IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I lU J 1^ 1 2.2 U^ IlillO 1.8 1.25 1.4 III— ^ 6" - ► V2 ^ /a /a 7 4. m Photographic Sciences Corporation ■o- .* ><*> ^ '.^' 23 WEST MAIN STREET ^ WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) B73-4S03 ^ *25 '. Hofore (jnotiiis^ tin- laii^iiagf of fhi^ treaty it may be well briefly to recall the eirenmstaneer* which led to its nejfotiation. Seance two hundred years have elapsed sinoe the advance ,i{iiard of tlu'Conwick linide commissioned by IVter the Great to """'■ explore and eoiii|Uer tlie north-casturn portion of Asia, reached KanHchatka, and ponctnited to tlm shores of the I'acitic Ocean. Within fifteen years thorealtcr the whole of this immense region was incorporated in the Russian Empire. These vast acquisitions sorveil Imi to incite tlie ambitions Czar to I'urthcr con(|iiest. Vessels were built lit Kainschatka by his eom- nmnd.aiitlexiieditionsieil forth by I5ehrinjj,Tchiricoff and other explin'crs planteil thi Russian llaif at various places along the north-west coast of America. The Russian traders who fol- lowed in their wnke speedily ostaiilishcd trading posts on the Abutian Islands and graduully crept down the coast. At this perioil the most uncertain notions prevailed as to the nature of the connection between America and Asia. To Cap- tain Cook belongs the honour of having made known the true conformation of that distant >borc and the relative proximity of the two continents. His journals first published in 1784-5 captivated public atl'iition by their accounts of iln^ numbers of fnr-beiifinu: iinimaN in tin' waters and along the coasts of the Xorrii I'aoilic (\'eati, and the higli jirices paid for their skins inC'hina. The excitement iiccanii' contagious, and soon a host of rival tradi'rs, KiiL;lish, Kieiich, Portuguese. Kast Indian and Ameiieim tlocked to those nortlicrn tfeas. In 179!) an association of Sibt'riiin merebnnts was granted a charter by the Kmperor I'anl, undiT the title ot the "Rus- sian .\mi'ricaii (Company '. To this As.-oeiation was given tor twenty viai's the cxclnsi\o cnjoyimnt of the iiortli-west coast as tar sniitb us the o.'ilb degri'e of north latitude, in virtue of alleged discovery by ilussian mivigators. Tlnse jirivilegis were subsei|ii. ntly conlirnicd and ext'iided by the I'jiiperor Alex- ander iiiidei' whose protection the power and intliieiice of the Russian Anioiican Company, to which bad been entrusted the control and nnmagement of the conntry, rapidly increased. This excliMive claim of dominion on the part of liussia was eliallenged l>y (ireat Mrituiii, Spain, the I'niteil States and other powers. The Russians, however, continued to eiu'i-oach, and not (•ontent wiiii clainiinir Jurisdiction on land, sonirlit to extend tju'ir doiuinion o\er the sea as well. On the '," Septeml)er, 1821, the Kmperor .Mcxandei- issued an, Iniiierinl Ukase - in wliich the whole west coast of .'\inerica north of the 51st ]iara!lel war (bclared to belong excliis vely to Russia, f ircign ships being prohibited from ai>- proaciiing within lOO Italian miles of the shore umler penalty of contiscatiou. Great Rritain ami the Uniteil States nt once ju-otested against this assumption of exclusive sovereignty over the terriforiee described in the Ukase, as well as against the claim to a mono- poly of navigation and trade within thonniritime limits therein set forth. Out of this protest grew the Treaty of 1825, by XoTK i.-.s..' .\i.|..ii,ii-. Nil. I. i.,ii;. jy 'I'll.. Or, ^,,11 l-l'slM.T.VJ. Aiijfust, l-^l'l, which UuHRianbiindoncd horcxtravngnt)t prctengioim as rogards the high seas and withdrew o!i land within the limits pre- Bcribod in articles III and IV ol" the Treaty which read aa follows : — III. I.H liu'iii' iK' ilciiiiiniition iiilrf Ich iioKhi'sHiniiH ilc« llullll'^• I'arlicuCDiitrBc- tiUitiK Kill- III c'ipIc iIii ('(iiiliiii'iit ft Im iUh ill' r.\ini''i'ii|iii' niinldiii-nt, "flu triic<^e aiiiKi i|u'il Hiiit : A |Hii'lir ilii (Hiiiil !<-' plim niiiiilioiiiil ilc I'ilo ilitv I'riiicu nf Wuleit, lei|iii'l |H>iiit nt> trniivi' Nfitti* pMrril!i-li? ilii Tt-le ilc^n'- to inliiiituN iUi latiliido iioni, ct outr« le I3I(- It !•' I.'Ul' ili'ktie ill- loii^liiiilu (iiii'iit(ii,rriilipii ill* (irt't'iiwiclil, lu dile ligiin I'pnioiiU-ru all iiotil te Init^ ijf la (MiMMc ditt* I'ortlautI rlianiit'l, jii^i|ti'aii |M»iiit ilc la tti II' fi'iiiiu i>Mu'Hi>loni< l!uiiw> t'l lli'ltHiiiiii|ii<-H nur W uiiiliiieiil ile rAim-rii|ue iiuril- oni'Ht. I\'. 11 rsl ciili'iidii, par lapiHirt a la ligiii' dc ili'iiiariMitloii di'tiTniiiu'i' ilaim rArticIc piv.'i iliiu ■■ I. l,liii' I'lli' 'lite rrinif 'if Wali'n ii]iparti(>nilra toiito flitii'ii' ii la UuxKiu : '2. <)iif paitoiit on la oii'lt: dcs iiiiiiitaKiii'K ipii Bitiiidt'iit ilatin uiiu diiTctioii luiialli'li' ii la I'lti' iIi'pHJ^ le .'Mii' i\f^vr di' laliliiili' noid in |Miint irintirm'cllun "111 I4I(' d(');i'<' I'l' lon^itiidr oticnt, hc trmivcroit a la dii'taini' d>' pliiH ilf Id liencn inurinc)' di* ro'-t'-iii, la limit" oiitri' l»-* poaso-^sions HritaiiiiiipiL'H t-t la li-iiiru de outt* iiit'iitioiiiit'-t; ri ilfHsiiK t'oiiiii)4' fit'vaiit apparUnir a la Kint.sii*, 8t-ru fonnt'-i' par uiu' li^iip paialli'lr anx sinnnsili's di' la iiMo, ot ipii ne jHiiirra jamain m tHre iltiiiiiH'e line di' Ml liciics niaiiiU'H. In 1867 the territory of Alaska ymased into the jiossescioii of the United ytatcrt. The Treaty of cession ' ileclares that ''the eastern limit (of the territory of Alaska) is the line of demarca- tion between the British and the Knssian possessions in North America, as estiiblished by the ('onvention between Great Britain and Uiissiii of Febrnary i', 18'J&," ami proceeds to (piote the articlis III and IV npnidiued above. The ques- tions at issue In'tween (^reat Britain and the United States in regard to the boundary of Alaska turn U{)on the interpre- tation of the laiiguago of this Treaty of 1S25. At the date of the promulgation of the Edict above referred to, the Russians, while possessinj; a trading post at Sitka, had no settlements on the main latid south of I'rince William Sound '. On the other hand, it is not clear that the British, though established in many places west of the Uocky moun- tains had in 1M21 any establishments actually on the ocean coast line. Tlie union of the rival British tur trading compa- nies which took [ilace at this time, and the monopoly of tiado with which it was endowed, gave a nuirked im|ietus to the Hudson's Bay Compiiny. No longer compelled to waste its resources in antagonism with competitivu institutions, it now found itself free to ilevotc its undivided energies to the deve- lopment of its commerce. The explorations of Sir John Franklin and Cajitain I'arry by sea, and Sir George Simpson and other adventurers by land, supplied a further stimulus to the company's agents, whose appearance on the coast awakened the jealous alarm of its llussian commercial rival. In 1834 an expedition fitted out and despatched by the Hudson's Bay Company under the command of tJhief Factor :i. Si." A|.|.iii.!i\ No. III. iiau'r -U 4. .Al.nit latitndi''il .\. Af Apl«n'li\ No. \ 1 1, pajjf yC '). Ill l.'id;y Miiiin- N'oiK NllIK NoTK dl'sCI'll'llsl I.aki' ill la Mountain^ |i«gr 13. ■| 111- 111 tains in 1."^: 1. 2^ ii! 4 (i. nkaiiiipiii. Mat lliful. KiliMiiiiv. H. Fni-iiTf* Lake. l». h''»rt St. .laiiii^. 10. Mcl.r«..i".^ K.irL. U. rhilcotiii Fort. 12. TlmiiipsdiiV Fort. V,i. AU'xantiri.i F"it. McIx)iighHn for the purpose of erecting ii trading port nt a point on the Stiicine nvor, ten murine leagues from the coast, was stopped !>}' the Rnssiitn autliorities at the nioutli of the river, and forcibly prevented from afcomplishing its pnrpose. Tlio (-ompany protcstel I'kmi' iH'i'w.iin, iiii'l not t'f Hu-»iiiii A"tlicuitirti,iiri' nsiMnicilili' in ihu ('ciiii|iiny f'li imy [oHiu'.'t wliii'ii niiiy liiivr 'n*oii HiiHtiii.it'il on tlu- oci-jij'ion. The Hudson's Bay Conipany contiiniot' Russ'a at the time this arrange- ment was entered into. Nothini; can be more t'ar-t'etched than such an argument. The function ot t\u> Hudson's Bay Company was not to deline boundaries but to collect furs. So long as tlu'y wore tree to range tlie country without molestation, erect their posts, and trailic with the natives, it nmttercd little to them m whom was vested the terri- torial sovi-reignty of their hunting grt umls. Their action was dictated by motives of commercial policy and by them alone. Nor, supposing that the Hudson's Bay ('o/njiany had under- taken to settle the international boimdary, could such action on their part bo held ^o impart to their negotiations with the Russian Company an official character. Those who assert a contrary view ovurl lok the fact that the Hudson's 15ay Com- pany did not hold the whole of the Great Xorth-west by the same temire. With reference to that portion ol the country which is watered by streams fidling into the Hudson's Jiay (formerly styled Rupert's Land) it is true that they assorted and exercised under the charter of tlharlca 11 rights of pro- prietorship, exclusive traile, taxation and government. These rights were extinguisluMl by Canada for the Mnn of toOO,000 paid to the Company in 1860. Towards that vast region stretching north and west of Rupert's Land however, the Hudson's Bay Company occupied a tliffereut relatioit. Under the provisions of an Imperial Act the Company was granted a land •-'<;• monopoly of trade with the Indians of that territory for 21 '''''■ yearn. Thiti Kraiit wita 8tibi«u(|iicntly retiewed fors liko period. A|)art tlicrct'roni, tlio HudsoirB Bay (/oinpaiiy pwiweMed no oxcluiivt) |irivili'geit in tho North-wost. Territory, nor did it EHflert aiiv. ' Can. Ht'iu. Pap. 1»7K N 11... |.. III., pp. mil. As tur Imtk as the year 1872 IIoi- MujcHty'ii u'nveriimciit, nt the instanoo of the Caiiadiiin niinlHtry. who wore moved thereto by tho Icgiitlatiiro of nriti.-th Cohiinliiu, Hii^geatcd to the United States tho ox|>oilieiicy of dcKiiiiie tlie boundary line between A hiska and ISriti«)i Columbia. Air. Kiah, then Sec- retary of State, replied that tie was perfi' .tly 8«tii*ti<'d of th<' expetljcncy of the prociiilinir, but he feared that ('onffress mijjht not be willing to taki the iicci .saury action. He aubai'- qui-ntiy informed Nlr. Thornton that tin- rresidcnt was ao im- jircaBeil with thcadvantaiteof hiivinc t)n' Itoundary lincdilined at onci' that hi' would rd'oninicnd tin' m-ce^sury aetioii f>n thf part of ('oii«:trc8B. This promiae was fulfilled by General '.>n8aei<8ion8 ot Great ihitain." Tlie ([ueation of expense alone stood in the way. On the 27th .January, 187!^ the Canadian Government l)y a nnnute of Council infonncf the IJritisb exiKUxliture to bo iiu'urred. In February, 1873, the United States Government oatim- ated tho cost of this survey at one and a half niiHi8ion, and be doubted whether tbej- would ever be induced to vote an large a sum as Would be necessary to lay down the boundary (vimpletely. lie suygesfed that for ttie present it would be sulHcient to ciccido upon some particular jioiuts, the principal of wliieh Lis eiiiciiieer sujrge.sted sboilld be "the head of tlie Portland I'aiial, the points wliere tho boundary line cros.ics the rivers Shoot, Stakcen, Taku. Iselcaf, and Clielkabt, Mount St. Klias, and thb points wheie tlai 141st deifree of west longitude erosfcs the rivers ^'iikc: and Porcupine." In lrs74 the I'ro\incial Goveriuuciit of l!ritish ('olumbia again urged a speedy delimitation of tlic boundary line. On the IVtli February. 1.M71, .Mr. .1. S. Dennis, Surveyor (ieiieral ol dominion Lands, rcpiu'ted to bis ebief. the .Minister of the Interior, on the subject ot the Alaska boundary. The gist of liii report is that it was not necessary to incur the expense of deternnning and markintj any portion of the boun- dary line other than '• (1) the bead of Portland Canal. ( r the intersection of the same h\ the S^jtb parallel of north latitude; {'2) the ciojsing ol the following rivers on the Pacific coast by the said boundary, tliat is to say, the rivers * Skoot,' ' Stakeen', 'Taku,' 'Tsilcai,' and 'Cbilkul'it,' (:5) the points wlierc the one liiindrcd and torty-lirst mciidian west of Greenwich cro.sscatho rivers Yukon and i orcupine." ■ Inasmuch as tliis report has been used to prove that the Oanadian iiovornmcnt of that day acknowledged that the Nivi'Kti. In illu tr.itiuii of tins di\(■r.^!tl,• (if Ifiiiiri- it iiiiiy In- |Kiinti-«l fiit tli.it whcffjiM ill Kii|H'rt'H l.»'ii| jiiHticf w;w ailiiiiiiiKt.Tnl liv mi tdho-r nf th<- tliiiUon'i, Hay ( 'iiiiipuny Mtvli'd III** '* KftMinlcr " wlm (lt*ri\i*it hi.', (miwitj, fnmi tin* linvfinor anil ('iiinpany in l..iii(li)ii, dvit tlii' North-wfHt 'rcrrilui)-. tin' ('t»iiri nf (^itt^t'irH U^-iifli iif I,imi.r f.'iiiiaila w.u" invi'itcil liy llii' IniiMrial HtiitnU' 4:t liiiirtff III., iiip, l.'tK. with jurii.(lictit>n, aiinl«'r (i\,.r |{ni" TtK Land, t\\v RiiDnlitr, an «iicli. Iiail no jiiri«'licti(in >ivii- the Nnnh-wot u^t■d- emtion. No nnrvey of tluH houmhiry line had ever Ixen mmle oreveniittomptod : the whole rej?ion of Alaska was an unknown and practically ina>vo88il>l(> country, hopar.ited trnniold Canadii by tliouflandH of luilcK of truckleHS wilderncHst. Mr. Dennin never crossed tin' Kocky .Mountains, and, cont>ei|Ucntly, never had hcen within 1,000 mile- of tho di.^puted territory. It in obvious, therefore, that he cuuld have liad no practiitil ac(|uaint- ance with the subject. A consideration of his memorandum under review sliows thin, for, in liisetnmierntioM ot the "Skoot" "Chilkaht '' ami otlier rivers, which he says arc crossed by the boundary liin-. he merely eciu)es the proposal ot .Mr. Fish previmnly i|Uoted. A comparison of his meniorniulum with Sir Kdward Thointon's despatch embodyiti^ .Mr. Kish's words, (which .Mr. Dennis hid before him when he nnnle his report) indicate.-- that liesiniply (•o|iied .M r. Kish's enumeration of these rivers in the same order, and practically in the satne spcllinij. To show that lii> knowle.Ip' of the siilijnt wa* not accurate, it may also be "ell to point out thi\t In; sp"aks ot the intersec- tion of Portland Canal by the oilth parallel, whereas tiie li... rorlliiinl Canal does not rmeh that dcirree of latitude, as shown on the nnips of that period Indeed, the report almost warrant;; the infcren'^e that he was not liimiliar even with the le.\t of ihi) treaty, for apjiarentiy h" i-* under the impres- sion that the boundary line slioidd always be ton marine leairues trom the coast. It may \m wt'll to add that .Mr. \K, I)ennis'> pro[ier title was that of Surveyor (ieneral of Dominion Lands, 'i'ho lands borduriiij:- on .\laska are not iJomiidon lands. The lait is he was simply a land snrv^^yor and tho (|nistioii of iiiirna'ioiial boundaries ilid mit appertain to him ; his duties eiunprisiuL; rat her the survey ot lamN tor BOttlenu'iit, than the iiterpretation ot troatie-< or eonveniioiis. Moreover, it must bt- boriu- in miml that .Mr. Dennis > inenio- runduin. thcujjh aildre.-sed to the .Ministorot the Interior, was rrii not accepted by him or adopted by the Canadian (iovernmi;nt, ''"'" who a few nnuiths previously had referred tlu? matter to a boundary commissioner (Cajitain Cameron) duly appointed for that pur|io.';e. In dealinj; with the proposal ot' the .American anthoiities to mark the points ot intersection of rivers by the boundaiy line (which .Mr. Diimis simply recited), under date of 18th Februar}', IH?;'), Captain Cameron observes that "while n,., the I'nited States (lovornmeiit have inilicalod a detinite plan of procedure, and named tho jioints of the boundary which they consider it essential should be marked, Iht Guverninnil of Ciiiuida make tin renrence to surh ilitnils niul tlurefnri' Uiive it to be iissumetl that thnj rj-jiect the t(rms nf the trenti/ to be fnlbj and strirtli/ carried nut." On the 23rd February, 1874, .Mr. Fiah stated that it would be impossible to induce Congress to vote the expense necessary for the tirst year of the survey, nor would it be expedient to make the attempt to do so. No further action appears to have been taken in the matter by either government, until October, 1875, when, on the 22nd of that month, Lord Carnarvon called tlie attention of His Excellency the Governor General to a despatch from Her Majesty's Minister at Y/ashingtou, reporting a conversation had n,., \ti. 'iiiU P,.. :c:w. l>|i, ."jl 55. ¥ 111., p. Mi. "iUt Nuvfi II)., IW. L'l...t.Sr|>l., lH7t>. |l>., |i. 5H. II.., 152. pp. Uli- with Mr. Kisli, inthowturitoofwhich tlnlatfi'rcoiiinluiiiero':eed to tho Stikine rivor and asttertain with 'appioximate accuracv ' the boundary on the said river between Canada and Alaska." - In dune, 1877, Mr. Hunter reported that the boundary line crossed the river at a distance of 19.13 miles from the coast Noi-K H. Tlic iii^tnu'tioii" iH.,n(Hl tn Ilntiicr tiv .Mr. I>*'iiiiirt iin* irmci-ui:tt<- and ltli^-.l>•a(lilltf ; lift ftir .'Mlliip't', In- ':iy.s : -- ■* It 1?* a»»Mni(> I that tii»' piiml un ttif Kivt-i- whi-n- a liim woiilil oi-'wh <-f)iii)i-(-lilltf tlit> lim hitifi'nt fititk* iif til'* iii'iiKitaiiis "f-iluati'd pasaili-l t«' th'' I'oa^'t.'' aiijominj.' on I'ithfT (,iri)' nl tli'' Ki\tT of witliiii till' ili:*titiii-i' ii tfti iiiariti" ii-aifn.-^ fniui tli" (.'ua^t, iiii'a"Mii-(l anil i-itiiiiati-it oil a ciiui->ii' at li^tlit an^'li'i* tn tin- ^'i-m ml lii'ariii»( thiTi-of (ipjui^iti') wiiiiht jjJM, the iiiti-i''iutii>iial Ixiumlary at ilmt ii'iinl. ' (< iimiiuinil with iiri>;ina].( 1)11. -Jltli \|joition tn tlie li'inporaiy arnin-ife- iiit nt thiM iiiilii-ati'il, proviilnl it he tiistiiutly uiidurstiuMl, on tin- j'lirt c'f l>oth j>(ivernnu'iitrt, tliat if is not to l.i- eoiistrucd art atll-rtiti^ in any nianiur the rijjhiH iinder tin? treaty, to he thtiTmined wiii'iicver a Joint niirvfy ."liall lie made, whetlier Ity a formal cummiMHioii, or liy odiceri* ijcfailed t'oi' iIk' piirpom* op t>:all. an otiieer of tlie rnii'-d Stat h (Seoch'iic Sur- vey, wroii) xemi-otlieially to Dr. (i. M. I'aw.son, the present |)ir('ciiir of the (ii'olii^iial Survey of Canada . ailvuncinif tlio theory that ihi' honndary from .lie ln-ad of I'lUilaml (.lanal to the 141st meridian a.s laid ) did not exisi, and tluit the ii1'> native _Toviso i', ariidc IV ot I he Treaty was eipially imi....clicatil". ow" ; to ilie impos- sihiliiy ot traciii',' a line parallel to the .viidinijs of the coast over " a sea of 'iioiiMiaiiiH ' lletheiefi fiiKLC'sted that tlio <)Ue!*tioii should hi' referreil to a i.uiniiitco of ;;eo|crap!ier~, u survey maite and a new freuty framed in tie- liijht of the exfctiileil and accurate kimwlcdire wh' ' siidi survey would disclo.sc. In tlie same year the 'hivciiT of Alaska in lii.^ rej'ort to i«t 'iri..ii,r tlie President wrole : — "The h.iiindary line iVotn i'orllaud I'aiial to Mouni St. Klia.s should be speiilily and delinitely deiermimMl hy joint surv.-y (il I he Kiijilisli and .\merican (iu\ rnmenis. This matter I ih'cm of the 'irst impoi-iance Several hijjhways to the iiiU'riiii of liritisli ('.iliiinhia hcLjin ".vitliin the limits of the disirin, notahly ilie Siirkecii river. I am inl'^rmed thai rich plai'cts liave iieeii di-- •ovcred on ihe iicad^a'ers of other livers, the .runi). the 'I'ako and the I'liilcai. Unless the boundary line is delinitely deicrmined much troiilile will ensue.' .\lr. {'all's iheoiv a.-i to the impracticability ot' delimiting the hoiiiidary ac-conling to the t.'iins of iIks Treaty of 1S25 received the otlic^al .J.'inetitui ol'ilie I'liited Slates 'lovernment in the lollowinir year by the l're>idi'ii1 who in Ids me.-sajfo ;o ('onirre.^s prupuscd a jmi liniinary survey with the ol;jeci of '<'Ii.I'il>.iiiU detinin';"a more eoiivenient line." This ]i'iliey afterwards '^'' was chiboratcd in a correspomlcnci' between .Mr. Haysird, tlicn Secretary of State, and Mr. I'iiclps, American Minister at lx)n- •'•"''''■'"*-'' don in the course of which .\lr. I'.ayanl ob.-erves : — '* 'riMT'- t** h(>«i'\*fr at' pit' ;ir.Mmil I'm- l-t-lii-viii;^' tiiiit lli»* fninnMni» iituinJMi- ii|Hiii uliicli tilt* iKxoiititi; ii|t)iai't.>iitiy IfitKeil tlieic ti\ulii>ii "f liu* iiilaiiA lMinnt iuiil iliiti •i^\*y :ii t-an-yini; il into {>rai th"-l cllVct, anil that, in pi.'viHiiin nt' tiiif fiiilKii-ra.<;4ii. iiih wliit-li iii.iy fulluu iu*lay in tlu- •'Htalili»linii lit of a iiiMitivv fniiititT liiu', il i< tin' iiilen ^1 ami llir ilnty i>f tliv twii Knveniiiifiitt tn iinuIi a ;.'ikii1 uiiilcr^lHiiiliiig, wliii'li .iliall fnrtliwiili iiMiinVf liam-t! for ftilnre liiHagri-finrnt." |.t S. S. mil.. . \. .i.r. .1,.. iia, p. ."'. all N()TK !».- Sif ApiKMiiiix Ni>. IV |»ig. .yj 10 and Mr. I'hclps in communicating the views of his Govern- niont to Lf>i(l Salisbury, myn : — III, |i. U. " Tliu only ot 111 I- iniliciition of tliis jmrl iif the lioiiiiclary oontaiiieil in tht- trcnticH, thu liinit nf 10 murine len^ni'H from the (H'enn, uijuhIIv fiiila ol |>i'actic' ulile locHlion. Tile rmiH proveH, npon 8Ui'\ey, (o Im^ kii estrvniely irregular and indcntcil, with KUi'h und no many iirojectiiMiK and inlets, that it is not posaildc except at imtneniic e»i)en»cof lime unci money, to rnn u line tha« fchall lie |Hirallel with it. And if xueh n line t>hoidd he iinrveyed it would he ho eonfuned, irreKular, and ineon-«i.stent that it would he impoHHihle of prat.'tii-ul recognition, und wt>uld .'itfer inuat materially from the clear and HuhaUtntially Hlruight line euntcmplatcd in the treaties." lb., p. 'JO. Can. S.'si. I'ap., IfW. Xo. 14, |iait 11. p. .")*esw. Senate ex. doc. no. Htl. Mr. Bayard, in tlio dosimtcli above referrc'd to jjoe* on to instruct Mr. Plielps to i)rinj.; Ihi; views (if tlie United Statee (iovcrnment to tlie attention of Lord Salisbury and to f ujrgc.^t tho oxpcdiuniy of appointing; an International ComniiHsion " at the eiirlic'st pnieticabb) day " to fix upon a conventional boundary line. The Canaiiian Government, to whom the matter was referred, wiiilo expressing its agreement in prin- ciple to a preliminary survey, deprecated the a,ipointment of a Joint Commission " which would involve a large expenditure of public moiii-y and load perhaps to intcnninablc di.sciissions." The failure ot the United States Government u> obtain the requisite appropriation from Congress delayed any progress being made in their contemplated surveys for some time. In 1887 .Mr. William Ogilvie, an'otlifcr i>f the Canadian Government spociallj' detailed for the purpose, made an astro- nomical determination of the [loint where the Yukon riwr is cro.«sed by tlie 14lBt meridian. lie aiso mailu a survey by whiih he determined the point of the cro.-. (Srs.,i,iii;il I'lrpi't-', IS117, S'n. 1:1, p-igc -ie.) The (fivvt-riuiieiit ni ihc I iitte^rilvie, or l>v ieiH>f|tii/in^' .Mr. Utfilvii-'s t\n a pro\i.sinii.'tt line, i 11 the . Millie basis UK the line t^l.alili.-'lMd in 1H77 on the lii\t-r .Stikine h\ Mr. .In...eph Hunter. The t'llitiil Stat.'S (mvej liniellt, hnwever, espres!.eil a pictereme fnra joint d< terniiiiatinn of the wlinle nf the iiieriiliaii. An appropriation of iei75,(M'li wa.i made hy CnntTies* in KslWl, :ie.il on the Hilth .'aniiary, IS!P;, a Conveiilinn was signed hv ller ^lajentyH AiukioKidni- :it Wa>ljiiigti.>n and the .Steieiaiy of Stale if the Cmied State.", piovidiug for tlii' liemaiiaiinn of rlie wlinl" leiiKtli ot thin portion nf the iMiiiiidary line. .See Ap)H-ndi\ No. V., pa^e J> Thii* Cniuentinn, following tiie M!*nal cmir.-i", wan .'^uhiiiitted ti- t';o t'liited Staten Senate for iMtiliiMtion, which it failifl to oiiti.in. 11 In June, 1888, information rcachod the Canadian Govern- ment to the effect that certain porHons were about to receive a cliarter from tlic Ahiskun autlioritios to oonstriut a trail from Lynn (Janal by way of tiio White PasH to the intciior of Alaska. In bringinji; this rumour to the attention offSir.Iohn Maiilonald the then (leputy of the minister of tlie Interior observed : " In view of tlic well Imscil contention on our part that tlio liiiid!. of tlie inrger inlets wliii^h |)onetrnte that |>nrtion of AIukUii wlili'h coiibinu of roust lim- from Mount St. KliiiH to roitliinil Clmiini'l an.) nioic iMrticiilarly tii,' liiad of tlio Lynn Canul arc within imr ferritory, it woiilil ippwir to lie important to protect against the ;,'rftntin({ .if any iirivilf,;fH by the United States or Aliwkuii ijoverninents nt tin; lii-adrtof thcae inlets," • ' The uftention of Lord t^ulisburv was at oncv called to this niattir, and \hr Majesty's Slinister at Washington instrneted to inform the United States Government ihut the report in .|ue.stion had reached tlio ear of Her Majosty's Gov- ernment by whom it was presumed to ho unfounded, "as the territory in (|Ueslion is part of the Hritish dominions." Mr. Bayard replied to Sir Lionel Sae.kville-We.sr under date the 15tli September, 1888, to the elfoet that he kii.'W n.itluMfr of tile matier, and on the 25ih institnt, wrote iiiioriidng Her Majesty's .Mini-tor that the Seeretary of Uie Interi'.T was etjually in the dark. On ihe oth Deet'ndKsr, 1888, Mr. Phelps ae.piainted Lord Salisbury with the intciligenee that the United States Gov- ernment proposed to send an expediliou "for the Ninvc'V of the locality i^f the line in i|mniion and the aBcerlainineiit of the faetH and data neee.ssary to its delimitation in aeeordanei- with the spirit of cxistiii).' treaties in regird to it lielween (Ircat Hrituin and Hiisaia and lietween the United Stales and Knssia.'' Her Majesty's (Tovernineiit were invited to jiartieipaio in its exaininatiiiii and survey "in such a manner as to reach, if possible, a joint and eonciirrent conclusion in respect to the facts material to be determinod." In his (lespat<'h i|i;<)led aliove the Minister iiiolo.-ed an ex- '• tract from a letter iiddressed to the Secretary of ihe Treasury ' by the Siiperiiit lltli .Inly. IS.SS, with ref. lenee to this rumoure.l intention on the I»rt of the t'nited States (invennnent. t-aid : " I have no doulit that thi' id. a is ti make a 'provisional boundary' like Hunter's on the Stikine. It appears tome, however, that tlie two eases are ipiii.. ditf.ient, for one eaniiot lulmit that the Uniti'd States h^is anv elaini to the heads of tl'e Lynn Canal itsilf. ' And in a further niemorandnm on the same sulijict : " Lymi Canal has wat( rways of less than "i.\ miles in lireadtli at no gnat distance fiiau if.- entrance. It is contended on tie' Canailian side tli:it tie' ten niarini' leagues ti'wrn as the niaxiioom lireadili .if I'nited Slates coast territory in the second sule section of Article IV, lills^ >.lii itish ( 'oiui'nti.m of IS:!,!, inav not lie nieasiii'ed from any p.ilm wiihin an inlet not "Meeilimf .j.; mill's in oii'adtli', and that ctmseipiently it IS not 1111 ler .-iiiy ciicmnstances (lossiblu that the international boundary can Iw anywheif so tar inhuid as Perrier Pass,'' And atfiiin : "111 ciinnectio'i with these last mentioned schi mes, I wmild remark that in aecoi'd.'inci- wiili .'.ir inlerpretation of the convention of I.slCi, no part of the route by th« Cloikat or White Passes lies within thi' territory of tin ("nited Stat<'s, and «»g- Rest th'it in the evi'nt of the |K'tition of M, I'. I'erry uiid others h.iii({ entertiiiinsl liy Contfress, it may be advisable to place the views of the Canadian (Joveninieut on reeoi'.! in such manner that they may !»■ in eviileiew when the delineation of tlie Isiundary shall be entered u|Kin,"— /"r-iM Dr. II. .\f. !)ii ii'ftm '.n thr Hon Thotiint WhiU, dutnl l.'tli DicciiiUr, /»■;, •th S.'l.teln- •r, l.s.'^.s. 12 ot'thi- Uniti'd States (nsin 188i'i), tlint tin- boiindiiry line prc- scribcil by the Treaty of 1825 is* im|irnetieable, ami the dbjeet of the exiieditioii and Hiirvey propnaed by tlie United Stiitos was not the ascertainment of facts and data nocessari' to the delimitation of the boundary already provided for by inter- national agreement, but to '• afford the geographical informa- tion reipiisite to the proper negotiation " of a new treaty between the United States ami Great IJritain tobesubstitnted for the Treaty of 1825 between Uroat llritniri and Hnssia. '- The Canadian Government dis:)iletic Survey t'or 18><(^, the director said ; '* Hy ivcent ('s.'i'.^russioiiul i-ii:ictiui'iit. ii iH'oliMiimiry i-urvey i>i tlu' tiniiticr line lic'lwi'i'ii Aliisk.i ^iii'l liritish c uliniiWiii in iifi.iirciiiiiue willi pliuis nr (ii'djicls nppriivi'il liy tlif Secri'tary "f Si,iti> liiis Ihtii pliiucil in rliiii-;'f of tl.i< ImiTiiti. Svu'i 11 picliiiiiniU'V .iiuvcy, iuv (living tiu' (l('tiMinin:itii)!i nf ii nuiiiliii' cf points in j.'*'!>L^i;ipliio:tI position, anil tlicic t'oiiipUilc hiarKinf.' hy pcniuinini iiit.iiiinii'nti^, will liavc III 111' (.iirriiil fiinii ('ii|ii' Muzi.n tlii'i>ui;li tin.' I'mtliinil Can;.] In llie "xitli ili.'viiri' iif inii'tli rilitiiili'. tiK'n'i- ni.rlli \v.':.lwaii!ly, fi;liii\vint; as ni'arly us may lie practii'alilc thi' j;iiH'i'al tn'Mil nf tlic t'liast, at a liistant'u nt alinut Ji'i inilt'S fi'nni il In tile l4lHt ilegii'i' nt wi'st liuiuitnilf, ami llu'iicu iliii' norlii In lln'.\ivlic (ici-'an. a toUil ilistanco nf I,-IIKI inili'n. and tiiey recommended that the United States lie reminded tliat the question of the boundary at tlie ))()iiits indicateil was the subject of Some diilereiiee of opinion, and that tlie actual boundiiry lino could only be settled by agreement with Her Majesty's Government. In Febiunry, 180:2, a conl'erence took place between dele- gates from the Canadian Government and the United States Secretary of State relating jirimarily to the extension and development of trade between the United States and the I)om- inion. At this conference an agreement was rca<'hed respect- ing the Alaska boundary which was embodied in a convention fligned at Washington on tiie 22nd .Inly, 1802. ' ' Mr. W. F. King was aiijiointed ller Majesty's Commis- sioner under this treaty, and Dr. F. C. Mentlenhall Superin- tendent of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey represented the United States Government. ' ' The Com- missioners proceeded to make a joint tojiographical sur- vey of the jihysical features of the country lying between the Portland Canal and the Hist meridian, and on the '61at NoTK V2. — .\ cnnipariKon nf thiH \vttt*v with that written to Mr. IMieliis {boo .\p- Ii^-ndix Nil. \*II, paRi' ) lain^^ tliif* nut uinn' ch'arly. l''nr cxanipli', writing tn Mr. 'helps, tlie Hujiernitencli-nt siieak-* twiec nf "'tin Iminulary nr fiimtier line," bat in hii* letter tu the Mini.^ter nf tlie Interior he writes nf laving down *' ri iHUindary," and in iHitli letters he writes nf tlie net-esuity for avoiding aeifty in the etinclusion of "n iMnnidary trt'atv.».J"*' XdTK IH.- '.See Apiiendix Xo. XI./O/O TV-I'X XivrK 1). - I'nr the te.vt nf this ennventinn xnvciiti(m i)f l>t'.L> im-vicliil tliat t'.iis »iirvi.y .-ImimM lif cdtni.litcil aiKl tlic iv|ioi-ls.if till- i-.iiii:iifsinii .'il>iiiitti.il within tnn viir^-Vn.iii !■ t iliite nf tli.'ir tii-st iii-ntiiKj. 'I |]i» t.Tiii »a» »iili-i-nui-ii,lv lAfHiid,..! !n ii «ii|i|il.iu(.iit;.iv wjinciitiiin t(i aist Dcci.ilpiT, l.'-'iCi. iSi.,' App.'iidiN Nm. \1.| NiiTK 17. — l-'iir tlip ri-|H.rt nf thn oiiiiiiii«M.in, m-i- .-\ii|ii'riili\ No. VI II, uai^rjdC-iJ NiXK I.S. .^(1. A|)|)eu (and a consideration of other ciroumstancoa in so far as they might affect that detenniirition) by legal experts. The United States Commissioners refused both offers qualilyiiig their rejection ot the ibriuer by a proposition that, without i)artihg with the sovereignty of any harboum on ilie Lynn Ciinal, they should grunt the use of Pyramid Harbour antl a strip of land behind it to tho Canadian Ixxindary which should bj under the exclusive jurisdiction of (-muula for Hfty years. The nritisli (Vjinmi.'^Hiotu'r.^, while prepared to consider this pro]iosal as a basis fi>r nogotiations if tlic details could be sati.stacturily arranged, strongly objecteil to the limitation of a term of years and insisted that tho grant should continue as long as Canada maintained a custom house and a suHicient police l\)rce for the preservation of order. At this stage of the negotiations the United States Commis.sioners raised serious objections to allow Pyramid Harbour to 1)0 treated for jiurpos.s of the coasting trade as a British port, and this hotwiilistanding their jirevious oiler to grant commercial vessels of Canada all tho privileges gianted to similar vessels of the United States in the ports of tho Lynn Canal. They dennimicd that, with rog ird to the coasting trade, Pyramid Harbour should be treated as an American port. This the Briti^ll Coainiissioiiers could not agree to, though willing that all ports on tho rn their refusal to jioi'mit British vessels to share in the carr^'ing trade of Pyramid Harbour. N'arious proposals and counter jiroposals, the text of which will be found elsewhiTc -'" were exchanged without tho attainment of any result. Finally, having exhausted all other methods of reaching a selilenient, 'he British Commissioners proposed that the whole (picstiiui should be submitted on the lines of the Venezuela boundai'v agreement, to an Arbitral Tribunal to consist of three members, one to bo nominated by the Judicial C'ommittee of Her .Majesty's Privy Couiu'il, one by the President of tho United States, and the third by the other two, with due provision for his selection in tho event ot failure to agree. They further agreed that such effect should NoTK a). — Sff .\|)|*ti(li.\ No, IX, ii'imim. la be given to United States ncru|mtion of what iniirht prove to be liritisli tcrntoi-y as Jiistiw, rrason. and the eciniiies of tho case re(|uired. - ' Tho United States met this iiy a counter proposal -- to the ott'ect tiiat the (iiic-tiiin lio leit to a body of iurint.H nonii- uated in ecpial numbers iiy eaeb eouiitry. They aUo deniiiiidcd that all settlements on tiouiie formulat.'d ; 1. What is ihf poin! ot uomnii nceineiit ? 2. What channel is fori land Channel ? 3. What coursr dues ihe lino lake Irom the point of com- nienceincnt io the eni ranee lo I'ortland Ohaniiel':' 4. To what point ,,n the oOtli parallel is the line tu be drawn from thr head of IN. rt land Channel, atid what course should it loUow bciwoen tiiese points? ■?. What are the mouniains situated parallel lo the coast'.' C. What is "the coast '": Hc'lore proceeding lo examine these queMiion- in detail it may be well to observe that there exists a very giin'ml agree- ment to the etteet thai the negotiators of tlie treaty of '^ 826 relied largely upon Vaiiuiuvcr's charts and ihe narrative of his voyages for their informal ion respecting the physical features of the country with which they found themsi'lves called upon to deal. On this point Mr, \V. F. King, the Canadian expert, remarks in a report to his (jovernmeiit in 18',)2: "The vvi.lt'iKf iiiiiiiu tiHitiiisivLly to Vimwiuvei s cliiiitM iiiiil tlif ii.UTiitivi: piiHli^hcl it Ilia • Viiyii>,'e.s ' as the iiiniii sumve o' iiifminiition. tfc wiis llii' iin'^'iiw! I'xplorcr rif tin' grc-ntoi- pint nf tlir roast in (iiic.-tion, lunl liis .survey Wiis lit till! time of tlir ('(iiivintion •■oiisi'lcifil tlii> iniist lu'ciii-iitc tliiit liail liuiii iiinile. Hi.s ivpiiliition iiulfLMl li-is nnl Ihcm all< ctivl liy tiiu lo^iiln ,,;' inoiltin fX|,loiati(iiis anil .siiivi-y-, iiii.i up to t!i.' pnsuiit tiiiu,' vviy liitli- rluiii^-i' lia.s liuiii lua.le in lii . ililiiiuitioii of Ihr coast. 'I'liu uonii'iii'luiiii with timtfounil Ijotli in lii.s ' VoyaL'cs' of till' treaty fonispiiiula Lxactly ami in the rluiils. " Xotk21.-.S(i. .\pp(uclix No. I.\, p.^^f(■ ^V. Note 2S. — Sic .\|ii).nili\ No. l.\, pajje ye 16 Mr. W. II. Dall, ot" tho Unitid Stuti-s Coast ami Gi-CKletic Survey, in a moniorttniltim on the subjict says : — " III tliin oiiiiiiui'tiiiii it iiiiiiit lit! Ikii'iic ill iiiiinl that S'Kiu'onver'it uliartu were ut tliiit tiiiii', mill reiimiiivil iinu'tically up to INSII, llic luilv ulmrts wiirtliy iif cmi- Hi(lur>itii>ii, hII (itlii'i'K Ik'Iii^ ihihc.I iipdii tliiiii willi Imt trilling oliuiiucx, iiiul tlicw not iilwiiyx for llic liittiT. It is ccrlnin as anylhiiix iiin Iw of wliicTi «c liiivc not iloc'uincntnry cviiluiiuc lliut tliu iiiapH uxeil liy tliu >ii;>'ntH of the contrac'tiiig pirtiev wrri' tlioBc of ;lic Kreiicli tniimliuioii of llif oHIciil cilitioii of Viiiii oiivt i s re- iKirt aii'l ullii.H. TJii.H tniiiHliitioii wiiii i^Rlll•ll in tlii' khniu form an tlu' oriiriniil, ut I'nri.H, ill IT'.Kt. 'I'litre iiri' otiii'rs, liul of liit'r ilatf ami niori! or lesn iiliriil^'i>il or inoilitii'ii ill till' tniiitlHtion. Kreiuli li«in){ the iliploiimtic IniiKiiugti, tliu French rullirr tlinii tlic origiiiul vilitioii woiiM liiivv Ijvi-n iiwil. " ■- 1. What is the point of Com.mencemi:st? The words of tlic Treaty are : — " I.ii lij.'ni' do (li'inan'Ktion iMittc Ii'h ponwcssionx ilcs HantvH I'iuti<'H("oiitriutivntc> Hur In I'oli' ilii coiitineiit ol 1(H ili'H lie l'Aiii<'rii{iii' iLi.rdonust, nuiii triioi'i' aiii»'. i|u'il Hirit : A partii' tlu point It* plus iiH'ridioniit ilr I'iic 'lite I't-iii'-c of Wult'.H, leqiicl (miiit Be tronvi! hoiis paialtfle 4t! (U'i»ri'' 4*1 mimilfs ilr la latitiidu aorti, ct ftitrc U 13li' c't li! l.'flif .ii';,'!'!' clit loiigiliiilu oiuft (iiiiTiiliiii (If (iiTciiwich), ft.;." The hititiide and h)iiiritudo given nhovc roadily identify 'I'ile dite rriiico of Wales' witli tli(! liirge inland uf that immo lying to tho north uf Dixon Kutraiiee. Un \ ancouver's chart it ia marked ' I'rinije of Wales Arclupelagri.' Thougli rightly surmijing this linul "to he nnich hrokeii and divided by water"-' Vancouver did not verify his 8Upiiosition,and there- fore represented tln^ whole group on his chart as ono island. The rioutliernniost point oftlie niain island is Capo Oliaeon in latitude .'J4^4r 2")".N'.,hut recent investigations have shown that a point to the westward, ("ape Mnzon, is sliglitly farther eouth thiin ("ape (,'hacon. hoing in latitude 54'^ 3'.i' oO". Cape Mu/.on is the southern exfreinity of what looks at tirst sight to bo a peidiisiila, but wltii'h closer inspection shows to he se- parated from tho main island by a narrow channel, and thus to form a separate island recently nanicd Dall island. I'roni llic corresiiondcnco it is evident that the negotiators knew of these two capes and helievod them both to be on J'riiico ot Wales Island, but laid no ]irecise knowledge as to their relative latitudes, and desired tiiat whichever might jirove to be tlie more southerly should be taken for tho puriioses of the Treaty.- ■ Both cajies arc marked tii Vancouver's chart as lying in tlie vicinity of latitude 54' 40' and within the limits of longitude indicated in Article I. The intervening coast however is represented in merest outline and gives evi- dence of having been oidy partially surveyed, so much so as to warrant the conjecture that the omission to designate the Boutliernmost point by name was intentional in order that tho de8cri]ition might tit Cape Miizon, Ciijie Chacon or any other projection from tho Archipelago which might be found to NnTE2:f.--.Mr. lUy.iivl, writiiip to Mr. riiiI|woii the 2ntli Xovfinlx'i-, lH.s;i, o'o- 8i?rv*»s : *' It limy Ih' aMHUtiH'd with conlidi'iu-e that tlic (.'liartH cthptoynl in the lu'gotia- tions wrr*' tlioso of Vancouver." Not:: 24. SiH'iilo to u.s) I have n a.son to U-lieve is much brolien. and ilivided tiy water, forming' as it were a rlisiiiier Uody iu the great arclii- i«'lgo. This I h.ive honoured with the name ttf T/o Vrin'-t oi Wah&'s An'hipil'jo.'^ Vancouver's " \*oyage of I liseovery. '' eri. IT'.tS, Vol. II, juigc 41'.t. \o'1'k2.->. -*'*>n He i^jirlera [Kiint ici des deux iKUnies de I'lle tlu Prince de (Jalles ([ui Hont situee« audesson.'* dela ligne do .Vm' degre de latitude nord.'* {OftHfn-tftionn n/Hitnnittn Vlfnipotfiiliarin on Sir C. HiiiidCh auuwifd propoml. .Vpiwmlix Ifo. A'//,' |iagi' /Cf) , " t.'oiiinieneiiig from the two |ioint<< of the islanil called " Triiice of Waleit' Island." ( Jliithh Drall Cnwrrntiim. Ap|)i iidix A'o. XII, imge/Utf) In the .loiiit KeiKirt of Messrs. DuHield and King (.*>ee Appendix No. VIII, jaigu 62) the latitiidegof Capes Muzen and (Jliacon ari' given aH detirniined by J.'ritish and United States observiTs resin-etively. ; 17 extend further south than either of the two above nicntionctl. Cape Muzon then, bi-iiig the more iwutherly ruii<»t be taken as the point of departure. 2. "What channel is " Portland Channel? " Tlie words of the Treaty are, " [m iliii' liKii" ri'iiiimteni iiu iimil h' I )ii>< i1b U piiiwe ilitc I'drllaii^I ('liuiiiicl. jti.4i|iruu |M>iiit il. Ilk itrii! firiiif ou t'lli- iiltiiiit le Miv ilogri' ilf lntitU'k' iii>nl. " On Vaneonver's charts tlie body of water to-day known im Porthmd Oiinal in so dosjgnated, its northern and direct entrance, (to which the name of I'earse (.'anal has recently -' been applied by United States cartographers), being jilainly distinguished from the southern arm called by him Obser- vatory Inlet. The Canadian (lovcrnment holds tlnit the Portland ("hannel of the treaty is the one so named liy Vancouver, as ascertained from his charts and narrative wldch must be considered as mutually inter[iretative. Tlio claim has been advanced on the part of the United '""tii CunK., States that the boundary line should enter Portland Canal by siiutiMx. what since 1853 has been known as Portland Inlet, which is'ii- _"';j H''. part of the waters named by Vancouver " Observatory Inlet." '''' ""' This deflection would give Wales, Pearse and some smaller islands to the United Statcn. The grounds for this contention are mainly these : — 1. That the Prince of Wales Island of the treaty refers to ii.,y:iiii n. Wales Island, and that the provision in Article IV to theett'ect .'Ilj'i'''.;^;,^. that Prince of Wales Island is fo belong wholly to Uussia istoissr.." provide for the contingency of the line in passing through f;,'''^,'.^','"^''^'"''' Portland Iidet touching Wales Island. 14;h, 2. That the southern passage is the wider and more navi- gable of the two. 3. That while Vancouver distinguishes between Portland Canal and Observatfiry Inlet he has indicated both on his charts as beginning at Point Kamstlen, leaving the lower parts of both channels unnamed. 1, Tlic contention that the Prince of Wales Island of the treaty was not the island known to-day by that name, but Wales Island which lies at the entrance to Portland Inlet, is wholly antenabie. In the tirsi place the negotiations which resulted in tht Treaty of 1825, show that thi' Prince df Wali-s Island therein referred to is cut by the 56° parallel. The jiarallel of 55'^ does not touch Wale.-* Island i>r come within 12 miles thereof. Further, Prince of Wales Island of the Treaty is said to lie between the 131 and 133"^ degree of longi- tude, whereas Wales Island lies at least 20 miles to the cast of 131°. Moreover, though the southernmost point of Wales Island is marked 'Point Wales' on Vancouver's chart, the Island itself is unnamed and has only been known uiuler its l>rcscnt apjiellation within the last forty years. •_'. The argument that because tlu' southern jiassage is wider and more easy of access, theretore it is the entrance to the Portland Canal of Vancouver refutes itself, for the narrow limits and constricted form of the northern channel render the application to it of th^! word ' canal ' at once more natural N(iTE2li. t^iitf itHiiitly. On the I'nitwi Suites liyilmgraiihic cliurl N'li. 'JL'j, IStiil, o>m'CtPal examination of it myself. " • • • • • " N'lithing of any note having occnrred during my absence 1 shall conclinle this chapter liy the insertion of the astronomical and nautical observations made at this place, and in consei;uenue of our having Iwen so fortunate as to be able to obtain those that were essential for correcting our former survey and for our future regulation in that respect this limnch obtained the name of ( lliservatory Inlet. ' lb., p. 37(1. 2()th Augui-t, 17U3. 2nd .\ug\ist, i7'J3 1b.,p.344. And OB if to ]irevent tlie possibility of doubt as to where Observatory Inlet began, he says : — "The west |K)int of Observatory Inlet I distinguished by calling it Point Wales, after my much esteemed friend .Mr. Wales, of Christ's Hos|iilal, to whose kind instrui'tion, in the early part of my life, I am indebted for that inforn.atiun whicli has enabled me to traverse and delineate those huiely regions." So, according to Vancouver, the arm of the sea named by him Observatory Inlet had Point Maskelyne on its eastern and Point "Wales on its western entrance. With reference to Portland Canal he is scarcely less explicit : " In the morning of the 'id we sat out early and paiised through a labyrinth of small inlets and rocks along the continental shore ; this, taking now a winding course to the southwest and west, shewed the south-eastern side of the canal to be much broken, through which was a |ia8Sage leading .S. .S. K. towards the ocean. We |>as8ed this in the hope of tiniling a more northern and westerly cominnnica- tion : in which we were not disappointed, as the channel we were then pursuing was soon found to comnnuiioikte also wich the sea ; making the land to the south of us one or more islands. From the north-west point of tins land, situated in lati- tude M" 4.") J', longitude 'iiS' '2H', the Pacific was evidently seenlictwecnX. HS W. and S. SI W." lath .\.ugU8t, 1793. lb., p. 371. And when he had completed his investigations : "In the forenoon we reached that arm of the sea whose examination had occu- pied our time from the 27th of the preceding to the 2nd of this month. The dis- tance from its entrance to its source is aliout "(> miles ; whicli in honor of the noble fainilv of Bentiiick I named ' Portland's Canal '." Thus Vancouver has indicated two features by which Port- land Canal can be identified — (a) its entrance is in latitude 64° 45' 30" ; and (6) ita length from the entrance to ita source XoTR 27. — " Passe " in its nautical sense is defined by the best French diction- aries to mean a narrow {lassage or channel, Bescherelle says : "Sorte de canal de mer entre deux bancs, entre deux terres, entre deux ecueila, etc., par oil les batimente gieuvent (lasscr sans eehouer." 19 diction- ecueils. is about 70 miles. Both these conditions apply to the cliannel which beeins oft' Fort Tongass and pa.