IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
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 WilSTIR,N.y. I45S0 
 
 (71«)S72-4S03 
 
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CIHM/ICMH 
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 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microraproductions / Institut Canadian de mlcroreproductions historiques 
 
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 which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha 
 raproduction, or which may aignlficantly changa 
 tha uauai mathod of filming, ara chackad baiow. 
 
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 il se peut que certainea pagee bianchee ajouttea 
 lors d'una reatauration apparaiaaent dana ie texte, 
 mala, iorsque ceia Atait poaaibie, cea pagea n'ont 
 pea At* filmAaa. 
 
 L'inatitut a microfilm* la maiileur exemplaire 
 qu'il iui a AtA poaaibie de ae procurer. Lea ditalla 
 de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniquee du 
 point de VIM bibliographlque, qui peuvent modifier 
 une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une 
 modification dana la m6thode normaia da fiimage 
 aont Indiqute ci-deaaoua. 
 
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 Paget* damaged/ 
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 Comprend du mattriai auppMmontaira 
 
 Only edition available/ 
 Seuie MKion diaponibie 
 
 I I Quality of print variaa/ 
 
 r~~| inciudea aupplementary material/ 
 
 I — I Only edition available/ 
 
 D 
 
 Pagea wholly or partially obacured by errata 
 allpa, tiaauea, etc., have l>een refilmed to 
 ensure the beat poaaibie image/ 
 Lea pagea totalement ou partieiiement 
 obacurciaa par un feuiiiet d'errata, une peiure, 
 etc., ont At* fiimAea k nouveau da fapon A 
 obtenir la meiiieure image poaaibie. 
 
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 Additional comments:/ 
 Commentairea supplAmentairea: 
 
 Map it a photoreproduction. 
 
 Thia Item la filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 Ce docuniont eat fiimA au taux de rMuctton indiquA ci-deaaoua. 
 
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Th« copy f ilm«d h«'« has b—n raproducad thanks 
 to tha ganaroslty of: 
 
 Library of tha Public 
 Archivas of Canada 
 
 L'axampiaira film* fgt raproduit grica A ia 
 O^niroaitA da: 
 
 la bibiiothiqua das Archivas 
 publiquas du Canada 
 
 Tha imagas appaaring hara ara tha bast qualHy 
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 of tha original copy and in icaaping with tha 
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 Original copiaa in printad papar covars ara filmad 
 baginning with tha front eovar and anding on 
 tha laat paga with a printad or illuatratad impraa- 
 sion, or tha bacic covar whan appropriata. All 
 othar original copiaa ara filmad baginning on tha 
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 or illuatratad imprassion. 
 
 Laa imagaa suivantaa ont *t4 raproduitas avac la 
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 Las axamplairas originaux dont la couvartura an 
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 d'impraaaion ou d'illustration at an tarminant par 
 la darniira paga qui comporta una talla 
 amprainta. 
 
 Tha laat racordad frama on aach microficha 
 ahall contain tha symbol — ^- (moaning "CON- 
 TINUED"), or tha symbol V (moaning "END"), 
 whichavar applias. 
 
 Un daa aymbolaa auivants apparaftra sur la 
 darniAra imaga da chaqua microficha, salon le 
 caa: la aymbola — »> signifia "A SUIVRE", la 
 symbols V signifia "FIN". 
 
 Maps, plataa, charts, ate, may ba filmed at 
 diffarant raduction ratioa. Thoaa too larga to ba 
 antiraly includad in ona axpoaura ara filmad 
 baginning in tha upi;:ar laft hand cornar, laft to 
 right and top to bottom, aa many framaa as 
 raquirad. Tha following diagrams illustrata tha 
 mathod: 
 
 Las cartas, planchas, tablaaux, ate, pauvant Atra 
 filmfo A das taux da riduction diff Grants. 
 Lorsqua la documant ast trop grand pour Atra 
 raproduit an un saul clichA, 11 ast filmA A partir 
 da I'angla aupAriaur gaucha, da gaucha A droite, 
 at da haut an baa. en pranant la nombre 
 d'imagaa nAcassaira. I.as diagrammas suivants 
 illustrant la mAthoda. 
 
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CANADA: 
 
 THE LAND OF HOPE 
 
 FOR 
 
 THE SETTLER AN!) ARTISAN, 
 
 THE SMALL CAPITALIST, 
 
 THE HONEST, AND THE PERSEVERING. 
 
 
 WITH A 
 
 gestription of llje €\mU, 
 
 FREE GRANTS OF LAND, ^^ AGES, 
 
 AND ITS , 
 
 GENEBAL ADVANTAGES AS A FIELD f OR EMIGRATION. 
 
 M 
 
 I 
 
 BY THE 
 
 EDITOR OF THE "CANADIAN NEWS. 
 
 .11 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 A liOAIl^-Na STREET, 11, CLEMENT'S LANE, LOMBARD STREET, 
 
 LONDON, E.G. M- I 
 
 The Trade stippHedbt/ KEifT k Co., 51f Pa(€rdoster-row, 
 
 1857. 
 
f |'M)(in: 
 
 t'RINrF.li in" .>I<AMS AND OKK, MIDDLF. fTRRKT, 
 WKSr SMITHFIKI.D K.L. 
 
 .:5£*«^St"' 
 
 -A*'»« 'i: 
 

 CANADA 
 
 AS A FIKLD FOR EMIGRATION, 
 
 There is unquustionably no instance in ancient or modorn hislury of a progrcsM 
 so rapid and so satisfactory as that which Canada has made during the la.st 
 few years. Aided by no external cause, unassisted by imperial giants or 
 special legislative enactments, Canada has advanced with a noiseless step 
 towards the goal of wealth and prosperity, leaving behind on her way other 
 nations and communities which have at one time or another occupied a much 
 larger share of public attention. The emigrant who may select this North 
 American province as his future home, will not choose a country whose capa- 
 bilities are untried, the character of whose soil is unknown, whoso climate is 
 uncertain, and, above all, he will not make his selection of a country where 
 the right to the possession of land is a disputed point, as in New Zealand ; or 
 where, as at the Cape of Good Hope, angry and incensed ('afties may at any 
 moment sweep ofiF the whole of his property. Canada is a settled country, 
 inhabited by a prosperous and thriving people, in which all the advantages of 
 civilisation may be enjoyed, without enduring many of those annoyances and 
 grievances so common amongst the other nations of Europe. 
 
 Every inducement which should weigh with the English emigrant is 
 afforded by Canada. It ic one of our nearest colonies, and is easily accessible ; 
 there is nothing in its climate which will not brace the nerves and preserve 
 the vigour of manhood ; and its soil is fertile beyond comparison with thiw 
 country. The regulations respecting the sale and purchase of land, unlike 
 those which are in force in some of the colonies, are such as to render its pos- 
 session easily attainable, and to enable the industrious labourer of England 
 speedily to become a freeholder in Canada. Taxation is not more than one- 
 fifth of the amount levied in this country ; education is placed within the reach 
 of all; religious instruction abomids, and there exists absolute freedom in all 
 matters relating to religious opinions. For labourers and artisans, and female 
 servants, the rate of w^ages is high ; provisions are low in price, and there is a 
 large demand for labour of all kinds. 
 
