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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 PLAC hi fori) m &... mmmmmmmmMi CANADA THK PLACE FOR THE EMIGRANT -m. :* h\ A8 gHEWN BY SPEECHES Tt>ELIVK8ED BY HIS EXCELLKNCY, foii) ilEFxii, #otenor ^^nn^al, *t. fe. ^t> OTJWNa A TOVR MADB IN THE SUMMER OF 1874 WITH AN APPENDIX. TOKONTO : 1874. •w u CANADA: ?.'■■ THE PLACE FOR THE EMIGRANT, AS SHEWN BY SPEECHKS DELIVERED BY HIS EXCELLENCY, Ifortr riuffcrin, oVobcrnor (jrcncval, tft. &t. Sit, 1^; DUHINO A TOUR MADb: IN THE SUMMER OF 1874. WITH AN APPENDIX. TOKONTO 1874. 178206 I 4- 1 'm ■/ THE DOMINION OF CANADA. t 1- 4 ?V i rt; As a field for receiving the surplus populations of Europe and for utilizing the muscular or skilled mechanical powers of the many for whom there seems to bo no place in the over-thronged countries of an older world, there is none which offers advantages superior to the Dominion of Canada ; few which approach any- where near it. From its geographical position, its almost un- equalled extent of sea, lake, and river coast line, its varied natural resources, its forests, fisheries, mines, its abundant water power, and above all, its soil and climate so admirably adapted for tillage and dairy farming, the Dominion of Canada includes within its far- reaching borders, means for the employment of capital and labour, skilled and unskilled, in an endless variety. There is no danger in this country of people jostling each other too closely: there is room and to spare for all; and the more population increases in the new settlements, while yet millions of unoccupied acres remain to be tilled up beyond, the more opportunities are afforded for the exercise of industrial skill and energy, for the investment of capi- tal, and for the employment of unslalled labour in all departments of production. And, while Canada is thus, by nature, so wondrously favoured, its people have done great things to fit it for the habitation of those who are to dwell therein. Their political institutions, based in the main on the English model, secure to the people the right to govern themselves, and the franchise is 'v^'ide enough x.o give every industrious man a right to vote. In the important matter of reli- gion, churches and church schools, of all denominations abound everywhere, to an extent almost beyond the comprehension of an Englishman ; and it is a rare sight indeed to see a Minister of the Gospel preaching to empty pews. The provisions for education are admirable and every year receiving improvement ; they secure in- struction for the children of the poorest; and the road to the Col- leges and Universities is open to all. Touching the facilities for travelling over the vast distances which lie between the various por- tions of the Dominion, chey are now so perfect that in the matter of railways and steamboats there is little left to be desired on all the main routea, and that little is yoar by year being supplied. j\ proof of this in to bo found in the fact that every Kuuimer thous andrj and thousands of peo]»l(.ifi'oni the United States throng Cana- dian steamboats and railway ears, and swarm in all the principal cities. To obtain for himself at fir.st hand some general knowledge ol the country ho has been called to ride over, Lord Dutlerin, Gover- nor General of the Douiinior. of Canada, about the first of August, 1874, started for an extended tour, end)racing a trip to the ij'ree Grant Lands uf the JMunkoka district, jind thence to the mineral regions at the head of Lake Superior, as well as a progress through the older and more developed agricultural settlement: . In the eours(! of the tour he visited a great number of flourishing towns au able to dovolope and establish on a basis tHpially satisfactory." And again when at Parry Sound, Ifis Excellency gave utterance to his senti)uints in a much sin.iilar stiain : — "You may w^41, indeed, refer with jirido to Canada as your home, because in no ('ountry in tho worhl that I have ever visit(Ml have I seen so many happy and contented homesteads, or so few signs of destitution or distress. The peo[)le of Canada are con- tent not nun'ely with the material aihaiitages wluch may liavc! fal len to the .share of each individn.il, but they ar«> [>roud and con- ten'/ with ^lu; country of their inheritance or of their adoption. They are jiroud of and content with the institutions under which they live; tlu!y are proud and contented to l)e associated with tlK> British h]m])ire. You have, inde(>d, spoken most accurately when you said that our jonriay to-day has been the occasion of many pleasurable s(!n- sations, but I liave derived not morel, pleasure but profit from what I have seen. Of course, it has been my duty to make; myself ac- quainted, with tlio processes by wliich your wildeinesses of wood are reclaimed by tlio industry of the settler. But to-da}', with my own eyes, I have had the j)leasure of witness- ing that ojieration in every one of its stages — from the moment when the newly arrived emigrant looks round him and selects the site for his future habitation, to tiu; ultimate and crowning fnlfdinent of his aspirations, when he linds himself comfortably and secui'ely es- tablished in a well-built house, surrounded by cultivated i. ds, with a large, stalwart, and hopeful family growing up aroi id him. Arriving at this settlement, I ai» greeted on all hands by the evi- dences of the same prosperity and the same hojiefulness which I have met with elsewdiere. And I can well b(>li(n'(,' that, situated as you ai'e, in so advantageous a ]K)sition, connnanding an easy and immediate access to the great district of lakes which so remarkably 8 distingi-isb Canada from almost every other country ; and sniTOund- ed by a rich and fertile soil, and by great distiiets of valuable tim- ber, you have reason to cong?;atiilate yourselves upon having selected this locality as the scene of youi' future labours and the theatre of your successful endeavours. I make no «^oul)t that that industry, that intelHgenoe wliicJi in the more sottl(>d parts of Canada have secured to their respective neighborhoods the position they enjoy, will in no distant future succeed in producing equally good results here. And now, ladies and gentlemen, allow me to thanic you for the personal welcome you are pleased to give to Her ExcelleDcy and to iTiyself lean assure jo\i I am deep- ly sensible of those feelings of kindliness and goodwill which I have met every whei'C! iji Canada, but nowhere have I been more touched by those evidences of a generous and hearty feeling than on passing the detached and ii.olated houses of the new r,ettlers, where the owner and liis Avifc and children standing at the door contribute their quota to make me feel and understand how deep in the heart of every Canadian, whether nevr settler or old inliabi- tant, is the desire to show good will, and to give a liearty welcome to the representative o^ tlieir Sovereign. Genthnnen, 1 will only say that I iTgret tliat circumstances do not permit me to ac(!ept the kind invitation of the ReevC; to prolong my stay here, but you can well undei*stand tliat if you Ciioose to inhabit a Doiuinion which stretches from ocean to ocean, it is physically im[)ossibl(^ for the Governor General, if he wishes to make himself acquainted even with a small part of it, to do more tlian pass i\ sliort tiuie in the midst of even his kindest and most alhictionate friends." The resources of (^anada are best witnessed to by the records of her trade. She not merely supports in plenty her own population, V>ut she has a great surplus for other lands. She has wheat, bar- ley, oats, peas, potatoes, cheese, buttei-, t\ggs, to sell ; timbei', hard and soft, enough to set tlic world up in building material ; horses, cows, sheep, pigs, and poultry ; wool and hides ; salt, coal and coal oil, to say no tiling of gokl, silver, iron, and other less valuable minerals. Of all these she sells to other countries ; and her trade is annually grow ing with ever-lengthening strides. For all that come hither there can souiethiug be found to do, provided ] vevious educafcion or the habits of half a lifetime have not mifitted them to take hold of whatever work may first [)resent itself. Agricul- tural labourers are especially needed ; and there is no danger that tr.e su|)ply Avill exceed tlu; (h>mand, so long as tluire is such a store of unoccupied and imsettled land in the fertile regions of the North- West. Loi'd Dn+ferin's allusions to the })articular industries 9 of Canada were many of them of necessity local in their nature ; but, read together, they furnish ample testimony to what has been said. At Goderich, for Instance, the chief seat of tlie salt manu- facturing interests, he visited the works of a leading company, and on a subsequent occasion referred to them as follows : — " I have derived the greatest pleasure and instruction from my visit to tluise works. It is the first occasion in my life that I have liad an opportunity of acquainting myself by actual insi)ection with the manner in which salt is pi-epared for the market ; and I am ghid to think that — thanks to the bounty of Prcvidence — under- neath our feet there should lie what nppettr to be inexhaustible mines of that article, and that, too, of the finest qraility, and so situiited as to be readily and easily obtained. I am still lx*tter ])h>nHed to think that this company, lictwithstanding those iiivi- di<)us restrictions which are imposed upon thoii- staple, should stiU find themselves in a position to trade with the United States." And at Ingersoll, where, on market days, as many as 11,000 boxes of cheese have been ofi'ered for sale, lie was able to say :- - "I am very glad to find myself in this locality, because, altliough perha])s there are many oilier ])hices in the Dominion which may excel it in numl>er of inhabitants, in the accur>iulated wealth which they have acquircsd, and in the s})lendor of their buildings, still it is able to boast of an achicxcment of which any town miglit be proud, and to which very few towns, whether in Ureat J3ritain or Canada, are able to aspire ; and that is of liaving ',^reated a new and prosperous description of n.anafacture. I am well aware that the cheese factories in Ingersoll possess a world-wide reputation, and that sometimes even our neighbours, when the\- wish to sell their cheeses to the best advantage, find it to theii- interest to let their customers understand that they are of the Ingersoll quality." At Paris he had occasion to make a reference o othei species of resources for which that locality is noted : — " I regret that, owing to the multiplicity of my engagements, I cannot visit your manufacturing industries, more espe- cially as I should have been glad to have seen those spots from v.dience you draw the su{)plies of gypsum for which Paris is remaikal^le, and to which it owes a great portion of its prosperity ; a material which in its quality excels, I understand, every dimilar article that is to be found ujion this Continent. I am also rejoiced to hear that in your mineral springs you possess a foun- tain of health which, wlujn its medical value becomes 10 »' better kno^vn, wil . utti^ict numbers to your town for the purposes of health and recreation." At the town of Niagara, situate passed through tracts of the most beauti- ful country, possessing soil as fertile as any that it has ever been my good fortune to observe. The magnificent regularity and vast area of the fields have made a great imjn-ession upon my mind, accustomed as I am to the small, and 1 regret to say, more or less imperfectly cTdti\ated districts of the old country ; and I feel that I am paying you no unmeaning or unjustifiable compliment when I say that there are many English or Irish farmers who might take a lesson from your system of agriculture." At Parry Sound, a remote settlement lying far away to the north, the Governor-General found also great natural advantages, as he tells the people who had welcomed him there. In the course of his remarks he said: — "Although it miglit be presumptuous in a more casual visitor, who can have formed but very hasty conclusions from what may jiave caught his attention as he made his Avay in this direction, to }»ronounce an opinion on the future prosi:)ects of this country, yet any one who has ,'it all studied the economical phenomena which characterize the ad\'ances of civilization, cannot help being struck b} the immense natural ad\iintages which surround the locality in which you have pitched your tents. On the one side stretches away to a distance, I understand, of seventy or eighty miles, a wa,ter communication, navigal)le by steamers, which oilers those necessary facilities for the distribution of the natural wealth of the country, without which it would be comparatively valueless ; on the other there exists what may be called an ocean of timl>er land realy the inhabitants of Canada for another fifty years with