«es to the nortli of Wales ana Pearee islands recently named by the United Staten cartographers Pearsn Canal. ' " In the record of the negotiations which resulte*! in the Treaty of 1825 are many references to Portland Channel, or Canal, as it is indifferently called. Count Nesaelrode, in rejecting Sir C. Bagot's first proposal that the line should be drawn through Chatham Strait to the head of the Lynn Canal, lays it down as a sine qud non that the Russian sovereignty on the continent must extend to the 55th degree of latitude, the line of the Emperor Paul. He expresses his wiilingnesa to accept that boundary, but inas- much as it cuts Prince of Wales Island he suggests that the southern limit of the Russian possessions should be carried down to 54° 40' "et de la faire aboutir sur le continent au Portland Canal." ="' Sir C. Itagot, in presenting an amended plan '", objected to the proposal made by the Russian Plenipotentiaries on the ground that — " Unu ligne i\e (li^ninrvntian tract'e ilv ruxtrt'iiiiti' int''rik> ilc I'llc du I'l'iiiuc cle (IhIIcs iiiS4|irH reiiilMiiicliiire ilu Ciiimt de I'urtland, de Vt |mi' le iidlieti dc ue luiiiil juMpi i\ ce (|U'ellc tonuhe la terre furriie, du l» jtij«|truux iiiniitagnes <}iu Imrdcnt la ui'ite, et de lA le long ilv e'en iiiniituKnes jumiuu la longitude du l3Ue ilegre, ete. , I'lteroit ii Sa Majeate Hritaiiiiii|ue la aoiiveraiiiete dc tnuteK ees uiisoi et de ces petite* Imioa ijui ae truuvent ciitre lea latitudea iiO° et 34° 45'." Here Sir C. Bagot plainly shows that he understands the entrance to Portland Canal to be in latitude 5 1" 45' as indicat- ed by Vancouver." The Russians adhered to their proposal that Portland Channel should lorm their southern continental boundary and this insistence on their part led to protracted discnssious. Having regard to this steadfast and ultimately successful contention of Russia that her southern frontier should extend to the 5oth dogret' — that this line was slightly shifted in order to secure a geographical boundary — that the Portland Canal of Vancouver aflbrds the first natural boundary on the continent south of 65° — that Sir C. Bagot objected to it on the ground that it would carry the line down to 64° 45' — there cannot be a reasonable doubt that the first inlet south of 55~ whose entrance lies in 64° 45', marks the beginning of the Ni>TK 28. Thin channel i« not the intricate and tortnoiiK juuKa^eit is mmietiniPH represetiU'd to be. It in deep and Htraiglit, thniiKli narit>w, fi'oni it« mouth to the HouTlieru iM)int of Fillmore Irtland. IJitwtK'n Killnuini and W'ahw iidandn are the only olwtruetioii" in the |>asil>servatory Inlet, and the ctiurse of tilt.' buimdary along the channel is not marked, although a dottt'd line is dtawn from the hejwl of Portland Channel northwesterly to indicate the inland Isiundary. On the United States llydrographic chart of 18S'2, Portland Channel is shown as |>assing north of Pearse Island, but the Uamdary line is marked as (tassing in by v^ay of Portland Inlet. In later charts the name Peirse Canal has been given to the part of Portland Channel between the north end of Pearse Island and Fort Tongass. " The whole of the confusion arises from the luiauthorizcd use of the name Port- land Inlet on the Admiralty chart of IS.'iS, but it is iK'rfectl); clear that, at the time of the Convention, Observatory Inlet was considered to liegin at Pointa Wales and Maskelyne, and no subaetjuent usage of cartographers can lie taken aa interpreting the intention of the negotiators of 182.^" Note 29.— See Apis'ndix No. XII. page gff, NoTK :fO.— See Apjiendix No. XII, fiauvVff Note 31.— "It will hardly be denied," writes Mr. Dall (50th Congress, 2nd session, Senate ex. doc. 146, p. 21), "that in the consti action of the meaning of the Treaty we are to be guided by what the negotiators had before them, and the ideas they held, rather than by what was unknown and unconaideriKi by them." Such, for example, aa the Britiah Admiralty chart of 1853, whereon the name "Portland Inlet" was (irat applied, without any authority, to the lower part of Olwervatory Inlet, a circumatance on which Mr. liall laya great store. 20 line of boiuulnry on the continent. Tliat inlet i* the one marked on !no(lern tlmrtH Tonjrusa PuHRafri' Htint. The line "eommencing from the soiithernmobt point of the island called I'rinee of Wales Islanil * * * * shall ascend to the north along the channel called Portland channel,'" no reference being had to-the fact that between the island tmd the mouth of the channel sixty miles of ocean inter- vene. In the absence of any spt'citicdireelions, it is agreeable to the rules of legal construction '■' to hold thiit the line joining the two points — that is to say tiie southern extremity (jf Cape -Muzon and a point in the chainiel midway between Dark I'oint und Ivunnaghunut Island a*^ the entrance to Portland Canal in latitude 54° 45' 30" — sliotild follow the most direct course, which is along the are of a great circle. Cape Muzon lies further south than the I'turance to Portlaiul canal indicated above. A straight line joining the two there- fore remoniiTii mi. vanl in the words of the treaty, and in BO doing would cut the tip otf Cape Chacon, tiius accounting for the provision of Artirle IV., "that the island called Prince of Wales Island shall be!ong wholly to Russia." " f>n behalf of the United Stati's if is argued thsit the line srarting from thesouthenmiost pointot I'riiici' of Wales Island should follow along the parallel of 54" 40', and they bsise their contention on the fact that this latitudinal line is I'xpressly mentioned in the treaty as the point of commencement, and that the omission to state that the boundary should proceed along that parallel was because the repetition was considered unnecessary. They alhrra tluit in iixitig the southern boundary of the Russian possessions the line ot 54'^ 40' was the " domi- nating factor," and they ))oint to the Russian-American treaty of 1824, by which Russia ami the United States mutually agreed to accejit that panilld as the dividing line between their respi'ctive zones of inlliu^nce on the Xorth-west coast. In 1823-24 Knssia was carrying on negotiations with Great Britain and the United States simultaiieotisly, and while the Note 32.— Tliis view nf the (pii'iitioii is dfalt with lit Rome lenitli by Major fJeiifral Ciiinermi, in ft li'ttcr to the I'lider Secretary of State for the Colonies, d«teint of conitia-ssor m>iue known object liy the stream, it is held to U- a line rutuiing m the most direct and shortest course IJetween the given (loint and the stream." Wiiihl'urn nn Jtml Prnfiertii. Sih K'l., Vol. ///., p. ^J}. NoTK 34. — In order to provifle for the inclusion of the whole of Princt^ of Wales Island within Russian territory it will U* nei'essary to draw two straight lines, one from CajH' .Muzon to Va\h^ Chacon, and another frimi th:' latter cais- to the entrance to I'ortland Canal. The former of these linei apimrently wonia touch the small island called Bean Island which lies west of Ca|x- Chacon. The other line ciosses no land. Si treaty wi'li th»' Unifcfl Stafen whu coip-liidi'd liffori' an mnlcr- atuniliiig with KncrlaiKl wafi nuchiil.tlir HuRttiuns, Komc time nrevioiiB i(» tin- signing of tli.' tnuiy witli llic United States, had intiinati'd to Great llritain their proposiii to cairy ilie boundary down to the sontheniinortt [Hiini of I'rince of Waits iBlanc", i.e., to 54° 40'. Here we huvi' tin' tirnt ulln. ion to this celebrated line whieh half a eentiiry ago fnrnirthed our Aineriint of beginiung, and not the parallel of latitude. The geograjibical co-ordinates are given for purposes of identification merely. If they were intended to govern, the wording would be diiFcrent, and a definition of a point by geographical co-ordinates must be l.iy the intersection of two lines, not by a parallel of latitude and two meridians of longitude 75 miles apart. Seeing that the line is to 'ascend to the north' from the point mentioned, a XoTK :<•">.- .S App. Xo. XII.. pa^-.' V,1 Till- innp aniimiwiiving (irt-viilmw s Histnry nf OrHt^im, r"»lifiiniifl, Ac., l)oth in the liritisli rilitimi i>f IHH, mi'l iii the I'liitid States i-ilitinii of lS4."i, shows the Kiissiiinltritixli i«miiii:iry suiitiiik' fMiii ('i<|»' Chaonn (the Hunth-east iKiiiit of I'rince of Wah'M Islaml) luid rnnnini; eastwanl t i the entraneit of I'ortlaml Canal, curving sii^rhtly Init (piite lUstinetl.v northward at its eiwtern end to itaMn IwHween i.slunds and thui not iolfntritii/ lat. 54 40' as now contended foi hy I'nititl .Stjites. (JreenhowH look is entitled "The History of OreRon and ('alifornia and the other Territories on (he Xorlh-west Coast of Xortli America," liy Koliort lireenhow. Translator and Lihrarian to the i>ei>artnient of Stato of I'nited .States. Tliis work was ottieially piusented (in pnmiiancw of an Act of Connre.sa) to the r.riiish (ioveriniient in lS4."i. in connection with the On'ifon tmundary question. For cijrres|«(ndence**( Hritish Cjtse, UehrinK Sea Arbitration, p. liH. In "Map of Alaska and a;ions compiled liy Ivan I'etrof, S|M^ci«l .\gent. Tenth Censns, " tlie line Is'twon Alaska and Hritish Cohunliia makes no pretence to follow the lat. of .M 10', lint follows a sinuous course tlirou);h Dixon entrance. Wiiile this conlra4 40' is adlier>>d to there can lie no fnitwl States territorial waters t*i the S4(nth ;an to ascend to the north, it waH requisite to provide that thi' whole of Prince of Wales Island Hhould beloni; to RuHsia, otiierwise such ii line would possibly have cut od' some portions of the island and t^iven them to Great Britain, and this fact explains and harmonizes both parts of the description in the.eonvention which other- wise would be obscure, if not misli'ndinif." In his letter of instructions to Sir C Bajfot, dated Foreign Office, July 12, 1824, Mr. Canning thus writes '" :— »liirli all' nlle^vil )>y the KiiiHimi loiia i'i:ii)M«.'tiii)< the line i>f ilt'iimi' mil ni'uiipiiiiry 'in the iioith went iiirnnxenitMice nf ti'huitting siinie I'll iimti'iietiiiiia, iir nf hul'iliK the ttleil fur nil iiiileliiiite time, His " After full aiiwiclerHtiiin nf the motives rn|» cuticin to l)c ilrawii lietwceii lliitinh iiml ' eiNiHt of Ainericu ; uiiii frontiers, iinil to Inke 'ts tlio line of ileuiiir>':ition, ii line ilniuii from tlie wiutlHriiinost point of I'rince of WuIch' Inliiml from nouth to nortli through I'ortlniKl ('huniiel, till it Htrikes the iiininhtml in Intitii'li' .'il! : iheiue followiiit; the i-iiiuoHitieH of the count, nloiiit the iNWe of the moiiiitiiiiin neurest the Heu to Mount Kliiix, iiii'l thence iiliuig the l.Sittli ileyreu of loiiiiituile lo the I'ohir Sen." Not a word here about following a parallel of latitude. The line is to run from the southernmost point of Prince of Wales Island from south to north through Portland Channel till it strikes the mainland in latitude 66°, though Mr. Canning is careful to say that when it reaches Mount St. Elias it shall proceed thence along the lZ9th degree of longitude to the Polar Sea. And the reason for the distinction is manifest. The 130th meridian lies along land. That portion of the parallel of 64° 40' under discussion, passes over the high seas. Between Cape Muzon and the entrance to Portland Canal stretch 60 miles of open ocean. The whole negotiation which led to the Treaty of 1826 grew out of an attempt on the part of Russia to circumscribe the sen. " So entirely unii alisoliitely true is this prnpositinn," writes Mr. Caiiniiig, ''" 8th Decemlier, " ''"" 'l"^ se'tlcment of the limits of the re»|)ecti»'e |Hissessions of (ireat Rrituin 1834. and Russia on the north-west Coast of America was proposed by us only as a mode of fuuilitntin^' the adjustment of the ditfereiicc aiisiux from the Ukase liy eualiling the Court of Kussia, uihler cover of the more comprehensive arrange- ment to witliiiraw with less ap[>eHi'ance of coiicessiiui the offensive pretensions of that Kdict. "It is comparatively indifferent to ns whether we hasten or postpone all i|ueH- tions respecting the limits of territorial possession on the Continent of America, )iut the pretensions of the Kussian Ukase of IS'JI to exclusive dominion over the Pacific could not continue longer unrepealed without compelling us to take some measure of public and effectual remonitriiiice against it." Holding these views, how could it have been possible for English statesmen to agree to set a boundary in the ocean Notk38.— See Appendix No. XII, |)ttge /OV Note 3y.— lb., jiage //V 28 whiih ihimld serve an a line otMpiiiHri-atioii lietwci'n Biitain'i poMcu' 01)8 and those of another power, without reganl to the rett of the world, who»u rii;hti« in th(«e »eaH rented on the ume fundamental principle ni her own ? Sueh a pro<'e WHAT ruCRSK .-ll'in,!) IT FOLLOW liETWEEN TII03E POINTS? nf III,. , iiii'l The Treaty cnys : . ..." la I lit I- lij-'hi' iiiM 'iit-.'iii ill! iiniil ||. |iiii^> ill. Ill piisii' iliti. I'iiiiIhiI'I riiiiinivl, jiitujiriiii [Miint iff la U'tri' ffniii* mi i-llt' alti-iiit li' .'itiii ilt-jfri' ik' lalitintt- iinril : ill' v-4' ili-Miiur [Hiliit la Ij^iie lie ili'iiiai'i iition miixi-a la rri'.u* iU>ii iiioiita^ii«-H rtiiui>«ii imrulli'lciiit'iil a lii unU', jiiH<|irau |Hiiiit irintiiHt'ctlini ilii Uli' ile^'ii' ili' lim^i- tmlp iiiu'st (iin'-iiiu iiii'i'lilli'iii.' »th 54° reen :i!i itaiii an a l>> llge- 18 of IIPH- 'ion, ' the !an There is some obscurity lure. In the tirst place Portland Canal does not attain to the oti . The head of the channel is in latitude 56" 66', or somewhere about four miles south of the 56° parallel. Despite passages in the correspondence implying the contrary, it seems difficult to believe that the Plenipotentiaries were unaware of the fact that the channel terminates at a point to the south of that parallel *'-, for it is plainly so indicated on Vancouver's chart8,and the Russian maps of the period which show the head of the canal in latitude 55 ' 45'. While the language of the Treaty is without doubt ambiguous, and seems at first sight to imply that the Portland XOTB41I. — Ill, piiKf/fy. XoTK 41. 1^«J App. X<.. XII, \a%<- .9!) XiiTK 42. —The firiit referciiei' iii thi' l^•l-tlan(I f'aiml in tin- c.i)i>. ** Jje motif Mrinci|>al qui force la Ruisie h inninler Hiir la noiixerainete de la liuiere iiidiipiee pluH hnut Hiir la terre fernie deiniiii le Portlaiul Canal juiHjirau |>oint d'in. tersettion du 60' avec le 13U' ile longitude. ' Ih., ji. S9. .And in their auliaequent olwervationn on Sir C. Ha(fot's amended pro|KwaI :— "C'wit par ceH rainonH que leu Pli'ni|)otentiaire8 de Hiiimie ont proimHe ixmr limites iiur la cAte du continent an sud, le Portland Channel, dont I'ori^ine dann leu terr™ ent jiar le ftti' de latitude nord, etc.' II)., p. 100 And again :— "Tout le territoire situe entre leu KtablinHemeiia Anglois au 54' parallele et I'origine du Portland Channel qui ent au 60' [larallile. " a av' •24 "Tlic I.it culn!ii:il " Saiidf.iiil Kleiniiijr, Canal riiichis and iniK'ed extends bryond the 56°, the words are susceptible of an interpretation niori' in accordance with the natural fcaturua of the country. The ambiguity arises in the use oi the pcraona! pronoun "elle, " which uccording to the way in which the sentence is road, may relate to (1) "la passe" (2) "la ligne" or (3) "la terre fernie ". A careful study of the article sliows that "elle," whatever else it may relate to, cannot refer to Portland Canal. The line is to ascend along the channel to the 5tith degree of latitude and from that point is to follow the sur. niit of the mountains. Xow, apart from the fact that Tortland Channel stops short of the 6G \ a mountain crest cannot be in a canal. Nor can "elle" be said to refer to "la ligne, " for in that case the verb "atteint" would not be in the present but in the future tense. " La dite ligne ri'iinintcru au nord " " la ligne de demarcation suivict la crete des inontagnes." Had the tramers of the Treaty meant to speak of the lino attaining the 5()th degree they would surely have ailhered to the future tense and written "atteindra" and not " atteint." By this process! of exbaustiiin we are led to connect "elle" with "la terre fernie "and this, v>liile acccrding with the rule of grammatical construction which reters to the pronoun to the hist mentioned noun, affords at the same time the cK'arest meaning. The line shall ascend to the north along the Port- land Channel to the point on the main land, where it — i.e. the main land —attains the i>iV of latitude. Xow arises the question what is meant by the point ? Apparently the negotiators coiiti'mi>hiteil the existence of a range of mountains the crest of whiidi was intorsi'cted by the Titlth degree oflatitudc near the bead of the I'ortland Caiuil. "Ce dernier point" thert'fori' must be lield to refer to tliat point where "la crete (h's monliigues situecs piirallMement ;\ la cote" ia crossed by the otith parallel at a distance from tin- ocean not greater than ten murine ieauines. Having got thus far, another ditlicnlty presents itself. "What tlirection is the line to take between the head of Portland Canal and this point on the I'rest of the mountains? This problem is analogous to that encountered at the southernmost point of Prince of Wales Island and is to be solved by the application of the same rule. On the occasion of the Maine boundary dispute the lion. Edward Livingston, Secretary of State ot the L^nited States, thus laid down the principle governing such cases : " l>;li uliirli the line is to i)iis.s is uiiexplmuil, luv fiTi|iii'iitly ili'si^;iiatLMl liy iiatiiial (il)jcots, tin: [U'eciso sitimtion of wtiiih is not known, Imt wliii'li aro siipposril to he ill tlii' ilirtHtion of a piiiiionliir point of thoiompiis'i. Wlieietlio niitnral object is foinnl Tn till' conntiT dnift of the Riisi.imi Vlpniiioti'iitiai-ics, tlicy s.iv :-- " * " • lii li^riif lit' 111 frnntirii' cntrt' h's iKisst'sNions ibisMi's ct lt'8 iHisscshioiis nritiiiiiiit)Urfl rcinuntrra au iioni par la pass-- ili»o If Torilaiul Cliannrl jus(ju'.iu iK.int oil c'l'tti' passe se terniine dans Viiiterieiir de la terre ferine au .'iti de latitude iiortl." lb., i,.M In .'^ir C. H.atrot's nineiuletl proiHisal to tlie Hrst Russian dmft, lie aaya :- - " * * ' jusiiuVi I'einlioiieliiiredu Canal de Portland, de la par le milieu de ce canal jusqu'a ct: iiu'elle touclie la terre fernie, de In jiisiiu'aiu inontaKiies ipii liurdent lacoto." ih..y.M. .\nd Canning, writes to Hap^ot on tlie I'Jtli .lulv. lSlI-1, says ; — "Her .Majesty's (ioverniuent lia\e resoUed to aulliorize Your Kxeelleiuy * * • and to take as the line of deiiiarcation a line drawn from tlie Koiitliernniost jKiint of Prince of Wales' Island, from south to north, through Portland Channel, till It strikes the luaiiilaiid in latitude .^^>." lb., p. /f V On this |Niiiit Mr. Anderson, of the Colonial Otiiee, in his memo, on the .Vlaska Uiundary, observes page 11 :— " It would np|.<'ar, therefon', that while Canning did not assnnie that Portland ("anal rwiched the ."ititli degree, tlie Kussians did, ami, in thi' draft Convention signed by .'^tratforil Canning anil the Russian PleniiKiteiitiaries, which 1 have hail uneartlied fi-otn .Stratfonl (.'aniiing's private paiH'rs at the Ki-cord Oltice, there is au erasure lietween th- words 'oOi and 'atteint in the Treaty, wh'Te "elle " has been substi- tuted, the pa.-|>\i'cl i». nnl tn cnn^iiliM- tlii' IxMiiKlarv ai mu' iiniio-.-ililr to Ipi' trari'M ; Imt ti> luvt't-vf tin' nalnial iHiunlaiy, hihI in I'l-ach it Ky tni' niMtt'Ht iliffi't I'uiii-.st', TIhim, if nftcf iiiuft amicate sin-, vi'yh xliall linve liwn inailc, it slnnilil In' fnuinl tliit thi' mil tli iMui>f lioiii tliv IhmiI iif till' St. Ci'iiix nhiiiilil not I'luli tli.' Iii^-lilan'l.s wliirli answiT tin- ilfsiiip- tionof tirosf iloi^n.itf'l ill tlir Tiiaty of ITS.'t : ilirn a liiirii linr fioin tin- InMii of till' St. t'i'oi\, «liati-vi'f may lie itn ilirirtioii, to snoli liiKlilands, out;lit to Ik- ailopti'il, anil tlii'lini' wonlii still Im' I'onfoi in ililc tothi' Ticaty." Ai'i'Drilitiir til i'liis ili'cisinii, tlic liin' ttii leaving tlic liond of the I'cirtliiiid C'aiiiil glimild ]iass by a direct cmifrte — thtit is almij; the arc ot'a gretti cirele — tn (lie jniint ■<{' iiitersectinii of the iiOth di'gree ol' iiitituih' with tile suimuit of the iiidiiiitains tiitmiteil /KiruUcleme.nt to the co;isi:i5, if not siirreptitii>usly, at any rate through a clerical error when the accepted [larts of the sevend /iro/iV.s were being combined. The advocates of this eiinlention urge that the directions contained in the treaty as it stands, are inconsisleni with the geograpbieal features ot' the eoinitry and imjiossilile of fultilment ; that a line cannot aseeiid to the 'K>rth on its way lothe entrance of a channel lying sixty miles east of ihe point ot di'partuiv: thtit it could not ascend Portland Channel until it struck the contim-ut at 50°, because the chiiiinel terminates to ihe south of that line: thai even if Portland (Miannel reached lo the 5l>ih parallel, the line i onld no! strike the summil of the moiiiiiains pmiiHi'leiniKt lo the ce.ii.-^t, " lieeause there are Several iiilerveiiiiig ranges and ihe line would necessarily run consiilenibly niore than 10 marine loiigiu's from the coast." They assert, which is the fact, that the subsiitution of Clarence Si rail for Porlland Channel is coiis'.steni with ihe topography of the country and atlbnls a eleai, ready, praeiicabli' and natural solution of the whole matter. The line would a>cend lo ihe inu-lb along an actual water channel all the way until in latitude 5»i" it reaehed those mountains /i(/C((i/«*ntliv No Sii' .Apiii'iiilix N. XI. paifi' 74. X. pa»;i' 7;f. .Ml, patri' 110. 26 13th March, 1826. Russie (loil posskler depuis le 56° t referred the matter homo. On the 29th ^lay, 1824, ilr. Canning informed Count Liovon tliiit "after mature consideration" it had been determined to enlarge SirC. Bagot's di-scretion so far as to eiuible liim to admit with certain qualiticatio'. s the terms last proposed by the Russian Govern- ment, an. NcTK 4'<.--ThiTe is scime Idofciiiv-s hiTr. lia^'cit siiys "X " in his letter to C.in- ninjt (ir--".' Marcli, 1H24), re|Kirtiiijf this dft'er, anil he also ineiiticnis M elsewliern us the iHjnniiary line nn the continent. Vet the line thronjrh Sunnier Strait would ahut on tho eoiitinent at ahout hititiule .*)•! ito', jiud j'-ayot in making his nnn^nded otfor to the Hussian |rleiii|iottmtiaries states elearly that (ireat hritain could not, without sacriticin^r the interests of t!ie Hudson's I5ay Cohipany, renotnice any of its rights to the sovereignty of thecoast and islamls u|i to.-i'." In', whatever niiBht lie the degree of latitude finally ajtreed ii|H.n lietwcen tlie Towers as regards the islands. He then goes (ui to say that the proposal he is al«iut lo make, while it would preserve to Russia for its southern limits among the islands the degree indieated in the I'kase of iritH, would at tho same time assign t.iiacc lu'-eessaive onni s,- multiplier et setennre. ' In their first written proposition the Russians say that ''Piiurocmiiih.terlaligneiledLiiiarc.'iti.iiiPt lan-nilreaussi distinct^, que |,r)Hsible liM I leniiKiteiitiaires de Kus»ie out expriine le dusir de liii fairc suivre le I'ortlami t/anal jusiiu aux ii]Oiit.»gni's (jui liordiut laeote." ■'' Sir C. Uagot recapitulating this otier uses the same words : • ' ".lusipi'aux iiiiMitagne.s i|ui liordent la cote." In their second written otter the Russians propose as the eastern boundary ■'* " la ehaiui- de iiioutaKnes nui suit .< unc l:;s i,ttUc tlistaiirc IcKHiiiuoaitra de la cilte,' The Hudson's Bay Company to whom this proposal was re- ferred expressed their general agreement thereto, but in respect of the question of the eastern" boundary the Governor ob- served : ' ' " they Im'K uie, however, to sugKest th.' expedii'iicv of siiii,.- moii' dcHiiite deniarea- tion on the coast tlian tlie ^u|lposl•d chain of iMomitaiii!.c(imij.niou« to it and tlievcon ceive there can h,. no difficulty in arranKiiii; this point from the expression in the proposition of the Kussian negotiators : 'La cliaine des iiiontaKneB. ipii sjut h nue tres |)etile distance de« sinuosites de la cote '." as Adopting this suggestion Canning instructed Bagot to take the line of demarcation NoTK 411.— See ApiH'iidix No, XII., page 1(14. Note .W.— lb., pai^e 1(»,"). NoTK 61. — lb., p.age .SG. NoTKr>2. — 111., ingeilll. NoTK.");!. -lb. NoTK 54.— lb., page UK). NoTK fio.— lb., page 10:t. 28 "iiliiit" • • • . through Poitlaml CImnnel, till it ittrikiwtlie inaiii- laml in Ifttitiulp 541 ; th»'no' fullowin)^ th*' biiuioitities of the coftst, nlonjf t\\v liaMo of the inoiintAiiiH iiiiirist Ihi >m to Mount Klii.n, inul tlnncv along tlu' lUlltli ileKnt! of Umgi- tude to tliH Polar Sea. " *" e eamc idea And in the draft projet inclosed he embodies tli in ditl'erent words : ' ' " I'roiu tilix point it shiill bf canii'd alon? that coaKt, in a iliitution |>arallel to its windinKs. and ui or within the si*a*i'ard hast of tiie mountains t,ii }'kirh it if lioiwfted, as far as tin- I'J'Mh degree of lon^iuide «e»t of the said meridian. This projet having been communicated to Couni Lieven, the Russian Ambassador took exception to the line following the base of the mountains instead of the summit, jiointing out that in view of the limited knowledge of the geographical features of the north we-t coast available, it might turn out that the mountains forming the boundary reached by an imperceptible slope to the water's edge.'"' So well did Count Lieven under- stand the British proposal that he was apprehensive lest the boundary line might actually coincide with the coast ! To obviate that possibility ho suggested that the crest of the mountains — the same mountains, be it observed — be taken in- stead of the base. Canning ultimately agreed to this, but commenting upon a new move of the Rut^sians, qualified his assent by in- sisting that the mountains shoulil be the boundary only whuro thi'y did not extend more than ten leagues from the coast, otherwise said he, foreseeing the inaccuracy of thi^ maps before them, " Wo might be assigning to Russia immense tracts "of iidand territory where we only intended to give and they " onlj- intended to ask a strip of sea coast,"'" This is his final instruction to Stratford Canning. At the conclusion of the negotiations Stratford Canning writes : — ''" "The line of a disliince of lt» leagues : but it wtaild Iw desirablu if Ytau' Kxpellency were enabled to obtain a still more narniw limitation." NoT.'i o7.--ib., page 11)11. N(nE.")S.--lb., pagi' 108. NoTK ft!l. — lb., page ll."i. NorK()0.-lii., page U'l. NorKlil,— lb., pag<' 122. 29 Indci'd, from thi- gi'iuTul tiMior of the mgotiutiuiis as well as from thi' particular tiTina employed throughout — "tho sia- wanl barii;" — " mouutiiius which border the const" — which extend inland "a viM-y short distaiici.'" — which bound "a strip of Ki'a coast " — it is i'vi(h'nt that what Canning and Bagot had in mind wiTi' those mountains whicli arc sciii from siu as fringing tho coast liiu', to the serrated appearance of whose tops, heightened by their irregularity of outline, the word " crest " is peculiarly applicable. The languBge of the Russian Plenipotentiaries harmonizes with this conclusion. Their declared object in pressing for a foothold on the continent was to secure a "/w/?*/ d'tiipui" "- necessary for the maintenanci' of their establishments on the islands for which purpose " une Siroilc Unidre"''^ would suffice. With regard to the expression " paralll'leiiieni k In c6te " it may be observed that the word ' parallclement ' (which by the way is not thee.xact equivalent of the English word 'parallel') cannot be understood here in its geometrical sense of 'every- where equidistant.' The first, use of the word was by the Russians, who applied it to mountains wliich are necessarily irregular in direction. •■ I'lnir ute i!u cojitir.cnt an suii. lt> rortlaiui (^'haiuicl, flont I'orif^ine Hud- son's Bay Company, who allude to it as 'the supposetl chain of mountains.' Thereafter, with the exce[ition of once in Count Lieven's memorandum''' the word is not met with. Neither "chain" nor "range" occurs in the treaty. It is simply " la crete des montaijnes situees paralleloment a la cAte." There are mountains lying within live or six miles of the ocean coast which present a general parallelism thereto."'* It is contended on the part of Canada that it is to these and not to those ten or fifteen miles inland that the provisions of the treaty apply. It matters not that the latter are more lofty than those situated at " une tres petite distance de la c6te." The NoTKli-J.— lb., panes il'.l, 100. NmK IW. NOTK 04 lb., jiaKc Sti. lb., |MWe !til. .>OTli Ii4.— II)., luwe ll!l. Xo'lKtiT).— lb., JBljce 105 XiiTKtili.- lb., imtfc KKI NOTK ()7. -lb., iMjfc 108. NOTK ()7. -lb., iMjfc 108. XoTK (iS.— .Sec .Appendix No. .\1, pn^es Ii- 80 relative height of the moiintaiiis is not a governing factor in the cane. Proximity to the ocean is the test. We seek thc;?e mountains which " horder the coaHt." They must he mountains however, and this suggests tlie inquiry : what is a mountain ? Upon this point Mr. W. F. King observes : " .'he (liiitliictiiin Ixlwuen inoinitninH and hills in an ailiitniry ime, Imncil iii«in alt udf. A iiKiuntaiii may Iw (iKtinttd in aciiM'dancH with thi- gineral nsaRf '>( i^bofciupluTN, an 'ai-cf^ion in which the el('\'atinn of thi' KUifiici' chanK*-?* alumt i.WtO feet i)r nioro liy a HJupf raiiiil iiittUKti to lie pluinly |H'rc»'ittiiih- to tliL' eye (p. KiU, Ecli'ttii' riiyiiiial ( Jpoj^rapny, hy Kiiswll flinniun ; piiWishcil liv Van Antwerp, BraRi^ A Co., (.'inuinnati and Ni-w York, IHW.) Such in tli« general character of thu eluvationn immediately Ixirderinjj the sea along the whi.le Ala»kancoa.' hills in another. It may thereftin* he found advisahle for the pur|M)se of facilitating an agreement, as well as having ain-tter «ietined range, to restrict the apitlication of the t<*nn moinitains to those summits which rise alsive the timher line. The propriety of this use of the word does not admit of ipiestion." And Dr. George Dawson has expretised the opinion that : " Gtogra pliers would, I Ix-lii've. hold that an elevation of l,(i(NI feet would consti- tnt« a mountain for |)ur|Mise.s of dutinition." 6. Wh.at is THi: CO.AST ? Senate 49th Congress, lat bess. Kx. doc. No. 143. Senate .'iOth Congress, 2Md Sess. Kx. doc. No. 1411 passim. Diet, dn XIX Siecle tt, p, 2«4. The treaty nays : *' in la ligne de di'inare.ition suivi'ii la civteo»siiioiitagnes situees paralleUiiient h la cOtu, jiisiprau |K»iiit d'intersection dii 14Ie deg.-f* de hmgi- tude ouest (nieme meridien) ; et tinalenieut, (In (lit iMtintd'intersection, lauit'-iiie ligne nit'ridienne du 141e degiv iorinera, tit* •ni prolongenient jus(iu'a la Aler (ilaciale, la liinite entre les |)ossessi(ms Kussea et britaniii(iues sur le continent de 1 .Aiii(?ri(jUH nord-ouest. '* IV'. llestentendu .... *^ue partoutoi'i la cr»*te (les niontngnes (pii :s'<''t«!ndent dans line direetion parallele a la cote depuis le ."itie degn'; de hititude nord ail |Hiint d 'intersection du 141e dtgri' de longilnde ouest, se trouveioit ."i la dis- tance de plus de lO lieues marines de Toct'-an, la limite entre les iio.ssossioiis liritanni* (pies et 1 1 li.si(*re de cote nientioniit'e ci-dessns coiiiiiie devant appartenir ji la Ku.ssie, sera forim^e par uiie ligne paralh'le anx sinnositt's tie la cote, et (jui iie |*oiirra jamais en vUr eloignce que de 10 lieues luarines." The United States affirm ; (1) That there are no mountains such as are contem[ilated by tlie treaty within the prescribed limit ; (2) Consequently it is necessary to fall back on the alterna- tive provision in Article IV., and (3) That the ten leagues mentioned therein must be measured from the head of tide water around all the inlets. The Canadian Government maintains, as has been shown, that there does exist within a few miles of the ocean a range of mountains sufficiently marked to come within the meaning of the Treaty, and that in any part should an interruption in this range make it necessary to have recourse to the 10 league line such line should be measured from the coast Thus arises the question : "What is the coast?" .Murray, the Imperial, Worcester, Webster, in fact all good English dictionaries define " coast " in its maritime sense as, "The edge or margiti of the ' nid next the sea — the sea shore." " The American and English Encyclopedia of Law" renders it, "That part of the land bordered by the sea." It is thus not applicable to the shore line of a narrow bay inlet or river. The French word cote employed in the Treaty is thus defined by Larousse : ".lurispr et droit inarit. Les lois distinguent les elites en deux paities, savoir ; les rf>((» proprement dites, se com|K)saiit des (lernit'ies limites de la t»Tre battues par lea vagues, niais non envahics par elles, et les |)aiti(>s de ces terres tpie la mcr couvrt; et di^'couvre alternativeinent dans son Hnx et son riiHux, celles-ci prennent plusparticulie- renent le iiom de riv.iijes.*' 81 It U submitted that the negotiators of tie Treaty of 1825 employed cdte in tliis its primary and natural sense. Tiie American interpretation of the word is tliat the negotia- tors intended by it that the strip of hiiid given to Russia should include and pass round all the bays and inlets of the ocean. The Canadian contention, on the contrary, is that the word cote here employed refers to the general outline of the shore, excluding the bays, creeks and other indentations which, by the well understood law of luvtions, are territorial waters. This interpretation is not arbitrary or conventional ; it is in accordance with the spirit and letter of the treaty. In the tirst place, it is hardly conceivable that the negotiatiors intended that the lines should go round every little bay, or indentation of the sliore, the governing language of the treaty being that the line is to follow the crest of the mountains, which obviously means a broad and easily t'aceable line. There is more. Article VII. of the treaty contains jirovisions which arc inconsistent with the American contention. Ac- cording to that contention, all bays, creeks and indentations were to be included in the strip of land given to Russia. Yet Article VII. provides as follows : "VII. It {8nl80iin(l(>rst,'ii.itnn' of the ppjsf'nt Ctiiivfiiliijii, till' vcMst'lsdf till- two I'liwt'fs, nrtho.^i) Ix.luiiKini; t<> ttit.irri'.HiM'Ctivt' »u*li«'CtH. shiil! niiituully he ;it liltcrty to fri'iiurnt, without any hiiutranct' whatt-vt'i*, all inland seas, tho krt:!fs. havens ami t:ri'»ks on tlit- corist inentinncd in Articlolll. for the imrimses f>f tishintf and of trading; with thi- natnt's.'" Xow, if, as contended by American diplomatists, all the bays and creeks were to belong to Russia, why should the power to fre<)uent those inland seas, gulfs, liavens and creeks be reserved to Russia, as well as to England ? If the negoti- ators had had that in view, which is attributed to them by American diplomatists, it would have been (juite natural to reserve to England the power to fre^iuent those inland seas, gulfs, havens and creeks, which were to belong to Ru.ssia. The fact that the power is reserved b.ith to England ami Rus- sia, shows that in the minds of the negotiators, it was clear that according to their interjiretation of the line just laid down by them, some ot the inland seas, gult's, harens and creeks might be tound confined within the lisitjre, and some might be Ibunil projecting beyond it. Article VII. ot the treaty seems, therefore, to be conclusive against the American interpretation. This question is so interwoven with the preceding one that in discussing it, it is dilHciilt to avoid some rcpotiti.on. In Sir C Bagot's amended proposal, made in the early stages of the negotiations, he says, referring to the proffered line through Sumner Strait striking the mainland at 5G° 30' : Do la se iirolong(?ant dans la ninnic direction siir la ti-rro form*' jny(|tt a nn |"iint die- t.mt de la f'lto do 10 lioiu's marines, la li^no renionteroit de oe |Mnnt \»'rs le iiord et le iiord-oncst, jiaralli'lrnient anx sinuositis de la eote, t-t tonj'i'.irs ,\ la distance de to lieues marines dn rivaKe, jusiiu'an 110 deKre do lonKitiule (de (Jrei'nwich) dont ell(. sni\roit aUirs dii pr ilonKeinent jusmra la Aler IVilaire. Here, it will be observed, he speaks of the line being always ten marine leagues distant from the rivuiif. Sir C. Bagot resolutely iieldoutfor a southern boindarv at 56'' 30' or 56^, and the Russians proving obdurate, he referred the matter home. Canning, after consultation with officers of the IIudson'sBay Company tlecided to give way as regards the southern bound- ary, and so instructed Bagot in his letter of the I2th July, 1824, in which he charges him to secure as the eastern limit " a line following the sinuosities of the coast along the base of the mountains nearest to the sea to Mount Elias." In this letter tlierc is inclosed a drult projft, Article II. of which reads as t'ullows : — *• hf Vf |i(iiiit i'llfr4ui\ra ct-tt*' fM>-, luiralli'-li'iiifiit u m-^ hinnoHiti'-K, ft hhup* imi 'lunMla )m**i' vt'iN tn lilt r (i(M tiMMita^Tii'^ ijiii la Imnlfiit, JMM|n'HU I!V.» tlc^'n* f\v linif^iltuli' |>artftiaiitr .'i l-i UiMwif Hcimirt If rnrtlniid Channel jn:4<|n'-.in (mint t \vlii< !i tlifv Wfff tlifinsfivfM tli-' lij^t t«< |pn)|H)sf, viz. : tlu' siinunit (»f til" inonntain^ wliieli rnn ptuallfi Ui tlic toast, and v liicti a))itf,'tr, acfnnlinj; ri> tlit' Map, to follow all its siiinositifd, and to snl»titMtf ^o-nt rally that wliich wf only siig- gfHtfd a.-* a con-fctivf of tlifir first proposition. " Wf cannot aprff to tliiM ctiaiiKf. It i.-* ipiitf iiltviouK that thf iNiniidary of inonn- tftiiiN, wlu-rf tlify f\i.st, is thf tnost ii;itnral and flVfftnul Uanidary. Thf i?ifon\fiii- imcf against which Wf wishfd to i;uard w.a-* that wiiifh you know and ran thoroughly oxplain to thf KiisHiaii rifiiipotfiitiarifs to hav,- fxistfd on thf otluT witlf of the AtiifricHti Ctintinfiit, whfii iiiountain.s laid donn in a Map as in a cfi-tain givfii ]»o»i- tion, aiul assnined ill faith of thf acfiiracy of th.at Map a.-^ a Imniidary liftwfi'ii thf |K»sNfssions of Kii^land and thf t'nitfil Siatts tiniiftl out to In- cpiitf dilffi-fnily Hitnatfd, a tliscovfry which has ^ivfn rise to thf iiio>! jifrplfxing di..icns.Hio^^. .Should tlif Majw \h' no inort' aconratf as to thf wfstfrn than as to thf fastfrn tnoiintains, \vf might U' assigning to Uus.sia iinnif n m- tracts of inland Ifrritory, where we uiily intfiulfd to give and thfy only iiitfii led to a.-k, -i uti-iii of sen cotiM/^ ' ' Stratford Canning al.to bore a new draft Convention in Article III. of which it is provided that — * ^ * * " If thf sniniiiit of the aforf.said monntaiiis .shall turn out to Ih', in any part of thf ir range, at iiicjie tlifii the distant f It) inarinf leagufs froi. thf l^iivitirk; thfii that, for that space, the line of demarcation shall Ite a line parallel to the coast and its windings, at the said distance of 10 luariiu- lfa:.:uf.s tlifrefioiii, so that the .said line of demarcation shall never extend farther than M leagUfs from thf coxst." '' Thus wo iind the original word " rivaije,'" which is espi'cially applicable to lakes and rivers, exchanged for the larger I'xpression " mer." " Mer." which might be held to apply to salt water generally, becomes in turn ^^ Facifick" in the projet of December, while, as if to make the matter quite sure, the " Pai'ifii'k" of the ilraft is changed into the "Ocean" ■ ■ of the Treaty. It will not surely be miiintaiiu'd that the head of inlets many miles inlanil can correctly be designated as the " Paci- fick" or the 'Ocean." Such a conti'ntion was evidently foreign to the mind of Count Nes->elrode when, writing to Lieven, he referred to the Portlanil Canal. " Dont l'finl«iuchure dans roctan est ;i la hantiMir de I'ile dii rriiice de (ialles et I'origine dans le.s terres eiitre le o-i' vt .*)tj de latittulf."' ~* The entrance to the Canal is on the coast- within the continent. NdTK (■)!(.— >See Ajil^^ndix No. XII, page lOii. NoTK 70. — It)., p.igf HI . Xktk 71. "II>., p.lge 11.'). X(nK72. — III., page rjl. NdTK 7;t. — Apiiendix No. I, pjvge 10. Note 74.— Appendix No. Xll, jiage s(!. -the head is 88 . 25-20. Again, "On no ixiit pffcctivniicnt ii»m'i In rciii'aiT, il'iipicH le tcniiiixtiiiifc (Iik mrtcn Im plim nrcMitfn rAnnlptcrriMiciKwwilc uuiMiii KtiililisM-inint ni h In liantiMir ilu l'cirtl«iiil Canal, »ll nu hard im'iar itr t'th-r tn," " *■ Theso paBHagoR establish that the Ruasians distinguished between the snores and heads of ink'ts and the ocean. The Canadian Qovemraent takes the same view. It holds that the shores of inlets were not included in the moaning to be con- veyed by 'la c6to' which refers to the general outline of the continental shore. It maintains that the word "Ocean" is inapplicable to inlets less than six miles wide, and conse- quently that the line, whether marked by mountains or by a survey line, should be drawn without reference to such inlets. None of the inlets betwoeii Portland Canal and Mount St. Elias are six miles in width excepting oidy the Lynn Canal " which is about fourteen miles at the entrance. Consequently, with that exception, the boundary may not be measured from any point within the mouth of inlets. As regards the Lynn Canal, the line joining the two points where that inlet narrows down to six miles in width, '■ that is to say where the terri- torial waters begin, should be regarded as the coast and the ten marine leagues inland measured from that line. ' " Such is the Canadian contention, which it is submitted accords with the spirit and true intent of the Treaty. That this interpretation appeals to the advocates of the .wth Congre««, United States side of the case as a reasonable and probable .s"nu'S''Kx. one is to be inferred from th(! misrepresentations and distor- - iiHTcial imr(K)se.s, tlii' coiintrv situateii U'twecii CajM? SiH-nt'cr, formini^tlicnortli-wt-tt lit'a(iian(t of the entrance to Cros*fl Sound, and latitudf >>i' 40' or theii-aljout?*, sav the wliolo mainland coawt and interior country U-lon^'inff to iintssia, tiivrether with the fr-'e navig.ition and trak I, ch. XXIII, |«r. 3fl0291. Book IV, par. 302 :»9. Ri'Ccird of th^ procwedinKa uf tli» Halifax FiflherieM Comminaiun p. ILM. Thus Vatti'l Btiys : "Til"' whole <|Mu>nif till' Kwi within e:»nnoiiiiliot of th" tiiiuit iKiiiiniilfred n" iniiln «■», th« |«rt of the ««« over whii-li Ihi! Stall! am from the Hhori' make itH [lower re»|n'Ctiil i.e., a portion "f the •oaoxtendinof lu fara« a eaiuioii-xhotfnim the i;iia«t— inconsidenil im lielniininif to tli« t«rritnd to heailhind. .\11 larger U«liea of water were then treateil, ivy liie rfvtnnmnd of Her Majesty, like the oi>on aea ; and in nil aiich Ivaya. the territorial limit waa tnenaurefl alon^ the ahore, arconliiif? to ita ainiio-aitiea, three milea troin low water mark. The CiMnmiaaioiiera an- Imnnd to wlopt tli.* aanie vi,.w. Thi^ ["oai- tion ia inaiated npi>ti, U'cnnae of ita prac'tiual common aeii-^e and intrinain rertitmle, and not be<'aiia4. anv duiittt ia entertained aa tuthendeaand princifilea of international law, by which the ilonour.ible (Jomniiaaion ought to U- governed." It is submitted as a tair iiif'orence that the oonverse of the above propositii'ii '.-i equally true, and that therefore tho sinu- osities of the shore are not to be reckoned within three miles from low water mark. In the " Am lean Monthly Review of Reviews" for August, 1899, Mr. William il. Lewis, who introduces himself as having been attached to tho Behring Sea Tribunal of Arbitration, ■■" gives as a British contention in tho Alaskan controversy. "That in case there were no range of mountaina the ten marine leagiiea;m the ocean, that l)eing meant aa the coaat." No such contention was ever advanced by Canada for the same reason as applies to Mr. Dall's 'reductio ad absurdum ' argument, because the whole dispute is about a strip of coast on the mainland as distinct from the islands. To sum up. Tho Government of Canada affirms that the question of the boundary line between the Dominion and Alaska is fixed by the Treaty between Great Britain and Rus.sia of 1825. That the provisions of that Treaty, though not so clear nor precise aa might be desired, are sufficiently explicit to ad- rait of an interpretation consistent with the natural features of the country. It accordingly holds that the line beginning from tho extremity of Cape Muzon should pass in a direct line, or great circle, to the middle point of the inoutli of the chan- nel between Sitklan Isl.ind and the mainland near Fort Tongass, passing to the north of Bean Islaiul, which lies a short dis- tance to the westward of Cape Chacon, and intersecting the latter cape, which, however, although lying at its southern extremity south of the great circle is to be included in United States territory by a dellection of the line of demarcation round its shores. From the mouth of the entrance between Sitklan island and the maiidand, the line should pass up the middle of the channel explored by Vancouver and named by him Portland's canal, to wit : between the continental main- land and Sitklan, Wales and Pearae Islands in succession and beyond them up the middle of the portion of Portland Channel which lies completely within the continent, to its head ; thence in a direct lino to the nearest intersection of the line of sum- XoTK .S(i. — To the tranalation department, presumably, as in this article he ren- ders into Engliah ** nne etroite liaiere '' ns "a straight lisiere.'' M mit of tLo iiiountaitia pnraUel and nearest to the coast, at or near Burrouglm Bay, by the 56th parallel. From thin point the line of demarcation should follow the aiimniitot' the moun- tiiins parallel luid nearest to the coast, passing between the successive summits in straight lines ; the coast being under* stood to bo the line of mean low-water mark on the continental shore, with the proviso that any inlet, inland sea, gulf, haven, creek, river or stream whose mouth between the nearest head- lands of the continent is less than six marine miles in width, be considered as territorial, and the straight line joining such head- lands, as the coast ; and the line of demarcation being under- stood to cross such inlet or opening in a direct line front summit to summit of the mountains on each side thereof Such is Canada's case, compiicatod to some extent by the claim of the United States based on alleged prescriptive rights which they assert have accrued to them by reason of undis- turbed occupation, particularly at the head of the lynu Canal. The question of continuous occupation is one of fact, which the Canadian Govertmient by no means admit. From all the in- formation available it isconsidered by them extremely unlikely that the United States can point to any permanent settlement of any kind at the heaurccs of Ala»ka, by Ivun I't-trofT, sinH-ial uKi'^^t fniti (1 StatiK Tinlh Ccnsu!"," whiT' Tonifas liilii' was sent to tUM'H a nchiMil ainont< tht- Chilkhats a^ tin* ]if\<\ of tht' Lynn Chuimel, iinil here, latw', liuihlinKH were iTi'ctorl at tliat iHiint t)y thi' I'lfsbytiiian Hoard of MisKiiins and a coni|>t)tt'nt tFach(.'r installed, who re|iortii an av('ra);u attendance of 75 I>n[tils." This rt'ftTS to HaineB mission at rortaf?t» ('ove, wliich hiw Ix'fn dt'serted for many y.ar". To this njHirt IV-troff apiK'iids a tabidiilfd list of tlic sctllfnivnts and |Kipulation of till' Miiith'i'astern division. That |wrtion, which relates to the locality under dis- cussion, is as follows : S.'ltli-njtnt. j i Location Total. if 1 Xativk-;. j CuMlfit tnlic. Yondcstiik Chilkliiit Uiv( r uiit) i lav. 1 171 Kiitkw\itlii Klui;k(|nan ..1 i-itss ■ 125 568 Chilcoot CIiilctKtt KivtT .. . .... ) '■ ... 