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CIHM/ICMH
Microfiche

CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian Institute for Historical Microraproductions / Institut Canadian de mlcroreproductions historiques

Technical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notaa tachniquaa at bibiiographlquaa

Tha Inatituta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat
original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia
copy which may ba bibiiographicaiiy uniqua,
which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha
raproduction, or which may aignlficantly changa
tha uauai mathod of filming, ara chackad baiow.

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La re liure aerr^e peut cauaer de i'ombre ou de la
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Blenk ieavaa added during reetoration may
appeer within the text. Whenever poaaibie, theae
have been omitted from filming/
il se peut que certainea pagee bianchee ajouttea
lors d'una reatauration apparaiaaent dana ie texte,
mala, iorsque ceia Atait poaaibie, cea pagea n'ont
pea At* filmAaa.

L'inatitut a microfilm* la maiileur exemplaire
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de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniquee du
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inciudea aupplementary materli
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ensure the beat poaaibie image/
Lea pagea totalement ou partieiiement
obacurciaa par un feuiiiet d'errata, une peiure,
etc., ont At* fiimAea k nouveau da fapon A
obtenir la meiiieure image poaaibie.

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Additional comments:/
Commentairea supplAmentairea:

Map it a photoreproduction.

Thia Item la filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/

Ce docuniont eat fiimA au taux de rMuctton indiquA ci-deaaoua.

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18X

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aox

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Th« copy f ilm«d h«'« has b—n raproducad thanks
to tha ganaroslty of:

Library of tha Public
Archivas of Canada

L'axampiaira film* fgt raproduit grica A ia
O^niroaitA da:

la bibiiothiqua das Archivas
publiquas du Canada

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sion, and anding on tha laat imga with a printad
or illuatratad imprassion.

Laa imagaa suivantaa ont *t4 raproduitas avac la
plua grand soin, compta tanu da la condition at
da la nattat* da l'axampiaira film*, at an
conformity avac las conditions du contrat da
filmaga.

Las axamplairas originaux dont la couvartura an
papiar aat ImprimAa sont filmte an commanpant
par la pramiar plat at an tarminant soit par la
darniAra paga qui comporta una amprainta
d'impraaaion ou d'illustration, soit par la sacond
plat, aalon la cas. Tous las autres axamplairas
originaux aont filmfo an commandant par la
pramidra paga qui comporta una amprainta
d'impraaaion ou d'illustration at an tarminant par
la darniira paga qui comporta una talla
amprainta.

Tha laat racordad frama on aach microficha
ahall contain tha symbol — ^- (moaning "CON-
TINUED"), or tha symbol V (moaning "END"),
whichavar applias.

Un daa aymbolaa auivants apparaftra sur la
darniAra imaga da chaqua microficha, salon le
caa: la aymbola — »> signifia "A SUIVRE", la
symbols V signifia "FIN".

Maps, plataa, charts, ate, may ba filmed at
diffarant raduction ratioa. Thoaa too larga to ba
antiraly includad in ona axpoaura ara filmad
baginning in tha upi;:ar laft hand cornar, laft to
right and top to bottom, aa many framaa as
raquirad. Tha following diagrams illustrata tha
mathod:

Las cartas, planchas, tablaaux, ate, pauvant Atra
filmfo A das taux da riduction diff Grants.
Lorsqua la documant ast trop grand pour Atra
raproduit an un saul clichA, 11 ast filmA A partir
da I'angla aupAriaur gaucha, da gaucha A droite,
at da haut an baa. en pranant la nombre
d'imagaa nAcassaira. I.as diagrammas suivants
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CANADA:

THE LAND OF HOPE

FOR

THE SETTLER AN!) ARTISAN,

THE SMALL CAPITALIST,

THE HONEST, AND THE PERSEVERING.

WITH A

gestription of llje €\mU,

FREE GRANTS OF LAND, ^^ AGES,

AND ITS ,

GENEBAL ADVANTAGES AS A FIELD f OR EMIGRATION.

BY THE

EDITOR OF THE "CANADIAN NEWS.

.11

SECOND EDITION.

PUBLISHED BY

A liOAIl^-Na STREET, 11, CLEMENT'S LANE, LOMBARD STREET,

LONDON, E.G. M- I

The Trade stippHedbt/ KEifT k Co., 51f Pa(€rdoster-row,

1857.

f |'M)(in:

t'RINrF.li in" .>I<AMS AND OKK, MIDDLF. fTRRKT,
WKSr SMITHFIKI.D K.L.

.:5£*«^St"'

-A*'»« 'i:

CANADA

AS A FIKLD FOR EMIGRATION,

There is unquustionably no instance in ancient or modorn hislury of a progrcsM
so rapid and so satisfactory as that which Canada has made during the la.st
few years. Aided by no external cause, unassisted by imperial giants or
special legislative enactments, Canada has advanced with a noiseless step
towards the goal of wealth and prosperity, leaving behind on her way other
nations and communities which have at one time or another occupied a much
larger share of public attention. The emigrant who may select this North
American province as his future home, will not choose a country whose capa-
bilities are untried, the character of whose soil is unknown, whoso climate is
uncertain, and, above all, he will not make his selection of a country where
the right to the possession of land is a disputed point, as in New Zealand ; or
where, as at the Cape of Good Hope, angry and incensed ('afties may at any
moment sweep ofiF the whole of his property. Canada is a settled country,
inhabited by a prosperous and thriving people, in which all the advantages of
civilisation may be enjoyed, without enduring many of those annoyances and
grievances so common amongst the other nations of Europe.

