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THE 
 
 VETERINARY ADVISER 
 
 BEING A GUIDE TO THE 
 
 PREVENTION AND TREATMENT 
 
 OF ALL 
 
 DI-SEASES OF THE HORSE 
 
 CATTLE, SHEEP, SWINE, DOGS AND FOWLS, 
 
 WITH A 
 
 "" ''" ""' "T^srzr ™^ "'"'""'^ ™'">v.. ,. 
 
 THEIR CURE, RECIPES, ETC. 
 
 BY 
 
 PROF. JAMES LA^'- Ys 
 
 MKR PROFESSOR ,x T„K ALBERT VeS^^^^.^^ ^ ««"A'N ; FOR- 
 
 TO WHICH ARE ADDED 
 A HISTORY OF THE Kr>R<:v . tno ,,^ 
 
 DURANCE SCIeS?ip ^Stv EXPLA^N^n n^^ '^'^^'^ ^^^ =N- 
 HIM BY HIS FORM AND APPEARANr?' S^""""^ ™ J^^^GE 
 PROFESSOR HOCKWElI^SeW Sr^EDUCA^"" 
 ING AND TRAINING HORSES ''^'' 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 ■* / - - 
 
 OEO. W. BUCK LAND. 
 
^■■^ 5n^5 • i-3 i'^^lt 
 
|i«faa to tht dmnbkn €bitwn 
 
 An experience of nineteen years in teaching the t>rin 
 cples of Veterinary Science, and for nearly hi f of TwI 
 tm,e to students of agriculture, had stronglv iLres'ed 
 the a„ horof this woric with the need of s!ch a™ at 
 as would „eet the daily wants of the farmer and ^ne" 
 s tockowner and bring his knowledge up to the presen 
 
 ;:Xe;rrurwY=-T^:eTr"-~ 
 
 wh.ch it has .et With fro^:!, E^gL^i s/p:-;:;:: 
 
 the h,gh ,„„„,„ j^j.^^^ .^ ^^^ received from theTade^s 
 of the veterma,y profession in Europe and America the 
 umversaUestimony that it is the J r.^eri,Z2^) 
 hat meets the wants of the modern stockowner arHhe 
 peedy exhaustion of a large edition in the United sttt 
 nave fully justified its publication in Canada. The ob,„: 
 e e character of much of the matter in the current popu 
 ar ve ermary books, and notably of that which relate to 
 the d.seases propagated by contagion and by itlZ^ 
 render these the most unsafe guide's to the farmed d1 
 
 uirerti:^ ""'"'^ T"'"y '"^'■"'^ slocko™:r re 
 quires tol)e forewarned, in these Hpv= ^f k 
 
 qufck trafsit, and their ineSeTo^X'rrS 
 spreadmg plagues. On these points, as welMs on th^ 
 noncontagiou, disorders the /^W can be confident 
 recommenced as being up to date.and thoroughlSl*^ 
 That the work may prove a means of preservinTand 
 .mprovmg the live stock of the Dominic^, andTsL,^ 
 of much profit to their owner.,, is the fervent wish of 
 
 THE AUTHOR 
 
 "^Oq^i/i^j- 
 
mm%pmmmmm^ 
 
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 This work is especially designed to supply the need 
 of the ybusy Canadian farmer who can rarely avail 
 himself of the advice of a scientific veterinarian. 
 The Author is deeply sensible of the low estimate 
 placed upon Veterinary Medicine and Surgery in 
 this Country, and of the necessity of educating the 
 public up to a better appreciation of its value. We 
 have a property in live stock estimated at $150,000,000, 
 and rapidly increasing in value, consisting of at 
 least six different genera of mammals, besides 
 birds, and therefore affording an almost unlimited 
 field for the practical exercise of humanity, political 
 economy and scientific research in the pursuit of Veter- 
 inary Medicine. In the Old World millions are saved 
 yearly to each of the Western European Nations in the 
 exclusion and extinction of animal plagues, and many 
 instances can be adduced of an i: telligent veterinary 
 supervision saving at the rate of $30,000 per annum on 
 a stud of 400 horses. But in the Western Hemisphere, 
 apart from the larger cities, the great pecuniary interest 
 in live stock is largely at the mercy of ignorant pretend- 
 ers whose barbarous surgery is only equalled by their 
 reckless and destructive drugging. The constantly le- 
 curring instances of absolute and painful poisoning, and 
 injurious vivisections practiced under the name of reme- 
 dial measures are almost sickening to contemplate. To 
 give the stock owner such information as will enable 
 him to dispense with the unprofitable and perilous ser- 
 vices of such pretenders, and to apply rational means of 
 cure when he happens to be beyond the reach of the ac- 
 complished veterinarian, is the aim of this book, and 
 this it is confidently hoped it will accomplish for all who 
 will intelligently study its pages. 
 
 With the view of condensing the work, the doses 
 of medicines for the different: animals are rarely given 
 in the text, but one 01 more agents are named as ap- 
 plicable to every distinct stage or phase of the disease 
 and species of patient, and the reader must turn to the 
 
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 
 
 ticularly for what puroose th^ ^ '" ^^ "^"^^ "<^te par 
 the dose accordingl^as the XV' F'^"' ^"^ ^^^^^^ 
 usually essentially diVerentf.o ^1 ""^ ^^'^^ ^^ses is 
 Thus comn^ou w/givefiW^^^^^^ '^"' °^ ^"^^'^ ones. 
 
 tonic. SulphurVurllo^^^^^^^ V ^/^^^^^^^ and 
 
 ones a/Uratw,, ^-^/^^iLf/anV!/ .^^''"^^^ ''"^ '" '^^^^ 
 pentine in W doseXlto^r '^'f^'^'^'^''- Oil of tur- 
 
 such as prevail in Eumpe and are ^^^^ ^ ' ^"' ^^'° 
 
 be brought into our mS bvlmnn ^^^* ** 1">' ^''"^ ^^ 
 imperative that the CanadLn f. ^ '^^?^'''"- ^^ is no less 
 of pestilences that t^^ea ^n him'f'^°"^l^^^^^^^-^"ed 
 those that beset him arhom^ /'^'^n^^'''^^^' t^ of 
 the principles that s^ou d guTde us fn'n'" '"^^^ ^^^^^''°"« ^ 
 tmguishing the disease are^con^^^^^^^^^ ^'^- 
 
 Allthe important parasi'tes Lri^- . S^^^'^^"^^ ^^^^ 
 conditions of life and Sv duaf '.^^ ^"^ ""^ ^^^'' 
 
 out of the bodies of doScanilt"'°'P^?'"' '" «"d 
 well as their migrationrfrom rr"an to'^ '1'"''^ ^°' ^« 
 animals to man wherever suTh^xFsts Th"^^' ^'?^ ^''^"^ 
 ance of animal parasites is onlv hi •* ^^^ ''^'^ ^'"Port- 
 jn connection with therfr^l^^f^P""^"^ *° ^^ ^ 
 into which tney havfbeen intro/^''^,^^' ^" ^^""tries 
 have been allowed tolncrease , n^^'u^^.^' ^^^'"^ they 
 statement of their forms hfblts"^^^^^^^^ """^ ^ '°"''^^ 
 imperatively necessary for thi nrn^ '^^^'^^ j^ therefore 
 owner. This subject ^hasaccord^nf^K^" °[ ^^^ ^^^^k 
 to the date of present ohlr 5 ^^^ ^^^" ^^^"ght up 
 <^"ough for the perusa of the k^'""^ though%hor? 
 sound basis for the hm trtion . ^ J^'^' '^ ^'" ^"''"ish a 
 these noxious pestl ""^ destruction of each of 
 
 JAMES LAW. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 
 Preface, ---..., 
 
 CHAPTER. 
 
 I.— History of the Horse, - 
 II.— Contagious and Epizootic Diseases, 
 IH. — Parasites, - - . . ' 
 
 ^w"~S'^^^''^ ^"^ Constitutional Diseases 
 v.— Diseases of the Respiratory Organs 
 
 VI.— 
 VII.— 
 
 VIII.— 
 
 IX.— 
 
 X.— 
 
 XL— 
 
 XII.— 
 
 XIII.— 
 
 « 
 
 (I 
 
 II 
 
 (( 
 
 Heart, 
 
 Blood Vessels and Lym- 
 phatics, - - . 
 Digestive Organs, 
 Liver, - - . . 
 
 Pancreas and Spleea, - 
 Urinary Organs, - 
 
 Organs of Generation, - 
 Mammae (Udder) and 
 
 Teats, - - _ 
 
 Eyes, - . - _ 
 Nervous System, - 
 
 XIV.— 
 XV.— 
 XVI. — Skin Diseases, _ . . _ _ 
 
 WII.-General Diseases of Bones, Joints and" 
 
 Muscles, ----__ 
 
 XVIIL— Special injuries of Bones, Joints and" 
 
 Muscles, ----._ 
 
 XIX.— Diseases of the Foot, -.11 
 
 XX.— Diseased Growths, . - . ' 
 
 Explanation of Terms, - . I 
 
 Drugs and Doses, 
 
 X?i J"~'5'^"''^.^'°^ ^"."^ Training of the Horse, I 
 XXlI.-How to Break up Bad Habits and Vices 
 
 of the Horse, - - _ 
 Index, - - . . " ■ 
 
 FAGB. 
 
 • 5 
 
 39 
 87 
 
 95 
 104 
 
 136 
 
 147 
 
 154 
 205 
 
 221 
 
 223 
 
 239 
 
 256 
 260 
 267 
 283 
 
 305 
 
 325 
 
 364 
 389 
 39a 
 396 
 403 
 
 410 
 425 
 
PAGB. 
 
 5 
 
 ym- 
 
 Eind 
 
 md 
 
 nd 
 
 es 
 
 ' 17 
 
 39 
 
 • 87 
 
 95 
 104 
 
 136 
 
 147 
 
 154 
 205 
 
 221 
 
 223 
 
 239 
 
 256 
 260 
 267 
 283 
 
 305 
 
 325 
 364 
 389 
 39a 
 396 
 403 
 
 410 
 42s 
 
wmmma 
 
 '' 
 
 li 
 
: { .■ 
 
f ! I 
 
^^* 
 
 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 ♦ 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Fee?it'^Prina>&'of r""'^'''"' ^f"^^'^^" Management anc 
 ShoeinJ. The Points n?'«"^- ^"^''^^^ Treatment. Age 
 
 Speed,^Streng?h, Sty^n'd^ETd';^^ """^ ^° J"^^^^ ^'^^ 
 Twelve Point! of a good Horse * ^^""^'^^ Remarks. 
 
 The oIde.st and best authenti- 
 
 -^-^ the sacreH V^'" ^^ obtain from 
 him early among the E^vo^n.^ "J^' '"^"'^ "^^ ^"^ 
 Joseph CO.PO..I ...e^t^- ^^^^^ 
 
 ea&' wl^h'the Xtd ''T^". '"^ •'■'"^- *.. 
 hoJ^et^SVillS^^^^^^^ tHat the 
 
 from Egypt, buUt was as IJ'' undoubtedly derived 
 before the' Arabian horse had ft "'V'^™* "ntury 
 
 degree of perfection whTh is the bea"u id^f r \ "'^' 
 and for which the Arabi .. ^L ?i • ■ '^^*' "^ * '•orse, 
 
 The horse has bfen fouid v,. •' '" J"^"y ^'ebrated. 
 in size, and in utili?v"„ aTthI /^'"^ materially in form, ' 
 sultry and in man7of the ^tf v^P'^t^' '" "'°^' °f 'he 
 
 
 TR 
 
 rei^ions of tile Qid 
 
if 
 
 i8 
 
 THE FARMER'S V?:TKRINARY ADVISER. 
 
 ![ 
 
 World, He is also found wild ranging the Pampas o1 
 South America and the New World, and on the plain5 
 of Tartary. 
 
 These herds are all clearly descendants of those which 
 have escaped from the slavery of man. 
 
 Those of South America being the numerous progeny 
 of a few horses left by the Spaniards during their early 
 expeditions. 
 
 The troops of wild horses in South America have been 
 described by travelers as immense, and one writer affirms 
 to have seen as many as ten thousand in one herd. Each 
 herd is headed by a leader, who appears to be the noblest 
 and most courageous of the flock and whom they implic- 
 itly obey, •* His head clothed with thunder" and **thc 
 glory of his nostrils is terrible." 
 
 It is sometimes dangerous to fall in with these troops 
 of wild horses, as it is with the utmost difficulty that 
 your horse is restrained from answering to their frantic 
 calls, by a leap for liberty. 
 
 It has already been stated that the earliest records we 
 have of the horse trace him to Egypt, from whence he 
 gradually found his way to Arabia and Persia, and thence 
 to the other parts of the Old World. Therefore in giving 
 a brief account of the various breeds most useful to man 
 at the present time, we will begin with those of Egypt, 
 and describe only those which hav<- contributed to the 
 excellence of the English and American breeds. 
 
 The varieties of the domesticated horse are the Barb, 
 Dongola, Arabian, East India, Chinese, Persian, Toorko- 
 man,Tartar, Turkish, German, Swedish and Norwegian, 
 Iceland, Flemish, French, Spanish, Italian, English and 
 American. 
 
 The Dongolian is described by Bessman as being 
 the most perfect and beautiful in the world, being most 
 beautifully symmetrical in their parts, nervous and elastic 
 in their movements, and docile and affectionate in their 
 manner. 
 
 The Barb from Barberry is remarkable for his fine 
 and graceful "actions. Is about 14 hands I inch high/ 
 
HISTORY OF THE HORSE. ,m 
 
 horse. ThecelebratedGodolBhin A"'!.°f 'he ^"S'ish 
 The Barb gave to the Sp^h^.^StcellSc:. ''"^- 
 
 The Arabian.— The tvnp r.f k ^ 
 and docility we will speak or.tc V*^' 'P''*'^' S^^^e, 
 
 ing a model for our readers whl ""'• ^'"?'^ "^ ^"^"'«h- 
 
 breed, the Kadischi or mixed T:^u''^' ormferfor 
 the Arabian pretends ^otmcel.l'f'^' "^^^'^ genealogy 
 careful account is now kept of^'"^ ^""''f ^ "^«^t 
 with true oriental exae^Sfon V ''^ genealogies, and 
 the stud of Solomon ^^" ^'^ ^^^" ^'^^^^ back to 
 
 ^^^''^t:r:Z^^^^^^^ ^y the Bedoum 
 
 Pr^e%^^^^^f-^^^^^^ 
 
 obtain a mare so high ^ are Thr"''/'''J ^° Purchase "or 
 the Arab. ^ ^ ^'^ ^^^^ valued and prized by 
 
 ^rol\TZtia!l^^^ If always traced 
 
 more concerned n nfluelfc ± th^"^"' n^"' '^' "^^^^ ''« 
 than the stallion. '"""^"^^"^ ^he excellence of the foal 
 
 . ."^he Arabian horse is celebrat^rl fr.. u- 
 jniniitable head. The broadnJf« /?',,^'' P^''^^^* and 
 l^ead, the shortness and fineness of" the ""''^"^^^ ^^^^- 
 minence and brilliancy of his eves th^ u^^' ^^^ P'"^" 
 ears, and the beautiful tracervo?V '!"^"ness of his 
 ^^y be light and h s ches? ^l "^u"'" ^'« ^ody 
 
 swells out Irandly behind th. - -"^ '^^ ^^'■'^' 
 
 play for thS lung^ *^^ ^''"^ ^"^ give sufficient 
 
 sho'ulSef tfdT :^!h"'^o'; in^cH^ "A'^^f ^'^^ -^ ^he 
 n^ely adjusted that in^ des/endi 1"^ Vlf .T''^ '"^ ^^ 
 edge of the hame never ruffleft^^skin T^*'", ^"'"1 ""' 
 d wfrv «,i,;i^ ^^ V""'es tne skm. The lee^s. fin 
 -.: ".».v .»c muscular development" is peV: . 
 
 flat 
 
20 
 
 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 feet. He is gentle, docile, even-tempered, intelligent, 
 courageous and speedy. He presents the true combina- 
 tion for speed and bottom, strength and courage. The 
 horse is treated from a foal with the utmost considera- 
 tion and kindness, made the companion of the children, 
 all of which has had the happiest effect upon his disposi- 
 tion and temper. The Arab who thus lives with and 
 loves his horses, and regards them as the most priceless 
 jewels of his possessions, yet puts the young horse to a 
 severe trial, in order to establish his reputation, " Prob- 
 ably the filly has never before been mounted ; she is led 
 out ; her owner springs on her back and goads her over 
 the sand and rocks of the Desert at full speed for fifty 
 or sixty miles without one moment's respite. She is 
 then forced, steaming and panting into water deep enough 
 for her to swim. If, immediately after this she will eat 
 as if nothing had happened, her character is established 
 and she is acknowledged to be a genuine descendant of 
 the Kochlani breed. The Arab is not conscious of the 
 cruelty he inflicts. It is an invariable custom, and cus- 
 tom will induce us to inflict many a pang on those whom, 
 after all, we love. " 
 
 The East Indian is a beautiful and graceful animal. 
 
 The Chinese HoRSii is weak, informed and without 
 spirit. 
 
 The Persian Horse is next in lank to the Arabian, 
 and possessing many similar points. 
 
 IE To(3RKoman Horse is large, i6 hands high 
 capable of immense endurance with great speed, yet 
 lacking a graceful action and form. 
 
 The Tartar and Calmuck Horses resemble the 
 wild horse of America, being more vicious. 
 
 The Turkish Horse is a beautiful animal descended 
 from the Arabian horse, and has contributed some to the 
 improvement of the English breeds. The Byerley and 
 Helmsley Turk are samples. 
 
 The German Horse is slow and heavy. 
 
lorse to a 
 
 HISTORY. OF THE HORSE. ^^1 
 
 and spirit. ' remarkable for their speed 
 
 The Iceland Horse is sm=n „» 
 Tliere are numerous herds of thJIli' °"^ ^""^ ^wift. 
 conded from the Norwegian ho^S ''°'''" '" ^«'»"d des- 
 
 anJ^e^au'itf^r an"dS^-;;«°f - -e '-^e. strong 
 lence of the English Draught Horse" '° *" "'^'='='- 
 
 The French Horsf ic o .. i 
 but inferior to the Englfsh thou°hY' T" """^' ^"'"""K 
 the improvement of the EnS K ^^*' contributed to 
 s.derable attention has bfen^ pL ?„ t ■ ^='"^'>' '°'>- 
 and France is now well suDolied , ,Z "'^"' <="'"vation, 
 for the road, the carriage"r''Sta:^'L»«"-' "»-" 
 
 spS^ ir^i^"hrorr„;:^-f,^^-^'^'>'e»"..ana 
 
 The iTATiAM H ■"""" '^ '"s descendant, 
 
 .•orated, llt^.V^Z'ls:t t'.T'^f'' ^^^ ^^'er- 
 oountr,, though some l„e ho;res't ^eltiST r^ 
 va?Jti™;e^r^f.^i:,='4:^°-'^^-ch.^n,,ght be said of t'he 
 beautiful animal of Easteni exLl , ''^"'^' "<= '« a 
 ins present perfection by L mo tn?"^^'"' '"■°"S''t to 
 The English thorough-bredls nn,!. T, "u"^ cultivation, 
 splendid form and m°any nob le "'1, ■"■ t" l'"''' 'f^''. 
 '" some respects has been faukv f ?'' """ '"' '"'"'ng 
 perfect devil. '*"">• ^^ m temper he is a 
 
 world. Dexter and ol^lrM^-.'^^l""^^^ ^^ the 
 others, keeping bnVht and. H^- ^^'^' ^'th a score of 
 
 -hich their^wo^rth/predecessors'll '" "'^^ 5^^^ ^' '^^^ 
 i^wn brilliant deeds ^''^''^""^^^ illuminated with their 
 
 t»L^'^]!"^!^^^"^°r«e is peculiarlv.n A^er-^ , ,. 
 
 »Ch is to bring out that which 
 
 ^♦' 
 
 IS 
 
22 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 most useful. Therefore we find the American horse 
 unequaled by any other horse on the globe, in all. that 
 makes an animal such truly valuable in every kind of 
 service. What is sought for in this country is speed, 
 strength, endurance, sagacity, beauty, gentleness and 
 graceful motion. We want trotters not runners, and 
 some of our best breeds of horses are unequaled as fur- 
 nishing the best combinations for these various qualities. 
 The celebrated Morgan breed is an instance of this 
 combination of qualities. 
 
 In the General Management of the Horse, the 
 common-sense principles which direct the daily manage- 
 ment of the affairs of the family, should be brought to 
 bear upon the care of the horse, especially as to food, 
 air, light, exercise, &c. 
 
 Air. — The horse should have in his stable a proper 
 amount of pure air, admitted in such a way as not to 
 constitute a draught. The common error is to exclude 
 as much as possible every breath of air and to have the 
 atmosphere of the stable hot, contaminated and unwhole- 
 some, 
 
 A stable should neither be too hot nor too cool. It is 
 equally an improper habit to take the horse into a very 
 warm stable from the cold air, or to keep him too warm 
 indoors and to then subject him to the colder atmosphere 
 out doors. 
 
 Putting the humanity of the thing out of the way, it 
 is unnaturally absurd treatment, to thus subject the ani- 
 mal to catarrhs, rheumatism, and inflammation of the 
 lungs. The stable should be roomy, and not less than 
 12 teet high, especially when the hay loft is directly 
 overhead. 
 
 In ordinary stables, to keep the manger clean and 
 sweet, quick lime, sparingly used, is of much benefit. 
 
 The stable should be kept clean, every portion of litter 
 which has been wetted should be swept away, so that 
 the air be not contaminated by the foul gases emanat- 
 ing from the rapidly decomposing urine, which are pre- 
 judicial to the health of the horse. 
 
MANAGEMENT AND FEEDING. ^S 
 
 of^Xiranalemenr TTX '"""^Slected branch 
 admitted so aftomLJl V^ "."V"" i°°ei^"'>g. but 
 
 stable isoccupied bylho^sf ^ A^n,"''.';^!'' "''^" '"^ 
 the sunshine at least once »H=„ , P"'i'"' '"PP'y <" 
 favorable is highly beneficL? to ^h!'" "'^ *^'-"l>er is 
 stable. The stable sho?, M ^ u ^''""^' ^'^'^ <2f the 
 
 den changes from ^ht^k "ofth: I^aWe^t'o the t^nf" 
 starting habits " of 'nflammafo,. of the eyes, and 
 
 ma^tTorrcrc^re'^^^tLfe"^^^^^^^^^^^^ "l'^ ''^ a 
 
 brush and curry-comb onen.fl. "-"bbrng with the 
 
 circulates the blooTto trsur^aceTd e^ the skin and 
 animal. suriace and extremities of the 
 
 drSrE^Trr^or^dtyreff^tr o^''*-^^ ''^' r 
 
 insensible perspiration i, nm^^f ? j ?"''P°^^' »= the 
 tion produc'ed aVuseT aS tK^.^e: of the sS'"^ '^- 
 
 pensed wfth and even th? h T ""^l «"°g«her be dis- 
 A hair cloth while It wNls.u"'*' •"""'' "<'' ^ '°° h^'d, 
 
 be almostsuffici nt w "ho iesTh'aThf Th' 'T^' "'" 
 have not been neglected """ ^" *"'' 
 
 toS°h:::erskf„ a^d^rf "^'"^ "^-fi' °"-"-°" 
 
 observe the effect nrn/ 5'=k''°"' S^erally need only 
 legs of a tired ho si^ mn ^ ^^«" hand-rubbing the 
 
 ;.nd the painfol stiffnes!"' ap^:^ t"TeT' ^""^"^^ 
 their natural warmth anH k V ^"^ ^^^^ attain 
 
 Petite, and vL Inl^lTn^ tTtr.^^ '°'' "^^' ^P" 
 
 KXERCISE—Exercise should 
 i'oned to the age of the horse. 
 
 be somewhat propor- 
 young one requires 
 
 A 
 
24 
 
 
 ii •{ 
 
 
 n 
 
 i' 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
 ( 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 
 } 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 more than an old one. Nature has given to young ani- 
 mals a disposition to activity; but the exercise should not 
 be violent. 
 
 It should be given in such a manner as to preserve the 
 temper and promote the health of the animal, and there- 
 fore should be moderate, at least at the beginning and 
 end of exercise. A rapid trot or gallop may be resorted 
 to in the middle of the exercise, but the horse should be 
 brought in cool. The owner should exercise a supervi- 
 sion of this part of the horse training, and if possible have 
 it done within sight, and not trust to the management of 
 boys. 
 
 Food. — In this country there is less general variation 
 in the food of the horse than in Europe, where the beet, 
 carrot, turnip and bafley, wheat and beans compose a 
 large part of his food. Therefore we will simply give 
 what we believe to be fundamental principles in the di- 
 rection of the food and keep of a horse. 
 
 The time of feeding should be as nearly as convenient 
 at regular intervals, three times daily ; and when it is 
 likely the horse will be kept longer than usual from home, 
 the nose bag should invariably be taken. The small 
 stomach of a horse is emptied in a few hours, and if he is 
 suffered to remain hungry much beyond his accustomed 
 time he will afterward devour his food so voraciously as 
 to distend his stomach and endanger an attack of 
 staggers. The true origin of this disease is in the major- 
 ity of cases, irregular feeding. When extra work is 
 required from the animal the system of management is 
 often injudicious; for a double feed is put before him and 
 as soon as he has swallowed it, he is started. It would 
 be far better to give him a double feed on the previous 
 evening, which will be digested before he is wanted, and 
 then he may set out in the morning after a very small 
 portion of corn or perhaps only a little hay is given him. 
 One of the most successful methods of enabling a horse 
 to get well through a long journey is to give him only a 
 little at a time when on the road and at night to give 
 him a double allowance of corn and hay. In ordi.iary 
 
PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING. 
 
 hTXTcU^n^ '^''^ ^^-^^ - be ,,Ven .o. J 
 
 Infct-eC^^^^^^^^ not too cold, 
 
 his, for he will never drink hard /nn'l'^^^"'^^^^ 
 lias access to soft water he will ,. '^u'' '^^^^'' ''^ ^e 
 P^irent and pure water of the we 1 J^^ '^-^ "^^^^ ^^^n^" 
 the water may be turbid and if Ju ^ "^^"' although 
 Hard, cold ^4ter acts on thl ^^^ "^"'^^'^^t pool, 
 stomach injuriously ofL "• • ^ sensitive coat of the 
 tinee times a day "^ny wa? buf T^^t' "^ ^°^^'^- Water 
 to et him get too dry We ' V u'^'r ''-^^ ^' "^^^^ 
 vvater he requires less Wafer .hn ul ^'^^ ^^^^^^ to 
 meals at all times. The horse shoM^' ,^' ^'■^^" ^^^ore 
 down before feeding. Neverlel ^h ^^"^^^'^ ^^ ''"bbed 
 without a good grooming! '^ "^''^"^ ^^^^ night 
 
 progeny will inherit the quamd^'"'^"'" ''^" '" ^^^^^hf ' 
 fhe parents. There is sc^arce a dT^ ""'"^l"^ ^"'-^^'^'^^ of 
 's affected with that the foaT t'i Z?-"u^^' '^' P^'"^"* 
 a predisposition to it. Pec liar tV^fV"^"''"' ""' ^* ^^^^t 
 t'on W.1I be inherited. T^e exceLn ? t"^ ^°"^titu. 
 much a point of importance aTH^''^ ""^ ^^^ 'nereis as 
 mare, let the horse be a p'e'fec ' /''" ^"' '^" ^"'"^>' 
 «;ill rarely be produced, irselectinl "'"^'.^ ^°°^ ^^al 
 there is considerable diffiadt '"^1,^ "'''^^°'* ^'"^^d'"^ 
 necessarily be somewhat cSnff ^' ^"'"^'^'^'^ should 
 carcase should be lorn, to '-"^ ^'''''" ^^e horse. Her 
 there should be cXac^^l'Sf fn' " ^^'^ ^^^ ^^tus, bu 
 too much length of back or W "''" ''''^ '^''' ^"^ "ot 
 
 ^^X::^:!.^:'^/^ -- depend upon 
 breed The points of bWd I uu"'^ ^^" ^^^'^^ to 
 'Should be rigidly exam „ed T^ • '^'^ ^"^ dispo..ition 
 tance that the parents sho.dH 1 '' ""t T^ ^'"^^ ^'"ipor- 
 their natural stren^Si and ^^ '" ^"" possession of 
 
 -rorthatbecause^™Js'r^^ Jt is a common 
 for breeding wh^n n. i!l\^f once been good, she k fit 
 " ^"'^^^' ^^'^P^ble of ordinary work 
 
<6 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 ^11 
 
 P n 
 
 Her shape and size may insure a good form, but the 
 foal will be su e to inherit some of the worn-out consti- 
 tution from which he sprung. 
 
 A mare is capable of breeding at three or four years 
 of Jige. Some injudiciously commence at two years, 
 before her form and strength are sufficiently developed. 
 The mare comes into heat in the eaily spring. She is 
 said to go in foal eleven months on an average. The 
 stallion should be perfectly calm when brought to the 
 mare. None of your tearing, plunging, vicious kind ; 
 while the mare should be prepared by previous heating 
 by means of a gentle exercise. Other things being 
 equal a good foal will be the result. 
 
 Moderate exercise only after time of covering is desira- 
 ble. When nearly half the time of pregnancy is elapsed 
 the mare should have a little better food. After foaling 
 the mare should be turned into some well sheltered pas- 
 ture and well fed. Nothing can be gained by starving 
 the mare and foal at this period. It is the most impor- 
 tant time in the life of the animal, and if from want of 
 sustenance his growth be arrested, his puny form and 
 want of endurance will ever afterwards testify to the 
 error that has been committed. The care of the colt 
 should be guided by patience and kindness. Breaking 
 should commence at once, and the colt be familiarized 
 from birth with the associations with which he will be 
 connected through life. 
 
 The period at which castration should be performed 
 depends much on the breed and form? of the colt and the 
 purposes for which he is destined. 
 
 For the common agricultural horse, the age of four or 
 five month's will be most advisable, or at least before he 
 is weaned. Very few horses are lost when cut at that 
 age. For the carriage or heavy draught, he should not 
 be cut before he is a year old. 
 
 If not well developed, six months later is advisable. 
 
 Castration should be performed late in spring or early 
 m fall, in order to avoid the heat and flies of the sum- 
 mer. The mode and operation is best left to the veter- 
 inary surgeon. 
 
R. 
 
 ti, but the 
 3ut consti- 
 
 four years 
 :wo years, 
 developed. 
 g. She is 
 age. The 
 jht to the 
 ous kind ; 
 us heating 
 ngs being 
 
 g is desira- 
 
 is elapsed 
 
 ter foaling 
 
 Itered pas- 
 
 •y starving 
 
 ost impor- 
 
 n want of 
 
 form and 
 
 ;ify to the 
 
 )f the colt 
 
 Breaking 
 
 imiliarized 
 
 he will be 
 
 performed 
 3lt and the 
 
 of four or 
 
 before he 
 
 :ut at that 
 
 should not 
 
 Jvisable. 
 ig or early 
 f the sum- 
 • the veter- 
 

 r i 
 
 
 SEVFV YE aTT' , OLPt EIGHT OB NIN2 YHARH fSf.r>, 
 
 ILLUSTRAIIONS SHOWING THE AGE OF A HORSE BY THE TEETH. 
 
AGE—SHOEING—POINTS. 
 
 epidemic, and inflammato y dTse'ses n. ,•" "^^^ ^ ^^^ 
 if he has good care. natuTe wm ^'^'^."^'^'' ^° ^^'^ '<'nd. 
 trouble without the ^iS of m^d ine''^ p'?'^ ""u' ^' '^^ 
 the natural condition of hThor " Tl^^'r ^"^'^'^ '"« 
 and unsound horses are mj. ^T, ItelJ^ir 
 The Age of a Horsf tt« 
 
 plainly by their teeth unt^lthelie of' .'^^" '^^•'' ^^^ 
 their teeth, having become m.T J'^'^^^ '^'' "^"e- when 
 
 cause the disappcLnce "TthT Lt^.T "°^" *° ^^ *° 
 tushes are also full size. After thU ''^'''^>'- 'T^^''' 
 guess work than a certaintv Ti, • « ^^'^^ ^^^ '^ '^ more 
 grow longer and more s fm l^T ""'P^'l'" Sra<^u^ny 
 from the upper and lower aws"^ r^F?^"^ '^'^ ^'^^' 
 There is also a Joss of firmn! u^^' "'^''^ ^^^"tinglv. 
 them to hang dovvn inTxttmf 'm '^' ^'P^' ^^"-^'"g 
 hollows over tL eyes brco^fd'e'p^nld '^" ^^^° '^^ 
 sufh^r;-!^/-^^^^ It, W should be done in 
 
 The frog, which is the TniW "f Z '^^^' f '^' ^°°t- 
 and essential to the strencrfh ^.u , ^''"^^ ^f the hoof 
 
 o the foot, shoulS^^orbf cut'lwav^Th"' '^' ^"^^-^ 
 be of the proper size to fit the fn^^^'.u ^^^ '^°^ should 
 of the outside of the hoof .n/ hT'^?"*^ "^"^^ rasping 
 wider than the foot so «^at^h/^ ^^' ^"^^ "^^^^ a mtlf 
 over the edge of th; shoe too s^o""' ""' "^^ ^^^ -'^ 
 
 for'ttlttft^ta?- ^^^^^"- The Wace 
 and the nails when driven turned ^n°" m°"^^ ^^ ^"^'^^^h 
 
 The PnTM.^c ^"'"^^^ ^° ^^^ ontside' 
 
 ^^HE roiNTS OF A HORSP T;<r 
 
 ^ider the constitution andh^nTJ^u'"'^ "^"^^ *« <^on- 
 his strength, speed, bottom TauL .^T!f' "'^'^^ ^^^^'^e 
 to pomt out the most impoVnf " ^ T"^ disposition, and 
 Judging of his capabiS and v^^T^'V^ be observed in 
 appearance. ^ ^^ ^"^ ^^^"e, from his form and 
 
30 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 Iking satisfied of his soundness and age, the first thing 
 of importance is his temperament and disposition. 
 
 By temperament we mean the constitution of the brain 
 and narve forces, which affect and modify the \Vhole phy- 
 sical structure, and determine the quality of his bone 
 and muscle, as it does in a great measure his form. 
 
 We will not speak separately of the nervous tempera- 
 ment, which is characterized by quickness of movement 
 and delicacy of fedrng, resulting from the development 
 of the brain and nervous system, or of the bilious tem- 
 perament, which gives large bones, overlaid with heavy 
 muscle and fibrous tissue, or of the purely sanguine tem- 
 perament, characterized by good digestion, large lungs, 
 heart and blood vessels ; it is a combination of these 
 three temperaments that we want. Brain, muscle and 
 blood — activity, strength and endurance. 
 
 The preponderance of either of these temperaments 
 will help to decide his character, but the more perfect and 
 highly developed he is in all of these the better. These 
 are the qualities which indicate his inner life and con- 
 stitution. To observe these we will examine first the — 
 
 Head. — A low and what is called a phlegmatic tem- 
 perament, and (which may only be an absence of the 
 others) will be seen by a dull inexpressive eye, a flat 
 narrow forehead, and general flatness of feature every- 
 where, with movements awkward and stumbling. But 
 on the contrary, if he has a highly organized nervous 
 system, his head will be the glory of the whole structure. 
 In his countenance will be expressed energy, fervor and 
 vivacity, intelligence and courage ; and, unless vicious, 
 gentleness and amiability. The her.d should be of 
 moderate size, the muzzle fine, the nose thin, enlarging 
 suddenly, giving broadness and fullness between the 
 eyes, and roundnig out towards the ears, the part which 
 contains the brain. 
 
 The eyes full and brilliant, eyelids fine and thin, with- 
 out any wrinkles under the eyes or about the corners. 
 Fine, wiry and compressed lips, sensitive to the bit and 
 Lnvinii iiooJ depth to the mouth. Tlie lips being the 
 
THE NECK. 
 
 st thing 
 
 I. 
 
 he brain 
 
 Die phy- 
 
 is bone 
 
 m. 
 
 smpera- 
 
 )vement 
 
 iopment 
 
 us tem- 
 
 1 heavy 
 
 ine tem- 
 
 e lungs, 
 
 of these 
 
 5cle and 
 
 raments 
 feet and 
 These 
 nd con- 
 st the — 
 
 itic tem- 
 e of the 
 e, a flat 
 e every- 
 ig. But 
 nervous 
 tructure, 
 rvor and 
 . vicious, 
 d be of 
 ;nlarging 
 /een the 
 irt which 
 
 lin, with- 
 i corners, 
 e bit and 
 
 ,„: 4.U* 
 
 jcs:i^ bile 
 
 3» 
 
 the Creator's works, there wH I h^ f"""/"" '''"^^''^" °f 
 relation betvveen the deveW^^^^^^^ '" ^1 ^ direct 
 
 capacity of the lungs." The Ta " I . m u'^''^^' ^"^ '^^ 
 pointed, not set fa? apart quick /nH^"^ ^' '^'"' ^"^ ^^^ 
 attentive and playful mot?o,i' T.^ ^^""'"^ '^^^^' °f ^n 
 him. when driven.^ocLSonaHv J. J ' ^"°^ ^'^" ^° ^^^ 
 and the other back, show';hT^^^ T ^^^^^^-^ 
 
 attentive and "nerv;y" M^i f l '" "?^ ^''^^^''' but 
 .?oing on in the mind'^y the motion" of '..'''' '^ ^'^^^ ^'^ 
 meditating niischief he ^s thlm back '^r?-'' ^' ^^^" 
 
 motion m every direction will dSectM J^^'' '^"'^^"t 
 eyes too, indicate his temper blindness. The 
 
 A horse that shows the Jh;*-^ c u- 
 
 to be tricky, a sunken forrhefd "^"ch is apt 
 
 mdicate bad memory and h.H / ^^' ^^'' ^^^ apart, 
 
 horse's head, first ge7atoodfron"^P''- u^° ^^^^^^^ a 
 ance between the^ears f he1en^?h ''^'^' ^^^^^^ve the dist- 
 same.the space betw^^n theTand "the'"''''"^J "^ ^^^ 
 themselves, the cheek bones fh^. , ^y^^' ^^e eyes 
 
 lips; then step one s^e and ^et Th^^^^^^ ?' nostrils and 
 serve the wav it is joined to fh. ]^''^ '" P'""^^^' ^b- 
 pose, the conformatioT of the teT li;'' ""'''?'' ^"^ 
 maice-up of the lower iaw ^nTv,/' \\^ "°^^ ^'"e, the 
 have even given aScea^tL if '/^^" '^'^ before you 
 the shape of- the he.d and Ih M^' ^?' ^>^ ^^^ ^tudy of 
 anything else, yor^ilft abb'to d' •'/ '^^^' ^^^^"^ 
 the temperament of the anim.l i. ^^^^ ^' ^°"^hi"& 
 good or ill over the entte o"g"nizatTon ^'"^''"^'^^ '"^ 
 
 his style' of nlk'^Tdmel^r- '^f^'"'^' ""^h "Pon 
 .-.ess and adjustment of hi refk rnVt^-^n' ''^".S"'' ""*- 
 who e appearance of the animal i^n''"^'. '""''='"8" 'he 
 serv.ce-a thick, heavy mSarn.T' ^' '"'""'^^ his 
 
 njany a disadvantaged?" peid,,* In ?''f "'''^'^ ''^ 
 
 lore narts vhU- ,*f • /'F'^cu, as it loads Hm.m 4-u« 
 
 P-rts, vh.I= .t ,s an advantage to the draught ho;^;: 
 
32 
 
 THE farmer's VETERhXARY ADVISER. 
 
 
 The English thorough-bred race horses have sh'm necks; 
 but for fast trotting I do not think a very slim neck has 
 any advantage. It should be of good thickness at the 
 shoulder, length and curvature enough to secure beauty 
 and the graceful balancing of the body, and small where 
 it joins the head. Some of our best American trotters 
 have model necks, and a refutation of the idea that 
 advantage in speet' is gained by a neck too slim for the 
 beauty and graceful appearance of the animal. 
 
 The Chest. — The chest or cavity which contains the 
 heart, and lungs, the organs which have the function of 
 circulating, vitalizing and puryifying the blood, on which 
 the growth, life and vigor of the whole organization de- 
 pends, should be large. In animals, as well as in man, a 
 large chest not only indicates great lung power but vigor 
 and strength of constitution. In the draught horse his 
 full breast and large round chest indicate his great 
 strength and endurance, but as in most horses speed is 
 an essential qualification, the shape of the chest becomes 
 important as well as its size. It must not be so broad 
 in front as to interfere with the fullest action of the 
 shoulder, at the same time it must be large and have the 
 capability of increasing its capacity, to accommodate the 
 expansion of the lungs in extreme action, for speed is 
 what tries the lungs of a horse and puts them to the 
 severest tests. 
 
 This end is accomplished by increasing its depth. The 
 ^jiest should be deep like that of the greyhound. This 
 deepening of the chest gives the cavity an oval shape. 
 The construction and curvature of the ribs of a horse is 
 such that when, from his rapid motion, his lungs become 
 highly inflated the ribs are elevated on the sides by be- 
 ing rotated a little so that the arch is carried directly 
 outward instead of inclining back, and the capacity of 
 the chest is increased as it assumes a more circular form ; 
 while on the contrary if it were round at first tne more 
 the ribs were arched the less would be its capacity. 
 Therefore, a horse's " wind" depends greatly upon the 
 depth of his chest. The length of ilic chest is also to be 
 
THE BACK. 
 
 33 
 
 tne more 
 
 left for the full action of thinT.' ^.'"^^'"^- "'"^t be 
 his speed. " '"nd-quarters according to 
 
 tlie shoulder to the ZTolrtlrt°\^'°'" ""^ P°'"'<>f 
 
 consider his speed as itoTtll o/htst^T^h''''?" >'°" 
 of endurance. screngtii and power 
 
 length Tf ^;S:, t^ ^?; ^re^ ,t ' » '-? back will givo 
 stride depends much more uoo„ the"T "'f ''="2"' <" 
 from thepoint of shoulder to'bTck of h?'[ ''^??',''' (^'■^" 
 long in proportion to the len.^th r Jl^L* "'"'='' being 
 length and position °n the sho!, 1 k.*''.'^ 'l^* '"'^'^^^^^ 
 thigh bones If we wanted hr.^ "''^' ''""'^'•"s and 
 
 should want light airThorsesLThn'^h'"'' ^""'"S we 
 but these are not the^horses needed^^ ft?' '°"^ "'^"^'^^ ^ 
 horses with short strong backs 1- M """"^'y- '""^ 
 
 want strength in the back and ? ^™^ ^"^^ ■ "We 
 strokes in I straight hn^'whrrh "l!"'.'" ''^"™'- 'heir 
 and handily whel 1 ey brS " .'f ' '°. "'^^ l^'':^ 
 recovery;"^, not theselon J stride J",!'^/,'"'''^ >>"' q"'* 
 long under the sulky -"and •■ fh,f u '" '?^'= "'eir legs 
 evidence that the horse will cult t"'"' ''f'' ''' « ="^« 
 distance and not tire nl wH l^ k^^T '°="' ^ &■•«« 
 under fast driving '■ ' ' ""^ break down easily 
 
 the"ireighr?f\ttuitf ^'r.'-^''-'^^ "-bupon 
 which it regula ed bv th-. 7"^ 'i'"^'"'' of the loins 
 
 shoulder andV he s?^ lunfh. °''''' T''^''' °^" the 
 which afford large surface Vt' T"^'^ t""^ ^ip bone. 
 strong muscle which ex?, d^fr" ^""^''ment of the 
 whole length of the back and tins "" "«* "^r the 
 
 of Ihe srd'an^bac'kTnrr'T; °."^ ^ «-" - others 
 each side of tL back so as to .i! ^.' "'" ^^^^'oped on 
 
 o7r !!L-Pr-d shourfe'e?rm"/„:i°L"i^PP^— 
 
 • •- -. snonio come out nearly straigh^and the bore^ 
 
34 
 
 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 over the kidneys giving breadth of loins and hips. At- 
 tention should be given to the curvature of the back ; 
 its curvature downward enables a horse when ridden to 
 carry the weight with greater ease to himself and to the 
 rider. This curvature should not be too great or abrupt 
 from the withers, as in the case of some horses, or what, 
 is worse, at the loins. A rouched back horse may in 
 some cases be a fast trotter; but such formation is dis- 
 agreeable to the eye, and not fit for the saddle. Too 
 nmch attention cannot be given to the length and forma- 
 tion of the back for if a horse fails here he fails every- 
 where. 
 
 The Shoulders and ThiCxHS. — We now come to the 
 machinery of locomotion, the running gear of the horse. 
 In comparing a heavy draught horse with a fast trotter, 
 leaving out the great difference in thickness, they will 
 be found to differ much in two very important things. 
 1st. In the obliquity or slope of the shoulder blade and 
 haunch. 2d. In the length of the forearm and large leg 
 bone. In the trotter, the knee and hock joints come 
 very low down and the distance from these joints up is 
 very great, while, on the contrary, the draught horse has 
 a straight shoulder and is square across the haunches, 
 and has a short, thick forearm and leg, bringing the joints 
 above mentioned high. It will be easily seen that this 
 difference is what gives one the advantage in speed, the 
 other in pulling, and can be easily demonstrated on 
 purely mechanical principles. 
 
 The straight shoulder, the upper part of which with 
 the neck is generally thick, allows the shoulder to bear 
 on the whole length of the collar, and more of the horse's 
 weight is thrown into it, or forward of the line of sup- 
 port, in the fore-legs. There is also an advantage 
 gained in strength in the short fore-arm, for when the 
 knee is bent, as in pulling, there is a greater leverage. 
 The same is true in regard to the hind leg ; but horses 
 thus built are necessarily slow. 
 
 It may be well to mention some ot the advantages 
 gained in speed, bv the slanting shoulder and hauncli. 
 
THE KNEE AND HOCK JOINTS. ,e 
 
 and the greater length of the different bones connected 
 with these. By th.s construction the elbow and s^^e are 
 earned forward and downward which enahl-T," I I 
 bring his foot far forward; it alsole ps to elevate th/f '"^ 
 part of the body and to sustain him tCugtaTng s't S? 
 at the same time he can come nearer to fhe ground be' 
 s?rid:s'it/"' ^'" be thrown straight forwar^rhek he" 
 
 Another very important thing gained by this slantin^r 
 d;rection, is the spring, which enables :, hl.T !^^"V"§^ 
 
 t.on to which the power is applili, wUl be nearer a oer" 
 pendicular. In this and in the lenith If tKrl P?,' 
 
 are attached projects out fr^m thl joinf *' """'^'' 
 
 ife^fttZ" *' "'"' J°'"' ™s is theS of W™. 
 
 Tne muscles which control the act on ofThes e oaTt; 
 ^nroTtSrreTst'"' compUcated, anS ITrTev^ 
 
 .o;tLfe:uir:r '--"- -' Apt^'ioL:!^ 
 
 „I'^^:'^.f_^f/''° H°« JOINTS.-Both of these ioin.c 
 ". .„bj.acd to severe strain and are the seat of many of 
 
36 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 the diseases that produce lameness. These joints should 
 be large and symmetrical, and show a decided swelling 
 at the knee and hock. However small the bones, it is a 
 mark of strength and activity to have sharp and promi- 
 nent processes at the joints, where these bones come 
 togetlier, to furnish sufficient surface for the attachment 
 of the tendons. The hock bone should be as large and 
 as long as symmetry will admit of. The back cord 
 standing out as in Goldsmith Maid shows a strong joint. 
 
 The cannon bones or ankles, for a speedy horse should 
 be flat and wide, looking fine and thin from the front 
 view, and showing heavy, strong chords from behind; 
 not bound down too close under the knee j-^int, as in the 
 case of some horses, for this causes friction and loss of 
 power. A clean, smooth ankle indicates solid, elastic 
 bones. These bones in the slow dray-horse are large 
 but more porous. 
 
 The fetlock, composed of the three bones called the 
 pasterns, will also depend on its length and position, 
 upon what is required of the animal. A short, straight 
 pastern being best adapted for heavy pulling, as it will 
 have greater strength and enable the horse to press 
 harder on the toe ; but this would make him more liable 
 to stumble if driven fast, and with the straight shoulder 
 would be very unpleasant to ride; while on the contrary, 
 a longer and oblique pastern is more elastic, helps bring 
 the heel first to the ground, and is better adapted for 
 speed and graceful movement. 
 
 The pasterns are always more oblique in the fore than 
 in the hind leg. 
 
 There is not much to be said upon the foot, without 
 describing its anatomy. But a medium-sized, well-pro- 
 portioned foot, smooth in appearance, slanting down at 
 an angle of about 50° is the one most desirable. A corii- 
 pact, solid, tough looking foot, looking strong about the 
 quarters, and well united to the frog, and having the sole 
 of the foot well arched. 
 
 General Remarks. — We have now gone over the 
 pj-jncipal parts of the horse, and endeavored to show 
 
le fore than 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 briefly the proper construction of each fnr =^ 
 
 speed, more particularly i„ rJLTt^' C^' f ^"g^h and 
 
 but we would not overUk t^e fact thi'^ !"' ^'"'''^ ' 
 several parts are well connertpH a f' f • ""^"^^'^ these 
 muse, the bone struret:uldtr£ ''''' '"'^^^^ 
 
 iul and compHcated mTcuLrs ^^ e^re' "^ '^' "°"^- 
 
 But we will s mply sav th^i- Lf.^' 
 the external fitness^^f tWnl^s in T ^^^^^"ce with 
 God throughout nature, tha? the best .nd°''^"^'"'^'P ^^ 
 development of muscular powe in h."'^'^ ^''^^^^ 
 which clothes him with the most oerfe.Ml^ ^^"'"^ '' '^^^ 
 metryof form, and Jve To J ^' ^ ^^^"^>^' ^"^ sym- 
 graceful and eaLy motion 'Movements the niost 
 
 eye"and fiiif e? aJi^krc^nfribiVTr ^''^ i^/sment. Let 
 of the bonlmuscLs a d"^^^^^^^^^ Feel 
 
 horse because he has -i ...f J5' .^' Purchase a 
 part, if he is deficient orT^ f-^P-entofone 
 points. Keep in mind wN-it vrt. ^ u ^^'^' important 
 him thoroughly foTlhe e v c^^eq^uTred^^^'W '°^' \"' ^^>^ 
 horse for his noble pedip-ree „n^^^ [ • ^"^ "^^ ^uy a 
 See that from the line of^the rumf .^fJ' "°^^" ^^"^^^'f- 
 of the hind foot, that bone Lr^ to the ground surface 
 they were of such sfze and ?f "^T^^ '''^'^^ ^^^^^ ^^ i( 
 adapted in their prperposition^S' T.k ^° ^^'"'"'•^^'y 
 and do all things; and see thith: •^''' '^'>^ ,"^" ^"^"'-e 
 for what you wLt of h.m h , '•' especially adapted 
 
 given. ^ °* ^'"'' '^>^ applying the rules herein 
 
 , from'lheTon? Skit' f/'th'" '^•^1^''°"^^ ^^^ --ed 
 |breast,^-sthatofrwed4 'i''^''^'''' /Moulders and 
 i^^ie better, as it i^dicIL J^? "^^''^ P^^-^^ct this shape 
 
 taper of the LTdeTlnd^^^^^^^ --" 
 
 [breast. ' ^"^ Proportionate width of 
 
 ft ™ng dock is nalu'X cnnnTc-d n.,>, -'"^ '^^^- ^ ' 
 y-"i It 4lso indicates nerve. ^ ^■''^ *'"' " «rong back, 
 
38 
 
 THE farmer's VETERII^ARY ADVISER 
 
 See that he ts well buttoned up behind, and that the 
 evacuations are frequent and little at a time. Such 
 horses have both nerve and good health. 
 
 A horse should have a fine glossy coat, which indicates 
 go5)d bloodi good care and good temperament. 
 
 Attention should be paid to the color of a horse ; dark 
 bay, chestnut and brown are the most hardy colors; also 
 a deep, dark, hazely brown is the best color for the eyes. 
 Very light colored eyes are not so strong. 
 
 A good horse has the following 
 
 TWELVE points: 
 
 Three like a Lady, Three like a Fox, 
 
 Two like a Grey-hound, Two like an Ox, 
 
 An ankle like the swift-running Deer, 
 
 And a warrior's spirit which shows no fear» 
 
 Like a Lady in beauty of form, 
 And her movements of grace, 
 
 In the intelligence and gentleness 
 That are seen in her face. 
 
 Like a fox, in his sharpness of ear 
 
 And his splendor of tail ; 
 And also in his lightness of foot, 
 
 Having speed like the gale. 
 
 Like the hound in the form of his chest, 
 Made expansive and deep. 
 
 In the length and shape of his quarters 
 Giving greatness of sweep. 
 
 Like the Ox, for his fullness of eye 
 And his shortness of back ; 
 
 A sign of his endurance and strength 
 Which he ne '■er should lack. 
 
5ER 
 
 nd that the 
 me. Such 
 
 ch indicates 
 nt. 
 
 borse ; dark 
 colors; also 
 or the eyes. 
 
 u 
 
 car* 
 

 U 
 
 k, 
 
 
 </) 
 U 
 
 U 
 
 X 
 
S ,;i 
 
 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. CATTLE 
 SHEEP, HOG, DOG, FOWLS. ETC. 
 
 BY PROF LAW. 
 
 A 
 
 ' 1,11 1 
 
 2 a 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 CONTAGIOUS AND EPIZOOTIC DISEASES. 
 
 Cow'^pa^/'s'C-Sx'^'Go'af ^"" Disinfection. Horse-pox 
 
 cattle-plague. Lung^fever of cS Rinderpest, Russian 
 
 Strangles^ Influenzl TyphoSoi biS^^^^^ 
 
 per of dogs and cats. MaSamTAs 1^ fc' '''' ^^''""* 
 
 testinal fever in swine. hoSoleri tI ^ i""''-'^ '" annnals. In- 
 niadness. Malignantanthrax ri.nl^"^7/''"^^"^^' Canine 
 easeofsolipeds." Tule\tS, c^^^^^^^^^^ Venereal d is. 
 
 r^l':of!Li:sTo&^^^^^ o/ 5he whole 
 
 to the animals themfpuVT^ .\i • ^ " '"°^' destructive 
 being at he same ^mi .? '," ""^"^ "^'^ '° """"■ ^"d 
 adherence to sSTitary laws" '"o{ T^'f'^'' ''^ ^ "^^ 
 
 tion._k"r So ?t t,?= K^ J""^'';' ^~'""'0" destruc- 
 - Par..^ lu axe nrst^imii of the eighteenth century. 
 
40 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER, 
 
 m 
 
 it is estimated that 200.000,000 head of cattle perished in 
 Europe in connection with the Austrian wars These 
 plagues again entered Italy in 1793 with the Austrian 
 troops, and in three years carried off 3,000,000 to 
 4,000,000 cattle in that peninsula. More recently, rapid 
 railroad and steamboat traffic and extended commerce 
 have taken the place of war in favoring their diffusion 
 Free trade between England and the Continent since 
 1842 has cost the former $450,000,000 in thirty years, and 
 as much as $40,000,000 in '865-6 during the prevalence 
 of the Rinderpest. A similar importation cost Egypt 
 300,000 head of cattle (nearly the whole stock of the 
 country) in 1842, and others have caused ruinous but 
 unestimated losses in Australia. Cape of Good Hope, and 
 South America. On the other hand, some of the most 
 e:<poscd countries of Europe — Norway, Sweden, Den- 
 mark, Schleswig-Holstein, Oldenburg, Mecklenburg, and 
 Switzerland — have long kept clear of these plagues by 
 the simple expedient of excluding all infected animals or 
 their products, and promptly stamping out the disease 
 by the slaughter of the sick, followed by thorough disin- 
 fection, when they have been accidentally introduced. 
 Exclusively breeding districts, in Spain, Portugal, Nor- 
 mandy, and the Scottish Highlands, into which no 
 strange cattle are ever imported, also keep clear of nearly 
 all of these destructive pestilences. 
 
 It is unquestionable that the animal plagues are propa- 
 gated, in Western Europe and America, only by the 
 disease germs produced in countless myriads in the body 
 of a diseased animal, and conveyed from that to the 
 healthy. It follows that the destruction of the infected 
 subjects, and the thorough disinfection of the carcass, 
 manure, buildings, etc., is the most economical treatment 
 of all the more fatal forms of contagious disease in live 
 stock. For the less fatal forms, the most perfect sepa- 
 ration and seclusion, and the thorough disinfection of all 
 with which they have come in contact, is still imperative. 
 
 To the first class of exotic maladies belong : Small- 
 pox^ in sheep and birds ; the lung-fever or contagious pliiero- 
 pneitmonia of cattle : the Riiidefpest ox cattle-plague ; the 
 
DJSINFhXTION. 
 
 41 
 
 malgnant disease of the generative organs in so/ipah ■ and 
 >nrhgnant cholera ,n all animals. These demand sera \ 
 .on destruction, and disinfection. To tlT second or' 
 less fatal class of exotic maladies belongs : tL%hthoJs 
 fever or foot and mouth disease. This demands seclusion 
 and dismfection. ^"iduus sttiusion 
 
 by contagion. Among these may be named "St^ 
 
 Z ,!J , ^^- ^"""'-Mer, intestinal fever of swim 
 or hog-cholera. tnJlHettza, strangles, canine distetnLr IZ 
 perhaps the variola or tox of horse cZ, 1J^,J- j 
 
 «V^, All of these dow^ to inZ^^ef^s^ iTke 
 
 aismiection, with destruction or not of the disen^pH 
 according to the severity and diffusibH ty of the oar' 
 ticular malady. The remainder fr..! • a ^ ^^^' 
 
 are either to^o mild frw* such mers:^ rt'cfo 
 eas,ly spread to be satisfactorily contfolTed by Sem ° 
 
 native or imported ones For th,-« f A« ^f'^ ^P'^ead of 
 
 to the author's largeT^or/^ktw t^df oi^d^t^^^^^ 
 tion are, however, indispensable. clisinfec- 
 
 DISINFECTION. 
 pools!' htTis.'^Sinr :'tensr";r\f r- "^' 
 
 llll V.!:: ^°<f^• H?''^" "T "'"7 ^"d ^- ">"^' be^care! 
 ,, — ■« ^t/^ omi,c In close pli'-"' ^' 
 
 laces 
 
 they 
 
 are usu 
 
 ally 
 
!l 
 
 43 
 
 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER, 
 
 chiirged with invisible particles of organic matter in a 
 slate of decay, the most suitable field for the growth of 
 contagious principles. These, too, tend to purify them- 
 selves in a free circulation of air, and ventilation maybe 
 largely relied upon for this purpose, unless the delete- 
 rious supplies are too abundant from some adjacent 
 putrid accumulation, as dung-heaps, cess-pools, leaky 
 drains, or soil saturated with filth. Purity of the sur- 
 roundings kills many contagious elements on the prin- 
 ciple of starvation. 
 
 Of agents reputed to be disinfectants, some act merely 
 by changing the physical condition of organic matter, 
 without .my abstraction from, or addition to, its con- 
 stituents. Thus, heating to the boiling point (212° F.), 
 coagulates albuminous matters, and destroys infectious 
 properties generally. Bui it must be prolonged for a 
 variable time according to the size of the object, to allow, 
 of the heat penetrating to all parts alike. Clothing may 
 be heated in an oven to 300" F., or safer, boiled, and 
 even the prolonged application of hot transparent steam 
 directed from a hose, upon wood-work, etc., previously 
 well cleaned, is found very effectual Some poisons, like 
 that of Texas-fever, are destroyed by freezing, while 
 others are unaffected. 
 
 Other disinfectants act by chan^;.) ^ the chemical rela- 
 tions of organic matter, and inv-.w.. conta 'ous princi- 
 ples, by uniting with them to torm '^ <-w compounds, by 
 abstracting some ot their constituent elements or by 
 adding a new one. Thus the alotropic state of oxygen 
 called ozotte, produced abundantly during thunder- 
 storms, is supposed to be one of nature's most potent 
 disinfectants, acting by hastening the oxidation of 
 organic matter. Yet, at times, its excess seems to be 
 without effect, as in the influenza of horses in 1872. 
 Camphor and many of the odorous essential oils are sup- 
 posed to be of some slight use by reason of their devel- 
 oping ozone. 
 
 Burning is an effectual mode of disinfecting organic 
 matter, old rotten wood-work, clothing, fodder, manure, 
 &c. It niav even be used on the air bv movinff a 
 
tUSlNFKCTION. 
 
 plumber's charcoal-stove from nl^. . , 
 
 entire infected building- If- nf. . ^^^^^ ^^^r the 
 
 the opening of drains, or as a^amrf^^ "'"^^ ^^^^ 
 of outlets of infected building ^ '" ^^"^ ventilating 
 
 Chlorine, set frpp fr^^r>-. „ 
 vitro] and k htt! \^ ToxS^^?" '^^^' ^^ ^^^"'^ oil of 
 lent disinfectant of tL a Vhf^ -''""''''' ^''^ ^^^^'- 
 vacated buildings, andTs moLt effec'uaUnl^'n ^t '^ 
 
 huclilorine, a comoound r^f Mi • " ^ ^"^^ l>ght. 
 
 be obtained 'by add2 at frl "? ^"^ ^^>^S^"' ^^Y 
 chlorate of potassa to a^gi:ss&;'"^^^-^^' ^ 1^"]^ 
 may be used m occupied^bufldints ^^ "'"""'^^ ^^'d- ^t 
 
 ^^////.;/m.^ «^/^ i3 ^ J excellent- ^- • r 
 the air, and can easily be produr.J ^^^'^^ectant for 
 burnnig flower of sulphur on a slinn/" ^"^ f"'^""' ^^ 
 |ron shovel. Like chLine k is ^^st ^/r' ^t'^- °" ^'^ 
 J'ght. In occupied buiIdino-= l ^ efficient in day- 
 Tully pinch by pmch wit lout^ nin "'^^- ^" ^"'""^^ ^^'"e- 
 ^^^^-^./.^- .^.Xay al o^ '" h • ^^"'""^'"8^ ^he stock, 
 being allowed to evapomte f^^^^^^ 1? ,?''"P^'"'^ buildings, 
 ■nixed with ether or^°acoho7om'^^r^"^'"^'^lo"e or' 
 :'P at intervals, or from dnfhr T^'''^^^'^ '"^'gs hung 
 '^■ept iturated with the a1^^.'^'""^ /^"^il^ting inletj 
 difiused through the air of I i Z'- ^"^">^' '^ ^^V be 
 Carbolic and Ly^^ .'L mav .1 "? ^^ "" ^^°'^^^^^. 
 Meeting solids and liquidT h2. ^!. "'^^ ^«^ ^i^'"- 
 
 ■sprinkled on the floors ^v.l^ P?"'^^ ^"^° ^"-^ins or 
 building. For the I^?f ' ^"^ ^"^ ^^l^er parts of the 
 
 be <:iluted wf?h'o:Jt;^d?e7tim;'': ^^^^"^ ^^^^ '-^ 
 Tne cheap impure acid is usuX'n''r'!.^^ °^ ^^^^er. 
 heaps, yards, and other oMt.M?^ Preferred for dung- 
 agreeable indoors. c'^/^taL^"^^^^^^ ^"^ ^'^ '^ dit 
 contained carboh'c acid andTlltH "^'f'''^''' ^^om their 
 for out-door uses '^'^ Products, are also good 
 
 ^.^The^following are especially apphcable to solids and 
 
 '•rains, as a solution o(JlUt2T\f^-' ""/ P^"'"^^ ^nto 
 a/w^^ ^/^,>,^ . °' 4;^- ^^ ^ gallon of water. 
 
 / ,..,^ J. equaziy eriicxent but more expensive 
 
44 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 :ii m ii 
 
 ;V| 
 
 and chloride of aluminium {ckoralum) is somewhat l«:ss 
 potent. 
 
 Sulphate of iron {copperas) is one of the most efficient 
 and cheapest disinfectants for drains, manure, floors, 
 yards, etc., and may be applied either in fine powder or 
 in solution. 
 
 The sulphates of copper and zinc and perchloride of iron 
 are efficient but much more expensive. 
 
 Saturated solutions of caustic potassa and soda are 
 satisfactory for wood-work, harness and utensils, but 
 they are useless if diluted. Lime is useful in graves by 
 absorbing the water and uniting with the organic debris, 
 but is very unsatisfactory as a general disinfectant. 
 
 Permanganate of potassa promptly changes putrefying 
 organic matter, rendering it sweet and wholesome, but 
 it is que^^tionable how far it can destroy living organic 
 germs, ol which many of the contagious principles are 
 
 .obably composed. The same remarks apply to char- 
 coal, animal and vegetable, and to earth, especially that 
 containing a considerable portion of clay or marl. 
 
 Horse-pox. — This is probably identical with cow-pox, 
 being indistinguishable when inoculated on men or cattle. 
 It most frequently attacks the limbs, but may affect the 
 face or other parts of the body. There is usually some 
 little fever, whfch, however, passes unnoticed by the 
 owner. Then swelling, heat and t' nderness supervene, 
 commonly in a heel, and firm nodules form, increasing to 
 one-third or one-half an inch in diameter, the hair bris- 
 tles up, and the skin reddens unless previously colored. 
 On the ninth to the twelfth day a limpid fluid oozes 
 from the surface and agglutinates the hairs in yellow 
 scabs, on the removal of which a red raw depression is 
 seen with the scab fixed in its centre. In three or four 
 days the secretion ceases, the scabs dry up and the parts 
 heal spontaneously. It is easily transmitted from horse 
 to horse, to man, or to the cow. No treatment is re- 
 quired. 
 
 Cow-POX' — This is the same disease appearing in the 
 cow. There is a oreliminarv sliuht fever, usually c^ver- 
 
SHEEP-fOX 
 
 45 
 
 tment is re- 
 
 looked succeeded by some diminution and increased 
 coagulability of the milk and the appeai-inre nf f^f 
 on the udder and teats The udder t«^f } ^ '^°'^ 
 for a day or two. then littlTpare'rld nodti e:'!:";':: 
 
 contents ani'often a 'c^ t^r^l'rp'jess S'„ 'TZ'fJ^ 
 The liquid m each pock is contained in several diSh^S 
 sacs and cannot be all extracted without alScessfon ?f 
 punctures on different parts. The UnniH =% « I T 
 changes to yellowish wh'ite (pusV andloon dries" p^'^' 
 
 sc.es form, often j>rovins very obsttate' and even ,/aT 
 .ng to nflammation of the udder, abortion, or death 
 
 obwrrs'o"Th:tarA''=^iis^r'' '^^"■4"- - 
 
 salts is however, usu^Uy desS^ab? ." T^e^'t^^tf m^arb': 
 smeared with an ointment formed of an ounce S of 
 
 drawinl the teats. "^'^^''^'^y to avoid injury by 
 
 V'dn ir IS only known as a contagious disea-^P Tin« 
 TsXl is tZC:1 °' ''/ P''^"" atTft-enl"?: 
 ten to twdve in" Then f7' '" T'"''. ^'"' '™'" 
 
 ^•^ r -?-n thnti'Tnd'-aS 
 place toss of tneH?/'''? ""=• ^^"P''°" «^"ally akes 
 weeninalp. f/ u ""? ''""'mation, costiveness, red 
 n.?'"f tf =" 'I'l^harge from the nose, and the apnenr.' 
 -•>-<= .1 red patches mside the limbs and aloi i 'the 
 
46 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER.' 
 
 I:: 
 
 abdomen. Soon minute red points appear, and increase 
 to papules with a firm base, extending into deeper parts 
 of the skin. These are flat on the summit, (rarely 
 pointed or indented), and become pale or clear in the 
 centre from the effusion of liquid beneath the scurf skin, 
 with a red margin. With the appearance of the eruption 
 the fever moderates, but increases again in three or four 
 days, with the development and irritability of the vesicles. 
 These may remain individually distinct {discrete), in 
 which case the attack is mild, or they may run together 
 into extensive patches {confluent) and the result is likely 
 to be serious. The pocks will even appear on the diges- 
 tive or respiratory mucous membrane. The eruption 
 passes through the same course of exudation, suppura- 
 tion, drying and dropping off as in cow-pox. The dura- 
 tion of the disease is three weeks or a month. The 
 mortality in the milder forms may not exceed seven per 
 one hundred, in the more severe it may destroy almost 
 the whole flock. But the losses of lambs by abortion, 
 of wool, sight, hearing, hoofs, digits, flesh and general 
 vigor, often render recoveries anything but unmixed 
 blessings. 
 
 Treatment. — Keep in cool, dry, W2ll-aired and litt<)red 
 sheds, shelter from rain, and feed roots, or, if very weak, 
 oat and bean meal gruels, with a drachm of saltpetre to 
 each sheep. Common salt may be supplied to be licked, 
 and the drinking water may be slightly acidulated with 
 vinegar. The bowels should be opened by injections of 
 milk-warm soap suds, or 30Z. sulphate of soda if neces- 
 sary. Avoid heating agents. In the advanced stages 
 support by quinia, gentian, nitric acid, and nutritious 
 gruels, even animal broths. The pustules maybe treated 
 with the ointment advised for cow-pox, or, if unhealthy, 
 with weak solutions of chloride of ainc. 
 
 Prevention. — Nothing short of general infection will 
 justify the treatment of this disease. It should be ex- 
 cluded from our country by the most stringent supervi- 
 sion over the importation of sheep and their products, 
 and when it does appear should be promptly stamped 
 out by the destruction and disinfection of th.e sick and 
 
GOAT-POX-SWINE-POX-DOG-POX-BIRD-POX. 47 
 
 the punficatjon of all with which they have come in con- 
 tact noculatwn^^ a measure of prevention is unwar 
 
 conttn^'en'cv'I cITn^^r^^ of widf-spread infection a 
 contingency which ought never to arise in this country. 
 
 Goat-Pox -This is a rare and mild affection with an 
 eruption on the udder and teats closely resembling th^t 
 
 teZTy; . ''^^ ^^^" ^^°"^h^ '- bL sTontaneL 1^ 
 he goat, but IS known to be derived from sheep suffering 
 from Sheep-pox. It follows a mild course and require! 
 the same care as Cow-pox. Seclusion or destruction and 
 disinfection are, however, imperative when danger is 
 likely to arise for sheep. ^ 
 
 SwiNE-Pox.--This is more frequent than Goat-tox 
 It IS communicable to man and goat. Young p?^sC 
 hought to be most liable. The eruption appiSlLfde 
 the forearm and thighs and is usually precedS bv con 
 siderable fever. It is discrete or coJLt^^tsilpZ'x 
 and the seventy corresponds. The duration of the mild 
 forms is twelve to fifteen days. Treatment is sinnHaT o 
 that of Sheeppox and the same precautions shon IH k! 
 taken to prevent its dissemination ^'^"^'°"' '^^^^^ ^e 
 
 DoG-Pox.— These animals sometimes contract Small 
 poxovSkeep-pox^nd have been supposed ^^have £ 
 own specific torm besides. The young suffer most fre 
 quently and severely. There is the usual preTr^narJ 
 ever with an eruption on the sides and beHv pTssfnT 
 from pimples to vesicles and pustules, and finalfv drv^ 
 ing up into crusts which drop off The erunHnn ^o 7" 
 ^...../.or...A..,. the latte'^r being very fa^d^iSiw 
 T/oT """"^ "^ demanded^as inX othefSs 
 
 BiRp-Pox.--Birds seem susceptible to different form«! 
 of variola, having contracted the disease from mln^ 
 some cases, and in others conveyed 1 to tlTJn 
 o?^^n"' ^f'^ '° ^^"^^^^^ ^^-/-1n threxperiment^<; 
 
 tM v' sth?;" in . I^^-P--^ veryfataVinS:" 
 
 '■-"'" -'ppear^ mamiy on the head 
 
 under the 
 
 wing, 
 
48 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 II 
 
 on the tongue, cr in the pharynx. In fatal cases deatn 
 ensued in four or five days. Treatment would rarely 
 be desirable, the great point being to stamp out the 
 malady by destroying the diseased and disinfecting the 
 place. 
 
 Aphthous Fever.— Foot a^d Mouth Disease.— 
 A contagious eruptive fever, atl -cl-ng cloven-footed ani- 
 mals and communicable to othei i. xrm-blooded animals, 
 including even man. Its special feature is the eruption 
 of blisters in the mouth, on the udder and teats and on 
 the feet. It is only known as communicated by conta- 
 gion whether in western Europe, in Great Britain and 
 Ireland, where it was introduced in 1839-42, or in North 
 and' South America, which it reached in 1870 by imported 
 stock. Like the other animal plagues it follows in the 
 track of great armies and in the channels of commerce. 
 The contagion does not readily spread on the air, a river 
 or common road being often sufficient to limit it, but no 
 poison is more certainly transmitted by contact, direct or 
 through the medium of human beings, tame or wild ani- 
 mals, fodder, litter, manure, clothing, drinking-troughs, 
 etc., etc. Milk is one of the most frequent sources of 
 contagion to pigs, dogs, and even to infants, producing 
 the most dangerous intestinal irritation and diarrhoea. 
 
 Symptoms.— -T\\^ poison may remain latent in the sys- 
 tem' for one or two days, or, in exceptional cases, per- 
 haps as many as six. Then there is roughness of the 
 coat or shivering, increased temperature, dry muzzle, hot 
 red mouth, teats, and interdigital spaces, lameness, in- 
 clination to lie, and shrinking from the hand in milking. 
 The second or third day blisters arise, on any part of the 
 \^hole interior of the mouth one-half to one inch in 
 breadth, or on the teats and between the digits about 
 one-half inch across. Saliva drivels from the mouth. 
 collecting in froth around the lips, and a loud smacking 
 is made\vith the lips and tongue. Swine champ the 
 jaws. Sheep and swine suffer more especially in the 
 feet, often losing the hoofs or even the digital bones, a 
 contin"-encv not unknoi^'n in neglected cattle. 
 
RINDERPEST. 
 
 49 
 
 r^^^inl^':^'^^^^ "Hf' the loss of 
 kicking, abortions, pemanentl.m' "" ^''.^'^ °^ ^''^'°"s 
 incapacity for ^i- da^^r^r ted.^g^r^t^^^ 
 cared for, the disease passes in fitlen d^^Xn • """" 
 ill consequences, excepting the ooisnn hVi ^'"'"^ "° 
 t- building. The averag^e loss Hesh 's /.To ^ ^ ?" 
 dairy cows it is much ruofe ^^ to $io ; in 
 
 k glycerine 10 o^ Wnd ^'h ' •'""'? <'^"'""'<^ ^'^^ 4 
 
 after cleaning the .oace hiL fF'i.'^'^ """' » father 
 cloth throu J t) After Hri •'" l'!" ^°°^' ''y drawing a 
 
 bandage. The hi^d f et ^I'Z V'^'I'f '" ^ '" 
 ra se each seoaratpl,, „,ifi i ^ dressed if two men 
 
 in front of he hock^ In fri°"^ '?,."' <?* ''''"die passed 
 
 horn should be removed anrff'"^ 't- ^'''- ="" ''"^'^hed 
 
 mation runs high Soft cold nf, H ' ''IP"'" ''^ '"«=""- 
 
 beC;iciertrguTd:d''a™i°L'' d"^' !?™^'= 'h-'d 
 be rigidly secluded from afrSJ^;!, '^^'"^ '^'°* ^ho-W 
 «'ho ought to be d sinfec id I f "'•"''^'^ ='«^"dants 
 Wild animals, e'en Wrds lo u f ""^ ">« enclosure. 
 
 place where the diseased hate^ben'^hrulJh''', ^T/^ 
 a wniter or disinfected the rnllt f ' , ? . ''*= '='°'^ed for 
 safe place, or boiled and 4ve,^ to '•''^ ^^ ''""'^d in a 
 litter, etc. may be" burned or riJT [ '?""''^' '"f^^'^d 
 plowed under by horses No ritr^.S'"''! '''"""''^d and 
 nioved until fifteen days aftl? An'' ^"""='' ^''""'d be 
 fi« be sponged Z^^lIZS^^^^^^ ^ ^"-d 
 
 .io'^rir o^f^7ttrcor^^^Lr^''^^^^^^ - .a. 
 
 a..d characterised by a Z?"""'"' '° °"'" 'uminants 
 
 ■fenibranes, burabove al^ H?i ?!f' °" °^ ""^ '""'^O"' 
 testines, ank an ex/A' ^ '.^" f "'"'"-"f.^h and i- 
 
 .v.. ^.,„^ji an^ shedding of the 
 
50 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISEi: 
 
 superficial layers of cells on the skin and mucous mem- 
 branes. It is only propagated by contagion, at least, out 
 of the Kirghiz Steppes and Kherson district in Southern 
 Russia, but spreads further on the air than Aphthous 
 Fever. 
 
 Symptoms. — Incubation lasts about two days until the 
 temperature of the body is elevated, or four days until the 
 appearance of outward signs of illness. By this time the 
 mouth, inside the lips, on the dental pad of the upper 
 jaw or around the gums of the lower front teeth, shows 
 minute white elevations, like the aphtha of the mouths 
 of children, calves and lambs suffering from thrush (mug- 
 uet). This may be exceedingly slight and transient but 
 is most characteristic. The other mucous membranes, 
 (eye, vulva, rectum, nose,) show a more or less dark flush 
 and concretions may appear around these and on other 
 parts, of the skin, especially the teats. These are solid 
 aggre'gations of epithelial cells, not vesicles nor pustules. 
 In twenty-four hours they undergo fatty softening and 
 are easily detached, leaving small pink erosions, and by 
 the sixth day a great part of the mouth and muzzle may 
 have become raw, and the surrounding mucous mem- 
 brane of a deep red. About the fourth day the skin feels 
 greasy, and dullness and impaired appetite and rumina- 
 tion appear. In cows the milk is diminished, richer in 
 cream, and even slightly coagulable. Urine becomes 
 scanty and of a high color and density. These signs in- 
 crease until tilt; sixth day, when the mouth is often raw, 
 saliva drivels, appetite and rumination are gone, bowels 
 relaxed, the dung passed with much straining and pain, 
 the everted gut appearing of a deep red or port -wine hue. 
 the ears are drawn back, head pendent, eyes half-closed 
 and watery, back arched and often insensible to pincii- 
 ing, abdominal muscles tense and resistant, and there is 
 a peculiar check in the act of expiration, the breath be- 
 ing suddenly arrested with a flapping sound and concus- 
 sion of the entire body, to be exhaled a second or two 
 later with a grunting noise. Sighing and whistling 
 stninds are heard in th«» chest and it becomes unnaturally 
 drum-like to percussion. A sudden lowering of tempera- 
 
« 
 
 THE LUNG FEVPR OF CATTLE, „ 
 
 Hr-^rbuttrngS^Trnd" t""; ""^^^^•^■'' ™"' de- 
 while in the milder ca'es^th"*"^™'''' """""^ '°''"^- 
 almost altogether conTned to S,e"ki; ""P""" "^^ ''^ 
 
 -||5^';.rd :'^-:r "^'X- -an, amount. 
 
 legally '^2bitJd''under'ril"^,-5 ""'' P'^S"^ ^''°«'d be 
 tempts of the different schools o?""'";""'- ^" "«^ ^t" 
 Piricism have only "ncreased ft/ """ """^ "f ™'- 
 
 and even countries and dktrict/H'f."' "'""^ "='«°"» 
 ;^ed . out and excl^ nit:?a::d tiiTr^^ 
 
 ven^eTCa""s;;^Ttt1u':eJ4'"ion^^^^^^^^^ *°"'d "^^ P^-- 
 t.ers and a quarantine of sS T? S^-P"?" ^"'l ' -■»- 
 should be ruthlessly destroved i*^ ^"^."""^d, the victims 
 places and things with wS .1; I'^P'^ ^""^''- ='nd all 
 disinfected in th^em^st ^iSt mTn':^ "'""' '" ""'-' 
 
 Ho'p^X'N^!!i-^3ped&f-^-^-«°"« r-EU. 
 with extensive exudations fntoth'T"! '''™'' "'' "^^''k- 
 , Like the other plaluA =i ^ ^^' ""'' '""S«- 
 known in Europe andTmericf . ^ '""'''^' ""'^ ^'^ <»"/ 
 Its ■■nportation'^into the different ^ "^""'^g'O''^ disease 
 has always been traceaW^ t^ I " countries of Europe 
 feasts or their products Th^' ""™.duction of diseased 
 Haller, more than a centJ.^ ''"',1°" "^'he immortal 
 by contagion, has rece.^d the'fm'n^.' " "V^'P^frated 
 fecent times. It inv^ZTj , ''"'.P'est confirmation in 
 "ttle, EnglandtlS'w Irish '' '", ^'^9-40 by Dutch 
 den and Denmark in ,8^7 h' \- ?■ P""^*" '^='«'«. Swe- 
 agam by English and tfutc^ m"^''* ^'°*. »"d later 
 ected Ayrshires, Oldenburg i, ZT^ i%'«f° b^ -- 
 .'«S9. in each case bv A,,,- J? 1 ^S, and Schleswig in 
 
 » ;854, Australffi7,^/st ™ E^rt^'^S"'' «°p" 
 L I, in 1843 hy a T^,,tchr^ Ji'iglish cow, Brooklvn. 
 3 -^ ^ •'"'"'= '""•' ^'"i ''gain in 1850 by a« 
 
52 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 I i 
 
 I I! ' 
 
 English one, New Jersey in 1847 by English stock, and 
 Boston, Mass., by Dutch cattle in 1859. I" ^^^^^^^"' 
 Norway, Denmark, Oldenburg, Schleswig, Massachu- 
 setts and New Jersey, it was stamped out, in the last 
 case by the importer, Mr. Richardson, sacrificmg his 
 whole herd and voluntarily assuming the loss, but in the 
 other places named it was left to itself and spread disas- 
 
 tiously. ^ , . , ,- 
 
 Symp/07ns.— The period of latency of the poison in the 
 system is from four to six weeks, and in exceptional cases 
 perhaps two or three months or as short as ten days. In- 
 creased temperature of the body usually appears a week 
 or two before other symptoms. Then there is a slight 
 cough, erection of hair along the ba.:k, sometimes shiver- 
 incT and always tenderness of the back to pinching, the 
 animal crouching and groaning. Soon breathing and 
 pulse become accelerated, bowels costive, urine scanty 
 and high-colored, milk diminished, appetite impaired 
 rumination irregular, nose alternately moist and dry, and 
 legs and horns cold and hot. If in the field, the sick leave 
 the herd. The cough increases in harshness, depth and 
 painfulness, and all the symptoms are aggravated until 
 the animal stands in one posture, with head extended on 
 the neck, mouth open, and every breath accompanied by 
 a loud moan. From the earliest stages the ear applied 
 to the sides of the chest detects an absence of murmur 
 overparticular parts of the lung, or lungs, w.th a line cf 
 crepitation (fine crackling) around it, and jccasionally 
 rubbing, wheezing, and other unnatural sounds. On per- 
 cussion over the silent parts the natural resonance is 
 found to have given place to dullness, and the animal 
 winces and groans. Other peculiar sounds may follow 
 later, into which we cannot enter here, and exhausting 
 liquid discharges from the bowels and kidneys, tym- 
 panies and abortions are frequent results. Death may 
 take place early, from suffocation, when both lungs are 
 involved, or may be delayed six weeks or more. 
 
 The percentage of deaths and permanent destruction 
 to health is fifty or sixty, or when all the more suscepti- 
 ble animals have perished it may be reduced much lower. 
 
THE LUNG FEVEk OF CATTLE. 53 
 
 Treatment — Tin's Hftimc^ ;, 1 
 
 treatment than Ri 'derpest h'^t T"'' "^""'^ ^"^^"'^^Je to 
 less reprehensible/ ar?heooLn ^•'"''''^^ ''^^ '^'^^ '«"« 
 diffusible through the atntosX: ^hTdden'"'^'^' "°^^ 
 for a greater length of time in ?he bodJ" f "r"P-""'"^ 
 and wnen manifested is far x^J.v m ^ ""/ '^'' ^'^tim, 
 for other diseases (pneumonia nl. • ^^u ° ^^ '^'^^^'^^n 
 treatment should ever be a ImviH"'''^' ^''^^^hitis). No 
 secluded buildings, far from rc^I' f^''^' '" P^^-^^^^ly 
 
 or animals can get access Id tn-i t "? '''^"^^ "^^''^ 
 
 atmosphere. ' """"^ '" ^^ constantly disinfected 
 
 soda) with aconite 2y be g'en'int;:? '""^P.^'^^ «^ 
 ^yater or mild laxatives dJo^\:x,T''^'T^ °^ ^-'^•"ni 
 the bowels, and blisters aPDjicdtn ^1^'^ "f ^ ^' ""^^"late 
 (mustard and oil -of tu'Sie) '?%^'^^\°f the chest 
 tion sets in, stimulants^^^reeripirit^" r^'v"^^ 
 matic ammonia, etc.) and tonics 1.°^"'^':^' ^"'"^' aro- 
 carilla, boneset, sulphate of iron ,1^'"^^^"' cinchona, cas- 
 etc.) are called for^ AnHsen/' ""^P"''."^'""^^' ^^'^^S 
 such as can be inha edin Ev .su[nh"'f"^' ^'^'^'^''y 
 acid vapor or sprav) anH f i. (^"Jphur fumes, carbolic 
 ease. ^^^^ ^"'^ ^hus reach the seat of dis- 
 
 ^^M^r^tl^^l^t^'TXi^y ^ -^ -ng out of water 
 kept closely appl-ed L elasfir''^ ^X '^^^'"^^ ^'V 0"es 
 followed b/a cold doLhe and "'"'^"^^^ foranhourand 
 has proved very successful b.fS"' ^"bbing till dry, 
 enthusiasmandactiWy on thep.^^^^^^^^^^ intelligence ' 
 Hie pack is repeated as Xn ^ ll ^ ^^'^ attendants. 
 /^r^^;.//.;..-il^portatio^^^^^ ^f the temperature rises, 
 countries free from^the p a^'e ^^ ^ ^"^^ved from 
 
 no suspectea stock for ala^t thr.'^' '^"'^^" '''^''''^'^ 
 inspection and, if thought ne?e sirv n"'°"'^-'.' ^"^' ^^^^•• 
 port of entry. But th^ nfc 7' quarantine, at the 
 
 YorlM'ConnLfcuf)NewTe ITn ''^^^^ "^ New 
 
 Maryland, Virginia ind D/s^TiPc^''"'^^^^ Pennsylvania, 
 to be rooted out bvmtl ^°^""'^'a- This ought 
 
 government a^ ^^C^d^t ^flll^^'-^^.^^^ -'-J 
 
 _UL or r„c ijuolic treasury. 
 

 54 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 Little good must be looked for from isolated action by 
 States, counties, townships, or individual owners ; the 
 danger threatens the entire country, and for the general 
 safety rU must pny. It is absurd to expect the unfortu- 
 nate possessor of sick animals to beggar himself for the 
 public good. There should be destruction of the sick, 
 partial remuneration of the owners, thorough disinfection 
 under professional supervision, and the most perfect con- 
 trol and constant inspection of all suspected herds and 
 places until the malady has been eradicated from the 
 land. This is the most insidious of all our animal plagues, 
 the one which now most urgently presses for active inter- 
 ference, and which, if neglected, will bring a terrible retri- 
 bution in the future. 
 
 Inoculation, as a preventive, like medical treatment, 
 is suicidal unless whce a country is very generally in- 
 fected. 
 
 Strangles. — Distemper in Young Horses. — 
 
 A specific fever of young solipeds, usually attended 
 with swellings and formations of matte.- between the 
 bones of the lower jaw, or elsewhere in groups of lym- 
 ph itic glands. 
 
