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I Sir,— I beg to present herewith a report on the Surface Geology of ke Province of New Bninswick, chiefly the result of obsei-vations hade (luring the summer of 1884. Illustrative maps showing the haiacter and distribution of the surface deposits, are in course of epaiation. These are based on the quarter-sheet topographical laps of the Survey, the surface geology being laid down upon them koiding to a system of coloring and notation. They will be issued soon as the necessaiy data to complete them have been obtained. I My thanks are due to the New Brunswick Railway Company for a he pass over their lines ; to Prof. Harrison, of the University of New |ranswick, for a list of barometric readings ; to T. G. Loggie, of the town Lands Office, Fredericton, G. F. Matthew, M.A., St. John, and lev. C. E. Matthew, Kingsville, Ont., for information relating to the [epths of Grand and Washadamoak Lakes and the Kennebeckasis liver, etc. I have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, E. CHALMEES. Ottawa, May, 1885. 11 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE SURFACE GEOLOGY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. The explorations of the past season (1884) relating to the surface Area explored. liology of New Brunswick extended to all parts of the province, and li number of important facts were discovered. The area included in lihe eastern and northern counties was examined more in detail than Itithcr portions, partly because its surface deposits had not hitherto \hm studied, except in a preliminary way, and partly owing to the liiiit that data of considerable scientific value were found there in the I (nurse of the season's investigations, which, it was considered, might hil in solving the perplexing problem of the glaciation of Eastern ICiinada. The observations of geologists on the glaciation of New Brunswick, Observations Drcvious to I previous to 1884, having I oen largely confined to the southern andi884. jwcstcrn counties where the stria? met with have a general southerly or lioiitheiisterly bearing, it was therefore inferred that this direction I indicated the general ice-movement over the whole pi'ovince. The iu- Ivestigations of the season of 1884*, however, show that north and east lot the water-shed dividing the waters of the St. John Kiver from those llwiiig into the Bale des Chaleurs and Gulf of St. Lawrence, there was I an easterly and northerly ice-movement during the Ice Age, accom- piiiiieil by a heavy transportation of drift from the interior towards the Ifoast: that is to say, the water-shed referred to seems also to have shed NewBruns-' lilieice of the glacial epoch northward and southwai-d, the glacier or"'"''" J2!aciei's on the southern side moving in the direction of the Bay of iFiindy, while those on the northeastern side moved down the oppo- jsite slope into the depression now occupied by the trulf of St. Law- Irfnce. In addition to these ice-movements, however, stria3 have been lioiind on the last mentioned slope, indicating a separate and inde. Ipdent ice-flow, either directly northward or southward, which are Itet'errod to a later or second period of glaciation. All the facts relat- |iB;' to these will be found tabulated and details given in a subsequent lleiil height of the general )ed, a tolerable appioin h I altural character, tiiuiia, | 3r waters of the Ni'pi>i- lade by way of Portage I al surface i'eaturcs and oted. A large tract otl era of the Eestigoudie, )., (Eeport of Progress, t as soon as some raeiiii> 8 sometimes called the I Patapedia, owing to it> ly unsettled. Madawaska valley was I ng the upper St. Jolin, wise, specially ubserved, ed. This section of the I d a part of Restigouche. (rales and uplands, lall lakes in the Lauren- i of the city of St. John, the season's operations. mattei-s not referred toj marine clay of the Baiej er the head of " Ledal a claw of tlie lobstei'l me in the Ledii clay oil museum were obtainedl icton and Frederieton,! he province were alsol anied me as a volunteer] he writer. Bsary to revise, to some| extent, the nomenclature in use pertaining to surface geology, and the Revision of Deff classification and notation are accordingly adopted'!^ which have J" """j^ijo'*"' relweiK'e to the sub-divisions of the subject as outlined in the Geology of **° '"^' I Canada, 1863, page 887. This classification will be employed in this ifp't and in the preparation of mans illustrating the character, dis- Itribution, etc., of the surface deposits, and it is hoped will be sufficiently practical and systematic for all investigations in this branch of geology •ionio time to come. Details regarding the coloring and notation of [these maps will be found elsewhere. The system now adopted will, no loiibt, i'ef|uire modifications from time to time as our knowledge advances, and therefore is, to a certain extent, merely pi'ovisional, especially that of Division M2 into " fresh-water" and " mai-ine bods," ihe term " interior, fresh-water " deposits being employed for the present to designate those beds supposed to be of the same age as the Leda clay and Saxicava sand, but which occur in the interior apparently where the sea has not reached during the Quaternary epoch. Tho evidence as to their fresh-water origin, especially in New Brunswick^ is still to a large extent negative, no fossils having been found in them. The names " Saxicava sand " and " Leda clay," first proposed for cer- I tain beds in the St. Lawrence valley by Principal (now Sir William) Dawson, will be restricted exclusively to the known marine fossilife- 1 rmis deposits consisting of sand, gravel and clay, which are inter- mediate between the till or boulder-day (division Ml) and the recent ileposits (division M3). CLASSIFICATION OF SUEFACE DEPOSITS. M3. Alluviums, or Recent Deposits. (a) I'rofih-water beds ; (Huviutile and lacustrine) ; marshes, i>eat bogs, or caribou plains, and river flats (intervales). Marine beds ; salt marshes, sand dunes, estuarine flats, etc. M2. Stratified Sands, Gravels and Clays. (a) Interior, fresh-isater sands, gravels and clays (fluviatile and lacustrine, etc.) Saxicava sand and Leda Clay (marine fossiliferous beds). Ml. Till, or Boxdder Clay. See Report of Progress, 1880-81-82. flan NEW BRIJNHWIOK. Tho frosh-wator iiiul miirlno bods, (a) and (6) of division M2,arj f«uj»|)OMed to Ix' lui-fj^ely of coDtumponmooiH formutio:i, ami tho siime roinui'lv upplios to (a) and (/>) of division M .'{. Morainort and kanies aro not t'!a«sotorn limit of the Middle Carbonaceous area, mountain and hill ranges nvitii scattered peaks rise to heights of 2,000 to 2,500 feet above the sea, giving the region, when viewed fi-om some pi'ominent summit, a bold land rugged outline, and leading the observer to imagine the general level to bo much higher than it really is. The grandest and most pic- Jturosiiue scenery of tho province occui-s in this part, that is, between the ■■Silurian area on the north and the Carboniferous on the south, where Itlio Tohique, Nepisiguit and Miramichi rivers take thoir rise. (See Ijeport of Mr. Ells in Report of Progress, 1870-80.) The height of the second or subordinate water-shed between the St. ^J5',«^'t^*'^^j"j^ [John JJiver and the Bay of Fundy does not, in general, exceed 700 to shed. J.80U feet above sea-levol. Several peaks, however, i-iso to an elevation li'lOOO feet; but this water-shed in intersected by transverse, or noi-th- jaiRl-south valleys, the bottoms of which are not more than from 300 to [500 tcet above tho sea. The general features of this i-egion are described in my report on the surface geology of western New Brunswick already Kited ; Imt it may bo stated, in addition, that the eastern extension of tliis water-shed is characterized by short, hilly ranges and isolated piaks, which include the Nerepis mountains, as well as Douglas, Bull Moose and Broke Neck mountains, and others east of the St. John River. Between this divide and the coast of the Bav of Fundy are numerous 10 o (1 NEW BRUNSWICK. hills and ridges described in Biviloy and Matthews' ivjtort (Koiinrt of Progress, 1870-71), tlu-ough which the rivers have cut dcop channel. ways; so that, although as high, and in some instntu-os higher, ihaii the water-parting referred to, they nevertheless otl'cr no obstacle to tlie drainage from it into the hay. hi If Surfncp fcii- turo." of !>lui>e!<. XorthciictiTii slope. Southwcstirn slope. utt!ue. Along the Tobi<|ue Eiver, several ranges and isolated mountains also of great boauty wei-e observed. Bald Head, on Eiley 12 « o NEW BRUNSWICK, liluo Moini- tiiins, Tiibi(|UP viilloy. View from iSagainook MuuDtuiu. Deccent of rivers. Arprt (Irninod by the .St. .John Mimmichi liiver. Rcjtigouchc Kiver. Xepisiguit River. Brook, 18 one of the most striking, its olevjition, accordin,, to Hinri Leiuff 2240 feet above the sea. The Bh,e Monntains form theTl pron.inent feature of the Tobique valley, their highest peakboin. 17' teet above sea level, and 1250 feet above the river at M.oi,- base % 'oftiest mountains in this elevated tract, however, occur, aocon'lin.tl Mr. R. W. Klls and other explorers, on the Big South Bmnch oHhe Nepisigiiit. that is, between Nictor and Nepisiguit Lakes on the north ixud the Right Hand Branch of the Tobique on the south, where some peaks attain a height of 2600 to 2700 feet above sea level. Around the central highlands descrilml, the surface of tho country is rolling and broken, sloping away nevertheless almost irni.crcoptililyin all directions from it, the descent, however, being less to the north- west than to any other point. From the summit of Sagumook Moun- tain. Nict<)r Lake, one can look over tho great Silurian phiin to the u.>rth and northwest, and see beyond it the elevated raniro of the Notre Danio and Shickshock Mountains looming up; but the slope trom this region is greater towai-ds tlie Gulf of St. Lawrence than in any other direction, Jis evidenced by the rapid descent <>f the rivers. The Nepisiguit River descends 1,000 feet in ninety miles, and the Upsahiuitch 800 feet in about forty-five miles. What liie ilescentof the Miramichi waters is was not ascertained, but it must likewise be considerable, especially on the Little South-West. The Tobique descends about G35 feet in its entire lengtii of ninety-tive miles. Hiver Systems and Lake Basins. The rivers of New Bi'unswick are numerous, and some of them No country in America is better watei-ed. The St. John is the groat artery, draining about 10,500 square miles in the province alono, the total area of New Brunswick being computed at 27,-WO s(iuaro mik's* Next in importance and drainage area is tho Miramichi, witii its nume- rous branches ramifying throughout Northumberland county and ;i part of Sunbury, York, Carleton and Victoriii, and draiiiin:,' no k* than 5,50tJ s(juare miles of territory. The Best igouc lie is the third largest, and while forming the boundary between the provinces of Now Brunswick and (Quebec for a part of its course, i-;. abnvo the confluence of th« Patapedia, entirely within the fii-st-namod province, Its extreme length is alx)Ut 150 miles, and its drainage area in Now Brunswick about 2,200 square miles. Next in size is the Xopisigiiit, which is about ninet}- miles long, and traverses a rugged country, but has a much smaller drainage area than the rivers meiitioued. It is, however, the swiftest and most difficult for the voyaijcur. ' Twenty-third Annual Report of the Crown Land Department of New BrimsiviLk, H"*). hi k ''< h i| chumfbs.] RIVER SYSTEMS AND LAKE BASINS. 