 The rapid progress which Canada has made during the last few years in 
 every department of material wealth, is well calculated to awaken feelings 
 of the liveliest interest towards that couutiy. We wish to point ont in the 
 following pages, not only the advances which the colony has made, but 
 also the facilities which it affords, and the inducements which it holds out 
 to the enterprising capitalist, but still more to the humble and industrious 
 
 
} 
 
 \ 
 
 emigrant. Wo aro uiixiuuH to direct thu iittenlioii of our rvadurei t) tho 
 advantages which Canada oflers as compared witli the United States and 
 some of our other colonics. With respect to their obtaining the possession 
 of land in it, and the bright opportunities which it afl'ords to almost every 
 class of tho working community in this (country, wo are convinced that 
 nothing more is required than tho diftusion of practical information on tho 
 subject in order to induce many thousands of our countrymen to adopt 
 Canada as their future home, in preference to transferring to tho Unitid 
 States the benefit of their labour and their capital. It is difficult to under- 
 stand why, for several years past, so great a preference has been shown to 
 tho United States by tho great bulk of British emigrants, unless it be in 
 consequence of that want of accurate information which has hitherto pre- 
 vailed, and the evil efll'cls of which have been so much deplored by tho friends 
 of Canada. Canada is equally as near to us as tho United States ; the country 
 is in as flourishing a state as its American neighbour ; land is cheaper in our own 
 colony than in tho Union ; life and property aro fUUy as secure under tho 
 British flag as under tho stars and stripes of tho Republic ; education is as 
 widely — nay, more generally diffused ; tho climate is as good, the soil as pro- 
 ductive, tho rate of wages as high, and employment as constant, as in the United 
 States. Year after year wo have gone on giving tho bone and sinew of our 
 people to increase the strength of a rival confederation, not always animated by 
 the best or kindest feelings towards our country. The United States have 
 tliriven with unexampled rapidity on tho hosts of sturdy labourers who have 
 swarmed over to their ports, to escape from tho poverty and destitution which 
 awaited thom in tho battle of li.*e at home. It is English and Irish labourers 
 who have been the pioneers of civilisation in tho Far West ; it is their stalwart 
 arms which have levelled the forest, converted the wide stretching prairie into 
 those exhaustlcss corn-fields which have made America the granary of the old 
 world. It is this crowd of emigrants who have toiled in the mines and in the 
 factories ; and it is their labour which has enabled the American manufacturer 
 to compete more successfully with the British producer. \ ^,:. 
 
 During tho years that our bands of emigrants continued to add to the grow- 
 ing strength of America, our own possessions on that continent lay neglected, 
 and their natural riches and resources were undeveloped for want of that 
 fertilising stream of labour which set in so liberally to the United States. Tho 
 blind and reckless system of emigration to the United States has not only 
 deprived our own colonies of valuable labour, but it has produced a state of 
 things in New York and the Atlantic ports highly inconvenient to the muni- 
 cipal authorities and the inhabitants of those cities, but most prejudicial and 
 diastrous to the interests and comforts of the emigrants. Wo have before us 
 the report of the Secretary of State of New Y'ork, which shows that during 
 the past year not less than 264,160 paupers were relieved by the country superin- 
 tendents, V d that 142,357 needy persons were relieved, forwarded, and provided 
 with employment at the expense of the state. In point of fact, pauperism is 
 rapidly becoming an institution of the state of New York, anu emigrants who 
 thoughtlessly leave the poverty and destitution of their own country find, too 
 I'lto, that ihey have but exchanged their right to relief at homo for the prc- 
 C'rtiious charity and benevolence of a foreign htute, Mhich reluctantlv doles out 
 
tho means of subsiotcnco. Will it bo boliovod that in the state of Now York 
 the ratio of paupcri m to populution is fur greater than in Iriltind 1' 
 
 Canada is now, however, at lonn^th beginning to keep paco with her 
 gigantic neighbour; and as emigration, not only from England but from 
 Germany and the north of Europe, is steadily directing its footsteps to licr 
 shores, sho will, in all probability, shortly outstrip all rivals. Her naturally 
 healthy climato is every year becoming more and more improved. The whole 
 gurfaoe of the British North American provinces is not situated so far north 
 as the United Kingdom, and the greater portion of Upper Canada is several 
 degrees south of London ; and as the country becomes more cleared, drained, and 
 cultivated, the climate will gradually become more equable and less iovere. In 
 every respect, then, the present circumstances and the future prospects of 
 Canada are most cheering. Perhaps at no other time were the opportunities for 
 the emigrant so favourable ; labour indeed he must — that is only the portion 
 of man, — but his difficulties, in comparison with those of the eorly pioneers 
 of the settlements, are even light and trifling. The pathway is now compara- 
 tively cleared before him, and by hard-wrought erperienco the niethod and 
 practice of his proceedings have been laid down for him with perfect certainty 
 of success. Canada is now at length surrounded with distinctions ; her future 
 prospects are secured ; she is rapidly advancing in wealth and property, and 
 the industrious emigrant cannot fail to advance in an equal ratio. It is no won- 
 der, then, that the tide is setting in decidedly and strongly in her favour, and 
 cannot be tamed backward. Of the emigration that flows from Europe to the 
 Western world, about 50,000 go to British America (chiefly Upper Canada), 
 while numbers yearly come from the United States to make it their home. 
 The whole of Canada contains 240,000,000 of acres, of whien, 89,000,000 
 belong to Upper Canada, nearly every one of which may bo cultivated to advan- 
 tage ; the soil is very fine, and suited well for all cereal crops, being superior 
 to that of any other quarter of the North American continent ; suoli a country, 
 peopled by a British race, must increase rapidly in wealth, population, and 
 prosperity. We have seen the population of these colonies doubled within the 
 space of thirty years. Labour, comfort, independence, and civilisation arc 
 extended and extending. The isolated log-hut of to-day becomes a good 
 cottage to-morrow ; the hamlet of this week, a village next ; and the village of 
 this year, a handsome town the next. This is the case everywhere in Canada. 
 