127 1 So that, according to the I'liilcd .States Ccn»Ms for 18WI, there were no white r-'sidents nr tlmt date at tlir ticad of the Lynn t_'anal. In his reoort of a military rit'onnaissance in .Vlaska made in 188:^, Lieutenant SchwMtka of ti;o rniteil State.s Army (page LH)! impli.'s tliat the (.'hilkoot i>r IVrrier I'ass is ill L'nited iStiites teriitoiy. ri»in this matter iK'iiii,' liivnijlit to tin' notiiT of Her Majesty's iToveniment Liail Sali-shury at once direited the AmUissador at Washington (despatch No. 2l»>, 'Jith Auifust, 18S7I, to call .Mr. Hayard's attention thereto and to protest against the implication that I'errier Pass is within l'nited .States territory. This was accordingly done (Sir L. West to -Mr. liayard, 1 Ith Sep- tcmlH'r. 1SS7, and ii.eniorandiim inclosi-d therein.) In 1887 Mr. O^ilvie thus reiHirts his discovery of the White I'ass; — " I here detail'il one of my party (Captain M(«ire) to eiphire a pass a sliort dis- tance south of th" Cliilkoot l'a.s« ; this route leaves Taiya Inlet alsmt two miles from its head and follows up the valley of the Skiijjway River to its source, and thence ilown the valley of a stream which empties into Lake Tahko. Captain Moore reiswts this pass as Ijeiiig nmch lower than the Chilkoot Pass, ami he thinks it is not any higher at the summit than Lake Lindeman. It is timbered 80 any such well establighed occupation shall bo dealt with on the hnej. la.d down m the recent Venezuela boundary treaty, that IB to say, with due regard to reaaon, juatice, the principles of International law and the equities of the case. n!^':.'t«r (m";',!;;: z^t: "r i"".V"iT '""'\ "•'• *""•■' "- "•« ■"""'"' •» •'»►'««•" I i;: ill ■ "'.","""■ '" ''»''" r»likM„i »Umt twi-nty two to twontv four iiiili« th.. i'.a;j;.'r,T,.'''f'Vnn ":';:!''''• ""■" "■ "•*' """" *-"" ""y -^'«'-iv««atiem.„t. ,t [*- '" ""' 'W,.'" "••'■ li"*. ill »".v ™»c', tlif ir„it..,l Sli4t.H lull |.iov..ii.|ier«c liolilinLr for th.. t.-riii of (ifly ynm pr.wr i«l liv the V,.ii,.,iii.|ii tr,.,.f v I, 1. 7,, .,Vi ■"'""'"*' the ilHt.. of th.. expiration o th« H.i.l«,nK li„y (,V,n,|.«n J. fm, tU Ku Li^; 1 ;::^:':;;:n\^ii,-j^^rr!;teii;^r^^^ of oecuiMition for lialf that iH.rioil. "i»ii<)K""'rneur ou Cominandant ; et que, lecipioqueiiient, les sujets Russes ne pourrontaborcler, sanspennis sion, li aucuii etablissement Briiannique, sur la ei'ite iiord-ouest. III. La ligne de demarcat'.jn entre les pos.sos- sions des Hautes Parties Contr ctantes sur la cote du eimtinent et les iles de TAmericiue nord-oueat, sera traeee idnsi qu'il suit : A partir du point loplus meridional de I'ile dite Prince o? Wales, lequel point se tiouve .sous His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, being desirous of drawing still closer the ties of good understaniling and friendship which unite them, by means of an agreement which may settle, upon the basis of reciprocal convenience, different points connected with the commerce, navigation, and fisheries of their subjects on the Pacific Ocean as well as the limits of their respective possessions on the north- west coast of America, have named Plenipoten- tiaries to conclude a Convention for this purpose, that is to say : — His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of tJreat Britain and Ireland, the Right Honourable Stratford Canning, a mem- ber of His said Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, itc, and His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, the Sieur Charles Robert Count de Nesselrode, His Imperial Majesty's Privy Coun- cillor, a member of the Council of the Empire, Secretary of State for che Department of En-eign Affairs, itc, and the Sieur Pierre de Poletica, His Imperial Majesty's Councillor of State, iVc. Who, after having communicated to each other their respective full powers, found in gootl and duo form, have agreed upon and signed the following Articles : Art. I. It is agreed that the respective subjects of the High Ccmtracting Parties shall not be troubled or molested, in any part of thr- Ocean, commonly called the Pacific Ocean, either in navigating the same, in fishing therein, or in land- ing at such parts of the const as shall not hive been already occupied, in order to trade with the natives, under the restrictions and conditions specified in the following Articles. il. Jn order lo prevent the right of navigating and fishinir, exercised upon the oeean by the sub- jects of the High Contracting I'arties, from be- coming t'.ie pretext for an illicit commerce, it is agreed that the subjects of His Britannic Majesty shall not land at any place where there may be a Russian eslablishiiient, without the permission of the Governor or Commandant ; and, on the other hand, that Russian subjects shall not land, without permission, at any British establishment, on the north-west coast. III. The lino of domareation between the pos- sessions of the High Contracting Parties, upon the coast of the continent, and the islands of America to tlie north-west shall be drawn in the manner following : Commencing from the southernmost point of the i-sland called Prince of Wales Island, which 39 40 parallels du 54* degr^ 40 niiautes do latitude nord, et entre le 131* et le 133' degre de longitude ouest (m^ridien de Greenwich), la dite ligne reraontera au nord le long de la passe dite Portland Channel, jusqu'au point de la terre ferme ou elle atteint le 66* degre de latitude nord : de ce dernier point la ligne de dtSmarcation suivra la orete des niontagnes aitut'es parall61ement a la c6te, jusqu'au point d'intersection du 141' degre de longitude ouest (meme mdridien) ; et finalenient, du dit point d'intersection, la mfime ligne m^ridienne du 141* degr^ formera, danH son prolongenient jusqu'i'i la Mer Glaciale, la limite entre les possessions Russes et Britanniques sur le continent de I'Am^rique nord-ouest. TV. II est entendu, par rapport a la ligne de dt^marcation determin^e dans 1' Article pr^c^ent ; 1. Que I'ile dite Prince of Wales appartiendra tout« entifere a la Russie. '2. Que partout ou la crt^te des montagnos qui s'^teiident dans une direction parallele a la c6te depuis le .56" degrd de latitude nord au point d'intersection du 141' degrii de longitude ouest, se trouveroit a la distance de plus de 10 lieues marines de I'occan, la limite entre les possessions Britanniques et la lisi^re de cdte uientionn^ ci-ciessus comme devant appartenir a la Russie, sera formee par une ligne parallele aux sinuosit^s de la c6te, et qui ne pourra jamais en 6tre ^loignee que de 10 lieues marines. V. II est convenu en outre, que nul etablisse- ment ne sera form^ par I'une dea deux Parties dans les limites que les deux Articles precedens a.ssignent aux pos.seasions de I'autre. En conse- quence, les su jets Britanniques ne formeront aucun dtablissement, soit sur la cote, soit sur la lisi^re de terre ferme comprise dans les limites des possessions Russes, telles qu'elles sont dtSsignees dans les 2 Article.s prtScedens ; et, da meme, nul etablissement ne sera formd par des sujets Russes au dela des dites limites. VI. II est entendu que les sujets de Sa Majestt5 Britannique, de quelque cote qu'ils arrivent, soit de I'oeean, soitde I'interieur du continent, jouiront a perpdtuite du ilroit de naviguer librement, et sivn-s entrave tiuelconque, sur toua les tleuves et rivieres qui, dans leurs cours vers la mer Pacifique, traverseront la ligne de demarcation sur la lisiere de la c6te indiquee dans I'Article III. de la prtS- aent« Convention. VII. II est aussi entendu tjue, pendant I'espace de 10 ans, a dater de la signature de cette Conven- tion, les vaisseaux des deux Puissances, ou ceux appartenans a leurs sujets respectifs, pourront reciproquement frequenter, sans entrave quel- conqup, toutes les mers interieures, les golfes, havres, et criques sur la c6te mentionnee dins I'Article III. atin d'y faire la pOche et le commerce avec les indigones. VIII. Tje port de 8itk:i, ou Novo Archangelsk, sera ouvert au commerce et aux vaisseaux des sujets Britanniques durant I'espace de 10 ans, a dater do I't^change des r.ilifications de cette Con- vention. Au cos qu'une prolongation de ce torme point lies in the parallel of .')4 degrees 40 minutes, north latitude, and between the 131st and 133rd degree of west longitude (meridian of Greenwich), the said line shall ascend to the north along the channel called Portland Channel, as far as the point of the continent where it strikes the 56th degree of north latitude ; from this last mentioned point, the line of demarcation shall follow '..he summit of the mountains situated parallel to the coast as far as the point of intereection of the 141st degree of w"st longitude (of the same meri- dian) ; and, final .^, from the said point of inter- section, the said meridian line of the 14 1st degree, in its prolongation as far as the Frozen Ocean, shall form the limit between the Russian and British possessions on the continent of America to the north-west. IV. With reference to the line of demarcation laid down in the preceding Article it is under- stood : 1st. That the island called Prince of Wales Island shall belong wholly to Russia. 2nd. That whenever the .summit of the moun- tains which extend in a direction jjai'iUe. to the coast, from the 56th degree of i).,rt!i !■ »it,\..'e to the point of intersection" of tl..-> Uist of west longitude, shall prove tt be ."■' t;i<. ; .i,v.Doe of more than 10 marine leagues i.o ii tl'f ocean, the limit between the British possessions and the line of coast which is to belong to Russia, as above mentioned, shall be formed by a line parallel to the windings of the Coast, and which shall never exceed the distance of 10 marine leagues therefrom. V. It is moreover agreed that no establishment shall he formed by either of the two parties within the limits assigned by the two preceding Articles to the pos.sessions of the other; consequently, British subjects shall not form any establishment either upon the coast, or upon the border of the continent comprised within the limits of the Rus- sian possessions, as designated in tho two preceding Articles ; and, in like manner, no establishment shall be formed by Russian subjects beyond the said limits. VI. It is understood that the subjects of Hi,'* Britannic Majesty, from whatever quarter they may arrive, whether from the ocean, or from the interior of the continent, shall forever enjoy the right of navigating freely, and without any hind- rance whatever, all the rivers and streams which, in their course towards the Pacific Ocean, iP"y to"" the line of demarcation upon the line of coast des- cribed in Article III. of the present Convention. VII. It is also understoixl, that, for the space of 10 years fiom the signature of the present Con- vention, the vessels of the two Powers, or those belongifig to their rcspectivr subjects, shall mutu ally be at liberty to freqi ,nt, without any hin'I ranee whatever, all the inland seas, the guh' , havens, and ^jreeks on the cor.st mentioned in Article HI. for the purposes of fishing and of trading with the natives. VIII. The I K of Sitkf, oi Novo Archangelsk, shall be open 'O th'> compierct and vessels of Hritish subjuct." riji the sr ;<'■> . !' 10 years from the date of th'j exchange ■..' iiie i ;'4Hoations of the present Convefl: im. T':; the event of an extension 41 do 10 aiis soit accordt'o a quelque aulre Puissance, la inonie pt'olougalion sera I'galement accordee u la Grande Bretagne. IX. La susdite lihcrtt- de cominerce no s'appli- quera point au traKc des liqueur« spirilueusoa, dos amies it feu, des amies blanclies, de la poudre a canon, on d'autres munitions de guerie ; les Hautes Parties Contractantes s'oiigageant ic'ciproqueuient a no laisser ni vendre, ni livrer, de quelque nianiiTO que ce puisse i'tre, aux indigines du \my les articles cidessus nientionnos. of this term of 10 years being granted to any other Power, the like extension shall be granted also to Great liritain. IX. The above mentioned liberty of commerce shall not apply to the trade in spirituous liquors, in fire arms, or other arms, gunpowder, or other warlike stores ; the High Contracting Parties reci- procally engaging not to permit the above- mentioned articles to be .sold or delivered, in any inauner whatever, to the natives of the country. X. Tout vaisseau Britannique ou llus.se navi- guant sur I'Ocean Paciti(|ue, qui sera force par do.s tempr'tes, ou par quelque accident, de se refugier dans les ports de.s parties reipcclives, aura la liberto de s'y radouber, de s'y pourvoir de tous les objots qui lui seront nccessaires, et de .se remettre en mer, sana payor d'autres droits que ceux de port et de fanaux, lesquols seront, pour lui, les memes que pour les batiuiens nationaux. Si, cependant, le patron d'uii tel navire .-e tnm- vait dans la necessite de se dcfaire d'une partie do ses marchandises pour subvenir a ses depenses, il sera tenu do se confornier aux ordonnances et aux tarifs de I'endroit on il aura abord(5. XI. Dans tous les cas de plaintes relatives a I'infraction des .\rticles do la prestmte Convention, les autoritcs civiles et militaires des deux Hautes Parties Contrnctantes. sans se permettre au prea- lable ni voio de f.dt, ni uiesure de force, seront ttmues de fairo un rapport exact de rallairo et de ses circonstances a leurs Cours respectives, les- quelles s'ongagent a la regler a laudable, ot d'apres les principes d'une parfaite justice. XII. La presonte Convention .sera ratiftee, et les ratifications en seront t'changees a [jondres, dans I'espace de 6 semaine.s, ou plu UH si faire se peut. En foi quoi les Plenipotentiaires respectifs I'ont sigm^, et y ont appo,se le cachet de leurs armes. Fait a .St. Pelersbourg, I'g Fevrier, de I'an de Grace 18:25. (L. S.) STRATFOUD (^AXNIXG. (L. S.) Lk comtk I)k NKSSELUODE. (L. S.) PIEHHE DE POLRTICA. X. Every British or Russian vessel navigating tho Pacific Ocean, which may be compelled by ..airms or by .(ccidonts, to take shelter in the ports of the respective Parties, shall be at liberty Ixj refit therein, to provide itself with all necessary stores, and to put to sea again, without paying any other than port and light house dues, which shall he the .same as those paid by national vessels. In case, however, the master of such vessel should be under tho necessity of disposing of a part of his merchandise in order to defray his expenses, he shall conform himself to the regulations and tarills of the place where ho may have landed. XI. In every case of com ilaint on account of an infraction of the Articles of the present Conven- tion, the civil and military authorities of the High Contracting Parties, without previously acting or taking any forcible measure, shall make an exact and circumstantial rejiort of the matter to their respective Courts, who engage to .settle the same, in a friendly manner, aiul according to the principles of justice. XII. The present Convention shall be ratified, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at London witliin the space of 6 weeks, or sooner if possible. In witness whereof, the respective Plenipoten- tiaries have signed the same, and have aflixed thereto the seal of oheir arms. Done at St. Petersburgh, the f,'th day of Febru- ary, in the year of our Lord, 182.). L.S. L.S. L.H. STR.\TFOIll) CANNIXG. COMTE DK XESSELRODE PIERREiiePOLETICA. V; CONVENTION BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND HIS MAJESTY THE EMPEROR OF ALL THE RUSSIAS RELATIVE TO NAVIGATING, FISHING, ETC., IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN. [Conc'udcd April 17, 1S24 : Uatiflcatioii exchanged January II, 1825, proclaimed January 12, I82r>.3 [I'ranalatioiiA Au No.M UE LA TRiis Sainte et Indivisible I In the Na.me of the Most Holy and Indivisible TniNiTE. Trinity. Le President des Etats Unis d'Ann^rique, et Sa Majeste I'Enipereur do toutes les Russie.s, voulant cimenter les liens d'ainitie qui les unLssent, et assurer entre eux le nmiiitien invariable d'un par- t'ait acoor;l, moyennant la presente Convention, ont nomnu' pour lours Plunipotentiaires a ^ u ,?'et, savoir ; Le President des Etats Unis d' ' nierique, le .Sieur Henry Middlet(jn, citoyen de dits Etats, ot leur pjnvoye Extiaordinaire et Ministro Pleni- potentiaire • -i : Sa iMajeste Imperiale ; et Sa Majesto I'Eii '■■ ( •' ' dp 'outos les Russies, ses aimes et teau.x les Si, j cs Robert Comto de Nes- selrode, ConseilL'i .ictuel, Memiire du Con- snii d'Etat, Secrecair Jlat Dirigeant le Ministere des alVaires etran^c'ires, Ulianibellau actuel, Ciieva- lier do I'ordre do St. Alexandre Nevsky, Grand Croix de I'ordre de St. NVladiinir dn la Ire classe, Clievalior de celui de I'aigle blanc de Polo- gne, Grand Croix de I'ordre de St. Etienne et d'Hongrie, Chevalier des ordres du St. Esprit et de St. Michel et Grand Croix de celui de la Legion d'llonneur de France, Chevalier (irand Croix des ordres de I'aigle noir et de I'aigle rouge de Prusse, de I'annonciiile do Sardaigne, de Chailes III d'Espagne, de St. I'erdinaud et du merite de Naples, de I'Elephant de Daneniarc. do I Etoile Polaire de Suede, de la Cuuronnede Wurtemberg, des Guelphes de Hanovre du Lion Uelge, de la Fiilelite de Bade, ct de St. Constantin de Parme ; et Pierre de Poletica, Conseiller d'Etat actuel Chevalier de I'ordre de St. Anne de la Ire classe et Grand Croix de I'ordre do St. Wladimir de la seconde ; lesquels apres avoir echange leurs pleins- pouvoirs, trouves en bonne et due forme, ont arrcte et .signe les stipulations sui vantes — AiiTK'i.E Puemieu. II est convenu (pie dans aucune partie du grand ocean, ;ippeK'' coniniunement Ocean PacifKjue ou Mer du Suel, les citoyons ou sujet-s respectifs des hautes puissances conirattautes ne seront ni trou- bles, ni gi'nes, ,soit dans la navigation, soit dans rexi)luitiition de la peclie, .soit dans la facultt' d'aborder aux cAtes sur iles points (jui ne seroient pas deju occupes, afin d'y faire le conunerce avec les indigenes, sauf toutet'ois, les restrictions et conditions determint^es par les articles qui suivent. Article Deu.mkme. Dnns la vue d'empeclier (pie les droits de navi- gation et de peche exerces sur le grand ocean par les citoyens et sujets des hautes puissances con- tractantes ne deviennent le pretexte d'un coni- nierce illicite, il est convenu, (juc les citoyens des Etats Unis n'aborcieront a aucun point on il se trouve un etablissement Russe, sans la permission The President of the United States ot America and His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, wishing to cement the bonds of amity which unite them, and to secure between them the invariable nuiintenance of a perfect concord, by means of the present convention, have named as their Plenipo- tentiaries to this efi'ect, to wit : The President of the United States of America, Henry J\Iiddleton, a citizen of sold States, and their Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipo- tentiary near his Imperial Majesty ; and His Slajesty the Emperor of all the Russias, his be- loved and faithful Charles RoVjert Count of Nesselrodo, actual Privy "Ctmncillor, Member of the Council of State, Secretary of State directing the administration of Foreign All'air.s, actual Chamberlain, Knight of the Order of St. Alex- ander Nevsky, Grand Cross of the Order of St. Wladimir of the first class, Knight of that of the "White Eagle of Poland, (irand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen of Hungary, Knight of the Orders of the Holy Ghost and St. Michael, and Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor of France, Knight Grand Cross of the Orders of the Black and of the Red E.igle of Prussia, of the Annunciation of Sar- dinia, of Charles I II of Spain, of St. Ferdinand and j of Merit of Naples, of the Elephant of Denmark, of I the Polar Star of Sweden, of the Crown of Wiirt- I omberg, of 'he Gueiphs of Hanover, of the ISclgic I Lion, of Fidelity of ]5aden, and of St. Constantine [ of Parma ; and Pierre de Poletica, actual Coun- [ .seller of State, Knight of the Order of St. Ani.o of tiie first class, and Grand Cro.ss of the Order of St. Wladimir of the second ; Who, after having cxcliangesses tin pi m mint iiborder sans punniasidii a ivucuii otablissument des Etats- Uiiis sur la Cote nord-oucat. Articlf. TuoisiiiME. II tisi, conveuu on outre, ([uo dort'navant il ne pourra iMio fonni' par les citoyens dcs Etats Unis, ou sons I'autorite (les dits Ktats, aucuii ('tahliase- luerit sui" la C6te nord ouost d'Aiiii''ri(|HP, ni dans aucHne des ilcs adjaccntus aft noril du oiii(|Uunte qualrii'mc degro et (|uiiianto ininutes de latitudo septeiitrionalo ; et ijuo de iiii'iiie il ii'eii [xjurra I'tre fonui' aucuii par des sujets 1! usses, ou sous I'liuto- rite de la Russie, an siul de la ineiiie parallMe. Article Quatrikme. II est neanmoins entpnlige(l, on his arrival, to give a statement of liie health of the sliip's crow, and nhoulii, after this, a contagious illni.'ss be discovered on board of his ve-sel, lie must immediately infoiin tlie Commander of the place thereof. The vessel, accordinc! to circumstances, will be either sent ort nr put under (|uaran- tino in a place appropriated for the purpose, where the crew may bo cured without puttinj; tlie inhabitants in danger of infection. Should the captain of such a ship conceal the circumstance, the same will be confiscated with her whole cargo. 22. Tlio master of a vessel, at the request of the Commander of u place, is obliged to produce a list of the whole crew and all the passengers, and should he omit any, he shall pay a fine of 100 dol- lars for every one left out. 2.3. The captains are bound to keep their crew in strict order and proper behaviour on the coasts, and in the ports, and likewise prevent their trading or bartering with the Company's people. They are answerable for the conduct of their sailors and other inferiors. Illicit trade carried on by sailors, subject the vessel to the sime penalty i\a if done by the captain him.self, because it were easy for the captains to carry on smuggling without punishment, and justify themselves by throwing the fault on the sailors. Therefore, every article found upon sailors which they could not hide in their pockets or under their clothes to screen from their superiors, sold or bought on shore, will be con- sidered as contraband from the ship, and is subject to the prescribed fine. 2i. Foreign mun of-war shall likewise comply with the above-stated Regulations for the mer- chant-ships, to maintain the rights and benefit of the Company. In case of opposition, complaints will bo made to their Governments. 25. In case a ship of the Russian Imperial navy, or tlie one belonging to the Russian American Company, meet a foreign vessel on the above-stated coasts, in harbours or roads, within the before- mentioned limits, and the Ct>minander find grounds, by the present Regulation, that the ship be liable to seixure, he is to act as follows : — 26. The Commander of a Russian vessel .suspecting a foreign vessel to bo liable to confiscation must inijuire and search the same, and finding her guilty, take possession of her. Should the foreign vessel resist, he is to employ first persuasion, then threats, and at last force ; endeavouring, however, at all events, to do this with as much reserve as possible. If the foreign vessel employ force against force, then he shall consider the same as an evident enemy, and force her to surrender according to the naval laws. 27. After getting everything in order and safely on board the foreign vessel, the Commander of the Russian ship, or the officer sent by him, shall demand the journal of the captured ve.s.sel, and on the spot shall note down in the same that on such a day, month, and year, at such an hour, and in such a place, he met such and such a foreign vessel, and shall give a brief account of the circumstance, pursuit, and, finally, of the seizure. After s.gning the same he shall desire the captain of the captured vessel to confirm the same in his own liandwriting. Should he, however, refu-se to sign the same, the Russian officer is to repeat his summons in presence of all the officers ; and if on this it bo again refused, and nobody will sign in lieu of the captain, he is then to add this circumstance, signed by him- self. After this arrangement, the journal, list of the crew, passports, invoices, accounts, and all further papers lespecting the views and pursuits of the voyage of the vessel, shall be put up in one parcel, as well as all private papers, viz., the journals of the officers, letters, itc, and sealed with the seals of the Russian officer, and those of the captain and first officer of the foreign vessel. This packet shall remain sealed with the Commander of the Russian vessel until their .arrival at the port of St. Peter and Paul, where it shall be deposited in the Ci>urt as mentioned in 33. Besides this, everything else must be sealed by the Russian olficer and the foreign eapl.in that is not requisite for the contin'iation of the voyage to the port of St. Peter and Paul, excepting the eflfocts for immediate and sole use of the ship's crew, which shall not be withheld from them. 28. Having t'lus fixed all means of precaution, the olficer sent to arrest the foreign vessel shall make instantly his report to his Chief and await his or;ht to the port of St. Peter and P.uil, where tlio sentence is to be passed on thcMn by a Court established for adjudging such cases. 33. This Court, under the presidency of the Commander of Ivamtch.itka, shall consist of the three Senior Olhcers under him, and cjf tiio Commissioner of tho Ilussian American Company. 34. As soon as a Russian vessel, l)rini,'ing into the port of St. Peter and Paul a foreign vessel arrested by her, has come to an anchor in ilie place assigned her, the commander of h(^r is immediately to repair t.i tho Commander of Ivamtchatka, staling brielly what vessel he had brought in, the number of tho crow, and the sick, specifying their diseases, and reporting likewise whether tho vessel has sutiiuient victuals, and what goods, guns, and other arms, powder, itc, are on board. this re))ort, will order two officers and a 3."). The Commander of Kamtchalka, on receiving sufficient number of men on board the captured vessel. 36. These twoolKcers, together with ti\e officers who brought in tho detained ship, when on board, are to summon the master and two of his mates or men in comiiiaml next to him, inspect all the seals put on tho vessel, and then, taking tliora olT, begin iiumediat'ly to make an accurate list of ail tho effects belonging to the ve.ssel. 37. This list is to ba signed by all the officers on both sides, who were present in drawing it. up. The Commander of Kamtchatka is to use all possible endeavours to siicure from embezzlement or damage all oU'ects belonging to the detained vessel. 38. The crew or tho vessel is then to be sent c horo to such places as shall be appointed by the Commander of Kamtchatkfi, and remain there until the closo of the investigation. 39. TheCommandciof the Russian ve.ssel is obliged in tho course of two days after his arrival at the port of St Peter ami Paul to make a minute representation t) tho Commander of Ivamteliatka of all that shall have happened at tho detention of the foreign viissel brought in by him, and to deliver s lid vessel, together with the sjaled pacjuot containing her papers, expressed in 27. 40. If the Russian ves.sel that brought into the port of St. Peter and Paul a foreign voasol, can- not for reasons remain there until tho oloso of the investigation, but be obliged to proceed to sea in a very short time, tho Commandei-, in order not to detain her, shall use all possible dispatch by bringing forward the investigation of such points as may require the presence of the Russian ve.ssol. 41. Having settled overythiiii; on bjanl tlio arre^teil vessel and lander' the crow, tho Court immediately shall op'^n the session, and endeavour to ascert.iin as soon as pissiblo tho solution of the inquiry, whether the vessel bo lawfully arrested or not. 42. In order to ascertain this, the following proofs sh.all bo substantiated : — 1. That tho vessel was met with within the boundaries prescribed in 2 of these Regulations, and that her having been within such limits was not occasioned by reasons stated in 3. 2. That the vessel is a lawful prize by virtue of the 2, 1' , 12, 14 and 21 of these Regulations, and the of the Instructions to the Commander of the Russi: i man-of-war. 43. In order to decide either case, the Court is to inspect all documents presented, and tracing, on one part all proofs of guilt, and on tho oth'-r, all doubts which might chiar the foreign vessel, sum- mon tho Commanding officer of tho Russian vessel to give all additional information deemed needful, and completing thus all circurastancas condemning the foreign vessel, the Court shall draw up a clear statement of the reason of her condemnation. 4t. Should the Court, in making out sai'' statement, find that tho foreign vessel h.xs been arrested without sutHciont cause, said Cjurc, on p-' viing sentence, is to dotermina the damage sulTored by such detention, and to furnish both parties with a certiliiMl copy of this resolution. 45. In the course of two day.i, both parties shall declare whether they are satisfied with the decision of the Court or not, an.' in the latter case (should it happen), assign it in writing. 4G. Should both parties be satisfied with the decision of the Court, then the Commander of Kamtchatka is to release immediately the detained vessel, returning everything to the master accord- ing to the inventory, along with the ixdjudgcd daraage.s, exacting them from whomsoever is to pay tho same. 47. If, on the contrary, the Court receive on tho third day a repeal to its decision, it is bound to take that repeal into immediate consideration, and finding it just, to change its decision, if not, to confirm the same, nnd make it known to the parties a second time. After this no representations shall be admitted, and both parties shall be summoned before the Court, which shall allow them to make their protest in writing, and will then state all the reasons why the sentence passed should be carried into execution. ■:^!: fM' 48 4S. If the Court find by thfi indicfmont that tlio vessel has heon lawfully detained, then thfi master of the foreign vessel, nr tin; two eldest in CDininimd under him, sliall he summoned, iind the rea30:i.s of their detention ninde knoivu to them, givinjj them a certiHed eopv of the condemnation. 49. The Court is to receive within tliree days, and no later, the representations of the waster, and it ho do not present the same within the time limito 1, the Court .summoning; him, w'th two of his crew, notifies that his aileaco is rejoived as a mark of compliance, and that t!iJ condeui. ition is just. 50. In this case the durtcomsi to its linal decision, which, on the following day, is oomnmiii- cated to the whole crew of the foreii.;n ve.ssel, wlij shall sign, all and every one, that such sentence has been made known to thoin, alter which the Commander of Ivamtchatka is to carry the sentence of the Court into e.'cecution, as will Im e.xplained hereafter. 51. Should, however, the master deliver within the time limited his protest, then the Court, examining it with all posnblo impartiality, shall call for all further e.xplanations, and, having inserted the whole into the journal of the Cjurt, shall pass a iinal sentence, and pronounce it, as stated in 47. 52. If, by sentence of the Court, the arrested vessel be released, and adjudged to receive tlam- ages for her detention, and if the vessel has been arrested by any of the Company's otlicers, and the dam- ages are not above 5,000 roubles, tlij Commander of Ivamtchatka shall demand immei money should prove but trifling. 6'2. If a foreign ve.s.sel detaino.i by a Ilussian being under tho command of a Russian olllcer should be cast away before reaching the \nivt of St. I'etor and Paul, tho following principle shall be observed : — If the foreign vessel alone bo lot.> iiiimtiiiiiiii'f Cl drtHsuH cimiiiic (li'viiTit iipimiU'iiir li U iiin.sio" (c'oHt-a dire hi liriiitu e ui- do dix liiMics iiiiirii cs.'' Lii liiiiito (K'ciilonlido di'« ti'i-ritoiicx ciVlt's pnasp par iin p.iiiit iiii ditmit do Di'liriii/ sous l/i piiriil- IoIh dii soixHntoiniiipiiriiiii dou'i'i' liciilo miiiutus do liitiiudo Xiird li son ImoiHeotiuii p.ir |i' iiii'ridion '|ui nopiiiT a diHtiiiioo ('•ijfiilo los il.'s Kiiisoiisloiri im I>,'iiiil(ipk ot rilo K;iti!miicilV (lu Xixiniirliook ot lemonto ;n li(,'rifi dirooto, hivms liniMiitinn, vits !o Nurd, jusipiVi CO qu olio so pcido dutiH In mor (ilii- cialc. ('iiiiiiiioni'iiut lu iiiriiio point dodopirt, cotte liiiiito iiL-iidciitiilo suit do lii uii cours prosijuo Sud iMioHt, li triivors lo di'tniit di- HBliriiif,' ot la mcr do Iiolii'iii:,', de inanioro li passor ,i distaiioo vna,\p ontro lo piiiiit Niird-ouost do I'llo Siiint Lauii'Ul ot lo point Mud put du cap ClmukDlski juscpi'au n)('r;dieti oont soixnnlpdouzii'uie de lougitudo Oupst ; do ce point, .i partir do riiitorHootioii il.' oo nii'ridion, eotto limite suit uiio (liivition Sud miost do inaiiicra ii passer li distai: ■■ •■j;alo ontro I'Ue d'Atton ot I'ile (.'oppor du group.' il'ilots Korrnan- dor^ki dans I'Di'i'an l'a(ili(|Uo .Soptontrinnal jus- ipi'nu luoridion do oont ipiatro vin^,'t troizo il(;;ri:i lie loUKitudo Ouo^t do inanioro aonolaiir, lans li' Torritniro oi'di'' loutos le.s ilos Aiociil' ilui'os li I'ost do te moiidion. AUTICLK II. Dans le Territoire codo, par I'lirticlo pii'codpnt a la Snuvoraineto de.s Elats-lTnis .sont ooiupiis lo droit du proprioU' sur tous ios toirains et plaoos publics, terros inoccupeos, toutos los oDnslruotiuiis puhliipics, furtilications, oasoriios ot autros odil'ioi's (|ui ne sout pas proprioti' privi'o individuollo. 11 est loutofois ontoiidu I't ounvc-uu quo los o;,'iis''s coiistruito.s par lo (icmvornonient Uosse sur lo '1 or- ritoiro ci'di' rosteront la pniprioli' dos nioinbres do I'Egli-io (Irociiuo Oriontalo rosidant dans co Tor- ritniro pt a|ipartonant I'l i.o oiilto. Tims lis archi- ves, papers, ot diiouinonts du (lnuvoriioinoiit a^ant trait an susdit Torritniro ol qui y sout niainloiiant doposos sen lilt pliioos ontro los mains do lii','ent des Ktats IJnis ; mais ios Ktats Unis fourninini. toujuurs quand il y aura lion dos oopios ir'f;alisoes de COS docuuioiits au oliriii«'s .Sea, .-o as to pass iiiid- w.iv botwoon tho north west pniiit nf the island of St. Liwrenco and tho south oust point of Cape Chnukotski, to tho nioriliiin of one hiiiidicd and seventy two west longiludo; theiico, from the inlorsoctinii of that nipridian, in a soulli-wcstorly diioction, so as tn pass midway botwoon tho islai.d of Atloii and il ,• Copper i.sliind of the Koriiian- dor^ki cnuplet or t;roup in tho Nmih I'millc < icoan, to the niori lian of one huiidiod and ninety three dogiKis west longitude, so iis to include in t'lo iif tliO Aleutian territory convoyed the « hole Ishinds oast of that nioridiati. AinicLE II. Ill llio cession of territory and dominion made bv tho proceiliiig iii tide, aro inchidoil tho right of prnporly in all public lots and squares, vacant lands, and all public buildings, fortilications, bar- racks, and other oditices which arc not private individual property. It is, howovor, undeistnod and agrocd that the thuvchos which have been built in tlie coded teriitory by tho Kussian govorn- luont, shall roiiiain the prO])erty of such nieiiibers of the (lipok Oriental Cliurch resident in tho ter- ritory, as may chonso to worship tliorrin. Any govornitent archive--, pajiors. and documents lolative to the territory and doininicni aforesaid, which, may bo now oxisliiig tliero. will bo left in the posses-sion of the agent of the United States ; but an autlionticatcd cnjiy of su-h of thoiii as may bo roquirod, will bo, at all times, given by llio I'nitod Stales lo the Ivussian Uoverninont, or lo such Kussian otHcors or subjects, as they may apply for. [-S'lcj Aktici-k III. The inhabitants of the coded territory, accord- ing to their choice, reserving their natural iille- giaiue, may return to Pais.sia within tliroo years ; but if they should prefer to remain in the ceded territory, they, with thp pxcoption of iincivilizpd native trilies, shall be ndinittcd to tho onjoynient of all tho rights, advantage.s, and immunities of citizens of the United States, and shall be main- tained and protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty, property, and religion. The unci- vilized tribes will be subject to such laws and regulations as the United States nuiy from time to time adopt in regard to aboriginal tribes of that country. Article IV. Sa Majestu I'Eiiipereur de toutes les Russies noiiiiiu'ia aussitnt i[ue possible nn agent ou des ftijeiits chargt's de rcnicttre toriiiellenifiit a I'agent oil aiix agents nonimt's par !e.s Etuts-Unis, le ter- ritoiie, lasouvoiainot.', les j>ro]>rirte.s, dtipendances, I et aiipartnnunces ainsi cedes et de diessor L. 't autre aete qui sera necessairo I'l racoourplissMnent de cett 8 transaction. Mais la cession, avec lo droit do possessioi; iuiinediate, doit toutefois etre con- sideree complete et absoiue a I'eciiange dos ratifi- cations .sans attendre la reniis;; t'ornielle. Article V. [mmediatement aprt's I'l'cliange dos ratifications de cotte convention, les furtilieations et les posies militaires qui -se tr)uveront sur le territoire cede seront reniis ;i I'agent des Etats-Unis et les trou- pes Uusses ([ui .sont slationnees dans lo dit Terri- toire, seronl, retirees dans un tenne praticaMe ot qui puisse convenir aux deux p.irtiis. AUTICLE VI. En consideratiiin de la susdite cession les ICtats- Unis s'engagent a payer a la Tresorerie a Wasliing- ton, lians le ternie do dix niois apres lecliange des ratifications do ertte convention, sept millions deux cent niille do dollars en or, an Hepresentaut diplomaticiue ou tout autre agent de Sa Majeste I'Einpereur do toutes les Uussies dimient autorise a recevoir cette Hoiumo. La cession du territoire avec d-oit de souverainete faite par cette conven- tion, est declarco lil)re et degageo do toutes reser- vations, privileges, franchises ou des possessions par des compagnies Itusses ou tout autre li^gale- uient constituee-. ou autrement ou par des associa- tions sauf siuiplement les proprititaires possi .lant des biens jjrives individuelset la cession ainsi faite ti'ansfere tous les droit.", franchises et privilege.s app;irtenant actuelleineiit .a la Russio dans le dit Territoire et ses dt'pondances. Article VII. Lorsque cette ccnvention aura ete dument rati- fiee par 8a Mnjestu I'Empereur de toutes les Hussies rune part et par le Prt'sident des Etats- Unis avec I'avis et le consentement du Senat de I'autre, les ratifications en seront echangee."; a Washington dans le ternie de trois iiiois, a compter du jour de la signature, ou plus tot si faire se pent. En foi do quoi les p'enipotentiaires respectifs out signe cotte convention et y out appose le sce;iU de leur amies. Fait a \N'ashington le IS-.'W jour 'e Mars de Ian de Xotro-Seigneur mil huit ceat soixante- sept. [L.S.] EDOUARD de STOECKL. 'L.S. I WILLIAM H. SEWARD. Article IV. ilio Majesty the limperor of all the Russias shall ap|)oiiit, with convenient dispatch, an agent or agents for th« purpose of formally delivering to a similar agent or agents appointed on behalf of the United States, the territory, dominion, pro- perty, dependencies and a[ipurtenances which are ceded above, and for doing any other act which may be necessary in re;^.ird thereto. i5ut the ce.ssion, with the right of immediate pos.session, is nevertheless to be deemed complete and ab.soluteon the exchange of ratificati(ms, without waiting for such formal delivery. Akticle "^ . Immediately after the exchange of the ratifica- tions of this convention, any fortifications or mili- tary posts which may be in the ceded territory, shall be de''vered to tint agent of the United States, and any Jtussian troops which may be in the territory, shall bo withdrawn (us soon as may bo reasonably an'l conveniently practicable. Article VF. In consideration of the cession aforesaid, the I L^nited States agieo to pay in the Ticisury in I Washington, within ten iiionth.s after tlie oxchaiige j of the ratifications of this convention, to the diplomatic representative or other agent of His Majesty the Emperor of all the Rnssias, duly ! authorized to receive the same, .seven million two ! hundred thousand dollars in gold. The cession j of territory and dominion herein made is hereby I declared to be free and unincumbered by any I reservations, privileges, franchises, grants, nrpes- .sessions, by any associated companies, whether I corporate or incorporate, Russian or any other, or I by any parties, except merely private individual i property holders ; and the cession hereby made convoys all the rights, fraiKlii.ses, and privileges ' now belon).ing to Ru.ssia in the .iaid territory or dominion, and .-, ;nirtonances 'hereto. AiiT:r.E VII. When this convention shall havi> lioen duly ratified by the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, on tlie one part, and on the other by His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, the '-atilicatious shall be exchanged at Washington ■ ithin three I months from the date hereof, or sooner, if possible. I In faith whereof, the respective plenipoten- I tiaries have signed ihis convention, and thereto ! alfixed the seals f)f their arms, Done at Washington, the thirtieth day of March, in the year of our l^iord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seve'.i. (L.S.) WILLIAM H. SEWARD. (L.S.) EDOUARD de ST(JECKL APPE.VDIX No. TV. FROM WILLIAM IL OALI, UNITED STATES COAST AND OEODETIC SURVEY TO n. O. M. DAWSON, OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF cSIda United States Coast axd Geodetic Survey Office, ^VASiiiNr.TON, 24th April, IS84. to tl>o h^Tl^'^g^'Yi:::^ 'v":^^- ' r ^'i ^■"" -^^ P'--«J -^^ the map. In .•e..a,vl that I thou,nt it wasCt to L t : r ^Ar^'tvl tl ^V ''f °' l^"' ''^'"^ '^'■'' soL„fa.Ii:.T;; y havo all that part uniforn,, e«pecial y a the ma;, uf s? I ' ^"'"," ^"','-'^"'"I*'' '^"'"^y-' '"'^ '^^ sketch. Hunter's u,ap, the Russian mal h^^ 1 ,L ' ,""r"'^' ^"''''^"'^'^ "^ being a mere extraordina.,. way am',;,, then.seC Te^l sllrvoy": t^e '3ed "' ''"' ''"' '""^'^ '''■"'•^•- '" '''^' '"-' in..eHni;':,r't:rfthrreri^:5:a'l^!;'''''-^'""P' .^'^ '-«""«'^ - the treaty ot I.05 ;, ,„ serious international question v ,0 tit re^arZ? ' T"'" ?''''^"'^' ""^ "i'l^nt value, or if . ny it hy the treaty. The're heing no Latun 1 1, d t ? anT 1"'"'' '"'''" ^'^"''' '"^ '"^ "'«'">-^ «»' ^-^^tlinj to the coast shown on Vancouver's oCtT like a Z "1^,,'^""^'"""' '""«" "*' "'°"'"'''"'' P'"""'-^ LmtedStateswouldundoulUodlywisitofallbac oL I'^r^^^^ ",??« no e.xistence as such, tiie and which shall never exceed th/distance of ten m.rh,! ''"^P^"'''' "' t",t''e windings of the coast of course be in.practicable to tr4e nv such v ,d iT ^■"^""' ""'''™"' "^ ^''« '"'^'''y- ^t would think that the hotton, of the n, a es7va,ley i Sf t ^1,^""' '"' '\T "^ ■""""'-«-" I should streani form a natural boundary • even hen ft wo nlrl ^^'l „':"'";'' ""-,'"' P'^''"'!« be traced and its valley and the next. Jiefore the ! ue t on , s T a i ' '" ''^^^'"•""'»' 'he line between one c.,n>mittee of geographers, a survev'sS'tn^^d: 2 a^rn;^' '\ f r" ^ '•^'"'™' '^^ rauiable boumlaries. Perhaps at some ti.MP v/.n „!. i ■"? "-^ ''ouid be made stating deter- and it would be only a matt^. oTtir tvl'llt'^LTdUoVite" "' '"° ''"' '" "'"'''^ ^ y°"'- ^''^«. Yours very truly, WM. H. DALL. 63 APPENDIX No. V. CONVENTION BETWEEN HKll MAJESTY THE QUEEN OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF CaiEAT BKITAIN AND IRELAND AND THE UNITED S PATES OF AMERICA, FOR THE DEMARCATION OF SO MUCH OF THE Ulsr MERIDIAN OF WEST LON(JITUDE AS MAY BE NECESSARY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN THEIR RESPECTIVE POSSESSIONS IN NORTH AMERICA.— SIGNED AT WASHINGTON, SOtii JANUARY. 