the connuodity wlucli, I regret to say, is rapidly failing in the more thickly i>opulated districts. Around me, upon all sides, I see the evident nroofs not merely of industrv, but of that remark- able int(!liigence whicli will enable you to extract from your labors the most profitable returns." POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OF CANADA. It must be a matter of satisfaction to those ■wlio leave the sliores of JiJritain iiunoly to better their condition and not out of dissatis- fation with her Goverimient or her hiws, to find when they ani^'e in Canada that the self-same institutions, the same protection for property, life and libei-ty exist in the Colony as in the Mother Country, while at the same time there is scarcely any of that shai'ply-defined class distinction wdiich keeps down all but the few who by genius or great wealth are raised much above the mass of their fellows. To show that Canadian political institutions are of the character claimed for them, some of Lord DufFeiin's replies to addresses may ))e appealed to as confirmatory. For example, when at Woodstock he s})oke as follows : — " I rejoice to find that in the hearts of the hardy agricultural in- habitants of this country there prevails so warm an affection for the Motlier (^'ountry, so high an appreciation of the benefits which re- sidt from their connection with the Empire, and such an intelligent np])reliensioii of the merits and virtues of the British Constitution. Without wisliing to draw any invidious comparison between tlu; Govennnent under which you live and any other Grvernment with which it may be compared, I have no hesitation in say- ing that the institutions of Great Britain, which are founded on experience and have been developed under the administration of wise and patriotic statesmen, afford as large a degree of liberty, as convenient a method of administration, as direct an expression of tlie popidar will, as any reasonable man can desu-e. You have to congratulate yourselves in Canada upon tliree attributes of your Governuient, wliose value can never be over-estimated, and which I ti'iist the people will long prescn-ve in their full integrity. In the first place, the judges of tlie land are appointed directly by tlie Crown, under the advice of Ministers who enjoy the confidence of Pavliauient. Tlicsi^ dignitaries are thus in the best possible position for administering justice iniinfluenced by any un- worthy consideration, by any desire to obtaui popularity, or by any fi^ar of those who may happen to be in po- litical authority. Another fact on which the people oi Canada are to be congratulated is that their civil service is a permanent service — that is to say, from one end of tlie Dominion to the other 14 tae civil servants are appointed in tlio first instance by persons who are responsible to Parliament fortlie psitronage theymay exercise ; and when once appointed their term of ofiic(; is neither disturbed nor in- fluenced by political considerations. The benefit of this system is, in my opinion, so great that I trust the people of Canada will con- tinue to insist on its maintenance, no matter how many may be the attempts to depart from the golden rule which has established it. Ixi the third place, you live under a limited Monarchy, and your Government is administered l)y a representative of the Crown, who is bound to act under the advice of his resj)onsiblc Ministry, and who, if unfoi'tunatoly any misunderstanding should separate him from his Ministers, or rather from his Parliament, has an opportunity of submitting the matter in contestation to the friendly arbitrament of the Government at home, while, in the event of his being in the wrong, he disappears from the scene without causing a moment's check to the machinery of Administra- tion, and without in tho slightest degree disturbing the relations between the Colonies and the Mother Country, whilst his successor nominated from England and instructed by what has already taken place, will have learned to direct his course in har- mony with those constitutional principles under which alone a free people will consent to live." And not merely has Canada a right to claim equality with England as regards her political institutions ; but in some respects tlie machintny for carrying on the local government of the immense territory knowTi as the Dominion may justly be considered superior to what is found even at home. As some testimony on this point, when at Chicago, in reply to an address from the Mayor of that fast-gi'owing city, his Excellency, referring to the account which had been given of its municipal institutions, was careful to point out that Canada was in this respect in no way liehind her big neighbour. He said : — "In Canada we are happily able to point to similar institutions ; and I confess that there is nothing in the social and political insti- tutions of that country which I regard with gi'eater aduuration, oi- which I think is more likely to secure tlie good government of the people at large, than tlie principle of municij)al govei'iiment, api)lied to the very grtjat ext(»nt to which that principle lias been adopted througliout the length and breadth of the Dominion." In rej^lying to an .-.ddress presented to hini by the German citi- zens of lieilin, his Excellency furtlier said : — *' And it may be a satisfaction to you to know that I shall con- 16 sider it my duty, in communicating from time to time my impres- sions as to the condition of the Dominion, that the Government of Germany understand that her children in this country are satisfied with the hmd of their adoption, and that, although they rcffard with undiminished afiection the traditions of their fore- fathers, they are perfectly contented to find themselves under British rule, and in the enjoyment of the liberties secured to them by the British Constitution, Gentlemen, I believe that under no Government and in no country are popular rights and those prin- cii)les of true liberty better combined with the preservation of order than under the constitution under which you live, J am sure there is not a person in this vast assembly who does not feel that under Parliamentary Government his voice is duly heard, that his rights as a freeman are respected, and that his material interests are adequately subserved." CONNECTION BETWEEN CANADA AND ENGLAND. i There are many at liome vho tliink either that the Colony will cut looHo from Uw Mother Country, to take her stand as an inde- pendent nation, or to cast in her destinies with those of the United States ; or that some sliort-siglited Imperial Minister will give a strong hint, to be taken as a command, that Canada shall here- iifter fend for herself. Those wlio thus think base tlunr impres- sions, not upon what is, but on what has been. It is long since there has been any widely felt desire on the part of Canadians to be aiiiiexed to the United States ; and although on the friendliest of terms with the people of that country, one does not now hear a whisper in favour of annexation. Tlie fact is that Canada is at this moment in a more })ros})erous condition, agricidturally and commercially, than her more })opnlous neighbour, and a change of allegiance would olfer no 'lorresponding gain. On the other hand, thoui;]! at one time there was in England some feelimi; that Canada might be a source of danger, and that without her there would be less risk of getting involved in any trouble with the Uniteil States, that feeling has died away, and been replaced to a great extent l>y the sentiment that her - lagnificent colonies are the great founda- tion of England's power — the guarantee of her future position among nations. Let Lor 1 Dufferin's testimony be taken on these points. At Cobourg he spoke as follows, touching the sentiments of the people of Great Britain towards Canadians : — "But, perhaps, Mr. Mayor, I may take this opportunity of sup- plying an omission with which I am inclined to reproach myself, and that is my not having sulHciently enlarged upon these recipro- cal sentiments of affection which are entertained by the Go^ern- ment and by the people of Great Britain for their fellow-subjects in Canada. Mr. Mayor, you are entitled to regard me as the ex- ponent of the views of the Imperial Govenment, and I think I nuiy add as a faithful interpreter of the feelings of the British people, when I say that the Government of Great Britain and the people of Great Britain contemplate with the greatest satisfaction and pride these demonstrations which evince how determined the people of Canada are to maintain their connection with the jNIother Country, not only for the present, not only during the immediate future, but from generation to generation. When I say this, : 17 yoii may take it for granted I do not speak without authority. Gentlemen, I am sure it must be a matter of piido to all of us wlio are subjects of the British Empire to consider th.at these sentiments towiirdu tlie Mother Country, "which liavc so deep a root in Canada, (iw also shared by those various popidations in all parts of the globe wliich are ranged together under the British flag, and over whom Queen Victoria is a common Sovereign, for never has any country been able to point to such a noble array of great and powerful communities as these whicli are thus connected and bound together by a common loyalty, by a common purpose to maintain and preserve through all ages the unity of that glorious and historic empire with which tlieyar© associated." And again at Belleville, His Excellency gives further expression to the opinion ho holds on this subject, pointing out at the same time that the apparent neglect of Canadian IWur by British jour- nalists was no proof of national indiflcrence. xId's is what ho says : — " In a concluding paragraph you have alluded to a feeling which I have souu^tiuies heard mentioned in jn'iA ate to which hitherto my attention has never been so i)oiut(dly directed, viz. : That (■nnndian afiairs scarcely obtain tl M share of p()[)ular attention in England which their importance merits. Well, IVIr. Mayor and gentlemen, I would ask you to call to mind the old adage, which says, * Happy are the people without annals ;' an adage whicli implies that only too often the history of a country consists of an account of its follies and misfoi-tunes. Indeed it is sometimes as well to be without a history as with one. In the same way, you must remember that as long as the domestic aifairs of Canada are con- ducted with that wisdom which commands the confidence of Eng- land, as long as the material condition of Canada is such as to occasion neither api)rehension nor anxiety to England, as long as the sentiments of Canada arc so afi'ectionate and loyal to the Mother Country as to leave her nothing to desire, so long will her intercourse with Canada be confined to those placid hum-drum amenities whicli charact(^rize eveiy happy household. Again, you must remember that in England every man who is connected with public afiairs, every pidjlic writer, every person through whom the national sentiiiKiuts find expression is so overwhelmed and over- weighted by his daily occupations that you must not be surprised if they have not time to be very loquacious on Canadian subjects ; and, after all, gcnitlemen, I may observe, as a sensitive Englishman, that I do not find in Canadian public prints quite that ample share 1% given to tlic discussion of purely Britisli matters which I, of course, might desire. No, gcMitlemen, you must not judge of the afloction of the Mother Country for her greatest colony, you must not judge of the intero'-'t she takes in your affairs, lier pride in your loyalty to herself, by > hat may lia[)pen to be said, or rather not said, in tlio nowspa})ers. The heart of England is large, but the English nation is undemonstrative ; and I am sure that you will find, whenever the necessities of the case really require it, that the s3^m])athieH of Englaiitl and the atttuition of Rnglish public opinion will l)c concentrated upon Canada with a solicitude and an energy that will leave you no occasion of complaint." Lord Dutlerin's utterances on the other point of Canadian loyalty to Great Britain were absolutely voluminous, and expressed as forcibly as words could do the belief held by him that this sentiment of loyalty to Britain and Britain's Queen was the prevailing and strongest sentiment to be found among the people of the Dominion. Some extracts from s[)eeches delivered at numerous different points will indicate this. At Lindsay, His Excellency said : — "It is to me a matter of unspeakable pride to think that Canada shoidd be so rapidly enlarging her borders, increasing her resources and growing in wealth and power, and thut pari passu with those improvements in her material conditions, her affection for the Mother Country and her determination never to be separated from her present beneficent connection with England should have