 The land in Lower Canada is good and fertile, but the climate and winters 
 are more severe than in the Western Province. But improvement and culti- 
 vation are silently going on, and both will increase in a double ratio in future. 
 The easiest way of conveying a correct impression of the extent of Canada 
 will be by saying that it is three times as large as England, Scotland, Wales, 
 and Ireland. It begins on the east at the coast of Labrador, and is bounded 
 on the west by the River Kiministiquia, a stream near the head of Lake 
 Superior. On the north its limit is the Hudson's Bay territory ; and on the 
 south it has the Great Lakes, the River St. Lawrence, and the United States as 
 boundaries. It is about 1600 miles long, and 250 broad. With a healthy and 
 bracing climate, a soil whicli produces all the crops usually raised in this 
 country, land so cheap and easily attainable tliat every industrious man may 
 become a freeholder, unsurpassed means of internal comnnuvcation through its 
 
 i 
 
I 
 
 6 
 
 rivers and lakes, and a greater degree of security than can be enjoyed in an} 
 other British colony, it is a most eligible field for industry and enterprise. 
 Nor should superior educational and religious advaniBges be leckoncd among 
 its least recommendations. Churches and chapels of every denomination are to 
 be found even in the most remote localities. A national system of education 
 extends its advantages over the whole colony ; and private schools of a respect- 
 able character arc to be met with in all the towns. The qualification of an 
 elector is the possession of a freehold of the annual value of 40«., which is 
 easily attainable. Taxation is about 80 per cent, less than in Great Britain, 
 nnd more equally apportioned. 
 
 1 1 
 
 r f 
 
 1 
 
 OPENINGS FOR CAPITAL AND INDUSTRY. 
 
 Canada may be truly described as the " land of hope," not only for the capi- 
 talist who has money at his command, but also for the person of limited means, 
 and still more for those who po:<sess no other resource than labour, whether 
 skilled or unskilled. To the former class, Canada, whose vast natural capabi- 
 lities and advantages are only just as it were on the point of being developed, 
 there are many openings for the most profitable investment of capital ; to the 
 second are presented opportunities possessed by a new and rising community 
 coupled with the social advantages which this colony enjoys in a more re:iiark- 
 able degree than any other; whilst the last class, which includes so many 
 branches of labour^ will find in every one a remunerative employment alto- 
 gether out of the question in the old world. 
 
 The demand for labour, both skilled and unskilled, as well as for farm ser- 
 vants and female domestics, is cverywhr;re very great, and the province will 
 always afibrd steady and profitable cniijloymcnt for all denominations of the 
 woiking classes. The wages of common labourers average about 5«. a day, 
 wliilc those of the artisuu vary from 7s. to 12s. The wages of the agricul- 
 tural labourers difler somewhat in the several sections of the province; but 
 in all parts they are double, and in many districts they are treble and even 
 quadrupU those in England. The following table, recently compiled, and 
 " published by authority," gives the average rates of wages throughout the 
 colony ; but it must be borne in mind that the rates vary according to the 
 supply and demand at particular seasons : — 
 
 Bricklayers 7 
 
 Carpenters 7 
 
 Coopers... 3 
 
 Dressmakers (with board) . . 1 3 
 
 Hatters 5 
 
 Joiners 5 
 
 Needlewomen (with board) 1 
 
 Labourers, farm (with board) 2 
 
 day 3 
 
 boys and girls .... 10 
 
 ,, railway 4 
 
 Masons 7 
 
 Painters 5 
 
 Pek Day. 
 
 s. d. s. d. 
 
 to 9 
 
 
 8 
 4 
 2 
 7 
 7 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 1 
 5 
 8 
 C 
 
 Printers ^Compositors) .... 6 
 
 „ vPower-Prespmen) 6 
 
 Servant Maids (per month) 20 
 
 „ boys (per month) 16 
 
 „ men (per month) 40 
 
 Stonecutters 5 
 
 Smiths 6 
 
 Shoemakers •• 4 
 
 Upholsterers 6 
 
 Tinsmiths 5 
 
 Tailors (Malesj 4 
 
 „ (Females) 1 
 
 Pee Day. 
 
 s. d. s. d. 
 
 6 „ 7 
 „ 6 
 „28 
 »28 
 ..65 
 
 These figures are in sterling ; an addition of one-fifth gives tlie value in 
 currency. 
 
 
 
 Th 
 if he 
 year, 
 princi] 
 spectal 
 busine 
 kept 
 has sol 
 brougj^ 
 
 villagd 
 
 live w| 
 
 Hel 
 
 dau'^e. 
 
An emigrant of the labouring clasn is safe enougli if, on landing at Quebec, 
 ho has sufficient means to carry him to the old settlements of Upper Canada, or 
 the neighboui'hood of the railway and other public enterprises everywhere 
 going on. A few dollars will suffice ; and every able-bodied man is certain of 
 obtaining immediate employment at 4s. sterling a day, and more on the 
 railways and other public works. As the object of every emigrant accustomed 
 to agiicultural labour is to become the farmer of his own land, he cannot 
 begin too early to acquire the knowledge essential to his success. There is a 
 wide difference in the mode of farming from that pursued in the old country ; 
 and the poorer the settler, the greater will he find that difference. It must be 
 the fate of all agricultural emigrants, without other resources than their labour 
 to cleai* the land of its forests, and it is better that every emigrant should learn 
 something of this and other new occupations by working for another before he 
 attempts them on his own account. As a raili'oad or an agricultmal labourer, 
 the emigrant can hardly remain any time in the country without acquiring 
 some knowledge that will be afterwards useful to him as a settler. As a farm 
 labourer, the knowledge he will acquire will be of the most essential kind ; but 
 many would at first obtain better remuneration as railroad labourers. There is 
 one thing which all emigrants of the laboiuing class who have a desire to better 
 their condition— and that we take to be the main object of all voluntary emi- 
 gration—should be careful to do, — they should shun cities and towns as places 
 of settlement. 
 
 If it is all important for the class of emigrants who are bred to agriculture 
 to avoid a residence in the town as the grave of their prospects, it is no less 
 needful to worn x^i'ofessional men, and all who follow any description of skilled 
 labour, against the seductions of a farming life. There is no greater mistake 
 than foi* persons of these classes to become amateur farmers in Canada. No 
 economy could possibly be worse. 
 
 It is also a mistaken idea that mechanical labour is not in demand ; and 
 that if mechanics emigrate to this country they must necessarily turn their at- 
 tention to agriculture. Mechanical labour is as much sought after as agricul- 
 tural — perhaps more so ; and the competition among employers has, during the 
 last year, been severely felt in some branches of industry. There is always a 
 great demand for bricklayers, masons, carpenters, joiners, and other mechanics. 
 The following excellent advice on this subject has been published by Mr. 
 Boys, a Canadian land agent, now in this country : — 
 
 D „ 6 
 
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 5 „ 2 
 
 
 
 value 
 
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 The gentleman with small means, who cannot keep up appearances in England, 
 if he emigrates, should nearer buy a farm until he has been in the country at least a 
 year. If his income is very small, and he must rely upon his o\vn exertioiis for the 
 principal part of his support, he should settle in the large towns and take any re- 
 spectable employment at first. He will by thut means form a connection with 
 busuiess men, and will more readily find good remunerative employment than if he 
 kept aloof from business until he could get a first-rate place. And he will, if he 
 has sons, be able to place them in situations with those with whom he will be 
 brought into contact in the course of business. 
 
 But should he have a smadl income, he can support himself better in a country 
 village ; and, what in England would barely supply his wants, will enable him to 
 live well there. 
 
