Leslie Stephen, I)ivtion1 1> ill t,i- 1 ■f His Slijli'. " Ife confouiuls nil Htyles, juniltlos all foiins, heaps tofjetlier Pagan allusioiiH, Hible rtriiiiiiscencort, (jliTiimn ahstraoiioiiM, U'lhuical tt;riiis, jMH'tr.v, slang, nmtliiMnatics, physiology, archaic words, nualogii's. There is nothing he does not tread down and ravage. The syninietrieal oonstruetioiis of human art and thought, disj)erHed and upset, are piled under his hands into a vast mass of shapeless ruins, from the top of wliicli he gesticulates and lights like a eomiueriug savage." — Tnine, Eitifimh Lilrntlnrr, iv., 291. "Of Carlyle's literary genius . . . hia supremacy is attested liy the fact that he is one of the very few in whosie hands language is wholly flexible and fusible. . . . Khelley works his will with language grace- fully, as one guides a spirited steed: Carlyle with convulsive effort, as one hammers a red-hot bar." — Kichard Garnett, Life of Thomas Carlyle, p. 175. J; I ■% •> i i T A Iicr licul li(>8. ical lied Jich n. John Henry, Cardinal Newman. " Yet Ihorc is otio I more alVect Tlinii Jesuit, Ilerinlt, Monk, or Friar, 'TIs nil old iniiii of sweet lu^iii'M't, I love lilin more, I more adiulrc. . . He comes, by grace of Ills address, lly the sweet imisic of Ills face. And his low tones of tctiderness, To melt a noble, stubborn race." " Thou didst Impart Thy lessons of the hidden life. And discipline of heiirt." —John Uenry Newman, from i)oemson St. PhlUpNerl. BlOGBAPiiicAL Detaii.s.— John Henry Newman was born in London, February 21, 1801, eldest son ol" John Newman, banker, and Jemima Fourdriuier, daughter of a Hugneuot paper manufacturer of London. He went to school at Ealing, read with pasHionate interest Scott, the Bible, Law's Serioun Call and Milner's Church Hktory. Entered Trinity College, Oxford, gained a scholarship, and graduated B. A. without distinction in 1820. Intended for the Bur. He won a fellowship at Oriel in 18-:22, "a turning point in his life." The same year I'usey was elected fellow ot Oriel. In 1824 Newman became curate of St. Clement's Church, Oxford. Successive appointments mark his rising influence — vice-prin- cipal of St. Alban's Hall, tutor of Oriel, university examiner, vicar of St. Mary's (the university church of Oxford). His first real work was the Arians of the Fourth Century, published in 1833. Breaks with the Evangelical party, visits Italy and Sicily with Hurrell Froude — wrote the poems of the Lyra Apostolka (c. «/., " Lead, kindly Light "). Keturning to England 1833, he found Liberalism had suppressed ten Irish bishop- rics and was threatening the English Church. Keble preached the sermon on National Apostasy, and a movement to defend the Cliurch was begun. Newman, Froude, Palmer, Perceval, liose were its chief members. In 1835 Dr. Pusey joined it and gave it status. They believed in Anglo- Catholicism. Newman's writings from 1834 to 1839 were expositions of this now generally accepted view. The influence of his sermons and writ- ings and personality was supreme in Oxford. In 1841, publishing the ninetieth of the Tracts for the Times, he aimed to show that the Thirty-nine Articles of the Prayer Book " do not oppose Catholic teaching; they but partially oppose Roman dogma; they for the most part oppode the domi- (9) ijl-l !l \ :i in If 10 i i n i nant errors of Rome." The gathering storm burst. Newman withdrew to his Littlemore monastery, to study and meditation. In 1848 he retracted his hard sayings of Kome, in 1845 he joined the Roman Catholic Church. He went to Oscott, to Rome, whence he returned to found in England the institute of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri. In the Oratory, first in Alcester Street, then in Edgbaston, Birmingham, he spent almost all the remaining years of his iife, preaching and lecturing and writing with wonderful power. In 1854-58 he was rector of the Catholic University in Dublin, which did not live (cf. The Idea of a Universili/). In 1859 he established a school for Roman Catholic hoys at Edgbaston. In 1864 began the controversy v;ith Charles Kingsley that euf^ed in the history of his re'.igious opinions, called Apologia pro Vita Sua, a work which showed an entirely sincere and admirable character. In 1874 he had the con- troversy with Gladstone respecting the Vatican Decrees and civil alle- giance. In 1879 he was made caidinal. He died August 11, 1890, and was buried in the burial j/lace of the Oratorians at Redual. A brief but admirable account of Newman's life is written by W. S. Lee in the Dictionary of National Biography, vol. xl. Short monographs of value are H. J. Jennings, Cardinal Newman: the Story of His Life, (Lon- don: Simpkin, Marshall, 1882) ;W. 'MeyneW, John Henry Newman, (Lon- don: Kegan Paul); J. S. Fletcher, ^4 Short Life of Cardinal Newman, (London: Ward and Downey, 1890); Jolin Oldcastle, Cardinal Newman, (in Merry England, October, 1890). The final authorities are Newman's Apologia 2)ro Vita Sua and Letters and Correnpondenee, ed. by Anne Mozley. Newman's works are publislied in a popular collecti d edition in thirty volumes, London and New York: Longmans (90 cents). This editiim is recommended for students of prescribed reading below, ** Apologia, **Poeins, **' *Loss and Gain. Lecture. I. Hcligious Conditions about 1830. Reaction from the Revolution meant lethargy ; luck of spirituality everywhere in the Church; utilitari- anism in ethics. New streams of life ; the Romantic movement in li terature e.cphasized the inner lifb (Wordsworth, Byron) and loved the past (m.^disevalism of Scott, Keats); the liberal and democratic movement rft' rmed its vitality, giving hope of a new era by means of political changes (Reform Bill, 1832). One aspect of this liberal movement was to secure justiceibr Roman .Cathfllicg^agaitisttheEstabl ishnientby Catholic emancipation and the suppreasion of superfluousTrisli sees. Science was operating against tradition ; the founding of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1832, a cause of dis(|uiet in the Church. Thus, out of fears among members of the Establishment concerning science, democracy, liberalism, dissent, arises the Oxford Movement. The accept'"-! ( if \r 11 I I •• ^ > for the People, 1848, under the signature of "Parson Lot," and in the Christian Soeinlist, 1850. The novels. Yeast, 1848, and Alton Locke, 185(1, belong to the same period of social ferment. His views unpopular. Lectured for a short time in English in Queen's College, London. In 1853 he published Hypatia. Visiting Torquay, his love of natural history led him to compose the articles later called Glaucus; at Bideford he wrote his fourth novol, Westward Ho!, 1855. His fifth novel. Two Years Ago, appeared in 1857. Appointed one of the Queen's chaplains, 1859. Lectured on Modern History in Cambridge, 1860-69. Water Babies, 18G3. Controversy with Newman, 1864. Health henceforth impaired. Helped in the movement for national schools. (14) *vT- V. I A. X 16 •'i I i Herexmrd the Wake, 1866, is a novel of the Fen