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Mr. I'l'csidrnl a ml GaiUlinnon of I In: Alumni Association : Ilnvinj:^ ibr sovcral yearf* known and warnilj- apprecialed tlie aobie aims of your Association, and the excellent work s and themselves not verv learned, when ihey were the jjriiicipal physicians and lawyers, when manuscripts were scarce and dear, and paper and printing and pui)Iic libraries un- known in Kuroi)e, were nece.-sarily sonu;what dillereut from those of sidjse boily ut' tlu- pcoph- by a po«'I who livod in the time of .Simon do ]Montf(U(L Advisin;,' thai the reprosoutatives of the people shouhl be summon;-!d, that their minds nii-jfht be known, !>. the old I'liymini:- Latin of the period, h(^ says: lyiiii r coiii.i,niiiitii.s rt{/iii consulntur, h't (jiiid L'niL'ii\-iitas .sentint scifctnr. As lirst applied to in.stitntious of loarnin.L', tiie term I'niversity was n^i:d in referciiee to the incorporated and ;ifoverniiig body ol teaeliers and students, as at Paris, oi- the ineorpnrated and iroverning body of stndents, jis at IJologiui. ^VIlell, in the cunrsc of time, by a useful periods, iliu tiicdlnval iiiid llio modern. The di.stiii.uuislilng fcMtiire of the loniier wit- tlie Selioln.stic IMiilo.-opIiy, wliicli m.-e. dccliiinl iind fell ill alxiui three hundred year.-. The nioderu jicriod he,i;a!i with uhiio.st exoliifsivo devotion to chis.sies and inal'iemivtics, and now wlt- ne.'^.-^es u vi.i^orous, but not as y^>t trinnii.imnl, onsei inndo by the vota- ries of the physieal and social .M-icnccs auainsi the study of ihc (ircek and Latin lan,^ua;^('> as priuic sdurcrs of mental eultnii'. I^et u.s ,<^lance, Inr a UHuiicnt. at Ihn.-r sueees.sive p'ha.-i-s (,!' I'nixer- Mity study, and, as our time is very limited, I shalJ have .o ask yoii to supjdy in inia^inulion what 1 caiuu*! pau.-f to deseribi' al huiitii. The Scholastic i'hih)sophy dci'i\cs its nauui from the Schoolmen, and these a,ij;ain from the schohc or schools which the '-reat or-aniziu" <,'enius (d'(.'harlenui<;iie. with the co-o]n;rat ion of the Church, ori;rinat- ed, and which were aiterward> expanded into Universities. — the scluuds of our own Alfred, anotliei- ;jreal educati(mal reformer, ii. the ease of Oxford, at lea>t. sharing; in a similar Iioihmu'. The Scholastic Phi- losophy was, to a iai-ue extiMit, hased on ])oi-fions of Aristotle's loi^ic, imperfectly translated, and on extracts from the writin^rs of St. Au.irustine and other Latin fathers, incorjxirated with texts of Scrip- ture. These were the text liooks of the I 'niversities at the hcin- ning of the scholastic or mediaeval period. The chronicles and legends, hymns and homilies i>l' the t:me, formed the nMnaiudin- of its scantv literature, for the authors of (ireece and Home were then known onlv to a few leJinuul men, and wei'e not read in the Luiversity, while the modern laniiua^ivs. d(>-^eendants oi' the (Jothic or Hie Latin, had not yet bciruu to bring forth fruit. The medium of instruction was the Latin, the touLfue in which Lord Bacon, and even Sir Isaac; Xewton, wrote their principal works, the tongue which learned men. «"ven in the seventeentli century, believed was destined to remain the learned language of at least the entire Christian world. But limited as were the materials which the Schoolmen possessed, it must be admitted that they were turned to good account. The old .seven liberal arts of the monastic schools — grammar, rhetoric and logic, called the trivium. and arithmetic, music, goometry and astro- nomy, forming the quadrivuim — were greatly extend(!d and compre- hended under the common name of rinlosophy. On it.' practical side this Philosophy embraced several liberal arts, includirg navigation, agriculture and hunting, but it was the theoretical Philosophy, that which gave its name to the chief intcllectnal nurture im oarted by the Uuive^^ y, that was the all-eugrossing study. The Pre fessor.'