 He will in a village have a church, schools, and all the necessaries of life in abuu- 
 dau'^e, together with very good society, and what is of very great importance, although 
 
8 
 
 
 
 I* 
 
 
 Y I 
 
 very few are bold enough to acknowledge it, he will feel that there is a comfort in 
 being able to live as well as the best of his neighbours. In fact, that he is of as 
 much consequence as anv other man in the place. 
 
 But by no means let him settle in the country far from a Tillage. 
 
 Many do this at first, but find out their mistake too late. No church, society, 
 or store, bad roads, &c. Sucli persons always have to sell at a sacrifice to enable 
 them to get nearer to what, to them, are necessaries of existence. 
 
 The mechanic should, in my opinion, go to a rising village, of which there are 
 hundreds. He would get paid more regularly in cash in large towns, but he will 
 not get the same opporlimities of accumulating property. 
 
 Living is dearer in large towns, and there are more ways of spending money. In 
 tlic country he will often have to take part of his earnings in trade, but he need not 
 take what is not useful to him. 
 
 He can live much cheaper, he can obtain a village lot, and build a house much 
 pasier than in a town, and the opportunity for taking job-work and setting up on 
 liis own account is much greater ; but there are some mechanics who must settle in 
 towns, such as jewellers, foundry-men, &c. But to those who can find employment 
 in villages, I should say, go. 
 
 The labourer may go where he pleases. Labour is wanted all over Canada, but 
 I should advise both the labourer and the mechanic to secure 100 acres of wild land 
 us soon as possible, even if he does not intend to go on to it for tan years. 
 
 He will find it well to know that he has a lot of land to go to whenever he is 
 able to give up labouring for others. Besides, land is rising so rapidly in value 
 that, when he wants to use it, it may be tlu-ee times its present value. 
 
 He can secure a lot as soon as he can raise money enough to pay a quarter of its 
 value down, and the remainder by yearly instalments of one quarter each. 
 
 Some sellers give even longer credit, but, of course, they cnarge a little extra. 
 
 The land being all wooded, requires no looking after, except paying a trifling 
 yearly tax until he is prepared to settle upon it. But he must be very careful not 
 to buy a bad lot. He must see the land himself, and take a friend with him who 
 is a judge of land, or ten to one he will be cheated by some sharper who makes a 
 business of selling worthless lots of land to new comers. 
 
 Servant girls may go out in any number, to any part of Canada ; they can get 
 employment at from $5 to fll9 per month, with board, and need never be out of work 
 a single day. 
 
 To persons of all classes I w^otdd give this advice : take as little luggage as pos- 
 sible — do not buy any new things to take to Canada, as you can get them as cheap, 
 and ia many cases cheapei*, than in England. All the duties and taxes are taken 
 off English goods exported by merchants, so that most English goods are cheaper in 
 (Canada than in England ; and in Canada you will get the article best suited to the 
 country. 
 
 I have been in London two months, and have not seen an article yet, either a 
 necassary or a luxiuy, that 1 cannot get at Toronto. 
 
 '^ 
 
 PURCHASE OF LAND— FREE LAND GRANTS, &c. 
 
 
 i'!- 
 
 Land is as easily obtainable in Canada as in any other British colony. By a 
 provincial Act of 1841, since which time no new regulations have been issued, 
 Crown lands are to be sold at a price to be from time to time fixed by the 
 Governor in council. The prices range from Is. to ^s. 6d. in Lower Canada, 
 and in Upper Canada from 4s. to 205. per acre, according to their situation. In 
 the former, the purchase-money is payable in five, and in the latter in ten years. 
 For lands enhanced in value by special circumstances, such extra price may be 
 fixed as his Excellency the Governor-General in council may direct. 
 
 Actual occupation of the Crown lands must be immediate and continuous. 
 Seldom more than 200 acres will be sold to any one person, a certain amount of 
 which must be cleared by the settler. There are regularly appointed Govern- 
 

 
 ment agents in every county, from whom the fullest information as to tlie pric& 
 and quality of the land can be obtained. 
 
 Besides the public lands, there are about 2,000,000 acres of improved and 
 unimproved lands in the hands of private individuals, which are held at from 
 58. to i5s. per acre. 
 
 Land adapted for farming purposes can seldom be obtained from land com- 
 panies, speculators, or private individuals under 30«. per acre. The Canadian 
 Government, being desirous of preventing the acquisition of large tracts of land 
 by private companies, or private individuals, for the purpose of speculation, 
 have coupled the sale of the Government lands with such conditions as to pre- 
 vent undue or improper advantage being taken of their liberality in offering 
 farming land at a low rate. Every purchaser must become an actual settler. 
 This simple condition drives out of the field a host of speculators who hitherto 
 enriched themselves at the expense of the countiy, retarding its progress and 
 leaving its resources undeveloped. 
 
 The Provincial Government have recently opened three great lines of road, 
 which, running east and west, will eventually be 171 miles in length, and con- 
 nect the Ottawa River with Lake Huron. Along these roads the lands are 
 laid out for settlement. They are situated to the west of tho Ottawa River, 
 and are accessible either from that river at '• Bonne Chere Point," fifty miles 
 above Ottawa city ; fVom Nopanee, a station of the Grand Trunk Railway, 
 twenty-six miles west of Kingston ; and from Belleville, twenty-one miles west 
 of Napanee. The first of these is called the " Ottawa and Opeongo i-oad" 
 (accessible from Bonne Chere Point, on the Ottawa). The local Government 
 agent for the lands on this road is Mr. J. P*. French. He resides at Mount St. 
 Patrick, county of Renfrew. The second is the " Addington road" (accessible 
 from Napanee). The Government agent for this district is Mr. E. Perry, whose 
 residence is at the village of Flint Mills, county of Addington. The third is 
 the '• Hastings road" (accessible from Belleville). The Government agent here 
 is Mr. M. P. Hayes, who resides at Hastings, in the county of that iiamc. 
 
 Each grant is for 100 acres. The intending settler may be a native of 
 any country, but he must be at least eighteen years of age. He is required 
 to take possession of the land alloted to him within one month, and to build a 
 house (at least 20 by 18 feet). He must put into a state of cultivation at least 
 twelve acres of his land in the course of four years, as well as reside on the 
 lot during that period. The Government having made the roads, the settlers 
 have to keep them in repair. These several conditions being complied with, 
 the settler will receive from the Government, free of all cost, the title-deeds of 
 his property. If a family, comprising several settlers entitled to lands, prefer 
 to live on a single lot, the Government accords permission to do so, pro- 
 vided that the condition of bringing twelve acres of laud into cultivation on 
 each lot within foua: years be complied with. Failure to perform the foregoing 
 requirements of the Goverament will cause the immediate loss of the assigned 
 lot of land. Their fulfilment puts the holder in possession of a freehold estate, 
 over which he and his family can ever afterwards exercise the fullest rights of 
 property, without further restriction or condition of any sort. 
 