country he loved. At Last, 1870, is descriptive of his voyage to the West Indies. Canon of Chester, 1869; canon of Westminster, 1873. Visited America, and, of course, lectured, 1874. Died January 23, 1875; was buried at Evereley. The authoritative life of Kingsley is Charles Kingslcy: His J dters and Memories of Hin Life. (Edited by his wife. Two vols. Loudon: H. S. King, 1877). An abbreviated edition of this is published in one volume (6s.). The article on Kingsley in the Dictionary of National Biography gives the main iacts in concise form. There are various memoirs: by Thomas Hughes, prefixed to Alton Locke, ed. 1881, (Macmillan); by Dr. Tligg, ■prefixed to 3Iodcrn Anglican Tlieology, 3i\ ed., (London: Wesleyan Conference OCQce) ; by the Rev. J. J. Ellis, Charles Kingsley, (London: Nisbet and Co.). Lectuee. I. Formative Lifluences. (1) Heredity — Kingsleys of Kingsley Vale, anoestry of soldiers and sailors; mother a descendant of Sir Richard Gren- ville; (2) natural scenery of Devon and the Fens; intercourse with Devon fishermen; (3) influence of Carlyle and Maurice; (4) the times — social unrest, Chartism, religious change; (5) his religious "training, practical ethical bent. Summary of his personal characteristics: physical strength, delight in out-of-door life, love of nature as poet and artist and scientist; chivalrous devotion to woman; impulsive, generous, disinterested, rest- less, over-energetic; "devout, truthful, tender, brave, a God-fearing, Christ-loving, perfectly humane, whole reality of a man." — (Dr. Rigg.) II. The Versatility of Kingsley. Clergyman, economist, novelist, scien- tist, historian, poet, siwrtsman. The consequent mediocrity of much of his work. Religious and political views. Christianity " the only demo- cratic creed." "Muscular Christianity." The attempt of Maurice, Hughes, Kingsley and others to Christianize socialism ; co-operation not competition their watchword. Kingsley as preacher of the practical duties of humanity: sanitary reform, parliamentary refonn (Chartism), social refonn. His fiery indignation at the waste of life in modem civili- zation. Expression of his views in Yeast, Alton Locke, Two Years Ago. Influence of Kingsley 's work on movements of tx)-day. III. Treatment of Nature. Love of out-of-doors. Fishing, botany, mineralogy ; keen eye for colour and form in detail. Hence the descrip- tions of hunting scenes and the natural beauty of Devon and the Fens in Prose Idylls and in Hereward the Wake and other novels. Love of chil- dren in Water Bahies. IV. Of Life. Versatility limited Kingsley's greatness in every particular aspect of his genius. Position as a novel-writer, second only to the greatest. Didacticism the chief flaw; instances in .4Won Locfce and Two I h i 'i li i M ■fj. •PS-St.'- '' I .r 16 1^ ;f ;i5j u V, 1^ t 't Yeaffi Ago. Ycnxt, formless and chaotic, is the book of the time. Hypatia and Westward Ho! best satisfy the demands of art. Kiugsley is always efTectiN'e in his treatment of nature and scenes of action. His work offers many illustrations of the true relations of man and woman. Aa ideal hero in Amyas Leigh. Kingsley's nature on the whole is poetic; in some poems he has touched chords scarcely les-i passionately and less sweetly than Burns and Tennyson. The Illuslratio)is to this lecture will show the chief places a.s.«ociated with Kingsley's life in childhood and manhood; Cornish and Devon scenes; Cambridge and the Fen country; Chester and the Dee; Eversiey and Westminster Abbey. Critknl Studies. Kingsley's theological position is discussed by Dr. Rigg in Modern Anglican Tlicology, his social theories by the Rev. M. Kaufmann, Charles Kingsley: Christian Socialist and Social lieformer. (Lon- don: Mcthuen and Co., 1892); and the Rev. Dr. C. W. Stui)bs, Charles Kingsley and the Christian Social ilovcinent (London: Blackie and Son). Seealso Thomas Hughes, The Christian Socialists of 1S4S, in the Economic Review, October, 1893, and Vida Scudder, Sociul Ideals in English Letters (Boston: Houghton, Mifllia and Co.). General essays more especially concerned with Kingsley as writer are by : Leslie Stephen, Hours vi a Library, vol. iii, "Charles Kingsley" (London: Smith, Elder and Co. ); Frederic Harrison, in the Forum, July, 1895. A complete edition of Kingsley's works is issued by the Macraillan Company in twenty-nine volumes (90 cents per volume). Tlie same pub- lishers issue cheaper editions. The following are the cheaper forms of the representative works: **rocms imd** Water Babies, Pocket ed. (57 cents), Novels, American ed. (70 cents). All of the novels can also be had in the Pocket edition for 57 cents per volume. Westward Ho! and Two Years Ago each being published in two volumes. There are many paper editions at even smaller prices. The English** 6d. (paper), Is. (bound) edition is admirable (Maomillan). Student Work. Readings. The representative literary works of Kingsley are: 1. (a) Social Novels: Yeast and Alton I^ocke; (b) Two Years Ago; (c) Histoiical Novels: Hypatia and Westward Ho! 2. Water Babies. 3. Poems — Andromeda, "Oh, that we two were Maying'' (in Hie Saint'.-t Tragedy), A Rough Rhyme on a Rough flatter (in Yeast), Tlic Sands of Dee, The Three Fishers, Ode to the North- East Wind, Young and Old (in Water Babies), Bal- lad, "Lorraine, Lorraine, Lorr^e." Students reading for the University Extension examination in this course are required to prepare at least one novel, Water Babies, and the r> €*-•< wjwtia Iwaya pffers hleal home hetly \nted 2von fsiey 'r 17 selected poems. They will familiarize themselves as well with the broad oatliues of Kingsley's lil'e. Tlwmfsfor Esmvjh and Studies. (1) Kinjjsley's position toward Chartism as expressed iu Alton Locke. (2) The meanium of Christian Socialism as used liy Maurice, lluyhes, ami Kingsley. (3) Kin^slty'a interest in sci- ence as shown in 7\ro Ycnrs Ago. (4) Kingsley's descriptions of Nature ( Vcant, ]Vciitward Ho! and Prose Idylls). (5) An appreciation of Water Baltics, bringing out any characteristics of Kingsley contained in it. (6) Studies of Kingsley's men: Lancelot Smith, Tregarva, Alton Locke, Sandy Mackaye, Philammon, Raphael Aben-Ezra, Aniyas Leigh, Elsley \ ava«our, Tom Thurnall, llereward. (7) Studies of Kingsley's women: Argemone Lavington, Eleanor Staunton, Ilypatia, Pelagia, Mrs. Leigh, Lnci:i Vavasour, Torfrida, Alftruda. (8) Studies in Kingsley's poetry: Kingsley's Songs ; Andromeda. (9) Kingsley's philosophy iu My Winter- Garden {Prose Idylls). Critical Commexts. Tlie ?ftin. " His whole life flashed through one's thoughts. One remembered the young Curate and the Saint's Tragedy; the Chartist par- son and Alton Locke; the hapiy poet and the Sands of Dee; the brilliant novel-writer and Ilypatia end Westward Ho!; the Rector of Evers- ley and his V'.'lage Sermons; the beloved professor at Cambridge, the busy Canon at Chester, the powerful preacher at Westminster Abbey. One thought of him by the Berkshire chalk streams, and on the Devonian coast, watching the beauty and wisdom of Nature, reading her sulemn lessons, chuckling, too, over her inimitable fun. One saw him in town- alleys, preaching the Gospel of godliness and cleanliness, while smoking his pipe with soldiers and navvies. One heard him in drawing-rooms, listened to with patient silence till one of his vigorous or quaint speeches bounded forth never to be forgotten. How children delighted in him! How wild young men believed in him and obeyed him, too! How women were captivated by his chivalry, older men by his genuine humility and sympathy." — F. Max Miiller, in Letters and Memories, ii, 460 f. The Teacher. " Scholar, poet, novelist, he yet felt himself to be, with all and before all, a spiritual teacher and guide. . . . Amidst all the wavering inconsistency of our time, he called upon the men of his gen- eration with a steadfastness and assured conviction that of itself steadied and reassured the minds of those for whom he spoke, to ' stand fast in the faith.