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Les diagrammea suivants illuatrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 4 5 6 if i ■.it I r«^i2 ■^' * ) \^ I -wt>H^_^^^^„^„£^ MEMORIAL AND REMONSTRANCE <>2^ TO TIIK Congress of the United States AT WASHINGTON, D C, FROM THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF LUMBERMEN Am:, u m m mmm and miles long ; or put it on board vessels of 250,000 feet capacity, and the fleet would number ft/tp thousand u ■^yxMtMtnlr ,, standing Pine and Hemlock Timber In the United States. It is not possible to give accurate information on this matter, but careful estimates may approach the reality, and we give such, from different sources. Col. B. Wait, of Michigan, "a veteran lumberman and careful observer," gave the following statement in the " Northwestern Lumhermany^ two years ago. Maine has now 4,000,000,000 Pennsylvania 7,000000.000 Michigan , 50,000.000.000 Wisconsin '. 50,000,000,000 Minnesote 25,000,000000 The Carolinas, Virginia, Florida and Georgia aggregated . . . 15,000 000,000 West Virginia • 7,000,000,000 Missouri 7,000,000,000 Arkansas 7000.000.000 Tennessee 4,000,000,000 Mississippi 4,000,000,000 ^•b»««>» 2,000,000,000 Texaa 25,000,000,000 Yeliow Stone Valley ( see Hayden, Reynolds and Jones ). . . 10,000,000,000 New Mexico pitch pine 8,000,000,000 225.000.000,000 Average estimate for Dominion pine 100,000,000.000 Califomja 100,000,000,000 Toulso far 485,000,000,000 He claims that this does not include all, and is the result of careful personal observation. While it is held too high, by some, the very careful estimates of Michigan standing pine, by Mr. Lewis, Editor of the Saginawiany Saginaw City, give the same amount, of which 16,000, 000,000 feet is in the Upper Peninsula, on Lake Su- perior, and the rest in the Lower Peninsula. ■liiK*MttMiMiiM<: IMMi James Little of Montreal, an able and leading lumber- man, gives — Total in States east of Rocky Mountains 105,440,000,000 feet „ west of do. 70,000,000.000 " ,. in Dominion (Canada) 73,000,000,000 " Total in United States and Canada 248,440,000,000 " This is usually considered too low. At the Lumbermen's Convention, at Saginaw, E. W. Durant, of the Committee on Statistics, gave the Minnesota pine at 21,000,000,000 feet, and judges that twenty years would exhaust that region. G. W. Lentz, of the same committee, gave the^ Total pine on streams east of the Alleghanies 2,C0O 000.000 feet " " " west do. ....1,000.000,000 " " " in Pennsylvania 8,600,000,000 " *' hemlockin do. 7,000000,000 " " hardwood do. fit for saw-logs 4,000,000,000 " With the rapid cutting away of the forests of Maine, New York and Pensylvania, it is plain that within from five to ten years, the Northwest and the growing lumber industry of the South must supply the East and the Middle States, so far as they obtain what they want in this country. To approximate to our area of pine-lands, we can take Col. Waits' estimate of 200,000,000,000 feet in States east of the Rocky Mountains, and call 4,000 feet to an acre an average yield, and we have 60,000,000 acres, or 78,125 square miles. Of this, but a part is easily acces- sible, large tracts lying remote from rivers or roads, and only to be gradually reached. The estimate of Mr. Wait, gives 89,000,000,000 feet of standing pine in the South, and distant southwest, and as the utilizing of these valuable forests by the industry and skill of that section of our country is just vigorously be- ginning, whatever affects the lumber markets of our country, will reach and affect them, for good or ill. ii ,\^ i i i nr i ] wii ' ii ) li 'i i iw i " * b \ Losses by Furest*4res. With the growth of settlements, and the building of railroads through our timber lands, comes a fearful and growing risk. The smouldering embers in some thought- less settlers clearing, fanned by rising wind and scattered among dry grass and brush, kindle into a sweeping blaze that spreads over acres and miles, destroying the timber, or leaving it so scorched and deadened that it must soon be cut or become worthless ; or the sparks from a passing locomotive kindle the dry vegetation along its track, and the same fiery work goes on, until we can look over leagues of blackened and desolate forest, and exclaim : " Behold how great a matter a little fire kindleth " ! The autumn of 1871 was a season of protracted drought all over the Northwest, and the losses by forest-fires in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan would probably aggregate as large as those of the terrible Chicago con- flagration in that year ; while the resultant peril and dis- tress, in homes destroyed and families impoverished, would be quite as great. No season since has shown such extraordinary destruction, but the yearly losses have been large and increasing. Minnesota has snflfered, Wis- consin more, and Michigan most, having more, settlers and more railroads reaching into the pineries, helping to carry away their lumber, but adding to the risk of its destruction. Maine lumbermen, and indeed those of every State, share these losses. Pennsylvania, with her forests more among the mountains, and away from railroads, suffers less than more level regions, but is not exempt. This increasing risk comes in as an element to be estimated in the results of lumbering. If fires occur early in the