1897. Wherea.s V)y p Treaty hetwoen tlie United States of America and His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, for the cession of the Russian possessions in North America to the United States, con- cluded 30th March, 1807, the most nortlierly part of the boundary line between the said Russian possessions and those of Hor Britannic Majesty, as established by the prior convention between Russia and Great Britain, of '■" Feliruary,1825, i.s defined as following the 141st degree of longitude west from Greenwich, beginning at the point of intersection of the saiil 141st degree of west longitude with a certain line drawn parallel with the coast, and thence continuing from the said point of intersection upon the saiti meridian of the 141st degree in its prolongation as far is ..he Frozen Ocean ; And whereas, the location of said meridian of the 141st degree of \vest longitude between the terminal joints thereof defined in said treaties, is dependent upon the scientific ascertainment of con- venient points along the said meridian and the survey of the country intermediate between such points, involving no question of interpretation of the aforesaid treaties, hut merely the determination of such points and their connecting lines by the ordinary processes of observation and survey con- ducted by competent astronomers, engineers and surveyors ; And whereas, such determination has not hitherto been made liy a joint survey as is requisite in order to give complete eilect to said treaties, although independent oti.servations and surveys have been conducted from time to time and are now being conducted by expert olllcers in the service of their respective governments along the said meridian of the 141st degree of west longitude ; resulting in the collection of scientific data and the establishment of stations on or near said meridian, of which the two governments may avail themselves for the purpose of accomplishing the object of this Convention : Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Stat«s of America being equally desirous to provide for the removal of any possible cause of difference between their respective governments in regard to the location of the .said 141st meridian of west longitude, have resolved to conclude a Convention to that end, and for that purpose liave appointed as their res- pective Plenipotentiaries, Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Hritain and Ireland, His Excellency Sir Julian Pauncefote, G C. B., GO. M.G., Ami)assador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Great Britain ; and The Pre.sident of the United States, Richard Olney, Secretary of State of the United States ; Who, after having communicated to each other their resjiective full powers, which were found to be in due and proper form, have agreed to, and concluded the following articlts : Each Government shall appoint one Commissioner with whom may lie associated such sur- veyors, a.stronomers and other assistants as each (Jovernment may elect. The C^onnnissioners shall at as early a period as practicable pioceed to tnice and mark under their joint direction, and by joint operations in the fi(!ld, so much of the 1 }ist meridian of west long- itude as is necessiiry to be defined for the purpose of determining tlieexact limits (if the territory ceded to the United States by the Treaty between the United States and Russia of March .'50, ISl'i". Inasnmch as the sununil of Mount St. Elias, although not ascertained to lie in fact upon said 141st meridian, is so nearly coincident therewith that it may conveniently be taken as a visible land- mark whereby the initial jjart of s.iid meridian shall bo established, it is agreed that the Connnissioners, should they conclude that it is advisable to do sn, nwiy dellect the most southerly portion of s.iid line so as to make the .same range with the s\iiiimit of Mount St. Elias, such deflection not to extend more than twenty geographical miles northwardly from the initial point. ART. II. The data relating to the determiiuitions alrea- '-■'''«'"''"• >■«'''•. -^ i>'i"t Th.- present convention shall be du v VnHM I Tu '''" .^'"'"P'^fon of the whole work, of the Unu..d States of America, bv an Iw^tL itld^^ '"''"'"'' -YT'^'^' '"''' "^^ ^'^ P-iJ<^"<^ ratificat,o^.s shall be exchanged ^t Was ,n. ton or in I on T '"""'"" "^ ""', '^'^'"^"" """-^"f' '^■"' t''« from the date tl,en-of. '^'nn^ton o. in London as soon as possible within twelve months l.ereunt!raSo™i!;."' "" '''^"'''''' P'-^nipoteatiaries have signed this convention and have and nin^^e''"^"^^^*^ '" '^'^^''"'«^-- ^'^ """-th day of January, one thousand eight hundred (L. S.) JULIAN PAUXCEFOTE (L. S.) lUCHAUD OLNEY. APPENDIX No. VI. COXVEXTION iiETWEEX OREAT BRITAIN AND THE FNITED STATES, RESPECT- ING THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN THE TWO C 'UNTRIES (ALASKA AND PASHAMAQUODDY BAY) SIGNED AT WASHINGTON, 22nd JULY, 1892. Hei' Majesty tho Queen of the United Kingdom of (Jrent Britain and Ireland, and the United States of America beinf; equally desirous to proviilc for the removal of all possil 5 cause of difference between their respective Goieninients hereafter in regard to the delimitation of the existing boundary between Her Majesty's Possessions in North America and the United States in respect to such portions of said boundary as may not in tact have lieen permanently marked in virtue of Treaties iieretofore concluded, have resolvetl to conclude a Con\ention in furtherance of these ends, and for that purpose have appointed as their respective Plenipotentiaries : Her -Majesty tiie C,»ueen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Honourable Michael H. Herbert, Charn(' d' Affaires nd iiiteritn of Great Britain ; and The President of tlie United States, John W. Foster, Secretar}' of State of the United States ; Who, after having communicated to each other their respective full powers, which were found to be in due and proper form, have agreed to and concluded the following Articles : — Article I. — Tiie High Contracting Parties agree that a coincident or joint survey (as may be found in practice most convenient) shall be miule of the territory adj;icent to tliftt part of the boundary- line of the Dominion of Canada and the United States of .\merica dividing the Piovince of British Columbia and the north-west territory of Canada from the territory of Alaska, from the latitude of 51' 40' north to the point where the said boundary line encounters tho 141st degiee of longitude west- ward from the meridian of Greenwich, by Commissions to bo appointed -severally by the High Con- tracting Parties, with a view to the ascertainment of the facts and data necessary to the permanent delimitation of said boundary-line in accordance with the spiiit and intent of the existing Treaties in regard to it between Great Britain and l?ussia a!id between the United States and Russia. Application will be made without delay to the respective Legislative Bodies foi' the appropriations necessary for tho prosecution of the survey, and the Conmiissions to be appointed by the two Govern- ments shall meet at Ottawa within two months after said appropriation shall have been nuule, and shall proceed as soon as practicable thereafter to the active discharge of their duties. The respective Commissions shall complete the survey and submit their final Reports thereof within two years from the date of their first meeting. The Commissions shall, so far as they may be able to agree make a joint Report to each of the two Governments and they shall also report, either jointly or .severally to each Government on any points upon which they may be unable to agree. Each Government shall pay the expenses of the Commission appointed by it. Each Government engages to facilitate in every possible way any operations which, in pursuance of the plan to be agreed upon by tlie Commissions, may be conducted within its territory by the Com- "lission of the other. The High Contrncting Parties agree that as soon as practicable after tho Report or Reports of the Conmiissions shall have been received, they will proceed to consider and establish the Boundary-line in question. Article II. — The High Contracting P.irties agree that the Governments of Her Britannic Majesty in behalf of the Dominion of Canada and of the United States shall, with as little delay as possible, appoint two Commissionei s, one to lie named by each party, to determine upon a method of more accurately marking the boundary line between the two countries in the waters of the Passama- (juoddy Bay in fiont of and luljacent to Eastjiort, in the State of Maine, and to piace buoys or fix such other boundary marks as they may determine to be ncces.sary. Each (Jovernmcnt shall pa}- the expenses of its own Commisvioner, and cost of mak'ng the boundary in such manner as shall be determined upon shall be defrayed by the High Contracting Parties in eijual moieties. Article III. — The Present Convention shall be duly ratified by Her Jiritiinnic Majesty and by the President of the United States of America, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate thereof ; and the ratifications shall be exchanged at AVashington within 12 months from tho date hereof, or earlier if possible. In faith whereof we, the respective Plenipotentiaries liave signed this Convention, and have hereunto aftixed our seals. Done in duplicate at Washington, the 22nd day of July, 1892. 56 [L.S.J MICHAEL H. HERBERT. |L.S.] JOHN W. FOSTER. CONVENTION BETWEEN (JREAT HKITATN AND THE UNITED STATES, EXTENDING THE TEH.M PROVIDED IN THE CONVENTION OE liiND JULY, 181»2, FOR THE SURVEY OF THE ALASKA BOUNDARY LINE. SIGNED AT WASHINGTON, 3rd FEURUARY, 1894. The Goveininents of Her Majesty tlie Queen of the L'nited Kini^dom of Greiit Britain and Ireland and of the United States of America, being credil)iy advised that tiie hibiairs of tlie Commis- sion organized pursuant to the Cimvontion wliicli was concluded between the High Contracting Parties at Washington, July 2l', 18'J:?, providing for (he delimitation of theexisting boundary between Her Majesty's Possessions in North America and the United States, in respect to such portions of said boundary line as may not, in fact, have been permanently marked in virtue of Treaties heretofore con- cluded, cannot be accomplished within the period of two years from the lirst meeting of the Commis- sion as fixed by that Convention, have deemed it expedient to conclude a supplementary Convention extending tlie term for a further poriod, and for this purpose have named as their respective Pleni- potentiaries :— Her Majesty the Oueon of the Uniteil Ivingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, His Excellency Sir Julian Pauncefote, (J.C.I!., G.C.Md., Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Great Bi'itain ; and The President of the United States, Walter Q. (ireshani. Secretary of State of the L'nited States ; Who after having communicated to each other their respective full powers, which were found to be in due and proper form, have agreed upon the following Articles :— Arlii'Je I. — The third jjaragraph of Article I of the Convention of .(uly '22, 18!)2, slates that the respective Commissions shall complete the survey and submit their final reports liiereof within two years from the date of their lirst meeting. The Joint Commissioners held their first meeting November 28, 181»2 ; hence the time allowed by that Convention expires November 28, 18'.U. Relieving it im- possible to complete the required work wiiliin the .specified period, the two Governments hereby mutually agree to extend the time to December 31, 1895. Article If. — The present Convention shall be duly ratified by Her Britannic Majesty and by the President of the United States of America, by .and with the advice and consent of the Senate thereof ; and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Washington at the earliest possible date. In faith whereof we, the respective Plenipotentiaries, have signed this Convention, and have hereunto affixed our seals. Done in duplicate at Washington, the 3rd day of February, 1894. [L.S.| JULIAN PAUNCKFOTE. fL.S.j W. g. GRESHAM. NoTK iiv W. ]■". KiNi;, M.A., on Aiitici.k I ok the C'onvkxtiox ok 1n!i2. I5y tliis Aiticli' tlic Hifrli Cmitnii'iiiiti I':irtii"< cmt'ii iiiti-d, not iin'ivly Vt iiiako a I'crtiiin .-urvi v. lint iiNu to pruciffl tii the ptTinanfiit (It'liniitatiim. iSf last p:iraj^r-a|)ii of thr artii'lc.) Tin' main (hiints in tin* .-Viticlc arc : -- i'l) M'liat tlic asciTtainnii'nt of certain fact." an' " ncci'rtunry " to tlie piTinamnt di'liniitation. (//) Tliat tlii'si' facts iii'i! sncli as coiilil lie ascertained by "a joint or co-incident sm-vey,'' that is, they aie (nfiii'iritphitiil facta. {r) That the fliph T'ontraetin^; P.-irties will use the re|Hn-t or reports of the C'onnnissiuneis ; that is, will usetlie.se to|Kigraphii:al facts in con.siderliii; and detennininir the boundary line in ipiestiim. [i)] That the |teriiianent deliiuitation is to be in avcordance with the "spirit and intent " of the treaties aa understood in the lifjlit of tliese toiHi(;^raphioal f.e-ts. (') (fly iiniilication) that, in the tiiial diseussioiiand as-'reeiiieiit, the Ili^h (.'ontr.actin;,' I'arties will discard all eon»ider- ations which would tend to lender nuu'atory the ascertaiiinient of ttie t'ppo>;riipliical facts. Heaee. any claim by the United Stati's on the ground of " |Hisse.ssion " of any territory which is not theirs by the treaties (a"" interpreted by tlii' to|»'ijrraphieal facts) is barred. l'"or, if the jiossession was before 1H!I2, they liavi> reiiouncen\ eiition are the " treaties," not the " treaty," and thu.s the sjiirit and intent of the treaty of Isiio must .ilso be eonsideretl. and it was manifestly not then intended that Kussia should acnuire by jKissession anytliin;,' Is-youd the lin,.,:; as-ijjned by the treaty. The above argvnncnt would make tlii' " spirit and intent " of one of the treaties nullify that of tiie other. AKaiii. a line ten leagues from the heads of inlets has been argued f.ir on the e\ idi'iice of maps, old and new. "the general usage of geograjOiers," &e. The general usage woulcl be evidence of the intf.'rpretati<-»n put upon the treaty of IS^.") l)y giHigraphers, but hardly evidence of the intent of the treaty it.self, It may be open for the I'nited States to argue that, owin;; to the alleged failure of the surveys of 1S'.I2-1.S!I5 to provi- The existence of the mountains spoken of iuthetreaty of lS'_'."i, the ten league line must U' taken, butttien/ir/ori argument for the ti'n league line on the gnemd of general usage falls to the ground. I'or the whi.'le jMuptise of .■Vrticle I of tue Coiucntiou of lS!t2 was to make a preliminary sur\ey to ascertain the necessary facts, kv. Now, if the ten league line had been the true line, a preliminary survey w<.mld ha\e been quite useless. The agreement of the United States to a preliminary and not a tinal survey Hinounts therefore to a waiver of the d prion claim to tin; ten leagues. \V. I'. KIMi. OlT.vw.v, 11th V-iirust, IHil'.l. APPENDIX No. VII. EXTHACT FROM A I.ETTUR ADDIIESSED HY THE SuPEKINTENDEST OP THE UnITKD StATES COAST AND (JEODETIC tJURVEY TO THE HOX. THE SeCUETABY OF THE TltEASUHV, DATED SEf'TEMIlEll 'JO, l«ff<. Pending the action of Congress upon the iippropriationR, there has of course heen no formulation nor approval of plans or projects for such preliminary survey. For reasons, however, which are rendered sulliciontly apparent by the contonls of Senate Ex. Doc. No. 143, 49th Congress, 1st Session, it is obvious that, exciipt as tci a portion of tiie frontier line whidi is coincident with the meridian lino of the 141st tlegree nf west longitude, it would he impossible for a survey to definitely and authoritatively locate the boundary or frontier line. Fiom some informal discussion of 'he matter, it is understood that the Hon. Secretary of State will be likely to require that the preliminary survey shall among other things accurately establish in latitude and longitude and permanently niaik such a num- ber of accessible points at certain distances from the coast or along certain mountain summits as, together with sucli topographical reconnaissance as may be practicable, will alford the geographical inlormation oquisito to the proper negotiation of a treaty estal)lishing the Iniundary. 'I'o obviate during such negotiations all controversy as to the accuracy of such geographical information, it would seem desirable that both paities should be represented in the operations of the preliminary survey by competent surveyors and astronomers, whose concurrence in the determination of points in latitude and longitude and in the delineation of topographical features would ensure acceptance of their work by the negotiators and avert one possible occasion of controversy and delay in the conclusion of a boundary treaty. The interval of six months or more which under existing conditions must elapse before it will be practicable to place our surveying parties in the field in Alaska, would doubtless enable the Canadian (iovernnient to arrange and equip three or four .surveying parties to meet our parties at some rendezvous on the Pacific coast in April next, and join in a rapid prosecution of such pi-elimin.iry survey. The desired result might be as well accomplished though at disproportionately small expense for the Canadian (Jovernment by the detailing of a single Canadian surveyor and astroncmer to accompany each of our full partie.s, of which there will probably be four. Except as it may be necessarily interrupted by climatic or other causes, it is expected that- the survey once begun will be continuously prosecuted, and that the parties will not return from Alaska until its completion within three or probably two years from the actual commencement of work in the field. Letter addressed dv the Superintendent ok the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey TO THE HONOURAIILE THE MINISTER OF THE INTERIOR OF CaNADA. AVASHiNCiTGN, 14th December, 1888. Sir, — Some time ago in response to an inquiiy from this ollice, Mr. (!. M. Dawson of the Ceolo gical and Natural History Survey of Canada, referred me to you as the proper otTicial with whom to communicate directly and informally in lelation to a subject upon which some time may possibly be saved by anticipating the result of formal correspondence between the (Jovernment of the United States and that of Oreat Britain. At its last session Congress made an appropriation with which to begin the work of a preliminary survey of the frontier line between Alaska and Hrilish Columliiaand as.signed the work to thisSurvej'. The appropriation, however, became available at too late a date to permit anything except llie task of preparation to be undertaken before next spring. It is obvious that, — except as to a portioii of the frontier line which is coincident with the meridian line of the 141stdegreeof west longitude — it would be impossible for a survey to definitely and authoritatively locate tho boundary or frontier line. From some informal discussitm of the matter it is understood that the Hon. Secretary of State will be likely to require that the preliminary survey shall, among other things, accurately establish in latitude and longitude and permanently mark such a number of accessible jioints at certain distances from the coast or along certain mountain summits, as, together with such topographical reconnaissance as may be practicable, will afibrd the geographical infornuilioti re(|uisite to the proper negotiation of a treaty establishing a boundary. To obviate, during such negotiation, all controversy as to the accuracy of such geographical information it would seem to be desirable that both parties to the nep,otiation should be represented in the operations of the preliminary survey, by competent surveyors and astronomers whose concurrence, in the determination of points in latitude and longitude and in the delineation of 58 fi9 topographical features, would ensure acceptance of their work Sv tlu. iipc/nn-„t„. ,. n.,^ ^ mi occasion of controversy an.l delay in .he c'onclusion'of a l^undlfr 'rit'y'-Xlnt'^'rv'n ZZS^ or nioro which, under existinj; con.lilions, must elapse before it will it nlLnM' i i T i surveying parties in the field, in Alaska, would doubtlL enable th CWian^Go t^^^^^^^ and equ.p three or four surveying parties to >neet our parties at so.ne rende vous .'"1^^.^ i Co"^^^^ ... Ap... next, and jon> ,n a .ay.id p.osecution of such preli.ninary survey. The desi ed re'ult mi^ht as wel be accomplished, though at disproportionately s.nall expense for the Can^lkn^vernn en tv the deta.hng of a single Canadian surveyor and a.sfonomer to accon.pany er/, Tour f dl Z-t «: of wh.cn there will probably be fou.-. Except as it may be necessarily interru^e 1 b^c i.. ic o. o he causes. It ,s expected that the survey, once begun, will be continuously prosecute ami 1 t L ,w' es pondence between the two governments. suojen, or cories- I have ventured to bring the matter to your attention now inasmuch as the shortenin-' of the t.me pr.or to he open.ng of the working season renders it desirable that all the inte 7.1 should rende.-edava. able to you for provisional or contingent selection of surveyor , "c iH. UcStion of the formal act.on of your government which it is hoped may be favourable to sue oint v-o.^ v tl e surveyors and astronomers of both governments ■ iJ.e 10 sucn jo.nt tto.k by the be duly1v7prTcSty°' ''°"'' """ '" "" ''''""'''''' '''''' ^^'"'^'' y°" ''-^ '' P^P-' '^ ^--'' "«• -" Very respectfully, Your obedient servant. Hon. E. Dewdney, Minister of the Interior, Do.uinion of Canada, Ottawa. F. M. THOKX, SiipurinO'itdent. Si I W APPENDIX Xo. \'m. REPORT OF MESSHS. DUFFIELD AND KINO, ;nsT I)E(;EMI!HH, lS9r.. Tlio iinilersi;inpd, Williiiin Ward Dufiipld, on bclinlf of tlie United ytntes of America, anil \\ illiaui Frederick Kiti^. on l)i>half of JitT liritannic .AFajesty, duly appointed CoinmissiouerH under and by virtue of the i-'irsl Ailiclo of the Convention of July L''Jnd, 1892, between the United States and the United ivini.'do]u of (ireat Itrit.iin ami Ireland, liave the honour to submit the followinf! joint rP|)ort of our proceedings and transactions under tiic said First Article of the Convention, which reads as follows : — "The High Contracting Parties nj;reo that a coincident or joint survey (as may be found in practice most convenient) shall be made of the territory adjacent to that part of the lM)uiidary line of till' United States of America and the Dominion of Canada dividinj; the territory of Alaska from tiio Province of liritish Columbia and the North West Territory of Canada, from the latitude of ')i 40' North, to the point where the said boundary line encounters the lilst tle>;ree of lon;islative bodies for the appropriations necessary f(jr the prosecution of the survey, and the Conniiissioneis to be appointed by tin; two Go\ern- ments sliull meet at Ottawa within two months after said appropriation shall, have been made, and shall proceed as soon as practicable thereafter to the active disclmri;e of their duties, '•The respi!ctivo Commissions shall complete the survey and submit their final reports thereof within two yi>ars from their tirst meeting. " The Commissioners shall, so far as they may be alile to agree, make a joint report to each of the two (iovernments. and they shall report, either jointly or severally, to each Government on any points upon which they may be unable to a^ree. " S^acli t!o\ernment shall pay the expenses of the Commission appointed by it. " Fai-'h ( lovernment engages to facilitate in eveiy possible way any operations which, in pursuance of the plan to bo agreed mion bj- the Commissioners, may be conducted within its territory by the Comutission of the other. •'The High Contracting Parties agree that, as soon us practicable af'er the report, or reports, of the Commissioners nhall have been received, they will procenl to consider and establish the boundirj- line in (pu'stion.'' The first meeting of the (.'omniissioners appointefl under this Article was held in Ottawa on the 'J8th day of November, l!s92. i!y the supplementary Convention of tlie .'ird February, 189 1, the time for the completion of the work and the suljinission by the Commissioners of their joint or separate reports, which, by the former Convention, expired two years from the date of tlie lirst meeting of the Commissione.s, that is to say on the "JSih Novemlier, 18!' I, was extended to the 31st December, 1890. The treaties relating to and defining the international boundary line between Canada and the United States of America in the region in i|uestion are the treaty between threat Prit.iin and Russia, dated 28-16 February, 182"), and the treaty between the United States and Russia, dated .'itJth March, 1867. C'ur Commission, under said Article 1 of the Convention, of 18',)2, applies only to that ]iortion of the boundary descrilicd in tlie.so trcities from the southernmost point ni Prince of Wales Island to the !■! 1st Meridian. With a view to tlie performance of the duty iiiifiosed upon the Commissioners under the Con- vention of ascertaining the facts and data necessary to the perm^ment delimitation of the bo\indary line, and under tlie option allowed tlieiii of making either a coincident or joint survey. Dr. Thomas ('. Meii- denhall, at the time Commissioner for the Unitt^d .States (since replaced by the undersigned, William Ward Dutheld), together with the undersigned liritish Commissioner, having considered tin; large extent of unknown territory involved and the com|)arativoly short time alloweil for the survey, deter- mined that it was advisable to make the survey a joint, one ; that is, to partition among the officers working' under them respectfully : he territory to be surveyed, arranging at the .same time that each Com- missioner should detail attaches to accompany the several surveying parties of the other, fr>r the pur- pose of observing and verifying their work. The United States Commissioner undertook to make surveys of as precise a nature as practica- ble of the principal water courses which traverse the coast strip ; and the British Commissioner under- took to make a ihoto-topographical survey of the mountainous regions lying between tht>se various water courses. A preliminary trigonometrical survey of the principal deep water passages, including the con- tinental shore line from Portland Canal to Lynn Can.il, had already been completed by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, and careful determinations of the geographical positions of Mount St. Elios (as hereinafter given), and of various mountain peaks in that region were made by the same 60 61 orKHni/atioii in liSyj, at wliich time a partial survey of the shore line of Yakutat l!ay was also made. This uoniplotpd work helped to co-ordinato tht> detached surveys of the various parties sent out by the two Comniissionors, In pursuance of tliis plan, durinj,' the year 1893, tlu' fullowinL; !,'»'ntioiupn wore given parties on hehalf of tlie United .Stales, namely : Mr. Dickins, on the ITnuk jtiver. Mr. Tittniann, on the .Stikiiie River. Mr. .McOrath, on the Tiiku Inlet. Mr. O^den, on the Taku Hiver. Their duties were to make surveys of these waterways, and to procure as much information^ as possible as to the topoLjriipliv of the adjacent re^'inns. .Mr. Driscoll acooni|ianipd .Mr. Ogden, as attacht' appointed by the British Connnissionei-, ami ,Mr. Hobertson uceo,u|>anied .Mr. Tittmann in a like capacity. Mr. I )ickins' survey of the L'nuk Kiver was made in conjunclion with .Mr. Saint (Jyr of the liritish Conniiission, who, l)es'.d> s niakini; a traverse of the L'nuk liiver, paid particular attention to the mountainous regions on eilher ^id|. cjf the river. On behalf of the I'.ritish C'oijiinission, the following gentlemen were placed under iubtructions to make to|iographii.al surveys a^^ full and complete as their means would allow : — .Mr. .Saint (,'yr, the l'nuk Kiver and the mr)unlainous re;;ion on either side of it. .Mr. Klotz, adjoining him to the west and north-we.st, toward.s liradtield Canal. Mr. Talbot, to the south and east of the Stikino. Mr. OiblKins, to the west of the Stikine. Mr. Hrabii/nn, at Holkham I'ay, on the eicit si.C , at .Mary I.sland, Alaska, and at a .station at the head of Portland Canal. The ohscrvations for latitude and lounitudo wore made by Mr. French at I'ort Simpson, liy .Mr. Iiiukini, at M.iry Kland, and by .Mr. Welker at Lion Point, Portland Canal. Mr. Young wa,s in charge of the chrononieterH carried by the steamer " City of Topeka," between Seattle and the stations at Port Simi>son and Mary Islam!. Comparisons between Port Simpson and Lion Point wi^-e ell'ected by the United States launch " Fuca." The results of all the;fe surveys are exhibited in the accompanying maps, namely, sheets Nos. 1 to 24, made on a .scale of ,,;ij',,,-,o with contour lines of elevations ".iOO feet apart, from the surveys of the Mritish Commission ; and in niap.i Nos. 1 to 12 of the United States Commission, made on the same scale. Tlio.se maps have been agrei'd to by us, subject to the limitations hereinafter set forth, as cor- rect representations of the topogriiphical features, and have been signed by us to testify thereto. ]n submitting two sets of maps which cover the same ground and which, to a largo e.xtent, have been pre- pared independently in the ollices of the respective Commissioners at Washington and Ottawa, it is understood that wherever there is a difference between the maps, either from ditlcrent methods of rep- resenting the topography or from discrepancy as to the position of natural features or otherwise, such diffiM'eiii'e is to be interpreted by reference to the hereinbefore dosi;ribed scheme of partition of the survey work between the respective Commissions ; and where the surveys cover the same or nearly the same ground, the maps are to be taken as mutually e.xplanatory, hr.ving regard to the conditions under which each survey was made. The continental shore line, from latitude .")l° 40' to Point Covcrden, at the .south westerly entrance to Lynn Canal, having been surveyed by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, the L'nited States maps shall, in case of discrepancy, govern as to the shore line; so also from Yakutat Bay to the 141st meridian. Put, fioni Point Coverden north-westerly to Yakutat Bay, including Glacier Bay and the other Bays, which, with the exception to the entrance to Lituya Bay, have not been so surveyed, the maps of the British Committee shall govern. The shore line of the islands of the Alaskan archipelago have been mapped according to the surveys of the United States Coast and (ieodetic Survey, wherever such survey has been made ; elsewhere the best informa- tion available has been used. To show the topographical features of the country in another way, we herewith submit photo- graphic views, being contact prints from the photographic negatives of the oHicers of the British Com- mission, whose work was largely executed as to the detail or " filling in " by means of these views, occording to the methods known as photo-topography, the framework being laid out by triangulations which are shown in sheets Nos. 25, 26, 27 and 28 of the British Commission. These views will also serve as a permanent record of the field work. Plans of the triangulati(m executed by the officers of the United States Commission are submitted herewith on sheet No. 13 of the United States Commission. Besides the information contained in the maps, we have to report as to the point of commencement named in the Treaty of l><2i), that the latitudes of Capes Muzon and Chacon as determined by the British observers are as follows i — Capo Muzon .j4' 39' TjO". C.i[)e Chacon 54° 41' 25". As determined by the United States observers these latitudes are : — Cape Muzon 54' 39' 4S". Cape Chacon 54' 41' 22". These results are so nearly alike that tl'.ero is no practical discrepancy between them. Also, the summit of Mount St. Elias is by the best determination in latitude 00'^ 17' 35"-10 and longitude 140° 55' 47"'32, being 28830 nautical miles from the lino of coast west of Yakutat Bay, antl 2'41 statute miles east of the 141st meridian. We conceive it unnecessary for us, having prepared maps showing so much detail, to enter into a lengthy description of the topography. It may be well, however, to aild some remarks upon the mode of occurrence of timber, since this is not shown on the maps. Speaking broadly we may say that the average altitude of the timber line between Burrough's Bay and Lynn Canal is 2,500 feet, being a little higher in the .south and a little lower in the north. Timber line is primarily « matter of heat, so that altitude and livtitudc have similar effects. However in a country of which so much has but recently been uncovered fi-om glaciers, timber line is afl'ected by another factor, and that is the presence of soil for trees to take root. As the ."lot of a mountain is first exposed, the .'oreyt starts there, and in time, as exposure and conse.^ lent disintegration take place, creeps upward. Now there are many points in the area above referred t(, where this pi'ocess of forest creeping has not reached the limit set by climatic conditions, and hence wi find timber lines near each other, but varying in altitude by hundreds of feet. This is most noticeable on the west side of Lynn C inal. Naturally we would expect the timber line in the south to be liiglie" than in the north, but as a matter of .act it is the rever.se there, being scarcely 2,000 feet for the former, and nearly 3,000 feet for the latter. In general the timber line on the east side of Lynn Canal is somewhat higher than on the 03 wost side. Around .Tuiieai: tlio tiiiilior line does not reach the " OOO fo,.t !,,„;, u , .1 smaller Uys there no woo.! whatever i found Th s , l.m!^^^^^^^ " /"ct aln„« inany ot the recession of the vast complex of glaciers, On Ur- oul^i I 1 w^n %'''"'">■ ''"^"^^^^ " "'" '«''•""' line is haroly L'.UOO feet, while in Yakuta av if I r,f, rf^ V" '•>^- !""' •-''l'" •"^I'<'>h«''. the The altitude of the timber line at various points is us follows :— Porthmd Canal ., ,.,,,. „ .." Unuk River T' '^,'^ .70OO liurrough'snay... .■;•:;::■:::. :::::: ^Z -oo Dradheld's Canal .7- ] ->^'0^ South of Stikine --'^ :-5 North of Stikine -'"^ r'"'^' Thomas May ;-l''^'^ Endicott Arm '..■.'.■!,■.■.■;;; 0500 'o'^lm laSiet'^-; :•■:• ^S dS Iwli'^^r^:;:':::;;; '■■■■■■■■■■■ -^ ?^fi;^ West si.le of Lynn Canal . . . . ! ! . . ! : ' ! ." ! '. o'?SJ .7'" Outside, west of Cape Spencer ...'.'.'.'.'.'. I'noO ' they l^^Z^:S^^:Z:^V:Z:^S^l^ZL^^^ -^l -^^'P^^ t,. n,aps auth^tyWtheapplicationofthenamesusedtodesi^mllir^^^^ Decemh:r!T895"'"'""' ""^ '""'* '""""'" "' ""•• "^""^^ ''' ^^"^-')'' ^'"^ Y-''^- ^'- thirty-first day of (Signed) \V. W. DrFFIELD I'liiliid Slates Commissiunor. (.Signed) \V. F. KIXG, /A')' Jlajc^ty's L'oiuiuissioner. Al'I^EXDIX X(.. IX. PnOPOSALH EXCIIAVI.EIJ llKl WKKS LollU HkIISCIIEI.I. AM) SlINATOli FaIIIIIASKS. DRAFT OF AN AKTICLK 11 KS PI-XT [N(l THE USE OK HARBOURS IN THK LYNN CANAL. {Rfi-eived from Sf.nator Fairbanks, IJ/lh D/'ci-mher, ISHS.) It is fiirlliei' iiu'i'''i"l, on tlio pirt of tliH United StatPs, liint all coniiii'^rcial vessels of tlio Dominion of Cmiula slmll liavn free inyrpss ami c^jrcss to an'l from the r,ynn (-'anal in tiic territory r)f Alaska, and to and from any p^rt or harl)our thereof, as freely, and on the same terms, and suliject to the same cunditions !i< t!ie (Mmiiori'ial vessels of tho United Statos, and sulijoet to no other eliar;;f!H or restrittinns than those ajipliod to like vessels of tho United Stati-i. All niBrehandiso nrrivinij at any port ostahlishej on said eanal and (Itjstitied to any place in th(( Dominion of Canada may be lai\dod at such p irt fur transit aeni-is the iutervoninj,' territory of Alaska wilhoiit the paynu^nt of duty, under such proper regulation- of the Secretary of the Treasury of the Uiiito 1 Siatcfs as shall Iw rei|uired for the proloetion of the revenue. Fcir the greater facility of such transit trade, it is further agreed that the Dominion of C mad ' may establish at such port an office, with necessary agents, for tho supervi.sl m of such transit and (if so desired) for the collecti(m of Canadian customs duties on all merchandise in transit as aforesaid. In like manner, all merchandise arriving from Canada at the inland .frontier of Alaska and destined for export by way of said canal to anv foreign country, or to any Canadian port, may be transported from said frontier to the port of exportation on the said canal, and may be thence exported without tho payment of duties thereon, under such proper regulations for the jirotection of the revenue as tho Secretary of the Treasury of the United States shall prescribe. The Secretary of the Treasui'y of the l.'nited St.fttes and the Minister of Trade and Commerce of the Dominion of Canada may, by common accord, make such addidonal regulations for giving effect to the foregoing provisions as they shall find appropriate and v xpedient. MEMORANDUM RESPKCTING FIXIN(l TllK BOUNDARY IN ALASKA. ( Prreivi'd j'ro»i Snin/nr Fairhanks, IJ/tJi Di'Cfmhi'f, ISUS.) The Joint High Commission, in jiursuancc of tho stipulation contained in the last clause of Article I of the Convention of tho L'2nd July, 189-', "will proceed to consider and establish the boundary-line in ouestion." To this end they will consult the report and surveys of the Commission appointed under the said Convention, and agree upon the points by longitude and latituile where the eastern Ujundary-line crosses the rivers named in the proposeil surveys mentioned in the correspondence l>etween the two Governments in 1873 "."i (see ,Caiiailian Sessional Papers, \'ol. xi. No. 12."), 187t>, pp. 10, 28, ."7, iVc.) and such other rivers and points as may be agreed upon. They will further provide for the fixation and marking by a .Joint Commission of exports of the said points of tho Injundary agreed upon. MK.MOUANDrM RESPKCTING THE LYNN CANAL. {(iivii Id Senator FaiAiintk^, VHh iJeC/tmlicr, ISUS.) The proposed Article in reference to the Lynn Canal assumes the boundary to be so fixed as, in accordance with the contention of the United .States and cimtr.iry to the contention of (Jreat liritain, to give the whole of the shores of tin' Lynn Canal to the United States. It thus di^cides the entire (piestion there at issue in fav(jur of the Uiiiied Stales, and gives only certain very limited commercial concessions in relation to the ports on the canal to Canada. The Rritisli nienilyea and Skiigway, witli a Mtrip Ix'liind liii'in to tho pioscnf provisional iMiundavy-lini', should, nevfrthnli>ss, belong to tiui I'nitrd Staf's, wliiNt, on the othiir hand, shoulil tlit^ United .States 1m' found entitled to the land bordering on the ujiper piirt of that eanal, Pyramid Harbour and a strip of l.md scouring access to the l,>oundary by Diiltoii Trail should belong to C.inafln. Should neither of these pnjjiosals be acceptable, there seems tip be no alternative but to leave the e mentioned starting point on the seashore, the line shall proceed to Pyramid Islind including the same, thence in a straight line to a peak on the hills of the right bank of the Chilkat River, overlooking the Canstyaskali village, from the said peak upwards by intervisible summits, along the range of mountains parallel to the valley of the Chilkat River, to the point of intersection of the above described boundary line. The said port and territory within the above limits shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Dominion of Canaila, and of its laws civil and criminal. It is agreed, however, that the rights of individuals and corpor.ttions heretofore aciiuircd in the said port and territory shall be respected. It is further agreed that should the Canadian Government cease to maintain j; custom-house at said port or a police force sufficient to preserve order in said port and territory, the privileges above granted shall terniiuate and the said port and territory shall revert to the L''nited States, but all con- cessions of land made and all rights and privileges previouslj- granted by the Canadian (Jovernment shall be respected. It is stipula'ed that vessels of the United States and of British or Canadian register shall have equal treatment in the harbours of Pyramid, Skagway and Dyea. MRMORANDUM RECEIVED FRO.M THE UNITED STATES COMMISSIONERS, FEBRUARY, 1899. 9tii AKTK'LE. AL.\SK.\N liOrN'nAltV. In order to facilitate the final adjustment of all points in dllFeienoe in respect to the ooundary line between the territory of Alaska and the British territory ndjacimt thereto, the high contracting parties mutually agree upon the following provisions : — 1. It is admitted that the territorial line dividing th,! said possessions of the respective Govern- nii'nts is to be ascertained and established as early as possible in accordance with the detinitinn thereof contained in Articles III. and TV. of the Convention between Russia and Great Britain, datecl the 28th (16th) February, 18"25, and reproduced in Article T. of the Convention between Russia and the United States, dated the 30th March, 1867. 2. A Commission to consist of four members — two to be named by each Government, one to be a legal expert and one ail ex p.M't of established reputation in 'he science of geOf,":ijihy and geodesy -- shall '..e appointed. Their duty shall be to examine all the facts, topographical or historical, submitted to them on tho part of either Government and which bear upon the true application and meaning of the d<-linitive clauses of said convention of 1825 as accepted by the parties thereto. Said Commissioners shall make oath in writing to perform their duties under this article without fear, partialify or favour. They shall have liberty to visit the localities in dispute if they deem it lecessary, and to take evidence. G7 3. They shall mako joint report in quadruplicate, one for each of the (Jovernraents ?nd for the Commi'aioner.s of each party, upon all points at issue upon wliich th»y sliall agree. i. They shall also make report upot all points on which they fail to agree, sho'-'ing distinctly their differences in res lect to said line of demarcation. 5. If they cannot under their oaths agree upon the true conventional boundary line, and can e.",tabli8h and actord upon a convenient compiomise line intermediate of tiie opposing views of said C'omini.saioners, they shall carefully define and report such intermediate line in a sjKJcial report to each of the two (iovernments over their signatures. 6. Upon receipt of said reports, the respective (Jovernnienii: will enter into direct negotiations for a convention establishing a permanent line of boumiary. Said Commis.sioners shall be appointed within two months from the date of the ratiticalion of this Treaty : shall meet and organize within two months thereafter ; and thenceforward nhall proceed with al! dispatch. Each of the High Contracting Parties shall present its case in writing for the consideration of said Commir ion. Each (ioveriiment shall pay one-half of the joint expenses of the Commission, including such assistants as they may need, and shall compensate its own Commissioners and pny all expenses incurred in its own behalf. Said Commission shall make the report or reports hereinbefore required of them v/ithin two years from their tirst meeting. ALASKA CANADIAN BOUNDARY. MSMOIIAXDCM SENT TO UNITED STATE.S C0.MM1,SSI0VEUS, OtT! F";nHU.\(!V, 1890. That provisions for the delimitation and establishment of tlif Alaska-Canadian boundary be made in the following manner, that is to say : — That it be referred to an eminent jurist to be appointed by iho President of the United Statos and an eminent jurist to be appointed by Her Britannic Majesty on the nomination of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, and a third omin^Mit jurist (to be named) or (to be agreed upon by the jurists appointed as aforesaid), or in default thereof to be appointed by ( ), to determine what is the line of demaroaiion between the po8^essions of the High Contracting.; Parties commencing from the southernmost point of the island caliea Prince of Wales' Island as far as Mount St. I'ilias ; that the jurists appointed as aforesaid shall be assisted by such scientific experts as they .see fit to appoint to the end that such line ol' demarcation as aforesaid may bo delimited and established by the jurists appouited as aforesaid in accordance with the legal rights of the High Contracting Parties under or by virtue of the Treaty of 1825. Provisional arrangements shall be made by the High Commission covering the period until the line is determined as aforesaid. ALASKA BOUNDARY. .MKMOUANDUM COMMUNICATED HY AMERICAN COMMISSIONERS, IItH FEHHUARY, 1809. Proposition jor Treaty I'rovinion an to Alaska Honmhiry. A Commission shall be appointed consisting of to determine and delineate upni suitable maps, the boundary line betveen the territory of .Vlaska and the Dominion of Canada from tlie southernmost ,ioint of Prinre of Wales' Island to Mount St. Elias, in accordance with the Treaty betweet; Russia and (Jreat Britain of the JSth February, 1825, under the following terms and conditions : — 1. The Oominission shall consider and determine whether the line, to b'> drawn fro.n the southern- most point of Prince of Wales' Island in the parallel of 54.40, along the Portland Channel to the 56th degree of latitude, passes to the south or to the north of Wales and Pearse Islands. 2. The Commission shall cunsidi" nd determine where the boundary liii'. departing from the point on the 5l)th degree of lalitute almve indicated, crosses the Skoot, 8tik"ne, am T.iku Rivers, the mountain passes north of the head of Lynn Canal, the Chilkat, Tatshenslr'ni, and ji^lsek Rivers. 3. Between the points to oe determined, as indicated in the last above paragraph, and also between the Alsek River and Mount St. Elias, the Commission shall delineate the boundary as near as may be following intervisiblo mountain peaks. The determination and award of the Commission shall be accepted by the Governments of the United States and Great Britain as final and conclusive. Notes on Phopositio.v. As a convention has been entered into and is now ponding in the Senate respecting the 1 oundary line between Mount St. Elias and the Arctic Ocean, no action as to that portion of the oundary is necessary on the part of the Joint High Commission. 