 The lands that have been offered for settlement by the Government of 
 Canada are equal to any in the whole province for farming purposes. They 
 
 
'A 
 
 
 ' i 
 
 ^1 
 I 
 
 r n 
 
 are now covered with every variety of timber — 8onie with hardwood and some 
 with heavy pine, and are capable of producing; abundant crops of winter wheat, 
 of excellent quality and full weight ; and also first-rate crops of every other 
 description of farm produce, such as are grown in the best and longest culti- 
 vated districts in that part of the country. 
 
 Water for domestic use is everywhere abwidant, and there are, besides, 
 numerous sti'eams and falls of water, capable of being used for manufacturing 
 purposes. 
 
 An agricultural settler on these lands, possessing a capital of from 401. to 
 501. sterling, according to the number of his family, will soon make himself 
 comfortable, and obtain a rapid return for hia investment. The single man , 
 able and willing to work, needs little capital besides his own arm and axe. If 
 he desii'e it, he need only devote a portion of the year to clearing his land ; and 
 in the numerous establishments for getting out timber on the Ottawa and its 
 tributaries, he can at other seasons obtain a liberal remuneration for his labour. 
 He will, indeed, be but a poor workman who cannot earn 3Z. a month besides 
 his keep, which consists, amongst other things, of as much of the best meat 
 supplied to him without restraint in one day as he "would perhaps get in a 
 month in the old country. 
 
 The lands which the Government are offering, and intend to offer, to 
 settlers, so as to open out and populate the magnificent territory between the 
 Kiver Ottawa and the eastern extremity of Lake Huron (known as the 
 Georgian Bay), are capable of sustaining in comfort and happiness eight 
 millions of people. 
 
 In addition to the free grants along the lines of road which have just been 
 described, the Govei'nment have at their disposal several • million acres, which 
 may be purchased by persons intending to become actual settlers at prices 
 varying from Is. to 5s. per acre (lOdf. to 4s. sterling.) It may also be 
 stated here, that other lines of road, similar to the Ottawa and Opeongo 
 roads, the Addington road, and the Hastings road, are in couise of construc- 
 tion. 
 
 The Parliament of Canada, during its last session, incoi-porated a company 
 for the construction of a railway to pass through the country from Lake Huron 
 to the Ottawa, and thence eastwards. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS. 
 
 The clearing of the bush or wooded land, in the common acceptance of the 
 tenn, means clearing, fencing, and leavinjj it ready for a crop, the stumps of the 
 trees alone being left for future removal— as they decay— when the farmer has 
 more leism-e and means at his disposal. The price varies greatly according to 
 circumstances, but may be quoted at present as 5/. currency per acre. Timber 
 is now becoming scarce and valuable in some locations, and near the railways 
 the value is fully equal to the first cost of clearing the land. 
 
 A comfortable log-house, 16 feet by 24, with two floors and shingled roof, costs 
 iSl. ; log-bam, 24 by 40 feet, lol. ; frame-house of same dimensions, SOI. ; ditto 
 
1) 
 
 barn, 100/. ; suitVule sheds, &c., 40/. Tables, lOs. to Ms. iitl. ; stump bedsteads 
 10«. to 20a. each; chairs, per dozen, 1/. da.; boilers, saucepans, kettles, knives • 
 and forks, &c. &c., arc about 60 per cent, over the usual sterling retail prices in 
 England. It must be borne in mind that the settler very seldom spends money 
 in erecting his buildings, they being generally built by himself, with the assist- 
 ance of his neighbours, and added ta as his wants and increasing prosperity 
 may from time to time require. The cost of household furniture, or rather the 
 quantity required, varies with the ideas of almost every family. In many 
 cases it does not exceed 15/. ; sometimes not half that sum, and is often alto- 
 gether manufactured by the settler himself. 
 
 Wheat, which succeeds best on newly cleared and burnt land, is always the 
 first grain crop. Farmers of capital seed with grasses first, and wait five or 
 six years ; but the farmer of limited means puts the land into crop the next 
 year either with potatoes or spring corn, then follows wheat again, every alter- 
 nate year, until he has power to clear enough new land for his wheat crop each 
 year, — when the old land is luid down in meadow and otherwise cropped, 
 without much attention to the usual general rules of good farming, until the 
 stumps rot sufficiently to admit of the free use of the plough. The best Eng- 
 lish and Scotch farmers then adopt the customary three or four course system, 
 or otherwise wheat, with a winter and summer fallow alternate years. The 
 first crops are always put in with the harrow alone. 
 
 The produce per acre, of all crops, varies much from year to year in Canada, 
 owing to the late and early frosts. It is, however, generally considered that 
 the following is a fair average of ten years on all tolerably cultivated farms : — 
 Wheat, 26 bushels; barley, 30 bushels; oats, 40 bushels; rye, 30 bushels; 
 potatoes, 250 bushels, per acre. Swedish turnips, mangold wurtzel, and other 
 roots of a similar kind, are not generally sufiiciently cultivated to enable an 
 average yield to be given ; but it may very safely be said that, with similar 
 care, culture, and attention, the produce will not be less per awe than in England. 
 Flax and hemp are now coming rapidly into notice as an additional resource to 
 the agriculturist, — the quality of both articles is excellent, and the quantity 
 obtained affords a profitable return, the climate and soil being well adapted 
 to their grswth. Tobacco has also been raised in considerable quantities, par- 
 ticularly in the western extremities of the province. 
 
 All fruits grown in England thrive well — but the plum, apple, strawberry, 
 raspberry, and melon attain a luxuriance of growth and perfection unknown in 
 Englatid. The melon, planted in the open ground, in most years pi-oduces 
 excellent crops. In many places vines prosper well. Peaches are indigenous 
 south of the pai'allel of 43 deg., or if not absolutely indigenous, grow rapidly 
 from the stone and bear fruit within a few years, although good and rich- 
 flavoured grapes and peaches are seldom met with, owing to their culture being 
 neglected. The same observations apply to all garden produce, which will 
 attain a degree of luxuriance unluiown perhaps in Britain, with fai* less care 
 and culture. 
 
 The time of the setting in of the frost and of its departure varies in Canada 
 extremely in different years. But no prudent man ought to calculate on being 
 able to do anything in the open field after the middle of November, or much 
 befove^he 1st day of April. Fodder must be provided for cattle si^cient to 
 
12 
 
 ill 
 
 last till the middle oF May, as although a surplus may be left owing to the early 
 ' setting in of the spring, yet cases have been known of great distress prevailing 
 iVom want of proper attention on this head. 
 
 The new settler's avocations during the winter months are generally con- 
 fined to taking caro of his cattle and chopping — that is, felling and cutting up 
 the trees ready for burning in the spring. The underbush must be cleared off 
 before the snow falls. The family, when industrious, find their time fully 
 employed in spinning and other female occupations ; and when it is considered 
 that in the neweBt settlements almost every article of convenience or luxury 
 must be made at home or be dispensed with by poor settlers, it may easily be 
 imagined that the duties of a farmer's wife and grown ^up daughters arc 
 numerous and unceasing, — for in proportion with their industry and abilities 
 will be their domestic comfort and happiness. In the summer, from the scarcity 
 of labour, all assist in the fields, — the child of even five years old being usefully 
 and healthily employed in some occupation befitting his age and strength. 
 Amongst too many Canadian farmers, however, the winter is a season of idle- 
 ness and enjoyment, a great portion of it being spent in amusement and visiting, 
 to the manifest neglect of their farms, and impoverishment of themselves and 
 families. 
 