summer, as this year, the timber is injured by worms if not cut soon, and even if they break out late in the season, the cutting must take place the following winter. We learn of several cases in the 1 3 J- 8 Northwest where different persons have had millions of standing timber damaged, and one instanse where a Michigan lumberman had forty million feet scorched so that it must be cat. He did not intend to ran his saw- mills at all, as last year's work had not paid, bat mast now cut 30,000,000 feet, or loose all, and this illastrates the disadvantage under which we labor in such cases. These logs might be kept over a year without being sawed, but to pay $76,000 for logging, and wait a year for returns is a heavy draft, bringing possible profit down to a certain loss, and compelling the putting this lumber into an overstocked market. It is not possible to give anj accurate statement of these yearly losses, but doubtless our lumbermen and landowners, if free from fires, would be over J516,000,000 a year the gainers, and could plan our total catting of lumber far better for the demand than now. Meanwhile the Canadian lumbermen, with their great area of government "land limits,'' incur no like risk, as the government looses the burned forest, while the holder of the "limit" cuts the uninjured trees, and leaves such as he does not care to use to their own destruction ; and in a region so sparsely peopled as are the great Canadian forests,, fires are less freqnent than with us. We respectfully submit that, leaving out all differ- ences in cost of labor or timber-lands here and in Canada, the fire-risks alone — which the Canadian government assumes, while ours leaves us to bear them as best we can,— are ample reasons against this miscalled "Reci- procity" in the lumber-trade. Ooit of Making iMmhtx, In 1870 an elaborate and valuable estimate was made of the cost of making lumber in the Saginaw Valley, in a report of a committee of which L. Westover was chair- t lliona of where a rched so his saw- but must Llastrates tch cases. 3ut being at a year ble profit itting this ateraent ot »rmen and ^5,000,000 cutting of their great ike risk, as 5 the holder leaves such iction ; and at Canadian t all differ- i in Canada, government m as best we ailed "Beci- ate was made iw Valley, in »rer was chair- man, and J. S. Estabrook, Secretary, adopted by a meeting of the lumbermen of that valley, March 10th, 1870. Its sta'oments were based on the business of 1869 in that locality, but may be held, with some few changes which we make, as a fair average, applicable to-day wherever lumber is made in large quantities. Calling two miles and-a-half an average distance over which logs are hauled to water, we give : — Cutting and getting logs to water, per M $ 4 00 Driving to booms, per M 75 Boomage and delivery to inilb, per M. 1 00 Sawing, per M 3 00 Inspection, Scaling and Ck)mmi88ion 60 Stumpage 2 50 Shrinkage, loss, insurance and incidentals 60 Total cost per M. feet $12 26 This is based on the cost in Saginaw Valley of making 623,600,830 feet lumber, 1,800,000 feet pickets, board measure, 23,966,700 feet shingles, board measure, 649,266,680 feet, at cost of $12.26 per M $6,718,407 The average price, for the year 1869, was |12.93i cts., estimated as follows : 15 per cent culls @ $5.50 T. $ 82} 73 per cent common @ $11.00 8 03 12 per cent upper @ $34.00 4 08 $12 93} cts. The price is lower now than then, but calling it the same, we find the present profit but 68^ cents per thousand feet, and tne real result has often been loss, rather than even this small gain for the year past. I ( 10 To manufacture this 550,000,000 feet of lumber re- quired capital invested as follows, — not reckoning the investments in pine lands : — Mill property f9,754,0n. ere and in ling timber id limits" eet, but we ,50 is a fair ir thousand e difference > more than such differ- s and risks 3h ignoring hip and re- L largely on access in a 11 level country, with favorable winters, rivers, long lake- coasts, railroads, and large mills with best machinery, all give large results for labor, is believed to be a low aver- age for the whole country. Salt and Lnmber Made Together. In the Saginaw Valley, in Michigan, 823,346 barrels of salt were made in the past year (1873) ; and seventy- five per cent, of this was the product of saltworks built near steam saw mills, and using the steam from the boil- ers to boil the brine in kettles close at hand. Other salt works use the refuse slabs of saw mills for fuel instead of wood from the forest, and nearly nine-tenths of this product is made by these economical processes. Thus these manufactures are often carried on by the same persons or companies, with an economy making both possible where neither could be prosecuted by itself, as this combining of the two offsets, to some degree, the cheap Canadian labor and capital. The proposed Treaty would admit both these products free of duty, and thus not only strike a blow at salt, but through that at lumber in an important locality. If the United States Congress will do, what we have no wish to do, that is reduce the wages of our workmen to the Canadian level, we might keep silent, but as they are not likely to undertake so unwelcome and impossible a task, we ask them not to sanction a measure that would either reduce the wages or decrease the employment of those engaged in making both salt and lumber, for the benefit of workmen in a foreign country, and then call such a scheme Reciprocity. 