 Causes. — Early age, hange from field to stable, from 
 grass to dry feeding, from idleness to exciting work, the 
 irritation of teething, and, above all, change of locality 
 and climate. Repeated attacks will occur in the same 
 horse under the influence of the last named cause. Ex- 
 posure to cold and wet, impure air, sudden thaws, etc., 
 contribute to hasten its development. Lastly, contagion 
 is a common cause, and, in some cases, the malady may 
 be even conveyed to man. 
 
 Symptoms. — The disease is often preceded by a period 
 of unthriftiness, staring coat, loss of condition, dulness 
 and languor. Then there appear cough, redness of the 
 nasal membrane, and watery flow from the nose and 
 eyes, slavering, accelerated breathing and pulse, costive- 
 ness, scanty high-colored urine, and increased thirst. 
 Soon a swelling rises between the bones of the lower jaw, 
 hot, tender, and uniformly rounded and smooth, at first 
 
'luite impossible Wi h^. .°"°"''' difficult and noiJ ^"^ 
 
 ■nay usually be counted on "''' ""^ ^ ^'^^dy reS 
 
 ^'''''X'llar Forms —Ty. ' 
 of softening, and maintafn X h"*^ "^^ •"^■'den in pla„ 
 
 ■"■'tter may form ?n th ''"'^ """'^ ^'^^S^^Vt T^""- 
 about the shouWenVofn ^th^P' "^ '>'"'Sc- gll^d": 
 mesentery, the braiA «c ' <? "■'^"'^ °f 'he lun| rif 
 
 'nontf ^frr '"?-°-"i,;^, lr„^^>',^. «. in «ses o, 
 'iocs well bu? tY"'^ '^«^'ed5he ™^>' P;°'^-->cted f„r 
 
 ent parts of the fa J'"?"'""°"^ ^"'elhn Js fn thTf "■'"'- 
 quent result. ''°''>' (^'"-/»'-« ^^^..^^.^I^J isTf '" ' 
 
 ^'■<'«'"«K/.-_Sustirr, n, ''^' 
 
 •lb- idance of ^nft ."'^ strength of t^» .• 
 
 a.id sewM ,f"'' T^' "ed down the r^wi^ ?"' '">'" 
 , dropping out'^ «!,"''= « 'he chin to 'I'tt ' "• V^^'-' 
 i hot ,ntS- 4» '■ " °' °" meal mav helJ^ .""-^ fr""' 
 
 maslies fr';„f ^"""',"8 ™''y be done h„ f !. =''°igwith 
 points it 4lM"°H'%^"S,'>""g on the iK^idvi^g hot bran 
 "« Poultte conH ^""'}y evacuated with'th^ ?'" '"^"'^■■ 
 ^Tocationl Jhr """'■'° ~mp:--te he oft "'"'' '"^ 
 I , '"'''™^^' ''•^ -"*.pe m;sf be';n„// 
 
 \y 
 
THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 in the middle of the neck, and a tube inserted to breathe 
 through. 
 
 Medicine is rarely required. Yet costiveness may be 
 counteracted by warm water injections, and weakness by 
 stimulants (muriate and carbonate of ammonia) and tonics 
 (gentian, columba, willow-bark). Complications must be 
 treated according to th-;ir nature. 
 
 Influenza. — A specific epizootic fever of a low type, 
 associated with inflammation of th'i respiratory mucous 
 membrane, or less frequently of other organs. It has 
 prevailed at intervals over different parts of the world in 
 man, horses, dogs, and even cats. 
 
 Causes. — Nothing can be definitely stated as to the 
 primary cause of its development, as all peculiar condi- 
 tions of soil, volcanic action, atmospheric electricity, 
 atrial, moisture or dryness, density or levity, season, tem- 
 perature, winds, calms, ozone, and antozone, fail to 
 accouni for its appearance. The great American epizootic 
 of 1872 was preceded and accompanied in Michigan by 
 an excess of ozone, but the excess did not determine its 
 appearance in other States, which it invaded by a gradual 
 progress and with a rapidity proportional to the celerity 
 of communication. Again, insular and sequestrated 
 places escaped, as Prince Edward Island (frozen out), 
 Vancouver's Island (quarantined). Key West, Hayti, St. 
 Domingo, Jamaica, La Paz, by the non-importation ol 
 horses (Cuba suffered through imported American 
 horses). It stopped at Panama, where there is no horse 
 traffic owing to the state of the country. (See the 
 author's re^rt to Government, and report of New York 
 Board of Health.) 
 
 Sy.nptoms. — The disease comes on suddenly, with ex- 
 treme cakness and stupor. There is often pendent 
 head, half-closed, lustreless eyes, great disinclination to 
 move, with swaying gait, and cracking joints. Appetite 
 is lost, mouth hot, clammy, bowels costive, urine scanty 
 and high-colored, pulse accelerated and wr>ak (sometimes 
 hard), a cough, deep, painful, and racking, comes on, 
 crepitation or harsh blowing; sounds are heard in the 
 
INFLUENZA. 
 
 ciulness or percussionSv [,1,^11./ '^'' '^''''' ^^'^^^ 
 Involved. Thus there may be 1^. ^"^' ''''' seriously 
 
 nia, pleurisy, bronch tl hLrLl '^'"^Pt^"^^ of pneumo- 
 pericardium et^Qot^^l^l^''^^ 
 modifying the heart souLsTndr' ^°'"' "^ ^^^^ ^^^^''t, 
 In other cases th^.hH ''"^ P'"ov"i^^ rapidfy fatal. 
 
 great torpor "r tZ'^n^f''''/ "'^^^' ^^ ^^^^ 
 dominal walls, there are cni.Vl ^""^'^''"ess of the ab- 
 coated tongue yellowness of hf ^ ^^?'' ^"^^^"^ ^^irst, 
 and eyes, ydlow o reZsh vrine ^T^'t""'' f '^' "^^^ 
 in pellets thickfy coafed titrmucuf '' '""^^^ ^"^ ^""^ 
 
 pl'c:rttSustl^^^ take 
 
 last for months. At others nil ''^'' ^"^ "^^^ ''^^en 
 ensue, or, finally, sev^reln^^^rafcrth?^^^^^^^^ ^'^ 
 
 war^trref ^^;:rThlrd?h'"'"",^'^^ "^i-^--^ of 
 or aloes. Give m^Idt^ ^^iu^t cs^ ^?-^ -^ 
 
 of ammonia, spirit of nitrous ethpr^,lY^"'''',''^^^^^ate 
 tract of belladonna), and vvhen fev^r f k"T^>^""^ <^^- 
 prostration comes on, stimS/?n^> ^^'^'^'^ ""' ^'^^^ 
 
 draughts, and warm clothiL are' el ' f"?^ r^' '"'^^^"t 
 throughout ^ ^^ e:,sentials of treatment 
 
 ^'^ ^^'^^ abdominal oro-an<: at-^ fi, 
 supplement the medi?hiS abov n "'""'^ ¥^^ °^ ^'^^^^e, 
 (^'■Ppery elm. mallow bonc'i":"'f ^^ ^demulcents' 
 
 ' '^-' '^n^ecd;, and anodynes 
 
58 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 (opium, hydrocyanic acid), with, in some cases, a gentle 
 laxative (olive oil). Nervous symptoms may demand wet 
 cloths to the head, blisters to the sides of the neck, pur- 
 gatives, unless contra-indicated.and bromide of potassium. 
 The rheumatic complication must be treated like ordi- 
 nary rheumatism, with colchicum, propylamine, acetate 
 of potassa, turpentine, warmth, counter-irritants, etc. 
 
 The following system of treating the epizootic influ- 
 enza is practiced by a well-known veterinarian : 
 
 " Good nursing is the primary requisite in all cases. 
 Keep the stall clean and dry, and admit a proper amount 
 of pure air, without having a draft directly over the horse. 
 Chloride of lime should be used as a disinfectant, and 
 sunlight admitted in clear weather. Keep the animal care- 
 fully blanketed and groomed, as good rubbing opens the 
 pores of the skin and circulates the blood to the surface 
 and extremities. The following prescription has been 
 used with great success in Boston, New York and 
 Chicago : 
 
 Sulphur 8 oz. ) ^ 
 
 PoTASSiE Nitrate 4 oz. ( j, ' '^ 
 
 Pulverized Ginger 3 oz. X ™ 
 
 Pulverized Digitalis i oz. ; ^^ell. 
 
 The dose, a tablespoonful, may be given with the food, 
 which should be a hot bran mash, when the horse will 
 cat, or laid upon the tongue when nourishment and food 
 are refused. The effect is almost immediate ; the cough 
 subsides, the catarrhal indications grow less, the fever 
 ceases, and appetite is resumed. 
 
 If the throat is sore and swallowing difficult, it will be 
 necessary to apply a counter-irritant to the throat, or if 
 the lungs are affected^ to the chest. The following 
 never fails to give immediate relief : 
 
 Spirits Turpentine 2 oz. 
 
 Linseed Oil i oz. 
 
 F. F. F. Ammonia i oz. 
 
 Mix well and apply to the affected parts thoroughly." 
 
 Tyhpoid, Gastric or Bilious Fever. — This 
 .strongly resembles the abdominal form of influenza, and 
 
TVPHo:n, OASTRic OR Bruoas p.v... ,, 
 sometimes occurs in f-In:^ 
 
 ^o appears independen'lTl-n h ""^ ^^ '^" ^^"^^ ^ime. It 
 '-"g their coats in spnng^^„3 .T" ^'"^^^"^^ ^y ^^^ed- 
 ■i hot, close, impure anH f ""^^ ^"<^"mn, m those kept in 
 insufficient]; or on"ad?y pTet^i^""^ atmosphere'f fed 
 Hjjured ah-ment, supph-ed\wt?wate ' "'?'^' °' ^''^"''^^^"^^ 
 of decomposing or^^nic matterf ?• "'"'^''^"'"S^ ^" excess 
 to overwork, etc. FinaHv ,> ' '^ ^''regularly, subjected 
 J^ned insalubrious MdL^' ^d'^o^'^'f^^'^"^ ^'" -- 
 those that arc wholesome aSd w.n • "" / ^^'' ^^^ent, in 
 generally acting influe^e makes tT'^" ^-^"^^ ""'^'"^^n 
 season than another. '^ '"^''^ virulent at one 
 
 Symptoms. — There ar/. ^ r 
 tude, followed hythtl^J^Z ^^' "foulness and lassi- 
 coat, shivering, aLrnatf heat a?d" r M ^''"' --Staring 
 face, restlessness, hot drv mouth /i'^T' °^ "« =^"t 
 
 ternal temperature of the bod' ■ rf "'^'"■°" °f 'he 
 t.n?e of the mucous membran;, ^''""^ '= ^ yellowish 
 l«"is, full, tense, tender be Ivn' ~"^"™ness, colicky 
 I'a'd pellets of dung covefeZ' ■£,■'='£'= °^ ^ few dark! 
 equity, reddish, and depoStlnrl^^H"""""' "'"• """= 
 Jiid weak, and there ma,, „ ^ sedmient, pulse raoid 
 excited breathing a,?d IZZf^^ "°' ^^ ^°'e throlt 
 ■"-e favorable else st,s JR ™'" "'<= "°^e. I„ the 
 ;;We ■" eight or „i„'e days an7, '"r'"' """^ "°"'ee- 
 "lade. In the unfavoraWe th. .P^'u " "'"overy is 
 ;v;eak and rapid (eighty ?oninetv ».f' ^'''?""' ™>»". 
 ''Otter, more clammy, Md covered*^ mmute), the mouth 
 
 orsreenishbiotche.(^the Sm1,arf r"''-'*'''''™"'"''^'' 
 the bowels more irriVah?., ""aom nal ivalls more tender 
 
 '-a, and the str^^Xt r^Z'r', "'"> ^ ^tid d LS 
 « constantly pendent, the eVl.^I'^T'^- The head 
 ''e countenance stupid and 1?-,^ J "' ""= expression of 
 
 S.^'-^Xrrii~^^^ 
 
 -.th .ually takes ^.Te ''f- ^ re^^ttt-! 
 
 -i^f r;:^tra^fiT^t,r[.r t-tV^'^ '"-" - -'- 
 
 ^vannth of ^nrf^rf^ -,,.-! .P"^^^. "ot too rap d a 0-^^,-1 
 - -nrrace and exiremities a hvicTui"' f^"^J-u 
 
 'L>us, a ought eye, cheerful 
 
 X - -i.-.i 
 
6o 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 countenance, whitish fetid dung, and much yellowness 
 of the eye, nose or mouth, a few doses of calomel (lO grs.) 
 and opium (30 grs.) repeated twice daily, may be useful 
 in stimulating the liver and throwing off injurious agents 
 from the blood. But it is to be avoided when there is a 
 weak, rapid pulse, and great prostration and debility, and 
 in no case should it be given over two or three days, or 
 until the system is saturated with the drug. Severe cos- 
 tiveness may be obviated by 2 or 3 drs. of aloes and a 
 drachm of calor^.el, or by a daily dose of 2 or 3 ozs. of 
 Glauber salts until relaxation occurs. Soft feeding and 
 copious injections of warm water must be continued to 
 maintain the bowels in a healthy state. A drachm each 
 of chlorate or nitrate of potassa and muriate of ammonia 
 may be given three or four times daily with the water 
 drunk, or in case of great dulness and debility, an ounce 
 of oil of turpentine, sulphuric ether, sweet spirits of nitre, 
 or carbonate of ammonia, may be given as well. Great ten- 
 derness of the belly may be met by persistent hot fomen- 
 tations and mustard poultices, and if necessary by half- 
 drachm doses of opium. Tympany is treated by hand 
 rubbing and by aromatic ammonia or oil of peppermint. 
 During recovery 3 or 4 o/.s. of tincture of gentian or 
 cinchona may be given twice daily witlt muriate of iron 
 and stimulants. Feed throughout on soft bran mashes, 
 sliced roots, boiled oats or barley, green grass, oil-cake, 
 etc., giving from the hand if necessary. Secure pure air 
 and water, cleanliness, warm clothing and general comfort 
 until restored to health. 
 
 Canine Distemper.— A specific fever of the young 
 domestic carnivora, affecting the respiratory organs, and 
 it may be the abdominal viscera, the brain, the muscular 
 system and joints, or the skin. One attack usually pro- 
 tects from a second. 
 
 ^^,^j^j._Connected, like strangles,, with domestication, 
 it is most severe on pet dogs kept in hot, close rooms on 
 spiced food, or confined in kennels. Change of climate, 
 teething, and contagion, are other causes. 
 
 Symptoms.— VuluQss, peevishness, loss of appetite, dry 
 
lowness 
 [10 grs.) 
 5 useful 
 s agents 
 lere is a 
 lity, and 
 days, or 
 'ere cos- 
 is and a 
 3 ozs. of 
 ing and 
 nued to 
 hm each 
 mmonia 
 le water 
 in ounce 
 of nitre, 
 reat ten- 
 t fomen- 
 by half- 
 by hand 
 ipermint. 
 mtian or 
 :e of iron 
 
 mashes, 
 oil-cake, 
 
 pure air 
 1 comfort 
 
 le young 
 yans, and 
 muscular 
 tally pro- 
 
 istication, 
 rooms on 
 f climate, 
 
 )ctite, dry 
 
 MALIGNANT CHOLERA-ASIATIC CHOLERA. 6. 
 
 becomes paroxysmal anH St <-u ^^ ';°=^- The cough 
 matter not beilgTutduJ" '^""°;:^''> vomiting, the 
 turbed,and thechestsonnM? ^ '"' ''^ b^athing is dis- 
 implydiseaselhere T™e^„7„^"^P''-«onandpe''rcussion 
 emaciated, and ditrrhcea, u ce?a ^7:^^ '""'"I'' """^ 
 
 chS,Vne"!^r"e",:t:r?tiri;tr^^ ^^■".P'"'"^ °f bron- 
 nitis, and skin-di eTse Dfaeiles of T^T"™'> P''^^" 
 convulsions, chorea, paralysis ifnH 1,- '"■'"" ("^""P*. 
 ceedingly common mTe^^d 3 a^ ''Tr "^ f^" 
 ispecuhar, consisting of small hi?.* ^ T''^ eruption 
 reddish or purple fluid "' ""'^'"'"g often a 
 
 milt^'Sd-fnd^Sl'ftf -^ "='• P"^ -■^- -d a 
 should not be so exrln^ ,„ • J ^'\ ""portant. The diet 
 only. ^elusive m dogs having had anim.-I food 
 
 (catTon):r;b':Svt'b:'r>' °^ j ^■■•s"' '-a,ive 
 
 febrifuges (saltpeter) and .• ?"' fe"""^"' I"'"'!'), 
 with pel-hap's an'aS;„r(tl Xn Tas ^'P^-^^"'-). 
 tonics must be eiven frepl w, f ^^•. ^^ ^'^^^'" subsides, 
 Fowler's solutioli) In afc^^^ -sulphate of iron 
 
 as for the differen diseases hTt-'^^'/^'^P^'"^^'^"^ ^^ea 
 ^ies, and keep up toS^^^^^^^^^J^^r^^r.^^- 
 
 -^^^eS^L^ CHO.EK.-_This 
 
 with man, and has beenTrnH ^^'''^' '''""^^^^^ 
 feeding the dried bowel derariTT?e^"'"^"?">^ ^^^ 
 increase in virulence from the fiSio fl^fv T^ ^°""^ ^° 
 decrease to the fifth dav Jfvl I- u^^ ^^"""^ ^^^^ and to 
 (Sanderson). ^^' ^"^'^ ^"^'^^ ^hey were harmless 
 
 Ios?7m7oVot"a"n^^^^^^^^ P-f -tion, partial 
 
 body temperature (80" F Si ^'"''l^^ 
 tremiWes viscid fnr^^ ^^'V ^e"ithly-cold bloodle... .v_ 
 »es, viscid tardily-flovv.flg blood, and lastly, violent 
 
62 
 
 THli farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 
 i! ffll 
 
 abdominal pains and fluid bowel dejections, often having 
 the specific f/V^-ze/^^/^r appearance. 
 
 Treatment. — The disease is mainly important as propa- 
 gating a poison so fatal to the human being, hence the 
 most perfect disinfection of all bowel dejections is imper- 
 ative, together with the seclusion and burial of the sick 
 and dead. As an example of current treatment may be 
 named aromatics (oil of anise, oil of cajeput, oil of juni- 
 per, tincture of cinnamon), stimulants (ether), and acids 
 (sulphuric acid), mixed and given every quarter of an 
 hour. In the early stages add opium to check diarrhoea. 
 To overcome surface coldness and collapse, use hot fomen- 
 tations, rubbing, inhalation of nitrate of amyle ; to sheath 
 the intestines, demulcent drinks (linseed tea, mallow, 
 slippery elm), and to meet other states according to indi- 
 cations. Every separate case would demand special 
 treatment. 
 
 In fowls, change of the yard, and sulphate of iron and 
 carbolic acid in the water are especially reliable to check. 
 
 Intestinal Fever in Swine — Hog-Cholera. — A 
 specific contagious fever of swine, attended by conges- 
 tion, exudation, blood extravasation, and ulceration of 
 the membrane of the stomach and bowels, by liquid 
 foetid diarrhoea, by general heat and redness of the sur- 
 face and by the appearance on the skin and mucuous 
 membranes of spots and patches of a scarlet, purple, or 
 black color. It is fatal in from one to six days, or ends 
 in a tedious, uncertain recovery. 
 
 Symptoms. — Incubation ranges from a week or fort- 
 night in cold weather to three days in warm. It is fol- 
 lowed by shivering, dulness, prostration, hiding under 
 the litter, unwillingness to rise, hot, dry snout, sunken 
 eyes, unsteady gait behind, impaired or lost appetite, ar- 
 dent thirst, increased temperature (103.2° to 105° F.) and 
 pulse. With the occurrence of heat and soreness of the 
 skin, it is suffused with red patches and black spots, the 
 former disappearing on pressure, the latter not. The 
 tongue is th'ckly furred, the pulse small, weak and rapid, 
 the breathing accelerated ancJ a hard, dry cough is fre* 
 
TEXAN FEVER. 
 
 63 
 
 o 
 
 quent. Sickness and vomitinn- mav J.« 
 
 nial grunts or screams if the bdlvl^ t ^!"T"*' ^^'^ ^n'" 
 
 may be costive throurfiout but ^. ^"''^^^' ^^^ '^^'^^^Js 
 
 come relaxed about the third T^ ^°"^"^only they be- 
 
 foetid diarrhcsa ensues Lyn^l^^^ k,"^^" exhausting 
 
 he dung Before death the fatlentr^^ "'"^^ ^^^^ ^'^^ 
 
 Ji'nd hmbs, and is often sunkfn ^T "^""^'"^^ ^^ the 
 
 muscular tremWine \erkin^l J ■ ^°"^P^ete stupor, with 
 
 the bowels. ^' J^'^'"§^ ^"d involuntary motions of 
 
 Causes. — 1 1 is m a • n 1 , , ^ 
 faults in diet iT^fl^l"^^^^^'^^ by contagion, though 
 The poison will bTow fal a Ln^^ '"'"" to develop It. 
 and ,s with difficulty des roved n T ""^'^ °" ^^^ ^^""d. 
 Treatment ought not fn h7 i" hog-pens, fodder, etc 
 
 stantly disinfectfd atm^^ptrr"?'^' ""^IT '^ ^ -- 
 of barley or rye, or in c?^Tlt' ^^^^' ^vell-boiled gruel 
 starch made with bo HnJ^wate^'' •'"''' '^" ^^^^^' ">rn 
 water. slightly acidula ?d w ^h^lT '" ^""^ ^^esh cool 
 early constipation give a m f M ?"^P^\"'''^ ^cid. For the 
 barb,) and injection of\Trm ^Tl t''""' '''^> ^^u! 
 
 ever medicine (nitrate of potaTsaand^?^^^^ up with 
 If the patient survives thefirsffL H. ^''"^Pb\te of soda), 
 of ulceration of the bowels boodvH^' ^"^ shows signs 
 g've oil of turpentine fifteen n.^ "^""S^' ^^"^^r belfy ) 
 -orning. FolL u^wittes S c^; '^T ."'^^^^ ^^ 
 P/e^vention.~-K\\\ ^.r,^ burv fh^ r'^ '^^"^ '°^t ^^^^ing. 
 'dismfect all they have corned' „. /'"'^'"'^ ' ^boroughfy 
 •surv.vors for the first sfgn 0?^^!^"°"'?',^^^ ' ^^^^^"S.xi 
 jects w,th the thermonteter in S f"^ ^^^Picioussub- 
 from the herd if it shows more than 10? T'.""^ ^^^^^^^^ 
 soon as distinct si.crns of tl orK ^ ^v destroying as 
 vegetable or animal cLrco. k'??- ^'^ ^bown. Feed 
 ^cd or sulphate of irt o ^t tal^"'" ''/°'^' ^^boh-c 
 Pectedfood, places, or even Vv.fe? ^^^''^'' avoid all sus- 
 diseased herd. All newW n i^^'i^ ^^''^^ ^"^ "ear a 
 placed at a safe distance in nnr''-"'"^ P'^^ should be 
 tendants until their SL^^^rbTen^^oved" ''^^'^'^ ''' 
 
 Texan Fever a c ^ r 
 
 malarious grounds oA?|f^f/f™;;' "-^'"g '" the low. 
 
 g on the G, ^Tof 
 
64 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 Mexico, and communicable to the cattle of the elevated 
 lands of the same and other States in a more fatal form. 
 It is characterised by an enlarged spleen, profound 
 changes in the blood, escape of the blood elements into 
 the substance of the various tissues and with the urme, 
 causing bloodv discharges from the kidneys, yellowness 
 of the mucous'membranes and fat, great prostration and 
 
 debility. , , • r r 
 
 Symptoms.— T\\ert seems to be an mcubation ot tour 
 or five weeks, ending in elevated temperature (103° to 
 107°) and followed in five to seven days by dulness, lan- 
 guor, drooping head till the nose reaches the ground, 
 arched back, hind legs advanced under the belly and 
 bent at the fetlocks, cough more or less frequent, muscu- 
 lar trembling about the flanks, jerking of the neck mus- 
 cles, heat of horns, ears and general surface (limbs cold— 
 in exceptional cases) and impaired appetite and rumma- 
 tion. Soon weakness compels lying down, by choice m 
 water, eyes are glassy and fixed, secretions lessened, 
 dung hard and coated with mucus, or with clots of blood, 
 and the urine changes to a deep red or black and coagu- 
 lates on boiling. The mucous membranes are of a deep 
 yellow or brown, that of the rectum seen in passing dung 
 is of a dark red, as in Rinderpest. 
 
 All these symptoms become aggravated, weakness be- 
 comes extreme, and the patient dies in a .state of stupor, 
 or sometimes in convulsions. 
 
 The disease usi Uy passes unnoticed in the Texan cat- 
 tle, but is exceedingly fatal in nortnern beasts. 
 
 Contagion takes place through the bowel discharges, 
 and roads, pastures, water- courses, etc., become efficient 
 bearers of the virus. It is destroyed at once by irost, 
 and has never been satisfactorily demonstrated to be 
 conveyed from one northern animal to another. Sucking 
 calves rarely suffer. One attack does not protect against 
 
 another. 
 
 Prevention.— It should be enforced by United States 
 law that no Gulf-coast cattle should be moved north ex- 
 cepting after the first frosts of autumn, or before the lasi 
 frosts of spring. Then would the traffic be safe for all 
 
CANINE MADNESS_RAEIES-„Yl>R<,P„oBrA. 65 
 
 but ru^^o^^trii^K^t ''■•r-^'--. 
 
 should be by diVect ronfP u -VL J- ^^ extreme north 
 
 lowed byJecoverr Chfof: eofTt"'"'' '!""^'=^" f"'- 
 potassium, and carbohV /.mk ^ ''?'?• "'"•«, iodide of 
 vantage. C-shee" oactl^t ^'' f ^"^^''^ been of ad- 
 be beLfieial and e?ri„e "nV''n. .•^"7"^'™-'' ^''"'"d 
 (digitalis, nitre, or nitro"s eTher ) accordl";"?^'"."'^"" 
 tons of tlie nartiVubr ^,0 i ?. '"S to the indica- 
 
 cases would dCnd'rvan'a tion^:?^ Ifatt^r ^f T' 
 throughout should he of c^ff u '^'^^^^"^ent. The diet 
 
 dinarf fibrous a,l?„:°;r/,X^J/^lX™ 
 
 liable to cut off by gastro-entritis '^^'^^'""y. as being 
 
 spe'cr Sr ^u'p^7ed^1f 'al 7 '"^'^■'°™°«'^)--A 
 genus canis (dog wTf ?oV?andTn fr"'f ^°"='>' '" ">^ 
 
 nt.'^^Itt'^^^AV^^^^^^ 
 
 tional, and nervous fu' ct ons -,?t "Vril?^'"^'. emo- 
 
 temper, optical delusion"" p^^'f^,^, ''"'"'^ '■'"^I'le 
 
 iab^"cTu7'"°t catrjfnl^'nr '"^ "'"'' (^'-sU^var- 
 raost counJrfes ''"o ' "^"'f'=,^"y arise spontaneously in 
 
 water, Zro'er food m ' r '"'''"^' t''"^^' P"™«°" of 
 
 ftertL"?hTser°et;orod ,!-"^' r'^'^™ "" ^fi'^'' <■"■•- 
 the development of th^H- l'""^"^^ "'""^ ^nd hasten 
 
 implante7"the sv tem a' ""^^ "'f '"'=<'^ ^^« ^''-''^^dy 
 of testimony poLts toThe ctnT' "I'^ '""^>»''"g mass 
 an ungovernabrsevnal d. J • °" "'"' ""^ '■<'^'""'n' of 
 
 ■"••"- !' » even supposed that the 
 
66 
 
 THF, farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 maternal instinct has had a similar effect after the pup- 
 pies have been removed. Males chiefly suffer, partly, no 
 doubt, from their special liability to natural exciting 
 causes, but mainly because the rabid dog is far more 
 likely to bite a male than a female. 
 
 The poison is resident in the saliva and blood, but not 
 in the milk. The saliva of rabid herbivora, omnivora, 
 and men is equally virulent with that of carnivora, though 
 in all animals it varies in intensity according to the stage 
 of the disease. Of animals bitten by a violently rabid 
 dog nearly all contract the disease, whereas among men 
 the proportion is five to fifty-five per cent. This ap- 
 parent immunity is largely due to the cleaning of the 
 teeth on the dress before they reach the skin. 
 
 Incubation varies in dogs from five to eighty days, the 
 majority showing symptoms thirty to forty days after the 
 bite ; in the horse fifteen to ninety days (usually thirty) ; 
 in cattle twenty to thirty days ; sheep twenty to seventy- 
 four days ; swine twenty to forty-nine days. In man it 
 ranges about the same, exceptional cases extending oyer 
 years, being manifestly instances of disease resulting 
 from fear, a common occurrence in the human being. 
 
 Symptoms— In the Dog.— Any sudden change of habits, 
 or instincts— dulness, restlessness, watchfulness, tendency 
 to pick up and swallow straws and other small objects, 
 constant desire to smell -or lick the anus or generative 
 organs of themselves or others, to lick a stone or other 
 smooth, cold object, to rub the throat or chops with the 
 fore paws, silent endurance of pain, rubbing or licking of 
 a scar, the seat of the bite, liability to sudden passion and 
 attempts to bite at sight of another dog or cat, may be 
 looked on as very suspicious, if rabies exists in the country. 
 Soon the characteristic howl is omitted. The voice is 
 hoarse, low and muffled, and there is one loud howl, fol- 
 lowed by three or four more successively diminishing in 
 force and uttered without closing the mouth. Some dogs 
 appear unusually fond of their owners and fatally inocu- 
 late them by licking their hands and face. Others turn 
 the head and eyes as if following imaginary objects and 
 snap as if at flies. Barking without object, a constant 
 
CANINE MADNESS— RABIES— HYDROPHOBIA. 67 
 
 searching, or tearing of wood, etc.. to pieces, a seeking of 
 darkness and sec usion and a disposition to resent dis- 
 eurbance, or a pilgrimage of several days' absence from 
 liome are among the most common precursors of the 
 
 disease. 
 
 Furious Rabies.-VoWov^Xn^ some of the above symp- 
 toms there ,3 a redness and fixed glare in the eyes 
 squmting roh ng of the eyes after fancied objects, more 
 frequent howhng, and increasing irritability vVith a ten! 
 dency to worry all animals that come in their way the 
 respect for and mimunity of former friends being lo^t in 
 the vio ence of a paroxysm. The victim can no longer 
 rest but undertakes long journeys at a slouching ?r?t 
 ready to fly at all that cross his path, especially if they 
 make any noise or outcry. He may die during one of 
 hese Purneys. or return dirty, careworn and sullen, with 
 he rabid glare m his eye and ready to resent any nTer- 
 ference Each paroxysm of violence or wandering is 
 ollowed by a period of depression and torpor p 000 - 
 tionate to the preceding excitement, during which dark 
 and seclusion are preferred, though any disturbance w II 
 arouse to violence. From the fourth to the eighth dav 
 para ysis sets in, first in the hind limbs, then in the iaw 
 and the whole body, the certain precursor of approaching 
 
 ■JTttf ^''^■"'''^\'^'' "^^^ P^'^^y^''^ ^ith droop- 
 ing of the lower jaw is shown at the outset, and graduallv 
 
 extends to the whole body. The animal can'not bite 
 eat nor drink, rarely barks, and dies early 
 La/iar^ic (Tranquil) Rabies.~?B.hy of the jaw is less 
 
 maS''"', H^"'-^' '""^P^^^^ apathy, the pSt r^! 
 maining curled upm one position, and is not to be roused 
 
 especa ly common in bulldogs, hounds, and the less 
 
 h:rr;t;c'- '"' '"^'^"' ='"' '-='"''"" *- '"^ 
 
 Pop,/ar Fallactes.-l name these because of th. ..a\ 
 
 4 ' '" 
 
68 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 results of entertaining them. i. Mad dogs have Vio feaf 
 of water (hydrophobia). On the contrary, they swim 
 .•ivers, plunge their noses in water, or lap their urine 
 without hesitation. 2. Appetite is not lost, only depraved, 
 and the stomach after death is found to contain an end- 
 less variety of improper objects. 3- There is x^xc\y froth 
 at the mouth, though saliva may run from it when the jaw 
 is paralyzed. 4. The tail is not carried betivecn the legs 
 but is rather held erect during a paroxysm. 
 
 Foxes and ivolves have symptoms like those of the dog. 
 the animals losing their natural shyness or fear and 
 attacking man and beast indiscriminately. ^/J attack 
 with claws and teeth, flying at the face and hands, and 
 utter hoarse loud cries, as in heat. The //^r.y^ bites, kicks, 
 neighs, draws his yard, rolls his eyes, jerks his muscles, 
 and dies paralyzed. The mischievous propensity dis- 
 guishes from delirium. The ox is restless, excitable 
 everts the upper lip, grinds his teeth, bellows loud y and 
 as if in terror, scrapes with his fore feet, and butts and 
 kicks all who approach. There is jerking of the muscles 
 and finally paralysis. Sheep are similarly excited, show 
 sexual appetite, stamp, butt and bleat hoarsely. Ihey 
 die paralytic. Swine are excitable, restless, grunt 
 hoarsely, champ the jaws, bite intruders, tear objects to 
 pieces, gape, yawn, become weak, and die paralytic. 
 Recoveries are so rare as to be extremely questionable. 
 Treatment.— T\\\s can only be warranted m the lower 
 animals in hope of discovering a curative method for 
 man, and then with extreme precautions, and in iron 
 cages. Theoretically, vapor baths, with sulphites and 
 antispasmodics (datura, atropia, chloral-hydrate, etc.,) 
 would promise the best results. The boasted curaive 
 accents have all broken down when tried on well-marked 
 cas'es in the lower animals, in which diseases of the 
 imagination are not to be looked f^^- , , , ^ . 
 
 Prevention.— SNhcn bitten, at once check the flow ot 
 blood from the part in the limb, by a handkerchief or 
 cord with a piece of wood through it. twisted tightly 
 around the member a little higher than the wound.— in 
 other parts by sucking or by cutting open the wound to 
 
x\ofear 
 ;y swim 
 :ir urine 
 epraved, 
 
 an end- 
 diy froth 
 1 the jaw 
 I the legs 
 
 the dog, 
 fear, and 
 ts attack 
 inds, and 
 es, kicks, 
 
 muscles, 
 isity dis- 
 jxcitable, 
 »udly and 
 jutts and 
 e muscles 
 :ed, show 
 y. They 
 3S, grunt 
 )bjects to 
 ytic. 
 
 stionable. 
 the lower 
 lethod for 
 d in iron 
 •hites and 
 ate, etc.,) 
 i curative 
 :ll-marked 
 ;es of the 
 
 le flow of 
 <erchief or 
 ed tightly 
 /ound, — in 
 wound to 
 
 MALIGNANT ANTHRAX. . g 
 
 warm water, if available. MnkiZ^U ."?^^"^^^^'le in 
 will also retard absorption Ihlf'!^ "^""^^ *° excess 
 be had apply them thoroughly to '11'^". ''' '?'^'" <^^" 
 "laking sure that its deenSt rerl ^'^^ °^ *^^ ^^und. 
 compression by handkSef or fin'' """ T'\'^' ^he 
 relaxed until tins operation^ CO J^^^^^^ ^^"'^ "ot be 
 na.l or poker serves adm,nMv^^P''>^^- ^ ^^^ skewer, 
 loss painful. Jk,t oil o? wtS si// "^ "^ f''''^ ^'-^^ is 
 caustic potassa or soda but er T\^ ''''^' "'^''^ ^^'d- 
 z.-nc, nitrate of silver, blue stone ^"'"^°">' chloride of 
 caustic at hand should be at oncl' ^T^'"''^^' ^"deed any 
 should be thoroughly cauterSed T^^T"^' ^he wound 
 elapsed since the bite as Ih^ '"S^h some time has 
 take place at once. ' ^^^"'"P^'^n cloes not always 
 
 All dogs should be recristererl f.^^ 1 
 with a collar, bearing thei? o vn t'lH H ' ^"^ ^^^^^'^^^^d 
 and that of their rcSidince ^' Drdn^ the^"""''^ "^'"^^ 
 rabies m a country all do-s fcnZ% existence of 
 
 should be destroyed SusoerSn^ ""^ t'^^ unmuzzled 
 under supervision for thr' r'^'ntT^ '^'l'' ""' ^^"^ "P 
 developed earlier. Do-s that hTw\. ""l^'' ''^^'^^ '"^ 
 should be similarly shuf uo for / ^\"'" ^""^^" beings 
 ence of the disease or othenvH^. '''"'' '° '''' '^' ^'^^^t- 
 
 Malignant Anthray a .• . 
 
 arising in rich, damp localises .^T'^^'^^^^ disorder, 
 b.rds, and comniunicab^ hlfno' , l''^'''^'^' ^^^'"^ ^^"cl 
 and to man. It shows seff h"'''"^''^^'^'? ^^ o^f^^r animals 
 characterised by IXe, ^e cha^r"^ '/^^''f ^ ^^^"-. ^'I 
 vtal properties of thrbliodte?! "V^^^ '^^^^'^'^^^ ^"^ 
 .^lobules, extravasat ons of blooH "^'i^^'^" °^''^'^ b^^od- 
 d'Tferent parts of the bcxV with nT "'^'"'"°"'^ ^uids in 
 yellow or brown mucou^';" nb^^^e^s "enT ''^""^^^""^' 
 -rupture of the spleen i^::S'^t^^lZ 
 
 ^^o^S^!:^ to die 
 
 ^y contact with the blood, lic^ tjidatl^n^^tS 
 
70 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 the diseased carcass, fat, skins, hair, wool, bristles 
 feathers and bowel evacuations, and rarely or not at all 
 through the atmosphere. Simple contact of these mat- 
 ters with the healthy skin of a susceptible subject is 
 enough to produce the disease. The virus is most potent 
 when received from an animal still livingor only recently 
 dead, and yet may be preserved for months in all condi- 
 tions of climate, temperature and humidity. _ 
 
 EatincT of the flesh of animals killed while suffering m 
 this way^has often conveyed the disease in spite of the 
 cooking to wh'-ch it was subjected. Fifteen thousand of 
 the inhabitant, of St. Domingo once perished in six 
 weeks from this cause, and a whole family was poisoned 
 a few years ago in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, ihe lar- 
 tar« perish in great numbers from eating their ant rax 
 horses. Mosquitoes and other insects with perforating 
 appciratus to the mouth probably help to communicate it, 
 as nearly all cases in man occur on exposed parts ot the 
 
 ^ ]i^ development in a locality is determined : I. T!.y the 
 rich surface soil abounding in organic matter, and the 
 impervious subsoil preventing natural drainage. 2. Uie 
 frequent inundations of banks of rivers flowing through 
 level countries and the drying up of ponds and lakes, 
 leavin<T much organic deposit in their basins. 3. A con- 
 tinuatfon of warm, dry weather which favors organic 
 emanations from such places as the above. 4- A condi- 
 tion of the system of the animal predisposing to the 
 reception and growth of the poison, and consisting in 
 the loading of the blood with plastic or waste organic 
 matter as in over-fed plethoric animals, in those making 
 flesh most rapidly, in the young and rapidly growing, in 
 those rendered unhealthv by overwork, impure air, un- 
 suitable food or water. 5- Sudden chills when the poison 
 is already present; hence extreme variations in the tem- 
 perature of night and day. v6. A close, still atmosphere. 
 Gvuera\ charactcrs.-~\x\\}c^& typical cases the blood is 
 black, tarry and incoaguable. and in all it shows broken- 
 up globules, and microscopic rod-like bodies, and clear, 
 refran^ent spherules (bacteria) such as appear in putrefy- 
 
MALIGNANT ANTHRAX. 
 
 clocomposition, the extSon I gasseTlrr°.-''''''' 
 and a crackling sound when handled wV •"^'"'^'' 
 ">ences in one point on the surAce ^tor ''™ " ""'" 
 tlierc is first an nnh^^lfl, ^"""^p^ (malignant pustule) 
 
 which hurst'd^; utatd t:r^a"n:;e,"''f • i''"' 
 
 by external disea:e"o Te n^'^r^.^^^^ "-"^-'ed 
 ances To the first class bel^; ?he carb^ nrf' ^PP^r"'- 
 elas of sheen and =„„•„» 7 ■ '' carOuncular erysip- 
 
 gloss-anthS or'blTck- or f "bTacko" T'' "'J^^"' 
 murrain, the boil plao-ue of q'ih, • ^^",^'' '■■'' "'' """d}' 
 pustule of man. £a, second S '"^ f^.-^^'ignant 
 of the disease in which thereTr^ .h S; ?li those forms 
 the blood, with engo cement o? th/ 'P<="='fi'=,';hanges in 
 ins and exudation? ilrt^Uerntl o'g/nto'niy '°°'"'^'"- 
 i^«W ^«.W ,am External Lesions. 
 
 nn^L«L^bV?f Tn^hS'"^ ^"V'"^---TWs i^ 
 from Siberia fc not uScnmvn In^'fi, '""^ ''l""?'' "^"'^d 
 sWyering and fever ar"e foZved by% tell' "^ ^"s,"' 
 udder, sheath, breast throat or .1=»\ Mve ling on the 
 increases sometimes to the ;ize of "?' ^^'"^ "P'^'v 
 first soft, it hardens, assurnW a veil L"^^"*'^ ''^'•"^- At 
 ance, with red str^aksTndsootf +^"":'*'= ''??'=="•- 
 twelve or twentv fo,Tr L ^ , ' ^'"^ animals die in 
 
 The blood rrnSest^te so ch'r'r '"™""S "'^^'^ ^U" 
 bacteria, enlarged speenanS ,,„•"'" "^ ^"""-^x. with 
 Mtle similar tumors apniar 1.;^?"'"*^°".' ^'^"='™=- I" 
 or. dewlap, in .&^ and'^S "n the^h" "'" 'r'""^*' ''^*. 
 P'gs around the throat In^n ""f ""'•'^'<^'=^' ""d in 
 
 conveyed to .nan producesdie /,/ ? "'f *'^<=='=<=' "-''en 
 «" e). At the ouse all case pfov^^t ^f £"'->"' Pu- 
 cries occur under the local nse' m ' ^^''•'' "'^^v- 
 
 '"cat use o. cold water, or the hot 
 
72 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 iron or other caustics pushed to the depth of the tumor, 
 and mineral acids internally, 
 
 (2) Malipiant Anthrax ivith Diffused Local Swcllvigs. 
 Typhus. — This is usually confounded with the purpura 
 ha;morrJiagica, which is in no sense a contagious affection, 
 but occurs in weak condition^ of the body, as a sequel of 
 debilitating diseases (influenza, bronchitis, pneumonia, 
 etc.). Our limits forbid extended treatment, hence the 
 general symptoms will be named, and the observer left to 
 distinguish the two diseases according to their origin, 
 communicability, and prevalence. 
 
 Symptoms. — Shivering, lassitude, stupor, impaired appe- 
 tite, whitish discharge from the nose, accelerated pulse 
 and breathing, costiveness with slimy dung or scouring, 
 high-colored, odorous or bloody urine, swellings the size 
 of a walnut or closed fist on different ; arts of the body, 
 or a continuous swelling beneath the cnest and belly, or 
 extreme engorgement of the limbs or head. These are 
 at first hot and tender, and easily indented with the 
 finger, but soon become hard, the skin gets rigid and 
 exudes drops of a yellow serum or pure blood. They may 
 render the patient unable to walk, see, feed, drink, urinate, 
 or breathe, according to situation. The mucous mem- 
 branes become swelled, puffy, dusky or yellow, with red 
 spots and streaks, and a viscid, bloody, and finally foetid 
 discharge flows from the nose. Breathing may JDCcome 
 labored and quick in connection with exudations into the 
 chest, or violent colics may supervene from effusions in 
 the abdomen. With internal effusions, death ensues in 
 forty-eight hours ; with external only, the effects may last 
 for weeks or months before ending in recovery or death. 
 In the latter case the swellings may suddenly disappear 
 to reappear elsewhere, they may subside permanently in 
 connection with free action of the bowels or kidneys, or 
 they may slough, leaving extensive and sluggish sores and 
 scars, 
 
 (B) In the Ox. — (i) Black Tongue. Also in the 
 Horse. — This is manifested by the crupti n of blisters, 
 red, purple or black, on the tongue, palate and cheeks, 
 
MALIGNANT ANTHRAX. m. 
 
 increasing individually often to the si^e nf . u ' 
 
 There is a bloodv dischnrlf ""T " '"' t«n>efactio„. 
 
 sets in, and dea^h entuefifr ^.'"r'"""''^"'™''^^^'- 
 hours. " '" twenty-four to forty-eight 
 
 JL^ifZhe^fn^"''^ ^-««.-This is n,alig. 
 quarter, neck,' breasroAide i"?"^^"'?"' °f^ shoulder, 
 and rapidly thriving st^rltv/,- '"°f '^'^'J"^"' '" y°""g 
 
 herd or tho^s trivfnfmtt rallv^/:<'' '^' """' °f ^''^ 
 quicltly that its victiL^„ "P',°'>'L''"d runs its course so 
 
 as th/first iVi,^:;r:fTnyX'X'misf ' ifs'" '""I '''" 
 life there are the o-p„„,.,i 1 \ If seen durinij 
 
 with halting on one^ImbstTffnf/ P'^^"'"''^' f^^^^' 
 iiess of some nart" of ?,. .r ' f Y"'' excessive tender- 
 by swellings o'fs^ch pa tsw!!h n' P™"S"y f°»°»-d 
 
 from the s^rfacctdCckHng XT ;i,tf' '¥f^ 
 svvellinsfs become firm f^r,o« • •, P^^^s^"- These 
 
 and if the sublet srv'ives ni'av"|,';"n '''^ ='"", "''" ~W, 
 
 leave large, un'sightly™ nd TnTctlve s^'ort^^r""™ '"" 
 
 are the exception, and too often 'Lw^rnd tedts?""" 
 
 (^) l^ Sheet— CariuKa,/ar£rysiMas -^l.I^f , 
 resembles black-quarter of caSle T r Tu ?^''^°"s'y 
 
 the finest of the^ock and the bodies of ^*.'' ?"^^'^^ 
 found dead in the fiplH n-u P^^"^^,°' ''s victims are 
 
 then a red or violt ^weTl^T ^f ''•'' ^''"''"S ''" => '''"'b. 
 PelXtd~SlS^^ 
 
 ^A'c'^mTarab^lI'ji^S''^'" '^°"; ^'"^"■- "^ '^- 
 h-ke that Sthf sheen *f'*'''^"V''''*'''«'''«'-<'0'«>^^^^^ 
 
 "io-a tlVJ^at „hf;/t ■^T''' "'•""'"■^ '^nd tumors 
 anthrax chamc" sometimes at least have the 
 
 (i) The Caybuncular Ervsif)fl^<! ^oo u 
 ^v...„u,idcd ,n systematic veterinary works ^'t^. 
 
74 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 tinal fever, but is a distinct disease, being derivable from 
 other anthrax patients and communicable to other 
 genera of animals and to man, whereas hog-cholera is ab- 
 solutely confined to swine. 
 
 (2) Malignant Sore-throat — Pharyngeal Anthrax.-- 
 This is perhaps the most frequent form of the disease in 
 swine, often appearing to arise from eating the carcasses 
 or excretions of other anthrax animals. There is active 
 fever with redness and swelling of the throat, neck, 
 breast and even the fore limbs. This is at first hard, 
 elastic, warm and tender, but becomes purple, cool, in- 
 sensible and pits on pressure. There is loss of appetite, 
 retching, vomiting, purple patches and black spots on 
 the eyes, snout and skin, difficult breathing through the 
 mouth, livid tongue, decreasing temperature, great weak- 
 ness and death in one or two days. 
 
 (3) In the guttural tumors the swelling is circum- 
 scribed to the size of a kidney-bean or egg, on one or 
 both sides of the throat, extending to involve the throat 
 generally, causing vomiting, difficult breathing and swal- 
 lowing, the general symptoms of anthrax, and death from 
 suffocation often under twenty-four hours. It attacks 
 pigs of five or six months. 
 
 (E) Dogs and Cats.— These suffer when they have 
 eaten the carcasses of anthrax victims. The disease 
 usually localizes itself in the mouth, throat and digestive 
 organs, giving rise to bloody vomiting and purging, with 
 high fever and often death. 
 
 (F) Birds suffer from the primary disease and more 
 frequently from eating the debris of anthrax victims. In 
 addition to the fever, characteristic swellings appear 
 mainly on the comb, beak and feet. 
 
 (G) Ma^— Malignant Pitstule.— There is itchiness of 
 the affected part, with a minute red spot, increasing in 
 twelve or fifteen hours to the size of a millet-seed, burst- 
 ing and drying with a livid appearance in thirty-six 
 u^,,-o 'NT^irf- Ar,:r a ncw rrnu of vesioies surround the 
 
MALIGNANT ANTHRAX. 
 
 su-:?e'd\'^^^^^^^^^^^^ to II 
 
 surrounded by a puffy ZSnl'V"'^' , ^^^ ^^ole is 
 part passes tLough the shLf.. 7"'!]§^; ^^^ ^^"^ral dry 
 black, becomes gangrenous tdin/'^^^^^^ ^'•°^^" -"d 
 recovery is sloughed T a <■ J ?".u'^^^' ^""^ "' ^^^^^ 
 local, but as it advances a vi^enff '^" ^'^^^^^ ^''^ ^^^te 
 often proves fatal. °^^"^ ^^^^^ ^^^s in, which too 
 
 ^^^^k'iant Anthrax wiihoiif P^* 
 ..., ^. ^ "^ ^'^''""^'^ External SwelHngs. 
 
 Apoplectic Fonn.— ln nil ..«,• i 
 
 wh.c:h the victim is cut 'off " ,^rt /'"^ ^'^ " ^^'^ '" 
 with or without discharP^ of Kl /T "'^""^^«' »"ness 
 openings of the body anfbe^nr. 1°°"^ ^'l '^^ "^^ural 
 for any of those chaifges in thi hf '?^ ^^.' ^^^" ^"owed 
 which characterise h^diseas. ^ ' ''""^ ^""^""^ 
 
 d.-stinguished from apopteir' « • ^'^ ^'^ ^^'^^ ^o be 
 only by their occurrencS.^'taner?' ^"u^ ^""^^''^ke 
 of anthrax and in the same^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'^^ ^^^^^ ^o^-n^s 
 
 Anthrax Fever in TjZ P^^5^5^- 
 
 by duiness, ^::cZ"":z^~i'":r' T'"' '^ ^^p'^^^^ 
 
 halter, leaning on the sWe „f%h ''?''i,^?"S'"^ °" ">« 
 steady movement, colfckv oaL f -""'^ ''^ =" «'»* """ 
 turmng the head towa ds the flant^'"?^''^'? ^"'^ *»?■ 
 erect, the hide tense anH n,! ' ^'"= ^air is dry and 
 
 ^trembles or swra'trabouTtr e^rrl'"" "^"^^"^^ 
 fne eyes and nose assnm. , fi ' ^'oows or th ghs 
 
 i^h-yellow tinge wi?hoften«mlT ^ '''^i'*^'' °'^^°^^- 
 The pulse is l^alc. the head's imn, «''°:''l''ck spots. 
 elbow strong, breathing labored Tn' .,'""''."'' "'^ '-^f 
 A frothy, bloody fluid mT,? !„ ''""''' ''"^ catching, 
 bowels are costive thi^ ^ ^PP^""" "' the nose. Th'- 
 -•tb streaks ^f'S^"^ '^."-^^^^^ «"' -"cus, or loose 
 ted and puffy. Great wl^kn'^s <-""■' ''"''"■''^' '^ "^^ <'='* 
 d-es in conv,dsions orcto^^X "k" °" ^"'^ ""^ P^^^"' 
 usually occurs i„ twelve o^twentvf^'^'T' '=^''"- "'=""' 
 ^"tktax Fever in nJ. ™;"ty:four hours. 
 
 «entc.,sesfecdTngandTumh,& ^^^''^''^-^-Tbe pa- 
 
 trembles, has cartlal ?„„^ ?'°''''°^sso<rregularlv 
 
 of H:. boHv . ■ "^^^'=' starins- ro»f „ — .•>_ ? '^' 
 
 - - body, .rched back, quarters rested ■onti;e'?taro" 
 
 ^^ii'^TErTi ? 
 
;6 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 fence, or lies with the head turned to the flank. A high 
 temperature (105^ to 107^) precedes the outward symp- 
 toms by hours or days. The eye is sunken, dull, watery 
 with the shades of brown and yellow, and dark spots re- 
 marked in the horse ; breathing hurried, heart s action 
 violent, pulse weak, loins and back tender or even crepi- 
 tating, urine bloody, bloody liquids escape fromi nose, 
 anus or eyes, and the dung is streaked with blood. As 
 the disease advances the temperature of the body de- 
 creases [and the patient dies in convulsions or quietude, 
 or makes a rapid recovery. The fatal result usually 
 takes place in from twelve to twenty-four hoiy-s. 
 
 Anthrax Fever in Sheep.— Blood-Stnking.—braxy.— is 
 very promptly fatal, the dead and already foetid carcasses 
 being usually found in the morning, though the flock 
 was apparently well at night. The black, tarry blood 
 brightening very slowly on exposure, the enlarged 
 spken and mesenteric glands, the red, puffy, softened 
 membrane of the bowels and the blood^' and gelatinous 
 exudations show the true nature of tli. disease. When 
 seen during life there are signs of plethora, fever, red 
 eves, costiveness, bloody, mucous dung, bloody urine, 
 colicky pains, unsteady gait, breathlessness when driven, 
 flattened fleece, deep-sunken eyes, stupor convulsions, 
 and speedy death. Many cases of so-called braxy are 
 not communicable to other animals, hence not genuine 
 
 anthrax. , , tu- *. 
 
 Anthrax Fever in Swine— Thtve are dulness, thirst, 
 inappetence, a tardy, unsteady gait, hot, pendent ears, 
 drooping tail, deep, dull brownish-red _ eyes, hurried 
 breathing, small pulse, violent heart's action, and tense, 
 tender abdomen. Nervous tremors, twitching or cramps 
 come on, the body cools, bloody urine is passed, and 
 sometimes bloody dung. Darf! or black spots appear 
 on the skin and mucous membranes, as in hog-c/iolera, 
 and if the animal survives, these are sloughed off, otten 
 leaving sores. If swelling appears externally it is otten 
 a herald of improvement. ^ ^ 
 
 Anthrax Fever in Birds.— There is inappetence, rut- 
 fling of plumage, sinking of the head in the shoulders. 
 
MALIGNANT ANTHRAX. 
 
 tbetid diarrhoea, droooino- frnn;«^ • 
 the touch, muscular Snl'^ TT' tenderness to 
 to perch. iVid or black ror^t' ""^^"^^^ ^'^^^^ inability 
 the feathers drop off and LT,^ '''''^''' Sometimes 
 head, throat or feet ^^^elhngs appear about the 
 
 Trea^me'ut of Malig^tant Anthrax. 
 
 of ^he ^ro^^'^te^ '^ ^f-'?P'dIy fatal action 
 
 may oLn be treatd wlu;!^ 'Ss'" '' ^'^ '^'^^ ^^^ 
 
 stapes/in" poor aTd "v^ .1 birs^'and 'L"h''^^"^-^' 
 feeble constitutions, like .iieen if ;. Jk ? ^^'°?^ "^^^^^ 
 demned. Act on the hn,tl? ^i' -^ ^° ^"^ strongly con- 
 inate the poisonTsuIphaterof ' i '^' ""^ ^'^''^ ^^^l^'"^" 
 nitrate, or tartrate of oohl '^^' °' "^^^^'^^^^'a, acetate, 
 tine). Sponge wfth COM ; '°"'";°'' '^^^' ^'^ °f ^urpen^ 
 Rub\vith'caTpho Ld fp^^^^ ,7.^ -,b actively till'dry. 
 tonics (quinia salacin t?M ? ^^- ^"^Pe"t'ne. Give 
 nitro-nlSriatic Sdr^tinftu 'e ^TT^^^^t, ^^'^^ 
 
 In the Genesee outbreak of ?-T^5^^^^^^ 
 from the use of nftrn - ^^ '"'''^''^^ ^'"'"^^^ 
 
 bichromate JooLssa th?^"';^ '^ ^t "^"^^ ^'^P^' 
 two drachms, tvvTce dailv hv^I'"' ^"^i^^^^ate of potassa 
 drachms of i TaturSd i?^ .^ °r"^^ ^"^ ^^^'° «'" ^h^'^e 
 iodide of potas^um and bt" "hatf o^f/'^- °-' ^"■"'^' 
 equal intervals beneath the skn Of /r. '"^.^^^^"^ ^^ 
 
 only four died. "' ^^ ^f^>' ^^^X sick oxen 
 
 houitnt?"ttr ^ ^^"''^'■^,"^' ^^-"'-ts (alco. 
 
 are useful. ' ' "^^^^"^"^ ^"S^^^^a, camphor, etc.,) 
 
 lated'fonwS^^^^^^^^^ ^— ^"^ -t^ inocu- 
 
 gloss-anthrax m.h-l ! ("malignant pustule, boil-plague, 
 the poison £^^^^^ if employed'^before 
 
 fever. For these fSer.nf ■ I '^'^^"^ ^"^ P^^^^^ed 
 antlsnntic c-^u - ' cauterization andespeciallv with 
 -PtK cau.u.s crystallized carbolic acid, the mine al 
 
m>JM!g*im^ 
 
 78 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 acids, chloride of zinc, chloride of iron sulphate of iron 
 or copper) is successful. But the whole diseased tissue 
 must be reached, and in the case of the tongue the 
 blisters must be first laid open and the agent applied in 
 small quantity with a brush, or more freely in a diluted 
 condition. In some external cases the hot iron is used 
 with advantage. Such treatment may still be applied to 
 circumscribed tumors accompanied by the fever, being 
 followed by poultices to encourage suppuration. 
 
 For extensive engorgements use astringents (cold 
 water, vinegar, etc.), weak antiseptic lotions and, above 
 all, injections with a hypodermic syringe of antisept^s 
 (diluted tincture of iodine, diluted carbolic acid—i-ioo, 
 etc ) The hypodermic treatment is equally applicable to 
 the circumscribed tumors, but we must saturate then- 
 whole substance, otherwise absorption of the poison will 
 lead to general disorder. 
 
 Preventton.-i. Drain the soil thoroughly 2. When 
 a soil cannot be drained, soil the stock in-doors or on 
 other pastures rather than graze them. 3- Remove the 
 stock from pastures known to be dangerous as soon as 
 summer heat and dryness of the soil favor malarious 
 emanations (late summer and autumn). 4. Shelter tne 
 stock at night and secure the shade of trees or sheds 
 during the day. when, after a hot, dry season, there comes 
 an extreme difference between the day and mg.^t tem- 
 oerature. 5. Secure abundance of pure water, avoiding 
 such as is stagnant or putrid. 6. Keep always in good 
 thriving condition, and avoid sudden accessions of ple- 
 thora Artificial feeding in dry times is often necessary 
 to secure this, or in case of -11 over-luxuriant pasture, 
 seclusion in a barn-yard for four or five hours a day 
 Sheep may be shut up on moonlight nights, to prevent 
 feeding, in dangerous localities. 7- Overwork, exhaus- 
 tion, close-aired buildings, ill-health, or whatever tends to 
 load the blood with waste matter, should^ be avoided. 
 8 Exposed animals may have a little nitro-muriatic, 
 sulphuric or carbolic acid daily in the water or food. 
 Q Diseased animals must be separated from the healthy 
 
 10. 
 
 Carcasses, secretions, dung, litter, etc., of diseased 
 
GLANDERS AND FARCY 
 
 should be abandoned for thaf "'^""eaed. Pastures 
 safely fron, trespl's for wo yTa"" ' n" T'^/'-'^f 
 attendants should approach the diseased f, «'r"'" 
 handhncr, cauterize -ill r-,,,,, °'=';^sed. 12. Before 
 
 '"nar ca^ustic, and wad he hTndt °" '"""'', °' '"''« «""' 
 carbolic acid both befor and"tft:r ' 7^4"'^'°" "jf 
 dogs, cats, and pigeons i7 wt,!!^' n^' ■ "' "P »" 
 milk to pass into'^consumptit '"" '"°"' ""^ ^'^'^ °' 
 
 o«^g'T„ solfpedf ?nVt'' ^P-'fi^./^brile disorder 
 or hioculation, o it ' oat h"'""'"]'''' "^^ ™"'^g'°n 
 is characterized by a'p'eSr rinn ''-.^"'^..'"'•T- '^^''''"''« 
 the n,en,brane of^he no e an/? .k'"! "'""-Wion o„ 
 /»■€, by deposits of the same Lt '^f '"."2"' ^"=- ^"d 
 of the lymphatics of he Sin fITI ^"t "'""''""^ 
 anuic form. The an,t^ f^"' ^"'^''..''as its acuU and 
 
 oculation, or in weak and wT "'"^''^ '^^""= f™™ in- 
 the com,^on ?ause-conh„T """"' '^''^™^- besides 
 
 d.seases, and imp"ure a r a ' ' °";chIi:Tni *• ^^"^"^""S 
 Symptoms of Ar«i^ ri !'^P'='=''V'>' "njunous. 
 
 coat, red, weepin " le^ ^^""'"^ ^"^"°''' ^'^- ''^""S 
 pulse and breat& Zlbwbh^^eH 'PP'"'t' '"^'^■•ated 
 patches in the nos?' w, w , i?'' ?"''?''' ^'■'^aks or 
 
 «.nes painful'drrATr^liri^'o^theTmbs"''' ^°™^- 
 iioon the nasal flow becomer,„ii„ ""^j'^l^.s or jomts. 
 
 the hairs and skin of the Tnct ^, 1 " 5?'' ^'"^''y- ""='"!? 
 upon the mucoLs mlbrane' °°*'''r°S^'''"'^"d 
 
 with red spots, pass Hn I^m P^'^'' y'"°'' elevations 
 of irregular fomlnH^ on into erosions and deep ulcers 
 
 tende,rcyo heal The"? "°^u' """ ™"^ ""'= o-" "o 
 
 iowerjaf.,wheethepurse.^?,tt' ^''"''^ '"^'''^ ""= 
 and nodular, like a m^t^c ' '^^^"""^ enlarged, hard 
 
 3ionally firmV adherer t°o'rh\^^3^[„^!r/v-d -^ "cca- 
 detects crepitSr la^^-^-. - -^cultatlon 
 

 8q the farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 increase in number and depth, often invading the gristle 
 or even the bon<:, liur ^l.ads also enlarge but remain 
 hard and nodular, the discharge becomes bloody, toetid 
 and so abundant and tenacious as to threaten or accom- 
 plish suffocation, and the animal perishes ni the greatest 
 
 distress. ^, . . , i. • j 
 
 Symptoms of Chronic Glanders.— T\i\^ is characterized 
 by the same unhealthy deposits and ulcers in the nose, 
 varying extremely in size and number, often, indeed, 
 situated too high to be seen ; by the same viscid dis- 
 charge, but usually much less tenacious than in the 
 acute form ; by the same hard, comparatively insensible 
 ■ nodular glands on the inner side of the jaw-bone ; and a 
 cough, which, however, is much more rare. Excepting 
 at the very outset, the animal usually appears to be in 
 the best of health, with the apparently insignificant draw, 
 back of the nasal discharge, and hence he is often kept 
 and used till he contaminates a number of horses or 
 even men. The case is easily recognized, unless where 
 the ulcers are invisible or the enlarged glands removed. 
 It is sometimes needful to inoculate a useless animal to 
 decide as to the nature of the malady. It usually proves 
 fatal to the inoculated animal in about ten days. 
 
 Symptoms of Acute Farcy.— The premonitory synrip- 
 toms resemble those of acute glanders, of which it is but 
 another manifestation. The local symptoms consist in 
 thickening of the lymphatic vessels, which feel like stout 
 cords painful to pressure ; and the formation of rounded 
 inflammatory swellings (farcy-buds) along the course of 
 these corded lymphatics. There follow ulceration of 
 these buds, raw sores, discharging a glairy, unhealthy 
 pus, and dropsical engorgement of the limb or other 
 part affected. It is usually seen to follow the line of the 
 veins on the inner side of the hind or fore limb, but may 
 appear on any part. The cording usually extends from 
 the feet towards the body, and is most likely to be con- 
 founded with lympJuingitis, in which the swelling begins 
 high up in the groin. It usually proves fatal, becoming 
 complicated with glanders before death. 
 
 Symptoms of Chronic Farcy.— T\\\^ may follow the 
 
GLANDERS AND FARCY. ^^ 
 
 liard, nut-like mass mav be f^T? ''1'^'' °"^' "nd a round, 
 bursts, and discharlSThe char '1 •'^^'■*''"""> ">f''"» 
 matter. The Ivmohitir^ i ^- "^'"^ ^«™»5 «■• glairy 
 become cordelrnd fL v ^ "^ ''°"' " "'-''-""^'"le 
 course. Or the round peuike t . ''''''''''' 1°"^ their 
 innersideof thehodc OTon «„ .l''PP''" ^^^ °" "'e 
 
 soften burst, and'^discLge-^^for^'a'n^co d'"^ 'r°^ 
 lymphatics can be felt ^ cording of the 
 
 later, hard and permanent it ''^}^^^^^^ by exercise, 
 fail to soften, bufrSn hard .nH •"'f', '^^ farcy-bnds 
 G-/..;/./^;^^ ,; r/^edopT. ' "^ '"'^°^^"^ ^°'* "months, 
 but as deadly ifitt onterd^bTcrtttr'^ ^^^^^'°"' 
 man. G/au^ers in man presents thT ^'"^ ^°''^ °^ ^o 
 toms as in the horse and n^o^ ^t '''?'^ S^^"^'*^^ symp- 
 
 ^m...... ^/ ^/-^"-^rVe'L^^^^^^^^^ ^--^S. 
 
 Tiie chronic form occasiomlK.n ^'sease is fatal. 
 
 more commonly the s'mS:'''^^ ^° ''^'^^^'"' though 
 pear whenever^he an^^a mT' ""I^'T''"^ "P. to reap- 
 
 tHe dagger o-^^^^^^^ because^^ 
 
 arsinLte^rft^ctaTr.^^^^^^ ^^^ b- 
 
 biniodide of coppe f! dr f cnnn""- f^"'/ °^^°^^ ^^ drs.). 
 table tonics, sul^te oftpp^f ^'d^^^^ ^^ ^'"'^ V^ ^'^^ 
 Phate of iron (4 drs.) chloride of h.'" "' ^'"^'^^-^S^'). sul- 
 etc. Pure air and r ih fooH . I"""' ^°P^''^^' ^"bebs. 
 
 Portant. To the not t T ^^'^^''^P' ^^^'" "lo'-e im- 
 
 f^^mes of bunding tar carn.'-?PV'^- ^"^P^"'' ^""^es. 
 The enlarged 5-.nH«u'''^''^ '°^"^'°" '" spray, etc 
 
 solutions, alid' iS tith %dl,?e i"tt' ''"'''' ^"^^^^^ 
 be excised with the knif^ '"J^^ctions, or may even 
 
 Trcat7ncni of Chronic Farcv -^ \c^Wr^ ^ , • ^ 
 tion may demand punrahv/ / 1 f T- ^''''''^ '"flamma- 
 
 Pota.ssium),withvvarmfomen ^f ''^' '^'"'"^^''^^ ^'^^Ide of 
 exercise. /nH . 'Lr? J" ^""l^"t':^t'ons or astringent lotions 
 
 soft non-stimul 
 
 ating diet. In x\ 
 
 iC .iDScUCe 
 
83 
 
 THE 1-^ARMER'S veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 1 1 ''it 
 
 of such indications use tl>e tonics advised for glanders, 
 choosinr/ in the order named. The corded lymphatics 
 and unbroken farcy-buds may be blistered or rubbed 
 with iodine or mercurial ointment. The raw sores should 
 be treated with caustics (carbolic acid, nitrate of silver, 
 corrosive sublimate, chloride of zinc, or even the hot 
 iron). U!»e iodine, diuretics, exercise, rubbing, etc., to 
 reduce the swelling, and feed liberally. 
 
 Prevaition. — i. Destroy all glandered horses, and all 
 with acute farcy and open sores, and bury deeply. 2. 
 There should be a high penalty attached to the exposing 
 of glandered horses in public places. 3. Suspected ani- 
 mals should be secluded under veterinary supervision 
 until they can be pronounced sound, or destroyed. 4. 
 The stable, manure, litter, harness, clothing, utensils, etc., 
 with which the disease has come in contact, should be 
 thoroughly disinfected. 5. Neither strange animals nor 
 men should be admitted, and attendants should disinfect 
 before leaving. 6. Horses should be protected as far as 
 possible from exhausting work, rbroitic, wearing-out 
 affections, and above all, impure and rebreathed air. 
 
 Venereal Disease of Solipeds.— This is a curi- 
 ous disease of unknown origin, existing in Arabia, North 
 Africa, and Continental Europe, bearing a strong resem- 
 blance in many points to Syphilis, and propagated by 
 copulation. I name it here because of the probability 
 of its importation with European or Arabian horses. 
 
 Symptoms. — Erom one to ten days after copulation, or 
 in the stallion sometimes after some weeks, there is 
 irritation, swelling, and a livid redness of the external 
 oro-ans of generation, (in stallions the penis may shrink) 
 followed by unhealthy ulcers, which appear in successive 
 crops, often with considerable interval. In mares these 
 are near the clitoris, which is frequently erected, with 
 switching and rubbing of the tail ; in horses, on the 
 penis and sheath. In the milder forms there is little 
 constitutional disturbance, and the patients recover in a 
 time varying from a fortnight to two months. In the 
 severe forms the local swelling increases by intermittent 
 
TUBKRCULOSIS-CONSUMPTION^PININC. 53 
 
 Steps. The vulva is the sea^ . - , een v.'.i f 
 and extensive ulceration . <„! '^^P ^'^^^t congestion 
 neum, tail and between t'\ 'th^h.'.fP^^''" "^^ *^^^' P^n- 
 are parted, exposing thV ,.''11^1 °^ '^^^ ^^'^^'^ 
 ulcerated, and lardaceous t t ,„ ' "°'^"^^''' puckered, 
 abortion ensues, wi i' .m^c : ;'? ,"^"^°"''^ "lenibane, 
 and death after ^ wre che?^ ence nTr^'' P'''^^>'^'^' 
 
 two years. In horses su 1 ,n^ f , ^ ^""^ "^^^"^^i'^ to 
 the only syn.ptom ^o^ ryear^hL H '^^''*' "^''^>^ ^^• 
 dark spots of extravasation M. ^ ^^'^''' "^^^ ^"^Jow 
 penis, the testicles 'maTsveif^rl^^^T^^"'^ ^^ '''' 
 extends forward beneath The. h^^'''^ engorgement 
 lymphatic glands in d^ere^u narr^? T\t'''' '^' 
 swell, pustules and ulcers annpL I 1 '^? ^°'^>^ '"^'^ 
 and nose run, a weakness anT vacHlat t '^'"' '^^^^ ^^^^ 
 the hind limbs gradually increises o n.^ movement of 
 period varying from three monfhC Pf ^^^^'S' and in a 
 puts an end toSheTuffer^ng ^^ '^''' ^^^"-^ ^eath 
 
 ^isL: e^ ^;e?ch\relt ^uX^"^. ^^^^^ ^^'"^ 
 at once, as its insidiou^'Ju^ \vo5ln\ble1t T'^' ^^f 
 to the great destruction of stock '^'^^"^ 
 
 Tuberculosis. Consumption Pininp tk- • 
 hereditarv constitutional afrJn\; ' ^^^^*^<^-— This is a 
 
 specific deposit of ceHs laSe .n^A '^^T'''''"^ ^y ^ 
 
 network, b^t without bLod-^essels 'Ti'V f^^l:^' 
 preference in the jrronn« ^f , ,^- . -^t: is situated by 
 
 "H-croscopic gland! k'P 33^1, oTtS'i-^^^'"'^' °^ '" ^^^ 
 may b« seen in all sta4 from ^u •^''?"^ °''^''^"^' ^"^ 
 congestion in wh ch the d' n. . • '""P^" '"^"^^^ ^nd 
 through the solid rn-avkh.T'^, '' ""^^ commencing, 
 cheestiike mass refuW fr^'t' '° .'^^" '^^' yellowish 
 ter. There are also thf oT '^' '"^'""^"^ ^^ ^^^^ l^t- 
 their rupture ^ndtedschaT." ,"^;,^^'^\resulting from 
 ter. and chalky masses from^^^^^ '^' tuberculous mat- 
 within them. Thev miv h? 1 "^^P"'^^ °^ ^^^^hy salts ■ 
 
»!»,*».■,(-«»»«»«>«»*»»,»»«•■ ; 
 
 li: 
 
 iH, Till-: FAKMKR'S VK'rKKINARY ADVISKR. 
 
 with loHL- lei-s, ti;inow chest, attenuated neck and ears. 
 :^^ lo"^ s^ near t<.,ether. ^1-^. -^^-^ ;?:;^:if 
 corresponding conformation arc next in order of habili- 
 ; wl^nJ hor^s. do,s. and fowls arc comparaUve y cx- 
 en Pt Oft-reneated exiK-ri.nent has shown that tubercle 
 is c m.Mu.ueable to healthy* animals by moculation, o. 
 L^- e U ni he aw. diseased product, and that it is supcr- 
 i.uluc a a..y predisposed individual by setting up a 
 linf n.n,atiLn. It has also been transmuted by 
 1 c v.vm fresh milk, but probably only when the d.s- 
 Mse has nvaded the n^unmary ^^lands; in many expen- 
 cnts including those conducted by the au hor the 
 S^Ls ^rovejTharmless. Close ^adly-au-ed bu, dn^s 
 (as town cow-sheds), are amon-,^ the "^^/^^ P«f '//j^^^^^^^ 
 of the disease, as are also chan^^es to a coldei climate, to 
 ac^ld,expos:xl locality, or from a dry to ^;i ow, damj)^ 
 u,Kl a ned re^^ion. Finally, any cause which tends to 
 w c'r out the^.^.neral health tends to tuberculosis in a 
 
 ^^' trjt mai^t developed in any part of the body, 
 as IK lun^s. thc^r serous covering, the membrane sup- 
 port ng the bowels, the coats of the intestines, the th. oat. 
 the spleen the liver, the pancreas, tiie ovaries, the kid- 
 neys thi bones, especially the ends of long bones, and 
 in rare cases, the muscles and connective tissue. 
 
 5;V;.;vary according to the seat of the deposu 
 -ct there is a constitutional condition ccmmon to all. 
 and the lungs are almost always involved in the late, 
 svve giving rise to a great similar ty of symptoms 
 Tic disease may be acute, but is usually chrome. The 
 Inset is nsidious and easily overlooked, tubeixles be.n, 
 often found in animals killed in prime condition, and I 
 ve ecu them in f.rf.nfion fcrcr, wluch is always 
 aurd^uted to plethora. There is some dulness, loss o 
 J va t enclerness of the withers, back, and loins, and 
 o^^^w^dls of the chest, occasional dryness of the nose, 
 heat of the horns and ears, want of i^hancy in the sk. . 
 si 'htl)' increased temperature (102^ ). weak, accelera 
 pulse, mawkish breath, stiffness of the hmbs. wandei 
 pe haps from one to another, slight, mfreqijcnt, d.y 
 
TUMKUcULosLS-CONSUMmON- 
 
 -i^INING. 85 
 
 couj;!), and blue, waters ^'u r ' ^ 
 
 cheesy matter. f^t^Z^^' «^^^" •'^'^"•Hlant .vith 
 Pofassa in excess. Th; t'l f^^'^l' ^"'^' '^°da and 
 !l>'oat are often mani/cstly^fc ^^^"^.l- ^^out the 
 I'xnts may appear, or a Lnm f, fi /^^^^ '"ffs of the 
 -ay be heard over the lower "nd !??^^'' '^T "^^^^^^ 
 I'S chest. With deposits in the .hH ' """^^^'P^ ^'^ '" 
 ly m or near the ovaries of cows tu T""-' ''"'' ^■^P"^'''^'- 
 ■s often constant (/...//.r.) thou'h '^"''''•^''' '^'^ '"^J^' 
 completion of gestation are usuaHv r"''^'-?^ ^"^ ^he 
 n;k' oxen are easily overdone and hi ^°''-'''"- ^'''^' 
 ated from day to dav. Ts tho H' "^^ '''''^^>^ ^'^^'»^''- 
 cycs smk in tiieir sockets anr I ^'^n'^ -idvanccs the 
 •sl<.n '-^ i'ciebound, harsh iry and Tn 'T^'^''^^^^ the 
 ^'•-y, and erect, the men br?n. r ''i"'^>'' ^^'^ ha'> dull 
 "•o"^'' of a pale.ye W fc ^^ '^^^ 'y^'> "ose and 
 f-^ .^d witlV pink vTJ;el a SVtr^^^^^ ^^"^^^ °ft-" 
 takes place froni the nose anH 7 1' discharge often 
 pulsiveness and often di.tCffJn^ r'u^'' '""''^^'^^ re- 
 bowels arc iru'olved. scou"i J^^ ;^^^^^ 
 bones, swelling and hnu'^ ' common, and if the 
 -th profuse ^en'.-rSr"" Exhaustion! 
 
 occur on the slio],tJst eve -h-.n 1 ^"^^""^^ breathino- 
 m^ follows each meal anH h ' '^^^fPP^tite fails, tym"-' 
 ^ncl lessened in quantitv T "" "'l"' '' ^' °"ce poorer 
 
 '■J^-e or chalky partfcleft^eoVtaHn ' ""/'^"^ ^'^^^ ^'>^^-^y- 
 ^'"^ other abnormal noises ^'reh^' ?1^^^'"S' S^'-glfng, 
 percussion shows dulness in n r''^'^ '" ^^^^ ^'^^^ and 
 '"?. All of the sympto , b^ ^^''^"^^'' P""'^' ^^^tb ^vinc- 
 -^^i.the animal usCl^'p^HshST '^'^'j'^ ^^^^^^^ 
 respiration or the profuL f^^^ . ^'T l^^ ^'fficulty of 
 affcctrng the bones, Sie nahV^ diarrhoea. In cases 
 
 ;;^ the bony prominences mav m^{ ^'.""'^^^ ^^ ^^-"^ 
 tJie slan. or even crumhit ^^^"^^'^ ^'^^^'' way throufrii 
 ^'Pon tliem. If ?he tu^e de" i' H ''''■ ^'^'^^'^ thro^^n 
 
 ^^cX^^S^'^^-'^-^^^^ 
 
*«»-««,«-«a«^J*« 
 
 86 THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER, 
 
 subjects, but more frequently the disease progresses to a 
 
 fatal issue. _ . .f;cfarfr.rv as beiniT rarely sue- 
 
 r««.«««A-Th.s ,s unsatis W J^^^ .^ 
 
 cessful, and even then in P'^^erv "& jis- 
 
 '^'r?:^ disSfe'a d r&eV-a /Jy pur- 
 
 Pt 'as ^oLit^^ c^veyin. the malady to man. 
 
 '^ The most prom.smg course .s to =^^";^^° /'/ tibk 
 
 s:t'^nLKi$'=rvS|bHs 
 ''T'ri.>«.-This would ■'f^^^j^z'^.txx 
 
 pasture by trees, a™.danceo changes ^°'^°„i^^ 
 localities, a -.varm s"™y .'°f' .°f i°evenUon and cJre of 
 
 able feeding and ^^''^'''f'.^^C'"^™ leases, protec- 
 all debilitating, ''"d espeaallyj^romc d s^^ ^^, P.^^^ ^^ 
 tion aganjst overwork or excessive .^^ ^,^^^ 
 
 a stimulating but 'P"™^'f ''/,•„„,. breeding and mill;- 
 young. undeveloped animaagamstbreed,^ .^ ^ 
 
 can be dS,oyed by tL most thorough cool<,ng. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 PARASITES. 
 
 Parasilcs— their ntimKp -t 
 nurusCerebralisandtri;^tfeT;?s?'""''- J^enia Cccnunts. Cre- 
 Water-brain in Calves aTd l2ibV''YS^F?-^''^' ^id, Sturdy, 
 ococciis Veterinorum CHomTni.? r I "" Echinococcus, F.chin 
 ■Solimn. CysticercuscinrsT ii'.r?sittT°'?^^'^^^«^- Ta?nfa 
 McCocanellata, Cysticercus Medbcanella p' 'p' '" •^•^'"^- '^^'^"i^ 
 Cattle, taia Expansa, TapeZrTin^t/^'^T'' ^^^'^^^'^^ '" 
 Worm, Kidney Worm of HogrSron J^^r^- ^"^ Jr^^tle. Lard 
 1 nchina Spiralis, Trichinosis! '^^'^^'"'''Sy^ns Gigas, Kidney Worm. 
 
 tha^Uwo htfndTeJtect ""''"^^^ ^^^^or no less 
 
 feated in ^^l^':^^]:;;^^ -'".be found 
 preiient book will restrict ,?sf. 7 r^,"" ^'"^'^^ ^ftlie 
 'ous. For convenTence of '? ^ ^^^^ of the more injur- 
 "otcd in connectrw-rhfhe'o"^^^^^^^ ^^;-^\ -e 
 
 a.r-passages,) which they infe^^ anH h ' °'^^^'' ^'^^^' 
 name such as hnvinon-^ inie.,t, and here we w 1 onlv 
 
 body cannot wdlbf ^^nX^a^v ''^"^■°" "^^°"«" '"^^ 
 
 »<-n-irea to any one organ, 
 
 Tape-Worms.— These areflnf Ur. v j 
 of small segments joit'd'end to ;d Ind wh '"^r T"^'' "^ 
 varying in length from one inch 1 ^" ^"" §^'°^" 
 
 The narrow end termiL^Ic • ° °"'" ^""cired feet. 
 
 burnished vvith circuJa ' h •'' ^.•'^'"^" globular head 
 '^^^•allyencirclcdbvon/ ^''"^cs, and a probo.scis 
 
 >i'c oL. end the^Tpe ' ^'^'l^,-^- °^ booklets. From 
 Cached and exDell^rl r^ ." t"^'? ^'''' continually de- 
 
 "-d as li^lltS^^ nXnei ^^' "''^">^ ^^ ^-^■■ 
 -Hff over soil and ve". If^^^^^^^ objects progres- 
 
 '"1^1 clepositino- .n . V' ^^^ ^orm-hke movemenf 
 
 -^^^ ^^'Sich'hS;!. 1 ;^:^ --^- <^r nncroscopic cgg^ 
 '"■e csti.nated to lav as n ^^ ^°"'^ tape- worms 
 
 ^^•^'> the food or water iro^h'\'^A°°^^^^ ^^^^n 
 
 water irt^ the body ofasuitabh host. 
 
#K':*aW!^l*te'.-^'.'l**S**i»W '^ 
 
 88 
 
 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 these eggs open and set free an ovoid six-hooked em- 
 bryo, which bores its way through the tissues until it 
 reaches that organ or tissue which is the natural habitat 
 of its species in the young or larval state and there 
 cncysts'itself. It may survive indefinitely or even die m 
 this situation, or if its host is eaten by a carnivorous 
 animal it may develop ir its bowels into a mature tape- 
 worm and reproduce its species as before. Fortunately 
 nearly all the eggs perish from failing to be taken into 
 the body of a suitable animal in which they can develop 
 into the cystic form, or this peril escaped, because the 
 first animal host is not devoured by the right species of 
 animal in which the young cystic worm can grow into 
 its mature tape-worm form. But from the enormous 
 fecundity of these tape-worms in eggs it is manifest that 
 there may be scarcely any limit to their increase when 
 the different animals which form their hosts in the cystic 
 and mature condition abound together in the same 
 locality. 
 
 Staggers— TuRN-SicK — Gid— Sturdy— Wai'er- 
 Brain in Lambs and Calves— A tapeworm of the 
 bowels of the dog, of one to three feet long, has its cjs/tc 
 form in the brain and spinal cord of sheep and cattle, 
 giving rise to nervous disease, varying much in character, 
 according to the exact site of the cyst. 
 
 Symptoms. — Great nervousness and fear without ap- 
 parent cause, or dulness, stupor and aberration of the 
 senses, and disorderly muscular movem.ents. The sheep 
 is found apart from the flock w th red '^yes, dilated 
 pupils, blindness and unsteady gait, but with a tendency 
 to mo^-u restlessly in one direction. Left to itself, it ne- 
 glects to eat or drink, and wastes daily. But, if well-fed 
 and excitement avoided, it may even gain flesh. If the 
 cyst is situated on one side of the brain, the lamb turns 
 to that side, moving in a circle and making a beaten 
 track. The limbs on the opposite side of the body act 
 in a disorderly manner, being partially paralysed. If 
 there is one on each side of the brain, the sheep will turn 
 to one side or the other, according to the relative activity 
 
STACGERS-TORN-SICK-CID, ETC. gg 
 
 and advances hTsLZ ll ",'? "'™'^'^ '"' "<>»■= 
 obstruction. When Sed ,?^f^ T'\ ''°PP'''' '^>' ^""k^ 
 (cetebeUun,,, the TosMm^i tnbs'i fierW ''^ ■="'"• 
 
 fectuall/in its^Cs to ri ' f "' '* '^°"-' "'"' ''"'=f- 
 cord, difficult breat h, "a^H ;, '^^' "^"--d ■" the spinal 
 
 afterwards undergo a tcmno. ■"'""''"'' =" "'•«. ="«' 
 missions and aXvattnrh '^ '"iprovement, the re- 
 varying activity "o? the pansifeal'^Hr^'^'y '^"'^ '° "'« 
 pie tu,nors, maintaining a steadilvt''™' P"™''^- S""- 
 rarcly give rise to .such^nter.n'i ,^ sy^^i^f P—^ 
 
 The coenuru.s mostly aftVrf« ci.<. ^-^ '"Ptoms. 
 and those that are o t'^of S^d r'^ ""^f'^Y-arsold 
 .nals,kept for show, will ^"r X J^' *%fine« ani- 
 
 cattle, the young, weak and • ll .; n'^^'he ™ "." '" 
 posed, but all may suffer 1 ,„ ^ """*' ^^- 
 
 d;T„rheZ:r '-"^■■-^^'"^'^ rrrtSe-Js 
 
 K-eptr;Thrn! s-r^, hrads°n-r' ■•( "-^^ --' •=<= 
 
 them at frequent inTe'r'^, 1 ^.fd^ e^xp iTn'tfn; ^"^"r 
 vermifuges, (oil of turpentine male fern T """"' ^^ 
 nut, etc.) Keeo the ,i,„„ i ™''"=-'ern, kousso, areca 
 
 thriving'coudS Jr^lil :S " f ""l^ ■■" g°°d, 
 posed ones. *•' Pastures, shelter ex- 
 
 foiw"^t7oV^rcrsrsr"''".^°"^ ^""-^^ "■^'^ 
 
 tl.e head or a fal . Ho"^,^ pass^rf ,°" '"'u ' ^'°'' °" 
 ""■ougl, the nose into "he b'o „ »^ v^ """'"'"S "">« 
 small trocar for the t^^nZl'^jT'' ",<'"»" => 
 •■■asily punctured and evfrarti.H Vi '"ecyst is more 
 
 «rthe skull. In advnc,! ,'.''' '^°^?'l '^^ "PP'^'' Part 
 •1"^ cyst h,r, sometl,,,;" -t? f?"''^"' """""' P'-'='^"'-«= <"" 
 
 »t"ll. This should be laid .pi w 'h^^T' ""f '"^"^"^ 
 
 p^"'-.re, just enough to ^n^z:.:i:'i:^:^ji!::::z 
 
 'rfl- 
 
 
QO 
 
 Tllli FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 onc-cij^hth inch in diameter, through which the hquid 
 may c'scapc slowly. The animal may be turned on its 
 back- to complete the evacuation, but held firmly so that 
 no sU-uggling can take place. As the cyst is emptied a 
 membrane will be found projecting through it, and should 
 be slowly drawn out. This is the parasitic cyst, and 
 from its inner surface will be found projecting one hun- 
 dred to two hundred little elevations like pin-heads, 
 each representing the head of a tape-worm and being 
 capable of development into the mature parasite if swal- 
 lowed by a dog. The wound should be covered with a 
 pitch plaster and a leather hood, and the patient placed 
 in a dark, quiet, secluded box, on soft, laxative diet for a 
 
 week. . '^ i. J 
 
 If the bones are not softened the point to be pencrated 
 must be ascertained from the symptoms. If the sheep 
 turns to one side, open a little in front of the correspond- 
 in.r ear, and about half an inch from the median line of 
 the skull. If the head is elevated and the walk straight 
 forward, without much terror or disorderly movement, 
 open at the same level but in the median line. If there 
 is awkward, hesitating movement, much terror, flurry 
 and stumbling, open in the median line further back. A 
 flap of skin is to be dissected up from the bone, large 
 enough to admit a trephine one-eighth inch in diameter 
 (in an emergency a gimlet will do), with which the bone 
 is to be perforated. After this t'. - cannula and trochar 
 is used as above advised. 
 
