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Henry Hemans & C"., Cornwall Buildings, 35 Queen Victoria Street, Londres E.G. Pour la FRANCE: Binger Freres. i Rue du Bac, Paris. Pour la BELGIQUE: M. C. Cardinaal, 393 rue des Palais, Bruxelles. Pour I'ALLEMAGNE M. Adolf Steiner, Dammthorstrasse 11, Hambourg. S O M M A I R E. Page. Canada and the Federation of the Empire, by J. G. Bodrinot l.l.d. ... i Die deutschen Colonien und Schutzgebiete im Frtlhjahr I887. ..... 23 The poisonous serpents of Deli, by Dr. B. Hagen '. . 38 BemerkU'igen liber die Wasserverhaltnisse in Neu Guinea und dem Bismarck- Archipe], von Dr. O. Finsch, Bremen 47 Uebersichtskarte der ethnographischen Verhaltniss'.; von Asien und den an- grenzenden Theilen Europa's von Vi>fCENZ von Haardt. Besprechung von Dr. K. Von Scherzk!i 5° Im Bismarck- Archipel. „Erlebnisse und Beobrxhtungen auf der Insel Neu • Pommern" u. s. w., vou R. Parkinson. Besprechung von X 54 Bibliographie Mensuelle 6i La Redaction a regu, pour les prochaines livraisons de la Revue, les articles suivants : Ueber den Karawanenthee und seine Str.isse, von Walter Japha. Handel und Verkehr am Congo, von Oscar Baumann, vormals Mitglied der Ojsterreichischen Congo Expedition. Der deutsche Kaufmann und seine neueii Aufgaben, von Julius Rademacheh. Das Magellans-Territorium, von Dr. H. Polakowsky. Die liienenzucht in Guatemala, vou Dr. Otto Stoll. Der Opium in Indonesian, vor. Emil Metzger. Correspondance sur les Indes N^erlandafsies, par X. Certain Resemblances in the Land Tenure and Criminal Law of the Kaffirs and Anglo-Saxons, by W. Hammond Tooke. Die Zukunftsbahnen in China, von G. Kreitner. Le Nord-Ouest de la Nouvelle Guinde, par N. Rinnoov. Korea nach seinen wirthschaftlichen und Cultv rverhaltnissen. Le Gibier et la Chasse a Java, par G. W. Couperus. Les articles suivants, destines i la Revue, sont en preparation: Die colonial vvichtigen Verhiiltnisse von Guatemala, von Dr. Otto Stoll. Les colonies N^erlandaises dans les Antilles. Etude bib.-wgraphique, historique, economique et statistique, par le Dr. Th. Ch. L. Wijnmalen. Retrospective notice of the Colony of Sierra Leone, by H. A. Webster. Kurzer Referat liber Prof. J. J. Rein's „Japan", Bd II, von Prof. Dr. E. Petr.' On a new Handbook of International Law (Ferguson's Manual of International y Law), by J. K. W. Quarles van Ufford. Revue de la littdrature coloniale fran^aise, par M. D. Kaltbrunner. Die Zukunft der Gallaliinder, von Prof. Dr. Ph. Paulitschke. Deutschland's wirthschaftliche Interesscnsphare in S«d-Amerika. The Inter-Oceanic Canals of America, by R. von Horrum-Schramm. L'iramigration industrielle europeenne dans le Chili, par le Dr. H. Polakowsky. Les fl^aux de i'agriculture k Java, par G. W. Couperus. Dif Lage der Fingeborenen in den Russischen Kolonien, von Prof. Dr. E. Petri. Jgj'Wj ®' W--^ Canada and the Federation of the Empire, BY JOHN Gi:ORGE BOURINUT. '-c: ■■('"»^ When \vc come to consider the signs of the times we cannot fail to note that among the many miportant questions wliich are likely to engage the attention of British Statesmen for years to come, there are three which must assume a special prominence. One of these questions, it is needless to say, involves the peace and happi- ness of Ireland, and must be the very first to demand a solution. The next question which looms up from time to time in the poli- tical horizon is connected with the security of India. British Statesmen will be forced, sooner or later in all probability to grapple seriously with the question, whether it is consonant with the safety of their great possessions in the Kast, to allow Russia to hoist her flag and station her troops on the very frontiers of India, in conformity with that persistent design which, during the whole of this century has carried her soldiers in that direction. The third question has already assumed some prominence in the speeches of leading public men and in the pages of influential periodicals. Thoughtful men of all parties are slowly but surely coming to the conclusion that the time is fast approaching when it will be necessary to place the relations of England with her great selfgoverning colonial depen- dencies on a more satisfactory basis — on such a basis as will give greater unity and security to the Empire as a whole, and at the same time a larger influence in the Imperial Councils to those prosperous, rapidly growing communities which it is the most enduring glory of Englishmen to have founded. These three ques- tions it is quite evident, are closely associated with the stability and integrity of the Empire at large. On their successfull settle- ment rest in a great measure the future peace and prosperity of England. If it be possible for English Statesmen to give such a system of self-government to Ireland as will effectually neutralise 2 the agrcssivc spirit of Nationalism, and bring her people into har- mony with the central !40vernin;jj power of the Empire; if it be possible for them at the same time to assure the future peace of India by a firm and resolute policy, and to devise a plan which will satisfy the National pride and the self-respect of the Colonial