38*' 19 Labor and Wages— Nnmber of Men Employed— Amoant of Wagres Paid and Spent. The labor-estimates of this Saginaw VaHey Report in 1870 will serve well for an average of the matter at this time over the whole country. They gave over eleven thousand men as employed in making 5r)0,000,000 feet of lumber, lath, etc., and working and paid as follows: — In Raw mills 2,909 men @ $2.00 per day $5,818 In Hhingle niillH 527 men @ $1.75 per day 923 In foreeti), lumbering. 7,685 men @ $1.75 per day 13,451 11,121 men cost per day $20,192 Tills force was employed 250 days, at a total cost of $6,048,000. For the labor in mills and forests to produce the 12,755,543,000 feet in the whole country (calling the pro- portion of shingles the same), would require 267,000 men for 250 days in the year, at aggregate wages of $121,000,- 000. To make our estimate safe and low, we will call the whole army of lumbermen 220,000 strong on duty five- sixths of the time, equal to the constant and active array and employ of 185,000 men, at total annual wages of $100,000,000. We can fairly count on 1,200,000 persons as gaining their living from our lumber-industry, not in- cluding the large support given to farmers, mechanics and artizans. Lumbermen of large experience reckon three-fourths of the cost of manufacture as wages, in which case $150,- 000,000 would not cover the amount. But we can make our statement strong, and yet keep below the facts. The large employment for sailors, railroad men, etc., is not at all included in this. If 5,000,000,000 feet of lumber is transported by water from mills to markets on the lakes and the ocean, giving each vessel a cargo of 250,000 feet, and allowing ten trips in the year, and we have 2,000 vessels with 20,000 sailors, MR if Wages 'port in at this ' eleven D feet of vrs: — ,818 923 ,451 1,192 . cost of luce the the pro- 000 men 121,000,- . call the uty five- ve array ivages of 1 persons jr, not in- lechanicB se-fonrths ise 1150,- lan make cts. nen, etc., by water m, giving ; ten trips K) sailors, 18 doclcmen and tng-men, employed in transportation by water. For the carriage of over 7,000,000,000 feet by cars it is needless to make an added estimate, which would more than double the number of men employed as car- riers, all going to swell, by some 115,000,000, the aggre- gate' of wages paid and expended in our country. Whether this large sura shall be received and paid out by and to American citizens, thus serving as a powerful help to our internal commerce and wealth, or to people in a foreign country, is a matter for serious consideration, especially in our present financial and industrial condi- tion, with a great debt abroad, only to be paid by the development of our own resources, and the best use and constant employment of our own labor and skill. Home Market for Farmers and Mannfactnrers. On the basis of $100,000,000 paid out as yeariy wages, it is well to know what portion goes to our farmers, mechanics and home manufacturers. On all this matter of wages and their expenditure, while accuracy is impossible, careful investigation can give a near approximation, and the results of such in- vestigation we give in round numbers, as a near approach to the facts of the case, yet below those facts. In 1865, when the reduction of internal revenue taxes was being discussed, and the Committee of Ways and Means in Washington asked information from fit persons practically engaged in leading industries, a letter was written by Hon. D. J. Morrell, ot Johnstown, Pa., to the Secretary of the American Iron and Steel Association at Philadelphia, which was sent to that committee to aid them in their responsible work. . Mr. Morrell has had large experience in the employ of labor, as manager of the great Cambria Iron Mills at Johnstown, and his estimates, in this letter, were made with great care and minateness. ■ItViTMi' 14 He finds that of each $80, paid for wages, some {68 are spent monthly for the wants of the workmen and their families. Selecting from his list of the expenses of work- men such amounts as they pay for farm-products, ami we find 122 of each $80 paid them goes to the farmers of this country, and in the West and South a large share of this, of course, to farmers in their vicinity. By the same selection of home-manufactures used by workmen, we find that $18.60 of each $80.00 paid them, goes to our mechanics and manufacturers. His careful statement may be taken to apply to lumbermen as well as iron workers, and will give as near an approach to accuracy as can be had. On the basis or proportion he gives, we should have $27,500,000 expended yearly by the workmen in our lum- ber mills and forest camps for the products of our farms, and $23,000,000 for those of our factories and machine shops. But an additional and large item in the lumber business is the grain and coarse feed for their teams, which may safely be estimated at $7,000,000 in all. This gives a total of $34,500,000 worth of farm products, and $23,000,000 worth from factories and mechanics shops as the yearly consumption of home products in our great industry. To give a few particulars^ we find that Michigan lum- bermen, producing yearly 2,200,000,000 