* " — A. P. Stanley, Funeral Sermon, Westminster Abbey, Jan- uary 31, 1875. Tlic Socialist ' ' Kingsley's sentiment was thoroughly in harmony with the class of squires and country clergymen, who required in his opinion to be roused to their duties, not deprived of their privileges. He there- i i I ■I.' 'i:- ■■♦ 1 I'll \ 18 fore did not sympathise witli the truly revolutionary movement, but looked for a icmedy of admitted evils to the promotion of co-operation, and to sound sanitary legislation. . . . He strove above all to direct popular aspiratious l)y Christian principles, which alone, he held, could produce true liberty and equality." — Leslie Stephen, Dictionary of National Biography, vol. x.xxi. The Novelist, " No romances, except Thackeray's, have tlie same glow of style in such profusion and variety as Charles Kingsley's — and Thack- eray himself was uo such poet of natural beauty as Charles Kingsley." — Frederic Harrison, Forum, 1895. The Poet. " ' The Anaromed"i ' is in every way admirable. It is prob- ably the most successful atti uipt in the language to grapple with the technical difficulties of English hexameters. . . . "^ 'he shorter poems have generally a power of stamping themselves upon t_ie memory, due, no doubt, to their straiyhtforward, nervous style. They have the cardinal merit of vigour which nelongs to all genuine utterance of real emotion. . . . His ' North-Easter ' ... as ringing and vigorous aa could be wished. It would not be easy to find a better war-cry for the denoun- cer of social wrongs than the ballad of 'The Poacher's Widow.' And, to pass over the two songs by which he is best known, such poems as ' Poor Lorraine,' — . . or the beautiful lines in the ' Saint's Tragedy,' beginning 'Oh, that we two were Maying!', are intense enough in their utterance to make us wonder why he fell short of the highest class of aong- writing." — Leslie Stephen, Hours in a Library, iii, 44 f. ^ \ ' \Nl , It in. let kid JW 3k- IV. John Ruskin. "I win strive to raise my own body and soul dally into higher power* of duty and happlntss; not in rivalshlp or contention with others, but for the help, delight, himour of others, and for the Joy and peace of my own life." "The faith of man la not Intended to give him repose, but to enable one to do his work . . that he should Icok stoutly into this world. In faith that If ho does his work thoroughly here, some good to others or himself, with which however he is not at present concerned, will come of It hereafter." —John Ruskin. Biographical Details.— John Ruskin waa born Fehruary 8, 1819, at 54, Hunter Street, IBrnnswick Square, London, only child of John James Ruskin, an educated Scotcli .vine-merchant of London, and Mar- garet Cox, his cousin. Ruskin's cliildhood was spent partly in London, partly in Perth, and after his fourth year at Heme Hill, in a so'athern suburb of London. As a child he travelled about much with his father; was trained in his Bible and good literature ; precocious in his applica- tion to poetry, mineralogy, drawing. Turner's Rogers's Italy, given him on his thirteenth birthday, marks an epoch in his life. His tour to the Rhine in 1835 was one of many tours taken in the company of his parents, year after year, both in England and abroad. Private school and tutors; was matriculated at Oxford, 1836; took up residence in Christ College, January, 1837; won the Newdigate prize for English verse, 1839; took his B. A. degree, 1842. Indecision as to his career; the church thought of. Abuse of Turner a deciding incideut. Modern Painters, vol. i, writ- ten at Heme Hill in the winter of 1842. The following year the family removed to 163, Denmark Hill. M. A., Oxford, 1843. In 1845 Ruskin went alone to Italy to study art, returning to write Modern Painters, ii, during the winter. He was frequently abroad in after years. Threatened for a time with consumption. In 1 848 he married, chiefly at his parents' desire, the Scotch beauty, Euphemia Chalmers Gray, of Perth, for whom in 1841 he had written The King of the Golden River. Stones of Venice, i, ISr-O. Poems, collected ed., 1850, Intercourse with Carlyle, Maurice, 18f 1 ; defence of the Pre-Raphaelites. Took part in the establishment of 1 he Working Men's College, London. 1854 he was divorced from his wifi?, who married the painter Millais. In 1857 he lectured on the Politi- cal Economy of Art in Manchester. Modern Painters, v, and Unto This Last, 1860. Sesame and Lilies, Manchester lectures, 1864; Crown of WUd Olive, Bradford, Camberwell, Woolwich lectures, 1864-65; Mystery (19) I SI Mi 20 U 1: i of Life {aee Sesame and LilieH), a Dublin lecture, IRG*. In 18G9 he wa« inado Slade Prol'essor of Fine Art, (Jxl'ord, re-elected 1873, 1870; pub- lished many series of lectures on art, architecture, niythoh)gy in conse- ([ueuce. See ISIallock's N( ir h'tpiililir. In 1871 he began to issue monthly letters to workingnun entitled Forn Clarigcra. In 1871 he was elected Lord Kectorof St. Andrew's. The St. (Jeor^'e's Company (or (iuild) was mooted the same y(>.ar. In 1872 ho seUled permanently at his Lake countiy home of " DrantwoDd ", Coniston. Kuskin's second attachment, which had also an unhappy ending, belongs to the years l87'J-75. In 1875 the St. George's Guild ti)ok form; situation near ShefTield; the museum first at Walkley, then at Meersbrook Park; Langdale linen industry; woollen mill at Laxcy, Isle of Man. IJuskin renews his Christian belief. First mental attack, 1879. Fir.st liuskin Society estab- lished, Manchester. Kesigned the Slade prore.ssorship, 187!); reappointed, 1883; resigned, 1834, when O.xford adopted vivisection. Oxford D. C. L. , 1893, Tlie later years of Raskin's life at " Brantwood " have been years of peaceful retirement, guarded by the devotion of his cousin and adopted daughter, Mrs. Severn, *'Datur horn qnicti.'