13 GO obUiins. While all rivors and sti-earas of any size seem, from the depth of their valleys,— often cut into ') ment of New Uniii'^wkk, Wi- Several of the tributaries of the St. John within the province are Tributaries of really rivers of considerable size, such as Oromocto, Nashwaak, Eel "'^ '^'" ■'^'*"* Tobitiuo, Ch-oen, Madawaska, etc. The Tobique is one of the largest, jrisinjr in the highland region at Nictau Lake and draining an area of 1 about l,r)00 square miles. The St. Croix, Digdeguash and Magaguada- iykHowing into the Bay of Fundy, are also important streams and lalon^' with New River drain the chief portion of the slope on the I socomlaiy or southwesstern water-shed. In reference to the drainage of the province, however, it appears f o Prt-glncial have been, in pre-glacial times, somewhat different from that which river valleys. at jiresent examiiiod [the hardest rocks, — and tlie presence of till in such valleys under- lyinj( the fluviatile deposits, to have luid a preglacia! existence, I nevertheless, the changes produced on the surface of the country during I the Ice Age have caused them, in certain places, to lea/e their old channels and excavate new ones, often through solid rock. Moreover diainayo areas around the heads of rivers, and also lakes, if such existed in pre-glacial ages, may have had larger or smaller catchment basins, and these too may have been partially drained in other direc- tions than by existing water-courses. Furthei-, the greater elevation ot the region at that time relatively to the sea level, as evidenced by 11 number of facts, some of which will now be addueetl, enabled the rivers to cut their channels, and the valleys through which they How, more deeply, by giving them greater erosive power, especially in the lower part of their courses. The tacts observed as indicating a greater pre-glacial elevation in the Bay of Fundy region ^Ye^:^tfnTof may be summarized as follows: — the estuarino character of the ''^^ '^**'""- St, John Itiver as fai* up as Fredericton ; the tidal lake-like expansions of Kennebeckasis Eiver and Bclleislo Bay along with Washadamoak and Grnnd Lakes, these bodies of water being the result of the ponding back ot'tho St. John owing to the obstruction at its mouth and thesub- sidenct' of the region in later Quaternai-y times. In pre-glacial ages, Salmon River, instead of empt3'ing into Grand Lake, must have flowed aloiiir ilu) bottom of the depression containing it into the St. John, and ^0 with Canaan and Kennebeckasis Elvers. These sheets of water omnd ami are. tlierefore, arms of the lake expansions of the Lower St. John, and ^Jkp''''e^o! jww occupy valleys which were eroded partly by the streams flowing into '''■'^"'**"'''* or thiough them, and partly by sulj-aerial agencies in the period refei-- I'wl til. The maximum depth of Grand Lake, so far as can be ascer- tained, is about 30 feet ; of Washadamoak, about 100 feet ; of the St. John llivcr, in Long Reach, 106 feet, but immediately above Indian- town, 11)8 feet (from the Admiralty charts) ; of Kennebeckasis Bay, 78 tcet, and of Kennebeckasis River, in the deepest part, about 200 feet. Facts indica- ting a greater 14 a Q NEW BRUNSWICK. Ettuarioa of other rivers. s <:• t^i i Sections of borin(fi> miido noros." Hocti- Koiichc and Miramichi valli-ys. Depth (if river valley." in |iri'- glucial time;. Ciinelusiiiiis ii.'< tn (rreatcr pre- Klat'ial cleva- tiiin "t rrjriiiM. I'rohshle.liner CMOO ill VilluHK • 'I rivers, notii hly the Nc|ii- ."ittuit. All the other lai-ger rivers of the province flowini^ difoclly intotl sea also have estuaries of consitlei-able length, except the ^y^episiirui the probable cause of which will be explaineil fuithcr on. The tk flows up the North-West Miramichi to Redbank, about thirty-Hvemil from its mouth, and up the 8outli-Wost about the same ilistiince. Tic head on the Restigouche is twenty-four miles from its inouth; on kjcI, bucto River twenty-two miles ; on the Nepisiguit the tide (lows iiponi throe miles al)ove Bathurst Harboi-. In the Bay of i'uiidy distrii the rivor valleys are jienetrated by the sea, to greater or le^ss distance similarly to that of the St. John, — Magaguadavic, as fur up a!resented in the accompanying diagi-ams, will also illustrate tl (}uestion under consideration as to the height of the region in tb Tertiary or pre-glacial period. At the mouth of the Metapedia River, where the Intercolonial rai way bridge spans the Restigouche, borings were iiiado wliicli ar represented by Fig. III. The borings made for foundations to th North- West and South- West Miramichi bridges are re])resented b; Figs. I. and II. These sections show that at some period anterior to the depositini of these clay beds, the Restigouche flowed in this part of its vallej 7<> feet l)elow its present level, and the Miramichi 112 tk-t k'loi the present sea level. Correlating all the facts i)earing upon this question in tlio north south of the province, theyindioite a pre-glacial elevation of the re: of 100 feet or more above that of the present day relative to sea The depth of the Kennebeckasis and certain parts of the St. John ley wiiich are in excess of this may be taken as indicatini,'astillj.'iv elevation than that givei> above ; but on tlie other hand it is \nvl these depressions have been formed wholly by seculai- rock decay subseiiuent scoojdng out by glaciers instead of by river action. But with regard to the drainage of the province it may he stated tlier, that some of the rivei-s seem, in pre-glticial times, to have a larger or smaller volume of water, as the case may lie, troin one c; or another, — this supposition alone explaining some anomalous lai Taking the Nepisiguit River as an example, we find thai fii'ni Narrows to it« mouth, about twenty-tive miles, its valley appears t largely of Post-Tertiary origin. Either the lower part of the n took another course in pre-glacial ages, or the whole river itseh been of smaller volume. The drift holding in the lakes ai its hi an va ;it. ai C->l«EM.] RIVER SYSTEMS AND LAKE BASINS. 15 G O !o flowing directly into t ;th, excojit the Nepisigmii lined t'urtlior on, Thetidjl bank, about till rty-tiverailfr ut the same distance. Tide )s from it.s mouth; onUichiJ irtiguit the tide flows uponlj the Bay of Fumly district to gi-eater or le.ssilistances,! aguadavif as tiu' up asthel inoutli, and the St. Croixto Restigouc'lie and Mivamichil e InteiToloiiial railway, an>' I'iver action. province il mny liestates the water-shed by valleys now drift-tilled. In this case, the' pre-glacial Nepisiguit would not be jus large as its successor, precipita- tion heing equal. At all events, the limited drainage area of this river ill comparison to its length, the absence of an old drift-filled channel at or near Grand Falls, and the rock-bound channel still being ej-oded more deeply at the Narrows, Grand Falls, Middle Landing, Pabiueau Falls, etc., together with the fact of its flowing over a lock-bed till j within three miles of its mouth indicate, when viewed in relation to kjther river valleys, the post-glacial excavation of its valley especially in the lower part of its course. It should not be foigotten, however that fur the most part, this river flows through a district occupied by Pre-Canibrian and Cambro-Sil urian rocks, which wear down much more >lowly than those of other parts of the country. E.xamples might be cited, were it necessary, to show that when lakes or drainage basins existing on water-sheds are drained by outlets [ on opposite sides, as is sometimes the case, if one of these becomes i.losefl b}' any means, the volume of the other must naturally be increased and excavate a larger channel. The changes in the drainage referred to, have, in some places, resultetl <.>riein of in producing water-falls and goi'ges from the damming up of pre-exist- ami gorges'. 1 ing river valleys during the Ice Age, instances of which maybe seen in -everal of the larger rivers. The singular phenomenon of a water-fall at the mouth of the St. John may be partly the result of the pre-glacial 'Utiet being blocked up with till, and partly due to the subsidence of I the regiftn. The present outlet, which has been excavated through solid I'lik to a depth of about 110 feet, is post-glacial in origin. Prior to its I'lnnation, the pent up watei's of the St. John must have spread over a voiy large area inside of the barrier and played an important part in jthe formation of terraces and lacustrine bods. There is rea.son to I k'lieve that during the subsidence which took i)lace when the Leda Iciay wa> deposited, the sea invaded the St. John valley and lake region •K^crihed, as far as the Keswick Kiver, although no marine remains I have yet been found above the Long Eeach. All the rivers of New Brunswick, as already stated, tluw over beds Erosion carried I <• I • . . . , , . II 1 1 . on bj- rivers. h'i 'Iriti which occupy their valleys, and are engaged once more in wearing them down from the high levels to which they were raised by the material thrown into them during the Ice Age. The fact of their I (lowing Dver stratified gravel, etc., in certain [>arts of their courses would ■Ifl 16 u o NEW HBUN8WICK. Lake systi'iii' |Mi,it- i:IiK'lHl. Lake bii.''ins hi»w formed. Elevations of lakes. almost scorn as if they were Hlling up instead of ciittin',' down thei channels, and locally this docs occur to some extent even at the m sent day, but appears to have played a more important part in thei history in early post j^laoial times. There is, however, a constant weai ing down, jus well as a general seaward movement, of the materiali( river valleys going on together, ami lake The hikes and lake systems are so intimately coniiectoil with th rivers that the two have necessarily to be considered togellier. Buiwliil wo have abundant evidence of the pri'-glacial existence oi rivers o rather of river-valleys, we have none regarding lake basins. The kittei therefore, have to be studied as if they wore solely of post-glacial oi'ii;ii Nevertheless, that Tertiary lakes existeeas(>ns from lack of a reserve supply, ;in higher during the soa.son of greatest jirocipitation, and this alone woul give them groatoi- ei'osive power during Hoods. Their deeply cii rock-channels, and the tact that they nearly all flow nver ^'ravell| liottoms now. might be considered as arguing a greater pre-dini precipitation and erosive action ; but the extensive tillinir up of the valleys during the Ice Age produced changes which render it diicu to institute comparisons, even approximately coi'rect. between \i ixlacial and post-glacial di-ainago. as the rivers here particular referred to have not had time since to clear out the d lift f'ntni the valleys. From the tracesof foi-mer high-water levels found along tli banks, 6uch as terraces ami water-worn gravel, sometimes thrown in ridges or kames, it is obvious they must have flowed at dill'er heights in the Quaternary |K'i-iod up to 150 to 200 above the pivs water courses along the larger rivers, and have probably held in or lake-like exjiansions hero and there in early post-glacial time, The larger number of the lakes of the province aio luM u]) bybame of drift or morainic materials, and their conliguration and 'lepth a largely the result of the denudation and arrangement of such niateiii by glaciers, as ox])lained in my report already cited. The Nci»ijig> Lakes, the most elevated in New Brunswick, being !>0(i leet above level, and 10 to 20 feet deep, have a general east and west ilirectK corresi)onding with the course the glaciers pursued in that jtiut of el ^tond of ciiuiiii,^ ilowntheirl CMJUMEBi.] KIVER ST8TEMS AND LAKE BASINS. 17 a O oouiitry. Nifto" Lake, 828 feet above the Hoa, and 50 to 60 feet deep, has the tiamo trend lougitudinully. Upsalquitch Lake is 702 feet above the same datum line, and 55 foot deep, its general direction, however, , heiiiir north and south. These and the other lakes at the head of the Right Hand Brancli of the Tobique Ilivor, are all evidently drift ihiiiimed, and are surrounded by high mountains and romantic scenery. [Great iiiiantitios of trout (Salmo fontinalis) and fresh-water mussels (77/1/0 complanatus), etc., are found in them, and the black duck (Anas \(jh.b. j dy credited t.. them. Those ) obtained from a paiiei' pul- ] A8.sociation for the Advance- all referred to the true mer- 1 jidian, and the direction of the ice-flow is indicated by the bearings in Ithe proper column. Where doubt exists as to the course the ice pur- |«aod, the reverse one is also given, as in the case of Nos. T and 10. The "General Slope of Surface" is not to be understood as having Iflny relation to the course of the ice-flow, but simply shows tho general Icontour of the surface where the striic occur. All the heights given have rcftn-ence to sea level, unless otherwise stated. Nu. LOCALITIES. t'oUKSKS. S. 54° E. s. m° E. S. 55° W. S. 65° W. S. 05° W. "^-;- APPHox- .Sl'IlF.VrK. Albert County. 1 In Dawson sett, 5 miles N. of Hillsboro, ! (Ells.) 2 At Hillside, IJ miles S. of Turtle Creek, I (Ells.; 3 On road from Curry ville to Hopewell, near Shepody mountain tElls.) 4 Throe miles N. E. of Hopewell Ilill.fElls.) 5 In Woodworth sett., 3 miles N.E. of; I Hopewell Hill (Ells.)! 6 At Hillside P. O., N. side of mountain.; (Eii8.)