feet, receive $25,630,000 in wages, and pay out of this to tiie farmers $7,045,500, and $6,086,300 to home manufacturers and mechanics, and that, counting food for horses and cattle worked in lumber camps, the farmers receive $8,800,000 yearly. Wisconsin lumbermen's wages are $0,432,000, of which farmers get $2,593,000, and mechanics and man- facturers $2,240,000, while the farmers total receipts from lumbermen are $3,240,000. In Minnesota, $4,660,- 000 is paid in wages, and farmers get $1,600,000. In New York $16,000,000 is paid in wages, and farmers re- ■■*r*T" IB oeive $5,300,000, manufacturers and mechanics $3,870,- 000. In Pennsylvania $18,600,000 is paid as wages to lumbermen, of wliich $4,440,000 goes to mannfacturers, wliile farmers receive in all $6,400,000 ; all this on the basis of the United States Census Report. Our total exports of breadstuffs and provisions to Great Britain in 1873 were $60,000,000. and our like ex- ports to all countries in 1872 were $170,000,000. Over half as much farm produce is consumed by our lumber- men as the total exports above given to Great Britain, and in many years of smaller exports the proportion is larger in favor of this far more profitable home market, opened by the industry which we represent. All the profits on our exports and imports to and from Canada, and on our fisheries on their sea coasts, are of much less value to us, as a nation, than the payment, expenditure and accumulation In our own land of even half the wages of our stalwart army of lumbermen. Our farmers may well bear in mind, too, that with tree trade with Canada they not only may lose a large share of the home market our lumbermen furnish them, but will also find Canadian farmers their competitors, with low prices for fiarm products which they can send to their very doors. GaiMdlaii Iiomber— '< Beetproelty.'* On our northern borders, separated from us only by the St. Lawrence and the Lakes, are the great Canadian pine forests. Of their extent it is not possible to gain an accurate estimate. Col. Wait sets down their total amount of standing pine at 100,000,000,000 feet. A state- ment made in 1872, by the Commissioner of Crown Lands to the Provincial Parliament, showed that the Ontario government owned 6,700 square miles or 3,650,000 acres, in. the Ottawa region, on which not a tree had been cut, wmUmm 16 and where was some of the best pine this side the Rocky Mountains, and that its worth to the government was |2A,()00,000, even at the low rates at which they sell the timber. In 186ff, at a Commercial Convention in Detroit, Hon. James Sliead of Ottawa said : "The extension of free- trade principles will enable those engaged in it (Canadian lumber) to enlarge it almost indefinitely. The question of supply can only be regulated by demand." All this would indicate that Col. Wait has not made an over-estimate, although Mr. James Little, of Montreal, puts the total at Iwo-thirds of this amount. Imports of Canadian lumber to our markets, from Chi- cago to Boston, are constantly going on, and call up the question of the best policy in regard to this foreign trade. In 1867, by Report of our Bureau of Statistics at Wash- ington, these imports, from Canada and the British Pro> vinces on the Atlantic, were : — Total of lumber of all kinds 77lf,401,000 feet By the Canadian Reports for 1872, their exports to the United States were : From Ontario, 557,188,000 feet, valued at $6,754,107 00 " Quebec, 134,711,000 " " $2,020,062 00 Total 691,899,000 $8,774,769 00 In 1878, the same authority values the same exports to us at $6,405,000. The yearly Canadian product is estimated at 1,600,' 000,000 feet, or more than any of our States except Mich- igan, and with material to keep up and increase their operations long after our supply is exhausted. Striking differences appear in the conditions and risks of the lumber business with us and in that country. In Canada great tracts of pine lands are controlled by lum- bermen in the way of "limits," "permits" or "berths," as they are variously called, giving right from govern- tie Rocky ment was y sell the rolt, Hon. 1 of free- [Canadian e question 1 not made ' Montreal, I, from Chl- all up the eign trade. J at Wash- Jritish Pro- 000 feet. exports to 7 00 2 00 9 00 tme exports id at 1,600,. sxcept Mich- icrease their sd. ms and risks country. In lied by lum- or "berths," from gov«m- M ment to cut the timber at very moderate cost, and goy- •rnment still holds large tracts to dispose of in the same way. By the "Crown Timber Regulations" of the Crown Land Department at Toronto, dated April 6, 1869. "Tifnber Berths" are valued and sold at auction to the highest I idder, the price paid for choice being a bonus to the governraeiit, added to the rents. All " berths" so purehftaed pay in advance a yearly ground rent of two dollars per square mile, and on the timber cut must also be paid "crown dues," as follows : Black Walnut and Oak, per cubic foot 03 Elm, AhH, Tamarack and Maple, per cubic foot 02 Bed and White Pine, Bawwood, Cedar, Buttonwood, Cottonwood and Boom Timber, per cubic foot 01^ Allotherwood 01 Bed and White Pine, Ba -wood, Buttonwood and Cottonwood saw log*, per standard of 200 feet, board measure 16 Walnut, Oak and Maple logs, per standard of 200 feet, board measure. 