Every inducement which should weigh with the English emigrant is
afforded by Canada. It ic one of our nearest colonies, and is easily accessible ;
there is nothing in its climate which will not brace the nerves and preserve
the vigour of manhood ; and its soil is fertile beyond comparison with thiw
country. The regulations respecting the sale and purchase of land, unlike
those which are in force in some of the colonies, are such as to render its pos-
session easily attainable, and to enable the industrious labourer of England
speedily to become a freeholder in Canada. Taxation is not more than one-
fifth of the amount levied in this country ; education is placed within the reach
of all; religious instruction abomids, and there exists absolute freedom in all
matters relating to religious opinions. For labourers and artisans, and female
servants, the rate of w^ages is high ; provisions are low in price, and there is a
large demand for labour of all kinds.

The rapid progress which Canada has made during the last few years in
every department of material wealth, is well calculated to awaken feelings
of the liveliest interest towards that couutiy. We wish to point ont in the
following pages, not only the advances which the colony has made, but
also the facilities which it affords, and the inducements which it holds out
to the enterprising capitalist, but still more to the humble and industrious

}

emigrant. Wo aro uiixiuuH to direct thu iittenlioii of our rvadurei t) tho
advantages which Canada oflers as compared witli the United States and
some of our other colonics. With respect to their obtaining the possession
of land in it, and the bright opportunities which it afl'ords to almost every
class of tho working community in this (country, wo are convinced that
nothing more is required than tho diftusion of practical information on tho
subject in order to induce many thousands of our countrymen to adopt
Canada as their future home, in preference to transferring to tho Unitid
States the benefit of their labour and their capital. It is difficult to under-
stand why, for several years past, so great a preference has been shown to
tho United States by tho great bulk of British emigrants, unless it be in
consequence of that want of accurate information which has hitherto pre-
vailed, and the evil efll'cls of which have been so much deplored by tho friends
of Canada. Canada is equally as near to us as tho United States ; the country
is in as flourishing a state as its American neighbour ; land is cheaper in our own
colony than in tho Union ; life and property aro fUUy as secure under tho
British flag as under tho stars and stripes of tho Republic ; education is as
widely — nay, more generally diffused ; tho climate is as good, the soil as pro-
ductive, tho rate of wages as high, and employment as constant, as in the United
States. Year after year wo have gone on giving tho bone and sinew of our
people to increase the strength of a rival confederation, not always animated by
the best or kindest feelings towards our country. The United States have
tliriven with unexampled rapidity on tho hosts of sturdy labourers who have
swarmed over to their ports, to escape from tho poverty and destitution which
awaited thom in tho battle of li.*e at home. It is English and Irish labourers
who have been the pioneers of civilisation in tho Far West ; it is their stalwart
arms which have levelled the forest, converted the wide stretching prairie into
those exhaustlcss corn-fields which have made America the granary of the old
world. It is this crowd of emigrants who have toiled in the mines and in the
factories ; and it is their labour which has enabled the American manufacturer
to compete more successfully with the British producer. \ ^,:.

During tho years that our bands of emigrants continued to add to the grow-
ing strength of America, our own possessions on that continent lay neglected,
and their natural riches and resources were undeveloped for want of that
fertilising stream of labour which set in so liberally to the United States. Tho
blind and reckless system of emigration to the United States has not only
deprived our own colonies of valuable labour, but it has produced a state of
things in New York and the Atlantic ports highly inconvenient to the muni-
cipal authorities and the inhabitants of those cities, but most prejudicial and
diastrous to the interests and comforts of the emigrants. Wo have before us
the report of the Secretary of State of New Y'ork, which shows that during
the past year not less than 264,160 paupers were relieved by the country superin-
tendents, V d that 142,357 needy persons were relieved, forwarded, and provided
with employment at the expense of the state. In point of fact, pauperism is
rapidly becoming an institution of the state of New York, anu emigrants who
thoughtlessly leave the poverty and destitution of their own country find, too
I'lto, that ihey have but exchanged their right to relief at homo for the prc-
C'rtiious charity and benevolence of a foreign htute, Mhich reluctantlv doles out

tho means of subsiotcnco. Will it bo boliovod that in the state of Now York
the ratio of paupcri m to populution is fur greater than in Iriltind 1'

Canada is now, however, at lonn^th beginning to keep paco with her
gigantic neighbour; and as emigration, not only from England but from
Germany and the north of Europe, is steadily directing its footsteps to licr
shores, sho will, in all probability, shortly outstrip all rivals. Her naturally
healthy climato is every year becoming more and more improved. The whole
gurfaoe of the British North American provinces is not situated so far north
as the United Kingdom, and the greater portion of Upper Canada is several
degrees south of London ; and as the country becomes more cleared, drained, and
cultivated, the climate will gradually become more equable and less iovere. In
every respect, then, the present circumstances and the future prospects of
Canada are most cheering. Perhaps at no other time were the opportunities for
the emigrant so favourable ; labour indeed he must — that is only the portion
of man, — but his difficulties, in comparison with those of the eorly pioneers
of the settlements, are even light and trifling. The pathway is now compara-
tively cleared before him, and by hard-wrought erperienco the niethod and
practice of his proceedings have been laid down for him with perfect certainty
of success. Canada is now at length surrounded with distinctions ; her future
prospects are secured ; she is rapidly advancing in wealth and property, and
the industrious emigrant cannot fail to advance in an equal ratio. It is no won-
der, then, that the tide is setting in decidedly and strongly in her favour, and
cannot be tamed backward. Of the emigration that flows from Europe to the
Western world, about 50,000 go to British America (chiefly Upper Canada),
while numbers yearly come from the United States to make it their home.
The whole of Canada contains 240,000,000 of acres, of whien, 89,000,000
belong to Upper Canada, nearly every one of which may bo cultivated to advan-
tage ; the soil is very fine, and suited well for all cereal crops, being superior
to that of any other quarter of the North American continent ; suoli a country,
peopled by a British race, must increase rapidly in wealth, population, and
prosperity. We have seen the population of these colonies doubled within the
space of thirty years. Labour, comfort, independence, and civilisation arc
extended and extending. The isolated log-hut of to-day becomes a good
cottage to-morrow ; the hamlet of this week, a village next ; and the village of
this year, a handsome town the next. This is the case everywhere in Canada.