| y. :!0°w. I 7 Three miles from Albert on road to Ger-S. HO' W. or i mantown Lake (Ells.) N.8() E. 8| At Mary's Point (Ells.) S. 55° W. II On road from Elgin to Golden mountain, 2 miles S. E. of Elgin Corner.. (Elk)| S. 1^5' E. \ 10 Four miles from Albert on road to Salmon S. SO W. or River (EJls.); N. 80 E. , U Near shore at 1-Wile brook below Point S. 70 "W. or Wolf (Ells.) N. 70°E. ClIARLOrrB COINTY. 12 .\t Beaver Harbor. older stritp. " " later striio. 13 At liaek Bay, N. side 14 Head of Back Bay. 15 At ]\ia.<3careen (apparently later and finer striio) All these striic cross the small valleys and fjords of the Bay of Fundy eoiist nearly at right angles 16 NearOakBay (Robb) 1" At St. Andrew's, sea shore (Robb 1 IS Near St. Andrew's, on upland — (Kobb.) I I'j At ( "hamcook Lake (Robb.) s. 54° K. S- Sir E, s. 54° E. 1 s- (i4' E. '' s. 89° E. ' s. IS' E. s. 28° E. ! ^• 28° E. S.4S' E. .MATK Hkiqht. ■ Is 20 o G NEW nRlNHWICK. II No. 20 21 I/>CALITIE.«. 23 26 26 27 28 riiAKix>TTK CniNn'. — Conthitud. At L'Ftann harbor (Robb.) Between ff Maj:at;uatriir, line, but distinct, are nunier- ons liere also. Tiioy are nsually short and l>rf>lven linas At Belledune station, grooves and striic Later and tiner stria- The vTiHives or ruts of tiie older set are, s indies or more in do|>tii, and from; tl inches to 2 or .'{ feetwid(i. The laterj >triii are line and irmpdar, sonie-| times running into each otiier, and! aj»i>enr on botli sides of tlie larger antl ileejHir E. and W. ruts. 20 At IJelledune, 1 or two nules bebintl rail- way station on low E. and W. ridge. 30 At Eini Tree linxtr, N. side along Inter- colonial railway 31 At same i>lace, on S. side of river, 2 seta. < Uder set, grooves and scratcbes 32 Later and finer set 33 At Millstreani, N. side, along railway grooves and stria- 34 At Nigadoo Rivor, grooves, but not dis- tinct • 35 At Peter's River, (N. side of,) 3 miles N. of Bathurst, rorhes moutonniis, grooves, et<- 36 T^'te-a-ga»'''»« River, (just N. of,) along railway. Grooving and line striae. 37i At Bathurst Harbor, W. side of. I A 38 In Ste. Louise sett., 8. side of Nigadoo River ConiBKi). UtiVKRAL Nl,ni'K . •*<1'RK«'K, S. (13° E. 8. 63° K. S. 66° !•:. N. 82° E. N. N. 3' W. N. 77° E. N. 3° W. S. 88° E. N. 3° W. N. 77° E. N. N.K. S. 88° E. N.E. N. 87'^ E. N.E. N. 87° E. N. 22° E. N.E. X. 42° E, ■N.E. N. 40° E. N.E. N. 42° E. N.E. N. 22° E. N. E. N. 22° E. N.E. :«tl.lllER9.] OLACIAI- 8TRI.>;. 21 N. 82°E, I N. N. 3° W. ■ S. 88° E. xN.E. I 101' Xu. LOCALITIEfS, G1.0UCKBTBK County — Continwd. Ill same place, further north on N. anS. road In same place, at N. end of lostrtnen' tioned road Ill KolK^rtvillo sett. ; E. end of southern' moat £. and W road Ill same place, at E. end of moHt nortlv erly E. and W. road Ill Dunlop flett ; on N. bank of Peter's River, 2 sets. Older grooves and strlse CoUHStH. (iKNKRAL .Sl.oPK OK Surface. Later and finer strieo The earlier chiefly groove8,tlie later fine strife At Bald Mountain, three miles above In- dian Falls, Nepisiguit, or fifty miles from mouth of river. No distinct grooves nor striic, but rochen viouton- vkit and polishing Boulders from the W. were seen on this mountain. Kent County. 46jAt Weldford Station, Intercolonial rail I way, and two miles S N. 72' E. N. 67' E. N. 72' 1:. N. 72° E. N. r,7° E. N. 77' E. E. and W. 47 Halfway between Weldford and Coal i Branch Stations, in several places. 48 At Cocagne beach, by Prof. Jas. Robb, 2 sets Older") Later J Kings' County. 40 At mouth of Nerepis River (Robb.) i 50 At Oxbow, or bend of Nerepis River ! (Robb.) 51 In Nerepis settlement (Robb, ) 52 At Ilardings, Nerepis River (Robb.) 53 At Elmsdale, S. side of Long Reach (Ells.) 54' At Belleisle Corner (Ells.) N. ti8' E. N. 25' E. S. »)5' E. S. 50' E. S. 30° E. S. 19° E. S. 75^ E. S. 10^ E. 55 Oil road from Norton Station to Belleisle; Corner, 4 to 5 miles out (Ells.) *• 10 h- N.E. N. E. N.E. N. E. N.E. fS.3MV.orl ,;, t N. 3'E. t ^'*^- f S. o' W. or 1 N.5°E Flat. Approxi- mate U K.IUIIT. 400 185 1920 250 no 'Z O Ki NEW BRUNSWICK. No. r.7 tK) »ii UK'AI.ITIKS. ' ''KNKRAI, -MaDAWAHKA COINTY. Near .MatlnwiiHka chapel (Robb)! 8. 75° E. J At FxlmunilHtoii village, on luft hank St. .Tnhn I S. (15° E. In MndawaHka valley, 3 iniloH from niontli (if river, on ri^rht hank i S. 45° E. In sanit> vall(>v, alHXit L* niilcH from nircolonial railway, (> miles N of NewcaHtle. and Iwtween that and I Weaver Br(K>k station The8«j striir are within the drainage hasin of the Miramichi on a Hoiith ward slojie. Near same juai e, another set S. 23° W. S. 18° AV. (»!' Two milex N. of Beaver Brook station, oni rifht hank of Gnwn Brook S. 87 Striif in hust two places not very dis-i tinft ; no >rr(«>v»'.s. 6S At lUackvillo, central part, alon^' road, on W. aide of S. W. Aliraniichi N. 68" 64 At continence of Invs{\—Continiu:(l. 71 At 8ain«' place, on Mcl'lierHon's farm.. One K'roovo here in triip roik Im 7 fttot wide. 7l' At Hame place, N. branch of river, on second conceHMion ruud j 7:1 I II I >undmt Huttlement 71 In same place, near W. ond of/ Older..] watlonient, -' sets i Later.., 7") T\M) niiloH W. of town of DallinuHle, at intersection of branch railway with road 7(1 .Monj; Dalhousie branch railway, L' miles from .Innction " 77 On Lily Lake roatl, near L'ampbellton, 1\ niile.s from luktt .' 7s On same road on same side of hill, but' nearer lake 79 < »n same road on summit of hill ' "'ii On same road on southern side of sum- ndt I •>! On road to Parker's Lake, 3 miles from! town of CampKOlton, on N. side of a] rid^e running E. and W COURHKN, St. .John Countv. "*- At E. end of Courtenay Bay, near glass ! works '<'<; At E. end of Courtenay liay, near oldi burvin^j-ftronnd ^4jOn \V. side, at foot of Elliott row, 8t,l .Fohn city I These striic have a ditterence of 5" in their course on the E and \V. sides fif Courtenay Bay, .showing etlect of uneven surface ujion the ice^ moTomont. ^'i 111 Carleton, St, .lohn, N. corner of public square ^6 In Portland, St. John N. 82' E. 8. 83" E. N. 77" E. N. 77° E. S. ()8' E. N. 67^ E. N. 72° E. N. 77° E. N. 67° E. N. 125 325 8(» 200 500 575 (M) 550 500 Tide Level. 10 Tide Level. 20-30 75 00 165 175 20-30 . 'v 24 o a NEW BRUNSWICK. Xt>. LOCALITIES. St. John" County. — (hntinued. 92' Near St John, at brick.yard, (Robb.): 94! At South Bay (Robb.) 93 At iienitentiary, E. side of Courtenay' Bay (Robb.) S. 10^ W. - ■■ S. 5° W. S. 38° E. N. and S. 95 96 97 98 At Musquash Mills (Robb } E. of Musquash River (Robb.) At Hunter's Ferry, Quaco Lake. .(Robb ) SCNBURY COL'NTY. S. 32" E. S. 28° E. At Rushiagimish bridge (Robb.) 99 Near Gagotown, at old mill (Robb.) S. 40' E. 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 Near Gillon's, Blissville or Nerepis Road . (Robb.) S. 28" E. Two miles S. of last place (Robb.)| S. 28' E. Victoria County. On Blue Mountains, Tobique River, (Hind.) WBSTMORELANn CoUNTY. At Dorchester, on ridge behind peniton tiary Grooves in places. Ice moved up N.W. face of an escarpment following Memranicook valley. At Jolicd'ur, Hull's Hill, polishing and rocJuf moutonulf* At Aulac, near Fowler's hill Ice-moveincnt here was guided by Cum- lierland Basin and Westmoreland Ridge. At Cai* Tormentine, on Emigrant settle- ment road, 6 miles from Port Elgin. (Ells.) At Capo Maringouin, near jjoint on E side. (Ells-) Near Sackville, 1 mile S. of Intercolonial railway on road to Maringouin. .(Ells.) Five miles N. E. of Dorchester, and 2 miles from Intercolonial railway (Ells.) Genkrai, , .Si,oi>K . Appbosi. OK „"•'" Sl'RFArE, Hkiohi. N. and S. to S. 20° E, S. 12° E. S. 20° W. S. 38° W. S. 2° E. I S. 2° E. i 8. 12' E. S. 12° E. W. 1650 1" 110 80 E. CHALMERS.] GLACIAL STRIDE. 25 G S. 20' W. >". S. 38°W. N'o. LOCALITIES. 110 111 112 113 114 115 llti Westmoreland County — Continued. On road from Sackville to Dorchester "j Copper Mines, 4 miles N. W. of Sack- \ ville, 2 8ets (Ells,)) In second Westcook settlement at forks of road (Elle.) On E. side, one mile from Westcook church on road going up hill (Ells.) COURSKS. S. 12° E. S. 3°W. S. 13° W. S. 12° E. Dorchester, 1 J miles S. of, or J a mile 8.AV.i of railwaycrossing on road going to Cape' Maringouin, W. side (Ells.), S. 22° E. 117 118 ll'J 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 At Fairfield, 3 miles E. of Dorchester (EUs.) At Memramcook Corner, 2 miles E. of, on highlands (Ells.) At Boudreau quarry , on road from Rock- land to Boudreau, 2 sets (Ells.) York County. At St. Mary's, near Fredericton . .(Robb Four miles N. of Fredericton (Robb.) Near Maryland (Robb.) At Dyer's on Han well road (Robb.) On old Woodstock road (Robb.) At Springhill (Robb.) Near French Village (Robb.) On hill beyond Indian Village ..(Robb.) Near Naylis' on Royal road (Robb.) At Cardigan settlement (Robb.) S. 6° E. S. 26^ E. S. 12° S. S. 127! At S. end of Oromocto Lake (Robb.) 128 129 In Harvey settlement (Robb. ) f S At Hanwell school house, 2 sets . . (Robb. ) | g 30° E. 30° E. 30° E. 30° E. 30° E. 30° E. 30° E. 30° E. 33° E. 18° E. 18' E. 20° E. 28° E. 63° E. General . „„„^ Slope IApproxi- ov Surface. MATE Height. •f; IS', ( fc ■ Mir ■3 i t 1 ml 26 a a NEW BRUNSWICK. No. LOCALITIES. C0DR.SE8. •Jkxkral SUII'K iSrilKACK. York (.V)unty. — Contunud. 130 Near W. end of Oromocto Lake • (Robb.) S. 48° E. 131 At mnuth of Keswick • . ( Rnhb ^ S. 48° E. 132 In iwirish of Prince William (Robb.) S. 28° E. 133 At Fredericton (Hind.) S. 30° E. 13't Four miles out on Miramichi road (Hind.) S. 20° R 1 135 On Hanwell roati (Hind.) On Maryland road in three places. (Hind.) In Prince William, near antimony mines.. (Hind.) S. 30° E. TV5 S. 30° E. 137 S. 20° E. 138 139 140 141 On (rnt'fitnwn mn/1 ^IIin<] ^ S. 20° E. In Hftrvev settlement • • . (Hind.^ S. 20. E. i Opposite Fredericton (Hind. ) On road at N.W.corner of Oromocto f okler Lake, 2 sets (Chas. Robb) \ later S. 30° E. 1 8. 30° E. 8. 50° E. 142 On road from Frederictnn to . . f first . . Erina l^ke, 2 sots. . . (C. Robb.) \ second 6. 40° E. N. and S. 143 144 In Birr! Httttlement (C. Robb.) 8. 45° E. In Tay settlement (C. Robb). S. 38° E. 145 Below Fredericton (C. Robb.) 8. 30^ E. 146 At forks of Nash waaksis . .. .(C. Robb.) 8. 35^ E. 147 North of Lake (Toonte, in two or three plm-es (* '• Kobb.) 8. 30° E. .■ 1 1 '- f Ms- '1' ,"^ n-' ■■■'! J^.i CHAIMER8.] TILL, OR BOULDER CLAY, MORAINES, ETC. 27 o a M 1. Till, or Boulder Clay, Moraines, etc. Till is but rarely met with on the surface in the northern part of the Distribution of province, but usually appears along banks of rivers and in bluffs on the n"w Bruns''-^™ coast of the Baie des Chaleurs, affording evidence from its sheet-like"'"''' character that it extends under the stratified deposits in an almost con- tinuous bed of greater or less thickness. The heaviest dejiosit of till known in this district occurs on the coast just north of Nash's Creek, where it attains a thickness of fifty to sixty feet. Another ridge-like mass of till is met with on the left bank of the Nepisiguit River, through which the Intercolonial railway passes by a cutting, showing it to be composed largely of granitic and red sandstone dibris (local rocks). Till occurs on the left bank of Nigadoo River at the shore, and is overlaid by stratified beds. It is also seen on the banks of the T6te-i!l- gauche River, near the Dunlop settlement road. A high bunk of till is seen in a cutting on the Intercolonial railway, on the right bank of the Snuth-West Miramichi. Glaciated boulders of gianite, felsite, dio- rite, etc., from the belt of crystalline rocks to the west, occur in this deposit. Another ridge of till is met with on the loft bank of the Petitcodiac At Moncton. River, behind Moncton, in a cutting of the Intercolonial railway. At St. John a great mass of till lies on the west side of the harbor, At St. John, forming a headland known as Negrotown Point, which extends south- ward from Carleton. Heavy deposits of till occupy the St. John vallej' above tirand Falls, A'^Hij^^e St. as rcl'eired to in my last report, forming banks and mounds along the river as fai- up as St. Leonard's and above it. The village of Edniund- ston stands upon a bed of till, and the same material occurs abundantly in the Madawaska valley, having been much less erodetl along the upper St. John and its tributaries than below Grand Falls. Along the St. John River from Grand Falls to Andovei-, and indeed as far south as Woodstock, a ridge, or series of ridges, chiefly of till, which occasionally assumes the appearance of mounds, is traceable. A portion of it has been described in my report already cited, under the head