26 Hemlock, Spruce and other wood, " " " • 10 All unmeasured cull logs to be taken at the average of the lot, and charged for at same rate. SUyei, Pipe, per mille I'' 00 " West India, per mille 2 26 Cordwood, hard, per cord 20 soft, " 12J Hemlock Tan-bark, " 80 Bailway Timber, Knees, etc., 16 per cent ad vaiorm. All timber cut is to be paid for as above each spring, and the sworn reports of holders of limits are accepted vouchers for the amount. The editor of "The Lumber Trade," Henry Symonds of Boston, Mass. , says - "In Ontario and Quebec a tim- ber "limit" is an area of about fifty square miles, and if on a stream reaches five miles along its course, and the same distance back on both sides. The right to cut tim- ber is sold for twenty years, with a proviso that if actual settlers buy any part of the land, the owners of the stumpage have three years to clear off their timber. * * * A good judge says that the cost of stumpage, including M^ ' i 18 boaas, land and crown dues, etc., would be about seven- ty live cents per thousand feet. In New Bruns^c'ick the ground rent is $8.00 per square mile, and 60 cents per thousand feet cut, on all waters flowing into the St. Lawrence, and 80 cents on all other streams." While pine lands are bought and sold by private owners at higher rates, it is well known that vast tracts are held as " limits " by lumbermen. For instance Mr. James Little, of Montreal, who makes a low estimate of the standing timber in Canada, is said to own from three to five hundred square miles of " land limits," so that his own supply is in no danger of early failure. The Canadian government not only furnishes these "land limits " at low rates, and runs its own risk of loss by Are, but builds slides, booms and bridges. A report of the Minister of Public Works gives a list of seventy- one stations on the Ottawa and its branches; where gov- ernment has built 5,000 feet of canals, 7,000 feet of slides, 62,000 feet of booms, thousands of feet of bridges, houses for keepers, etc. ; thus expending large sums for the benefit of the lumbermen. Wages in Canada are from 75 cents to $4.00 a day in miUs, and $12.00 per month in camps, or more than twenty- five percent, lower than with us; — a difference which workmen from that country appreciate by seeking employment in oor mills and forests. Under these conditions, and with such favor from their government, the Canadian lumbermen prosecute their business, while in the United States we assume our own grave risk of loss by forest-fires, and pay the higher wages which American citizens require, our taxes and the higher prices for pine lands. Even if we can buy such laud from the United States (and but little is left for sale, except in distant regions), the lowest we pay is $1.25 per \ I ■J* I ttmM mam 10 acre, or 1800.00 per square mile, the interest on which is far more than the rent of the Canadian "land limits." A Michigan owner of pine lands gives his total annual tax at 16 cents per acre or 196.00 per square mile, com- pared to which the two dollars per square mile, the cost of holding a " limit," is a mere trifle. When our government can furnish lands for our in- dustry, on as easy terms and in as large quantities, assume all losses by fire, as does that of Canada, and build our booms, bridges, etc., mutual free-trade in lumber might be just, but under our present conditions it would be flagrant injustice granting benefits to foreigners who bear no burthens for us, and few even at home. If we are to have free-trade, let our government give us aids and benefits such as that of Canada gives their lumbermen, and thus make our lot equal. Why should lumber from Canada (for we can send none there) be put in a free-trade list, and tariflfs be paid, serving for protection and revenue, on our trade with other lands ? What claim has that British Province for these I)eculiar fevors, above these granted to other nations, even the most favored ? Give us a share in the common lot, even if it be free trade with and for all nations, rather than put us in this strange and anomalous position. It may be said that lumber has been as high under Reciprocity as before or since. Granting this to be true, it only shows that our Canadian neighbors are not averse to good prices, even if they pay a duty to our national treasury to get them ; but it does not disprove the fact, that the tariff is a barrier against their underselling us in close times, to get and keep control of our markets for their benefit and to the ii^jury of our consumers. But it may be asked, "If fi«e-trade in lumber has not reduced prices, why fear or oppose it?" ■ nriTTiTrfiiiniTi- - 20 Because it would tend to increase the Canadian lumber business to our injury, and because we see the Cana- dian lumber interest ready, after years of preparation, to take us at disadvantage, and hold us in their power, and hold our consumers of lumber in their power also. For years they have sagaciously watched this mat- ter of controlling the lumber supply of our great markets from Chicago to New York and Boston. In times of quick sales and high prices they have been ready enough to take the highest rates, but when dull sales at low rates come, if there is no tariff as a barrier, they can sell below us and cripple our whole trade. They will look to their own interest, and if such a course seems best for them they can reduce prices until we are