The land in Lower Canada is good and fertile, but the climate and winters
are more severe than in the Western Province. But improvement and culti-
vation are silently going on, and both will increase in a double ratio in future.
The easiest way of conveying a correct impression of the extent of Canada
will be by saying that it is three times as large as England, Scotland, Wales,
and Ireland. It begins on the east at the coast of Labrador, and is bounded
on the west by the River Kiministiquia, a stream near the head of Lake
Superior. On the north its limit is the Hudson's Bay territory ; and on the
south it has the Great Lakes, the River St. Lawrence, and the United States as
boundaries. It is about 1600 miles long, and 250 broad. With a healthy and
bracing climate, a soil whicli produces all the crops usually raised in this
country, land so cheap and easily attainable tliat every industrious man may
become a freeholder, unsurpassed means of internal comnnuvcation through its

rivers and lakes, and a greater degree of security than can be enjoyed in an}
other British colony, it is a most eligible field for industry and enterprise.
Nor should superior educational and religious advaniBges be leckoncd among
its least recommendations. Churches and chapels of every denomination are to
be found even in the most remote localities. A national system of education
extends its advantages over the whole colony ; and private schools of a respect-
able character arc to be met with in all the towns. The qualification of an
elector is the possession of a freehold of the annual value of 40«., which is
easily attainable. Taxation is about 80 per cent, less than in Great Britain,
nnd more equally apportioned.

1 1

r f

OPENINGS FOR CAPITAL AND INDUSTRY.

Canada may be truly described as the " land of hope," not only for the capi-
talist who has money at his command, but also for the person of limited means,
and still more for those who po:<sess no other resource than labour, whether
skilled or unskilled. To the former class, Canada, whose vast natural capabi-
lities and advantages are only just as it were on the point of being developed,
there are many openings for the most profitable investment of capital ; to the
second are presented opportunities possessed by a new and rising community
coupled with the social advantages which this colony enjoys in a more re:iiark-
able degree than any other; whilst the last class, which includes so many
branches of labour^ will find in every one a remunerative employment alto-
gether out of the question in the old world.

The demand for labour, both skilled and unskilled, as well as for farm ser-
vants and female domestics, is cverywhr;re very great, and the province will
always afibrd steady and profitable cniijloymcnt for all denominations of the
woiking classes. The wages of common labourers average about 5«. a day,
wliilc those of the artisuu vary from 7s. to 12s. The wages of the agricul-
tural labourers difler somewhat in the several sections of the province; but
in all parts they are double, and in many districts they are treble and even
quadrupU those in England. The following table, recently compiled, and
" published by authority," gives the average rates of wages throughout the
colony ; but it must be borne in mind that the rates vary according to the
supply and demand at particular seasons : —

Bricklayers 7

Carpenters 7

Coopers... 3

Dressmakers (with board) . . 1 3

Hatters 5

Joiners 5

Needlewomen (with board) 1

Labourers, farm (with board) 2

day 3

boys and girls .... 10

,, railway 4

Masons 7

Painters 5

Pek Day.

s. d. s. d.

to 9

8
4
2
7
7
2
3
4
1
5
8
C

Printers ^Compositors) .... 6

„ vPower-Prespmen) 6

Servant Maids (per month) 20

„ boys (per month) 16

„ men (per month) 40

Stonecutters 5

Smiths 6

Shoemakers •• 4

Upholsterers 6

Tinsmiths 5

Tailors (Malesj 4

„ (Females) 1

Pee Day.

s. d. s. d.

6 „ 7
„ 6
„28
»28
..65

These figures are in sterling ; an addition of one-fifth gives tlie value in
currency.

Th
if he
year,
princi]
spectal
busine
kept
has sol
brougj^

villagd

live w|

Hel

dau'^e.

An emigrant of the labouring clasn is safe enougli if, on landing at Quebec,
ho has sufficient means to carry him to the old settlements of Upper Canada, or
the neighboui'hood of the railway and other public enterprises everywhere
going on. A few dollars will suffice ; and every able-bodied man is certain of
obtaining immediate employment at 4s. sterling a day, and more on the
railways and other public works. As the object of every emigrant accustomed
to agiicultural labour is to become the farmer of his own land, he cannot
begin too early to acquire the knowledge essential to his success. There is a
wide difference in the mode of farming from that pursued in the old country ;
and the poorer the settler, the greater will he find that difference. It must be
the fate of all agricultural emigrants, without other resources than their labour
to cleai* the land of its forests, and it is better that every emigrant should learn
something of this and other new occupations by working for another before he
attempts them on his own account. As a raili'oad or an agricultmal labourer,
the emigrant can hardly remain any time in the country without acquiring
some knowledge that will be afterwards useful to him as a settler. As a farm
labourer, the knowledge he will acquire will be of the most essential kind ; but
many would at first obtain better remuneration as railroad labourers. There is
one thing which all emigrants of the laboiuing class who have a desire to better
their condition— and that we take to be the main object of all voluntary emi-
gration—should be careful to do, — they should shun cities and towns as places
of settlement.

If it is all important for the class of emigrants who are bred to agriculture
to avoid a residence in the town as the grave of their prospects, it is no less
needful to worn x^i'ofessional men, and all who follow any description of skilled
labour, against the seductions of a farming life. There is no greater mistake
than foi* persons of these classes to become amateur farmers in Canada. No
economy could possibly be worse.

It is also a mistaken idea that mechanical labour is not in demand ; and
that if mechanics emigrate to this country they must necessarily turn their at-
tention to agriculture. Mechanical labour is as much sought after as agricul-
tural — perhaps more so ; and the competition among employers has, during the
last year, been severely felt in some branches of industry. There is always a
great demand for bricklayers, masons, carpenters, joiners, and other mechanics.
The following excellent advice on this subject has been published by Mr.
Boys, a Canadian land agent, now in this country : —

D „ 6

) M 6

5 „ 2

value

■ J

The gentleman with small means, who cannot keep up appearances in England,
if he emigrates, should nearer buy a farm until he has been in the country at least a
year. If his income is very small, and he must rely upon his o\vn exertioiis for the
principal part of his support, he should settle in the large towns and take any re-
spectable employment at first. He will by thut means form a connection with
busuiess men, and will more readily find good remunerative employment than if he
kept aloof from business until he could get a first-rate place. And he will, if he
has sons, be able to place them in situations with those with whom he will be
brought into contact in the course of business.