 If more than one cyst should be present the operation 
 may require repetition, and with care recoveries often 
 
 ensue. 
 
 Tape-Worm of Dogs. — A tape-worm of the dog. 
 not exceeding one inch in length, lives in its cystic form 
 in the niost varied internal organs of men and animals. 
 As the cvstic form of this parasite has the power of 
 increasing its numbers almost indefinitely, and grow- 
 ing into' enormous multilocular cysts, it becomes ex- 
 tremely injurious and even deadly to its brute, and, 
 above all, to its human victims. One-sixth of the human 
 mortality in Iceland has been attributed to this parasite, 
 
 ■■lltll 
 
MEASLES IN SWINE qj 
 
 water foundin the livpr pnrlM ^ ""^ ^^"^ ^^^ts of 
 
 ciomestic anil s a ^pedmen 'of "/""'^ "''^^'"•^ °^' ^^^^ 
 they are not niore freruen^Iv fall "'r^'' '""^ '^^' 
 largely to the shortness of ^hJi; /"?^ '''' attributed 
 
 very fine needll S^S "^^.r^th'Z P^^^i"^^" *'"^ ^ 
 "■'th a syringe, and compotrnd tine ure oZr '™"""'1 
 into the sac. tincture of lodnic nijected 
 
 fro^rZ:fc?o?3e:-L^" -?"«-- do,s. Keep others 
 offal. ILxamine freauenf ^f ^Yr''"' ""''■ ^"'^ "^iecially 
 are passed dear th m ^' '"^ 'f ^^gments of tape-worn, 
 
 contents of ev^ac ated ifdat £''Z T '?/f-"°™-^' *- 
 crysts. jaatids and all offal containing- 
 
 Measles IN Swine —Th„Ki„i J 
 the immature form of the IZ "^"'''^"vorm of pork is 
 
 caused by pisrs havin^;..!^r °™ °^ "•''"• ^"^ '^ °"fy 
 places near'^^riWes etc from r 7"? <=^'='-™ent. or to 
 
 Luman tape^wo Tm' may avel" 'iL"" ?""="'^ "^ "^^■ 
 ■ibout the size of a o-ro,-„ "r u , ''^'""> rcspectively 
 
 cles. in the foose Sneetve'''''^' "''l '"""'' "' ">•= ™"^- 
 •i"<ler the skin in th, '"" ><='"een them, and 
 
 under the toX in the 1^"' T""''/^'""^' '" "'« ^ve, 
 
 |;l.so found in" this"u'„'dev:r ed^'form-^In'-^he '''''' T 
 Oram, etc., of man n „«,■„„ i- . "'^ muscles, 
 
 tl.c parasi e is usually coLe"'H'l""' ''=■•'"'■ ^o man 
 
 pork-: or in the cys?c fo™ h^' ^^' """:'"« ""derdone 
 
 ■-food (salads, eC) and wat-r"""" " '' "'^ '^^ in ' 
 
 "»&eTo7g!;: ^Snt :r in" "'"f' '' -" 
 b oi in nie eye. In man there .ire the 
 
 rfl 
 
 
"+ i 
 
 l> tj' 
 
 It f 
 
 92 THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 general symptoms of intestinal worms and the passage 
 of the ripe segments. Other symptoms may attend the 
 presence of the cysts according to the organ which they 
 invade. Thus when passing into the muscles there are 
 pains and stiffness resembling rheumatism ; when into 
 the brain, coma, stupor, imbecility, delirium, but when 
 they have once become encysted they may continue 
 thus indefinitely without further injury. 
 
 Treatment— T\i^ cysts scattered through the body are 
 beyond the reach of medicine. 
 
 Prevention.— VLViVt\^\\ beings harboring tape-worms 
 should be compelled to take measures to expel them. 
 Their stools should be burned or treated with strong 
 mineral acids. Swine should be kept apart from all 
 deposits of human excrement ; no such manure should 
 be used as a top-dressing on pasture open to swine, or 
 on land (market gardens, orchards, etc.,) devoted to the 
 raisinn- of vegetables to be eaten raw. Avoid raw meat, 
 especrally pork, even if salted and smoked, and under- 
 done meat and sausages, also well-water from gravelly 
 soils in the vicinity of habitations. 
 
 MEASLES IN Cattle.— This consists in the presence 
 in the muscles of cattle, especially young ones, of a 
 cystic parasite, two to four lines in length, which as a 
 mature tape-worm, inhabits the human bowels. When 
 the eggs were given experimentally to calves, they 
 caused stiffness, wasting and death in three weeks Or 
 improvement began at the end of a fortnight and ter- 
 minated in apparent recovery, the live cysts of course 
 remaining in the muscles and ready to develop into 
 their adult form when eaten by man. 
 
 Under prevention and treatment might be repeated 
 what is stated under measles of sivinc, merely substi- 
 tuting the word cattle for pigs. The current practice of 
 eating raw beef ham is especially reprehensible. 
 
 Tape-Worm of Sheep and Cattle— r^/^/« Ex- 
 pansa is the name of this worm, which causes great loss 
 in some localities in America, as well as in Australia, 
 
LARD WORM OF THE HOG. 
 
 ^e™. etc, .L bu.4»L<r.lT4:re'"si;rpp7i 
 
 Lard-Worm of the 11 nr tu- 
 to one and three-four hs;nV?;i'^ T'"" ^^ ^^^m one 
 inch broad, and is found In^f .^°n^ ^^ one-thirteenth 
 swine. It'is eqt^n 1„'"thoT "^5"''^^ 
 about the spare-db but h.\K /"'' ^J^''^^' ^""^ ^he fat 
 the heart, L vet' 1''",^:^^? and^ 
 many cases, no impairment nfH^' t , f^^^^^ere. In 
 But irritation of i3r[^.f" . m ^^^^^^ '^ observed, 
 
 'r.ay lead to vvea S S-.h^^^^^ ^'^'' '^' ^^''^ney or liver 
 
 blood-poisonin.' alfd's'u'dt? dtS^^ ^^ -- 
 
 probable that the attick of fV *• ^^""""^ "^^ im- 
 
 Produce a disorder vvhch is ron' '?T ^" '^^^ ^'^^'- "^^y 
 Its presence in thriSv n.n ""^"^ '"'^^^ ^-.-^./.r! 
 by the existence of S 
 
 without the observnHon f P u'^^^' '" ^^^ "''•"e. But 
 hind parts cantrb;"::cVbed",:\S^^^^ ^' ^^- 
 
 oil of turpentine may be Sven with ^^ °' ?" =""■ 
 success. Tlie favorite dose Sfrrtnl. ? S;reat hope of 
 the hog because he rdects ifall h?, ^?'=^P"'^''"'''g 
 ficial at all it must be {at„ 'n nia^l 7.""""'- " ^"''- 
 ~th ,rai„. so that Vl^^l^J^S:^';^^;^^ 
 
 disfrr^trt:v„?e:;:cif,'iu^.:?^-^p''"^ «- ''-'t'-y -^d 
 
 from theirou;,d occu^pl^d '^'};^"^:j';S>'°™S P'gs apart 
 
 beS' reTed "t^Tt^T^T'"- .*'■'* ^ -P^^'e of 
 
 common in man. tl,e hog" ^d the"m 'S'-tP'^'^''^' 
 almost microsconic vnrv.'nrv r ^- ^richnic-E are 
 
 "-tines of ^"i"t\"t7mrat!:^''irrut^4'Lt 
 
 I 
 
iilil 
 
 '}^ '!■: 
 
 94 THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 the muscle The latter can only reach maturity and re- 
 od" ce t^^eir kind when the animal which they mfest ,s 
 devo red by another, and they are set free by he d.ge - 
 tion their cysts. When thus introduced mto the bowels 
 lev 'row and propac^ate their kind, giving nse to much 
 ri atlon fcr the fiJst fortnight, dmrr/^cra, cutcntts or per- 
 /^; S The symptoms caused by their bonng through 
 the lowels and into the muscles last from the e.ghth to 
 fiftieth day. There are violent ."-ocular pamsld^e 
 rheumatism, but not affecting the jomts, a stiff, semi- 
 flexS cond tion of the limbs and sometimes swellings on 
 fhe skh. In man the affection is often mistaken for 
 heuttism or typhoid fever; in the 1-- ammab the 
 symptoms are usually less marked, but arc the same m 
 ki7 There are loss'of -PP^tite, indisposi ion o mc^^^^^ 
 pain when handled, and stiHncss ^ehmd. If no patient 
 survives six weeks recovery may be expected, because 
 the worms no longer Irritate after becoming encysted ,n 
 
 "^"^ait.-ln the first six weeks but .specially for 
 i1ip first fortnio-ht, use laxatives and vermifuges. bl>- 
 ccdnrbenz ne animal oil, chloroform alcohol 
 
 and picric acid ar^e'fatal to them in about the order 
 
 "'?'L.//.;/.-Never eat underdone meat Trichina 
 survive 140" F. Hams thoroughly smoked are safe 
 S Ihtly-smoked hams and those steeped m creosote or 
 aubolic acid are most dangerous. Pigs should not be 
 kept near slaughter houses, and especially should the 
 •?s e of these places be forbidden them. Such hog- 
 ens indeed all piggeries, should be kept scrupulously 
 K and clear of rafs and mice. The carcasses of swine 
 fed near slaughter-houses or where rats abound should bo 
 subicSJd to a thorough microscopic examination before 
 ^^^o consumption. Wherever a case of tnchinosis 
 ;-c s in a human subject the pork should be raced to 
 ; source if possible, and the pigs reared m the same 
 lace killed and subjected to long boiling. The rats and 
 mfce should be eradicated and the hog-pens and manuic 
 burned. 
 
 pP 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 DIETETIC AND CONSTITUTIONAL DISKASES. 
 
 Ergotism —From time immemorial animals and mer 
 
 htZ ?. , , '^ '^''^'"^' ^^^ ^^•'^^'^^ S'-ains which hav. 
 been attacked with ergot. This was especialh- the cas. 
 when agncidture was in .is infancy, for then' a damp 
 cloudy season would can c this affection to spread afte. 
 the manner of a plague. The same holds still to a les^ 
 extent, and m the New World as well as the Old Not 
 on y the cvj^o^ but even the s;,m/ of maize will bring about 
 untoward effect.. These results n.ay be divided intc 
 three categories according as the poison acts on the drain 
 producmg coum/s/ous,/>ara/ysis ox profotuidlethavpy or 
 the womb tending to al , uon ; or on the extremities caus- 
 mg dry gang raie. 
 
 Symptoms of the Nervous /^^r;«.— Unsteady gait, a great 
 tendency to he down and to remain in a torpfd st ite lit- 
 tle conscious of what is passing around, loss of lustre oi 
 hair or feathers coldness ofskni, dilatation of the pupils 
 of the eyes, and dulness of the special senses, mark the 
 early stages This may go on to paralysis or deep 
 lethargy without an active nervous excitement Or par- 
 oxysms supervene, during which the special senses be- 
 come more acute, the animal very excitable, and twitch- 
 ing of the muscles or spasms like those of lockjaw or 
 epilepsy convulse the patient. Then there is a relapte 
 into the former stupor and drowsiness, with palsy of the 
 hmd hmbs or knuckling forward at the fetlocks. Death 
 may ensue in a few hours or days, or the affection may 
 become chronic, the patient remaining with variable ap- 
 petite, but getting no good of his food, with spasms of 
 
 (9S) 
 
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fSBOOR 
 
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 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 the pharynx, vomiting or diarrhcca. He usually passes 
 off in a convulsion. 
 
 Symptoms of the Abortion Form do not differ from those 
 of abortion from other causes. (See Abortion). 
 
 Symptoms of the Gangrenous Fortn. — Nervous symp- 
 toms may or may not usher in the disease. Then follow 
 swelling, heat and tenderness of the extremities, usually 
 the hind feet but sometimes the fore, or the tail, ears, or 
 root.^ of the horns. Lameness usually first draws atten- 
 tion to this condition. Soon the extremity becomes cold, 
 insensible, of a deep brownish-red appearance and dry, 
 hard, or almost horny. The swelling, heat and tender- 
 ness persist higher up, but the lower part is dead, includ- 
 ing^even the bone up to a given point At this level a 
 red, circular crack appears in the skin separating the 
 dead from the living, and if the patient should survive 
 long enough the whole gangrenous part drops off. 
 
 It usually occurs in winter from the dry hay fodder, 
 but is distinguished from frost-bite by implicating the 
 deep as well as the superficial parts, and attacking the 
 feet in preference to the more exposed tail and ears. 
 
 Treatment is only successful in the mildest cases, and 
 the earliest stages. Change to wholesome diet, includ- 
 ing plenty of roots or potatoes. Clear offensive matter 
 from the bowels by laxatives, and give tonics (cinchona, 
 gentian,) stimulants (ammonia, valerian, angelica, musk,) 
 and antispasmodics (opium, chloral-hydrate, chloroform, 
 or nitrite of amyle). Use soft, warm poultices contain- 
 ing camphor. 
 
 Prevention. — Ergoted hay. known by the black, spur- 
 like growths out of the husks,-should be withheld, or fed 
 only in limited quantity in conjunction with roots and 
 potatoes. Be careful in selecting seed clear of ergot. 
 Seed may be protected to a large extent by sprinkling 
 with a strong solution of blue-stone or bisulphite of soda 
 before sowing, and drying with quicklime. Contaminated 
 soil should be used for other crops. Drainage and open 
 sunshine are conducive to healthy growth.. Hay from 
 affected pastures must be cut early, before it has run to 
 §cyd. 
 
GOITRE— RHEUMATISM. q- 
 
 disease, poor feed ino- nK„c. ^ vvcaKness trom any 
 
 ine Af firc«- if .\. ,. r*. ^ '-"'i^ie ana m the median 
 
 it t fi™ Se''a dt ,-:"anr;„dtS'^'v'"^ ^^'""^^^^ 
 £Tri>f-xr T« 1 u •. '^•^'•^^i^"t, and It cut into may even h<- 
 
 m,c synnge, or the nutrient blood-ves^d^ Zy beTe/ 
 or exercise in the open air during the winter 
 
98 
 
 THE FARMER S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 moves from joint to joint or muscle to muscle it is very 
 diaracteri^ii. The swelling is at first soft and after- 
 vvards h^^^^^^^ it may fluctuate from excess 
 
 of vnovia .n a joint, but rarely from the formation of 
 mX With the inset of the inflammation comes 
 Tctve fever with full, hard pulse, increase, temperature, 
 hot clammy mouth, dry muzzle, hurried breathing cos- 
 iiot, Clammy , ^j^j,,j^ j ^j.^^ urine, sometimes 
 
 :r: neutral or e^ 'n acid%eaction. Cattle often remain 
 diwna'd refuse to rise. If the di-ase extends to he 
 heart the pulse has a sharp, often intermittent or incgu 
 lar beat and one or other of the heart sounds .nay be 
 Lccompanied by a hissing or sighing murmur. (6.. 
 
 ''7^:1'f:J:X^^ resembles the acute, excepting 
 that it is less severe, usually unattended by fever, and 
 may even appear only on exposure, and disappear in 
 Te warm sunshine. It is liable to induce fibrous and 
 e^en bony enlargements, and in cattle suppurajon,^^^^^^^^^^ 
 i'lUv about the joints, and in such cases the disease 
 if ^.o;e stable and less inclined to shift from place to 
 
 ^^""freatmcnt.-G^v^ a laxative (horse, aloes ; ox or sheep. 
 ^rcamcm^ ^^^^.j^ anodynes 
 
 E) f pain's%Sremt'a^ follow up with alkalies 
 Erbonat^e of potassa or soda; acetate of poassa or 
 ^«.1a creai^ of tartar.) and diuretics (coch.^^^ 
 muriate of ammonia, nitrate of potassa). Suam^^ 
 room ; warm clothing ; rugs rung out of boil ng water 
 11 r^r^w^A iT> the skin and covered with diy , oags 
 ^nit^JaS brfn or sand; rubbinR with hot smoothing 
 r/o 7ov™ a thin covering;, hot air or f am baths , 
 aconite ■ acetate of ammonia ; guarana, etc ) are m the 
 hXst' decree beneficial. Some agents, hke propyla- 
 mfne and muriate of iron, have been very serviceable m 
 Certain ha^ds Local treatment consists m the appl.ca- 
 cutani "an^^- ^. indicated, and also blisters 
 
 Tonl aqua ';mmon"a'td olive oil), which may be 
 inpUed septal times a day, and the inflammation fol- 
 & up as it recedes from structure to .structure. 
 
ACUTE ANASARCA-PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA. 99 
 
 Th^T''.-^''^^u^^^—P^'^^U'^^ HEMORRHAGICA - 
 The affection to be described herl is altogether diffet^; 
 m Its nature from the dropsies which result from he ob 
 struction of veins, in phlebitis, or because ofTr^ssure bv 
 a diseased structure, as also from those dependen? on 
 suppresion of the secretion of the urine, on hSrt disease 
 or a watery state of the blood with d^ficiencTof blood 
 globules. It IS not at all inflammatory, nor of Ve nature 
 of malignant anthrax, as is general!; assumed It s 
 exceedingly common after influenza and otheT affections 
 
 animals''?^'''^ 7^^^' '" ^""^entilated stablefwhe^e 
 animals are compelled to use rebreathed air, and n vei^ 
 open cold barns, where they are liable to be chiUed afS 
 
 te3«.^r''^ ^' ^^'■^- S'^^^^" ^^^^««ive Bering of 
 temperature or exposure to cold rain or v^nd s ofms 
 
 I7t:^^n TtVT,7'' P^r^'"^' ^^^ efficient Tau^s 
 sldn tL J- •'^'^^" ?^^^ ^° *^^ secretions of the 
 
 skin. The disease is much more frequent under the ex 
 b^eme vicissitudes of temperature of Canada than in ?he' 
 more equable climate of the British Isles. 
 
 Sympfoms.~The disease is manifested abruptly bv 
 appearance of ense. painful, rounded or diffuse sweJlint^ 
 on the nose, lips, face, neck, inner sides of the 1 mb? 
 belly or, indeed, anywhere over the body. These Tend 
 
 nfn"K''^?''K''""?^"'^"''^"d to gravitate downwards 
 
 nto the hmbs and the lower parts of the trunk where 
 
 they form extended, tolerably smooth swellings pTttin' 
 
 on pressure and subsiding abruptly into the sound sCaf 
 
 their upper margins. The membrane lining the nose 
 
 oy pressure, even at this early stage, sometimes inde^H 
 
 ^acal and oLJk ""t" "/"»"y dense, thick, ammo- 
 niacal, and often brownish-red. Shivering often marks 
 tile period of effusion, but there is at first little cha^treS 
 
 fntv:z7trJ''i'i:"'' °^ -pp^tite. as &»! 
 
 >ngs increase, the animal becomes unable to see to eat or 
 even to move, almost, and breathing may be carried o' 
 only with the greatest difficulty. thr^oughVeswol"^^^^^^^ 
 
n 
 
 mm 
 
 mm 
 
 100 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 rlosed nostrils. Transverse cracks and yellowish liquid 
 ooz^t appear in the bends of the joints ; httk bhsters 
 wiU veuSwish or bloody contents rise, especially in the 
 o low cVthe heel behind the pastern, and, burs mg con- 
 inue to discharge. Yellowish serum or dark blood may 
 oo^e from the general suiface of the swelling ; patches of 
 skfn die drop Sff, and leave unhealthy, weak sores with a 
 seous discharge ; the exudation may even soften the 
 muscles and foo'sen and detach the tendons from the 
 Co eading to turning up of the toe or other distor- 
 Uons Sometimes the superficial swellings suddenly sub- 
 side and unless a critical diarrhcea or diuresis occurs 
 serous infiltration of some internal organ like the lungs ot 
 bovvels s apt to ensue, cutting off the patient suddenly, 
 wi h ^riat oppression of breathing, or violent and persist- 
 at cSucky pa^ins. and, at times, a bloody f^tid diarrhoea 
 The symptoms anu dangers vary with^the seat of che 
 cffu on The result is most favorable when this is under 
 ?he sk"n the main danger then being from suffocation 
 extensive death and slou^ghing of skin, and softening and 
 de achment of tendons and ligaments Unless improve- 
 ment s^shown by the third or fourth day the disease will 
 usually las? over twelve or fourteen days, and the result- 
 ing sores even for months. 
 
 Preveniton.-Ke^e^ in strong vigorous health, and avoid 
 
 the various causes (exposure, etc.,) known to precipitate 
 
 he ma adv. Drainage of damp localities is no without 
 
 s influence. Lastly, avoid weakening treatment n 
 
 "es of the respiratory organs, -pe-a 7 s-h - -e 
 
 attended with a low type of fever ^}ll}!^fXZuTor 
 above all, avoid exercising such animals to fatigue, or 
 exDOsing to inclement weather. 
 yraLnt.-Gwe a mild laxative (olive oil, Unseed oi. 
 ' aloes,) and follow up by diuretics (sweet spirits of nitre 
 oirof turpentine, buchu, nitrate of potassa,) carefully 
 ' aduated^in amount to the strength of the patient and 
 Sse freely agents calculated to increase the viscidity o 
 the blood (tincture of muriate of iron i di chlorate of 
 potassa 2 t^o 4 dr., bichromate of potassa ^^^ S-"') J^^^^^ 
 bitter tonics (quinia, cascanlla, camomile,) and it neceb 
 
ANy^MIA. 
 
 lOI 
 
 oil of turpentine). LocX th^c ir ^^^^pholic liquors, 
 bathed with tep d lotions if tfnrr'"? '^^^"^^ ^^^ 
 carbolic acid, or chloride of zinc dlu't "I ''''''''' °^ ^''^^' 
 "•ntating. Astringent solutions hnM^K ^' '° ^" "«"' 
 employed about the head and if '^/ ""■ '''"^^'^"o^sly 
 oned, tubes of gutLpercha m 'f^'^'^^^ ^^ threat- 
 nostrils to keep^them oDcn T \' '"'"'"^"^ '" ^he 
 avoided if possible, to;^ethT,w\-th/.''v°^^ '^ ^^ ^^ 
 'ngs, because ofth^ risk of unhJ i.i "^^''"- ^^^^^^^^v^e^l- 
 
 Mod^y^e^^,ru^s -Tht mild ^ Vj"' ''^"^^'"^• 
 been described as scJrht,^ thTTr^'^?^ ^^^^^^^^'«" ^^ve 
 on the punctiform nature o^^ 
 
 severity of the sore-throat \nd 1-h ^^^^^-^tamin^, the 
 dation. But there iJn?' ! ^^^ "^^''^ moderate exu- 
 that seems to waTrta^the dSt"' "'V ^"'^^^' -3^^hrng 
 may be especially benefited 1^ ''",'^.^'"^"^- '^'^^''^ ^rni 
 irritants to'the throat? by thetlSt"/"' ^°""^^'- 
 vapor, and by astringent electiarres/rhl.'^^''r"' "^^'^^ 
 2 oz., vinegar 2 oz., linsee^' rne^i . ^'^^^^''^^e of potassa 
 
 orm a pa/y mass. W^ onetlht^'oTth' ^""^"'^"^ *^ 
 back teeth twice a dav^ Of I ^ , ^^"^ "^^^s on the 
 same as for purpura. ' ^'^^^^^^^ ^he treatment is the 
 
 ^iStTn^h^ blZTitir vtS ^ '^l^^'-^^ -^ 
 mined by a variety of cause. H?= '^f> "^^^ ^^ ^^ter- 
 this work. Amon^g these mavhl'"^"^!" °'^^^ P^^^ts of 
 ing, excessive secre^tionsfrorth^ "amed: profuse bleed- 
 etc. chronic diseases "of restionor'oV^if'^^ ^°"^^^' 
 gands, feeding on alimenScfe;^ in ' ^^"^^^^"^^"^ 
 element, on what has been .rt!. ^^^^ essential 
 
 restriction for a lengtirof^tTr^?r P^^',' .^""^>^ ^°'J^' 
 starvation, diseasefo^f hf faws or^e?.. ^^^ "^ ^^°^' 
 badly-aired buildines secln.iin f ^^v^' ^^"^P' ^ark, 
 
 cases, however are not ?r^' m T '""^^S^^"^^' ^^c. Some 
 and it appears tht they set ?nLd '"^ ^^^"^'^^ ^^"^^• 
 good h/^enic arranger^en's an^in t^h?^^' '" '^'^ °^ 
 obvious disease of struSure ^^'^"^'^ °^ ^"X 
 
102 THE FARMER'S VLTERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 passed in small quantities and ^'^ha^''' ^"^^^''^^'tt; 
 
 iiSiisil 
 
 hut'e'r/eathlng becoming quick and wl--ng on the 
 !r ^ T^t-dftre^d^r mly aS^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 £|^KLTCcre^^:tn:^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 even die in harness. , 
 
 liberal supply of grain. 
 
 Tn rases due to parasites or other removable causes, 
 attention ?o these is'manifestly the first step to preven- 
 
 ^%eatmenL-Mt^v removal of the causes, support by 
 
ANEMIA. 
 
 103 
 
 nounsh.njr, ca.ily-d.gestcd food in small bulk, to avoid 
 exhausting the powers of the stomach. ' Ground oats 
 barley, 0,1-cake, and a little natural hay, may be esne 
 cially ment oned, though, for weak subjects ?hick well" 
 boiled gruels and beef tea (even for heibiviraT m^rbe 
 resorted to. Tonics are all-important (iron San 
 quassm cascanlla, cinchona, common sa t, pepsinf but' 
 should be given in small doses to the weakeSiect" 
 ron and gentian, given in tinctures, are especiLly S, * 
 In extreme cases, health may be speedily revived bve 
 ransfusion of blood from a healthy animal. ^all cases 
 the patlcnr should be allowed to rest in a dry, warm 
 «:^ ^'"'' '"' ^'"'^' ^^^^ ^'ght, sunsl^ie and 
 
 FiGuw Showing thb Couksk of the Blood tmougm tb. H««^ a 
 
ip^^i 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 
 
 General causes of diseases of the breathing organs. Physical 
 examination of these organs :— Auscultation, percussion. Bieed- 
 in-T from the nose. Nasal Catarrh. Cold in the head. Collection 
 ollnatter in the nasal sinuses. Abscess of the false nostril. Abscess 
 in the guttural pouches. Tumors in the nose. Malignant catarrh 
 of cattle. Sore-throat. Croup. Roup. Diphtheria. Chronic 
 roaring. Bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis. Glander heaves. Acute 
 congestion of the lungs. Pneumonia. Inflammation of the lungs. 
 Pleurisy. Inflammation of the membrane lining the chest. Pleuro- 
 pneumonia. Broncho - pneumonia. Broncho - pleuro - pneumonia. 
 Hydro-thorax. Water in the chest. Pneumo-thorax. Air or gas 
 in the chest. Abscess of the intercostal spaces. Dropsy of che lung. 
 Apoplexy of the lung. Pleuro-dynia. Rheumatism of the walls of 
 the chest. Asthma in dogs. Heaves. Broken-wind. Bleeding 
 from the lungs. Haemoptysis. Parasites in the upper air-passages. 
 Grub in the head. Larva of CEstrus Ovis. Pentastoma Taenioides. 
 Parasites in the lower air-passages. Lung-worms of sheep, etc. 
 Lung- worms of horses and cattle. Gape-worm of fowls. Verminous 
 bronchitis in calves, sheep, swine, and birds. 
 
 Diseases of the Respiratory Organs.— These are 
 of the first importance in domestic animals, alike as re- 
 gards their frequency and the mortality and other serious 
 consequences they entail. In young horses especially 
 they are far more common and more destructive than any 
 other class of diseases. Among the general causes of 
 diseases of this class of organs the following may be 
 stated in brief: i. The great extent of the respiratory 
 surface in the lungs = 200 to 500 square feet. 2. The 
 extreme tenuity and delicacy of the membrane covering 
 this surface, protective cells (epithelium) being almost 
 wanting in the air cells, contn.ry to what exists on every 
 other mucous surface in the body. 3. The extraordinary 
 work to which the lungs are subjected in the rapid paces 
 and severe efforts made by the horse, 4. The close, im- 
 pure air of the stable in contrast to the clear, bracing air 
 
 (104) 
 
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 1 05 
 
 Of the fields to which the colt has been accustomed. 5. 
 The effect of the hot relaxing: air of the stable is not only 
 on the lungs directly but on the skin, with which the 
 lungs and all internal organs so closely sympathize. 6. 
 I he heats and chills, and violent nervous excitement to 
 which young horses are subjected in passing into training 
 
 l^eZl'h \^u^ '^'"^"^ ^^ ^^^^''^y- f^^^'"g ^nd man- 
 agement to which young horses are subjected on leaving 
 the breeder. The variable weather and sudden, extreme 
 wwP of spnng and autumn. 9. The susceptibility 
 which results from the want of habitude of bearing ex- 
 treme heat and cold, and which tells especially at the 
 above seasons 10. The draughts of cold air to which 
 animals are often subjected, and particularly when warm 
 and perspiring. u. The frequent exposure to cold 
 drenching rams, night dews, and the like after the excite- 
 ment and relaxation consequent on a hard day's work. 
 12. ihe arrest of circulation through the lungs owinjrto 
 imperfect aeration of the blood when an animal out of 
 dumice" '^ ^^ ^ ^^^^ heyond his power of en- 
 
 Modes nf Physical Exploration of the Respiratory 
 ^/Sans— Auscultation z.xi<^ percussion are the most essen- 
 tial The first IS the application of the ear alone or with 
 a Stethoscope to the surface over some part of the respi 
 ratory organs (nose, throat, windpipe, chest,) to listen to 
 the natural sounds of breathing, and to detect any un- 
 natural change or absence of these sounds. The natural 
 sounds must be studied on the healthy animal, and then 
 the different modifications followed on the diseased. In 
 
 SI *^'T^' ^^^'^ '\ ^ ^^^'"'"- ^°""d to be heard in 
 health over the nose, throat, windpipe, and between the 
 upperand middle thirds of the chest In the rest of the 
 cnest is a soft, rustling murmur, which has been compared 
 
 h. 1 ff "iK^'^ ^^Pt^' '^''""§" ^"y ^^^^^- J"st behind 
 the left elbow in horses this murmur is absent and re- 
 
 ai^'". -^Ji .t'^"""!? °J ^^^ ^"^^t- I^^t^^^" the upper 
 and middle thirds of the chest it mingles with the blow- 
 ing sound anteriorly, but is unaccompanied by that over 
 
I06 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 the few last ribs. Percussion consists in drawing out the 
 resonance of any part by striking it gentle taps with a 
 hard object, the blows falling perpendicularly to its surface, 
 and of a force proportioned to the depth of the organ it is 
 meant to sound. Thus, foi the surface the gentlest taps 
 with the tip of the finger are wanted, while for the centre 
 
 SHOWING HOW THE BLOOD IS PURIFIED BY PASSING OVER THE 
 AIR-CELLS OF THE LUNGS. 
 
 I I The rieht lung. 2, 2, The left lung. 3, The trachea. 4, 
 TheVghlSroSaltule. ' 5. The lajt bronchial tube. 6666 
 Air cells. 7, The right auricle. 8, The right ventricle 9, The n 
 cuspid valves. 10, The pulmonary artery. "' JJie branch to the 
 right lung. 12, The branch to the left l""g- ;3. Th^.ght pul 
 monary vein. 14, The left pulmonary vein. 15, The leit auucle. 
 16, The left ventricle. 17, The mitral valves. 
 
 of the chest in large animals the closed fist may be ad- 
 vantageously used. For intermediate depths the tour 
 fingers and thumb may be brought together, in a straignt 
 line at their tips, and the surface tapped with this When 
 a cavity, enclosed by a hard, bony surface, such as tlie 
 
 { .■■ 
 
BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE. 
 
 lo; 
 
 bur/f 'fh^"*"^r''^""''''^r'^ '' ^^" ^"°"gh to tap this direct 
 
 may the two middle fingers of the left ha„7be empWed 
 to compress the soft parts and receive them. The front 
 ,1^ aT'" l*"""" be^PPlied against the surface Tnd 
 
 ;^.is;t'^rd:te^"^YonoriT^Kvf'^^^^ 
 
 deir hnf -f ^"^' ",-f """'^ ^'"'^ »". but still full and 
 de?' ' orn -r^"" ^ '?"'' ''°^>'' « ""^ "'igh, it is du 1 
 elbCv ZcSTu ""'"'7? '" '■'=^""''"'=<-- Behind the left 
 
 kss exten? fn itn""'' " ^"^ '"'^ '" ">e horse and, to a 
 le.s extent m cattle ; and on the last ribs on the rioht 
 s.de m cattle, sheep and pigs, a similar duness is found 
 m accordance with the position of the liver Any Urease 
 dimmution or loss of resonance Dver particular par^s thus 
 natural state of the parts, but the observer must Ipam 
 rZr^^y ^''P"i^-n« on the healthy and d eased 
 
 fon?: iSigiSe!""''^ "'™'™ °"' - "--^^ -»" 
 
 . Bleeding prom the Nose.— Bleedin<r from the nr.=e 
 IS rather rare in animals, and usually resuft ^m^seas! 
 tion'i^";^ '° K-" """"'"' ■"embrane, or from vioTnfexer! 
 
 S rtScolfa/rr^' '''^T? ^^^y '"^-^^ "Ph" W 
 thoric h^bit! '^''Pec.ally in animals with a ple- 
 
 one nostril only, accompanied by sneezing and witho.,t 
 frothing or sour odor. Bleeding from the lungs cor^e, 
 
 yS'cou 'h"°f ."^h" ''>"^'-".''' ^^"-^ -d acco'm;a°„"^:^ 
 Dy a cough Bleeding from the stomach also comes from 
 
 ?etchi"nr '' "' " "'■="• "°"^''' =°"^' -d «rnded by 
 
 7''-<?«/;kotA— Tie the head short up to a hioh rack or 
 
 b^m, cover head and neck with b^ of icToTrugs 
 
I08 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 wrung out of cold water, and blow matico powder or 
 Ttronl al'- m water in spray into the nose during inspira- 
 on^ In obstinate cases, the nose may be plugged w.th 
 pledgets of tow, tied with a soft cord by which they may 
 be withdrawn when the bleeding subsides. Both nostrils 
 muTt not be plugged in horses unless tracheotomy has 
 first been performed. Internally, may be given gallic 
 acid, aceta?e of lead, perchloride of iron or ergot of rye. 
 
 Nasal Catarrh-Cold in the HEAD.-This results 
 from the general causes above mentioned and from irn- 
 
 ^^^r^TSeSng, redness and watering of the 
 eves and redness of the membrane of the nose which i. 
 at first dry, afterwards discharges a clear watery fluid, 
 and finally a yellowish-white muco-purulent matter. In 
 mUd cases there is little or no fever, in the more severe 
 
 '''Tr'::^j:^-t^M cases rest in a clear, airy, warm 
 building with suitable clothing and warm bran mashes is 
 all that is necessary. In the more severe, steam the nose 
 a for strangles, and slightly charge the air with the fumes 
 of burning sulphur, give warn, water injections or even a 
 mild laxati-e, (horse, ox or sheep, Glauber salts , dog or 
 pi castor o 1) followed by refrigerant diuretics (nitre 
 Acetate of pota^sa. etc.) If debility ensues feed well and 
 've tonics (gentian, etc.,) and stimulants (spmrs of 
 nitrous ether). Chronic discharges may usually be 
 promotly checked by injecting the nose with a weak 
 astringent solution .(sulphate of zinc >^ dr., glycerine 
 oz telid water I qt.) This is thrown in with a syphon 
 haiinfone arm sixteen inches long and the other leaving 
 ?ha a^t aA angle of 45^ three and a half -f^^ l°"g f "^ 
 narrowing to half an inch at the point. The short limb 
 U nsertfd into the nostril, having first been passed 
 through a hole in the centre of a piece of sole leather in- 
 tended to prevent the return of the fluid f^rom the nose. 
 -■ Tdaptation is perfected Hv nled^ets ot tow. and the 
 
 hraVbeTng b^ough^ i^ vertical position the liquid 
 
 poured into the long end of the syphon until it rises 
 
 in 
 
MATTER IN THE NASAL SINUSES. ,09 
 
 that nasal chamber and escapes by the oDoositp nn.fr.i 
 One or two such injections are usually suffide^t 
 
 Collection of Matter in the Nasal Sinusf^; 
 
 V^fil "" "^T^"'' °^ '^^ "PP^r back teeth 
 . Tctbe"twe:„%h"'""^ on percussion on tha d? of 
 
 which extends down beneath th^lf^ J ^^e bony ridge 
 persistent use of sulphate of iron orcopper! orotherto, t 
 
 'r;: stress tt"^''' °[ -J.urin/i„,;ltant™ e': is .^ ^ 
 In^omy °'"™""' " ">oroughly conversant witl. ■ 
 
 , Abscess of the False NosiTur, tk;, • 
 
 , - juna .swelling in tiic outer part of the nostril. 
 
 r .," ' im 
 
110 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 It is SO firm as to feel solid but collapses at once when 
 opened. It should be laid open from withm the nose 
 along its whole length and plugged with tow till the raw 
 edges have skinned over. 
 
 Abscess in the Guttural Pouches.— These are two 
 cavities situated above the throat and peculiar to solipeds. 
 Each has a small opening at its anterior part through 
 which any liquid within them can escape only when the 
 'head is depressed. Hence a collection of matter in these 
 sacs, consequent on a sore throat, escapes and is dis- 
 charged through the nose intermittingly when the head 
 is down drinking, or still more in grazing or nibbling 
 roots The discharge comes from both nostrils and there 
 may or may not be swelling beneath the ear. Many such 
 cases will recover if sent to grass or fed from the ground 
 and treated with some of the tonics recommended for 
 chronic catarrh w glanders. But should ther^j fail the 
 sac must be laid open, setoned and washed out daily with 
 a weak astringent lotion. This operation requires the 
 most accurate knowledge of the parts to avoid the many 
 important structures in the region. 
 
 Tumors in the Nose.— Tumors of almost every kind 
 grow in the nose and must be removed by surgical means. 
 
 Malignant Catarrh of Cattle.— This appears 
 mainly in cold, damp, marshy situations where the 
 vitality is impaired, or in. unusual seasons. In_ the cold 
 earlv summer of 1876, I met with it in cows in several 
 marshy places. Low, damp river-bottoms are most sub- 
 ject to it, and probably it is due to deleterious agents 
 taken in with the food and water as well as to chills and 
 
 ''''^s7^Ztoms.—A slight diarrhoea may be followed by 
 costiveness, the dung being black, firm and scanty. 1 he 
 hair is rough and erect, shivering ensues, the head is de- 
 pressed, the roots of the horns and forehead hot, eyes 
 sunken, red, watery, with turbidity in the interior and in- 
 tolerance of light, muzzle dry and hot, mouth hot with 
 
■^' 
 
 SORE-TIIROAT. „, 
 
 much saliva, the membranes of mouth, nose and vagina 
 
 hZtj ' ^t' ''^'^' "^P"^^^ °^ h^^^t ^-^^k, breaching 
 o 7h. h °;'^^'u""^ scanty and high-colored and surfacf 
 of the body alternately hot and cold. In twenty-four 
 hours all he symptoms are aggravated, the nose dis- 
 charges a slimy fluid, the forehead is warmer, and dulle^ 
 on percussion tne mouth covered with dark-red blotcl ei 
 irom which the cuticle soon peels off leaving raw so es 
 appetite IS completely lost, dung and urine passed w?th 
 much pain and straining, and there is general stiff™ 
 and indisposition to move. From the fourth to the sbcth 
 day ulcers appear on the nose and mu.zle, swellings tal e 
 place beneath the jaws, chest and abdomen, and on ?he 
 legs, the skm may even slough off in patches, a foetid saliv^ 
 drivels from the mouth and a stinking diarrhoea succeeds 
 ^o\Trr.'- ^-^^-»-"y ensues from the gh^ 
 Ln^ "t f? "^"l^' P^^<:S^^^, perhaps, by convulsion's or 
 signs ot suffocation. The disease strongly resembles the 
 Russian cattle plague, but is rarely contiguous 
 
 r^m/;;^.«/.-Clear -ut the bowels by a laxative (olive 
 o. and laudanum), following this up by slightly shu- 
 lating diure ics (sweet spirits of nitre, liquor of ace ate 
 of ammonia,) with antiseptics (chlorate of pota=sa b ?h 
 romate of potassa, hydrochloric acid). Wet clotL mav 
 be kept on the head, the mouth and iiose sponged ^l 
 very weak solutions of carbolic acid, and only soft 
 mashes and sliced or pulped roots allo^^^d. 
 
 SORE-THROAT^-This may be confined to the larynx 
 o ll^'C^ °^ '^' ""["^P^P" (laryngitis), or the phalynx 
 nL^.T.h'^rf P?"? '^'■^'•^^^ ^^'^h ^'' ^"d food both 
 mav be tl^^t?J ^^^ ""^/"^^ (Pharyngitis), or the whole 
 s^re th3c ^iaryngo-pharyngitis). There are, besides 
 sore-throats connected with specific diseases (croup, diph- 
 theria, influenza, strangles, distemper and purpuraP^ 
 
 The CAUSES of simple sore-throat are the same as 
 
 in horsl "'''''""^' ^°'' '" '^" '^'■^^^ may cause'? 
 
 JSti''^'~^^^ "°'f '^ '^'^"^ ^"d protruded, the 
 nead bemg carried suifly and more in a line^with the 
 
TI2 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER 
 
 neck than usual, and there is swelling of the throat or 
 beneath the roots of the ears. There is cough, hard in 
 laryngitis, and dry and husky in pharyngitis, and, later, 
 loose and gurgling in both diseases. With laryngitis 
 there is much tenderness to touch, and, in the early 
 stages, a loud, harsh blowing sound which may become 
 loose and rattling as the disease advances. With pha- 
 ryncritis there is a little tenderness, but difficulty in 
 swatlowing, chewed morsels being often dropped again 
 and water rejected through the nose. The discharge 
 from the nose is more glairy th^n in nasal catarrh or 
 bronchitis, and on its appearance the active fever usually 
 subsides in great part. If there is much redness of the 
 membrane of the nose, and high fever, the case is likely 
 to be severe, and the same is true of cases with a paintul 
 paroxysmal cough. , 
 
 In Chronic Sore-throat W\cx& may appear to be general 
 cTood health, but a cough comes on in paroxysms when 
 the patient comes into the cold air, drinks cold water, 
 eats dry oats or dusty hay, or undergoes active exertion. 
 Th^re are also more or less tenderness and wheezing or 
 rattling in the throat, and sometimes slight swelling 
 
 Treatment.— K^st in a clean, dry, airy stable or box. 
 Clothe warmly and flannel bandage the legs if cold or 
 tending to shiver. Tie a rug or sheep-skin with wool in 
 around the neck. Steam the nose as for .y/m;^^/^.f. Un- 
 less the fever and pulse are low or the affection of an, 
 influenza type, a laxative is usually beneficial (horser 
 aloes ; ox and sheep, Glauber salts ; dog and pig, castog 
 oil •) following up with nitre or acetate of potassa in thf 
 water, and anodynes as electuaries. Solid extract o 
 belladonna 4 drs. ; tannic acid i dr. ; bisulphite of soda 
 4 drs. ; honey or syrup 5 oz. ; mix. Dose-horse and 
 ox a piece as large as a hickory nut ; sheep one-fourth 
 dog one-tenth of this bulk, thrice daily. To be smeared 
 on the back teeth and swallowed at leisure. 
 
 In most cases, a thin pulp, made with mustard and 
 water, should be well rubbed in around the throat as 
 soon as the bowels respond, and covered up ^r two 
 hours, but, in the most severe, this may be preceded tor 
 
. CROUP-CROUP OR ROUP IN FOWLS. ,13 
 
 plied by a s^alf s;:„V'lm™ov"alfy ^tf^rn^r ^e^c/P-f 
 whalebone. In the worst cases suffocation musfbeob 
 
 ra„^/.S"|atberbSe^it,r^'ri£ 
 
 -. , r 1 "-V i'eems at times inmno'is TV/=.,.ri., ..^ 
 '.vco fowls are most liable to contract it, yet it does not 
 
114 THE FARMER'S VETEKI^ARY ADVISER 
 
 seem contagious in the ordinary sense, but rather Inher- 
 ent in soil, locality or conditions of life. 
 
 S-mptoms.—V^vi\r\Q^% sleepiness, neglect of food, ruf- 
 fled feathers, unsteady walk, quickened breathing, with 
 a hoarse wheeze, and an occasional loud c-wmg "mse 
 On the tongue, at the angle of union of the beak, or in 
 the throat appekr yellowish white fy\ms (false membranes) 
 firmly adherent to a reddened surface, and raw sores 
 u^^ e these have been detached. The nostrils may be 
 completely plugged with swelling and ^'^charge that 
 breath can only be drawn through the open bill. Ihe 
 rnflammation may extend along the wmdp^e to the 
 serial cavities and lungs, or along the gullet to the intes- 
 tines In the first case, death may take place from suf- 
 focation, and in the second, from diarrhoea and as early 
 as in twenty-four hours. Toward the end of an out- 
 break, the malady may last twenty days and still prove 
 fatal False membranes may form on other distant 
 parts of the body, but especially the comb, wattles, eye, 
 
 or on accidental sores. , ^ , ^ u i 
 
 Treatment-T^\^^^se raw grain, and feed on vegetables 
 and puddings made of well-boiled oats, barley or Indian 
 meal Dissolve carbonate or sulphate of soda, or chlo- 
 ^?e of potassa freely in the water drunk, remove the 
 fa se membranes with a feather or forceps and apply to 
 the surface with a feather the nitrate of silver lotion ad- 
 V sed for croup in quadrupeds. If diarrhoea supervenes, 
 e ve a teaspoonful of quinia wine thrice a day. It is all- 
 fmportant to change the run of the chickens for a time 
 at least. 
 
 DIPHTHERIA.-This is seen in pigs, and it is even 
 claimed to occur in horses, but the false membranes in 
 the Tatter animals rarely amount to more than thickened 
 r^ucus I? appears to be due to the locality rather than 
 Tntagion. Close, filthy pens, and want of care have ap- 
 oeared iniurious in some cases. 
 
 P 5^V'«^.-Sudden illness, with sore-throat and ex- 
 treme weakness and stififness of back and loins The pig 
 jJToves slowly and crouchingly. with raised head, open dry 
 
CHRONIC ROARING IN HORSES. 
 
 The eyes are dull and sunkenTnH fi, ^^'^^. "Membranes, 
 a few hours all the structures of throt?^^'^''"^^"^- ^" 
 vol ved. there is much svvellinf fL.u^ ^""^ nose are in - 
 and shreds of /^/i^'^mK"^ '^'""'^"f^ -^"ffocation, 
 
 patient remains iwnXon-.T '°u^^"^ "P' ^^he 
 the fence, and usually perishes n ^ITf''' T ^^^"^ °" 
 
 rrm/;;.^,,/.-_Must be rarlv L ^^ of coughing, 
 the throat for fals^meXar-- '"'" ' ^'"''' '^^"^"^^ 
 jn pigs, holding the Sa wi?h nV" ""'"' ^^ sore-throat 
 jaw. If white patchesTresTen "T^ ^'^""^ ^^^ "PP^r 
 the nitrate of siLrttira?vs;dl'^^?^^^^^ ^'-'^ 
 
 often as may seem necess irv tn 1.1 .u ^P' ^""^ ^^P^^t as 
 in check. The bowels m'v be frt? '^' ^^'?^"^ S'-^^ths 
 tive (jalap) and twenty d^o^psSuTof^l '^ ^ ?"^^^- 
 irofi, and ten -rains nitre Jven thWr^ [^^'^•"'"'"'^^^^f 
 spoonful of cold water G?elf If? ^- ^ "^^^ ^" ^ ^'-^ble- 
 the comfort and Irsecure soft I'T^S-"'"^' be given to 
 ■sometime. ^ ^°**' easily-digestible food for 
 
 Chronic Roaring in HoRspq tj.;. • 
 whisthng or hoarse rasping sound~J. '•' ^ "l^'^^^'^^S, 
 part of the windpipe (larvniwn K ^u^^ '" ^^^ "PPer 
 ly when excited^^ It^ is^l^i K.'^'f^'h^^g^' ^"d especial- 
 wasting of the muscles on t^t sid'e o?.^''^'''' ^"^ 
 which open the channel for the aland^ ^^'^u"^^ ^"^ 
 the noise is only made in LI ■ ^^^'.^^^ »n such cases 
 stiuction in the iS^eai f K "'"^.^'r^"- ^^t any ob- 
 heard most commonlv n hnflf ^'" ^'^" ''''' ^^ ^^^"n^. 
 tion. Thus paTs^ of the no.t-r'r'"'^'"" ^"^ ^^P^'^a 
 ^■•on of the bone/of the nose tm/''-'"f ""^ ^^P^^^" 
 ^^''■"dpipe or bronchi false^;^K' '" ^^'^ "°^^' ^^roat 
 the air^assages drops calsw^n-'"'' f^^^^^ing across 
 ^nd in stallioL uS 'ccun^f it"^ ^^^"/ '^^ ^^roat, 
 "■'se to it. In the tvnir;i f • 2"' °^ ^^t' "^^Y g'Ve 
 
 geal muscles ?he an fn^af ™.T P'^ ^".^^>^ °^ ^^^^^O^"" 
 a wall ; or if a fein/^. F J ' ^^'°^"' ^^^n led up to 
 
 - -- .or some distance on leverg^^fe^;:^' 
 
 '^i J'^:' .•# 
 
,,6 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 '^ strikingly brought out. ThyX^^tH^^^^^^^ 
 to draw a heavy load or one with ^hf^f^^J °'^^^^^ 
 rrm/;«r;./.-In incipient cases with sim^^^^^ 
 
 of the mucous membrane, benefit may anse irom swa 
 b ng oi'the larynx with nitrate of silver -l^t «" - ^^^^^ 
 com'mended for croup, or ^-2 thejkm overjhejh ^^^^ 
 with a red hot iron. But »^the muscle ^^ 
 
 fatty these means will be fruitless, ana we u 
 mechanical or surgical measures for help. Fads attacn 
 
 t'ing s o °:ir will enable many roarers to do moder- 
 
 Hor^cfse^f :f^Sale^■totel. on vetches, 
 iuZ^uTTarila or C--; may be cured by chang.ng 
 
 Sa^r- ^oS, ::rd s fbt 1^ ScteS .; 
 
 breeding purposes. 
 
 Buo«c„ms.-Inflammat^n of th '^^^^^^^^ 
 :irdora;fof ISxlt'^ -e throat anaj. 
 
 tt m^v also Xnd on influenza, strangles, contagious 
 pleuro'^pneum'onia, distemper in dogs, tuberculosis, and 
 oarasitic diseases of the lungs. . , 
 
 »- T • 7 J ... fll 
 
 Symptoh 
 
 ffis, — In mild cases 
 
 'there are dulness, imp 
 
 laired 
 
BRONCHITIS, J 
 
 becoming soft and ra tin- ".. ^''°l^'' ^' ^''' *'■'"•'' ''"' 
 from the nose Such mavf.rL ''■'^T '^ ^■'"'Wished 
 treatment ™^ '"'"'" '" " f''«' dayrWMmm 
 
 ing, with loud blowta ' s^nAfP P1''^; '^•'"'•^'^ '"•'^^'h. 
 windpipe and S fhe "^dHll^'^r *k 'T '"<^ °f'h^ 
 The cough is drv hJi * ""^ "'^ *' der-blade 
 
 often oclurrl^g'^j;' fc'a„'d°"s°e"min;"l'^''''" <^^'''"S^' 
 depth of the chest. P^mL'^^",^ . T ^""^ ""e 
 sonance at any part oah™t as ,^ ."° '''""?'= °'"'-^- 
 membrane of the nose has a S. j" P"V"'">"'a- The 
 '•"g in proportion to the^en.rM^ '^ r" Y'"'''' ^ue, vary- 
 chial tubes and esnecianffh ™Pl'^a"°n of the bron- 
 
 drowsiness and dr^opfn^of tVe^h id to ?h' '"" ""^''^ ''* 
 
 complete in two Tthree™" """ ^^~^"y "V be 
 
 o.h'efr,^tlfmtlt"Si't"^''r' *e d-ase. 
 i"g the ribs, as in^^ni; ""' " "° '^"derness on punch- 
 
 war^rCd"Ige"tU",imTsT^ ''L"'^^ ''"/■''''■"^' ''°'h- 
 warm sloppy mfshfs of whea bra~ It'"'',' "'!'' ^'^^ 
 "seful, but if there is weakness sr^^ II t '''""'^ " °f'™ 
 or anj. yellowish tinge of the muc^t I'^^'f ' P^^*"""" 
 rejected and warm #ater nfechW L^S'^'"'f "' '"*° "^^ 
 the bowels. Give frequent dhi»f f- '" ^ """^ '° """^^ 
 of nitre,) anodynes Jbenadonn^fK.-'"'"'^' '^^^«' ^P'"'^ 
 Pectorants rJuor imSa »;!? .^''^' ''™""^'> ^^d «" 
 
 guaiacum. ipecacuanha a„imo„v)'ThT"''' f ^?"'"- 
 frequently steamed as if f^i ,?^^' , "^ "°^^ ^'lon'd be 
 sulphur fumes mt'edjlifrtfrf^' ^r" if-alations of 
 »>ay be added. Mustard cr'o'ther'blStrl^Srdra"!: 
 
ii8 THE farmi:r's vkteuinary adviser, 
 
 plied to the sides of the chest, and repented if any re- 
 Sewed access of disease seems to demand it When 
 ?ever has nearly subsided, and there ^^ fj^^^J ^^^^^^ 
 discharge from the nose tomes should be used, (bee 
 
 '^^:^^:'lst!^^o£!ai and weakness stimu- 
 lamstarom^c ammonL. carbonate of anrnjoma. wme, 
 etc) may be required, even in the early stAges. 
 
 n ANDFR HEAVES, CHRONICBRONCIIITIS IN HORSES. 
 occurring in fits, a wiiite u sciuu^c r t^^^^^ 
 
 llrnVclt is not very satisfactory in cases of old stand- 
 
 mainly arsenite of strychnia, or sulphate of iron or cop 
 per and tannic acid. 
 
 ACUTE CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS IN HORSES -- 
 ThTs^s iways the first stage of Pncumonta, but ma^ oc- 
 cur in a sudden and fatal form from over-exertion in fa 
 or otherwise ill-conditioned horses. An amnia tha^ h 
 «;^nod idle in the stable or has been rapidly fattenea lor 
 sak wh^i aken out and driven or ridden at the top of 
 
 &ion, deep red or blue nasai mcmuiauw ana .»pio, •- 
 
PNEUMONIA. ,j 
 
 pared to a dark-rej jellj' ^ " '''^"' '"'S'" '"-■<:"'»- 
 
 n-ay ha,„pcr breathin?^ tS"„"'the land to d?" • "h '"'" 
 anactivcstimuIantakAhnl^rli 1 1- ?■ "■' ""'"d. Riw 
 or any of it, comor nnd, i^ ^Icoliolic liquor,,, ammonia 
 >^i.iriti^of niTre, XT*' °'',,f "!?»'■'«; "her, sweet 
 liand, in a full do,Ff„iif "^"^ ^' . f^''^^ '^at comes to 
 tions and acve hand lbr„? T *""' ^'■^'•'" ^™'" '"J«- 
 
 -liof n,a, oft/n &at'7b/ bfeX" Vomlhr'"''' 
 lir, but tins should not renlarp fl,^ t,„ " , thejugu- 
 vis-^d but should be added o them ?""''" '1 '"'='"'>' '"'- 
 when available is to vvrio frr m 1 ;, . " .?^'^e"='" resort 
 outofhot water and coverlS '""^ u°i*"' '" '""^^ ""■""? 
 being meanwhHe actLX i f ^ T^K^'^ °"^'- "■<= ""'''s 
 to this part of he skh S .r'''^^'' '" ^""S the blood 
 
 If tl>i patient surt'e'and does'^'foH't" o„r''";- , 
 recover the ease beeomes one of^L"l?I " '""^''^ 
 
 cS"X^~''''"-^".'-^''"'°-"' "^ T„E Lungs- 
 chest ■Ako%hersutt o? „°"'" '"^""= d-ases''of'the 
 S.-..-on, or ofl'aS's'ifthelu:.^^""'"" ""'' ^"'^ ~"- 
 
 nb;trs:HbTd'tre ifl:;"?,-"" ^-"'^^ -"S-«°" - 
 according to the CTavitvnf? ',"°'''-' °' kss .severe 
 
 f..si.. This iS foiro^^ed' .'i? i^-;"fvi"r?^ "'^^; 
 
 'I>e eye, nose and Siu^tM ""',"' -""^ n.embranesof 
 •I'c dip h of the ehTst bu't tt'°"f ' '? '■'^'P ■•'^ 'f''™"' 
 "1 bronchitis Thpl,'„; T' '" ''''"■'' ""^ ™ Painf"' as 
 
 "SOS, obs i utely tand wit'l 7^'' """^ "'^ ''^' '" ^ad 
 
 out „„„ ,-, V fra"ds wrth legs aoart. elbow, turneri 
 
 '". "osc cvtcnced and usually approached to a door or 
 
120 THE FARMmS VETERINARY ADVISER 
 
 window. In cattle expiration is generally accompariied 
 b^amoan. With the^ever there is ^sUv^ness h.gh- 
 colorcd scanty urine, in cattle, heat of horns and ears 
 and dryness of muzzle, and hidebound. Auscultation de- 
 Lets a very fine crackling (crepitation) over the affected 
 nart of Ihe lung, or there maybe an area of no sound 
 ^n^ed\y a ?ine of -pitat^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^J.^he^iuU 
 ;TlTSng1SunJs rm^the-:a.Ser tubes or the 
 beating of he heart may be detected. I^.rcussion causes 
 mnching or even groaning when th. affected pa .s 
 reached • the space where sound was wanting »n ausculta- 
 fon sou^idsdull and solid and the remainder of the chest 
 "tains its healthy resonance. There is "O tenderness on 
 merelv pinching the spaces between the ribs. By auscul- 
 uUon and percussion the increase or decrease of sohdifi- 
 '"iZXp^^i^^^^on) on\.. lung may be followed f^om 
 dav to dav excepting in the parts covered by the thick, 
 muscular shoulder. In this way aggravation and improve- 
 ment can be noticed. A yellowish or whitish discharge 
 f?om the nose comes on as the disease advances. ^ 
 
 TrZZt.--G\v^ a pure, dry, airy box with windows 
 or doors turned to the sun or away from the direction of 
 prevaihng winds, clothe warmly, and flannel bandage 
 ihe Umbs, or even rub them with ammonia and oil. The 
 hot nS advised for congested lungs may be applied 
 and wLn removed l^t^t be done a little at a^^^^^^^ 
 the oart rubbed dry and covered by a dry blanket, ur 
 .mustard poultice may be applied to the sides of the 
 chTst Large injections of warm wat«r and drinks of 
 v'Trm gruef .n.:^ also be given. A axat.ve is^ o^^^^^ 
 beneficial in the more active forms of the disease, out 
 shodd be 4en ca. dously as in bronchitis, and rejected 
 when therl is low fever, and much depression. Neutra 
 Talts (n ?re, acetate of potassa, bicarbonate of soda,) 
 should be given with sedatives (belladonna, henbane, 
 t ncture of aconite, digitalis or white hellebore ; in pigs 
 a^ do.s?tar?ar emeti?,) or if there is much prostra.on 
 or when the fever has in the main subsidea, stimulant 
 diuTetks (sweet spirits of nitre, liquor of acetate of am- 
 
PLEURISV. ,j, 
 
 monia,) repeated three or four times a di« Ti,„ -j 
 slmuld be blistered witl, a pufp o7,^,e\e;T;„ISd mu? 
 t..rd m water, or Spanisli flics or in cattin 3 ■ 
 .nustard and turpentine, and the blister may'bCeTcat'' 
 
 cases the iT".''^' '? P™'™'''' ™^^'- When in severe' 
 cases the blister refuses to rise the <jHn «,. u r 
 
 vvar„,ed with rugs wrung .ut Tf boHint waTefan"^ then 
 the apphcation of the bh"s«^pr fmr^^ 1^ '''•cr ana tnen 
 
 held ;,rar the blistered sXe may de^ermin^' ''""'' 
 ter. VVlien well r.sen the surface must blkcot snft it 
 Th °'\ r ^'^'"^ ^'"^ '° f^'^""- h^^'ling In ch ckenst 
 
 p.rirfhLr^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 te-^'oontrofsl^i- t&d:r "^ •>— ^'^ ^ 
 PlEURISV.— INFLAMMATJON OF THE Mpmrpjw^ 
 
 Lining the Chest and Cotoring™e Lungs 
 This IS common in all domestic animals a ui wrtfculT 
 LI f '"'''• K^'P"'"'^ localities, which suffer at'"he same 
 
 ca™:efo-/'c!;t'^- r. "'""'^'^ " -- ^y^ 
 
 Symptoms.—ShWenng^, followed bv hpnf nf fi,« i • 
 and even of the limbs, and parHal swLts of the s^rffc'e" 
 tULrr""'.'' P^"'"g^"d ^"■etimes iol ng at 
 
 ^^^s--taH^SH 
 
 i^l r^1,^■lP'"'r '^ ^'°" ''"d prolonged. TOs char' 
 pSc d on thr?t"^ "'^^.''^ ^^' °b^^^-d with he e" 
 
 g^^ thV^Lif Vhr*;™ ;!j::.i-p-p- - j-.| 
 
 p:;- j/Tth'e^U-r "t hL'd^ln^CH E^ 
 
122 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 is touched. The ear applied to the ^^^\^^^ ^S^^ 
 a soft, rubbing sound during the movements of ins mira- 
 tion and expLtion. There is at first no other change 
 in auscultation or percussion. The anmial often changes 
 his posture or place as if seeking an f^^'^r position and 
 emits a short, hacking, painful cough. There is much 
 less redness of the nose than in pneumonia or bronchi- 
 tis less heat of the expired air and no nasal discharge. _ 
 
 in twenty-four to thirty-six hours effusion ensues in 
 the cavity of the chest, the rubbing sound ceases, the 
 catching breathing and ridge on the belly disappear, the 
 pulse b^ecomes soft, the anxiety of countenance passes 
 iway, and the patient may begin to feed as if well. But 
 soon the pulsc^ loses its fulness, and gains in rapidity, 
 oreathing becomes labored and attended with a lifting 
 nf the flank and loins, the nostrils are widely dilated, the 
 aose protruded, the elbows turned out, the skin sweats, 
 end there may be signs of imminent suffocation Aus- 
 bultation detects no sound over the lower part of the 
 chest up to a given horizontal line, and up to the. same 
 fevel there is dulness on percussion. This shows the 
 extent of watery effusion. The pulse becomes weak, with 
 a peculiar thrill at each beat, the limbs and lower aspect 
 of the chest swell, the patient moves unsteadily and falls 
 
 suddenly to die. , , , i j 
 
 In other cases the effusion is re-'.bsorbed and a good 
 recovery is made. In others it ceases to increase but 
 fails to be taken up and rem.ainj as a cause ot short 
 wind ; it may even give off gases, in which case a gurg- 
 ling sound may be heard in the chest, or a sound as of 
 drops falling into a half empty barrel, after the patier 
 rises from the recumbent position. In other cases still 
 there remain false membranes attaching the lung tp the 
 inner sides of the ribs, or enveloping the lung in whole 
 or in part, and in either case impairing respiration. 
 
 Trcatmait-Glxe the same general care as in bronchi- 
 tis and pneumonia. In the early stages of chill treat as 
 for congested lungs. Later give a laxative (horse aloe, 
 ox and sheep, Glauber salts ; swine and dogs castor-oil,) 
 following it up with neutral salts (nitre, acetate of potas- 
 
PLEURO-PNEUMONIA-TIYDROTIIORAX. 103 
 
 iodine rubbed on the chest '^™'"'>' '""' tincture of 
 
 appL?;yr7hTcheT;;ib: '^'l' P°"'«- -^^ ^e 
 cd to dry cunoinr^ nr ^„ ^-^ be shaven and subject- 
 as for pn^uSL^' '" """"'= '^''^'" -"^y be applied 
 
 I^d'm's^^'d" Tnffflr *"^^?"''"S -fi-ocation the 
 (i^ee Tympanv) hiserteH ,fV '■"^".•^^"""la and trocar 
 
 ihe lower'Td o "trnfnth r,^'thf s?°?"-'''^ ?"'^ "^" 
 drawn aside to fnim , nb the skin having first been 
 
 being taptrpS™nt^,™l;ta^n:eTf';ir^rr"d 
 
 and-Se'^ptZn-'lerr, 'd" P^^' ' ^^^ ' '° -°^ ^^°"L 
 be followed bvonicsSh,!-^ " f"'^ ""■ '™- " ^''™ld 
 tian,) stimula^nts ( eet Ss oVm^I^'r^'T.?' S^"' 
 (iodide of potassium) * ^"'' ''""■^"'" 
 
 tions of "/^^^,"''°-™EUMONIA are common complica- 
 X4, a*d h rresoTc^ ^'•''"''"'"' /-"'«««- ancl 
 
 may be'^infeLd froS descrS'^f 't1 "'" '"^ ^"' 
 cd afl-ections. description of the uncomplicat- 
 
 'tVDROTHORAX.— Water in the rriFtn r • . 
 
 ^ri^s d^e'asTotth'''r ^^^ r ^^ 
 
 piratic ;h;dsrd%°th ^m'^oTbid It ^ef ' ^^r'^^^y"'' 
 
 ST^notrerlntr-^^f^^^ 
 
 other diseLes™,; ^ ilch ftl^ ''r.^ ''^"^Pr, "^ «>- 
 
 .» essentially the same after tf'nSid co^^tii^S 
 
124 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 has caused the effusion has been removed. If that is in- 
 curable neither can this be remedied. 
 
 Pneumotorax.— Air or Gas in the Chest.— This 
 often attends on hydrothorax when the contained hquid 
 has undergone some decomposition. More frequently 
 it is the result of a wound penetrating the walls of the 
 chest, with its edges pressed inward so that they admit 
 the air from without, while the chest is dilating, but 
 close like a valve when it is contracting. A little thus 
 entering with each breath and none escaping, the lung is 
 soon compressed into a small solid mass against the 
 lower end of the windpipe. The same may happen 
 from a broken rib having torn the surface of the lung 
 even without any external wound. A little air escaping 
 from the lung with each respiration the cavity soon be- 
 comes filled and the lung compressed and collapsed. 
 
 Treatment is limited to the prevention of the introduc- 
 tion of air through an external wound, should such exist ; 
 the relief of pain by opium and other anodynes ; the 
 management of the resulting pleurisy on ordinary prin- 
 ciples ; and the drawing off of the accumulated air by a 
 needle-like tube and aspirator, or even by a small cannula 
 and trocar. Spontaneous recovery often takes place, the 
 wound being closed by inflammatory exudation and the 
 air absorbed. In cases dependent on decomposition of 
 the products, both gas and liquid should be drawn off 
 and a weak solution of carbolic acid (one part to two or 
 three hundred water) thrown in, in small quaatity. 
 
 Abscess of the Intercostal Spaces.— This occurs 
 especially in the horse as a result of pleurisy, a diffuse 
 swelling appearing at some part of the walls of the chest, 
 tender and pitting on pressure, and, finally, softening in 
 the centre, bursting and discharging a yellowish or whit- 
 ish matter. The prtient should be well fed, and poultices 
 or warm iomentacions continuously applied to the part 
 until there is softening in the centre, when it may be 
 freely laid open. Continue to support the patient by 
 nourishing food, stimulants and tonics. 
 
DROPSY OF THE LUNG, ETC 125 
 
 -Dropsy of the Ltinp ir-i^-o ;^ • i 
 valvular and othe'diseas^;Tf\h heaT'x^o oe7cu '• "' 
 
 Fever of I»resZfF^.^''T^nZ"ZtTT' '''f'"'^ 
 gives way and the blood esclpfnT rales the ZIT"""^ 
 
 Asthma in Dogs.-A spasmodical affection of the 
 circular muscular fibres of the bronchial tubeT occurr n^ 
 m paroxysms with irregular intervals and associated w^h 
 corpulence and disordered digestion, distended ^ run 
 
 ^dnrs^ oTtngtt?:?rheS^ — - 
 
126 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary adviser 
 
 out in the advanced stages. A slight cough becomes 
 frequent, hard and sonorous, with habitually labored 
 breathing aggravated at intervals so as to threaten suffo- 
 cation. Then the patient stands with open mouth, pen- 
 dent tongue and staring eyeballs, panting for breath and 
 having his condition rendered still more threatening by 
 every change of position or cause of excitement. The 
 frequency and severity of the attacks serve as a means of 
 estimating the danger of the patient. In the intervals 
 between these paroxysms may be noticed signs of in- 
 digestion, in a variable appetite, perhaps vomiting, a 
 tumid tympanitic (bloated) abdomen, constipation and 
 piles. The skin is dry, harsh and bald in patches, the 
 teeth covered with tartar and the breath foetid. 
 
 Treatment. — i. During a paroxysm. — Cause to inhale 
 ether, chloroform, the fumes of burning stramonium or of 
 burning paper which has been steeped in a strong solu- 
 tion of nitre; or one or two teaspoonfuls of laudanum 
 with 2 oz. castor-oil may be thrown into the gut as an 
 injection. Or if there is reason to suspect overloading of 
 the stomach shake a grain of tartar emetic on the tongue. 
 
 2. In tJic intervals between the paroxysms. — Check any 
 existing bronchitis or pneumonia as advised in the earlier 
 pages of the book, and restrict to a very moderate diet 
 of oat meal or corn meal mush, with skim-milk or butter- 
 milk. Exercise well but in no case for three hours after 
 feeding. Give a laxative of castor-oil twice a week. 
 Wash frequently with soap, drying afterward by rubbing, 
 and brush daily. A daily sedative (stramonium, tartar 
 emetic,) is beneficial, but in advanced stages and weak 
 conditions, vegetable tonics (quinia, gentian,) will be de- 
 manded. 
 
 Heaves— Broken Wind. — This is closely allied to 
 asthma, but is more continuous in its symptoms, and less 
 paroxysmal. 
 
 Causes. — Overfeeding on clover hay, sainfoin, lucern 
 and allied plants : on chaff, cut straw and other bulky and 
 innutritions food. In Arabia, in Spain, and in California 
 ivhere there is no long winter feeding on hay, and in our 
 
HEAVES-BROKEN WIND. 
 
 i erntories where clover i« ♦. 
 unknown; it has advanced west "'^^^^^ \''"^^ '' ^''•^"^"y 
 clover hay has been introduced as fh^" '" Proportion as 
 horses, and it has disapneareH 1 I , ^^""^'''^ ^^'^^^'^ ^^r 
 land in proportion asThe 'olf h k"^^^^''"^ ^"^ NewEnl 
 as other ali„,ent had to b^supphed'^^^^^ 
 fons are when a horse is left Tt ' t J'^^/^^^^t condi- 
 weeks eating clover hnv^reVen^^^^^^^^^ days and 
 
 I^ay of other kinds, to ti^; extent o?T'^'^^'"*'^^ ^^"^ty 
 ^vards daily, and is suddenlv taL^ '^^'r>'P°""^^a,'d up- 
 rapid pace. Violent ev. r?; r " """^ ^"^ ^Iriven at i 
 ortl. lungs are aLo fS^t^nrcr/s"!^ i''"'^ ^'--- 
 of old horses, but nia^ attLl the rll ''?''"'>^^ ^^'^^^^e 
 I^nially, horses with smni m . ^°^^ of two years old 
 ti- disease proves L'Slarr "" ""' ^-^^ef and thl'' 
 
 each expiratory act thi;/bern"'l!;f "'r^^ ^^^"'^' ^^^^ 
 abdomnial walls and then afte? . ' ^ ^"'"^ in .f the 
 nsnig of the posterior oart of H P^^f^ptible interval a 
 
 empt>^ngofrhe chest^a so a W J ^' ""^^''^ '''^ 
 "^audible cough, followed by a whe. "^^y^ ^eak, almost 
 occurring in paroxysms when ^oIonH "' '^' '^'''^'' ^"d 
 brought from the stable into the cold ^ exercised, when 
 of cold water. The breatW T,"^ ^''' ^'^^^^'"''^ drink 
 wheezing noise above all ev den? '! ''^^^P^^Panicd by a 
 cited by work, or whai he et ;\^'"r'^" ^^^^'^"^ ^"^ ex! 
 the chest. Indigestion is also . I ^^^'^"^ °" ^^'^ ^icle of 
 manifested by a^-avenous nneti>;;''"'"'"^ '>^'"P^«'^' ^"d 
 by the frequent passaZ ;Wetite, even for filthy litter 
 
 often by svvelling'aT3?um in':;' ^''°'" the bowe'is,;nc; 
 'j^en. IVhen string o^a Wn?' h""" °^^^^ ^^^^do- 
 dung very frequently at first ''and l '^'' '"^^"^^^ P^^s 
 distance may go much better ThJ ''"^'^^^^h-ng some 
 are soft and flSbby and t!"" nin H "'"''"^^'' ^>'«tems 
 ^vork. Frequent ag^rava ion of H?''" '''^''^^y '" '-^^tive 
 seen ni connection with ovXh-^ ^^ -^y^^Ptoms may be 
 a hot, close stable a thirl ^ stomach, costiveness 
 
 severe day's work' "' '""''^-y atmosphere, or a very 
 
 hyTestJct-''''''!,-"^^ ^' temporarilv n^.,)..^ ^, . • , , 
 y r.stnct.ua m d.et, abstinence fron, vvaterind tt ':« 
 
 I 
 
128 
 
 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 of sedatives, but there remains an unnatural action of the 
 nostrils, and a full drink of water, and above all a free 
 supply of water and hay will bring back the symptoms 
 in all their intensity. 
 
 Treatment. — Turning out on natural pastures or feed- 
 ing cornstalks or other laxative food will relieve, and 
 even cure mild and recent cases. Feeding on dry grain 
 with carrots, turnips, beets, or potatoes and a very limited 
 supply of water will enable many broken-winded horses 
 to do' a fair amount of work in comfort Hay should 
 never be allowed except at night, and then only a hand- 
 ful clean anu rweet. The bowels must be kept easy by 
 laxatives (sulphate of soda 2 or 3 oz.), the stable well 
 aired, and sedatives (digitalis, opium, belladonna, hyos- 
 cyamus, stramonium, lobelia,) used to relieve the oppres- 
 sion. If a white discharge from the nose co-exists tonics 
 should be given as for chronic bronchitis, to which wild- 
 cherry bark may be added. Tar water as the exclusive 
 drink is often useful and a course of carminatives (gin- 
 ger, caraway, cardamoms, fennel, fcenugrec,) may be 
 added with advantage. But nerve tonics and above all 
 arsenic in 5 grain doses daily, and continued for a month 
 or two, are especially valuable. 
 
 No broken-winded horse should have food or water for 
 from one to two hours before going to work. 
 
 The following recipe has been highly recommended 
 for heaves : iJE^ oz. laudanum, i^^ oz. pure ether, i pint 
 raw linseed oil. Mix well. Dose the whole in severe 
 cases ; in mild cases half the above. 
 
 Bleeding from the Lungs. — May occur in any of 
 our domestic animals as a result of excessive plethora, 
 over-exertion, disease of the heart 01 tuberculosis. If in 
 limited quantity, the blood comes from the nostrils and 
 mouth of a light red and frothy and with coughing. If 
 in greater amount it may fill the bronchial tubes and 
 cause death suddenly by suffocation without much escape 
 by the nose. 
 
 Treatment, — When brought on by severe exertion per- 
 fect rest and quiet walk will check. Keeping the head 
 
PARASITES IN THE m-PER AIR PASSAGES. lig 
 
 Opium benefits bvcfeckin J r"^'. *"'''• "^ "^eful 
 cas« acetate of lead emof nf^ ""'^''' ^!"^ '" °''^«n«= 
 
 muriateofiron o, oil nf^" '>^^' "'^^"'°' """"^ "' 
 rally three t ,„es% Hal "^k"""" ""^ ''' ^iven inter- 
 Glauber salts and keTn ;„ ^' , ""P™ costiveness with 
 least a fortnight ^ ""'■ '"'y P''«^« =" «« for at 
 
 (CEstrus 0'^)\tiJf'di;o3i s t, n? f ' r^'' ^^"^"^ 
 
 margin of the nostril, wheC t c eps upTnt^fh^ ""? 
 Sinuses. It stavQ fh*»r« ^ • ^'^^P^ "P into the nasal 
 
 often pro4ng ha™ esTb,^s3e-^' winter and spring, 
 ritatio!;, redn^ess of the no I kal'^'rwhlt?"^ *""''' "' 
 lent discharge, with dulne« inH =? , ^' ■""'^o-puru- 
 disease of the brain Tn^""'' ""P""' f™™ sympathetic 
 
 •he sheep should brfedsauT^m hv '"\'''^ "^ ""^ "j' 
 bored in a log. the surfa J if ■.™'?' ' ™-'"=h augur holes 
 so that thev let a rir.lf„ '""'• " ""=*'•«'' "-"h tar, 
 
 less sati ISo'ry method s^toTuTn """ J'"^*" P^^'''^^ ^ 
 ture so that tL ir '"™."P ^^ '"'•■•ow in the pas- 
 
 grotnd when Inacked." "'^ ""' '""'• ""^^ "''°">e 
 
 larv^toTtre'i^i:^ LSod"""'"^^" *-P' *^ 
 salt, vinegar or Z^P^^^^T:^:^^^ ^^^ 
 
 by ln"ee i*": ""FoVruch 'as'^em';?; 'r.' ''''' ^^ 
 
 ^ipd^al!;VnTi;x;tLL^:s^^^^^^ 
 
 HvIstrraTsin^^r^"^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 mesenteric glands of sheep and other lrWvl"''i'," "" 
 
 b;ruriro?:-r™^4-£'^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 — r .r,.^i,i,ii,jg tiic sinus 
 
130 THE FARMICR'S VETERINARY ADVISKR. 
 
 Parasites in the Lower Air Passages.— The 
 most common arc the different forms of round worms, 
 which in certain animals (lambs, calves, pigs, birds,) may 
 assume the dimensions of a plague, and cause enormous 
 yearly losses to a country. 
 
 The sheep, goat, dromedary and m#'/ harbor two round 
 woims i\\ their air passages and lungs : the small Stron- 
 gyliis Filaria, a thread-like worm of one to three and 
 one-half inches long, and S. Rnfcscens of considerably 
 greater length. The calf, horse, ass and mule have the 
 Strongyliis Micrurus of from one and one-half to three 
 inches long. The pig, the Strongylns Elongatus of eight 
 lines to one and one-half inches long. Finally the bird 
 {hen, turkey, pheasant, black stork, magpie, hooded croiv, 
 green wood-pecker, starling, swift, etc.,) have the Syngamus 
 Trachealis, male one eighth inch, and female one-half to 
 five-eighths inch in length, always found united together, 
 so that the male appears like a process from the neck of 
 the female. 
 
 The Strojigyli in their mature condition inhabit the air 
 passages within the lungs, but they may be reproduced 
 dther in or out of the body. In the first mode the female 
 worm creeps into an air cell and there encysts herself, 
 and produces eggs or young worms already hatched, or 
 she dies and the myriad eggs, hatching out amid the 
 debris, the young worms finally migrate into the adjacent 
 air passages, grow to maturity, and reproduce their kind. 
 In the second mode the impregnated female worm is ex- 
 pelled by coughing, and perishes in water or in moist 
 earth or on vegetables, and the eggs, escaping from her 
 decomposing remains, may lie unhatched for months, or 
 even a }car, or, in genial "leather, may rapidly open and 
 allow the escape of the almost microscopic embryo 
 worms. These, in their turn, may live an indefinite length 
 of time in the water, or moist soil, or on vegetables, and 
 only begin to grow to their mature condition when taken 
 in by a suitable host with food or water. This is true 
 of those of the sheep, goat and camel, of that of the ox. 
 horse and ass, and of that of the pig. Only those of 
 the sheen- once introdur.ed into the system, will main- 
 
N... 
 
 VKRMINOUS BR0KC„ms-HOOSE-„„SK. ,3, 
 
 Thatofthlox,er on^thST '>'<' ^^ t-^'ken in 
 be expelled, and therefor. °ft " ^^."^■ '^ ■""'•e likely to 
 a limited period "'"'''°'^- ""^ '"fests its host but fo? 
 
 tor];tf^?tr body'^b^u^'tis''?,?^"''?^ ""^ -- »- 
 
 Studied. ^' ^"^ ^^'^ ^as not been so carefully 
 
 ™Sl%ta?^l\tif;::f^t'tb'" ''- -^" *"- 
 
 to die that the eges maThF 1 / "^^^^ "^ "hen about 
 the air passages fh^ey S ?? ^'^^ ^^^^ ^"f. hatched, l"„' 
 to pneumonia and dlMsitf rlc '"""^hit.s, in the lungs 
 distinguishable under the mlr'"'''l"S '"bercles, bS? 
 the elliptical eggs a'n" t': ZL^Zl^j::'' P^^^^^ "' 
 4' nff rCeh^,!''^'^^ ■•■^'"^'s th^alr passages, and 
 
 AithVugh^Td tiSt;?- -?f '■^'t' '° '"^ ^-"^• 
 
 P-e much less destructi::rd%5: X'^uXctf 
 
 &i:^trd''tf L^HF'hS sH'^lr 
 
 worms, either singly or Tolled "F''k'* .T ~ntaining 
 ?t first only a sliht*^ather h^i, ''""'"^'- There it 
 '"•egular intervals^ fherefoiS T^^ ''"P^^^d ^t 
 embarrassed breathini/rn^ 'ollows dry, staring coat 
 
 'he cough becomes Zuentl?„""'' T^^''^«°" ^ 
 
 -th expectoration ofl"ucu?a™"S^"^,^"^«'"S. 
 's soft, loose and wheezinfr on^^S ' .^^^ the cough 
 
 hide-bound, with sunken efes and n.P'lt"' '« ^^^1 
 membranes, dropsical c;,;^^li; I P^^^' ^^'" or Puffv 
 °^ belly, and no Tppeti'e ' K .T'^ '^^ J^^«' S 
 WfromitsfellovTia*corn."^''''^"^^>^ ^^ ^^"nd 
 ^••ed with flies and sinking rS °' ""^^" ^ ^ree, cov- 
 
 and death. Inie^t^nd wf-r^'^^ '"^° ^^^^^'"^ debili.l 
 « e„t.nal worms ^.n cattle, 6Vw,^/^ ^^ 
 
13" THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER 
 
 V retracanthum, Ascaris Megalocephala Oxynris uir 
 
 two or three months, and recovery n^^.^^^f P^,^f , ,^^^ 
 Prevention.— In localities and countries to which the 
 diseased new the parasite should be killed out by the 
 "uous^medical'treatment of the d^-- VaiioToi 
 nr if necessary their destruction, and the separation oi 
 
 s'me kind%r allowed access to water used by such 
 s'tock Sh;ep. goats or pigs may be sa ely fed on such 
 and Avoid^iver-stocking. Drain the land to clear off 
 pools or wet spots. Keep the young stock from infested 
 orsuspected pastures while wet with devy or rain and 
 from dover or allied plants, which, by their moisture 
 are^iable to harbor the worm. Su.spected beass should 
 be W apart from the healthy and from healthy pas- 
 tures until subjected to thorough and continuous treat- 
 r^ent The carcases of the dead should be very deeply 
 bur"ed or better, the lungs and windpipe removed and 
 burned to ashes.' All exposed arflmals should be weu 
 fed on a diet including dry grain, and should be allowed 
 salt to Hck at will, this being destructive to the young 
 
 ''Ti/;«^^.-Feed liberally on linseed cake, rape cake, 
 cotton cake, roots, maize, oats, beans or other sound nu- 
 ?r?t ous diet to which may be added a mixture in equ 1 
 parts of sulphate of iron, gentian and ginger, m propoi- 
 ^on of four^ounces to eve?y ten calves of three month^. 
 To destroy the intestinal worms, give every morning. 
 fasting a tablespoonful of table salt or an equal amount 
 
VEKMINOUS BRONCHITIS. ,,, 
 
 ofoilofturpcntine shaken up with mJIt r .1 , 
 parasites, place the iff^r^Jr\ • , . ^^^ '^'^ Junfj 
 
 and burn pinch after nlnc^ '" ^ ^'°^^ buildinf 
 
 piece or p?per'lJd'':;P"tn'sho7erintiU^^^^^ ^" ^ 
 much charged with the fnm^= . .t ' ^'' ^^^^ ^"" ^^ as 
 
 coughingvilenlrThead^ns r7 ''" ^ear without 
 
 theminthebuildhigtoavofdaccd^^^^^^^ ""^f ''">' ^^'^^ 
 apph'cation for half an hour n A /• V""^ ''^^P "P ^he 
 
 peated several davsn.- ^^ ^ ^'"'^^ It should be re- 
 week forseveal weeks oasTo kiil?.' '^ '""''''''^^ ^' ^ 
 they are hatched out in succVssivl h J^""^.^^'''^^ ^' 
 all cough and excitement- of h^ I ^"J^"^'' ^"^ "^^ until 
 the animal be considered °s safe tn"^-^""^ P'-^^?^ ^^^^^ 
 go on a healthy pasture. ""*^ ""''^^ °^^^^^ ^'^ ^o 
 
 those in the calf. Therels a short T "^""^^'•P^'-t of 
 with a frothy discharg^frl tt ^os/^^^^^^^^^ '^"^^h, 
 
 or their eggs, loss of annXI j^°"^^'"'"§^ ^orms 
 
 shedding o? dryTn^andTf/i'^P'r r^^'"^^' diarrhcea. 
 thirst and irre^uTa? or denr'! 7^ °^ '^' ^"^°'' ^^^^•^•^-ve 
 disposition to eat earth Ti''^^?^'*'''^^^ ^^'"^ ^ 
 cough becomes very harassin:^nd%fH"''' '''^'' '""^ 
 suffocation. IntesLal n! " ,> / c'' ""^^ ^"'"^ ^''^"^ 
 
 Taenia Expansa, and Skof t^^^^ ffyPostomu,:, 
 
 -e even rSore nume^o^ufa^ inl^S Tha" n^^^^^^^^ 
 Prevention All th^ .^^ -juiJuus tnan m calves. 
 
 in calves wilUppl! eouaX ?' I'l^ f"'"'^^- ^°'" ^^^ ^''^ease 
 
 that thepara4'e?L?l^etTheepToar ? ^^'7---. 
 camel, so that thev ax^U?L,^?'F^^'^^''^^^^''y^^^ 
 feted pastures mZ K "^ r^"'^ ^^ ''^P^ ^P^''^' ^^hile in- 
 assesofm Tes Nath,l.^f ^j; ^T^^^^ ^^^^'^- Worses. 
 ing the eTririamt in r/ i^K '^" ""^^'^•"^ ^y keep- 
 th? late ones undl autumn ' ^^t ^T^^ ""^'^ ^ay, and 
 places on roots and ho' ^^ ^"^^'"^ '" the same 
 
 f^-eding and a free acce^sVV'l^'"'^^''"- ^^""^^^^ ^^V 
 7^rm/;«.^/i¥hisTs nr ° .' 1 Trf "'P^^^^^^y ^^^•'-^bli^ 
 The tonic mixture AVon^^^^ the same as for calves. 
 mixture (iron, gmger and gentian.) may be 
 
134 TFTE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 ^iven to the extent of two ounces to every ten three 
 months lambs daily. For the intestinal parasites, a tea- 
 spoonful each of salt and oil of turpentine may be given 
 in milk every second day, before eating if possible. 
 Fumigate precisely as for the calf. 
 