^ Mr. Collingwood's summary is etfective: " In the 20's, ho is the versa- tile child", in the 30's, the wayward young genius; in the 4()'8, the polemical art-critic; in the SO's, the dictator of taste; in the (iO's, the heretical economist; in the 70's, the uuacademical professor; in thePO's, ' the Sage of Coniston.' " The authoritative biographies of Ruskin are his own Piitterita (incom- plete but charming, especially in the picture of his boyhood) and The Life and Work of John Jiitsliii, by W. G. CoUingwood (London; Methuen and Co.). Shorter sketchesare as follows: John littslcin: a Biographical Out- line, by W. G. Collingwood (London: Virtue and Co. ) ; John Ituskin: Ilia Life and Teaching, by J. Marshall Mather, 3rd ed. (Loudon and New York : Frederick Warne). The pleasant personal sketch by Mrs. Ritchie in Harper^ s Magazine, March, 1890, should not be passed over, nor, perhaps, A. M. Wakefield's Ilraniwood, Coniston, in 3[n, ray\i Magazine, November, 1890, and the interesting illustrations of Ruskin in the Art Journal, xxxiii (1881), pp. 321,353; xxxviii (1880), p. 4*5; Magazine of Art, xiv, pp. 73, 121; McClurc's, vol. 2, 315. Tlie works of Ruskin are indicated with detail in the Bibliography of Rushin (Shepherd), 5th ed. (1834-1881) (London: Elliot Stock); and in th;; elaborate two volumes, .1 Complete BihUography of John Ruskin, com- piled by I. J. Wise and J. P. S;aart (London, 1893). His authorized publisher is George Alleu, Sunnyside, Orpington. The authorized American reprints are published by Charles E. Jlerrilland Co., New York. It is, perhaps, too much to expect of human nature to prefer the fine expensive English editions, or even Merrill's good issues, to the cheap American reprints. 31 ! 1 LECTI'BE. I. il>rmntive InflucnecK. Rnflkin's boyhood ns revealcl in Pr/r/cnVn; life nf Heme Hill and its results — iudustry, interest in j;ood literuture, evan- gclic'.l Christianity. Ruskin's nature gets Boiue elucidation from heredity. Scotch ancestry, father a well-to-do wine-merchant of literary and artistic fcistes, "an entirely honest merchant"; mother careful, pre- cise, cvangelicjil, narrow; "she established my soul in life." Ruskin as a boy learnt the lessons of Obedience, Faith, and Pciice. Scotch mood aTul temperament in Kuskin. Early interest in landscape and in art. Turner's engravings of Rogers's Hal;/. Oxford life; the Newdigate prize for SdlKcttc and EIrphaiita. II. TJic Stnitintf Point of Ruskin's MisKiou: public depreciation of Turner, the "black anger'' of Ruskin — Mothrn, Painters (lirst vol. published in his 21th year, the last in his 4l8t), a treatise on the principles of art — chiefly of landscape painting — and the application of those princi- ples in judging the relative merits of old and modern masters. Criticism of architecture begun in Scrrn Lamps of Architecture. This first period a "brilliant but immature " exposition of the masters and principles of art. III. Jiunkin's Art Criticism has an ethical basis both in Seven Lmnjys and Stones of Venice. Hence the transition from a criticism of art to a criti- cism of national and individual life. Change in his religions convictions; abandons his eiirly evangelical beliefs; scene m the Waldensian chapel, Turin, 18r)8; a period of doubt and uncertainty ensues; Ruskin becomes "a Christian Catholic in the wide and eternal sense." Ruskin's interest in politic.il economy — Political Economy of Art, Unto Tfiis Last: urges gov- ernment and co-operation against anarchy and competition. Ruskin is a disciple of Carlyle in his opposition to the tendencies of modern life — Crown of Wild Olive. His practical scheme in the St. George's Society or Guild. Its present condition. Political teachings in Fors Clavigcra. IV. Crilicism of Individual Life. Influence of Scott and Carlyle. Sesame and Lilies. The sacredness of life; its opportunities. The mechanical spirit means death to the individual and to social life. The need of furling, sensation, earnestness, high motive, love; the love of duty. Ruskin's gospel of work; social duty of the individual; reverence of woman; love of beauty and nature, and God. Practical idealism. V. Buskin's Confession of Failure, in the Mystery of Life, and Its Arts and Privt(rit(f. In what has he failed, in what succeeded ? The er jra, exaggerations, contradictions in his work; its personal, uncritical character. Necessity of allowance for the personal factor. He is poet, prophet, revealer; an heroic figure, in sincerity, elevation, disinterested- ness, self-sacrifice, passion for beauty, for justice. His mission that of David against the Philistia of art, manufacture, ecclesiaslioism, gig- • 1 / I I U: 22 !■ ■ u mnnity. Kfleot of his work in the NtrengtheninK of the social ootiicieuoe. Priutionl ed'et't in niusenmB, nrt BchoolH, gnilds, fatttories. KuHkin as intcrpretijr of literature and nature. Impassioned ethical teacher. His prose stylo matchless in fluency, power, harmony of lanRuaKe, command of illustration and example, irony, heauty; especiully is he muster over the deep well-springs of patho.s. lUuslrntioM, Tlio illustrations of the lecture include the scentH of Ruskin'H boyhood, Kerne Ifill, Denmark Hill, I'erth; Oxford, (Christ Church, University Galleries and Kuskin Drawing School, Aluseum, etc. ; dniwin>j.s of Turner and Kuskin; " Brantwood " and surroundings; por- traits of lluskin and tho«o n-^sociated with him. Criliml nlti(liiit of Ku>^kin'B work are: W. G. Collingwood, Life nnd Wo)k of Jiihii liuitkin (Loiulon: ^lethucn and Co., '2 vols.) ; J. Marshall Mather, Jaliii JiuHkin: ]Hk Life and Taichintj, (Loiulon nhd New York: Frederick Warn>', 3d ed.). An important volume is Sfitdicn in Jlnnkiti, hy Ed. T. Cook (Orpington: George Allen). His economic work isBpcciully treated hy J. A. Ilob.'ion, John Jiuikin, Social Jirfonncr (London: James Nisbet); his art teaoliings hy William White, 7'lic Principhs of Art (Orp- ington: George Allen). The following essays are valuable: J. M. Robert- son, Modern Tlumanints, ch. v (London: Swan Ronnenschein). Ruskin as ;in art critic is the subject of an unfavorable article in the Cmlury, Jan- uary, 1888, by W. J. Stillman; he is discussed as a raa.ster of prose in the Nineteenth Century by Frederic Harrison, 38, p. 561. See Poole^a Index for further guidance. Studknt Work. Eeadinffn. Ruskin can be approached to best advantage by means of his ** Pntterita, of which all the early chapters should be read for the key they afford to bis mind and sympathies. After this ** Soeame and Lilies should be studied and briefly summarized; it contains much of Ruskin s best teaching in education and ethics. ** Unto Thin Last should be simi- larly read for his views of political economy. Of his writings on art and architecture the ** Seven Lamps or ** Modern Painters, v, Pt. vii, "Of Cloud Beauty," may be taken as illustrations. For editions see above. Students reading for the University Extension examination will find the questions confined to tlie above plan of work. Essays and Studies. The working out of some line of thought is advis- able, if possible in the form of a paper for the lecturer, from among the following: (1) Ruskin's personal character. (2) Biographic sketches, as Rnskin at ITerne Hill or " Brantwood ". (3) J. M. W. Turner and his vindication by Kuskin. (4) The Guild of St. George; its aims and results. (5) Ruskin's principles of art (see Laws o/i^Vso/e). (6) Kuskin ' k ' \ — .