But should he have a smadl income, he can support himself better in a country
village ; and, what in England would barely supply his wants, will enable him to
live well there.

He will in a village have a church, schools, and all the necessaries of life in abuu-
dau'^e, together with very good society, and what is of very great importance, although

Y I

very few are bold enough to acknowledge it, he will feel that there is a comfort in
being able to live as well as the best of his neighbours. In fact, that he is of as
much consequence as anv other man in the place.

But by no means let him settle in the country far from a Tillage.

Many do this at first, but find out their mistake too late. No church, society,
or store, bad roads, &c. Sucli persons always have to sell at a sacrifice to enable
them to get nearer to what, to them, are necessaries of existence.

The mechanic should, in my opinion, go to a rising village, of which there are
hundreds. He would get paid more regularly in cash in large towns, but he will
not get the same opporlimities of accumulating property.

Living is dearer in large towns, and there are more ways of spending money. In
tlic country he will often have to take part of his earnings in trade, but he need not
take what is not useful to him.

He can live much cheaper, he can obtain a village lot, and build a house much
pasier than in a town, and the opportunity for taking job-work and setting up on
liis own account is much greater ; but there are some mechanics who must settle in
towns, such as jewellers, foundry-men, &c. But to those who can find employment
in villages, I should say, go.

The labourer may go where he pleases. Labour is wanted all over Canada, but
I should advise both the labourer and the mechanic to secure 100 acres of wild land
us soon as possible, even if he does not intend to go on to it for tan years.

He will find it well to know that he has a lot of land to go to whenever he is
able to give up labouring for others. Besides, land is rising so rapidly in value
that, when he wants to use it, it may be tlu-ee times its present value.

He can secure a lot as soon as he can raise money enough to pay a quarter of its
value down, and the remainder by yearly instalments of one quarter each.

Some sellers give even longer credit, but, of course, they cnarge a little extra.

The land being all wooded, requires no looking after, except paying a trifling
yearly tax until he is prepared to settle upon it. But he must be very careful not
to buy a bad lot. He must see the land himself, and take a friend with him who
is a judge of land, or ten to one he will be cheated by some sharper who makes a
business of selling worthless lots of land to new comers.

Servant girls may go out in any number, to any part of Canada ; they can get
employment at from $5 to fll9 per month, with board, and need never be out of work
a single day.

To persons of all classes I w^otdd give this advice : take as little luggage as pos-
sible — do not buy any new things to take to Canada, as you can get them as cheap,
and ia many cases cheapei*, than in England. All the duties and taxes are taken
off English goods exported by merchants, so that most English goods are cheaper in
(Canada than in England ; and in Canada you will get the article best suited to the
country.

I have been in London two months, and have not seen an article yet, either a
necassary or a luxiuy, that 1 cannot get at Toronto.

PURCHASE OF LAND— FREE LAND GRANTS, &c.

i'!-

Land is as easily obtainable in Canada as in any other British colony. By a
provincial Act of 1841, since which time no new regulations have been issued,
Crown lands are to be sold at a price to be from time to time fixed by the
Governor in council. The prices range from Is. to ^s. 6d. in Lower Canada,
and in Upper Canada from 4s. to 205. per acre, according to their situation. In
the former, the purchase-money is payable in five, and in the latter in ten years.
For lands enhanced in value by special circumstances, such extra price may be
fixed as his Excellency the Governor-General in council may direct.

Actual occupation of the Crown lands must be immediate and continuous.
Seldom more than 200 acres will be sold to any one person, a certain amount of
which must be cleared by the settler. There are regularly appointed Govern-

ment agents in every county, from whom the fullest information as to tlie pric&
and quality of the land can be obtained.

Besides the public lands, there are about 2,000,000 acres of improved and
unimproved lands in the hands of private individuals, which are held at from
58. to i5s. per acre.

Land adapted for farming purposes can seldom be obtained from land com-
panies, speculators, or private individuals under 30«. per acre. The Canadian
Government, being desirous of preventing the acquisition of large tracts of land
by private companies, or private individuals, for the purpose of speculation,
have coupled the sale of the Government lands with such conditions as to pre-
vent undue or improper advantage being taken of their liberality in offering
farming land at a low rate. Every purchaser must become an actual settler.
This simple condition drives out of the field a host of speculators who hitherto
enriched themselves at the expense of the countiy, retarding its progress and
leaving its resources undeveloped.

The Provincial Government have recently opened three great lines of road,
which, running east and west, will eventually be 171 miles in length, and con-
nect the Ottawa River with Lake Huron. Along these roads the lands are
laid out for settlement. They are situated to the west of tho Ottawa River,
and are accessible either from that river at '• Bonne Chere Point," fifty miles
above Ottawa city ; fVom Nopanee, a station of the Grand Trunk Railway,
twenty-six miles west of Kingston ; and from Belleville, twenty-one miles west
of Napanee. The first of these is called the " Ottawa and Opeongo i-oad"
(accessible from Bonne Chere Point, on the Ottawa). The local Government
agent for the lands on this road is Mr. J. P*. French. He resides at Mount St.
Patrick, county of Renfrew. The second is the " Addington road" (accessible
from Napanee). The Government agent for this district is Mr. E. Perry, whose
residence is at the village of Flint Mills, county of Addington. The third is
the '• Hastings road" (accessible from Belleville). The Government agent here
is Mr. M. P. Hayes, who resides at Hastings, in the county of that iiamc.