68 The territory which is proposed above to be subraitted to arbitration, especially in paragraph two, is substantially in accord with an arrangement which was prop<-)sed by the United States in 1873, and approved by the British Government (see " Canadian Sessional Papers," vol. xi., No. 125, 1878, pp. 10 to .37). MEMORANDUM SENT TO UNITED STATES COMMISSIONERS, IItU FEBRUARY, 1899. The British Commissioners are unable to accept the proposal made, inasmuch as it assumes in favour of the United States a matter in dispute and limits the arbitration to a portion (jf the disputed boundary. They liaxe already stated in previous communications that, in their opinion, they are entitled, in default of an Agreement, to have the whole of the disputed boundary referred to arbitration. By the Protocol in pursuance of which this Commission assembled, provision was to be made for the delimitation and establishment of the Alaska-Canadian boundary, that is, the whole boundary without limitation. In the opinion of the British Connnissioiiers, such provision can only be made in the terms of the Protocol (in default of agreement a.s to the boundary) by an agreement for some steps to be taken, which will, if taken, nece-ssarily result in a delimitation of th^ whole boundary, and they know of no other steps which will accomplish this except a reference to ari itration. DRAFT ARBITRATION TREATY SUBMITTED BY THE BRITISH COMMISSIONERS, 16th FEBRUARY, 1899. An Arbitral Tribunal shall be imi. ediately appointed to determine the boundary line between the Territory of Alaska and the Dominion of Canada within the limits defined in Article III. ARTICLE II. The Tribunal shall consist of three jurists of repute — one on the part of Great Britain, nominated by the membtirs for the time being of the J udioial Committee of Her Majesty's Privy Council ; one on the part of the United States-, nominated by the President ; and of a third jurist, to be selected by the t-vo persons so nominated, or in the event of their failure to agree within three months of the exchango of ratifications of the present Treaty, to be selected by In case of the death, absence, or incapacity to serve of either of the two Arbitrators nominated as aforesaid, or in the event of either of such Arbitrators omitting or declining or ceasing to act as such, another jurist of repute shall be forthwith substituted in his place. Tf such vacancy shall occur in the case of the Arbitrator nominated by Groat Britain, the suljstitute shall V)e appointed by the memljers for the time being of the Judicial Committee of Her Majesty's Privy Council. If such vacancy shall occur in the case of the Arbitrator nominated by the United States, he shall be appointed by the President. In case of the death, absence, or incapacity to serve of the third Arbitrator selected as aforesairl, or in the event of such Arbitrator omitting or declining or ceasing to act as such, another juri-t of repute shall be forthwith substituted in his place who shall be selected by the two other Arbitrators, or in the event of their failure to agree within one month of such vacancy occurring, by ARTICLE III. The Tribunal shall determine and delineate on suitable maps the boundary line between the Territory of Alaska and the Dominion of Canada from the sou iherii most point of Prince of Wales Island to Mount St. Eliiis, in accordance with the Treaty between Russia and Great liritain, of the 28th February, 1825. ARTICLE IV. In deciding the matters subuiitted, the Arbitrators shall ascertain all facts which they deem necessary tx) a decision of the controversy, and shall be governed by the following rules, which are agreed np(m by the High Contracting Parties as Rules to be tiken as applicable to the case, and by such principles of international law not inconsistent therewith as the Arbitrators shall determine to be applicable to the case : — RULES. (a.) Adverse holding or prescription during a period of fifty years shall make a good title. The Arbitrators may deem exclusive political control of a district, as well as actual settliMuent thereof, sutEcient to constitute adverse holding, or to make title by prescription. (b.) The Arbitrators may recognize and give efiect to rights and claims resting on any other grounds whatever valid according to international law, and on any principles of international law which the Aibitrators may deem to be applicable to the case, and which are not in contravention of the foregoing Rule. 69 (c.) In determining the boundary-line, if territory of one Party be found by the Tribunal to have been at the date of this Treaty in the occupation of the subjects or citizens of the other Party, such effect shall be given to such occupation as reason, justice, the principles of international law, and the equities of the ease shall, in the opinion of the Tribunal, require. AUTICLE V. The Arbitrators shall meet at within sixty days after the delivery of the printed Arguments mentiont^d in Article VIIT., and shall proceed impartially and care- fully to examine and decide the matters submitted to them as herein provided on the parts of the Governments of Her Britannic Majesty and the United States of America respectively. Provided always that the Arbitrators may, if they shall think tit, hold their meetings, or any of them, at any other place or places which they may determine. All questions considered by the Tribunal, including the final decision, shall be determined by a majority of all the Arbitrators. Each of the High Contracting Parties shall name one person as its Agent to attend the Tribunal, and to repre.sent it generally in all matters connected with the Tribunal. ARTICLE VI. The printed case of each of the two Parties, accompanied by the documents, the otlicial corres- pondence, and other evidence on which each relies, shall be delivered in duplicate to each of the Arbitrators, and to the Agent of the other party as soon as may be after the appointment of the mem- bers of the Tribunal, but within a period not e.xceeding months from the date of the exchange of the ratification of this Treaty. ARTICLE VII. Within months after the delivery on both sides of the printed case, either Party may in like manner deliver in duplicate, to each of the said Arbitrators and to the Agent of the other Party, a Counter-Case and additional documents, correspuudence and evidence, in reply to the case, documents, correspondence, and evidence so presented by the other Party. If, in tiie case submitted to the Arbitrators, either Party shall have specifipd or alluded to any report or document in its own exclusive pos,«ession without annexing a copy, such Party shall be bound, if the other party thinks proper to apply for it, to furnish that Party wiih a copy thereof, and cither Party may call upon the other, through the Arbitrators, to produce the originals or certified copies of any papers adduced as evidence, giving in each instance notice thereof, within thirty days after tlie delivery of the case, and the original or copy so requested shall be delivered as soon as may be, and within a period not exceeding forty days after the receipt of notice. ARTICLE VIII. It shall be the duty of the agent of each party, within months after the expiration of the time limited for the delivery of the Counter-Case on both sides, to deliver in duplicate to each of the said arbitrators, and to the aj^enc of the other party, a printed argument .showing the points and refer- ring to the evidence upon which his government relies. The arbitrators m.ay, if they desire any further elucidation with regard to any point, require oral argument by counsel upon it, or a written or printed statement or argument, but in such case the other party shall be entitled to reply either orally or by written or printed statement or argument, as the case may be. ARTICLE I.V. The Arbitrators may,for any cause deemed by them sufficient, enlarge the periods fixed by Articles VI., VII., and Vlll., or tuiy of thciii, by the allowani:e of thirty day; additional. AUTICLE .V. The decision of the Tribunal shall, if possible, be made within tliiee months from the close of the arguments on both sides. It shall be made ii; writing, and dated, and shall be signed by the arbitrators who may a.ssent to it. The decision shall be in duplicate, one copy whereof shall be flclivered to the agent of (ircafc Britain for his Government, and the other ccpy shall be delivered to the agent of the United States of America for his Government. ARTICLE XI. The Arbitrators shall keep an accurate record of their proceedings, and may appoi.tt and employ the neces.sary officers to assist them. They may also employ any scientific experts whoio ivssistance they may deem nece-ssary for the discharge of the duty intrusted to them. 70 ARTICLE XII. Each Government shall pay its own agent, and provide for the remuneration of the Counsel employed by it, and of the arbitrators appointed on its holialf, iind for the expense of preparing and submitting ito case to the Triijunal. All other expenses connected with the arbitration shall be defrayed by the two Uoveinmeuts in ecjual moieties. ARTICLE XIIT The High Contracting Parties engage tx) consider the result of the proceedings of the Tribunal of Arbitration as a full, perfect, and final settlement of all questions referred to the arbitrators. ARTICLE XIV. The present treaty shall be duly '•a.oified by Her IJritannic Majesty and by the President of the United States by and with the advice and consent of the Senate thereof, and the ratifications shall be e.xchanged in London or in Washington within months of the ratification thereof. COUNTER P]{OJET OF ARTICLES OP ARBITRATION TREATY SUBMITTED BY THE UNITED STATES COMMISSIONERS, 18th FEBRUARY, 1899. ARTICLE I. An Arbitral Tribunal shall be immediately appointed to determine the boundary line between the territory of Alaska and the Dominion of Canada within the limits defined in the following Article III. :— ARTICLE II. Tlie Tribunal shall consist of six impartial jurists of repute, three on the part of Great Britain, nominated by the members for the time being of the Judicial CommiUee of Her Majesty's Privy Coun- cil, and three on the \iact of the United States, nominated by the Presidimt. In case of the death, absence, or incapacity to serve of either of the Arbitrators nominated as aforesaid, or in the event of either of such Arbitrators omitting or declining or ceasing to act as sucii, another impartial jurist of repute shall be forthwith nominated in his place by the same authority which appointed his predecessor. ARTICLE III. The Tribunal shall determine and if practicable delineate on suitable maps the boundary line between the territory of Alaska and the Dominion of Canada from the southernmost point of Prince of Wales Island to Mount St. Elias, in accordance with the Treaty between Russia and Great Britain, dated the 28th (16th) February, 1825, and the Treaty of cession from Russia to the United States, dated the 30th JIarcli, 18G7, or, as the same shall be established by said Tribunal under the Rules hereinafter pro\ide(l. AISTK'I.K IV. Before deciding the matters submitted, the Arbitrators shall ascertain all geographical, histori- cal and other facts which tliey deem necessary to a decision of the controversy, and shall be governed by the followii\g rules, whioli are agreeil upon by the High Contracting Partii.'s as rules to be taken as applicable to tiie case, and by such principles of international law not inconsistent therewith as the Arbitrators shall determine to be applicable to the case. RULES. (r.) Adverse holding or prescription during ii period of fifty years shall make a good title. The Arbitrators may dceiii exclusive political control of a district, as well as actual settlement thereof, sutficient to constitute adverse holding, or to make title by prescription. {!).) The Arbitrators may recognize and give etl'ect to rights and claims resting on any other ground whati^ver ^ alid according to international law, and on any principles of international law which the Arl)itrators may deem to be applicable to the case, and which are not in cimtraveiition of the fore- going rule. (c.) Ill considering the "coiust," referred to in the said Treaties mentioned in Articles, it is understood that the coa'^t of the continent is intended. In determining the boundary, if territory of one party shall be found by the Tribunal to have been at the date of thi.^ Treaty in the occupation of the .subjects or citizens of the other party, such effect shall be given to such occupation as reason, justice, the principles of international law, and the eciuities of the case shall, in the opinion of the 71 Tribunal, require ; and all towns or settlements on tide-water, settled under the authority of the United States and under the jurisdiction ot' the United States at the date of this Treaty, shall remain within the territory and jurisdiction of the United States. ARTICLK V. The Arbitrators shall meet at within sixty days after the delivery of the printed arguments mentioned in Article 8, and shall proceed impartially and carefully to examine and decide the matters submitted to them as herein provided on the parts of the Governments of Her Britannic Majesty and the United States of Anierica respectively. Provided always that the Arbitrators may, if they think fit, hold their meetings, or any of them, at any other place or places which they may determine. All questions considered by the Tribunal, including the final decision, shall be determined by a majority of all the Arbitrators. Each of the High Contracting Parties shall name one person as its Agent to attend the Tribunal, and to represent it generally in all matters cimnected with the Tribunal. ARTICLE VI. The printed case of each of the two Parties, accompanied by the documents, the official corres- pondence, and other evidence on which each relies, shall be delivered in duplicate to each of the Arbi- trators, and to the Agent of the other Party, as suon as may be after the appointment of the members of the Tribunal, but within a period not exceeding montlis from the date of the exchange of the ratifications of this Treaty. ARTICLE VII. Within months after the delivery on both sides of the printed Case, either Party may, in like manner, deliver in duplicate to each of the said Arbitrators, and to the Agent of the other Party, a Counter Case and additional documents, correspondence and e\ idcnce, in reply to the case, documents, coriespoudence, and evidence so presented by the other Party. If, in the ca>e sulniiitted to the Arl)itrator.s, either Party sliall have specified or alluded to any report or document in its own exclusive possession without annexing a copy, such Party shall be bound, if the other Party thinks proper to aj)ply for it, to furnish that Parly with a copy thereof; and cither Party may call upon the other, through the Arbitrators, lo produce the originals or certified copies of any papers adduced as evidence, giving in each instance notice thereof within thirty days after the delivery of the Case, and the original, or copy, as renuested, shall bo delivered as soon as may be, and within a period not exceeding forty days after the receipt of notice. ARTICLE VIII. It shall be the duty of the Agent of each Party within months after the expirati<.n of the time limited for the delivery of the Counter Case on both sides, to deliver in duplicate to each of the said Arbitrators and to the Agent of the other Party, a printed statement or argument showing the points and referring tti the eviil nee upon which his (government relies. The olhtr party may submit repl)' thereto. The Arbitrators may, if they desire further elucidation with regard to any point, rei[uiie oral argument by Counsel upon it, or a written or printed statement or argument, but in such case the other Party shall be entitled to reply either orally or by wiitten or printed statement or argument, as the case may be. AllTIOLK IX. The Arbiti'atoi's may, for any cause deemed by them sufHciont, enlarge the periods fixed by Articles VI., \'II. and VI 11., or any of them, by tl-.e allowance of thirty days additional. ARIICLI; X. The decision of the Tribunal shall, if possible, be made within three months from the close of the arguments on both sides. It shall be made in writing, and dated, and sliall be signed by the Arbitrators who may assent to it. The decision shall ht in duplicate — one copy whereof shall be deliveied to the Ayent of (ireat Britain for his Cioveriiinent, and the other copy shall be delivered lo the Agent of the Uniteii States of America for his Goveriuuent. ARTICLE XI. The Arbitrators shall keep an accurate record of their proceedings, and may appoint and employ the necessary officers to assist them. They m.ay also employ any scientific experts whose assistance they may deem necessary for the discharge of the duty intrusted to them. 72 ARTICLK XII. any) eiyed°bv itTc! ofllri / > T'' ''^'"* and provide for the remuneration of the Counsel (if ARTICLE XIII. o,„«So^t:tcrx.'L«sf.rr.tfS;=^^^^^^^^^ fr St in APl'EXDIX No. X. MAPS WHICH HAVE I'.EEX FOUXD T(» AGREE WITH THE inUTISH COLUMBIA CONTENTION OIJ TO FAVOUR IT. .Maji ;)Ul)li.'y the (JUiiitPiinaster-ficnenirs Department, Russia, 1802. This was iraiisniittoil to Foi-eif^n Ollice in London by .Sir C. Bagot with liis despatcii of 17 Noveralier, 1S21. Sir C. Dagot's MS. notr.s on thn oriijiiml. Thi.s map shows the southern boundary of tlic Russian possos.sions runnin!» inland nearly at right angle.s to the noast from a point on tho mainland nearly opposite the north-east angle of Revil- lagigedo Island, a few miles snutli of Burrough's Hay. Tho mountains and coast lino copied from Vancouver or very nearly so. Mountains forming a practically continuous range following tho coast at a small distance from it. (Reproduced in .Appendi.x IV., Rriti.sh Case, Behring Sea Arbitration.) Carte Kncyprotype de r.\mi'ri(iuo Septentrionale Dt'diee et presentee a Monsieur par H. ISrut^ Ingenieur-Oeographo de S. A. Royale, Paris, 1S15, In this the line of boundary shown on the coast to northward for iiritish Possessions, gives Prince of Wales Arohipegalo to Russi-i, includes whole of Revillagigedo Island as British (running alona; channel to north of island) and strikes irdand in a northeasterly diiectioii from the head of Burroughs Bay, (Brit. Mus. Library, 0991.", 36.) America, by R. Wilkinson, London, dated 1824. Engraved below title, republishi-d by William Darton, 58 HoUiorn Hill, London (no date given for republication, but piesumal)ly a year or two later than original date, as the boundary between British and Russian possessions is s lown with " Pioundary settled 182) " engraved along that part of line which follows the 11 1st Meridian. The line on the coast gives Prince of Wales' [slmd, itc, to Russia and Revillagigedo Island to llritain, striking inland at right angles to tho co.ist at I'lUi'nmgh'.s Bay. 'l^heriee running in a straight lino in general parallelism 10 the coast to near tho end of Lynn Canal. Then jogging to the west and next running straight in general parallelism to the coast to the 141st Meridian, which it follows northwarn. (British .Museum Library, ()!)810, 10.) America, Prof. J. M. F. Schmidt, Beilin, 18I5U. This map shows the boundary lino going inland from Uiirrough's Bay, running direct, in general p.irallolism to coast to near head of Lynn Canal. There jogging to west, and then resuming straight course in parallelism to coast to long. 141°. Gives tiie whole of Prince of Wales Island to Russia, the whole of llovillagigedo to Britain. (British Museum Library, 09810, 50.) Welloharto in Morcator's Projection ; von Christian Gottlieb Reichard, neuo ausgabe, Murnberg bei Freide, Campe 1*39. In this edi jii of R-iclmrd's very carefully compiled map, the political boundaries of countries are coloured. The boundary between Russian and British possessions begins in the narrow neck of the promontory between Revillagigedo and Frederick's Sound. Runs thence away from coast, and then sweeps along in wide curves in general parallelism to coast nearly to Mount St. Ellas, where it bends northward and ends indefinitely. (The blue line here shoivn is thus not identical with others (juoted, but shows independent opinion on the subject.) Gives the whole of Prince of Wales Lsland to Russia. The whole of Revillagigedo to Britain. (British Museum Library, 920, 100 ) A. Carte Physique et Politique de rAmerique Septentrionale par A. H. Brut', Geographe de 8. A. R. M(.nsieur, Paris, 1821. This shows the southern boundary of the Russian possessions running inland from Cape Fanshaw. B. Carte de rAineiii)ue Septentrionale, etc., par L. Vivien, Ge..^'raphe, Paris, 182.5. Shows the boundarj' running inland f r im about the same point as last. C. Carte do rAmeriquo Septentrionale lie ligee par A. H. Brue, Paris, 1825. Shows the I'oundary running up Clarence Strait and entering the mainland at Burrough's Bay. Marked " Liniite tixee en 1825." D. Carte (Jenerale de lAmeriipie Septentrionale, etc., par A. Brue, Geographe du Roi, Paris, 1828. Same indication of boundary. E. Another edition of the above, 1838. Same indication of boundary. F. Amerique Septentrionale, par F. Delamarche, Paris, 1833. Shows (in colour only) boundary beginning on mainland about he.ad of Burrough's Bay. (The foregoing works marked A to F form part of a collection of North-west Coast literature in my own possession.) — G. M. D. Compare also Russian American Company's charter of 1844, where it is said that commencing from the southernmost point of Prince of Wales Island " the above line runs nortlnuard aluny the straits named Portland Channel to that point of the mainland where it touches the 50th degree of north latitude." (United States Behring Sea Case, App. I., p. 29, See. 2.) 73 10 APPEXDIX No. XI, DEPARTMKNT OF THK INTKKT0I5. TOI'OORAPIIICAI. SUHVEVS liRANTH, Ottawa, lUli DtctniUr, 18111. .Sir, — I have the honour to submit the report of my visit to the coast of Alaska, made under your instructiona ihited 11th August lust. I left Victoria on the steiiinboat " Princcs.s Louise" on the iOth of August, and landrd at Metlakahtia on the .'inl of .Si'ptendjer. Hero I procured the .small steamlHiat " Vigilant,' V)eloiij;ini; to the Indian l)e|)artmenl, in wlddi. alter makiiif,' the necessary preparations for the trip, I started for the Alaska Coast on the 7th of .Septeiuher'. In Older' to rrrake the riMjuiieJ ' examination of the eoa^t ' Alaska between Portland Channel and Chilkat Inlet tor the pur'pose of ascertaininji the nuiubor and extent of the settlements on the coast and their p(isition " (with r'efeience to the bouiuliiry line between British and United States territory), I followed the continental shore as closely as the navigable channels would permit between the junction of the I'earse Canal of the charts with Portland Channel to Pyramid Harbour in Chilkat Inlet. I also entered many of the principal inlets, and approached close enough to the entrances of Iho others to form a ijood idea of the iitain topographical features of the counti'y. , On tiro eoiirplelion of my work, 1 handi-d the steamboat over' to Mr. Todd, the Indian Agent at Metlakahtia, and returned to Victoria by the steairrer " Islander" of the Canadian Pacific Navigation Corirpany's line. I reached Victoria on the 14ih of October. Before speaking of the .settlements on or near the coast, I shrdl oitdeavour to tr'ace out the boundarj- line as laid down by the treaty of St. Petersburg, whi-'h describes it thus : — "Commencing at the .southernmost poitit of the island called Prirrce of AVales Faland, which point lies in the parallel of .")-t degrci's 10 minutes, north latitude, and between the 131st and l.SSrd degr-ee of west longitude (nreridiaa of (iiecnwich), the said line shall irscend to the north along the channel calleuadra widens out between the mountains anil the Peninsula Ridge, and its long north eastern arm evidently lies in a valley behind the rocky ranee, iind separates that range from those behind. Passing Point Sykes we enter Behm's Canal. Tlie foothills slope down from Behm Mountain to this point. For about 10 miles from here to thi? entrance to Smeaton Bay, the hills seen from the water do not rise above the timber line, and prob.ibly do not exceed l.oOO feet in height. At Smeaton 15aj', the range we have been considering comes much nearer the shore. The summits appear to be not more than three or four miles back from the entrance to the inlet wliich cuts through them. The Pacific Coast Pilot of 1883, published by the United States Coast and Ceodetic Survey, says of .Smeaton Bay : " The surrounding country consists of steep, barren, rocky mountains, wliose summits appear to be above the snow line. Except at its head, where the land is low, these mountains rise abruptly from the water's edge, sparsely wooded with small trees." The fact that the land is low at the head of the inlet indicates that the mountains spoken of, the coast range, are a distinct ranges and are separated from the interior mountains by a depression in which lies the upper part of the inlet. Looking northward from off the entrance to Smeaton J!ay, the.se rocky mountains are seen to follow the coast very closely, fronted only by a narrow range of wooded foothills, until the view is bounded on the north by the massive mountains at the head of Behm's Canal. T6 [''ollowing Ituhtn's Cimul we puss tlio remarkable Eddystone Hock SSO (cot liigli, mid only fiO yards in ciri'umti'n'nc" at its Imac, iiiul i oino to liudyfid Inlet, ii T slipped inli't, wliriMc entrdnw cms caflonlikp tliroiij>li tli(^ uoiusi nitijj;p, and whusf iirnis lio in a dt'iiri'snion Imhind this range and are backed bv the higher iiioiinfains of tlie inlerioi. Walker Ciivi) is a nairow inlet I'Uttinj,' tlir(iuj,'li the ouiiHt ran^e The next inlel is the e-.tii,iry (jf • 'hii-kaiiiin (Ujonlly Iniown as stpwiirt) liiver. Thn estuary is about lA miles wide at its inoulli, b.tueeii iiij
  • ay, we come t.) the mouth of Klaheena Itiver, where i> cannery is situated. This is at the foot of a small wooded hill, forminj; the westerly loint between the river and the bay. To the south, the hills slope jjradually up towards a hifih rocky summit of the cortst raM;ie, some three or four miles away. Across Klaheena l{iver is another wooded hill, forminf; the point between Klaheena and Unuk Rivers. This hill rises behind to very hij^h mountain'!, with sum- nnl« partially snow-clad ; the nearest of them bein;;, perhaps, five or .six miles away. Far up I'nuk River are .seen glacier mouiitain.s. Across the bay and on the north side of I'nuk River are wooded hills with Irire and locky summits, .'!,0U0 feet or more in liei',dit. There is, alnn.' the noith side of l!urroui;lis I'.ay and its continuation, Melim's Canal, a ranne o( rocky, steep and wooded hills, whose summits are generally, but not always, bare rock. Immediately behind these are hii'li, bare mountains with patches of snow in their upper ravines. It is dillicull lo decide where the continuation on the north side of Burroughs Hay of the coast riiiige, wlii'h conies ilowu to the south shore between Klaheena River and I'oint Fitzgibbon, begins, but probably the long n irrow inlet shown on the chart as running north from Hurroughs liay may be considered a.s the dividing line bi^tween the.se mountains and those of the interior. ( ay. The only point lo be noted is that the mountains up Klaheena River are tiat the coast range. According to the chart, the ofltli jiarallol crosses the mountains between liurroughs Bay and the Bell Arm of Behm's Canal. The mouth of Klahecn:), Rivrr is shewn as lying e.xactly on the parallel. The red line, denoting the treaty boundary, T have drawn on the chiirt from the head of Port- land Canal to a point of the mountains near the Bell Arm. This places the eannerv in CanHdimi tei'iitory, if the latitude on the ch.'U'l is correct. Tlie^e channels to tlii! east and north of l^evillagigedo Island appear not to have i>een fully surveyed by the coast survey until this year. Vancouver gave .")6° 01 f) as the latitude of the head of Ihirroughs V>,\y. F^roiii Vancouver's chart this point appears lo Iv at the edge of the niii'l llats at tlie mouth of Unuk River, and the latitude then agrees with that on the Coast Survey chart. At the time of my visit the rivers were higii and tliesi' mud Hats were covered The discoloura- tion of tlie water was distinguishable thmughout Burroughs Bay and for several miles along Behm's Canal. Nearly opposite Point Fit'gibbon the mountains north of the bay rectnle from the shore and are hidden by high wooded hills (J.OOO to 'J,")00 feet.) These hills themselves afterwards recede and a sloping continuation of them forms Point Lees. At Point Lees is the entrance of the channel which run.s aiound Bell Island. This channel is called the Bell Arm of Behm's Canal. Looking up it as we ))ass the entrance, the mountain range .an be seen at its head, rising, as well as can be judired at several miles distance, stee|i from the water's edge. The mountain.^ are now hiiklen by I'.ell Island, height 1,0(10 to l.oQO feet, and we pass through a very narrow channel wliieh widens out after we pass the western eiul of Bell Island. Looking up Bell Arm again we see the rocky mountains, ajiparently forming a wall along the nonh shore of the channel. From the same point a view is obtained up Bailey Bay, to and around the head of which the mountains come close down. The narrow point between Bell Arm and Bailey Bay is formed by a steep, rocky, projecting ridge of the mountains terminating in high and steep wooded hills. To the west of P.ailey Bay the rocky summits come close down to the shore of Behm's Canal. Three or four miles from the western end of Bell Island is Yes Bay (called McEHinald Bay on the old charts') The entrance to this inlet i.s about one mile wide between the mountains which here border the coast. TT On the north nido of Y(s Hiiy, iilwut ihiof miles from ils mouth, is a fiinni'ry, Two or tiireo miles northwest of tiio oantieiy is seen ii lii>;h iMohiteil jeiik. Troliulilv this ih the terminus of ihe liigU rocky riinge wen iil the \u-:u\ of Itiiiiey lliiy, aiiil niarlts (h-' jioinl wiierf it luins to tlie went unci north- west, for this run;,'.- does not go further south in Clevi iaiiil I'eninsulii, The rocky rid^e alonj; the shoii ul' Hehm s t.'nmii, tlirou:;ii which Yes liny cuts ils wiiy, nml which has now lieconie our const rnn;,'e, is u spui', 1 avinj,' the oilier rmv^i' at Hiiley liny. Looking,' southwest from the cannery, this niino ii|)|iearN to(hcreasii in hei),'lit towards the interior of the peninsula, .md it is ;;eiiei!illy not so lii^li to the hoiiiIi of Yes I'.ay as il is to the north, Mouth of Yes Hay I i,v Ti niilei we piss the mouth of Spacious I'my, a wide and extensivo Imy, at t.lie head of which a tlat exteniis a h>\v^ distance liack. I'ar iieyond is seen a mountain range which i« May are seen high rocky niountaiiis, jiuarding tlic Hay on each side. These mountains run beliinil the woo.lcd hills which slope (hiwn to Cape C.iamano, and reappear about three miles north west, of the latlir, aa hijili rocky uoui^tain.s rising from the water's edgo. These moun- tains ate wooded nearly to the top, and resemble those ici the .-lioie near the mouth of Yes l!ay. They run northward alon;^ the penins^ula, receding somewhat from the shore, Ironi which they are sepai.iUsI by high, bold hills. Ship Point, about 10 miles west of Cape Caainano, is at the base of a wo ided mountain, with niONS-covered roci; summit. The height of this mountain is uiven on the Const Survey Chart, No. 70it, as L',KH:i feet, iiiid that of another .summit close behind il as ',\'M'i feet. Krom here nortliwaid, the hills near the shore .ire lower, and timbered to tlu^ir tops. I'rom a sunindt. height L',L"'iil feet, due soulli of the head of Union U.iy, the hills slojie down to the long, low- spit calhd J/; .Mesiirier Point, which divides Clarence Strait fiom Union Hay and Kinesl Sound. |-..ant of Point L" Me-urier lies Union Hay. It is about four miles from the point to the head of the bay, where a small river enters. This ri\er is about 75 feet wide, expanding into a shallow estuary before it enters the bay. It tlows In » wide valley bet wean the height above inentioned, behind I'oini I.e Mcsurici, and .i somewhat higher hill to the cast. Up the valay no hills arc seen. Since this \ alley extenihi in the direction of H'-'" I'.ay, and the ground at the he.ul of the la; ter is shown on the ciiart as low, it ii jxissible that a depression extends acro-s here, ihrouj^li the mountains of the southei n jKut of Cleveland Peninsula. Alon;; the banks of the ri\ir above the estuary is a strip of ground covered with coarse grass; such as wouid be called a "prairie" in the Kraser Kiver Valley. Kast of the high hills which skirt the east side uf Union Bay, inds a niounlain at no great di.stante with a rounded top ot' red rock. A few miles north of Union Hay is Vixen Tiilet. The hills her recede, and none are seen behind the head of the inlet, but a Hat extends in the direction of Spaci.'Us Hay. Snow-clail moun- tainH were indeed seen in the distance, but ihey wen; very far olT, and niiLs!, le- on llevillagigedo Island. North of Vixen Inlet the mountains come again close to the sho.e, and are fronted by wooded hills risini.; precipitously from deep water. The depth of water clo.se to the shore at the cape of the mainland which forms the eastern headland ot the narrow jiait of Ki nest Sound is given as .'!0',) fathoms. From the vicinity of N'iblaek Islands, some distance lurther north, looking, back, the hills backing thi.s cape are seen lisiiig very high to sharp pei.ked inouiitaiiis. Over Deer Island, which rises in wooded liills to .,000 feet or more, are seen high, rocky, snow-streaked niotiiitains, estimated to be 12 lo 15 miles away. This iiuist be the inner tange which passes the head of Hradii' Id Canal, and «liich will be further spoken of when I treat of that inlet. After pa.^sing Ucer Island we get a better view of the cfiast looking .south east up .'^ ward Channel. A range of high moss-topped hills rises ]irccipiiously from tie water. Clo.se behind these are ixicky mountains. The range clone to the .^hore continues all the way to Point Wardo. The extremity of Point W'arde is comparatively low, but about half a mile behind it the shore range rises abru]itly. Here the channel turns easterly towards the entrance to liiiidlleld Canal. Thrt'C and a half miles further we round another point and enter Hradlield Canal At this point the hills are lower than those at Warde Point, but rise to llie l.-ve| of the latt'^r about a mile back, and a range of wooded hills extends along the shore of the bay between thi.s and Point Warde. Midway between these two points n .small stream enters the bay. A house was .seen on the shore at its mouth, probably a li.shing station. East of the last point lies Anan Hay, and east of the latter is a proinliu iitly projecting point. The hills which border thi! south side of the canal are at this point very steep and rise from the point to a rock-suminit, snow -streaked, about IJ miles back from \he shore, which lies in a rantte of rocky suniuiits extending in a south south easterly direction. In a direction approximately north northwest from the last inentioned point of the south shore is a similar point of the north shore, and behind this the hills rise steep to rooky mountains, which are a continuation of those on the south side, i-unning in a distinct ridge in the same direction. From some miles further up the canal we get a more distinct view of this range than we do from the west. They carry much .snow in their northerly ravines. For .some iniUa east from this ■ T8 riui((f until tli(! gliicier iiiountiiitis nvo riwulutl, I(i'u(lfi>>l(i Cunul i'uiim tiirough a much lent elevated ciiuiitry. Till- iiills on t'itlii-r si.le iiro .sloping, woihIiiI, .mil only n few liuiiilrcd fret in lioiulit. It Ih n (Jist.inot viillcy iMitttt'oii the twn rimiicw. Tlirmi or tiHir '•iihuhi^ nt' citiiiiijcidlilo ni/<) I'ntcr, whitJi ure evidently fi-il liy llie nliioiiTt seen in tlm V(tlli-\>- i«l lln' iiun-r ihiik''. TIu'i^' lUti pi'i'biitily, t'ruiii iiiipfiir- Uliu<:», xliii iiirs aUo in iIih miiei' iiiij^e. At Uiick Island tlie inli-i ciils int'i tin- nlH''ier ran;;!' These inimnt.iiiis iiie liixh iind steep liiUHRUi* »t rock, riHiiii; |ii'ei'i|iilcMisly fnini ilie wutcrs nf the imk't i;li |»ak of cuniiid form. This imd .Mnuiil K'lplri, ill the Ih-t ninjje, lire very proiiiinent features as s.iiii froiii the entrance to Mradlield Canal. 'J'lio main axial range is prolialily that in which stands Mount 'J'yee. Heturninu to the entrance to the canal, il.iin Island is aliuut throe Ulilu.s west of the point where the coast ratine omiies down to the north shore of the can d. The shore hetweeii these poinu is very hi];{!i and Mtuep, risinij to muss to])peil sunmiils I hue traced on tin' chart the liounilary iii followiii;; the .suiiiinits of ihe coast ranj high lllacier Jiaiige of the Htikine in width can be M'en the outlet of the narrow valley through which the river passes. From the siiuic point of view (near Nank Island in Sumner Sirail) the whole northern and eastern hori/.on is bounded by massive inountiiins covered with snow(ield;i and glaciers. .Many inoun- taiiis are carved into fantastic shajies ; the most remarkablo is one in the north, sup|io>'eii to be Cliunli Peak at the head of the P.itterson tilacier. Due east from my jioint of view is a long and high white crest about midway between Mount Tyeo and Mount Whipple, which, owing to the clearness of the atmosphere, appeals to ris» close behind the house.s of the town of AVrangell, although it must be at least twenty-tive miles from them. I have sketched on the chart the boundary liie- as following the coast range bcliind Wrange'I Peak, and crossing the Stikine not far above the last island of the delta. About this range the Alaska Coast Pilot says (page 111); "About live miles above the delta islands tho valley narrows, and the river appears only two or three hundred feet in width. Tho depth in the channel to this point, is nowhere less than seven and will average over twelve feet. The appearance of the high land on either side is as if ranges trending north west and south-east were abutting f.bli juely ujion the river.'' This agrees with my otiservation. Tho above description is evidently that of a person ascending the river, who, on acccaint of the .sloping and wooded nature of the faces of the mountaitis towards the river, would not see the rocky peaks as well as I did from a belter point of view. Mr. Joseph Jlunlcr, of the (.'anadian I'acilic Kailway stall', in 1877, made a traverse and reconnaissance of the Stikine lliver for the purpose of indicating the position of tho boundary line. On his [ilan he sliow.s tln^ boundary as following the glacier range, from Mount Whipple westerly to a mountain near the river valley ; thence nearly north, crossing the rner at its great fiouthern liend, and about seven miles south of the junction of the Iskoot lliver, the principal easterly branch of the .Stikine. His crossng he gives as di.-^tant frem llothesay Point 'J+-71 miles by the course nf the river, and from the coast line, assumed to he a line bearing X. .3l'' \V. through J'othesay Point, 1913 miles. I may remark, en passan/, that Mr. Hunter iloes not seem to have jilaced any mark at this point where he supposed the mountain boundary to cross the .Stikine, but he did place a monument at a point of the river 29|- miles above this, or 03-99 miles from Point Uothosay by the course of the river, at the iioint where by his traverse he found that the river would b(? cros ed by a line N. 32 W, parallel to the assumed line of the coast through Point Hothcsay, and ten marine leagues distant from that line. 1 presume however that it is undcr.stood that the Canadian government is not bound by Mr. Hunter's action, which .seems not to have been authorized by the instructions under which he was working. 79 Oil Ml. tltliitt I's |i1hii in iiIho sliiiwn tlic linn wliiili Sii- .M>tilli»\v ili-k(li'H runiiili-ivil tlii' xiiiiiinit of tliu L'liusl iiiii^i'. TliiH lliitt iTo^scs lliii nvcr suviral iiiilcs U'luNt Mr. iliiniHi'H iiiid ncikr (Id* Iicii'I i'( till! ili'lu, hikI iigiews very lu'arly willi ilmt iiuiii'iilcil l)_v iii»' I'roin I lilt point ut view in Suniiior JSlniil iIih ii|)|ii'miiiiio hdiiIi i>t ilio SiiUiiio is as it' u spur of tliii I'liiiNl, riiiiKO, siniiliir to tlio spin- fiiilin^j in Wiiiinji'll IViik, comes down to the N^'dlies niiiM*'. (nt'ti rnitt'ij Stiiti's C'lui.^t iiml ( li'oUutic Surrey olmit No. 70"i)i I'nil wust of thit tlio raii^i' in niucli liiokcu liy gliioifi' viillt'y.-i from tlio liiuli iiiuiintains which iipproiich wilhin »i.\ .ini{ tlii' Siikinn "c. ihu littio KJaciiir riiiiN to and then aloii;^ llio Wilkt.s llaii^i! Nuiilh i-ast ot Lc dintp Hity. 'i')ii* iiiountains froinw'.ii'li K»> (Joiitf < Jlacioi llows, appi'.ir li .n: in ihc Siikinn (ijacit'i' iiin((e. Tho coast ranyt" is iiiiioh lirok»'ii lictwcmi l,e C'ontc I'ay and Thomas Hay, and the next peaks uf it appear to lio Thunder .Miiunlain and tlic summits liihind Horn Cldls. Thence the line turns northward to the mouiitaiiis on llie east side of Thoiiia.'- Hay. Horn LMitls ii;e pii'cipilt.iisly fiiini the water's ed^e, to u heinht of l.f'lJOfeet or iiKne, ami liehind their escarpment ri.ses the pmnai l« of Horn .Mountain. As scon fioin across the .sound, near the mouth of Wrauxell .Strait, liehind Horn t.'iill' theio appc.iiH to lie a plateau, out of which rise thin inouiilain and the other peaks eastward from it, including Thiiiuler mountain. The platniiii, as well as tlie>o peaks, neai ly to their summit, is sparsely wooded, and Hceenis to exLeiid hack to llio hase of this Glacier Mountains. Iletwuen it and them i« the appear.inco of h v.illey, ihrmiiili which po-sihly the (jistliaii'ti c.l' the lar;;e ijlacier siiowii o.i the chart south east of I'atleisoii tilacier flows to Le Colilo Hay. I was unahle, however, to verity this conjecture. l''iom limn .'\louiilaiii llm line runs to the summit of the "small ulacier ' of tlio chart, which, I tliink, discliari^cs into Itrowii (.."ove, east of Point Af;assiz. Tlii.s seems to I e the ;;lacier referred to on page lL'7 of the Aliuska Coast Pilot. '• On tlio easicrn side of Point A^iassi/ an iiiiiiiense ..^lai.jer comes down to a youd sized liiiy wliicli is usually oiioumliereil hy miinic heiKs from ilie foot of tlio glacier. " Tlio description, lio«ever, in the Pilot of the topoijrapliv here, hs well as ainnj; the iiorthern shore of l'"redei ick .Sciuiid ;4i.|ierally, is inaccurate. The ulacifi- is not of lari^e size, iiltiioui,'!! Iiy a distant ohserver, unless in a very clear atiii.mphcre, it iiiinlil oi' coiifoiindfd with the extensive ud'oier liehind it. Wood Point and Point Aya.s.^iz ain pniniontiiries of a low, flat, wooded peninsula, which separalen Thomas liiy from the Sound. The norih side ot the eiitian.je to the hay i; i^uarded liy a similar though small peninsula leiiinnaled hy Point V'andeput. Close liehind tliiise lints i i-e the peaks of the coast ranjjc, which imw ijerimifs .-lyain a cimlinuous ranfje, ilislinct from I he inoiiniains liehind. .\ very sti ikiii;; l'>-aiui'! of the coast ranj;o is the mass uf rock which rises from theeastein shore of TlioiiittS Iliiy liehind the dischai';;e channel ol the I'alleisim (ilacier. Thefaceof this niniiiitain is (grooved liy rock-.slido clianiiels from top to hot tmn. It is marked on the chart as ■' i^aiul Slide." I'Voiii oil' the mouth of Tliuiims Piay the I'ailerson and associated L;lacicrs pres'iit a majiniticent spectacle — the seaward faces and suiiimii lidyes of the mountains are co\eietl hy a vast field of snow ;iml ice, out of which project rocky peaks. Another jireat glacier — Paird (ilacier— comes down t'j the head of the northern arm uf Thninas liay. l'"ioiii the Land .^lide to Powell Peak, on the other side of the l.ay, the diieclioii is nearly paidllil to the coast. The ran;ie then coutiiuns wellmaiked ti .Spoon KnuU on the cast side of KiirrajMit Pay, Jiiid ajipears to he continuid on the other side of l"ai ra'.,'ui. Ilav hy Jamestown Pe.ik ami the uiiiiameil iiiountaiiis east of it, hut a spur lan^e runs out to Pay Pnint i\iioll, Cyaue Peak, .M.ui of \\'ar Peak, and 'l'ani,'ent Peak. 'I'liese are peaks rising' from the summit uf i> hi!,'li and massive wmidi ci rid;;e with straiuht-cut ends, w liicli is a very prominent fcaiurn in the land- scape a.s we turn t.'ap.o of the .Straits comim; west. The ridsc appears to he cut oil' from the other mouiilains hy vailey-s little alxive tl.e .sea IcmjI. 'J'he piiint hctween the two arms of l''arrai,'ut J!ay is occupied hy a lii-li hill, wooded to its lop, whicl> is on the line of the coast I'liiye. West of Tan(,'eiit Peak, looking over the lower land which lies west of the groat ridj^e are seen Mount Fanshaw and the ma^si\e rock summit of Mount l)aiili.'ieoii. Of the hiriiier 1 did not ohtaiii a, yuod view, iinii I cannot say th:it it is not wo.-dcd to the suminit, .ilihouuli its heiiilio (■.',S1''^ feet) indicates that it ri-es aliove the timber line. Cape h'anshaw is a long, low, wooded point. The shore north of it, and easterly into the mouth of Port 'loughton, is hordered by wooiled liill.s, of varying height up to l,tlOU feet, perhaps. I was unfortunate while here in the weather, which was too cloudy and rainy to permit mo to trace distinctly the contiectiou iiitwcen the mountains at Poi t liouvhion and lliosc southeast i:f Capo Fanshasv. Wo lay at anchor in Port Houghton for thirty-six hours during a heavy rainstorm, a'ld hut littio could be seen of the inountains iu this neighhoui hood. The weather was also bad when 1 pas.^ed on the rilurn journey. The anchorage is on the south shore of the port, about three and a half mile.s in, just west of the cluster of small islands. Abiiut two miles south of this anchorage st'imis a cloven rock mountain peak. .South of this again is a large conical mouniain, which is probably Dahlgreen Alouiitain. These mountains are the continuation of the range which I have noticed as crossing Karra- gut IJav, and turning northward fr.iiii there. This range is continued in the same direction on the other aide of Port Houghton in the high and precipitou.s wooded hills of Point Holiart ( 1,.">00 feet), Point Windham, (2,t)00 f'.'et), etc. 1 could not .see, however, any bare summits of th' se hills forsever.al miles north of Port Houghton, and hence have traced the line as passing norlli east i.cross the inlet to ii mountain of the range next behinil tliit containing Mount l>ahlgreeii, /..'