> of it i I'Oiulily iinprDvIscd a )»lii('o of si inly ; iu'lcod, tlic 1 Torch's or mudc tlic school. To niivstor tluK Philosopliy, avdcrii yoiitlis, poo;- in pockot, hilt rich in eiilliusiusm, (lockud to the Universities from .ill parts of the world, inchidiii;^' Asia and Africa. Thoy came in Lrronps of ten, twenty and thirty tiionsaud, thon;.di thivse iniinliers Honit'tiujc-!, as I'ro- fcsHor Hnbci', in his history of the En;u:lish l'iiiv(!rM!tie.s jtoints out, included persons who were not regular students, siieh aseopyists, [juivh- luent-makers, stationers, etc. They lived rudely together in groups called '' nations," which rcpri'siiii.'d ihcir ethnic alllnilies, sp(>;ildgings could hardly Ix; proi-iircd, and in Oxford, at one time, ihe students W(!re content to taki> refuge on tlu' bastions of the city walls, 'lliose cJithiisiasiic lo , rs of leamiii"- sat at the feet of such i-enowned masters of di-pulation as William of Cliampeaux. Aheiard, Lanlraiic, An-idm, IV'ler hoiubanl, Albert the (ireat, Thomas A([iiinas, Rijscelin, Dims Sconis, Oi-kliam, Alexander Hall and others, doctors ang"lic, inul docioi-s serai)hic, d(V't(n's invin- cible and doctors irrefragable. Tlit!sc teaiduMs of tlu; middle a^e often harangued in the open aii- to -ii at multiiudes of admiring students, whom they encouraged and rcijuired to engage in disputations, .xin-- cises which taxed all tlu ir powers to the utmost and in whi''!i tlic greatest ingeuuity was displayed in supporting and attacking the theses which formed the subjects of ■•onteniion, a mode of stiidv, and a im-aiis of cultivating oratory, nut sufiicieiuly alteiuf-d to in on- own age. As in the lirst Napoleon's time, cveiy s(ddier u as said to carrv a iunrshars ])aton in his kuaj)sack, ;uid :is in the(!erman Universities, at pniseut, eveiy distinguished stU(h,Mit sees a. professoi-'s gown in his wardrobe, lunvever otherwise scanty, or that of a, Private-Doceut, at least, so in this, the heroiv* age of the Univcr-'*'v, when the degree of master or doctor, originally the same, constitin -d an actual license to teach, every graduate of high attainments and aspirations expected one day to lie the centre of a famous school, or to eclipse his preceptor in his own Uni verity, as was done by Abelard in the case of William of Chanipeau\. ]t is somewhat the fashion to speak slightingly of the Scholastic l^lii- losophy, chiefly on account of its subtleties, wdiich, in the absence ol' the facts of experimental sciences, the discoveries of a subse([nent a^^e, were often drawn out to an unpardonable length. Scholasticism is even by some I'cgarded with feelings of contera})t. But to say notliing of its ii:nucnce on llic llieology and pliilosopliy of all siil'.scquenl Ihncs no student of liiiuianity, no l.ioncsl triith-sookor. can ever entertain any such f'ecliug towards any of IJio groat produ-ts of the human inind, it's languages, religions, philosophies. The-e nuisl ever inspire our i\:\- ercuco and invite our study. If we gaze vith awe upon the p> '-amids, mere material v >rJis of doubtful utility, witli what feelin-ns oui;hl we to regard th» most diiring eHor:s of the most gifted and intrepid spirits of our race to harmonize philosophy and faith and .- Ivt- some of the deepcsi problems wliieh have ever oxerfisf'd the mind.-> of thinking men? Wliat though the battles of the -Nominalists, Jlcal- ist3 and other philosophic sects, long fought with tongue and pen, uot seldom fought with trusty bows and arrows, (the Aluir.ni of those days uot always bci-g the Avell regulated young gentlemen whom we meet in ours.)— what though these and other kindred problems are now well nigh forgotten? The same may be saul of manv anoilu-i' philosopliy, which though useful and inliuitely ele\aliii- in if> ,lav, has long since passed away. Our little sy.*tenis li:>vo then day. 'l'.,i.'y liavc ti.eir iliiy and cease to la-. Tiii.'v are but hrokcn lifiliLs ol'TliL'e. And thou, Lord, art more than tlicy. We come now to the modern period in the history ol' the fniversity. a period which the Uuiver?ity of the middle age helped to introduce the latter being a true development suitable to it.- own aiie. The Cru- sades, the direct products ol the .simple, earnest .spii-it ot the times residtcd in the recovery of many precious manuscripts of tlie (i-reek and Latin authors, aiid their t''au.sfereuce from the East to Europe. The study of tliese classical treasures first began to be lU'o&ecuted in retired monastic retreats. The native tongues were then jn.st sprinu- ing into vigorous exi.'