Each grant is for 100 acres. The intending settler may be a native of
any country, but he must be at least eighteen years of age. He is required
to take possession of the land alloted to him within one month, and to build a
house (at least 20 by 18 feet). He must put into a state of cultivation at least
twelve acres of his land in the course of four years, as well as reside on the
lot during that period. The Government having made the roads, the settlers
have to keep them in repair. These several conditions being complied with,
the settler will receive from the Government, free of all cost, the title-deeds of
his property. If a family, comprising several settlers entitled to lands, prefer
to live on a single lot, the Government accords permission to do so, pro-
vided that the condition of bringing twelve acres of laud into cultivation on
each lot within foua: years be complied with. Failure to perform the foregoing
requirements of the Goverament will cause the immediate loss of the assigned
lot of land. Their fulfilment puts the holder in possession of a freehold estate,
over which he and his family can ever afterwards exercise the fullest rights of
property, without further restriction or condition of any sort.

The lands that have been offered for settlement by the Government of
Canada are equal to any in the whole province for farming purposes. They

' i

^1
I

r n

are now covered with every variety of timber — 8onie with hardwood and some
with heavy pine, and are capable of producing; abundant crops of winter wheat,
of excellent quality and full weight ; and also first-rate crops of every other
description of farm produce, such as are grown in the best and longest culti-
vated districts in that part of the country.

Water for domestic use is everywhere abwidant, and there are, besides,
numerous sti'eams and falls of water, capable of being used for manufacturing
purposes.

An agricultural settler on these lands, possessing a capital of from 401. to
501. sterling, according to the number of his family, will soon make himself
comfortable, and obtain a rapid return for hia investment. The single man ,
able and willing to work, needs little capital besides his own arm and axe. If
he desii'e it, he need only devote a portion of the year to clearing his land ; and
in the numerous establishments for getting out timber on the Ottawa and its
tributaries, he can at other seasons obtain a liberal remuneration for his labour.
He will, indeed, be but a poor workman who cannot earn 3Z. a month besides
his keep, which consists, amongst other things, of as much of the best meat
supplied to him without restraint in one day as he "would perhaps get in a
month in the old country.

The lands which the Government are offering, and intend to offer, to
settlers, so as to open out and populate the magnificent territory between the
Kiver Ottawa and the eastern extremity of Lake Huron (known as the
Georgian Bay), are capable of sustaining in comfort and happiness eight
millions of people.

In addition to the free grants along the lines of road which have just been
described, the Govei'nment have at their disposal several • million acres, which
may be purchased by persons intending to become actual settlers at prices
varying from Is. to 5s. per acre (lOdf. to 4s. sterling.) It may also be
stated here, that other lines of road, similar to the Ottawa and Opeongo
roads, the Addington road, and the Hastings road, are in couise of construc-
tion.

The Parliament of Canada, during its last session, incoi-porated a company
for the construction of a railway to pass through the country from Lake Huron
to the Ottawa, and thence eastwards.

AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS.

The clearing of the bush or wooded land, in the common acceptance of the
tenn, means clearing, fencing, and leavinjj it ready for a crop, the stumps of the
trees alone being left for future removal— as they decay— when the farmer has
more leism-e and means at his disposal. The price varies greatly according to
circumstances, but may be quoted at present as 5/. currency per acre. Timber
is now becoming scarce and valuable in some locations, and near the railways
the value is fully equal to the first cost of clearing the land.

A comfortable log-house, 16 feet by 24, with two floors and shingled roof, costs
iSl. ; log-bam, 24 by 40 feet, lol. ; frame-house of same dimensions, SOI. ; ditto

barn, 100/. ; suitVule sheds, &c., 40/. Tables, lOs. to Ms. iitl. ; stump bedsteads
10«. to 20a. each; chairs, per dozen, 1/. da.; boilers, saucepans, kettles, knives •
and forks, &c. &c., arc about 60 per cent, over the usual sterling retail prices in
England. It must be borne in mind that the settler very seldom spends money
in erecting his buildings, they being generally built by himself, with the assist-
ance of his neighbours, and added ta as his wants and increasing prosperity
may from time to time require. The cost of household furniture, or rather the
quantity required, varies with the ideas of almost every family. In many
cases it does not exceed 15/. ; sometimes not half that sum, and is often alto-
gether manufactured by the settler himself.

Wheat, which succeeds best on newly cleared and burnt land, is always the
first grain crop. Farmers of capital seed with grasses first, and wait five or
six years ; but the farmer of limited means puts the land into crop the next
year either with potatoes or spring corn, then follows wheat again, every alter-
nate year, until he has power to clear enough new land for his wheat crop each
year, — when the old land is luid down in meadow and otherwise cropped,
without much attention to the usual general rules of good farming, until the
stumps rot sufficiently to admit of the free use of the plough. The best Eng-
lish and Scotch farmers then adopt the customary three or four course system,
or otherwise wheat, with a winter and summer fallow alternate years. The
first crops are always put in with the harrow alone.

The produce per acre, of all crops, varies much from year to year in Canada,
owing to the late and early frosts. It is, however, generally considered that
the following is a fair average of ten years on all tolerably cultivated farms : —
Wheat, 26 bushels; barley, 30 bushels; oats, 40 bushels; rye, 30 bushels;
potatoes, 250 bushels, per acre. Swedish turnips, mangold wurtzel, and other
roots of a similar kind, are not generally sufiiciently cultivated to enable an
average yield to be given ; but it may very safely be said that, with similar
care, culture, and attention, the produce will not be less per awe than in England.
Flax and hemp are now coming rapidly into notice as an additional resource to
the agriculturist, — the quality of both articles is excellent, and the quantity
obtained affords a profitable return, the climate and soil being well adapted
to their grswth. Tobacco has also been raised in considerable quantities, par-
ticularly in the western extremities of the province.