de- stroyed, and then put them up again for their profit and to the loss of our consumers. This would be but a repe- tition of the course of British iron makers from 1850 to 1857, who pushed rails into this country at $40 per ton (under a low tariff which they had labored hard to get, even as "reciprocity" is now sought for) until our mills were closed, and then sold us a million tons at |80, with a profit to them of $30,000,000, and ihe same loss to v>s. We see no possible reason for exposing an industry which now produces over $100,000,000 yearly in the five States which come in most direct competition with Can- ada (Wisconsin, Michigan, Pennsylvania, New York and Maine), or an amount greater and of more consequence than our total export and import trade with that country, to such perilous disadvantage, the disastrous effects of which would reach the lumber trade all over the land^ and go far beyond tl^e narrow circle of a few large lum- ber manufacturers. What of the 200,000 men in our employ % Are their wages to be reduced twenty-five per cent to compete with foreign workmen? What of the $86,000,000 paid out to our fkrmers? Are those fhrmers to " go farther and &re i ^ mmmtii mn^trn mmKmiffmfmaammsmsmmsBmmfmiii worse " in a poorer market ? What of the home market for 123,000,000 worth of the products of our manufactu- rers and mechanics ? With our present moderate tariff on lumber, we are partially, at least, protected in our in- dustry. Our Canadian neighbors can compete with, yet not ruin us ; our lumber is sold at fair rates, and con- sumers are better off than with us broken down, leaving them exposed to foreign interest and monopoly. Let us utilize our forests as fast as the demand calls for their lumber as the only means of saving them from fire, and meanwhile Canadian lumbermen can "live and let live" with us in their work, and ere many years, with our forests all utilized, we shall draw on them for a sup- ply for a long time to come. The Canadian forests are our timber-preserves, to be kept for future use after ours are exhausted, and reciprocity will help their premature destruction, as well as injure our own lumber business. ''Memorandniii," etc, gigned by British "Joint Flenipotentiarieii." Commenta tliereon. On the 27th of April last a " Memorandum on the Commercial Relations, past and present, of the British North American Provinces with the United States of America," signed by Edward Thornton and George Brown, was sent to the Secretary of State for his consider- ation, and afterwards laid befora members of Congress in pamphlet form. If it was ever held as a confidential diplomatic document, it is now an open secret, and can fairly be criticised. It is a plea for the benefits of Reciprocity— more especially to the United States,— of which we had remained in blissful ignorance until better informed by these distinguished gentlemen, acting with "full powers" from a foreign government to negotiate a Reciprocity Treaty with our own. Passing by its other statements open to criticism, we would ask attention to its figureis, so arranged that they 'vrnmm ■am I: % --■■ 23 "lead to bewilder and dazzle to blind," by seeking to prove the effects of Rpciprocity, from 1864 to 1866, to have been an increase of trade, and a growing balance of benefit from that trade in our favor. They use the United States reports, and we follow and ase their figures, and find that, as we simplify and rearrange them, they prove instead a rapid decrease qf the balance of trade in our /avor under Reciprocity. Let us take their periods for summing up results and their figures with our new and simple arrangement : 1st. From 1821 to 1832, twelve years. Total EzportR to Canada: Domestic products $ 80,977,427 Foreign products 403,909 Total exports $ 31,481,326 Total imports from Canada $ 7,684,559 Total imports and exports $ 39,085,885 Balance of this trade in favor of the United States, or excess of exports over imports, $23,716.67, or 62 per cent of the total trade betwee the two countries. Average yearly trade, $3,257,168. 2d. From 1833 to 1845, thirteen years. Exports to Canada: Domestic products $64,082,537 Foreign products 4,640,332 Total exporto $ 58,722,869 Imports from Canada $ 23,356,275 Total exports and imports $ 82,079,144 Balance of trade in &vor of United StatCL 136,366,69^ or 43 per cent of total trade. Average yearly trade, $6,313,680. 3d. From 1846 to 1863, eight years. Total Exports to Canada : Domestic products $66,072,260 Foreign product! 22,020,264 Total exports. ^- $77,082,614 Imports from Canada $ 36,763,592 Total exports and importa $113,846,106 i^jd*^ mm and ^'^ 23 Balance of trade b favor of the United Stotea $40,338,922, or 36 per cent of total trade. Arerage yearly trade, $14,230,763. 4th. From 1854 to 1866, thirteen years wnder Bed- prodty. Exports to Canada $346,180,264 Imports from Canada 325,726,620 Total exports and imports $671,906,782 Balance of trade in &Tor of the United States $20,454,246, or inly ihrt* per eaU. qf toUd trad*/ For eight years htfare Reciprocity the haZance in our favor 36 per cent., Imt under that treaty mdy three per ceni! At this point they put in a plea of *' inflated values," "overvaluation," and the effects of our civil war, and, for this occasion, put British Custom House Reports in place of ours, which they use before and after this trying time. By these Canadian Reports, they make out a gold balance of trade in our favor of $95,796,089, or 16 per cent., instead of three per cent., during Reciprocity, and even this is a more rapid decrease of the percentage in our &VOI than ever before. ATeiage yearly trade under Bedprocity, $61,686,137. 