peoples, whilst assuring the integrity of the whole I'^.mpire, then England will certainly occupy a position, which may well be the envy and admiration of the world. It is only with the third of these Imperial questions that I pro- pose to deal in the present |)aper. Though this question, so inte- resting and important to the jjarent state and its dependencies has in no wise assumed a practical form, yet there is no doubt that it must continue to form the subject of earnest discussion in the press, and eventually demand a solution on the floor of the Imperial Par- liament and in the Colonial Legislatures', throughout the Empii^. At present British and Colonial Statesmen have not got beyond the tentative stage of discussion. The allusions made to the subject in the speeches of public men are of very general character and only prove the earnest desire that exists on all sides to prevent, what seems present in the minds of some thoughtful men, and that is, the disintegration of the ICmpire. It is significant, however, that so deep an interest should be taken in the question, even by men who, a few years ago, paid little or no attention to matters affecting the colonial dependencies, or were impressed by the belief that Separation was the inevitable consequence of the liberal mea- sures of self-government conceded to certain sections of the Empire. That the idea of Separation should be no longer popular in Eng- land is a fact, which of itself shows how much better educated the public mind of Great Britain has become on the subject of the value of the colonial connection, and encourages us to believe, that Englismen generally will earnestly and sincerely combine with the Colonial peoples to perfect some simple, efficient system, which will strengthen the whole Empire, and give greater influence to all its members. In view of the importance that this question must assume in the future, it may be useful to consider for a few moments the condition of Canada and the sentiment of her people on the subject of Imperial connection. In order to do this intelligently it will be necessary in the firat place to refer briefly to the leading features of the political condition of the Dominion and to the effect that the close neighbourhood of the American Republic is having, or is likely to have, upon her future destiny. It does not require any elaborate 1 ■'t*'. / \ 4V I argument to provtr~-that iio speculations in her future would be complete, that did not taWe into account the necessarily close com- mercial and social relations that exist between the two countries. Canada within the last twenty years has made remarkable strides in the path of national development. Until 1S67 the provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince I'Alward Island had no communit\' of commercial or political interests. Thej" had no rapid means of communicating with one another, no common tariff, no system of interprovincial defence. They Were so many distinct political entities whose only bond of union was the fact, that they all formed part of the liritish ICmpire and paid homage to the one Sovereign. Since the federal union of these long isolated communities, the Dominion of Canada has been given jurisdiction over a territory reaching to the shores of the Pacific Ocean — a country greater in territorial extent than the United States though inferior in variety of climate and in certain natural resources. On the Atlantic and Pacific coasts are noble harbours and all the natural characteristics necessary to maritime greatness. The large provinces of Quebec and Ontario are watered by a magnificent natural highway which connects the lakes of the West and the extremely productive region stret- chinsc bevond them, with the Atlantic Ocean. Between the lakes and the Pacific Shores stretches a region which, despite its severe climate, possesses facilities for wheat-production and grazing purposes not surpassed by any States of the American Union. Bituminous coal exists in large quantities not only in the N orth - West region, but at both extremities of the Dominion. /l-'ive millions of people now inhabit this country where, a century ago, the total population did not exceed a hundred thousand souls. These people on the whole enjoy an amount of prosperity which may compare favourably with that of their progressive American neighbours, who have so long received the bulk of British and European emigration. Their system of government is \v'ell adapted to develope their industries and teach them self-reliance. Each province enjoys a system of self-government which gives it control of all those provincial and purely munnicipal affairs which natu rally and conveniently appertain to a local administration. These affairs are administered by a lieutenant-governor, an executive council, a legislature, and municipal councils, all acting within a sphere of well defined functions. Over all the provinces is placed a central government which has control of all questions of national import like tarifts, defence, fisherie.