All fruits grown in England thrive well — but the plum, apple, strawberry,
raspberry, and melon attain a luxuriance of growth and perfection unknown in
Englatid. The melon, planted in the open ground, in most years pi-oduces
excellent crops. In many places vines prosper well. Peaches are indigenous
south of the pai'allel of 43 deg., or if not absolutely indigenous, grow rapidly
from the stone and bear fruit within a few years, although good and rich-
flavoured grapes and peaches are seldom met with, owing to their culture being
neglected. The same observations apply to all garden produce, which will
attain a degree of luxuriance unluiown perhaps in Britain, with fai* less care
and culture.

The time of the setting in of the frost and of its departure varies in Canada
extremely in different years. But no prudent man ought to calculate on being
able to do anything in the open field after the middle of November, or much
befove^he 1st day of April. Fodder must be provided for cattle si^cient to

ill

last till the middle oF May, as although a surplus may be left owing to the early
' setting in of the spring, yet cases have been known of great distress prevailing
iVom want of proper attention on this head.

The new settler's avocations during the winter months are generally con-
fined to taking caro of his cattle and chopping — that is, felling and cutting up
the trees ready for burning in the spring. The underbush must be cleared off
before the snow falls. The family, when industrious, find their time fully
employed in spinning and other female occupations ; and when it is considered
that in the neweBt settlements almost every article of convenience or luxury
must be made at home or be dispensed with by poor settlers, it may easily be
imagined that the duties of a farmer's wife and grown ^up daughters arc
numerous and unceasing, — for in proportion with their industry and abilities
will be their domestic comfort and happiness. In the summer, from the scarcity
of labour, all assist in the fields, — the child of even five years old being usefully
and healthily employed in some occupation befitting his age and strength.
Amongst too many Canadian farmers, however, the winter is a season of idle-
ness and enjoyment, a great portion of it being spent in amusement and visiting,
to the manifest neglect of their farms, and impoverishment of themselves and
families.

We cannot do better than conclude this subject by quoting the excellent
and able advice given by Mr. French, the agent of the Opeongo road, on the
practical methods to be adopted : —

The climate of Canada being so widely difierent from that of the United
Kingdom, the system of farming and the rotation of crops must necessarily
be dissimilar in both countries ; and, as it appears to me to be most essential
that the intending emigrant should accurately understand how much he has to
learn, and be made familiar with every phase of the difficulties he will have to
encounter in the land of his adoption, you should, I think, record as plainly,
but as briefly as possible, every circumstance having reference to these difiicul-
ties that you conceive calculated to influence the decisions of those who may
desire to leave the old country and try their luck in the new ; and as some of
these might escape your notice, I shall endeavour to enumerate them, and make
such remarks as may, in my opinion, be likely to render you any ac^sistance in
writing your pamphlet.

I will now suppose the settler to have safely reached the locality where he
intends to fix himself, and that he has selected the lot of land whereon his new
career is to commence. His first duty, then, will be to clear about an acre, and
to erect a house or " shanty." The clearing of this quantity of land, before
putting up the shanty, is necessary, lest, when burning the brush, it (the
shanty) should get burn^ d also. If there does not happen to be a settler in the
neighbourhood already, the newly arrived will have to take another with him,
and camp in the bush while doing the chopping and putting up the shonty. If,
however, there be any habitation within a reasonable distance, he is certain
not only of being permitted to lodge there, but to be treated with kindness,
and to receive every assistance in making a home for himself. The erection of
a shanty is neither a tedious nor an expensive piece of work. It is built of
wood cut on the spot, and roofed with scooped trees simply laid across itt It

takes abuut eight iiu<n to build u Hhanty, 18 by 2Ui't'c>t. The Canadian Hhautiefi
are intiiiituly mure clean and comfortable than are the usual class of peasants'
cabins in Ireland. There is never any charge for building them. Among the
settlers it is deemed a sacred duty never to refuse going to a " raising" (the
erecting of a house, shanty, or barn), and they feel equally bound to refuse all
payment for such labour. The house or shanty being now up and occupied, the
farming begins by chopping as much more as there may be time for, and planting
with wheat, oats, or potatoes (generally the latter), or a little of each, just as
may be convenient or desirable.

The difficulty of clearing land in Canada is a subject upon which the in-
habitants of the mothtr-country entertain very exaggerated ideas, and as 1
think such should be removed, I shall give a statement of the quantity of
labour necessary lo leave an acre (English) fit to crop. The chopping of land
means the cutting down of trees and dividing them into logs of 10 or 15 feet
in length. The only land ever selected for farming is that which produces
hardwood, and the average time in which an ordinaiy axe-man should under-
brush and chop an average acre of such land is eight days. After being
chopped for a few days, the women or children set fire to the brush-heaps, and
if they get what is termed " a good burn," nothing remains on the following
day but the large logs*. A yoke of oxen and five men are then employed for a
day in logging — that is, making piles of those logs, so that they may be burned
off altogether ; but if oxen cannot be had, the logging may be done by manual
labour at the expense of some three or four additional men. The logging
finished, the piles are at once set fire to ; this occupies but a very short time,
but in order to insure their being completely reduced to ashes a man must
spend a day in keeping the logs together, or, as it is called, ** branding." Thus
it may be calculated that fourteen men and a yoke of oxen can clear an acre of
wild land and leave it fit to crop. The ashes should be gathered and put into
a shed, supposed to have been made beforehand, and wliich a man can easily
erect in a day.

The ashes taken off, and the land sufficiently cool, wheat, oats, barley, or
potatoes may be planted in it without any further preparation. The process of
putting in potatoes is different from that in the United Kingdom, and may be
thus explained — men, women, and children can be useful in the operation : —
The women, with hoes, scrape shallow holes in the ground at distances of about
three feet apart, into which the children drop three slits of the potato, and
then the men, with hoes, scratch up the earth around them, until each hole has
been transformed into a small mound ; and thus arc the potatoes planted. Eight
men and two women are sufficient to plant an acre. Wheat, oats, or barley is
simply shaken on the new land, and then " dragged " (harrowed) in, without
any previous ploughing or cultivation. Should potatoes be the first crop, then
the grain is sown the next year in the potato soil, just as in the new land.
"Wheat is generally the crop that succeeds the potatoes, then oats for two or
three years, and finally a crop of peas is usually taken oft' before the ground is
" seeded down " with grass seed and clover.