be- come more of a fixed principle than ever in the minds of luir peo- ple. When I reflect that the same sentiments, the same prospeiity, the same loyalty to the Crown, the same affection for the Mother Country, also permeates those vast colonies of Great Britain which are fulfilling their appointed destiny in the southern hemispJiere, I cannot but consider it a priceless honour to be a citizen of an em- pire that can ^^ jast so many — I will not call them dependencies, be- cause that is scarcely a word fitting to express their present relation to the Mother Country — but great and powerful Britisli communities, which are associated together by a common feeling of loyalty to Queen Victoria, and a common desire to preserAC intact the Imperial unity in which they are now incorporated." The following expressions are taken from his address to the citi- zens of Orillia: — " I cannot bring myself to conclude these brief remarks without conveying to you my sense of the fervent loyalty which breathes in every sentiment of your address — a loyalty which is especially grateful to me both as Governor General of Canada and as one of 19 your EnglisL fcllow-subjocts. I trust that it will bo novor forfjot ten that in England, altlioiigh we are so])arattil from you by an extensive ocean, and altiiough wc; each of us in houk' ivsju'ct are pur- suing our several ways, we nevcrthclcsH entertain in our hearts the deepoHt spnipatliy for our fellow-HuliJccts in Canathi, and that we consider it no small matt(rr of pride and satisfaction that they should be associated with us in building up that great eiupiie w liich extends from ocean to ocean, and I might almost say fiom pole to pole." At Sarnia His Excellency embodied the same sentiment in the following words : — "Though I am well aware that it is only to the representative of that Gracious Sovereign to whose throne and Government you in common with all your Canadian fellow-subjects are so loyally devoted that this demonstration is addressed, I canassui-c; you that it is not the less grateful to me on that account. If tliore is one thing more than another which fills my heart, as an Englishman, with pride, it is to have discovered in every direction in which 1 have gone, that in Canada, on the or^o hand, there exists the most perfect contentment on the part of the people with tlu^ institutions under which tiu^y live, with the Parliamentary Governmt'ut which they support and inspire, and that, on the other, those feelings -ui' entwined with the most loving and tender regard for that Mother Country whence the peoi)le of Canada have come, and to whose genius tlifjy owe the qualities which distinguish tliem." In liis address at Godcrich, Lord Dufferin made direct referenct^ to the relations of Canada with England in the following forcible language : — " Your president let fall one remark, the truth of which I am firmly convinced of, and think it should be fully impressed upon all those who are interested in tho future destinies of this country, more especially ;is I see by the English papers that very grave misapprehensions are entertained in that regard by gentle- men who have undertaken to write on Canadian affairs with evidently a very imperfect knowledge of what are the feelings ot the Canadian jieople. I am perfectly certain — no matter how close may become the commercial ties which may connect (Janada with the United States, no matter liow intimate may be the mercantile relatioiis of the two countries, no matter how warm may be the regard and affection existing between the two people, and, in my opinion, it cannot be too warm — that nothing will ever in the slightest degree relax the devotion of the people of Canada towards 20 tlio Mother Country, nor diiniiiish thoir contentmnnt with the iii.sti'Aitiona iindor vvhicth they livo, nor divert into another channel tlio loyalty A\hich they now feel towards tlie Crown, nor make thorn in the sliglitoHt degree Icsa enthusiastic weiu'oers of the iJritish Empire than at present." At Mitchell, His Excellency said :— • *' It is a great satisfaction to mo to perceive the intense attach- ment which is folt by tlie people of Canada for the institutions of their country, and the loyalty to the Queen evinced by tlio nuirks of respect and good-will aflbrded to her representative. I can assure you that no one can feel a deeper interest than I do in all that relates to the prosperity of tlie country, and no one can sympathize more heartily with the efforts made by the people of Canada to develope its marvellous resources. Under th* blessing of Providence you are engaged in a noble task, viz., in building n\) an earnest and God-fearing community into what I fully believe will becori'.o one of the proudest and most powerful nationalities on the face of the earth." At Windsor, on Lis return from a brief visit to the United States, Lord Dufferiu expressed his sense of Canadian loyalty as follows : — " Altliough I have lately been the recipient of many very kindly welcomes in a foreign country, J am not the less glad to I'eturn to the soil of Canada — because whatever kindness or good will the j»eople of the United States may be willing to show to a foreigner — and to this kindness I can bear the highest testimony — it nnist of course be prom])ted by their invariable feelings of courtesy to those who visit them, rather than by that ])atriotic feeling which distinguishes the rece})tions the i)eople of Canada always give to those who have the honour of rei)resenting Her JMa- )e5^'"y the Queen. You tell me tliat you inhabit a portion of the Dominion which h in some res])ects isolated; shut off from the remainder of our territories. I should imngine that if it is in p,ny way distMicruislu^d from the rest of Canada it is by the ])eculiar beauty < r'tuation, by the advantages of its climate, and by the i it Pinjoys from its proximity to so magniticent a ; as it may, whatever may be the isolation of your cnvit-'J river. geograpi. sition, it is quite evident, both from what you have said and tiom what I see around me, that you ai'e heartily united with tho rest of your fellow-subjects in your freedom, in your love of devotion to the interests of your common country, in the pride 21 I which you so justly feci In i\w institutions umh't* wliich you live, and in tho satisfaction which you oxpress with rogiiid to that umgniticont destiny which is common to you ull." Still further testimony to this may Im taken from the Govornor- Goncrara remarks at Guolph. Ho said : — - "I am sure that all of you must bo very much tired of rpadin<; tho various speeches wliich, during tho last tluce or four w< ks, I have been called upon to deliver in passing thiough the Doin uion. r hope, however, you understand that, at all events, I for my part never tire of repeating to tho inhabitants of Canada how sensible I am of tho kindness, tho indulgence, the courtesy, and th(5 good-will with which thoy are always pleased to receive us. Wherever wo have gone, whether into the remotest region of tho Do- minion or into its more thickly-popuiated districts, whether we iind ourselves among tho French, the Irish, tho Knglish, or the (ierman poi)ulal ion — everywhere the feeling is the same, a feeling of devoted loyalty to the Crown, accompanied by the most Hattering assurances of the friendliness and bhe good-will with which they aro disposed to regard the humble inilividual who has tho honour of represent- ing it." On another occasion His Lordship summarized tho result of his observations in tho following words : — " I am happy to see, in every Province and locality I have visited, the time has come for laying aside sectional distinction of race or reli- gion, and for combining in one grand effort to create a nationality that shall know no distinction from the Pacific to tho Atlantic Ocean. The very fact of your already being banded together in common loyalty to tho Crown, and in f determination to take the utmost advantage of those parliamentary institutions with which you have been endowed by the mother country, is tho best preparation that can exist for tho consummation of this desirable end. * * * From one end of Canada to the other, there exists a feeling of the mo?t devoted affection towards the British Throne, of the most perfect contentment with the established institutions of the country, of the most complete satisfaction with the prospect of che past, and of the most unfailing confidence in the future. In all those feel- ings I, for one, most cordially sympathize, whilst I deem it an honour of which any one might be proud to have my name coiiuectd, tliough but for a few short years, with a people such as those in whose midst I now live. I hold that no man need aspiro to a greater distinction than that of having it recorded in the history of this country that under his administration the liberties of the people 22 have beon maintained and enlarged, the natural prosperity of the Dominion increased, and the great Confederation of North America extended." At a banquet, given in his honour at Goderich, Lord Dufferin both eulogises tlio forms of government and testifies to the unshake- .ible loyalty of the people to British institutions : " Of couvse v/elivo under Monarchical institutions, and are proud tliat such is the case. Those institutions have been left to us by our ancestors, and it is our rui determination to maintain them for our descendants; but side by side with the institutions of IMonarchy there has been gradually developing, thi'ough the exertions of the champions of civil freedom, a system of Govern- ment, which is as liberal and as popular as has ever been possessed by any nation under the sun. *'**** Qf course during the heat of party warfare it may very often happen that one side or the other may for a moment remain under the impres- sion that the Governor-General is inclined to allow the scales to descend in favour of its oi)poucnts. Should ever that impression ])revail, I will a k the people of Canada to remember that the Govenioi-General has no organ, no means or opi)ortuiuty of explaining his motives, of describing his policy or of Justifying his conduct in the minds of those between whoji and liimself a temporary cloud may intervene. His Eolo reliance — and I am proud to think that reliance is all-sullicient — is in the generosity of t})e people of Canada. Wherever the representative of the Queen has presented himself, he has been received in a manner that proves that the loyalty uf the Canailian people is not to be shaken, and that they are detei mined to maintain unimpaired, from generation to generation, tlie powerful and honourable tie that binds them to the British Empire," EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, Ample provision is everywhere made in Canada for tlie instruction of the rising generation, irrespective of condition. Free public «3cliools are iound everywhere, and, in the Province of Ontario, parents and guardians are compelled by law to send all children to school a certain number of months in the year. There are also schools where young men and young women are taught to be teachers ; and from these schools go forth annually numbers c^ excellently qualified school-masters and mistresses. Besides, there are academies, collegiate institutions and universities, some of them very liberally endowed, where education of the highest grade is obtainable, and to the securing of which lownes3 of station is no bar. Any young man of intelligence, energy and industry, no matter how humble his origin, may obtain a first-class classical and scientific education, and find himself at once on an equality practically with the best men of the land. Of course tiiere are any number of private schools in the cities and towns, and those all find plenty of patrons, so that all classes receive a good practical education, and those who desire to have theii- children receive a first-class general, scientific or technical education have every opportunity afibrded on very reasonable terms. The Covernoi'- General had on former occasions visited most of the educational institutions of the country, and had expressed hi^ views concerning their excellence, so that on his present trip his attention was not much devoted thereto. However, at one or two places he did say a few words on this topic. At Cobourg, in reply to an address from the President and Professors of Victoria College, he spoke as follows : " I can assure you that it is a very great encouragement to me to know that a body of gentlemen who, by their position, by tjieir intellectual attainments, by their acquaintance with those principles which should reguUite the conduct of Parliamentary Govcrnntent have been good enough to express their confidence in me as a consti- tutional ruler. Of course, from time to time, occasion will arise when conflicting views will be entertained as to what course may bo most befitting the head of the State upon this or that [)!irticular (piestiou ; bu. I