^tence, and beginning to give promise of their great future. Their cultivators began also to devote them, dves t(» the reproduction of the Oreek and Ivonutn authors, in die modern lan- guages. (Jreek authors were also tran.slated in o Latin. Then the disruption and, finally, the overlhrov* of the Eastern Empire came, one cousetpuviceof wliich was the wide diifusiou of the mauu.scripts of the Oreek and llomau authors. The printing press appeared at the same time to multiply copies of the newly discovered treasures and supply to the [universities juul schools the long-forgotten poets, orators, his- torians i.-.}d philosophers ot Greece and Rome. It was as if t'.ose l)oets had now begiui io sing to men Cc- the tirst time ; a< if the ora- r iions of Cicero, tlie riilmiiiatiou?; of Domosthene.-i, the pictorial (li'liuca- tions of Livv, the divine discourse of Pluto, the terse, philosophic uarnitive of Thiicydides, and the rrari iiloiis tale of Herodotus, were now heard or read for the llr.>t time. The minds of ineu soon became streugtliencd. tlieir ideas enlarired and their imaginations tired hy llu- new studies. A spirit of enterprise soon became developed, the re- covery of old worlds, and the discovorv of new, ])roccediui: siinidtane- ously. While the old learniuir lingered on, even during the Hfteeuth and seven^'cnth centuries in some of the Italian Cniversities, in lu.osi others the nuinanists had already taken the place of the Schoolmen. The cultivator? of the classics were now held in the greatest honour, and schools, colleges and universities be^an to re-arrange their prizes, honoi'.rs and emoluments, with a view to encourage and reward tin- students of t!ie Greek and Latin tongues. Mathematics, more earnest- ly pursued, however, ;.t a later date, was the only rival study. Both were carried to a great height. The labours ot' the Humanists and of the later editors of classic authors favoured the one study: the dis- coveries of r.)pernicus, Galileo. Kepler, the philosopliy of Bacon and Des Caries, and the maguiticent generalizations of Newton and his followers, uave ::ii impetus to the other. It would seem, however, as if the human mind ever tends to extremes. In a short tinie the classics began to i)e regarded more as sacred relics, and soiu-ces of philosophical, antiiiuarian and grammatical niceties and puzzles, than as glorious literatures, and tit subjects for pliilosophu' criticism. This abuse of classical study speedily exercised an unhealthy influence on the human mind. " A powerful mind," says Lord Macaulay, '• which has been long engaged in such studies may be compared to the gigan- tic spirit in the Arabian tale, who Mas persuaded to contract himself to small dimensions in order to enter within the enchanted vessel, and when his prison had been closed upon him, found lumself unable to escape from the narrov/ boundni'ies to which he had reduced his stature." In recent years, a corrective to the excessive study of the classics. by absurd and miphilosophical methods has appeared. The mathe- matics, studied perhaps too closely, at first, as pure science, have j)assed into the form of mixed or ap])licd sciences, and these again are being rapidly developed into the cluster of inventions aud arts which are the peculiar glory of modern civilization. Astronomy peering into the most distant regions of the lieaveus, and now, by mean< oi' the spectroscope, performing more daring feuis than ever previously at- 10 lonipte.l; goolo-y rcv..aling the natunil hhtovy of tlic cartli, jiide.l by sf-veml uiixiliaiy sciences, zuolo-iy, nuneralogy, botany; clicnii.stry Avorkiuir wonders ol" which ordinary alclicniists never dreampt, thou-Ii lloiiov Bacon caii-ht a glimpse of them, with frcsli discoveries in re- gard to heat, liglit, electricity, magnetism ; physiology casting meta- |)hysic.s into the shade ;— what ama/ing and awe-inspiring"^ results have they no! ))rodneed ! The great ].ractical s.-Ic.nce oMuodurn nnies is engineering. The engineer girdles the globe with now high- M'iiys of travel, by land and sea, overcoming the obstructions of nature by vast bridges or tunnels, or supplementing h.er defective routes of <-ommuuication by means of canals .