Such, then, is the probable labour of clearing laud, and the rotations in
which it is generally cropped. I shall now speak of the seasotis and the periods
iftt which the vai"ious crops may be put in and taken out.

> (

Generally speaking, the hiiow is off and the ground Bt for ploughing be-
tween the 2dth April and Ist May.

Peas may be sown up to the 20th of May.

Indian corn may be sown up to the 20th of May.

Sprir^ wheat may be sown up to the 25th of May.

Swedish turnips may bo sown up to the 16th of May.

Aberdeen turnips may be sown up to the 10th of July,

Oats may be sown up to the Ist of Juno.

Potatoes may bo sown up to the 24th of June.

Cabbage seed is planted in a box about the Idth of April, and transplanted
to the open ground by the 1st of June.

Haying (mowing) generally commences about the 1 2th of July. An acre and
a quarter is the average quantity of meadow that a man will cut per diem.
The expense of saving the hay is considerably less than in England. It may
be judged of by the fact that light meadow has been known to have been cut
and put into the barn on the same day. The moic usual system, however, is
to shake it out soon after being cut, then to rake it into " wind-rows," make
small stacks of it by the evening, and next evening put it into large stacks
or the barn.

The reaping of the wheat that has been sown in the fall (autumn) begins
about the 1st of August. If it be not lodged it can be "cradled," — which
means being cut with an implement called a cradle, resembling a scythe,
and by means of which a man will cut at least four times as much as with the
reaping-hook.

Spring wheat comes in about the 10th of August, and may also be •* cradled"
if not lodged.

Oats arc usually tit for cutting by the 14th of August, and are most fre-
quently " cradled."

Peas ripen by the 5th of August, and are cut with the scythe and reaping-
hook.

Indian corn is gathered in about the dth of September, and it takes about four
men to the acre. Women and children are almost as useful at this work.

Potatoes ripen according to the time at which they have been planted.
They are taken out with the hoe, and at this work, too, the women and children
are found useful. The taking out of potatoes costs nearly as much labour as
the planting of them.

By the 10th of October the harvest is generally housed, and then under-
brushing — which cannot be done in winter in consequence of the deep snow
— is commenced. Potash is now being made, and sleighs, &c., put in order for
the winter's work.

Potash is very remunerative to the farmer, and requires but little skill in
the manufacture. The kettle and coolers necessary cost about 14/., but they
are always supplied on credit by the storekeepers in the neighbourhood, who
are paid in potash or other farm produce. The ashes of 2 J acres of ordinary
hardwood land should be sufficient to make a bai'rel of potash, say of the
second quality, and for this the owner should receive 30 dollars (7/. 10«.), after
deducting all expenses of carriage, storage, &c.

In this section of the province sleighing can rarely be calculated on with any

)

d«'groo of certainty before ChriHtmus in lach year, and it ends about tbe 10th
of April. It is between these periods that the farmer has to take liis corn to
be ground, and to dispose of his surplus produce by selling it at the lumber
shanties, or giving it to the storekeeper in payment for the goods supplied
during the preceding spring, summer, and fall. Farmers are not expected to
pay in cash at any time for goods obtained at the country stores, the system
being altogether one of barter; — oa*^, peas, flour, pork, potash, &c. &c., arc
readily taken by the storekeeper i' payment of debts.

The manufacture of maple sugar may take place before farming operationH
commence in the spring, with advantage to the settler, and without involving
the loss of any valuable labour.

The price of Crown land varies in different localities, but correct information
on this head may be had from Mr. Spragg, of the C.L.O. In this country, the
wise conditions under which the Crown lands arc sold have checked specuUitora
from going into the market, and consequently wild lands have but in very few
instances exchanged names at a higher figure than the Government price.

Cows, horses, oxen, pigs, sheep, and poultry, arc to be had as cheap, if not
cheaper, than in the mother-country. An excellent farm cow seldom costs more
than U. Wool may be set down as being worth about 1«. per lb. Horses
and sheep cannot well be supported, unless there be some land cleared and
laid down in pasture upon which they may graze ; but such is not necessary
for the oxen and cows, as they are merely allowed to roam at large in the
" bush " (woods), and they quickly fatten upon the brouse and herbage. In
winter they are fed upon " wild hay," which is generally easily obtainable at
some of the numerous " beaver meadows " that are to be found in all directions,
and which are always regarded as coinmon property until the lots are surveyed
and sold by the Government. , . ;

THE OCEAN VOYAGE.

We would recommend the emigrant whose means will not permit of his taking a
steerage passage in the steamer to Quebec or Portland, to use the greatest caution
in the selection of a sailing ship, and to deal only with responsible and respectable
parties. The through-booking system, whereby the emigrant will know the exact
amount reqiiired for the sea passage and inland journey to any part of Canada or
the Western States, is the only safe and reliable course to be adopted, as thereby
he is protected firom the imposition so generally practised on the needy and help-
less. For vessels sailing from London, negotiations may be made with Messrs.
Temperleys, Carter, and Darke, William Barnett and Co.; also for Halifax, N. S.,
&c., of C. Walton and Sons. Vessels also sail from Bristol belonging to Messrs.
Mark Whitwell and Son, who can also book through.

The " Anchor Line " of steamers from Glasgow are despatched by Messrs. Handy-
sides and Henderson.