need not assure you it will ulways be my endeavour to preserve unim})aii'ed those great principles which have raised our 24: Mother Country to her present high position, which have enabled Iier to endow kg many of her colonies with a constitutional existence of their own, which has preserved iier from those changes and calamities by which we have seen neighbouring countries overwhelmed who have not rightly understood the principles of constitutional government. I am also very glad to have the opportunity of making the acquaintance of those gentle- men who have contributed so much to maintain a high standard of education among the youth of this country. It is of indescribable importance that this standard of education should be continued upon the same elevated level as that v/Jiich happily distm- guislies the Mother Country, and the best security for ensuring this desirable result is that highly trained gentlemen like yourselves should be found ready to devote their lives, sacrifice their time, and employ their grea,t attainments upon so noble and so vital a task " And while there is this general care taken for the instruction of the youth of Canada, those who are unfortunately deprived of the use of a portion of their senses, whether siglit or hearing, are equally well cared for. At the Deaf ami Dumb Institute at Belle- ville he spoke as follows : '' I am sure I shall be only expressing the feeHngs of those who liave had the ])leasui'e of visiting this institution to-day when I say •liat we are all intensely struck by tlie beautiful exhibition of ~'hieh we have just been si)ectators. Until we came here none of us imagined that there could have been constructed an acted lan- guage so lucid, picturesque, and eloquent as that of which we have seen a specimen. I remember reading some time ago an account of an accident which had befallen some laborers wlio were working in a pit, the sides of which fell in and imprisoned them for days in the bowels of the earth. Their neiglibours rushed to their assist- ance, and by gr'^st exertions, tlioj digging down >ind the others ujiwards, the intervening obstacles wore removed, and the suilerers restored to the blessings of air and light and intercourse with their i\'llow-men. It is an operation of a somewhat similar kind of which we have been spectators to-day. We have watched the teachers in this establishment endeavouring to remove the impedi- ments by which its inmates are secluded within their blind and .silent prison-house, while we have seen these on the other side of the 'vall with the struggling intelligence with which God has gifted them endeavouring to force their wa,y into a full communion of thought and ideas with their benefactors. Passing however from the pier ng task of expressing on ])ehalf of my fellow-visitors our I 25 iVe enabled LStitutional rom tliose ighbouring 'Stood the ly glad to )se gentle- i standard lescribable continued jy disfin- •' ensuring »"Ourselves heir time, so vital a istruction ^j) rived of aring, are i at Belle- hose who lien I say bition of e none of -cted lan- we have account working r days in sir assist- le others siiiferers ith their kind of ^lied the inipedi- ind and r side of IS gifted mion of ^er from tors onr I deep sense of our obligations to Dr. Palmer, the authorities and teachers of this institution, I will, in obedience to the request of Dr. Palmer,- proceed to address a few words to the pupils, 1 dare-* say they will have learnt that for some weeks past I have been visiting various parts of the Dominion, and that wherever I have gone I have been received with the heartiest good-will ; but I can assure them that, however bright and festive, however loud and rinffincf mav have been the salutations whicli have attended our course, however costly and elaborate the arches of trium])h aud the various other emblems with which the people have testified their loyalty to their Queen and country, nowhere have I received a more eloquent and touching greeting than that silent welcome which has been accorded to us here. 1 am sure all who are ])resent sympathise most deeply with the tiffiiction with which Provulence has visited the chihlren around ur, and we appreciate most fully the brave and intelligent exertions they are making to escape frou) the bondage in which they have been held, whilst '* affords the greatest satisfaction to us to perceive with what success tlieir own endeavours and the exertions of their teachers are being crowned " /There is another class of people in Canada, to whom, though comparatively defenceless to maintain their own rights, the Govern- ment has always extended the most careful justice, and with whom in consequence there has always l)een a most friendly fe(^ling The Indian population is in some places almost on a footing of equality with their white neighbours in the laatter of education and general progress. In the more remote dist.ricts they are still, of course; nomadic in their habits, and have not acquired many of the arts of civilization. Still, as tlie white settlements advance into the heart of the continent, efforts arc made to give to the aborigines advan- tages equal to those of the later a.rrivals. This will receive an illustration from the remarks made iby His Excellency on the occa sion of the laving of the corner-stone of a certain institution for the education of Indians, to be called the "Shingwauk Home." In acknowledging an expression of thanks for his attendance, he said that — ** It was with great pleasure that he had taken a humble part in the interesting ceremony of the day. He was always glad to have an opportunity of showing the syni])athy which he felt and the interest which he took in the welfare of their Indian fellow-subjects. They were bound to remember that they were under the gravest obligation to these Indians, and that the white race, in entering their country and in requiring them to change their aboriginal mode of life, incurred the duty of providing for their future welfare. 26 and of taking care that in no rospott whatsoever were their circum- stances made worse. It must also he remembered that although they themselves had the advant;)!;e of living under parliamentary institutions, and although *he hundjlest white person in the land could feel that his representative was in a position to plead his cause and to watch over his inter* -sts in the Parliament of the Dominion, it had as yet been found impossible to extend those advantages to the Indian i)opulation. On that account, therefore, if on no other, they were bound to be very solicitous that in their endeavour to advance civilization, to settle the country, and to bring it under cultivation, they did the Indians no wrong. To secure the results they desired, no surer method could be adopted than that Avhich they were assembled to inaugurate. It was very evident that so great a change as from the wild life of the hunter to the occui)acion of the cultivator could scarcely be effected in a single generation, nor indeed be effected at all unless those who were thus invited to alter all their habits of life were educated with tliafc intent. Having that object in view, it was obviously the best method to lay hold of the younger generation, and by instructing them in the arts and habits of civilized life to put then, in a ])()sition to join upon equal terms with their AvJiite fellow-subjects in discharging the duty of citizens, so that the various races of Canada might be united by a common interest, and in a common cause. He was happy to think that there was here joined to secular education the influence of religion, which was a greater and a stronger means of cementing tin; ininds of men together than even the cause of ])atriotism. When, however, religion and patriotism are combined, as they are in the piei-ont instance, it is impossible not to anticipate the best results." At Sarrda, where several addresses from Indians were received, his Lordship, in replying, said that : — " Among th3 many pleasures which he had enjoyed during his present toiir few of thtnn W(>re to be compared with that which he ex})eiienced in liuding himself face to face with the intelligent, well educated, well , eir circum- '> although iaraentary 1 the land to plead arliaraent ossible to On that be veiy to settle did the no surer embled to change as cultivator indeed be all their lat object Id of the nd habits )on equal the duty might be He was education stronger even the atriotism npossible received, i during ■ith that kvith the ■ the In- lid, from 1 fellow- had not s ()f_ Jiis uUy im- ik that, uaiks of I advancement and improvement should be seen among them. He declared himself fally .sensible of the obligation which rested upon the white people to use their utmost endeavours to promote the welfare and guard the rights of the Indian tribes, and expressed his pleasure at the fact of all the Indians present being able to converse with him in the English language. He was glad to think they were sensiVile of the b(>neiits which had been coiferred upon them by those good and Christian ^ en who had sown amongst them the truths of religion, both by means of the Bible and by their own noble examples.- He spoke of having during his tour made the acquaintance of a tribe of Indians to whom, unfortunately, the glad words of the Gospel had not been preached. In con- trasting the condition of those people with the condition of the Indians before him, he could not fail to be struck with the beneficial results which flowed from religion going hand-in-hand with civili- zation." And on another occasion, in the course of a reply to an Indian address, he said : — "Of course, as the population of the country increases, and as the wave of immigration extends farther and farther westward, yoti are drawn year after year into more intimate contact with oui- Canadian fellow stibjects ; but it is the desire and the intention of the Dominion Government, in making whatever arrangements may be necessary for the settlement of the new population which is Hocking to our shores, carefully to preserve and watcli over the interests of the ancient inhabitants of the land; and I think it is a matter of pride to the Government, as it otight to be a matter of jjride to all our Canadian fellow-subjects, to remember that in tlieir mode of dealing with this diiiicult problem they have succeeded in maintaining the kindliest relations with the various Indian nationalities with w^^om they have had to deal. They havt; succeeded in creating for the Government of the Dominion a repu- tation for justice and fair dealing which has extended to the titmost limits of the prairie, and which has rendered the name of Canada amongst the wildest and least civilized tribes of the west, the symbol of everything that is triithful, honest, and htimane. I thank ycu Chief James, for your kind expressions to myself, and I can assure you it is a sincere pleasure to me to have met the head of a band who possesses so many qualities which command iny respect and esteem." -..,__^ ^i_j__ GENERAL IMPRESSIONS. When His Excellency, having nearly completed his trip, arrived at the city of Toronto, he was entertained at a public dinner. In response to a toast he made a sfoech which has attracted, and deservedly, a great deal of public attention, and which was re- published in many English newspapers and commented upon most favourably. It is well worth while to give it place in a pamphlet of this kind, where it will obtain a little more permanence than in the columns of daily or weekly journals. The following is the speech in full, and it is commended in particular to the attention of those who are hesitating as to whether, in bidding farewell to the country of their birth, they will seek new homes in the distant Eastern colonies of the British Empire, or whether they will turn their steps to the young and vigorous nationality known as the Dominion of Canada. It is particularly to be observed that His Excellency uses very great caution in the language which he addresses to intending emigrants. He tells them that the condition of success is hard work and possibl<3 privation ; but he shows that the object to be attained is ample reward for both. He said : — " I cannot but consider it a very happy circumstance that one of the most gi*atifying progresses ever made by a representative of the Queen in any portion of the British Empire should find its appro- priate close in this cordial and splendid reception, at the hands of a body of gentlemen which, though non-political in its corporate character, is so thoroughly representatiA^e of all that is most dis- tinguished in the various schools of political thought in Canada. It is but a few short weeks since I left Toronto, and yet I question whether many born Canadians have ever seen or learnt more of the western half of the Dominion than I have during that brief period. Memory itself scarcely suffices to reflect the shifting vision of mountain, wood, and