of " Kames." At St. Croix village, York county, and also on the opposite side of At St. Croix, the St. Croix River, at Vanceboro, similar ridges occur. The one on the New Brunswick side is 300 paces wide and 50 to (30 feet high above the river, and appears to be some miles in length. Portions are ftralitied and kame-like. At the head of the Magaguadavic River, low, wide ridges, chiefly composed of till, are also met with. 28 o o Irregular tliickiictw <>f beils of till. Its occurrence aloHK river bauks. Moraines. Clarification of komeii. NEW BRUNSWICK. In some caHes these deposits of till rise above the f^oneial level, as ai)peai-8 in railway cuttings passing through thoni tnuisveiHely; in other cases they ai-e merely the edges of the sheet which Bpreads over the surface of the coimtry, but which must have been much thicker in river valleys and depressions than on the higher levels. How is it that accumulations of till, resembling ridges, occ\ir along or near the banks of many of the New Brunswick rivers ? Has it been moved about and thrown into these moraine-like ridges by moving river ice during spring floods, when the rivers in the culy Post- Tertiary period flowed at a highei- level than now ? Eidgcs have evi- dently been formed in this way in the same situations daring the recent period, and shallow lakes are found in some localities with similar ridges around their boi-ders. The latter are, however, in most cases, partially stratified. On the uplands of the interior of the province, till cau bo seen ulmost everywhere forming the lowest member of the surface deposits, but usually thinning out on the elevations, and perhaps disappeaiing. except locally, on hills and mountains. Accumulations of considerable tliickness occur on the slopes, and more especially at the base of the hills and around the borders of lake-btisins. Moraines are met with in all parts of the province, but aie not so numerous anywhere as on the water-shed between the St. John River and the Bay of Fundy, especially in York and the northcin part of Charlotte counties. In Nictor Lake, one was seen formini,^ a small islet, and another occurs at the western end of the upper Nopisiguit Lake, fttrming a promontory which is covered by a grove of red pine; al>o along the Xepisiguit valley small moraines were observed in several places. One at the Devil's Elbow, lilly-five miles from the mouth of the river, stands up in the centre of the valley, karae-like, 1ml is probably underlaid by rock. Kames. In classifying the kames of western New Brunswick in the report on the surface geology of that region (Report of Progress, 1S82-S3-84), two principal (iivisions of these deposits were made. It becomes nece;'- sary now to add a third, as explained on a previous })a^c, which wi include all those gravel ridges, mounds and hummock> which appeai to have been under the sea and partly, at least, remodelled by muiiiic currents. A number of these occur in a well developed condition on the coast of the Bay of Fundy,* and a remtirkable one is tbund ii Restigouche county along the bank of the Baie des Chaleiii's. Thnn • See Report on the Superficial OeolofO' of Southern New Brunswick, by Mr. ast, i-cmodollcd by marine ell developed conditinnon jmarkable one is tbund in Baiedes Chaleiirs. Three isions r Brunswick , by Mr. . Thus mounds are not more than 40 to 50 feet above tlie river, wiiic is tidal up to this iK)int 9. A short, low, kame or hummock, 200 to 300 yards long, occnrs on tiielel bank of Memramcook River, just above the angle formed by it am the second stream flowing into it north of Dorchester Comer. 10. Near Hillslioro', Albert (.'ounty, on the marsh skirting flie I'etitcodia River, a kame, called " Gray's Island," occurs. General directio N.E. and S.W.; height above tide level in l'etitc^(Hliac Rivei 3.") feet ; length 700 paces, width 220 paces. It is composed ( sand and gravel, with small rounded Iwuldors, almost wholl derived from Lower Carboniferous rocks. Beinj: surrounde entirely by salt marsh, it is a conspicuous example of a part of terrace left from the denuilation of the materials around it.c which it formed a part. Class III. 11. One of the longest and most remarkable kames of this group occurs ii liestigoucho county along the coast of the IJaie des I'lialeun stretching from the Eel River valley to tho shore just north of tli mouth of Nash's Creek. L»mgth about twelve miles ; cours nearly east and west; height above the sea at tiie western eii^ 150 to 175 feet and at the euhtorn end 50 to 7.") fet^t. It is intci secteem to have lx»en first carritnl down to their present situatio by currents from the land, and afterwards partially worked ovt by the seii. 12. Along the coast of the Bay of Fundy there occur a numherof kamosi this class, which have l)een tabulated and describ'il by Mr. Ma thew (Reiwrt of Progress, 1877-78), but the elevations above s« level were not given. One, oxtcmding from lairvillc, SL .loli county, southward nearly to Spruce Lake, and called by Mr. > the "tniddlf ridge in Lancaster" was found to l)e 17.") feet high at tl northern end, and 130 to 140 feet at the southern. It is a wid LcKHlHERS.] KAMES. 31 (I •urs in tlio St. Julm valley. It with water.w.,riiinatorial8on ■• to the river. A marshy Hat tJie loft bank of tiio I'etitcndiac owo8t8idcoftlieliit(.r(oloiiial tuned in a terrai't- luire, These fiO feet above the river, which flat-topped ridgp of gravel and boulders, overlaid liy marine deposits, the materials of whicli seem to have been derived from beds of till in the vicinity, and has been remodelled by tlie com- bined action of fluviatile and marine currents along the coast when the land stood at a lower level. In its external features thi.s kame is altogether unlike those of the interior. lll'Ilie extensive gravel deposit known as Pennfleld Ridge, Charlotte county, (No. 17 of Mr. Matthew's table) occupies part of the valley or basin between the Magaguadavic hills on the north and tliose extending along the coast from L'Etang to New River. It apiiears to be only partially stratified, but is terraced. Height, 175 to 200 feet. The oi'igin of kames, which is one of the vexed questions of surface ''"'><""■'?« ueology, Htill continues to be a fruitful source of discussion. Various ["mmtion or theories liave been advanced to account for them, and the literature of this subject alone is quite voluminous. A study of those phenomena in the Maritime Provinces of Canada for many years has convinced the writer that it is useless attempting to explain all kames as origin- ating from any one general cause, such, for example, as glacial floods, the action of marine currents, etc. On the contrary, I am inclined to regard their formation as due to several causes, which may be, to a large extent, local, arising from peculiarities in the confoi"mation of the land-i*urface affecting the drainage within certain areas at tlie close of the glacial epoch and since, and also to marine currents, such a.s those in the Bay of Fundy, acting upon the drift along the coast line, or that carried down by rivers. I have, therefore, thought it best to an-ange tiie kames met with in New Bninswick into three classes as already mentioned. The probable mode of origin of those induiled in classes II. and III. has been briefly outlined. It is only tiiose i)eionging to class I. wiiich present the difficulties referred to, and, in the present state of our knowledge, no satisfactory theory regarding them seems possi- ble. They are, undoubtedly, to a considerable extent, morainic, these and moraines, to all appearance, having been of contemporaneous for- mation ; but, on the other hand, the fiict that they occur, so far as my observations have extended, along the heads of streams whore there aiedeml watere, or on the boi-ders of lakes, not being confined within narrow valleys, and usually with swampy or peaty areas on one or lK)th sides, and, moreover, have tortuous courses resembling those of rivers, leads to the conclusion that the streams along which they arc found must have, in early post-glacial times, paiticipated in their for m.ttion, although the precise mode of action is not evident. Adtlitional data and a closer study of these very interesting phenomena will, no doubt, reveal to the student some general law respecting their origin ; all that can be done, meantime, is to collect and correlate the facts bearing upon them. * / r.lBciation f.f tlic pnivince. Two system?. Kvidcncc of IlltIT ico- luovcmunts. 32 o a NKW BRUNSWICK. Gkneb.^l Conclusions REa.\Ri)rN(» the Glacial Phenomena New Brunswick. OF From tho foi-o^'oing facts with roforonco to Htrin>, till, transported bonlders, etc., it is evident tho whole ftrea of the Proviiue must have been man tied by an ice-covering in the oai-lior pai-t of the Qimfeinury ej)()cli which, by its raovement seaward, scarped and scoured the surface transp(»rtod drilt, and pi-odiiced marked changes in tlie phys^ieal tea' tiiros. more especially with respect to its drainage. AVlietiier this kc mantle formed one glacier, or a number of smaller loenl gliKiois, each moving as it was influenced by the contour of the land, 1 will not undertake to say from tho data on hand; but the latter view i> cer- tainly supported by the greatest amount of ovideneo. A(< alioadj stated, two principal and apparently independent systems of glaiiation seom to have prevailed, one southward from the prineipui wutoi-shed of the province, and tho other nortliward. Besides these, lidwever, there have been later ice-movements as evidenced by finer striie, whether from local glaciers controlled more by minor inequalitie.- ol the surface than the larger glaciers, indicating that ice may havf slid down the slopes more directly into the nearest deprestiioiis, or In icebergs impinging against tho coast area when the land stood at a lower level, is doubtful, although certain facts, in connection with th( stria' produced, favor the formei- conclusion. The evidence relating ti those later ice-movements, it may be stated, is found ehieHy on tin northern slope, where the line striie with a more northerly ((lursethai those of the chief ice masses occur. On the Cai-bonit'eious arei these markings of the later ire are not very distinct nor re;i;iilar; bir on the slates and crystalline rocks of the Baio des Chuieurs distiici they are well defined and numerous. They occur in many places oi the same roclvs as the older stria- and cross the doej) wide glacia grooves of the latter going down one side, across the boltoni ami w] Local itlaciers. toi the other side of those, the slope of the land hero lieiiig nortliwan towards tho Baic des Chaleurs basin. In a few cases they woreseei to run into each other, but, on the whole, arc regular and parallo over areas of many square miles, the direction being towards sodk point between north and northeast. The ico whieli produced them whether small glaciers moving northwanl or icebergs diiflcd again* the ascending surface of the land, evidently transported but little dril material. The great denuding and transporting agents were tlie piin cipal ice-masses which moved southeastward on the main southen slope, and northeastward on the northern slope. On the isthmus of Chignecto there appear to have been local glacior formed on the higher grounds, which crept down the valleys intoth tK«lHtR5.] (iLArr.vL piiENoMEVA OK NEW imtixswrciv. 33 (I a Glacial Phenomena e, are roy.'ul;ir ami larallol liny (.f Piindy, or rather into Shepotly Bay and (;iiml)erlaii(l Basin ; or utImm-n liavo paHKod over it during- tiio Quaternary (lopi-ossiion,gratin<'- the more prominent rid^'os. Very little tbreign drift, is met with here liDWCver. (See table of 8tria>, Nos. 103 to 11(1.) The tionei-al sequence of events in the reijion now constituting theticncral pmviiicc during its occupation with ice seems, theioforo, to have1)ecn ovKXrhiK snnicwliat as follows : — ^'■" -^ko- (1) The accumulation of a mass of ice on the surface of the country, from what causes will not here he discussed. (2) The movement of this ice from the higher interior region (in mhcr words, the shedding of this iee by the princijial wator-shed), tmvanls the coasts of the Bay of Fundy on the one hand, and the hydnigiaphical basin of the St. Lawrence, or the depressions nowoccu- pit'd l>y the bays and straits connected thei-ewith, on the other. This iiidvoiaont was accompanied by a great transportation of drift, or decayed iwk-material, which had been formed on the snrfiice previous 10 the Ice Age. River valleys were partly filled, and the rivers them- selves dammed up. Lake basins wei'e formed, not, so f;\r as the evi- dence goes, from erosion of the rocks by the grinding power of the ice, liut l>y (rt) the scooping out of loose materials from hollows in rock, \\ms forming rock basins, and (b) bj^ leaving depressions in the di'ift nccuining pre-existing valleys which afterwards caught the drainage Ht'tlu' areas surrounding them. (3) On the melting and breaking up of this ice-covering, either ing through ravines and gorges, and passing over the small tjor on the coast nearly at right angles thereto. This latter I'oat ii was, courne, the better cabled to perform from the momi'iiliiiu it nceiv from the minoi- watershed referi'ed to. 2. Although it has been generally suppowod that ice scored the wk surface of the rocks beneath it by the movement of the inok dibi which, partly frozen into it, formed its basal portion, yet tliereaieare whijiei| liyu H.