s^. ^^^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) / Kf^J /I 1.0 I^|2j8 |2.5 ■^ Hi IIIII2.2 I.I us |||l.25 1.4 m ^ 6" - - ► Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIf STREET ^4£SiS'V« ^S.f. MS80 (716) 872-4503 Bi CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibiiographiques Tha toti The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. 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IMsps, pistes, cherts, etc., mey be filmed et different reduction retios. Those too lerge to be entirely included in one exposure ere filmed beginning in the upper left hend corner, kft to right end top to bottom, es meny fremes es required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, pisnches, tablaeux, etc.. peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de rAduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grend pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, il est filmA A pertir de I'engle supArleur gauche, de geuche A droite. et de haut an bas. en prenent le nombre d'images nAcesssire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 8 6 ARCHjEOLOGIA AMERICANA. BY STANLEY C. BAGG, F.N.S., MEMBER OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETIES OF LONDON, PHILADELPHIA AND MONTREAL i CORRESPONDINO MEMBER OF THE STATE HISTORICAL 600ISTT OV /"'•'■: .. • - - WISCONSIN; LIBRARIAN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF MONTREAL, BT^C, ETC. : MONTREAL: PRINTED BY DANIEL HOSE, 277 NOTRE DAMf: STREET* I 1864. \ ARCiySOLOGIA AMERICANA. {R^rinted from the Canadian Patnot.) To collect in a condensed form the principal facts relative to ancient America, was the object contem- plated by the writer. In the numerous volumes written on this very interesting subject, enough appears certain to warrant the statement, that in America are found the remains of Empires whose ending, it would seem, is older than the beginning of the Pyramids of Egypt. The circular works of the Danes and Saxons so frequently found in England in connection with the Pentagon or Doomring of Denmark, stretching in a continuous line from Brownsville in Pennsylvaniai through Wisconsin, Canada, Greenland, and Ice- land, to Sweden direct, is strong evidence of the migration of the Danes or Saxons, at some unkown time to this Continent. Humboldt says that in Canada he had seen lines of defence and entrenchments of extraordinary length, the work of some people belonging to the early ages, and that amidst the extensive plains of Up[)er Canada, dykes of a considerable length, wea- pons of brass, and sculptured stones are found, which are the indications that it was formerly inhabited by industrious nations. In various eurlh-works of the West, are found the Murex shell — a sea shell from which the ancienta r. are said to have procured the fjimous Tyrian dye, used in coloring the royal iobes of kings. This shelJ is known to have been highly esteemed by the Hindoos, and is used by the Brahmins as the musical instrument of their gods ; what better evidence is necessary to prove at some unknown period of time the existance of a Hindoo population in this coun- try? Joseph Merrick, Esq., in 1815, was levelling some ground on Indian Hill, after having conveyed away earth, &c., to some depth, he discovered a black strap, about six inches long, and one and ahalfbroad^ about the thickness of a harness trace, having at each end a loop; he cut it open and found four pieces of parchment of a dark yellow hue, having on them quotations from the old Testament written with a pen in Hebrew, plain and legible. The neighbours tore one of the pieces to atoms ; the writing on the three remaining pieces were from Exodus, Chapter xiii. verse 11 to 16, inclusive, and Deuteronomy, Chapter vi.,from 4 to 9 verse, inclus- ive, and also Chapter xi , ver.^e 13 to 21 inclusive, to which the reader can refer. These passajjes un- questionably had been written on these pieces of parchment, before Israel left the land of Syria, m(»re than twenty-five hundred years ago. It is said by Calmet that the above texts are the very passnges of Scripture which the Jews used to write on the leaves of their Phylacteries. This intimation of the presence of the Hebrews in America, is too unequi- vocal to be passed unnoticed. On the bank of the River Desperes, in Missouri,, » ndye, This by the nusical ence is of time coun- 5 some d away black broad „ ving at id four having written ;. The ns ; the re from ve, and inelus^ isive, to ijes un- ices of a, more said by Lissnges on the n of the unequi- issouri,, I Wiis found by an Indian and pres« ntod to Governo^ ChirUc, a Koman coin ; and m my enclosures, sim- ilar to tlie Koman camp described by Josephns, may yet be seen in the Valley of the Mississippi. He represents these camps as bc*ing four square by measure, adorned with Towers Pt equal distances, with gates or places of entrance on every side. At Marietta, in Ohio, mny yet be seen the remains of one of these camps, with itse leviited squares at each corner, more than one