^;' and public works of dominion c^ r interest. The government of the vast north-west territory is exckisively in the hands of the Dominion authorities, wiio may carve out new provinces and cstabHsh therein all the machinery of government. The arrangement of the tariff is a matter entirely within the control of the dominion parliament and the imperial authorities no longer claim the right to interfere in anyway even though the taxation may weigh heavily on certain classes of iiritish manufactures. The volunteer forces of Canada are fully equal to the internal defences of the country, and now in times of peace the presence of a fleet and a few troops at Halifax is the only visible evidence of British supremacy in Canada. The ability of the united provinces to cope with internal difficulties, and to do their full share in case of foreign aggression, has been clearly proved in the North-West region, where a nascent rebellion was crushed in a few weeks by the intrepidity of the Canadian volunteers, whose rapid march for thousands of miles at a most inclement season into a wilderness country is among the most remarkable achievements ever performed by relatively inexperienced troops. All these facts are so many evidences of the national development of a country whose political history as a British dependency goes back only to the latter part of the e- 'hteenth century. To all intents and purposes Canada possesses many of the attributes of a sovereign independent state. England only retains the appointment of a governor-general as the head of the excutive authority in the Dominion, and the right to disallow acts of the Canadian Parliament whenever they may interfere with matters of exclusively Imperial jurisdiction. Canada cannot directly enter into and perfect treaties with foreign powers — that being an act of Sovereignty — but her right to be consulted and represented in the negotiation of treaties immediately affecting her commercial interest, has been repeatedly recognized within the last thirty years. The Canadian Parliament cannot alter the written constitution, known as the British North America Act of 1867, except by the authority of the British Legislature from whom that instrument emanated; but the act gives power to the several provincial legislatures to amend their respective constitutions within certain limitations. The decisions of the Canadian Courts are not final as there is an appeal to the Lords of the judicial Committee of the Privy Council — the Supreme Court of the Empire in certain cases; and even this reference is only allowed with certain restrictions for it is not the practice to refer mere abstract questions of law to this committee. \ «■ Under this sy-item of f^^ovcrnnicnt Canada has made decided advances in material prosperity. Slie has carried a ji^freat Hne of railroad across the continent within less than a decade of years and built a system of canals superior to those of any other country in the world. / Cities like Toronto and Ottawa are increasinfj at a rate not exceeded by the most enterprising American commu- nities, and one in the far^.W'est, the ^apital of Manitoba, has now a population of between nvyjiU' and 'tfefty- thousand souls though it has only sprung into existence since f.Sjo. The government of Canada has exhibited a surprising amount of energy and enter- prise in completing those great public works, which are absolutely essential to the development of the whole country, although in doing so a great debt has been accumulated. Of this debt, how- ever, the people do not appear to make any loud complaints, since it is clear to them that it is intimately connected with the progress of the Dominion. If Canada is to hold her own in com- petition with the United States, it is only by affording such faci- lities to capital antl population as will induce_them to come into the country and developi- its various resources^It is not too much to say, that had the Canadian people not formed themselves into a federal union, and gone vigorously to work to develope the latent resources of their country, and to open up the great North- West, their absorption among their progressive American neigh- bours would have been by this time quite among the probabi- lities of the day. There was a time in the history of Canada when annexation to the American Republic was, in the opinion of some Canadians, thought to be the only means of obtaining redress for undoubted public grievances, and for infusing new life into the industries of the country. Previous to the establishment of a liberal system of self-government in Canada, when political cliques, headed by crown officials, practically ruled the different provinces, there was a wide- spread feeling of dissatisfaction which at last culminated in a rebellion. At this time Lord Durham admitted in his able Report on the state of Canada, that the people were wont to contrast the liberality of the public institutions and the prosperity of all bran- ches of industry in the United States, with the illiberal system of government and the poverty and depression that prevailed in the British provinces. The union of the two Canadas and the concession of Responsible Government gave a new impulse to the political and the industrial life of the people, and the whole of