water, inland seas, and silver rolling rivers, golden cornfields, and busy, prosperous towns through which we have held our way, but though the mind's eye fad to ever again readjust the dazzling panorama, as long as life endures, not a single echo of the universal greeting with Avliich we have been welcomed, will be hushed within our hearts. Yet deeply as I am sensible of the personal kindness of wliich I have been the recipient, proud as I feel of the honour done to my office, moved as I have been by 29 trip, ai-rived ! dinner. In ttractod, and hich wtia re- i upon most 1 a pamphlet lence than in Dwing is the 3 attention of re well to the the distant ley will turn uown as the ^ed that His ;e which he )he condition B shows that 'e said : — that one of tative of the d its appro- he hands of bs corporate most dia- in Canada. t I question more of the Drief period, ision of lling rivers, which we ever again not a single 1 welcomed, sensible of (ient, proud LV© been by IS I the devoted affection shown for our Queen and for our coninion country, no one is better aware than myself of the imperfect rotiiri I have made to the generous enthusiasm which has been evoked. If then, gentlemen, I now fail to respond in suitable terms to the toast you have drunk, if in my hurried replies to the innumerable addresses with w}iich I have been honoured an occasional indiscreet or ill-considered phrase should have escaped my lips, I know that your kindness will supply my shortcomings, that naught will be set down in malice, and that an indulgent construction will be put upon my hasty sentences. But, gentlemen, though the language of gratitude may fail, the theme itself supplies me with that of con- gratulation, for never has the head of any Government passed tlu'ough a land so replete with contentment in the present, so preg- nant with promise in the future. F-^om the Northern forest border lands, whose primeval recesses are being pierced and indented by the rough and ready cultivation of the free-grant settler, to the trim en- closures and wheat-laden townships that smile along the lakes, from the orchards of Niagara to the hunting grounds of Nepigon, in tlu^ wigwam of the Indian, in the homestead of the farmer, in the work shop of the artisan, in the office of his employer — every whero have I learnt that the people are satisfied — satisfied with theirown individual prospects, and with the prospects of their country — satisfied with their Government, and the institutions under which they prosper — satisfied to be the subjects of the Queen — satisfied to bo mem- bers of the British Empire. Indeed I cannot help thinking that, quite apart from the advantage to myself, my early journeys tlirough the Provinces will have been of public benefit, as exemplifying with what spontaneous, unconcerted imanimity of language, the entire i^ominion has declared its faith in itself, in its dastiny, in its coimection with the INIother Country, and in the well-ordered free- dom of a constitutional monarchy. And, gentlemen, it is this very combination of sentiments which appears to me so wholesome and satisfactoiy. Words cannot express what pride I feel as an Eng- lishman in the loyalty of Canada to England. Nevertheless, I should be the first to deplore this feeling, if it rendered Canada dis- loyal to herself — ^if it either dwarfed or smothered Canadian ])atriot- ism, or generated a sickly spirit of dependence. Such, however, is far from being the case. The legislation of your Parliament, the attitude of your statesmen, the language of your press, su£iciently show how firmly and intelligently you are prepared to accept and apply the almost unlimited legislative facilities with which you have been endowed j while the daily growing disposition to extin- guish sectional jealousies tind to ignore an obsolete Provincialism, 30 |->roves liow ptrongly tlve yoinisif lioiirt of yonr confederated conmion- wouhh h;is boguii to tlii'oh vviLli tho cotiHcioiiHues.s of its ii.itioual- ized exist/mce. At this moment not a Hliillin,i]f of Liritisli ruouey finds its way to Canada, the interference of the Home (jl-overnment with the domestic alfau'S of the Dominion has ceased, whih^ tho Imperial relations ])otween tlie two countries are regulated by a spirit of sucli mutual deference, forbearance, and moderation, as re- flects the greatest credit upon the statesmen of both. Yet so far from this gift of autonomy having brought about any divergence of aim or aspiration on either side, every reader of our annals must be aware that the sentiments of Canada towards Great Britain are infmitely more friendly now than in those early days when the political intercourse of the two countries was disturbed and com- plicated by an excessive and untoward tutelage — that never was Canada more united than at present in sympathy of purpose, and unity of interest with the mother country, — more at one w^itli her in social habits and tone of thought, — more proud of her claim to share in the heritage of England's past, — more ready to accept whatever obligations may be im}>osed upon her by her partnership in the future fortunes of the Empire. Again nothing in my recent journey hi!.s been more striking, nothing indeed has been more affecting tliin the passionate loyalty evoi-ywhere evinced towards the person and throne of Queen Victoria. Whenever I have gone, in the crowded cities, in the remote hamlet, the affection of the poople for their sovereign has been blazoned forth against tho sum- mer sky by every device which art could fasliion, or ingenuity in- '. cnt. Even in the wilds and deserts of tho land, the most secluded and untutored settler would hoist sonif? rag or cloth above his shanty, and startle the solitudes of the forest with a shot from his rusty firelock, and a lusty cheer from himself and his children in glad allegiance to his country's Queen. Even the Indian in his forest or on Ids reserve, would marshal forth his picturesque symbols of fidelity, in grateful recognition of a Government that never broke a treaty, or falsified its l)lighted word to the red man, or failed to evince for the ancient children of tlie soil a wise and conscientious solicitude. Yet touch- ing as were the exhibitions of so much generous feeling, I could scarcely have found |)leasure in them had they merely been the expressions of a traditionnl habit, or of a conventional sentimen- tality. No, gentlemen, ti e/ spring from a l^ir more genuine and noble source. Tlie Canadiaus are loyivl to Qu(>.on Victoria in the first place because they honour and love lior for her personal quali- ties — for her lifelong devotion to her duties — for hor faithful 81 ited coninion- its ti;iti()iial- i-itish riioiiey (jrovernnunit d, whil(^ tho T^ulated by a ration, as re- Yet so far y divergrnee ■ariiiaLs must t Eritaiji aro yn whim the ed and corn- it never was )urpose, and )ne with her ler chiini to !y to accept partnership n ray recent been more ced towards [ liave gone, ction of the ist tlio sum- igenuity in- ost sechided 1 above his L shot from !lf and his Even the rshal forth iognition of alsified its blie ancient Yet toiich- ng, 1 couhi f been the I scntimen- :onnine and )ria in the ^onal quali- er faithful observance of all the obligations of a constitutional monarch — and in the next place they revere her as the symbol and representative of a glorious national life, and of as satisfactory a form of government as any country in the world can point to — a national life illustrious through a thousand years with the achievements of patriots, statesmen, warriors and scholars — a form of government which, more perfectly than any other, com- bines the element of stability with a complete recognition of popular rights, and insures by its social accessories, so far as is com})atil)le with the imperfections of human nature, a lofty standard of obli- gation and simplicity of manners in the classes that regulate the general tone of our civil intercourse. As you know, on my way across the Lakes, I called in at the city of Chicago — a city which has again risen more splendid than ever from her ashes; — and at Detroit, tht home* of one of the most prosperous and intelligent (communities on this continent. At both these places I was re- ceived with the utmost kindness and courtesy by the civic authorities and by the citizens themselves, who vied with each other in making me feel with how friendly an interest that great and generous people, who have advanced the United States to so splendid a position in the family of nations, regard their Canadian neighbours; but, though disposed t») watcli with genuine admiration aiul sympathy tho developeinent of <»ui Dominion into a great power, our fiiends across the line are wont, as you know, to amuse their lighter moments with the " large utterance oi" the early gods." More than once I was addressed with the playful suggestion that Canada should unite her for- tunes with those of the great Republic. To these in- acquainting them that democratic people— tliat nothing would content us unless tho popular will could exercise an immediate and complete control over the executive of the country — tiiat the Ministers who conducted tho GoA^ernment were but a committee of Parliament, which was itself an emanation from the constituencies — and that no Canadian would be able to breathe freely, if he thought that the persons adriinistering the aflairs of the country were removed beyond the supr vAision and contact of our Legislative Assemblies. And, gentlemen, in this extemporized repartee of mine, there will be found, I thinl , a germ of sound philosophy In fact it appears to me that even from the point of view of the most enthusiastic advocate of popular rights, the Government of Canada is nearly perfect, for while you are free from those liistorical complications which sometimes clog the free running vitations I invariably replied by in Canada we were essentially a 32 of our Parliamentary machmury aC home, Avliilo you possewa every popular right and "ijuiirantco that ri^ason can (iiMuand, you havo an iilJitional element of t'lasticity introtluced into your Hystem in the jterson of the Governor Giineral. For, as I had occasion to remaik elsewhere, in most forms of (iovornment, slioiUd a misunderstand- ing occur between the head of the Statoen V)roiif|;ht into contact, uo mutter what tlutii race or nationality, nojifi soemecl ovi!r to rt'/i^rct that tlicy had come here. 'J'hiH fact particularly struck mc on cnterinj^ the lo^ huts of the Hettle).*8 in the more iliHtaut rcgiouH of the country. Undoubtedly their hardships hiivt; been A'cry j^reat, the ilitticnlties of climate and locality frerim^ntly diHcoura;^in^, th(ur j)orsonal [)rivations uioHi severe, yet the language of all was identical, evincing without exception, pride in the past, content with the present, hope in the future ; while combined with the satisfaction each man felt in his own success and the improved prospects of his family, there shone another and even a nobler feeling, namely the delight inspired by the conscious- ness of being a co-e(iicient unit in a visibly prosperous com- munity, to whose piosp(!rity he was himself contributing. Of course these people could never have attained the position in whicih I. found them without tr(;niendous ext'rtions. Probably the agri- cultural laboun^r who comes to this country from Norf(.