\vH;tt itt'lonm. Aroii uitkituwn, luit apparoiilly limited. On Iho Nortli-Wost Miniiiiichi nt» tfrrnccs ul'imy ('<>MS('(|iit'nct'iiri'mpt with till we roach tho hoa»l of tho tide at the coiitlut'iuc nf ili,. [ji,ij. SiMith-WoHt. Oil k)th sidos of tho mouth of tho lattor siiinm cxlcn- hive toiiaoos ocour, that on tho i-i^'ht hoiii^ 75 to HO I'wt in lu'ii;hi alnivo tido lovol and covorin^ an meu of two H<|uaro niilex ormoip »ix or sovon niilos up, which tire of murli idinser materials. Aloii^ tho main North-Wost above Red Hank, as liir us Ciinplin Uland, terraces of oonsidorabio width occur on both sidos, 'I'lic liigliest on the left bank was found to bo 7.'> to SO feet above tiilc-k'vcl, and pndial'ly r>0 to tlO foot above the rivor at tho noarost point. Loweidiies intervene, one of which meiisurod (iri foot in hoii^ht above tidi'-level. The highest of thoHO teri'iices liavo probably been fonned wln'n the?e part> of tho river valley^ wei-o estuarie-i. witii the land ^0 In KHi ti'ot Ik'Iow its pre-eiit level, and the deposits are really marine oitstuaiim'. althouf^h deriving their materials from the rock ilehris aiimi' wlik has boon earritnl down by the rivers. Tho lM)uldeis are oi uraniie, irneiss. folsite. diorito, slate, etc., nil iM'lonfrintc to rocks of the intorior. On the main Soutb-West Miramichi. teriaces are not seen eilliei li we reach the head of the tide, or confluence of Ikonons IliVer. Aim that they skirt tho valley everywhere, but are nni Jiiirh. seldoni oxceetHn^ MO to to foot above tho level of tho river at tie' nearest jieiiit Sometimes three ai'o seen together, one risiiii,' above the other ol'tener only two. At Doaktown and the mouth of Taxi- liivor tin} attain a coiisideiable breadth, and when clearetl atlord excellent suil At the lattor place mounds or river-valloy kames occur. The Petitcodiac River has some low terraces tlankint; it wliieli un seen at boundary ('reek (where a ^ravel-ijit has been oiiened in "iifi and at .Salisbury and IVtitcodiac villai^es. Tho valley of tho Tobiiiue Hivor exhibits many beautiful tofiiuo>;i far up SIS the confluence of tho MauK.zekol and liight lliinil Kiainli One was seen immediately above the "Narrows" on the ri-lil iflnl at a height of 40 feet, and a second irregular one somewhat higli< These are lacustrine and have been formed when the iivtM' wa dammed back by drift and held in a lake. At tho foot of the Re. Ill ■.HHUIM- 1 INTERIOR (IB FRESH-WATER DEl'OslTfi. 37 ippo'- na^ill, mill cmsiMM.t s, :ma capiKM liyut'.'wfwi nitolivain I'xten- 1^' 75 to KO loot ill luMirht two Hi|iiur»« mill's (ir tndii' s composod cliii'lly (ifsjiml in. A lowor t(>rrace, ;!()to H>t, lie between it anil tlio nod, I ho surliues i>\' which ri'iu'os wci'o M'oii aldiiiitho wliioh iiro of much cdaiHT 1 Hank, as fiir as Cliaplin Hi l»olli siilos. Till' liii,'hi'«t foot abovo tiiic-k'vi'l, and iioarowt jjoint. Lowoione!* hoii^ht iil'ovo tidi'-ii'vel. >Iy boon fiirmcil wln'ii tho-e ith the hind SO to Kin iM • I'oully marine or I'stuariiR' L> rook (Irhris nhow- which 'ho l)ouido!-s are ol' irraniti.'. lit; to rooks iif the intori'ir. I'uooH aro not scon oitiioi' till e of lioiioiis li'ivor. Alovc but are lU'l hi;,di. sehlom lo rivor at the ncarosl jminl, rising aliovo tlic ethor, but iiouth of Taxi> IJivertlicy eai'cd atford oxci'lloiii Miil. kunios (lofiir. •aces thmkiii,!;- it which aiv lit has boon opened in one), i many beautiful torraocsa* ol and Right lluua branch. arrows " on the right hvk jTular one somewhat higher. ■mod wlion the river \v!i.< :o. At the foot of the Eed Hapi'ls thoro nro wldo intorvuloH on tho right bank, ODrnposed of tjnivel, ttl.icli havo a height abovo (ho Tobiquo of 20 to ;«) foot. At the inoiith „l the Wajwkohogun, low torraooH occur on both Bides, that on the li^dit I'oing ottlU'd " WupHko Hat." At Mliio Mountain bend ami tho iiwiith ol Jtiley Hrook, Mimilar low tornu;os nkirl the river; while ill the " forlcH," a tori-aoe, 5 to 8 foot higli and a mile hm^ o\- more, inns along tho loll bank, wliioh, at tho lower ond, is backed by anolhwr liHini: .'!•» to r»0 loot abovo tho i-ivor. On tho Little Tobiiiuo or Nictor liiaiieh a low narrow terraces aro soon at intorvals, tho heii,'hts ol whieh are JO to 40 loot, boooniing higher, howtivor, as wo aiiproueh Xictor Lake, ilio soiirco of tho rivor. Near tho mouth of Coilur Hrook, they aio ;')(» lo (!(» foot abovo tho stream, tho valloy being constrieted tliere. On Salmon Kivor, ait allliiont of tho St. John, a few miles above t he Salmon Rivm-. riiliii|Uo, notoworthy and pocuUar torracos occur at Uphum's mills, tiiive milos from its mouth, two of which aro short ones, rosembling aitiiieial ombankiiionts. None o.xcood u height of 40 tool abovo the «iieain. Uidgos of slat(5 rock were soon to underlie some of them. Ai the mouth of Mailawuska IJivor, a seiios of terraces oecuis y(^,,„^|„,j iiiouiid the site of Old Fort Hdmundston, tho two iiighest of which are it'xiiectivoly 155 to 70 fool and 85 to 5(0 foot abovo tho St. John, at the loiitliienco of tho two rivers. A drift-dam sooms to havo existed across the mouth of tho Madawaska Uivor in earl}' post-glacial times, form- ing a lake or luko-liko expansion abovo, which has been instrumental in carving out tho torrucos referred to. Tho St. John valley above this piiiiit hocomos constricted and, as stivtod in my proviou> report, a lake has pro! lably stretched from hereto tho (rrand Kails immediately at tluMJoso of tho Jco Ago and before the remodeling of the drift into terraces began. The latter lake must havo hold in a botly of water, ihu surface of which was 90 to 100 foot above tho present level of this part of tlio St. John. N'o terraces of any consequence wore seen along the Madawaska iiiver a.s lar as tho Quebec boundary, but oxtousive intervales indicate a lake bottom. Some of the narrow (erracos bordering the St. John valley between p„„uii„r,„n„j. 'iniiid Kails and Edmuiidston appear to have boon tbrmed by the[;,"r,;iJi','"'' material washed down from the slopes al)ovo them into the lake, which [!j!{,7;^','j„^,^ i" Mijipused to havo once occupied it, thus tbrniing a bank under the ^inl'aeo along its margin while it remained at its highest li'vel, the Mimmit of which wouhi be levelled oil by the action of the lake waters. Atmosiilioric UL'oncios of this kind alone seem to atford a i-easonable explanation of the origin of several terraces in this locality, as tliey are n"t near the- mouths of tributary streams, anil the river valley here is a mile or more wide. i] 38 (» o NEW BRUNSWICK. Conclusionn ros|ifefiiiK tin origin fit' tflTlU'C?. Rcifttion of A womowhat detailed investigation of river-ten-HroN in Now n,,,, torracos to tlio • i i ^i . .1 ,. . , , " "' .irainBgc. iin.i wjck, shows that thoso formations bear a dose i-olation to tlic dmin;! i'«'«" sun-oiindini; them, to the wizo and depth of the viilky. {\w Vdliir of the river, etc., along the hanks of whirh they are foiiml. Thohiii; rivers, especially when they flow throti.mo rapid, is a charitcteristic fetilure ; tind (4), their heights, relative the rivers, are greater where the valleys are narrowest atui dcrinM.ai lowest where tlie>e are wiervcd p nomena.* It is to be understood, however, thiit the above e.xplaiiutinu i- inteniled to exclude the sup))osed existence of icc-barricr.s ilainmiiii: river-valleys at certain places during the glitcial epoch, wliiili nli will serve to ac-count for the origin of a few of the terraces. Ero.-ii'ii. Ict'lMrrii-r^. Ill • See report of Dr. A. K C Solwyii, Hi'port »( I'rogrfxg 1S71-72, i< i>. nl .'>ii: uIm' Hr >' nnws.iti, In Koport for 1S77-7S, pp 145-1;^ H , lor l/ic-ts niul iiifiTcnw!' rolatinttto icrrwo- liriti^^li Coiumldu. CHAlMtBS. INTERIOR OR KRESH-WATER DEPOSITS. :{J) ci Ihift-danis seom to have exiHtedat various points along the valley ofuriitanms. tlie St. John about the close of the Ice Age, maintaining the river at an elevation equal to that of the highest terraces refci-red to. Hvi- (ienco of ono having occupied the valley immediately above the mouth of the Aroostook, was observed, and others appear to have existed lietwccn that and (Irand Falls, where the terraces are developed on a mairiiiticent scale. The whole St. John valley, indeed, from Woodstock to St. Francis, has been occupied with drift obstructions a( the period monlioned. Tlio former existence of lakes, or lake-like expansions of rivei's, i^ike eximn- (notal)ly along the St. John,) is evidenced, as stated above, hy terraces rivers, and other phenomena, and the lai-go lake, which is supposed to have lieoii hold in between (Irand Falls and the mouth of the Madawaska by till' (liitt-dam at the former point, prevented the erosion of the origiiitd (liit't beds ill this ])art of the valley to as great an extent as clsewlieie. TIk' clay beds and intermingled materials are less oxidized, and whoriner covered by sand or gravel, have generally a bluish tint. Tliis color may be partly duo to their calcai-eous nature, as they are hu'gcly dei'ived from the Silurian slates of the district ; but it is also pi'dbaiile l.hat at the time of their original deposition they were exclu- ded from the atmosphere, and, lying almost undisturbed since, have I'otiiiiK'd the colors they then had. The whole appearance of tlic (k'|)0-its in question is indicative of their lacustrine character. The materials comnosin"; ihc beds occupvin"' rivcr-vallovs and lake-Cliiinu'ten.i ' ■ I » .-■ . m.iterials in bibins were described in my report of l.S82-8H-Si. and shown to bo, H'''''''<'''^;""^ '' ' ' river viilieyy. ! erally speaking, (1), loam on top, (2), sand and gravel, and (l^),chiy w.Ji pfoliably till in the bottom. One or other of thcNO divisions, is hiiwover, often absent. On the higher grounds, where the land is ilry, the surface deposits usually consist of (1), stratified sand or gravel of varied texture, with K'liticiilar sheets of stratified clay beneath. and ncnerallv till in the lK)ttoin. Ir> the hollows on this surface there on higher aiviiticM thin clayey (tr loiimy sheets, winch have been (le|iositoil as the wash from the surrounding slopes. The sand, gravel and till alniii-i always contain boulders of the undeidying or subjacent rock. The thickness of these beds varies from a few inches to 10 or -0 foci Of even more, but often ono or the othei- of the series is wanting. • ioiicfaily speaking, the thicknes.«< de|)eiids upon the nature of the underlying rock, whether hard or soft. The deposits overlying the Siluiian and ('arboniforous areas constitute a deep soil, while over llio I'rc Silurian it is thin and gravelly. In the lower parts of the uplands, which are often wet and ''''"' J„',';|™i',If/u"f Mvanijis ("swales," or "caribo\i plains"), the series is (1) a stratum ofui'i:Hi.i>'. decayed vegetable, or peaty matter frotn a few inches to scvoial foot in 40 n oulders. and somolimos till in the lioHuni, i;vn(iall\ f'losoly ]iack'oii. As on tlio drior ^rounils, the thickiios ol liio deposit in tlio swaniits varies, hul is ustuillyi'oiisi7 and the inateiials oecuj)yiniz; the higher levels, thai tlioy consist largely of sand, gravel, etc., derived from the till. In the shiliin^^]):,!. cesK wiiich large portions of the roek dibris umlerwent diuinu ilu glacial epoch, tlie elevations wouhl naturally hecom(> denuded and greater «)uantities deposited in thevailevs. This valley diil't. \vli»n tiic ice liogan to retreat, would he arranged into iiKiraiiii's ; kames l»y the smaller local glaciers whidi wouM hang ahimt lii, watei'-sheds and elevated portions of the country, and ly watois flowing tln'retVum; jnul in the river valley.s aiul lake ha-ins the woit of erosion and remotlelling into stratitied heds would he carried un and the j)rocess of re-excavating th(> drift-tilled river-cliaiiiKd- nun- nience. On the higlier levels, many lakes and ponds would ci(rii|iy the hollows, and ))oitions of the drift would tliercby be rcinndolled. MiM of these have sini'e hecoine dry hy drainage, evaporation, oli'. Ovor I'n.biiii.' mi..lo ;ill the higher grounds, however, tliere is almost invarialdv a stniiiiifil on iiiiriiur deiMisit of saiul and gravel to he found restini' on the iid ot' i;i'eater levels'. ' . or less thickne-^s, which must have been formed from its moditi- «alion by atmosplieric agencies, as, for example, by thaws every •<|)iiiii: loosening the materials and moving them down to a lower level; bv rains^-asbing dome sub-aerial ageiu'ies of the kind inetiiiniiod M 2. — LkII.V ('l..