•.mstructcd regar^try, Mining anil Eugiueeriug, ami several other branches of knowledge have obtained a place within the .sliadow of tin- rniver.sity. It is just announced that a Chair of Commerce has been established in the University of Edinburgli. It seems evident, loo, that some of tliese will be advanced to the higher position of fneulties. ere long, and others added, t^uch as. the Fine Arts, wjiich have a faculty in the University of St. Louis; Mining and Engineering, Commerce and Manufactures, Agriculture, Naval and IMilitary Science, Normal Instruction, and some other departments. A hopeful method of meet- ing the new exigencies, aud one for whicli the old Mediaeval Univer- sities furnishes a precedent, would seem to be, for all these new facul- ties to be arranged around tlie central faculty of Philosophv or Arts, to which tliey should also be required to du homage, as the sheaves of doseph's brethren did to Joseph's slieaf. Another mode of meeting the new reiiuircmcnts, more especiallv of I'liysical Science, or Pmdiral or AppU<:d Science, as it is fre([ucutlv called, is by tiie erection aud organization of separate Scliools, Colle^a's aud I'niversitiesfor this purpose. Already in Switzerland, in some of the smaller Kingdoms of (iermauy, such as Wurtcmburg, with a popu- lation about as large as Ontario, and more especially in Prussia, luive many of these Schools, Colleges and Universitier; been established. There arc lunulreds of Technical Colleges, and six or seven Technical Universities, iu the countries I have named, and their ecpiipment is on the most magnificent scale. The Real Schools of Trussia are just deemed as essential as the Grammar Sehools, ( ryniuasiums and Uni- versities. It isouly lately that England, to her anuizcment, discovered her need of such institutions. She saw her sons utterly vanipiished at International Exhibitions by the superior scientiiic skill of other nations, and had occasion to recall the wise words of Prince Albert : "No human pursuiis make any material progress until science is brought to bear upon them." In Mr. Scott Ku^scli's plea lor the " Systematic Technical Education of the English people," he addresses the (^ueen in these touching words : " The object of this dedication is to entreat your Majesty to consider the case of the uneducated English folk, who are now suffering ^'^reat misfortunes in their trades, commerce and manufactures, as well as in their social, moral and intellectual condition, through havinir been ne- glected and allowed to fall behind other nations, better cared for by the men whose duty it was to lead as well as to govern the people." 14 -' It' your Majosiy," lie luVh, " will only .say tlie word, the thing will bo (l.>uc and a goucraiion of educalcd Englishmen an,OUO for the erect iou of a Technical College, iu which a commencement might be made in teaching mining, engineering, architecture, drawing and other kin was written in ISCiN. The statement made in regard tw Sadow;i will. no doubt, ho felt to he (^uite as apphcable to .Sedan. The ohl learned professions may be o\er->locked, hul the I'uiversi- ties can never furnisli to(» many suidents and teachers ol' the Natural and Applied Sciences, At the present moment the liailway and (ieo- ogical surveys of Canada make demands foi- <[ualilied assistants that cannot be met in our own country, while an intelligent ac([uauitaiice with the fascinating study of natiu'e is far from being as general a- ii ought to be. Who (h-)es not sympathize with Thonuis Carl vie v.hei. he himents that no one taught him '- the grasses that gr(nv by tlu> Avav- side and the little winged and wiu^■less neighbours that were constaiUK- meeting and saluting him, which salutes," he says. " lie cannot answer as things are." " AVhy," he continues, "did not sinuebody teach me the constellations too. and make me at home in the starrv heavens, and which I do not half know to this day?" Who does not agree wit!i the llev. Dr. Ryerson. the aide Chief SuperintendeiU of .Schools for Ontario, when he says '' that every youth shoidd be taught the names and characteristics of the vegetables and flowers aiul trees with which he daily meets ; the insects and birds aua Miimals of his country ; the nature of its soil and minerals ; the ohcuii* ^,1 and mechaiucal principle^ which enter into the construction aiul working of the im[>lemeius of husbandry; the nuichinerv of mills, manufactures and mines; the production aiul preparation of the clothes we wear, the food w'e eat, beverages we drink, the air we breatlie ; fogether with the organs of our bodies, the facidties ol oiu- minds and the rules ot oiu- (-onduct?" It woidd be a noble work if the rniversity couUl send down teach- ers to the .Schools to assist in imparting such teaching, much of which Avould be the delight of boys and girls. To my mind, one of the noblest works that the Ahmuii Association could engage in would be to aid in promoting such studies. The i\y on the cathedral's donu' caunot be expected to admire the work even of a iVIichael Angelo. The blind man caimot percoive the majesty of a gohlen sun-set nor the deaf h; till' luinuony oi' sweet .