 Symptoms of Verminous Bronchitis in Pigs.— 
 Rayer and Bellingham supposed these parasites to be 
 harmless to pigs, but my experience agrees with that of 
 Dcguileme, that they will accumulate in such numbers 
 as to cause bronchitis and death. The symptoms are es- 
 sential) v the same as in other animals— the coughing up 
 of worms and eggs being the only reliable evidence of 
 
 the disease. 
 
 Prevention and treatment a.e essentially the. same as 
 
 for lambs and calves. 
 
 Symptoms in Birds— Gapes.— Young turkeys or 
 chickens a few days old frequently open the mouth wide 
 and gasp for breath, sneeze and make efforts at swallow- 
 ing. These movements become more constant and 
 severe, breathing is oppressed and wheezing, and the lit- 
 tle patients grow languid and dispirited, droop and die. 
 It is especially prevalent on old-established farms with 
 large flocks of fowls. 
 
 Treatment.— 1\\Q worms may be partly removed by a 
 feather stripped of all its plumes except at the tip, or 
 still better bv a horse-hair twisted up so as to have a 
 very fine loop. The mouth being opened the feather or 
 hair is passed into the opening seen in the middle of the 
 tongue, pushed to the lower end of the windpipe, turned 
 round several times and withdrawn, when a few worms 
 will be found attached. It may be repeated at intervals 
 and is still more effectual if the instrument is first dipped 
 in oil, salt water, or a weak solution of carbolic acid, to- 
 bacco or sulphurous acid. The treatment is only par- 
 tially successful as it fails to remfbve worms lodged in the 
 bronchial tubes or air sacs. Cobbold made an incision 
 in the windpipe and extracted the worms with forceps, 
 while Bartlett succeeds with turpentine smeared on the 
 
CAPES 
 
 '35 
 
 neck-and which is, of course inhal^H A 
 
 are ^senaStroS:::^;"" "' """''''-'^ ''^^ 
 
 petroleum. S.^ected w-,^ -r J, .T'^'"-?"'''""'-- •"■''I "^ 
 Avoi.l all rrcr, food frnr! T'' '',' "'('''■•■■Id or boik^d 
 
 casscs of the de:,d ™ rSb ;;iS^'^'y"':;"'r ,'^"^' ^- 
 
 ra.sed safel,- indoors on the S inSted^a.™!"'^'^' '" 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE HEART. 
 
 Frequency in differeni animals. General Symptoms. Palpita- 
 tion, thumps. Displacement of the heart. Cyanosis. Enlargement, 
 hypertrophy. Wasting, atrophy. Dilation. Pericarditis inflam- 
 mation of the heart-sac. Endocarditis, inflammation of the lining 
 membrane of the heart. Carditis, inflammation of the structure of 
 the heart. Chronic disease of the valves. Fatty degeneration of 
 the heart. Tumors and parasites of the heart. Rupture of the 
 heart. 
 
 These are tnuch more common in domestic animals 
 than is generally supposed. Though protected in ani- 
 mals from the strain consequent on the upright position 
 of man and excessive mental efforts, the heart suffers 
 from the severe physical exertions of dogs and horses 
 and in all animals from its contiguity to diseased lungs 
 -xnd pleuivx, from the increased force accessary to propel 
 . le blood through the lungs or general circulation when 
 '' .ease ofi"ers mechanical obstructions, and above all 
 '.>.ni the settling of rheumatism on its valves and other 
 fiorous textures. Dairy cows suffer greatly from pins^^ 
 needles, and other sh'arp-pointed bodies swallowed with 
 the food and afterward directed toward the heart by its 
 movements. High-bred oxen, ?heep, pigs, and even 
 pampered horses are very subject to fatty degeneration ot 
 the muscular substance of the heart and consequent 
 dilatation of its cavities. 
 
 General Symptoms of Heart-Disease.— i. The 
 pulse in full grown animals at rest may be set down as 
 follows per minute:-— horse 36 to 46 ; ox 38 to 42, or in 
 a hot building or with full paunch, 70: sheep, goat, and 
 pig 70 to 80; dog 80 to 100; cat 120 to 140; goose 
 1 10; pigeon 136; chicken 140. In old age it niay be 
 five less in large quadrupeds and twenty or tliirty in 
 ?mall ones. Youth sr.d small size imply a greater 
 
 (136) 
 
GENERAL SYMPTOMS OF HEART DISEASE. I37 
 
 rapidity : The new-born foal has a pulse three times 
 as frequent as the horse, the six-months colt double and 
 the two-year old one and a quarter. It is increased by 
 hot, close buildings, exertion, fear, a nervous tempera- 
 
 I, The descending vein. 2, The ascending vein, r The rieht 
 
 vemricie^'c Th^P-T^ bet-veenthe right a?ricle and he gh 
 ventricle. 5, The right ventncle. 6, The tricuspid valves 7 The 
 pulmonary artery. 8, 8, The branches of the pulmonary alteJ; that 
 KarVary;f'\'o"'TEl^i""^-- 9, The semZar valv'eT ofSp'ul- 
 Tart M tL I'J^ ^"'"'?" ^^*'^^^" t^^ *^^o ventricles of the 
 neart. n, The pulmonary veins. 12, The left auricle n The 
 opemng between the left auricle and ventricle. 14, The ieft Jentri! 
 SVe/^S^ao;;?^"'^"' '^'^^' The aorta, z 7, The semilunar 
 
 ment and pregnancy. In large quadrupeds there is a 
 monthly increase of four to five beast per minute after 
 r.l;A ) ""^"^ •• Independently of such conditions a 
 rapid pulse implies fever, inflammation or debility.^ The 
 
 f.vJl^'' pulse may be felt wherever a considerable artery passes 
 borLrnf^f^f'^ bone: thus on the cord felt running across the 
 thi k1 -5® lower jaw just in front of its curved portion: beneath 
 .il »r^ ?u^^ '^^'''^ extends upward from the eye: in horses in- 
 side^the elbow: in cattle over the middle of the first rib or beneath 
 thigh" '° "°^^ '^ * groove running down the inner side of the 
 
138 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 force of the pulse varies in the different species in health, 
 thus it is full and moderately tense in the horse ; smaller 
 and harder in the ass and mule ; full, soft and rolling in 
 the ox ; small and quick in sheep ; firm and hard in 
 swine ; and firm and with a sharp (quick) beat in dogs 
 and cats. In disease it may become more frequent, 
 slow, quick (with sharp impulse), tardy (with slow, roll- 
 ing movement), /////, strong; zvcak, small (when thread- 
 like but quite distinct), hard (when with jarring sensa- 
 tion), soft (when the opposite), oppressed (when the artery 
 is full and tense but the impulse jerking and difficult as 
 if the flow were obstructed), jerking and receding (when 
 with empty, flaccid vessel it seems to leap forwa»-d at 
 each beat), intermittent (when a beat is missed at regular 
 intervals), unequal (when some beats are strong and 
 others w ak), irregular (when without any distinct in- 
 termission for a period equal to an entire beat the inter- 
 vals between successive beats vary in length). Beside 
 these a peculiar thrill is usually felt with each beat in 
 very weak, bloodless states. 
 
 Of these the jerking, intermittent, unequal and irre- 
 gular pulses are especially indicative of heart-disease. 
 The jerking pulse is associated with disease of the 
 valves at the commencement of the great aorta which 
 carries blood from the left side of the heart, and is ac- 
 companied by a hissing or sighing noise with the second 
 heart sound. The intermittent pulse implies functional 
 derangement of the heart but not necessarily disease of 
 structure. The unequal and irregular pulse is met in 
 cases of fatty degeneration, di<!ease of the valves on the 
 left side, cardiac dilatation, etc. A retarded pulse in 
 which the beat of heart and pulse follow each other 
 with a perceptible interval i*nplies imperfect closure 
 of the valves at the commenecment of the aorta, or an 
 aneurism on the aorta. A venous pulse seen in the 
 jugular veins in the furrow near the lower border of the 
 neck attends imperfect valves between the auricle and 
 ventricle on the right side of the heart, or congested 
 lungs but may exist in health. 
 
 Palpitation. — The application of the hand over the 
 
BLOWING— HEART SOUNDS. 
 
 sive beats, etc. '^eguianty in the force of succes- 
 
 c^etect a slight rubbint .o^^J^^- ,^° *^^ ^^'"e P^rt will 
 the early stfgL of peTardllfs "'{^ ^f!?\heart-beat i 
 modification of the hear?. .. ^^ T" ^'^° ^^tect any 
 of the heart is character Led bv^'' ^'\^'^^'^' '^'^' ^eat 
 sounds, the first som/what dn I "^f ''"'' successive 
 second short, sharp and abrun 'ti ^^^^^"g^^d. the 
 simultaneous with the contr fcHn„ T '^ ^'^^ ^«""d is 
 ventricles, the closure of the Xs"h.rP'^'"u^ °^ ^^'^ 
 c^es and auricles and the flol of M ^ ."^^^^ ^^^ ^^"tri- 
 Thc second correspondVtn fi ^°?'^ '"^^ ^^e arteries 
 the recoil of bloo"dTthe':^t-eT7j^^e" f ^'^^^ ^^^^' 
 valves between them and the hearr Th / ?'"^^ °^ ^^^ 
 will show the significance of X -^ following table 
 sounds (blowing, "sighin"pu°Wn^nT°-' ^"P^^^clded 
 to any one vvho vill acqu'ainM r^ or h.ss.ng murmurs.) 
 blood through the hear?: ""'^^ ^^^^ ^^^^se of 
 
 BLOWING. HEART SOUNDS. 
 
 f Narrowing of the 
 
 aunculo- ventricular 
 
 1 orifice. Clots or 
 
 growths on the 
 
 r c* I valves. 
 
 ^strongest toward the C 
 
 , h!! a "1 ^^^ heart. -^ Narrowing of the 
 
 .^lowing murmur arteries """^ '^^ ^^''^^ ' "^""'"^ °^ '^^ ^°^^^- 
 
 -'th the first sound. -i Strongest tow.rd the fn. ^"°"''"^ ^^ ^he 
 
 left of the heart Nn^ J P"^"^°"ary artery, or 
 
 heard over the 4a I ;i2'^'^''^^^'•°" ^^ 
 P, . (arteries. '''^^^M ^^^ aunculo-ventric- • 
 
 blowing murmur/ n^, ui ,. lularval es. 
 
 XV ■ ^ ^"esateachhMrtbppf ) • ^^'^^^ ^t the 
 
 •^^'^:hf TeSl in?h°e"^^ 
 
 sound. ^'"""^ hi. .1^"^' ^'"h each | . Aneurism (dilata- 
 
 Bestride *T , ^^^ heart. ( "on) of the aorta. 
 
 Besides these the semr^ri o j 
 hvnorf — ' - aecona sound m-'i* K~ ' • » , . 
 
 ""•■'"■"'"*'"/ "1 "le ventricle of the S "'"' "" 
 
 if 
 
 Blowing murmur 
 before the first J- 
 sound. j 
 
 ) 
 
 r 
 
 11 
 
 i 
 
140 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 I 
 
 The sounds are like whispered who, awe, ss, or r, very 
 low but exceedingly characteristic. 
 
 Oi/icr Symptoms. — Besides the fever attendant on in- 
 flammatory affections there arc characteristic phenomena 
 present in the chronic form of heart-disease. These are 
 shown at rest or only developed under exercise. There 
 are habitually cold extremities, dropsies in the limbs, 
 and beneath and within the chest and abdomen, diffi- 
 cult breathing especially during exertion, unsteady gait 
 when hurried, vertigo, partial paralysis or cramps of 
 the limbs. In most cases there is sluggishness, dulness, 
 and a tendency to lay on fat. Patients may be lively 
 when at rest, but flag at work and are liable to sudden 
 fainting or death. 
 
 Palpitation.— Thumps. — This is sudden violent 
 convulsive beating of the heart not connected with 
 structural disease. Palpitations also accompany most 
 acute diseases of the heart. The functional disorder 
 comes on very abruptly, usually under* some excite- 
 ment, has perfect intermissions, is manifested by abrupt 
 knocking and jerking of the abdomen with the heart- 
 beats, by regularity in force and intervals of successive 
 beats, and by the absence of redness of the mucous 
 membranes, abnormal sounds of the heart and dropsy 
 of the limbs. If connected with structural heart-disease 
 it comes on more slowly, is constant though aggravated 
 at intervals, with a heavy, prolonged or irregular and 
 unequal impulse of the heart, with red mucous mem- 
 branes and dropsy of the limbs. The first form is bene- 
 fited by gentle exercise, stimulants and tonics, the latter 
 aggravated by them. Some excitable horses and dogs 
 suffer under any cause of fear, and pigs as a result of 
 many acute diseases, (inflammations, intestinal worms, 
 
 etc.) 
 
 Treatment. — Quiet, avoidance of all excitement, and 
 sedatives (digitalis) thrice a day will usually arrest. 
 Then the weak, excitable condition should be overcome 
 by exercise, tonics and substantial feeding. In struc- 
 tural diseat es these must be attended to as well. 
 
DISPLACEMENT OF THE HEART, ETC. I41 
 
 Displacements of the HEART.-These are not 
 very infrequent in the newly-born the hc^r^L^n 
 sometimes lodged altogether Lt of the chel'' Therf 
 IS no remedy. v-iit-^c. mere 
 
 Cv?Nosi7'Tr ""^ Between the two Auricles.- 
 CYA^oSIS.— This IS the natural condition before birth 
 but sometimes the directing of the blood th ouc^h th' 
 ungs fa, is to secure its closure, or some obstruction to 
 lie c.rcu a lon m these organs (tuberculosis copies 
 t.on, etc) leads to its re-opening and the art'ed^I S 
 venous blood mix. The blood beine eauallv nnfi/f 
 nutrition and the maintenance of Tnfma? S t lere is 
 surface coldness staring coat, puny growth, blue mucou 
 membranes, and oppressed breathing and Irre^uh 
 hear s action when .subjected to exertion. A munnu 
 usually precedes the first heart sound. The subiTcts d^ 
 young or prove worthless when mature. NotW can 
 be done to remedy unless the disease is due to some re 
 medial affection of the lungs. ^" 
 
 Enlargement (hypertrophy) of the Heart 
 This IS a simple increase of the muscular substance L^ 
 
 V;////^;;z^._The heart's beats are more forcible ^nd 
 prolonged and the interval of silence shortened the pule 
 sfull and rolling; the first sound is low muffled and nr. 
 onged,the second sound unnaturally' loud and so^e-" 
 times repeated if one ventricle x)nly is affected the he^r 
 sounds may be heard over an unLuc'lK^^^^ area the 
 ungs being sound, and the dulness o^n p?rcussTon ^'s 
 qually extended. The pulse is usually re^gufi and if 
 excited to irregularity or intermission soon returns to its 
 normal standard if the patient is left at ?est 
 
 1 ure hypertrophy rarely implies immip-^pf'^.n^.j. .., ^ 
 n any aard-worked horses survive to "an old a^; with 
 .reatly enlarged hearts. But if associated witirdiSa- 
 
142 THE FARMKU'S Vi:TERINAkY ADVISER. 
 
 I 
 
 tion, impaired strength, livid mucous membranes, blow, 
 ing murmurs with the first heaiL sound, ;uid paroxysms 
 of difficult breathing, it may prove fatal at any time. 
 
 Trcatincnt. — If possible remove the obstacle to the cir- 
 culation. Then adopt a restricted, genrly laxative diet, 
 perfect rest in fattening animals or only light work in 
 horses, and the daily use of digitalis or aconite, unless 
 there is extreme dilatation. Arsenic is also given with 
 benefit, but in advanced cases, or those due to irremedi- 
 able obstruction, no treatment is of any avail. 
 
 Wasting (Atrophy) of the HEART.—This is much 
 less frequent than hypertrophy. It may be due to com- 
 pression of the heart and its nutrient vessels by effusion 
 intothe pericardium, or the formation of false membranes, 
 or it may coexist with a general wasting and imperfect 
 nutrition of the body. / 
 
 The Symptoms are the opposite of those of hypertro- 
 phy. Tliere are the general signs of chronic heart- 
 disease, but percussion which gives satisfactory results 
 only over the breast-bone and in carnivora gives almost 
 the sole reliable symptom — a decreased area of dulness. 
 Little can be done to relieve, and that little directed to 
 the removal of its causes. By keeping fattening animals 
 quiet they may be preserved for slaughter. 
 
 
 IS '••! ■'■ 
 ill f! '*; 
 
 lli I' J: 
 
 Dilatation of the Heart. — This like hypertrophy 
 usually results from some obstruction to the circulation, 
 but especially from a sudden extreme obstruction, where- 
 as hypertrophy results from a slowly increasing obstacle. 
 It is also exceedingly common in cases of fatty degener- 
 ation in overfed stock (cattle, sheep, pigs). 
 
 Symptoms. — Loss of appetite, spirit and endurance, 
 faintness and difficulty of breathing on the slightest ex- 
 ertion, habitual coldness of the limbs, drops'yl unsteady 
 gait, venous pulse, palpitations, weak, tremuous heart 
 impulse, murmur with the first sound, sman, Aveak, irre- 
 gular and often intermittent pulse, and lividity of the 
 
 niciiiuranc oi tuc nose. 
 
PERICARDITIS 
 
 '43 
 
 F y quiet and their progress hastened, if possible. 
 
 and is duo to simiLT.." 1 ' 4h dTsrcs^of 'J'h?,'"""' 
 needles: naiFs, b?oTe„ ribs VcJ P"^°''"' '^°''''" <?''"■'■ 
 ng, double" ft n^rfti "«''■■' ■'■ "^^^''^d' difficult breath- 
 
 rubbing siund L IrlTL ' ""^ ^^"';°" ^^^'' P^^'^' the 
 
 Su:'p£SS5FFrH^aS;^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 stacres. Dropsies of the llK^^"^j"§^."^^^^^he advanced 
 are\lso frequent A oaiS^ dependent parts 
 
 not constantly Lsen?thrn S;"^.^ ^^ sometimes though 
 m.y ensue in L^^vI^oYhr^fv^^^^^^ ^^-'h 
 
 become chronic or end in recovery ' '^' ^'''''' "^^y 
 
 ^I'cjt:^:^'''^:::^:^^^ --thout an^preced- 
 •"g aggravat.a by exertion wf.l'^^P''^'"^ ^''^^th- 
 Pulse, Sistant hea^tTounds abse^^^^^^^^ 
 mur, dulness on percussbn ov.. . • '^^P^'^^^'Y mur- 
 area behind the Lft l hovv f ^^^reased. cone-hl'e 
 
 dropsy. ^" ^^''°'''' ^^"^""^ P^'l-^e and general 
 

 IW 
 
 144 THE i-ARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER, 
 
 Tkrainiaif. — Tn the preliminary shivering, treat as for 
 congested lungs. Later, bleeding may sotnetinicsbe 
 beneficial in strong subjects by relieving extreme diffi- 
 culty of breathing and high nervous excitement. 
 Usually it would be injurious. Give a purgative (horse, 
 aloes; ox and sheep, Glauber salts ; dog and pig, castor 
 oil,) foment the walls of the chest and envelop in a large 
 mustard poultice until the skin is well thickened, mod- 
 erate the heart's action by digitalis four times a day and 
 follov; the action of the purgative by diuretics (m'tre, 
 acetate of potassa, etc.) Ointment or tincture of iodine 
 may be applied to the walls of the chest. In cases of 
 extreme danger from effusion the liquid should be drawn 
 off with cannula and trocar or needle-like tube, as in hy- 
 drothorax, the puncture in the horse or ox being made 
 between the cartilages of the fifth and sixth ribs. 
 
 In case of rheumatic complication use alkalies, colchi- 
 cum, acetate of potassa and other agents advised for 
 rheumatism. 
 
 Endocarditis. — Inflammation of the serous mem- 
 brane lining the chambers and covering tl^e valves of 
 the heart. 
 
 Causes. — Inflammation of the valves in connection 
 with undue strain in severe exertions or obstructions to 
 the flow of blood, the rheumatic constitution or certain 
 other unhealthy states of the blood. 
 
 Symptoms.— T\-\Q general symptoms resemble those of 
 pericarditis. There are besides, violent but unequal im- 
 pulse of the heart against the left side, accompanied by 
 a metallic tinkling, a blowing murmur with the first, or 
 even the second sound, as soon as the contraction of the 
 valves or the clots formed on them, render them insuffi- 
 cient to close the orifices, and, if the disease exists on 
 the right side of the heart, venous pulse, general venous 
 congestion and dropsical swellings. The pulse, at first 
 strong and sharp, becomes weak with the imperfection 
 of the valves, in marked contrast with the continued 
 strong impulse of the heart. The patient may perish 
 from obstruction to the heart's action by clots on the 
 
 \f 
 
CARDITIS-CHRONIC VALVULAR DISEASE, ETC. I45 
 
 ^[nlrhin^'J''^"' T^ ''^^' '^•"'■'"^ «" ^^ith the Circulation 
 organs may supervene from the latter cause or a re 
 covery may take place with or without permanent alter-" 
 
 Trm^we^it is in the main the same as for pericarditis 
 
 est, laxatives, sedatives and blisters being m^ainlv el ed 
 
 upon. As there is less danger from effSsiordfuret cs 
 
 cases, adopt ant.-rheumatic treatment, and in case of clots 
 on the valves use iodide of potassium and alkalies. 
 
 .fS^^?^'^^?'~^"^'1"'"''''^'"" °^the muscular substance 
 of the heart can only take place to a limited extent in 
 connection with endocarditis and pericard^is or wi h 
 punctures from sharp bodies and the like. We^e the en 
 ire organ involved death would be prompt. Thesym- 
 /.;;.. are those of acute heart-disease generally moS 
 by the exact seat of the injury, and treatment n^ed not 
 
 ?ustdeTcS"^ '^°"^ '''' ^'^''^' - ^'^ ^- ^--es 
 
 Chronic Valvular DisEASE.-With the general 
 symptoms of chronic heart-disease, there are WowTnt 
 
 tin. heart. This is a very common result of endocarditis 
 and IS irremediable. Yet affected cattle, sheep and p 5 
 
 ':i;^^:.^\^:r'' '°^ ^^^ ^-^^^^ ^^ ^^^-' ^ ^-^'5 
 
 Fatty Degeneration of the HEART.-This s most 
 fr quentin high-bred stock (Shorthorns, Berkshire and 
 Essex pigs. Leicester and Southdown sheep.) but mav 
 
 a'ted 'h '"J P^'^P"^-"^ ^"i"^^'- Sometimes it is comp?|^ 
 cated by degeneration of the entire muscular system 
 especially in pigs. There are the general phenomena of 
 chronic heart disease and dilatation, and the condition?! 
 ferqutf '' "^^ '' '^'"^^ ^^"^ ""'"^^^^ kept in p 
 
146 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER, 
 
 Rupture of the Heart. — If from severe exertion, 
 this usually takes place through the fibrous structure at 
 the base of the ventricles connecting them with the large 
 arteries. If from a fall or violent concussion, the muscu- 
 lar walls usually give way, when found in a relaxed con- 
 dition, or the laceration happens at the point of connec- 
 tion with the veins (vena azygos). Perforation from 
 ulceration is seen in cows in connection with sharp- 
 pointed bodies that have been taken into the stomach. 
 Death is sudden in all such cases. 
 
 Other Heart Diseases. — The heart is further sub- 
 ject to a great variety of diseased growths and deposits 
 and to parasites — Echinococcus, Cysticerais Tcniiicollis 
 (sheep and calf), Cysticerais Cellulosa and Trichina Spir- 
 alis (pig), Raimys Cysts (cattle), and Filaria fmmttu 
 
CHAPTER Vir. 
 
 DISEASES ^F BLOOD-VESSELS AND LYMPHATICS. 
 
 of lne"L's! ^E^b'SrirKint'' J^ ^°"- '^^''^'' inflamn.ation 
 of veins. Phlebitis iSlimm!"^- '?"«V"sm, dilatation. Wounds 
 
 tic. -Weed. PoisSanfetTw^'^it'---'-" '''''''''''' 
 
 DISEASES OF ARTERIES 
 
 usually cLck bleed n' T f i ^"^ ''^^^^ ^'^"'"''^ ^^^1 
 elastcky oahe waHs of Vh. ''^""^rif f ^^lique the 
 and bleeding is sevrr. th Kr!,^^'^^^' ^^^ ^^^^^^ °Pen 
 
 bright red CO or Tf.^ °? ^'^'"'"^ ^" ^^^^ ^"^ ^^ ^ 
 coai retract and rnH >v"'P['''^>^ ^^'■°^^' ^^e arterial 
 
 anJ'ief f/f ^^''^' ^^.f"^ of the vessel may be sought 
 t^ th soft parS'bene ^''^^''l "^^>^ '^^ P^^^^ through 
 and tied over a corfnl'' ^I '^\"^^ °^ ^ ^"^^^^ "^^^le, 
 It niay beuntwfsted^n^ h' °" '-^^ '"''^^^^ °^ ^he skin 
 Or - n.H?.^"^ '^'*^^" out in twenty-four hours 
 
 and^rrdualt:."''^ ^^ ^^'^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^-P 6^" Po"nt 
 atedfornD?es^/"n^^^^^^ ^"Ik (gradu- 
 
 ^ith an iron St a dull red h;at ' °'^^'' "'>^ ~ ^ ^^^"^^^ 
 
 ffl; 
 
148 THE, farmer's veterinary advise 
 
 Tearing, stretching, twisting and scraping through arte- 
 ries usually lead to retraction of their coats and complete 
 closure, and these measures are sometimes adopted to 
 check haemorrhage. 
 
 Arteritis. — Inflammation of an artery may be exter- 
 nal or internal according as it affects the fibrous sheath 
 or the inner lining membrane. In the external inflam- 
 mation there may be little danger, even if matter is 
 formed, as the vessel will continue to transmit the blood 
 so long as its inner coat is sound. But in internal inflam- 
 mation the blood coagulates, layer after layer, on its inner 
 surface until the channel becomes impervious. This may 
 cut off the blood entirely from the part to which the 
 artery was distributed, leading to loss of power and sub- 
 stance, and in the case of the limbs to a lameness, which 
 comes on whenever the animal is exercised, and increases 
 with the exertion, but disappears with a short rest of ten 
 or twenty minutes. Or small clots may be loosened from 
 the mass and passing on block smaller trunks, causing 
 circumscribed inflammation at distant parts. 
 
 6a«.f^^.— Over-stretching of arteries. Plugging by clots 
 from the heart in endocarditis, or from inflamed veins. 
 Wounds, parasites, etc. 
 
 Symptoms. — Loss of muscular power and coldness of 
 ihe parts beyond the seat of plugging, extreme tender- 
 ness over the line of the vessel at the inflamed point, and 
 sometimes general fever. 
 
 Treatment. — Perfect rest, warm fomentations, laxatives, 
 (horse, ox and sheep, linseed oil or Glauber salts ; pig and 
 dog, castor oil,) and afterward diuretics and sedatives. 
 
 The persistence of the plugging and lameness must be 
 met by patience, the animal being turned into a small 
 yard or paddock where he can take gentle exercise and 
 live well, until the collateral vessels have had time to en- 
 large and carry on the circulation. Three or four months 
 will sometimes secure a tolerable recovery. 
 
 Dilatations of the Arteries.— Aneurisms.-- 
 These are mostly seen in the horse among domestic 
 
DISEASES OF VEINS, , ,q 
 
 an artery, or ^v'eTjfe^^^^^^ 
 
 of the vessels are m.rh? r'^u. ^"J""^' ^^ ^^^ walls 
 aneurism than in man L ''%^^t '^ *^^ '^"ovvecl by 
 
 of the blood "and tl'^e^dy f:rmal^„^or'" P'^^^'^'^'' 
 coagulable lymph. Thev are sofT fl^. .-^ ^^''T"^ °-' 
 tumors,^ffaceable hv nS u ' ^"^^uating, pulsating 
 
 Being Sy situatL^?n?"'''',^"' reappearing at once^ 
 
 DISEASES OF VEINS 
 . Sro7-?-Jj'-^^^^^^ ^'-° '-e escape o, 
 
 together by a ,SS tow twi^'.'^H"* '"'^l' \"'' '^'"8 *«"< 
 
 the pin i„ t^ke fo^of th^fi"™': s" Or J'' 'T -"""^ °< 
 be paced near m.^t, ^fif^ j ", ^"^ several pms may 
 
 therS and from pin to pt in'^tt'"^' ''" '"'^^^^ ^^""^ 
 may be tied, but this rfsks the n^ '^""^ '''^?"^*- ^^^'^^ 
 less you kniw that there is a freeT'^ ^/ ^''T^ """ 
 collateral trunks Thevm- > circulation of other 
 
 until the wound is close^dS^' compressed for a rime 
 compress be"ng used or thl '^""P^- ^ "'"^P^^ P^^ ^"d 
 vised for arterifs ' ^ ''^"^^^ ^'''^ ^"^^ ^^^^ as ad- 
 
p 
 
 ISO 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER 
 
 ' 19 
 
 Symptoms. — Swelling of the wound, gaping and red- 
 ness of the lips, and the formation of a hard painful cord 
 along the line of the vein in an upward direction where 
 the blood is necessarily stagnant- and in contact with 
 the clot already formed. The exudation may be fibri- 
 nous with a tendency to contraction and obliteration of 
 the vein, or suppuration may occur, in which case the 
 matter must escape externally. Clots may be detached 
 and washed on to plug the arteries in the lungs, and 
 rouse pneumonia, or perfect recovery may take place 
 with loss of the vein, and a tendency to swellir*g of the 
 part from which it comes, when that is in a dependent 
 position. 
 
 Treatment. — If from an inflamed wound after bleed- 
 ing, take out the pin, remove hair, pus, clotted blood or 
 other irritant, and foment with warm water. Then rub 
 in, at an inch distant from the wound and along the 
 course of the hardened vein, an active blister (Spanish 
 flies 2 drs., lard i oz.,) and tie the animal to the two 
 sides of the stall, so that he cannot rub the part. If a 
 vein is lost in the neck, never again turn out to grass. 
 
 Diffuse Phlebitis. — Resulting from an irritated or 
 poisoned external wound, or in the wound after parturi- 
 tion, is usually fatal, the clots forming on the inflamed 
 lining membrane being washed on in greater or less 
 amount, to set up inflammation in the lungs and else- 
 where. 
 
 Dilated (Varicose) Veins. — These are common 
 over the d'.stended hock joint m bog spavin, and I have 
 seen them in the posterior tibial and other veins, but 
 they are rarely or never injurious. 
 
 Entrance of air into Veins. — If veins are vj^^ened 
 in the lower part of the neck or elsewhere in the vicinity 
 of the chest the suction -power may draw in air in such 
 quanti<-y as to work the blood in the heart into a frothy 
 mass, and block the minute vessels in the lungs, causing 
 sudden death* There is heard a. gurgling sound as it 
 
DISEASES OF THE LYMPHATICS. 15, 
 
 animals falls in a faint Thl H • ""^'' ^^'^^ the 
 
 '•s usually supposed, as it takes sTJZ '" "°' "^ ^''^^^ ^^ 
 .ntroduced to kill k horse c^'f^^ '^''-' suddenly 
 to close promptly all Zrte vS? "^^"'.^'te. however, 
 of the chest. ^ ^^ ''^'"^ ^P^^e'J i" the vicinity 
 
 I^fSEAS£S OF THE L YMPHA TICS. 
 
 ,,^^f ^£?^NGITIS-lNFLAMMATION OF THE Lvmp„. 
 TICS.— This occurs in two fnr,,,. -LYMPha- 
 
 disease and the other T simnl I ""? ^^^^^nstitutional 
 initation of a wound or hT^h '^l-^^''''°" ^^^ to 
 n.atter. """^ ^''^ absorption of poisonous 
 
 Constitutional form— Weed-Sitot n. r^ 
 -This IS seen mainly in he^v,! 1/ u ^ .^^ Grease 
 horses, kept at hard fvork orheivrfe^d' ^^'\-'^^^-^ 
 midst of this left in the staH for f7 ^u"^' ^"^ '" the 
 out any exercise or change of feed xV^^'f ^^^' ^'^h- 
 on Monday mornin- or after nnl '^ '' ^^'^'^^^ 
 
 tha. have kept the fersesin door" VZl '''""'T '^>'^ 
 sudden access of plethora hn?Tf- ^^'^ ''^'"^^ ^^ a 
 
 circumstances in over S^^^^ "^,1?^ ^^^"'' '" similar 
 In either case it is due to an t ^'*• '"''"'^^ ^°''^^^- 
 
 of deleterious produc s that .hn m"^''"V" ^'^^ ^^^^d 
 off by exercise ^ '^°"^^ ^^^^ been worked 
 
 bufvr4'T"ve7e''!:r7h" ^''^^^'"^ ^^ ^ ---bie extent 
 
 breathiy^pid i^d'^r U^eSl ^ '^ ^T'^^^^^^ 
 "1 one or both linih/ P S^"^'^* f'=^«'' and stiffiiess 
 
 f'oin, by the side "of' rte^he'aT: -'""dd '^^'"."P '" ""-■ 
 Jar.q:ement and greit f^nL ^ udder, detects en- 
 
 ^he patient usually -.^^^^^^ '^' '"§^"'"^1 glands, 
 
 ■''e seems ready to fall oJX ^"^,^^^'"8^ out his limb til 
 
 ^h'lenn, give! ^laS^t^t irt's'^.t^^^^ r'^T *^^ 
 and sweats, and the linih .,1^.? fu^ ' *^^ ^"""^^^e burns 
 
152 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 two three or four times its natural size. If allowed to 
 go on, abscess, sloughing and unhealthy sores may re- 
 sult the patient may perish, or the fever may subside, 
 leaving the limb permanently thickened to almost any 
 extent and correspondingly liable to future attacks. 
 
 Trcatmcnt.—UM cases may be entirely restored by 
 giving the animal a fair amount of exercise. In those 
 that are somewhat more severe, a smart purgative (aloes 
 6 to 8 drs.) must be given, warm fomentations apphed 
 continuously to the limb, and walking exercise enforced 
 as soon as the patient can be made to move. The pur- 
 gation should be followed up by active diuretics (nitre, 
 iodide of potassium,) and when the inflammation has 
 somewhat subsided tincture of iodine may be applied 
 over the swollen glands. In the worst cases in vigorous 
 plethoric subjects a prompt effect should be secured by 
 a free bleeding from the jugular, until the pulse is soft- 
 ened and the same treatment followed out as in other 
 cases' Diet should be light and laxative (bran-mashes, 
 roots, scalded hay, etc.,) and the water given with the 
 
 chill off. ^ . , 1 r J- 
 
 For the chronic thickening of the leg, regular feedmg 
 and exercise, a bandage smoothly applied from the foot 
 up when in the stable, the application of tincture of 
 iodine every four days to the limb, and the internal use 
 of tonics (iron, Peruvian bark, columba, gentian, nux 
 vomica, etc.,) and diuretics (iodide of potassium, liquor 
 of acetate of ammonia,) will be beneficial. Some use 
 vcratrum. 
 
 Local Form.— This results mainly from wounds, 
 bruises (saddle or shoulder scalds), from injuries of un- 
 yielding parts (pricked foot, tendon or fascia), and above 
 all from the absorption of putrefying animal matter or 
 other poison by these vessels. The same occurs from 
 the specific poisons of glanders, farcy, etc. There are 
 slightly swollen cords (red in white skins) extending 
 along the course of the lymphatics and veins from the 
 Doint of irritation or noisoning ; nodular painful enlarge- 
 ment of the lymphatic glands along their course, and 
 
DISEASES OF THE LYMPHATICS. ,53 
 
 may leave induration of fh. li ^ "'^ suppuration, it 
 and surroundinrnarts or^ ^^^""f'' °^ ^^^" ^^e vessels 
 made. ^ ^ ' °' "^ P^'^^""^ recovery may be 
 
 water I qt.) If th^inX^maln^uSt "h^ '>' '^•• 
 be expedient to use warm poul ices to 117^ ^ ""^'"^ 
 
 with^the lancet. If ?hT affeSnT" ^"'^=""' ^-^'^ 
 threatens permanent induraH^n^,. -T" ^^"""'^ '"^ 
 
 subjects. iod!a?S. ^%t aS^ '■» --^ 
 
 A SICK HORSE, 
 
CHAPTER VIIl. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 
 
 Their frequency and gravity in different animals. Stomatitis. 
 Inflammation of the mouth- of the palate— of the gums— of the 
 tongue. Thrush, Aphthous Stomatitis. Mercurialism. Wart on 
 the^lips. Laceration of the tongue. Cysts under the tongue. 
 Tumors of the mouth. Cancroid of the lips. Cancer of the tongue. 
 Supernumerary teeth. Wolf teeth. Parrot-mouth. Crib-biting, 
 wind-sucking. Displaced teeth, overgrown and uneven teeth. 
 Carious teeth. Disease of the membranes of the teeth. Tartar on 
 teeth. Dentition-fever. Salivation, slobbers. Salivary calculi. 
 Salivary fistula. Inflammation of the parotid gland. Choking. 
 Stricture and dilatation of the gullet. Impaction of the crop. Tym- 
 pany in cattle. Hoove. Bloating. Overloaded paunch. Impac- 
 tion of the third stomach. Gastritis in cattle. Indigestion in oxen. 
 Indigestion in calves. Iambs and foals. White scour. Acute gas- 
 tric indigestion in the horse. Acute intestinal indigestion in the 
 horse. Windy colic. Impaction of the large intestines in horses. 
 Chronic indigestion — catarrh of the stomach and bowels ia horses. 
 Vomiting. Depraved appetite. Foreign bodies in the stomach 
 and intestines. Spasmodic colic. Acute haemorrhagic enteritis. 
 Acute muco-enteritis. Croupous enteritis. Inflammation of the 
 rectum. Diarrhoea, scouring. Dysentery. Obstruction of the 
 bowels— impaction, invagination, volvulus, etc. Hernia— diaphrag- 
 matic, mesenteric, umbilical, inguinal, femoral, ventral, vaginal. 
 Eversion of the rectum. Piles. Fistula in anus. Imperforate 
 anus. Peritonitis. Ascites. Gastric and Intestinal parasites. 
 
 Diseases of the Digestive Organs.— The impor- 
 tance of these diseases in the domestic animals follows 
 an ascending series from the carnivora, through the om- 
 nivora and solipeds to the ruminants. The small capa- 
 city of the digestive organs in carnivora (dog and cat), 
 the completion of the greater part of the digestive pro- 
 cess in the stomach, and the facility with which vomiting 
 is accomplished sufficiently account for their compara- 
 tive immunity. Pigs stand next in these respects, and 
 last come the herbivora, with their enormously long and 
 capacious digestive organs, the slow digestion as the 
 food passes through the bowels, and the difficulty of 
 
 (154) 
 
INFLAMMATION OF THE MOUTH. 155 
 
 Jmpossibility f getting quit of irritating agents bv 
 vomiting In the ox and sheep there iS thffurther 
 comphcation of the four stomachs, the first three of 
 which are little more than macerating and tritSn/ 
 cavities, and in which an enormous bulk of food is con? 
 smually stowed away. From their rapid collection and 
 twailowing of food, poisonous, irritating and unnatural 
 objects appear more liable to be taken in by oxen whL 
 horses suffer more from hurried feeding and from hard 
 work immediately after feeding. Horses, too suffer 
 much from faults in watering, as excess of cold water 
 when hot and fatigued, causing stomachic and inteS 
 congestions, an excess after feeding grain, washint tLt 
 on undigested to ferment in the bowel, oic AgSn^U 
 of the herbivora are especially subject to digestive dt 
 orders from food that is unnaturally grown, o? spolLd fn 
 harvesting so that m unfavorable seasons affections of 
 the stomach and bowels may spread like an epizootk. 
 
 Inflammation of the MouTH.-Caus.s.-Mechani- 
 caland chemical rritants. There may be wound 
 bruise.s. injuries with bit or switch, irritant vegetables 
 scalding food, snake and leech bites, stings of^fnsects 
 injuries from ropes tied round the lower jaw and tongue 
 fronri giving " weak lye " and other irritants esDeciSuv 
 to the horse, which can resist swallowing liquidsTs on^ 
 as he chooses from pricks with thorns, needles and other 
 sharp-pointed bodies, from cutting, decay, over-growS 
 or irregularity of the teeth, from %ough dragginl upon 
 the tongue, from the use of mercury an^ othefsalfvat^n^ 
 drugs, from parasitic growths, and from some specifi? 
 fevers (aphthous fever, rinderpest, etc.) ^'Pecinc 
 
 Symptoms of General Tnflaimnation of the Mouth — 
 Difficulty in taking in food and water Tswollfnrit.^ 
 ender lips and cheeks ; red membrane of the r;io^h ' 
 slavering ; saliva often fcetid ; swelling between he 
 bones o the lower jaw ; the formation of bSso? 
 sores inside the mouth ; and sometimes swelling of the 
 Stands beneath the ^rc AKorf-cc nr ^,-- 
 may result. ^^D.cess or tycn g^angrene 
 
 II 
 
 % 
 
156 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER, 
 
 Treatment. — Remove the cause, whether irritants in 
 food, drugs, sharp bodies lodged in the tissues, injuries 
 by the bit, twitch, or otherwise. If injured by lye, wash 
 with weak vinegar ; if by acids with calcined magnesia, 
 lime water or bicarbonate of soda ; if by caustic salts, 
 white of tg'g, boiled linseed, slippery elm or the gluten 
 of wheat flour. Give the same agents as a draught. If 
 from the bite or sting of venomous animals apply ammo- 
 nia to the part and give it internally. In all the severer 
 animal poisons the wound should be cauterized (see 
 canine madness). In simple inflammations open the 
 bowels by injections of warm water with soap or other 
 laxatives, or, if it can be done, give a mild laxative (olive 
 oil). Wash the mouth frequently with cool astringent 
 lotions (vinegar and water ; vinegar and honey ; borax, 
 alum or tannic acid, honey and water ; water slightly 
 sweetened with carbolic acid, etc.) Have fresh, cool 
 water constantly near to drinK at will, and feed with 
 boiled gruels, or soft mashes cold, or pulped or thinly 
 sliced roots. Poultices beneath the throat and lower 
 jaw are often very useful. If erosions and ulcers appear 
 touch them repeatedly with a feather dipped in a solu- 
 tion of 10 grains lunar caustic to i oz. distilled water. If 
 fluctuation shows the presence of matter, lance at once. 
 If sloughing takes place wash with a solution of perman- 
 ganate of potassa i dr., water i pint. If there is much 
 swelling keep the head tied up. 
 
 Congested Palate. — Lampas. — A red, swollen state 
 of the soft parts behind the upper front teeth, attendant 
 in young animals on shedding of the teeth, or in older ' 
 ones on digestive disorder. The taking in of food may 
 be painful and awkward from the tender palate project- 
 ing beyond the teeth. 
 
 Treatment. — Feeding hard unshelled Indian corn has 
 often a good effect. Scarify slightly with knife or lancet 
 for half an inch, back from the teeth. Follow with astrin- 
 gent lotions if necessary. If with costiveness or disorder 
 of the stomach give a dose of physic. 
 
INFLAMMATION OF THE GUMS, ETC. ,57 
 
 partly detached and%carify theTums For tht 'l^S 
 cau^s-diseased teeth and" .erS X^:^ 
 
 ge':sixraLTo7tL''S",wI''r r/r r' 
 
 in takfng in food, chewing and drink neTd a f'f^ 
 
 [h^ To'.z ^'"^ °^ '^^ -"^-. whicro'?tf;,r4/r Ti 
 
 bod^;Thrra;!r™tenc"a"e'd"thr ^"" ^"^ '•'"'^"' 
 
 ^«^tfe,^H^£S?-i^^ 
 
 flammation of the mouth "^ ^™"^' '"" 
 
 -MOGu'e? °'lJ«i!f""™-APHTHOUS STOMATITIS 
 
 que.,y „th a .o.ufon of h."u1phi)r ots^^dl 7tJ7c 
 MERCURrALiSM.—Inflammation of the mouth „lr.ro 
 
 retf.T;s:rriro?raV"^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 but are now fortunately rare Theret"ri Tk""."'^' 
 order of stomach and bowels loss of aDnenl", K,''^^"■ 
 rumbling in the belly, badly digested fSs'toiu "5' 
 grcit languor and denression 1u. u °°'^; ^"'' 
 
 tincture o^f iodine or S,Torate ol^Z:"^'!^^^^"^^ 
 potassium internally. potassa, and iodide of 
 
 moTe'wTfhT.;™'' ^"5 "' ^"y ^°"""°" ■•" dogs, Re- 
 move witn scis.sors. and nnf'-r-'-- •»'- • ? ° 
 
 with a pointed .tick o?runar caustic: ' "■"^"ghly 
 
1^8 
 
 THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 Laceration of the Tongue. — Causes.— Especially 
 common in horses from hard bits, nooses of ropes, or 
 rough dragging with the hand. The lacerated tongue 
 may hang from the mouth. Sew up the wound with cat- 
 gut previously softened in water ; feed thick gruels only, 
 and wash out the mouth frequently with a lotion of per- 
 manganate of potassa. Any dead portion must be re- 
 moved with the knife, but it must not encroach on the 
 living. The whole organ may often be saved when almost 
 entirely torn off. 
 
 Cysts under the Tongue.— These are tense elastic 
 rounded swellings, and are easily remedied by a free in- 
 cision with the knife. 
 
 Tumors in the Mouth. — These mostly grow from 
 the gums and tongue, and may attain the size of the 
 closed fist in the horse. Small ones may be removed 
 with scissors, the lalrg-er with the ecrasciir. 
 
 Cancroid of the Lips. — Cancf^' of the Tongue. 
 — The former of these attacks the angle of the mouth in 
 horses and cats as an eroded unhealthy sore with hard 
 thickened margins ; the latter appears in horses and cattle 
 as an increasing hard swelling with unhealthy open sore 
 and giant cells. It should be excised when very limited. 
 Later it is incurable. 
 
 Supernumerary Teeth.— In the case of nippers or 
 grinding teeth these should be extracted or pinched out, 
 as they are liable to injure the gums, prln-te, cheek, or 
 tongue. 
 
 Wolf-teeth cannot be looked on as superfluous, being 
 natural and harmless. 'They are insignificant t^eth situ- 
 ated directly in front of the upper, and less frequently of 
 the lower grinders. Being present during the shedding 
 and cutting of the teeth, when recurring inflammation of 
 the eyes is most frequent, they are in very bad odor with 
 people who cannot see the distinction between the mere 
 Coincidgncc and the cause and effect. They are useks'S 
 
PARROT-MOUTH— CRIB-BITING. 159 
 
 however and may be extracted without injurv-. though if 
 broken they may irritate the gums. ^ ^ 
 
 Parrot MouTH.-Abnormal length of the upoer law 
 may lead to mordinate length of the upper fronfteiX 
 vh.ch project over the lower like a parrot's bill If this 
 interferes with grazing the extra length should be removed 
 with a saw or with tooth-shears. "fiut rarrot-mo^^hed 
 horses usually do well fed in-doors. mouthed 
 
 of^'thf "te^^hTsI^^ " ^ ^'^^°^^'°" -^^- ^han a disease 
 ot tnt teeth, these being worn away on their anterior 
 
 MUZZLE FOR CRIB-BITER. 
 
 n?5t'°f t? ^° f^^"^ "^°'^ ""' ^^^s Of the yellow dentine in 
 
 nay, nowever, exist without crib-bitinp It inav h^ 
 
 Treatment.— ■S.m^^t the front of the manner with -lo-, 
 "f otner b.tters. Cover all exposed wood wo?rw)th sheel! 
 

 i6o 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 iron. Place a small revolving rcller above the front cf 
 the manger, so that the teeth nay at once slide off. 
 Apply the muzzle shown in the adjoining cut. In 
 pure wind-suckers a strap may be tied tightly round the 
 upper part of the neck, though at the risk of inducmg 
 roaring. 
 
 Displaced Teeth.— Though loosened and partially 
 displaced, teeth will often grow firm if at once replaced 
 in their sockets and the animal fed for some time on soft 
 mashes. If they cannot be returned to their natural 
 situation they should be at once extracted, as any faulty 
 direction wUl be a source of after trouble. 
 
 Overgrown and Uneven Teeth.— The teeth of 
 herbivora are liable to be overgrown into sharp hurtful 
 processes along the outer margin of the upper grinders 
 or the inner border of the lower, because the lower jaw is 
 always narrower than the upper. In old animals and 
 those having broken teeth, extensive over-growth will 
 ensue from the absence of wear. In other cases a tooth 
 is displaced and failing to meet with a tooth in the other 
 jaw, gets overgrown, cuts the soft parts, and sets up dis- 
 ease o{ these or of the jaw-bone. There ensue the usual 
 symptoms of disease of the teeth, with swelling of cheek 
 or tongue, tumefaction of the jaw or even a running sore, 
 or a fffitid discharge from the nose. The overgrown 
 teeth must be reduced with the tooth-rasp, cut with tooth- 
 .shears, or with a guarded tooth-chisel. 
 
 Carious Teeth. — Caries is quite common in the 
 grinding teeth but rare in the incisors. 
 
 Symptoms.—Slow, careful mastication, and dropping 
 from the mouth of half-chewed food (hay. green fodder,) 
 which, impelled by hunger, the animal takes in but fails 
 to swallow. Greedy swallowing of soft food, indiges- 
 tions and colics from imperfectly chewed aliment irritat- 
 ing the stomach and bowels. The presence in the dung 
 of undigested grain which has been swallowed whole. 
 Unthrifty, staring coat, hide-bound, pale mucous mem- 
 
 

 CARIOUS TEETH. 
 
 i6i 
 
 sweatf;r.n/ '''n''''^^"^f'' emaciation, and liability to 
 The mA^: '^/^''"^> °^ *^^ ^'■'S^ ^'•e "parked features 
 
 The more specific symptoms are: swellinLr of the iaw 
 
 thelZ'-''' ''^^'^^' ^^"^ «^ -^" - running so e f in 
 around tVe'T' 't ^"^ "'^^•°" °^ ^^'''^^^^y ^h^^ed food 
 ?heek t.nH. '^' ?"u ^-^P^C'^Jly between it and the 
 cheek tenderness of the tooth when touched or eentlv 
 
 oSfe' p^i^t' ontf "^"r ''^ P^^^r^^ '' ^ biacMp^ot on 
 kldfnJ^ frnm H '"'■^'''^' °' °^ ^" cxcavated channel. 
 h^^y 1 ^''l '''^^''"S: surface down to the fan? oi^ 
 
 filled vWthn ^';^ ""^ '^^ J"^^-^°"^' ^^'^ -^vity being 
 aXersist^er /^""^ t"'' ""^ ^'^'"^ «"^ ^ "^^^^ offensivf 
 
 fn Piece Tn.''- '?""' '"'"' '^" '°°''^ '' ^'"^k^" 
 Ind tnrn .> f ^"^'"'"^ ^he mouth draw out the tongue 
 
 TvitZll "S n'''"""" '"^^ J^^^^' '' better keep the jfws 
 apart with a bailing ircn. If the diseased tooth belongs 
 
 ^hL7K J"^. ^'^^f^^'-ge from the nose, which with its 
 
 JW have led to Yh'^i"^'"^"^ °' '^'' ^^^"^^ beneath the 
 Ijl^^dered destruction of many such horses as 
 
 ^uS'c£''o,7r^'" '^''^'^ u"^"^^ inflammation of the 
 ben fl.f? i^ ^ '^ ""^""'^y °^ ^^^ t^oth with the aid of a 
 ^oft bran m. h^''' f^ ^'^""S^ ^'^^ ^ent nozzle, feed 
 cine /horsT ff'' ''"^^' '"^ ?''^" ^ ^°^^ of laxative medi- 
 Te and nl •?' ''^,°'' '^"^P' ^"^Ph^^^ «^ magnesia; 
 cold for a fX;^H ^^ = ^ wk"' '^l ^""^^ ^"^ P^-^^^^t from 
 ZtnTft lu^^I: ^^^^" inflammation is less severe 
 SsedT.l^' t'^r'"^ '^""''y ^" black, softened o 
 by heat Zl/f- ^'"^ J' ^^'^ gutta-percha softened 
 Tt^eam of f ^"^ '"^° ^^^ ^^^^'^^ ^"^ hardened bv a 
 
 Sr ?/ . n-^T ^^'' '^^"^^ fi'-^t be deadened by 
 
 by stuffinrr ?if ."''',°" '^ '°° S'-^^t ^« ^"^^ of success 
 S^'need fn/^?/''''^"^"-'' ^" extracted, and the cavity 
 m,7liriun"' '^'u "^'^'' ""^'^ ^t ^^^^^ "P. ^nd then 
 deviat nc f ^"".fP-^'^^^ ^"^ P'^^^"t the adjacent teeth 
 Sf^"^^°T '^^'' P^-P^r direction. If very loose, the 
 ' "5 tceiii or iarge quadrupeds may be extracted 
 
l62 THE farmer's VKTKRINARY ADVISER. 
 
 with large tooth forceps, but if at all firm an opening 
 must be made over the fang ^nd the tooth driven into 
 the mouth with a mallet and punch. This operation 
 requires accurate anatomical knowledge, especially in 
 )'oung animals. In small animals the teeth may be 
 removed by ordinary dentist's forceps. After the re- 
 moval of a tooth in herbivora the opposing teeth on the 
 other jaw must be occasionally cut or rasped down to 
 prevent injury from overgrowth. 
 
 Disease of the Membranes of the Teeth. — The 
 membrane surrounding the fang or that lining the pulp 
 cavity may become the seat of disease. There may be 
 loosening, suppuration or shedding of the tooth, devia- 
 tion from its true direction so that the outer edge of the 
 upper grinder or the inner edge of the lower may get 
 overgrown and injurious, or a hard deposit may fill up 
 the pulp cavity, or surround the fang wedging it into its 
 socket and setting up disease and swelling of the adja- 
 cent jaw-bone. These conditions ma)'' often be relieved in 
 the early stages by soft feeding, protection from cold, 
 lancing the gums, a dose of physic, and daily sponging 
 of the gums with tincture of myrrh. 
 
 Dentinal Tumors. — These occur from the action of 
 any irritant applied to the tooth ivory. Some years ago 
 I removed a large mass ot this kind attached to the 
 second upper temporary grinder of the horse. It is 
 usually necessary to remove the teeth from which they 
 grow. 
 
 Tartar on Teeth. — This is common in dogs and 
 may be removed by a wooden probe with a small pledget 
 of tow dipped in water rendered slightly acid with spirit 
 of salt. 
 
 Dentition Fever. — Considerable irritation and fever 
 often attend on the cutting of the teeth in animals. 
 Horses are most liable to suffer in the third year when 
 they cut four front teeth and eight back ones, and in the 
 
SALIVATION — SLOBBERa 
 
 16^ 
 
 fourth year when they cut four front, eight back, and 
 four tushes. Cattle suffer less and mainly from the 
 second to the third year. One of the first grinders 
 which come up at this period is sometimes entangled 
 with the crown of its predecessor, causing much loss of 
 appetite and condition and foetid breath. Pigs usually 
 cut thirty-six teeth from the sixth to the twelfth month 
 and are most liable to suffer at this age. Puppies and 
 kittens suffer even to convulsions, between the third and 
 the sixth months. The temporary tushes should always 
 be extracted, if not shed, before the peimanent ones 
 come up. 
 
 The redness, swelling and tenderness of the gums in 
 such cases may extend to the throat, causing fits of 
 coughing, and retained temporary teeth are to be sought 
 for and removed. Otherwise treatment consists in a 
 slight lancing of the gums, washing with tincture of 
 myrrh, using soft food, keeping the bowels open, and 
 avoiding hard work in horses and dogs. 
 
 Salivation— Slobbers.— This is often a symptom of 
 some other affection (aphthous fever dumb rabies, epil- 
 epsy, stomatitis, pharyngitis, dentition, caries, and other 
 diseases of the teeth wounds and ulcers of the mouth 
 gastric catarrh, etc..) all caused by irritant food and drugs 
 (rank aqueous rapidly-grown grass, musty mow-burnt 
 todder, lobelia, wild mustard, colchium, pepper, gadic 
 ginger, irritants, caustic alkalies, acids and salts, and the 
 compounds of mercury used internally and externally). 
 Mercurials are especially hurtful to cattle. Paralysis of 
 ot the hps will cause a free flow of saliva, as will also ir- 
 ritation with the bit, and especially from chemical agents 
 attached in bags to the bit. 
 
 Symptoms.~Yx&& discharge of saliva in stringy fila- 
 ments or frothy masses, frequent deglutition, increased 
 thirs'. and disordered digestion. For mercurial salivation 
 Bee stomatitis, 
 
 I reatment. — Discover and remove the cause, use astrin- 
 gent washes a?? aHvicpH fnt- cf^rMof-.'t.v a«j ^i ^. 
 
 cold water. In obstinate cases give a course of tartar 
 10 
 
i64 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 emetic, opium, chlorate of potassa, or iodide of potassium. 
 Rub the glands beneath the ears and between the jaws 
 with iodine of ointment. 
 
 Salivary Calculi. — These are small concretions of 
 earthy and organic matter usually around some foreign 
 body (a grain of oats or barley, or a particle of sand) 
 which has accidentally entered the canal. They obstruct 
 the ducts and give rise to the feeling as of a tense elas- 
 tic cord extending round the border of the lower jaw 
 and upwards on the side of the cheek, or forward along 
 the inner side of the jaw-bone. The pea-like con- 
 cretion may be felt at the anterior end of the cord, and 
 if there is more than one they may be made to rattle on 
 each other. Sv,metimes matter forms and bursts and the 
 concretion may be felt in the depth of the wound. Diffi- 
 culty in chewing and swallowing, and indigestions arise 
 from the lack of saliva. 
 
 Treatment. — Pass the calculus onward to the mouth 
 by manipulation with the fingers, or this failing lay open 
 the duct and extract it from within the mouth if possi- 
 ble. If it must be opened through the skin, first shave 
 the part, make a small incision with a sharp knife, ex- 
 tract the mass and cover the wound with layer after 
 layer of collodion, allowing as little exposure to the air 
 as possible. Allow no food whatever for twelve hours, 
 and then only soft mashes and gruels until healing is 
 completed. 
 
 S;^LIVARY FiSTULA. — This is found wherever a wound 
 penetrates a duct of any of the salivary glands. It is 
 especially liable to occur from opening abscesses in 
 strangles and from wounds about the lower jaw. 
 
 Symptoms. — A free discharge from the wound during 
 feeding, of a clear, slightly glairy liquid, especially 
 abundant where the food is dry and fibrous. Chewing 
 is slow, difficult, and carried on on the opposite side of 
 the mouth only. Digestion and general health are gra- 
 dually impaired. 
 
 Treatment. — If recent, shave the edges of the wound, 
 bring accurately togethei' and cover with collodion, 
 
INFLAMMATION o. THE PAROTID GLAND. ,65 
 
 bZ-:!g"^T\Tof^lrS 'T^'' '" P--"t it from 
 
 fail, the edges must be mprll . u • Should this 
 
 wound firmly closed by carboL?J ^.^ P^""^: and the 
 ture. If the channel h^Hv.f,^'^ "^^^^"^ ^'^ ^^'^ted su- 
 has become impervtu^^^^^^^^ 
 
 kept open by a Crpassed'th'rou^TIt '^"^'^ -^"^ 
 by bein- fixed to a flat bnffnn ? § '^ """^ retamed 
 walls a. no longe? raw and ?a^ ?"'f ^!,J"^ ^"' ""^^^ ^he 
 thread is to be withdrawn and tlf^ to adhere. Then the 
 by stitching, blister rcolbdion' "'"'"^^ "^""^ ^^^^^ 
 
 sides :fth"eitS,^Ti^,^Vpi:"4s"r '^ ^^^^ - ^-^ 
 
 rub the wound andnlfT ?i, ' ''*' """°' possibly 
 soft mashes and gruels ' ""^ '""'""'^'^ absolTaely to 
 
 a.coho,. wii, usuaiiy d"es?:o;1u-s'e"c^:[i„^^";^:;". ' "'■ °' 
 
 JT:IZT^^C, thfear^f^r ^"^•°- " ^his 
 from mechanical iniurv and oh V'"'!'' '° '"fl^""»'-<tion 
 wen as in strangles Sot'ilt "s^S^Zatf ''"^'' ^^ 
 
 theta^rh mt^'^le'sfso'^fd:"' ^"T^^i'<^"°" "--•'"' 
 gins, stiff carriage of he hid ^^^ 'r"i'"S " i's mar- 
 
 and more or lesfgeneral fevef' ""' ''"^™" ^"'""'"S. 
 
 or mlSKS: X^Lu^ °'tf ™^"™ "' "- '-t 
 salts), wash the moud, wTth e"l"'7 P"'S= (Glauber 
 or chlorate of potassa and ^„ !u ""'""ons of vinegar 
 a sot poultice! wUh a Ikfle s^ *'"=,t'^'5"='' g'^"'' «''h 
 «.ft cool mashes and id or^ n' °,' '?'' ''''''=^- ^^d 
 when the bowels have settled ,^- ^ P' p ''°°''' °"'y. ^"d 
 'rate of potassa) If ma er fn"" T''"^: '""'•<="« ("'" 
 surface and point befo"opennT/o ' "/PP'°^'^>^ 'he 
 :IS : '^""^ -d estabhshfng a'i'st*, 1^™; ,.r'^5,r,j: 
 ' '^-"-We, use ioume externally and interSy"'' 
 
1 
 
 I 
 
 \66 
 
 THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 Choking. — This is especially common in cattle feed- 
 ing on roots, potatoes, apples, pears and the like, because 
 of the habit of jerking up the head to get the object 
 back between the grinders. Pieces of leather, bone, etc., 
 chewed wantonly oft^n slip back in the same way. 
 Horses suffer mainly from badly shaped balls or sharp- 
 pointed bodies, dogs from bones. Ravenous feeders 
 will choke on dry chaff, cut hay, etc., being imperfectly 
 mixed with saliva, and the same will happen in case^ of 
 diseased teeth or salivary fistula or calculus. 
 
 Symptoms of pharyngeal and cervical choking. — When 
 the object is arrested in the throat or neck there is great 
 distress, staring eyes, slavering, violent coughing, with 
 expulsion of dung or urine, continuous efforts at swal- 
 '< "ving, and in cattle tympany of the first stomach, 
 Wuich may sulTocate the animal in fifteen or twenty 
 minutes. I have seen an animal die in five minutes when 
 the object was lodged directly over the opening of the 
 windpipe. In horses there is in addition an occasional 
 shriek, and water returns by the nose when drinking is 
 attempted. In omnivora and carnivora retching and 
 vomiting are prominent symptoms. A careful examina- 
 tion along the furrow on the left side of the neck will 
 usually detect the offending object. 
 
 Symptoms of thoracic choking. — If the object is lodged 
 in that part of the gullet which lies within the chest, 
 cough, slavering and gulping may be absent, but there 
 are efforts at regurgitation and the discharge of liquids 
 by the mouth (in horses the nose). Thib, with the in- 
 ability to swallow solid food, is very characteristic. Tym- 
 pany is usually slight, and there may be tremors at in- 
 tervals. 
 
 Symptoms of choking luith finely divided dry food. — 
 These are the same as for solid masses, according to the 
 situation, but in addition there is in the groove on the 
 left side of the neck, a diffuse soft yielding swelling, 
 provi d the obstruction is situated above the chest. 
 
 Tre -ment. — Sharp-pointed bodies lodged in the throat 
 must be carefully sought for and extracted. Solid ob- 
 jects in this region can usually be withdrawn with the 
 
CHOKING. 
 
 167 
 
 liand. Have the animal held with the head elevated 
 into a hne with the neck and the mouth held open with 
 
 thetTtVI^^ Vi!"? u'^- ^°"Sue bein^. drawn out with 
 he eft hand, the right is passed through the mouth into 
 the throat by pressure beneath it with one hand in each 
 furrow along the lower border of the neck. A vigorous 
 jerk at the last seconded by the action of the phar^aix 
 wi 1 often lodge ,t in the mouth, but if not it is easily 
 extracted as above advised. ^ 
 
 Should this fail and tympany prove threatening lose 
 no time in gagging the animal. A smooth roller of wood 
 two inches m diameter is tied into tK, mouth by cords 
 carried from its ends around the top of the head-be- 
 hind the horns in cattle. Swelling never increases dan- 
 gerously with this applied, and in a fev. 'ours the ob- 
 struction usually passes on. 
 
 More prompt relief may be obtained by using a pro- 
 bang of leather or other material with a spiral spring 
 wire internally, the whole two-thirds of an inch in dia- 
 meter SIX feet long, and with one end enlarged to one 
 and a half inches in diameter and cup-shaped. This is 
 oiled and the head having been brought into a line with 
 rne neck, the balling iron introduced and the toncrue 
 drawn out, the cup-shaped end is introduced and pushed 
 on until the obstruction is reached. Steady pressure 
 must be kept up on this for a few seconds, when it will 
 yield and should be passed into the stomach by intro- 
 ducingthe probang to its whole length. If it resists 
 leave the animal for an hour or two gagged, and trv 
 ag^im. In the horse the probang cannot be safely passed 
 without casting, and it should never be passed on until 
 t^y examination in the furrow on the side of the neck the 
 operator has ascertained that it has entered the p ull-tand 
 IS clear of and above the windpipe. For the small ani- 
 mals the probang must be made correspondingly small 
 The use of whips and such like objects is very repre- 
 hensible, as being liable to tear the gullet. An effective 
 probang may be constructed out of a piece of stiff new 
 
 rope, a few off-he hnnr11/:>o r^f fh^ — ,J -r...i_-_r 1 , 
 
 ^J^ J - -- -- ,, oi cHu cnu xji vviiich nave oeen 
 
 opened out and tied back so as to form a cup-shaped ex- 
 
 s .. 
 
ill 
 
 ! 
 
 1 68 THE i-'ARMER's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 tremity. After being used, this may be hung up straight 
 on several nails driven into the wall, and will be ready 
 for the next occasion. 
 
 In choking with finely divided food the probang only 
 packs it firmer, and gagging and time will rarely dislodge 
 It. Pour water or well-boiled gruel down, and seek by 
 manipulation to break up the mass and allow it to pass on 
 little by little. Instruments have also been devised for 
 extracting the obstructing mass. Failing otherwise, the 
 gullet must be laid open, the offending matter extracted, 
 the wounds sewed up, and the animal fed for a time on 
 liquids only. 
 
 Horses are sometimes choked by eggs given by foolish 
 grooms. These may be punctured with a needle and then 
 crushed between two soHd bodies on different sides ot the' 
 neck. 
 
 Prevaition. — Besides the more obvious resort of with- 
 holding dangerous articles, the mere tying down of tlie 
 head will prevent choking in cattle feeding on turnips, 
 apples, .:c. A loop of rope fixed to the ground is to be 
 hung over the horn when such food is supplied. Solfd 
 food should be to a large extent withheld for a week after 
 the relief of choking, until the slight irritation or inflam- 
 mation has subsided, 
 
 StRICTURK AND DiLATaTION Ox^ THE GULLET.— 
 These usually co-exist, the first giving rise to the second, 
 because of habitual accumulation of food above the nar- 
 row part. The narrowing results from mechanical injury 
 in choking, etc., or from the presence of a worm (spirop- 
 tera) which lives in galleries on the mucous membrane. 
 
 The symptoms are the formation of an extended diffuse 
 soft swelling along the turrow on the left side of the neck 
 when the animal feeds or drinks, and the subsidence of 
 this swelling during abstinence. The only permanent 
 treatment is by bougies or probangs passed daily, begin- 
 ning with tho.se that will just pass the stricture, and u.sing 
 them larger as the former ones begin to pass easily. The 
 food must be restricted to soft mashes and g-ruels. Cattle 
 are usually slaughtered when attacked in good condition" 
 
IMPACTION OF THE C..OP IN BIRDS. 169 
 
 Impaction OF the Crop in BiRDS.-S:ym/,toms.- 
 Want of appetite, dulness, sinking of the head between 
 the wings ruffled plumage, and enormous and firm dis- 
 hrnd?e"d ''''°^' ^^'''^ recognized when the bird is 
 
 Treafmeni consists in pouring down tepid water and 
 nnoulding the crop so as to force its contents a h'ttle at a 
 time back into the mouth. This faihng, cut the croo 
 open empty it, sew up tlie wound, and feed gruels or soft 
 mush for a few days. 
 
 Tympany of the First Stomach in Ruminants- 
 H00VE-BL0ATlNG.-a;.....--It is especially common 
 m weak, ailing, (3f underfed stock when put on rich luxu- 
 riant food, especially green food, in spring. Some food 
 IS dangerous, .such as clover (white and red) ; green food 
 covered with dew or hoar frost, soaked by inundations or 
 drying after a shower ; diseased or frosted potatoes or 
 turnips (roots or tops) ; partially ripened but uncured 
 gram and crowfoots and other acrid plants. It may be 
 caused by overloading the stomach with sound fodder bv 
 the presence of hair-balls and other foreign bodies in 'the 
 •stomach, by fever, choking, stricture or parasites in the 
 gullet, tuberculosis, etc. 
 
 Sj7n/>^oms.--Swenmg of the whole left side of the 
 belly, often rising above the level of the hips and back- 
 bone, tense and elastic, recoiling at once when pressed 
 in and drum-ike on percussion. There is great diffi- 
 culty of breathing, distended nostrils, bloodshot eyes 
 open mouth driveling of saliva, occasional belching of 
 gas with loud noise, and frequent passage of dung and 
 III T P^^l^"t stands to the last, and falls to die 
 with ruptured diaphragm or stomach, congested lun-s 
 and profound nervous shock. "" 
 
 T7-catinent—G^ggix^g is alleged to succeed as in chok- 
 
 wSVr"! .riT ""''^ '^: ^^''^^^"^ ^ b^^J^-et of cold 
 
 water on the body may give temporary relief by con- 
 densing the gas and favoring eructation. The hollow 
 probang passed into the stomach, as for choking, will 
 dllow the escape of the gas. In urgent cases the paunch 
 

 J 70 THE FARMER'S VKTERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 must be punctured with the first instrument that comes 
 to hand, and the openings in the stomach and skin kept 
 in apposition until the gas flows out. The most suitab'e 
 instrument is a cannula and trocar, at least six inches 
 long, which may be plunged without fear in the left side 
 in a downward and inward direction, from a point equi- 
 distant from the hip bone, the last rib and the lateral 
 processes of the backbone. The trocar being withdrawn 
 the canula may be tied in and left for hours or days In 
 the absence of these a pocket-knife may be used, and 
 should be kept in the wound until a large quill can be 
 obtained and held in its place. A small trocar like that 
 used for hydrothorax in horses is suitable for sheep and 
 goats. « ^ 
 
 When urgent cases have been relieved in this way, and 
 m milder cases without any such surgical resort, antifer- 
 ments and antacids must be given ; aromatic spirit of 
 ammonia, (ox 3 oz., sheep i oz.,) crystalline sesquicarbo- 
 nate of ammonia (ox i oz., sheep 3 drs.,) oil of turpentine 
 {o? oz.. sheep }4 oz., in oil, milk or eggs well mixed ) 
 whisky, brandy or gin (ox 1 to 2 pts., sheep X Pt ) 
 ether, pepper, ginger, oil of peppermint, etc., in full doses, 
 wood tar (ox 2 oz., sheep y^ oz.,) carbolic acid or creosote 
 (ox 2 drs., sheep )4 dr. in a pint of water,) sulphite, hypo- 
 su phite or bisulphite of soda (ox i oz., sheep 2 drs.,) 
 chloride of lime or chlorate of potassa. Antacids (potassa 
 soda, ammonia, and their carbonates; soap-suds and lime- 
 water,) check the fermentation by neutralizing the acidity 
 Care should be taken to see (by tasting) that thev are 
 not used in too strong and irritating solutions. 
 
 A dose of physic is usually necessary to clear off the 
 offensive food, and should be accompanied by a stimu- 
 lant (sulphate of soda and ginger). 
 
 C/tromc tympany, due simply to indigestion, may be 
 remedied by careful dieting and a course of tonics, (foenu- 
 grec, oxide of iron, carbonate of soda and common salt 
 in equal parts, nux vomica, 2 drachms to every pound of 
 the mixture. Dose: ox i oz., sheep 2 drs., daily in food). 
 
 i^or chronic tympany, due to foreign bodies in the 
 Daunch= sec below* 
 
OVERLOADED PAUVCH. 17, 
 
 .h.?!^'''^''^''\°.^^ ^^^— This differs from the last in 
 hnt he paunch is overloaded, overstretched and nara 
 y.cd by excess of solid food, rather than gas Rich" 
 tempting and unusual food (luscious grass'dover luc^rn' 
 vetches, tares, beans, peas, grain ) i? esoerinK ' 
 
 ous, as is food which^ferme^nts ;Vh the' oTn^^a'^^it^^^^^ 
 hne, frothy mass, (potatoes, especially diseased or frosted 
 ones,) food containing a narcotic or paralyzfne Drincinfe 
 (green Indian corn, partially ripened whe^tb^arWo^s' 
 beans, peas, tares and grasses,) bulky, dry, fibrous inn u 
 ^teZlf^^T""''' (aftermath mixed\ith old w ihered" 
 stems of a former growth, hay that has ripened befor^ 
 
 IZl pea's t?)tnSl ¥''''''''' starof'rip:n:d 
 ucans, peas, etc.,) and finally musty, rusty or othprwJc^ 
 
 injured hay. Salivary fistula or obstruct Land worn or 
 diseased teeth may contribute to it. 
 
 5j;;///^;«, Develop more slowly than in tympany 
 There is dulness. slucfmshness ra^cJ^r^ Ko^i u ^ "^; 
 
 mere IS rne same difficult breathing as in tvmnanv <Vo- 
 quent passage of dung and urine, sfupor and finally suf^ 
 
 cu. maybe effected^B^-l^Stlo^nTtt^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 lerments.as lor tympany, with act ve but rot irritat;,,™ 
 
 fo"s^(!,rube"r':if 3 roT, Vt ^--^ -^-c'r ^p' 
 
 half drachm of nux vomica wil bf a s3ab ;"h ' '"^ °"' 
 
 drum-hke resonance at the upper parrof the £fr' -J 
 shows the pressure of free gas drL ff off K ? ''"^^ 
 
 and dash cold water over thlL/ T ^^^y puncturing 
 tion of the oaunrh r- .^"^^ ^° encourage contract 
 
 uu 01 cne paunch. Give active st mulant- evrrv t.v- 
 ur three hours. -"-luitnito every twu 
 
 ^n 
 
( 
 
 iili 
 
 t'/2 THE FAPMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 If there is no sign of improvement but rather stupoi 
 and sinking, the only hope is in opening the stomach in 
 the left side where it is punctured in tympany, enlarging 
 the opening until the hand can be introduced, having two 
 assistants hold the edges of the wound in the stomach 
 against those in the skin, taking out at least two-thirds 
 of the contents of the paunch, sewing up the wound in 
 the stomach with the edges turned in, and that in the 
 skin, and keeping on a little gruel and soft mashes for a 
 week. _ This operation can be performed standing, the 
 right side of the animal applied against a stone wall, and 
 the nose held by bull-dog pincers or even by the fingers. 
 It usually succeeds if resorted to early enough. 
 
 Impaction of the Third Stomach.-Dry Murrain 
 —Grass Staggers.— A dry, baked state of the contents 
 of the manifolds is found in all feverish conditions, in 
 torpid or inactive states of the paunch, with impaired or 
 suspended rumination, in case of feeding on dry, fibrous, 
 indigestible elements (bleached, withered hay, or that 
 which has been over-ripened, or a mixture of fresh and 
 dry grass in autumn,) on a sudden change to the over- 
 stimulating fresh grass of spring, on smutty maize, corn- 
 stalks or wheat, on a deficiency of water, or a sudden 
 change from soft to hard water, or on taking lead into 
 the system iu a metallic condition or otherwise. The 
 most rapidly fatal cases result from green food, over-ripe 
 but uncured grain, vetches or rye grass, and from lead 
 poisoning. 
 
 Symptoms. —"^Xx^t cases may be marked by failure to 
 chew the cud regularly when recovering from a fever, a 
 poor appetite, dry muzzle, dull eyes, spiritlessness, 
 quickened breathing, with a moan at intervals, roused 
 at any time by forcibly punching the closed fist beneath 
 the short ribs on the right side. If it has lasted several 
 days the fist pressed into the left side may detect the 
 contents of the paunch collected in hard masses, and 
 tympany is likely to be present. The dung is usually 
 scanty and hard, but in cases occurring from fibrous or 
 irritating food, this costiveness is preceded by more or 
 
IMPACTION OF THE THIRD STOMACfi. i;3 
 
 /ess diarrhoea. The beast leaves its fellows, rech'nes on 
 Its left side with the head in the right flank, and tends 
 by-and-byto show palsy of the hind limbs, drowsiness 
 and stupor, or dehnum and convulsions 
 
 In the more acute cases, death may ensue in six hours, 
 rhc animal is found apart, lying with his head in his 
 right flank, with red fixed eyes, eyelids half closed, and 
 much drowsiness and stupor, though he may stilf feed 
 when raised, pulse and breathing accelerated, bowels 
 loose or torpid, hardness and tenderness under the rigrht 
 short nbs, and muscular tremors. Later theeyes ^ lare 
 the patient seeks relief in motion in a straight line^'or to 
 one side, regardless of obstacles, and pusliing against 
 obstructing wa Is or fences till teeth or horns arl broken 
 bellowing loudly and in a terrific manner all the time 
 
 Trm^menf.—Vor the simpler forms give strong purga- 
 tives (sulphate of soda, ox i lb., sheep 6 oz.. with com- 
 mon salt molasses and croton,) stimulants (ginger car 
 bonate of ammonia,) and abundance of wate? or w'atery 
 fluids The stimulants may be repeated at intervals of 
 three hours, and accompanied by injections of warm 
 water. If no relief is obtained in twelve hours repeat the 
 purgative, and if any tenderness of the right side exists 
 blister It with mustard and turpentine (for sheep use 
 ammonia and oil). If the kidneys act profusely, chan-e 
 the purgative, giving castor or linseed oil. Even after 
 free action of the bowels it is usually necessary to feed 
 green food, roots or soft mashes, to give all the water 
 that will be taken, and even to add slight laxatives to 
 insure the breaking up of all the impaction. 
 
 In the acute forms of the disease with irritation of the 
 stomach the blandest purgatives only (linseed, olive or 
 cas or oil) must be used with nux vomica, injections and 
 a blister on he right side over the short rib, and cold 
 ^vater or ice-bags to the head. Should the victims be- 
 come delirious, fasten to a strong post round which they 
 can move, or to a ring fixed in the ground. When 
 recovery ensues, follow up with a course of bitter tonics 
 (gentian, wiilow-bark, nux vomica, boneset, etc.) 
 
174 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 Gastritis in Oxen.— The acute impactions of the 
 manifolds are usually complicated with congestion, and 
 the chronic impactions lead to it. Inflammation also 
 results from over-stimulating food, (spring grass, clover, 
 tares, green corn, etc.,) from dry, heating aliinent, (excess 
 of corn meal, linseed cake, rape cake, cotton cake,) from 
 wild mustard and other irritants, from poor, hard, fibrous 
 food, from suspension of rumination during prolonged 
 hard work, and from mineral and vegetable irritants. 
 
 Symptoms. -~ln mild cases, from heating or poor food, 
 there are dulness, moaning, trembling, straining and fre- 
 quent passage of dung in small quantities, hot, clammy, 
 slightly reddened mouth, dry muzzle, sharp, accelerated 
 pulse, fulness and tenderness of the belly, and the pre- 
 sence of solid masses of food in the paunch as felt on the 
 left side when pressed with the fist. 
 
 The more active forms, resulting from green food or 
 irritants, are manifested by the same symptoms as acute 
 impaction of the third stomach, with the addition of a 
 tense abdomen, not dependent on the paunch, increasing 
 tenderness and increased temperature of the body. There 
 may be diarrhoea or costiveness, or one after the other, 
 and it may end in stupor or convulsions. 
 
 Treatment. — In the milder forms give a quart of lin- 
 seed or olive oil and 2 drs. Dover's powder. Even Ep- 
 som or Glauber salts may be used with drachm doses of 
 hyoscyamus or bellad.^nna as often as may be requisite 
 to keep down violent suflering. Give all the water the 
 patient will drinic. adding a little decoction of linseed, 
 slippery elm or mallow ; al.so give frequent injections of 
 warm water, and warm fomentations to the abdomen, 
 followed by a blister. Brain symptoms must be treated 
 as advised under impaction of the third stomach. Follow 
 up with a course of tonics after relief is obtained. 
 
 Indigestion in Working Oxen from Drinking 
 Cold Water. — This occurs in hard-working oxen, com- 
 ing from a dusty road on a hot day and drinking to 
 excess. There are violent colicky pains, uneasy shifting 
 
 of the 
 
 J r » »— ^ • •** f ^^ * m ** »-**w' » %j A AAA * » • * *^ 
 
 hind limbs, lying down and rising, looking at the 
 
WHITE SCOUR. 
 
 175 
 
 flanks, and a fulness and gurgling on the right side of 
 the abdomen. It may pass in half an hour to an hour 
 with a free watery diar.wcea. Treatment consists in 
 exercise, walking or trotting, and a stimulating draught— 
 pepper, ginger, fennel, caraway, peppermint, ammonia, 
 alcohol and the like. 
 
 Indigestion in Calves, Lambs and Foals.— 
 White Scour. — This may result from a great variety 
 of causes, such as withholding the first (laxative) milk 
 after parturition, feeding new-born calves on the milk of 
 old calved cows, bringing up foa's or lambs on cow's milk, 
 working, over-driving or otherwise exciting the dams, 
 feeding unwholesome food to the dams, allowing too 
 long intervals between the meals of the young, bringing 
 up on hand on cold or soured milk or farinaceous food, 
 keeping in damp, unwholesome pens, or the accumula- 
 tion of pellets of hair in the stomach. 
 
 6>w/^wj-.— Irregular (impaired or even ravenous) ap- 
 petite, swollen, tender, drum-like abdomen, sour eruc- 
 tations, profuse, foetid, white, watery diarrhoea, white or 
 grayish fur on the tongue, dry, scurfy, unthrifty skin, and 
 rapid emaciation. 
 
 Treatment. — Give a dose of i to 2 ozs. castor oil {]A 
 for lambs) with a teaspoonful of laudanum. Then with 
 each meal give a tablespoonful from a bottle of sherry in 
 which Tyi of the fresh fourth stomach of a calf has been 
 steeped. Or with this give a carminative (i oz. tincture 
 of cmnamon) with an antacid (prepared chalk or magne- 
 sia I dr.) and soothing or anodyne agents (gum Arabic, 
 bismuth) with, it may be, an astringent (dncture of kino 
 or catechu i dr.) If there is much tenderness of the 
 abdomen apply a pulp of mustard and water. If yellow- 
 ness of the mucous membranes and white, very foetid 
 dung, give 2 grs. calomel and 5 grs. chalk twice daily. 
 In all cases give fresh, warm, wholesome milk thrice a 
 day, with several spoonfuls of lime-water added to each 
 meal. In some instances the tone of the stomach may 
 1-- srea-.;_j n-oiuicu uy a Luuicspooniul or nnctuic oi gen- 
 tian twice a day. 
 
I 
 
 176 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 Prevention should be sought in breeding only vigoroHS 
 families, sheltering properly, and feeding the milk of the 
 dam or of a healthy nurse, unaltered by faulty feedi.ir- 
 or excitement or by standing. When a foal must bt« 
 brought up on cow's milk, dilute with one-third its bulk 
 of warm water, sweeten with sugar and add lime-water 
 l^or the carnivora use only the upper third of cow's milk. 
 
 Acute Gastric Indicestion in the Horse — 
 Tympany.— This results from sudden filling of the 
 stomach to excess, from suspended indigestion in con- 
 nection with hard work immediately after a meal from 
 the washing on of undigested food, from a full drink 
 after a {qqC. of grain, from certain indigestible and ea'^ily 
 fermented aliments, such as cause tympany in the ox 
 from irritant plants, and from hurried swallowinjr of hot' 
 cooked food, ' 
 
 ^>;///^/w.— These appear just after feeding, and are 
 at first those of simple colic, (see Spasmodic Colic) soon 
 followed by fulness and tension of the belly, a drum-like 
 sound when it is percussed, quickened, deep, oppressed 
 breathing, dulness and increasing stupor. 'The pain is 
 continuous though of varying intensity, there is no dispo- 
 sition to eat or drink, draughts administered tend to 
 aggravate the symptoms, the sufferer yawns, places his 
 fore leet apart, arches the neck, drawing in the nose 
 towards the breast, and in exceptional cases, may obtain 
 relief by belching gas, or even by vomiting, the food 
 escaping mainly through the nose. More commonly the 
 occurrence of vomiting implies rupture of the stomach 
 and presages death. The pulse then becomes rapid 
 weak and soon imperceptible, and the countenance very 
 haggard and dejected. In the advanced stages the ani- 
 mal is usually sunk in stupor, and rests his head on the 
 manger or pushes it against the wall, while in some 
 instances nervous movements of the lips and limbs 
 occur. 
 
 rreatjnenL—GivQ early, full doses of aromatics, stimu- 
 lants and tonics, (tincture of pimento or ginger, oil of 
 peppermmt, aqua ammonia, ether, alcohol, peppers, nux 
 
 
TYMPANITIC COLIC. 
 
 "^71 
 
 vomica, etc. ) rub the belly, and if relieved fo'low un with 
 a dose of physic. Alkalies are sometimes uspf.^ 
 
 Imnger before allowing grain ^ ''P^^'"^ 
 
 When the bow^ehare „aTn it fr! 1" TT^I^ °' ''°«"=1=- 
 
 The Vmpto'Srcre,; ;esrbL^"hte"of t'^""'"''-'^- 
 stomach, only there is morr,.^ . . °^ tympanitic 
 
 - Poss,b^li';rof.rJ^nro^;re^,r;ilVhT-Vr 
 Impaction of the large Intestines in Horsk. 
 
 rtisea e ■ of Z ^P"^?'^' Preparation of the food ,n 
 
 cession. 1 here are pawing with the fn.e u/t ■ nea,v 
 movements, or k.cking of the belly with tJ,e iTind; l^in^ 
 
 ^^y 
 
178 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 down and rising at short intervals, turning of the nose 
 toward the flank, and the frequent passage of wind and 
 of dung, the latter a few small pellets at a time. There 
 IS special fulness and tension of the right side of the belly, 
 dulness on percussion, solid resistance when pressed,' 
 and if the soaped hand is introduced through the last 
 gut the solidly impacted bowels are usually to be felt. 
 The pressure of these on the bladder often causes fre- 
 quent discharges of urine. A favorite position is one 
 with the fore limbs stretched forward and the hind back- 
 ward. 
 