Canada, especially the large and fertile province of Upper Canada, n 6 • i now known as Ontario, entered on a career of prosperity nut exceeded by that of the Western States. The discontent that had so lontj existed among all classes of the people, with the excep- tion of the official and aristocratic j^overninLj coteries, yielded to a general sentiment of satisfaction with the wvw order ot things. Now and then perhaps a few disappointed politicians or some enthusiastic youth would issue annexation manifestos, but the great body of the people never showed any inclination to unite their fortunes with their American neighbours. There is little doubt, however, that the political disunion whicii existed until 1867 among the provinces was not favourable to the creation of a national sentiment or to the consolidation of 15ritish interests, and that the existence of a Reciprocit}- Treaty for ten .\-ears Irom 1S54 to 1864 was insidiously bringing about closer relations with the United States, especially in the provinces by the sea. There was no system of free trade between the provinces whilst Ikitish Nortli America had with the United States a free interchange with cer- tain commodities, which both countries largely produced. The intercourse of the maritime provinces of Nova Scotia, New Ikuns- wick, and Prince lulward Island with the United States, naturally increased year by year, and the people of those provinces were begining to look upon that country as the best market for their fish, coal and lumber and the same may be said in a measure of the agricultural west. Had the Reciprocity Treaty existed for another decade of years, and had the provinces continued isolated from one another, there would in ail probability have grown up a strong annexation sentiment, the first evidence of which would have been a demand for a still more extended Treaty, and pro- bably for a zoUvcrein — an entirely impracticable scheme whilst Canada remains politically identified with the British Empire. Happily, as thoughtful men now believe, for the political interests of Canada, the statesmen of the United States at this critical time in Canadian history, refused to renew the Treaty when it expired by efiflux of time, and it is notorious that some of them were animated in a measure by two considerations first, by a desire to punish the Canadians for the sympathy which they had gene- rally felt for the South during the war of the Rebellion and secondly, by the hope that they could gradually force the people into the conviction, that their commercial interests were so closely identified with those of the United States, that the best guarantee for their prosperity was to be found in a political connection with that country. i At this critical jiincturu the statesmen of Caiiad.i clctermiiied to unite the provinces in a federal union. The successful accomplish- ment of tiiis ^rrei'.t measure to which Kn^dish statesmen and publi- cists gave so cordial a support not only welded the people into a close political union, which seemed impossible less than half a century a^t^o, but has j^nven all the provinc|;s free trade and con- siderable conmiercial intercourse with one another. From that day to this no political party in Canada has ventured to raine an annexation cry. There may be a growl now and then from a few diss- appointed merchants or politicians in the maritime provinces where, as I have just said, there has been created a close identity of interest with the New Kngland States in consequence of the geogra- p' ral situation of these countries and of the influence of the old Recipiocity Treaty. Some politicians in Nova Scotia have identified themselves with a secession movement, but their sincerity is very doubtful, and there is no sufficient reason so far to believe, that the mass of the people would be prepared, when they fully under- stand the question, to isolate their province once more as previous to 1S67, practically to break up the Confederation, and prepare the way for absorption into the American Union. As a matter of fact the great proportion of the people of the Dominion are resolved (jP. working out their own future apart from the United States, and on building up a new nationality to the north of the Republic. Canadians for the last twenty years, have taught themselves to be independent, not (Mily in a political but in a commercial sense, whenever practicable, of their powerful neighbours. Their efforts have been directed as far as possible to new avenues of trade and to the building up of a large system of manufictures of their own, and to the cultivation in every way open to them jf a spirit of self-reliance. The present fiscal policy of Canada is not favour- ably regarded in Great ]5ritain, where a different theory of trade prevails and the manufacturers are very influential, but there is no doubt that the men who framed, and now support it well judged the disposition of the people when they called it the "National Policy". No happier designation could have been chosen to con- ceal any inherent weaknes.j in the system than one which repre- sents the aspirations of the majority of the people and especially