-Jouuil:^. Hut why should not all our iiitcUigeut youths he lau,nhl .soinothiup; of f Jod's works and ho thus prepaied to aid in man's pnMlesiiiKMl eon.^ucst of nature, through the knowledge of its laws? And as 1 would have the ijniversily send down such teachers to tlie Schools, so I would have the way, step by step, made easy for those who might wish to vcacli the University, which ought to l)o the greatest, the most populai-, and the most useful Free School in the Province. It is now virtually frei;, the fees being only nominal, but 1 should rejoice to see all fees swept away, thus placing New JJrunswick iu the [)roud position ot having a University absolutely free to all. It should be the business of tin; teacher in the prei)aratory schools to discover the capacities of his pupils, and the bent of their minds, and to aid their devcdopment. Should he discover a lad who loved to ascend the stream of languages, l)ut who hatl no delight iu numbers ; or one who was, above all things, absorbed iu the study of form, and felt something within him impelling him, Ivaphii-1-like, to say, •• J. too am a })ainter ;" or should a boy's bent ]je tov/ards those constructive works which are the glory of inodern engineering; — in all such ca-cs such a!)litu(h;s siiould be cherished, and the conditions supplied lor their full develoj)ment. Or should there, in some modest girl, be de- tected a voice of wondrous sweetness and compass, giving jjromise of a deniiy Lind, a Ristori or a (Christina Nilsson, the rare eudowmeut of son,'*- should be cultivated, iuid iis iuaturity watched over with all the, enthusiasm Willi which wt; should note the blossoming of a century itlant : or shoidd a girl's taste tend towards (numing works of the needle, bv whicli tiie painter's art is rivalled, then such models should be prom])tly suj)plied as might tirst be copied, and next surpassed, the young artist •• adding" thereto '• of her wit," and being taught to make for her ha])py lover, of a future day, articles of use and beauty like thai whii-h Klaine Llic lair, IClainc tlu- loval)le, Ehine the Hly iimid of Aslolat, Wrougiit for the sacred shield of l^auncelut, Anil hraidcd thereupon All thi; devices l)lazuned on tlie sliield In their own tint, and added of her wit A border fayitasy of branch and floicer And Tjellow fhroatcd nestling in the nest. And here 1 must ask leave, ere I (Conclude, to say a w^ord or two on a topic which might well be made the exclusive subject of an Encu'uial adch'ess. J rt^fer to that of the admission of women to '.he ITniversities. 17 Wliothci' this sliiill l)(i (l<>ui' liy iiu'iiiis n| s^'iiaruu^ l,"iii\i,'rsitics, ;is at that noble institution, Vivssar Cullc^'c, ur by >c]i;iriito Collo'«-('s in cun- noctioti with tlic. I'uivtM'sity bf.int;- providi-d li>\- women, ov ^v•ll(•lhel•, as in some <>t' tlu; ( uiversities (it' l-'i-unee, Austria ivn ! lotlu; enjoyments \vhi('ii a know- ledge of science and literature ini])art-. wlio will wc ileny ■women's rif'ht to shave in them? Is it i-tiasonaule to di.-riiK; ihe reasouiuij: powers of women, and yet to deny them the high(;si opportunities lor mental cul- ture? It is most inconsistent to aihuit and aliirm the intimate relations which should subsist bt^tween husband and wii'e, and yet to deuv her tlu^ means of entering into the most iiuinuUe I'dlow sliip, ^\■ilh him, should he be a man of culture. It is now well undei'slood that intellectual and moral characterlsti(;s may be transmitted Irom pai'ent to child, and more especially IVom the mother to her ofispring. It is atlmitted on all hands thai wonuin as a wife and as a mother should also be an educator, and yet the means of >ecuring to hei- the highest culture and of enabling her to be an educai(U' ol' the highest class havi; lou"- been denied. I believe you will share, with mc ilie pleasure of feelin" that this state of things is about to pass i-api