 Treatment. — In mild cases and in the early stages 
 give a laxative diet (roots, soft bran mashes, oil meal, 
 corn-stalks,) and two or three ounces of Glauber salts 
 daily in the food. In the more severe, give aloes, gen- 
 tian and nux vomica, and in case c<" tympany, carbonate 
 of ammonia or pepperment ; rexx..e u^in by hyoscya- 
 mus or belladonna, and follow up with trequent injec- 
 tions of warm water, and frictions and fomentations of 
 the abdomen. The aloes should not bo repeated under 
 twenty-four hours, but if there is evidence of their hav- 
 ing passed off by the kidneys they may be replaced by 
 imseed or olive-oil. The action of the bowels may be 
 deferred three or four days without a fatal result, whereas 
 too much medicine will often cause rupture of the gut in 
 front of the impaction. 
 
 Prevention should be sought by a more laxative diet, 
 by a liberal supply of water, by exercise, or even by 
 daily doses of one or two ounces of sulphate of soda in 
 the food. The addition of two drachms of powdered 
 gentian and ten grains of nux vomica will often restore 
 lost tone to the bowels. 
 
 Catarrh of the Stomach and Bowels in Horses. 
 — Thi.s is a form of chronic indigestion resulting from 
 faults in diet, as regards quality, quantity and regularity; 
 from a habit of bolting food ; from starvation and hard 
 work ; from a sudden access of rich food ; from the irri- 
 tation of worms ; from congested or torpid liver ; from 
 impaction of the bowels or from any irritant in the food. 
 
-OMITlNG-~J)EPRAVED APPETITE. ,79 
 
 stipation, hard balls of hmerfr. h / ''-''"''"8 "''"' ''°»- 
 with a film of mucus f ",?d Iour^„jFV^'' dung covered 
 
 nux vomica, wWe bismuth ,n!f , T'"' fe<=""^» "''th 
 ing and evening Ch^^ge from on^-^"" ° ^'"""'^ '""'"- 
 they seem to lofe their effect 9^""=,'° t"°"'" ■''^ 
 -d. manow. etc., are oftfrLd'^^^H^Skirg S.'^ 
 
 exSXrrrJta catrTn ''" ?,f "'™" «"d pigs but 
 asses a„d°rLles It mfj L ^ "!" '"°'''= =° '" horses, 
 causes, as direct irri'ItToTofhe^lma^hr; T^'-^' °* 
 congestion or inflammation dleasrof\h^ k"''' ''°''°"' 
 some other (rgan which nr ,f„ J\ I ** *"■*'"■ "r of 
 
 or which, lilce^th^Th oat ortu^ri^'h"'^"'' ""= =y^'^"'. 
 relation with the stomach lu!ll f '"*™"^ ""™"^ 
 torn of other diseases •,„;! • ^^"^\°'^ -"ostly a symp- 
 
 ^tion is a metToTrd . f 'VhT/Z^^To'/ '^^'"' '"'' 
 of the stomach favor Tt- k/-" ^^ "^'"'^'^^ ''■'"'Nation 
 When empded thllr! \g^^'"§: tepid water freely. 
 
 men may often be Wn to shpJfwi, Gum and albu- 
 -d a blister may be^ "onlreVt'oVtTe'rmX ' 
 
 .•ng''eTrrifme:\n^^hTd'rJ"s 'T'^'^ '■°^^-- -'" 
 fWngs, and in' cows eltin^ c°Sw f "Ik'"^ "i' ^""^ °^ 
 wood, leather ir^^t^u^J^'^- ^^'■"'> ^^nd, gravel 
 bones lead etc T^l' ^""^ "'"^'^ "^ ^'"'hi^g^ haS 
 habit is "nlintd as^Sse'tt' f^'"' K^'T^ '^ ^ 
 «omach deranging the feit?£?;h!';tTm'o'^! 
 
tSo 
 
 THE 'FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 bid cravinrr. Pregnancy, tuberculosis, and a defic'.ency 
 of phosphates in the soil and food are occasional causes 
 in cows. The habit should be checked by keeping- 
 tempting objects out of reach, dealing with tuberculosis 
 and chronic gastric catarrh as advised under those heads, 
 with a deficiency of phosphates, by an abundant artificial 
 feeding on sound grains and a course of tonics, and with 
 indigestible bodies in the stomach, by a careful feer: j 
 to prepare the beast for slaugher, or that failing by o^ •■:- 
 ing the paunch on the left side and removing the offend- 
 ing agent (see impacted paimcJi), 
 
 Foreign Bodies in Stomach and Intestines.— 
 These may be taken in by accident with the food or may 
 be deposited from it in the form of calculi or concretions. 
 
 Cattle suffer much from sharp-pointed bodies like 
 needles, pins, nails, etc., taken with the food, and afterward 
 making their way to the heart which they penetrate, caus- 
 ing sudden death, or in more favorable cases making their 
 way through the walls of the abdomen and escaping. 
 Blunt objects remain in the paunch and honeycomb-bag, 
 causing much or little irritation according to size or num- 
 ber. The most varied objects are often found in the cat- 
 tle slaughtered for beef and in good health, nails, coin, 
 shot, solder, buttons, and hair-ball:-^, are among the most 
 common. I have known fifteen h-'^ir-balls from three to six 
 inches in diameter in the paunch of a healthy fat heifer. 
 In sucking calves, in which they form in the true stomach, 
 they cause dyspepsia, diarrhoea, and emaciation. 
 
 Sheep suffer from wool-balls, from the fine hairs of 
 clover and other ailments, and from collections of sand 
 and gravel when fed turnips from damp soil. 
 
 Sivine have balls of bristles in the stomach and lar-^^ 
 intestines. 
 
 Horses have concretions of phosphate of linv, with 
 smooth stony surface ; of ammonia-magnesian phosphate 
 with rough crystelline structure; of the fin^ Lrr om 
 the* surface of the oat with a fine velvety surfac . and t f 
 two or more of those mixed in one calculus. The^e are 
 formed equally in the stomach and large intestines. 
 
SFASMomc COLIC-BELLV-AcriK 
 
 These foreiVn bodts m, •" ' P"^''^'^ "P '" Play. 
 result, or the/ma; causTt™?' ""'""' ='">' "'■■•nifest 
 after every meal, vom«LT„T"/ '". '^"''' ='"'' ^h^ep 
 gestion in the hirse, and In all ?„;"', P'?'' ^'^"'^ ■""<!■- 
 "re lodged in the infest nesoh.iT™^'^'" ^h'^h they 
 and violent colics whfch rec.'.r f^ ''"^ "' "'"'• Passage 
 the animal off sooner orTa"// '*""'"•''' ""^ "^"^"v S 
 
 In ruminants the off^n -^.-^ ' i ,. 
 f-m the stomach by s"4S t'"'.'"'^^ ^^^"«ved 
 l.ttJecan be done be/ond ^ S . TnTl '«"' ^^ in others 
 dona, stramonium, etc. ) to re ?v " ^"'' ^°P'""^' belia- 
 await the result. A dose of .1 P^'" ^"^' ^P^^rn and 
 smaller calculi bu? would be J!''' ^'^"^^ ^^'■^>' ^^ the 
 But these cases can ra^e^vh. ^^"gerous in the laree 
 
 and are neccesaSy Sd'^^a'll'^^t^'"^']-^^^^^ 
 yagination, constriction, etc of Zh ' f r^^^''^' 0'"- 
 there is irremediable obstruction and iT^t'^ '" ^^^^^ 
 or later in death. °"' ^"^ ^^^'ch end sooner 
 
 Spasmodic CorTr tjt^t. 
 'ooselyusedtodesigna^allc nH,^'"'— This "=™ « 
 
 Pa.n in the belly, wi"ether frn^ J?"' '" *'"''^'> "-ere is 
 creas, urinary organs llnl 1° ^^^"^^^ °^ I'ver, pan 
 bowels, and Se cS^b^^Tn''^"'"' ^^on^Xlr 
 nation, improper posiUon stfan^.lr' "■"'*"°"' ''"«^n'- 
 by adjacent organs': obstruc??riy fo^eiC "^T''^'^^ 
 f''- -i^e present remarks IV,- 1 1 k ^^T^'S" bodies, etc.. 
 '■' ".ore purely "ervous and whll result" 'r' "= '■"■=" "^ici; 
 contraction (cramps) of the bo vL """^ ^P^^^odic 
 
 'n certain susceptible sts 'ps „f »' 
 d'Kestion, without impact on or tm •''"^■^ " ""ght in- 
 "•d'fstible matters that wouW V ''^J!^' "'^ '^king of 
 a"otlicr time, a drink of idcoU Tl ''"." '"'™'«^? ^t 
 and exhausted, a chill rain or dew vi i ' "'''^" P^^'-^piring 
 the most excruciating agony ' '^""'^ ^P^^^s and 
 
 ^^^!:^!^,^^^f^< the horse paws 
 -^ an..,, ^ou„t.fcj;S\'^Liri^^^^ 
 
 l/S 
 
 Srj; 
 
I82 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER, 
 
 eye, crouches with semi-bent limbs for a few seconds, 
 and then throws himself down with a prolon^^ed groan. 
 He rolls, lie* on his back, sits on his haunches, atid may 
 get up, shake himself, take to feeding and appear quite 
 well. Another fit comes on in ten, fifteen, twenty or 
 thirty minutes, and after each there is a period of free- 
 dom from pain, with natural pulse and breathing. This 
 with the reckless manner in which he lies down, and the 
 entire absence of tenderness of the abdomen, or of ele- 
 vated temperature, serve to distinguish from other bowel 
 diseases, especially inflammation. Each succeeding 
 attack may be less severe until they cease, or they may 
 increase in severity and the disease emerge into acute 
 tympanitic indigestion or enteritis. 
 
 In cattle there are similar symptoms, with uneasy shift- 
 ing of the hind limbs, kicking with the upper one when 
 down, twisting of the tail and moaning. It rarely lasts 
 more than an hour or two. 
 
 Dogs curl themselves up to rest, but move uneasily or 
 moan, and with the more violent pains start up with a 
 sudden yelp, move round for some time, and lie down 
 until the next spasm comes on. The eye is bright, the 
 nose cool and moist, the pulse natural, and the appetite 
 retained. 
 
 Treatment. — In all animals alike, a laxative (aloes, 
 horse ; linseed-oil, cattle and sheep ; castor-oil, pigs and 
 dogs ;) is the safest treatment, as it soon relieves the 
 spasm and carries off any irritant that may have con- 
 tributed to maintain it. .It is usually desirable to add 
 an anodyne (belladonna, hyoscyamus, opium, aconite, 
 chloral-hydrate,) to relieve the pain until the laxative is 
 absorbed, and a stimulant anti-spasmodic (carbonate of 
 ammonia, sweet spirits of nitre, ether,) to quiet the nervous 
 excitement. Copious injections of warm water with or 
 without anodynes and anti-spasmodics are not to be 
 neglected, neither is quiet walking exercise. If <].e aliec- 
 tion appears purely spasmodic, the laxative may be v ith- 
 held until two doses of anodynes and anti-spasmodics 
 have bee 1 given at intervals of half an hour, but should 
 these fail, give the opening medicine at once, and then 
 
 .V 
 
aviec 
 
 ^ 
 
 ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC ENTERITIS. 183 
 
 only enough of other agents to moderate excessive oain 
 until ,t has had time to be absorbed. ComXlrelkf 
 may be looked for in three or four ],ours. ^'^^^ '^^'^^ 
 
 Acute Hemorrhagic;; ENT,.KiTis.-This is verv 
 common m hard-working horses in some local tie and' s 
 also seen m cattle, sheep, swine, and dogs. It may' follow 
 unrelieved obstrtK:tion of the bowels, especilSlVthZ 
 1 ave been treated by powerful opiates and stimu ants o? 
 dangerously irritant purgatives. To these musTbeTdded 
 excessive fatigue, heavy, hurried feeding and dn-nkin^ 
 iced water, exposure to a cold draught, chill rain o cold 
 sponge when exhausted, a sudden'chinge to d^ ?ra n 
 feeding, to new oats or hay. to rank, rapid ly-gro^v^ctover 
 or grasses, or to musty food. ^ ^ ^^^ 
 
 Sywpfotns.—WhQu not superveniag on indiVesfInn r.. 
 obstruction of the bowels its Lset is .fudden T^e paUen 
 s amps, paws, looks at his flank, moves from pface to 
 place, walks crouchingly, lies down, rolls, acts in short as 
 in spasmod:c colic, but there is a more carkul ^"n. do v^ 
 there ,s no mtermission to the pain, the face continues 
 P.nchcd and anxious, even if the beak stards qS^i a 
 feu- seconds, the eye remains fixed and glazj^the punHs 
 d.Iated, he breathing hurried and catching he ^pdse 
 rapid and becoming smaller and weaker. the?;mner?tu S 
 
 oTa,Klt^'f'/'"'7'^^^^°^^^ 
 
 " u;^ cndT '' "t T "^.'"'^^y ^°^^- The abdomen 
 IS usual I \ tcndei. As the disease advances the animnl 
 may become still, but ail the other sio-ns are worsf oT 
 
 .'om thre. to tvventy-four hours after the onsef 
 
 11 j Jiiffil.li vein may give prompt relief if the nuke Is stiM 
 'iN and stong. But neither of there ean be v' t.ire ' 
 on --cept at the very outset, and theref^ e in .1 c g et 
 '"..JO, ,ty of cases arc to be avoided. Apply hot fomfntv 
 
'" '1 
 
 iiM. 
 
 Iw 
 
 184 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 tions to the belly by a blanket wrung out of water nearly 
 boiling, rub the limbs with ammonia, mustard orturpen- 
 tme, and give injections of warm water containing ano- 
 dynes (belladonna, hyoscyamus, opium, aconite, tobacco, 
 etc.) 
 
 If the soft, weak, rapid pulse bespeaks already existing 
 effusion, avoid bleeding and laxatives, give one or two 
 drachms of opium by mouth, or better one or two grains 
 sulphate of morphia injected under the skin, repeating as 
 often as may be requisite to moderate suffering and keep 
 the bowels mactive, accompanying this by hot fomenta- 
 tions and counter irritants. 
 
 In case of improvement feed linseed or oatmeal gruels, 
 boiled linseed, or very sloppy bran mashes only, and in 
 small amount, for several days. If the bowels continue 
 confined, give four or five ozs. olive-oil or three or four 
 ozs. Glauber salts once or twice a day. 
 
 But prevention is especially to be sought in such a 
 rapidly fatal disease. Regularity and sufficient frequency 
 of feeding, m moderate quantities at a time and of good 
 quality, and a gradual instead of a sudden change of diet, 
 are important. When new hay or grain, or heating agents 
 like maize or wheat are fed, one feed daily should be 
 replaced by a sloppy br-an mash, or one or two ounces of 
 common or Glauber salts added. Avoid full draughts of 
 cold or iced water when sweating and exhausted, and of 
 any water after a meal of grain. 
 
 Acute Muco- Enteritis.— All the domestic animals 
 are subject to this form of inflammation, chiefly of the 
 mucous membrane of the bowels. The causes are mainly 
 the same as those of h.-cmorrhagic enteritis acting on a 
 less susceptible subject, or with lessened force. These 
 may be named exposure, sudden extreme changes of 
 weather, coarse, dr>', fibrous, musty, or otherwise irritant 
 indigestible food, abrupt changes of diet, impure, stagnant 
 or putrid water, too much water after feeding, or iced 
 water when fatigued and perspiring, drastic or oft-re- 
 l^eated purgatives, suppressed perspiration, sand in the 
 food, parasites, and the various mechaiucal obstructions 
 
ACUTE MUCO-ENTERITIS. 
 
 m 
 
 (calculi impactions, invaginations, hernia). Cattle sheen 
 and swme especially suffer during the VicissTtud^s a^^^^^ 
 extiemesofspnng, summer and autumn, and the latter 
 from want of water to drink and wallow in. Among do's 
 he young suffer most and those kept on animal food, Sr 
 that bathe in rivers when heated in the chase. Chickens 
 con ract it from faults in feeding and watering, but espe- 
 cially from exclusive feeding on grain and deficiency or 
 impurity of the water. ^ 
 
 Symptoms.~ln the mildest forms are fever, increased 
 temperature, thirst, scanty, high-colored urine, costive 
 bowels, the small masses of dung covered with a film of 
 mucus, tender belly, small, quick, hard pulse, ydlowish- 
 red eye^s, hot clammy mouth, furred tongue with redness 
 along the edges tip and lower surface, impaired appetite, 
 dull sluggish habit, joss of flesh, unthrifty skin, and slight 
 colics after meals. ^ 
 
 In the more severe forms all these symptoms are in- 
 creased in severity, appetite gone, dulness and depression 
 extreme, head carried low, gait unsteady, breathino- ex- 
 cited, a ridge on the tender abdomen as in pleurisy and 
 more frequent colic, with pawing, uneasy shifting of the 
 imbs, kicking at the abdomen, looking at the flanks and 
 lying down and rising. Diarrhcea may set in and herald 
 recovery, or it may become profuse, bloody and fatal 
 
 m addition to these general symptoms, cattle ^.n^i sheep 
 have impairment or loss of rumination, frequent belching 
 of gas foetid breath, and tenderness mainly of the ri-ht 
 side of the aodomen. When due to acrid and irritSnt 
 plants, .he back is arched, abdomen tense and tucked up 
 constipation obstinate, tongue often purple, and the urine 
 high-colored or even bloody. It may prove fatal after a 
 lortnights sickness. In szvine the affection is usually 
 mistaken for Intestinal Fever, which indeed it stron-ly 
 resembles, but without the ineffaceable black spots on the 
 skin and mucous membranes, and without a conta-ious 
 principle In dogs much dulness, drowsiness, restlessness. 
 ^vltil tucked up. tense, very tender abdomen, violent 
 constipation and very painful and difficult passage of 
 oung are added to the general symptoms. Vomitino- jg 
 
1 86 TiiK farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 
 common in dogs and pigs. Chickens lose appetite and 
 vivacity, droop the head, raise the feathers, move slug- 
 gishly, scour, strain violently, and show much tenderness 
 of the abdomen when handled. 
 
 Treatment. —ha the outset give a laxative (horses, 
 aloes ; ox or sheep, Glauber salts ; or for all animals, 
 ohve oil) ; with anodynes (belladonna, hyoscyamus, 
 Indian hemp,) in a mucilage of slippery elm or gum 
 Arabic, and repeat these mucilages and anodynes as 
 may be needful to quiet the suffering. Mild cases may 
 be successfully treated by small daily doses of sulphate 
 of soda with abundance of mucilage, and tonic doses of 
 gentian and nux vomica. Give injections of hot water, 
 with anodynes, and apply fomentations, or in small 
 animals poultices, followed by mustard or other counter- 
 irritants to the belly, as in haemorrhagic enteritis. When 
 profuse diarrhcea sets in give freely of mucilaginous and 
 starch drinks, with quinia, gentian, nux vomica, or other 
 bitter and opium. The diet must be restricted to well- 
 boiled, mucilaginous gruels, and in the case of herbivora. 
 sloppy, warm bran mashes. 
 
 The treatment of diseased chickens is always very 
 satisfactory, but the whole flock must have mush, vege- 
 tables, and boiled potatoes, with clean, pure drinking 
 water, to which may be added cream of tartar or Glaube^ 
 salts, I oz. to every quart. 
 
 Croupous Enteritis.— This occurs in cattle, horses, 
 sheep and dogs, and may be considered as a modification 
 of the other forms of enteritis and produced by similar 
 causes. The symptoms may approach those of either of 
 the two forms of the disease already described, the suf- 
 fering being extreme and lasting, or violent but short, and 
 followed by dulness, depression, fever, and tenderness of 
 the belly. If the animal survives long enough the false 
 membranes are passed in great white, friable masses or 
 shreds. In its earliest stages a laxative will often alter 
 the condition of the membrane and contribute to a 
 prompt recovery. Later treat as in enteritis. Saline 
 laxatives (sulphate of soda or magnesia) and bitters (nu.\ 
 
INFLAMMATION OF THE RECTUM-SCOURING. ,87 
 
 vomica gentian quassia, quinia,) are especially indicated 
 when the membranes are separating. If es Ht ine from 
 
 n, connection with the impaction Jf hard neddunfT 
 
 nSucti'x;;^ tuVgifpteT.'^r "" f r 5 
 
 p"Srd\t1;l' r^ -l-'n/anrpl °^f cf n-ofb 
 
 or even hlf H TK ''"^ '^ '' ™™''=d with mucus, pus 
 or even Wood. The everted gut is of a deep red coin,- 
 th.cK-. infiltrated and hot. Rupture may ensue f it i, not 
 chcved. Treat by emptying the gut with he oiled 
 hand or finger give a spare laxative diet bran mashes 
 roots, gruels,) frequent injections of warm wae contain 
 
 ;fiMoiiro;.'rs:ed''oii'r °"' ^""^ ^" °"-'°"""-- 
 
 su»=^nT?ierd:t^„ =ta?e"d.'^^ "^ 
 
 DrARRHCEA.-ScoURlNG.-.This is a frequent dischame 
 semi-hqu,d or liquid dung from the Lwl viS 
 griping or violent straining. It is -i svmnf^n J^r T 
 
 food , cooked food for hard- working horses - manv irr 
 
 tc ■'sta^nanV'T'y ^P""^" P°'"'°-' •-->""?;; 
 "C. , stagnant, putrid water; undio-ested matter ,v, tl, 
 
 bowels from imperfect masticktion of dTgesHon i mVac 
 
 t.on of .some part of the bowels ; worms etc ' I maJ 
 
 occur from irritants secreted from the bk,od?as n "he 
 
 va e71f7:,^S^"'^ accidentally taken in' witi food 
 
 Kin erpest Te.xan fever, hog cholera, lung fever) 
 
 ; cMiiiUr '•'' "■•","!'? '''■°"' ""= ^kin, as in Sxposure 
 to ch.lhng rains, night de„-.s, or to damp stalls, or to hot 
 
ml 
 
 1 88 T)IK KAKMER'S VETERINARY ADVISEA. 
 
 tl.inip buildiii^rs, seasons or localities. II 
 
 lal 
 
 pulpy 
 
 orscs are espec 
 il)le to siipi'ipurijatioM if worked or supi)Hed with 
 
 sic. 
 quent 
 
 icc-coid water (liiriii<,r tjie operation of a dose of phy 
 
 .Sj/;//A>;//.v.--'riicse nKi> be sli-dit 
 
 as ill the fr< 
 
 evacuations ol animals fed exclusively on roots 
 
 or severe, as in the excvssive and almost constant dis' 
 char.L,^e of a dark colored .iquid mixed wit! 
 dianluea does not affect tne appetit 
 
 1 mucus. 
 
 with improvement in condition, but in ti 
 there is loud rumblint-: in the abd 
 
 Slight 
 e nor interfere 
 le seveicr forms 
 
 ar-c 
 
 o'nen, loss of appetite 
 I condition, rapid, small, weak pulse, hurried breath- 
 
 kness even to un- 
 
 pawinj; and 
 
 ... - , . . ill bail cases. 
 
 rses It IS olten followed by inllammation of the 
 
 ini,\p;ul!d mucous membranes, and weal 
 
 .steady j;ait. Distension of the belly, with ........ 
 
 other siijns of abdominal [)ains may appear in bad 
 
 In horses it is oficn folIou/.-d K«r' .'.wi ,.:..., 
 
 feet. 
 
 TrCiXtmnit. Unload the bowels by linseed, olive or 
 castor oil, accordin^r to the patient, adding; laudanum, 
 and follow up by mucilai;iiunis (linseed 
 .slippery elm) or starchv drau<iht 
 
 gum Arabic. 
 
 \\i 
 
 th 
 
 or wi 
 
 th(Hit 
 
 auc 
 
 Ian 
 
 tian, cinchona, salici 
 
 or even injections, 
 um. as ma)- seem required. In 
 
 lui. 
 gen- 
 tle, nux vomica.) and carminative 
 
 prolonged and obstinate cases, astringents (kino, catecl 
 oak bark, tannic acid, nitrate of silver,) with tonics ( 
 
 (cami)horated spirit, ginger, peppers, caraway, fennel 
 etc..) may have to be empIo)etl. IJut * 
 
 m no case should 
 
 en 
 is 
 
 stringents or opiates be used until the irritant lias be 
 carried off by a laxative, and usually a change of diet .o 
 needful to prevent a second attack. In acute or obsti- 
 nate cases, dry rubbing or blister to the belK- may be 
 useful, and perfect rest must be enjoined. 
 
 Dysentkrv.— Btoodv-Ivlux.— This is a morbid pro- 
 cess approaching inflammation of the mucus membranes 
 of the large intestines, and leading to the formation of 
 ulcers. It occurs in cattle, horses, swine and dogs, and 
 maybe enzootr^ on certain rich impervious soils, or even 
 epizootic 
 
 Causes. — Those of diarrhoea acting with greater 
 energy ; the emana».ions from marshy, inundated soil?. 
 
DYSENTERY— BLOODY FT,UX. 
 
 189 
 
 sive l,eats ; or even a cojajum' '"'"■•'^"""" '" ««s- 
 
 l>.'ssccl with .still uore nd ■ ' '™''!y offensive, and 
 tlie s;unc „,-,inr„, IrliJ'f • ^'nnn.ng. J.ater still, 
 thuuKh tl c re in','', '° '"■'!'« ■■'""y -'nything 
 
 repulsive tlun eve, \ d ' ■''■^"-' T'" "''^"PP'--^'-* "'°'-« 
 
 Is 'gradually lost "„;" ' i^^rcrel::^^;'"' F '^- ''^''^•"■•" 
 Sist, with starinc coat im, ""'"^'•,''?- F'^^er ex,sts at 
 
 mouth and accented .^uhe bS? t> "•"■,"-' ''°*' '■^''"^'l 
 the disease beco.nes c r™Vc T .e^M '"'' 1^'"^^'='^ ^ 
 
 of .silver . S3 Jos'es of on ^F^^'' "■' "^°PP"- ""^^''^ 
 
 osote or'ear£o"2 acid often'a be, e^.^anv':; ^'T' "!," 
 mucous membnnp o., ''*-'^ °^"^"-'aliy on the diseased 
 
 injections T nucnacrinl fl '"]' "Sv '^ "^"^^ '^^ ^'^^" ^« 
 easily digested and f^H v^lf'' ^^^^' "^"^^ ^e bland, 
 uheatbmn orLur from . ''\^', ^ ''"^"- ^^^^es of 
 ley or oats Zu flJ : ^'"'^''^^ ^''^'" of wheat, bar- 
 
 uje Dprbivoi ci , and farinas made into puddings 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
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 I.I 
 
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 motograpiiic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 iV 
 
 •M 
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 A 
 
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 ^ 
 
 
 
 '%'■ 
 

 t^^- 
 
 f/j 
 
I go 
 
 THE FARxMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER 
 
 with just enough juice of meat to insure their being eaten, 
 to the carnivora. Fresh raw meat without fat, beaten to 
 a pulp in a mortar will often agree when nothing else will. 
 The drink should be mixed with a little boiled linseed, 
 gum, slippery elm or barley water. 
 
 Obstruction of the Bowels.— Under this head 
 may be considered all cases of complete obstruction of 
 the bowels excepting those of the nature of hernia or 
 rupture. It will include blocking of the gut by hardened 
 dung, calculi, and foreign bodies swallowed ; invagina- 
 tion or the slipping of a portion of gut into what is adja- 
 cent, like the drawing of a finger of a glove into itself; 
 volvulus, or the rolling on itself of a portion of intestine 
 with its coimecting membrane until nothing can pass 
 through it ; strangulation of an intestine by another 
 rolled round it, by a tumor hanging by a long pedicle, 
 or by a band of false membrane formed in some pre- 
 existing inflammation and gradually contracting; tumors 
 formed within a gut ; and in steers the strangulation of a 
 loop of intestine in a pouch in the right flank formed by 
 contraction on the sperm'atic cord in castration. 
 
 The syinptoius of complete obstruction are those of 
 severe spasmodic colic, but v^ithout the intervals of com- 
 plete freedom from pain. It differs also from enteritis 
 in that there is no rise of temperature at first. The dung 
 may be abundant at the outset, but as the disease ad- 
 vances is more or less completely suppressed, the portion 
 of intestine beiiind the obstruction having been emptied. 
 The horse often seems to obtain a partial temporary re- 
 lief by sitting on his haunches or lying on his back, and 
 will retch, though vomiting is rare, unless the stomach is 
 ruptured. If the obstruction is in the pelvic flexure of 
 the hrge bowels it may be felt by the hand introduced 
 through the rectum. 
 
 In rinninants the preliminary colics may be followed 
 by quietude, but there remain extreme lassitude, depres- 
 sion, sunken eye and dry hot muzzle, and even stupor 
 or coma. In cattle the hand introduced into the rectum 
 will detect the mass of the ovcrdistended bowel above 
 
 i 
 
HERNJA—RUnURE— BURST. 
 
 191 
 
 the obstruction. It may also ascertain the existence of 
 a pouch imprisoning the gut in the right flanic and may 
 even pull it out and relieve. -^ 
 
 In dogs violent colic may be absent, but there is much 
 depression niappetence, vomiting of the bile or feces 
 arching of the back tucking up of the belly, the pnssage 
 with much pain and straining of mucus- covered feels 
 and later straining without any passage, while the over- 
 belly! "^^^ ""'^^ ^'^^ ^^'°"^^'' ^^"^ ^"^"^ °*" the 
 
 Treat7ne;,t~.ln most cases of absolute obstruction 
 nothing can be done except to relieve the pain by ano- 
 dynes (opium, belladonna, stramonium, Indian hemp 
 etc.,) and leave to nature. Invaginafion, volvulus or J/. 
 //., when their presence is ascertained in ruminants, pigs 
 or dogs, would warrant an incision through the walls of 
 the abdomen and an attempt to rectify with the hand 
 In cat le the opening must always be made in the right 
 flank, the left being occupied by the paunch. The wound 
 must be afterward carefully sewed up and the animal p e- 
 vented from rubbing it. Gut-He may often be remeSed 
 by manipulation with the hand in the rectum, or even by 
 the simpler expedient of jumping from a bank about two 
 fee high though. If due to adhesion of the cord to an in- 
 testine the abdomen must be opened and the band cut. 
 
 Hernia -RUPTURE.-BURST.-Hernia is undeistood 
 to mean the displacement of some internal organ through 
 a natural or unnatural opening. Of abdominal organs he 
 bowels and omentum are those that icst commonly pro! 
 trude, though the womb often escapes in bitches ^ Ac- 
 cording to the structure through wliJch the organ passes 
 the hernia is named .--into the chest, diapkrlgml^clr 
 Phrenic- through the omentum or mesenteryr. ^'L/ 
 ^....«/...; through the n^v^\, umbilical ; into the scro- 
 tum, tngumal or scrotal ; through the femoral arch to 
 the inner side of the thigh, femoral; through an arti! 
 ficial opening in the walls of the abdomen ventral- 
 through the relaxed walls of the ^^g\n^,- vagM ' 
 
 Diaphragmatic Hernia may occur from violent muscu- 
 

 192 THK farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 lar efforts, from the violent shock of a heavy abdominal 
 organ on the midriff in leaping or from laceration with a 
 broken rib or other offending body. The worst cases 
 are suddenly .atal from suffocation. In others there is a 
 sudden access of difficult breathing with gurgling sounds 
 on auscultating the chest. In still others, wi: . a smaller 
 rupture, the rumbling in the chest may be absent but there 
 is violent, continuous colic and rapid prostration as in 
 obstmctjon. In tli.e slightest forms there is only an ex- 
 tra lifting of the flanks as in heaves. Treatment is use- 
 less, though rest and anodynes will allow a slight case 
 to merge into the chronic form. 
 
 Mesenteric and Omental Hernia give rise to complete 
 obstruction of the bowels and can rarely be recognized 
 nor remedied. 
 
 Umbilical Hernia is common in horses, dogs and very 
 young ruminants. It is usually congenital but may re- 
 sult from violent straining, running or jumping. The 
 swelling is very manifest and when handled its contents 
 are found to move on each other, to gurgle and to pass 
 back in a mass when pressed. 
 
 Treatment is often needless, the sac becoming effaced 
 with growth. If not, make a soft pad for the navel and 
 attach it to elastic bands passing round the body and 
 fixed in their turn to others extending back from a col- 
 lar round the neck. Or in slight cases blister the sac 
 severely and repeatedly ; or apply wooden clamps over 
 the skin close up to the belly, having first perfectly re- 
 turned the protrusion, and let them be worn until they 
 drop off. 
 
 higidnal Hernia occurs in the male quadruped of any 
 age, as the sac containing the testicle remains continuous 
 with the abdomen throughout life. It is rare but by no 
 means unknown in the castrated animal. It may exist 
 without any other symptom than an unnatual swelling of 
 the scrotum, the contents movable on themselves, the 
 thickening extending up to the abdomen, and the who!e 
 disappearing suddenly and in a mass when pressed. Or 
 these signs may be associated with the violent and con- 
 tinuous colicky pains of obstruction. In all cases of colic 
 
EVERSION OF THE RECTUM. 193 
 
 |n entire males the possibility of hernia should be borne 
 in mind and an examination made 
 
 Treatment is very varied, in difficult cases requiring 
 anatomical knowledge and attention to many Snu fe 
 which cannot be given here. Yet in many cases ^he her^ 
 ma may be returned by simple pressure with the hand 
 with or without the other hand inserted into the last gut 
 and carried down to the internal inguinal rinn- If the 
 patient IS thrown on his back with his hind parts well 
 raised the return wil be greatly facilitated. In pigsind 
 dogs castratior. should be resorted to. the gut be^ng first 
 
 ront'of thet ""f^ "^^'IJ ^ P^^^^^'"S "P°» theTaLl ^ 
 front of the testicle, and finally the wound in the skin 
 
 ewed up. For particulars of treatment of the ario^s 
 forms of inguina hernia see the author's larger wirk 
 treSS. "" '" ^'''''' '''''y demand! or receives 
 
 Vmtrat Hernia is easily distinguished from other 
 swellings of the abdominal walls by the movable o^^^r 
 
 P e"sf urr'^Th ''1:'^ "^""\^^^^ ^^^ '^^ abdf ^n^^ 
 pressure Though often masked by surrounding inflati- 
 mation these characters can usually be Sniz d 
 Treatment is most successful just after the injuryls s^s 
 ained as after the margins of the wound haie^ecome 
 insensible they will not contract and heal. Return t^e 
 protrusion, throwing the animal on its back and quiet L^ 
 vith opium, ether or chloral i( necessary. The^n cov"? 
 he opening with pads and cover with a strong sheet 
 wound round the abdomen and laced tightly a"ong the 
 back Keep the sheet in position by bands cSfrom 
 its anterior border to a collar round the neck AdiuS 
 
 naSu'^"" '''' ^''"^ RECTUM.-The rectum protrudes 
 naturally ,n passing dung but returns immediately. If 
 
 l^^TiT^ '""""t '^ ^^"^^"^^ interference. Poorly kep 
 animals (dogs, pigs. ) are liable, and it may be caused in aU 
 

 194 'i'HE I'ARMEk'S VETKKINARY AUVISiiR 
 
 from violent straining in work, parturition, conLtipation 
 diarrhrea or dysentery. The protrusion may be confined 
 to a mucous fold at one side of the anus or the entire gut 
 may protrude to the length of several feet. If recent it 
 IS little altered, but if old, is red, thick, softened or even 
 ulcerated. Ths protrusion must be emptied, cleaned 
 and returned, the oiled finger or arm (according to size) 
 bemg introduced into the gut and through the constric- 
 tion of the anus and the other hand used to strip it off 
 from this. The head ofif the patient should be turned 
 downhill and straining prevented by pinching the back 
 In small animals with old protrusions the part may have 
 to be cut off close to the anus and a few stitches passed 
 through the edges to keep them in apposition. When 
 returned a truss should be applied as for nwrted uterus 
 or vagina and a spare, laxative diet allowed, nourishing 
 or not according to the needs of the patient. 
 
 Piles.— These are dilatation of the veins on the inner 
 and outer sides of the anus, with exudation and fibrous 
 thickening of the surrounding connective tissue to form 
 rounded swelling. They are reported in all domestic 
 animals but are especially common in dogs. Melanotic 
 tumors in horses are often confounded with them. They 
 are generally connected with torpid, inactive liver and 
 an aggravated costiveness, straining and the presence of 
 irritants in the large intestines. Dogs draw the annus 
 a ong the ground as in intestinal worms, pass hardened 
 blood-streaked duni ivith much straining, pain and sharp 
 cries, and present aiound the anus bluish tumors which 
 bleed freely if wounded and are connected with the ter- 
 mmal end of the gut that hangs out through the open- 
 ing. The general health rarely suffers much. In other 
 animals there is itching, switching and rubbing of the 
 tail v/ith the characteristic tumors and much straining 
 and difficulty in passing dung. Treat by mild laxatives 
 (sulphate of soda and common salt, 3 ozs. daily for the 
 large, and 20 to 30 grains for the small quadrupeds ; or . 
 podophyllin in one-fifth the usual doses, daily). Give 
 moderately of laxative, easily-digested food and main- 
 
 I 
 
FISTULA IN ANUS— IMPERFORATT ANUS. I95 
 
 tain tone by bitters (nux vomica). Locally bathe with 
 ep.d solutions of opium, stramonium and astringSts 
 (sugar of lead, alum, tannin, sulphurous acid, benzfated 
 ox.de of zmc omtment). Check bleeding by soluUons 
 of sulphate of iron or matico. It is sometimes necessarv 
 to remove with the ligature. necessary 
 
 FISTULA IN ANUS.--This is a communication between 
 a suppurating sore and the terminal part of the recTum 
 There are usually two openings, one in the gut and thl' 
 other close bes.de the anus. The rational treatment is 
 to remove any foreign body or other cause of irritat on 
 and then passing an india rubber cord through the canal 
 to bring the end from the internal wound LtthS 
 the anus and, stretching the rubber, to tie both toge^hfr 
 after which, by its elasticity, it slowly cuts its wav 
 through, while the wound steadily heals behind. ^ 
 
 IMPERFORATE ANUS.-This is not uncommon in 
 young animals and may be relieved by a free incision as 
 soon as the accumulation of dung in the end of he rec! 
 tum furnishes a firm pad on which to cut. The incision 
 
 ttf.^ SI?" ^" '^^ f^"^^'' ^^ '^' fir- muscu ar in" 
 
 ?e afrfelt 7 '"''"^'' '^' "P^"^"^' ^"^ ^^ich ma? 
 be easily felt. In mares spontaneous relief is often ob 
 
 ained by a rupture into the vagina. If the gut as well 
 
 as the opening is wanting, there is no remedy - 
 
 Peritonitis— Inflammation of the Lining Mem 
 BRANE OF THE ABDOMEN.-This occurs in all domestl" 
 animals and may be limited to a particular part or may 
 be general. It is mostly caused by mechanical injurieJ 
 as wounds of the abdominal walls-surgical or ither: 
 vwse, or by rupture of an abscess, of the stomach, intes- 
 
 ne, bladder or womb. It may also result from sudden 
 
 coldlff °^-J\"'^''' '^'"^ ^'•^"^ ^^P^^""-- to excessive 
 cold, to frigid showers or dews or to a wet bed after per! 
 
 p.ration and fatigue. This is of course most f equ^ent 
 
 m horses and oxen. Similar exposure to cold is a Vm- 
 
 nsin T.'\' peritonitis after wounds of the abdomen. 
 as in castration. ' 
 
196 
 
 THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 Symptoms. — If very circumscribed there may be sim- 
 ply slight colic, worse at one time than another, with 
 acute pain when the affected part is pressed. When 
 more general there is shivering followed by a hot stage, 
 colic, stiffness of the hind limbs, especially in the 
 smaller animals, swelling, tension and great tenderness 
 of the abdomen, constipation, or in rare cases, watery or 
 even bloody diarrhcea, complete loss of appetite, vomit- 
 ing in animals capable of this act, quick, catching breath- 
 ing and rapid hard pulse, becoming softer, weaker and 
 smaller when serous effusion takes p'ace. Efftision is 
 further attended by a relief from the colics and tender- 
 ness, a more sunken eye, pallid mucous membranes, 
 deeper breathing, and a more pendent belly with a sense 
 of fluctuation when it is handled. In ruminants the 
 right side is especially tender and the animal stands 
 crouching with its ^our feet near together. The wound 
 of the abdomen usually completes the list of symptoms. 
 
 Treatment. — The abdomen may sometimes be cupped 
 or leeched with advantage, though warm fomentations 
 or poultices, (or even warm baths for small animals) 
 followed by mustard poultices, are more generally appli- 
 cable. Then the preparations of opium may be given in 
 full and frequent doses to allay pain and keep the bowels 
 inactive. VVell-boiled gruels may be given frequently as 
 injections, as what is thrown on the stomach is usually 
 vomited or lies unabsorbed. During recovery great care 
 must be exercised in feeding. Decoctions of linseed or 
 well-boiled gruels of oat, barley or rye-meal should gra- 
 dually give place to soft, warm bran mashes and finally 
 to hay and ordinary food. The carnivora may have 
 beef tea. Anodynes (opium, prussic acid,) may be given 
 to relieve pain and diuretics (nitre, digitalis, sweet spirits 
 of nitre, etc.,) employed to remove-the effusion. Tonics 
 (oxide of iron, gentian, cinchona, etc.,) may be demanded 
 and occasionally mustard poultices to remove tenderness. 
 
 Ascites — Dropsy of the Abdomen. — This may be 
 a result of peritonitis, of obstruction to the flow of blood 
 through the intestinal (i)ortal) veins as in diseased liver, 
 
GASTRIC AND INTESTINAL PARASITES. jgy 
 
 spleen, pancreas, mesenteric glands valves nf f»,« u . 
 etc.. or finally it may depend on an .^nT i .^ ^^^'*' 
 of the blood as in cerf^Jn r? v- ""^"^"^^ ^^^^""y state 
 
 ^W/.^..lDLtended foot? hnr^i °'^'^ ^'^°^^^^'''- 
 lous. with hollow flanS or if ^th/^-^^ -^ ' ^'^ P^"^"" 
 dant, rounded and TnU FI .^. T"^ ■'' "^""'^ ^b""" 
 pressure is made at two different S." '' ?'">^ ^^^^ '^ 
 elicits a dull dead sou^d in J. ^'u' ''"'' P^'-cussion 
 like resonance of the botd^ ^ The^rif'"^"^ '^""- 
 tite and digestion imDaired S J..if- f '' ^''^"^y- ^PP^" 
 condition poor andTetf?nc; ^"^^^^'"^^deep and excited, 
 
 and often s^heddfng fnd w^r'''' ^^'' ^T '■^"^^' ^'^'^ 
 part of the bodt"i^i:"tLTnfed^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 pn-m~u;i"''^^^^^^^ ^t rs^^^ '-^ r-'^^^ ^^^ true 
 
 etc.. in as t^n doslTlTZ' f^""^A '^!^''^"-' "'t-- 
 tonics (sulphate of iron ^.nH ""^'^ ^'" P^''"^'"^' ^^^^h 
 
 tincturi of^odL o'er thSoVer "xh '? ^' ^."' ^^^^^ 
 drawn off with a fine cnnnnl. ^ ^^ ^"^"'^ '"^y be 
 
 being extracted at a time aLd'tSe Z""^!^' ""iT^^^^ ^^^^ 
 supported by a hVht b^nH-fl • f-'^'"''^ '''''"' ** <^nce 
 ff uy d iignc bandage encircling the body. 
 
 Gastric and Intesttnat padact^. 
 Insects.-.?^/. -These are thri'''''?T'^^^^^ '''' 
 species of P-aa/^v thS nl. ^^1 ^^^^^ 9^ ^our different 
 
 autumn, glufnl^d^erltXv. ^^''^^^ '" ^"'""^^'- ^"^1 
 hairs ben?athfhe ^w on .h L*" ''^^'^ "^^^ °" ^he long 
 limbs on which thfemn?^ the breast, shoulders and fore 
 the winten^'^^^ht ^l^^^^tl^^^^^^^^ 
 
 and are devoureSwith Yt 'X 'th7 'h" ^"/V't^^^^ 
 around their hp;,Hc X ll' C^^, ^"^ ^^^ ^^ the hooks 
 
 membrane ma niy ofThe tft 'l^.7fT ^^ ^^^ "^"^^- 
 often also of ntZr I V ^^ft half of the sfomach, but 
 
 stomact the duo^enC'n'"'^ u '^' ''S^' ^'^^ ^^ the 
 stomach and the thmaT Th?'".P' ^'^^'"^ ^^'^"^ ^'^^^ 
 
 ^i-interand^:^XpaS^:S::;SS^;j^&^ 
 
 II 
 
198 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER 
 
 In the soil, and are transformed into the gadfly. The 
 disturbance they cause depends on their numbers and 
 the portions of the canal on which they attach them- 
 «^elves. In the throat they produce a chronic sore-throat 
 and discharge from the nose, which continues until the 
 following spring, unless they are previously extracted 
 with the hand. In the left half of the stomach, which is 
 covered with a thick insensible cuticle, they do little 
 harm when in small numbers, hence Bracy Clark sup- 
 posed them to be rather beneficial in stimulating the 
 secretion of gastric juice. When very numerous, and, 
 above all, when attached to the highly sensitive right 
 half of the stomach or the duodenum, they seriously in- 
 terfere with digestion, causing the animals to thrive 
 badly, to be weak or easily sweated and fatigued, and 
 even determining sudden and fatal indigestions. This 
 last result is especially liable to occur in spring or early 
 .summer, when the bots are passing out in great numbers 
 and hooking themselves at intervals to the coats of the 
 sensitive bowels in their course. They will sometimes 
 accumulate in such numbers as to actually block the 
 passage. They even attach themselves to the skin out- 
 side the anus, causing the animal to go awkwardly, to 
 switch his tail, and to give other signs of extreme discom- 
 fort until the tail is raised and the ofTender discovered 
 and removed. Alleged perforations of the stomach by 
 bots are usually ruptures, the result of indigestion. 
 
 The irritation caused by their presence is not easily 
 distinguished from other forms of indigestion and colic. 
 It may be tympanitic or not, accompanied or not with 
 diarrhoea, and of the most variable intensity. If occur- 
 ring after a period of abstinence when the worms are pre- 
 sumably hungry, or if in spring or early summer, if the 
 bots are found passing with the dung, if the horse turns 
 up his lips as if nauseated, and if the margins of the 
 tongue are red and fiery, there will be so much more cor- 
 roborative evidence. 
 
 ^ Treatment.— \\\ cases of irritation following abstinence 
 give potatoe juice, gruels, etc., to feed and quiet the bots, 
 adding some anodyne (opium, hyacyamus,) or mucilagin- 
 
 P 
 
INTESTINAL WORMS. ,^ 
 
 Z urTJi""' ^■■'''''' ^''^""^ ""'''•^- ■fallow, slippery 
 eim,; ii it appears necessary. * * ^ 
 
 We cannot certainly kill' the hnt« in tUc. .*■ i. 
 they will resist the stro^ngest ac^stj" Ikali^ ^rnVs? 
 irresp.rab e and poisonous gases, the most pS narco 
 ics and mineral poisons, empyreumatic oilsretc 01 of 
 turpentme. bryony, eth.^r and ben.ine have been Ve ied 
 on by different practitioners, but none of tL^are a fte 
 satisfactory. It seems probable that these like other 
 verm.fuges will act best in autumn or ealv win tr before 
 1 c larva has acquired his hard, horny cokt of r^ail \^[d 
 
 around stables i.: th^l^rto^^^otct^^o'^^bl I^T 
 ably acts m this way, if at all, being cropped and iual 
 lowed by the animals while the bots^re stm wWte sof ' 
 and permeable to liquids ' °'^' 
 
 baJct%tr°ii^nn1'^ '? ^S ^''^^'"^ ^y anti-spasmodics (to- 
 bacco, stramonium, laudanum, etc.,) and mild laxatii^^ 
 
 the d arn\"ndt^ k "^'^^ "^" '^^ '^ support him uS 
 
 rHt.nt ' T ^^'P ^¥ ^^'^''^^ g^'-ged, lazy, and non- 
 
 ritant In summer when the bots are coming- awav 
 
 their exit may be precipitated by a good dose o?|hTsk 
 Pr.^.«/,.;, Trim off the long hairs of the aw Et' 
 
 revtrthTe^^^^^^^ "'^V"' apply a little 'oiTdairto 
 pi event the eggs from adherine- Or hmcH r.f( i-u^ 
 
 w,th soap-sudsVily before thfy have hadlime oVaffh 
 
 aws i/X ^P'^^^^fclothextended across beneath he 
 laws IS often employed to protect this part. 
 
 KAT-TAttED MAGGOTS, the larva of /W«-//« are »Un 
 found m horses' intestines, but are not kntwfto be i^ju" 
 
 clalsJs''rTt.T''"'-^''^^^ ''' "'""^^'J ■•" four 
 up of a sucJes^ilrr''""' '=°"^'^"»g °f flat bodies made 
 nert ■'„^"'^«^^ ?n of/egments or links, with a narrow 
 
 M^s. soft-bodied, flattened, leaf^fke Tr ovoid wirms! 
 
200 THE lARMERT) VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 with digestive organs ami a variable number of sue in g 
 discs ; 3, the thorn-hcadcd worms, with long rounded 
 bodies and retractile snouts furnished with hooks, by 
 which they attach themselves to the mucous membrane, 
 but neither mouth nor digestive canal ; 4, lastly, the 
 round zvonns, which differ from the last in the absence of 
 a protractile, hooked snout and the possession of mouth 
 and digestive canal. The horse harbors in his intestinal 
 canal at least three tape-worms and seven round worms ; 
 the ox, two tape-worms, two flukes, and five round worms; 
 the sheep, one tape-worm, one fluke, and seven round 
 worms ; the pig, one thorn-headed worm and five round 
 wor. ris ; the dog, thirteen tape-worms, one fluke, and five 
 round worms ; the cat, five tape worms, three flukes, and 
 three round worms ; the rabbit, ne tape-worm and three 
 round worms ; the go p. and duck, nine tape-worms, 
 seven flukes, one thorn-headed worm, and seven round 
 worms ; the chicken, four tape-worms, two flukes and 
 seven round worms ; and the turkey and pigeon, at least 
 two round worms each. Of these eighty-eight worms of 
 the digestive organs it is useless to attempt any descrip- 
 tion in a work of the present limits, so that our attention 
 must be mainly confined to their symptoms and treatment. 
 For further information the reader ?s referred to the 
 author's larger work, or to those of Leuckhart, Diesing, 
 Dujardin, Baillet Cobbold and other helminthologists. 
 
 The transformations of tape-worms have been already 
 referred to under parasites, and those of flukes under 
 diseases of the liver. The thorn-headed worms lay their 
 eggs within the body of their host, and these being passed 
 with the dung are swallowed by crustaceans, in which 
 they encyst themselves and develop the characters of 
 the adult worm in minature, but remain very minute 
 and fail to attain their full size till their host is swallowed 
 by another animal. Among domestic animals ducks and 
 pigs harbor these, probably because of their carnivorous 
 appetite. The round worms mostly live in their young 
 and immature condition, out of the body, in water or 
 moist earth, or on vegetables (see lung worms, verminous 
 bronchitis,) but sc>me are exceptions, like the common 
 
 ■am— I 
 
INTESlINAL WORMS. 
 
 201 
 
 pin-worm of the horse (Sclcrostormim Equliuim) which 
 hVes in pill-like masses of dungr, in little pouches and 
 closed cysts of the mucous membrane of the large intes- 
 tines and in dilatations of the blood-vessels, especially 
 the arteries of the bowels. This, with two other common 
 pin-worms of the horse (Sclerostomum Tetracanthum 
 Oxyuris Curvula,) are each about an inch in length, and 
 all mhabit the large intestine in their adult condition, 
 sometimes becoming so numerous in a district as to 
 cause an epizootic. Another round worm. (Ascaris Me- 
 galacephala) about six inches long, is very common in 
 the horse's small intestine. 
 
 Cattle suffer less from intestinal worms, but the follow- 
 ing are not infrequently injurious, .pecially to calves 
 The Ion,: tape-worm (Taenia Expansa), Ascaris Bovis 
 (like a common earth-worm), the hair-headed worm 
 (Tricocephalus Affinis), the Sclerostomum Hypostomum 
 and Strongylus Radiatus. 
 
 Sheep suffer severely, especially from the long tape- 
 worm, Sclerostomum Hypostomum, Strongylus Fillicol- 
 lis, S. Contortus, Dochmius Cernuus and Tricocephalus 
 Affinis. The thick portion of the body of the last is 
 about an inch long, the other round worms are mostly 
 under an inch and a half The tape-worm is usually 
 three feet or under, but is alleged to gain a len^rth of 
 twenty, thirty and even one hundred feet. ' '^ 
 
 Swwe suffer severely from a thorn-headed worm 
 (Echinorynchus Gigas) from three to eighteen inches 
 long; a hair-headed worm (Tricocephalus Crenatus) a 
 little smaller than the ruminant's ; an ascaris (A. Suilla) 
 like that of ruminants; the Sclerostomum Dentatum 
 three to five lines in length, and the Trichina Spiralis' 
 one-eighteenth to one-sixth inch long. ' 
 
 In addition to the tape-worms mentioned in the gen- 
 eral articles on parasites, the dog suffers much ^om 
 others, as from the following round worms; Ascaris 
 Marginata, two to four inches long ; Spiroptera San- 
 guinolenta, one and one-half to three inches long- 
 Strongylus Trigonocephalus and Dochmius Trigonoceph- 
 alus, each under one half inch; and Tr/cocephalus 
 
 II 
 
202 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 Sf incf ''n "'' '^'' ^h';r\P^rt of which is about one- 
 threeTnckr ^SLT'" "^ '^' ^at, Ascaris Mystax. one to 
 cnree inclif long, deserves mention because of its beintr 
 harbored also in the human intestine ^ 
 
 G^W Sj^m/>toms of Intestinal ^m«j._These are 
 shown when worms are present in large numbers when 
 they attach themselves to the mucoL membra'nrs or 
 when they bore through these to reach other pTrts There 
 h de^hn^'^J ''^"' of ill health, poor condition, pot-beMy 
 hide-bou^^^^ «f the skin, often with 
 
 Itching, irregular and usually voracious appetite f^d 
 breatn, diarrhoea alternating with costivenesfthe pa ?aee 
 of mucous ^ylth the dung, slight colicky pains with tvm 
 pany especially in the morning before feeding a nnffJ 
 
 rem d"e! ^itVll'"^ ""1 >'f ^""^' which t"o^ie?su? 
 
 In the horse there is often a tendency to elevate fh^ 
 upper hp and to rub it against wall or manger to iLk 
 earth or hme, or to shake the tail or rub out th^ h.' 
 about its root. There may. though rarely Le severe 
 flatulent or spasmodic colic, enteritfs or perkoniL 
 
 In .J^///. there are advancing emaciatiordeprr^ed or 
 aTd ttidEh: ''^'''''' ^""^^"^^^-' colics^r/i^raniS 
 
 Sheets lose appetite, scour, suffer from thirst wasting 
 bloodless eyes, clapped, unhealthy or ThS/wool ^' 
 
 voiaX and vet M^ J'T- ^ symptoms, have unusual 
 or skeo w^fh Ti ^'^'' "'"^^' "^°"^' ^^^^rt from rest 
 
 Dogs suffer from inordinate appetite wactino- itch^r 
 skin, staring coat or loss of hair. KS'tions coHc oc^ 
 «a.ional scouring or vomiting, fc^tid fS^and itching 
 
":t* 
 
 INTESTINAL WORMS. 203 
 
 temper, s&rting wiThout ca^s'e dI^,^ *°"' '"-'"'^^^ 
 convulsions. ' P-''P"ations, vertigo or 
 
 t;onZf:^nirl^tnu^^' '^'^''''f '■"'° tl>"dministra- 
 o/tliemS their eLsanTn?/'^^'"'^"''^^^ 
 
 in llntef soulf^fS ha°l1t^^ 'T ''" '"""""■ - 
 or beets, and, i-J th'e" trs'e^'at talt ToL"of°t1;;""'P' 
 nutritive grains (oats, barley beans rnm V I "'f* 
 etc.,) ground or ungriund ^>?Jrmav ,^' T"^'^ ^^''^• 
 food, roots, a liberal supply of tvTin^ and i?':' f^K?" 
 buttermilk. Dogs mayfav^e salt^m^at!"^' ~^5 
 
 ou;ea7ufelhrS^,o':L'.t ^st^V'T'' 
 salts ; swine, dog or chick;n, castor oil) It shoSZ^" 
 be g,ven fasting before the morning's feed and ff i™ 
 
 rsTrthi^mouth'"^ ''''' '-'''""-■ 'y ^^^^^ 
 
 dels t!,1nttraTeSf:sreerr"S- 'T 
 
 aS^atfr.^:°rt%-isSr^^^^^ 
 
 prove poisonous to another P^"™*' "'»"''' 
 
 ■offhdrtS tdTrprthefr tteT''?"'^^' r'^"™ 
 
 S:^'L^ssbS^S^.p; 
 
 of K oz. to the large quad^peds ? rir fr"^ '" ''°''i 
 
 S\°n7s;?^;° fe>n?^" ? ^ ^'^Z^ 
 wee, and X^edi;;TsS Sr^?^"^" ''^"^ '» « 
 
 ■•"jection acts -vdl ^"' ' concentrated solution as an 
 
204 THE farmer's VETERINARV ADVISER. 
 
 Among the more direct vermifuges are: Common salt 
 allowed to be licked at will (must not be mixed in large 
 amount in the food of swine or chickens) ; oil of turpen- 
 tine ; calomel ; tartar emetic with sulphate of iron, for 
 SIX mornings running, and followed by a purge ; empy- 
 reumatic oils, and especially those coming oft" at a 
 slightly lower temperature than creosote and carbolic 
 acid ; aaedarach ; Spigelia marilandica (pinkroot) ; san- 
 tonme ; sulphuric ether ; asafcetida ; tansy ; savin, etc. 
 These are general vermifuges, and may be used especially 
 for the round worms. 
 
 For tape-worms use areca nut ; kousso ; root of male 
 shield-fern ; pomegranate root bark ; kameela ; pumpkin 
 seeds ; ailanthus glandulosa ; or oil of turpentine. In 
 every case the agent should be given fasting, it may 
 even be repeated at the end of four hours, and should be 
 followed by a smart purge. For weak animals areca nut 
 is especially suitable. 
 
 A course of tonics (sulphate of iron, gentian, coiunba,) 
 should follow with sound nourishing diet and pure water. 
 In the case of the Sclerostomum Equinum, it will 
 usually be needful to repeat the treatment at short inter- 
 vals to kill the young worms, which have escaped because 
 ©f their being buried in the mucous membrane. 
 
 Prevention is to be sought by measures advised under 
 lung-worms, especial attention being given to sound 
 nourishing food and pure water. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 
 
 Effects of deranged functions of the liver. General symptoms 
 and causes. Saccharine urine, Diabetes Mellitus. Blood-poison- 
 ing from imperfect oxidation of albuminoids, Azotemia, Azoturia 
 Enzootic Hsmoturia, Spinal Meningitis. Red-water in cattle' 
 sheep and pigs Wood Evil. Jaundice, Icterus, the Yellows. Con- 
 gestion of the hver Rupture of the liver. Inflammation of the 
 liver. Hepatitis. Chronic inflammation of the liver. Result of 
 t!,C* ;?^"-=*°"^^- Biliary Calculi. Fatty degeneration. 
 Tubercle. Cancer. Hypertrophy. Atrophy. Parasitic diseases 
 of the hver. Liver-rot, Fluke disease. Fasciola Hepatica. Disto- 
 mum Lanceolatum. 
 
 Only now, when the functions of the Hver are being 
 more fully discovered, do we begin to apprehend the full 
 importance of its various disorders. Formerly this organ 
 was supposed to have exhausted its functions in the 
 secretion of bile, and the various modifications and im- 
 paired discharge of this product, together with inflamma- 
 tion morbid growths and degenerations, circumscribed 
 the list of hepatic diseases. But the recognition of the 
 formation of glycogen and cholesterine in the liver to- 
 gether With urea and other less perfectly oxidized nitro- 
 genous bodies which pass into the blood in place of 
 being discharged with the bile, points to the liver as the 
 chief local seat of various disorders, such as diabetes 
 cnolestenne plugging of vessels, blood-poisoning from' 
 imperfectly oxidized albuminoids, and urinary culculi 
 
 General Symptotns.—ThQSQ may be stated shortly as 
 tollows: obesity, sluggishness, irregular bowels, the dung 
 being abundant, liquid and deep yellow or orange from 
 excess of bile in active congestions of the liver, or on the 
 contrary there may be costiveness, with light-colored, 
 tatid, inperfectly digested stools in cases in which bile 
 IS not secreted or is debarred from entering the bowels 
 
 
 (205) 
 
 lameness in the right 
 
206 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER 
 
 fore limb, or even in one or more of the remaining mem- 
 bers, without any observable local cause ; cramps and 
 even paralysis in the severer cases with poisonous pro- 
 ducts thrown into the blood ; a tardy pulse, sometimes 
 not more than half its natural number ; yellow or orange 
 color of the eye and other visible mucous membranes 
 and of the urine in cases of obstructed bile-ducts or 
 intestmes with reabsorpticn of bile, or in destruction of 
 blood-cells by taurocholic acid and other products abnor- 
 mally present in the blood ; tenderness or groaning when 
 the last rib is pinched or struck w-'h the closed fist; a 
 yellow or orange fur may sometimes be seen universally 
 diffused or in circumscribed spots on the upper surface 
 of the tongue ; the presence in the urine of deep brown 
 or reddish granular deposits replacing urea is another 
 sign of liver disorder. Obstructed circulation in the 
 liver causes congestion of the portal vein, engorged 
 spleen, intestinal catarrh, efifusion of blood on the bowels 
 Plies, dropsy of the abdomen, and swelling of the hind 
 limbs. These may therefore be attendant symptoms. 
 
 The conditions in which animals live may further 
 assist our decision in suggesting an efficient cause. The 
 fat idle, over-fed and pampered stock are especially 
 subject to liver disease, and more particularly if kept in 
 close, hot, damp buildings or climates, or supplied with 
 putrid water or unwholesome food. Thus the pampered 
 family horse, the idle farm horse during our long winters, 
 the high-bred ox, sheep or pig, in which everything has 
 been sacrificed to secure excellence as meat producers, 
 the pet dog, and the Brahmas, Cochins and other plump 
 hens of Asiatic extraction, present frequent examples of 
 liver disease. The stabled animal is more subject to it 
 than those running at pasture, and the subject liberally 
 fed on dry fodder than that nourished on succulent green 
 food. Then the denizen of the warm latitude and damp 
 miasmatic soil is more liable than others. 
 
 Saccharine Urine. Diabetes Mellitus.— Very 
 rare in the lower animals, but has been seen in carnivora 
 (dogs), omnivora (monkeys), cattle and even Iti the horse. 
 
SACCHARINE URINE. ' 207 
 
 Temporarj' sweetness of the urine is not disease but if 
 
 fBeS or I 7' ""^''\'' ^'""^^^^y ^^'^^y' enlarged 
 liernard) , or less frequently to the failure of the liver 
 
 to transform the sugar of the food into glycoUn or^t 
 
 may be from disease of the medulla oblonga^a^apoplexv 
 
 me Ddse of the bram. It has been produced exoeri 
 mentally by giving alcohol, ether, chloroform quJnh 
 ammoma, arsenic, phosphoric acid, and woora^.' ^ ' 
 Sj'm/>^oms.--R^pid loss of condition, scurfy unthrifty 
 k,n costive bowels, indigestion, ardent thirst^andexces^ 
 ive secretion of urine of a high specific gravity-horse 
 and ox 1060; pig, goat and sheep. i03o\nd upward , 
 The tests for sugar are : r, taste ; 2, fermentation when 
 yeast IS added and the whole allowed to stand n a warm 
 
 tesTKof'.' /' ''; '''''r",'" " '''''' -' the urine ha 
 test-tube of a few drops of solution of blue vitriol and a 
 
 considerable excess of potassa, and boiling the Hqutd for 
 
 a moment, when, if sugar is present, there^is a dSt o 
 
 the yellowish-brown suboxide of copper ^ 
 
 7>m/;«^//.- Rarely successful. The 'best results ire 
 
 to be expected in cases in which an active cause chs 
 
 .tdTn? '^\^T'^""^^ ""' ^'•^'"'^-" be recogii.;' 
 and kept in check or cured. Thus, with liver disease 
 
 ax^tivTVood'^'S"" "^-"^^ ^^''^' ^-- or oth r vil^: 
 axat.ve food, and cupping, mild blistering, or even 
 
 iease^.r'/^n'P"'""^ "^^>^ ^^ beneficial In lui " 
 disease the treatment must correspond to its na uro 
 whether inflammatory, tuberculous or otherwi e Toiiics 
 b i'T^^'"' T- "^'"^■''^ ^^''^y' demanded AlUh' 
 ot soda have been used with profit. Opium which 
 
 exr^errAf ^'^^^'^ ^^'^ '^f repeatedly succeeded at thS 
 expense of a severe attack of rheumatism. Free secre- 
 
 vwarn": ' I'.V '" ''l^f ^^-"-1 --1 should be ei ou aged 
 .iminlv Ih '•"'^' ^^'\ ''^"^ ^'""^t^- ^i^t should'be 
 i -, ij^auj, v<_n.,nei., iicsh df ■ • ■- r- " 
 
 lepnved of fat, etc. 
 
208 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 Blood-poisoning from Imperfect Oxidation of 
 Albuminoids. — Azotemia. — Azoturia. — Enzootic 
 Hematuria.— Spinal Meningitis. — Variously de- 
 scribed in the books as disease of the kidneys and spinal 
 cord, this is really due to disease of the liver, which fails 
 to efifect the transformation of albuminoids into urea, and 
 entails an accumulation in the gland and in the circu- 
 lating fluid of partially oxidized products, such as leucin 
 and tyrosin, which pass off in variable amount by the 
 kidneys. It attacks almost exclusively horses which 
 have stood idle in the stable for a few days, on good 
 diet, and are then taken out and subjected to active 
 exertion. 
 
 Symptcms, etc. — These are very variable. In the mild- 
 est forms there is only some lameness and muscular 
 trembling in a particular limb, without apparent cause, 
 brought on by sudden exertion, and attended by a dusky 
 brown color of the membranes of the eye and nose and 
 some signs of tenderness when the short ribs are struck. 
 This may be entirely cured by a course of gentle laxatives 
 (podophyllin, i scr,) and diuretics (colchicum, muriate of 
 ammonia, taraxacum, nitre,) and a graduaPinuring to 
 work, beginning with the slightest exertion, and increas- 
 ing day by day as the condition improves. The worst 
 form comes on during or after driving, it may be not 
 more than one hundred yards, the fire and life suddenly 
 giving place to anxiety and despondency, the subject 
 seems to be in violent pain, the flanks heave, the nostrils 
 are dilated, the face is pinched, the surface drenched in 
 perspiration, the body trembling violently, the limbs 
 weak, so that they sway and bend, while the animal 
 walks crouchingly behind, and soon goes down unable to 
 support himself. If urine is passed it is high-colored, 
 dark brown, red or black, and is usually thought bloody, 
 but it contains neither clots nor blood-corpuscles, its 
 color being due to the imperfectly oxidized albuminoids 
 mixed with an excess of urea. When the patient is down 
 the limbs and whole body are still convulsed at intervals, 
 but are beyond the control of the animal, showing the 
 poisonous effect on the nervous system. The pulse is 
 
WOOD EVIL. 
 
 209 
 
 variable but high, and the temperature of the body nor- 
 mal at first, though it rises slightly if the animal survives. 
 Death may ensue m a few hours or days, or improvement 
 manifested at any period may go on to complete recov- 
 ery. The blood IS dark, difRuent, clots loosely if at all 
 and smells strongly. In some cases of recovery a partial 
 paralysis of the hind limbs or wasting of the crural nerve 
 and muscles above the stifle will sometimes persist for a 
 time, showing structural nervous disease 
 
 l/fZZf''' fV"" ^^ Tti ^y ''"^"^^'^ ^^"y exercise. 
 In the case of horses which have had a period of abso- 
 
 lute repose, submit to walking exercise only at first 
 gooVlTc^idLt^^ '^y^-'' '"^^y W attained 
 Trm^menj.-Char out the bowels and unload the por- 
 tal vein and liver by active purgatives. Podophyllin V. 
 drachm, aloes 4 drachms, may be given by the mouth 
 and copious injections of soap-suds, with oil or salts, by 
 the anus, until the bowels respond, in which case a favor- 
 able termination may be hoped for. Drachm doses of 
 br-mide of potassium may be given frequently to calm ' 
 nervous disorder, and when the bowels have responded 
 half drachm doses of colchicum and drachm doses of 
 muriate of ammonia three times a day. Warm fomenta^ 
 tions o the body but especially to the loins, are benefi- 
 .nH V ^^ '" soothing irritation in the liver, spinal marrow 
 and kidneys, and in securing a free perspiration and the 
 elimination of morbid matters by the skin. They may 
 be replaced by a newly removed sheep-skin applied with 
 ^e fleshy side m, and followed by a mustard poultice 
 When the appetite returns the diet must be of sloppy 
 mashes and moderate in quantity. ^ 
 
 In cas^e the paralysis persists after the acute symptoms 
 have subsided, treat as for functional paralysis. 
 
 P,^^^?, ^^^L;-I^ED Water of Cattle, Sheep and 
 nGS^_Uncier this name we designate a malady gener- 
 ally described as bloody urine ( hcematuria), but as the 
 
 ZJ?^^^ y""^ "'"^,"'^ ^°"^^'" b^^°^ globules or clots, 
 - rne liver is -nmost invariably enlarged and soft- 
 
210 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 ened, and the blood elements are largely destroyed, it 
 must be conceded that the affection is more intimately 
 associated with disorder of the hepatic functions than of 
 any other. The cause, which may be stated as feeding on 
 irritant and unwholesome food, is such as is calculated to 
 disorder the digestive organs and liver. The blood seems 
 to suffer secondarily, though it is by no means disproved 
 that other blood-forming functions besides those of the 
 liver are involved. The blood itself is usually thin, 
 watery and comparatively incoagulable, with a deficiency 
 of fibrine, albumen and red globules — the last named 
 elements being smaller than natural and irregularly 
 notched around their margins. The urine varies in 
 color from a simple reddish tinge through the various 
 shades of red and brown to black. It contains albumen 
 and various albuminoid agents, excess of urea, cholesterine 
 and phosphates, implying hepatic disturbance and de- 
 structive changes taking place in the blood. 
 
 This is essentially a disease of unimproved localities, 
 and attacks animals fed too exclusively on products of 
 such land, which are naturally stimulating to the diges- 
 tive organs and liver. Turnips and other saccharine 
 roots, though perfectly safe from ordinary soils, are dan- 
 gerous from these, and in the natural meadows and 
 woods the young shoots of resinous trees (coniferse) 
 and the acrid plants of the' ratiuncultis, colchicum and 
 asdepias idimxXiQS, etc., are held to produce it. Its pre- 
 valence in woods and uncultivated meadows has pro- 
 cured for it in almost all European countries some name 
 equivalent to wood disease. An important element in 
 the causation is the existence of soil rich in organic 
 matter and soured by the stagnation of water owing to 
 a clay or otherwise impervious subsoil. Cows are very 
 susceptible just after calving, and often perish. 
 
 Symptoms. — Dulness, languor, weakness, especially of 
 the hind limbs, trembling, surface coldness, staring coat, 
 dry muzzle, hot mouth and horns, and diminution of the 
 milk, which is white and frothy and may throw down a 
 reddish sediment. Appetite is lost, thirst ardent, pulse 
 small and weak, beats of che heart tumultuous, amount- 
 
JUANDICE.— ICTERUS—THE YELLOW*. 211 
 
 relaxed atterwards costive, abdomen tender, urine oassed 
 frequently in small quantity and often w th suffednl 
 
 ief fn ?n K i ""^^'^ !^ extreme. Delirium even will 
 set in in bad cases, and death usually supervenes on a 
 state of extreme prostration. "pcrvenes on a 
 
 ..^•^^''^'''u ""f/ ^^ ^°"8^ht in thorough drain e • in 
 restricting the allowance of objectionabll food i sud 
 pkmenting it with sound, dry grain and odd;r n the" 
 
 sprint un'tille^'^P' ""^.'^ ^"^ "^^^^^ meadows in 
 
 rdectfon of hav frot^f^^^^ ^'°^'^ °^ ^^^^^' ^"^ i" the 
 of acrS plLts"^ ^ faulty pastures containing an excess 
 
 cJd7t^ler7yf'' '^r°"''' °^ '^^ ^'^^^^^ "°thing suc- 
 ceeds better than a free evacuation of the bowels and 
 
 depletion of the portal vein and liver by an a?tTve pur 
 ga ive When there is no abdominal pain or other S 
 ofinflammaionofthe bowels, salts or any other act ?e 
 purgative will suffice, but with colic and ^nderness of 
 the abdomen, we must restrict our choice to olive oHand 
 other bland materials. I„ advanced and welk cond^ 
 nTmkf''''f'T'°^^'"^^^^^^°"^d be resorted to. The 
 iron ?LiV. ^^, ^"Sr^ed by diffusible stimulants and 
 he.f£^ '7'^^ ^^^^"^^^ °^ P°t^ssa, and the bowels 
 sheathed and protected by infusions of slipperv elm nr 
 ma low, decoctions of linseed, eggs. milkTr S^uc Sge 
 ^ uelf h"^"^ '°"'^' °^ ^'"^^^^ dicoctions, wen-boned 
 
 d%t;dto"d""'"' '''' °^^^^ -^"^- -d -Sy 
 
 _ Jaundice.— Icterus.— The Yeli ow«! t^.-o „ 
 js given to that condition in Sthe vSbTe ^"00": 
 sue"a;eT-^' skin-ifwhite,-the urine ^d the ?fe 
 ng mat4 "iMrj^"' """^^ °' ^'°^'^ by bile color- 
 bS ?tut I "'^.* sy^P'oin of various disorders 
 
 brt It IS so specific m its character that the narae bids 
 
 Xosed 'b^T '°' ""= ^'^^^- '' '^ "°* caused^ as once 
 supposed, by the non-secretion of hilf frop, n.-. ui.-j 
 
 0"tDy the re-absorption of bile already sec^ctc^ "'""* 
 
212 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 This absorption may be detennincd by various cases, 
 I. Obstruction of the bile duct, by gall-stones, parasites, 
 foreign bodies entering from the gut, fibrous or spasmodic 
 stricture of the duct, inflammation or ulceration and 
 swelling of the mucous membrane of the canal, or the 
 intestine near the opening, tumors, or overloaded intes- 
 tines. 2. Obstruction of the bowels which hinders the 
 discharge of the bile. 3, Diminished fulness of the 
 capillary vessels of the liver from partial mechanical 
 obstruction of hepatic artery or aorta. 4. Excessive 
 secretion of bile in congested states of the liver. 
 
 Jaundice may also result from imperfect metamor- 
 phosis of the re-absorbed bile, as in certain fevers 
 (anthrax, Texan-fever, hog cholera, purpura haemorrha- 
 gica,) in blood poisoning (septic matter, snake venom, 
 phosphorus, mercury, copper, antimony, chloroform, 
 ether, carbonic acid). It may further result from the 
 breaking down of red blood-globules and liberation of 
 their coloring matter to stain the blood and textures. 
 This may be caused by excess in the blood of water, 
 bile acids (taurocholates), alkalies, nitrites, ether 01 
 chloroform. It may result from freezing, burning (140" 
 F.), and frictional and induction currents of electricity. 
 It is noticeable that the coloring matter in the blood of 
 solipeds is very easily dissolved, and that of carnivora 
 only \vith difficulty. Hence the frequency of a dusky or 
 jaundiced appearance of the membranes in horses and 
 its comparative harmlessness, as contrasted with similar 
 conditions in the dog. It is further probable that the 
 re-absorbed bile acids are transformed into bile pigment 
 in certain states of the blood. 
 
 Symptoms. — General coloration of all the tissues, but 
 especially the mucous membranes of a yellow, or over 
 large veins of a greenish hue, and also of flie urine. 
 When there is obstruction of the bile-duct, the dung is 
 devoid of bile, foetid and often clayey in appearance, 
 but if from other causes it may retain its natural color 
 and odor. 
 
 Other symptoms may appear dependent on the nature 
 of the attendant disease, or the poisonous action of the 
 
CONGESTION OF THE LIVER. 
 
 213 
 
 harmless. '°'°'^''^" '^^^If seems to be comparative!; 
 
 cau^^l:l7e'!;e[:,T'l'^r"'r °" ^^^ nature of the 
 bowels, the frfe elimin^ fn,r ?i/^?.? *^" ^^t.on of the 
 the po tal veTn anT Hver °n'''' ^''" ""^ ^^P'^^ion of 
 Small daily dLs of n-'/K^ ^^^^ i^""di^e. 
 
 with on. o"^ Xe oun'^Tach of ^ClT^ ^".' °^ ' ^^^ 
 common salt as mnv k1 ,r , ^^^"^^r, Epsom and 
 
 efficiently. Or aloes^ii"'"'^^';'' ^" ^^^^" ^^^ very 
 podophyL Ta aSc.lP'"'' 'k'^"'-^^ "lay replace the 
 tic or purga ive doses or aT\^' ^'^"" "'^^^^^ '" ^'"••^- 
 turned out on a Sacr/Ji'''^''r"' P^^ient may be 
 
 grass, indeed" ts some ffes In'h^t ? '" ' T^""''?.' '^''^^'^ 
 are useful in efferHno- i- • ""^ '"^ needed. Diuretics 
 
 carbonate and ?ceateso?'nof" "' :5^^ P'^"^^"^' ^he 
 being especially toodR^H^'!!'' f "^^ ^"^ ammonia 
 valuable in counteracting I .' -^""^ '^'^'^' ^°"'^^ ^''^ ^^^n 
 
 'He nat.; Of ^ru3tVrSL^.^e^rS.'° 
 
 Congestion of the I tvfp ti,- • 
 horses in warm climates ^h^r V '^ " common in 
 thora) and hot seisin! V f ^"'^"riant grasses (ple- 
 
 the Southern States an?'''" • ^r^'''P°^"- "^n^^' ^^ 
 are moist as wel Und whtf ^'^'^"^ '" ^°'"^^^'^^ ^^^'^^h 
 it may be looSd for ht .^^ ^?'°"' emanations exist, 
 idle animals W in L^ , '' ^\'? '"^" ^'^ Pampered 
 food and ?he colara^ive T "'^^^f ^">^^^^'-^- ^'-^ 
 and breathing Xovtonn f?'u ""^ '^^'^^ ^>^ ^^^^^cise 
 is rendered iLle To Z "'^ ^^^_.°' °" ^he liver, which 
 the immSiate eVchinl^.^'"^ '"^ congestion. Among 
 changes of temDerlt^S "' "^^^ ''^ "^"^^^ ^"^^^n 
 
 warm^amp reXn ch n^ ^ ^'''"' ^ "^^ ^o a 
 
 days/sudSSi eSrti'on wh '" '^^ ^/^>^ "'^^^^ ^^^r ^ot 
 and bad condlS e Jrt LVund ^ '' 'l^ ^^"^ '"-t 
 
 sun, and blows on the rfcr^n ""^^^.'"tense heat of the 
 
 tlje^oun^. vf"4^-'^ -^^^-^^ ^'''''' P^rticularlv on 
 / -«^ , wnvu;> ^uagesuon irom imperfect action of 
 
214 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 ' i 
 
 y 
 
 the heart valves is a cause of hepatic congestion, at once 
 predisposing and exciting. 
 
 Symptoins. — These strongly resemble the severe forms 
 of poisoning, by imperfectly elaborated liver products, 
 the two conditions being often co-existent and mutually 
 dependent on each other. There are the sudden pros- 
 tration, dull, sunken eyes, pinched, anxious face, excited 
 breathing and pulse, trembling, swaying linibn, perspira- 
 tion, sighing, and violent colicky p.; ins with frequent 
 looking at the flank, lying down and rising. Striking 
 the last ribs with the fist causes flinching, groaning, or 
 even attempts to kick or bite, .*.id some jaundice and 
 furring of the tongue are often seen. When fainting 
 ensues, this, with the pallid mucous membranes and 
 quick, weak pulse, imply rupture of the liver and exten- 
 sive loss of blood. In the slighter attacks the symptoms 
 are correspondingly mitigated. The attack may subside 
 and end in complete recovery, or blood effused intothesub- 
 stance of the liver may be slowly absorbed, or organized 
 into fibrous material, or may determine extensive and fatal 
 softening of the liver, or finally, the patient may perish in 
 a fainting fit from rupture of the liver and loss of blood. 
 
 Treatment. — At the outset a free bleeding will often 
 obviate effusion of blood and rupture and check the 
 disease. It must never be resorted to, however, when 
 faintness, a we;:k, small pulse, or a small stream from 
 the orifice implies already existing effusion. Quiet, mus- 
 tard poultices or other derivatives applied to the limbs, 
 and saline purgatives (i lb. sulphate of soda), by the 
 mouth and as injections, will prove valuable in directly 
 depleting the portal system and liver. Cold water or 
 ice to the last ribs will often serve to check effusion 
 already begun. The sulphate 'f" soda may be kept up 
 in small dose^. (i to 4 ozs. daily), and a mustard or other 
 blister may be applied over the region of the liver. 
 During treatment the animal must have the purest air, 
 and, as food, soft bran mashes and roots. After recov- 
 er)'' feed moderately on sound easily digested food, keep 
 in pasture or airy stable, and never neglect moderate 
 pxcrcise even for a day. 
 
INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. glC 
 
 Inflammation of the Liver.^Hepatitk. n 
 to the same causes as congestion buf mn^if i i ^'"'^"^ 
 In dogs, beside the ceneral r-^ f«l ? "^'^ ^^^f frequent, 
 the inluence of sh^arStedri's^waLttr^"^^^ 
 
 violent pam and excitement and more fever Th ?' 
 IS accelerated, the breathintr ^ ".'7^ '^yer. I he pulse 
 
 inflammation if the l^er ca^le Ih/"'^' ''^f'^^y >"" 
 ribs is very tender toT h^.r' ?u '^^1°" "^ ^^^ ^a^t 
 
 ruminants)f the niouth ho^ ani?. '^" ''^^' ^'^^ «"Jy '" 
 mucous membranes Lre oTLfS?^ tongue fu-ed. 
 
 the heat of the body raised by "'"orupU'rd^'^?' 
 bowels may be at first loose yellow anrl u^;u ^^'^ 
 are confined, the small pe lets oTdul k "''^"' '°°" 
 wifh a yellowish mucous, fnd this state^Jl?^ '^''"'"'^ 
 place to a mucous diarrhoea AoneHf! • ^ ^^f" ^'^^ 
 Pletely lost, emaciatiof advan^T^apM^^^^ 
 and patches appear on the visiWp mf ^' ^^^^^'^Po^s 
 
 and the legs, L'pecially\tZd'ors"s"4lT Tr^^ 
 Great nervous atony, convulsions orev;n del r.^.n. ' 
 appear towards the last. aelinum may 
 
 incl^nf^V^^^1•'' ^'^^^ ^"^"^^^ ^"^ "^"^cular weakness 
 mc mation to he constantly, unsteadv crX y^^^^^^* 
 
 yellowmembranes,furredtoLue nroi^n^ ' 1-"^^^ °^ 
 ribs on the nght side and ?5nM' P'^"''"^ "^e of the last 
 
 their cartilages When th. H "^'' ^i°"^ ^^^^^ ^"d 
 the tumid edle of ^e Hver n..'T%'f [""^ developed 
 
 rib and the costa cartilages lur "^' u'^'"^ '^' ^''' 
 rhcea succeeds tn\hl ^^ ■ brownish, mucous diar- 
 
 rervous prost atL and tuZ"^ constipation. Great 
 The disease is verv fatli nT "'u^"^ P''^^^^^ ^^ath. 
 the chronic form wfhLe^^^^^^^ "^"? "^''^^^ ^"to 
 
 . w., especiaii; trs^refy'i^r'^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ironi hepat tis when wpII f^^^ ^ 11^ • ' ^""^r much 
 yard.. TheyX d'su^den^i^^^ 
 
 ^he liver, without any previous s°i„ so? 'M ^'°°^ «" 
 "^ay droop for som. ^i,,! 1 J-A^- f '""^^'' ^'^ ^^^^y 
 
 ^ ' "^ ^vcn weeks prior to death. 
 
2l6 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 Any change in the habits of closely confined, pie' horic 
 fowls should lead to suspicion of liver disease. Ruffled 
 feathers, sinking of the head between the wings, slug- 
 gishness in running or feeding, drooping in a corner 
 alone, with a withered brownish appearance of the comb 
 and jaundice of the skin are especially to be noted. 
 
 Trcatmtni. — Bleeding is rarely beneficial, and we must 
 rely mainly on depletion from the portal system and 
 liver by purgatives, or counter-irritants and change of 
 habits. A pound of sulphate of soda may be given at 
 once to the larger animals, or an ounce to a shepherd's 
 dog and an equivalent amount by injection. Podophyl- 
 Hn, aloes, etc., may be used instead. Friction, with loose 
 bandaging of the limbs, with or without excitation hy 
 mustard, or ammonia and cupping, or in small animals 
 leeching over the region of the liver or mustard poultices 
 are demanded. After the bowels have been freely 
 opened, smaller doses of Glauber salts or cream of tartar 
 may be given daily to keep up a free action of the 
 bowels, and throughout the diet must be soft (mashes, 
 roots, green food), and restricted in quantity. Taraxa- 
 cum with bitter tonics (Peruvian bark, gentian, columba, 
 gelsemium, etc.,) will be useful during convalescence, 
 and when the herbivorous patient is well enough to be 
 pastured in a field well stocked with dandelion, this may 
 be resorted to. In carnivora and swine ipecacuanha and 
 guaiacum are useful in favoring free elim.ination by the 
 bowels and skin. 
 
 Fotvls attacked usually die, but the morbid state in 
 which the disease takes its origin may be counteractec' 
 in the remaining fowls by a free range, by cabbage, 
 cooked potatoes, turnips and other vegetable food in 
 place of grain, and a small quantity of salt or Glauber 
 salts in the food or water. Excess of common salt is 
 poisonous. 
 
 Chronic Inflammation of the Liver.— This is 
 seen especially in horses and dogs, the liver often attain- 
 ing an enormous size or undergoing fibrous degeneration 
 (cirrhosis). It is attended by the same symptoms as the 
 
GALL STONES.— BILIARY CALCULL 
 
 217 
 
 i given at 
 
 acute form, but these are less urgent, and 'dropsy of the 
 belly and legs is a common result. 
 
 It is to be treated in the same manner as the acute 
 form, but less energetically, mild laxatives with bitters 
 daily, and, above all, a free range in the open air • for 
 herbivora, sound, juicy pastures, and in case of a malari- 
 ous soil or impure water, a change even for a (qw miles 
 to a higher locality. 
 
 _ Gall-Stones.— Biliary Calculi.— These are espe- 
 cially common in oxen when subject to the dry feedino- 
 of winter, but are found in all domestic animals, often in 
 great numbers. They occur as round masses, angular 
 masses when they have lain in contact, or as incrusta- 
 tions on the walls of the duct, of which they form dis- 
 tinct casts. They often fail to cause manifest disorder 
 but if they obstruct the ducts there is acute spasmodic 
 pain in the abdomen, with all the signs of colic, tender- 
 ness over the last ribs, and more or less jaundice. The 
 attacks are liable to recur as new calculi are displaced, 
 and the general health suffers. Carnivora vomit, and in 
 all diarrhoea may set in if relief is not obtained. Sheep 
 generally have incrustations when affected with flukes 
 (liver rot). 
 
 The formation of these calculi may usually ht prevented 
 in herbivora by allowing a fair amount of exercise and 
 succulent food, and they nearly always disappear in 
 cattle turned out on the rich grasses of spring. Beside 
 these measures their removal may be sought by the 
 daily use of carbonate and sulphate of soda and common 
 salt, with abundance of good water and exercise. Dur- 
 ing the attacks give anti-spasmodics, lobelia, belladonna, 
 hyoscyamus, chloral-hydrate, etc., and keep up hot 
 fomentations perseveringly to the loins and abdomen. 
 Chloral-hydrate and chloroform dissolve cholesterine 
 culculi. 
 