hundred feet square, and nine feet high, and various other earthworks, similar in construction, may be seen north to the lakes, and west to the Mississippi, west of which the Romans may never have held empire. A farmer of Monte Video, in Brazil, in 1827, in one of his fields discovered a flat stone, upon whit h, to him, strange and unknown characters were en- graved, and beneath the stone he discovered a vault formed by masonry, in which were deposited two ancient swords, a helmet, and shield. This Plant- er caused the flat stone and deposit to be removed to Monte Video, where in spite of the ravages o^ more than two thousand years, Greek words were <'asilv made out, which being translated, read as fullowrs : -** During the dominion of Alexand^T, son of Philip, King of Macedon, in the sixtv -third Oly- mpiad, Ptolemais." On account of the ravages of time it was impossible to decipher the rest ; but on the handle of one of the swords was the suf posed portrait of Alexander himself On the helmet there was the sculptured work, representing Achilles dragging Hector around the walls of Troy. The> J Ptolemais or Ptolemy may refer to one of Alexand- er's Generals, sometimes called Ptolemy f.ngus or Soter. From this discovery it is evident that the soil of Hrazll was formerly broken by an Egyptian more than a thousand years before the discovery by Columbus. On the rocks ol Dighton, in INTassachusetts, near the sea, hive been discovered Phoenician letters, legibly engraved, a strong evidence of the presence of Phoenicians, or their descendants, on this Coriti- nen*. The Phoenicians once held dominion on the Island of Malta in the .Vlediteiranean fnd were in the habit of depositing their dead in caves. Near the junction of the Illinois river with the Missis- sippi, one of those Phoenician depositories was dis- covered some years since, it contained the remains of t' ands The Hypothesis of the discovery of the Ame ican Continent by the Phoenicians has of l«te ret eived additional support. Glass beads of accepted Phop- nician manufacture have been found in an ancient estuary of the Copper nge at Beverly in Canada. I exington, Kentucky, stands nearly on the re- mains of an ancient town, which was of great extent and magnificence, as is amply evident by the wide range of circumvtilatory works, and the quantity of ground it once occupied. Connected with the an- tiquities of this place there was a Catacomb, formed in the limestone rock, about fifteen feet below th" surface of the earth; it was discovered in 1775, by some of the first settlers, whose curiosity was ox- cited by something remarkable in the arrangement Icxand- !igus or the soil in more rery by ts, noar letters, jresonce Coriti- I on the were in Near Missis- vas dis- ■emains ne lean ei rived d Plicp- ancient ida. the re- \ extent le wide ntity nf the jin- formed loAv th'^ 77.5, by ^'as ex- ^i^ement of the stones that filled the entrance to the cave^ they removed them, and on entering found them- selve in a spacious apartment ; the sides and extreme end were formed into niches and compartments occupied by mummies, preserved by the arts of embalming, to as great a state of perfection as was known among the ancient Egyptians, eighteen hun- drerd years before the Christian era, in the days of Abraham, when this art was in perfection. Cata- combs are numerous all over Egypt, vast excav- ations under ground, with niches in their sides for their embalmed dead, exactly such as the one here described ; a custom so peculiarly characteristic of that pe 'ple being found here in a state of perfection, not exceeded by the mother country, most evident- ly leads to the conclusion, that a colony trom Egypt inhabited that region of country. Traits of Egyptian manners were found among many of the nations of South America, and other tokens of the presence of Egyptians are not want- ing in North America; as, in the Vale of Mexico, several curious specimens of sculpture have been discovered, strongly resembling the workmanship of the ancient Egyptians. Leather has been found wrapped around mummies, in the Kentucky Cav- erns, which shews a knowledge of a branch of the arts, in the pos.sesssion of the people of America, at an era coeval with the Egyptians. In a cavern on the north shore of the Ohio river, about twenty miles below the junction of the Wab- ash, the walls of which are smooth, and covered with paintings and sculptures grouped in sections 8 ftnd clusters, are to be tbiuiil many strikiiiiif simil- itudes to the "j^eneral fbrnis of seulpture.arid [)ainted emblems found in Egypt; the idea oi* identity of origin becomes almost irresistible ; and these iacts seem to lead to the conclusion that this cave Avas once used as a sacred sanctuary, and that at this point a colony of Egyptians at some era hero took up their abode. About fifteen miles from Palanque stand vestiges of the City of Otolum, in North America. The ruins of this ancient stone City are seventy-five miles in circuit, length thirty-two miles, breadth twelve