 I* 
 
 We cannot do better than conclude this subject by quoting the excellent 
 and able advice given by Mr. French, the agent of the Opeongo road, on the 
 practical methods to be adopted : — 
 
 The climate of Canada being so widely difierent from that of the United 
 Kingdom, the system of farming and the rotation of crops must necessarily 
 be dissimilar in both countries ; and, as it appears to me to be most essential 
 that the intending emigrant should accurately understand how much he has to 
 learn, and be made familiar with every phase of the difficulties he will have to 
 encounter in the land of his adoption, you should, I think, record as plainly, 
 but as briefly as possible, every circumstance having reference to these difiicul- 
 ties that you conceive calculated to influence the decisions of those who may 
 desire to leave the old country and try their luck in the new ; and as some of 
 these might escape your notice, I shall endeavour to enumerate them, and make 
 such remarks as may, in my opinion, be likely to render you any ac^sistance in 
 writing your pamphlet. 
 
 I will now suppose the settler to have safely reached the locality where he 
 intends to fix himself, and that he has selected the lot of land whereon his new 
 career is to commence. His first duty, then, will be to clear about an acre, and 
 to erect a house or " shanty." The clearing of this quantity of land, before 
 putting up the shanty, is necessary, lest, when burning the brush, it (the 
 shanty) should get burn^ d also. If there does not happen to be a settler in the 
 neighbourhood already, the newly arrived will have to take another with him, 
 and camp in the bush while doing the chopping and putting up the shonty. If, 
 however, there be any habitation within a reasonable distance, he is certain 
 not only of being permitted to lodge there, but to be treated with kindness, 
 and to receive every assistance in making a home for himself. The erection of 
 a shanty is neither a tedious nor an expensive piece of work. It is built of 
 wood cut on the spot, and roofed with scooped trees simply laid across itt It 
 
takes abuut eight iiu<n to build u Hhanty, 18 by 2Ui't'c>t. The Canadian Hhautiefi 
 are intiiiituly mure clean and comfortable than are the usual class of peasants' 
 cabins in Ireland. There is never any charge for building them. Among the 
 settlers it is deemed a sacred duty never to refuse going to a " raising" (the 
 erecting of a house, shanty, or barn), and they feel equally bound to refuse all 
 payment for such labour. The house or shanty being now up and occupied, the 
 farming begins by chopping as much more as there may be time for, and planting 
 with wheat, oats, or potatoes (generally the latter), or a little of each, just as 
 may be convenient or desirable. 
 
 The difficulty of clearing land in Canada is a subject upon which the in- 
 habitants of the mothtr-country entertain very exaggerated ideas, and as 1 
 think such should be removed, I shall give a statement of the quantity of 
 labour necessary lo leave an acre (English) fit to crop. The chopping of land 
 means the cutting down of trees and dividing them into logs of 10 or 15 feet 
 in length. The only land ever selected for farming is that which produces 
 hardwood, and the average time in which an ordinaiy axe-man should under- 
 brush and chop an average acre of such land is eight days. After being 
 chopped for a few days, the women or children set fire to the brush-heaps, and 
 if they get what is termed " a good burn," nothing remains on the following 
 day but the large logs*. A yoke of oxen and five men are then employed for a 
 day in logging — that is, making piles of those logs, so that they may be burned 
 off altogether ; but if oxen cannot be had, the logging may be done by manual 
 labour at the expense of some three or four additional men. The logging 
 finished, the piles are at once set fire to ; this occupies but a very short time, 
 but in order to insure their being completely reduced to ashes a man must 
 spend a day in keeping the logs together, or, as it is called, ** branding." Thus 
 it may be calculated that fourteen men and a yoke of oxen can clear an acre of 
 wild land and leave it fit to crop. The ashes should be gathered and put into 
 a shed, supposed to have been made beforehand, and wliich a man can easily 
 erect in a day. 
 
 The ashes taken off, and the land sufficiently cool, wheat, oats, barley, or 
 potatoes may be planted in it without any further preparation. The process of 
 putting in potatoes is different from that in the United Kingdom, and may be 
 thus explained — men, women, and children can be useful in the operation : — 
 The women, with hoes, scrape shallow holes in the ground at distances of about 
 three feet apart, into which the children drop three slits of the potato, and 
 then the men, with hoes, scratch up the earth around them, until each hole has 
 been transformed into a small mound ; and thus arc the potatoes planted. Eight 
 men and two women are sufficient to plant an acre. Wheat, oats, or barley is 
 simply shaken on the new land, and then " dragged " (harrowed) in, without 
 any previous ploughing or cultivation. Should potatoes be the first crop, then 
 the grain is sown the next year in the potato soil, just as in the new land. 
 "Wheat is generally the crop that succeeds the potatoes, then oats for two or 
 three years, and finally a crop of peas is usually taken oft' before the ground is 
 " seeded down " with grass seed and clover. 
 
 Such, then, is the probable labour of clearing laud, and the rotations in 
 which it is generally cropped. I shall now speak of the seasotis and the periods 
 iftt which the vai"ious crops may be put in and taken out. 
 
 
14 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 > ( 
 
 Generally speaking, the hiiow is off and the ground Bt for ploughing be- 
 tween the 2dth April and Ist May. 
 
 Peas may be sown up to the 20th of May. 
 
 Indian corn may be sown up to the 20th of May. 
 
 Sprir^ wheat may be sown up to the 25th of May. 
 
 Swedish turnips may bo sown up to the 16th of May. 
 
 Aberdeen turnips may be sown up to the 10th of July, 
 
 Oats may be sown up to the Ist of Juno. 
 
 Potatoes may bo sown up to the 24th of June. 
 
 Cabbage seed is planted in a box about the Idth of April, and transplanted 
 to the open ground by the 1st of June. 
 
 Haying (mowing) generally commences about the 1 2th of July. An acre and 
 a quarter is the average quantity of meadow that a man will cut per diem. 
 The expense of saving the hay is considerably less than in England. It may 
 be judged of by the fact that light meadow has been known to have been cut 
 and put into the barn on the same day. The moic usual system, however, is 
 to shake it out soon after being cut, then to rake it into " wind-rows," make 
 small stacks of it by the evening, and next evening put it into large stacks 
 or the barn. 
 
 The reaping of the wheat that has been sown in the fall (autumn) begins 
 about the 1st of August. If it be not lodged it can be "cradled," — which 
 means being cut with an implement called a cradle, resembling a scythe, 
 and by means of which a man will cut at least four times as much as with the 
 reaping-hook. 
 