5th. From 1867 to 1873, seven years, Reciprocity re- pealed. Total exports and imports $466,807,726 Balance agamtt United States $61,876,008, or 11 per cent, of total trade. Average yearly trade since Bedprodty, $66,686,818. Compare these five periods, and we find a large and natural increase of our trade with Canada, keeping pace with our great increase in wealth, and in trade within ourselves and with other nations, but a constant decrease of percentage of the balance qf that trade in ly than under Reciprocity. But this case can be made still stronger (which is hardly necessary) against their statements. All through their figures they give exports of "domes- tic products" fh>m the United States to Canada. By our ofllcial reports which they use, we find that from 1864 to 1863 we exported to Canada $93,283,768 worth of farm products : — ^grain, flour, meats, butter, cheese, lard and tallow— or $9,328,375 yearly. To send these, for their use or consumption, would be like "carrying coals to Newcastle," for they expprt them, as we do. They went there in transit to other countries across the ocean, or into our own seaports from Canada. Of course, our Custom House reports do not follow them any fiurther than to Canadian agents or shippers, and so they go into their returns as exports to that country, and conveniently come in to make a better (but delusive) ahoyr in fiavor of reciprocity. In proof of this by our Reports we exjwrted to Canada in 1872-3, wheat and flour valued at $8,431,626 and dur- ing the same time their exports to this country and abroad, and their flour and grain in transit under bond to Portland and Boston, were valued at $14,338,386, a bal- ance ill their favor of $6,084,466. They simply grind some of our wheat, and transfer it, ^ with our other farm-products, to other lands, and if we did not support their ndlioads and canals by furnishing this freight, they would not pay running expenses, and i 11 :■.-■, .jM^ H : • t this transportation woald pass over our own freight lines by land and water. BesolatloBS «f aiiut the Reelprodty Treaty. The following resolutions were passed by a hearty and unanimous vote, at the meeting of the National As- sociation of Lumbermen, which we represent as the Special Committee chosen under the last of the series. mereai, The Canadian lumbermen hold large tracts of goremment pine land " limits " at low rates, and without risk of loss of standing timber by fire, (as such losses fall upon their government) while we must buy lands, at much higher prices and incur the growing loss by fire ; and Whereat, Wages in Canada are lower than with us, and they pay no taxes to support our government, save duties on lumber, etc., sent to this coun- try, and are almost exempt from taxes on their business at home, while we share the cost of supporting town and county. State and nation ; and Whereat, The lumber industry of the United States is of great import- ance, not only to owners of mills and timber, but to three hundred thousand men employed at fair wages, and to our farmers, manufiuitureia and mechan ics, to whom it opens a profitable and large home market; therefore^ Beeolved, That as the so-called Beciprocity Treaty, asked for by British and Canadian officials, would grant men in another country our privileges while they bear no share of our burdens or risks, and thus discriminate in favor of strangers as against those of our own household, and place our pro- ducers and consumers of lumber still more in the power of foreigners, ready to monopolize mafkets and rantrol prices for their own benefit and profit, we earnestly oppose it as ui\just and dangerous to the interests of our own indus- try, and of the whole country. Beaolved, That the secrecy with which this scheme was developed, and the introduction of said treaty for ratification by the Senate so near Uie close of the session, make it very apparent that its promoters hoped for the consum- mation of this iniquity before the vigilance of the poople or their I^islatois awakened to the gravity of the case. Beaolved, That we r^ard with indignation the mingled audacity and insolence displayed in said Treaty in the request- made by a foreign power, diat our government, through its Senate, should attempt to bind the fiiture legislation of our country for twenty-five years in the collection of its revenue^ under the sacred obligations of a Treaty. Beaolved, That said Treatjr, if ratified, would result in the paralysis of our industrial pursuits and interests, and a corresponding invigoration of those of British America, and that while a nuuiufusturing empire would \' i i'WJIiiMfc S7 ■pring np all along the border, under the Britioh flag, our work§hopt would be deiterted, and our smokeleM chimneys aenre only aa monuments of our folly. lUtolved, That the admiision, duty i. >f any article into the produo> tion of which American labor enten, while ^e articles on which that labor, in whole or in part, subsists, are subjected to a duty, is an oppressive and un- just discrimination against