\V AN1» Saxicav.v S.\M). l/,oaiiti('....f -pj ,|,.,„,sits (da.ssed under thi> head, which u>ii:div ( "iilaii lA-iUi eliiy iin Chaleurs basin, the two (I.eda (day an[■ llK'(lt'pi)sit., tiblo, (jioliil iK'iiiMC'videmlv .^s or uplaiuU. < oxplaiiUMl Miicicr a toning I'kcil, as iVLrai'ils tlio nilkjj- lor levels, llial they cousin, lie till. Ill tlir siiiliin^rp,.,,. >ris mulorwiMit ilurin;; iho •ally beroiiic (ioiiinkMl and i. This valley -lirifi. when iiigoil into moraines ami h would iiani;- alidiit iho coiiiitrv. ami \ locally, all ind laeiistrine ai tinn. iiiiiM L'ies of the kind meiitioiied. CAVA Sand. I, whicdi ii-iiaily CMHtaiii II, to the coaslai area airl e most ])art ilie Leila day ireadtb, and is md >pieait •rcil to. but apjiear- lu'ttor nil elsewher*'. in the Bale ,nd Saxieava saiei ^ "CiMir II i^lcaieST. thickness of |toi,'otliei' in patches all annmd its southern border and up the Eesti- Luc'lie valley as far aa the mouth of tbe Upsabiuitch usually in |ivi;u!ar position, that is, the sand overlying the clay, Thei jihickness, as seen together to the wcstof Bathurst harbor, is Ledaclay, '''"^^'^^f''''"''** |;-)f('e(. Saxieava sand, 50 to GO feet ; but in the Restigouehe estuary at ^"^•'-T^'""'"- jOak and r>attcry Points, the Saxieava sand alone is seen to be 1.50 feet [tliick. On the banks of tbe Tete-a-gauehe iJiver; the elay is tbuud as lijfh as !I0 above sea level, while in St. Ann settlement the Saxi- Icava. nr overlying sand, reaches an elevation of 150 to ITo teet. [Tiiis is tbe greatest height of these beds in the Baie des Chaleurs dis- lliict, so far as observed. In tho Bay of Fundy regi(m ihey jirosent Limilar features and charaeteristies, but penetrate the interior along the Irivoi's farther, and are nowhere found at greatei- elevations above sea .level than 200 feet. The total vertieal thickness of the seiies in h'l'W Brunswick must exceed the above estimate considerably, however, |.a> everywhere along the coast it deseends beneath the sea. and some of the rielu'sl ttissiliferous beds pertaiiiingto the Leda clay arc founil below |hi;'li-iide level, as at Cbarlo and Jac(|uet Rivers at the Baie des Chaleurs, liHRl Sand ("ovo on the Bay of Fundy coast. In regard to the materials constituting these deposits, they seem to be source of the I'dei'ived partly from the denudation of the coast area by the sea, but "i^g^fjjep °g\tg_ Idiiotly from the detritus of the numerous rivers and brooks debouching linttitlie liays and straits along the coast, the thickest accumulation beini!; found at tlio mouths of rivers and along e-tuaries. And the nature Inl'tlie I'otdc or drift-beds, whence tbe materials were derived, seems to have lieen influential in determining the cliaracterof thcLeda clay and LSaxieava sand. For examiilo, in the Baie des Chaleurs basin, where eal-'r'>eir'"i'<|t'*'n, I ' to tno rooks ol (lueoas rocks prevail, they have furnished coiisideralile epiantities of the country. material suitable tor elay, and hence the Leda (day is well developed [there, aiitl from its calcareous nature is prolilic in well preserved f|^^ils. In the Bay of Fundy region on the othei' hand, there is a niix- [ture of calcareous and other sediments, and hence it is only in certain localiiies that we lind clay beds and fo.ssils. Along the coast of tbe [(viitral Cai'boniforous area, the l)eds, being chiefly derived from the ICarlxinilerous sandstones, are largely comiiosed of sand, hence Ibssils aro rarely, if at all, detected. It is thus apparent that the materials 'il til I'll tl lese clavs and sands are lariTclv derived from the I'ock drhris icii- own immediate neighborhood. Where tliey overlie kame l'll'llo^il^. they are invariably packed with boulders from them. At the niondi- ot' rivers running through a lime.-tone district, blue calcareous (lay prevails, while redtlisb clay is invariably met with in districts in bvliidired Lower ('arl)oniferous rocks occur. In the middle Carl.on- i'l'iiiv district the clay is generally grey in color. 42 a <{ NEW BRUNSWICK. Lr>il- iflTciUC. \ ■ No separation of the Loda day into upper and lower 'li\ iM.ms seen possible, but in some plaees the upper portion is yellow or Imiwui. from oxidation hy poirolation of surface waters smd other aliiKispliei causes. Tlie lower portion imlieates deposition in nioilciaiilv ilcc],. tjiiiet waters. There wotdd seetn, however, to have luti; a i;i!iilu shoalinj; during the de]>osition of the T^eda elay. the iipiicr ]iart oti( bearing traces of haviiij; been formed in shallow -i'm>, lairoon- m i'stuaries, the material beinir coarser and boulders not iiiuonmKiM T| fossils are largely cotifined to lenticular, muddy sti-atii in the u|,|i portion of the Leiia tday. The Saxicavii sand is wholl^y a shallow watei- dcjio^ii, and iKiitai gravel ami small bouMers doriveil from pre-existing djitt il(']Misits. in like the Leda clay partakes of the character and cvi-ii color of tl III the somewhat extensive terraces of Saxicjiva sand, near l!aiiiiii the ]telibles consist chiefly of granite, tidsite and -late. Tlic iiiatcvi; apj>ear to be such as were carrieil and seldom contains i'os>il-. Mr. (!. F, Mattli' states (Keport of Progress. 1S77-TS) thai Mija an wirni and Maojn I'usrd occur in it on the coast of the Bay of Fumly. In ilic Haic d Cbaleiirs sand, fossils were ti»iind only in one plac<'. viz.. at licnjam River, and at about its contact with the underlying i lay. tin' >]i(-'fi met with being MiltHus rdulis.yar.t'l'ijait.^ of Sir \V. l>awsoiis li>t. T Leda clay abounds in fossils liore. which are found |>riniliteroiiv Thosclatt are often im])regnaled with iron or other matter dc>irinii\f to 4iel to which cause they may partly owe their untossiliferon> mnditiiMi. The following shells were collectetl in 18S4, from lli',- Leda olay tiic Haie des riialeiirs basin : — LISTOFPOST-TKKTIAKV FoS.SIL8.('0LLK(Ti;i) IN 1-M. I'H( Till-: LKDA CLAY <)|- TllK SOl'TII SIDK ol HIH BA DES ClIALKUJ{S.i= CKr8T.\CEA. I. lialanus rrcnatus, Brug. River Charlo. Beaver P'in!. .bicqi River. Tete-a-gaucdie River. Very common. '2. Jfotmirus Amerirams, Ivlw. (("law of.) In railway eiiiiin;,Mii iieaver Point. • Vi.ic Rf|>«irl 1)1' fr'tfress. 1R77-78, for Report on the Su|)fifuial lU-olosy "I' .•'"iitln'rii . IJniiiKwieU, liy «i. !•'. .Mattliuw, .M. A.. contaiiiitiK a list of l'o8t-Tcrli«ry lo.-sil.-, ;i i,umlnr..l ff licloiiK to till" lUif (Its Cliali-urs Iwi-in. C»»iH(U.J '1-an.l l"'W.T.IiviM„nsse,.„i, »i-tion is yHI-.w or |„.„wi,i.b ators!,n(l..tli,.,. atmosphen, 'ition ill iii.Mlrratrly,!,.,.,,,,,,! or, to luu-.. I,..,.,; a ^vmln^ ••lay. il„. ,ip,„., |,a,t „,•,,„ I shallow M.jis, Jairoons :„i.l )ul(U'rs ii.it iiiKMinnx.M. TliJ muddy strata in i|„. ,11,,,.,. Wilier dc|M)>ii, ;,ii,l coiiiainJ '-exist inn- ,lj-ii, (lr|HKiis.aiidI T and even cnU,y ,,f fli,.v. xifava - ce. <)s>ils. Mr. (i. \.\ :\[;,„|„« Ml/a anmn-iii uud .)/,/,■„„„( f Fuiidy. In ih,. Hai,. ,|e. one iiiacf. viz.. ;it Henjnmin iiiderlyiiiii- day. ilic >|,e(itN d'Sir \V. !)M\v«.ris list. The are found jprincipaily in ilie is foriniiii;- tlir luw.'i' |MiiiiMii ' uiitosNilit'erous. Those latter matter iie>triirti\,. 10 dielk uiitl)ssilif(i'roiis iiiiiditioii. *.S4, from ill.- Lcda .-lav 4 )LI.KCTKI) l\ l-i. Flid.M Til .SIi»K OF TJIK BAN-: rio. Ik'avcr l''iiiii. .lacfie' r e.inimoii. ) In railuav ri|itin\:. near riii|)i'ifu'i;il (ifiiiipgy 1. 1' .s.iiitluTM \'» Mt-TiTliary lo.-sil.-, ;i iihiuIkt "f "'i:''. LIST OK P08T-TERTIAUY FOSSILS, ETC MOLLUSCA. •li> (i Lamellibran chia ta . 3. LeJa minuta, Fabr. River Cliurlo, iicaver Point, liaro. 4. i/. /.er/iw/a, Miiller, •• '• Abundant. 5. Mya annnria, Linn. " " Common. <;. M. truncata, Linn. " '« " 7. M. truncata, Linn., var. TJdev aliens! s. Hiver Charlo, Beaver Point, Common. 8. Mi/tilus edulis. Linn, iienjamin lliver. 9. XiicuUi tenuis, Montagu. i{iver Charlo. Rather scarce. 10. Saxicava rugosa, Lam, River Cliarlo, Beaver Point. Very com- mon. Tliis and Balanus crenatus aie the two most abundai?n sjieeies. 11. Maoma calcarea, Chemnitz, liiver Charlo, Heaver Point. Com- mon. VI. M. fritf/itis, Fabi'. = j1/. Gra-nlandica, I?eek. Last two localities. 1:;. Volilia arctica, Sars = Portlandia (jtacialis, Ciray = Leila truncata, Brown. Last two localities and Jac([iiet liiver. Rare, except at latter place. Gasteropoda. U. li'ierinum iind<(tiin>,L'\iM\. River Charlo. N.)t common. 15. Xipfunca despecta, Linn., var. t'lrnata. River Charlo. Rare. l(j. Manjarita striata, Hrod. and Sowb. •' Veiy rate. 17. Xatica clausa, IJrod. and Sowb. " Not common. h. Serripes Gre from shallower waters into !j;reater depths and cicr cirsn. The assomhlai^e of shells in the foregoing list, aloiii,' wilii tlios recorded by Mr. (x. F. .Matthew from tho same roi^ion, indicate ihat th climale of the Jiaio des Chaleurs district was |)rol»ably sul>arftic character at this static of the Quaternary epoch, as similar spciit inhabit the seas on the coasts of Labrador and the south of (Jroenlai at the ])rosent day. Neverthele>s, its waters must have formed favourite retreat for marine life, for tho shells are not only abuniian but remarkably strong and well developed. Tlic shells of the Hay of Fumly Leda <"lay show some uinoliiiration o climate there from that whit h obtained in the (iulf of St. Lawivnit;, a shown by Mr. Matthew, so that the existing goograpbical barrier influenced the character of tho shallow-watiu- marine laiina then a tlicy do now. Only a few of the species found in the Leila e|ay otXev Hrunswick now iidial)it the seas along its coast. -■• The Leda clay and Saxicava sand often form ten-ace--. u-iia!ly twoo three togotber. o.xamplos of which may be seen near Hatliurst. a Charlo Jiiver and along the liestigoucbe. also at the contliieiKc of th Norlh-Wost and South-West Miramichi Rivers, as well a>;U many iplaco on the coast of the Hay of Fundy. described by Mr. .Matthew. Sections of the deposits under consuloration were made ai ilieundt'i mentioned localities. The series is in each case descendim;-. At Campbell- ton. 1. AlCampbelllon, Rentigouche county, near mouth of .\lill-tream: 1. Loamy and sandy material, in places elianjiinp to gravel . j to In 2. (mwish-brown, uxidizod, tounb ealearcous eiay, lioldin:: fianint^Us of marine .siu'lls (.1/;/" luul Mucomit), 1 te 5 :;. Hlui.«li-}.'rey, tough calcanjons day, with fiannmntary sliell> of liulttur„liil ; .\No ii I'.U'cr b.v lU- writer, H AiilunHi«t, Vol. X. .No. 4. (MlLUEN'^.] LIST OF POST- TERTIARY FOSSILS, ETC, 45 (1 These bods hero form u terrace 15 to 25 feet ahovo tiile level in tlie IJiestigoucho estuary. 2, Another section of the stratified bods was measured in tlio Resii- At mouth of lirouclu' valley, at the Intercolonial Kailway bridge, near the mouth ,jf •^''-''"'""'"'• thcMotai)C(lia, The course of the Rosti feet high ; 5t> paces wide. Gravel. '). 'I'erraco, 45 feet high; 10 paces wide. The same as the last, with boulders. ti. 'IVrraco, 5.'> feet high ; 10 paces wide. Tiie same. Behind these, a mound rises 175 feet high, apparently composed of till. It is ii regular In outline, and occupies a position opposite a gap in the hills behind, through wliich a small stream flows. These hills rise 400 to 500 feet above tiie river. ;j. Behind the Metapedia Salmon Club iiouse. at the eontluence of Behind ilio Metapedm and Itestigouclie itivors, an intcroting series ot l)eds(;iul) House, oituis. whicli appears to be partly maiinc and partly fluvial ilc. It foi'ins a terrace 160 paces long and 35 wide: height above I he llesti- !.'oiRhe l?ivor, at the railway bridge mentioned, TO feet, above tide level SS feet. The following is the succession in descending order: — i'i;i:t. lear mouth of Mill-tivam:- 1. Vine, friable, yellow or brown earth 1 to 2. Dark grey sandy loam 3 t( i ;>. Gravel, with numerous water-worn jicibbles, ahnnst wholly of calcareous slate, from one to six ineiu^s in diameter 1-' to I- Sandy loam, beenming olayej' in bottom ■"> to .'). Dark grey clay, in places bhiisli, holding marine fossils, I.e., Ml/a and Mncomn ; depth unknown. In cutting b'"' til 15 ,s 20 49 t. liiiwriMioc valley: Mr. .Matthew on '.