of the youth of the country, for the consolidation of the political and commercial interests of the Dominion. The repeal of those clauses of the Washington Treaty of 1871, under which certain Canadian products were alniitted free of duty into American ports as an equivalent in part of the admission of American fishermen 8 if -I to tlif" Canadian fisheries, has naturally led to a discussion as to the advisabilit}- of new commercial arianL;enients between the two countries, but whatever may be the result of the negotiations on the subject, it is ijuite certain that the dominant part)- in the l)t>- minion is not likeh' to consent to any measures, wliich will at all interfere with the Ljeneral operation of the National Policy. Cana- dians arc quite ready to meet their neiij^hbours in a spirit of com- promise and to a;jjrce to such a treaty as will be mutually ativan- tageous, but strictly on the basis, as far as Canadians are concerned, that t'eir fisheries will not be sacrificed and that there cannot be any ciprocity in manufactures or in those products which ma)' at all conllict with the growing industries of tlie Dominion or ma)* even indirectlv give a preference to American over British commo- dities. While these are the sentiments of a large political partv — the one at present in power — the people of Canada generally have not been a little irritated by the hostile attitude assumed towards them bv trUe- Rep«bUcftrt5- ftt- Congress since, thp repeal of the Washington Treatv. The unwillingness orthftt' part)- to agree to an\' fair commercial arrangement between the United States and the Dominion, on the basis of a reciprocitv in the valuable fisheries of Canada, has naturally stimulated the national spirit of Cana- dians and shown them the necessit)' of working out their own future patiently and determinately, without placing any too great dependence on the policy of their prosperous, energetic but not alwa\-s verv trustwortln* neighbours whose desire for territorial aggrandisement and commercial supremac)' on this continent has more than once carried them be)'ond the bounds of generosity and justice in their relations with the Canadian provinces. liesides this national sentiment that is now so .strong in Canada, especial !)• among the young men, there have alwa)'s existed certaii. influences most decidedly anta<>;onistic to political absorption into the Uniteil States. No influence has been greater than that of the thoughtful, intelligent classes of the French Canadian popu- lation, who are anxious to preserve their institutions and language intact. There has always been a large influx of the lower class of French Canadians into the United States, especially into the manufacturing towis of New England. The mills of Fall River, Holyoke, and .Sowell are now largely run by these people, who with all their slowness and disinclination to adapt themselves to new times and new things, are on the whole an orderly, industrious class of artisans. These men return from time to time to their own country, but few of them relativel)' appear to be animated f I 9 by any contrciUini; love for 7\mctican institutions, and if they leave- Canada and live in the manufacturing centres of the United States, it is with the desire of leadint,' a more sociable life, and gainint^ more ready money than is possible in the slui^t^ish agricultural districts of Quebec. The leading iM-ench Canadians, especially the priests whose influence over their ilocks is perhaps greater than in any other Roman Catholic country of the world, have been always the first to point out the advantages of British con- nection on account of the security which it gives to their institutions as compared with the probable effects of absorption into the ranks of the i\merican .States, as illustrated in the case of the remnant of French in Louisiana. In addition to this jiowerful J'rench Canadiaif influence in favour of the existing state of things, under which the French Canadian poi)ulation exercise.s so much weight — at times, a supremacy, — in the political councils of the country, there is another sentiment which, if it does not appear to flow in as clear and well defmed a current, nevertheless mingles with the stream of thought in the British speaking communities, antl prevents it running in the direction of the United States. I'Vom the C(.)n;mencement until long after the close of the war of Independence, there was a steady influx of Royalists into the Provinces, and especially into New lirunswick and Ontario of which the\' were the founders. Some forty thousand souls in all made their homes in Canada and laid the foundation of that love for British institutions and British connection, which has ever been a recognized characteristic of the Canadian people. It may be easily supposed that the descendants of these royalists must now form no inconsiderable proportion of the five millions of the people who inhabit Canada, and must exercise a silent but none the less potent influence on the destinies of Canada. Of the members of the Senate and House of Commons some thirty gentlemen, several of them the leading men in bt)th i)arties, are directly