the labor producing the articles ao admitted free. Badved, That a special Congressional Memorial Committee of twelve penons, with power to increase its number to twenty, be chosen by this Asso- ciation, to compile facts and statistics, and prepare statements and arguments based thereon, touching the lumber business of the United States and Canada, and the effects of so-called " Reciprocity " upon our business and the general interest of our country, and to memorialize Congress against the Reciprocity Treaty. UneoDstltatlonal, and Tlolates Treaties with other Kationt. As there is an express provision of the United States Constitution (Article 1, section 7) under which all revenue measures must originate in the House of Representatives, it is matter of grave question whether the Senate has rightful power to conclude a Treaty which would decrease our revenue some $12,000,000 yearly for twenty five years. It may be that the hesitation of that august body, and their declining to consummate this measure last summer, arose in part from a wise and laudable desire not to transcend the limits of their high prero- gatives. Another grave objection comes up, seriously affecting our commercial treaties and tariff arrangements with all the leading nations of the world. In forty-nine treaties with foreign powers, including the great commercial na- tions of Europe, we agree to chaige them no higher duties on their productions than are levied on the like products of the most favored nations, and also agree that when we reduce duties to others we will make a like reduction to them. Manifestly there can be no justice without such agreement, and there can be no possible reason why we should be asked to depart from, or violate it, for Canada, 4 t i i or any foreign people. Snoh departure were bad faith, ending in confusion and trouble. Not long ago the Russian minister laid before our Department of State the fact that we admitted hemp, pro* dnced in a British province (India), at a duty of $26 per ton, while Russian hemp paid 140. The matter was examined, the surplus duty paid back to Russia, and her hemp admitted at $25 per ton duty. Already the Sheffield Telegraph (England) says : "What the United States is suffered to import into Canada at specific duty or free, that also it will be arranged may be imported from the United Kingdom (Great Britain) on the same precise terms. * *. • Free trade is the thick end of the wedge, of which some Americans call Reciprocity the thin edge. What the Telegraph e&ys oar be "arranged" by Great Britain, can be claimed and "arranged" by France, Germany, etc., as well. We huve too high respect for the sagacity patriotism and law-abiding spirit of the Senate and House of Representatives to suppose that the one will consent to, or the other in any way approve, a Treaty, the consummation of which would violate sacred Constitutional obligations and binding agreemeiits with great commercial ^m wcrs, open the way for constant and just complaints from fifty foreign nations, and end in shameful and disastrous re-adjustments of our commercial relations, or in serious and perhaps warlike troubles. If it be said that no such troubles grew out of our Re- ciprocity with Canada from 1854 to 1866, we reply that nations have grown more vigilant with the vast growth and vital importance of their industries and trade, and that it is fiar better to avoid than to blindly follow a bad and dacgerouB precedent BeauNutranee. In our statements and arguments we have mainly con- fined ourselves to our own industry, and to interests most ■li closely allied thereto, bnt woula ^tif^est MMlifliBr >*<■( industries,— woolen, cotton, iron, steel, etc.,— wo be equally or more affected by this Treaty. Th^ |m >om1 that we should practically open the vast coastinn mde of our long sea coast and lakes (worth thirty fold more thau our foreign commerce) to Canadian vessels, is an amazing sample of reciprocity. The offer of equal navigation of the Canadian canals, in return for the use of our much longer and more important like water courses, is its fit companion : — especially when we consider that the canals and railroads of the Dominion are dependent on our traffic to pay their expenses, while ours are crowded with our own products. But we leave these and other quest- ions to others, with only this word of suggestive comment Our task has been to present statistics, reasons and ai^n- ments, to show the ii^^nstice and injury of this miscalled " Reciprocity Treaty" to the great industry we represent. Believing fully in the justice of our cause, we close our memorial by an earnest, united and respectful remon- strance against the consummation of this Treaty, and would express the hope that its rejection by the Senate may be prompt and decided. JOHN S. ESTABBOOK, Eart Saginaw, Michigan, Chairman. EZRA BUST, Saginaw Gtj, Michigan. T. W. PALMER, Detroit, Michigan. J. D. LUDDEN, St Paul, Minnerata. D. MORRISON, Minneapolii, Minnemta. D. J. SPAULDINO, Black River Falk, Wiaooniin. O. H. INGRAM, Ean Clain, WiM»nrin, T. W. HARVEY, Chicago, Dlinoia. J. H. PEARSON, Chicago, Illinois. W. H. ARMOTRONO, WiUiamaport, Pennaylvania. EDOAR MUNSON, Willianuport, PennqrlTania. R K. HAWLET, Baltimore^ MaiyUuid. HENRY JAMES, Baltimore^ Maiyknd. Spedal Mtmorial OmmiUte tfNaHanal A-oaaUim <^ Lumbmnm. December let, 1874. Mk '