., the range containing Mount Garfield, Lincoln Peak, Ac., from which branches the Dahlgreen range, between Thomas anil Fariagut 80 Bays. This range is nol tliu glacier range ; that is seen at tlio head of the inlet 10 miles from our anchoravie. Tlie uicjuiitain on the north side of the inlet through which I have drawn the boundary line was seen er line, and are in a veiy regular range. As above mentioned, however, the rocky summits end, or at least are ob.scured by the wooded foothills some distanci- north of Point Coke. The .southern arm of the port is about tWl^ miles wide and live long, and terinin.ites in a Hat of the .same width, v>hich evidently continues to the north vvestern arm of Holkham Bay. Looking c.p this valley, iiiow-olad mountains are seen at the apparent distance of 20 to 2.'> miles ; these must b-. liie niountains alxnit the south eastern arm of llolkhani Hay. Tin! c 'list range comes down to the south shore of the entrance of Port Snettishani in a well defined ridge, cniling in a point ..J the shore about two miles west of where the southern arm turns off. (Opposite ti this, on the north siile, tho range is ei|ually well delined It passes noi th-westei ly from here, behind Tnku Harbour to the shore of Taku Inlet. Ivkst of tlie two arms of Port Snettisham is a high rocky ian'.'e whicli rises rapidly to th" ea'-t to still higher mountains, through which are cut the valleys ot Spcpl and Whiting Kivers. These mcuntains come went of the mouth of Sperl River iilinost to I he coast range fi'om which they are .separated by a na^icw valley only. We followed the estuary of Whiting Uiver for about 3 miles up to a short distance below its first bend. The mountains here conic down precipitously to thi; \vat<'r on each side. The estuary is similiir to that of Ciickamin Hiver, being tilled with sand Oars nearly to its mouth. These are uncovered lit low tide, leiving a narrow and crooked channel for the swift waters of the river which is of coi,- siderable volume. ^ipeel Hiver 1 did not examine. Passing along Stephens Passage iioilh of Port Snettishaii,, the •oast range is seen behind Linie*tone Inlet and Taku Harbour, rocky ami snow-palclicd, "i or (i ciiles back fr.im the coast with some nearer fo ithill peaks. Kiye miles north of Taku Harbour, another small inlet cuts south-easterly through the higli hills along the sliore. At the head and to the t'list of this tho coast range is well s"en running parallel to the general line of the coast. The mountains are veiy higli, with some reiinrkable precipitous ritiges niid cloven penks, but they slope down to lln- shore of Taku Inlet, in such a way that T cannot say, since I did not go into this inlet, precisely where they strike the shore, but they seem to narrow the inlet aoinewhat aliout .i miles from its inouih, probably at the point shown on the chart about that distance in. They appear on the oTicr side of Taku Irilet, opposite to this point, as a massive rooky range. 81 Tiikii In'iot i.s Lorili!i'0(l on IjdIIi sidi-ihy muunlaius, of imicli tlio siiiiif liBi;,'lit as tlie coast laiii^o, except at its lu'iul wliciv the serniteil pdiks ot ^tu|llMldl)lI^ ;,'laciin' uiuiiulaiiis aro [liltil up in coiit'iision. Krotii my point of obsurvatioii, tlie inoutli ov llic inlet, the natun; "i llic iii\i'Iin>; valleys l>e- tween the ranges nearer llie coast could not bu dislingiiisiied, but the imprcs-sion was given that ihe ri Iges run parallel to the coast and are cut at right angles by the inlet, especially on the west side, where there seemed to In- a distinct valley beyond the coast range. This range continues iiorth-westeily parallel to tiie shore of (jastineau Chaniul for several miles and at a ihstanee of o or miles therefrom. Hut between it and the shore ihe wooded footnills snuili of Taiai Fnlet are continued as a ran^e of mountains rising from the water's edge to far above tiie timber line, Tiiese an- shown a. spurridges from ilie range behiinl on a map <<'!. Harris ilining l^istrict, made by Mr. (Jarside, a .-.urvevor of ■hineaii, but from what I could se(i from llic \a!ley of (iold Creek in the vicinity of .Silver IJow liasin, 1 ain inclined to believe i.hat they e.re distinct mountain'-, separated from one another by the valleys of luiinemus stream.s which run fri>m the inm r range lo the sea, and connected with that range only by comparatively low ridges. The Silver How liasin is a basin about lialf iriile in diameter, ne.irly surrounded by liigli riilges of the inner range and covered in front by spurs from Ihe coast mountains Cold Creek rises in this basil), and Mowing through a narrow valley reaches liie sea just north of the town of Juni'au. There is another, lait smaller basin, on the couise ol the creek below the SiUer Jlow. The heiiiht of the rocky iuunnit just across (iold Creek from .l.iiieau is stated to be y,."iOO feet. A mile 0" two further bick ai:i,'„.v peak of the saine mountain must be .")(,)() feet higher. Opposite to this last MMumit is the e.iuall\ i igh peak of the mountain behind Juneau. The sit.dgiit line joining the.se peaks wili pi-obably cross the lower basin near the centre. Aliout three niih-s south-east of .luneau is the moutli of .■»heep Creek, at the bead of which there is said to be a basin similar l.i Silver How Basin. I'^roni .luneau, a.s the western part of tlastine.iu Channel is unnavigable on account of sandbai-s, wo have to travel back to the head of .Stephens Pa.ssage and thence along the .south and west sides of Douglas island, and thence east of Shelter and Lincoln l.-dancis into Lynn Canal. On account of the high mountains of Douglas Island, the mainland is not seen until the western end of that island is reilelK'd. The continental shore opp.isite this point is deeply indented by inlet.s out o: one of which the Auk Glacier discharges. .-VIong the northern shore of Ijaslineau Channel is seen the range of high mountains close to the water, like lho.se at 'uneau. This range is cut through by the inlets inentii>ned, and behind ihein is .seen a lofty range of mountains perhaps 10 miles back, from which the Auk tilacier .seems to come, forcing its way through the cleft in the coast r.mge, its foot almost at the .sea level. The coast .'ange is fi'onted by wooded foot-hills, but th(.'y are dwarfed iiy the massive mountains bi^hind them. Nearly ojiposite Gull Lslaiid, Lagletihieier is .s<*n on the eastern .shore, of the canal. The appear- ance here is similai' lo that at the Auk Glacier, except liiat the coast ningo seems higher and the glacier mountains nearer. All the pcaksofli.e coast range north from here are snow-covered ('JOth September.) .Mai;y small glacitu's are seen in the ravines. lli^h mountains also follow the western .sIkmh" of Lynn Canal. Passing l-ierners Hay, Point Ih-idgei anil I'oint .St. .Marys appear.s as slo[)ing foot-hills, running out iiom llie mountains close behind them. The peninsula from i'oint St. Marys to Point Soerm.m l)eci.:"es sleep towards the .sea in the vicinity of tin; latter. The head of liernei's l!ay si'ems lo run in bcliini the coast I'ange and the rugu'ed glacier range is seen at the head of tiie bay not covered by any iricit range, i'lie coast range is continued in the massive mountains north I'a^l from Point .Slierman. The "Coast Pilot " (page 1',!")) says of these |)oints : •'Point St. .Marys lies N. \V. ^ N., H miles from Point liridget, like which it is low and wooded, while .Is axis rises inland lo mountains covered with snow, attaining to a considerable iuMght, and coie 'ituling a part of the coast ranges which have lieen repeatedly alluded to. "From this poinc about live miles N.W. by W. lies Point .Sherman, nuiied by Meade, ap^iar- ently low and womied. fifim which the north-eastern shore of Lynn Canal extends liigh, steep and rockj', at the base of the imiiosiiig mountains above mentioned, .some I s\enty miles in a N.W. liy N. direction. " The west shoi-e is similar in ai.pearai.ce to the I'asl. Point W'liidbey peninsula looks like a foot-hill spur from the mountains which keej) their cour.se parallel to thi' coast and distant two or three miles from it. I'oint W'liidbey is described in the Coast Pilot (page li1.">) as "a rather remarkable hiuh, sleep, woodoil promontory whose face is about three miles in length in a N.N.\V. and S.S.l'i. direction, and which jirojeots from the western shore of the canal to llie I'Xlont of about tliri'e miles in an K. N.L. direction. ' I'rom the southern extremity of the promontory of Point I'ridget to the southern extremity of Point Whidboy the distance .icross I^ynii Can.il seems to be less than si.'i niariiu. miles. Tile .Admiralty (Jliart No. '.'L'Jl makes it more than ll miic.s, but the Coast .Survey Chart t-'J'J, printed in .March, IMU, and lontaining probably the best inf'Mination makes it only about live. Hence, I,ynn Canal noith of this cea.ses to be part of the ocean, and the line connecting tlu^se points beeuine.s the coast line. The boi.ndar, line will then pass fiom the mountain behind Point Bridget acros.s tin 'anal to that behind Point W'liidbey. 11 Even if tlio inoiintiiin Ijoiimlary were (lisciinlpil imd a line ten niiirine leiigue.s from the (ic:an worn taki'n tlie ten-lc/igue line would ci'oss t'liilkat and Cliilkdol Inlets aliout tlie latitude of llic Davidson (ilacier, and jilaoc (he greater part of liotli these inlets in Canadian Territory. North of Wliidhey Point, Lynn C'iinal is -ivider than six miles until it branches into the two inlets, Cliilkat ami Ohilkoot, no that if it proves to be wider than six miles at Point Whidbey, the coast line is at I'oinl Seduction. This point is the southern exireniily of the peninsula between the two inlets. The peninsula is covered with low sloping hills and the lirst uiountain on it is that \V S.W. from the mouth of Taiya Inlet and nearly north from Pyramid Hirliour, and .'■outh from Chi'koot Lake. Two or three miles south of this mountain the " Portage Itoad ', about a mile in length crosses a depression in the peninsula from inlet to iidet. North of Point Sherman the range of mountains east of Lynn "anal rises directly from the water's edge. There appciir to he no foot hills, but on the wer,tern side the mc'Untains are fronted by a rani;e of foot hills of fairly regular height. 17 miles noi-th of Point Wliidbey, ICndii ott liiver cuts a caficm through the mountains of the west slioie. Every ravijie on both sides of the upper part of Lynn Canal is tilled with snow ami there are many glaciers, the most pinminent of which is the Davidson (.ilac'.ci', whose t(^r'ninal moraine projects into Chilkat Inlet ,n a wide flat point, covered with trees of jarge size. North of this glacier the foot-hills f>n the west side vanish, and the mountains rise direct from the shore. Pyramid Island ILirbour, on the west side of Chilkat Inlet, two or three miles below the mud ilats at the mouth of (Hiilkat Hiver is the nio.-t northerly and westerly [loint which J reached. Heie accordingly my descripti n of topography ends. It has l)een assumed throughout, in marking the boundary line on the map that inlets are not part of the ocean, nor their shores part of the coast line. If it be decided otherwise, Portland Canal is also part of the ocean, and the boundary lino must run from its he;id to the-summit of the range which runs along its western shore; thence southerly along this range to Cap Jlountain, and thence north along the chun of mountains I h.ive described to lUirroughs l!ay. This would give to Canada the whole interior of the ))eninsula between Portland Canal and Lehms Canal, but at the expense of the loss of the h<'ads cf all the inh'ts. T understand that the United Slates legal authorities in Alaska cljiim jurisdiction as far inland as ten marine leagues from tide initi'.r. There is, of course, no authority for this in the treat'. the limit of tide water being a very different thing from the coast line. I subinit with this report the following charts and nuips--L^nited States Coast and Geodetic Sui vey chart No. 8!i!), uiion which I have sk(!telu'd in the pi'incipal mountain ranges, and indicated the tri;aty l)ountlary by a red line. .Mr. Hunter's line at the Stikini^ is shown by a blue line, an;J the alternative ten marine league line at Lynn Canal by a dotted red line. United States Coast and C-^odetie Survey Chart No. 709, showing Cleveland Peninsula on a larger scale. L^nited States Coast and (ieodctic Survey Chart No. 70l>, a large scale chart to illustrate my remarks upon the coast between Knion liay :'nd the moulh of the Stikine. L'^idted States Coast and Ceoditic .Survey Chart No. 70."i, showing the north shore of yrtderick Souml. .Map of Harris Mining Distiict and mines near Juneau, made by C. W. (birside of J iiieau, I'nited Stalls Deputy Surveyor. United States Navy Chart No. (104, which will illustrate the vicinity of Portland Channel, itc. I may mention here, although this is a matter outside mv instructions, that the last menlioneil chart shows Ca|ie Muzon in latitude 01 ItJ' alniost exactly. Cape Chacon in 51 -ll'l), and the mouth of Portland Channel, ju-^t south of the .-mall island on which is situated l*"ort Tongass, in Latitude ."i-l 4('> . At the time wheri the treaty was maile it was noi known, th'''';h suspected, tli. it Capes ^i uzon and Chacon were on ditlerent Islands: " Prince of Wales IsImikI,'' e treaty is ;o be understood as including both till' present " Piince of Wales Island " of wlicli tape Chacon i-< the soul heiiuno.st point, and i).Ul Island, which terininat.es in Cape Muzon which is furtlu'r south than C.ipe C'hacon. Hence the initial point of the tie.ity description ist^ipe Muzon. A straight line ilrawn from this cape to the north of Portland Channel wul cut oil' a small (lortion of Cape Chacon. P>y article IV. of the treaty the whole oi Prince of Wales Island is to be included in Hussian territin-y. Hence instead of one straight line from Cape Muzon to Portland Channel, we must have a str.'iight line from Cape Mu'im to Cape Chacon ami another from the latter to Portland Channel. The forini'i' of the-^e lines seems to toU'-h the small Island c;illed liean Island which lies west of Cape Chacon. The other line crosses no land. The channel lalled Portland Channel, or Canal, by Vancouver, which begins south of old I'ort Tougass and runs inland 1 etween t!i" mainland and Kannaghuinit, Sitkl,-in, Wales aial Pearsi^ Islands is not the intricate and toiiiious p.issH','e it i- sometimes represented to bo. It is deep and straight, though tiarrow, fi'oin iis namth Ut the southern |)oint of Eillmore Island. I'ctween l'"illriioie and Wales Islands an- the only obstructions in the passage--a gi'oup of rocks and rocky islands which make caution necessary (in navigating an uncharted passage) for a mile or' two only. After this the channel widens out, and a few miles pa^t the southwestern end of Pearse Island becomes of the same width as the ufiper part of Portland Canal with which it is continuous in direction. ■m FislierwK, rt'C, oh l/it- Coast. On iv small islund about 4 miles oust of Cape Fox, and north of tlieentnuicoto Vancouver's Port- land Cliannel, is Fort Tonjjass. 'J'liis was a United States military station .ifter the purchase of Alaska from liussia, and f.jr many years the port of entry for the whole of " .Soul h- Eastern " Alaska. Alany of the old harrai'k liuildin;,'s are Mill slandint,', out there is oidy one man livin:,' here, who is (Mign;,'ed in saltinj; salmon. On the east side of Nakat Inlet about three miles from i's heail, stands a small house, lately occupied by another man in the same business, but now de.^erte( . I was informed that there was another man ivsident on the shore of the channel north of I'earse Island, also en^a;,'e(l in salmon tishinii. but I did not see the liouse. Alon;^ th(! upper jiirt of Portland Canal there are no settlements whatever, except poav.ibly Indians. 'J'liere are no settlements upi;n Pearse and Wales Islands, as no minerals have been found theie, and these islands are uninvitinu foi- other pursuits. On ihosli'M'eof Cape l''ox Peninsula, half way between Foggy Pointand the entraiieeto l'iocaay and t.ial at iJaitlett liay, which is at the .soulh-eastei n corner of (ilacirr Ij.iy, west of Lynn Can.al At the cannery at Burroughs Day they packed lL',Ot)0 cases of sahnon la- 1 year, (+ ily toncen- traied. On the ea-t side of the basin a 2U-foot ledg.' was recenily discoveivd by Snow, Miller iV Com- pany, which was traced for the distance of a mile. The vein is well delineil, lying between the black and prophyritic slates. This ore is a heavy galena and sulpliurets rock and carries both gold and silver. Further down the creek towards Sneiishane lies the location recently made by Frank Kajiid and partner wliirli is very rich in gold, assays fiom which run into liioiisandsof doll'irs. It is to lie noticed that the n.ountains in which this basin is stated to lie aie those between Stephen's Pa.ssage and thearms of Fort .Snettisham along the suiiiP'.its of which the boundary line runs. Sumdum. spoken of in thi> ibove extract, v.> the local iii'iiie for Holklmra Bin-. < »n the south shore of this bay at the anchorage, a short distance in from Ste|ihen's Passage, J saw two short drifts which had been run into the mountain side. This rock is stated tn have assayed i^'OO i ■ the ton, hut the vein appears to be very thin. Shuik district, also mentioned by the Mioiiig Ri'cord, is said to be .somewhere near Cape Fau- shaw, 1 could lind no one who knew the exact locality. There is s.iid to be a river called ttv that name, po>sibly the river shown on the maps as entering Port Houghton from the sounn, live or six miles from .Stephiui's Pas>age. Placer diggings are repoifed here, and it it said ih it several miners liave done well. Several places where mineials iiave been found are indicated on .M r. Oarsidc's map. 85 There is also a miners' camp of half ., dozen houses on the oast shore of Lynn Canal, umler the hifch mountain north ot Port .Sherman. I di.l not stop here to n.ake any inquiries. Some recent dis- coveries are reported l.y the Jlinin,/ lie-ord in Berner\s IJay. I understand that there are now no miners up Tal■ ^'^ surveys of the interior appear to have been iiade l.y the United .States Governrasnt except Lieut, benvatkas e.xploralions , f tlie Yukon and the country behind the .Si. Elias Alps. East and soutli ot Lynn Canal their surveys have been confined to the coast, the inlets and the islands. J. his year tlieCoa.st Survey .steamboat "Carlilo Patterson' was eiii,'ayed durini,' most of the season in surveying; Hehm Canal and Boca de Quadra. The coast surveys are probably now completed as tar us the continental shore is concerned. j i- j r l-ffl iJ''^ survey of the boundary line, if confined bo the coast ran-e (,f mountains, ou-ht not to be a tlitticult, or very expensive task, these mountains being so readily reached from the sea. The photo- grapliic process will greatly abridge the labour and cost, especially in the northern part of the coast. When, the determination of the line is most urgently neede.l, for there the timber line, below which photography is only partially available, is at a less height above the sea. It any of the interior ranges are taken as the essi(>ns Uusses des possessioiii ..Vngloisps par la cAte nord ouest de i'Aineriiiue. Aujoiird'hui, M. U: Coiiite, jo v.ms dt'\elo)iperai les motifs i|ui ne nous ont pas periiiis d'aocepter les propositions de rAinlussadeur d'Aiiglelerre. Pour ne pas eiitrer sans m-^essile duns de trop longs dt'liiils, je me l)ornerai a disciiter \ci le point de la ipieslion sur leipicl n.ius ii'avor\s pu tonibcr d'aceord. LOiikase du |^,., fSfpieniiire 1S2I, avoit porti' jusqu'au "d de latitude septentrionale les limites desdoinaines de la Hu-J^'ip sur la cole noi'd (luest dii Continent Anierieain. Copotilant riCni|iereur s'l'tant coiivaiMcu tpie presi|u'ii la iii"me I'pocjiie la (JoMi|iagnie Aiigloisede la ll.ue il'lluds m avoit iornie des Eial>iisseiiien.s pir li^s o;! et ol' de latitude sejilentrionaie, el (pie res Etahlisseniens nVioient lueme plus t'.es eloiHiii's de la tote, nous autorisa a donnei-, drs louverture lies m'gociations, une preuve de ses intonti' degre de latitude sejitentrionale, ooiistilUL'roit an niidi la fi'uMliere des Etats di^ Sa .M.ajeste Iniperiale, ((ui' sur le e.miineiit el ver-. Test, eeite front i.re pourrdit i-ourir le" Ion;; des n)on!ai,'nes (pii suivenl les sinuo-iic.» do l.i ciite jusi|u'au .Mont-Klii^ et ipie de ee p.iint jus'pi'a l,i Mer (iluriale nous tixerious les homes tre reponse A sa seconde note verliale et dans imtre n'^pliijue i^w IS Mars, des eonsidirations ipie nous ne pouvons perdre do vue de I'lviip^reur Paul, (it ce silence nniversel peut et d'lii itre envisa;f.'' e(aiiine une riH'i.niKiissance d(! nos droits. On nous olijecte i\\n\ nous n'avons pas f(itm('. dVtablissrmens ('tablis sur La cote nord (imst au-dessous du •'•T' de latilude. Cela est viai, inais dans la saison dt- la eliasse et de la peolie la C("ite et les eaux avoisinantes sont exploit('es par notre Compajjnie Anii'.rieaine l)i(.n au-d-'li'i du .")•") et du .0-1' paralU'le. Ce genre d'nccup.ation est le seul don', ces parages soenl susce|>til)li's, ou du inoins le seul ipii S(jit neces- saire lor.s.|ii'iin peu ]ihis au noid on a fond('. et organis('. des Colonies. .Vous somnies done plein-'Uient en (lr()it d'insister sur la eontinuation d'un IximTioe (pie notre ooiumerec s'est assun'. d('s I'aiuuM? 1709, taiidis (pie les Compagnies An'.!loises de la Haie d'Hudson et tin Nord Ouest ont a peine atleint depuis trois ans le voisinag(; de ccs lalitudi's, laiidis (pi'elles n'occupent encore aiicun jioiiit (pii louche a I'l )c('an, et i|u'il est nott ire ipio c'est pour I avenir seulement (pi'elles .;liepvlient a s'y mi'iiager les profits de la eliasse et do Ka pi'.clie. Ainsi n.iu.s voulons e>iisiri-e)\ et l.'s Compagnies .\ngloises voulent (tfijurriv. Cetle seule circonstanco sullit pour justiller nos propositions. Kile ne sont pas moiii.s con- fornies au principe des (.oiivenan"es inutuelles, ipii devoit servir de base a la iit'gociition. .Si rile (III Prince de (4alles nous diunoure, il faut (lu'elle puisse nrms etrc de (|uel(]ue utilitii. Or, d'apres le jilan de I'Ambassadeur d'Anglet-Tre, elle ne seroit pour nous (pi'une charge et pres.pie un in('onv('.nient. Cett«* He, i>n ellet, et les Etablissenuuis iiuo nous y fornierions, se trouveinient entierenient isol('s, privi's de tout soutien, enveloppcs par les domaines de la (icande-liretagne et (1) While tills (iispftlcli Ls hen iiiMerti'd in tin. plnee it htMa in the Kon.ijfn Oltic I'lint Nn. tV2'^n frnm which it is takon tliiTc is litt'.ii (lenlit fn.iii itttciiitil ex iilcnce thnt the date ISffl is n iiii»prliit for 1824. 86 t<7 11 111 iiieici (les KtiililisM'iiicns Anglois (1« \;\. ti'ile. Xous nous i-puiwrions vn tniis do giirdc et ilc suiveil- lancB (loiil iiucutK! <'(jm|«iisiitiiiu ii'iilli'j;(;roit le fiictleiiu. Uii iirrau^^emoiil (Hireil reposiiMit-il sur lo prilli'ipo (It'M ouiiveiiiina!s mulueilcs .' Nous iiivoiiiuitis tdutetois c(_' pi'iiicipc iivcc d'liuUint plus di' justice ipii? rAiigletone elle inriiie iv prouvi' par uii .icln iiutlii'Mtii|Ui> quelle rcgiirdoil CdUiiiio douleux scs tlroiw sur li' tcrritcire doiit ello deniando ralMtidun. La Coiiventiiiii passtie lo '_'0 m'tobie, 1.'>1S, uiiti'o la (.'our du I.oiidrt's ct li'.s Etiits-l'nis, di'olaii' pnipiirlc' coiiiinum; dcsdinix Puiasaiiocs pour ilix aiis loutu IVtendue (ie pays coinpriso rnU'C les liorkij Mumiliiimi, {'(Jcuaii I'aciliiiue, nt les pos-n-ssioiis Kusscs. Los tititw des ICtats Unisa la souverainott' de c« pays sont doiii; aiissi valablos rvalli-. A I'est ils peuvent unir les deux cotes de I'Aiueriiiue ; au iiiidi rien nVnipriht (|u'ils n'ae(|uiin'nl, uno extension considi'rable. I'our nous, nous bornons iius dciiiandes li celle d'uno simple lisi.-re du continent, et atin de lever toute objection, nou.-. garantissons la librn navi-atinu des (leuvcs, nous nnnon'cons I'ouverluie du port de Novo Archimgelsk. La Uiissie ne sauroit pnusser phis loin sey concessions, l-^llo nVn t'eia pas d'autres, et elle est autorisce a en atlendre de la parr de I'Angleterro ; iniiis eni'ore \ir.et'oi>, elle ne leclaiiu^ ipie des conces- sions neg.itivis. (Jn ne pent efl'eetiv enient as.sez le repeter, d'apies le ti'iiHpigiiage des ('arl(.'S les plus rrcenti's, I'Angleterre ne possede aucun Htablissement, ni .i la hauteur du I'ortland Canal, ni au bord nu''ine de I'Oi'i'a.'i, et la Itu'-sle, ipiand ello in.iisle sur la conservation dun nu'diocre espaee de terre ferme, n'insiste ;iu fond ipie sur le nioyen e ri'serve uniipieinent un point d'appui, sans lei|uel il lui scroit impos- sibles de garder uno moitii' de ses doniaines. De telles vues n'out besoin ipje d'etre pn'.senir'es dans lour vrai jour pour iiu'un (Jouveriieinent coniine celui de la (irande Dretagne saclie les apprecier, Uouter de son adhesion dans col to circons- tanee, co scroit douter de sa justice : et il vous sera facile, I'ljiipereur .so plait a lo eroire, d'obleiiir le consentcment definilif de rAngleterre a uno transaction ipii renipliroil nos vieux et nos espi'M'ances, en pri'vonant toute discussion ulti rieure. lU'cevez, etc., ^Signe) NESSELItoKK. No. 25. (Mr. S, Caniiiiiif to Mr. (i. (.'aiiiiii:i/. — Bcrcivetl Juw 1 .'. ) (Xo. 47.) W.vsriivoTON-, May ,"., 1823. Sii!.- The Itus.-ian l-Jiivi^y, li;iriin Tuyll, who arrived here about tliier weeks .igo, lias proposed to the American ( iovernnieiit, in the name of hi.- court, to send instruction-, lo Mr. .\liddleton at St. Petersburg for the purpose of enabling hini to negotiate an arrangement of the dillerences arising out of the claims asserted by the Emperor of Uussia lo an exclusive dominion o\er the north-west coast of America, and the neiglilioui in;; seas as far as the ."lUt degree of north latitude. The proposal, ] eon- ceivi^ to be similar to that which was made liy Count Nesselmde to His .Majesty's I'lenipotentiary at Verona relative to the same object, as il efFeets (neat ISritain. The American Secretary of State, in apprizing me of the communication recei\ed from I'.aron 'I'uyll. exprissed a desire that I would men- tion it to His Majesty's (ioveriiment, and statini; that Mr. Middleton would, in all iivobabiliiy, be furnished witli the necessary powers and instructions suggested whether it. mii,'lit not be advantageous for the Ihitish and Americim (-Governments, protesting as they tlid against the claims of liussia, to empower their Ministers at St. IVtersbur^ to act in the proposed negotiation on a common under- standing. He added that the United States hail lu) territorial claims of their own as high as the ."'1st degree of Latitude, although tliey disputed the extent of those advanced by Russia, and opposed the right of that power to exclude their citizens from trading with the native inhabitants of those regions over which the sovereignty of Itussia had lieen for the fn-st time asserted by the late edict of liie Emperor, and most particularly the extravagant pretension to prohiliit the approach of foreign ves.sels wiliiin 100 Italian miles of the coast. 88 At the sHine tiiiip tlwit lin submitted this oveitiiri- for llio cdii.sidenilioii of Mi-* Mitjesty's Gov- crnnient, Mr. Adams infdrmod me iliiit hn liud roccivcd iiniiccouiit iiniliir to tliat whii'ti liitely iippoarod in the iicws|iiifii'i-.s, iiiid which hiis .■dri-iidy hrcii forwai-dcd to your ot!i''(-, of an Amcric.-m traditij,'vessol huvinj; hccn onlfrfd aw.iy from the iioiihwt\st, coast by iho coiinnanih-r of a liiissiaii frigate stationed in that ([uaitcr. lie did not H|/])('ar. however, to a(ii)rehen(l that any impleasaMt tonsiMiuences wero lii{»^ly to result fiom that occurrence, iis il was uri(h-rsif)od tiiat juovisional instructions of a le>a excep- tional tenour had been diijiatclioil from St. l'elersbur{; in c'onipliance witli the representations of foreign powers. In briniiini; under your notice this overture of tlie American (iovcrnment, respecting whicli 1 cannot presume to anticipate the .xMitinients of His .Majesty's t'abinet, I have only to add tliat on asi<- inj; Mr. Adams whether it was hi< intention to enter more largely u|ion the subject at present, I was informed in rejily, tiiat it would lie desiridilo for him previously to know in wliat li.i,dit the itritisli (iovcrntnent was disposed to view the sugge.-tion which he had olferrd. lie appeared to be under an impre.ssion that the instructions and powers requisite for acting separately in this alVair had already been transnuited to Sir Charles Bagot. I have, Ac, (Signed.) STliATFOlil) CANNTXC. No. 27. ( ^f)•. (r. Vanniiii/ Id .S'ir C. Ikfjul.) (No. 12.) FoitniftN OKFi.f'K, July I:;, 18'J3. Sill, — 1 liave the lionour to inclose, for Your lv\cellency's infornmtion, the eojiy of a desp itch received from Mis .Majf^'-ty's Minister in Amerie;uipon the subject of the Uussian Ukase relating to the north-wi!st coast of America, aLso of a letter from the Ship-owners' Society upoti the same subjee', and of a menuirandum of my reply to that letter. Your Excellency will observe, from Mr. Stratford (Janning's despatch, that the (Jovernment of the United States are desirous to join with tli.it of His Majesty in bringing forward some proposition for the definite settlement of this (piestion with llussia. We have no precise information ivs to the views of the American Ooveinment, Mr. Hush not having received anv instructions upon the subject it seems probable, however, that the part of tlio <]uestion in which the AmL'ri(;an tiovernment is pticuliarly desirous of establishing a concert with this country, is that wnicli concerns tlie extravagant assumption of maritime jurisdiction. Upon this point, it being now distinctly understoo.l that Russia waives all her pretension.s to the practical exerci>fi of the rights so unadvi'.^"dly claimed, the oidy ijuestion will be as to the mode and degree of disavowal with which (ireat Britain and the United States might be res[iectively satisfi(^d. Upon tilts point, therefore, such a concert as th(^ United States are understood to desire will be peculiarly advantageous; because, supposing the disavowal made, there is no disposiiion on the part of His Majesty to press hard upon the feelings of the l']mperor of Russia, and it certainly would be more easy for His Majesty to in-ist lightly on what may be considered as a point of national dignity, if he acie.d in this respect in concert with another Maritime Power, than to exact any le-^s degive, either of excuse for the past or of .security for the future, than ihat other Power might think nece.ssary. ()re;\t Hritain and the I'nitod States may be satistled jointly with smaller concessions than either power could accept singly, if the demands of the other were likely to be higle-r than its own. 1 theref(j|-e think it best to defer giving any precise instructions to Your Excellency on this point until I shall have been infoi-ined of the views of the American (Government upon it. Jn the meantime, however, you will endeavour to ''law from the Russian (lovernment a pro- [losd of their teiius, and we should undoubtedly come much more conveniently to the discussion, and be mueli more likely to concert an agreement ujion moderate K^rms with tlie American Iniveinment, if a proposal is made to us, than to agree in originating one which would be satisfactory at once to both ({overnments and to Russia. The other oart of this ([uestion which relates to territorial claim and boundary is perhaps sus- ceptible of a sej'arate .settlement. Of the Iw i princiiiles on which iIk! settlement could bo made, viz., joint occu]ia;'cy or territorial diMuarcalion, the latter is clearly prefi'rabie. A line of demarca':ion drawn at the oTth degree between I'.ussi.i and British settlers would be an arr.ingoment satisfactory to us, anil would as.''ig!i to Hu-sia as much as she cm pretend to be due to hei'. Your l^'xcellencv will therefore bring this sug^'estion foiw.ard, and aciiu.iint me how far a formal propo.,i^! ■■ on this basis would be agreeable to His lu.perial Majesty's (iovernmcnt. The arrangement might be made, if more ftgreeable to Ru.ssia, tor an expirablo period of ten or fifteen y< ars. I am, iVrc, (Signed) GEOIKSE CANNING. P.S. July 13. Since this despatch was written I have received from Mr. S. Canning the despatch of wdiich I enclose a copy, by which Your llxccllency will learn that instructions are to be sent to Mr. Rush to enter into discussion here (among other matters), upon the subject of the Uka.sa. There is nothing in this communication to vary the instructions herein given to Your Excellency. G. C. No. 30. of {Sir C. Bagol to Mr. U. Conniny. — Received September 2S.) (No. 3G.) !St. Pethisdi'uo, August \.'\, 182.3. Slit, —Count Xessolrode hciiij; upon llie eve of .st^-ttiny out to join tlifi Kuiperor upon liis journey through the interioi', imd it l)cui<{ prohahlo ihdt ho will not return to St. Poter.sl)uri; luifore the niiddlf of N'ovoniber, I Imve thought it advi.sabli', even in the iihscnce of those furtlier instructions, whicli you ieiul mo to expect in your (j.-spalch .N'o. 12 of the 12th of last month, to a|)priz(! him of the prohahility of Mr. .Middh'ton and myself Injing soon instructed to act jointly in negotiating with him some [iroposition for the definite settlement of that part at lea.st of the ijuestion growing out of tho Imperial l^kase of tho /,, September, 1S21, which regards the maritime jurisdiction assumed by Ru.ssia in the North Pacilic Ocean. I have been induced to accpuiint Count Nesselrode thus early with the fact, partly with a desire of ascertaining, so far as I could, the manner in which a combined menhure of this kind would be viewed by the Imperial (iovernment ; and partly to ascertain wiiether hi.s own absence wnuid iiece.s- Harily delay our negotiations upon this subject. In rciiuest to the Ib'st of these objecis, I am happy in being able to state that the proposed concert of measures between His Maji'sty and ihi^ L'niteil States, so fai from being unacceptable t.> Count Nesselrode, is considered by him, and principally foi' the same reasons which are assigned in your de.spatch as the most agreeable mode in which the ipiestion ccmlil bo brought under discussiim. Jn regai'd to the second object, tinding that Couni Ne.sselrode leceived so f.ivonr/dily my intima- tion of the ciiurse wo were about to pursue, I thought tiuit I should best learn whetiier the Russian OoverniMent was pi'epared to proceed immediately to negotiate if I .suggested to him, as [ ilid, tho faciliti(;s which it woulil probably allbrd to all parties if, instead of leaving to His Majesty the perhaps difficult task of originating a proposition upon the subject, wliicii would be at the same time satisfactory both to the United States and to Russia, the Imperial (toverniiient themselves should propo.se some arrangement for our consiilcration, which, while it might pn'lect the legitimate commer- cial interests of His Imperial Maje.-;ty's subjects, mitrht also etl'ectuallj- save what was the great object of tho negotiation — tho dignity and rights both of His Majesty ami the otlwr mat ii inn- powuis of the world. Count Nesselrode received this suggestion e.xactly as I could have wished, and he seemed fully sensible of the delicacy shuwii towards tlie Imperial (iovernineni in jjioposing such a eour-'i'. Hesaitl that he thought that he should proliably receive His Imperial Majesty's orders to intrust ^!. Poletica (who, from his lotig residence in America, and his rejieatetl discussions with the (iovernineni of the United States upon the subject, is supposed to be the person heie wdio is most conversant with the whole (piestion) to ju'epare during the absence of the Emperor, such materials as may eiiable the 'mperial Government, immediately upon the Kmperor's return to St. Petersburg, to shape some such proposition as that which I had suggested, but he did not give me any reason to suppose that JI. Poletica would be authorized to conclude an arrangement, or that anything emild be defmitely settled till after his own return. In the meantime, the .-American Minister here has not yet received his instructions referred to by Mr Stratford Canning in his letter to you of the 3rd .May, a copy of which is inclosed in your despatch No. 12. I have, however, apprized him of tlie wish of his Government to act in concert with that of His Majesty in this busine.ss, of His Majesty's readiness to accede to this wish, and of th(! probability of his receiving, in the course of a very shoit time, precise instructions upon the subject. From the few gener.al conversations which I have had willi Mr. Middleton, he does not s(;em at all desirous of pressing hardly upon the Imperial (iovernment, and ho appears to think that, if any sufficient public disavowal of the pretentions advanced in the Uka.se can be obtained, his own (iovernment will bo perfectly ready to lend themselves to whatever course may best save the feelings and the [>ride of Ru.ssia. Mr. Middleton now tells me what I was not before aware (jf, that he had last year, by the direction of the President, several interviews with Count Nesselrode and Count Capodistrias upon the subject of this Ukase, and that it was at length agreed that he should inijuire otlicially what were tho intentions of tho Imperial Government in regard to the execution of it, an assuran.e being pre- viously given that the answer which he should receive would be satisfacioiy. Mr. Middleton has belli of Iftsit motitli, which rciirliiMJ iin) (/ii tliH 1 Ith irisiivnt by post. I had, however, takiMi upon myself lo alwlaiti from l)riiixin>( foiwiivil any KU^Ke.''tion tliat the territorial arranxoinont slioiiUI he made for an e.\pirahlo period, a.s I thought it possihlo that sutli an iirraiiKt'inent nii;,'hl, in the end, lie found to l)e inconvenient, and ai it appeared to mn that it wa.s a propo.-ilion wliiuh I hIiouIiI Ht ail events ri-servo for a lalei' period of the discussion, when it miKht, incase of dilliculties, he found an useful instrument of negotiation. In a Hf^cond interview whicli 1 have had with Count Nesselrodo upon the suhjeet of this separate ncj^oliation, 1 told him tliat our uretentions hail, T heliovttd, almost extended to the ."i'Jth de;;ree of north latitude, liut tli.it a line of demarcation drawn at the oTth (iejjrco would !«■ entirely satisfactory to us, and that I helieved that the Russian (iovornment had in fact r.o Settlements lullie southward of that line. I am not, however, nuito sure that I am rij,'hl in this last assertion, as the Huisian Settlement of Sitka, to which I am told that the Ihissian (iovcriiment pretends to attach f;reat importance, is not laiartiiienl here, or laid down at all in that of Arrow.-miith, which has hcen furnished to me f.om the l''orei:;n DtUce. I!fl this, however, as it may. Count Nesselrode did not appear to I..5 at .ill startled liy the proposition, lie said that he was not enonj;h aci|U;iinted with the Huliject to ;;iv(Min iimnediate answer to it. liut ho made a memorandum of what I said, and i In pi^ shortly to he aMe to ascertain how far this ("■oveniinent may lie inclined to accept a mon^ formal pro- position founihid upon this Ijasis. T liav»', itc, (Siijned) CHARLKS PAUOT. P..S. — Since writin;,' the ahove I have ayaiu seen Count Nesselrode, who has informed me that he lias received the Kmperor's commands to put M. Poleliea in direct conununicatioii with Mr. Middleton and myself upon the subject of that part of the Ukaso in which it is proposed that we should act conjointly whenever J[r. Middleton shall have received the instructions which he expects from his Uoverninont. — C. B. No. 31. (Sir C. Haijdt to Mr. G. Canniiiy. — Received Xoivinber 17.) (No. 48 CoNh'IDKNTIAL.) St. PivrKusuuKi;, Octohkh H, 182.'{. Sin — Mr. Hughes, the American Charge d'Affaires at Stockholm, arrived here on the IGth instant, and has delivered to Mr. Midilleton the instructions which I had already led liiin to expect from his (ioverinuent upon the subject of the Imperial L'kaso :>i the 4tli Se)itend)er, 18'Jl, and U|ion the concert of measures which the United States are desirou.s of establishing with (ireat lirituin in onler to obtain a disavov>al of the pretentions advanced in that Ukase by this country. As Mr. Hughes was tlie bearer of instiuctions upon the same subject to the American Minister in London, I may, T am aware, presume th.it Mr. Hush will have already coe.imunicated to you the view taken of this ijueslion by the United .States, and I thiid< it probable that you may have already anticijiHted this despatch by framing foi my guidance such further instructions as, under that view, it niav be thought necessary that I should receive. It may, nevertheless, bo very desirable that T should loose no time in reporting to you the substance (jf some conversations which Mr. Middleton has held with me since t!ie arrival of Mi'. Hughes, anion with those ]>owers to the whole coast as high as the 61st degree, and an absolute right to be parties ot any subdivision of it which may now be made. Unless ] greatly misconceive the argument of Mr. Middleton, it is contended by the American (Jovernment that, in virtue of the Treaty of Washington, by which the Floridas were ceded by .Spain to the United States, the latter are become possessed of all cinims. whatever they might be, which Spain h'ld to the northwest coast of America, noith otV the iL'nd degree of north latitude, and that when Great Britain, in the year 1790, disputed the exclusive right of Spain to this coast, the Court of Russia (as, indeed, appears by the declaration of Count I'^loiida I'.lanca, and as it would, perhaps, yet more clearly appe.ir by reference to the archives of the foreign department here) disclaimed all in- tention of interfering with the pretensions of Spain, and, consequently, all pretensions to territory .south of the 01st degree, and that, therefore, any division of tlie coast lying between the 42no and 61st degrees ought in strictness to be made between the United States and Great Rritain alone. 01 Mr. Midclletiiii, however, lulmiM tliat tlie I'tiitoil States uro not propiircd to push their pretoti- sions to this extent. lie Mays tiint tliey iwc rcui'y to acknciwiedgc thai no iinintrv ha.s any al>^i>lu(t' iind exriusivo rlaini to tiiOHO coasts ; and tliul, it is only iutiTidcd l>y lfin ( ioM>rniiient to anscrt that, as heirs to tlio claims of Spain, tiie Unite I Stales liave, in fn<'t, thr hest pr-tpnsions whii'ii any of the throe powers intcrcslcsd can urf,'e. Assiiiniii;,', upon tlipsH <,'iounds, their right to a share in the di\ Ision, the I'niti'd States iticoins, desire that, thi' ilivision lii'inij iiiaile, the three Powers shnidii enter into a joint eonvention nnitually to j^rant to eaiih other, for some hmiled period, renewatile at the pleasure of the parlies, llie freedom of (ishery and of trade with tlienali\es, and whatever other advantages the eu:ist.s may allord ; and Mr. Middleiiin has ennlideritially nc([iiain'ed me that he has in fact received from his ;/()vermnent the "proji^t ' of a tripartite ciinvention to this elleit, and ho has conuniniicated to me a :;opy, which I rviw inclose, of the full powers with which lie has heen furni.^lied tu ne),'otiate such eoitventioti with the Plenipotentiaries of (ireat Itritiin .ind Uussia. .\s neither the instructions nor (hi^ powers which I have receiviii in lei'ard to this (|Uestion were framed in contemplation of any sm !i pretension as that w liieli i:i not put forward by tic American (Jovernimrit, 1 have ex)ilaiiicd to Mr. .Middlcton how impossilile it is for nie to prucced furtlier with him in th" Imsiness until I shall have received fresh instructions from yini, and I liave, with tlii.i knowled'.;e, inforuied M. I'.iletici thrtt T must, for the present, .'uspend the conferi^nces (upon the terri- torial part of the (iu"sti.in at least) into which ho aiihment at Sitca, vr rather at Novo-Aichangelsk. Still, F should not altoi;(!llier have despainnl of inducing this tlovernment to accept Cross Sound a.s the boundary : tmd though F tiiii aware that in suggesting this point F put in a claim to something more than 1 am instructed to do in your despatch aliove referred to, F thought that it might he for the advantage of the negotiation if F reserved the proposition of the OTtli degree to a later perio. ^. V "' -^' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 7^ /. .// ^ J"^ '^ y. (A ^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 ;;:i^ iiiiiM " ^ IS ::' U£ 12.0 14 III 1.6 V <^ A % ^/ I^otographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIh STREET WEBSTER, NY 14580 (716) 873-4503 i^ 92 No. 40. (J/r. (r. Canniiifj Id Sir C. Bayot.) (No. 2.) FoREKiN Ofkick, January 1"', 1821. SiK, — A long |)oi-iixl lm« ('lii|iKf(l siiu-fi I gave Your K.xccl!onoy i-eaxoii toitxppctacliiitioniil inst ruc- tions for j'our coiifliift in llip iifjiotiiitiotis r<.'spectin<» tlu> Hussinn I'kitsp of 18:il. Tliut, ('Xjifptatidii was lii'ld nut in tlifi U-licf that I should hiivn to instruc-t you t,o coiiiliiiic your pr-'t-ncdiiiKs with th'". tcnour of llios-c instructions. 1 then found, what I had not Ix'fori" been led to sn^pM't. that Air. liush huii hiuisclf niilhoiity to entiu' into nonotiutions with us ns to th" resppi-tivf i-laini-i of (Jrcat Britain and the I'nitpd State's on th« noitli-we.st coast of Alnerira ; nltliou^h he doi's not appear to \\i\\c lieen in.<.tructed to invite such negotiation here, if we .slioidd prefer lea^ inj; it ty enalilinij Hussia to satisfy hoth pnwers at once, without special and separate concession. Hut as, in the '|uesiion of territorial liniil.-, Hussii, at whatever point her pretensions mii;lil he gtoppcil, could have liut one of the two I'ower^ for le r neiL'hhoin', llii'rc! did not se. ni to lie any nhvious iulvanla){e in brin;^'iii>; hoth to hear upun her t.iu'etlier in ihi^ settlement of those limits. It is true that as. while we confine upon the Russian territory to the north, wealsoconline upon upon that of the I'nited .States to the south, wp niiist at iMie time or other come to a settlement with each of those pfiwei s. I' t there is ni> oiivious or cnirent necessity tor m.ikin;^ those settlements simul- taneous, especiall\ as we tia\( already a lonventioii suhsistinij with the I'nited l^tales whicli suspciid.s the necessity of any definite settlement with that (i.iverninenl for livi- years yet td in l.'