^.. 28 na nn M'onoiniHt. (7) Uuskln'H viowson IiooUh iind rctidiiiK (.S'lwimc). (fl) UiiMkin'H viewH oil tlio (<(lii('ation and pluco of woiiion (chiclly bam'd on Lilifs). (!)) Fiti-H Cliiriijiro ; its nicnninj^, duration, object, Htjle. (10) Points of iijrrccnicnt in tlie teaching of Carlylf and liuakin. (11) I'nskin's poetry. (12) Huskin's proiw style. (Ill) Kimkin oa a preacher of the higiier life. Critical CoMyKNTs. Oencrtil Impnsnion. "Eh! he'a a grand chap, is Maiflther Kooskin." — Cuniherland inasants' comment, CoUingwood, Liff, ii, 227. " Ont' of tlie greatest men of tho age."— Tolstoi. Lidditiif Trait. " If I may record the impreasionsof one who has known Mr. Ituskin somewhat intimately, I should Nay that the leacHng truit ii: liis cliaracter isu pecidiar love of justice, of poetical justice, the tradi- tional e((uity of Ilaroun al-Rascliid, of Trajan, of David. Guskiu'a defence of Turner against the journalists, of the Pre-Raphaelite Brother- hood against the academicians, of Forbes against the piiysioists, of uU unacknowledged claims, of neglected genius, of unrecognized truth, of unrcvereuced faith — all this .springs not so much out of care for them, but, down at the heart of him, from a vitiil passion for justice, in which com- monplace discretion, worldly wisdom, and all makewhift averages, reticences, civilities, animosities of ordinary human intercourse are swal- lowed up in the outrush of a geyser." — W. G. CoUingwood, John liuskin, p. 30. Art Teaching. " Hia art-criticism is radiovUy and irretrievably wrong." — W. J. Stillman, Century, January, 1888. "It is not too umch to sivy that he like Winckelmann has given the mind a new organ for the appreciation of beauty." — Hosancjuet, IliMory of yEslhelies, p. 448. As Sorial Reformer. " ' Honest production, jast distribution, wise con- sumption ', these words summarize the reforms the necessity of which he strove to enforce. . . . To clarify the vision, elevate the aim, and so to dignify the ends of conduct, are the persistent endeavours of John Rus- kin's teaching." — J. A. Hobson, John liuakin: Social Reformer, p. 310, p. 320. Mesmge to the Nation. "We have seen a man in whom the highest gifts of refinement and of genius reside, who yet has not grudged to give his best to others; who has made it his main effort — by gifts, by teaching, by sympathies — to spread among the artisans of villages and the labourers of our English fields the power of drawing a full measure of instruction and happiness from this wonderful world. • . . Among a" his '«s- sons . . . none can have sunk deeper than the last: that the highest wisdom and the highest treasure need not be costly or exclusive; that the greatness of a ration must be measured, not alone by its wealth and I N II 24 apparent power, l»ut by tlie degree in which its people have learned together, in the great world of books, of art, and of nature, pure and en- nobling joys." — Prince Leopold, Speech in behalf of the London Society for the Extension of University Teaching, February 19, 1879. As a Master of Stijlc. " Fie etanda forth now, alone and inimitable, as a supreme master of our English tongue. . , . Every other faculty of a great master of speech, except reserve, husbanding of resources, and patience, he possesses in measure most abundant— lucidity, purity, brilliance, elasticity, wit, fire, piission, imagination, majesty, with a mastery over all the melody of cadence that has no rival in the whole range of English literature."— Fredeiic Harrison, XIX. Century, vol. 38 (1895). m •ill \i I V. Matthew Arnold. ill ■> i " O world, as God has made It ! All Is beauty And knowing this is love, and love is duty." "J3tlll nursing the unconquerable hope, Stlil clutching the inviolable shade." " Souls temper'd 'vith firo. Fervent, heroic, and good. Helpers and friends of mankind." —Matthew Arnold. Biographical Details. — Matthew Arnold was born December 2t, 1822, at Laleham, on the Thames, Surrey. He was the eldest son of Dr. Thomas Arnold, then curate of Laleham, afterward (1836-1842) headmaster of Rugby School. At the age of fourteen Arnold went for a year to Win- chester, then for four years (1837-1841) to Kugby, where he won the school prize for poetry by his Alaric at Borne, a school exhibition, and a scholarship in Balliol. He was matriculated November 28, 1840, enter- ing Balliol College. In Oxford he won the Newdigate prize for poetry by Cromwell, 1840, took his B. A. (second class in the Classical Schools) 1844, and was elected fellow of Oriel College, 1845. He did not remain in Oxford, much as he loved it ; but left to teach in Rugby School. After a few months be became, in 1847, private secretary to Lord Lansdowne, President of the Council, who four years later appointed him one of H. M. lay inspectors of schools, an oflBce to which he devoted his practicjtl life until bis retirement in 1886. The year of his appointment he married Frances Wightman. His life as inspector was as nomadic as an Exten- sion lecturer's, for his duty at first included the non-Anglican primary schools of about one-third of England. Later on his work was confined to Westminster, and he was able to make bis home at Cobham until his death, April 22, 1888. In addition to his routine oflScial duties, Arnold was several times on the Continent studying and reporting on education. In 1857-1867 he lectured as professor of poetry in Oxford, which honoured one of its greatest sons as D. C. L. in 1870. In 1883 and 1886 he lectured in America. Arnold's published works as an education oflScer are : A French Eton, 1864 ; Schools and Universities on the Continent, 18G8 ; Higher ScJioolsand Univa-sities in Germany, 1874 ; Elementary Edu- cation Abroad, 1888 ; Reports on Elementary Schools, 1889. His literary career divides itself into two periods : the first, the poetic one (1849-1869), marked by Tlie Strayed Eeveller and Other Poems, 1849 ; Empedocles on Etna and Other Poems, 1852 ; Poems, a new edition of the (25) n, f ( I '^1 <.' §ii 26 M ¥ V preceding with changes, 1853; Poems (2(1 series), 1855; Xcio Poems, 18G7; Poems, collected edition 1869. The second, the prose period, may be dated from the publication of On Translating Homer, 18G1. It divides itself into two parts, one dealing with politics and religion, treated from the point of view of culture, and embracing Calturc and Anarchy, 18G9 ; St. Paul and Protestant imn, 1870; Friendship's Garland, Literature and Dogma, 1873 ; God and the Bible, 1875; Last Essays on Church and Religion, 1877 ; L-ish Essays, 1882 ; Civilization in the United States, 1888. The second part is Arnold's true sphere — literary criticism : Essays in Criti- cism, 1865; 3Hxcd Essays (in part!, 1879 ; Discourses in A7ncrica, Essays in Criticism, 2d series, 1888. Biographical material of Arnold's life is very scantj*. His Letters, edited 