descended from this class, and we find them acting as lieutenant-governors and occupying important positions in every vocation of life throughout the Dominion. All these influences would probably amount to very little if Canada should be overburdened with debt, her great sources of wealth paralysed, and her large schemes of opening up and peopling her undeveloped country in the North-West, foil of reali- sation during the next two decades of years. A wave of discon- tent and lost hope would then probably pass over the country and bring to the surface an annexation party; but it is idle to ^^ lu f speculate on what appears, as things are now, the most unlik-ely /thing to happen. Whatever may be said by pessimistic writers / like Mr. Goldwin Smith, or by discontented politicians in certain / sections of the Dominion, success lias so far on the whole crowned / the efforts of Canadian Statesmen to consolidate the federation, ; and there is no reason to fear that their hope of seeing new and j I prosperous provinces stretching as far as the Pacific Ocean will I / not be realised during the next twenty or thirty years, as long as the mass of the people continue to be animated by that spirit of enterprise and national ambition, which has hitherto characterized their efforts. I For the (oregoing reasons we may fairly conclude tliat the question of annexation to the United States is not in any shape before the people of Canada at tlie present time, and is not likely to he before them wiiilst the country continues to make the same progress it has made for )'ears past. The advocates of Imperial Federation, need not therefore consider there is any question of annexation which can be of weight in the argument which they are pressing so strongly, that the time is fast approaching, when the dependencies will ilrift entirely away from the parent State unless an earnest etfort is made to unite them more closely to her on terms compatible witli their selfinterest and self-respect. We are then called upon to consider the nature of the connection between Canada and luigland, and to inquire on what grounds it is urged the time is approaching, when there will be a necessity for a change in those relations. Certainly it cannot be argued, that this necessity will arise from the fact that the position of a dependency like Canada is a source of weakness to the parent State. She has far outgrown the state of colonial pupilage, and is in no way a burden upon the Empire. Her history of Jatc years has conclusively proved, that she is fully capable of defending herself; and tiiat in c.ise of foreign invasion she is likely to do her part as creditably as in the war of iYou will shortly have a graving dock, capable of accommodating ^>all but one or two of her Alajestx-'s largest ships. You have, in » short, all the conditions requisite for what I believe is spoken »of as a /'/(ICC (fanncs; but until now that /'lace ifaniics has been inaccessible except by sea. \\ e shall henceforth be able ■to bring supplies, stoies and material of war to it by an alternative > route, direct, expeditious, and l\ing for more than half its way »over British territory. 1 think, therefore, we need be under no -> doubt as to the interests touched b}- the establishment of this »line, and that we way be assured that if this province has a special interest in the matter, the whole Dominion, and not only the whole Dominion, but the ICmpire at large, is likely to gain in strenght and soliditx' by the change which is about to take » place." ICngland might have been fairly asked on Imperial grounds to contribute something to the construction of this work, so invaluable as affording a secure route to the Australasian and eastern possessions of I'.ngland, but the fact that such assistance has never been given and that Canada has completed one of the most gigantic undertakings ever entered into by a young country, \ entirely on her own responsibility, is an evidence of her courage \ and ambition. Whilst Canada is in this way a source of strenght to the lMiii)ire, her people continue to be among the best J customers of I'.ngland. despite the National Policy. Of the total ' import trade of Canada — between twenty five and twenty si.K million pounds sterling a year — England alone supplies on the 12 average some ten million pounds worth of c;oods. Nearly ore half of the total value of Canadian exports — some twentv mil- lions of pounds sterling: a year — finds its way to Great Ikitain. The great proportion of these exports consist of agricultur.il jiroducts, cattle, and lumber — articles now of prime necessity to the English people. Canada stands in the fifth rank among communities, as a buyer of British commodities. The value of the aggregate trade of Canada with England is exceeded only by that of the following countries, the United States, Tndia, Australasia, iM-ance, Germany. Holland and Russia. Proportionately to popu- lation Canada is a better customer of J'jigland than the United .Stiites. Every Canadian buys at least two pounds sterling worth of English goods, whilst no citizen of the United States pays for only a little more than half a sovereigns worth. In the nature of things, as Canada increases in wealth and poi)ulation and remains a dej)endency of the luiipire, her people must always bo large consumers of Jiritish manufactures. Annexation or Indepen- dence woidd in all prob:bilit\- bring about higher protection and the purcha..