 Other AFFECTIONS of the HN^-^, fatty degeneration, 
 tubercle, cancer, hypertrophy, atrophy, are manifested by 
 the general symptoms of hepatic disorders, but space 
 forbids further notice of them here. 
 
2i8 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE LIVER 
 
 Liver-rot.— Fluke Disease. — This affection is 
 most destructive to sheep, of which it has destroyed as 
 many as from one to two million head in England alone 
 in certain years. It is immediately determined by the 
 presence in the gall ducts of two flat, leaf-liko parasites 
 ■ — the Fasciola Hepatica and the Distomum Lanceola- 
 tum — the first % to i inch in length, the second 4 lines. 
 These inhabit the gall ducts of all domestic animals, of 
 many wild animals and even of man, but in most of these 
 they do little harm. The eggs of these parasites laid in 
 the gall ducts cannot be developed there, but pass out 
 with the bile and dung, hatch in pools of fresh water, in 
 which the embryo floats until it finds a mollusk, in which 
 it encysts itself and becomes a brood capsule, developing 
 many new embryos within it ; these embryos may form 
 new brood capsules, and thus increase their number 
 materially, or if swallowed by a mammal along with its 
 food or water, they develop into the mature flukes, 
 inhabiting the bile ducts and reproducing themselves 
 only by eggs. The necessity for these intermediate 
 generations, and the fact that they can only take place 
 in fresh water and fresh water mollusks, points to thor- 
 ough drainage as the most efficient means of limiting 
 the ravages of the parasites. 
 
 In small numbers they do little harm, and as they 
 cannot multiply within the body their presence may be 
 of no consequence, but when present in large numbers 
 they become most destructive. In certain damp lands 
 stocked with these parasites sheep cannot live, no matter 
 how well fed, and cattle often perish as well. A single 
 infested sheep brought on such damp lands will speedily 
 stock them, as infested German rams did the colony of 
 Victoria in 1855. 
 
 Symptoms.— SYiQQ^ may thrive unusually for a month 
 or two, but soon they bc-^in to lose flesh and waste with 
 a rapidity that is surpiising. The skin and the mem- 
 branes of the nose and eyes become soft and puffy, the 
 naturally bright pink vessels of the eye become yellow- 
 ish, dark or even quite imperceptible, the whole eye 
 
LIVER ROT.— FLUKE DISEASE. 
 
 219 
 
 assumes a yellow t,nge. the skin is pale, bloodless, defi- 
 c.ent m yolk or oil, dry and scurfy. The wool loses ks 
 brilliancy and comes out easily when pulled. The mus- 
 cles waste the animal is ra.or-backedXh^ hip-bones Z- 
 
 Sr k'^^J^^"^ ^"5°"^^^ sunken, the belly pendent 
 and the back drooped from dropsical effusion^ Similar 
 effusions take place in the chest, beneath the abdomen 
 and breast-bone and under the lower jaw. The head 's 
 no longer carried erect, the expression of the face s 
 
 ardent, and there ,s occasional diarrhoea. Examination 
 
 .tMn^dTaie^er "^^'^'^ ^^ "^^^"^^^P^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 Treatment-AXmost all the tonics of the pharmaco- 
 
 alTul^T f? rP^°^''^ ^'^^ "^^^^ «^ less effect, but 
 all usually fail when many parasites have gained acce.s 
 
 I^J:^: ^'^ ^^"^^^"^ ^^ ^ ^-^ --P^e of a 
 
 Linseed, rape, pea, oat, barley or unbolted wheat 
 nour ---.._ 
 
 Powdered gentian or anise seed - I '. '. 
 Common salt --.-... 
 Sulphate or oxide of iron • - I '. I 
 
 Give half a pint daily to each sheep. 
 
 40 lbs. 
 
 4 " 
 
 4 « 
 » « 
 
 In all treatment it is essential to remove from the in- 
 fested meadow to a perfectly dry pasture or salt marsh 
 on either of which the eggs of the fluke will perish To 
 
 the"pa?asites* ^^'^"'^ '" ""^"^'^ ^° ^^''''^ ^^'^^ ^^^^ 
 
 /'r^z/^////^;/.— Keep sheep on high dry pastures or salt 
 marshes where the fluke cannot live out of the body 
 hf ?J? daily If flukes exist to however limited an ex- 
 mn I'.f ir' ^^lu"" ^^^ y°""^ ^"'^^^' ^"d will destroy 
 oftff.r ^' ^^^y ^,? *^^^" ^'"- Thorough drainage 
 mVv f!n i,^^'i^"T.'"^"u^^^^ '^^"^ wholesome. This 
 ca I.^^l 1 ;i ^f "^/i r^'i^'^ ^° inundations, and in this 
 craL ^ -"^ Should be devoted to raising hay or other 
 
 InA .^^fr"f *^? '^^^P °^ ^^^ '■"^'e-'^ted fields at nights 
 and until the dew leaves the ?rass in fh^ mnm.n^r ,v|ii 
 i;u a long way towards protecting them. In some^'n- 
 
»■ 
 
 220 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 stances of the introduction of this parasite into a new 
 country the contaminated sheep should be destroyed 
 and the infested pasture, with a wide area around' it, 
 proscribed from being grazed. 
 
 For other parasites of the liver , see general article on 
 " Parasites." 
 
 STEED OF THE DESERT 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS AND SPLEEN.' 
 
 Diseases of the pancreas : inflammation, degeneration, calculi, 
 etc. Diseases of the spleen : tuberculous, cancerous, glanderous 
 ';':Sn:^::XrnSr' ^^^P'^^^'^- "^P-^-phy. Atrophy, Lym-' 
 
 Diseases of the Pancreas.— Though subject to 
 a variety of diseases, as shown by the existence of 
 abscess, tuberculosis, sarcoma, melanosis, cancer, calculi 
 and worms (Sclerostomum Equinum) after death this 
 organ is so deeply seated and the result of its disorder 
 so little manifest, that its pathological states usually pass 
 without recognition during life. One symptom alone is 
 characteristic— the passage of much undigested fat with 
 the dung. The fatty aliment is mainly emulsionized by 
 the pancreatic juice, and its presence in the stools un- 
 changed may be held to imply suppression of that secre- 
 tion. If this condition coincides with general fever 
 colicky pains and tenderness behind the last rib on the 
 right side, inflammation of the gland may be suspected • 
 if with sharper colic but without fever, obstruction of the 
 pancreatic duct by calculi will be suggested. 
 
 Inftamfnation should be treated on general principles 
 by laxatives, blisters to the right side of the abdomen 
 and spare diet ; Calculi by antispasmodics and fomenta- 
 tions as for gall-stones; and simple suppressed secretion 
 by stiiphunc ether. 
 
 Diseases of the Spleen (milt).— These are if 
 possible, even more occult than those of the pancreas 
 And yet this organ is involved in nearly all diseases of 
 the hver, in specific fevers due to a poison in the blood 
 and in disorders of the lymphatic vessels. Obstructed 
 circulation through the liver sends the blood back 
 this organ and over-distends it almost to rupture. 
 
 (221) 
 
 on 
 
222 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 Advanced tuberculosis and cancer rarely fail to show 
 secondary deposits here. Glanders sometimes show the 
 same tendency. Anthrax and anthracoid afifections and, 
 to a less extent, other specific fevers, lead to enlargement 
 and even rupture of the spleen, in connection with the 
 long retention of the blood and disease poisons in its 
 venous cavities. Of particular diseases the spleen suffers 
 from wasting in starved animals, from extraordinary in- 
 crease in the highly fed, and from changes of structure, 
 such as glandular degeneration and enlargeme; t {lympha- 
 denoma). Some of these diseases, and notably the latter, 
 are associated with an excess of white globules in the 
 blood {leukcemia), vhich condition revealed by the micro- 
 scope may assist in diagnosis. 
 
 We can do little for these affections besides giving 
 attention to the general health, by tonics and a sound 
 hygiene. 
 
 ,yi 
 
CHAPTER Xr. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 
 
 «c?c^"n^^K^"'^^''"'^?]''"P^°'"'• Examination of the urine. Diu- 
 SS.% I^f^betis, Insipidus Polyuria. Bloody urine, Hematuria. 
 Simple inflammation of the kidneys, Nephritis. Bright's disease 
 Desquamative Nephritis. Albuminuria, Albuminous urine. Spasm 
 
 l°"5ri . c'"'-^^'''*'^- , Inflammation of the Urethra, Gonor- 
 Ti?n^ r : ..Stricture of the Urethra. Eversion of the bladder. 
 Unnary Calculi and gravel. Stone in the kidney, ureter, bladder, 
 urethra and prepuce-in horses, cattle, sheep, pigs and dogs. 
 
 Diseases of the urinary organs are not infrequent in 
 the domestic animals, though less prevalent than in 
 man. They prevail above all in certain localities, as : on 
 the magnesian limestones, in company with goitre, on 
 lands aboundmg in diuretic or resinous plants or water 
 m damp regions where fodder is secured in a wet, musty 
 condition, where it is fed covered with hoar-frost or 
 where frequent cold rains and winds repress the perspi- 
 ration and throw undue work on the kidneys. Feeding 
 to excess on aliments rich in phosphates of lime and 
 magnesia— bran, beans, peas, vetches, etc.— the habitual 
 privation of water, injudicious dosing with diuretics, dis- 
 eased heart and lungs, which throws the blood back on 
 the veins and determines passive congestion of the kid- 
 neys, diseases of the liver which interfering with the 
 oxidation of the albuminoids predispose to urinary de- 
 posit, and finally mechanical injuries to the loins or 
 pelvis, all tend to induce various urinary diseases 
 
 Genera/ Symptoms. —With most acute inflammations 
 there is a stiff straddling gait with the hind limbs, the 
 loins are tender, as ascertained by pinching on the spines 
 or the transverse processes of the backbone, there is less 
 aitticulty experienced in backinfr than wli^n there i- 
 Bprain or fracture of the back or iSins, and the animal is 
 
 (223) 
 
224 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. » 
 
 more likely to lie down though it costs an extra effort to 
 rise, there is straining to discharge urine, which is passed 
 in excess, in deficiency, in jets, in dribblets only, or not at 
 all. In the larger animals the bladder and its excretory 
 duct (urethra) are easily and satisfactorily examined by 
 the hand introduced through the rectum or vagina, and 
 any tenderness, flaccidity, swelling, over-distension or 
 foreign agent (stone) is easily made out. In the smaller 
 breeds of horses and cattle even, the kidneys may be 
 reached in this way, and any heat, swelling, tenderness, 
 etc., perceived. Then brain diseases, dropsies, and skin 
 eruptions are common results of urinary disorder. 
 
 Examination of the Urine. — But a certain class of 
 urinary diseases are only to be made out by examination 
 of the urine. Beside the modifications of quantity and 
 flow already referred to, this may be altered : ist, in 
 color, as zvhite, from saline deposits, brown or red, from 
 blood clots and coloring matter, or from imperfectly 
 oxidized albuminoids, yellow or orange from bile or blood 
 pigment, pale or variously tinted from vegetable colors 
 taken with the food ; 2d, in density as measured by a 
 hygrometer (urinometer), the natural urine being in the 
 horse and ox 1030 to 1060, pig and goat lOio to 1012, 
 dog 1020, and cat 1058; "i^d, in chemical reaction, ■a.z\6\\.y ox 
 alkalinity, as ascertained by blue litmus or red test-papers 
 (healthy herbivorous urine is alkaline, turning the red 
 papers blue unless after prolonged abstinence or a flesh 
 diet ; carnivorous and omnivorous urine is acid except- 
 ing when confined to a vegetable diet); 4//^, in organic 
 ingredients, as when it contains albumen (coaguable by 
 boiling or by strong nitric acid or in the horse giving the 
 liquid a ropy consistency), sugar, blood, bile, cylindroid 
 microscopic casts of the uriniferous tubes or the eggs or 
 bodies of worms ; ^th, in its salts, which may crystallize 
 out in the system or at once after the liquid is dis- 
 charged, or after cooling, or finally may have to be pre- 
 cipitated by chemical reagents. 
 
 Diuresis — Diabetes Insipidus.— Polyuria.— Ex- 
 cessive secretion of urine= This may occur in any animal 
 
BLOODY URINE.— H.EMATURIA. 225 
 
 from agents, medicinal or alimentary, which undulv 
 
 trequent sufferer, bemg more than any other anmal 
 subjected to reckless doling by those abo^uthm with pd 
 vate nostrums and much advertised quack preparations 
 
 "ain 'm,T^"."'^ "^^-^^ ""^^>^ -^ inju'redTay "and 
 gram. Musty hay, gram or bran is perhaps the most 
 common cause, the noxious agent being p^robably the 
 c yptogams produced on this damp, heated fodder 
 Musty oatmeal will even affect the human bebg New 
 oats very watery food like the refuse of distiHen'es and 
 cooked food, seleniteou. waters, acrid diuretic p ants in 
 he pastures or hay, exposure to extreme cold and wet 
 and excessive thirst consequent on feeding salt or on 7rri ' 
 tat.on of the stomach are other causes. ^ Whole Lcks 
 of sheep sometimes suffer at once from acrid plants eateo 
 Sj'w/>foms -Frequent (often almost constant) passage 
 of a very pale-co bred urine in large quantities and of low 
 specific gravity, insatiable thirst, rapid falling off in co,^ 
 
 dition and spirits sluggic-hness and weakness at work and 
 perspiration on the slightest exertion. The discharges 
 are comparatively inodorous and more like water than 
 horse s urine, and contain little solid matter though the 
 quantity of solids passed in twenty-four hours is in excess 
 The skin becomes rough and hide-bound and all the si^rns 
 c Ill-health set in, though the animal may suffer and su" 
 V ve for months or even a year. More commonly he d"es 
 patient '^^^"''^°"' °^ glanders supervenes and kills the 
 
 Treatment is very successful in the early stages Ston 
 the use of faulty food and drugs and give^dry wholesom? 
 hay and grain, with no suspicion of newness or mustTneTs 
 
 w t'h itr^^T i ^"^'"^^ ^'''^y ^^^^ the.water drunk,* 
 with phosphate of iron 2 drachms, Peruvian bark 1 
 drachms, and iodide of potassium 2 dmchms daily Cre^ 
 osote may often be added with advantage. 
 
 SDr^a?n?n7.^T^-~"5''^''^^^'^-'r^'^ ^^^"''s ^fter 
 
 n'Te Hdney "urinarv '-T^ " ''" region, with stone 
 - U.C Kiane>3, urinary ^jas^ages or bladder, cancer, 
 
226 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 I 
 
 
 tubercle or even abscess of the kidney, etc., or lastly some 
 poisoned condition of the blood, as in malignant anthrax. 
 Acrid diuretic plants, cantharides, May-bugs, etc., are 
 occasional causes. When bleeding occurs from local irri- 
 tation or in a tolerably healthy state of the blood, it is 
 partly at least in the form of clots and fibrinous casts of 
 the uriniferous tubes, about one-hundredth inch in diam- 
 eter, and entangling blood-globules. If from poisoned 
 and disintegrating blood, there is a diffuse coloration with 
 haimatine, with perhaps fragments of blood-globules, but 
 rarely perfect ones, clots or casts, and a similar oozing of 
 blood is liable to take place at other parts of the body. 
 The blood-coloring matter is easily distinguished from 
 bile by chemical tests. It is less easily distinguished from 
 the brownish-red albuminoids which escape by the kid- 
 n-eys in Azotaemia. Beside the passage of the blood there 
 may be the general signs of urinary disorder, but these are 
 not constant. When gravel co-exists, gritty masses pass 
 with the urine or collect on the hair of the prepuce. 
 
 Treatment. — Remove the causes, give comfortable, dry 
 dwellings, sound food, mucilaginous drinks (linseed tea, 
 mallow, gums, elm, etc.,) and acid astringents (tincture of 
 chloride of iron, sugar of lead, vinegar, buttermilk and oak 
 bark). In profuse discharge cold water may be applied to 
 the loins, while in inflammatory cases a sheep-skin or 
 poultice may be first used and followed by a mustard 
 plaster. (See AzoT^EMIA AND RED-WATER.) 
 
 Nephritis.— Simple Inflammation of the Kid- 
 neys. — Causes. — Blows or sprains in the region of the 
 loins, stone in the kidneys, use of diuretics to excess, 
 musty fodder, irritant or acrid plants in hay, too exten- 
 sive blisters of Spanish flies, paralysis of the spinal cord. 
 
 Symptoms. — A variable but often very high fever, heat 
 or even swelling of the loins, tenderness often extreme 
 beneath the bony processes about six inches from the 
 spine, a stiff, straddling gait with the hind limbs, little 
 marked in chronic cases but so severe as to amount almost 
 to helplessness in the worst, the loins arched, progression 
 difficult and attended in some cases by groaning, there i-T 
 
ALBUMINURIA.— BRIGirr's DISEASE. 227 
 
 looking at the abdomen and colicky pains, more severe at 
 one time than another. If the patient hes down it is with 
 caution. In males there arc alternate retraction and de- 
 scent of the testicles, and in all there is likely to be fre 
 quent passa-e of urine in small ainount,of averyhigh color 
 and density, and containin^r fibrinous casts of the kidnev 
 tubes one-hundredth of an inch in diameter, and some 
 times blood or even pus. The bowels are costive, and there 
 IS a rapid pulse, an elevated temperature, and excited 
 breathing. The legs tend to swell uniformly frc^in the 
 foot up, and swellings may appear under the chest or 
 belly, or even in internal cavities. 
 
 General ill-health, with stocking of the legs, casts in the 
 urine and some tenderness of the loins to pressure, may 
 be all that is seen in the chronic cases. 
 
 Treatment.— In acute cases, with strong pulse and ro 
 bust patient, an immediate advantage may be gained bv 
 bleeding, but this is rare. Give a laxative of olive-oil or 
 raw linseed oil, or in case of necessity of Glauber salts or 
 aloes, accompanying this with an anodyne (opium bella- 
 donna, tobacco), throw anodyne and mucilaginous iniec 
 tions into the rectum, and cover the loins with a fiish 
 sheep-skin, the fleshy side in, or with a soothing poultice 
 or fomentations, following this up in six or eight hours 
 by a mustard poultice. Mucilaginous drink? may be 
 given freely, but diuretics are to be sedulously avoided 
 and warm clothing used to favor sweating and thus relieve 
 the kidneys of work. Laxatives and anodynes must be 
 repeated as may seem necessary, and finally a course of 
 bitter tonics may be allowed. 
 
 Mp^p^^J!^'''"^^^r-I^^^^."^'S.DlSE-^'5E-DESQUAMATIVE 
 NEPHRITIS.- This consists in inflammation of the kid 
 neys, acute or chronic, with degeneration and sheddin 
 ot the epithehum from, the kidney tubes. 
 
 Symptoms.~M.ore or less awkwardness of gait behind 
 and tenderness of the loins, in some cases indisposition to 
 lie down thick gelatinous ropy urine, with microscopic 
 casts ot the kidney tubes, containing murh --nhpri'cal 
 epithelium and granular matter. The urine coagulates in 
 H 
 
 rr 
 
228 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 part in whitish flakes when boiled, or under the action of 
 corrosive sublimate, acetate of lead or nitric acid. The 
 general health suffers, and the patient dies sooner or later 
 of ur.xmia with dropsy, or of some other affection which 
 has been aggravated by the impaired vitality and the 
 excess of the elements of urine in the blood. 
 
 Treatment is not always satisfactory, though a certain 
 proportion recover. Avoid exposure to cold, keep in a 
 warm box and warmly clothed. Keep the bowels acting 
 freely by a restricted diet of warm bran mashes, etc., or 
 even by laxatives. Give tonics (phosphate of iron, quinia, 
 willow bark,) and mineral acids, and use mustard applica- 
 tions to the loins. If the kidneys fail to act, do not give 
 diuretics, but use cupping over t'-e part, or hot fomenta- 
 tions with water, or better still a trong infusion of digi- 
 talis. 
 
 Albuminous Urine, which is always ropy in horses, is no 
 proof of the existence of Bright's disease, but is an at- 
 tendant on nearly all extensive inflammations of impor- 
 tant organs, on rheumatism, fevers and certain poisoned 
 conditions of the blood. 
 
 Spasm of the Neck of the Bladder.— CVi«^^5.— 
 Prolonged retention of urine in mares at work or in 
 horses hard driven. Chill when heated. Nervous irrita- 
 tion. Is a common attendant on severe colic, and gives 
 way when that is relieved. Males suffer most frequently. 
 
 Symptoms. — Frequent attempts to urinate, which prove 
 ineffectual or secure a dribbling only after much pain 
 and straining. There may be anxious looking at the 
 flank and uneasy shifting of the limbs, or in cattle twist- 
 ing of the tail. There is tenderness in the back part ol 
 the abdomen in the median line below. The hand, oiled 
 and introduced into the rectum, will feel the distended 
 bladder, with its firm dense neck and no enlargement 
 either there or backward in the urethra, as from stone. 
 
 If unrelieved the bladder becomes immoderately dis- 
 tended and finally bursts, especially in ruminants. This 
 is followed by tenderness of the abdomen, febrile symp- 
 toms, dulness and languor, and if the bladder is exam- 
 
 I 
 
I 
 
 PARALYSIS OF THE BLADDER. jjg 
 
 recognised b/iisldor ^ '"'P* ""^ """^' ^^^"y 
 
 wilfT:S«tdut"f,tJ" 'TnoT'" *^ ""- 
 modics mtroduced by the rectum I T' "=^J'""»Pa^ 
 
 fcott.e"^%'SFjV^ 
 
 a7yt thf-d-^ otXsiu';!,nt^ri^1ut!ot':f 
 
 iti"rofs:--3lnclt 
 
 small catheter miy be passed n th^K'n^' ='="T™'' * 
 
 he fnsert'ion of on, 1"'%'^''''"' ""^y be overcome by 
 
 whirfs1o°un°d'inTh: m:dia"„"^Z '0',"^ 5'^^ "P^."'!-^ 
 oassacrp aV.^„f f^ • "leaian line ot the floor of the 
 
 LUC Diaaatr, or decomposition of the urin^ Tf ;^ 
 
 the^pta cTrd'IrMaTkltf T'"Tp- of 
 cjated with pai;y of'^^h^TaK'/f- ry'-be^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Symp^oms.—Ifthe neck is in-'-^Ived the ..r-'n. a.'.uu^ 
 away constanfhr «M-fV,^ *. . .^^^^" ^"^ "i^Jne dribbles 
 sheafh ."^ ^:, ^^^""^ straining, is discharged in the 
 sneath and runs down nside the^ fvTJrrK , • ■ ■ . 
 
 »nd inflammation in bofh uVu^ I ''■^"''"^ irritation 
 urine accumutteipth.i^uJ^^ '-^ unaffected the 
 
 in rn. ^xaddci, causing over-distension, 
 
1 
 
 230 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 irritation and rupture. The urine decomposes, setting 
 free ammonia, which softens and dissolves the epithe- 
 lium and establishes the worst type of cystitis. 
 
 Trc Ttment. — In cases of broken back or disease of the 
 spinal cord attention must be given to that, and, if reme- 
 diable, the urine must be drawn off frequently with a 
 catheter, to prevent over-distension and injury to the 
 bladder. In local paralysis, or after the spinal cord has 
 recovered, apply a blister (mustard) between the thighs 
 beneaih the anus or vulva or over the back part of the 
 belly inferiorly. Give belladonna extract (i to 2 
 drachms), cantharides (i to 3 grains), or nux vomica (^ 
 drachm for large herbivora). 
 
 Inflammation of the Bladder. — Cystitis.— 
 Causes. — Abuse of diuretics, acrid diuretic plants in the 
 food, the application of blisters (Spanish flies, turpentine) 
 over too extensive surfaces, prolonged retention and de- 
 composition of urine, irritation from stone in the blad- 
 der, etc. 
 
 Symptoms. — If confined to the mucous membrane, 
 urine i. passed frequently, painfully, in sm^all quantities, 
 -.M'fV, trtore or less floating mucous and flat, microscopic, 
 fibrin t; s shreds of exudation, entangling columnar or 
 :^.-'' (' ithelium. The bladder is very tender to the 
 ttuc^ .;.'.d if tht, finger is passed into it in the female its 
 neck and walls are felt to be thickened, sometimes enor- 
 mously. There are colicky pains, frequent looking at 
 the flanks, uneasy movement of the hind feet or twisting 
 of the tail. The gait is stiff and straddling. There is 
 fever, usually slight. If the muscular coat is involved 
 there is distension of the bladder, and if the neck parti- 
 cipates the urine escapes involuntarily. If due to unre- 
 relieved stone that will be found on examination. 
 
 The case is most hopeful if due to irritants or some 
 clearly removable cause. 
 
 Treatment. — Remove the cause, whether foods, drugs, 
 blistering agents on the skin, stone, gravel or retained 
 and decomposed urine. Give spare, soft, aqueous diet, 
 with mucilaginous agents (linseed decoction or tea, slip- 
 
INFLAMMATION OF THE URETHRA. 231 
 
 pery elm, gums, etc.,) laxatives of olive or linseed oil 
 soft pure water at vyill, and mucilaginous and anodyne 
 injections into the Dladdcr(gum Arabic i drachm, opium 
 I drachm, tepid water i pint). Blisters may be used in 
 paralysis. In severe cases these may be preceded bv 
 fomentations. Finally, when the acute symptoms have 
 subsided, small doses of .stimulating diuretics (copaiva 
 subebs, jumper, buchu,) will often serve to tone up the 
 mucous membrane. ^ 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE UrETHRA.-GONORRHCEA. 
 -GLELT.--p;...^x-Like cystitis, this may depend on 
 irritants m the urine, taken by the mouth or applied to 
 the surface, excessive copulation, connection with a 
 new y-dehvered female or one that has otherwise con- 
 tracted a vaginal discharge, mechanical injury to the 
 penis in serving females, irritation from the passage or 
 arrest of small stones or gravel. ^ 
 
 Sj^wp/oms.—SwelVmg and soreness in the sheath and 
 penis, pams in urinating, the liquid coming in jets and 
 frequently arrested because of the suffering. In do^ 
 there is continual licking of the organ, and soSn a creamy 
 pus drops from the orifice. -^ 
 
 Treatmeu^.--U before the discliarge of pus ^ive a 
 laxative and foment the parts with warm water' Wash 
 out any gravel. If after suppurations, use soo'thing or 
 astringent injections permanganate of potassa acetate 
 of lead, sulphate of zinc or nitrate of silver, 2 gis'. to i o. 
 water) Tonics and stimulating diuretics ma^ be finaHy 
 needed as in cystitis. A soft restricted diet is demanded 
 
 Stricture of the URETHRA.-Usually a result of 
 local irritation :-gravel, strong astringent injections used 
 m the early stage of gonorrhoea or the healing of ulcers 
 formed when that disease is neglected 
 
 Sj^mptoms.-Gre^t difficulty in urination, the liquid 
 
 fuTScfionsr " ''"'" '"' "^'' P^"- ^^^^-"^ P'^- 
 
 TuatmeHt.--Passmg, daily, catheters of gradually in- 
 creasing sizes, beginning- with on^ in^f lo.^t „p„ il :^ 
 enter with gentlelorce. " """ '""- ""^ ■^"""^" '^ 
 
Mr n-l'.: 
 
 k 
 
 I 
 
 232 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 EVFRSION OF THE BLADDER can occur only In the 
 female, from severe straining in irritation of the urinary 
 organs, and especially after the organ has been rendered 
 torpid or paralyzed by over-distension, severe parturition 
 or otherwise. The animal strains violently and a red, 
 tumid, rounded mass appears from between the lips of 
 the vulva. On examining its surface near the neck the 
 two orifices of the ureters may be detected with the urine 
 oozing from them in drops. 
 
 Treatment. — Wash with milk-warm water containing 
 laudanum, and return, pressing the centre of the mass 
 inward so as to correct the eversion. The main difficulty 
 will be met in returning it through the contracted neck 
 of the bladder, and if the eversion has lasted long enough 
 to determine inflammation and sotfening, great care will 
 be requisite 10 avoid tearing the coats. Should strain- 
 ing be so violent as to threaten renewal of the eversion, a 
 truss may be applied as advised for eversion of the womb. 
 
 Urinary Calculi and Gravel. — Stone.— These 
 vary in chemical composition with the genus of animal, 
 and especially with the nature of the food. In herbivora 
 the urine normally contains a large amount of the car- 
 bonates of lime and magnesia and of oxalate of lime, a 
 small quantity of silica, sulphate and phosphate of lime, 
 ammonia-magnesian phosphate, hippuric acid and some- 
 times uric acid, besides the more soluble alkaline salts. 
 Carnivora, on the other hand, have an excess of phos- 
 phate of lime and magnesia, of sulphates and chlorides, 
 more uric acid than the vegetable feeders but a minimum 
 amount of carbonate and oxalate of lime and silica. The 
 omnivera occupy an intermediate position, the salts of 
 the urine varying with the frequent changes in the food. 
 
 The nature of the food determines the excess of parti- 
 cular salts in the urine and their precipitation in the 
 form of crystals. 
 
 These carbonates of lime a?td magttesia, which make up 
 the bulk of most urinary calculi in horses and ruminants, 
 are due to the larfre amount of vecretahlp ari'f1<5 /rifrafias 
 tartrates, malates, acetates, etc.,) in plants. These be- 
 
Urinary calculi and gravel.— stone. 2^^ 
 
 coming further oxidized are transformed into carbonic 
 acid, which unites with the magnesia or lime present in 
 the blood. 
 
 Oxalate of lime is due to imperfect oxidation of the 
 vegetable acids, oxalic acid containing an equivalent 
 less of oxygen than carbonic acid. It appears in excess 
 in certain diseases of the lungs or other conditions which 
 interfere with respiration. 
 
 Silica enters the system as silicate of potassa in food 
 and water, and especially in cyperaceaea, horse-tails, oat- 
 straw, oat meal, etc. It is displaced as silica whenever 
 it comes in contact with a stronger acid. 
 
 Phosphates enter the system in bran, in beans, peas, 
 and the leguminous plants generally, in oil-cake and 
 rape-cake, or (the carnivora; in the flesh and bones. 
 When present in undue amount in a given quantity of 
 urine they tend to crystallize out, but when a large 
 amount of phosphate of magnesia is present, it is only 
 necessary that the urine should be retained longer than 
 usual in the bladder and that decomposition should set 
 in with evolution of ammonia, to have the insoluble 
 ammonia-magnesian phosphate at once thrown down. 
 
 Sulphate of lime is derived from sulphates in the water 
 or the oxidation of sulphur contained in the albuminoid 
 principles of food. 
 
 Urea, Uric Acid, Hippuric Acid, Creatifte, Creatinine, 
 Kiestme, Leucin, Tyrosin, etc., are all nitrogenous ele- 
 ments, derived from the waste of muscle and gelatinous 
 tissues, or from albuminoid matter in the food. Urea is 
 to be looked upon as the healthy product of such decom- 
 position, while uric and hippuric acids, etc., are products 
 m which the process of oxidation has stopped '^hort 
 eaving the products in a less soluble condition and more 
 liable to crystallize out of the urine. Impaired breathino- 
 from diseased lungs or otherwise, and imperfect action 
 of the liver, whether from local disease in that organ or 
 from feverish states, with impaired functions generally, 
 
 are therefore amono- the raii«pc mrhiVii oft.rtr>H" r^— j: L 
 
 to urinary calculi. 
 
234 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 ii 
 
 Besides these, a certain amount of mucous, fat, coloring 
 matter and even blood enter into the formation of urinary- 
 calculi. 
 
 Accessory Causes. — To the above named causes favor- 
 ing- the formation of urinary calcuH, may be added all 
 such as favor concentration of the urine. Thus, scarcity 
 of drinking water, excessive loss of liquid by the bowels 
 or skin (diarrhoea, dysentery, etc.,) dry winter feeding on 
 hay and grain, feverish states in which little urine is 
 secreted, and hard waters appear to have this effect. 
 The last named cause is not generally credited by phy- 
 sicians, but its coincidence with the prevalence of stone 
 is exceedingly common. 
 
 Mode of Formation. — The first requisite is that some 
 solid body should exist as a nucleus around which layer 
 after la}'er is crystallized, and hence the stone is always 
 composed of a scries of concentric layers. The nucleus 
 ma)- consist in a particle of mucous, fibrine or blood, a 
 crystal deposited from over-saturated urine, or even a 
 foreign body introduced from without. I have seen a 
 large calculus in the kidney of a deer formed around a 
 piece of wood, which must have penetrated the kidney 
 and broken off, while the wound by which it entered had 
 healed up. 
 
 Appear a uce.-^C^\c\x\\ vary much in character, but the 
 most marked varieties are the smooth stones formed by 
 carbonates, oxalates, phosphates and silica, and the 
 rough, jagged crystalline specimens of ammonia-magne- 
 siati phosphates. 
 
 Renal Calculi. — ^Those found in the kidney are usually 
 moulded in the pelvis, though I have found many like 
 small lentils in dilatations of the microscopic tubes in the 
 substance of the gland. Cattle fed on dry hay and grain 
 during winter, rarely want small, yellow crystalline 
 masses in the pelvis. Even when so large as to distend 
 the pelvis and weigh several ounces, they are not always 
 incompatible with good health and aptitude to fatten. 
 When so large or rough as to produce manifest disorder, 
 this appears its irritation of the kidneys, tender loins, stiff, 
 straddling gait, etc., with the passage of microscopic 
 
URINARY CALCULI AND GRAVEL.— STONE. 235 
 
 crystals, and perhaps blood or pus in the urine. In cattle 
 and sheep the salts from the concentrated urine usually 
 crystallize out on the hairs around the opening of the 
 sheath. AH species of domestic quadrupeds suffer 
 
 1 here is no satisfactory treatment, and the great obiect 
 below ^'^''^"' ^^^'' formation by the measures named 
 
 Uretral Caleuli.-These are lodged in the small canals 
 which convey the urine from the kidneys to the bladder 
 They are usually formed in the pelvis of the kidney and 
 being washed on with the urine are arrested in the ureter 
 Ihe symptoms are more violent than those of renal cal- 
 culi, since the flow of the urine is checked and the ureter 
 and pelvis of the kidney are over-distended, while the 
 kidney itself undergoes inflammation, and, if the animal 
 survives, is finally removed by absorption, the opposite 
 kidney meanwhile enlarging and doing the work of two 
 Ihe colics and general symptoms are like those of 
 nephritis. The elastic distended ureter may sometimes 
 be felt with the oiled hand introduced through the rec 
 tuni. Like renal calculus, this is usually irremediable 
 Antispasmodics will sometimes succeed by relaxing the 
 duct and allowing the accumulated urine to pass the 
 obstruction onward. They are best given by injection 
 into the bowel. If nephritis sets in the treatment must 
 correspond. 
 
 Cystic Calculus. —Stone in the Bladder.—SQQn in all 
 domestic animals. 
 
 Symptoms —Fx-eqxx^nt straining to pass urine, which 
 escapes in dribblets, in jets checked by a sudden arrest 
 or not at all. Blood in clots, and microscopic crystals 
 
 w^w^ •i"ff"^.^^'l''^^^ ^^^ """^- Examination 
 with the oiled hand in the rectum will detect the rounded 
 
 mass in the bladder, especially if it is partially filled 
 
 with vvater. In the female it may be struck by a smooth 
 
 metalhc sound, or even touched with the finger 
 
 Trcat7ne7it.~By breaking the stone into Jmall pieces 
 
 which may pass with the urine {lithotrity\ or by extrac' 
 
 aon whole after dilatation or cuttinrr of \\^/ x.^.. r^r.^. 
 
 {lit/wtomy). Lithotrity is effected with the lithStrite^of 
 
2^6 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISKfe. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 the surgeon, and is only applicable to the female quad- 
 ruped, in which extraction is usually easy and safe. A 
 pair of long, round-bladed tongs, like a glove-stretcher, 
 may be used to slowly dilate the neck of che bladder, 
 after which the warmed and oiled forceps, che blades of 
 which should be broad enough to cover the stone, are 
 ir.Uvduced, and the stone being seized is slowly with- 
 df i-v, J . by gentle oscillating movements. The injection 
 of a little warm water into an empty bladder will greatly 
 facilitate the seizure of the stone. The ma/e is operated 
 on standing or thrown on his right side. A catheter is 
 passed up the urethra to the point where it bends forward 
 over the hip bones, and an incision about two inches 
 long made down upon this in the median line. If the 
 stone is small the forceps may now be introduced and 
 the calculus withdrawn as in the female. If too large 
 for this the passage must be dilated with a probe-pointed 
 knife, guided by a grooved director or the index finger, 
 the incision being carried obliquely between the point of 
 the hip bone and the anus. The stone once removed 
 the opening may be stitched up and treated like any 
 ordinary wound. In the ox a catheter should be passed as 
 a guide in cutting, as the thickness of the erectile tissue 
 over the arch of the hip bone and the small size of the 
 urethra render the operation far more difficult than in 
 the horse. 
 
 Urethral Calculi. — Stone in the canal by which urine is 
 discharged from the bladder. In horses these are found 
 in the terminal end of the urethra and its papillae on the 
 glans penis. In the bull and ox in the S-shaped bend of 
 the penis just above the scrotum, and in the ram in the 
 same situation, or, more frequently, in the vermiform ap- 
 pendix at the point of the penis. In horses the straining 
 is violent and constant ; in cattle and sheep it is little 
 marked, but the tail is slightly raised and the accelerator 
 urinae muscle is seen contracting just beneath the anus as 
 in ordinary urination. Examination along the course of 
 the urethra will detect one or more hard nodular enlarge- 
 ments at the S-shaped curves or elsewhere. If more than 
 one are present, they may be made to grate on each othci . 
 
Meputial calculi. 
 
 237 
 
 Treatment. — If in the papilla or vermiform appendix, 
 try to extract by manipulation. Should this fail, slit open 
 the duct, or in the ram cut off thr; appendix. If higher 
 up it must be cut down upon, through the skin, and ex- 
 tracted. In cattle it is desirable to first pull the penis 
 backward or forward, so th?>t the incision may clear the 
 scrotum with its excess of areolar tissue and fat. 
 
 Preputial Calcull— Stones in the Prepuce or 
 Sheath. — In oxen and sheep urinary salts often crystal- 
 lize out on the hairs, and may even block the passage 
 somewhat. They may be easily removed by manipula- 
 tion or with scissors. The accumulations of sebaceous 
 matter, in the bilocular cavity or on the end of the penis 
 or in the sheath of the horse, sometimes receive this name. 
 They are best removed by thorough washing with soap 
 and warm water, and the parts may then be lubricated 
 with sweet oil. 
 
 2 anus as 
 
 Sand-like Deposit or Soft Magma in the Blad- 
 der. — This is frequent in the horse, the spherical granules 
 of carbonate of lime and magnesia remaining apart 
 instead of becoming agglutinated into a stone. Its mildest 
 form is shown in the passage of a white matter at the 
 completion of the act of urination. When accumulated 
 so as to fill half of the bladder or more, this comes away 
 in large amount and is found within the sheath and on the 
 inner sides of the thighs, for the urine escapes involun- 
 tarily and continuously. 
 
 Treatment. — Wash out the bladder by pumping water 
 through a catheter by means of Reed's stomach pump or 
 a syringe, then shake it up with the hand introduced 
 through the rectum, and allow the muddy liquid to flow 
 out through the catheter. Repeat this until the bladder 
 is emptied and the ^vater comes away clear. 
 
 Prevention. — T^ie next point is to prevent its forming 
 anew by measures calculated to obviate urinary calculi 
 in general. Correct any fault in feeding — excess of 
 beans-, neas^ bran, etc,^ — and any disorder in the liver 
 functions. Give abundance of soft water, encouraging 
 

 23^ THE FAkivTER's VETKRINARY ADVISER. 
 
 its ingestion by a fair supply of salt, let the food be 
 aqueous, consisting largely of roots, especially carrots 
 and give daily in the drinking water i dr. caustic soda 
 or potassa, or common ashes from hard wood. A course 
 of bitters should also be given (cascarilla/cofumba, willow 
 bark, gentian, quassia, or others) 
 
 TVUKISH HORSS. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 
 
 General causes. Inflammation of the testicle. Dropsy of the 
 scrotum. Hydrocele. Water stones. Tumors of the sheath 
 Disease o the penis. Ulcers of the penis. Castration of males 
 Evil results of castration. Strangulated cord. Swelling of he 
 sheath. Phymosis Paraphymosis. Tumor on the sLmiati? 
 TV^' ,^'''^'^^'?'} «f females- Castration of male birds. Abort on 
 Difficult pai-tuntum. Premature labor ,,ains. Induration of the 
 neck of the womb Twisting of the neck of the womb. Po vdus 
 m the vagjina Wrong presentations, deformities, etc. Maxims for 
 ass.st.ngin difficult parturition. Anterior presentation with head 
 K^t'v ^^"i"-^ r™""^ ^1'^-. Posterior presentation with one or 
 both hind limbs turned back. With water in the head or abdom'^^n 
 Disorders following parturition. Flooding. Retained afterbirth' 
 Leucorrhcea, catarrh of the womb or vagina. Eversion of the 
 womb or vagina. Inflammation of the womb. Metritis. Parturi- 
 tion fever, milk fever, parturient apoplexy. 
 
 Are mostly confined to breeding and dairying dis- 
 tricts. They are largely obviated by castration and the 
 virgm condition. Amongst the principal causes may be 
 mentioned mechanical injuries, excitement and irrita- 
 tion accompanying coition, gestation, parturition, over- 
 officious or ill-directed a.ssistance in delivery, a very rich 
 or poor diet tuberculosis, poisons, (ergot, savin, rue, can- 
 thandes, etc.) sympathetic irritation from excessive milk- 
 ing, from disease or injury of the mammary glands of 
 the urinary organs or of the rectum. 
 
 Inflammation of the Testicle occurs mainly from 
 external injury, though it may be roused by excessive 
 copulation, or by glanderous deposit or other diseased 
 process in the organ. The animal moves stiffly and with 
 a stradd ing gait, and the testicle is enlarged, tender and 
 frequently drawn up and dropped down a'^ain, It is to 
 be treated with a aose of purgative medictne, restriclied 
 
 (239) 
 
240 
 
 THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 soft diet, fomentations with warm water, and smearing 
 of the bag in the intervals with extract of belladonna, 
 laudanum or some other anodyne. Should fluctuation 
 announce the formation of pus, make an opening with a 
 sharp knife to evacuate it, while if destruction of the 
 gland is threatened castration must be performed. 
 
 Hydrocele — Dropsy of the Scrotum.— Usually 
 associated with water in the abdomen. Distinguished 
 from scrotal hernia by not passing back with a sudden 
 movement, but with a steady current and gradual dimi- 
 nution^ The same treatment is needed as in ascites. 
 
 Water Stones. — In geldings a considerable accu- 
 mulation of water often takes place in multilocular cavi- 
 ties connected with the still pervious inguinal canal, 
 which may be emptied by compression, the water re- 
 turning to the abdomen with a continued thrill. They 
 often disappear in winter to reappear the following sum- 
 mer. Though not injurious they may be re:noved by 
 cutting down on the cavities and dissecting out the sacs. 
 
 Tumors of the Sheath. — These are easily removed 
 by twisting them off. Some, however, bleed freely, and 
 these should have a stout waxed twine tied firmly round 
 their necks and be then twisted or allowed to drop off. 
 If bleeding occurs ifter removal seize the bleeding orifice 
 with forceps and tie with a waxed thread. 
 
 Disease of the Penis.— Small warty growths may 
 be cut off with scissors or knife and the part cauterized 
 with lunar caustic. The soft condylomatous growths 
 which occur in dogs may be treated in the same way. 
 But when the large cauliflower-like masses are associat- 
 ed with hardening of the whole end of the organ, it must 
 be amputated behind the indurated portion. The sub- 
 ject should be prepared by laxative diet, and, having 
 been thrown, the yard is withdrawn, washed, and cut 
 through gradually, beginning at its upper part and 
 tying the arteries as they are reached. On reaching the 
 
CASTRATION OF MALES. 
 
 241 
 
 I 
 
 urethra .It the lower part of the yard it is to be dissected 
 out and cut across so as to leave it three-quarters of an 
 inch longer than the rest. Considerable bleeding from 
 the venus cavities may come on a few hours later, and 
 especially m hot weather, but may be easily controlled 
 by dashing cold water between the thighs or stuffing the 
 sheath with tow saturated with tincture of matico or 
 muriate of iron. 
 
 Ulcers of the PENis.-These may arise from accu- 
 mulation of sebaceous matter but more frequently from 
 the irritant discharges in a female recently delivered or 
 suffering from leucorrhcea. They may be treated with 
 a lotion such as the following .-—Sugar of lead, i dr. ; 
 carbolic acid, 60 drops ; chloralhydrate, i dr. : water i 
 pint. ' ' 
 
 Castration of Males.— Numerous modes of cas- 
 trating the male are followed, but in all the essential 
 points are the removal or destruction of the testicles and 
 the prevention of bleeding from the spermatic artery 
 which IS always found in the anterior portion of the 
 cord In small animals (pigs, lambs, calves, dogs, cats,) 
 the testicle is seized so as to render the skin tense, and 
 a free mcision with knife parallel to the nedian line 
 
 lu J^f'' ^^ ''"'^^- "^^^ ^"^^^ '^ '^ow passed between 
 the middle and posterior parts of the cord and the latter 
 cut through. The anterior portion is then twisted and 
 hnally torn through, the upper part being held by the 
 finger and thumb of one hand while traction is made by 
 the other. In the colt and old- horses and bulls the 
 structures are so tough that the cord must be seized by 
 twLstm ''^ ^'"'^^""^ '" ^''^^^ ^° accomplish satisfactory 
 
 Clamps (sticks) are very generally employed in horses, 
 
 he important considerations being that the wood shall hi 
 
 tough ana unyielding, that they shall be grooved to eive 
 
 greater security of hold, that they shall be tied together 
 
 wr^h wel twined inelastic cords, and that when applied 
 
 tiiey shall be squeezed together with 
 
 pincers while the 
 
243 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 end is bcinfj tied, that the included tissues may have their 
 vitality destroyed. 
 
 The other methods of tying, searing and scraping the 
 artery, etc., cannot be described here, though one plan 
 will succeed as well as another, if properly done. For 
 these and castration of cryptorchids (originals, rigs,) see 
 larger work. 
 
 Evil Results of Castration.— Strangulated 
 Cord.— When the cord is left unduly long and the wound 
 in the skin small, it may be strangled by the swelling and 
 contraction, giving rise to intense suffering and high fever. 
 The beast walks with a stiff gait, and the end of the cord 
 is felt red and tense, protruding from the wound which 
 grpsps it tightly. All that is necessary is to enlarge the 
 orifice with a knife and push up the cord to give perma- 
 nent relief. 
 
 SWEixiNG OF the Sheatii may occur, and especially 
 in the young, from unhealthy states of the system, or 
 from premature closure of the wound and imprisonment 
 of matter. In all such cases reopen the wound with the 
 fingers and apply fresh lard to prevent a second adhesion. 
 It is a good plan to apply lard to the wounds in castrat- 
 ing to obviate adhesion. Next foment the parts con- 
 tinually with warm water to hasten the formation of 
 matter. When a free cream-like discharge is established 
 the swelling will rapidly subside. 
 
 Phymosis and Paraphymosis.— In such cases the 
 penis may be imprisoned within the sheath or protruded 
 and swollen so that it cannot be withdrawn. It may be 
 necessary to incise the sheath or scarify the penis and 
 apply cold water and other astringents, with manipulation 
 to return the protruded organ. 
 
 Tumors on the Spermatic Cord.— This results from 
 rough handling in castrating, from strangulation, or from 
 inflammation consequent on the presence of irritants in 
 the wound or exposure to cold. It may grow for years 
 without disabling the animal ; its growth may cease, 
 leaving an inconsiderable thickening on the cord ; it may 
 acquire the size of a large udder of a cow, and contract 
 
 I 
 
CASTRATION OF FEMALES. 
 
 243 
 
 numerous vascular adhesions to surrounding parts • or it 
 may extend up through the inguinal canal into the abdo- 
 men, as felt on examination through the rectum. 
 
 Treatment— Thost confined to the end of the cord mav 
 be removed like the testicle in castration. Those that 
 have contracted adhesions to the thigh and sheath may 
 still be removed with care, each vessel being tied as it is 
 reached. But when the adhesions are very extensive and 
 the tumor very large it is almost impossible to do this 
 and m the case of extension of the disease into the abdo- 
 men nothmg can be done beyond partial destruction of 
 the mass with caustics. 
 
 Castration of Females.— In small animals this is 
 done through the flank ; in large, more conveniently 
 through the vagma. The animal is stretched on its left 
 side the fore limbs and head being firmly secured and 
 the hind limbs extended backwards. The hair is shaved 
 from the flank a little below the angle of the hip bone 
 and an incision made from above down, extending to an 
 inch m the pig or bitch, or sufficient to introdu'^e the 
 hand in the heifer. Then with the finger or hand as the 
 case may be, the womb is sought, backward kt the 
 entrance of the pelvis in the interval between the bladder 
 and the straight gut. Being found, one horn or division 
 IS diawn up through tht wound until its end is exposed 
 with the round mass of the ovary adjacent. The h tter 
 IS seized and cut or twisted off, according to the size of 
 the animal. Then the next horn and ovary are brought 
 out and treated in the same way. The womb is nowl-e- 
 turned to the abdomen, and the skin accurately sewed 
 up. Evil results are rare, though peritonitis may ensue 
 from rough handling or exposure, and abscess or calcifi- 
 cation of the wound is not unknown. 
 
 Cows are castrated by making an "incision through the 
 superior wall of the vagina, just above the neck of the 
 womb, and inserting two fingers, by which the ovaries 
 are withdrawn and twisted off with a torsion instru- 
 ment. Space will not allow of a fuller description in thia 
 work. ^ 
 
244 
 
 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER 
 
 Castration of Male Birds.— The bird is placed 
 on its back with the left leg pressed against the abdo- 
 men and the right one stretched backward and outward, 
 an incision is made inside this thigh large enough to 
 admit the finger, which is directed towa-ds the back at 
 the point of union of the last ribs with the backbone. 
 There the testicles are felt in contact with each other, 
 and are separately detached with the nail and extracted 
 through the wound. If lost in the abdomen after detach- 
 ment there is no matter, they will adhere to the perito- 
 neum and become absorbed. Lastly, the wound in the 
 skin is carefully sewed up with a fine thread. 
 
 Abortion. — This consists of the expulsion of the 
 foetus before it can live out of the womb, but in the 
 lower animals the term has been indiscriminately used 
 for cases of premature parturition as well. 
 
 Causes. — Blows or pressure on the abdomen, slips, 
 falls, riding of animals in heat, diseases of the abdominal 
 organs, (tympanitis from wet, frosted or musty fodder, 
 inflammation of the bowels, diarrhoea, poisoning with 
 irritants taken with the food or otherwise, renal calculi, 
 or other diseases of the kidneys or bladder,) stal's too 
 much inclined backward, overfeeding, plethora, hot, 
 damp, relaxing stables, severe muscular exertion after 
 long rest, exhausting feeding for milk at the expense of 
 the system, breeding at too early an age, proximity to 
 or contact with slaughter-houses or dead and decompos- 
 ing animal matter, especially the abortion discharges of 
 other animals, drinking putrid or iced water, disease, 
 deformity or death of the foetus, feeding on ergoted 
 grasses or smutt;- wheat or corn, and, finally, the pre- 
 sence in the passage of a microscopic vegetable parasite, 
 which is easily transferred from one animai to another 
 so as to procure abortion. 
 
 Symptoms. — In the earl}' stages of gestation abortion 
 often takes place without any warning, and is only ascer- 
 tained by the animal again coming in heat. Later the 
 preliminary signs and progress may be those of an ordi- 
 nary parturition, or in other cases a whitish muco-rjuru- 
 
DIFFICULT PARTURITION. 
 
 245 
 
 I 
 
 ent discharge may take place from the vulva for some 
 time before abortion occurs. A fiUing of the udder and 
 a loose flaccid condition of the external generative or/ans 
 often furnish premonitions. ^ 
 
 Prevention~TreatmenL~Kvo\d. the various causes 
 attentionT' when found to exist Especially should 
 fw? K • . ^'!;-" ^° '^^"'■^ ^ ^iet and regimen which 
 
 n irt'nf oi;rn'/n''^r'i° ''^^'^'^ ''-^ ^he hay-fidds 
 all rntant plants, to feed a certain amount of roots in 
 
 ergot before they run to seed, or betters till to plouo-h 
 them up and put under a rotation of other crops to fe?d 
 
 Consumed f T^l ^'^ "^ ^"""^ ^^^ '' thesfmust be 
 consumed, to let the system be somev/hat developed be- 
 fore breeding and not to milk too heavily the first year 
 to give pure air and water and wholesome buildings 'and 
 finally to use anti-septics on the discharges, and t'o keep 
 a sound animals apart from the diseased 'or their pro? 
 n n A . ^^ aborting from whatever cause should be 
 
 rvJd afain"" wf' ^-^ral periods of heat before she i^ 
 served again When abortions have broken out in a herd 
 good results have followed a course of chlorate of potas a 
 m y,oz doses daily. When the beasts are ^thoric 
 benefit has been derived from bleeding or a bare d et 
 with occasional mild laxatives. When run down by poo 
 feedmg or by early breeding and feeding for milk a course 
 of omcs (phosphate of soda, sulphati of 7ron gentmn 
 and ginger,) has proved beneficial."^ When the discha^^e 
 
 betrvt iif [:"°"''°7 ^^"P^°"^^ ^PP-^' laudanum ma; 
 be g ven in large and repeated doses to quiet the system 
 
 and keep the tendency in check. Quiet and seclus on ar^ 
 
 t°n r^'h''",!'"^' .^^^^" '^' abortion becomes ine^abe 
 It must be allowed to proceed, or assistance given if nee! 
 essary as in parturition. ^ "^^ 
 
 mA'o/'tvY Parturition. -Parturition is easy in 
 Ztlh^^r'T"'''^'''^'' wedge-like outline of the 
 
 - , pet^'c^n the iorc limbs rendering- it an affair n. 
 mechamcal simplicity. The same is tru! of the ptsen! 
 
246 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 
 tation of the two hind feet. If left to nature the passages 
 are prepared by the relaxation of the ligaments of the 
 pelvis and falling in on each side of the croup ; they are 
 then gently and equably dilated by the advancing soft 
 and elastic water-bags ; and then if the back of the foetus 
 is turned toward the back of the mother so that the 
 curvature of the body may correspond to that of the 
 pelvis, the process is rarely difficult or protracted. 
 
 Danger arises mainly from parturition being precipi- 
 tated before its natural period, from unnatural conditions 
 of the passages, from distortions of the foetus, or from 
 turning back of one or more members so as to impair the 
 regularity of the wedge and to increase the bulk poste- 
 riorly. 
 
 Premature Labor-pains. — Caused by excitement of 
 travel, goring or riding by their fellows, blows and other 
 mechanical injuries, violent purgation or diuresis, diseases 
 of the digestive or urinary organs or womb, ergoted 
 grasses, etc. If there is no relaxation of the pelvic liga- 
 ments and falling in at the side of the rump, no enlarge- 
 ment of the vulva, no dilatation of the neck of the womb 
 nor enlargement of the bag, place in a secluded place and 
 keep quiet by repeated doses of opium. The pains will 
 usually subside. Even if otherwise apparently prepared, 
 the closed neck of the womb will demand similar rest and 
 anodynes, though a little solid extract of belladonna may 
 in this case be smeared round the neck of the womb to 
 favor relaxation. 
 
 Induration of the neck of the womb is often erroneously 
 supposed to exist in these cases, but such a conclusion 
 need not be reached until the quieting treatment has been 
 followed for one or two days without success and the 
 neck of the womb remains rigid, nodular and gristly. 
 Being fully convinced that the closure is due to disease, 
 it may be dilated by passing in a narrow-bladed, blunt- 
 pointed (probe-pointed) knife and cutting to the depth 
 a quarter of an inch in four directions, upward, down- 
 ward, to the right and left. Then the hand may be intro- 
 duced, with fingers and thunub drawn into the form of a 
 
WRONG PRESENTATIONS, DEFORMITIES, ETC. 247 
 
 cone, and the passage gradually dilated. Or the sponge 
 tents used by the physician may be employed. 
 
 Twisting of the neck of the womb, so that the lower 
 surface of the organ comes to look upward or to one side 
 IS a curious form of obstruction hitherto only seen in the 
 cow. It may be surmised when labor-pains continue 
 without any appearance of water-bags, and conclusive 
 evidence is furnished by the neck of the womb bein^ 
 closed and thrown into spiral folds. Place the patient 
 with Its head uphill to relax the twisted neck, and intro- 
 ducing the hand into the womb seize the fcetus and press 
 It against the uterine walls, while one or two men roll the 
 cow on its other side in the same direction in which the 
 twist has taken place. If the womb is not distended by 
 decomposition of a dead foetus, nor attached to adjacent 
 parts by inflammatory exudations, the untwisting is easily 
 effected, though several successive attempts may be requi- 
 site to secure it. Suddenly constriction around the wrist 
 gives way, the water-bags enter the passage, and delivery 
 is easy. 
 
 Polypus in the Vagina.— A tumor growing from the 
 walls of this passage is another obstacle to parturition 
 / examination its point of attachment is found, and i^ 
 should be slowly twisted off, or, better still, removed by 
 an ecrasiier, an instrument with a pitch-chain which is 
 gradually tightened so as to cut through the parts with- 
 out loss of blood. 
 
 Wrong Presentations, Deformities, -Etc — Max- 
 ims for assisting in Difficult Parturition.— l^f-ver inter- 
 fere too soon. Let the water-bags burst spontaneously 
 when they have fulfilled their purpose of dilating the 
 passages. If there is no mechanical obstacle, let the 
 Icetus be expelled by the unaided efforts of the mother 
 iNever msert t..,e arm for any purpose without first smear- 
 ing It with oil or fresh lard. When the water-bags have 
 ruptured and the pains have continued for some time 
 wi hout^any presentation, examine. When one fore foot 
 only anu tnc nead, or both fore feet without the head, or 
 the head without the feet, or one hind foot without the 
 
248 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 other appears, examine. Whatever part is presented 
 should be secured by a cord, with a running noose, 
 before it is pushed back to search for the others. In 
 searching for a missing member the dam should be 
 placed with her head down hill, and if recumbent should 
 be laid on the side opposite to that on which the limb is 
 missing. Even if the missing member is reached do not 
 attempt to bring it up during a pain. Violent straining 
 may be checked by pinching the back. If the passages 
 have lost their natural lubricating mucus, smear them 
 and the body of the foetus thickly with lard before at- 
 tempting to extract. In dragging upon the fcetus apply 
 force only when the mother strains, and pull slightly 
 down toward the hocks as well as backward. If under 
 the necessity of cutting off a limb, first skin it from near 
 the foot and leave the skin attached to the trunk. Never 
 cut off a member in the middle, but in the case of fore 
 limb bring away the shoulder-blade, or in the hind the 
 thigh-bone. 
 
 Head or fore limb turned hack. — Secure the presentinff 
 limbs with ropes having a running noose drawn tightly 
 round the fetlock, or the head with a noose round the 
 lower jaw, or still better round the neck behind the ears, 
 then pushing them back secure the missing part and 
 bring it into position. In searching for the missing 
 parts it is well to follow those already presented. The 
 left arm will usually answer best for a limb at the left 
 side of the womb, and the right arm for the right. 
 Reaching the shoulder, the hand may be slid down to 
 beneath the elbow, and that joint bent so as to bring 
 the knee up ; then the hand is slipped past the knee to 
 the shank and by a similar movement, pushing back the 
 upper part of the limb and pulling forward the lower, 
 the foot is brought up and secured with a noose. All 
 are then brought forward and delivery is eas3^ In order 
 to bring up the missing part it is often needful that an 
 assistant shall push back the body of the fcetus after the 
 limb has been seized. The assistant may stand with his 
 back to that of the operator and introduce his left arm 
 along by the operator's right or vice versa. Or a smooth 
 
 i 
 
WRONG PRESENTATIONS, DEFORMITIES, ETC. 249 
 
 round pole like that ^f a fork-handle may be introduced 
 and planted in the oreast of the foetus as a means of 
 pushmg it back. In either case the pressure should be 
 shghtly upward toward the back of the foetus so as to 
 brmg up the breast and fore limb toward the passage. 
 The missing head may be turned back on either side, 
 downward upon the breast or upward upon the back! 
 First ascertain its position, then if it cannot be reached 
 by pulling the limbs forward into the passage, push back 
 the body in such a way as will favor the advance of 
 the head. If the ear is reached the head may be pulled 
 by it, till the socket of the eye can be gained, and the 
 body being still pushed back the nose can soon be seized 
 and brought up. Often it is necessary to insert a hook 
 into the eye socket or between the branches of the lower 
 jaw, so that more force may be exerted. The ring in this 
 case should be turned at right angles to the hook, and a 
 cord passed from the hook side of the ring, to the oppo- 
 site, and then knotted so that the greater the force ap- 
 plied the firmer it w-ll hold. 
 
 Presentation of one hind limb alone is recognized by 
 examining it as far up as the hock, which cannot possi- 
 bly be mistaken for the knee. The same principles are 
 applied here. Noose the presenting limb, and pushing 
 back upon it and the buttocks, bring up first the hock 
 and then the foot, bending all the joints to their utmost. 
 In the cow, success can usually be counted on, but the 
 long hind shanks of the foal often prove an insuperable 
 obstacle, and it becomes needful to cut the hamstrings 
 and, leaving the hock bent, to straighten out the limb 
 above this and extract in this position. 
 
 Presentation of the buttocks is to be recognized by the 
 rounded mass, with the tail and beneath it the anus and 
 perhaps the vulva. The process of extraction does not 
 differ from that last described, but in very powerful 
 mares the pains may be so violent and constant that it 
 is impossible to bring up even the hocks, and the limbs 
 have to be separated at the h'p-joint and extracted 
 separately, after which the trunk will come easily. 
 
250 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 Double heads and bodies atid superfluous limbs ha\ne tc 
 be removed on the same general principles, but space 
 forbids their further notice here. 
 
 Water in the head is often an insuperable barrier to 
 delivery, to be easily recognized by manual examina- 
 tion, and as readily relieved by plunging a knife through 
 the membranes and evacuating the liquid. 
 
 Water in the abdomen is equally frequent and to be 
 obviated in a similar manner. 
 
 Disorders following Parturition— F'looding. 
 — Bleeding from the walls of the womb. Mostly after 
 a too hasty parturition in which the uterine walls are 
 exhausted and fail to contracts ; or when the womb has 
 suffered violence in extraction of the foetus. 
 
 Symptoms. — Bloodless pallor of the mucous mem- 
 branes, coldness of the surface, weakness, weak pulse, 
 with or without palpitation of the iie?rt and discharge of 
 blood from the vulva. The hand introduced into the 
 womb finds that organ soft, flaccid, dilated and filled 
 with liquid or clotted blood. 
 
 Treatment. — Apply cold water or bags of ice to the loins 
 and external genital organs, remove the afterbirth and 
 clots with the hand and, if necessary, inject cold water, 
 acids (vinegar, dilute mineral acids,) astringents (sugar 
 of lead, tannin, matico, alum,) into the womb, and give 
 small doses of acetate of lead or ergot of rye by the 
 mouth. In desperate cases a large sponge soaked in 
 tincture of the muriate of iron may be introduced into 
 the womb and emptied by squeezing. If the patient is 
 sinking it may often be saved by transfusion of blood 
 from another animal. 
 
 Retained Afterbirth — Causes.— ?remd±\x\Q parturition, 
 poverty of condition, too hurried delivery and failure to 
 establish subsequent contractions, adhesions, the result 
 of pre-existing inflammation in the womb, etc. 
 
 If not removed it rots away piecemeal, a portion re- 
 maining and putrefying in the womb, causing irritation, 
 discharge, rapid loss of condition and milk and in seme 
 cases absorption of putrid matter and poisoning. 
 
DISORDERS FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 35 1 
 
 TVv^/w^///.— Various methods are followed, i. Attach 
 a pound weight to the mass, so that the constant tugging 
 may stimulate the womb to contraction and expulsion of 
 the afterbirth. 2. Seize the mass close up to the vulva 
 between two pieces of wood and dragging gently move 
 it from side to side to titillate the passages and stimu- 
 late the womb to contraction. 3. Give a dose of physic 
 (Glauber or Epsom salts) with aromatics (ginger, pep- 
 per, copaiva, cardamoms, caraway, etc.) 4. The most 
 satisfactory method is to remove it by the hand, in 
 twelve to twenty-four hours after parturition, before the 
 neck of the womb has closed so as to forbid the intro- 
 duction of the arm. In cows the protrudin<T membranes 
 are gently pulled upon by the left hand while the right 
 IS introduced into the womb and the connecting cotyle- 
 dons or placentulae of the membranes are, one by one, 
 squeezed out from their connections with those of the 
 womb. The process may be slow, as fifty such connec- 
 tions may demand separation, but patience will be 
 crowned with final success, the great points being to 
 tear nothing and to bring up and separate the last por- 
 tions as perfectly as the first. 
 
 Preveniion.~ln poverty-stricken animals much may 
 often be done by warm sloppy food for a week or two 
 prior to parturition. 
 
 Lencorrhoea— Catarrh of the womb or Vagina. This 
 
 often results from retained afterbirth or violence done in 
 parturition, but may occur independently of both or even 
 in the virgin animal. There 'is a whitish discharge from 
 the vulva, foetid if from retained afterbirth, with rapid 
 falhng off in flesh and milk, in spirit and appetite. The 
 subjects can rarely be impregnated. 
 
 7 /m/w^w/.— Introduce a catheter into the womb, draw 
 off the contained fluid, wash out with tepid water intro- 
 duced through the tube, and inject one of the following 
 solutions :— one drachm of sulphate of zinc, sulphate of 
 copper, acetate of lead, permanganate of potassa or car- 
 bolic acid, or half a drachm chloride of zinc, dissolved in 
 a pint of water, and five ounces of glycerine added. 
 J his injection should ^e repeated daily until the dis- 
 
252 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISEI^. 
 
 charge ceases. A course of tonics should accompany 
 this treatment— sulphate of iron, two drachms ; pepper 
 one drachm; ginger, half ounce; gentian, half ounce' 
 daily. 
 
 EVERSION OF THE Vagina OR WoMi?.— The former 
 may occur before parturition or even in the virgin state 
 the latter only after parturition. Hot, relaxing stables 
 and regimen and too great a slope of the stalls backward 
 are among the causes of the first, violence in parturition 
 or in the removal of the afterbirth, of the second. Diges- 
 tive and urinary disorders are further causes. The everted 
 vagina forms a simple rounded mass, easily distinguished 
 from the bladder by the absence of the ureters, and from 
 the womb by that of the two divisions or horns, and in 
 the case of ruminants, by the cotyledons. Treatment is 
 simple : Adjust the slope of the stall, making the hinder 
 part the higher; obviate costiveness, diarrhoea or any 
 other source of irritation ; and adjust a rope truss as fol- 
 lows : Take two ropes, each more than double the length 
 of the animal, bend each double and intertwist them at 
 this bend so as to circumscribe an ov. " opening a little 
 larger than that of the vulva ; this having been adjusted 
 to this orifice the two upper ends are carried around the 
 rump, crossed over each other repeatedly in their passage 
 along the back, and finally tied to a collar previousty 
 placed around the neck; the lower ends are carried down 
 between the thighs, one on each side of the udder, and 
 forward on the sides of the abdomen and chest to be 
 fixed to the collar. It may be made as tight as seems 
 necessary, and will tighten at every effort at straining, 
 so that eversion becomes impossible. It may be mack 
 more secure by attaching the ropes to a surcingle as wcH 
 This truss must of course be removed when true labor- 
 pains come on. 
 
 _ Inflammation of the Womb. — C^^j^j.—Lacera- 
 tions, bruises and other injuries in parturition or in 
 removal of the afterbirth, exposure to cold or wet after 
 parturition, retained afterbirth, etc. 
 
PARTURITION FEVER IN COWS. 253 
 
 Symptoms, —Tyo or three days after parturition a 
 shivering fit, colicky pains, looking at abdomen, plaintive 
 cries, twisting of the tail, shifting of the hind feet; tender- 
 ness of loins and abdomen, arching of the loins, vulva 
 red and swollen, frequent straining with foetid discharge 
 the hand introduced into the womb finds both its ne^k 
 and body dilated with fluid contents, the belly becomes 
 tense and swollen, there is grinding of the teeth, insatia'- 
 bic thirst and loss of power over the limbs. The pulse 
 and respiration are accelerated and the temperature of 
 the body raised. It may end in po^'soning of the blood 
 with pus or absorbed putrid matter, or in gangrene or if 
 recovery ensues it may be perfected in two or three 
 weeks. Peritonitis and enteritis frequently co-exist and 
 are equally fatal at this period. 
 
 TrcatmenU—^T^^Xx out the womb, as in leucorrhcea 
 with chlorine water or a solution of chloride of lime' 
 permanganate of potassa or carbolic acid, adding a solu- 
 tion of gum Arabic, glycerine and laudanum, to render 
 it more soothing. Give an active purgative (in the cow 
 sulphate of soda i lb.) and follow this up by tincture of 
 aconite four times a day, and nitrate of potassa and chlor- 
 aLCofpotassa once daily. A blister should be applied 
 to the right flank (mustard and oil of turpentine in cow 
 or sow, mustard alone for other animals). In case of 
 prostration, weak pulse, stupor, etc., a free use of wine 
 quinine, camphor and general stimulants must be made 
 with antiseptics (chlorate of potassa, carbolic acid, sulpho' 
 carbolates or bichromate of potassa. 
 
 Parturition Fever in Cows.— Milk Fever — 
 Parturient Apoplexy. — a«j-^.y.-Plethora, costive- 
 ness and the susceptibility attendant on parturition It 
 attacks mainly heavy milkers, animals in full flesh that 
 have been well fed just before and after calving, and have 
 been delivered easily with little loss of blood or nervous 
 expenditure. It is most frequent in the hot season, when 
 the grass is most luxuriant and nutritive, but may occur 
 at any season in the best class of cows. 
 
 6>«//r7«^.f.— Dulne.ss, languor, uneasy movements of 
 
254 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 the hind limbs, a full, bounding pulse, red eyes, hot head 
 and horns ; soon the cow becomes vv ^ak on its limbs, 
 unable to rise, lays the head back on the flank or dashes 
 it on the ground, breaking the horns if the surface is 
 hard, and struggles convulsively with its limbs. The 
 surface may now be bedewed with perspiration, the eyes 
 red, fixed or rolling convulsively, the pupils dilated, the 
 heat of the head still greater and the pulse quicker and 
 weaker. Sensation is completely lost, the skin may be 
 pricked at any point without the slightest response, and 
 the eyeball touched without causing winking. Neither 
 dung nor urine is passed, the intestines and bladder being 
 also the seat of paralysis or torpor. 
 
 In one form of the disease the heat of the head, deli- 
 rium and violence may be almost entirely wanting, the 
 prominent symptoms being the fever, accelerated pulse 
 and breathing, elevated temperature, loss of power over 
 the limbs, paralysis of sensation, inappetence, torpor of 
 bowels and bladder. Both forms are exceedingly fatal, 
 almost all attacked within two days after calving perish- 
 ing, and a large proportion of those taken ill during the 
 first week. 
 
 Prevention. — Spare diet (starvation in the plethoric) 
 for a week before and after calving, an active purgative 
 (Epsom salts) to act as soon after calving as possible, 
 plenty of fresh, cool air, milking, if necessary, before 
 calving and thrice daily after. In the full flush of grass 
 it is needful to keep plethoric parturient subject in-doors, 
 upon dry hay with plenty of salt and water, or on a very 
 bare pasture. Even if attacked a week after calving 
 they usually recover. 
 
 I reatmsiit. — If the animal is seen before it goes down, 
 bleed four or six quarts from the jugular, but never after 
 the pulse has lost its fulness or hardness ; apply ice- 
 cold water, bags of ice or a solution of an ounce each of 
 nitre and sal ammoniac in a quart of water to the head, 
 round the base of the horns ; give a powerful purgative, 
 (2 lbs. Epsom salts, ^ oz. carbonate of ammonia, yi dr. 
 nux vomica,) apply friction to the limbs, draw the milk 
 off at frequent intervals and repeat the ammonia and 
 
PARTURITION FEVER IN COWS. 
 
 255 
 
 nux vomica every four hours. The nux vomica may be 
 replaced by strychnia, i grain with 2 or 3 drops of vine- 
 gar m a teaspoonful of water, and injected under the 
 skm twice with four hours interval, or ergot of rye mav 
 be used instead. The fever may often be materially re- 
 duced by enveloping the whole body in a sheet wrun^ 
 out of cold water, and covered up with one or several 
 dry ones, according to the season. 
 
 In the second or torpid lorm of the disorder there is 
 often no call for cold applications to the head, while pur- 
 gatives and nux vomica are especially demanded 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE MAMM/E (UDDliR) AND TEATS. 
 
 Bloody-milk. Blue or viscid milk. Congestion and inflamma- 
 tion of the mammary glands, Garget, Mummitis. Impervious teat. 
 Sore teats, Scabs, Warts. Simple and cancerous tumors of the 
 glands. 
 
 Bloody-milk. — Causes. -Blows on the udder, or 
 commencing inflammation from any other cause ; heat 
 or rut ; a sudden accession of rich food, causing local 
 congestion with increased flow of milk ; the consumption 
 of acrid plants (ranunculus, hydropiper, resinous shoots, 
 etc.,) and the conditions which give rise to red-water. 
 The milk may have a red sediment from feeding madder, 
 logwood and other agents. 
 
 Treatment. — If from congested glands, a saline laxa- 
 tive?, followed by nitre, restricted diet anji bathing with 
 cold water If from acrid plants, withhold them, give a 
 laxative to clear away any yet retained in the stomach, 
 and follc^w up with small doses of nitre and acetate of 
 lead. If from partial congestion, with a somewhat nodu- 
 lar state of the gland and but little heat or tenderness, 
 rub daily with compound tincture of iodine mixed with 
 three times its bulk of water. Milk carefully anfl gently. 
 
 Blue or Viscid Milk.— Due to cryptogams in this 
 liquid. Remove from the vicinity of decomposing ani- 
 mal matter, withhold food or water containing vegetable 
 germs, and administer daily bisulphite of soda (2 drs., 
 cov/). 
 
 Congestion and Inflammation of the Mam- 
 mary Glands— Garget— Mammitis. — Causes. — Blows 
 on the gland, lying on a cold or sharp stone, sores on the 
 teats, leaving the milk unduly long in the bag (hefting), 
 
 (256) 
 
GARGET.— MAMMITTS. 
 
 257 
 
 Stand ng ,n a current of cold air, exposure in cold showers 
 or inclement weather, rich milk-making food too sudden 
 y supphed indigestion, or indeed any derangement "f 
 the general health is h'able to produce this dls^aseTn an 
 anmial m full milk. Ewes oftin lose their bigs or theTr 
 lives from sudden weaning of their huubs. or cows from 
 
 Z^rouT^ ^"^- ^°"^ ^'■"^"^^' ''^' ^^"«" ^^-^^'^" 
 
 ^akcd) bag, or there may be a circumscribed nodular 
 mass in the centre of the bag. In severer cases ?here is 
 
 ^^nd 'with" '^' '^^^'"^ '''''' ^ ''^' hot, ten': paTnfu 
 gland, with no secretion or only a bloody clotted mass 
 These cases come on with violent shivefing, highTem^' 
 perature. strong rapid pulse and quickened b eathing 
 dry nose, costiveness and suppression of urine Thev 
 may end m abscess, induration or gangrene, or a perto 
 recovery may ensue. ^, ^t a periect 
 
 Trenrment—Jn mild cases with no fever and little pain 
 rub well with camphorated spirits or weak iod ne S 
 
 dav and'rTr ^''"'^ 'f. elbow-gnase. Milk thn'e a 
 day and rub for a considerable time on each occasion 
 
 tieLTr '''"' '"^'"^ P"' ^ S^°^ h""^"-^ -^if to 
 In the severe cases, if seen in the shivering fit. give a 
 ti ong cordial (gmger, peppc .. whisky, brandy*^ gin or ale ' 
 
 aiMn .^^h'-'I' "^ ^'""^ ''^'''^ ^"^ envelope from head 
 
 1 . K,""^ '"^ '':''""- °"t °^ ^^t^r as nearly boil- 
 ig as possible, covenng all vath several dry blankets 
 
 and binding firmly to the body; give copious warm 
 
 water mjections and bring if ^isslble info a sweaT 
 
 \Vhen this has lasted half an hour uncover gradually 
 
 rub dry and cover with a light dry wrapping. ^ ^' 
 
 It the disease has advanced further and there is 
 
 already active inflammation in the gland, fo.nent con! 
 
 muous ly with warm water or supper? in a pou tS cu"- 
 
 i'ev'e the n^^' '^r''^'^' ^'"'"^ ^^^'^^ bellarnna to re. 
 
 rL/i^^nl"''^ Tt "r"'^- ^'"^^^ °^^ "^^ "^^JJ^- frequently, 
 '^ing a milking tube if the act is very painful Jf fhe 
 
 
258 
 
 THK FARMERS VETEUINARY ADVISER. 
 
 discharge smells sour inject a weak solution of carbonate 
 of soda and permanganate of potassa (five grains of each 
 to one ounce of water). If the gland becomes hard and 
 indurated, rub with iodine ointment or mercurial oint- 
 ment, not both. If matter forms, open with the knife. 
 If gangrene ensues, use lotions or carbolic acid or chlo- 
 ride of lime. Many sheep do well with a coating of tar 
 on the gland. In the advanced stages nourish well and 
 give tonics (sulphate of iron, gentian, columba). 
 
 Impervious Teat. — From concretions from the milk, 
 which are freely movable in the teat and up into the 
 gland. From polypus in the teat hanging by a band 
 from the mucous membrane and hence movable only in 
 narrow limits. Fro a thickening of the mucous mem- 
 brane and contraction of the walls of the duct to absolute 
 closure. From the formation of a membrane across the 
 duct of the teat. From closure of the external orifice of 
 the teat effected in the healing of a sore. 
 
 Treatment. — Concretions may be extracted by mani- 
 pulation or with a grooved director, the teat having been 
 first relaxed in a warm solution of belladonna. Polypi 
 are removed by making a free incision through the teat, 
 twisting off the tumor, accurately sewing up the wound, 
 and milking for some time with a tube. The oblitera- 
 tion of the duct by contraction of its walls or by a mem 
 branous growth is to be met by a bistnori cache (a knife 
 one line in breadth hidden in a groove of a sharp-pointed 
 handle, but which can be pressed out of its case so as to 
 cut to any extent desired) and a silver or gutta-percha 
 teat tube to be kept tied in the newly made channel un- 
 til it heals. It is well to leave these surgical operations 
 until the milk is dried up. A simple instrument is in 
 use by dairymen, consisting of a steel probe flattened 
 out to two lines at one extremity and with finely sharp- 
 ened point. 
 
 Sore Teats— Scabs — Warts, — Sores, chaps and 
 scabs on the teats are to be treated by soothing applica- 
 tions. One ounce each of spermaceti and aimoird-ui' 
 
o 
 
 SORE TEATS.— SCABS.— WORTS. 259 
 
 melted together will often suffice. Or five grains each 
 of balsam of Tolu or Peru may be added. ^Or a salt 
 t.on of five grams of sugar of lead or chloraY-hvdrate 
 and half an ounce each of glycerine and water. But no 
 plan w,l succeed without gentle milking, with dry teats 
 especially m winter, or in bad cases without the use of a 
 milking tube. Warts are to be removed by the k.^fe 
 scissors and caustic. ^ "^' 
 
 are'^m'S^^rh''if ^^^'^^'^^ ^W.ofhe mammary glands 
 are met with in 1 species of domestic quadrupeds and 
 demand removal with the knife. 4"«*"»^upeas and 
 
 THEARASANDHtS ^T£ED, 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE EYES. 
 
 Trichiasis. Torn eyelids. Superficial inflammation of the eye. 
 Simple ophthalmia. Conjunctivitis. Parasites on the eyes. Specks 
 or films on the eye. Ulcers of the transparent cornea. Tumors of 
 the transparent cornea. Enzootic ophthalmia in cattle and sheep. 
 Internal ophthalmia. Inflammation of the deep structures of the 
 eyeball. Iritis. Choroiditis. Retinitis. Recurring ophthalmia. 
 Periodic ophthalmia. Moon-blindness. Cataract. Palsy of the 
 nerve of sight. Amaurosis. Glass eyes. Glaucoma. Cancer. 
 Staphyloma. Worms in the eye. 
 
 Trichiasis. — Turning in of the eyelashes ; a common 
 cause of inflaniniation. Snip off the offending hair with 
 scissors. 
 
 Torn Eyelids should be accurately brought together 
 and held by collodion, which is to be laid on with a brush, 
 layer after layer, until strong enough to hold safely. If 
 this is not at hand bring together with a quilled suture — 
 the stitches, with carbolated thread or catgut, being tied 
 round two quills lying on the respective flaps, so as to 
 prevent puckering of the edges and to secure even heal- 
 ing. If the lips are brought into accurate apposition 
 and stitches placed closely together, the quills may be 
 discarded. To prevent rubbing of the healing and itch- 
 ing eye, turn the animal round in the stall and tie short 
 to the two posts so that the head cannot reach either. 
 Feed from a bag hung in front and cut open half way 
 down to admit the nose. 
 
 Superficial Inflammation of the Eye.— Simple 
 Ophthai MIA. — Conjunctivitis. — Causes. — Blows with 
 whips, etc .lay-seed, chafif, dust, lime, thorns, etc., in the 
 eye ; stana ng in a current of cold air; irritant emana- 
 tions from dung.ind urine; obstruction of the lachrymal 
 
 (26c) 
 
 I 
 
WHITE SPECKS AND CLOUDINESS OF THE EYE. 261 
 duct With swelling at the inner angle of the eye and 
 
 Snnf "fl""".'"' 'u" '^' ^"^^^ °f ^he duct as seenTn the 
 floor of the chamber of the nose; in horse and ox he 
 presence of a worm-//«;^,-a /acAry,m/is~inside the eve 
 lids ; and m pigs of the measle bladder- worm-?,' W^^ 
 ceilulosa~xn the fat around the eye cystica cus 
 
 Symptoms -Red, sore, watery eyes, with or without 
 ever according to the severity of the attack, soon fol 
 
 "per tL'n the'-'7''%"\" °^ °P^^^^^ extending no 
 .tl u ^. ,'1!*^^^'' °^ ^^'^ transparent part of the 
 
 eyeball The swelling of the eyelids may extend to the 
 hollow above the eye, filling it up. There is no s.i .r n^^o? 
 
 con taclio'n of ^^^^^i"^° ^ t>nght light, nor any undu" 
 contraction of the pupil as compared with healthy eyes 
 
 Itatfon ' "'" P'"'"'"' '^''^'''^^ bedetectedL ex: 
 
 J;'m/«.^«/ Hay-seed, chaff, etc.. may be removed 
 with a pair of small forceps, with the point of Head 
 pencil, or with the head of a pin covered with a soft 
 handkerchief. Lime and sand may be similarly ren^oved 
 or washed out with a fine syringe. Thorns may be 
 picked out with a needle, the animal having beTn ^firs? 
 thrown and the eye fixed with the fingers of by putting 
 
 Or' ifno? t ""^" '\ '"^""^^^ °^ ^^^- - chloS^To irf 
 Or ,f not too deep they will slough out of their own 
 
 frZ ?/ ^^y ""' 'r- ^^' P^t'^"t must be pro ected 
 
 with n "^.^f °^pl^ysic and have the affected eye covered 
 o 1h '^ rr'^'^'^y ^^^ ^'th ^ ^^l"tion of 1 dr. suglr 
 wl e T,f ^P f ^ <^f T^' ^o grains morphia, and i p^n 
 
 betaintaii^d t" "'^^^' '''''' ''' ^' "^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^o'uld 
 
 White Specks and Cloudiness of the Eye- 
 Tl.ese are the results of inflammation, and if confined to 
 
 movedZr"', °"''7°''^^ "^'^'^ 'y^ ^^y usuallv be re' 
 moved by touching them daily with a feather dipped in 
 
 a solution o 3 grs. nitrate of silver in an ounce of dF.m'd 
 
 hcoart?."^ ill '• ^PPi'^,^t'°" «^"'^ "^^^^'^ be made\vhiJe 
 th. pait 1. still inflamed and the eyelids swollen and red 
 
262 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 as it will then be painful and injurious. It will usually 
 fail to remove the speck when that consists in a thick 
 cicatrix following an ulcer, or when red vessels are seen 
 running across it. 
 
 Ulcers of the Transparent Cornea. — These also 
 follow inflammation, and are to be recognized by the 
 visible breaks or abrasions in the surface layers of the 
 transparent coat of the eye. Apply the same agent as 
 for specks, but of double or treble the strength, and im- 
 prove the general health by a liberal diet and a course 
 of tonics (sulphate of iron, nux vomica, cinchona). 
 
 Tumors of the Transparent Cornea — These, if 
 not of a cancerous nature, nor connected with the vascular 
 colored curtain which encircles the pupil (the iris), may 
 be removed with the knife or scissors, the part touched 
 with a stick of nitrate of silver, and a lotion like that 
 used for simple ophthalmia applied on a cloth. 
 
 Enzootic Ophthalmia in Cattle and Sheep.— 
 This affection attacks one or several herds or flocks in a 
 locality, at any season and without apparent cause, ex- 
 cept proximity. The symptoms are those of simple 
 ophthalmia, but of a severe type, with much fever and 
 complete clouding of the eye from exudation into the 
 whole thickness of the transparent cornea, followed by 
 ulceration, and sometimes perforation of this membrane, 
 loss of the humors of the eye, and permanent blindness. 
 
 Treatment. — Separate the sound from the diseased and 
 from the pastures or buildings where the malady has 
 appeared. Give the aff"ected strong purgatives (salts) 
 followed by diuretics (nitre), place in a dark, quiet, dry 
 building, and keep a cloth over the eye saturated with a 
 solution of a drachm each of nitrate of silver and carbolic 
 acid and lo grs. of morphia to a quart of distilled water 
 Blisters may be applied to the cheeks or behind the ears 
 (Spanish flies 2 drs., lard ^ oe., for rattle ; twice the 
 amount of lard for sheep ; rub well in). The resulting 
 ulcers may be treated in the ordinary way. 
 
INTERNAL OPHTALMIA. 
 
 ^6i 
 
 Internal Ophthalmia.— Inflammation of the 
 Deep Structures of the Eyeball.— Iritis —Chor- 
 oiditis —RETiNiTis.-a^«^^i-.-Severe blows or other 
 iorms of local irritation ; extremes of darkness and li^ht • 
 exposure to a draught of cold air, to a storm ; various 
 constitutional disturbances, especially those of the di- 
 i„^estive organs. 
 
 Symptoms —Like those of superficial ophthalmia, but 
 with more fever, constitutional disturbance, accelerated 
 pulse, loss of appetite, increased heat of body, and above 
 a 1 with retraction of the eye into its socket, protrusion 
 of the haw from its inner angle over its surface, closure 
 ot the lids and contraction of the pupil when brought 
 into the light, and the presence of a turbid liquid behind 
 the transparent cornea, with white floating flakes, and a 
 yellowish or whitfsh deposit at the bottom of the cham- 
 ber. The brilliant reflection of the iris or curtain is also 
 largely impaired. As the disease advances a white speck 
 or cloud appears in the lens, behind the pupil and iris. 
 