 Spring wheat comes in about the 10th of August, and may also be •* cradled" 
 if not lodged. 
 
 Oats arc usually tit for cutting by the 14th of August, and are most fre- 
 quently " cradled." 
 
 Peas ripen by the 5th of August, and are cut with the scythe and reaping- 
 hook. 
 
 Indian corn is gathered in about the dth of September, and it takes about four 
 men to the acre. Women and children are almost as useful at this work. 
 
 Potatoes ripen according to the time at which they have been planted. 
 They are taken out with the hoe, and at this work, too, the women and children 
 are found useful. The taking out of potatoes costs nearly as much labour as 
 the planting of them. 
 
 By the 10th of October the harvest is generally housed, and then under- 
 brushing — which cannot be done in winter in consequence of the deep snow 
 — is commenced. Potash is now being made, and sleighs, &c., put in order for 
 the winter's work. 
 
 Potash is very remunerative to the farmer, and requires but little skill in 
 the manufacture. The kettle and coolers necessary cost about 14/., but they 
 are always supplied on credit by the storekeepers in the neighbourhood, who 
 are paid in potash or other farm produce. The ashes of 2 J acres of ordinary 
 hardwood land should be sufficient to make a bai'rel of potash, say of the 
 second quality, and for this the owner should receive 30 dollars (7/. 10«.), after 
 deducting all expenses of carriage, storage, &c. 
 
 In this section of the province sleighing can rarely be calculated on with any 
 
 iJ 
 
) 
 
 IS 
 
 d«'groo of certainty before ChriHtmus in lach year, and it ends about tbe 10th 
 of April. It is between these periods that the farmer has to take liis corn to 
 be ground, and to dispose of his surplus produce by selling it at the lumber 
 shanties, or giving it to the storekeeper in payment for the goods supplied 
 during the preceding spring, summer, and fall. Farmers are not expected to 
 pay in cash at any time for goods obtained at the country stores, the system 
 being altogether one of barter; — oa*^, peas, flour, pork, potash, &c. &c., arc 
 readily taken by the storekeeper i' payment of debts. 
 
 The manufacture of maple sugar may take place before farming operationH 
 commence in the spring, with advantage to the settler, and without involving 
 the loss of any valuable labour. 
 
 The price of Crown land varies in different localities, but correct information 
 on this head may be had from Mr. Spragg, of the C.L.O. In this country, the 
 wise conditions under which the Crown lands arc sold have checked specuUitora 
 from going into the market, and consequently wild lands have but in very few 
 instances exchanged names at a higher figure than the Government price. 
 
 Cows, horses, oxen, pigs, sheep, and poultry, arc to be had as cheap, if not 
 cheaper, than in the mother-country. An excellent farm cow seldom costs more 
 than U. Wool may be set down as being worth about 1«. per lb. Horses 
 and sheep cannot well be supported, unless there be some land cleared and 
 laid down in pasture upon which they may graze ; but such is not necessary 
 for the oxen and cows, as they are merely allowed to roam at large in the 
 " bush " (woods), and they quickly fatten upon the brouse and herbage. In 
 winter they are fed upon " wild hay," which is generally easily obtainable at 
 some of the numerous " beaver meadows " that are to be found in all directions, 
 and which are always regarded as coinmon property until the lots are surveyed 
 and sold by the Government. , . ; 
 
 THE OCEAN VOYAGE. 
 
 We would recommend the emigrant whose means will not permit of his taking a 
 steerage passage in the steamer to Quebec or Portland, to use the greatest caution 
 in the selection of a sailing ship, and to deal only with responsible and respectable 
 parties. The through-booking system, whereby the emigrant will know the exact 
 amount reqiiired for the sea passage and inland journey to any part of Canada or 
 the Western States, is the only safe and reliable course to be adopted, as thereby 
 he is protected firom the imposition so generally practised on the needy and help- 
 less. For vessels sailing from London, negotiations may be made with Messrs. 
 Temperleys, Carter, and Darke, William Barnett and Co.; also for Halifax, N. S., 
 &c., of C. Walton and Sons. Vessels also sail from Bristol belonging to Messrs. 
 Mark Whitwell and Son, who can also book through. 
 
 The " Anchor Line " of steamers from Glasgow are despatched by Messrs. Handy- 
 sides and Henderson. 
 
 The Plymouth line of sailing packets are despatched by Mr. J. B. Wilcocks. 
 The steamers sailing from Liverpool, which take steerage passengers at cheap 
 rates, are the North Attantic Steam Company — Messrs. Wier, Cochrane, and Co., 
 or Sabel and Cortis ; the Montreal Ocean Steam Company, Allan and Gillespie ; 
 and the Liverpool and Philadelphia Steam Company, William Inman. Passages 
 in sailing vessels can be taken of Sabel and Cortis— all booking through to Canada 
 and the Far West. The detailed particulars of these routes may be obtained on 
 application. Finally, we may remark that the Canadian News, published in 
 London every alternate Wednesday, gives the most recent intelligence of the pro- 
 gress and prospects of Canada with impartiality and truthfulness. 
 
i 
 
 RAILWAYS THBOUOH CANADA. 
 
 Thk roJlAwiiiK lint of all the Ktatlona nii llip Orand Trunk anil (ireat WfMtern Railway* ha* been 
 anangcd »o aa to nhow at one view the iiu.Utinn uf, and dittancoi between, tlui chief citlci and towni 
 on the direct railway route through the Province ttom Eaat to Weat :— 
 
 GRAND TRUNK. 
 
 Milen, SlaHonn. 
 
 MileH. Statiom. 
 
 Mikt 
 
 r. Slatioit». 
 
 St. Tuomas. 
 
 1.^ 
 
 Point Clair. 
 
 220 
 
 Belleville. 
 
 St. Francii, or Herthicr. 
 
 21 
 
 St, Anne'a. 
 
 832 
 
 Trenton. 
 
 IH St. Michael. 
 
 24 
 
 Vaudreuil. 
 
 243 
 
 Brighton. 
 ColWne. 
 
 34 St. ('harle*. 
 
 29 
 
 Cedars. 
 
 849 
 
 92 St. Henry. 
 
 aa 
 
 Coteau Landing. 
 
 356 
 
 Grafton. 
 
 41 Chaudierc Junction. 
 
 14 
 
 River Bnudctte. 
 
 363 
 
 Cobnurg. 
 
 49 QtiKOEC (South). 
 
 54 
 
 Lancaster. 
 
 370 
 
 Port Hope. 
 
 H Chaudiere Junction. 
 
 110 
 
 Sumnierstown. 
 
 ; 274 
 
 Port Britain. 
 
 9 Chaudiere. 
 
 68 
 
 Cornwall. 
 
 1 280 
 
 NewtonviUc. 
 
 lA Craig'« Road. 
 30 Blaclc River. 
 
 73 
 
 Moulincttc. 
 
 ] 286 
 
 Newcastle. 
 
 77 
 
 Dickiniion's Landing. 
 
 290 
 
 Hownianville. 
 