^- of American rather than British goods. A Zollverein or free trade in manufactures between the two countries, would have practically the >ame effect. But we are not left to grope in the dark for reasons why, in the opinion of the advocates of Imperial Eederation, the piesent relations between the parent state and a great dependency like Canada are considered in certain respects unsatiNfactory and must be more so in the years to come. Some ICnglishmen believe that a scheme of Imperial I'ederation which wouhl give a uniform fiscal policy to the whole Empire, would be, not only more favou- rable to British commercial interests, but tend to weld the Empire as one — a question to which I shall refer a little later on. Others again see in the political development of Canada, as I have briefly reviewed it, the germs of separation from the parent state— 'hat the time must come when Canada with a population of ten or fifteen million people who have gained confidence in themselves, under the operation of their liberal institutions and the development of their industrial resources, will be hardly content with the posi- tion of a mere colonial dependency, however pleasant and com- fortable it may be in the absence of national responsibility. It is urged with much force, that when Canada possesses the resources of a powerful nation, she will not be so ready to continue in that position of inferiority in the Empire, which she held without a murmur in the days when she was fully engrossed in the work 13 of developing her industries and laying the foundation of a state. The day may come, continue the advocates of Federation, when Canada will seriously ask herself, whether it is to her interest or profit to remain connected with an Empire on whose destinies she exercises less influence than do the people of Kent or Devon or Argyllshire, who are represented in an Imperial Parliament and can decide questions involving peace or war, the happiness and security of Englishmen the world over. Knowing as I do the loyalty and devotion of the Canadians, I believe that day is still far distant, but nevertheless the truth remains that there is peril latent in the fact that England can to morrow declare a war affec- ting most seriously the interests of Canada on the continent of America, with whose object her people may not in their hearts sympathize, although as heretofore they will rally their forces to fight for the honour and unity of the Empire. Such a position, its is urged, is only reconcilable with the infancy of a colony, and not with the growth and prosperity of a community like Canada, inhabits* by a population not inferior in intelligence and energy to those Englishmen, Scotchmen and Irishmen in the British Islands, to whom alone Imperial power is entrusted. As I have already stated Canada has gained much of late years with respect to the arrangement of commercial treaties; her High Commissioner is clothed with power, when it is necessary to enter into negotia- tions affecting the country he represents; nevertheless there are decided inconveniences in the fact that Canada cannot treat directly with foreign nations, but must act through the Imperial authorities as a matter of grace or favour. Canadian ships trade with every country in the world, — for the Dominion may claim to rank among the great maritime powers of the world — but where in the ports they visit do they meet with a consul who was born on Canadian soil or knows anything, as a rule, of the resources of the country? This is not a very important grievance but it is worthy of remark since it illustrates the little influence Canada exercises on the Empire at large -- how completely she is ignored under existing political arrangements in the smallest matters by the governing powers of the luiipire. If indeed we required any evidence that Canada is only a part of the Empire in name, we find it in the f^ict, that when her Parliament some years ago respectfully addressed the Imperial authorities in favour of the concession of a liberal measure of local government to Ireland, she was told in effect that it was none of her business. But we must not forget that of lute years the services of eminent Cana- ^^a- 14 diaiis linvo been rccocjnized by the confirming of titles in a few cases. Wiien we recall this fact, some of us cannot but notice, that even here there must be a distinction between Canadians and Englishmen ; for it is somewhat noteworthy that in only one instance has the highest distinction of the J^ath been conferred on a Cana- dian. Those gentlemen who received the first degree of this order were never elevated to the higher positions, but it was thought necessary to enlarge an inferior order with the express object of recognizing the services of distinguished Colonists. Canadians may be permitted to think, that in such cases it is not so much the men who are honoured