The Plymouth line of sailing packets are despatched by Mr. J. B. Wilcocks.
The steamers sailing from Liverpool, which take steerage passengers at cheap
rates, are the North Attantic Steam Company — Messrs. Wier, Cochrane, and Co.,
or Sabel and Cortis ; the Montreal Ocean Steam Company, Allan and Gillespie ;
and the Liverpool and Philadelphia Steam Company, William Inman. Passages
in sailing vessels can be taken of Sabel and Cortis— all booking through to Canada
and the Far West. The detailed particulars of these routes may be obtained on
application. Finally, we may remark that the Canadian News, published in
London every alternate Wednesday, gives the most recent intelligence of the pro-
gress and prospects of Canada with impartiality and truthfulness.

RAILWAYS THBOUOH CANADA.

Thk roJlAwiiiK lint of all the Ktatlona nii llip Orand Trunk anil (ireat WfMtern Railway* ha* been
anangcd »o aa to nhow at one view the iiu.Utinn uf, and dittancoi between, tlui chief citlci and towni
on the direct railway route through the Province ttom Eaat to Weat :—

GRAND TRUNK.

Milen, SlaHonn.

MileH. Statiom.

Mikt

r. Slatioit».

St. Tuomas.

1.^

Point Clair.

220

Belleville.

St. Francii, or Herthicr.

St, Anne'a.

832

Trenton.

IH St. Michael.

Vaudreuil.

243

Brighton.
ColWne.

34 St. ('harle*.

Cedars.

849

92 St. Henry.

Coteau Landing.

356

Grafton.

41 Chaudierc Junction.

River Bnudctte.

363

Cobnurg.

49 QtiKOEC (South).

Lancaster.

370

Port Hope.

H Chaudiere Junction.

110

Sumnierstown.

; 274

Port Britain.

9 Chaudiere.

Cornwall.

1 280

NewtonviUc.

lA Craig'« Road.
30 Blaclc River.

Moulincttc.

] 286

Newcastle.

Dickiniion's Landing.

290

Hownianville.

39 Methot'it Mill*.

«4

AultHvillc.

399

Oshawa.

41 Rconncoiir.

Williamsbiirt;.

303

Port Whitby.

49 Sonicmet.

Matilda.

' 310

Duflln's Creek.

6S Stanfold.

105

Edwardiburg.

312

Frenchman's Bay.

(14 Arthabanka.

112

Prescott Junction.

310

Port Huron.

72 Warwick.

113

Phk««:ott.

320

Scarborough.

M Danvillo.

120

Maitland.

327

East York.

9A RicHMOMn.

125

Brockvillc.

331

Toronto East.

107 Durhiim.

129

Lynn.

333

Toronto West.

119 Acton.

137

Mallorytown.

1 342

Weston.

125 Upton.

Lan«down.

354

Brampton.

131 Britannia Mill*.

155

Gananoqi'c

302

Geoitretowii.

138 St. Hyacinthe.

l(i9

Kingston Mills.

309

Acton West,

145 Soixante.

172

Kingston.

874

Rockwood.

151 St Hilaire.

173

Ditto.

382

Guelph.

158 Boucherville Mount.

IHO

Colin's Bay.

395

Berlin.

163 Charons.

IH8

Eniestown.

402

Petersburg.

168 Longueuil.

199

Napanee.

408

Hamburg.

170 Montreal.

209

Tyandenaga.

414

Shakspeare.

5 Blue Bonnets.

213

Shannonvillc.

421

Stratford.

GREAT WESTERN.

Toronto.

Paris.

177

Vasburg.

9 Mimico.

Princeton.

183

Chatham.

11 Port Credit.

Arnolds.

198

Baptistc Creek.
Belle River.

19 Oakville.

H(i

Eastwood.

212

25 Bronte.

Woodstock.

216

Puce.

31 Wellington Square.

Beachville.

229

WlNUKOR.

38 Hamilton.

100

Ingersoll.

44 Desjardln's Junction.

109

Edwardaburg.

Hamilton.

48 Dundas.

119

LONDOK.

Ontario.

52 Flamborough.

129

Konioka.

Grimsby.

M Copetown.

Mount BrydgcH.

Beamsvillc,

59 Vansickles.

1.39

Ekfrid.

Jordan.

62 FairchildH.

149

Mosa.

St. Catherine's.

78 Preston )

155

Wardsvllle.

Thorold.

74 Halt branch.

159

Bothwell.

Stamford Junction

— Preston j

Total M

168
ain Lin

Thamesville. i
e from Seaboard l'3i

34
• miles.

Niagara Falls.

BRANCH RAILWAYS.

The branches from the above main lines are as follow :—

On the South— firom Richmond, C. E., to Portland, 158 miles, and to Boston 269 ; from Montreal
to Burlington 90, Rutland 153, and Boston 326, or to Troy 250, and New York 400 ; from Lachine to
Plattsburg, 49 ; from Prescott to Rouse's Point, 120. On the North— from Frescott to Ottawa, 54 ;
from Cobourg to Peterborough, 28 ; from Toronto to CoUingwood, 97 ; Toronto to Stratford, 90.

Table for ealonlating the difference between Sterling Money and Cnrrency.

lEi

Stg.

9
10
11
12

PENCE.

Currency.

».

lli

SHILLINGS.

Currency,

£ I. I

1 23

Stg

9
10
11
12

13 15 lOi

14 17 1

15 18 3

2 5A

3 84

4 10|

6 1

7 3;

8 0.

9 9
10 113
12 2
13 43
14 7|

Stg.

«.

SHILLINGS.
Currei

£ B.

5
8
11
l|
4

rf.
4
8

4
8

8
9

CO .

70 .

80 .

90 .

100 .

500 .

1000 .

POUNDS.

Currency.

£ s. rf.

9 14 8

10 19

1 1

. .. . 12 3 4

1 3

18 5

?fl

1 4

. .. . 24 6 «

SR \n n

POUNDS.

£ i
1 4

48 13 4

60 16 K

2 8

85 3 4

3 13

97 6 8

4 17

6 1

.'. 109 10

. . 121 13 4

7 6

608 6 8

8 10

1216 13 4

A* been
1 towm