- A\!>u ii ear.er lis llu' "'ritiT, I'm- The above measurements are only approximately correct, the fiice of till' Kvlion being denuded. Xos. 4 and 5 are marine, but Nos. 1, '2 and H are probably t1"\-i'dilo,{;«P.';;''f,^,'^^^^^^^^^^ at least 1 and 2 are closely similar to loams overlying terraces idong '""rine. livers in the interior, while No. 3 is perhaps the transition deposit. : I t Xowe.istlc 40 <> a NEW BRINSWICK. X... 4liJi. diainetor,i another of trap, ono foot in dinniolor, were soon. 4. At a hriek-yard on tho hank of the Miraniieiii iJivor.Jiisi ab, >.'e\veastk\ tho followiny; Hootioii was moasurod. 1. Sand, witl) ('(.arao hiyers towards tlie top, and lonticiilai sf ratification in some jihuos 2. Keddisli-lirown clay, tlienanie a.s No. 3, but oxidized. ... :5. I>ark K"\v, llnely-stratitied, areiiamiii.s clay, with carhoii- aceon.s matter. Tiiickness unknown, height al)ov(^ title level in river I'Diri. ixcn ."Sections in Hitv ,,r Fiiii(t\ rcffinn. AIluviura^ Koniiiilioii* iirounil iniiiviti of luki')^. Intcrvalci-. These deposits extend alon.tr tlio bank of the Miraniitlii oppos ]{eaubair's Island iialf a mile or more, with a width of a (piiiitoio milo, and appear to have been laid down in an eddy or eovo while I land stood at a lower level. Mr. Matthew has given sections of the Loda clay and Saxicava s;\ in the Jky of Fundy. in the report cited (Hopoi-t of I'l'ouro:^-^, 1^77-7' irom which further information can be obtained. M 3. Alluviums, ou Recent Deposits. Fresh-water Beds. Those include all the tluviatile and lacustrine , muIi marshes, peat bogs or caribou ])laiiis, marl-beds, liver-flats (int vales), etc. Around tho margins of the lakes, small areas of maishy uijuiiii occur, formed ot sediments washed down from the sui iduiiiiin;: -In mingleil with vegetable matter, such as remains ot mosses ainl oi ceous jilants whi(di have grown and died in situ. The->e are infieasiiiii breadth from the causes mentioned, but their extent is, on the wl inconsiderable. Some lakelets are bordered with a ridge I'l gnivul sand resembling a kamo, which appears to have been formed expansion or movement of tho ice which gathers on tlioir siirta every winter against the shores. Phenomena of this kind can liest at Lake Elsie, Kent county ; Spruce Lake, St. John county, I'tc, in certain places along river banks. Extensive intervales, certain portions of which are callcil niais extend along the St. John and other rivers. Some ot' tlie.se w described in detail in my former report. Below Fredcricton, ra especially in Sunbury and Queen's counties, they tbrm wide tia .;miMERf.] ALLUVIUMS, OR HKCENT DEPOSITS. Iii'cn orodoil jiri'vious to the I' siirfiicc of tlic leiTaco, or 111 roc foot in iliiunetei', and I fCOIl. kliramii-lii ijivor, just above uiod. and lontifiilar i'i;i-rr. \snm^ 47 Iffliii'li an- ovei-flowod ovoiy sprins?, and comprise some of tlio ricliest limds ill ihe country. Siiniliii- intoivulos are Ibiind along all the livors jon'U|iying a fjjrcator or loss brcadtli. IVat hogs aro mt'l with in all piwt.s of tho province, and arc of vari(.usp,,„ „oga ,i/,c> iVom a more patch up to areas of many sc^naro mile.', in extent. A lew of those may be enumerated, viz : — 1. .\1 Bollodune, (ilouoestor county, one lialf a mile lon}.',au(13f)0to400 paces wide occurs. Underlain at the do])tli of 2 to 4 feet l)y sliell marl, lloifiht of the surface of the iHiat abne sea level, .'> to 10 feet. 2. .\i River Charlo another occurs; lenirth, li to 2 miles along the coast : width '.,. to 1 mile. :',. .\ iK3ut lK)g crosses the Intercolonial railway ahout three miUis south of Woldford station; widtli aUmt a ([uarter of a mile; length unknown. 4. At ahout a mile or a mile and a half south of f'anaan station. Intercolonial railway, a peat boji a quarter of a mile wide crosses it, and .some distance further soutli, another, iialf a mile wide. These two are merely portions of one boj;, and seem to unite a short distance east of the railway. '). About three miles north of Berry's Mills station, another is crossed by the railway track, which is a (|uarter of a mile wide or less. li. .\ .small peat bo^' occurs at Kent Junction, Intercolonial railway, and several others along the Kent Northern railway. One, about two nules or more in diameter, is seen six to seven miles above Kingston village, Kent eounty. 7. A i)eat bog, a nuarter of a ndle wide, crosses the Intercolonial railway just north of Bartibogue Station, and four to five mika further north another was seen of about a mile in width. The.se two, I am informed, join to the west, and form an extensive "caribou plain." b. Near Point Escuminac, Northumberland county, a peat bog several miles in length is met with, referred to by Mr. Ells in one of his reports. It is saiil to be ;50 feet deep. '.'. I'cat occurs on ShipiKJgan and Miscou Islands, but the deposits were not visited. 111. In the south of the |)rovinee they are numerous, — a peatbog is crossed by the New Brunswick railway, about halfway between McAdam and Watt Junction, along the deati waters of the upi)er Digdeguasli River. Hillocks of till and gravel occur here and there in it. This is also called a " caribou plain," or "cranberry barren." Peat bogs are common in the valleys among the crystalline rocks of tlie southern counties, but they are usually of limited extent. 11. I'eaty bogs or marshes occur along the thoroughfares l>etween the two Magaguadavic Lakes, also between Grand and North Lakes, and along the head of Eel River, York County. 12. Behind some sand hills in Lincoln, Sunbury county, peat bogs lie. Their area is small. 48 o (1 NEW BRUNSWICK. l:!. A |Kial Imv, h iiiili> Idiijr.aiitl a t|uart«r t<> hall'u milit wide, li,. sou iln, \ l)nincli of I'.irtiipi Urook, an iidlinMit of tlio Nt>pi.si;:iiii liivor. (i oral diiXH-tidH. N,K. and S.W.; lici^lit ubovo sea level, MK(fi.,!t, ' ilepnvs.sidii (Mciipied by it oiico foriinMl n lake-liasiii. U. At tlu( liciici .)(■ tlie Kfswiek and Nackawicac iJivcirs tlieriinv |H.;it |„ One, livour.six miles cii.st <.(' Millvillo, is lialf a inijc ,,r iimri. dianiet( r, ami Hhaky wlien walk«'*ka Hiver, live to .seven mile.s rnmiils imjutl: "cr berry barrens" ocenr in the valley. Tlu^ jntnty matter is u a few in<"hes deep, ami is nnderlaid by a elayey hanlpnii. 17. I'eat also (MTurs at Lawlor's Luke, St. John eonnly, ninleilaiij witli m as ile8erilM>d bv Mr. Matthew. Pent bom on COMt. Area nml cliiiractcr nf iiitiTviilr!' or river (liim. In many piaci'8 uion^ (lie eoiist of tlio Bay ul' Fiii.ly ;imi1 llnjo ('Imleufs, |)eat bo|i. Hnbsidenee of the region «inee the period of tlioir gi-owth.-!^ Iiitei'vales arconipany every river in Xew Hiiuiswick with irri'iitcr less jjreadlli. and comprise thousands of acres of the verv iiest Ian They are generally compusod of varia[»le I hicUness, and are uvertlowiil evoiv mjin The freshets depo>ii a thin stratum of silt uj»on them, wliirh, iiy yoa iiK i-einent>. iia> given them their present thickness, and tlieif h'01ii> reason to doubt thai these intervales have been wholly Iniiueii in i way, that i>, tVoin tin; sediments of spring freshets. Thev otuiian a thickness of 5 to 10 feet, and are usually unstratitied . ihey roiisi-i very tii\e sand and clayey matter which wt're hcM in -ii-pen>ioii liy I'rolpiible niiMlc^^''"*-''"^' ''" reaching a quiet place they were dropped. The uiislralil """'"■ character nitiy be partly owing to the fact thai each layer oi silt, a; became dried after tlie recession of the freshets, was liable tn Ui tuil)e, t'tc.ch.ira.-terof iTlic sill iiiarsiicrt ocr-upy a hir^'c area on the Bay of Kundy coast, in(»re '"""'"' ^'"'*' je>|u'C'ially in Wcstmoroland and Albert counties. The matoi-ial cora- jposiiii;tlictn is hir^'cly derived from the wasteof tlio llp|)er and Middle (iirlMPiulcrouH rocks ot' this ])artof the province, and is a reddish-brown jniinl. ill some j)laccs varying' to .i,'rey, which is well describetl in Daw- jiinn's AiviiUan (ieolxiy. In otiier localities it changes to a loam. Along J;1k' iiiiici' margin, near tlic drier grounds, tiie loam or clay is often (ivcicd with a peaty deposit, water-soaked n great part of the year. iTwiir.s, -ticks, logs and other matter are somelimcH (bund bui-ied up. The level of these marshes is about e(pjal to that of the highest tides of ji^.i^,,, ,„„, the lljiy of Fund}', and their area in Shopody Bay and Cumbei-land "''''"• li;ii thy examples occur at Hathurst, Uclleduno, Heron Island and loilar places. These ilunes appear to have been foi'med by annual oi* |pi'iii»lie;il increments of sand and pebbles thrown up by the waves. I^tu.iiine flats are in process of tbrmation at the mouths of many ofE^tuarine flat? Itlii' |iiiiiei])al rivers, which are usually laid bare at ebb-tides and covered Iwith ocl-gi-ass (Zostera marina), ditch-grass (Jiupjiia maritima), etc. In |i1k' upper part of the Kcstigouche estuary a basin five to six miles long Itiiil uvd to three wide exists, which is tilled, chiefly with sand, up to Ithe level of low tides. An extensive flat stretches from here to the *iiiii end of the estuary at Dalhousie, the material becoming finer i i 50 II (I NKW HUirNHWICK. It«liilii>ii III ■(mith woiihl i»x»>mpii(y Hit' fitrnrntion of tiio niaiiiuP,, Toiliury l>t>i ln'tweeiitl imcoiiMilidalod inateriaiN and the strata iiiinujul>!ierial cro-ion ; (L') the siiliHei|iient shiflin;; and urimiiiiir i1m« ot poriioiis of these materials, and the ahrasion of llio rofl<-Mirtai heiicath lliioiii^'li the iiLCeiicy of glaciers and icelie !•;,'■<; .'unl I'lil re arrangement of the uppermost portion of these material- iiy ihoai'tji ot' water, either tliivialile, lacustrine or murine, through wliirh tin have heeii rea,ssorIed ;ind stratilied into clay, sand, or ijravcl IhiIn, et The dejMisits constitiiliii<.( the soils and s' nils of llie |iiMviiii'i'a! mainly divisihie into two (Masses — (1) the hicli ivs( upnn anil 11 almost wholly derived I'rom the underlyini; . thjacent loik- ami : iliose which consist, to u considorahle extent, of traiis]iiiiio'l iiiiiiori;i and have merely a partial relation to the rocks imimiiiaiely ht'iuai The tirst may he titiind upon the siirtace of the ixreai Siltuiaii pla whiih extends t'rom ihotJaspe peninsula across the iiuriherM |iiiri N'ew Hrunswick into the Now Kn^land States. They aU" ncciiiiip tln' central Carboniferous area, Init in the case of the hiiiii' ili-im is found that t hone of local ori;j;in are inlerminu'led with a oiMiaiii portion ol" foreij^n material derived chietly from the I'rcCarlionitiv hand to the northwest. I».-i.oiiiliraii iiiifSiluriio, _^^,^ inf^roly made up of the di'hn's of the calcareous slaie- wlii.li eover and to whitdi the soil, in a larijje decree, owes its fcrlilily. Tin -lates are traversal, howevi'r, hy numerous dykes of leUiie. dult'r and other eruptive rocks, the lUhriSiyi' which has heeii intt'iinixciiw these calcareous iiiateriHls. The Huporticial deposits manilin;: ilii'"" of country are often deep, more especially in the interior, ami whilf some places tolerably hoo from l)oulders, in other- tlieiv is ;i 1:" admixture of them derived chiefly from the intrusive rock- meiiiitm .Siiilfi lit .N<'« Itriiii.-wlok •Nitt'il in llifc.,vcsl)(M'(ieini. I »lH>(i(|,Ml. A stll,|y „t't|i,J, •million nf Il,r lM(||ili(Pn,t. ^I'RKACK DkI'ii-ITS. il coin positi. Ill u|'i|„.|'nik«„i luoiicc upon lliiM haracii'iMf •••:iKriciilliiral caiiahili. ..(1 to i'xi>i IciwotMithr mijtliiit»'ly iinilcilyiiii; iIumii; liit'li I slmll |iri'si'iitly ivur lulo to hIioW 1|ii\V tllO-X' IdiM" it tllfV WOl'c lil-uUllred liya lilted ;is t()lln\\'>;— (1 I 'I'll,, iii'tiicc ol" llu'cuiiiiifv |■|,i,.tlv «llit'liM:J; uikI ,i,'nii(liiii;,|u\vii iliruMicin of tlic rock-siniiiif anil i('el)i"i'i,'s; and (.'!) ihc these niatorialsliy llioarti'in ufine. tlii'niii:li wliidi linv ly, sand, ov i^cavel IhmU. (.ii. H' toils of the pi'oviiiiT ;iri' 'lieh I'est tipnu aii'l ;nv .. 