>lk or Dor- chester will have to work a great deal harder than ever he worked in his life before, but if his work is harder he will tind a sweetener to his toil of which he could never have dreamt in the Old Country, namely, the ])rospcct of independence — of a roof over his head for which ho shall pay no rent, and of ri})ening corn fields round his homestead which own no master but himself. liot a man be sober, healthy and industrious, let him come out at a pro^)er time of the year, let him l)e content with small beginnings and not afraid of hard work, and I can scarcely conceive how lie should fail in his career Gentlemen, I have been tempted by the interest of the subject to trespass far too long, I fear, upon your iiKhilgence — but I felt that perhaps I could not mak(? a more appropriate return for the honour you have done me than liy frankly mentioning to you the impressions left upon my mind during my recent journeys. It only now reinaiiis for me, therelbie, to thank you again most heartily for you)- kiiulness, and to assure you that every fresh mark of confidence which I receive from any section of the Canadian ])eo])le only makes me more determin'>d to strain every nerve in their si'rvice — and to do my l)est to * /itributo towards the great work ui)on which you are now enga ijd, namely, that of building up this side of the Atlantic a prosperous, loyal and powerful asso- ciate of the ]>i-itish Empire." A few days later, sit Brockville, in the course of a characteristic speech, His Excellency said : — " It is with )('gret 1 iind my holiday drawing to a close, and m hat amongst broiif,dit into none seemed . pai'ticularly in the more eir liardships and locality si severe, yet joption, pride ture ; while 3 own siiccesH anotlier and ihe conscious- i.sperous com- •ibuting. Of bion in which l)ly the sigri- ifolk or Dor- er he worked I a sweetener Old Country, his head for lIs round his nan bo sober, l' time of the not afraid of lid fail in liis itorest of the gence — but I te return for oiling to you ourno3^s. It again most •y fresh mark he Canadian 3ry nerve in rds the great -t of building owerful asso- .'harapteristie a close, and that a termination is about to be put to the pleasant and instruct- ive personal intercourae I hnv.' had with such large lUiinberH of the Canadian peo|tle. At all < ..nts, •! shall carry the [ileasantest memories with me into retirement. During the six weeks my tour has occupieii I believe I have received something lik«> one hundred and twenty addresses, every one of which brcntlied a spirit of contentment, loyalty, and kindness. Tn fact, from first to last, no harsh des])onding or discordant note has marred the iubilant congratulations of the nation. But tho demonstrations with which we have been honoured have not been confined to mere l(ic;il -re(>t- ings. It would be impossible to describe either the beauty or variety of the triumphal emblems which have glittered on either hand along our way. In addition to t)ie graceful and ])ictui( sque decorations oi evergreens, flags, tapestrii.'s, and prismatic canopies of colour stretching from Avindow to window, with which the towns were gay, wo have passed undei some of the most ingenious and suggestive arches. There was an arch of cheeses, nn arch of salt, an arch of wheels, an arch of stoves and pots and ]tans, an arch of sofas, chairs and household furniture, an arch of ladders laden with firemen in tlnur j)icturcstjuc cosLumes, an arch of carriages, an arch of boats, a free tiM(le arch, a protectionist arch, an arch of children, and last of all an arch — no, not an arch, but r; tlier a celestial rainbow — of lovely young ladies. Indeed, the ]iea\ens tlu^mselves dropped fatness, for not unfrecpiently a magic cheese or other comestible would descend into our carriage. As for the Countess of Duflerin, she has been nearly smothered beneath tlie nosegays which rained down upon her, for our p.ith has been strewn with flowers. One town, not content with fullil- ling its splendid programme of processions, flreworks, and illumin- ations, concluded its reception by the iin[iroinptu conflagration of half a street ; and when the next morning I th:ught it my duty to condole with the authorities on their misfortune, both the owner of the property and the Mayor assured me with the very heroism of politeness that the accident would produce a great improvement in the appearance of the place. Gentlemen, I must now bid you good bye, and through you I desire to say good-bye to all my * other en- tertainers tliroughout the Province. I have been most deeply aflfected by their kindness, for, although, of course, I am well aware that the honours of which I have been the recipient liave been ad- dressed not to me individually, but to my oflice, it would be affec- tation were I to ignore the fjict that a strain ot personal good will has been allowed to mingle in the welcome accorded by the people of Canada to the representative of the Queen. I only wish I a 36 could have made a more fit reiuni to tlie demonstrations witli wliicli I have boen honoured. Ha})pily tlie cu-cumstances of the country have justitied me in using tlfe hmguage of honest and he.'irty congratulation, and if I have done wrong in sometimes introducing on a purely festiA'e occasion a gentle note of warning or word of advice, I trust that my desire to render a practical service to tlie country will be my excuse for any inop}>ortune digressions of this nature." At Windsor, His Excellency made the following remarks, in French, in reply to an address from the St. Jean Baptiste Society: — ** J'ai ecoute avec ue satisfaction toute particuliSre I'adresse que vous m'avez fait I'honneur de me presenter. Je t.ais bien con- vaincu que nulle part dans la Puissance Sa Majeste n'a de sujets plus loyaux, plus fideles et plus intelligents que ses sujets de race fran9aise, et je me rejouif, d^ I'occasion qui m'est donnee d'ox[)rimer mon cstime et mon respect pour les representants de ces heroiqnes pionniers, a la hardiesse desqaels nous devons en si grande partie riieritage dont nous jouissons. " C'est une chose des plus 6tonnantes que ce coup d'ceil avec lequel les chefs des premieres expeditions fran9aises discernerent comme par inspiratioi . sur leur route chaque endroit avantageux chaqvie position convenable, soit pour leur defense soit pour leur (M)iraiiorce. lis choisirent avec une telle sagacite les sites pour la construction de leurs forts et pour la foudation de leurs etablisse- ments que les generations suivantes ne purent faire de meilleurs choix. Cost pour cela que presqne chaque cite importante dans h»s vallees du Mississippi et du St. Laurent doit son origine a un fondateur frangais, " Mais ce n'est pas a ce seul titre que nous sommos obliges envers la race fran9aise. II ne faut pas oublier que c'est a son elevation d'esprit, a son amour de la libcrte, et a son exacte appre- ciation des droits civils contenus en germe dans la constitution p/imitivement accordee par I'Angleterre au Canada, que nous devons ic developpement do cette autonomic i)arlomentaire dont le pays est tier a si bon droit; et je puis vous assurer qu'aux yeux d'un anglais il y a pen de choses plus agreables a ob.server que la dignite, la moderation et I'habilete politique avec lesquelles les hommes publics fran^ais du Canada aident lours collegues anglais a }'.ppliquer et a faire fonctionner cos grands principes de droit et de i)ratique constitutionnels qui sont la base du gouvernement libre de ce pays. " Messieurs, j'ai toujours considere comme du meilleur augure la collaboi-ation de la race fran9aise dans le Canada ; cette race qui a 3? \vllli which I ho couiitrv iind hearty introducioir ■ or word of vice to the ons of this remarks, in KSocie^ty : — adresse que bien cuii- I'a de svijets ijets de race ! d'oxprimer s lieroiqnes -•aude partie ) d'ojil avec iiscerndrent iivaiitageux it pour leur ite.s pour la rs etablisso- \e meilleurs trtante dans >rigine a uu nes obliires ! c'est a son :acte appre- jonstitution que nous lire dont le I'aux yeux ;'ver que la iquelles les les anglais de droit et jment libre • augure la race qui a -P. dfcja contribue si puissanmient a ©iviliser rEuro])e, ne pent nmn- quer de suppleer et de corriger de la fa9on la plus lieureuse les qualites et les defauts considcres comme inherents au John Bull traditionnel ; d'un autre cote on me pardonnera, si, comme anglais, j'espSre que nous pourrons lui rend re le meme service. A\ec la generositc, I'esprit d'invention, I'elan, la grace, la delicatesse, la precision du jugement et la finesse artistique des fran9ais, avec le flegme et le temperament britanniques, on pent dire que nous reunissons les elements qui gouvemement en grande partie le monde moral et le monde physique." It is not often that any country has been maciO the subject of sucli hearty eulogium as His Excellency has best^ ./ed upon Canada in the various speeches, extracts from which are given in the fore- going pages ; and this country is doubly fortunate in affording occasion for such commendatory remarks, and in having so intelli- gent and candid an expounder of her natural and acquired advan- tages. It will be observed, in one or more placer,, that the Governor-General has cai'efully guarded himself from putting forth any extravagant claims in favour of the country aver which he temporarily rules; and he does not conceal from himself or his hearers that British North America is not a place for idle men — that those wdio come hither must not merely expect to work, but to work hard, perhaps harder e\Qn than they have been accustomed to do at home. At the same time, with each year of successfid struggling with the difficulties of a life under the novel circum- stances in which the newly-airlved immigrant finds himself, comes greater ability to cope with those difficulties — greater certainty of filially rising above them into a well-earned independence. It is this which enables men to toil through summer heats and winter frosts, keeping always a stout heart for the steep brae ; and it is the knowledge of this which should influence in his choice of a home both tlie poor man wlio in the British Isles can look onl}^ for a life of perpetual labour v/itli the workhouse looming in the future, and also the man who with a few hundred pounds of his own can there hope for nothing better than the position of a small tenant-farmer, but who in (.'anada can with cei'taint^'- almost become the owner of as much land as he can cultivate advan- tageoiislv. In Canada, land — good land — land to which access is had by railways and steamboats — is given away; tlie only return required from the settler l)eing that he shall proceed to make use of the land which is thus given to him for nothing, and by bringing the pre- Tiously unfilled land into cultivation, aid in increasing tlie general 38 prosperity of the country. For the single man, in the Province of Ontario, an estate of one hundred acres in fee simple awaits accep- tance ; to the man blessed with a finnily one of double that extent stands ready to be given. In the Province of Manitoba one hun- dred and sixty acres are given to every person over twenty-one years, on the conditio a of three years' settlement ; and in the other Provinces free grants are practically given, the small price paid being barely sufficient to cover settlement dues. Present poverty, unless accompanied by idleness, laziness, and an entire lack of energy, is no bar to a future of comfort and independence ; while there are hundreds and thousands of instances where those who arrived in Canada with nothing literally but the clotlies on their backs, have become not merely independent but wealthy. In conclusion it may be well to point out the particular cla^;nes who, in emigrating to Canada would be most likely to succeed, and who would run the fewest risks of meeting with disappointment. The classes of labourers whose labour is most in demand, are the agricultural ; agricultural being at present, the chief interest of the Dominion. But there is also a very large demand for the classes of the able-bodied labourers, arising from the numerous and extensive public works and buildings everywhere in progress in the Dominion, and this demand will be largely increased by other large public works projected — notably the Canadian Pacific Hall- way, and the enlargements of the Canadian Canal System. The handicrafts and trades generally, which are, so to speak, of universal application, can also always absorb a large iiuml)tr of artisans and journeymen. There is everywhere, in town and country, a large demaud for female domestic servants of good character. Children of either sex, respectably vouched for, and watched over upon their arrival by the parties who bring them out, may be absorbed in very considerable numbers. The various manufactures incident to a comparatively new coun- try, constitute an important and rapidly increasing branch of in- dustry ; and they cause a large demand for immigrant labour. The getting out of timber from the forest, and its manufactures, form a leading industry of the Dominion ; but not much to be re- Ked on for newly arrived Immigrants, the various descriptions of labour which it requires being better performed by persons who have had special training in this country. The various industries, however, which have immediate sympathy with it, make a larga demand for Immigrant labour. The Fisheries of the Dominion, both on the Atlantic and Pacific Province of vaits accep- tliat extent )a one bun- twenty-oue and in the small price I. Present I an entire ^pendence ; here those clothes on ealthy. xlar cla^nes icceed, and intment. inand, are ef interest id for the Qerous and jroojress in \ by other icific llail- n. speak, of immbtr of Bmaud for d watched it, may be 39 coasts, are of almost unUmited extent, and aFord a field for the particular kind of labour adapted to them. _ The Dominion possesses very extensive mining resources ot al- most every kind. These offer a wide field for explorations, and hold out much promise for the future. Their present state of develoy.ment cal's for a considerable amount of labour, which it is expected wHl be increased to a very large extent, m the immediate ^ It may be remarked that the classes which should not be induced to emi^n-ate to Canada, unless upon recommendation of private 'riends' uud with a view to places specially available, are professional or literary m» n, or clerks and shopmen. As a rule there is a ten- d3ncy towards an over supply of applicants for these caUmgs