 Treatmen^.—mace in a dark building with pure, dry 
 air purge (cow, salts ; horse, aloes ; dog, castor-oil,) and 
 follow up with febrifuges (nitre, digitalis ; in dogs or pigs 
 tartar emetic) ; apply alternately by means of a rag ov?r 
 the eye a lotion of 20 grs. acetate of lead. 20 drops ex- 
 tract of belladonna and i quart water, and one of 20 
 grains sulphate of zinc, 20 drops of tincture of (phvso- 
 stigma) Calabar bean, and i qt. water, changing twice 
 daily ; blister the face or neck as for enzootic ophthalmia. 
 
 Recurring Ophthalmia.— Periodic Ophthalmia. 
 -Moon-Blindness.— Attacks solipeds only 
 
 Causes —Hereditary predisposition ; breeding in damp, 
 coudy foggy, or marshy localities ; keeping in damp, 
 close, ill-conditioned stables ; the irritation about the 
 head attendant on teething; clogging the digestive 
 organs by feeding wheat or maize without salt or sul- 
 phate of sodcw, the presence of worms in the intestines ; 
 whatever lowers the general health, and the general 
 causes of iritis 
 
 Sjfm/ftoms.— -Like those of internal ophthalmia with, in 
 
 m 
 
264 THE Farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 many cases, increased tension and hardness of the eye« 
 ball, and its deeper retraction into the orbit. The main 
 difference is in the liability to recur, at intervals of three 
 weeks, a month or more, if the exciting causes have not 
 been removed, until the subject is left blind. In the 
 intervals between the attacks the transparent coat of the 
 eye retains a hazy bluish cloudiness around its border, 
 the iris is wanting in its normal lustre, the anterior 
 chamber has often a slight deposit at its lower part, and 
 the upper eye-lid is bent at an unnatural angle about 
 one-third of its length from the inner angle. After two 
 or three attacks a cataract remains. 
 
 Prevention. — Avoid, for breeding purposes, all horses 
 belonging to an affected family ; all localities that are 
 damp, 'io^^^y, cloudy or relaxing ; as well as ill-appointed 
 stables. Maintain good health and condition by sound 
 feeding, watering, housing, grooming and exercise. 
 When threatened remove to a drier and more bracing 
 climate. 
 
 Treat .:ent. — As for iritis. Some cases, like rheumat- 
 ism, aic benefited by colchicum and the free use of 
 alkalies (carbonates or acetates of potassa or soda). 
 Those that present increased tension and hardness of 
 the eyeball should be early treated by iridectomy, which 
 can, however, only be undertaken by the surgeon. All 
 ca'^-es should have a course of tonics (oxide of iron, nux 
 vomica, ginger) as soon as the violence of the fever has 
 abated, and should be submitted to a regimen calculated 
 to improve their condition so as to ward off a new attack. 
 Recovery from a particular attack may be expected in 
 from six to ten days, and this contributes to sustain the 
 reputation of such ridiculous resorts as knocking out the 
 wolf teeth, and such injurious ones as cutting out the 
 haw (hooks). 
 
 Cataract.— This is the most constant result of inter- 
 nal ophthalmia, though it may occur from other causes, 
 such as diabetes or uraemia. The condition is opacity 
 of the lens, and may be recognized as a white speck or a 
 white, fleecy cloud, filling, in the worst cases, the whole 
 
 I 
 
PALSY OF THE NERVE OF SIGHT. 
 
 265 
 
 of a Widely ^'ilated pupil. Tt is best seen with the ani- 
 mal looking out of the stable door, and with a dark back- 
 ground. V still more satisfactory examination can be 
 made with a lighted taper in a dark room. Three images 
 of the tap( r are reflected, (i) from the surface of the eye 
 ^cornea), (2) from the anterior surface of the lens, and (3) 
 from the posterior surface of the lens. The two anterior 
 are upright, the posterior is inverted. If either of the 
 two posterior images is changed into a diffuse white haze 
 in passing over any part of the pupil it implies an exu- 
 dation into that part of the lens— a cataract. Haziness 
 of the large anterior inwge is only caused by opacity of 
 the cornea. 
 
 Treatment.--l<iew\y formed cataracts will sometimes 
 clear up by absorption, under such treatment as is 
 n^lopted for inflammation, but the rule is that an opacity 
 ol the lens once found, is permanent. In cattle and 
 sheep the lens may be extracted or depressed as in man, 
 but in the horse such an operation would be worse than 
 useless, as without spectacles he could never see things 
 in their right form or position, and would become an in- 
 corrigible shyer. Better leave him blind. Cases not 
 due to recurring ophthalmia may be benefited in the 
 long run by applying a drop of phosphorated oil (phos- 
 phorus 2 grs., almond oil i oz.) to the eye daily, for 
 several months. 
 
 Palsy of the Nerve of Sight.— A^iaurosis.— 
 Glass Eyes. — Causes. — Congestion, tumors, dropsy or 
 other diseases of the brain. Injury to the nerve of sight 
 by pressure or otherwise. Inflammation with exudatton 
 into the retina. Excess of light. It may be symptom- 
 atic from overioaded stomach, from blood lessness, and 
 sometimes from gestation. 
 
 Symptoms.— EyQs unnaturally clear from wide dilata- 
 tion of the pupils. Failure of the pupils to contract 
 when exposed to light or sunshine, or to dilate in dark- 
 ness. The subjects do not wince when a feint is made 
 to strike them, unless the hand produces a current of 
 air. The animals step high to avoid obstacles and have 
 
266 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER 
 
 very active ears, which are constantly exercised to make 
 up for lack of sight. 
 
 Treatment. — If due to removable cause stop this, then 
 blister the cheek or behind the ear, as for ophthalmia, 
 and give nerve stimulants (strychnia, nitrate of silver, etc.) 
 
 Among the other affections of the eye are Glaiteoma, 
 the true nature of which can only be ascertained with 
 the ophthalmascope ; Cancer, which demands the skill 
 of the anatomist for removal ; Staphyloma, or vascular 
 tumor of the cornea ; Worm in the eye (Filaria Ocidtj 
 which is to be extracted by skilful puncture ; etc. 
 
 ^>v. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 ... General causes. Epilepsy. Falling sickness. Chorea, St. 
 Vitus s Dance, St. Guy's Dance. Vertigo, Megrims in horses 
 Lock-jaw, Trismus, Tetanus. Convulsions, Fits. Sleepy Staggers, 
 Coma Somnolentum. Apoplexy. Inflammation of the Brain, 
 Phrenitis, Encephalitis, Cerebral Meningitis. Inflammation of the 
 spinal cord, Myelitis, Spinal Meningitis. Epidemic Cerebro-spinal 
 Meningitis, Cerebro-spinal Fever. Enzootic Myelitis in sheep. 
 Trembling, Hydro-rachitis. Paralysis. Loss of sensation or vol- 
 untary motion. General Paialysis. Paraplegia, Palsy of the hind 
 hmbs. Hemiplegia, Palsy of one lateral half of the body. Facial 
 Paralysis. Other local palsies. Stomach Staggers and Acute Lead 
 Poisoning. Sun-stroke. 
 
 The frequency of these affections bears some relation 
 to the development and activity of the great nerve cen- 
 tres and especially the brain. The\' are often symptoma- 
 tic of other diseases, the irritation' being co.nveyed along 
 the nerve to the nerve centres so as to derange their 
 functions ; at other times they have their origin in these 
 centres themselves. Among common causes may be 
 named: exposure to intense heat or cold, especially with 
 a dry parching atmosphere ; excess of light ; deranged 
 cr excited circulation, as a loss of blood or plethora, ob- 
 stacles to the return of blood from the head, by the jug- 
 ular veins, or imperfect supply from thickening of the 
 cranial bones ; the influence of poisons, pressure, etc. ; 
 severe over-exertion ; digestive, hepatic and urinary dis- 
 orders, and parasites. 
 
 Epilepsy— Falling Sickness.— This is seen in dogs, 
 cattle, horses and pigs in about the order named. It 
 usually exists independently of any observable change 
 of brain structure. Thus, in dogs it follows distemper, 
 or depends on teething, worms in the stomach or intes- 
 
 (267) 
 
 ■L 
 
26& 
 
 THE FARMKR'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 tines, or acari in the nasal sinuses. In pigs indigestible 
 substances in the stomach may determine it. Brown - 
 Sequard showed how it could' be developed at will in 
 Guinea-pigs by tickling the neck, and has even produced 
 It m the human subject. In all animals it may be looked 
 on as, generally, a reflex act. Abscesses, tumors, etc., of 
 the bram have been found in certain instances in horses 
 and the malady has supervened on a severe fright and 
 u/cse, or a broken horn or other injury to the head in 
 cows. Probably in these cases the disease of the brain 
 has rendered it more susceptible to the impression com- 
 ing from a distant part of the body. The disease has 
 proved hereditary in cattle. 
 
 Sj^mpioms.—Sudden loss of sensation and voluntary 
 movement, with convulsive contraction of the muscles of 
 the trunk and limbs. The patient may or may not ap- 
 pear dull or stupid for some time, but the attack is al- 
 ways sudden, the victim crying, falling to the ground, 
 stiffening all over, with clenched jaws, frothing at the 
 lips, and fixed red eyeballs. The attack may last for 
 one or several minutes, after which the muscles relax 
 and the animal becomes conscious but retains consider- 
 able dulness or languor for a day or more. The attacks 
 are more or less frequent according to the activity of the 
 exciting cause. 
 
 Treatment— K&movQ the causes— worms or other irri- 
 tants in the intestinal canal or elsewhere :— in excitable 
 plethoric animals restrict diet and give more exercise • 
 in the bloodless, feed highly and give iron and bitters • 
 m dyspeptic pigs gWQ sound food and bitters (gentian, 
 quassia, camomile, boneset, serpentaria, myrrh,) with 
 iron. In excitable stallions castration is usually need- 
 ful. During the attack inhalations of chloroform or 
 ether, or the injection of these agents or of chloral- 
 hydrate will serve to cut short the attack. If dependent 
 on irritation of some known part of the surface, attacks 
 niay be obviated by cutting the nerves proceeding from 
 this part or better, by light firing with an iron at a red 
 or white heat 
 
CtlOREA.— ST. VITUS'S DANCE. 
 
 iSg 
 
 Chorea— St. Vitus's Dance—St. Guy's Dance.— 
 Mainly seen in the dog and horse. Occurs in subjects 
 debilitated or worn out by disease as in dogs by distem- 
 per. There is no constant structural change in the brain, 
 but the occurrence of the disease as a consequence of ex- 
 hausting disorders and the excess of urea, etc., in the 
 urine, may be taken as implying an altered state of the 
 blood, and of the processes of sanguification. 
 
 Symptoms. — Momentary spasms of the voluntary mus- 
 cles, leading to jerking of one or more limb.s, of the head 
 or of the entire body. This continues without intermis- 
 sion in sleep as in walking, and, by wearing the subject 
 out, increases the disorder. In the hor: ^^ it occurs mainly 
 in the hind limbs, but will also attack the fore, and tem- 
 porarily the muscles of the body. 
 
 Treatment. — Re-establish health and vigor by abun- 
 dant nourishment, open air exercise, tonics (sulphate and 
 carbonate of iron, cascarilla, quinia,) cold baths, rubbing' 
 dry afterwards, and strichnia. Nerve sedatives (chloral- 
 hydrate) may be given to check or moderate the spasms. 
 
 Vertigo— Megrtms in Horses.— An equine disease 
 characterized by sudden and temporary loss of sensation 
 and voluntary motion, with trembling, and it may be 
 champing of the jaws, but without the general spasms 
 of epilepsy. 
 
 Causes. — Brain disorders such as tumors, congestions, 
 effusions, etc., or modified circulation from compression 
 of the jugular veins, or disease of the heart. Plethora is 
 a frequent cause in the young. 
 
 Symptoms. — The animal drawing a load, especially up 
 hill, with a tight collar, driven hurriedly in extreme heat, 
 or in a strong glare of sunshine or snow, suddenly hangs 
 on the reins, slackens his pace, staggers a little perhaps, 
 and if not stopped, drops in harness, first it may be start- 
 ing to one side or rearing up so as to fall back over the 
 driver. If stopped on the first sign of failing, the attack 
 may usually be warded off. If it has taken place, the 
 loosening of the harness and a few minutes rest will 
 generally bring the animal round, so that he can get on 
 
 ^1 
 
 ' I 
 
270 THK farmer's VETKRINARY ADVISER. 
 
 his legs, but ho remains nervous and excitable for several 
 
 ^ Prevention— Treatment— \n plethoric vounL^ horses 
 improve the condition by restricted diet and regular in- 
 creasing exercise, or turn out to grass for a time. Give 
 an occasional laxative and diuretic. Avoid tight or 
 badly fitting collars, or whatever presses on the v?ins of 
 the neck Shelter the top of the head from the direct 
 rays of the sun by a sunshade. Wear a wet sponge con- 
 stantly between the ears when at work. When the pre 
 monitory symptoms appear, stop, slacken the collar 
 cover the eyes, c pply cold water or ice to the head and 
 neck; blood may even be drawn from the palate the 
 temporal artery, or the jugular vein. This should be 
 lollowed by an active purgative (aloes, Glauber salts) 
 and nerve sedatives (chloral-hydrate, bromide of potas- 
 sium). A laxative diet must be kept up for some time 
 or a run at grass allowed. 
 
 Lock-javv-Trismus— Tetanus.— This consists in 
 persi.s.ent cramps of the voluntary muscles. When con- 
 fined to those of the face it is trismus or lock-jaw, when 
 general, tetanns. -^ ' 
 
 Causes— ^onn^^, especially of unyielding structures 
 like he foot, the firm fibrous layers covering the limbs 
 shoulder or croup, or the bones (tail). Wounds impli- 
 cating large sensory nerves, or enclosing rust, grittv mat- 
 ters, or castrating clamps, or subject to Jhafing as 
 between the thighs, are occasional causes. In other 
 cases exposure to cold or wet, or a continual droppin- 
 on some part of the body is the cause. In still others \t 
 appears without any obvious reason, though probably 
 from internal lesions. It is remarkable that it rarelv 
 occurs until wounds are well advanced in healing. In 
 Iambs it has been observed in connection with overfeed- 
 
 ex" olurQ ^ ^^^^ """ *'^^°'^' ^'^'"' ^^''•' ^^ "^^^ ^' ^^^"^ 
 
 6>;;///^w^._General stiffness ; hafdness of the affected 
 muscles ; protusion of the haw from the inner angle of 
 the eye, over the ball, becoming more mark^ if fh- 
 
CONVULSIONS.— FITS. 
 
 271 
 
 ai Imal is excited, as by jerking up the head ; in the 
 V orst cases the head is elevated and carried stiffl}'', the 
 tail raised and trembling; the legs directed slightly out- 
 ward like four innmovable posts, and in walking are lifted 
 almost without bending ; the animal cannot lie down, or 
 if he gets down, rouses the spasms fatally in his struggles 
 to rise ; the bowels are always torpid ; the breathing is 
 excited, and in bad cases stertorous ; and though the 
 spasms never give way they appear in paroxysms, which 
 are easily roused by movement, the presence of strangers, 
 loud talking, banging of doors, rustling of straw, or any 
 other noise or commotion. It usually proves fatal by the 
 cramps of the muscles of the throat (larynx) and chest. 
 Tteatmmt. — Secure perfect quiet in a dark box, safely 
 locked from curious observers ; place slings beneath the 
 patient, so that he can stand clear of them or rest in 
 them at will ; remove straw or other source of excite- 
 ment ; feed very soft bran mashes or thick gruels, from 
 «uch a level as does not require ary dropping of the 
 head to reach them ; give a strong dose of purgative 
 medicine (horse, aloes ; sheep, ox, sulphate of soda or 
 magnesia ; swine, dog, castor oil,) following this up by 
 antispasmodics, three daily (belladonna, prussic acid, 
 chloral hydrate, lobelia, tobacco, etc.,) or these may be 
 given by injection, or chloroform, ether or nitrate of 
 amyle by inhalation. If it does not excite the animal 
 too much, give a steam bath, or a thorough perspiration 
 with hot rugs covered with dry ones. The bowels must 
 be kept open by small doses of powdered croton seed or 
 podophyllin mixed with solid extract of belladonna, and 
 smeared on the back teeth as often as may be necessary. 
 A bad case will require six weeks to acquire complete 
 ease of movement. 
 
 Convulsions. — Fits. — Seen more frequently in 
 young dogs and cats during teething, and in bitches at 
 the period of parturition or when reduced by suckling a 
 large litter. In dogs or pigs they are common from in- 
 digestion or intestinal worms, and will occur in all ani- 
 TPals from disorders in the brain or poisons in the circy- 
 
272 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 lation. The symptoms are those of sudden a-^itatin? 
 spasms of one or more parts of the body, usually pro. 
 trusion and redness of the eyeballs, and frothin/from 
 the mouth, with complete insensibility. Treatment con- 
 sists in removing the causes as far as ascertained : lanee 
 inflamed gums; expel worms or irritating matters 
 from stomach and bowels ; correct dyspepsia by good 
 feeding, air exercise, lodging, and by'tonics (bitters, 
 non, etc.) The convulsions may be checked by such 
 agents as ether or chloral-hydrate given by inhalation 
 or injection. 
 
 Sleepy Staggers. — Coma Somnolentum — a 
 chronic disease of horses, characterized by drowsiness 
 wi h impaired consciousness and voluntary movement' 
 without fever. It maybe associated with pressure on 
 the brain by tumors, soft or bony, b ' above all by 
 serous effusion. Increase and decrease of the brain, and 
 thickening of its membranes are other occasional con- 
 comitants It appears to be at times connected with 
 deranged blood-forming processes, as in diseases of the 
 right heart, lungs and liver, or with defective elimination 
 as m kidney disorders. 
 
 ^ ^J///^/^;/^^-.— Sleepiness, listlessness. want of life and 
 intelhgence, a stupid demented look in the eye, droopino- 
 hds, unsteadiness in the gait, perhaps only seen in turn" 
 ingor backing; in worse cases the patient will twist the 
 legs over each other in walking straight, or will even 
 rest tne head or haunches on manger or stall The 
 bowels are torpid. The symptoms are h'ke those of 
 stomach staggers, without the abdominal disorder 
 
 1 he animal may recover so as to work well in winter 
 while utterly useless in summer, and this state may last 
 for several years A complete recovery is rare, and yet 
 it IS occasionally seen, everything depending or the 
 structural changes existing. But even in the incurable 
 cases the progress may be retarded by treatment 
 
 Treatment.— In hot weather keep in a cool, well-aired 
 place or in the open air in the shade. Give soft laxa- 
 tive diet, free access to cold water and an occasional 
 
APOPLEXY.— INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN. 273 
 
 purgative (sulphate of soda). A course of tonics (iron, 
 nux vomica, gentian), and diuretics (digitalis, iodide of 
 potassium, oromide of potassium) are often useful. Blis- 
 ters may be applied to the neck or limbs if there seems 
 to be effusion. The correction of any existing disorder 
 in the lungs, liver or kidneys, will increase the prospects 
 of cure ; when well enough to use, such horses should 
 wear a breast-strap in place of a collar, and should not 
 be overdone. They should never be used for breeding 
 purposes. 
 
 Apoplexy.— Sudden loss of sensation and voluntary 
 motion from effusion on the braui, and associated with a 
 turgid condition of the blood-vessels of the head and 
 
 neck. 
 
 Causes.— It occurs in plethoric animals during exer- 
 tion, in those suffering from softening of the brain, the 
 result of plugging of the veins with fibrinous clots, of 
 concussion, congestion, etc. The symptoms are conges- 
 tion of the head, dullness, heaviness, followed by complete 
 paralysis, sensory and motor, loud stertorous' breathing, 
 and dilatation of the pupils. 
 
 Treatmoit. — In the early stages, before the patient is 
 paralyzed, apply cold water or ice to the head, bleed 
 from' the temporal artery (just behind the eye) or the 
 jugular vein, keep perfectly quiet, and freely open the 
 bowels. 
 
 Inflammation of the Brain. — Phrenitis. 
 
 Encephalitis.— Cerebral Meningitis.— This is seen 
 in all domestic animals, but especially in horses, oxen 
 and sheep. Among the causes may be mentioned : blows 
 on the head with concussion of the brain or fracture of 
 the cranial bones ; plugging of the vessels in the brain 
 by clots formed in diseases elsewhere ; infection of the 
 blood with pus or putrid animal fluids ; sudden changes 
 of temperature ; exposure to extreme heat or cold ; the 
 over-exertion of plethoric animals ; alcoholic poisoning 
 from feeding spoiled products of distilleries ; congestion 
 rroin a tight collar, loss of jugular, or diseased heart \ 
 
274 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 sympathetic nervous disorder from indigestion; th« 
 growth of tumors or parasites in the brain; feedina on 
 ergoted grasses or smut. ** 
 
 Sy7nptoms.--l{ the brain substance alone is involved 
 there is usually dullness, stupor and palsy, sensory and 
 motor; if the membranes covering the brain, there is 
 more violence, delirium, irregular movements, pawine 
 stamping, champing the teeth, and partial or general 
 convulsions. In either case there is trembling, efevated 
 temperature, excited pulse and breathing, heat about the 
 upper part of the head, injected, glaring eyes, rolling or 
 set, extreme excitability and violent trembling. Iven 
 when just aroused from stupor. The patient will some- 
 times bore his head against an obstacle, or rest his 
 haunches on any object within reach. The violence is 
 not necessarily continuous, but usually occurs in par- 
 oxysms, leaving intervals of stupor and comparative quiet 
 iJuring the paroxysm the subjects may cry horses 
 neigh, cattle bellow, sheep bleat, pigs squeal and grunt 
 During the period of stupor the pulse and breathing are 
 usually slovv, and this applies also to those cases in which 
 the disease has merged into a condition of vertijio coma 
 or paralysis. ^ ' 
 
 Treatment.— A^^Xy ice or cold water to the head give 
 injections of turpentine and oil, a strong purgative (horse 
 aloes and croton ; sheep, ox, Glauber salts and croton • 
 pig, croton beans,) with chloral-hydrate and ergot • bleed 
 from the temporal artery and jugular vein, and follow up 
 with diuretics and sedatives (nitre, bromide of potas- 
 sium). The animal should be kept in a cool airy stall 
 If paralysis follows, treat as for that disease. 
 
 Inflammation of the Spinal Cord— Myei itis 
 ---Spinal MENiNGlTls.~The causes are similar to thos.* 
 ol p/irenitis. The disease may show itself by paroxysms 
 of convulsions, with exalted temperature, increased cir- 
 culation and rapid breathing, finally merging into paraly 
 sis ; or It may be manifested at once by palsy witho ^l 
 previous spasms, but with coldness, and usually dryness 
 of the paralyzed part, though the anterior part of the 
 
EPIDEMIC CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 2/5 
 
 body may be bathed in perspiration. There may he ten- 
 derness on striking the spines in the affected region of 
 the back, and there is great pain and unsteadiness in any 
 attempt at movement, even though the patient may be 
 able to stand. There is no redness of the urine as in 
 aisot(smta. 
 
 TreaimeuL— Apply cold water or ice to the affected 
 part of the spine ; cup or leech if this can be done ; purge 
 as mphretutis, adding ergot of rye or chloral hydrate. As 
 improvement sets in blister the back (cantharides, mus- 
 tard, etc.,) and give diuretics, chioral-hydrate, bromide of 
 potassium, ergot of rye. Care must be taken to turn thr 
 patient often if unable to stand, giving a soft dry bed 
 and to draw off the wateT frequently with a catheter 
 unless it is passed spontaneously. 
 
 Epidemic Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis.— Cerebro- 
 spinal Fever.— Inflammation of the substance and cov- 
 erings of the brain and spinal cord in horses, sometimes 
 prevailing widely in stables or cities, from some cause 
 acting generally. 1 he true cause is unknown, though m 
 many cases debilitating conditions, like unwholesome 
 food or water, overwork, sudden exposure to intense heat 
 or suddenly induced plethora, will serve as immediate 
 excitants of the morbid process. It is peculiar to no 
 season, but has not been recognized in Europe. 
 
 Symptoms.— '^ChQse, are varied according to the case. 
 Some are seized abruptly with cramps of the voluntary 
 muscles, especially those of the neck and hind limbs . 
 which soon give place to general palsy— motor and sen- 
 sory. In other cases the ons >t is slow. Tl.ere may be 
 trembhng, dullness and lassitude for some lie srs or days 
 or there may be some local paralysis, V"- that of the 
 throat or lips, incapacitating the animal i/om swallowing 
 liquids, or causing profuse slavei 'ng. But sooner or later, 
 111 all cases alike, paralysis sets in and the animal is barely 
 able to support itself, or, if worse, lies proo...ate on his side 
 with hmbs extended and fiaccid. If the case is to prove 
 fatal, coma and complete stupor usually precedes death. 
 If recovery ensues, appetite is often preserved throudi- 
 17 t- ^ 
 
 m 
 
276 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 out, and restoration of the general health precedes the 
 disappearance of the palsy, sometimes by several 
 months. The pulse throughout is little varied, oein^ 
 usually slow and soft at first, and weaker and more rapid 
 as the disease advances. Breathing, at first little affected 
 becomes deep and stertorous as coma sets in. The sur- 
 face temperature is cool and that in the rectum usually 
 natural. The bowels are generally costive, and the 
 urme unchanged and may pass involuntarily. Tender- 
 ness of the spme may sometimes be detected by percus- 
 sion, and will guide to the precise seat of local disease. 
 Treatment.— T\i& disease is very fatal, though varying 
 much in successive outbreaks. Excepting in cases of 
 complete paralysis and confa the patient should be 
 placed m slings and have what laxative food (bran 
 mashes roots, etc.,) he will take. Cold lotions (nitre 
 and sal-ammoniac) or bags of pounded ice and bran 
 should be applied to the spine, and hand-rubbing and 
 mustard or other stimulating embrocations, to the limbs 
 Copious injections of warm water may be thrown into 
 the rectum, containing in solution aloes or other purga- 
 tives. Opium or chloral-hydrate may be given to relieve 
 extreme pain or spasms, but the agents which are 
 especially demanded in the early stages are bromide of 
 potassium and ergot of rye. These may be used as in- 
 jections, or, still better, subcutaneouslv, the first in 
 strong solution, the last as c^-gotine. When swallowing 
 IS perfect they may be administered by the mouth. 
 When the acute symptoms have passed, stimulants (am- 
 monia, ether, alcoholic fluids,) and tonics (quinia, casca- 
 rilla, boneset etc.,) may be given, and blisters (mustard, 
 bpanish flies,) applied along the spine. The remaining 
 palsy must be treated on general principles. (See Par- 
 alysis.) ^ 
 
 Enzootic Myelitis in Sheep. -Trembling. - 
 HYDRO-RACHITIS.-The true cause of this affection i. 
 unknown, but it has prevailed especially on newly- 
 limed land which has undergone a great temporary 
 increase or fertility. In some parts of Scotland its pre- 
 
PARALYSIS. 
 
 27; 
 
 valence is circumscribed by the windings of a river 
 ( Ivveed) and without any ostensible cause; or it is fatal 
 on one slope (south) of a hill, while the opposite 
 escapes ; or again it prevails on the richest table-lands. 
 It attacks mainly lambs or sheep under i^ years old 
 and proves very fatal, often destroying the entire off- 
 sprmg of the year. 
 
 Symptoms vary somewhat. Many lambs appear para- 
 
 yzed when dropped, either in the hipd or fore extremi- 
 
 les or both, others are attacked a few days or weeks 
 
 later. Sometimes the head or entire body is drawn to 
 
 one side by a spasm, in other cases there is spasmodic 
 
 movement of the limbs in progression (louping^m^ 
 
 Ihere is usually much apparent stupor and drooping 
 
 ears, but the patient is easily startled, and in its effortt 
 
 to escape will tumble headlong. A nervous trembling 
 
 - frequent, and there is tenderness or itching of the 
 
 or croup. ^ 
 
 reatment of the lambs would be on the same general 
 , mciples as in inflammation of the spinal cord in other 
 animals, buL will rarely pay. Prevention is to be sought 
 by keeping breeding ewes and young sheep from nevvly 
 limed land; by using none for breeding under two 
 years old, and by close attention to food, water and 
 shelter to secure good health during pregnancy. 
 
 Morm J^'^^'/'-^f ^^ ?^ Sensation or Voluntary 
 -^vmiQ^.—Lossof voluntary motion is known as Motor 
 paralysis, loss of sensation as Semory paralysis or Anes- 
 thesia. Paralysis is also /m>>^^m/ when it occurs from 
 injury to the irerves (chilling, tearing, cutting, pressure 
 inflammation, degeneration, etc.,) and central\h^\ 
 arises from injury to the great nerve centres, the brain 
 and spinal cord. Sensory and motor paralysis may 
 exist independently of each other, and loss of sensation 
 on one side of the body may co-exist with increased 
 sensitiveness on the other. An injury to on. side of 
 ttie orain usually paralyzes sensation or motion on the 
 
 T^T '1 v,^ u f\ ^°^^'- ^"J^^'y *^ the lower part ot 
 one lateral half of the spinal cord, paralyzes motion on 
 
278 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER 
 
 the samt side of the body behind the lesion ; while an 
 injury to the upper part of one lateral half of the cord 
 paralyzes sensation on the opposite side behind the hurt 
 and in a small adjacent part of the same side, while the 
 rest of this side behind the lesion is rendered more sensi- 
 tive. Space forbids our following further the indications 
 furnished by the nature and seat of the paralysis, as to 
 the probable lesions in the central nervous system ; this 
 must be left for a larger work. 
 
 General Paralysis.— Paralysis of the face, trunk 
 and extremities, but without the implication of the mus- 
 cles of respiration, may arise from pressure on the brain, 
 or as a reflex action from distant organs (impacted 
 stomach, constipation, pregnancy, etc.,) and may not be 
 mcompatible with life. If from section or cutting of the 
 spinal cord in front of the fifth neck-bone (broken neck 
 pithing,) it is promptly fatal by abolishing respiration. 
 
 Paraplegia.— Palsy of the Hind Limbs.— This 
 is a common form of paralysis resulting from broken 
 back or loins, or it may reflect from disordered indiges- 
 tion, etc., (in horses, cattle, dogs). It may also occur 
 from tumors or parasites in the spinal cord, from bony 
 swelhngs, the results of sprains, from inflammation and 
 softening of the cord, and from lolium temulentum (dar- 
 neH, and the newly ripened seeds of its allies, lolium 
 hnicola (flax rye-grass), and lolium perenne (perennial 
 rye-grass). The chick vetch, millet, ergot and various 
 blood poisons (taurocholic acid, leucin, tyrosin, urea, etc..) 
 have a similar action. 
 
 Hemiplegia.— This consists in paralysis of one lateral 
 half of the body, to the exclusion of the other, usually as 
 the result of some disorder of one side of the brain or 
 spinal cord. It occurs in all animals, but less frequently 
 than paraplegia. 
 
 Facial Paralysis. — This sometimes occurs from a 
 continuous current of cold air striking on the side of the 
 
STOMACH STAGGERS. 
 
 279 
 
 face, but also from bruises behind the eye and Joint of 
 the jaws, by a badly fitting bridle, a collar, or apparatus 
 commonly used ibr breachy horses. Cows suffer from 
 similar injuries from stanchions. Finally it may result 
 from disease of the brain or middle ear. 
 
 Other local paralysis, such as of the ear, eyelids, lips, 
 tongue, laryjtx, tail, etc., result from corresponding causes. 
 
 Treatment for Paraly sis. —Owx first object must be to 
 remove the cause, whether this consists in digestive, 
 urinary or uterine disorder, in congestion, inflammation,' 
 or pressure on the brain or nerves. When a nerve is cut 
 across, we must wait for its reunion. When the cause is 
 irremovable the paralysis is necessarily incurable. In cases 
 of inflammation we must proceed as advised for inflam- 
 mation of the brain or spinal cord. Then apply cold 
 douches and friction to the paralyzed part, followed by 
 a blister. Blisters may also be applied to the neighbor- 
 hood of the nerve centre presiding over the part. In 
 some cases the application of the hot iron lightly is bene- 
 ficial. A current of electricity directed along the course 
 of the nerve or through the paralyzed muscles may be 
 repeated daily with the best results; or nerve stimulants 
 (nux vomica, strychnia, nitrate of silver, etc.,) may be 
 given daily, commencing with small doses and gradually 
 increasing them until twitching or slight cramps of the 
 muscles are seen ; then stop their administration for a 
 few days, and resume with half the former doses. Never . 
 continue when the system is affected, as shown by muscu- 
 lar jerking. In some cases of local paralysis (retina, etc.,) 
 excellent results are obtained from subcutaneous injec- 
 tions of strychnia. 
 
 Stomach Staggers and Acute Lead Poisoning. 
 —These are affections commencing with functional 
 stomach and brain disorder, and leading to congestion 
 and inflammation of the great nerve centre, and deserve 
 a special notice. 
 
 The stomach staggers of horses and cattle usually arise 
 from eating particular articles of food, such as the dif- 
 ferent forms of rye grass, millet, vetches, tares, etc, wh^- : 
 
28o THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 ripening and not yet cured. A poisonous princiole 
 exists, which m the case of the loh'um temulentum'ha 
 been separa ed as an extract, and administered vS 
 fatal effects to horses, cattle and dogs. It acts bv oar^ 
 lyzmg the stomach and congesting the bra n Catt" 
 will suffer similarly from the vciy rich vegetation o 
 spnng^^from the dry irritating fibrous grass mixed with 
 
 h^rd water ' ""' "" ^ '"^^'^'^ ^^^^"^^^ ^^°"^ ^^^ to 
 Symp^ows T\\^ first effect is drowsiness, the horse 
 being sluggish at work, and falling asleep whi e eatin° or 
 drinking, or the ox leaving his fellows and lying dC 
 with his head on his flank, his eyelids semi-closfd a d 
 his pupils dilated. The bowels continue to move, passii^^ 
 indigested matter and wind, the abdomen is full and l^e 
 sea o frequent rumbling, and the appetite is retained so 
 hat the orp.d stomach is still further distended. This 
 state of thmgs may continue for several days, and is fo 
 ovyed by imperfect control over the limbs, hind or foJ 
 so that the subject sways unsteadily in walking, and leans' 
 
 n the stable T"^"'"' ^isquarterson thi'stall whe" 
 in the stable. Sometimes paraplegia is the first siVn 
 drowsiness being absent throughout^ The drows i e f in 
 time ?;ves place to restless and involuntary actions ferk" 
 ing ot the head, champing of the jaws, pus^iing the head 
 against the wall, movements of the linfbs, walk n' n a 
 
 1^0°; T^'S^^^^r^T^ ^^^^'-^'^^-^ «f obstacles, s^prng- 
 ing or dashing violently about, convulsions, etc. Thefe 
 periods of violence or delirium occur in paroxysms leav 
 "STtuoor ff ^TP-^'-' though no^ abso'lute, qX 
 iu] tl3 1 T .^^^^^"I'y «^^^^"-ed the animals often 
 kill themselves dunng one of these paroxysms. The 
 
 tTeTat^fstagef "'^ ''' '"'^ '' '-'' '^' ^^'^'^^^^^ '^^ 
 
 r.i^^^'^ll'^''''- ^"'j'''''''^^' i" cattle results from eating 
 red or white paint often the refuse of paint-pots which 
 has lain for years in the soil), sheet lead, spent bullets 
 
 o 'lead oT f''''a'''' '^""" ^''^'^ ^^h'^^ h--- held su^a' 
 Of lead or of soft water that has run through leaden 
 
SUN-STROKE. 
 
 281 
 
 pipes or stood in leaden cisterns. The symptoms are 
 usually indistinguishable from those above described, the 
 preliminary dullness and drowsiness merging into active 
 delirium, with reckless dashing about and violent bel- 
 lowing. 
 
 Treatment in all cases consists in stopping the inges- 
 tion of the poison and carrying off from tiie bowels any 
 that still remains there. Double the usual amount of 
 purgative medicine must be given, with stimulants, their 
 action favored by injections and the brain symptoms 
 kept in check by applying cold water or ice to the head, 
 as well as by bromide of potassium. In lead poisoning 
 sulphate of magnesia or soda are the appropriate purga- 
 tives, and y^ oz. sulphuric acid should also be g'ven in 
 two parts of water to precipitate in an insoluble form 
 any lead that may still be retained. If later there is a 
 suspicion of lead being retained in the system give iodide 
 of potassium. Should paralysis persist when the active 
 symptoms have passed away, treat that on general prin- 
 ciples. 
 
 Sun-Stroke. — This is especially common in horses 
 in the hot months and in the large cities, but is seen in 
 cattle and sheep as well, when exposed to the full glare 
 of the sun. Among the causes which co-operate in its 
 production may be mentioned foul, badly aired stables, 
 tight collars or girths, overwork in hot weather, heavy 
 milking in cows, obesity, poor, unwholesome food, and 
 indeed any health-deteriorating condition. Horses are 
 usually attacked while being speeded, or at heavy 
 draught work, in a collar, and exposed to the direct and 
 reflected rays of the sun, as in a valley, on a hillside or 
 in the streets of a city. 
 
 Symptoms. — Sometimes without any observed premoni- 
 tory sign the horse will suddenly stop in harness, droop 
 his head, prop himself out on all four limbs, pant violent- 
 ly, fail, and after some convulsive movements, die in a 
 state of coma, marked by stertorious breathing. In other 
 cases the attack is slower, the horse flags in gait, responds 
 very imperfectly, if at all, when urged, hangs on the bit, 
 
282 
 
 TIIK farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 may perspire freely, or have a dry burning surface and 
 becomes unsteady on his limbs. If still urged he 'falls 
 but ,f a lowed will stand with legs extended, head lovv 
 and stretched out. nostrils dilated, superficial veins dis 
 tended, eyes protruded and red, pupils contracted, breath- 
 ing rapid and wheezing or deep and stertorous, the pulse 
 quick and weak, and the heart-beats tumultuous. This 
 is followed by prostration, a state of unconsciousness 
 pa sy or convulsions and death. If recovery ensues it is 
 followed by dullness, uncertain movements of the limbs 
 drowsiness, or other sign of brain disease 
 
 Trmtmeut.-Douche the head and necl: with cold 
 water, and make the same application to the whole body 
 unless the weakness of the patient forbids this. Throw 
 stimulating injections into the rectum (ammonia, or oil of 
 turpentine and oil). If the convulsions are aggravated 
 by the douche, use injections of chloral-hydrate instead 
 Apply frictions and mustard embrocations to the limh.' 
 and the sides of the nec^:, especially when unconscirs! 
 ncss and coma comes on. Improvement may be ex 
 pected when consciousness returns. A failing pulse" 
 should be met with stimulants by the mouth and rectum 
 To/;vz;^/// sunstroke much may be done by keeping in 
 vigorous health, avoiding ill-aired stables, using breast" 
 straps ,n place of collars, and wearing a sun-shade and a 
 small wet sponge on the top of the head. 
 
 Parasites in thf Brain. See Parasites, 
 

 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 SKIN DISEASES, 
 
 Classification. General Causes and Treatment. Congestion of 
 the Skin, Chafing, Chilling, ritants, Sun's Rays. Congestion with 
 Pimples, Papules. Inflamn.ation with Blisters, Vesicles. Inflamma- 
 tion with I'ustules. Inflammation of horses' heels. Swelled Legs, 
 Cracked Heels, Grease, Grapes, Scratches. Inflammation of the 
 skin with nodular swellings, Tubercles. Surfeit, Urticaria, Scaly 
 skin disease. Pityriasis, Mallenders, Sallenders, Scratches. Boils, 
 Furuncles. Nervous irritation of the -kin, Neurosis, Prurigo. Warts, 
 Callosities, Black-pigment Tumors. Epithelial Cancer. Parasitic 
 skin diseases. Common Ringworm. Tinea Tonsurans. Honey- 
 comb Ringworm, Favus. Diffuse Baldness, Tinc;i Decalvans, Para- 
 sitic Pityriasis. Parasitic Grease. Contagious Foot-rot. Mange. 
 Scab. Itch. Scabies. Acariasis. Ticks. Ixodes. Warbles, Larva 
 of the Gadfly. Attacks of Flies, Maggots. Sheep-tick. Melopha- 
 gusOvmus. Fleas. Lice. Erysipelas. Wounds— cut, punctured, 
 bruised, torn, poisoned. Burns. Scalds. 
 
 Skin Disease^ will be considered under the following 
 heads : 
 
 1. Diseases dtte to general causes and embracing all the 
 grades of inflammatory action : — congestion— a red 
 pointed eruption (papules)— a similar eruption with 
 minute blisters (vesicles)— the formation of larger hemi- 
 spherical blisters (oullae)— the formation of pus in these 
 vesicles (pustules)— the formation of round nodular tran- 
 sient swellings (tubercles)— the excessive production of 
 scales or dandruff (squamous)— pustules with circum- 
 scribed sloughing of the deeper layers of the skin (boils). 
 
 2. Diseases manifesUd by derange 'sensation — ;^i"eurosis. 
 
 3. Diseased ^/'t?ze///Af— warts — callosities — epithelial 
 
 cancer. 
 
 4. Parasitic diseases, — vegetable and animal. 
 
 5. Diseases connected with a specific poison — different 
 forms of variola (pox)— measles— scarlatina— erysipelas 
 —malignant pustule, etc. 
 
 6. Wounds. Burns. Scalds. 
 
 (283) 
 
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284 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 Gmeral causes.— Ti\^s& are exceedingly varied. Many 
 cases are the result of simple local irritation, as chafing 
 radiating heat, cold and wet, chemical and mechanical 
 irritants, or the presence on the skin of parasitic plants 
 or animals. A large class is due, however, to disorders 
 of internal organs with which the skin is in sympathy 
 or that have failed to transform or throw off elements 
 that prove cutaneous irritants by their presence in the 
 blood, or when being excreted abnormally through the 
 skin. Disorder of the liver, stomach, bowels, kidneys and 
 lungs, are especially apt to act in this way. Sometimes 
 skin disease rs a mere symptom of general ill-health 
 
 General treatment— 1\^Q first object is to discover and 
 remove the cause ; then if the disease is of an inflamma- 
 tory nature and acute, soothing agents may be applied to 
 the irritated skin — fomentations with tepid water, oxide 
 of zinc powder or ointment, starch, lycopodium, sperma- 
 ceti and almond oil, solutions of sugar of lead, sulphate 
 of zinc, or carbolic acid, collodion, etc. Give internally 
 cooling laxatives (sulphate of soda, tartrates or citrates 
 of soda or potash,) and diuretics (acetate of potassa or 
 ammonia, carbonate of potassa or soda). . In weak states 
 tonics are often wanted, whereas in pfethoric subjects 
 depletion is equally essential. A cool, clean, airy stable 
 and cleanliness of the skin are all-important. 
 
 If the disease is not so recent or the acute symptoms 
 have been subdued, a more stimulating class of local ap- 
 plications are in order: ointments of iodine, sulphur 
 mercury, nitrate of mercury, tar, oil of tar, oR of turpen- 
 tine, oil of cade, etc., may be used. Supersedents, too, 
 may be given internally : sulphur, antimony, arsenic, mer- 
 cury, Dunovan's solution, are examples. 
 
 Congestion of the Skin.— Simple redness, heat and 
 tenderness, with no dark color nor eruption. This mav 
 coexist with all the different forms of inflammatorv erup- 
 tion according to the degree of irritation at different 
 points. 
 
 It occurs: From chafittg, in the axilla, between the 
 thighs, m the heels or under the harness in hot weather ; 
 
 I 
 
CONGESTION WITH SMALL CONICAL PIMPLES. 285 
 
 from chills after being wet, in the heels of horses and on 
 th€ teats of cows exposed to wet in winter ; from hard- 
 cued mud m the space between the hoofs in cattle sheen 
 and pigs; and from tfie sun's rays in white-faced or white 
 hmbed animals. winic 
 
 Treatment.~l{ i\,^ surface is only tender, wash clean 
 and apply a solution of table salt, sugar of lead (% oz 
 
 K ' f^A T "" x^'"^" camphorated spirit. If the surface I's 
 abraded (raw) use bland powders (oxide of zinc, starch 
 lycopodium,) wool, collodion, glycerine i oz., aloes 20 
 grs., or, if It can be kept covered, sulphurious acid solu- 
 
 ion and glycerine (equal parts), laxatives, diuretics or 
 tonics must be used according to the indications It is 
 all important to avoid further irritation. Light well- 
 fitting harness must be used, and the stuffing taken out 
 and the part beaten down where necessary, to avoid 
 pressure on a sore. Zinc fittings to the top of the collar 
 are often very serviceable. So too. must exposure o 
 affected heels to damp or mud, and the wetting of teats 
 in milking, be carefully avoided. ^ 
 
 PAPm?f ^f'^.v'"'™ ^.""^^^ ^°^^^^L PlMPLES.- 
 PAPULES.-In this case there is an eruption of finely- 
 
 pointed pimples without any watery exudation or blister 
 It IS usually itchy and even painful, and by reason of 
 rubbing may go on to exudation, with great thickening 
 of the skin bleeding scabs and open sores. Horses 
 especially suff-er in spring and autumn, at the time of 
 shedding the coat, the eruption often confining itself to 
 the neck, shoul 'ers and limbs. On turning back tie 
 hair on parts w.uch are itchy or sore, .ut that have not 
 suffered from rubbing, the nature of the eruption will be 
 seen especially If a slightly magnifying glass is used 
 The affec ion usually gives away readily under the use 
 of weak alkaline washes (carbonate of soda i dr wate? 
 
 tle^laxL^ver^"'""^'' ^ '"''"'"'^ ^"^"'^^" ^'''' ^"^ ^^"- 
 INFLAMMATION WITH VESICLES.-In this form of 
 
 skm disease papules are crowned with little blisters, so 
 
mmmi 
 
 286 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 small and pointed as to require a magnifying glass to 
 make them out distinctly (eczema), or as large as a small 
 pea and rounded (herpes, bullae). These forms are com- 
 mon in horses and dogs, and to a less extent in rumin- 
 ants, especially in connection with diso-ders of digestion. 
 Highly stimulating food, :lipping and hot weather are 
 particularlly favorable to their development. Boiled 
 food, diseased potatoes, green food or any change of diet 
 may cause them. One form of this affection is induced 
 by a too extensive use of mercury to the skin. Cattle 
 suffer from eating the refuse of distilleries and gardens, 
 garbage from kitchens, etc.; sheep are attacked after 
 exposure to cold rains. Old horses suffer from an in- 
 veterate form in connection with bad food and want of 
 grooming and wholesome stabling. In dogs, too, it 
 becomes inveterate and chronic, the whole skin being 
 denuded of hair and of a bright scarlet, with the charac- 
 teristic eruption mixed with cracks, sores and scabs (red 
 mange). In the milder forms, dogs suffer mainly inside 
 the thighs or on the scrotum ; horses suffer under the 
 harness, and especially at the root of the mane and 
 under the saddle, but the eruption may spread '>ver the 
 whole body; cattle suffer on the limbs, especially the 
 hind, but not exclusively so. 
 
 The other eruptions are often mingled with the vesi- 
 cles, the hairs become bristly, and as the skin is broken 
 by rubbing, a bloody or straw-colored exudation con- 
 cretes in scabs and mats the hair together, while else- 
 where extensive raw sores appear. 
 
 Treatment. — Give a saline or oleaginous laxative, and 
 follow up with acetate of potassa or other alkaline agents 
 in the drinking water. If there are signs of disordered 
 liver give small doses of podophyllin to keep the bowels 
 slightly relaxed ; if debility, bitter tonics. A restricted 
 non-stimulating diet, (herbivora, mashes, roots, etc. ; car- 
 nivora, bread and milk, oatmeal porridge, etc.) pure air, 
 cleanliness and skin washes of carbonate of soda or 
 potassa, containing a few drops of carbolic acid, will 
 prove valuable. In dogs this last agent should be 
 omitted. 
 
INFLAMMATION WITH PUSTULES. 
 
 287 
 
 In all forms of inveterate and chronic eczema the scabs 
 should be soaked in oil for a few hours and removed by- 
 washing, after which mor^ stimulating applications may 
 be resorted to : ointments of sulphur, iodine, iodide of 
 sulphur, sulphuret of potassium, mercury, nitrate of mer- 
 cury, etc., with or without alkalies. In some cases a few 
 drops of oil of vitriol in a quart of water, will much relieve 
 the itching and pain. In others the same end must be 
 sought by adding prussic acid or cyanide of potassium 
 in small amount, great care being taken to prevent the 
 patient from licking it. Internally, use supersedents — 
 arsenic, with or without iodide and bromide of potassium ; 
 or small doses of Dunovan's solution may be resorted to 
 in bad cases. 
 
 Inflammation with Pustules.— This differs from 
 vesicles in this, that the elevations on the skin have the 
 scarfskin raised by the formation below it of a white, 
 purulent matter, in place of clear liquid. The prominent 
 forms are those with large pustules (ecthyma), and those 
 with small (impetigo). The hair stands erect, and scabs 
 form on the surface covering the sores, especially after 
 rubbing. Even if not rubbed, they dry up in scabs, 
 which soon fall off. 
 
 Horses suffer mainly at the root of the mane, on the 
 neck, the rump, and on the lips and face, especially if 
 white ; cattle and sheep, especially the young, are 
 attacked on the lips and other delicate parts of the skin 
 (vulva, etc.,) and pigs and dogs on any part of the 
 body. 
 
 Causes. — It is often chargeable on some disorder of 
 digestion, as the result of unwholesome food, or a sudden 
 change of food, as from dry to green, or from one kind 
 of pasturage to another. In young animals (foals, calves, 
 lambs, kids, pigs,) it appears to be an occasional result of 
 heated or otherwise unwholesome milk. Vetches affected 
 with honey-dew have produced it in white horses or in 
 white spots of those of other colors ; and buckwheat has 
 affected white sheep, pigs, goats, etc., in the same way. 
 It may, however, arise from habitual exposure to cold 
 
 ^ \ 
 
 "^^m. 
 
288 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 and wet, local irritation, as from rubbing, etc., or from 
 disorder of other internal organs. 
 
 Treatment consists in softcni;ig the crusts with oil, 
 washing them off with soap-subs, and applying soothing 
 or gently astringent agents to the part (spermaceti and 
 olive oil, benzoated oxide of zinc ointment, lime-water 
 sugar of lead lotions, etc.) When it attacks the root of 
 the mane cut off the hair, and if the pain is excessive 
 foment or poultice until the eruption comes to a head, 
 ulien some of the above agents may be applied. When 
 the pustules have burst and show little tendencv to heal- 
 mg this may often be hastened by touching the sores 
 with a pointed stick of lunar caustic, or a weak solution 
 of this agent (2 grs. to i oz. water) may be lightly 
 painted over the part. The internal treatment consists 
 in the administration of laxatives, followed by bitters 
 (gentian, quassia, boneset, cascarilla, willow bark, etc.,) 
 and diuretics. In obstinate or long-standing cases, the 
 same treatment may be followed as in chronic eczema. 
 
 Inflammation of the Heels in Horses. — 
 Grease —The skin in the region of the heel is so vascu- 
 lar and so abundantly provided with oil-glands, and is so 
 frequently exposed to irritants, wet, cold, mud, filth, etc., 
 that a special notice of its inflammatory condition seems 
 demanded. The causes are a lymphatic constitution, 
 with a tendency to stocking of the legs ; a weak circu- 
 it tion, diseased heart, liver or kidneys, with swelled legs; 
 
 ishing the heels with caustic soap ; leaving them wet 
 and muddy when put in the stall ; currents of cool air 
 striking on the heels ; irritant fumes from accumulated 
 dung and urine; soaking of the heels in putrid pools in 
 the straw-yard ; standing in snow or in the slush of melt- 
 ing snow ; and besides, any of the constitutional causes 
 of other skin diseases. To these might be added horse- 
 pox,^foot mange, and an eruption associated with a vege- 
 table parasite, bat we must leave these to be considered 
 with specific and parasitic diseases. 
 
 Symptoms.— We. find all grades of inflammation in the 
 heel : ist. Simple swelling with dry heat, tenderness and 
 
INFLAMMATION OF THE HEELS IN HORSES. 289 
 
 great lameness from inability to stretch the skin and 
 bnng the heel to the ground ; 2nd, Transverse cracks or 
 chaps more or less extensive ; 3rd, A pinkish-whi:- fetid 
 discharge from the surface, with oftentimes some modera- 
 tion of the lameness ; 4th, The eruption of pustules of 
 variable size ; 5th, The formation of fungous growths 
 (gra^pes), over the affected surface, of a size from a pea 
 to a cherry, red, angry and covered with a fcetid dis- 
 charge. This last form often invades the frog, con- 
 stituting canker. The same occurs in sheep as the result 
 of long-continued irritation to the skin of the coronet, 
 and IS the worst form of non-contagious /^^/-rc?/. 6th A 
 sixth form of the affection {scratches) is much more com- 
 mon in our light American horse, exposed in the deep 
 mud of spring, and consists in minute excoriations 
 becoming covered with thin scabs, which remain tender 
 and troublesome for an indefinite length of time. 
 
 Treatment.— The prime essential is to avoid the cause 
 whether exposure to filth, cold, wet, local irritants, low 
 condition, or disorder of some internal organ or function. 
 If the inflammation runs high, a cooling laxative (Glau- 
 ber salts, aloes,) and mild diuretics (nitre, iodide of potas- 
 sium,) should be given, unless contra-indicated by low 
 condition or debility. Tonics (iodide of iron) should be 
 conjoined with gentle diuretics for weak patients, and 
 the food should be cooling (in part green or roots). 
 Gentle pressure from a bandage, evenly applied from the 
 foot up, is beneficial. 
 
 In simple inflammation, without eruption or discharge 
 apply cloths wet with a weak solution of sugar of lead or 
 other astringent, and in winter cover these with a dry 
 bandage to prevent freezing. Or a poultice may be ap- 
 plied with a little sugar of lead lotion on the surface. 
 
 When cracks have appeared, apply a similar lotion with 
 the addition of a few drops of carbolic acid or grains of 
 chloral-hydrate (enough to give it an odor) ; or sulphur- 
 ous acid solution, water and glycerine in equal propor- 
 tions, covering promptly and perfectly with a bandage • 
 or, glycerine, aloes, etc. • ' 
 
 In case of discharge or pustules the lotion may be 
 
JC)0 THE KARMEK's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 made with chloride of zinc or lime in place of sugar of 
 lead, or finely powdered charcoal may be sprinkled over 
 the poultice ; carbolic acid or chloral will be equally in 
 place. 
 
 When fungous growths appear more active measures 
 are demanded. Strong carbolic acid may be applied to 
 them individually, or better, pledgets of tow, saturated 
 with tincture of the muriate of iron, should be bound on 
 by a tight bandage extending from the hoof up. Or 
 the growths may be snipped off with scissors and the 
 muriate of iron applied ; or they may be individually 
 strangled by a stout thread tied round their necks, or 
 cut off with the sharp edge of a red-hot blacksmith's 
 shovel, a cool one being held beneath to protect the 
 skin. Then apply any one of the antiseptics above men- 
 tioned. 
 
 Scratches are among the most obstinate forms of the 
 affection, because not severe enough to demand the 
 seclusion of the horse from wet, mud and snow. In 
 feeding the subjects of this affection avoid all buckwheat, 
 maize or other heating agents, and if it proves obstinate 
 resort to the various internal remedies advised for 
 chronic eczema. Locally use benzoated oxide of zinc ; 
 glycerine and aloes ; camphorated spirit and chloral ; 
 the same with a few drops of tincture of chloride of 
 iron, etc. When irritation subsides and the scales drop 
 off, leaving a healthy-looking surface, smear with a bland 
 ointment (spermaceti and almond oil). 
 
 Cutaneous Inflammation with Nodular Swell- 
 ings.— Tubercules.— The most remarkable example of 
 this is what is known to horsemen as surfeit, by veteri- 
 narians as urticaria. It occurs in spring and autumn in 
 horses, cattle and pigs, and is at once connected with 
 moulting and sudden changes of food or weather. With 
 some fever, there appear on different parts of the body 
 swellings varying in size from a pea to a walnut, and 
 often running together so as to form extensive patches, 
 which will close the nostrils, eyelids or lips, and put a 
 itop to feeding and even threaten suffocation. There is 
 
SCALY SKIN AFFECTIONS.— PITYRIASIS. 29 1 
 
 little pain or tenderness and the swellings are very tran- 
 sient, appearing and disappearing on different parts at 
 short intervals. 
 
 Treatment consists in clearing oui: the bowels by a 
 purgative (horse, aloes ; ox, salts ; pig, oil or jalap,) and 
 following this up with bitters (gentian, etc.,) and diuretics 
 (nitre, carbonates of soda and potassa). 
 
 Scaly Skin Affections.— PiTYRiAsis.—These are 
 exemplified in the scurfy, scaly affections which appear 
 in the bend of the knee (mallenders) and hock (sallen- 
 ders) and on the lower parts of the limbs, by scratches, 
 and by a scaly exfoliation and shedding of hair of the 
 mane and face of old horses, and of different parts of 
 the body in cattle. Some of these, like mallenders, sal- 
 lenders and scratches, may commence as papules or vesi- 
 cles, while the scaly affection of the face is often con- 
 nected with a vegetable growth, but this form is distin- 
 guished by extreme tenacity, and a gradual progress 
 from its point of origin; that which is dependent on 
 constitutional causes is jnore diffused. They depend on 
 the general causes of skin diseases— heating, unsuitable 
 diet, sudden changes, imperfect grooming, heats of sum- 
 mer, disorders of the lungs, bowels, liver or kidneys, on 
 oxahc acid in the blood, and some constitutional causes 
 Beside the scurfiness and loss of hair, the itching is often 
 so extreme as to render the subject almost unmanage- 
 able, and useless for work. 
 
 Treatment,— h. moderate laxative diet, consisting in 
 part of roots (carrots and turnips), the free administra- 
 tion of alkalies (carbonate of potassa or soda, etc.), and 
 if still inveterate a prolonged course of arsenic will be 
 requisite. Locally use mercurial ointment, or, if exten- 
 sive, sulphur or tar ointment, etc. 
 
 Boils.— Furuncles.— These are too well known to 
 need description. They consist in circumscribed in- 
 flammation of the deep layers of the skin, with pustule 
 and sloughing of a limited part of the fibrous tissue. 
 1 hey are not uncommon on the legs of horses, and if a 
 
 lo 
 
292 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 appear in succession are a source of great 
 
 number 
 trouble. 
 
 Treatment.— VJhW^ still a simple inflamed nodule they 
 may often be- arrested by incising crucially with a sharp 
 knife and applying cold water bandages. Or apply a 
 poultice or thick wet cloth to bring quickly to a head. 
 If the resulting sore is indolent or unhealthy touch with 
 nitrate of silver. The free internal use of alkalies (car- 
 bonate of soda) sometimes checks their production. 
 
 Nervous Irritation of the Skin.— Neurosis— 
 Prurigo. — This is often seen in horses that are overfed 
 on grain (especially the more stimulating varieties) and 
 hay, and have close, unwholesome stables. Hot weather 
 is also a cause. Though occasionally associated with 
 pimples or even vesicles, the irritation is found to be 
 equally severe on parts devoid of eruption, yet the in- 
 tegument tends to become thickened and rigid as the 
 disease persists. The irritation may be slight or so severe 
 that the harness cannot be kept on. It must not be con- 
 founded with rubbing of the taiUrom pin-worms. 
 
 Treatment.— VxxrgQ, put on restricted diet, with roots, 
 wash the skin with soap and water, and apply water 
 slightly soured with oil of vitriol. If this, with carbonate 
 of soda internally, fails to cure, a long course of arsenic 
 is demanded. 
 
 Warts.— Callosities.— Cancer.— Black Pigment 
 Tumors.— Warts are to be removed by scissors and the 
 part burned with some caustic (lunar caustic if near .the 
 eye, butter of antimony, blue-stone, chloride of zinc, 
 etc., elsewhere). Or they may be destroyed by tying a 
 thread tightly round the neck of each, or by the use of 
 the hot iron. 
 
 Callosities are common under the saddle (sitfasts). A 
 circumscribed portion of skin, the seat of a former chafe, 
 has become thickened and indurated to almost horny 
 consistency. The skin around the edges is inflamed, 
 raw and angry. It can usually be loosened by a poultice, 
 so as to be easily removed with a sharp knife, after which 
 it is to be treated as a common sore. 
 
PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 
 
 293 
 
 Black Pigment Tumors (Melanosis) are exceedingly 
 common in gray and white horses, attacking the black 
 parts of the skin (anus, vulva, udder, sheath, lips, eye- 
 lids, etc.,) and though sometimes cancerous are often 
 quite harmless, and should always be removed with the 
 knife. , 
 
 Fpithelial Cancer is not common in the lower animals, 
 but is seen in the lips of horses and cats. Here again the 
 knife isthv^ best remedy. 
 
 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 
 
 Common Ringworm.— Tinea Tonsurans.— This is 
 common in horses, cattle, dogs and cats, as well as in 
 man, and is readily transmitted from one to the other. 
 It is especially commo)i in winter or spring, and occurs 
 as round bald spots on the face or elsewhere, covered 
 with white scales, and surrounded by a ring of bristly, 
 broken hairs, or split hairs with scabs around the roots 
 and some eruption on the skin. Soon this ring of broken 
 hairs is shed and a wider bristly ring is formed. Among 
 the naked eye characters the breaking and splitting of 
 hairs in the ring, and the perfect baldness of the central 
 part are the most significant. Chloroform bleaches the 
 affected hairs, while the sound ones are unaffected. The . 
 microscopic appearances are the presence in the hairs and 
 hair follicles of a vegetable parasite {trichophyton tonsu- 
 rans). 
 
 Treatment. — Shavejthe hairs from the affected part, or 
 better, pull them out with a pair of pincers, and paint 
 with tincture of iodine, or a solution of corrosive subli- 
 mate (40 grs. to I pt. of water), or of bisulphite of soda 
 {Yi oz. to I pt.) 
 
 Honey -Comb Ringworm. — Favus. — Common in 
 cattle, dogs, cats, rabbits and chickens, as well as in chil- 
 dren {scald-head). It shows the same general appear- 
 ance of baldness advancing from a centre, which is 
 described above, but a cup-shaped, yellov/ish scab results 
 which has obtained for it the name. The parasite {Acho- 
 rion Schonleini) appears to be but another form of the 
 
\j i 
 
 294 TIIK FAUMER's veterinary AD.i. ER. 
 
 fungus of ringworm affected by its conditions of growth 
 »nd especially by the weak and unhealthy condition of 
 the host. Treat as for common ringworm. 
 
 Diffuse Baldness (Tinea Decalvans).--Parasitic 
 Pityriasis.— Two other forms are seen in tlie horse 
 one attacking any part of the body, and recognized by 
 the agglutination of five or six hairs together in a white 
 crust, and the other attacking the heads of old horses 
 and cha,racterized mainly by the scurfy product. Both 
 are exceedingly inveterate, though not attended with 
 excessive itching, and demand the persistent use of 
 tincture of iodine or corrosive sublimate lotions in order 
 to effect a cure. 
 
 In all t Dse cases the harness, brushes, conibs and 
 w jdwork must be washed with a solution of caustic 
 potassa or soda, and then wet with iodine ointment or a 
 solution o ■ corrosive sublimate, otherwise all treatment 
 may be fruitless. Horse blankets should be boiled for a 
 length of time. 
 
 Parasitic Grease. — Contagious Foot-Rot in 
 Sheep.— In inflammation of the horse's heel, attended 
 . with fungus-like growths (^a/es), a vegetable growth is 
 often present and seems to be a main cause of the 
 disease. The contagious foot-rot in sheep presents the 
 same appearance of the skin, and is presumably due to a 
 similar parasite. With or without an abrasion, the mat- 
 ter from a diseased foot produces in the healthy one 
 swelling, excoriation and fungus growths round the top 
 of the hoof, as well as an excessive growth, softening 
 and loss of cohesion of the horny elements below. 
 
 Treatment consists in laying bare the diseased surface 
 and applying active caustics and parasiticides. Pare the 
 horn to the quick, and apply tow soaked in tincture of 
 muriate of iron, butter of antimony, solution of blue- 
 stone, or nitrate of silver, bind up firmly and repeat the 
 dressing daily. All overgrown horn must be carefully 
 removed, and means taken to prevent irritation from 
 dried mud, etc, 
 
MANGK.— SCAH.— ITCH.— SCAIJIES.— ACARIASTS. ^95 
 
 Mange. — Scab. — Itch. — Scabies.— Acariasis.— 
 lhe.se names amonc: others are given to disen.ses of the 
 skin caused by acari. OT parasitic acari there are three 
 principal species : Sarco/>/es, which burrow in canals in 
 the scarfskin and are difficult to find and eradicate, and 
 dermatophagiis and dermatocoptts which live on the sur- 
 face or among the scobs, and are more easilv disposed 
 of. Another species— ^r;w^r.i-_inhabits the 'sebaceous 
 glands of the skin in sheep and dog, and cau.ses much 
 irritatioL, with acne like eruption. Among acari occa- 
 sionally parasitic may be mentioned : the dermanyssits 
 (misnamed hen louse), the gamasur of musty hay, and 
 the icptus (misn. ned jigger in the Western States), all 
 excepting the last living on the surface and easily dis- 
 covered. Lasiiy, a tyroglypn is accidentally parasitic on 
 all domestic animals. 
 
 Of the sarcoptes there is one species lives on the horse, 
 which will temporarily inhabit the skin of man ; a second 
 IS peculiar to the goat ; a third is common to dogs and 
 swme; a fourth to cats and rabbits, and a fifth to 
 chickens, horses and foxes. 
 
 One species of dermatophagus lives on the heels and 
 legs of horses, another on the tail, neck, etc., of cattle, 
 and a. third on the pastern, limbs, and, less frequently 
 the trunk of sheep. ' -1 /• 
 
 0{ dermatocoptes th&XQ is also a particular species for 
 each of these animals— horse, ox and sheep— though 
 usually confounded with each other. These are the 
 most common causes of mange, and from their non-bur- 
 rowmg habits are most easily disposed of 
 
 Accessory causes.— Though the reception of theacarus 
 IS the one essential cause of mange, yet others conduce to 
 Its speedy diffusion— as poor condition, filth and warm 
 seasons. Some acari, like the dermatophagi, may even 
 seem to suspend operations in winter, and cause little or 
 no trouble until the following spring. 
 
 Symptoms.— ^Nz must state these in general terms 
 throwmg the whole class into one group. There is 
 intense, uncontrollable itching, aggravated by hot wea- 
 ther or buildmgs, and by perspiration. If the affected 
 
i;i 
 
 r 
 
 296 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 part is scratched the animal shows his gratification by 
 moving his body as if rubbing, and especially (in horses) 
 by a nibbling movement of the lips. In sheep the wool 
 is torn off, and white tufts hang on the dark surface of 
 the fleece. The skin is thickened and rendered rigid by 
 exudation into its substance, as well as by the accumu- 
 lation of crusts on the surface. In fine skins, like that 
 of the sheep, there is a distinct papular eruption, and in 
 all there are excoriations and even deep sores and ulcers 
 from the incessant and desperate rubbing. The bare 
 patches are less absolutely so than in ringworms, for 
 hairs still adhere at intervals, and though the hairs may 
 be broken they show less brittleness or tendency to split 
 up. But the one reliable sign is the presence of the 
 acarus which may often be recognized by the naked 
 eye when a little of the scurf in placed on a plate of 
 glass and closely watched. The scab will be seen to 
 move and a little observation will enable one to detect 
 the almost invisible insect. A low magnifying power is 
 a great help. To find the sarcoptes it may be necessary 
 to expose the skin to the warm rays of the sun, to detach 
 a crust and tie it for twelve hours on the skin of the arm 
 when the acarus will be found in the centre of a pale red 
 papule, and may be removed with a needle. 
 
 The dermanyssits may not be found on the skin unless 
 the subject is examined in the stable at night. They are 
 large and easily detected when bright crimson, from 
 being gorged with blood. There is always the suspicious 
 proximity of chickens or their dung, the latter swarmine 
 with grey acari. * 
 
 The demodex, living in the hair follicles of dogs, causes 
 loss 01 hair and prominent red nodules (acne) while the 
 sebaceous matter squeezed from the follicles contain 
 specimens of the acarus. 
 
 The sarcoptes of chickens attack the comb, wattles and 
 teet, causing great irritation. 
 
 ^ Treatment is local, though nourishing food, cool, clear 
 air, clean, dry buildings, and the avoidance of crowding 
 or exertion are important auxiliaries. By soap-suds, 
 
 preceded if n#»rf>ooQr" H" '^•'! u-~_i. 1 . .» 
 
 J- -^ — ^* ♦'/ oj T^ii, wicat4 up anu remove ine 
 
"t* 
 
 TICKS.— IXODES.— LARVA OF GADFLY. 
 
 29; 
 
 I 
 
 scabs and crusts ; then apply thoroughly with a brush, 
 oil of tar i oz., whale oil 20 ozs., or 5^ lb. each of tar and 
 sulphur, and i lb. each of soap and alcohol. For sheep 
 with heavy fleeces baths are very efficient. The following 
 example will neither stain the wool nor materially en- 
 danger the sheep. Tobacco 16 lbs., oil of tar 3 pts., soda 
 ash 20 lbs., soft soap 4 lbs., water 50 gallons. Boil, the 
 tobacco and dissolve the other agents in a few gallons of 
 boiling water, then add water to make up to 50 gallons, 
 retaining a temperature of about 70° Fah. This .vill 
 suffice for fifty sheep. Each sheep is kept in the bath 
 three minutes, two men meanwhile breaking up the scabs 
 and working the liquid into all parts of the skin. When 
 taken out he is laid on a sloping drainer and the liquid 
 squeezed out of the wool and allowed to flow back into 
 the bath. A second and even a third bath may be 
 necessary in inveterate cases. For newly shorn sheep 
 oily applications are better, being less liable to be washed 
 off by rains. One part of oil of tar to forty parts castor 
 oil or lard will usually suffice, but sulphur may be added 
 if desired. The common use of mineral poisons, and 
 especially the compounds of mercury for sheep dips, 
 must be strongly deprecated. 
 
 In all cases an essential part of the treatment is to 
 dress with similar agents, or with a strong solution of 
 caustic potassa, aH harness, brushes, combs and wood- 
 work, and to subject blankets to prolonged boiling. In 
 pastures, dress every rubbing post, tree, stump, stone, or 
 wooden fence, or change the field. 
 
 Ticks. — Ixodes. — These are common on stock in 
 some parts of the country, and .Tiay be picked off or 
 dressings applied as for acari. 
 
 Larva of Gadfly.— Warbles.— These may be found 
 in little rounded tumors the size of hazle-nuts, on the 
 backs of cattle in winter and spring, each tumor having 
 a hole in the centre, through which the grub may be 
 seen or extracted. A second species attacks sheep as 
 well as cattle, while a number of others in different 
 
298 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 countries, but especially in the tropics, live in the skin of 
 
 ?n^J? ^ ""^"^Y ""^ ^"^'"^^'- "^^^'^ gadflies abound 
 animals are greatly terrified and injured by their attacks 
 Ihe best treatment IS to examine all cattle in spring and 
 
 enlargmg the opening with a knife when necessary 
 This cuts off the supply of flies for the coming year, and 
 
 them out ^"""''"^ °^ ''""' '^'^^' ^' ^^P^^^^^ ^° kill 
 
 Attacks of Flies (Diptera). _ Maggots. - The 
 
 tnJnX m' ^'^ ""^^^^ very troublesome and even fatal 
 o .tock. Many agents, such as oil, infusions of walnut 
 eaves, rue or wormwood, are used to drive them off but 
 
 TrnK^ture T'"^ 'T'''' ^" ^"''''' ^^^ ^^^^s of sheep 
 effectual ^^"'^^'''' turpentine and asafoetida is very 
 
 th.^W^^fl "^f'-?"^^ ^" '^'"^ localities from the larva of 
 
 ' on r j;;.- f ^ Zu-^^l ^^P ^'^ ^'''y P^r^ «f the skin, 
 as on the tails and thighs when scouring. In such nei^^h 
 
 borhoods the existence during summe? or autumn of a 
 
 dark wet spot on the skin, of\ white tuft of wool? or of 
 
 wriggling of the tail, will demand immediate attention 
 
 Treatment.-CUp off the wool and filth pick off all 
 
 maggots and apply oil of turpentine orV ?ar 5 oz 
 
 camphor i dr., asafoetida ^ dr.; dilute carbolic acid o^ 
 
 kerosene may be used in the absence of anything else 
 
 sc'ab'or'c'ut off^h"r'.^ "^^ ,^'^ ^^^^^P ^'P ^^--^1,; 
 pat ^ate^r^f plrts.''^'^ ^'°°' ^"' ^^^^^ ^^^^^''^ -^ ^ 
 
 TilT!l'^^'~^-^^''^J'''^ (Melophagus) Ovina.- 
 ment of fu^ '''"' '"f"- ^'^r^^^^ by the non-develop- 
 Torscaf T. TJ""^'- -^', ''. ^''' ""'' ^y the dips advised 
 tor sca^ It IS especially important to dip lambs, after 
 affected ewes have been shorn, as the insects mig ate to 
 the young, where they find more wool to shelter them. 
 
 diD^era''"" W?f '' ■*^' *^' hippoboscids, are wingless 
 c '■a.iv.cy cacu lor tne aog, cat, hen 
 
LICE. — ERYSIPELAS. 
 
 299 
 
 fltid dove and in tropical America i}^Q piilex penetrans or 
 Ungoe which burrows under the skin and there lays it«^ 
 eggs to be hatched out in the flesh. Persian insect powl 
 der IS one of the best agents to dust over the animals us 
 well as over the carpets, rugs, etc., on which they have 
 lain ; or wash with the yolks of eggs and a teaspoonful 
 of oil of turpentine to each t^g ; or a mixture of an ' unce 
 ° uu\. anise-seed and ten ounces olive-oil may be 
 rubbed over the body and washed off with soap six hours 
 later bprinke the soil where the animals roll with 
 quicklime, carbolic acid, or petroleum ; deluge kennels 
 and roosts with boiling water, and afterward paint the 
 cracks with oil of turpentine ; dip mats or rugs in boiling 
 water, and litter the buildings with fresh pine shaving.? 
 
 ^^^^^.T'^^^^^ ^e degraded wingless hemipterous in- 
 sects. . here are two kinds : blood-suckers {hcBmatopinusY 
 with narrow head and long trunk-like sucking-tube : and 
 bird-hce {irichodectes\ with very large, broad head, and 
 no sucL-ing tube, but biting jaws. 
 
 Of the blood-suckers there is one species each for :_ 
 ancT ferret ^^^' ^""^^^ ^^^ ox ; ox ; goat; swine, and dog 
 
 Of bird-lice there is a species each for :— horse and ass : 
 ox and ass ; sheep ; goat ; dog ; cat ; duck and goose ; 
 two for the peacock ; three for the turkey; four for the 
 pigeon ; and five for the hen. 
 
 They may be safely treated by sprinkling with pow- 
 dered vyood ashes or by rubbing with sulphur ointment 
 or whale-oil, with water saturated with petroleum or 
 kerosene, or with a solution of sulphuret of potassium or 
 hme (4 oz. to I gall, water). Clean the buildings, clothes, 
 etc., as for fleas. ** ' 
 
 ^\^rrf}u^^^-~^ .'P^'^'^^' ^•^"^^' spreading inflamma- 
 tion of the skin, often involving the loose connective 
 tissue beneath, and sometimes the internal organs, asso- 
 ciated with fever, an unhealthy state of the blood, and 
 usually a poison bv \v\\'\c\^ i> ma., Ko ^^rv,.^„_;„^-j ^^ 
 anothxir animal with broken skin. 
 
Ill, II 
 
 3od THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 Causes.— hxi unhealthy (septic, etc.,) condition of the 
 atmosphere, the presence of impurities in the blood, from 
 foul air or food, plethora, exhausting work, debilitating 
 diseases, disorders of the liver, kidneys, or other blood- 
 forming or purifying organ, or the absorption of putrid 
 matters from a sore or other diseased surface. Sheep, 
 horses and swine fed on green or even harvested buck- 
 wheat are liable, and all animals kept in close, filthy, 
 unhealthy places, or in the vicinity of accumulations of 
 decomposing animal and vegetable matters. Sudden sup- 
 pression of an ' ibitual discharge, heating food, and new 
 grain and forage are occasional causes. But probably all 
 of these do little more than lay the system open to the 
 attack which would otherwise be escaped. More direct 
 or exciting causes we find in local irritation — as exposure 
 to a hot sun (newly-shorn sheep), chafing inside the 
 elbows or thighs, the presence of rancid fats on the skin, 
 injuries from the harness, bites of insects, etc., burns, 
 scalds, wounds, dropsies of the limbs, and above all the 
 keeping of patients with open sores where there is exces- 
 sive emanation from decomposing organic (especially 
 animal) matter, or the dressing of erysipelatous and 
 healthy sores with the same sponges. 
 
 Symptoms. — There is usually a preliminary fever, loss 
 of spirit and appetite, heat of the skin, accelerated pulse 
 and breathing, constipation, high-colored, scanty urine, 
 and elevation of the temperature of the rectum, soon 
 followed by a diffuse, hot, tender, shining, itching swell- 
 ing, spreading from a wound or other seat of irritation, 
 or even on a previously healthy skin. In white skins the 
 redness is very deep, the shade being darker according 
 to the gravity of the case, and disappearing under the 
 pressure of the finger only to reappear quickly on its re- 
 moval. The swelling will be greater, according as the 
 inflammation involves the skin only, extends to the con- 
 nective tissue beneath (phlegmonous), or is complicated 
 by a liquid exudation (oedematous). It shows a tendency 
 to wide and rapid diffusion over the skin, its advancing 
 border being always abruptly elevated from the healthy 
 integument, though at points where it is recovering it 
 
ERYSIPELAS. 
 
 301 
 
 may subside gradually and sensibly to the healthy sur- 
 face. The inflamed skin is tense and smooth, but pits on 
 pressure and often presents vesicles on its surface. After 
 a few days the swelling and redness may diminish, and 
 the blisters dry up into scales, which drop off, leaving a 
 dark, red, tender surface; or cracks may form with a 
 sluggish, unhealthy action, and little tendency to heal. 
 When matter forms it is liable to be diffused without any 
 limiting membrane as in an ordinary abscess, and to lead 
 to extensive death and sloughing of the skin and sub- 
 jacent structures, or to absorption of pus and its deposit 
 in internal organs, with fatal results. 
 
 In horses it is seen mainly about the head, chest, belly 
 and hind limbs, and is especially liable to prove oedema- 
 tous. It is distinguished from Anthrax and Purpura 
 Hemorrhagica by the presence of the wound or sore, by 
 the low inflammatory character of the swelling, by the 
 greater tendency to suppuration, and the implication of 
 the adjacent lymphatic glands. 
 
 Cattle suffer especially about the head, but also on 
 other parts of the body. Sheep suffer mainly about the 
 head, but often and more severely about the udder, belly 
 and inner side of the thigh or arm, and it may be else- 
 where. 
 
 Swine are mainly attacked about the head and neck, 
 and less frequently on the inner side of the limbs, the 
 chest or belly. 
 
 Treatment. — Open the bowels freely (horse, ox and 
 sheep, Glauber salts ; swine and dog, castor-oil,) following 
 it up by frequent and full doses of tincture of muriate of 
 iron, and a nourishing, easily-digested diet. In case of 
 much weakness or with very low fever use stimulants, 
 alcoholic or ammoniacal as they may be demanded, but 
 never if they cause drjmess of skin and rise of tempera- 
 ture. Diuretics may be used in oedematous cases, but 
 in a guarded manner because of the depression. To the 
 affected skin apply warm fomentations, by preference, 
 with weak solutions of tincture of muriate of iron, hypo- 
 sulphite of soda or sulphate of zinc. Sometimes dry 
 applications have a good effect — as a mixture of sulphate 
 
392 THE farmer's VETERINARY. ^ADVISER. 
 
 i 
 
 It -i* 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 of zinc and starch. Iodized collodion, too, is often of 
 service. If matter has actually formed it should be let 
 out with the lancet, the wound being dressed with a solu- 
 tion^of muriate of iron to prevent unhealthy action. 
 
 Wounds. — These are divided into simp/e clean aits 
 (incised), stabs, pricks and punctures (punctured), bruised 
 or crushed (contused), and torn (lacerated). Clean cuts 
 often heal readily when the edges are brought together 
 accurately and retained so. But such union bv adhesion 
 is most probable in strong, healthy, well-conditioned 
 animals, and least so in the weak, poor and diseased. In 
 fowls it is almost invariable, in sivine nearly equally so, 
 in dogs, cattle and sheep there is still a strong tendency to 
 adhesion, while in horses all wounds readily form matter 
 and primary adhesion is exceptional. Bleeding should 
 be checked (see wounds of arteries, etc.,) clots washed off 
 with a stream of tepid water, foreign objects carefully 
 removed with fingers or forceps and the wound closed 
 with as little exposure as possible. The edges may be 
 stitched together by means of a curved flat needle with 
 silk or linen, well waxed or steeped in a weak solution of 
 carbolic acid, or better, with catgut which has been 
 steeped for a month in oil and carbolic acid, or with 
 silver, or other metallic wire. It may be closed by a 
 cont nuous stitch as in sewing a glove, when adhesion is 
 to be expected, or by separate stitches, a half to three- 
 fourths of an inch apart, when primary union is more 
 doubtful. To secure uniform approximation of the edges 
 or pressure of the different parts, the stitches may be 
 passed round a quill placed on each lip of the wound 
 (quilled suture). Or pins may be passed through the 
 lips at suitable distances,'and a few fibres of tow twisted 
 around each like the figure 8. Small wounds may have 
 their edges shaved and layer after layer of collodion 
 applied until the covering is strong enough to hold them 
 together. The use of a weak solution of carbolic acid or 
 other antiseptic agent will further favor adhesion if it 
 can be applied without causing movement of the lips of 
 the wound. 
 
WOUNDS. 
 
 303 
 
 I 
 
 If the wound fails to heal by prompt adhesion, Pr«««- 
 /^/.^«^ form covered with a thin layer of pus, and these 
 gradually fil up the sore, leaving a scar. Or if the lios 
 of the wound are still kept together the granulations may 
 adhere (secondary adhesion), or finally, small sores will 
 scab over and healing take place beneath 
 
 Granulating wounds may be washed daily with a stream 
 of tepid water, after the first three days, and may be 
 covered with a simple dressing of tow saturated in water 
 or oil, to which a little carbolic acid has been added 
 When necessarily left bare the same liquids may still be 
 applied.^ AVhen the granulations become soft, flabby 
 and projecting (proud flesh), touch lightly with a stick of 
 lunar caustic, and expose to dry air. When they become 
 indolent and when healing and contraction come to a 
 stand-still, apply gentle stimulants— tincture of mvrrh 
 and aloes, etc. When the deeper parts of the lips of the 
 wound do not come in contact, pads may be applied on 
 each side to keep them in apposition. Granulating 
 wounds usually heal by contraction from their edges, and 
 If this IS arrested by adhesion to bones and other firm 
 parts beneath, further healing may be impossible. In 
 his and other cases of tardy healing, the implanting of 
 thin slices of scarfskin, just cut with a shatp instrument 
 from other parts of the integument, and their retention 
 with strips of sticking plaster, will usually hasten the 
 process. 
 
 Punctured wounds often heal promptly, and especially 
 in animals prone to primary adhesion, when cleansed 
 kept at rest, with warm dressings and pressure on theii^ 
 deeper parts. If inflammation occurs in the deeper parts 
 with suppuration, it may be necessary to enlarge the 
 opening to allow of a ready discharge, and to let it heal 
 outward by granulation. 
 
 Bruised and torn w.unds may be treated like punctured 
 ones, and in birds, pigs and dogs, and in the more vas- 
 cular parts of the larger animals, will often heal by adhe- 
 sion Should they fail to do so, they ought to be stitched 
 
 together, not too closelv. and allnw^^d ^r. h«oi k„ 
 
 lation. Parts that are absolutely dead may beTemoved' 
 
r 
 I' 
 
 304 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 but none that continue to show signs of life, and atove 
 all, no skin that can possibly be saved. 
 
 Poisoned wounds should be promptly cauterized (See 
 Canine madness, Malignant anthrax, LymphangitisY Sub- 
 cutaneous wounds in which the deeper parts are injured 
 with little or no breach of the skin, mostly heal satisfac- 
 torily, and the main object should be to secure a suitable 
 position of the part, lest distortion should occur from 
 undue contraction or extension of the structures in heal- 
 ing For wounds that have resulted in fistula, see poll 
 evil fistulous withers and quittor. Whenever a foreign 
 body IS lodged in the wound it should be removed be- 
 cause of Its tendency to cause fistula, especially in horses. 
 
 Burns and SCALDS.-The gravity of these will vary 
 much according to their extent and depth. The treat- 
 ment of the more severe is rarely desirable in the lower 
 animals, because of the danger of fatal results from in- 
 ternal complications ; or of ruinous distortions from the 
 contraction of cicatrices. For slight burns apply cold 
 water Goulard water, water perceptibly sweetened with 
 carbolic acid or flavored with oil of turpentine, keeping 
 l'.-7j""'c5^ '^' violent pain and inflammation havf 
 subsided. Success attends the exclusion of air by cov- 
 ering the part thickly with flour or cotton wool until 
 irritation is past The same end is gained by bathiW 
 the burn with oil of turpentine and afterwards covering 
 with resin ointment. When large blisters have formed 
 punc ure with a needle and smooth down the cuticle on 
 the skin by gentle pressure, following up with the sooth- 
 ing measures a ready recommended. When the skin is 
 stiH more deeply burned, and sloughing is inevitable, the 
 stimulating apphcations (oil of turpentine with resin 
 ointment, equal parts of linseed oil and lime-water, etc..) 
 are still more demanded. As the sloughs separate, the 
 detached parts should be cut off with as little irritation 
 as possible, and when the severe irritation subsides 
 soothing applications will be in order. Finally, the heal- 
 ing process will be greatly hastened by ingrafting thin 
 iliCes ofscarfskin as tW":"— 1 ---j •' , '^ ^ 
 
 -.■>■» uijuvi \v 
 
 Oundi 
 
 ■--i-|^'«V ■■! . 
 
SER. 
 
 i, and a'bove 
 
 terized (See 
 tgitis). Sub- 
 are injured 
 eal satisfac- 
 e a suitable 
 occur from 
 ires in heal- 
 ila, see poll 
 ir a foreign 
 emoved be- 
 \y in horses. 
 
 3e will vary 
 The treat- 
 n the lower 
 ts from in- 
 is from the 
 apply cold 
 tened with 
 le, keeping 
 ation have 
 air by cov- 
 wool until 
 3y bathing 
 Is covering 
 ve formed, 
 cuticle on 
 the sooth- 
 the skin is 
 Stable, the 
 with resin 
 'ater, etc.,) 
 )arate, the 
 : irritation 
 subsides 
 , the heal- 
 fting thin 
 
I 
 
 '"•irrw.ix 
 
 NAMES OF THE EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE HORSE. 
 
 NAMES OF THE BONES OF THE HORSE. 
 ^•nf^Z n.^'*^' ''*'^'''""* °'*^"^' f Shoulder. p. The haunch, consisting of the 
 
 ^.''^i^'/S. vertebra or bone, -"'- o-" ''^•"ow-Seat of elbow ^ Jiock. ^h^avin, six bonea-the 
 
 01 iKG nauncn. «. Carpus or knees— seat o! splent w. Splint bone. ' 
 
 /. CAudal vertebrsB or bones of the or splint. 
 
 t»U' 0. Metacarpal bones. 
 
 1 & 2. Jaw bone. 3 & 4. Skull and lace, the seat of Big-head. 6. Pastern. Seat of Ringbone. Hind 
 pastern. Smaller hind pastern. Fore-pastern. Smaller Fore-pastern. 
 
Ringbone. Hind 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 GENERAL DISEASES OF BONES, JOINTS AND MUSCLES. 
 