1)y G. W. E. Eusaell, are the chief source. His life as H. M. inspector of schools is best treated by Sir Joshua Fitch, in Thomas and Matthew Arnold (" Great Educators '' series). The best general treatment of his life and work is G. Saintebury 's Matthew Arnol i ( " Motlern English Writers" series), (Blackwood). Mrs. Florence Earle Coates gave an admirable appreciation of Arnold in the Century, vol. 47, p. 937. A most excellent Bibliography is that of T. B. Smart ( London : Davy and Sous). His prose works are all published by Macmillan in an edition of many volumes. Tlie ' ' Colonial ' ' edition of ** Essays in Criticism, both seriejs, is the cheapest reprint. His **poems are in a one-volume edition (Mao- millan, $1.75) ; selections in "Golden Treasury '' series, and in Stead's ' 'Penny Poets,'' Nos. 26 (which contains an excelleutintroduction) and 47. Lecture. I. Formative Influences. The character and powers of Dr. Thomas Arnold can be traced in his greater son : scholarship, liberalism, piety, earnestness, social helpfulness. Classical education at Rugby and Oxford ; classical literature an ever-present factor in his life. The spirit of Oxford and of the neighbourhood, of Wordsworth and the Lake Country. French blood and French culture : Senancour's Obcrmann and Sainte-Beuve ( " one of my chief benefactors "). Popular impressions of Arnold. His essential disposition: "pre-eminently a good man; gentle, generous, enduring, laborious; a devoted husband, a most tender father, an unfail- ing friend." To his countrymen, " David, theson of Goliath." II. As an Officer of Public Instnictioti. A painstaking and faithful worker throughout life. His view of education, it must mean culture or be naught. Literature — especially the literature of the Bible — good poetry — that is "formative ''. Schools must not be sectarian or class schools. Good secondary schools are the great need of England. Modern trend of education in England. " When English statesmen rouse tbem- se ol cl a 27 , „„rt wen-ordered system had formed oltbe en ^^ Hisprevailiug tion" (Fitc^)- , aoriticiamo^l^'®- .o„i8the " T> „j "Poetry • • • >, . npncie. and not j^ji HI. .18 Poet- J"' %^ niortal things ' , P^^^f; .^ ^^^evered from beloved band anu ,, nuiet rivers, and the sueu Among taunted Englisbla^vns , ^^e ^^^.^.^^^ ^^^.^^ ^^ ^',:r ' I V^ave less ArnoldhastheartiBUorcBerV; ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ,i,ouv and English poets Gray « the ner^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ t:J "t^^ oi a'fnsion of ^^*^^' ''irBrownTng. • • • ^ ^^^'^X S Xaa.e« ll^-an. abundance than Brown ^S^^^^„ ^^^ ^^rk. Tfte the two than euu. ,, wiac in tone. . a mold- "The shy, Scholar-Gypsy, T/'F^f. ^ ff ^he two natures ^^ .^^^^ brother TV As Critic of Literalxue. ^^^^ ^^^pp^er yo^n^e ^ jLd elder t>rother (the poe^^ ' • ^^^.essorship ot V^^^^^StJ^ tbe immediate cause ot ^^..^^^,,„,. The c ^^ g^.^^^. ,f Celtic Literature. Tke ^ Arnold, the t. ^^^.^^ criticism in Tame and 8am ^^^^^^^^ ^"^.c ' iM^tness-the Beuve." OiA^'^'^T «e ontl basis, sympathy, g^^^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^^ ^"^^^^^ ^^i^t-tvHn Uci.ed The canon of cut^- - ^^ ,,^ ,,, cause)-te of Saint ce ^^^ ^^^.^ .^ ^^^^ ^^.^rid. that has been thoug itn^itatious. . ^vmen- ' ' Barbarians, critical insight •, also o! h. ^. ^^^ ^^ ,,, coun^- n ' ^^^^ ^^^^,^ V. ^3 Crttic ofJ^'f^J,, His ruission was es^^ntia^^ p^^.^.^. tbe middle c a^- J^^l^ ^.,,, ,f We -f . ^ If J^ catue and .1 ««-/;!/; tine to Arnold 8 eyes ,^ ^ (,^c^^ and LigM ^"^ ,..,„„/;««. Arnold's eulturetothePhi--^^^^^^^ hisattackonPhUstiasrej, ^^^^^„^„„, etc. Kei„ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ,;a media of religion in Wen ^^^^^^,.^,e, J^\f ^^^^^ the idea is I ....-!«t",'. .^' l!Ul m 28 I: but his usual lucidity, grace, lightness, humour match his prose witli that of his master Sainte-Beuve. His poetry is his abiding work— by which he is second iu the era perhaps only to Tennyson and Browning. His poetic temperament is the key to his beliefs and view of life. lUmimVmu. The illustrations to this lecture comprise the scenes of Arnold's life at Laleham, the valley of the Thames, Winchester, Rugby, Oxford and its neighbourhood, Fox Howe and the Lake Country, Govern- ment cilices, London, together with portraits of Arnold and his circle. Critical Studies. The following are among the best general articles: Andrew Lang, Century Magazine, vol. 3 (1882); E. P. Whipple, North American lUvicWy vol. 138 (1884); E. Dowden, Transcrijus and Studies; F. W. H. Myers, FortnigMly Review, vol. 43 (1888); H. D. Trail, Contemporary Eericw, vol. 53 (1888); A. Birrell, Scribney's Magazine, vol. 4 (1888); J. Jacobs, George Eliot, etc.; A. Galton, Two Essays on Slatthew Arnold; J. M. K(i1)ertson, Blodern Humanists. His poetry is discussed by A. C. Swinburne, Fortnightly Review, vol. 2 (1867), (reprinted in his Essays and Studies), XI A'. Century, vol. 15 (1884) ('•eprinted in il/( serf/a ;u'c.s); Alfred Austin, Poetry of the Period; H. B. Forman, Our Living Poets; R. H. Hutton, Literary Essays; H. G. Hewlett, Contemporary Review, vol. 24 (1874 ) ; E. C. Stedman, Victorian Poeis; G. S. Merriam, Serihner's Monthly, vol. 18 (1879); H. Walker, Greater Victorian Poets; W. H. Hudson, Studies in Literpretation. For a detailed list of criticisms and reviews see Smart's Bibliography of Matthew Arnold, 1892. For articles subsequent to its publication see Poole's Index of Periodical Literature. Student Work. Eepresentative readings of Arnold are (1) of his poems, TTie Forxaken Merman, The Scholar-Gypsy , Tliyrsis, Dover Beach; (2) of his "apostolic" writings, Sweetness and Light (in Culture and Anarchy), Numbers and Liter- ature and Science {in Discourses in America); (3) of his critical writings, Wordsicorth and Shelley (in Essays in Criticism, 2d series) and Emerson (in Discourses in America). Candidates for the University Extension examination will be expected to have prepared any two of the groups above. Essays and Studies. (1) A study of Thyrsis, its theme, form, treatment, and relation to Arnold's own life. (2) Aspects of nature in Arnold's verse. (.3) Explain Arnold's judgment of his poetry, expressed about 1800: "My poems represent, on the whole, the main movement of mind in the last quarter of the century." (4) Arnold's British Philistine: an exposition and a criticism. (5) The claims of Poetry as a means of cul- ture. (6) Arnold's criticisms of the United States (cf. Dickens's). (7) Report briefly Equality (in Mixed Essays). ^) ■is ■ ^ 29 Cbitical Comments. His Life. "The world . . . did not understand his serious side — bard work, independence, and the most loving and careful fulfillment of all the duties of life." — Benjamin Jowett, Life, ii., 338. " He preserved from chance control The fortress of his '8ta1)lisht soul ; In all things sought to see the Whole ; Brooked no disguise; And set his heart upon the goal, Not on the prize." — William Watson, Iti Laleham Churchyard. "The future historian of literature who seeks a key to the moral con- dition of the England of our time, to its Intellectual unrest, and to its spiritual aims and tendencies, will find it here [in his poems]."