from within the Dominion itself, and unknown or unfriended Immigrants seeking employment in them, might encounter painful disappoint- ments. , , t 1 In addition, the class of farmers' sons or persons who have had some agricultural training and cannot find land in the old country may well b(! advised to come to Canada ; but as a matter of sound precaution, and in order to avoid mistakes, which might be disas- trous newly arrived immigrants of this class are advised to live at least one year with some Canadian farmer, before investing their moncv in order to see the mode of farming practised m Canada, and to' be able to judge of the eff'ects of climate, &c., &c. Many persons who have iinfortunately neglected this precaution have paid dearly for their experience by losing much or all of their means. FINIS. new coun- ich of in- -bour. lufiictures, h to bo re- ■iptions of rsons who industries, ie a larere ,nd Pacific APPENDIX. () Various --ircumstances have, this year, combined to attract puh- lic attention in England to the subject of emigration ; and many letters treating of Canada, its advantages or disadvantages, have Deen publisheil in the leading English journals. Many of these were written by men whose knowledge, as shown by the inaccui-acy f their statements, was quite insu£3cient to enable tliem to writt; with authority ; while, on the other hi^.id, communications whit;li did not misrepresent facts had nothing in the position of their writers to give the stamp of authenticity to what they wrote. An exception — there were othiirs, doubtless — must be made as regards the letters to the Londori. Thnes, written by Mr. Henry Taylor, General Secretary of the National Agricultural Labour Union of England, from his ofii ;^ ^^osition to the labourers, who recently came out to Canada on a of inspection. He has written from a necessarily short experie^ 3, and from a first impression. His statements appear to be candid, ^^ little in^^lining to the side of fault-finding ; and this criticism especially applies to his remarks on climate. Experience might perhaps convince him of some of the advantages of our winters, which he does not now see. As regards the comparative hardness of the work in Can;? da and Eng- land, Mr. Taylor says distinctly in the following letter : " I do " not find that farmers' men work harder (in Canada) than in " England. In the question of labour, very much more difierence " exists in imagination than in reality between the two countries." This, it will be seen, is a more favourable view thnn that wdiich . may be found in the cautious utterances of Lord DufFerin, The following is extracted from a letter written by him from Toronto, under date of September 23, 1874 : — " During the past week "^ have visited a great number of fami- lies who have been here about a year, and on the whole their condition is very satisfoctory. There are exceptions, but most of thorn are hopeful. The wages of hired men vary from $1P>0 to $240 per annum, and pei'quisites also vary widely. In many- cases $240 (£50) per year, with run of a cow, garden ground, house and firing, is given for a thorough good reliable and compe- tent farm hand. This is about tlie top price. I visited one of our 4i ttraot piib- and many tage.s, liave ly of these inaccuracy m to \vrit{> ions wliicli m of their a-ote. An as regards iry Tayloi-, ' Union of .0 recently itten from sion. His the side of is remarks 3f some of V see. As t and Eng- sr : "I do i) tlian in •' difference 30untr'es." ;hat wliicli 5rin. The' a Toronto, r of fami- hole their it most of a $iaO to In many n gi-ound, id com{)e- )ne of our men, a few miles from London, Ontario, and found tli.it he liad agreed for $150, house and firing, use of stovo and furniture — the farmer is single and lives away — use of orchard, use of fowls and a cow, and other little perquisites, which ' do not inconvenience us or cost us anything.' Single men can do a, ell, often getting $12 a month and found ; they live in the house. The great difliculty with married men with families is that there is a scarcity of house accommodation. Gradually, however, as the farmers are becoming more affluent, they are rising to the occasion, and realize the im- portance of building houses and engaging married men with fami- lies who as a rule are more staid and reliable, the young men in this country being very migratory. There is a tendency among the farmers to employ more regular hands throughout the year. The fact is, men who for the past twenty or thirty years have themselves worked hard with their own hands to secure what they have, are anxious now to rest on their oars ; and no doubt in the course of time, as their property increases in value by the opening up of railways and further dcvelopement of manufactures — in both of which directions they appear to be making rapid strides — larmerK then will uo still less of manual labour themselves, and will consequenMy have to hire it. But still it is at present impos- sible to give regiilai- employment throughout the year for all hands, which at some seasons of the year are in great demand. The result is, of course, surplus labour of this class of hands in the winter. This, I am told, is met in a variety of ways. The lumber trade is done in the winter. The forest is cleared, firewood cut, building materials prepared, &c., which involves such an amount of labour, I am told, as to remore all difficulties. But, then, the lumber trade is very dull at present ; the markets are already too full. And, again, in many of the agricultural districts which are settled, and where in the summer months there is a great want of labour, there is little or no forest to clear ; consequently, I am t present curious to know what the men find to do. The towns are already quite full enough of men to do such work as the winter involves. Probably it may be considered that the high wages of the active months are suflicient to meet the exigencies of slack times ; but I hope to speak more of this from oi)SPrvation before I return home ; but I have several times tlionght what a power this great Dominion would possess if all the labour which is expended in providing for its intemperate climate could be tr.rned into a productive channel. The Canadians are undorotedly a shrewd and enterprising people, and with the climate of England could not fail to advance at a rapid rate. Probably there is a wise 42 design in this, and the great laws of compensation, if not visible, none the less exist. " A good deal has been said and written as to the adaptability of the English farm labourer to the customs and practices of Canadian ftirming. A great deal of misapprehension exists, in my opinion, respecting this. I have been careful to enquire of both f aimers and labourers, and the general testimony of the farmer is that they find little or no trouble with them ; tliey soon drop into their system, which, indeed, so far as I can sec, differs far less than is generally represented. I have before me a letter written })y a Dorsetshire vicar, signed ' F. S. F.,' to the Standard, of the 4th of August, wherein he states that farm labourers are ' expected to shoe horses, mend a chain, and do any carpentering work on a faim,' as * if a shoe came off the horse's foot, or a trace should break, it would not do to have to send to the nearest smith, who, perhaps, lived forty miles away.' Nothing could be so misleading as to imagine any such condition of things. Any one here would laugh at the absurdity. Wherever there are farms and settlements the demand for a shoeing smith or carpenter will always provide him; and in the backwoods, forty miles away, there is little lab 'ir used besides the 'abour of the settler, who must, if he succeed, be a man of entei-prise, and may or may not be able to shoe a horse. True it is men have to make themsehes handy, and men who liave energy enough to emigrate have generally adaptability enough to fit themselves to their new circumstances ; there are exceptions, but the blame rests with the individuals who have not the neces- sary elements for a colonial life. My impression is, that our own English farm labourer, who is well up in the reauirements of an English farmer, is possessed of more ability than is demanded by the ordmary Canadian farmer ; and the lit Me difference which is found in system is indeed a slight matter. I have just returned from visiting a man who came out a year ago from Cambridgeshire. He is a parchment maker, and worked at his trade until he left for Canada. He is now working as an ordinary fixrm labourer, and has the reputation of being a good hand in the forest. He is paid by the farmer who employs him $12 a month, house and firewood and food for himself. A man of ordinary skill as a farm labourer in England need not fear any incompetency in Canada. It is a fact that most farmei's have carpentering tools and a bench, with which he does many jobs without calling in a skilled mechanic , but proljably there is no more call on an ordinary labourer for mechanics here than in the old country, where farm labourers frequently develop into rough tradesmen. If a man strikes out 43 lot visible, laptabilitj rnctices of ists, in my ire of both farmer is I drop into r less than ritton by a of the 4th xpected to vork on a ice shonld niith, who, misleadinff lere would settlements ys provide ttle lab IV ucceed, bo 08 a hors(^ i who hiivo cnongh to exceptions, i the neces- it our own lonts of an nanded by a which is t returned •ridi^oshire. he loft for •ourer, and He is paid id firewood a labourer a. It is a ench, with mechanic ; bourer for labourers strikes out into the bush, away from tlie habitations of carpenters and smiths, he must, of course, be competent to meet his own i; 'Mi;rements, and this will test his fitness for his occujiation. Men i^ntitted for their pursuits must exjx-ct to f.iil, as they most asKuredly will. The farmers here generally have the reputation of being very exacting on their men, both as regards length of working time, as well as hard woi-k. It is a fr.'-t, I believe, that as a rule more liours are dei-''nnded of lalDOure?'s i ra than in our Midland, Eastern, andSoutheruCountiesinEijgl.inil, But there is atendency to shorter hours, for Tn(;u are riglitly i-efusing to work so long, and employers are beginning to reoognize the false economy in exacting them. It is to be hoped that the long hours system, which is undoubtedly a mistake, will give place to a reasonable service, by the willing con- cession of the masters, or sooner or later it must fall by another ])ro- cess, A rather amusing exam])le of the rcsidt of exacting too much occurred near Ingersoll, Ontario. An Irish labourer was called vij) Vjetween 4 and 5 o'clock to work. He rose, and as is customary got his breakfast ; after which he retii^d to bed again. He observed, ' A rare country this for a man to be called up in the middle of the night +^ take refreshments.' Patrick could not realize that he was expected to woik so long ; and for his want of coin]>i'ehen- sion was at once discharged. I have carefully inquired of the la- liourers, and I do not find that farmers' men work harder than in England, A farmer told me a day or two ago that he prefen-ed Elnglish farm-labourer emigrants to native Canadians, as they were generally more regular and kept steadily on, and accomplishc-^d more work. Labourers on contract jobs for build(?rs or public works are hardly dri^^en by "bosses" in a way very similar to our English customs. In the question of labour, very much more dif- ference pxists in imagination than in reality between the two coun- tries. We must bear in mind always that the Canadian farmers are mostly men who have tliemselves delved hard and fouiflit their way up to their present position. They will be sure to get all they can from their men, just as siu'ely as oiir emigrants, in their same struggle to lise, will lay hold of all available means ; but in a country where there are no organizations of either em])loyers or men the economic laws of supply and demand are soon felt ; con- sequently, in the interest of the men we must see to it that none of the districts are over supplied, and we can safely leave the re- sults. There is a steady demand for farm labour even now, but a great rush of emigration would soon lower wages to such an extent as to render it scarcely worth while to make the saciifice of a change of countries J would again repeat that all who come should 44 come early in the year, about the micUUe of May ; thoy would then fit theiiiselvos by the time winter set in. " Our emigrant farm labourers seem immensely pleased with the fraternizing of the classes, or rather the absence of class distinctions. They say that ' a man is treated as a man,' and undoubtedly there is a greater familiarity shown here than is to be found in England. As an instance of this familiarity, a labourer accompanied me to the house of a Mayor of a town west of Toronto. Upon the ser- vant coming to the door the following conversation ensued : — La- bourer, * Is the Mayor in]' Seiwant, ' No, he is not.' Labourer, * Oh, I guess he's gone to get a glass.