miles, full of palaces, monuments, statues and incriptions ; tht^ ancient gods of the Egyptians, Osiris, Apis^ and Isis, are sculptured on the stones of this City. The temple of Copan was five hundred and tv/enty feet by six hundred and fifty, and is .supposed to have been as large as St. Peter's at Rome. This city has been described as the Thebes of America, and travellers have supposed it must have contained a population of 3,000,000. Medals representing the sun, with all its rays of light, have been found in some of the mounds, made of a very fine clay, and copper medals have been discovered round like the moon in its full, hence it is supposed the primitive inhabitants of America worshipped the Sun and the Moon, like many na- tions in the earliest ages, soon after the flood. The horse it is said was not known in America till the Spaniards introduced it from Europe, yet the track of a horse is found on a mountain in Ten- nessee, in the rock of the enchanted mountain, and eal h] foi Ai 6i( al^ tei sti 9 shows that horses were known in America in the earliest ages after the flood. Captain Dupaix visited Central America in 1806. He supposes the ruins he then found %vere left be- fore the flood, and Mr. Stephens when in Central America, found masonic obelisks, having on their sides sculptured images and medallion tablets, large altard, ornamented with hieroglyphics, splended temples, adorned with human figures executed in stucco and bas relief, built of hewn >t )ne. The specimens of sculpture equalled any thing he saw in Egypt. The Pyramid of Sholula near Puobla is the largest in the world. It covers forty four acres ; on its summit there was a temple, and in the interior has been discovered a vault, roofed with beams of wood, containing skeletons and idols. Its dimen- sions are immense. Ancient roads or highways are found in many pans of the West, walled in on both sides for many miles, where the forest trees are growing as abund- ant, and as large and aged, as in any part of the surrounding woods, and on the before mentioned enchanted mountain, situated a few miles south of Brayston, are found impressed in the surface of the solid rock, a great numberof tracks of human beings, bears, turkies, and horses, as above stated, as per- fect as they could be made on snow or sand. A gentlemen near Cincinnaiti, in 182G, persever- ed in digging a well to the depth of eighty feet with- out finding water, but still persisting, the workmen found themselves obstructed by the stump of a tree three feet in diameter, and two feet high, which had a: 10 *beeu cut down with an axe. The blows of the axe were yet visible. The inference is that the tree was undoubtedly Antediluvian, that the river Ohio did not exist anterior to the deluge, inasmuch as the remains of the tree were found firmly rooted in its original position, several feet below the bed of the river; — that America was peopled before the flood as appears from the action of the axein cutting down the tree; and that the Antediluvian Americans were acquainted with the use and properties of iron, as the rust of the axe Avason the top of the stump when discovered. In digging another well at the same place, another stump was found, at ninty-four feet below the surface which had evident marks of the axe, and on its top it seemed as if some iron tool had been consumed by rust. The axe had no doubt been struck into the top of the stump, when the horrors of the deluge first appeared Thus in the bosom of the turf-clad mound, in the hidden caverns of the earth, in the remains of the soil, in the customs of nations buried in time, aided by art and science, by the sculptor's chisel and painters pencil, and by other vestiges of the past, we may trace amid the gloom of barbarian rule, the an- cient existance of the Hindoo, Saxon, Dane, Hebrew, Roman, Gre }k, Phoenician, Egyptian, and in fine, the Antediluvian, in this so-called new world. In conclusion, the antiquities of America extend from the eastern shores of Maine and Massachusetts to the Pacific, and from the great lakes and British dominions to Peru and La Plata ; immense forrests grow over the ruins of large cities, and the gigantic k li 'the axe tree was )hio did L as the d in its d of the le flood ig down ns were^ iron, as ip when le same bur feet s of the ron tool o doubt len the size of the trees prove the great age of the ruins, while the monumental history of Central America tell us that this is not a new world, and we awake with astonishment tliat in this country there was once a great empire before David reigned over the twelve tribes of Israel, and the stumps of Cincinnati sur- pass in consequence the magnificent ruins of an- liquity, because they are remnants of matter, in form and fashion, such as it was, before the earth perish- ed by water, bearing on their respective tops the in- dubitable marks of the exertion of man at so remote a period of time. mound, emains n time, Lsel and >ast, we the an- [ebrew, in fine, d. extend husetts British forrests ' igantic