*i'7 to be situateil, lus the enclosed copy enls ii, in lititude .')?", and not (as the map of which a cojiy was ini'losisi til Your Kxcellency indieatesi on the c titinent. but • ii a small island of tin. .same name at tho inoutli of Norfiilk .Sound : the larger island i'oiilii.'uoiis ihereto, formin"; (what is called by Vuncoiivrr) Kin;; (!eor;;e's Ar.liipela;;o, are separated from each other by a strait, c.illed ( hathani .Strait and rrotii the mi'.inlaiid by another strait, called Stephen's Strait or pass.ifie. Whether the liussians have extended their settlements to these larger islands, is not known, but Mr. Pelly posii ively avers that they liiive no settloment on the imiinland, nor any coninierce to the eastward of the loast. Mo sugj^ests, tlierefnre, either tlie channel lietweeii the islands, or that iK'tween the islands and the ma n- Iniid, as the most desir.ilile line of demarcation to the eastward, which beiny a;ir(ed to, the line to the southward iii'jjlil be drawn so .is to comprehend Sitka and all the Hussian seltleii nts upon the islands. If this a;;reemeiit i-ould be nbtaiinsi, it would efleclua'ly pre\ent all dan;,'er of a collision with Hussiii: and the I'nited St ites not inlendinK. as it is undi'tstood, to ur/^'e any claim in opposition to that of actual occupancy, whether ari of Hussia or (lii'at Hritain, in the latitudes in which the claims of (lre.it I'rit lin ami Hussia come in contact, the iiitorvenlion of the United Stales in such an arran):eiiient could 1k> necessary only as an uiii[iire. .Such an intervention in this case is not likely to Ik' required, on account of an irreconeilahle conflict between (ireat IhitJiiii and Itu^sni ; nor would a l^iwer whose pretention.s are (theoretically at looRt) in cnnllict with both parties lie the fittest for such aii otlice. 93 Your Kxceilency's (IcspiUcli No. 18 (It'sciilx'.s liititucir ").") us tlir point iil whioli ^[. Polelica appuari'd U) wish timt tlif lim- of (Iciuaiviitiun Ixawccn KiiNsiii itinl (iiviit Itritain should be driiwii. By a Mciiioraiiduiii wliicli I iiavc n'fcivcd tVoin Mr. Hu.sli of wlial Id.'. (iuvGriiiiicnl would propose as a generul srltlfinciit, it ajipcturs lli;ii latitude Oo in tiie |Kiint whioh the United States likewise have proposed for that KUiiie line of demarcation. This I'irinridence eertniidy arf;ue.s either b foref,'oiie uiuler.*tiindin>; between IJussia and the United States, or a disposition on the part of the Utiitwl Stales to eouiitenaiice and promote what they know to be the ilesire of Itussia. When to thia statement I add that the L'nitecl States propose, aciordinj* to the afoiesaid .Memoiandum of .Mr. Hush, to draw ilie line of deniurcition Ix'tweeii tlu-insclves and (ireal Itritain at laiitude !)\', the point al u hieli the liussiati pretension, as set I'oilh in the Ikase of IS'Jl, terminates, it d(M)H not seem vimt unci I'lri table iosup|Hise that the object of the I 'nil ed .Stales in unking a selection, ollierwis<( whiilly ariiitraiy, of these two points of limitation for liriiish lloniiiiion, was to avoid collision with liussia tlieni.selves, uimI to j;r.ttify iUissia at tin." expense of (Jreat Mritaiii, Tlu're is obviously no ;{reat temptation to (tad in such an Arbiter, if the pariilion betwi'cn Itussia and oiirsilves c:in be .settled ■ as no doubt it can, without arbitration. Hy lulinittint; the I'ldted States to our tiej,'olialioM with Itussia, «•■ shoidil incur the necessity of discussinj,' the AinctricHii oiaini to latitude ;")! at the same time that we were .settling with Itussia our respective limits to the hoithward. liut the i|uestion of the American claim is for the present iiierjjed Slates 1,'ives that joint n it, at lea.'il for the term for whi. h the ("onvention of IM.'s has to run. 'riiiTe would be -ome awkwanlness in a tiipaitile ne^jotialion which was not to bo coiiducteil and concludeil In all iis |>.irts up IS, by which we and I he rnited .St.ites hold for a time jjint occupancy and common enjoymeni, .it .ili i ho territory on '.h.< north w'.'st co.ist of .VuiTioa .dmve latitude \I It was obviousv the inipre-sion on .Mr. liush's mind that this pretension on th" part of his (iovornment was inlemied as a .s.'t .ilV ag.iinst ihe maritime prt^terision .if tin' Itu^'ian I k'l^e I do not iie'iin to authorize your nxccll.'ney to r port this construction at .St. Pelersbiirg as that of the .\nieri.an Minister, but y.iu will have no dilli.uliy in s-liiting it as one to which we think the I're-i.lenl's .Speech liable, as lliat indeed wliich appears to us to be by far the most probable eon- Ktriictioii of it ; as such, it furnishes a conclusive reason for our not mixing ourselves in a negotiation Ixitween two parlies whoe oppesite pretensions are so extra c.i(;ent in the:r sevend ways as lo be sub joct not so mill h of pra.tical adjusimen' ns of reciprocal disavowal. Mr. Itusli is liiinself so sensible of the new consiilerallon wliiih is int lodined int.i the negotia- tion by this new principle of the President's that alihoiigh he had hitherto urged with bicoiiiinj{ (MUtinaeity the ado|ition of the suggestion of his (iovernmeot, he has, since the arriv al of the Pri- sident's Speech, censed to lombiit mv desire lo pursue the course already b.'gun of a .-.'parate negotia- tion at St. Petersburg, ,ind lias proiniseil to writ>^ by this niess.-nger to .Mr. .Middleton to prepare him for Your Kxcollency's cmtiniiing to act upon your former instructions. It remains, therefore, only for me to direct your Kxcellency to resume your negotiation with the Court of .St. Petersburg at the point at which it was susp.'nded in eoiisei|Uence of the expected accession of the I'nited States, and to endeavour to bring it as ■,pceilily to an amicable and honour- able conclusion. Tie ipiestions at issue Ix^tween (ireat Itritnin and lie .sia ar. short and simple. Till' Kussian I'kasi ntains two objectionalile preti'iisions : first, an extravagani assumption of maritime su|iieinaey ; secondly, an unwarranted claim of territorial dominion. As lo the first, the disavowal of Itussia is, in substance, all ihat ue could desire. Nothing remains for negotiation on that hend but lo clothe that disavow.il in preci.se and satisfactory terms. We would much rather that those terms should be suggested by Uussia herself than have the air of n pretending to dictate them ; you will tlierofore ur;{e (>>unt Nesselrode to furniHh vou with his notion of such a doclnrntion on ttiii ixiint its inny be sntixfactory to your (tovernment. This licclanition may be made the pnmmbln of the Convention of limits. As to the terrilori'il question, I have alre.uiy stated that the line of demarcation the most satis- factory to us wiiul I Im one tlr.i" n throu;;h " Chatham Strait," the channel spparatinif the island on which Sitka is situited from the island t.) the ca^itward of it, or if the Kussians have establishninnta on that island al.so, then tliroaj^h tho channel called "Stephen's Pafwago," which separatoH the whole archipela!;ii from the mainland, ff one or thu other of these channels cannot be obtained as the Ixmndarv, then the line inU'it be drawn on the mainland to the north of the northernmost post nf the Xorth-West Company from east to west till it strikes the oast, and thence may deHcend to whotever latitude may !» necessary for Inking in the island on which Sitka stands. It does not appear from your Kxi^ellency'a despatch how far the line proposed by ^^. Polelica to 1)0 drawn at latitude f)5" was intended to run to the eoKtward. If to the Hooky Mountains it, obviously, would Ije wholly itiudMiissible by us, inasmuch as the communication of the North-West Company from Cknvla ihron<;;h those mountains with the whole of the north-west country is in a higher latitude than ijri' Neither has Uussia any claim whatever to any inland territory approachinij that latitude. She has no iiccupancy inland. Mr. I'clly's lle|>ort denies that she ha.s any oven on the coast. And it is to the I'Miist iili'iH' that discovery could, in the nature of tliinj»s, jjive any liile. It is absohitoly essential, llierehire, to guard njjainsi any unfoundeil prelensioM, or any vague expectation of Russia to the diistward, and for th'S purpose it is nocossary that whatever ilegree of latitude lie assumed, a dotinite degree of longitude shoulil also bo assigned as a limit between the territorial rights of the two Powers. If your Kxrelleney can obtain the strait which separates the i.sLmds from the mainland a.s the boundary, the pmlongation of the line drawn tlnoii;;h that, strait wnukl strike the mainland near Mount F'lias — the lowesi. [xMut of un(|uestion(Ml Hus-.ian diseovery. Hut if titat were trxi much to insist upon, the I;l.")th ' alonir the course of the .Mackenzie Hiver. As your Kxcellency liaci already made so much way in previous di-^cussion, it is to l)0 hoped that, ints of litigation would, perhaps, bo not lo.ss valuable to Russia in her subsequent discussions with the Unitfialion Imtwecn us and Hussip would 1h' in order to see that the pretensiims cm the north-west coast of America ilerivee more eflTectually provided for than by inserting ititoour Convention with Russia, as a protection for the claims of the Unite(it coast of America. In addition to what is therein Ntatt-d, I liavo to inform you that it appears, by the intelligence received this laxt Heasoii, that our traders are ertending their {tosts still further to the northward in the country to the west of the Kocky Mountains, It may be proper for mo. also to mention, that the Hudson's Bay Company have a chain of trading postH on the McKenzie Ui\'er as far north a.s about 07" north latitude, and that Indians tnuie at those posts who come from the countrii's lying to the we.st of that Itiver and to the north of CiO" north latitude, and that our traders are exttindiiiji their posts to tile wetitwanl into that country. Tlie Hussian station ciiIUhI "Sitka" is un island, and can give no claim by i»ccupation t<> any part of that continent. But, even if they are s'm tionson tlie sea coast of the continent, this could not be held to give t|uestion, and (if consis- tent with your view.s) it might, perhaps. l)e sulHcient at present to settle a boundary on the coast only and tlie country '"'O or 100 miles inland, leaving the rest of the country t,o the north of that ))oint and to the west of the range of mountains which separate the waters which fall into the Pacific from tho.Ke which How to the east and north, open to the traders of bntli nalious. In this case, I would suggest the northern end of the inlet calleoint at which the coast boundary ought to be fixed. This is liut a little (if at all) to the north of the most northern trading station in the country to the west, of the Kocky Mounlain.s. The islands lying to the westoi' Chatham Straits may be given to Russia ; but the Russians not to trade either on the coast or in the inttM'ior south of the lH>uni!ary, and the British not to trade on the coast north of it. If it is considered projier to fi.\ at present the interior Ismndary, I would suggest a line drawn from the abovementioiied point at (Chatham Straits due north, until it strikes the range of mountains which separate the wat and 1807, in givnig an account of the fur trade, gives the following Klatriuent antl history of the settlement of Lichta : "The constant decre;is(! in the number of sea otters upon the cojist of Ivamschatka induced the Russians to extend their piissessions eastward, (irst to the islands Iwtween the coasts of Asia and America and tinally to the north west coiuit of America. Norfolk Sound appcMiring to present a favourable s|M)t for an establishment, it was considered expedient to take posse-ssion of it. A fortress with proper wan-houses and dwelling houses were built. * * * After a time, the natives rose upon the Russians and killed almost the whole party. In the year 1804 the director M. de Rosanoff, again tiok possession of it with a large t irce, building a fortress and giving it the mime of Kerr Archangel. 'JG If present occupntion gives to a govornnient tho right of pusaetsinn, the occupancy of Norfolk Sound could not give to UusNia a I'Iniui to thu cuiiht bordering on the islands or the inu^rior mainland, and it dues not appear that Hussia liiis any pores or scttlemcnu on the north west omst of America which would giie to Russia any right of oluiin to the country \)y present occupancy, <>xceptat a hett'o- ment called l3, hemp, and all kinds of vegetables. The Kussians built ves.Hels of large burden at their settlement, and under the pretext of encourag- ing the fur trade, have encroached so fur south ; and in the year lti05 they sent a M. de Uesankofi to negotiate with the Spanish Uovernmont for permis.sion to form an establishment iu New California, which negotiation, however, failed. The Uussian Uovernmont have, however, never lost sight of this place, and it is hup)x>sed are endeavouring to purchase the Californias from -Spain ; the po.ssession of which would not only enable tho Uussian Uovtrnmeiil lo form u naval arsenal in the Pacilic, and, under the pretext of encouraging the tur trade, to form a hardy race of seauiou and bold adventurers, but would give to tliat Uovern- ment the power of interfering with the lilwrties of .South America. Hus.sia can have no claim to the country of New AU.ion by the rigiit of first discovery. This right is claimed by Great Britain and Spain, but from various authorities it U-longs l>eyond a doubt, to (treat Itritain, which it would l>e of great importance lo e.stablish, should S]i«in have cedeii this country to Russia. In the year 1574, Abraham Ortelius, tho geographer of tho King of Spain, acknowledged that the north-west coast of America was quite unknown, anil a few years after this rtanl a (junstion as that of settling a national Ijoundary, it may, perhaps, be dangei-ous hastily to admit). .Mr. Polly has had the posts of the Hud.son's Ray Company, in that part of the territory under con'lago," and by the Russians " New Archangel." From 03cup'ition tho Russians may be considered entitled to this Island, and |>rol>al>'y to those of the north we'tt; but as the Russians have no settlement on any of tho islands t.> the eastwartl, it is con- fidently expe<.'tern lM>undary. Hudson'ii Hay Home, London, January 16, IS34. No 44. (iSir C. Baynt to Mr. (1. Cunuitiy. — Jteceived April IS.) (No. 23.) St. Pkteiuiiiuko, Mmoli Jji, \^H. Sin, — It is with ,'. fooling of oonsidornblt! (liHappiiintiiieiit that, after a constant nogotiation for mciro than six woeks, after having gone to the utmost liiiiit of your iiistruelioiis — an'l afU'r having taken U|M>n myself to go even far heyonil them -I should iieverthelesM have to aci|Uaint \"U that I have entirely faili-d in inducing the Itussian governuiciit to accede to what I consider to he a f.iir and rejisonalile adjustment of our respeclive pretensions on the north w.-st coists of North America, or to the adoption of any line of territorial demarcation which appears to me to lie recoricilalile under the spirit of your instructioiss, with our legilinnte interest in that (|Uarie" of the world. In order that I may put you in cntupleie |>osHessiou nf tlii' whole cour'ic of Miy i.egotiation upon this suhjo.t, and nwiy explain the precise grounds upon which I have felt my.velf coinpelUHi to suspend, for the present, all furtln'r proceedings in this husiiiess, it will, I fear, he necessary, that 1 should enter into a delail uf some length, and that I shouhl load this despatch with .si'\eral papers wiiich .ire now iH-come of iuipoitance. It was on the Ifilh of last month th.it I had my lirst conference upon tiiis i|uestion with the Russian I'li'nipotentiarie.s, Cou?it Ni s^elmde and M. I'oletiia. I opened this confereiice hy explaining to tlu) Plenipotentiaries the reason for which His ,Miije.-,ty had judged it advisahle to treat separately upon this matter, rath'-r th in, as it iiad b«-en originally iiitendeil, in concert with the government, of the United Stales. 1 then laid liefore them Count Lieven's note to you of the :!lst .laiiuary, l.s'2.1, jiroposing that tiie <|Uestion of strict right should lie provisionally waived on hoth sidc.«, and that the a Ijustment of our mutual pretensions should tie laid upon liio sole [uinciple of the respective convenience ot l«ilh countrii's. This has's of negotiation heing willingly accepted by all parties, I stated that, so far as I uiider- sto >fl the wishes anose as our boundary a line drawn through (!hatli:iin Straits to the iiea 1 of Lynn Can il. ihence north-west to the 1 40tli degree of longi- tude west of Greenwich, and thence along that degree of longitude to the Polar Sea. This proposal was made by me verbally, and was taken for con.'^ideiaiion by the llussian Pleni- potentiaries, who at our next meeting ollbred a coiUri'-jirojct, which I afterwards n-ipiested might bo reduced to writing, and of which 1 inclose a co|iy. (Inclosure.) In offering this con/r'^myV*, tJount Nesselrode .seeniad to intimate that, however disposed the Emperor ndght be to retract pretensions advanced by himself which migtu be thouniit to conflict with the interests of other Power.-<, it would be asking too much of the Imperial dignity to re.>iiinK, it liFciinio neoos'sftry fur me tn r«j«. t any i-ucli nH'oiit AH a Ixion in tiiu ino.st oxplicit toniin, hikI you will tiiid that I Imvn not tailed to do W) in tlio inuloHed papiT (Incldsuiv 4) willi wliicli I ri^plicd to tliu paper in (|U('Nli(iii. An, litiwi'vrr, I fitit Hlron^ly the iin|)urtaiico of iiilju^tin^ thin liiitiineHH, if piMKible, al lli» pieMent niomttnt, and hs [ felt nl^so that, altiioiigli ttio UuhhIuii l'li>iii|iii of national dignity in diHcusHing it. Ilia linpfriai Maji-slv inixlit yet pottsilily feel un invincible repiignancu to retrai-t fniin the prolensionH advanccil by I ho Kinp«'ror Paul in the Chartur given to the Kunsian American Company in 1799 (however unacknowledged by other Powers such pretenuiim migl:l have In-en), I thought that I nlioidd not act in opiNi-ition to iho spirit at leant of my in.ttructions if, in deference to xuch a Kentiment on tlio jmrt of the Kmperor, ami with a view to tinish the busiiiosM i|uiokly, I ventured t^i make yet ended, so far at least as the (|uestion of territorial demarcation was concerned. Count Ne.s.selrode then iimuiieil whether I should object to transmit to my court the (inal decision of himself and M. Poletica as it is declared in the inclosetl pajsir (Inclosure .")}, and whether I did not think that His .Majesty's ("loverniiienl, seeing how slight our disagreement wa-s, might not be di-posed to furnish mo with such further instructions lis would enable me to meet the views of the Kussian (■overnnient, informing me, at the same time, that it was intended to aeipiaint Count Lieven by the courier, wlio is to 1)C di-patched to-night to lyindon, with the course which the negotiation had taken, and to instruct him to hold some conversation with yon upon the subject. I told Count Xes'-elrode that I should of cour.se feel it to bo luy duty to tranmiit this and all other pajiors connected with r.lie negotiation to you with'iut loss of time, but that t ciuhl not by any means take upon myself t'j say what might bo the opinion of His .Majesty's (rovernment as to the pretensions .so tenaciously iulher< d toby the Imperial Covernment, further than by saying that cer- tainly they were such as hud never l»een conteniplaled by my court in the instructions with wiiiih I had been as yet furnished, and that if a territorial arrangement perfectly satisfactory to lK)th parties could not now Im made, it might possibly l»e thought by my (ioverninent tliat our respective pretoiisions might still remain without any serious inconvenience in the state in which they hail before stomi, and thit it would only l)e necessary for the pre.sent to conline tlieii attention to the adjustment of the more urgent point of the maritime pretension — a point wliicli would not admit of equal postponement. In reply to this observation Count .Vesselrisle stated, to my extreme surprise, that if the terri- torial arrangement was not completed, he did not see the necessity of making any agreement res|H'Cting the inaritime i|Uostioii ; and T found myself most unexpectedly under the iieces.sily of again explaining very distinctly, both to him «nd to .M. Poletiea. that the nmritiiiie pretension of Hussiiiwas one which, violatiiis; as it diil the tirst and most es^a'oiisiied principles of all p.ililii: iMiiiitimo !a«, admitti (I neiiher of explanation nor iinMlitiealion, and ihat my li(i\eriiMieiil ceiisirlered thcfinsehes [wissi-ssed of a clear engagement on the put of Hussia to relraM in soiiie way o:' other a pretension which could neiiher be justified nor enforced. Here the matter rested ; but I o'glit to stale tliat, notwithslaiiding this unexpi'cted ol)serva- tion of Court Ni'sselrode, I do not at all lielieve that, had we been able to agree upon a southern lino of demarcation, wosUouM liave found any real dillicidly either as regardr, the retraction of the maritime pretension, or a.s regards our western boundary or any of the other minor det.dls w liicli we should have Ijeen called ufion to mljiist ; but the observation was made, and considering what has already passed upon this subjeia Isitli here, in Ijondon .iiid in Americi, considering also the delicacy with which His .^Iajesly hml left it to the Russian (tovernment tlieuiHelves to frame the terms in which their retrac- tion of this preposterous pn^tension should be made. His Majesty's Government may perhaps think it advisable that Count Lii^ven sliuuld be again given dearly to understand that it is a |)oint to which no slight importance is attached by His Majesty, and that the pretension as it now stands will admit of no remedy but that of public, formal, and precipe retriicticm in some shape or another. Such has been the course of my late negotiation upon this iiuestiun, and such the grounds upon which I have thought it my duty to suspend it for the present. I know full well the inconvenience of breaking off such a negotiation in such a stage and upon a point which, judging only by the map, might perhaps appear of so little real importance to His Majesty's pre.sent inierosf.s, hut when I consider by how much I have alreiuly exceeded my instructions, how more than doubtful is the real right of this Oovernment to any part of the territory in most immediate dispute, and how much more oxoi bit.int are their pretensions uptm the north-west continent of America than I had before hod reason to suspect, I certainly could not venture to take upon myself the heavy oil rn-timniibility of making iiny further concrssions of a territory tlic value nml |>os.sible local nilviintnges of which I iiiul no iiieiin* of estiuintiti); und which I Iwlieve are hm yut n> imperfectly known. It is Komewhat remiirk able that wliilst the UuKNiun pretension of maritime jurixdiction stanils unrMcalled iimoni,' the Ukasex of the Imperial Government a note such as that of which I herewith incloHe a copy Hhnuld hiive Ix-en addreHKed to me in the midst of our negotiiUions askinn prutoction for n UuHHJan ship to navigate in safety those very steiis and visit thoiie very shores wliicli the Court of Ku^nia has liy hucIi IukIi handed l)ecn»e« declared to ho a part of hi-r o.xclusivo dominions, and a part, toj, which the other Powers of the world are fcittiidden to iipprimch. 1 have not ye', answered this note, but if I am pressed to do so liefiire I can receive the instruc tions of lUi Majesty's (Jovornm"nl in re-pect to it, I shall certainly j^rant the certificate re(|uired as was done in a firmer and similar instance by Lord Cathoart. I have, \'c., (Signeil) CHAKLES BAUOT. IncloBure 1 in No. 44. (Counter-Drajl hi/ JiMsian /'Uniixilentiiiries.) I.es prop'.Hitions faitea par les Plenip4)tentiaires de Kussin a Sir Charles ItiiKot, et ipio ^on Kxcellenco u fli price de prendre en niAre consideration, tendoient a f.iirc admcllre Ic Sfie dvf^rv de latitude sept-ntrionalo comtne ligru- de demarcation entre les (sissessions respeclives sur la cule nord- ouest de rAmcri(|iie. Cette incma liinile a deja et« assignee aux possessions Russes par la Cliarte ipie feu I'Empcreur Paul 1" accorde a la Compagnie Americaine. Comiiie le paralide du i'lrte degn- coupe I'lle du Prince 'iiicnt incommode aux deu.\ parties inleiesscis. Pour completer la ligne lie (ii-marcation et la ttmdre aussi distincte ijuo possible, les I'liiiipo- teiitiaires de llusslo out cxprime le d<-sir du lui faire suivre le Portl;iiid Canal jumjuhux niuntagnes ipii bcinicnl la u6tR. De I'f point, la liniite remonteroit le long de ccs nionlagiies p.irallrlciufiit iiu.< siiiuo^ili's de la coU), jusi|u'ii la longitude du 131*6 degiv- (mi'ridien de Lundres), degre dont I v lig.ie de prolongation vers le nord formoroit la limitu ultcriuure ontre les possessions Husses et Angloises au nord, comme a Test. Le motif principal qui force la UusKio a iiisister stir la souveraineti' dc l,i lisitj-e ind'';'>ee plus haut sur la terro ferine depuis le Portland Canal jus(|u'au point dintersectloii du tiO avcc le 1 .i) de longitude, c'est que, privee de oe territoire, la Conipagnie Husse-Ami'iicaine n'auroit aucun nioyeii de Koiitenir les Ktablisseihens qui seroient lies lors sans point d'appui, ot qui ne |iourroient a\iiir aucune solidite. Km revanche la Kussie so foroit un devoir d'ouvrir aux sujets de Sa Majeste Britannique la libre navigation de tous les Hcuvcs qui aboutis^eiit a I'Ocean duns celte meme lisiere. Pour donner une dernierepreuve deson empivsseinent a aller au devant des vieux du Gouverno- nient Anglois, elle ouvriroit aussi au commerce des sujets de Ka .Majeste Hritannique et a leurs vaisseaux, le pjrt de Novo-Arcliangelsk, dans le cas oil les propositions ci-des.sus seroient acceptees. InoloBure 2 in No. 44. (Amended Proposal by Sir C. Bagot.) Comme il a et«.' convenu de ]jrendre pour base de iuo.sse(!o aucun Et:abliHsement sur la terre ferine entie les deux parallelcs susmcntionnces, ni meme sur ITle dn Prince do Galles, ni sur les iles qui sont situces entro celle-ci el la terro ferine. En acceptant la proposition faito par 8ir Charles Bagot dans sa premiere conference avec les Plenipotentiaires Russes, il n'y auroit (a ce qu'il paroit) qu'uii seul inconvi'nient [xnir la Russi celui qui pourroit resuller du droit que r(5clameroient peut etm les Etats-Unis, en vertu de leur Convention avec la Cirande-Bretagne de rannee 1M18, de naviguer librement dans tous les parages entre I'lle du Uoi (ioorge et la terre forme, o* dn gener ainsi do quelque sorte Ic commerce des sujets de Sa Majestr- Imperiale dans ces eauz. too Pour obvi«r a cut invonvt'nirnt ot pour iiMNurnr a la Uuuie rentier«« Houvcraineltt ()« cub purHges, ain>ti i|Uo tout«-H It-M ilen et \on cotfM oi'i il y «ne(:t.i\utuvnt des KtabliitvuionH ItuHUPit, la Ciraiuln Itreiiigiio piop«|U a la Mer Polaire. Inolosuro 3 in No. 44. (OhtrrvalioH of Rntnian l'lnHip)ttnntlari«» on Sit C, linijofn avuwU'i Pni/ionnf.) I>! motif ipii a fait propuser I'mloption dii priM^•iJ)0(lcHcohvonance.H^lutuclk■^, ot lo prcniior nvan- tage de cc priiicipc, c'cst d'cuipiclicr i|U0 Ics Kt.iljlixscincns ioM|i«.ctif(i >iur la oito nord nuent no puis'-cnt se nuiro les uii» aux autrcs ot onlrcr on cnlli.sion. lios Kuililiisciiiciis Ai);;loiii do la Ctinipai^nio do la Itaio de Hudson ot du Xnrd-Ouest tondont a e portor vers loucst par l\;t fi'iclieuses ciunplication.s. II t'toit au.ssi do lour convenancu iiiutuollo de diitornuncr ccs luiiitoH d'apres lc:> separations uatu- relies (|ui fornicnt tuiiJMur.M Ics frontieros les plus di.stinctes et les plus cortaino.s. Cest par ccs raisons ipio los PlenijKitoiitiaires do llu.s.sio ont propo.se |)our liuntos sur la cOto ilu continent uu sud, lu Portland Canal, dont I'origino uoliuro du I'ortlaiid Caiuil et le .">1" degre de lati- tude nord. opivi.sagee coinuio des possessions llushos ilan.s ICJukasedu i'',, Sopteinbre, Iflil. J. Tout le territiiiro situo I'ntrc les Etablissemens Anglois au 04' parallelo et I'origino du Port- land Channel, (|ui est au at'" paralli'lo. 3. Tout le territoiro Bilui' dorniere la chaino do montagnesdonl il a ote ipie.stion ci dessus, ju.s- <|u'au point il'inU'rsoctioii du l.'I'J'' dogre do latitude, nii'ridicn de (Jreenwicli. Le- i'lerdfjotentiaires do Sa Maje.sle luipi'riale, provoy mt nii'mo le cas oii, sur la lisiero de la cote qui appailiondroit li la Kussie, il so trouvoroit des ilcuvcs au nioyen do.s(|uel^ les Etal>lis.s(;uiens Anglois pourroient coniniunicpier avcc rOcean, se .soiit euipresHea d'otlVir, par uno stipulation evontuoilo, la libio navigation do eea tlouvos. lis ont, en outro, annonce a Son KxcclloncosirChiiries I'agot (|ue lo port do NovnArchangelsk sera ouvort au • ..lUiertc divs sujols de Sa Majesti' Ic Hoi dc la (iiunde liretagne. U'.iutie part, Its I'li'iupotentiairos dc Hussio ont I'lionnciir ilo lui olisorver iti'rativcuiont, (|Uo sans une lisicri! sur la coto du tontineni a partir du Portlund Cliainiel, lis Ktabli.sscnienls Kussps dc8 ilos du voi.^inago n'auroionl aucun point d'appui ; ipi'ils scroiont a la incrcl do coux i|Uo des etrangors fornioroicnir s\ir la torro fcinic, et quo lout arr.ingcuienl .scniblabli', loin d'etre fonde sur le principe lies convenances uiutuolles, no prikenteroit que dis dangers a Tune dps Parties et des avantages oxclusifs d I'autie. < >n ne pavlcra point ii i di's ' degrc' dc latitude nord. Cos deux [lointes ne pourroient ctre daucure utilito a la 'Irando Ltretugnc, ct si les ncuf riixicinos dc I'lle du Prince dc Callcs appartiennent a la UuHsie, il est evidounuent dun intcret rccipro(|ue que lilc appiirticnnc tout enlicre. Cci court oxposi' sullit pour justilier lo projct que les Pleni| ot*>niiaires in term viiiHirif, |ii'ih<'i|H- <|ui nV tr |MtH iiioiiiH fuiKli' lur rupiiiinii rncoiimip des jiirisltw Ics plnn ci'li'lirw, i|u« sur ruiin^t> univ('rH»'l|fiii»'iii, oIi-itm' ••iitrH 1«'h iintioiiH. l)'nprrH ec |ii'iii('i|H>, Hir (JlmrlxH Itn^nt a ooiiHtJuniiifiil Hiiiit«*nu iIhhm |i«< Ooiift'mrireH qu'ii n uu I'honneur (i'nvoir iivn: lt"< rii'iii|HitiMitiiiiit'H(lu Huhrio, tpic Mn .Miiji'sii' liii|><>li'ntiniroH di- Sn Mnji'rtti'' Iiiipi-rinlu i|Uii In ItiiNsip poHxrile d«!i l'itnliliH.it>iiiitiitH i|iU'lriitinuiiiii liU.ssi^AiiK'ric'niiio n'niiioit hiicuii iiioyt'ii iIh wouUuiir scs Klabli.ssi'iiioiilM »ur le.s ili'.i, i|ui .si'inieiii ili-s lors ^nii.H pnim il'nppui Pt tii' [MHir- roii'iit nvoir nuruiie Holiditi-. 'I'out ni');uiiiitiil foiiiit' hui' Iu coiiHidi'rntioii dp In cimveiinncn pi-ittiqiio dn In {{uhhIh dp pouvoit I'trp iiup dp plu.s ^rniid poid^, kI lit I'liiiipoti'iitiniri' dp Sn .\in jpHti- lti'itniiiiii|iii< n'lir^itn pa^ d'nlmndoniipr, pii pon^i'iiuitiicp de c(}iiisi''i-, Hnvoir, > i'IIp i|ui dpvoit |>ntispr par lo iiiilipii dp Clintliiiin .'■itrnits jiisi|u'a Ipxtri'iiiitp HPptPiiti'ioiinli' dp liVniiCaiinl Pt di- lit n .Mmil-Klins, on a I iiitorsprtion du I ID' dpirri' iIp lon'^ituili-, Pt il'i'ii propospr uiip nutrp ipii uHMiirproit ii In Uun.Mi« luin hpuIi'iiipuI hup liiji'rp .sur 1p coiitiiiptit, vis-a-viH dp IKliililKbPiiii'iil. 1p plu.s iiii'iidiiiiinl ijupIIp |)os,siilii sur \i'n iIps, iiiais i|ui lui ussiirprnit niiMsi la posspti- sioii dp loutps li's ilus ft Ips pnii.x i|ui InvoiHinPiil, ou ijiii .so Irouvpnl pini'i'is piitip cpt I'UaliliMspiiii'iil pt In tfiri-u fi'riiic, la pitssi'^sidu pidiii de tout vv i|ui jmiirioir, dovpiiir, par la ^'uite, dp i|IIpIi|UP utilili', ou pour sa solidili' ou pour .sa prosprrilp. MhIh Ip Pir'iii(MitPiitiairi' dp Sa Mnjpstp ltritnnnii|UP up pput pus adnipltrp ijUp In KuHHie accor- dcroil on asHui'proit a Sa .Mii|i'>lc'' r.iilaiiMii|UP uu noiivpl avuntH;4i' jnr .sa rpiioiiciation a la partip do la coto silui'p pnti'p rpiiilioiicriiin' du I'orllaiid Canal pt Ip dp;»ri' dp latitiidp I'nvisaj^i' i-oniiiii' liiiiilp dps possessions Itussps dans \'< luk.isp di< [•"'■il, iii nu'iiii' par sa rpiionrialiiiii a toutp pnrtif du roniineiit au iiiidi dps Ktalilissi'iiii'iis i|ui y out I'ti- di'jii t'oriiii's ; car, ipiaiid iin'iiip Sa MHJisti'.liritaniiiiiUP pmI jmiiais rpioiiiiu PC di'Kii' dp lalitudi' coiiiiiiv toi'iiiatit la lij^up d>' di'iiiaication pii autant (|u'il rp-^crdp Irs ijp.i, pIIp IIP pouiroit, d'npii's lo prinoipp rnoiipp plus haul, I'nvoir rptoiinu cmuiiip liinitp sur le roiiliiiPiit voistn, sur Ipi|up1 la Coinpni^iue dn Iu Daio iIp Hudson nvoit di^jii (''talili pliisipuii) dn 968 pontes Ips plus iuilHirtants. Ci'ltp (.Vinipn^'iiip a on iIFpI iIps I'^tablisspnions nn'iiip pri's dp la coIp, au nord du T>:i' dcfjri' ; Sa Majesli^ |{ritaniiii|iie np pourroit dono sans satrilipr Ips inti'i'i'ts dp la C'onipaH"ip renoiu'er li si's droits a la KouvprninptP de la poIp, pt dps ilps ipii pii di'pi'iidpnt iiiinii'diatpiiipnt, jusipin la hauteur dp riti' 'MV de hititudi! nord, ipipl i|Up .--oit Ip dpjjirp dp lalitiidc ipip Ion pouria ditinilivpiiipnl convpiiir dp prpndro pour liiiiitp eiitip Ips iIpu.x f'uissaneps, pn autant ipi il rdncpi'iip Ip.s ili'.s .siluips plus ii I'oupst. L'orij;iMP du I'ortliind (,'anal ppul I'lre, coiiiiiio il y a lipu do oioiip, rpinlioucliuri! de ipipli|UO tlpuvp qui I'oiili' par Ip luiliru ilu pays oce'upp par la ColiipHi^iiie iIp la I'aio do llud-.oii, pt il I'st jinr consi'qupnt duiip iinportanop iiiaji'Uio a la Ginndi' lfri'ta;;np di'ii pos-iVlir la souvi'ininpti' di's diux ri ve.s. Cp fut dans I'pspoir do pouvuir nmcilipr cis objets indisppiiJ-aliles nvpo opux du (ioUM'riiiini'iit Iiiipi'rinI, pt di'ti'miiner siiiis plus di' di'lai uiip qupstioii, qu'il paraissoit I'tre pf^ali'iiiPiit dp I iiili n't dps dpux partii's d'arraiifjpr ditiniti\piiii'nt au nioiiipiit aciuci, ijup Ip I'lriiipotpntiairp de Sa .Maji'-tp liiitan- niqup pi'il riioiinpur dp pioposor tlniis -^a di'rniiip (Jonti'ipiu'o avpc Ips I'li'iiipotciitiairps d" liussic, iiup ligiip do diiiiarcation, qui tout en consprvnnt a la Hiissie pour liinite iiirriiiioiialp sur Ips ilr.s Ip dpi;ii'' dp liititudp di'.sijjni' par I'Oukasp de \S\}i>, nssifjiiproit pn nipuie teiiis a la ( liaiidp-Hrptajitnp ]iour liinito sur la cot»' de la tprro fpriiip la latitude de 50' HO' nord. II siriiihip i|u'unii ligiip traci'o de rextn'tnitp inpridionnle du dptroit noninip " Duke of Clatpnte's Sound" par Ip milieu do po di'troil, jiisqu'au milieu du di'troit <|ui sppare les IsIps du Piincp de (iailps et du I)up li'York dp toutes les ili's >.ilui'es au nord dp'^ diti's ilts, di' In, vpis I'pst par le iniliiu du im iiie di'troit jusqu'a In tprre fpriiie, Pt .^e |ii()lon);eaiit ensuitp dans la ;lirPilion, .-■t de la nianii'ie liija proposi'i! par le Pli'iiipotentiaiic dp Sa Mniesti- Britanniiiup jus()u'ii Mont Klius, ou ii I'int'.'rseclion du 140 di'f-ri' di' longitude, forinproit une ligiip dp di'iiiartation (pii ciuuilipioit les convenaiipts iiiuluellps des deux Partip.s, et qui assurproit pi'uti'tre dune manirro satist'ai.saiitp les inti'-rets ipciproques tant actuels quo futurs des deux Kiiipires dans cette partie du globp. lOJ luoloaure No. S In 44. (Final DecUioii nf KiiimiiDi I'leHXjMilenliarvii.) LcH I*li'iii|)Oti>iitiiiiriM>iiHioiiR Angloises sur lu v6te iiord ouwt du Coiiti- nout do rAiiii'rii|u«. Atifiitivi'iiiPiit ('xiiinini'p.H pur Sa MnjvNti' Iinp'riale. ccs prupoHiliuna ne lui «nt |iutnt paru dtt nikture u puuvoir I'tie itoutfpli-oii, L'Kiiipiimur cliargu hvh I'lrnipotentiairts de dt'ulaKT itiirativenixnt a M. I'AiiilMi.sMadHur d'Angle- U-Trt> ; Qiiii la |H>sH('HRion ilc I' lie ilu IViiico do (ialluu, Kaiin unu portiuii d« territoiru Kur la cAte iiitui'e vis-^-vin (it) cetu> 111-, III- pDurmit t'lrn d'aucuiio utiliti' n lu ituiwit-. Quo tout. Ktiiblis.'-cim-iil fonm'' .sur la (lil«5 il<-, oil Hur cMtllt-s qui ri-iivirniim-iit, se trouvoruit. en qupl(|U(- Noi'tu tuunir par I«h I'italillMH.iiiiuiiK Aiifjloiii du la terre ferrii)-, rt cuiiipliii<-iit a la mi-rci do coH dui'iiiurH. Cju'<*n conm'quenuo uii arian^^Kinent mi oerait nulloroent conforuiu au priucipo di-.i uonvcnunceM tnutuolli-s. (^n'aii rr-it»-, d'apri'"* li- tt'-inolKiiHKe d<-» Cartes leu plus rt'centes publiocH en Anf{lotrrre, il ri'existe aucuii KlaliliNHiiiiionI Anglais ni .sur la c6to iiu'inp du i-ontinont iii au nord du ■'>.( (1« latitudn Nt-plpn- trionalt'. (ju'aiiiHi, iiuaiul Irh liuiiti-.s llxi'Tsaux pox.sfhttioii8 I(u'iilt)H li-s I'uissiiiicis, cncurc la Uu»»ie cxiTcrroit (-III- sur cvUv ))artii' (lu la ciMo pnViH'iiit'nl \p* iiM''in«-s dniits ipii- la tiraiKhilJrotatjiK', (i'oii il rt'sulto i|uit la (|U()stii)n (Unniit toujourH ("-tre niKoluc, i\»\\ d'apn's Ics inlt'i("'t» cxi'lusifH d'un des doux Enipiri-s, maJH di- inaniiro a concilier IcurH intorr's ri'i;lpro(iU(-H. (^uVntiii, (plant a la navi^'alion di-H fleuvcs, la KuH.sic croyait avoir ofltu-l a la (irande-Bretagne Urns les avantnacs vX tout«-s conocusioim tpio ci-lld ci pcmt dcsircr. Et (|uit dans cot rtat de cliosi-s li-s I'K'iiipntoiiliairt-s de Sa MajcKU' Inip(''ria!«' avoiont ordre d'in- mntor sur leurs pro|Kisiti'Emp(-rour i^spiT iiuc ccs Miotif.s KO>'(iiit appreci-'s par le (Jouvornenient de 8a Slajostt' Uritan- nii|U<-, i-t (pio M. rAinlmxaiKh'ur d'AnjjUfttirro l-s fwra valoir avoc cc di'sir do rapproclier les opiniuna respcL-tivps qu'il a niaiiifosU' dims tout In fours do ct'tt(i iit';{oi-ialion. Sa Majeslt- Iiiipt'-rialt- osi. au renn-t do ne pas la voir leniiini'c iK's a prr.scnt : niais ellc so tlatte <''iiale do Uussie de coitificats de«tin(!s a assurer appiii et protection aux navires ijuo ladile Soeii'tt'- dirij^e vers les oontn'es .souiiiis(>s a la domination des Puis- sances amies. H^cliant apprt'cior tous Ion avantages d'une assistance aussi eilicace, la Oonipagnie vicnt de s'adreser au Miiiist«'Te Tiiipi'rial dans le liut d'ohtenir par son interveiitioti uiie lettre do protection d'usage pour lo vaissrau " //I'line," t'oininand('- par le Lieutenant de la Marine Tchistiaicofi'. Ce lialiincnt, dont la dest ination est do porter des provisions aux Colonies de la Compagiiie, s'occu- pera en nicme teins de reeherches sciontiHuucs duns Uh parages vers les(|uels il dirige sa course. En consequence, le Soussigni' a I'lionnenr de jirior Son Excellence M. lo Chevalier de Kagot, Aiuhassudeur Kxtraordinairo et I'ii'nipotentiaire do Sa .Majeste Ilritanniipie, de vouloir Men lui trans- niettie, a I'usage du Lieutenant Tcliistiakoir, un certillcat lequel, en spi'-i^iliant le but de l'ex)M'dition, reolanierait en favour du conimaiidant etde IViiuipige un aocueil liospitnlier, et s'ils se trouvaient dans le cas d'y avoir rocou"s, une assislanco eflicace de la p irt des autoriti^s Hritaiini(]ues. Le s(iu.ssign('- seplairaiti'i reconimitredans un accueilfavrrablei'i lademande (ju'il vientd'expriraer au niiin de la Compagnie Uusse-Aini-ricaino une nouvelle preuve des relations atnicales qui existent entro les deux Cours, et il saisit, etc. (Signe.) NE.SSELRODE. St. PiiTEBSBOtJRr., le 12 Mars 1824. 103 Mo. 40. {Uudton't Bay Company to Mr. V. L'anniny — Keeein-d, A/iril .) Huuhon'h IIav Hoi;rK, I^nuun, April lU, 18l'4. SiH, — I liavn this iiKirninu laid before tlin Coniiiiittfe of t\w iludnoii'M Bay Cunipany Sir Clinrlea itngol'M ilnspiiti'li lunl piipois ciiniu-cU>N|>i>ctN to accedx to thx Iii8t piviposilion iniidi' l)y tlir Kilssiiin (iovi'rniiitiiil for th(< iirrHn)|pni(>iit of II line of (It'uiaruntioii hrlwi-eii th*! |>oHM)!tHions of Itiissin mid (!reat llritaiii un ihit loast of Nm th Ainuricu. they hio no ri'iiNon lo olijpct to it, aH it will ntti'rt their parliralur intermts, anil more espt>eially lis it u|>|ii'arH lo si-ciin' to tliftn a free acii'sn lo thii Koa for the piirnosiw of their trmle on iho whole ciuiHt lo the eiwfward of the Kt'Jth degree of longitude. They iK'g nie, liowever, to suggest the expedienc) of noiiih more delinite deniaioution on the CoiiBt than the su|i|HiHed cliaifs of mountains eontiguou-. to il, imd ihev coneeive there can he no ditli- uully in arranging this pi.int frum tiie i-xpresHJon in the proiKisitii>ii of the Kussian nogoti.itora : " l.a chaiiie des inontagnes, i|ui Kont a une treH petite iliNlatiee iles .slnuiNiteN de la cote." Neither party have any very accurate geographical infonnatioc witli respect to tlie country in the iiiiiiieiiiate noiglilMiurhooil i.f the sea, and if the iiiteiitioiis of the U,. ' -.n {ioM'rninont are fairly to he inferri'il from the words used in their proposil, the most s.iti^acti -; iii:iniier of seilliiit! tlii» point proliably would lie l>y inserting in any article providing for the liouiidary on thu inaiiiland the nearest ch.iin of mountain^, not exceeiling a few league.s of tlie const. I am desired hy the connnittre further to heg, if tlie.se ncgotii , uih him ild he hroni''^ toa s.iti.s- factory issue, that you would have the giKMlnes.s tonlaleto the Jiu . liovernment their great desire to promote a gixwl undei standing and a letipriM'ity of goinl oBices between th suliji'cls of l)oth nationM trading in those i, lole and inhoiipitalile countries. 1 have, etc., (Signtd) J. II. I'KLI.Y No. 46. (J/;', (ieurye Cuiiniiuj lo Sir C. iiinjal.) (No. 18.) FoitEinv OpFicK, April 24, 1824. Hiu, — Your despatches to No. 2.'t inclusive received here on the 1 Ith iiLStaiit liy the messenger Uratfen (after an uiiuaually expeditious journey), have lieen laid Ijefore the King. The courrier whom Voui Ivxcellency mentioiiisl as being disjKitched lo Count I.ievcn at lhe»anio time with DralVen has not yd arrived — iit least so I lenrn, from Count Lieveii. who denies having vet received the insi ructions whieli he is (iromised. I take advantiig-' of the ilep.irture of Sir Alexander Malet, whom His Majesty hiiH In-en pleased to allow to be attached to Your l')xcellcncy's Kmbas.sy (Mr. liloomtield, whose lussistance I Imd so long ago promi.sed, not being yet nbl<' t.i leave Kiigland), to acknowledge the receipt of your lale despatclips, but I must refer Your Kxcellency for any iletailed nbservalions upon lliem to w hat F slrdl write fo yeu by a messenger, whom I intend to dispatch .so soon a.s I shall have eonl'eried w itii Count Lieven on the contents of his promised instructions. 1 will not, however, defer till thatop(X)rtunity the informing Y' our Excellency that your conduct in suspending the negotiation with respect to the north-west coast of America, when you found that the uuKliliciitions, which you judiciously tiM)k upon yourself to make in your instructions, were le.t met by corresponding concession.s on the ]i,ut of the Hussi.ui (iovernment, has received Mis Nbijesty's gracious appioliation. I have referred the whole ipiestion of this negotiation anew to the (Jovernors of the Hudson's Hay Comiiany, whose Jteport I expect .shortly to receive. I have some reason (o think that that Report will recommend the policy of closing with Hu.ssian proposals rather than leaving the points in dispute unsettled for an iiidellnitc time, it will then remain to consider, after I shall have learned the leno-.r of the instructions sent to ('ount l^ieven, whether it may bo most expedient for the King's servic to carry on the ulterior di.scussions with the Uussian Ambassador here, or to authorize Y'our Excellency to resume :-nd coucludo the negotiation. I am, fic, (Signed.) GEORGE CANNING. J" 104 No. 47. (.]fr. <1. Cnntiiuy to Count Lieven.) FoiiKicix Office, 2£>tli May, 1824. [Bxtraet.] After mature cunsiilcration of the two despatches from Count NeHselrode to Your Excellency on the 5th ultimo, ccipie-i of whicli I'our Excellency had the (^(H)dnesH to put into my hands, I liave the satisfaction to acifunint Your Kxcellencv that I sliall \m enabled shortly to send to His Majesty's Aiiihassador at St.. Petersburg such instructions on the subject m'ttter of both as shall meet, in a great degree, the wishes of your (/ourt. 1. As to the line of detunroation to be drawn l)etween Russia and Mritish occupation on the north- west coast of America : Sir t'hiilm Higot's discretion will Imj so far enlarged as to enable him to admit, with coriaiii qualifications, the tt^rm li-st proposed by the ll'issian (iovorninent. The (|ualitications will consist cliietly inamoro definite description of the limit to which the strip of land required by lUissia ou the continent is to be restricted : in the selection of a somewhat more western ilegree of luiigitude as the Umndary to the nortli«'ard of Mount Klias ; in precise and positive stipuliitioiis for llif free u^'- of all rivers which may be found to emp' v tlifinselvcs into the sea within the Hussian frontif'r, and of all seas, straits, and waters which tlie limits ;issigned to Russia may com- prehend. It can har.lly be expected tlmt we should not also put in our claim for the like privileges of trade as are, or may be, stipulated with Russia by any other nation : and we take for granted that the exclusive claims of navigation and jurisdiction over the North Pacific Ocean, which were put forward in the Ukase of September, 1821, are to be altogether withdrawn. No. 49. (Mr. O. Cnnninij to -Sir C. Dagot.) (No. '.) KoiiEKiN- Office, May 29, 1824. Sin, — I tranbinit to Your Kxcollency a copy of a letter wliich I have addressed to Count Lieven uj)0M the subject-matter of two despatches from Count Nesselrode to txmnt Lieven. which that Ambivssiidor communicated to me, and copies of which 1 also enclose. Your Excellency will learn from my letter to Count Lieven that you may expect definite instruc- tions I'ery shortly, both f'W the conclusion of the negotiation relating to the northwest coast of America, and to the proposed Conference on the pacification of (!reece. I hope to dispatch a messenger to Your Excellency with these instructions in the course of the next week. Meantime the enclosed pnper will put Your E.\cellency generally in possession of the sentiments of His Majesty's (jiovernment upon these several subjects. I>ut Your Excellency will not take any step upon them until you shall liave received my promised instructions. I am, itc, (Signed) GEORGE CANNING. No. 50. (Mr. (j. Vnuitiiif/ to Sir C. Itnijot.) (No. 26.) FoHEiON Officr, July 12, 1824. Sill, — After full consideration of the motives which are allei:ed by the Russian Government for adhering to their last propositions respecting the line of demarcation to bo dr.iwn l)etween Rritish and Russian occupancy on the northwest coast of .