* Servant, ' Go on with yer.' Labourer, ' Well, I back I should find him at Jim's tavern.' This represents the familiarity that exists ; I could not say it by any means represents the habits of the Mayor, whom I shortly afterwards met in the street, and with Avhom I had some; very valuable conversation. But so far as my observation goes, human nature is pretty much the same here as elsewhere. " I shall take a journey into the Free Grant settlements next week. The Government have subsidized several railway projects through the new territory, the construction of which will be ener- getically pushed during another season, which will call for a groat amount of labour, and will open up vast tracts of country, which is reported to be available for agricultural purposes. The Earl of Dufierin has kindly forwarded to me, under seal, an introduction to the heads of the departments in the various Provinces, and it is my intention to glean such inforaiation as will afibrd clear views of the situation; and I have also a desire to learn some- thing of the eflects of the winter on industrial pursuits." Mr. Taylor, in another letter, describes a \T.sit to Listowel, a small town about 100 miles from Toronto ; and what he says of it and its inhabitants will apply to many another settleniout of equally rapid growth. The folowing is that portion of the letter which is of special interest : — " Listowel is in every way a thriving little town. It is the centre of a large area of agricultural and pastoral land of some six- teen or twenty miles radius. Twenty year's ago all that could be seen near the spot upon which List>owel is situated was a shanty or two in the thick forest, where the wolves used to howl at night in pursuit of their ]wey. and where, on account of bears and other wild animals, it was not considered safe to b(; oiit after dark. Now, however, the scene is alU)gother changed ; trees have given place to factories of considerable inii)ortance, and what was only 14 years ago wild bubli i^; now occupied by fine shops, decent dwelling 46 would then 3d with the istinctions. tedly there ti England. ,nied me tt) )on tlie ser- sued : — La- Labourer, I with yer.' — tavern.' t say it by 1 I shortly some A'ery oes, human ments next ^ay projects ill be eiier- for a great itry, which :he Earl of itroduetioii ices, and it ifFord clear earn some- Listowel, a says of it Ltlement of the letter It is the )f some six- t could be as a shanty vvl at night H and other after dark, have given was only 14 snt dwellinsf; houses, with avenues and promenades, and orchards ; farm houses and barns, and tolerably well cultivated fields. It is here the brother of the late celebrated Dr. Livingstone — Mr. John Living- stone — resides, and I had the great pleasure of an introduction to him. He, with his sons, keeps a chemist's and clothier's shop. In appearance he is very like his brother, the doctor, so far as I can judge from photographs. He says he has for a considerable time I watch(?d the farm labourers' movement with interest, and is of the 'I opinion that Canada offers them a good home upon easy terms. There is a Spanish-sole factory here, which purchases about 1,200 South American hides per annum at New York. This locality is chosen for this business on account of the easy purchase of bark, which, of course, is cheap, suiTounded as it is with forest. They consume annually about 128 cubit feet of hemlock bark — 1,300 cords — which is valued at from $3 to ^4 per cord. They employ about 12 men regularly, whose wages are $1, or 4s., per day. The leather they manufacture is considered superior in the market, and realizes 29c per lb,; but I am told that it is inferior to our English manufacture, where oak bark is more generally used. The estab- lishment has only existed seven years, and the projn-ietor considers it probable that ho shall soon have to remove further back into the forest, where bark is to be procured cheaper, a^, it is more economical to bring the hides and factory to the bark than pay the conveyance of the bark to the factory at too great a distance. There are two joinery estal)lishments, with machinery for sash and door making, and a cabinet factory, where 70 hands are employed ; a foundry, where engines and agricultural implements are made ; a Avoollen factory, two carriage works, flour and saw mills, where 60 hands are employed ; a large flax mill, and a number of smaller firms. A good deal of buildmg is going on, and a railway which is already open for lumber traffic, is expected soon to be also avail- able for passengers. Great delay has been occasi oned in this mat- ter, to the great disadvantage of the residents. There is a consider able complication in the arrangement for the construction of rail- roads, but it is a system which makes the question of interest to all. During the last six years there have been at least 1,500 miles of railway constructed in the Province of Ontario alone, the cost of which has been subsidized by Government grants. Some time ago $4,000,000 was voted by the Government for this pur' pose, and they grant in this case $4,000 per mile to the line when completed. ) In addition to this, the municipality contributes also $4,000 raised by tax on all real lund personal estate by assessment ; and the rest of the money required is raised by feonds, which form 46 a clinrge on th« railway receipts ; aiifl ihwH ifc is that railways ar« heiiH^ (ruiitiimially constnicteil, openin,<: uj) tlic now country andeii- hancing tluj value of property, making valueless timber valuable, and market more readily available for all kinds of produce. "I was greatly interested in visiting the homestead of Mr. Henry Pa,hn<'r, wliich stands some two or thrive miles from the town. He ha.s a farm of 200 acres, about 120 acres cleared. He has some good farm buildings, which, by-the-bye, are a necessity here, on account of the hard winters. He has a 'reaper' and other modern agricultural implements ; and is considered as good, or the best farmer for many miles. His gartier is full of grain ready for the threshing machine. He estimates that in one day he will thresh out all his wheat — some 250 bushels. He will require 11 hands and 10 horses to do it. He hires the machine of the proprietor, who also supplies three men and four horses, for which he pays the sum of ^7 per day and all found. His neigh- bours are then called in to make u[) the requisite stalf, and in this way one helps the other in the district until all have been visited. He has some splendid crops of beautiful potatoes, which will realize about 38c per busliel in the market. It was with considerable pride that the old gentleman showed me round his ^possessions. Pointing to some twenty head of cattle he said, ' Your labourers would think themselves rich if they had these.' There were several coming four years old, which he was about to sell for slaughter at $20 per head. He had also a splendid barn of ' Tim- othy' grass, which will realize $15 per ton. This grass yielded from one and a half to two tons per acre, and is considered the most sumptuous diet for the cattle during the winter, many of them living almof^.t entirely upon straw. He prides himself on his orchard and fruits, and can tell you the dates upon which they were planted. His eyes glistened, the indication of a feeling of pride, when he invited me to his table, which was spread with good wholesome fare, and he refused to be content until I had tasted of each of the home-mjide preserves and jellies of his good wife's manufacture ; and then he related to me his prospects in life. He had been oftered $7,000 for his farm, ancl he should find no difficulty in realizing 89,000 for stock and the whole ])lant, rv^hieh, he said, if he thought well at any time to retire, would be sufficient to maintain him as long as he lived, and leave a fortune to his children. 17 ail ways ar« ttiy and e II- er valuable, )i'oduce. md of Mr. ia from the iired. He a necessity reaper' and red as good, of grain in one day . He will machine of horses, for His neigh- and in this 3een visited, will realize considerable ])ossessions. ur labourers There were i to sell for in of ' Tim- rass yielded asidered the laiiy of them iself on his which they a feeling of spread with until I had of his good prospects in should find vholi} ])hint, 3, would be ve a fortune STATISTICS OF GK()\V'l4t OF CANADA. For many years previous to 1867, in which the chief of tho scattered Provinces of British North Ame^ 'ca became confederated into one Dominion, their growth had been steady but gradual. Since that date, tlui increased rapidity of the advance of material prosperity has been almost marvellous. This may be exempli hed in various ways. ' The growth of banking capital and the increase in dejiosits, especially those of a i)ermanent character on which interest is paid, are excellent indications of the progress of the country. The following comparative statement, refening only to the banks of the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario, shows the paid-up capital, the deposits at call, the deposits requiring notice, and the note circulation, on May 31, 1867, and on September 30, 1874 :— Capital paid up Deposits at call Peposits requiring notice fTote circulation May 31, '67. Sept. 30, 74. | Increase. $29,340,863 14,256,764 18,985,580 8,444,787 »56,900,418 40,183,880 35,223,967 25,912,212 «27,559,555 25,927,110 21,2:'MS;iS7 17,4(>7,-125 The foregoing figures are evidences of a growth the rapidity of which has, probably, never been equalled in any other country of the world ; and they furnish an infallible index to the accumula- tion of wealth by the people at large. In addition to the $7"),- 000,000 of deposits as above, there are also about $20,000,000 deposited in Grovernment, Post Office and other Savings Banks, and with Building and Loan Societies, of which there are no accurate stati,stics available. The following comparative statement of the receipts of the Do- minion, for the six fiscal years preceding June 30, 1873, tells the same story of rapid growth : — 1867-68. 1868-69. 1809-70. 1870-71. 1871-72. 1872-73. Customs Exciso rest Office, in- cluding Ocean I'ostago and Money Orders Public Works, includ'g Kail- ways 8,571,380 09 3,002,588 16 525,691 80 901,406 41 119,712 83 560,089 20 8,272,899 78 2,710,028 42 535,315 14 918,932 80 129,0f)4 81 1,812,353 57 9,334,312 98 3,619,622 47 573,565 84 1,000,844 07 134,047 22 843,932 47 15,512,225 65 11,841,104 56 4,295,944 72 612,630 67 1,146,240 25 183.319 42 1,2.56,321 19 12,287,821 4,738,830 652,879 1,110,981 189,616 1,319,972 12,747,042 4,458,671 832,196 1,229 983 Bill Stainpfl Miscellaneous.., 199,3;5d 07 1.324 Totals 13,687,928 49 14,379,174 52 19,333,560 81 20,300,13;^ 20,118,572 48 *■■ I Notliing can show more clearlj the wonderfully rapid jnogi'c of ( .'anada in the career of prosperity — and particularly since C federation — than the figures of its total trade. They exccr , anticipationn of the most sanguine. In 18GG-67 tlm total i/a.^.^ amounted to .^^94,791,860; in 1871-72, it readied $194,070,190 ; and in 1872-73, it had reached the very large ligurt) of §5217,197,- 09'.), showing that the volume of trade had very much luoin tlian doubled, in fact it had almost trebled, Avithin that ]>eriod. For the pur})(JHe oi comparison, w(» repeat the figurcH, showing the total trade for the two'l^'art^-decenidads : — Years^ ' • ',.; > Total Trade. 1850 ,. r. .;.....a;.... $29,708,497 1851;' „ 84,805,461 185? :..,„ : 85,594,100 1853 ; 55,782,739 1854 63,648,516 1855 64,274,680 1856 75,631,404 1857 66,437,822 1858 62,650,461 1859 68,299,242 ■ Between the years 1860 and 1869, inclusive, the total trade shows as follows : — 1860 , «68,955,093 1861 76,119,843 1862 79,398,067 1863 81,458,38.' 1804 i year 84,686,054 ^ 1864-5 80,644,951 1865-6 96,479,738 1866-7 94,791,860 1867-8 119,797,879 1868-9 180,889,946 These two past decenniads show remarkable progress ; but the! first three years of the present show more remarkable progress! still :— 1869-70 $148,387,829 1860-71 170,266,589 1871-72 194,070,190 1872-73 217,197,p96 The annual increase alone of these three years is almost as largfj as the total trade in 1850. J. M. Trout dk Co, Printers, 64 and 66 Ohuroh Street, Toronto. rui)icl j)io^a'( lavly since C 'lioy excer . tUo total vi.n.> ..of $217,197, mich mow than icriod. -uroH, fihowinii; Total Trade. !i^29,7()3,497 84,805,461 85,594,100 55,782,789 63,548,516 04,274,680 75,681,404 66,4a7,»22 52,550,461 58,299,242 », the total trade . «68,955,093 . 76,119,848 . 79,398,067 .. 81,458,38/ ,. 84,586,054 . .. 80,644,951 .. 96,479,738 .. 94,791,860 .. 119,797,879 .. 180,889,946 progress ; but the jmarkable progress .. $148,887,829 .. 170,260,589 ,.. 194,070,190 ,.. 217,197,p96 s is almost as large treet, Toronto.