— Sir Joshua Fitch, Tlio.nas and Matthew Arnold, p. 261. .48 Pod. " He has a power of vision as great as Tennyson's, though its magic depends less on the rich tints of association, and more on the liquid colours of pure natural beauty; a power of criticism and selection as fastidious as Gray's with infinitely more creative genius; a power of meditative reflection which, though it never mounts xo Wordsworth's higher levels of genuine rapture, never sinks to his wastes and flats of commonplace. Arnold is a great elegiao poet, . . . And though I cannotcall him a dramatic poet, ... he shows . . . great pre- cision in the delineation of character." — R. H. Ilntton, Contemporary Revieiv, vol. 49 {Essays o?t Some of the Modern Guides of Thour/hf, p. 130). .4s Critic. In introducing the methods of Sainte-Beuve into England, he transferred the interest in criticism from the books to the man. What he did in criticism was to introduce the causerie, and with it the personal element. . . . The critic . . . professes to give no more than the manner in which a new work strikes his individuality. . . . His criticism of books. . . . was a criticism of life, and here his work touched the deepest problems of his time." — J. Jacobs, George Eliot, etc., p. 80. I -.=p»»rr .^^*:*^.^ ' * % \ VI. Rudyard Kipling. " The depth and dream of my desire, The bitter paths wherein 1 stray Thou knowcst, who hast made the Fire, Thou knowest, who hast made the Clay ! One stone the more swings to her place In that dread Temple of Thy Worth- It is enough that through Thy grace I saw naught common ori Thy earth. Take not that vision from my ken; Oh whatsoe'er may spoil or speed, Holp me to need no aid from men That I may help such men as need." —Rudyard Kipling, from V Envoi to " Lije's Handicap." BioGRAPHiCAi. Details. — Rudyard Kipling was born December 30, 1865, in Bombay, India, son of John Lockwood Kipling, architecturil sculptor, Bombay School of Art (1865-1875), principal of the Mayo School of Art and curator of the Central Museum, Lahore (1875-1893). His mother was one of three daughters of the Rev. George Browne Macdonakl, her sisters marrying Sir Edward Poynter and Sir Edward Burne-Jones. At the age of five he came to England, first to Southsea, then to the United Services College, Westward Ho!, Devon. His literary career began at school as editor of the school paper, as a contributor to a local newspaper, and as author of a book of verse Schoolboy Lyrics. At the age of sixteen he was again at home in India, as sxibeditor of the Lahore Civil and Military Gazette. At eighteen he published a volume of parodies, Echoes. In the Lahore Gazette and in the Pioneer of Allahabad, of which he was special correspondent, Mr. Kipling first printed the poems and tales issued as Departmental DiltieK, 1886, and Plain Tales from the Hills, 1888. Before this he had joined with his father, mother, and sister in Tlic Quartette, 1885, to which he contributed 'Hie Strange Bide of Morroicbie Jukes. His star really rose in 1889 by the publication in the "Indian Railway Library" (in paper covers, price 1 rupee, A. H. Wheeler, Allahabad) of six books of Indian sketches: (1) Soldiers TJiree. (2) The Story of the Gadshys, (3) In Black and While, (A) Under the Deodars, (5) The Phantom EicksJiaw, etc., (6) Wee Willie Winkie, etc. The success of these stories gave Mr. Kipling a name in the world. The same year he set ofE to visit China, Japan, America and published his impressions in the Detroit Free Press. Arrived in England he published The Eecord of Badalia Herodsfoot. In 1890 Letters of Marque, The City of (30) »/l i? 31 x-t, ,V'^ and in America, Mn* .. .,iKo 14 'Indian Railway Library .*^J^^^^^ ^.^ .,,,u ^^''f^f re Published. 1- ^««^, ^^^S;H«n« ^PP^^t bonouranissum ^^^^, to England in 1891. .^^^i^^^^^^ same year. He J^ ^ ^1^^, lister of ^.°^*'"" "".^^^a tbe world, dnr- „arried Carolyn S*rrK ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^ ^ y rmmd ^^^^^ ^^^ teurin T/ie ^ "«'"'*''"• R^n.Js vvas issued, Mr. •^'PT% „qo .^turned Brattleboro', Verm««*- j'g^J „ jjoofc; ^n 1895 ^/J^, .^ Boo^/m 1896, ""'.; ^ape Colony ; intbeautum ^ bis notes he sailed to America. ^^„„, snssex. .^ „^„ My - June to f g^^^,„*^y^:r^^^ KipU"g'«;i^« rs ;^«. f/„,,, ,,. J- J- '^t"t ma.^ rvol- 3 (7."^.-, r^-.'^'E^^tc^^^binson, M.Clure^^, Fir»tBook,McUurc , Windus); E. Ka, ^n^«eni2)« Jerome, London: ff *" ^^ J. Clarke), i?.<"2/««* ^'f'"^^ Co., 1899.) vol. 7-, a. ^■^'^ff:^J^Ion. (>-r AmriatBo;uCo.). ,. tbe conditions ot government or -w .. onditions. ^»«°'*. ... . airala. England s Lgrapbical, -'^^ ^^f '^^'^l-Indian domestic We Siml^^ ^^^uni^ 'and civil governn.e-t.Ango ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ Tb PP ^^^^ interest in tbe East T^«^j, ,i,g,«birtb ^-^^^iJ^,, iu kngland ealled fortb tbe ^f . ^J^^ Jin part i^^^^^f ^i J*^ Englisb boy life hnmonr. PO^^^^^t^/of ''borne" and famUi^ity Jitb _^^ ^^^ g^ve an nnderstandmg o! ^^^^^ ^i^i ng ^^"".^^^^.^aptism" in Sd Englisb landscape. ^^^^.Uysuneducated^^^^^^ 82 ^ relation to life. Second, the poveov to feel deeply the joy, the passion, the bitterness of life, in a country where all things are intennificd, to feel the living spirit in diverse and unexpected forms and places — in the native, the blackguard, the adventurer, the private soldier, the Anglo- Indian child, the governmert clerk, even the beasts of the jungle. Third, the imagination to hold together the material offered and present it in new and interesting forms. Fourth, a power of expression, cnrt, pungent, direct, forcible — and, to make all these till, untiring industry and, in general, a bigh ambition to do his work in the sight of the Master Workman. The faults ot his qualities — a certiiin hanlneas, glare, a touch of coarseness, cynicism. II. Eemltants — a fresh vision, a fresh method, and, perhaps, a new era of literature. Mr. Kipling works on the borderland of the ruling and ad- ministrative classes, in abnormal conditions, and the ma-osed millions of " raw brown naked humanity ". Life in India emphasizes the simpler, more primitive aspects, motives, and actions of life. Vices and virtues become at once less subtle and more intense. Strength, coin.ij^e, daring, endurance are exalted; " t''p=hiny toy-s^'^m stntf people call civilization" is despised; the conventions, refinementi, restraints of social life suffer. Woman suffers, as well , with the relaxation of social bonds. Creeds and systems of thought are of no account. The individual man's life stands out, in its primal relations to work, love, and duty, against the back- ground of "brown humanity ", and the mysterious jungle or far off mountain land. Mr. Kipling views the facts of life in India as he found them, views them steadily, relentlessly, "drawing the Thing as he sees it for the God of things as they are. " III. What his visioti and