\mer;ca ; and of the comparative inconvenience of admitting some relaxation in the terms of your Excellenc ''s hist inslruction.s, or of having the question between thetwo (Jovernmenis unsettled for an indefinite I i, le, His Majesty's Government have ><'solven between Ilussia and the United States of America. By the American Article the right of visiting respectively and resorting to each other's possessions is limited to ten vears. This limitation is let't in l)lank in the " Proj. t." We .should have no objection to agree to the Article without any limitation of time. We should prefer a longer period (say twen'.y years) trrn.i points rela- tifs au commerce, I'l la navigiiicjn, ct aux pcchcries rie leurs .sujets sur I'Occan P.icirKpic, aipsi (|ue les limites de leurs possessions et <''t.jiblissenii'ns sur la cote nord ouest igato and trade along the said line of coast, and along the neighbouring islands. ."> That the navigation and connnerce of those rivers of the contintnt which cross this line of coast shall be open to British subjects, as well as to those inhabiting or visiting th'" interior of this continent, as to tho.so coining from the Pacific Oceuii, who shall touch at these latitudes. AiniCLK l\'. The port of Sitka or Nova Arcliarigelsk shall be, and shall for ever remain, open to the commerce of the subjects of Ilia Britannic .Mnjesty. Article V. With regard lo the other parts of the north- west coast of .\m('rici, and of the islands aary store.s, and to put to .sea again, without the pay- ment of any duties except port and lighthouse dues not exceeding those paid by nationil vessels. In cas", however, the master of such ship should be obliged to dispose of some of his merchandise in order to defray his expenses, he shall conform himself to the regulations and tariffs of the place where he may have landed. Article VITI. In every ca«e of complaint on account of an infraction of the articles of thf> present convention, the olHcers employed cm eillier side, without pre- viously engaging themselves in any violent or for- cible measures, shall make an exact anil circum- stantial report of the matter to their respective courts, who will arrange the same, according to justice, in a friendly manner. Article IX. The present convention shall be ratified, and [ the ratificalions shall be exclianged at within the space i)f months, or sooner, if possible. In witness whereof, the respective plenipoten- tiaries have signed the same, and have atHxod thereto the seals of their arms. Done at the day of , in the year of Our Ixird 1824. Artici.k VII. Losvaisseaux Britaiiiiii|Ui's et Uiissi-s naviguant dans ces mers, (pii soTimt forci's par des tempi'les, OU par (luehiue autre accidmt, li se refugier dans les ports respcctifs, pourront s'y radouber et s'y pourvoir de toutes choses in'ccs.'iaires, et se remel- tre en mer librement, sans payer aucun di'oit hors ceux de port et des fanaux, ((ui n'excedenjnt p.as ce (jue payent les navires indiacncs. A moins i|uo le patron dun tel naviro ne so tnmveroil dans la ni'cessite de vendre cpielipio niarchandise pour diifrayer ses depen.ses ; iiu (piul ca.s, il scia tcnu de se coiiformer aux ordoiinanct'sel tarifsde I'enrlroit ou il aura alK)rdi''. Article VIII. Dans tous les cas de plainte par rapport a I'in- fracti.m des Articles du pri'sent accord, les ofliciers et employes de part et d'autre, sans se permettre au prcalable aucune violence ni vye de fait, seront tenus de rendre un rapport exact de I'affaire et de ses circonstance.s, aux Cours respectives, les- quelles la termiiieront selon la justice et a I'ami- able. Articlk IX. La presente convention sera ratifiee, et les rati- fications en seront echani-ties a dans I'espace de mois, ou plus t6t si faire se peut. En foi de quoi les PliMiipotcntiaires rcspectifs I'ont signde, et y ont appose le cachet de leurs armes. Fa< a le I'an de Gnice ;824. m No. 61. (J/r, G. Canning to Sir C. Bagot.) (No. 29.) FouEKis Offick, •24ih July, 1824. SiH, — Tlie "Projet" of a Convention which is incloiect in uiy No. 26 liaving been coinmuni- catetl by me tu Count Lieven, with a re(|ueiit that Hi.i Excellency would note any pointH in it upon which he coiiceivee necesHary, I have received from HiM Excellency tlie Memorandum a copy of which is herewith inclosed. Your Excellency will ob.scrve that there are but two pointn which have struck Count Lieven as susceptible of any question. The tinst, the assumption of the bnso of the mountains, insteatl of tlie summit as the line of buundary ; the second the extension of the right of the navigation of the I'acifio to the sea lieyomi Uehring's .Straits. As t<} the first, no great inconvenience can arise from your Excellency (if pres-sed for that alteration) consenting to substitute the summit of the mountiiin.s in.stead of the seaward base, provided always that the .stipulation as to the extreme distance from thfc coast to which tlio lisicre is in any case to run, be a(lo[)ted (which distance I have to repeat to your Excellency should bo made p.s short as possible), and provided a stipulation be added that no forts shall be established or fortitioatioiis erected by either party on the summit or in the passes of the mountains. As to the second point, it is perhaps, as Count Lieven remarks, new. But it is to be remarked, in return, that the circumstances under which this a'iditional security is required will be new also. By the territorial demarcation agreed to in this " Projet," Russia will liecotne possessed, in acknowledged sovereignly, of Ixith sides of Behring's Straits. The Power which could think of making the Pacific a nmrf. diiumini may not unnaturally Ije supposed capable of a dispii .ion to apply the same character to a strait comprehended between two shores of whi^h it b'-oomes the undisputed owner ; but the shutting up of Behring's .Straits, or the power to shut them up hereafter, would be a thing not to be tolerated by Engl:ind. Nor could we submit to be excluded, either positively or con.structively, from a sea in which the skill and science of our scaineu has been and is still employed in enterprises interesting not to this country alone, but to the whole civilize induced to fjrant to any Power the privilege to navi- gnte and trade in perpetuity v^ithin a country the full sovf^reignty of which was to belong to Russia ; and that such p«?rpetual concession was repugnant to all national feeling, and wai inconsistent with the very idea of ^iovereignty. As regards the third point, the Russian Plenipotentiaries declared that the coasts of North America extending from the fiOth degree of north latitude to Behring's Slraitn, the lil>crty to visit which, under certain conditions, ih stipulated in the " Projot " by Great Britain, in return for a similar lil>erty to lie given, under the same conditions, to Russian subjects to visit the North American coasts belonging to His Imperiiil Majesty, and that it is not tlie intention of His Imperial Maje-sty to grant to any Power whatever for any perunl of time the liberty which is re<)uiree to mixlify the " Projet " so far aa regarded them, the negotiations must be considered as at an end. It is, T l>elieve, scarcely necessary tha', after having stated this, [ should trouble you with any further obsn lations upon the subject. The other dillcrences which exist between the "Projet" and the "Contre-Projet," though nunii-rous, are, as I have saifl before, of minor importance, and such as would, I think, hive l)een easily adjusted. What they are will be best shown by the " ConlreProjtt " inclosed. I hope that His Majesty's Government will give me credit tor not having too ha.stily supposed that the oiijeotions urged by the Russian Plenipotentiaries were insunnountable. I am, 1 think, too well nctiuainted with, and have too long negotiated upon, this subject to have deceived myself in this respect, and I am fully |)ersuadeii, from what has pa.ssed between Count XessehiHle, M. I'olctica and myself since the arrival of your instructions, that the determination of the Russi.in (lovernment is now taken rather to leave the ijuestion unsettled between the two Governments for any indeiinite time, than to recede from their pretensions so far jis they regard the three points wliich I have particularly specified. In closing yesterday the Conference, which a.ssured me that all further chance of negotiation was, for the present at least, terminated, I thought it my duty to remind the Russian Plenipotentiaries that the maritime jurisdiction assumed by Russia in the Pacific, which he had hopt d to see revoked in the simplest and least unpleasant manner by mixing it with a general adjustment of other points, remained, by the breaking off of our negotiatiims, still unretracte> partont oil ily auraun Ktiiblissement de I'une des llautes Puissances Ccmtractantes, les sujets de I'autre ne pourront y alMirdur sans la permission du Conunandant ou girepose du lieu, sauf les cas d'accidens ou tie tenipi-U'. 3. Que la lil)crte d'; commerce ci-dessus mentionnde ne comprendra ni les liqueurs spiritueupes, ni les armes a feu et armes blanches, ni la puudre a canon et autres munitions de guerre ; tous articles quo les llautes Puissmces Contiactantes s'engatent leciproquenient a iic pas lai^S(•^ v(!ndre par leurs sujets respoitifa aux naturels de la c6te et des iles nord ouest de rAmiTiqiie. ■I. Quesur la lisicrede laditecoto indiquee en I'artiule II de la prcsen to Convention comraeappar- tenante ix la llus-sie les sujets de Sa Majesttj Uritannique jouiront a perpctuite de la libre navigation (les lleuves, soit (|u'ils liahitenl I'inti-rieur du continent, soit ([u'lls voulent y arriver de I'Occun Pacifi que au nioyen de ces nu'Mues (leuves. 5. Que le port de iSitka ou Novo- Archangelsk sera ouvert, pendant dix ans, au commerce (Stranger et qu'a I'oxpiration de ce tenne cettc franchise seia runouvelce suivant les convenances de la Russie. Article IV. A Tavpiiir no pourra etre forim- aucun Ktablissement pn:- les sujets de Sa JInjestd Hritanni(|Uu dans les liuiitcs des possessions Husses designees aux articles I et II et de ineine il n'en pourra itre foruK) aucun par K-s sujets de Sa Majeat(j I'empereur do Toutes les Hussi(?s hors des dites liiuitis. Articlr V. Les llautes Puissances C intractantes stipulent en outre que icuia sujets respectifs navigueront librement, sur IcmU! I'ctenduedc I'fJci'an Pacitique, tant au nord qu'au sud, sans entrave i|uclc(iiii|uc, et (ju'ils jouiront du droit de pcclie en haute nicr, n,ais (lue cc droit ne pourra jamais ('lie exerct' (jua la (listance de 2 iieues marine.-^ des cotes ou possessions, soit Kusses, soil Uritaiiiiiques. AnTicLK VI. Sa Majcste I'Kinpereur de Toutes les Hussies, voulant nu'ineilonner une preuveparticuliire do ses egards pour les iut^rets des sujets de Sa Majesttj Britanniijue et rendre plus utile le uccis d'entre- prises, (|ui auraient pour ri-auitat de decouvrir un |iassago au nord du Contin.'nt Anu'rii^ain, cons^unt a ce que la liljerte de na\ i^'alion niuniionnee en I'Arl.icle pr(jucdent s eteude sous les incnies conditions, Bu JX'troil do Hehring et a la uier silu(5e au nord de ce detroit. Article VII. Les vaisseaux Russes et Britannicjues navijruiint sur I'Ocean Paci.'que et la mer cidessus indi- (|Ui'e, qui seraient forces par les tempeles ou par ((uel(|ue avaiie, de se ri'fugier dans les ports respec- tifs des IlauleS Parties Conti'actaiitei, pourroni s'y radoi.lier, s'y piiur\its (jue ceux de port et oji'h Bav H0U8K, London, Octolior 20, 1824. Sir, — I duly received Lord Francis Conyn^hum'g letter of the 19th inHtiiiit, with its incloHurr.s, and it does not npj)par to ine that the Counter-Project of Uusxia is so es.sentiiilly ditFerent from the one which His Majesty's Ministers have considen.'cl it atlvi.sable to propose to Russia as far as the Hudson's Bay Company are concerned, to reject it, except in the 'Jtid Article, which slioiild more accurately define the eastern iioundary from the Purtlnnd Canal to the (ilst degree of niirth latitude to l)e the chain of mountains at a " trespetito distance de la cote," hut tliat if llie summit of those moun- tains exceed 10 leagues, that the said distance tio sul>stituted instea,'ement had it heen pnicticahlB to have made the Strci^ht between the mainland and the island.s instead of the mountains the division not only as a more natural one, hut would have prevented the possibility of c-illision of the traders of the two countries, and it this could be now obtained, relin(|uishin;{ the proposed license of visitin;^ and trading with the natives for a term of years in that part of the territory to which Hu^tsia is to be acknowleil|.;ef| as entitled to the sovereignty. I think it would l)e advi.sable, but if not, practicable, we should fuive the same privileges as were granted to the Americans. On a former occa.-^icm I [iro- posed the JStreight as the line of demarcation u))on the principle of preventing collision, which was not only my idea, but you will recollect was oni^ of the principal reasons stated by Itussia for proposing a division of territory ; and when it is considered the large tract that is conccdetl to the westwaid of the 139th degree of longitude to which Russia can have no better right than (irent I'lriudn, and which it is hoped Captain Franklin may be the first European who will explore, and that the only pretension she has to the coast between the 59th and 54th degree of latitude is the having mai/ure of thu vesMel, hut by pflimllicH to Im |iresi'ril)e (Inte of the 'I'rcuty. This Uonvention nmy \te ii-^tirdi'd uh a Hccond Rif{nal pflect of the manly and in(ipj)endenl Mes- HLfto of our IVtsidi'Mt to thu lute Coiij{ivhs. If the Kinjioror Alexander had left it to our (iovcrnincnt to fix the terms of the Trt-iity, it oould not raoro completely hiivo secured all our interests in the Pacific. Wu ciingriiluhite (he country upon this new evidence of the excellence of the hysteu) which has been pursued by our present Administratiun. Na OO. (i^j'. G. Cnnning In Count Litv«n.) IcKwooiiTU, Octolier '2't, 1824, Mv Deah Count liiKVKS, — I cannot refrain from sending t<> your Kxcellcncy the inclosed extract from an American newsp iper, by which you will see that I did not exaggerate what I 8tateiiii reHjwotinK tlii' liuiitit of t«rriti>rial poMCHHinnb on llie C'iintin*xcluHive ildininion ovi>r tlio I'acilic ctiulil nolcontinuii lunK'T uni't'|i<^Al«(l without t'oinpclliuf; UM to tiiku Moiot* meanuro of pulilic mid t-flt-ctual r«inon.>truni'u UK'tiiiNt it. You will therpforp tuke care, in tlip first iiistJiiicc, lo rupicss any attempt to give thin chanKu to tlio ciiiiractpr of tlm nouotiation, and will dool iro without rcsitrve tliat ilm point to which aljiie the 8olii;itu(i(Mif thu llritmh (JuvKriani'nt and the jealouKy of th« ItriliHh nation attach any ^rcat iinport- aiicu is thu doing away (in a manner uh little diHagioHuljUi to HusHia as poiuilile) of the oH'cct of thu Ukase of 1821. That this I'kasu is nolactcd upon, uiwi that instructions have l>oi'n longagoscnt hy thu liussiaii (ioVHrniumit to tlmir cruiKors in the I'iicitic to su.ipiwid tlie exi-cutioii of its provisions, is truo ; hut a private lii.savowal of a puhlished claim is no .security against the re\ival of that cluiui. The suH|ien-ion of the execution of a principle may lie perfectly compatHile with the continued maintunaiKM' of the principle itself, and when wu have seen In the courst- of this negotiation that the Kussiari claim to the pcissessioii of the coaRt of America down to latitude 59 rests in fact on no other ground tlcin the presumed aci|Uicsceiicu of tlie nations of Kurope in the provisions of an I'kase puhlished by the Kmpci'or I'aul in the year 18U0, against which it is atllrmcd that no pulilic remonstrance was made, it liecomes us to he oxcccjingly careful that we do not, liy a similar neglect, on the present occasion, allow a similar presumption to he raised as to an acipiie.scence In the Ukase of I.Sl'1. The light of the subjects of H's Majesty to navi^'ale freely in the Pacific cannot he held as matter of indulgence fioiu any I'ower. Having once Uu'ii juililicly ipiestioned, it must ho puhlicl)' acknowledged. We do not desire that any di^itinct reference should be made to the Uka.se of 1821 ; but we do feel it necessary that the statement (;f our right, should lie clear and positive, and that it should staiul forth in the Convention in the place which properly belongs to it, as a plain and substantive stipula- tion, and not be lirouglit in a.s an incidental consequenco of other arraiigenientH to which we attach comparatively little iuipoitance This stipulation stands in the front of the Convontiou concluded Uitween Kussia and the I'nited Status of America; and we see no reason why upon .similar claims we sleuld obtain exactly the l-ko satisfaction. For reasons of the same nature we cannot consent that the liberty of navigation through Itehring's Straits shouUl be stated in the Treaty as a boon from Hussia. The tenilency of such a statement would be to give countenance to those claims of exclusive jurisdiction against which we, and on that of the whole civilizeil worli!, protest. No specification of this sort is found in the Convention with the United States of America, and yet it cannot be doubted that the Americans consider tlicm.selves as secured in the right of navi- gating ISehring's .StraitH and the sea beyond them. It cannot bo expected that England should ri-ceive ax a boon that which the United States hold as a right so unciuestionable as not to be worth recording. Perhaps the simplest course after all will be to substitute, for all that part of the " Projet " and '■ Counterl'idjet " which relates to maritime rights and lo navigation, the first two Articles of the Con- vention already concluded by the Court of St. Petersburg with the l.'nited States of America, in the order in which they stand in that Convention. llussia cannot mean to give to the United States of America what she withholiis from us ; nor to withhild from us anything that she has con.sented to give to the United States. The unif.untHinii •.hniiM 1m' the )K>un(liiry, with the cotKlilioti if thone iiiotiiitninK, Hhimhi not be found to extend heyon'! ill li'ii(5iit'« fmin the oonnt " Tlie KuiHiiin I'lrnipotpntiiirioH now propo«e to tJike the dJHtiinct' invai'iiililv iih tln> rule. Hut we cannot I'onxent to this chiiii>.'e. 'ilie inounlHinn, nN i li»ve Mid, lire n more clit;ilile iHiunilary ilian any iniaKiinry line of deuiarciition, and thiH liein^ their own nriginal pni|MHition llic KiiKi^inn HlenipotentiHrirN cannot reanoimhly refrnte to adhere to it. Where the Miountainn are the lH)undary, we are content lo take the miinmit iiiHtend of the " »ea- wnrd haM- " hh tlie line of diMiiarcation I oiiiittcii in iriy last inxtructiunN to Hir Charleit HaK<>t, thouf{h I had Hi)(niried to Count Lieven, that I intended t-o recpiire a small extension of the line of ijeniarcation from the jxiint wheie the/»«i(''r« on the coast terniinatei in latitiid>> (iH to th« imrthwarH. 'I he exteimion required i» from \3\)' to 141' wnxt lonsituHo, the latter U-inK the parallel which falU more directly on Mount Klias With rejfani to the porii of Sitka, or New-Archnn){ol, the otl'er came originally from Hunnia, hut we are not disposed to oliject to the re«triL'tion which xhe now applic!" to it. We are content that the jxirt nhall he open to us for ten years, ]irovided only that if any other nation obtains a iimre extended term, the like term shall In- extended to us aUo. We are content also to aHsij^n tlie pericMJ of ten years for the reciprocal lil)erty of accwM and commoire with eaoli other's territories, which Htipulation may l>e U'St Htated precisely in the tonuM of Article l of the American Convention. These, I think, are the only pointH in which altnintionR are require of the Convention, hut not as prescriliini; the pieci.se form of woi-ds, nor fettering your discretion as to any alterations, not varying from the substance of these instructions. It will of couise strike the Huasian Plenipotentiaries that by the adoption of the American Article rcsppcting rmvigalion, itc, the pnivision for an excliiBive tlshery of two leagues from the coo«t» of our respective possessions fulls to the ground. but the omission is in truth immaterial. The law of nations nnsigns the exclusive sovereigtity of 1 league to each Power on its own coasts without any s|iecific stipulation, and though !Sir Charles Magot was authorized lo sign the Conveiitior with the specilic stipulation of two leagues, in ignorance of what had been decided in the American Convention, at the time, yet, after that Convention has lieen some in'mths liefore the world, and after the opportunity of consideration has Ijeen forced upon us by the act of liussia herself, we cannot now consent, in negotiuting rf* tioro, to a stipulation which, while it is absolutely unimportant to any prac- tical gooil, would iippenr to estiblisha contract lietween the United .States and us to our disadvantage. Cuuiit Nesselroile himself has frankly admitted that it was natural that we should expect, and reasonable that we should receive, at the hands of Russia, ecpial measure, in all respects, with the United .States of America. It remains only in recapitulation, to remind you of the origin and principles of this whole negotiation. It is no! on our part, essentially a negotiation about limits. It is a dern.md of the re[)eal of an offensive and unjustifiable arrogation of exclusive jurisdiction over an ocean of nntneasured extent; but a ilemand qualilied and mitigated in its manner, in order that its justice m«y be acknowledge rirlnridc, »t Sn Miijt-iitt' rKrii|H>r('ur tin T(iu(«ii Imt HiiMHixM, tii-Nirniit rcmpirnr Ipi lirim rl'itiiiiti)' (^i> r('ci|irti<|Ui', (liDrriMiH |ioinU mUtif^ ail cuiiiiiiHrcH, 4 In nnviuiition, otaiix (M'clin- ricH (1(1 louPK mijflit nur I'l )c(''nii l'iic'iti(|U(-, iiiiiMi i|uu leH liinitoH (Id l(!urit |>(iNM(wsiiiiis«l ('laliiiNNHiiienfiHur III cot*^ iKinl iiii(4>t (lit i'Aiiii rii|iii', IdUi'H iliu*! MiijdHti'H (lilt iiiiiiiiiir (li-K l'l(''iii|Hitciitiiiii'es [Miur ddiirliii'i- uiid (Niiivciilidii II eel cllct, Miivdir : — Sii .Mitji'sli'li' Uiii (ill ItiiyiiuiiiC'l'iii lie III (iriindn- HrcliiHiKi ft lie riilaiiilc, v\l: ; I'ltSa MiijdHti- rKiiipcrcurdoToutcH les Kuwies, die, ; LeM(|uel!i, apri'S NV'tra i'(Vipi-(i(|Uoiii(int cdiiiiiiuni- ((ikW luiirs pl«iiis pouvoirs i-mtpectifs, tinuv.'M on Ikiiiiiu I'l (luu t'uiiuu, ttuiil uouvuiiUH dds Ai'tiultMt HuivanN ; — Artici.k I. II est cdiivi'tiu i-nlid lo.M IIii- cs I'miics Contrac- tiiiitc8 ((111' li'Uis sujets ri'spci tit's nuvijjiicnmt libro- ineiit, dans liiiitd riteiiiiud t\f rOci'iin l'ii<'ilii|Ut', y (.'iiiiipri.H III iiii'i' III! dediins ilii ili'triiit di' do Hell- linKi Pt lid Meriiiil piiiiil liniiliir's ni innlcsit'H :— 1. I'jii cX' iiiit jcuicoiniiici'cc ct li!Ui's pdulipring duns tonli'> s piirlifs dii dil nri'iin, tiiiit iiu nurd i|u'iiu Hud. Mien rntcnnii ijui- la dito lil)('rl('' iln pi'ohcrii's ik? sdiii cxcrcci' pur Ics suji'ts dc 1 line dos deux Puis- Niinccs i|u'ii III di.s^.'incd dc :i liitucs iiiaritinieH (let possoHsioiiM ivsp(>cliv('s (If rimiid. Ahtici.k II. 2. La ligni' si'pnriitivd cntrd les p la iiianirid .suivaiite :-- Kn o(iniiii('iii;iint dis puinls do I'ild ditc du Prince dr (Jalli's, (|ui dii t'orniciit IVxtriiiiiili' iiu'iidionalf, ldS(|U9ls piiiiits sont silui's suns la parallfle (Id 54° 40' dt pntrc- le U!l tl le \XV ddj/r.' dd longitudd oiicst (nu'rididii dc Ciiecnwicli), la li^ncde la fron- tici'd eiitre Ics possdssions l!ritantiii|ucs dl Husscs reiiioiitera au nurd par la passp ditc Portland CMiannel iii»(|u'ii cd (in'clld touchc a la ci'itc dc tcrre fcriiip silui'c HU 5() dci,'r('' dc latitudd nord. I)e Cd point elld Huivia ccttd C(">tp piiriil clement (i sea sinuDsitt's, et sous cu diinH la liiise, vers la Mer des jVlontagrieF, (|ui lahordcnt, jusi|u'au l.'i9 dc lonjji- tudd ouest du (lit incridicii. Et do la la susditc lignc nu'ridionalc du 13U° de Imigitude (lucst, en SI prolongation jusqu'a la Mcr tilaciiilc, forinera li limile dcs possessions |{riliUini(|ues et Itusses sur le (lit Continent dc rAirn'riijuo du nord-ouest. Akticlk II r. II est convenu n(>aninoins,par rapport aux stipu- lations dd I'Article prcci'dent : — 1. Que la susdite lisicre de cote sur le Conti- nent de rAin(;ri(iue forinant la liniite des posses- sions Husses, ne doit, en aucun cas, s'l-tendrc en 1. Dans TArticlo uorrespondant Ihs Pk-nipolen- tiaires de Uussie out supprimi' Ics mots " en cxer- (..■ant leur commerce," pared i|uil Icur a paru (juc cet Article sd rapportcrait priiicipalpiiient ii la navi- gation CM haute iiidr, et (lu'eii haute mer il n'y a pas dd coiiiiiierce [iossilil(>. D'ailleurs, tout cp i|ui concernd les relations coniinercialps so trouve n'-gli' par d'autres Articles. '2. Article II. — Cet Article est le premier du contre-projdt Uusse : — Coiniiie dcs I'ouverture des negociations I'exi-cu- tioii do I'Oiika.se de \H2\ avnit t'tc sus|ieTi(lud en oe <\a'\ regarde lexortice de la juri.sdiction mari- time, la question Icrritoriale I'tiiit la plus essen- tiello que les deux Puissances eussent u rt'.soudre. C'est done par di'tinir les possessions respectives (jud nous coiniiieii(;iiiis dans iiotre coiitrn prujet. IjPS possessions une t'ois di'linies vidiindiit imturel- lenient les stipulations relatives aux droits (|ui s'y rattachent, ot aux iiriiilcges ipii poiirmnt y (;tre exerci'S dc part et d'liutro. A ces claust-s succiv dent celles qui out rapport iV la navigation de r< )e(''an Pacitique, et (pii so rangent toutes sous le meiiid cl' -t'. L'ord .e des matieres gagiie a co systerne de redacti n, et il nous .scinble en gcncrnl que I eix)- noinie de notro contie-projet ottrirait plus de clartti. Nous avons, du resip, en changeant lours places, conserv(! uma les Articles du projet Britannii|uc 118 larjjeur, depuis la iner vers I'interieur, hu dela de la (listnnce de lieuea nmritimes (3) a (juelque distance que tieront les suudites luontngnes. 2. Que les sujets Hrilanniciuea n:ivigueront et cominerceront librement a perpi'tuite (4) sur ia dite lisii're do cote, et sur celle des ties qui I'avoi- sinent. 3. Quo la nnvij^ation et le coiiimeice desfleuves du continent traversans cette lisiore, seront libres aux sujets Kritanniques, tant a coux haVjitanH ou fri'quentans I'interieur de ce continent, (ju'A ceux (|ui aljorderont cos parages du cot(5 de I'Ocean Pacitique. Article IV. (5) Le port de Sitka, ou Novo-Archangelsk sera et restera a jamais ouvert au commerce des sujets dc ba Majestt? IJritanniiiue. Article V. (6) Par rapport aux autres parties des c6tes du Ciintine'it de l'Amt'ri(|ue du nord-ouest et des ties (|ui Tavoisinent, appartenantes a I'une et a i'autro des deux Hautes. Parties Contractantes, il est convenu quo pendant I'espace de di.. ans a comp- ter du Avril, 1824, leurs vaisseaux respectifs, et ceux dc leuis sujets, pourront reciproquement frequenter, sans entrave, los golphcs, havres, et crii]ues des dites cotes, dans des endroits nou dt5ja (iccupes, afin d'y faire la poche et le commerce avec les naturels du pays. Bien entendu : — 1. Que partout oil il se trouvera un etab!is^e- ment de I'une des Hautes Patties Contractantes, les sujets de I'autro ne pourront y aborder, sans la permission du Commandant, ou autre prt5pose do cpt endroit a moins qu'ils n'y seront forces par tempetes ou quelqu'autrc accident. 2. Quo la dite liberte de commerce ne compren- dra point celui des liqueurs .spiritueuses, ni des amies a feu, des amies bianche.s, de la poudre a canon, ou d'autres espeees do munitions de guerre ; tous lesqueis articles les deux Puissances s'engagent rdciproquement de ne point Inisser vendre ni tiansforer en niiMiiere (luelcomiuo aux indigenes lie ces pays. ARTICLE VI. Dort'navant il ne pourra etro forme par les sujets Prilanniqiies, .lucun etaljlissement, ni sur les lotes, ni sur la lisirre du continent comprises dans les limitcs des jios-se-ssions Husses dusigtu'os par r Article II ; et, de memo, il n'en pourra |)as etre forme aucun par des sujets Ilusses liors des dites limites. ARTICLE VII. Les vaisseaux 15ritanni(|ues et Pufscs navigans dans ces mers qui seront foi ji's par des tompetes ou par quelqu'autres accidents a se ri5fugior dans les ports respectifs, pourront ay radouber, et s'y pourvoir de toutes choses necessaires, et se remettre en jnev lilirement, sans payer aucun des droits, hers ceux de port et do fanaux, qui n'o-xcederont (3) Dans le premier paragraphe de cet Article, comnie dans 1' Article II, nous avons supprim^ toute mention des uiontagnes qui suivent les sinuo- sites de la c6te. Etie deveuait inutile, du moment ou I'on tixait en lieuea marines, lalargeurde la lisiere de terre ferine qui appartiendrait a la Uussie. (4), (5) et (C). Notice depeche au Comte Lieven renferme toutes les explications necessaires, ([uant aux passages soulignes dans ces divers Articles. Tous les autres n'ont subi, dans notre contre- projet, (|ue de legers changements de redaction qui avaient pour but d'y rendre les stipulations encore plus precises et plus faciles a saisir dans leur vrai sens. 119 pas ce que payent les navires indigenes, a moins que le patron d'un tel navire ne se trouverait dans la necessite de vendre quolque niai-chandise pour defrayer ses depsnses, auquel cos il sera tenu de se conforraer au:: ordonnances et tarits de I'endroit oil il aura abord(!. AHTICLE VIII. Dans tous les cas de plainte par rapport a I'in- fraction des Articles du present accord, les olficiers et employes do part et d'autre, sans se permettre au pr^alable aucune violence ni voie de fait, seront tonus de rendre un rapport exact de raflfaire, et de ses circonstances, aux Cours respectives, les- quelies la tenuineront selon la justice et a I'ainiable. ARTICLE IX. La pr^sente Convention sera ratifiee et les rati- fications en seront ^cliangi^'es a dans I'espace de mois, ou plus tot si faire se peut. En foi de quoi les Plenipotentiaires respectifs I'oiu signee, et y ont appose le cachet de leurs amies. ^^^'^ '■' . lo , I'an de grace DRAFT CONVENTION WITH RUSSIA EMBODYING CANNING'S FINAL INSTRUC- TIONS TO STRATFORD CANNING (INCLOSED IN CANNING'S LETTER OF 8TH DECEMBER, 1824). His :Majesty the Kin;, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and His Majesty the Emperor of All the R.u.ssias, l)ein,j desirous of drawing still closer the ties of good undorstandin r and friendship which i,iiit.. uiom hy means of an Agreement which sliall settle, upon the basis of reciprocal convenience, ^h.; uihert'nt points connected with the coinnierce, navigation, and fi.^!ierie.s of their subjects on the Pnciiio Ocean, as well as the limits of their pos.sessioiis on the north-wesi coast of A.nerica, tl'eir said 7"ajesties have named their Plenipotentiaries to conclude a Convention for this purpose, that is to say : His Majesty the Kiiii,' of the United Kingdom of Great I'.ritain and Iivland, i:c. And His Majesty the Emperor of All the Russias, &o. Who, after having communion ted to each t)tlier their respective full powers, found to be in due and proper form, have agreed upon and concluded the following Articles :— ARTICLE I. It IS agreed that the respective subjects of the High Contracting Parties shall nut be troiib|..d or niolestwl in any part of the Great Ocean, coiiimoiilv called the Pacilic Ocean, either in navi-atiii.' the swue, in tishing there, or in landing at such parts of the coasts as shall not have been already occu- pied, in order to trade with the natives, under the restrictions and conditions .specified in the following Articles ARTICLE II. In order to prevent the right of navigating and fishing exorcised "Don the Groat Ocean by the subjects of the High Contracting Partie.s, from becoming the pretext for an illicit commerce it is agref^ that the subjects of His iiritannic Majesty shall not land at any place where there shall be r Kussian establishment, without the permission of the principal otHcer in authority there, and on the other hand, that Russian subjects shall not land without similar permission, at any Ih-itlsh establish ment on tlie north-west coast. IflO ARTICLE III. The line which separiites the posxessions of the two High Contracting Parties upon the continent and the islands of Aineritvi to the north-west, shull \ie drawn in the manner following ; — Commencing from the southernuiost point of the island called " Prince of Wales " iHland, which point lies in the parallel of i)i 40', und hetwci-n the Kilst and 13;Srd degree of west longitude (meridian of Greenwich), the line of frontier between the British and Uussian possessions shall ascend northerly (the whole of Prince of Wales Island belonging to Russia) along the channel called " Port- land Channel '' till it strikes the coast of the continent in the 5Gth degree of north latitude. From the point where the line of demarcation strike.s this degree it shall be carried along the summit of the mountains parallel to the cofust as faros the 1 40th degree of longitude west of the said meridian ; thence the said mondian line of HOtli degree west longitude, in its extension as far as the Frozen. Ocean, shall form the boundary of the British and Russian possessions on the Continent of America to the Morth-west. Provided, nevertheless, that if the summit of the aforesaid mountains shall turn out to lie, in any part of their range, at more than the distance of 10 marine leagues from the Pacitick, then that, for that space, the line of demarcation shall be a lino parallel to tlie coa.'tt ani"«d into the "Projet " such as I presented It to them at h St, w,ll be tound, I conceive, to be in strict conformity with the ..pi.it and substance a on the sttip of h.nd on the north-west coast of America assigned to Russia is laid down in the Con bvr vour inlr?.*""' f 1 T" """' ^'''''''"' ^'"^' ^ '"^^'^ "'"«' ^^'^''^d .nyself of the latitude affoi-dmi sharm w!.T.°'"'"*''" ''T '"^'8°''*'<^'? ,''y th'' ""^^i"" plenipotentiaries, and at first it was suggested in a Irivlt beTuT" .m,r °'''r'".r"''' "^f ^'^ r'"'"'' ^^ '""^y -'■ -- clrawnu'?Il!:„^bly Srimrn,ll.rr , '"."'„>■""■• J>«- »" have it in my power to assure you, on the w^.L f ^- ! • ^^"'*""" Plenipotentiaries, that the Emp,.ror of Russia has no intention nclnrortl'i;,;"""'""'""^'^"^^'''''"^'^ olaim to tl. navigation of "^hose straits or of^Uirseli^t Z It cannot be necessary, under these circumstances, to trouble you with a more .virtip„l..r account of the several conferences which I have held with the Russian Pie LI' iak J t hlmf Ct'rh T""' ''T ^'''""' ''^''•» ^J-P-ed, throughout this latte s l^o o " ^e^^f, on^^ ^ treat the matters under di-scussion with fairne.ss and liberality. negotiations, to As two originals of the Convention prepared for His Majesty's C.nernment are si.'ned I.v Mm Plenipotentiaries, I propose to leave one of them with Mr. Ward fo^r the archW^of tl ernisy^ I have, etc., (Signed) STRATFORD CANNING 183 No. 68. (Count Nestelrnile to Count Lieven.) St-Peteh8!iouuo, le 13 Mars 1825. (Received 29 Mnrch /lO April.) MoysiFXR l,E CoMTE : — Votre Excellence trouvera ci-joint la ratification de la Convention (|ue nous avons conclue avcc Mr. Stratford Canning, au sujet des posses.sions respectives de la Russie et de la Grande-Bretagne, sur la cdte N.-O. de I'Ainerique. En t'fcliangeant cet instrument contre celui (jui doit Vous ctre reiui.s par la Cour de Londres, I'Einpereur desire, Monsieur le Conite, tjue Vous observiez a Mr. Canning, qu'il eut ete plu.s conforme, d'aprcs Topinion de Sa Majest« Impcriale, et aux principes d'une mutuellfi justice et a ceux des conve- nances ruciproques, de doniier jwur frontiere a la lisioro de cOte (juo la Ruasie doit posseder depuis le 56° de latitude Nord, jus<|u'au point d'intersection du 141" de longitude Ouest, la crete des niontagnes qui suivent les sinuosiles de la c6te. Cetto stipulation en cffet, eut a.ssure aux deux Puissances, une parfpite I'galite d'avantayes et une liinite natuielle. IvAn^leterre y eut trouvc son profit partout oil les montagnes sont a nioins de dix lieues marines de la mor, et la Russie, p.irtnut ou la distance qui les en separe est plus ^rande. II nous semble que, toucliant des contrees dont la gt'ographie est encore peu connue, on ne pouvoit proposer de stif dation plus equitable. V^otie Excellence ajoutera, que le Pl»'niiH)tentiaire de S. M. Britanniquo ayant declare cju'il se trouvoit dans I'impossibilite d'uccueillir les vceiix que nous lui avons exprimi^s sous ce rapport, o'est uniqueraent pour donner au Roi d'Angleteire une preuve de Ses dispositions amicales, iiue notre Auguste Maitre nous a permis de signer cet article tel qu'il existe dans la Convention actuelle. L'Empereur 8e flatte cjue S. M. Britannique appreciera un aufsi sincere temoignage du d^sir qui nous animoit de terminer des discussions facheuses et d'en prevenir le retour par une transaction definitive. Votre Excellence est autorisee a donner lecture de la presents a 31. Canning et u une lui en laisser une copie, avec priere de la mettie sous les yeux du Roi. Recevez, Monsieur le Comte, I'assurance de ma haute consideration. (Right Hon. Geo. Canning to Mr. S. Canning.) (No. 8. Extract.) FoREicN Office, April 2, 1825. Slii, — Your despatches by the messenger Latchford were received here on the 21<:t of March, and that of the 12th of March by the po:;t on the 28th. Having laid them before the King I have received His Majesty's commands to express His Majesty's particular .eatisfaction at the conclusion of the Treaty respecting the Pacific Ocean and North-west Coast of America in a manner so exactly conformable to your instructions, and to direct you to express to the Russian (iovernment the pleasure which His Majesty derives from the amicable and conciliatory spirit manifested by that government in the completion of this transaction. * * * * IXDEX. Addixotov, H. U., Her Majesty's Minister at Washington, to O. Canning, p. 109. Admiralty Island, 12. Alaska, Cession of by Russia to Unitfirl States, 2 : Appendix III, p. 50. Boundary (jupstion, historical resume of the negotiations,' 1-15. Governor of, urges settlement of boundary, 9. Aleutian IsLAyos, 1. Alexander, Empehoh, issues Ukase of 1S21, 1. AxDEKSo.v, JolI^f, C.M.O., Memo, on boundary quoted, 24. Akditratiok, willingness of Canada to agree to, 35; Appendix XII, pp. 68-72. B. Bagot, Sir Charles, His Britannic Majestys Ambassador and Plenipotentiary at ■St. Petersburg!! ; objects to Portland Canal as southern boundary, 19. Letters, sea Appendix XII ^;amm. First proposal to Russian Plenipotentiaries, Appendix XII,p.97. Second proposal to Russian Plenipotentiaries, ib. p. 99. ' Tiiird proposal to Russian Plenipotentiarie.s, ib. p. 101. Letters to George Canning, ib. pp. 89, 90, 97, 109. From George Canning, ib. pp. 88, 92, 103, 101, 108. Bayard. T. F., Secretary of State of the United States, 9, 10. 16 not'-. Beax Islan-u, 20, note 3-1. Berry, M. P., il, note. Beiim Caxal, 23-25. Beiiring's E.\plohatioxs, 1. Besciierelle— Dictionary— quoted 18, note. Bluxtschli, Professor, quoted, 34. British Columbia Government, Urges settlement Alaska boundary, C. Burroughs Ray, 2.i-25. Contention as to southern boundary 2 ary, 2.>27. 0. Cameron, Ma.ior General, Boundary Conunissioner, 1873-75, 7. Report of 1SS6 quoted, 17, note. Canada's Case— Summary, 34-36. Canning;, Right Hon. George, His Britannic Majesty's Minister of Foreign Affairs —Letters to C. Bagot, 22 ; Appendix XII, pp. 88, 92, 103, 104, 108. To S. Canning, pp. 114, 122. To Count Lieven, 24; Appendix XII, pp. 104 11" 114. ' "' From Sir C. Ragot, Appendix XII, pp. 89, 90, 97. From 1 1 udson's Bay Company, ib. pp. 95, 96. Canning, Stratford, His Britannic Majesty's Plenipotentiary at St. Petersburgh, 22 note. Announces Treaty of 1825, Appendix XII, p. 121. From G. Canning, ib. p. 114. To G. Canning, ib. pp. 87, 121. 123 Jk2 184 0—0 ncluded. Cai'e Chacon, Latitude of, 16, 62. Cape iMuzo.v, 10, latitude of, 16, 62. Cape Spencer, 3, 33, note. Carnarvox, Earl ok, Secretary of State for the Colonies 8 Chamherlain, Kk.ht Ho.. J. Her Britanuio Majesty'! Plenipotentiary, Washington 1888, 10. •' = . Chatham Strait, 19, 24. CliiLKAT Pass, 10, note. CuiLKAT River, fi, 9. CniLKOOT Pass, 34, note. Clarence Strait, 10, 23, 25. Cleveland Penin.su la, 25. Coast, Meaning of word, 29-33. Convention of 1824. United States and Russia, Appondi.v T, p. 42. 1825. Great Britain and Huasia, Appendix I, 39. 1867. United States and Russia, Appendix III, 50. 1892. Great Britain and United States, Appendix VI 56 1897. Great Britain and United States, Appendix V, p 54 Cook, Captain, Discoveries, 1. C6tk, Meaning of word, 29-34. Counter Draft by Russian Plenipotentiaries, Appendix XIT, p. 99. Cross Sound, Appendix XII., p. 91. Dall, W. H., United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. Letter to G. M. Daw=on 9 Appendix IV, p. 53. ' ' Conference with, 10 ; on Vancouver's charts, 16, 19 note, 23; on '.mile liiiiit, 33-34. Dalton Trail, 14. Dawson, G. M., 7; Conferences at Washington, 1887-88, 8 ; maintains Canadian owner- .ship heads of the Lynn Canal in 1887-S, 9 note; definition of Mountain, 30. Dark Point, 20. Dennis, J. S., Surveyor General of Canada, 6, 7. Instructions to J. Hunter, 9 note. Dixon Entrance, 10. Duke of York Islands, 24. Duffield, (iENERAL, United States Boundary Commissioner, 12 note. Joint Report, Appendix VIII, p. 00. DuNDAS Island, 18. DVEA, 14. E. EvARTs. William M , Secretary of State of the United States, 9. FAIRI.ANKS, Senator, United States High Commissioner, Appendix IX, pp. 64-7-' ' Fifty-four Forty oh Fioiit,' 21. Fillmore Island, 19 note. Final decision of Russian Plenipotentiaries, Appendix XII, p. 102. F—Concluiled. Fish, Hamilton, Secretary of State of the United States 0, 7, 8. Fort Tonoass, 19, 19 nutc. Forty Mile Crkek, 10. Foster, Dwir.nr, agent of the United States-Halifax Fisheries Cumniissiun, 34. Foster, Jqhv W., United States Secretary of State, Appendix VI, p. 5G. Franklin, Sir John, exploratiuns, 4. Fraser, Simon, officer N. W. Company, 1 note. o. GnEEXiiow's History ok OiiEfioN, quoted, 21 note. Gresiiam, W. Q., United Stated Secretary of State, Appendix VI., p. .57. GuHiEFP, Count D., Rus.sian Minister of Finances, Appendix II, p. 19. H. Haines Mission, SO note. Halifax Fisheries Commission, 33. Herbert, Hon. Miciiakl H., Her iiritannic Majesty's Charge d'Ailaires at Wash- ington, Appendix VI, 56. HER.SCIIELL, Lord, Her Britannic .Majesty's High Commis.sioner, Appendix IX, pp. 04-72. Hudson's Bay Company, Expedition Stikine River, 4. Lease from Russian American Company, 5. Tenure of North-west, 5, 6. Posts west of Rocky Mountains in 1825, 4 note. To George Canning, Appendix XTI, 95-90. Hunter, Joseph, Rei>ort boundary Stikine River, 9 note. I and J. International Commission, Quebec and Washington, 1898-99, Negotiations, 13, 1.5 ; Appendix IX, pp. 64-72. Isilcat River, 6. Jlxo River, 9. K. Kamschatka, 1. Kannaohunut Island, 20. King, W. F., .AI.A., Her Britannic Majesty's Boundary Commissioner, 12; Note on Article L of Convention of 1892, Appendix VT, p. 57 ; Report Joint Survey, 189r,, Appendix VIlI, p. 00 ; Chief Astronomer Canadian Government, 12 ; on Vancouver's Charts, 1.3, 19 note; on Portland Canal, 19 note; on course between Prince of M'ales Island and Portland Channel 21-22 ; on inter- section of mountains by 5Glh parallel, 23 ; Report visit to Alaska, 1891, Appendix XT, pp. 74-85; Definition of " Mountain," 30. Klotz, Otto J., Canadian Surveyor, report, 12. ■H , 126 Laboushk, dictionary quoted. Latitude 6V l ; Appendix XII. pp. 86, 87, 90. 93. 53 Appendix XII., pp. 86, 100. *♦• 4, 22 note. 54° 40' I, 16, 1!), 20, 21, 22, 23, 86, 87, 106 64° 45' 21, 99. 54° 45' 30", 18, 20. fi8* fle* 56° 30' 57° 67° 30' as* 60' GV 17, 19, 21, 23, «oituated parallel to the coast ? 27-30. 6. What is "the coast"? 30-34. 128 IlEVILLA OlCKDO IsLANU, 2.J. llivAOK, use of word, 31, 32. Russian Amhhican Comi-anv formation of, 1. Agreement with IIudson'H Bay Campany, 5, 21 nole. Russian Ukask of 1821, 1, 21, 22 ; Text Appendix II, p. 44. .Salishury, Mauquess of, Her Britannic Majesty's Minuter of Foreign Afifairs, 10, 11, .35, note. ScuwATKA Lieut., report (juotrd, 35 note. Skwaiuj, William H., United States Secretary of State, Appendix III., p. 52. Simpson, Sir Georoe, explorations, 4. Sitka, 4. Sitklav Island, 20, 34, Skagway, It. SkoOT RiVEll, f'. Si'ENCER CaI'K, .'). JJ „f/e. Stikine River, 5, 0, 8, 8, 9 note. Stoeckl, Edouakd de, Russian Plenipotentiary, Appendix III., p. 52. Sumner Strait, 24. T. Taku River, 6, 0. Tchihicoff's E.xhlorations, 3. Thorn, F. M., Supt. U. 8. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Appendix Vll., p. 59. Thornton, Sir Edward, Her Britannic Majesty's Minister at Washington, 6, 7. 8. TONOASS Pa.ssaoe, 20. Treaty between Great Britain and Russia, 1825, Appendix I., p. 39. Russia and the United States 1824, Appendix I., p. 42. Russia and the United States 1867, Appendix III., p, 50. Great Britain and the United States 1892, Appendix VI., p. 56. Great Britain and the United States 1894, Appendix VI.,' p. 57. Great Britain and the United States 1897, Appendix V., p. 54. Twiss, Travers, quoted, 3, 5 7iote. u. Ukase Rus.sian, 1821, 3, 21, 22., Appendix XL, p. 44. United States Contention in regard to Portland Channel, 15-18. Negotiations with Russia, 1823-4, 20 21. course between Cape Muzon and Portland Channel, 18-21. Vancouver's Charts and 'Voyages,' 15-16, quoted, 18, 23. Vattel, Law of Nations quoted, 34. Venezuela Boundary, Reference to, 14, 36. 129 W. Wa,.K8 T«land, 18, not Prince of Wales Island. 17, 19 not, ; Strategic value 20 vVahiiiiukn, quoted, 18. o . West, Sib Lionel Sackvillk, Her Britannic Majesty's Minister at Washington, 11, 36, iiotn. Whitu. Hon. Thomas. Minister of Interior, Canada, 11 ; White Pass named after 30, note. ' WiiiTK Pass, 11, 11 mte ; discovery of, 3G, note. Whan.iei,, Bauon, Chi.,f Superintendent Uussian-Au.orioan Co., 5. Yakutat Bay, 33, note. Yukon Kivkb, 6, 10. 17 K' r^:;^^ r ff lOWI-MARIIN N„ I :i7 ;^z= 141° 140' 139° 141 140° 139° 1880 137° 136° / PHEASTERN ALASKA AND PART OF RITISH COLUMBIA. opography from Canadian Boundary Commission Photo-topographic Surveys, 1893-1895 ;duced from i :8o,ooo sheets, having contours 250 ft. irtervals. Scale —^ — 980000 Contours— 1000 ft. intervals. "-^ \ ,M) [ \ ^'■r' "''>.• ♦^ ■'.I / J \ y ^'4 '^^^*-i*f*^r~' ^W^fK m a"