 39 Methot'it Mill*. 
 
 «4 
 
 AultHvillc. 
 
 399 
 
 Oshawa. 
 
 41 Rconncoiir. 
 
 92 
 
 Williamsbiirt;. 
 
 303 
 
 Port Whitby. 
 
 49 Sonicmet. 
 
 90 
 
 Matilda. 
 
 ' 310 
 
 Duflln's Creek. 
 
 6S Stanfold. 
 
 105 
 
 Edwardiburg. 
 
 312 
 
 Frenchman's Bay. 
 
 (14 Arthabanka. 
 
 112 
 
 Prescott Junction. 
 
 310 
 
 Port Huron. 
 
 72 Warwick. 
 
 113 
 
 Phk««:ott. 
 
 320 
 
 Scarborough. 
 
 M Danvillo. 
 
 120 
 
 Maitland. 
 
 327 
 
 East York. 
 
 9A RicHMOMn. 
 
 125 
 
 Brockvillc. 
 
 331 
 
 Toronto East. 
 
 107 Durhiim. 
 
 129 
 
 Lynn. 
 
 333 
 
 Toronto West. 
 
 119 Acton. 
 
 137 
 
 Mallorytown. 
 
 1 342 
 
 Weston. 
 
 125 Upton. 
 
 HO 
 
 Lan«down. 
 
 354 
 
 Brampton. 
 
 131 Britannia Mill*. 
 
 155 
 
 Gananoqi'c 
 
 302 
 
 Geoitretowii. 
 
 138 St. Hyacinthe. 
 
 l(i9 
 
 Kingston Mills. 
 
 309 
 
 Acton West, 
 
 145 Soixante. 
 
 172 
 
 Kingston. 
 
 874 
 
 Rockwood. 
 
 151 St Hilaire. 
 
 173 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 382 
 
 Guelph. 
 
 158 Boucherville Mount. 
 
 IHO 
 
 Colin's Bay. 
 
 395 
 
 Berlin. 
 
 163 Charons. 
 
 IH8 
 
 Eniestown. 
 
 402 
 
 Petersburg. 
 
 168 Longueuil. 
 
 199 
 
 Napanee. 
 
 408 
 
 Hamburg. 
 
 170 Montreal. 
 
 209 
 
 Tyandenaga. 
 
 414 
 
 Shakspeare. 
 
 5 Blue Bonnets. 
 
 213 
 
 Shannonvillc. 
 
 421 
 
 Stratford. 
 
 
 GREAT WESTERN. 
 
 
 
 Toronto. 
 
 72 
 
 Paris. 
 
 177 
 
 Vasburg. 
 
 9 Mimico. 
 
 79 
 
 Princeton. 
 
 183 
 
 Chatham. 
 
 11 Port Credit. 
 
 M 
 
 Arnolds. 
 
 198 
 
 Baptistc Creek. 
 Belle River. 
 
 19 Oakville. 
 
 H(i 
 
 Eastwood. 
 
 212 
 
 25 Bronte. 
 
 91 
 
 Woodstock. 
 
 216 
 
 Puce. 
 
 31 Wellington Square. 
 
 96 
 
 Beachville. 
 
 229 
 
 WlNUKOR. 
 
 38 Hamilton. 
 
 100 
 
 Ingersoll. 
 
 
 
 44 Desjardln's Junction. 
 
 109 
 
 Edwardaburg. 
 
 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 48 Dundas. 
 
 119 
 
 LONDOK. 
 
 5 
 
 Ontario. 
 
 52 Flamborough. 
 
 129 
 
 Konioka. 
 
 9 
 
 Grimsby. 
 
 M Copetown. 
 
 \H 
 
 Mount BrydgcH. 
 
 14 
 
 Beamsvillc, 
 
 59 Vansickles. 
 
 1.39 
 
 Ekfrid. 
 
 20 
 
 Jordan. 
 
 62 FairchildH. 
 
 149 
 
 Mosa. 
 
 22 
 
 St. Catherine's. 
 
 78 Preston ) 
 
 155 
 
 Wardsvllle. 
 
 28 
 
 Thorold. 
 
 74 Halt branch. 
 
 159 
 
 Bothwell. 
 
 31 
 
 Stamford Junction 
 
 — Preston j 
 
 Total M 
 
 168 
 ain Lin 
 
 Thamesville. i 
 e from Seaboard l'3i 
 
 34 
 • miles. 
 
 Niagara Falls. 
 
 
 
 
 BRANCH RAILWAYS. 
 
 The branches from the above main lines are as follow :— 
 
 On the South— firom Richmond, C. E., to Portland, 158 miles, and to Boston 269 ; from Montreal 
 to Burlington 90, Rutland 153, and Boston 326, or to Troy 250, and New York 400 ; from Lachine to 
 Plattsburg, 49 ; from Prescott to Rouse's Point, 120. On the North— from Frescott to Ottawa, 54 ; 
 from Cobourg to Peterborough, 28 ; from Toronto to CoUingwood, 97 ; Toronto to Stratford, 90. 
 
 Table for ealonlating the difference between Sterling Money and Cnrrency. 
 
 lEi 
 
 Stg. 
 
 d. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 
 PENCE. 
 
 Currency. 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ». 
 
 
 d. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2i 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 lli 
 
 1 
 
 Ok 
 
 1 
 
 1} 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 SHILLINGS. 
 
 Currency, 
 
 £ I. I 
 
 1 23 
 
 2 
 
 Stg 
 
 *. 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 
 13 15 lOi 
 
 14 17 1 
 
 15 18 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 5A 
 
 3 84 
 
 4 10| 
 
 6 1 
 
 7 3; 
 
 8 0. 
 
 9 9 
 10 113 
 12 2 
 13 43 
 14 7| 
 
 Stg. 
 
 «. 
 
 16 
 
 SHILLINGS. 
 Currei 
 
 £ B. 
 
 19 
 
 T 
 
 5 
 8 
 11 
 l| 
 4 
 
 rf. 
 4 
 8 
 
 4 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 CO . 
 
 70 . 
 
 80 . 
 
 90 . 
 
 100 . 
 
 500 . 
 
 1000 . 
 
 POUNDS. 
 
 Currency. 
 
 £ s. rf. 
 
 9 14 8 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 10 19 
 
 18 
 
 1 1 
 
 . .. . 12 3 4 
 
 19 
 
 1 3 
 
 18 5 
 
 ?fl 
 
 1 4 
 
 . .. . 24 6 « 
 
 
 
 SR \n n 
 
 £ 
 
 POUNDS. 
 
 £ i 
 1 4 
 
 48 13 4 
 
 60 16 K 
 
 1 
 
 73 
 
 ?, 
 
 2 8 
 
 85 3 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 13 
 
 97 6 8 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 4 17 
 
 6 1 
 
 .'. 109 10 
 
 . . 121 13 4 
 
 6 
 
 7 6 
 
 608 6 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 10 
 
 1216 13 4 
 
A* been 
 1 towm