'ilijaeeni njck- aii int. of transporti''! maiorials rocks iinnieiiiaifiN lu'iicath. of the i,'reai Siiiiiaaii ]ihiin [icross the Murilu'Mi pari "f itew. Tiiey al-" nrnir iipiiii (•a»o of tiie laiifi' di^lrii'! il i'niini,'le(l with a coi'tain I'i'"- ■ from the Pjv-('arl) loposits iinilcr ( Miisidcraiiuii ah'areons >laii'- wliirli lh^'y | ■oc, owes its fiTlility. The^e us dykes of leUiie. (lolerite ch lias l)Oon inti'i mixtMiwiili 1 (ieposits niaiillinii-tlii^tnii'i in the interioi', ami uliilcin , in other.•^ tlioiv is ;i li"'!?'' le intrusive unk- Miciiiiniii^i. I ,,.,..- I 1,00(1 feel), exeepi alnn-the j immediate coast ..f the Buio ve. The general surlace of this re^'ion is low and flat, risjnj.' iieiiliy from the coast to a hei^dil of 400 to OdO teet. The rivers have (111 dicp trenches or channel-ways throu^'h it, ami usually their banks have -enlly rounde.iiithward to that of another. To such an extent has this trans- poitaiion of materials prevailed that it is only on the hills and ridges that the loose materials bear any direct relation to the nxdvs beneath. Tluie has, therefore, been a greater intermingling of the materials leliPiiiiing to the different geological formations of this district, tliOHe i ot' fa( h belt overlapping, as it were, the adjoining rocks to the , south, itltlidiigh in a very irregular manner. It is also observed that the [quantity of material derived from each rock-formation in this, as well as ill (ither parts of the province, is directly in proportion to the yield- jin}.' nature of each kind of rock to the sub-aerial and other oiusive iiitliiiiiees to which it has been subjected, and that C(mse<|nently those I whieli were more easily decomposed have furnished the largest i[uanti- |tio8 ot sui'face materials and rice verm. The Carboniferous sandstones and shales, as well as the slates ol' the Silurian series, have .siitlored ■tail ii ttdi wUtbi !<<■ (P "^|i?e^; ^l^*^^^""^'- mm *i <■,'■■ 54 G o NEW BRUNSWICK. Trees on en'*- talline belt. Soil on Lower Carbonifertiii,*, is gLMUM-ally Hat and tho soil iiHiially slony and liable tiorii itsc nature to 1)6 wet in rainy soiwonw ; novertheless. (•t>i-tiiiii inuts, once oi Oil rod and brought under oultivation, form perlia])i> tlu>stn and best soil in tho country foi- hay and oereals. It is |iossilili', sii as some ol" these tracts are near tlie southwestern limit ol liio Silurian plain just described, that portions of tho calcarcdib ma from the latter may have been transporte was ascertained, but it i-annot be denied that, while the region isof ii hii fertile (;haracter, its remoteness and inaccessibility militate aijains successful settlement. Poi-tions. however, are tiat an, I iiii|ierli drained, the rosutt of the existence of a clayey hard-pan I'ormiiig sub-soil. Only where the land has sufficient slope to drain it well really good tarms available, and in localities charactcri/.eii hy m sui of this kind there are some thriving settlements. The bands of these rocks, stretching along the sonthwestern lii the middle Carboniferous basin in York, Sunbury, Kinii^ and Al counties, comprise tract** of excellent farming lands, wlii( h have I described in previous reportH. The mineral fertilizers occurring in them are gypsum, at the Pit ■ciuimemI A(»KICULTUKAL CHARACTER, KORESTS, ETC. 55 (} o m are gypsum, at tlie Plaster Iciitts, Victoria county, and at Petitoodiac, Westmoreland county, Hillsboro", Albert County, etc. ; also lime and mai-ly shales in the last Imentioned localities, A luxuriant growth of wood is generally found upon soil derived from ^''rest growth Ithcse rocks. White and black spruce, hemlock, white, yellow and black •'""ifwoSs*?'"'" jbirches, two or three species of maple, which, with beech, usually form Igrovcs, ai-e the commonest ti-ees on the uplands, and oeilar, hacmatac lash, etc., on the low grounds. The soils which overlie the Middle Carboniferous series are almost s„ii8 overiving Iwholly derived from the disintegration of the grey sandstones and con- ftD^us s^'es*!"" Iglomerates below, and partake in a large degree of their coarse IsiliciDus nature. The area occupied by them, which comprises fully jontMhird of the province, is, generally speaking, Hat, with a gentle jslope towards the (Julf of St. Lawrence. Low, wide undulations, having lagenoi-al east and west coui-se, are met with over a large part of the iirea, Ibiit more especially south of the Mii-amiciii River. The .soil is, for the Imost part, deep, but often stony ; and when level, usually has a clayey |liaiil-])aii forming the sub-soil upon which water lies, giving rise to peat |boi;s. ■• cai'ibou plaifis,'' or '' barrens." The best lands for agi-icultural ipui'poses ai'o those met with along the banks of rivers already descrihed. Jwhorc the natural drainage is sufficient to carry otf the surplus waters Idue to precipitation. With a copious supply of lime, in which the soil loverlying those rocks is ahno.st entirely deficient, together with organic I manures, it becomes excellent land for hay and grain. Several tracts Imiirht be particularized, such as Nappan valle3'and Doaktown, in Nor- Itkniliorland county ; St. Louis, Kichibucto and Buctouilic, in Kent; Ithe Pctitcodiac valley in Westmoreland, etc. Till' farms along the coast and around the estuaries in thisdistrict are. lall things considered, much better adapted for general agricultural pur- Iposes than those of the interior, as manures and fertilizers of ditferent I kinds aie to be obtained there, which are beyond the reach of flu-mers |oc('n]iyiMg the latter. Oyster beds, forming what is called '"mussel iniiil."*'Mii?-eimiui." |aii' I'or.iinon everywhere in the lagoons and creeks, and yield a Iraatciial of highly enriching qualities for the heavier clay soils. The hakiiicous skeletons of fish are often applied to the laud also with L'reat .idvantage. Much benefit is afforded the drier gravelly soils, too, I bv, supplying them with quantities of vegetable matter from the wet Jboijs ;ii\d swamps, more especially if it is tirst formed into a compost by I mixture with barn-yard manure. But the principal cause of the sujierior quality of the lanil along the itraimigp. jcoast ,Ttid river margins, within the Carboniferous district, lies in the lliiet that it is better drained than that of the interior overlying I 'lie ^ame formation. And here, it may be remarked that the I ( tn- ' I: 50 (1 (» NEW HRIIN8WICK. Solectiiin of fiiriii!". general question of the tiruiniiLje of the land in New BrimswiJ important one, and next to the quality of tlie soil is worthy ot tl 08t consideration bv tlie practical ai^ricullurist. In a c(iiiiilivf this, where the precipitation is so nuicl) in excess of ovaiioiatl absor]»tion foi- the greater part of the year, unless some In('!m^( in providoii for the surplus waters, either naturally or arl| more es]>e»ially for those arising from thaws every spriiiij, (hov the flat clayey surfaces till late, not only retjirdini; faiinini;- ()|)(| but keepinj^ the i^round cold and materially hinderinj^ the n agricultural pursuits most successfully in this province arc quality I it' the soil, liy which is meant its physical characteri.-tio.w clavev, sandy, loamy, etc.; (2) its heiiiht above sea level, ;is|k'c and (!{) its drainage. I'ldess land is well drained liy >iit'i rivers, althougii the comi)onent materials ofthe soil may iii'iiraio tertility, yet it will be found unprotitable. One of the ]tliy>i(al tioiis reiidei'inii: the soils ovei'lying the Ijower Carlioiuteiiiii> ami ' i-oeks so miieli more valuable, agriculturally, is, no doubt, llie i drainaire resulting from their rolling surface. Fl..r.i..i Mi.l.lli' 'Pin. ti,,ia of tiie Middle Carboniterous area, incdudintr the svl riirtminlfriiii- urcii*. sents some features ditVerent from those of other parts ot the to «'Hpecial!y of the Silurian tract**, as already mentioned. The tr( eharacteii/.ed by the prevalence of hemlock spruce, M-riih pine i lianksKiita). white birch and ]ioplar ; and on the flat, swanijiy jrr by hacmatac (larch), cedar, scrubby black spruce and dense ma ericaceous plants. The jieat bogs are often without any hut eeous forms, and are, no doubt, shallow lake-basins tilloi \vitlnl( vegetable tnalter, chiefly mosses, anu- .11 o,rtent bv Uuper or rermo-Carl»oniferous sediineiits.- similar to those ofthe chief part of Prmce Ivlward lslaiui,-\\lii So it I* of VIOK. 3 land in New HnnmwicK i. a„ •ftlio Hoil is woflliy oftWliijrli. ulturiHt. In a foiiiitiy siicini, h in excess of evaporation anJ mar, unless somo nu'!in>(ir escape litiiei- naturally or arliticialiv, laws every spi'i hi;,! hoy lie hikId y i-et4U-(lini; larmiiiM' opuniiions. ii-ially hindering,' the i^rowiLofl continue wet, ci-ops on tjieluw iss and cannot mature |iro|CTiv, mate are often eoiideinneil Hhen ■ to inij)erfect drainaire, selecting land on uliich tinMnv lly in tliis provinee are (1 the physical characteri^ties.wlieiher lit above sea level, aspect, di,; ■i W(dl drained liy streiiin> or is of the soil may nidieatealii^'li lie. One of tin- physical coniij. ower Carlioiufeinu> and Silurian rail}', is, no doidii. the exouHcD! rface. ; area, inehidiiiir the sylva. iie- i of other parts of the coiiiitiv. ady mentioned. The trecsare lock spruce, scrub pine {Pm on the flat, swampy j.n'omiiis k spruce and dense iiia^>eMil often without any luit lifi'la- aUe-hasins tilled with ilecmii rdered hy stunted >priici' aij'i id ti'unks of i1h> trees retcrifi ous mass, sllowin^■ that soine I the (dimate. has taken place > their existeiu'e. The oliaii;'t' ed hy the increased i^'row'li ol' rcnce in the drainage, as their carious one, would he easily I CHiLMEns.] A«RrCUI,TURAI. CHARACTER, FORESTS, ETC. t)7 o a mty is underlaid to a conM'ier- 'honiferous sediments.— i'"di' ,'e I'klward Island,— wlii'lilui- Dii«li pei-haps, all thingB considered, the most friable, easily cultivated and productive of the soils of the Maritime Provinces of Canada. The land in the vicinity ot 8ackville, and the slopes of the ridges between that and the No. i^- Scotia boundary, also the peninsula of Cape Tor- Imentine, and the coast region thence westwardly as far as Capo Bald, jare covered by a soil largely derived from these rocks, and comprise many excellent and highly cultivated farms. Contiguous to these are ^,^ ^^^ the extensive salt marshes of Tantramar and Missifjuash, already alluded to, a large portion of which is dyked. The tract of country lying between the central Carboniferous areag„i,gof ^j^jj^iet land the Bay of Fundy, extending from Albert county on the east, to the j.„,';jj.^*''*' °^ St. Croix River on the west, and including the southern part of Albert, a part of Kings, Queens, and the whole of St. John and Charlotte counties, is underlaid by rocks of different geological ages, nearly all of which are remarkable for their highly altered and crystalline chaiac- ter, and foiming in general a lugged, broken and boulder-strewn sur- face. The chief topographical features and ngricultuial ca])abilities of thi.>i section were described In some detail in previous reports (Report of Progress, ISTO-Tl, also for 1877-*78), by Prof. Bailey and Mi-. Mat- thew, and it was seen that while the valleys are generally fertile, the (•ummits of the hills are often bare, and the slopes usually strewn with stones, nevertheless, when once cleared and brought under cultiva- tion, the soil is often productive. The valleys, which are sometimes of considerable width, have generally a rich loamy soil, and near the coast, the creeks and inlets contain salt mai-shes, which, when reclaimed, are similar to the dyked marshes of Westmoreland and Albert. The surface of Charlotte county is almost similar to that of St. .lohn land the western part of Kings as regards its soil an IN Til K Si HI' ACK MkI'i Hoi; iron ore (linioiiite) is of fro([iient occuri'ence in the alhivn overlyiiii; the Carlioniferoiis rocks, more es])eci:il!y in the viiinit the St. ,lohn iviver, the heds >oinetiines attaining a thiel\Ile^^ nf iw three feet. Wad. or l)o^ man.iC''""''^^'. if^ foiin I'lo^rc--, IS7!t-^'((. p. pj D.) Its Mcciii-rence may he looked i'n- in low lakes ill linif-ioiic districts in ollici- jiarts of the proviiiic. Hiii k clay occui- in a numlier of places lioih in niai'ine .iml IV water \-t. Newcastle, .Monclon and St. ,lolin. wliilf i: apparently of tliiviatile orii,'iii, is wroiii,dil foi' similar |iii'ji"-0! I'redericloii, \Voivd-.tii(d<, Sliiktdiawk and elsewhere on llie ^i. .| lliver.