method have given us. (i. ) Tlie Native, especially in relation to the British— " Lispeth ", "Without Benefit of Clergy", "On the City Wall '', " Beyond the Pale ", " The Gate of the Hundred Sorrows ", "The Story of Muhammad Din ". (ii.) The Jungle— the two Jungle Books, (iii.) The Civil Service — " Thrown Away ", " Wressley ot the P'oreign Office ", " At the End of the Passage ". (iv. ) Social IJ 'i in India— ' ' Three and an Extra ", "At the Pit's Jlouth " , " The Story ^i the Gadsbys". (v.) The Private Soldier in India — Mulvaney, Ortheris, Lea- royd, "The Taking of Lnngtungpen", " The Courting of DinauShadd", "With the Main Guard", "OuGreenhow Hill", "The Big Drunk Draf ' ", " The Man Who Was ", " Drums of Fore and Aft ". Drinking, love-making, fighting, with the kernel of manhood in the soldier and an undertone of pathos, (vi.) The adventurer — "The Man Who Would be King". Application of the point of viewand method elsewhere: The Light That Failed, ' Captains Courageous'. A new vein in "William the Conqueror " and " The Brushwood l?oy ". IV. Mr. Kijjling's verse deals largely with similar material and in a similar I -\ •y 8!^ spirit and method. We find especially the glorification o*" Thomas Atkins in multiform aspects — his courage, his cowardice, his laconicgrim humour ., — and with him the Indian servant and Soudanese warrior, and, later, the British sailor. Tlie style is apt and effective — " trampling ", con- densed; strong rhythm as of the bugle, but no harmonies, little beauty, much that is grotesque and incongruous. A strong pert'onal note throughout, all things being rendered through personality, as the dere- lict ve»>el , the decp-sca cable, the lighthouse. Also a patriotic note, having a larger theme than '"ittle England" — the imperial note here first heard in English poetry. Of still wider sweep are the poems which voice the spirit of the East, of travel, of work and duty and devotion to the artist's highest aspirations in the bight of the Master. Strenuons, high-thoughted verse, promising greater achievement. Limitations of work thus far: in knowledge of life, in drawing of char- acter, in finish and expression. With Mr. Kipling literature undergoes distinct modifications, and in some respects he brings the Victorian era to a close and offers a prospect into the future. Tlie JlluHtrationn, The slides are illustrations of Indian life and scenes ; MSS., homes, and portraits of i\Ir. Kipling. The chief essays on Mr. Kipling's work are: Francis Adams, " Rndyard Kipling", Fortnightly Review, vol. 56 (1891); and "Mr. Rudyard Kip- ling's Verse", i6., vol. 60 (1893) (both admirable); Edmund Gosse, "Rudyard Kipling", The Century, vol. 20 (1891); J. M. Barrie, "Mr. Kipling's Stories", The Contemporary Eevieic, vol. 59 (1891); W. H. Bishop, "Mr. Kipling's Work, So Far", Forum, vol. 19 (1895); M. Schuyler, " Rudyard Kipling a.s a Foet ", Forutn, vol. 22 (18!)6); W. D. Howells, McClurc's, vol. 8 (1897); C. E. Norton, "The Poetry of Rud- yard Kipling", Atlantic Monthly, vol. 79 (1897). Student Woek. 1. The following stories are representative: {a) "The Big Drunk Draf", "The Madness of Private Ortheris", "On Greenhow Hill", "With the Main Guard", "The Taking of Lungtungpen", "TheCourt- ing of Dinah Shadd ", " Drums of the Fore and Aft " ; (6) " Lispeth ", " Beyond the Pale", " Without Benefit of Clergy ", " On the City Wall", " At the Pit's Mouth ", "The Man who Would be King ", " The Gate of the Hundred Sorrows" ; (o) The Brnshwood Boy ". 2. The first ** Jungle Book. 'S. Tlie Light that Failed. A. ^'■Captains Courageous^''. 5. ** Barrack' Room Ballads: " Danny Deever '', " Tommy ", " Fuzzy-Wnzzy ", "Gunga» Din", "Mandalay", "Gentlemen-Rankers", " Ballad of East and West ", " Ballad of the Bolivar ", " The English Flag", " L'Envoi " to Life's Handicap. Seven Seas: "The Last Chantey ", "McAndrew's Hymn ", " The Native Bom ", " For to Admire ", " L'Envoi". ' Sfewafisss^'' • ti: I . H 34 Stndents preparinj? for the University Extension exiiniination are required to take 1 and any one of 2, 3, 4, or r>. Ennaya and SludifH. 1. Native life in India, depicted in {«) tlie Tales, (ft) the Verse. 2. The Civil Service in Mr. Kipling's stories. 3. A Study of Terence Mulvaney. 4. Portrayals of women : Mrs. Hanksbee, Maisie, " William the Conqueror ". 5. Thomas Atkins, \r\ Bnrravk- Room Ballads. 6. A study of Tlie Soiii) of the. Englinh. 7. The vein of idealism in Mr. Kiplinfj's verse. 8. Mr. Kiplinj^'s command of the picturesciue epithet. 9. His descriptive power as to («) nature, (ft) city life, (c) action. Critical Commknts. Point of Vieip. " He is an artist, not a student; and his eyes, not his books, nmst serve him for windows into life." — Quartcrli/ Ilcvirw, vol. 175, p. 146. Characteristics. " Smartness and superficiality, jinjioism and aggressive cock-sureuess, rococo fictional types and overloaded pseudo-prose, how much too much have these h'' jed to miike the name of our young Anglo- Indian story-teller familiar to the readers of the English-speaking race all over the earth." — Francis Adams, Fortnightly Review, vol. 50, p. 690. Style. " He la to Mr. Stevenson as phonetic spelling is to pure Eng- lish. . . . His style is the perfection of what is called journalese. . . His chief defect is ignorance of lite." — J. M. Barrie, Contemporary Review, vol. 59, pp. 366 flf. % \ " No one can claim for Mr. Kipling the possession of a real prose style, or indeed of anything approaching to it. He cannot even, at lea.st in this respect, for a moment be placed beside h\» French contemporaries rvnd fellow-storytellers — Manpas.s:int and Bourget, let alone the great names of French and English prose. . . , Neither has he that sheer and simple sincerity of outlook, that patient and relentless rejilism which . . . lifts the best work of Zola so high. . . . He has the gift, both of the happy simile and of the happy phrase. . . He is almost as keen a connoisseur of scents and smells as M. Ct uy de Maupassant. . . . Ad- mirable, indeed, are those little descriptive cameos, which he strews broadcast.'' — Francis Aflams, Fortnightly Review, vol. 56, p. 698. His Work. ' ' He has revealed to us, if partially and askew, still with singular power and vividness, what Anglo-India meant — what the life of the Anglo-Indian civil servant and soldier meant, and he has lifted the short story, as an expression of thought and emotion, a whole plane higher than he found it." — Francis Adams, Fortnightly Review, vol. 60, p. 596. As Poet. " It [verse of first two vols.] is mostly tours de force, excel- ) lently brilliant, delightfully clever, ' monstrously taking ', but it does not wear." ->' p I ! ;?5 ..ho wrote 'MandaUy ..,„«.. and it is th. p. <"«• nf hiB verse i« in^^eed the P»"'o» ' ^ aU parts of liervv „^„therliood. . • ■ ^^ ^ co.uprehen- «oUibUO.oud ot conm. i,„^gi„atton ^"^^^^^^^^ ^u forms, »« » „ive,. lu..-. I..11 .»t»"f °* Kipling', lo-glrnvto" «■'>'* "\l>» »• ..V J.'l I' PUBUOATIONS. 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