 Lameness, symptoms, at rest and in exercise. Diseases of 
 Bones. Inflammation. Ostitis. Periostitis. Softening. Enlarge, 
 ment. Suppuration Ulceration. Scrofulous (TubeTcular) Dis- 
 ease of Bone. Softening and Rarefaction of Bone. Rickets 
 Osteo Malaaa. Softening in Cows. Softening in Horse? Bg- 
 head. Fractures. Diseases of Joints. Inflammation. Arthritis 
 Synovitis. Ulceration. Bony Deposit. Anchylosis. Open Join!' 
 MntT^'T f ^"•^^/"d Sheaths of Tendons. Di'^^^asis o 
 t^^.^nHQ "P^^T-r ^'i^^'"'"^^'^"- Fatty Degeneration. Rup. 
 ?afcfficat?on " *^°"'- ^P'^'"'* "^^'^kening. Shortening 
 
 Lameness.— As the three following chapters will em- • 
 brace most of the different causes of lameness, the more 
 promment manifestations of this failing may be here 
 noticed. ' 
 
 Siandm£.~The patient should be approached quietly 
 and when you are certain he is free from all exciting 
 causes. If resting on all four limbs, the pastern of the 
 lame one will usually be more upright than the others. 
 Une forefoot advanced eight or ten inches in front of the 
 other suggests some tenderness of the heel or the struc- 
 tures in the posterior region of the lower part of the 
 limb Bending of the knee and fetlock and resting of 
 the foot on the toe, without any advance in front of the 
 other, usually implies disease of the shoulder or elbow 
 The advance of both fore feet, the rest being taken on 
 the heels, and the hind limbs brought well forward un- 
 der the body, should direct attention to the frc-t cf the 
 feet. Resting of one foot more frequently and for 
 longer periods than its fellow is suspicious. 
 
 Lyin^-.-^An inclination to lie down, and remain so, is 
 to be similarly regarded. If the animal remains down 
 persistently, we mav inffr o-r^t cii«v»..;r,cr f.-,^«...-^„ _^ 
 much weakness, 
 
 (305) 
 
306 THE FARMER'S VE'I KRINAKY ADVISER. 
 
 In Exexcise. — Lameness may be shown in the walk, 
 but better in the slow, easy trot, the animal being led in 
 hand with about three feet of free rein and without noise 
 or other cause of excitement. Some horses manifest a 
 bridle lameness from the mere leading, but if the leader 
 goes first on the left side and then on the right, the 
 drooping of the head will correspond first to the one foot 
 and then to the other, showing it to be only a feint. In 
 all cases of lame less in a single limb the foot is rested 
 on the ground with less weight and is raised as quickly 
 as possible. There is therefore not only the visible halt- 
 ing on that limb, but a lower sound made by striking the 
 ground and thus the ear comes to assist the eye in detect- 
 ing the ailing member. If one fore limb is affected, the 
 head and anterior part of the body are elevated when 
 its foot comes to the ground, but drop firmly when the 
 sound foot is planted. A depression of the opposite 
 hind limb accompanying the elevation of the head, when 
 the faihng fore limb comes to the ground, must not lead 
 to the suspicion of lameness behind. 
 
 In single lameness behind, the gait resembles that 
 seen in lameness before, the haunch on the diseased side 
 being raised when the foot is planted and allowed to 
 droop thereafter until the opposite foot reaches the 
 ground. In some, the elevation is the prominent feature, 
 in others the depression, but in all the rising and falling 
 are greater than in the opposite quarter. 
 
 With lameness in both fore limbs the step is short, the 
 stroke on the ground weak, the rest of each foot on the 
 ground shortened, the shoulders are carried upright and 
 stiff, the head is raised, the loins are arched, the croup 
 droops, and the hind limbs are brought unnaturally for- 
 w rd bene, 'h the belly. 
 
 Lameness in both hind limbs is marked by the back- 
 ward position of the fore feet, the short rest and weak 
 impulse of the hind on the ground, the extension and 
 drooping of the head, and above all the difficulty of 
 backing. 
 
 Lameness in the two limbs on the same side deter- 
 mines a crait apT^roachinc^ the cifnhle or tctck^ with the firm 
 
DISEASES OF BONES. 
 
 307 
 
 planting of the opposite members, I.imeness of one 
 fore and the opposite hind i^roduces a simple exap^era- 
 lon of the gait caused by disease in one of these limbs 
 When the cause of lameness exists in more than one 
 limb It is difficult to make the animal keep the trot 
 
 In all cas-s it is well to have the animal driven or 
 ridden so as to heat him, and then keep him perfectly 
 still for half an hour to cool, before completing the ex- 
 amination, as many lamenesses will disappear when the 
 subject is warmed by exercise. 
 
 DISEASES OF BONES. 
 
 These may be divided mto '.-inflammation of the 
 bone Itself {ostttts), or of its fibrou:, covering {periostim 
 which may result in softening, consolidation or induration 
 enlargement bony growths and tumors, abscess, ulceration 
 ^vA death {necrosis). Besides these there are the dejen 
 erations and diseases of bone such as deficiency or eZcess 
 of earthy salts, with binding or brittleness of the boneT*^ 
 tubercle, cancer and sarcomatous, cartilaginous, cystic 
 vascular or other tumors, etc. 
 
 But the great mass of bone diseases in the domestic 
 animals consist in inflammation and its results, to which 
 accordingly, the following remarks will be mainly ^n- 
 fined. Every bone is permeated even in its densest parts 
 by an abundant network of minute blood-vessels and 
 s udded throughout with microscopic soft elements 
 he^llf ''^ kP-KT'"'" '^" ^"^^^^^^ "^^terials f^om 
 K th!!. n^f -^"'^"^ '.''""' "P ^"^° ^^^ h^'-d bony texture. 
 
 a e modifieH .V' •' '"^^'u'^ *^"^'" P°^^^^^ ^^ assimilation 
 are modified, their numbers are multiplied, and they be- 
 come surrounded by an excess of semi-fluid matter 
 lymph) with, It may be. one of the following resuTts 1 
 1st, the softening of the bone and the removal of its 
 earthy slt3, til it can be cut with a knife or ^^^s^l^ 
 
 tionof tLr^ I?^/^' animal :-2d. the trfnsforma^ 
 
 ion of the lymph into pus on the surface of the bone or 
 
 m Its interior, where it mav remain imr^ric^^^^ f^_ „- 
 
 indefimtc length of time :_3d, the"hard"eS„7of riimiteS 
 
 ■ 
 
IHi' 
 
 308 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 ii 
 
 amount of lymph in the cells c inter-spaces of the bone, 
 compressing the blood-vesse s, limiting the supply of 
 blood and favoring ulceration or even death of the part : 
 — 4th, from the above cause, or from a perversion of the 
 plastic or assimilating powers of the nuclei, ulceration 
 sets in on the surface or in the interior of the bone, and 
 the bony matter is steadily removed to be replaced by 
 an irregular ejxavation or a cavity filled by a bloody 
 ichor: — 5th, the swelling may completely close the 
 blood-vessels of the bone or the inflammation may cause 
 coagulation of the blood within them throughout a con- 
 siderable portion, which accordingly dies, and has to be 
 removed as a foreign body : — 6th, short of those extreme 
 conditions and more commonly, the exudation leads to 
 a partial softening and general swelling of the inflamed 
 part, and this becoming consolidated and hardened there 
 is a material increase of size : — 7th, and by far the most 
 frequently, the inflammation aff"ects the superficial layer 
 of bone and its investing fibrous membrane, and the 
 exudation, taking place between these, is soon consoli- 
 dated into a layer or tumor of bone on the surface :— 
 8th, any exudation on the outer side of the fibrous cov- 
 ering is also liable to be calcified and to form hard 
 tumors, but these do not acquire the true botiy texture 
 like that formed between the membrane and the bone. 
 
 General Symptoms.— \n the slightest forms of inflam- 
 mation there may be little or no lameness, though usu- 
 ally there is a halt on the affected limb when trotted on 
 a hard surface. The affected portion of the bone is ten- 
 der to pressure or percussion, and is the seat of swellings 
 at first soft and yielding, but later hard and resistant. In 
 the severer forms the bone itself is softened, extensive 
 exudation of lymph takes place around it, and the invest- 
 ing soft structures become the seat of violent inflamma- 
 tion and swelling ; lameness is then extreme. In the 
 slighter and chronic cases there is no disturbance of the 
 general health, but in the more acute and severe, intense 
 and even fatal irritative fever may come on. 
 
 When suppuration takes place in the interior of a bone 
 the matter may remain imprisoned indefinitely, the spot 
 
I 
 
 TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATION IN BONE. 309 
 
 being marked by a general increase of the bone, and 
 ameness persists. If suppuration takes place between 
 the bone and its fibrous covering the danger is even 
 greater, for the matter is liable to separate the bone and 
 membrane, producing further inflammation or ulceration 
 or even death of the bone-the supply of blood being cut 
 off The superficial abscess is to be detected by its fluc- 
 tuation beneath the fingers, as in abscess of soft parts. 
 
 Ulceration may result from pressure of matterf etc.. or 
 from exposure to the air. If without external opening, 
 (t is not easily recognized, but there is lameness and ten- 
 derness, with httle alteration of the surface of the bone 
 or the presence of slight bony deposits alternating, it may 
 be with soft open spaces. If the ulcerated bone is open 
 to the air It is found to bo softened in texture, breaking 
 down readily under pressure of a probe, and in the centrl 
 of the ulcerous cavity rounded bony deposits are felt as 
 evidence of an effort at repair. The discharge is then 
 
 l'.Hr"?Vfi?-'^^^^u""'^'i" ^""y P^'^'^^^^ and earthy 
 smetls bad! ^^^^^""^^ ^^^ commenced to decompose it 
 
 Death of the bone is always associated with an open 
 sore discharging a very foetid ichorous fluid, with gritty 
 particles and the power of rapidly blackening silver. If 
 probed the hard bone is felt without any fibrous cover- 
 ' iF' 5" u i-^" ^Y^ '^ ^'^^^' yellowish, white, or of some 
 health bone ^^^^0"^ any of the pink aspect of 
 
 Genera/ Treatment of Inflammation in Bone.—Vnless 
 in the very mildest cases, the first object is to check the 
 inflammation by soothing measures. A purgative is 
 usually desirable. Rest is indispensable. Whenever 
 possible, such a position should be given to the part as 
 will obviate pressure, weight, or gravitation of blood 
 toward the disease. Soothing local measures, such as 
 Jomentations with warm water ; a thick wet bandaire 
 covered with dry ; the persistent application of cold 
 water, by continuous showering of the r-rt, the water 
 
 j^ .-.V.J511U ii-^m a L»ui;KCt piaceaat a i 'her level bv 
 
 means of an elastic tube fastened to the body ; in certain 
 
310 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 cases ice-bags may be applied ; or cooling astringent lo- 
 tions, such as vinegar and salt ; acetate of le^d i<^ oz., 
 vinegar 2 qts., carbolic acid 60 drops, etc. Th . may have 
 to be kept up from five to fifteen days. Wnen heat and 
 tenderness have subsided, counter-irritants are to be 
 used. In slight cases rubbing with compound iodine 
 ointment, or with a mixture in equal parts of liquor am- 
 monia and olive-oil, may suffice. In others we must use 
 active blisters, such as Spanish flies 2 dr., camphor 5 grs., 
 alcohol 5 drops, lard i oz. Or a drachm of the Spanish 
 flies may be replaced by a drachm of iodide or biniodide 
 of mercury. In either case the hair should be cut off 
 and the ointment well rubbed in for several minutes 
 against the direction of the hair. The animal's head 
 should be tied short for twelye hours, to prevent gnaw- 
 ing of the part and blistering of the lips. After this the 
 surface is to be smeared with lard, daily, until the scab 
 drops oft*. In still other cases the hot iron may be de- 
 manded. It should be applied in points, each applica- 
 tion being very temporary, to avoid the effect of radiated 
 heat on the adjacent skin. The usual distance between 
 the points is from }4 to ^ inch, and the depth will vary 
 in different cases. When the irritation from the hot iron 
 has passed off", blisters may be applied if necessary. 
 
 In all cases the use of counter-irritants must be 
 stopped and soothing measures resorted to when it be- 
 comes evident that active inflammation has been set up 
 anew in the bone. A long period of rest is essential to 
 allow of the hardening of the newly-formed bony tissue 
 or of the old bone which has been softened or otherwise 
 altered by disease. 
 
 Matter forming in the interior of a bone is to be evacu- 
 ated by boring down to it with a circular saw (trephine). 
 Matter forming between the bone and its i*' vesting mem- 
 brane must be promptly evacuated with a sharp knife or 
 ^^ncet. 
 
 Simple ulceration is to be treated like an ordinary 
 wound, the pressure or other cause of its existence hav- 
 ing been first removed. A nourishing diet and a course 
 of tonics (chincona, gentian, etc,,) are usually demanded 
 
SCROFULOUS DISEASE OF BONES. 
 
 311 
 
 I 
 
 A dead bone should be removed. If a simple scale or 
 film on the surface, it may be taken off with a sharp 
 knife or chisel. If larger the bone-forceps or saw may 
 be necessary. It may sometimes be needful to remove 
 a piece of live bone with the circular saw, to make way 
 for the extraction of a dead portion imprisoned within 
 Should the outer fibrous covering of the bone be pre- 
 served intact, new bone may be formed in place of the 
 old, but never so perfect in form, and, as a rule, the ex- 
 tensive loss of an important bone, in one of the lower 
 animals, renders it useless and should warrant its de- 
 struction. 
 
 In no case should a cutting operation on a bone be 
 undertaken while the soft parts around it are in a state 
 of acute inflammation, as, although the diseased or dead 
 parts should be removed, the adjacent bone is likely to 
 take on unhealthy action and to prove worse than at 
 first. 
 
 In case of new bony deposits and tumors, it is rarely 
 desirable to resort to cutting instruments, unless when 
 they have a broad mass and narrow neck connecting 
 them to the parent bone. In this case they can be laid 
 bare and removed with bone fcJrceps or chisel Other 
 forms are best left to nature after all unhealthy action 
 has been subdued, and will materially diminish when 
 preserved from hard work, strains, jars and all excitants 
 to renewed growth. When continuous gentle pressure 
 can be applied without irritation it greatly favors absorp- 
 tion. In some instances the distension of the fibrous 
 membrane covering a bony swelling is the main cause of 
 continued inflammation and lameness. This is to be met 
 by dividing the membrane with a narrow-bladed knife 
 inserted to one side of the swelling, much care being 
 requisite to avoid entrance of air, injury to joints, etc. 
 
 Scrofulous (Tuberculous) Dlsease of Bones.— 
 J his is mostly seen in young animals when the bones 
 are soft and growing rapidly, and may be suspected when 
 the patient comes of a i-iihprnlonc fotr.iiv Tf ...ni -*■*■- -\- 
 
 -- — .•»..iii^. XL will aLtav-K 
 
 any part, but is especially common in the lower part of 
 
312 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 the limbs, and is one form of *^ foul in the footr It at- 
 tacks the ends of long bones or the whole bulk of short 
 ones, those parts, in short, which have an open cancel- 
 lated texture. The interspaces of the bony tissue fill up 
 with gelatinoid lymph, which may or may not pass into 
 the yellow cheesy tubercle, and similar changes take place 
 on the surface, long outgrowths appearing, the interstices 
 of which are filled by the same product. Ulceration en- 
 sues, sores form in the skin, discharging an unhealthy 
 matter, the softened bony tissues may be felt breaking 
 down under a probe, and the ends or processes of the 
 bones may be found detached from the shaft or median 
 part. 
 
 There may be coexisting tubercle in the lungs, bowels, 
 etc., with cough, expectoration, diarrhoea, etc., and some- 
 times in young animals the navel remains open and the 
 urine dribbles from it continually. 
 
 Treatment is hardly advisable, as tuberculous animals 
 are undesirable alike for breeding or for human food. It 
 consists in securing a good nurse, well fed on grain as 
 well as fodder if the patient is young, or good feeding if 
 beyond this stage. Lime-water in the sucking, and in 
 all subjects tonics (phosphate of iron, hyposulphite of 
 iron, cinchona, cod-liver oil, pancreatine, etc.) 
 
 Softening and Rarefaction of Bone. — Rickets. 
 — Young animals (puppies, sheep, calves and, less fre- 
 quently, foals,) often sufier from an imperfect nutrition 
 of the bones, with a deficiency of earthy salts, so that the 
 bones, especially those of the limbs, bend under the 
 weight of the animal and assume various unsightly dis- 
 tortions. The affection runs hereditarily in certain fami- 
 lies, and its appearance is often determined by insuffi- 
 cient, excessive, or injurious food, such as poor, sour or 
 fevered milk or inadequate substitutes. Anything that 
 undermines the general health will develop it in a predis- 
 posed subject. The malady may usually be checked by 
 a change to rich or moderate feeding, as the case may 
 demand, a dose of pepsin wine at each mealj with dry, 
 warm, airy sleeping places and access to open air, sun- 
 
SOFTENING OF THE RONES IN DAIRY COWS. 313 
 
 shine and gentle exercise. Puppies may have bones to 
 gnaw at will. In cases of severe threatened distortion 
 much benefit may be derived from support by well- 
 padded bandages. 
 
 Softening of Bones in Dairy Cows.— This re- 
 sembles rickets in its dependence on the nature of the 
 food, but appears only in breeding cows. It is a disease 
 of poor, sandy and gravelly soils, the vegetation of 
 which is deficient in earthy salts, and even on these is 
 shown only after a dry season when fodder is at its 
 worst. Diseases of digestion and assimilation will also, 
 exceptionally, determine it. The parts that primarily 
 suffer are the bones of the haunch, the disease resembling 
 in this respect the osteo malacia of women who have borne 
 children. 
 
 Symptoms. — Lameness, difficulty in rising, with som« 
 alteration of form in the quarters are the first signs, and 
 an examination of the pelvic bones by the oiled hand in- 
 troduced through the rectum will detect a want of sym- 
 metry on the two sides, from bulging, irregular swellings 
 at different points. In more advanced stages the bones 
 break and crumble under the body's weight, and the 
 animal remains constantly down, unable to rise. A 
 depraved appetite and a tendency to eat all sorts of 
 unnatural objects, though a common symptom in breed- 
 ing cows, is excessive in many of these cases, and the 
 patient mostly loses flesh rapidly, though some will re- 
 main fat for a length of time. 
 
 Treatment. — Change the locality to one with a richer 
 fodder, or bring the wholesome fodder to the animals, 
 and add, liberally, grain (barley, maize, oats, beans,) from 
 sound localities. Fresh air, sunshine and dry resting 
 places are, all important. Avoid breeding again until 
 health is fully established, or better, fatten for the butcher. 
 
 Fractures. — These are simple when a bone is 
 broken across ; comminuted when broken into several 
 pieces ; and compound when the soft parts are torn so as 
 to establish a communication between the broken ends 
 
314 
 
 THE farmer's VETERINx.RY ADVISER. 
 
 and the external air. The tno last are extremely dan- 
 gerous, but the first is more hopeful. Simple fractures, 
 however, vary in gravity according to their kind. Thus 
 in the very young the break is liable to be imperfect, 
 with a number of pointed processes locking into each 
 other {greenstick fracture), send as the ends are easily and 
 accurately replaced and the bones soft and vascular, re- 
 pair is prompt and perfect. In others the break is 
 directly and smoothly across, or with indentations and 
 processes, so that when the ends are placed in apposition 
 they cannot slide pas. each other; these too are easily 
 repaired. A third class are broken obliquely or with a 
 bevel, so that the broken surfaces slide upon each other 
 under the contractions of the muscles, and the sharp 
 ends are continuallv jerked into the soft parts around. 
 The continuous movement prevents union, and the irri- 
 tation of the soft parts sets up inflammation, so that 
 such fractures may prove as troublesome as the compound. 
 
 Symptoms. — Disuse of the affected bone, distortion of 
 the part, shortening, if it is the main bone of the limb, 
 tremblin<j of the muscles over the injury, a grating sen- 
 sation conveyed to the hand on moving the broken bone, 
 unnatural mobility of the part, and the suddenness of the 
 injury from a wrong step or some mechanical violence. 
 In cracks and partial fractures of bones, with a strong 
 investing fibrous membrane, there may be no displace- 
 ment, increased mobility nor grating, but only a tender 
 line across the bone with or without a slight elevation. 
 
 Treatment. — The first thing to be done is to bring the 
 broken ends into correct apposition, and retain them 
 there by splints and bandages. No matter if the soft 
 parts are inflamed and swollen, to leave the sharp ends 
 jerking into them with each contraction of the muscles, 
 will only make matters worse, whereas the removal of 
 this source of irritation will usually entail imniediate 
 improvement. If from the oblique or comminuted nature 
 of the fracti're the bones cannot be so placed and re- 
 tained, recovery need not be expected, at least without 
 distortion. To bring the ends together accurately, it may 
 be necessary to cinploy extension «nd countcr'cxtension. 
 
FRACTURES. 
 
 31S 
 
 ^vcii:)iuii. 
 
 I 
 
 A strong sheet or blanket is crossed over the inside of 
 the upper part of the limb and held to keep the body 
 still ; while extension is affected by lines attached to the 
 foot, a block and tackle may be used, but cautiously in 
 view of the increased power thereby obtained. It may 
 even be needful to relax the muscles by placing the 
 animal under the influence of ether, chloroform or 
 chloral-hydrate. When the limb is being extended the 
 operator brings the broken ends together correctly 'and 
 splints are applied. 
 
 These may be made of sheets of gutta-percha softened 
 in warm water and applied so as to adapt themselves to 
 the inequalities of the limb ; of strong pasteboard with 
 the edges torn (not cut) and softened in water to allow 
 of Its being moulded to the surface ; of starch b^ndac^e 
 a long cotton bandage three inches wide, laid on accu- 
 rately, layer after layer, and starched as applied, so that 
 It dries into a perfectly fitting and hard resisting case • 
 a plaster bandage, consisting of a long roll of the same 
 kind, with plaster of Paris thickly dusted between its 
 layers, and the whole dipped in water before it is 
 applied ; or pieces of sheet-iron carefully padded to pre- 
 vent chafing and secure perfect adaptation, and bound 
 firmly by a surface bandage ; or wooden splints may be 
 fashioned to the form of one side of the limb and ap- 
 plied with a sufficient internal padding. It is usually 
 needful to apply one of these wooden or iron splints out- 
 side the starch or gutta-percha cases, in the larger 
 animals, to give the requisite solidity. In all cases the 
 limb should be accurately wrapped in a long narrow 
 strip of cotton or linen as a protection before the appli- 
 cation of the bandage proper. The bandage should 
 always extend to the extremity of the limb (hoof or 
 claws), otherwise the uncovered portion will swell, in- 
 flame and perhaps die. It should not only fix immova- 
 bly all the joints below the fracture, but if possible the 
 next above as well, as by this means, as well as by the 
 enforced immobility of the muscles, the perfect rest of the 
 broken ends is secured. 
 If swelling existed before the application of the band- 
 
3i6 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 
 age, it may become loose in a day or two, and should be 
 reopened and more accurately applied, care being taken 
 to secure equal pressure from the extremity up. The 
 starch bandage may be slit open up the side, and when 
 properly padded reapplied with the one edge overlapping 
 the other as far as necessary, and fixed by a long band- 
 age applied over all. The plaster bandage may be 
 adapted by filling up the interval between the soft skin 
 bandage and the plaster case with a thin pulpy mixture 
 of plaster of Paris and water poured in at the top. 
 
 The limb should be kept in the bandage for a month 
 or six weeks, and will require a rest of two or three 
 months more, for the consolidation of the new tissue, 
 before being put to work. 
 
 Fractures in the upper parts of the limbs of quadrupeds, 
 which it is impossible to fix by bandages, may yet recover 
 with very little shortening or distortion if the break is 
 transverse. Fractures of these parts and of the ribs 
 recover with a considerable enlargement around the seat 
 of the break, which may be afterwards absorbed in part 
 or in whole, as the bone is consolidated. The same holds 
 good of fractures of other parts when movement is al- 
 lowed between the divided ends during recovery. 
 
 Slings. — For large quadrupeds with broken limbs 
 slinging is absolutely essential. The simplest mode is 
 the following : Four strong posts are fixed to the ground 
 and roof, so as to form an oblong, inside which the four 
 feet of the animal may stand. A strong horizontal bar 
 is then fixed to the two posts on each side, at such a 
 height as to correspond to the middle of the body. Then 
 the animal being walked into the frame, a horizontal 
 bar is fixed between the two front posts so high as to 
 cross the lower part of the neck, and another between 
 the two hind posts at about the height of the stifle. Next 
 a strong sheet (new sail cloth is best) is fixed to the one 
 side bar by being wound round and nailed at the outer 
 side, and having been passed beneath the body, is fixed 
 to the opposite side in the same way. It must be just 
 sufficiently far back to clear the fore limbs, and just so 
 loose as ';o allow the patient to stand over it without 
 
DISEASES OF THE JOINTS. 
 
 31; 
 
 pressure or chafing, or to settle himself into it at will In 
 the male, care must be taken to have it narrow enough 
 not to cover the sheath. 
 
 It is often necessary to allow an an«'mal to become 
 fatigued by standing for a day or tv^o before being put 
 in a shng, otherwise he may be very irritable at first 
 Care must be taken not to let him feel the sling beneath 
 him until It IS ready to be fixed, as many patients will 
 settle down into it the moment it is felt. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE yOINTS. 
 
 Here in addition to bone we have gristle, fibrous tissue 
 (capsular and binding ligaments) and synovial membrane 
 a thin vascular structure which secretes the albuminous 
 glairy fluid known as joint-oil. 
 
 Inflammation.— Arthritis.— SYNoviTis.—Here 
 again the most common lesion is inflammation, from 
 which most of the others follow as consequences. This 
 may begin in the bones as a result of concussion, blows 
 etc., and extend through the cartilage and ligaments to 
 the synovial membrane ; or it may originate in the liga- 
 ments as a consequence of sprains or other injuries ; or 
 in the synovial membrane from wounds opening the joint 
 and exposing it to the air ; or it may be a local manifes- 
 tation of some constitutional disease such as rheumatism 
 tubercle, glanders, farcy, etc., or finally it may be due 
 to plugging of the blood-vessels in consequence of pus, 
 ichor, or fibrinous clots washed on through the vessels' 
 from some distant seat of disease. In all cases the whole 
 of the joint structures tend to be involved and the symp- 
 toms are similar. 
 
 The succession of changes may be as follows: the 
 inflamed synovial membrane throws out a serous fluid 
 filling the joint to excess ; the ligaments and adjacent 
 connective tissue also throw out a semi-liquid exudation 
 vvhich forms a yielding swelling around the joint, su -p- 
 tible of indentation with the fingers ; the cartilage . v- 
 ering the ends of the bones softens and is changed into 
 
3i8 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 I 
 
 a fibrous material or is even absorbed, leaving the bone 
 bare ; the bone exposed in this way may ulcerate, if that 
 has not previously commenced, or it may be partially 
 repaired by the deposit of a densp ivory-like layer (ebur- 
 nation), the smooth glistening surface of which glides 
 smoothly o\\ that of the opposite bone ; lymph may be 
 exuded from the exposed surface of the bone and from 
 the interior of the synovial membrane, and this, as well 
 as what is outside the joint, may be developed into 
 fibrous tissue restricting the movements of the joint, or 
 more frequently into bone which binds the bony struc- 
 tures together and abolishes all movement {stiff-joint, 
 anchylosis^ ; in very severe cases the lymph inside arid 
 outside the joint degenerates into pus, and this makes its 
 way through the tissues to the surface, is discharged and 
 leaves an open joint, which soon determines a further 
 increase of the inflammation and destructive changes. In 
 tuberculous diseases of the joints there is the softening 
 and enlargement of the ends of the bones, a gelatiniform 
 exudation, and its cheesy degeneration ; in rheumatism 
 there is little tendency to suppuration ; in glanders, 
 farcy, plugging of vessels, etc , there is the specific deposit 
 or an early suppuration. 
 
 General Symptoms. — The joint is swollen, tense, and 
 elastic, is kept partially bent, is hot and tender, the parts 
 around it may retain the indentation made by the finger, 
 and the suffering is greatly increased when the joint is 
 moved. There are all grades from heat, tenderness, 
 swelling, and habitual flexion of the joints, with the 
 capacity of working off the lameness during exercise, to 
 severe forms in which no weight can be thrown upon the 
 limb, and the attendant fever is so intense that appetite 
 is gone, thirst is ardent, breathing and pulse greatly ac- 
 celerated, the heat of the body raised to a high point, 
 and the patient may die from the constitutional excite- 
 ment. 
 
 When suppuration takes place there is an aggravation 
 of all the symptoms, with frequent shivering, and the 
 gradual absorption of the soft parts renders the fluctua- 
 tion more and more evident up to the period of rupture. 
 
INFLAMMATION — ARTHRITIS— SYNOVITIS. 
 
 319 
 
 Preceding stiff-joint there is a long period of sub- acute 
 inflammation, the joint being kept immovable by the 
 pain and the abundant exudation, until ossification en- 
 sues. 
 
 Tuberculous disease of the joints occurs in young ani- 
 mals, the offspring of consumptive families, and is marked 
 by the enlargement and softening of the ends of the 
 bones, the formation of wounds or ulcers, and, it may be, 
 disease of the lungs or bowels. 
 
 Rheumatic disease is characterized by its tendency to 
 move from joint to joint or muscle, by its aggravation 
 under the influence of cold and damp and improvement 
 under warmth and sunshine, and by its indisposition to 
 suppuration. Glanders, farcy, plugging of the vessels, 
 etc., are distinguished by the presence of the coexisting 
 disease in other parts. 
 
 General Treatment. — In severe cases secure immobility 
 in the joints by placing in slings, and, if necessary, by 
 the application of a smart blister around the articulation. 
 In the absence of the blister apply cooling or soothing 
 lotions as for inflammation of bone, and follow this up by 
 blisters or firing when the inflammation has in the main 
 subsided and the heat and tenderness disappeared. In 
 the slight, subacute and chronic forms the counter-irri- 
 tants may be applied at the first. When anchylosis 
 threatens it is sometimes advisable to favor it by active 
 blistering and rigid immobility of the joint. If ulceration 
 of the joint surface occurs the hot iron usually gives the 
 best results. If suppuration has ensued the pus must 
 escape by an external opening, and our efforts must be 
 thereafter directed to limiting the inflammation as far as 
 possible and obviating death by the general fever, or 
 uselessness, by the destruction of the joint. 
 
 In the severer forms a purgative should be given at the 
 outset, and this may be followed by a soft laxative diet 
 (mashes, roots, green food,) and diuretics, (carbonates or 
 acetates of potassa or soda, colchicum, etc.,) especially 
 when there is reason to suspect any rheumatic complica- 
 tion. In some cases of this^ as of bone disease, in which 
 there is imperfect assimilation and the passage of an 
 
320 
 
 THE FARMER S^VETERI NARY ADVISER. 
 
 m . 
 
 excess of phosphates in the urine, a course of bitters and 
 iron tonics is demanded. 
 
 Tuberculous disease of the joints demands similar treat- 
 ment with due attention to the general health to correct, 
 if possible, the unhealthy state. 
 
 Open Joint. — This results from an incised, punctured, 
 lacerated or contused wound, and will vary in gravity 
 according to the nature of the wound and the certainty 
 of inflammation ensuing. If there is a simple minute 
 puncture or cut, the wound may close without this result, 
 but if the tissues are severely lacerated or bruised, as in 
 case of falls, 'itc, a certain amount of inflammation must 
 necessarily e sue. 
 
 Treatment. — Never probe such wounds. Sand or gritty 
 matter must be removed by a stream of tepid water or 
 the most careful picking, and the lips of the wound 
 brought together if necessary by stitches, but with as 
 few as possible, and those only passing through the skin. 
 Perfect quiet must be secured by slings, splints, band- 
 ages, or, if the opening is small, by a blister envelopiiig 
 the joint, but leaving a clear space of an inch around the 
 wound. In the absence of the blister, the joint may be 
 irrigated with cold water continuously applied as for 
 ostitis, or a poultice may be applied with a weak solution 
 of carbolic acid poured over its surface, or the same car- 
 bolic lotion (i part to lOO water) may be applied by 
 means of saturated cotton bandages covered with dry. 
 Coagulating agents (powdered alum, acetate of lead, sul- 
 phate of zinc, etc.,) are sometimes used to close the 
 wound by a clot of synovia, and if this has been <jfifected 
 it should never be disturbed by picking or dressing, but 
 left to be expelled when the wound is finally closed by 
 the growth of granulations from its lips. The greatest 
 danger lies in the movement of the joint which stimulates 
 the secretion of synovia and keeps the wound open ; in 
 the introduction of atmospheric air into the joint, and in 
 the decomposition of the morbid liquids in the wound. 
 Hence, perfect rest, closure of the wound and the use of 
 antiseptics like carbolic acid, are all important. 
 
INFLAMMATION OF THE SYNOVIAL CAVITY. 32 1 
 
 The general treatment is the same jts for anthritia 
 from other causes. 
 
 If suppuration ensues there is the greatest danger of 
 destruction of the joint. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE SYNOVIAL CAVITIES.— 
 
 BuRS^ AND Sheaths of Tendohs.— Bursa are little 
 synovial cavities placed between the skin and prominent 
 bony processes to favor the gliding of the one on the 
 other. Theca are similar sacs interposed between bones 
 and fibrous cords (tendons, ligaments,) or between two 
 such cords, to favor gliding. Each may be the seat of 
 inflammation with its consequences — over distension 
 from excessive secretion of serum : — exudation of lymph, 
 with thickening, induration, adhesion, calcification of the 
 walls, or with suppuration. 
 
 It may be developed by wounds, punctures, cuts, 
 bruises, sprains or rheumatism, and is manifested by 
 heat, pain, tenderness and an elastic swelling (wind-puflf, 
 wind-gall,) the enlargement usually remaining after in- 
 iHammation has subsided. This condition, as well as 
 induration or calcification of the walls, causes material 
 deformity. Suppuration is evinced by a great increase 
 of the heat and tenderness, with a more distinct and 
 superficial fluctuation and a surrounding engorgement, 
 which pits on pressure. 
 
 Treatment consists in rest, a relaxed posture of any 
 tendons implicated, and soothing, cooling or astringent 
 applications, as in the early stages of sprains or ostitis. 
 A purgative and restricted diet are equally necessary. 
 When heat and tenderness have subsided a small blister 
 (see periostitis) will often cause absorption of the liquid \ 
 or it may disappear under pressure maintained for two 
 hours at a time, twice daily at firs':, and increased by two 
 hours daily ; or finally, the liquid may be drawn off bj'- 
 the nczzle of a hypodermic syringe, and the sac com- 
 pressed with a bandage (and, if necessary, pads) saturated 
 in an a.stringent cooling lotion. After evacuating the 
 liouid an infection of com'joviDd tincture of iodine i '^3^t 
 water 2 parts, may be thrown in and expressed again 
 
322 
 
 TIIK farmer's veterinary ADVlSEK. 
 
 
 after three minutes, the part being afterwards covered 
 with wet bandages. 
 
 For suppuration a simple subcutaneous bursa may be 
 laid freely open and allowed to heal by granulation, or a 
 thread may be drawn through the cavity and the pus 
 drawn off, while cooling lotions are applied to the sur- 
 face. 
 
 DISEASES OF MUSCLES, 
 
 Rupture of Muscles. — The red flesh is rarely torn 
 in life and never by voluntary contraction. Though torn 
 across with ease after death, it will resist much more dur- 
 ing life than the white fibrous cord by which it is attached 
 to the bones. Muscles are usually torn by some extreme 
 involuntary contraction, as in recovering from a wrong 
 step or slip, or in the extreme contractions of lock-jaw. 
 Rupture is recognized by the sudden pain and inability 
 to use the muscle, and, if it is superficial, by tenderness, 
 by a depression in the seat of the tear, and a bulging of 
 the muscle above and below it. Later the depression 
 may be filled by a soft compressible clot. 
 
 Treatment consists in '•he approximation of the divided 
 ends by such a position as will relax the muscle, and by 
 a tight bandage from the foot up if it be in a limb. 
 
 Inflammation of Muscle. — This is usually the 
 result of rheumatism, but may arise from continued use 
 or from local injury. It is manifested by swelling and 
 extreme tenderness of the muscle in question, with loss 
 of contractile power. If rheumatic it has the further 
 characteristic of shifting from place to place. It may 
 result in abscess, or thickening of the fibrous investing 
 membrane, or in calcareous, granular or fatty degenera- 
 tion. It must be treated by rest, with soothing local 
 treatment like any ordinary inflammation, and matter 
 may be evacuated with knife or lancet, but the degener- 
 ation may be looked upon as permanent. 
 
 Fatty defeneration is con.mon in overfed animals, above 
 
 nix. six i,xs\.rj^ i„-i\_vs %\Jt V.UI x V ziiuk \a.s. i'- V ciiivj &x*wCtu ctjJtlLuvi^ \.\j 
 
 fatten (improved cattle, sheep and pigs,) and it is quite 
 
RUPTURE OF TENDON.— SPRAINS. 
 
 323 
 
 irremediable. It may also arise from paralysis, the 
 result of injuries to the nerves, as in roaring. 
 
 Rupture of Tendons.— Section of Tendons.— 
 These are not uncommon in horses during severe exer- 
 tions, as on the race-course, the back tendons being the 
 most common seat of the injury. Whether torn across 
 or divided with a cutting instrument, they are readily 
 repaired by the exudation of lymph between the divided 
 ends and its organization into white fibrous tissue. It is 
 necessary to support the limb so that the divided ends 
 may be placed in apposition and retained thus for three 
 or four weeks. Inflammation is to be checked by ordi- 
 nary means. 
 
 Sprains. — When subjected to over-exertion, sinews 
 become the seat of sudden severe pain, inflammation, 
 exudation, thickening and shortening. Sprains occur 
 mainly froni severe and continued over-exertion, or from 
 the sudden jerk consequent on taking a wrong step when 
 fatigued and unable readily to recover the balance. They 
 are most frequent where tendons play over a bony pro- 
 cess, but may occur at any part, and are of all grades 
 from those producing a slight halt, with almost impercep- 
 tible thickeni ig of the tendinous cord, to those in which 
 the cord has been extensively torn and becomes the 
 centre of a most violent inflam.-nation. 
 
 Treatment.— V^^n violently inflamed or the seat of 
 extreme pain, the tendon should be rested and relaxed 
 by giving a suitable position to the limb, and fomented 
 with warm water or showered continuously with cold, 
 until heat and tenderness have been subdued. Or cooling 
 astringent lotions may be used as advised under ostitis. 
 A laxative and cooling diet are often essential. When 
 heat and tenderness have subsided, occasional showering 
 with cold water and hand-rubbing, or stimulating lini- 
 ments (camphorated spirit ; liquor ammonia i part, olive 
 oil 2 parts ; camphorated spirit and peppermint water 
 equal parts, etc.,) may be used. The same agents may 
 be applied to very slight cases at the outset. Or blisters 
 may be applied as advised under ostitis. 
 
 2Q 
 
 ■I 
 
324 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 Thickening, Shortening, Calcification of Ten- 
 DONS. — These are the results of severe or repeated 
 sprains. If slight they may be benefited by time, gentle 
 exercise (at grass), and an occasional blister of iodide of 
 mercury. In cases with such thickening and shortening 
 as to impair usefulness, after all inflammation has sub- 
 sided the tendons may be cut across by a narrow-bladed 
 knife, making an almost imperceptible skin wound, tiie 
 ends drawn apart by full extension of the limb, and the 
 case treated like an accidentally ruptured or cut tendon. 
 If this operation is performed in a warm season, antisep- 
 tics must be applied to the wound. 
 
 THE CANADIAN HORSK. 
 
£1 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 SPECIAL INJURIES OF BONES, JOINTS AND MUSCLES. 
 
 Fracture of the lower jaw. Injuries by bit and curb. Fracture 
 of the upper jaw ; of the bones of the nose ; of the frontal bones ; 
 of the crest of the poll; of the base of the cranium. Dislocation o 
 F.;°Ti'^-!I; PP^^J'?^"^ between upper and lower jaws. Cancer 
 (Encephaloid) of the Orbit. Tooth-like tumors under the .::r. Pol 
 
 fiin nil^'p-^^'?"''- . F/^'i^"fed Processes of the neck-bones. 
 Broken neck. Fracture of the Spnaous Processes of the back and 
 loms. Spram of the back or loins. Transverse fracture of the 
 back or loins. Broken back. Laceration of the muscles beneath 
 the loms. Fracture of the croup. Injuries to ihe bones of the tail. 
 Fractured Ribs. Wounds penetrating the chest. Shoulder lame- 
 ness. Tumors on the shoulder. Sprain of the Coraco-radial ten. 
 don Shoulder-sprain Sprain of the muscles outside the shoulder- 
 Kh ^'f^^e..°f the shoulder-joint. Other' affections of the 
 
 o??Si Hhni^ 'w " 7^ 'i'V^^?::' ^"^ ^™- Tumors on the point 
 of the elbow. Wounds of the elbow. Fracture of the point of the 
 
 fJLT fT% °^ *^^ ^^^J"'' J°'"'- F^^^t"»-« of the arm bone. 
 !< racture of the fore-arm. Sprain of the radial ligament. Sprain of 
 the back tendons behind the knee. Thorough-pin of the knee. 
 Synovial swellings in front of the knee. Inflammation of the knee. 
 Dislocation of the knee. Wounds of the knee. Speedv cut. 
 Broken knees Sphnts. Sore shins. Fracture of the splint bones ; 
 
 itimVn^c" ur"^- ^r^' c' °^ *^^^^^^ ^^"'^""^ ; of the suspensory 
 hgaments. Wind-galls. Sesamoiditis. Sprain of the inferior sesa- 
 moid ligaments. Elastic swellings in front of the fetlock. Cuttintr 
 Bruises on the fetlock. Fracture of the pastern bones. Bony 
 growths on the pastern bones. Ringbones. Sprain of the flexor 
 tendons behind the pastern. Fractures of the hip-bones ; of the 
 T^lhll^ f\^ i^^ '""^'' ^"SKj.of the point of the hip ; through 
 m. nf nf .^^ il^'"""^ ' Ti"*° *^^ J°'"*- SP"*^'" °* the hip. Displace- 
 tTnn ^lu^l^^'^"^^"' demons. Disc - se of the hip-joint. Disloca- 
 lon of the hip Fracture of the thigh bone ; the neck ; the shaft ; 
 the lower end Fracture of the knee-cap. Dislocation of the 
 Si f-flP' ^*'^^i' P''E??^ °f the stifle. Fracture of the leg between 
 mn<:.f ^^''i? v^°^> ' J't'^ ; ^»hula. Sprain or laceration of the 
 muscle which bends tbe hock. Sprain of the hamstring. Rupture 
 of the hamstring. Capped hock. Displacement of the tendon plav- 
 ,u. k ■ 1 %r^""- ^' "■"'= "utit. oprain or me liexur lendon behind 
 UK hock. 1 horough^in. Distension of tbe.sheath of the extensof 
 
 (325) 
 
326 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 • 
 
 tendon in front of the hock. Fracture of the inner maleolus. Frac- 
 ture of the point of the hock and other hock bones. Bone spavin. 
 Inflammation of the true hock joint. Bog spavin. Dropsy of the 
 hock joint. Blood spavin. Curb. String-halt. Other causes of 
 lameness. 
 
 Fractures of the Lower Jaw.— These take place 
 in the anterior part occupied by the front teeth, or more 
 frequently on one side, between these and the grinders: 
 In simple fractures with no great tendency to movement 
 an exclusive diet of soft mashes will often suffice, a 
 double halter being so arranged that the animal cannot 
 possibly reach either fodder or litter. If the fracture is 
 between the front teeth a copper or silver wire wound 
 round two teeth on opposite sides of the break may fix 
 the parts sufficiently. If further back and very mobile, 
 it may still be retained at times by using the tushes as 
 fixed points from which to carry the wire. Where these 
 cannot be availed of, the jaw may be perforated by a fine 
 drill in front of the fracture and behind it, and the two 
 parts firmly bound together by a silver wire. If this is 
 not available, a mould of gutta percha or wood is made 
 to fit the lower jaw and sides of the face from the throat 
 as far as the chin, and this is strapped on by four belts, 
 one passing behind the ears, one in front of them, one on 
 the middle of the face, and one on the nose but four 
 inches above the nostrils. The straps may be held to- 
 gether by another or a simple cord passing down the 
 middle of the face, and the two lower ones should be 
 slightly elastic. This should be kept on till union is 
 effected, and no hard food should be allowed for two 
 months. 
 
 In cases of compound comminuted fractures remove 
 all foreign bodies and detached pieces of bone, aiid make 
 an opening in the case, through which the wound maybe 
 dressed with antiseptic liquids (carbolic acid i part, water 
 lOO parts). 
 
 Injuries by Bit and Curb.— These often cause 
 slight fractures or superficial necrosis on the upper or 
 lower borders of the jaw, Extract detached pieces or 
 
fractiJre of the upper jaw, etc. 327 
 
 5^:l•ape off dead, and when the wound has healed drive 
 with a snaffle. 
 
 Fracture of the Upper Jaw.— This is much less 
 serious. If at the anterior part fix by wiring the teeth 
 together. If further back, and- associated with discharge 
 from the nose, trephine the sinus (see diseased teeth) 
 remove detached pieces of bone, and inject with a weak 
 astrmgent solution (diseased teeth). 
 
 Fracture of the Bones of the Nose.— Here 
 the depression of the space between the nostrils and the 
 difficulty of breathing are characteristic. Shave the skin 
 above and below the fracture ; make a smooth cone cf 
 wood, rounded at the apex, and just large enough to fit 
 the nasal passage ; with this inside the nose raise the 
 bone to its proper position, and strap it there by strong 
 adhesive plaster passing over the interval of the fracture. 
 In obstinate cases we can resort to plugging of one nos- 
 tril with tow, or of both nostrils if tracheotomy has been 
 first performed. 
 
 Fracture of the Frontal Bones.— If beneath 
 the level of the eye the danger is slight and after removal 
 of detached pieces of bone it may be treated like an 
 ordinary wound. If above, the depressed bone must be 
 raised with a lever to avoid compression of the brain 
 when exudation takes place. Fracture of the process 
 which forms the upper boundary of the eye-socket, may 
 be raised in the same manner to avoid subsequent 
 blemish. 
 
 Fracture of the Crest of the Poll (Occipital) 
 —If split straight down and without opening the cra- 
 niuni and exposing the brain, the animal should be tied 
 so that the nose is kept habitually protruded and the 
 injury treated like a simple wound. It may be needful 
 to use astringent lotions, or even to make a counter- 
 opening below to secure a perfect recovery. 
 

 328 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 Fractures at the Base of the Cranium. — These 
 are usually due to blows on the poll, the shock being 
 conveyed through the harder structures, and expended 
 fatally on the softer bones below. Being in contact with 
 the most vital parts of the brain, and beyond the reach 
 of surgical interference, such fractures are fatal. 
 
 Dislocation of the Lower Jaw. — This sometimes 
 occurs in the dog from opening the jaws too widely in 
 giving pills, etc. The jaw is slightly advanced and held 
 open in spite of all attempts of the animal to close it. 
 Wrap the thumbs very thickly in cloth, and seizing the 
 lower jaw press it forcibly downward and backward, when 
 it will slip in with a jerk and the jaws will close firmly. 
 
 Open Joint Between the Upper and Lower 
 Jaws. — A wound exists midway between the eye and 
 the root of the ear, discharging a glairy fluid when the 
 animal chews. Fix the jaws by a bridle with straps 
 drawn tightly around the nose, feed thick gruels and 
 soft mashes only and treat as advised for open joint. 
 
 Cancer (Encephaloid) of the Orbit. — This 
 occurs in horses and cattle, great, angry, bleeding, fung- 
 ous growths, appearing from the soft and hard structures 
 about the orbit. The only hope lies in early removal. 
 
 Tooth-like Tumors Under the Ear. — They are 
 manifested by a running sore, just above and behind the 
 joint between the upper and the lower jaw, with a hard 
 object to be felt at the bottom. Their extraction can 
 only be undertaken by one intimately acquainted with 
 the parts. 
 
 Poll Evil. — This is of two kinds : 1st, a simple ab- 
 scess, the result of a blow or other local injury, and 
 which is only serious because of the strong enveloping 
 fibrous membranes that imprison the matter beneath 
 them ■ and 2d, disease of the ioint between the head and 
 the first bone of the neck, or between the first two bones. 
 
POLL-EVIL. 
 
 329 
 
 The first if unrelieved, will usually give rise to the 
 second, since the surface of the bones becomes the seat 
 of disease, which gradually extends to and involves the 
 joint. The milder form may be distinguished by the su- 
 perficial position of the swelling and fluctuation, and by 
 the comparative freedom and ease with which the head 
 is moved, whereas in the other the head is carried stiffly 
 and cannot be moved on the neck without extreme suf- 
 fering. 
 
 Treatment— ^\\Qn seen early with only a slight in- 
 flammatory swelling behind the poll and no fluctuation, 
 purge and keep a cooling lotion (tincture of arnica 2 oz., 
 iodide of potassium i dr., vinegar i qt, camomile infu- 
 sion I qt,) constantly applied to the part, the patient at 
 rest, and the head tied up to the rack. If matter has 
 formed and fluctuation is felt, however deep, it must be 
 opened at once. Select the part where fluctuation is most 
 marked, and plunge a knife into the cavity. Then with 
 a bent probe find the lowest point of the sac and cut 
 down upon this, making a large opening from which the 
 matter may flow as it forms. A tape should be tied in 
 the wound and the sac syringed out daily with a stimu- 
 lating wash (chloride of zinc % dr., water i qt.,) until 
 from the disappearance of swelling and matter it be- 
 comes evident that the sac is obliterated, when the tape 
 may be cut, pulled half way out, and left hanging from 
 the lower wound until the upper is closed, when it 
 may be completely withdrawn. When new sacs of mat- 
 ter appear these must be promptly opened and treated 
 m the same w>y. A change of dressing is sometimes 
 needed as one appears to be losing its effect (tincture of 
 muriate of iron i oz., water i quart). In obstinate cases 
 it is sometimes needful to lay the sacs open by an exten- 
 sive incision and treat like an ordinary wound. But all 
 these operations are only safe in the hands of those who 
 are intimately acquainted with the structure of the part. 
 In case of disease of the bone it may be felt bare at 
 the bottom of the sac by probing, and may be scraped 
 to remove any dead or diseased part, and expose sound 
 bone which may undergo the healing process. 
 
330 THE farmer's veterinary adviser 
 
 If the joint is implicated the case may be deemed des- 
 perate, as it is usually only a question of time for the 
 spinal cord to become involved. 
 
 Fistulous Withers.— This is analogous to the milder 
 form of poll evil, diffenng only in its site, which is on the 
 spines above the shoulders. It is to be treated in the 
 same way, by free incision, the formation of a dependent 
 orifice and injections. If the spinous processes are dis- 
 eased they should be removed with bone forceps until a 
 healthy surface is exposed. 
 
 Fractured Processes of the Neck Bones. — This 
 may arise from muscular effort, but more commonly re- 
 sults from jamming between two heavy bodies. If on 
 one side only, the head is drawn to a .^ide ; and in any 
 case the detached piece of bone may be felt among the 
 muscles, and grating even may be produced by moving 
 it. The only treatment is to keep the head in one posi- 
 tion until the detached parts have become adherent, 
 which they usually do with a visible swelling. If abscess 
 or fistula forms the detached bone must be extracted. 
 
 Transverse Fracture of the Bones of the 
 Neck. — These occur from pitching on the head, and are 
 fatal from the sudden cessation of breathing. 
 
 Fracture of the Spinous Processes of Back 
 AND Loins.— This is detected by the mobility, with or 
 without grating, of the spines implicated. If comminuted, 
 the splinters should be extracted ; if simple, replace them 
 and retain by a pitch plaster on each side, or with a saddle 
 having a high tree and plenty of padding at the sides to 
 support the fractured bone. 
 
 Sprains of the Back or Loins.— There is inability 
 to back, above all when mounted, or to turn quickly in a 
 circle, tenderness at a given spot on pinching along 
 the back, drooping when mounted, and difficulty in urina- 
 tion from the pain attendant on curving the back. It has 
 
TRANSVERSE FRACTURE OF BACK OR LOINS. 33 1 
 
 come on suddenly after slipping, falling, bearing a heavy 
 weight, etc., and is independent of fever. It is distin- 
 guished from ^z-tW^X paraplegia by the perfect sensation 
 m the hind parts, by the absence of any change in their 
 temperature as compared with the rest of the body, and 
 by the retention of perfect sensation and motion in the 
 tail. 
 
 Treatment. ~Y\^c^ in a narrow stall in which the'pa- 
 tient cannot turn his body or even his neck ; apply slings 
 to prevent any attempt at lying down ; foment with warm 
 water if there is much pain ; when that has subsided, 
 blister. It is all-important to give hxative diet, and to 
 correct any costiveness or other impairment of the gen- 
 eral health. 
 
 TRANSVERSE FRACTURE OF BACK OR LOINS.— This 
 occurs suddenly from an evident cause, such as slipping, 
 over-weighting, a wrong step, or struggling when cast for 
 an operation. If displacement has not taken place there 
 IS an exaggerated manifestation of the same symptoms as 
 in sprained back, but if the bones are displaced, or when 
 the resulting inflammation and swelling have produced 
 pressure on the spinal cord, there is paraplegia, coldness 
 of the body behind the seat of fracture though that in 
 front may be hot and perspiring ; the tail is implicated 
 in the palsy, and there is much tenderness and often a 
 manifest depression of the seat of fracture. 
 
 Treatment.— ThQ slighter forms are treated like 
 sprained loins. In the more severe, the subject should 
 be destroyed at once. If after recovery in other respects 
 a certain lack of power remains, it must be treated like 
 paraplegia. 
 
 Laceration of the Muscles Beneath the Loins. 
 —This occurs from the hind limbs slipping unexpectedly 
 backward or from their going back into a ditch which 
 the animal is attempting to leap. The manifestations 
 resemble those of broken back, as there are difficulty in 
 rising and an imperfect control over the hind limbs, 
 which are dragged awkwardly forward and not advanced 
 
332 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 so far as in health. But there is no indication of paraly- 
 sis and no alteration of temperature or sensibility in the 
 hind parts, the functions of the tail are perfect, and exam- 
 ination through the rectum detects a soft doughy swell- 
 ing, with heat and tenderness beneath the loins. Treat- 
 ment is by slings and fomentations to the loins. If the 
 horse is unable to get up, raise him by block and tackle 
 and he will easily stand. Several weeks are wanted for 
 repair of the injury, and the patient should have a run at 
 grass before returning to work. 
 
 Fracture of the Croup (Sacrum). — Seen in cattle 
 and less frequently in horses, and caused by riding each 
 other or by the fall of heavy bodies on the part. There 
 is a manifest depression at one point of the medium line 
 of the croup, and the tail usually hangs paralyzed. Ex- 
 amination with the oiled hand in the rectum at once de- 
 tects the displacement, which is always downward. With 
 one hand in the rectum pressing on the depressed bone 
 and the other pulling the tail, the bones may be replaced 
 and should be held so by a stiff leather sheath well 
 padded, fixed round the root of the tail, and connected 
 in front with a surcingle and collar. Recovery of power 
 over the tail may be looked for. 
 
 Fractured Ribs. — These usually result from falls, 
 blows and other forms of mechanical injury, and maybe 
 easily detected by a depression or soft part at the seat 
 of fracture. If simple, they will be readily repaired under 
 the influence of rest and girths to restrict the movements 
 of the chest. But if comminuted, abscesses may form or 
 necrosis ensue., demanding the removal of the dead or 
 morbid matters. If the fractured ends have been driven 
 in so far as to penetrate the lung, a still more serious 
 complication is met. The air rushes from the tubes of 
 the lacerated lung into the pleural cavity during each 
 inspiration, and as it cannot find its way back, the whole 
 of that half of the chest is soom filled with air and the 
 Iuot com'^ressed into a small solid mass attached to the 
 lower end of the wind-pipe, and opposite the base of th« 
 
WOUNDS PENETRATING THE CHEST, ETC. 333 
 
 heart. The lesion is thus liable to prove fatal, though If 
 arrested early by the exudation of lymph in the wound 
 of the lung, the air may be absorbed and recovery may 
 ensue. 
 
 Wounds Penetrating the Chest. — Whether con- 
 nected with broken ribs or only involving the muscles 
 between the ribs, these lead to the accumulation of air in 
 the chest and collapse of the lung, as when a broken rib 
 has torn the lung tissue. The edges of the wound, having 
 been driven in, act like a valve, allowing the entrance of 
 air during the expansion of the chest, but forbidding its 
 escape when that cavity collapses. It is far more serious 
 than the accumulation of air in the chest from a torn lung, 
 as decomposition and irritation are set up by the presence 
 of germs which are filtered out in passing through the 
 lungs. Unless the wound is small and can be closed early 
 it is necessarily fatal. 
 
 Shoulder Lameness. — The lameness which accom- 
 panies injuries to the shoulder may be so characteristic 
 as to be recognized at a glance. The specific features 
 are, the carrying of the head low ; the dragging of the 
 toe on the ground in advancing the limb ; the swinging 
 of the foot outward so as to describe the arc of a circle in 
 bringing it forward ; and, if severe enough, the standing 
 with joints partly bent, the heel raised and the toe resting 
 on the ground, but without any advance of the lame foot 
 in front of the other. 
 
 Tumors on the Shoulder. — Often preceded by 
 chafing or galling, these consist of inflammation and 
 suppuration beneath the large flat muscle which covers 
 the front of the shoulder The tissues around the 
 matter become thickened and indurated to an extra- 
 ordinary extent, so that it is often impossible to detect 
 any fluctuation, yet it may be assumed in all cases of 
 considerable swelling that matter really exists, and the 
 recovery will not ensue until that has been evacuated. In 
 slight cases only will a little nut-iike induration form 
 without matter. 
 
334 THE farmer's veterinarv adviser. 
 
 Treatment. —In cases in which injury has just been 
 sustained, suspend work or drive in a breast strap, and 
 treat as for chafing. If a tumor forms, first subdue the 
 more active inflammation by a dose of physic and a wet 
 rug slung over the shoulder for several days ; then open 
 it with a knife, or preferably, draw off the liquid once or 
 twice, at intervals of two or three days, with a cannula 
 and trocar, and then, when the sac has been reduced to a 
 small size, lay it freely open with the knife and treat like 
 an ordinary wound. In very large tumors it may be 
 necessary to push the cannula in as far as four or even six 
 inches before the matter is reached, but the operator must 
 persevere, directing it always to the exact centre of the 
 swelling. The small .solid tumors are to be cut out with 
 the knife, a straight vertical incision being made through 
 the skin, directly over the majs, which is then di.ssected 
 out, and the skin brought together with stitches and 
 treated like a simple wound. 
 
 Sprain of the Coraco - Radial Tendon.— 
 Shoulder Sprain.— This is a sprain of the large tendon 
 which passes over the point of the shoulder (the most 
 prominent part directly in front), and in bad cases the 
 double pulley over which it plays in front of the upper 
 end of the arm bone is involved in inflammatioi. and 
 ulceration. * 
 
 Symptoms. — Pendent head, dragging toe, swinging out- 
 ward of the foot when being advanced, shortness of the 
 step, and a tenoency to stand with the toe only resting 
 on the ground and the limb bent but not advanced, 
 Swelling of the point of the shoulder is sometimes, though 
 rarely, seen, but pres.sure of this point with the thumbs 
 will detect tenderness, which is especially marked as 
 compared with that of the other shoulder. The pressure 
 should be made successively on the inner side of the ten- 
 don, on the outer, rnd on its centre. 
 
 Treatme7tt. — First subdue the inflammation by rest, a 
 high-heeled shoe, and a wet rug kept hanging continually 
 over the shoulder (a blanket folded several times and tied 
 round the neck and chest), with or without a purge and 
 
SPRAIN. 
 
 335 
 
 restricted diet. When the heat and tenderness have 
 subsided, apply a smart blister over the point of the 
 shoulder, and repeat if lameness persists. In obst ate 
 cases it may be needful to use the hot iron, but only on 
 the outer side of the joint, and never on the point where 
 the collar rests. 
 
 Sprain of the Muscle Outside the Shoulder- 
 Blade.— This is a sprain of the muscle which fills up the 
 posterior cavity on the outer side of the shoulder-blade 
 and plays over the outer side of the shoulder joint (outer 
 tubercle of the head of the humerus). It occurs mainly 
 in young horses when first put to plow or in others going 
 on uneven ground and stepping unexpectedly into holes. 
 In the endeavor to recover the equilibrium on stepping 
 into a furrow or hole, this muscle which form? the outer 
 support of the joint is injured, and there .esult heat, 
 swelling and tenderness on the outside of tht joint and a 
 most characteristic gait. The horse may waik, or even 
 trot, without much apparent lameness, but standing di- 
 rectly in front of him the affected shoulder is seen to roll 
 outward from the body to a far greater extent than the 
 sound one. Soon the muscle begins to waste rapidlv, 
 and in bad cases the shoulder blade may be denuded until' 
 it appears to be covered by nothing but skin. 
 
 Treatment—In the first stages, with heat, swelling and 
 tenderness outside the joint, res\ employ a wet rug, etc., 
 as for sprain of the coraco-radial tendon. When this has 
 subsided allow exercise on smooth ground (walking 
 working in a light cultivator), and increase the circulation 
 over the wasted muscle by active friction with straw or a 
 piece of wood : or by mild blisters (ammonia i pt, oil 2 
 pts. : or Spanish flies i part, alcohol 25 pts., steeped for 
 24 hours and strained) : or stimulate with a galvanic bat- 
 tery. It may take months to refill the cavity, but in all 
 ;-cent cases perseverance will be rewarded. In old stand- 
 ing cases with fatty degeneration of the muscles, a veiy 
 partial restoration only can be effected. 
 
 It must be added that wasting of the shoulder muscles 
 IS a common result of all lameness entailing disuse of the 
 
336 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 limb, and hence many injuries of the feet and elsewhere 
 are referred to the shoulder and designated sweeny 
 {Schwinden) by wiseacres. In the absence of the peculiar 
 gait above described, of the early heat, swelling and ten- 
 derness outside thi \.\nt and the rapid wasting of the 
 muscle, the cause of the sivee7iy should be sought else- 
 where than the shoulder. 
 
 Disease of the Shoulder Joint (Inflammation 
 Ulceration, Etc.— In the large quadrupeds, in which 
 swelling and tenderness on handling are rarely seen, dis- 
 ease in the joint is to be mainly distinguished by the 
 general symptoms of shoulder lameness and the absence 
 of any of the signs of local disease in the tendons, already 
 described. Movement of the joint by drawing the limb 
 forward, and espetially by drawing it backward, will 
 usually give rise to pain, sometimes of an extreme nature. 
 
 In dogs the capsule of the joint is found to bulge on 
 each side of the coraco-radial tendon which plays over 
 the point of the shoulder, and tenderness may be shown 
 when it is handled. 
 
 Treatment. — When inflammation is very severe, rest 
 and soothing measures should be first resorted to. In the 
 majority of cases it assumes a subacute type, and is to be 
 treated by a high-heeled shoe, rest and counter-irritants. 
 Repeated blistering with Spanish flies may suffice, but in 
 obstinate cases, and wherever there is reason to suspect 
 ulceration, the hot iron is most serviceable, applied round 
 the outer side of the joint only. 
 
 Other Affections of the Shoulder.— The 
 shoulder-blade is subject to fracture, ulceration and necro- 
 sis i the muscles beneath the bone to lacerations ; the 
 jomt to dislocations (rare in large quadrupeds) ; and the 
 lymphatic glands insidt the joint to abscess (especially 
 m strangles), all of which must be treated on genera! 
 principles, space forbidding their further notice in the 
 present work. Shoulder lameness may further arise from 
 liver disease, which see. 
 
AFFECTIONS OF THE ELliOW AND ARM. 
 AFFECTIONS OF THE ELBOW AND ARM. 
 
 337 
 
 Lameness in the region of the elbow is characterized 
 by the inability to extend the joint fully or to bear weight 
 upon it in this condition. Tn bad cases the elbow and 
 knee joints are kept semiflexed when standing still, and 
 when walking or trotting the dropping of the head and 
 body is extreme, in consequence of a similar flexion. 
 Movement of the joint will also give rise to symptoms of 
 tenderness. 
 
 Tumors on the Point of the Elbow.— These are 
 usually caused by the heels of the shoe when the horse 
 lies with his fore limbs bent under him (cow fashion) from 
 undue narrowness of the stall. 
 
 Symptoms.—ThQrQ is first a hot, tender swelling and 
 if the source of injury is kept up this may increase by 
 small degrees to a very large size. Soon the swelling 
 fluctuates from contained serum and it may remain thus 
 indefinitely, the liquid being confined by the tough fibrous 
 walls. Or the serum may be absorbed, leaving a hard 
 nut-like tumor with no sign of fluctuation. 
 
 Treatment.— Sooi\i the early inflammation by fomen- 
 tations or a wet rug hung over the part, and keep on a 
 soft laxative diet. If the amount of serum thrown out is 
 hmited, it may be entirely re-absorbed by using tincture 
 of iodine to remove the swelling. If more abundant let 
 It be drawn ofl"with a cannula and trocar and the sac in- 
 jected with compound tincture of iodine diluted in double 
 Its bulk of water. If this is not available, lay the sac 
 freely open at its lower part and heal like a common 
 wound. If a liard mass is left beneath the skin it is to be 
 cut out, as advised for those on the shoulder 
 ^ By way oi prevention the stall must be widened, and 
 in the case of animals that will lie on the breast, a pad or 
 girdle of two or three inches thick must be strapped 
 round the pastern at night to prevent the heel striking 
 against the elbow. The pad must be .soft, covered with 
 chaniois's leather, made without a seam on its outer side, 
 and buckled above and below sn thai nr^fhJnfr v^^^^a n,^/ 
 touch the elbow. ' 
 
II'" 
 
 338 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 Wounds of the Elbow.— Wounds in this situation 
 are often complicated with air under the skin puffing up 
 the whole region, having been pumped in by the move- 
 ments of the elbow. R.est is requisite, and the wound 
 may be treated as others. 
 
 Fracture of the Point of the Elbow.— This is 
 easily recognized, as the leg dangles, bending at the elbow 
 and knee, and it is impossible to bear any weight on it. 
 On taking hold of the back of the elbow the process of 
 bone is- found to be detached and loose. If excessive 
 swelling prevents this, place the foot upon the ground, 
 bend back the knee forcibly and let an assistant raise the 
 opposite fore foot. If the bone is broken he will drop, if 
 the muscles only are injured he may stand. 
 
 Treatmmt~\{ the injury has occurred ', from a kick, 
 which has seriously contused the joint surfaces, all treat- 
 ment may be futile, but if not, the case will be hopeful 
 and especialy in the young. Bring the detached bone as 
 nearly as possible into position, and retain it by a pad 
 placed inside the elbow, and a bandage and splints con- 
 tinued from the foot up. The patient must be placed in 
 slings. 
 
 Disease of the ELBOw-joiNT.—This must be diag- 
 nosed by the general symptoms of elbow lameness and 
 by pain in moving the joint, but especially when it is 
 fully extended. 
 
 Treatment as for diseased shoulder-joint, the applica- 
 tions in this case being made to the elbow. If far 
 advanced or connected with fracture of the lower end of 
 the arm bone or of that forming the point of the elbow, 
 it will be usually unsatisfactory. 
 
 Fracture of the Arm Bone.— Fracture of the 
 large bone between the point of the shoulder and the 
 elbow may occur from blows, or even wrong steps, and 
 is often attended by much swelling from extravasation 
 of blood. The only resort is to place the animal in 
 slings anu keep nim perfectly quiet. 
 
 in rare cases re- 
 
FRACTURE OF THE FOREARM. 
 
 339 
 
 cases re- 
 
 covery has taken place with no distortion, the broken 
 ends in a transverse fracture, remaining in apposition. 
 Usually they are drawn apart by the muscles, and ride 
 over each other so that the limb is shortened. Such a 
 result is only desirable in breeding horses and in stock 
 for dairy or butcher. 
 
 Fracture OF THE Fore-Arm.— Fractures between 
 the elbow and knee in horses or cattle necessarily leave 
 the animal unable to rest on the limb ; if in dogs or cats 
 one of the bones may be broken while the other remains 
 unharnied, and weight can still be borne. There is 
 trembling of the muscles, distortion easily felt on carry- 
 ing the hand down the inner side along the line of the 
 bone, and grating when the limb is moved. 
 
 Treatment.— li \hQ fracture is very oblique, treatment 
 will rarely pay in horses ; but if transverse or jagged, so 
 that the bones do not ride, the case is very hopeful, 
 betting the bones, with the aid of extension or counter- 
 extension, or even ether if necessary, applying splints 
 and bandages from the foot to the elbow, and placing in 
 shngs (if a large animal), are the essential conditions. 
 
 Sprain of the Radial Ligament.— This is an in- 
 jury of a strong, flat, fibrous band, coming from the lower 
 third of the fore-arm and joining the back tendons just 
 above the knee. It is characterized by a tendency to 
 carry the pastern upright, or even to flex the knee and 
 to stumble. The knee cannot be fully flexed without 
 much pain, and there is a hot tender swelling immediate- 
 ly behind the bone, and extending from the knee about 
 four inches upward. 
 
 Treat by rest, a laxative, a high-heeled shoe, and fo- 
 mentations or cooling astringent lotions ; followed when 
 heat and tenddrness subside by active blistering, should 
 lameness continue. 
 
 Sprain of the Back Tendons Behind the Knee. 
 
 „ ,,, ,,^ iiiiv x->.iTii:,t. — Aiiis ia ixiiiiiiicsrea 
 
 by a tense fluctuating swelling on each side of the back 
 21 
 
 fr- 
 
 : St 
 
 1^ 
 
34C THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 tendons just above the knee and behind the bone of the 
 fore-arm ; also of a swelling behind and immediately be- 
 low the knee, pressure on one of these swellings causing 
 the filling up of the others, and vice versa. There may 
 or may not be much lameness, or impossibility of flexing 
 the knee so as to bring the fetlock pad in contact with 
 the elbow. 
 
 Treat the inflammation as in sprained radial ligament, 
 and the liquid distension by blister, by bandage and pads 
 shaped like half of an egg cut longitudinally, or still 
 better by evacuating the liquid with the nozzle of a 
 hypodermic syringe, and then applying pressure with wet 
 bandages. 
 
 Synovial Swellings in Front of the Knee.— 
 These are of three kinds; 1st, the distension of a bursa 
 or formation of a serous cyst under the skin, exceeding- 
 ly common in heavy cattle ; 2d, distension of the theca 
 of one or more of the four tendons which pass over the 
 front and outer side of the knee ; 3d, and finally, disease 
 inside the knee-joint and distension of the capsule. The 
 first is superficial, though often possessed of very thick 
 walls, is generally diffused over the front of the joint, and 
 is little affected by flexion or extension. The distended 
 thecae extend vertically along the lines of the tendons, 
 reaching above and below the joint, and are bound down 
 at intervals by transverse bands ; their size is little af- 
 fected by bending the joint. Distensions of the joint 
 capsule appear in the intervals between the tendons, do 
 not extend beyond the joint except in very extreme cases, 
 and disappear in part or entirely when the joint is bent. 
 In this case the joint is rarely kept fully extended in 
 standing, and cannot usually be flexed to make the fet- 
 lock touch the elbow. 
 
 Treatment. — For Subcutaneous cysts puncture with 
 nozzle of hypodermic syringe, draw off the liquid, and 
 compress strongly with wet bandages. If this cannot be 
 done, pass a tape from above downward through the 
 cavity of the sac, and keep in until resulting suppuration 
 has ceased, when it may be drawn from above downward 
 
WOUNDS OP THE KNEE. 
 
 341 
 
 p little at a time. Excess of inflammation may be sub- 
 aed by fomentations and thick wet bandages. 
 The distended theccB may be punctured with a noi'zle of 
 a hypodermic syringe and subjected to pressure, or 
 treated with strong blisters (biniodide of mercury 2 dr 
 lard I oz. ) repeatedly applied ; or simple pressure will 
 suttice If kept up for some weeks, increasing the time 
 daily, betons would be dangerous. 
 For distended joint see below. 
 
 Inflammation of the Knee Joint.— This may' be 
 seen in all stages from that in which the animal starts 
 forward perceptibly at the knee and manifests suffering 
 when you try to fully extend it by strong pressure on its 
 anterior surface, to the most violent and destructive in- 
 flammation with extehsive exudation of lymph and even 
 the formation of abscess. It tends to leave the puffy 
 swellings of its capsule referred to under the preceding 
 heading, or distinct hard bony enlargements on the an- 
 tenor surface of the joint. The animal stands squarely 
 upon his feet with no inclination to raise the heel, and 
 in action carries the knee-joint comparatively unbent, 
 takes a fairly long step, and comes down with greatest 
 torce on the heels so as to wear the shoe at this point A 
 riderhas a peculiar sensation of the chest sinking under 
 mm. 1 he lameness increases with exercise, especially on 
 hard surfaces. ^ 
 
 Treatment. ~^Q^t, without shoes; subdue inflamma- 
 tion by soothing applications, after which blister the 
 part. If the animal persists in using it too freely, apply 
 sphnts and bandages to fix the joint, and place in slings. 
 
 WOUNDS OF THE KNEE. 
 
 Dislocation of the Knee-Joint with laceration of 
 the lateral ligaments occurs, and though if put in splints 
 and slings the patients will sometimes recover with a stiff 
 knee, the result is a very undesirable one. 
 
 Bruise OF thf. Inner Side of the Knee.— Speedy 
 UUT.— This usually results from a blow with the opposite 
 
342 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 foot, in horses with high action, in those with narrow 
 chests, or, above all, in horses driven in the snow-path. 
 It is manifested by an inflammatory swelling on the 
 prominence of bone inside the joint, resulting in a per- 
 manent scar, a serous sac, or an abscess. Its early or 
 inflammatory stage may be treated by lotions of cold 
 water or astringent liquids, kept constantly applied ; the 
 serous eff'u.sion by pressure or by drawing off the liquid 
 through a fine tube, and then bandaging, and abscess by 
 a free incision with a knife or lancet. 
 
 To prevent, keep the foot rather bare inside, with the 
 shoe slightly beveled from its wearing to its bearing sur- 
 face, allow no ragged nail clinches to project, and re-ad- 
 just the shoe sufficiently often (every three weeks). Or a 
 boot may be worn extending from the fetlock to the knee, 
 and with a rim at its upper part to warn the animal when 
 his foot approaches this point. 
 
 WoUxNDs IN Front of the Knees.— Broken 
 Knees. — Usually sustained in falling, but it may be by 
 striking against a manger or other hard object. They 
 are of all degrees of severity: ist, simple loss of hair and 
 slight abrasion of the scarfskin ; 2d, a severe bruise of the 
 skin without laceration ; 4th, a wound laying bare the 
 tendons and opening their sheaths ; 5th, a wound laying 
 open the joint and exposing the bones with or without 
 laceration of the tendons ; and 6th, when the joint is 
 opened and the small bones of the knee broken. 
 
 Treatment. — ist. With simple abrasion no treatment is 
 needed ; 2d, if much bruised tie short to a high rack to 
 prevent lying down and bandage lightly, using a mild 
 astringent lotion (sugar of lead 5^ oz., carbolic acid 60 
 drops, water2qts.); 3d, in all cases in which the woynd 
 extends through the skin it is desirable to bend the knee 
 to the position occupied when wounded so that the deep 
 wounds may correspond with the superficial, and wash off 
 with a stream of tepid water or soft clean sponge all dirt 
 or foreign bodies, but never probe nor run any risk of 
 opening cavities which have not been injured. Any 
 shreds of tissue which are absolutely dead should be cut 
 
SPLINTS. 
 
 343 
 
 °?;,^"*"«^^e»'»"emove any skin, however contused, as it 
 will all be wanted. Then cutting the hair from the flaps 
 of the wound above and below bring them together by 
 straps of plaster 6r tow dipped in shellac paste, leaving 
 sufficient intervals for the escape of matter. If the wound 
 inflames and swells, give a purgative and dress with the 
 lotion advised for bruised knee. In all severe cases it is 
 desirable to sl.^ng the patient after the first few days to 
 obviate any attempt to lie down, which would seriously 
 protract the case ; 4th, the exposure of the tendons, with 
 escape of the glairy synovia, will entail more swelling and 
 fever and permanent enlargement of the joint, but will 
 demand the same course of treatment ; 5th, when the 
 tendons are crushed or torn and the joint opened, and 
 above all when the bones are broken we have cases of in- 
 creasing severity, and in few such is it desirable to subject 
 to treatment, unless the patient is to be valuable for 
 breedmg purposes. Considerable death of tendon and 
 even necrosis and elimination of bone may be expected 
 and the patient can only recover with a stiff" joint. In 
 addition to the measures already -recommended, it be- 
 conies imperative to encase the limb up to the elbow in 
 splints and bandages, as for a fracture, leaving open the 
 part in front of the knee for dressing the wound. 
 
 Splints.— These are circumscribed inflammations of 
 the periosteum and small bones in the region of the 
 shank, involving or not the shank-bones themselves and 
 resulting in small bony swellings. They occur almost 
 invariably on the inner side of the Hmb, between the 
 large and small bones of the shank, and may be usually 
 recognized by running the fingers down the slight groove 
 termed between the main shank-bone and its small ac 
 cessory one behind. It usually connects the large bone 
 to the small (anchylosis), but may be confined to the pos- 
 terior part of the small bone, or may extend across the 
 back of the shank-bone and appear at the same level on 
 the^inner and outer^sides of the limb alike. In old horses 
 It IS not unfrcquent to find the small bone united to the 
 large along two-thirds of its length. If situated high up 
 

 344 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 and close to the knee, it is more likely to cause continued 
 lameness than if lower down. Again, if an animal has 
 several splints and other diseases of bone he is highly 
 objectionable, as predisposed to bone disease. 
 
 Symptoms. — Beside the feeling of the splints on hand- 
 ling, as above mentioned, these symptoms may be seen. 
 The patient may walk sound, or even trot so, on soft 
 ground, but is exceedingly lame when trotted on a hard 
 surface, and this lameness increases with exercise. The 
 extreme drooping of the head is characteristic. Even 
 before the formation of the splint tenderness may be 
 shown on pressure, and some little heat recognized. In 
 . some cases considerable soft swelling may be felt in the 
 early stages. In acute cases, threatening abscess, the 
 lamness is extreme. 
 
 Treatment. — In the early stages, rest, purge, and apply 
 cooling lotions. When heat and tenderness subside, 
 blister. Some cases will recover promptly, others re- 
 quire repeated blistering and a long period of rest. If 
 heat and great tenderness return, resort again to sooth- 
 ing measures. Ir extreme tenderness, threatening the 
 formation of matter, the periosteum should be d'vided 
 with a very narrow-bladed knife, which is passed through 
 the skin half an inch below the swelling and carried up 
 over it. The part must then be covered by a wet bandage. 
 
 Inflammation of the Membrane Covering the 
 Shank-Bone. — Sore Shins. — This occurs especially in 
 over-worked young horses. Racers are very liable, but 
 cart-horses are not exempt. There is general tumefac- 
 tion of the shank-bone or of some part of it, usually the 
 lower, with a lameness greatly resembling that of splints. 
 If slight and circumscribed, the exudation that takes 
 place between the membrane and the bone is ossified, 
 giving rise to permanent thickening, and exudation out- 
 side the membrane may follow a similar course, causing 
 a very considerable swelling. In the more severe cases, 
 the abundant exudation, separating the membrane from 
 the bone, may cut off the supply of blood and entail 
 necrosis ; or the ij^mph may degenerate into pus which 
 
SPRAINS OF THE BACK TENDONS. 
 
 345 
 
 burrows beneath the membrane, separating it from the 
 bone and destroying the life of the latter. 
 
 Tcatment. — In mild cases treat like splints. In the 
 very severe with great tenderness and doughy swelling 
 of the bone, make a series of incisions through the mem- 
 brane covering the bone, with a very rarrow-bladcd 
 knife, and by valvular wounds, passing the blade a short 
 distance beneath the skin before cutting down on the 
 bone. Then apply the lotion advised for broken knees. 
 
 Sprains of the Back Tendons.— These are the 
 two cords which form the posterior line of the limb be- 
 tween the knee and the fetlock. About midway down 
 the shank the front one is joined by a strong cord com- 
 ing from the upper end of the cannon-bone and the 
 lower row of small knee bones. This last is by far the 
 most frequent seat of pain, so that the swelling and ten- 
 derness are observed between the upper half of the can- 
 non-bone and the round cord which forms the posterior 
 outline of the limb. In other cases the tendons have 
 participated in the sprain, and they too are thickened 
 and tender from the middle of the .Uiank (the point of 
 junction with the ligament) down to the fetlock. In a 
 third class the sprain is confined to an inch or two above 
 the fetlock. In these the swelling is to the two sides if 
 the anterior of the two tendons is injured, and backward 
 if the posterior is sprained. The symptoms are a stum- 
 bling gait, with a tendency to stub the toe into the 
 ground, and to bend over at the knee and fetlock ; an 
 inclination to stand with the knee and fetlock slightly 
 bent, the pastern upright or the heel a little raised ; then 
 passing the hand along the line of the tendons and in 
 front of them in the upper half of the bone, the thumb 
 on one side and the fingers on the other, any slight 
 thickening is easily recognized, and if heat exists and 
 pain on pinching, your suspicions are confirmed. In old 
 bad cases the stay ligament and lower half of the ten- 
 dons are greatly thickened throughout and the knee kept 
 constantly bent, sometimes to the extent of causing the 
 patient to walk on the front of the hoof. In other case:? 
 
46 THE farmer's veterinary ad/iser. 
 
 the cords are knotted, hard and wanting in suppleness, 
 showing calcific, tion of their substance. 
 
 Treatment. — In the early stages of severe cases, rest, 
 shorten the toe, apply a high-heeled shoe, and apply hot 
 fomentations continuously, or cold astringent lotions. 
 When heat and tenderness have subsided the high-heeled 
 shoe may be dispensed with, the loot shod level and 
 active blisters applied. The preparations of the iodides 
 of mercury are among the best. In old cases of extreme 
 contraction the tendons can be cut across by a narrow- 
 bladed knife, with as little external wound as possible, 
 and the limb extended to its proper form and retained 
 there by splints and bandages until new fibrous tissue 
 fills up the interval between the divided ends. The 
 operation is performed in the middle of the shank below 
 the connection with the stay ligament, and is very suc- 
 cessful in appropriate cases, restoring a helpless cripple 
 to perfect usefulness. 
 
 Sprain of the Back Tendons over the Fet- 
 lock Pulley.— Wind-Galls.— Sesamoiditis. — This 
 is the result of sprains or severe exertions, and is always 
 associated with round elastic synovial swellings on each 
 side of the tendons, familiarly known as puffs or wind- 
 galls. Similar swellings arise, independent of sprains, as 
 the result of over-exertion or dropsy of the part. The 
 swellings may become solid by coagulation of the lymph 
 and may be absorbed or organized, or the inflammation 
 may attack the bone, leading to ulcerations or stony de- 
 posits. Similar stony deposits, with or without ulcera- 
 tion, may take place on these small bones in connection 
 with injuries of the suspensory ligament. 
 
 Treatment. — Simple wind-galls, dropsical or from over- 
 exertion, may be made to disappear by persistent pres- 
 Bure with a bandage and pads applied at first two hours 
 fwice a day, and two hours more twice a day thereafter, 
 until they can be kept on all the time. It may, however, 
 require five or six weeks, and should be stopped if it 
 causes inflammation in the sac. Another plan is to draw 
 off the liquid through the nozzle of a hypodermic syringe 
 
 I 
 
ELASTIC SWELLING IN FRONT OF FETLOCK. 347 
 
 and apply a firm wet bandage. In some quiet animals 
 a weak solution of iodine may be injected, but this is too 
 often injurious, or at least fruitless, from the irritability 
 of the horse. Recent puffs will sometimes disappear 
 under strong astringent lotions (oak-bark and alum) or 
 under an active blister, or after firing, the contraction of 
 the skin during healing appearing to be a principal cause 
 of their absorption. 
 
 Where there is sprain with much heat, tenderness and 
 tension, treat by rest, purgative, a high-heeled shoe, and 
 fomentations or cooling astringent lotions, to be followed 
 by blisters when the tenderness subsides. 
 
 Disease of the bones {Sesamoiditis) must be treated 
 with severe blisters and even firing, with long continued 
 rest, but if ulcers already exist on the gliding surface of 
 the bones, a complete recovery need scarcely be looked 
 for. 
 
 Elastic Swelling in Front of the Fetlock.— 
 These are of two kinds : " ist, a serous abscess or 
 enlarged bursa under the skin ; and 2nd, the distension 
 of a large synovial bursa between the extensor tendon 
 and the capsule of the joint. The first swells out as a 
 uniform rounded tumor on the front of the joint. The 
 second has at first the appearance of a double tumor from 
 the swelling appearing at the two sides of the extensor 
 tendon, and it is only in severe cases and advanced 
 stages that these ever meet in the centre. They usually 
 result from pricks or bruises, though the second form may 
 be associated with .sprain. Any existing inflammation 
 should be subdued by soothing measures and a blister 
 applied early to secure absorption of the liquid if possi- 
 ble. Should this fail the liquid may be drawn off as ad- 
 vised for wind-galls, and the part tightly bandaged. Or 
 a free incision may be made in the lower part of the sac, 
 and wet bandages applied to keep down inflammatory 
 action, while the sac is obliterated by healing from the 
 bottom. 
 
 Disease of the Fetlock Joint.— This is occa- 
 sionally the seat of simple dropsical effusion, causing it 
 
348 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 to swell out like wind-galls on the inner and outer sides, 
 just above the sesamoid bones. The swellings are, how- 
 ever, placed more anteriorly than distensions of the ten- 
 dinous sheath, and pressure upon them does not cause 
 bulging nor fluctuation behind and below the fetlock, on 
 the line of the tendons. This is not necessarily con- 
 nected with lameness, thgugh if the result of inflamma- 
 tion of the joint, that is more likely. Inflammation of 
 the joint may be recognized by the habitual resting of 
 the leg, which starts forward at tlie fetlock, by the 
 appearance of wind-galls just described, and by a swel- 
 ling, heat and tenderness of the entire joint. Bending 
 the joint fully causes intense pain, as does also full 
 extension. 
 
 Treatment does not differ from that of other inflamed 
 joints. 
 
 Blows on the Inside of the Fetlock.— Cut- 
 ting. — Like cutting on the inner side of the knee, this 
 arises from blows received in action. Weak animals 
 with turned-out toes and distorted feet are most liable. 
 It is to be treated by soothing measures, and if the bones 
 or joints become involved, treat as advised for the respec- 
 tive injuries. 
 
 To prevent, let the feet be kept a little bare on the 
 mner side and the shoes slightly levelled off, but avoid 
 lowering the foot or thinning the shoe on the inner side. 
 On the contrary, a very slight thickening of the shoe on 
 the inside is sometimes beneficial, by straightening up 
 the fetlock and removing it from danger. If this fails 
 wear a leather boot with a projecting rim, or a simple 
 woollen bandage. In weak subjects benefit is often 
 derived from bringing into a better condition of health. 
 
 Bony Growths on the Pastern Bones.— Ring- 
 bones.— These usually begin as inflammation of the 
 membrane covering the bones, and at such points as give 
 attachment to ligaments, namely : the lateral aspects of 
 the lower or small pastern bone, and of the lower end 
 of the upper or largo bone. This is a circumscribed, 
 
RINGBONES. 
 
 349 
 
 I 
 
 tender and somewhat elastic swelling, with more or less 
 soft, doughy engorgement of the investing soft parts, 
 and in course of time the exuded matter, at first soft, 
 becomes hard and bony. The process in the early stages 
 often appears to consist in the dragging of the periosteum 
 and vessels from the surface and the development of 
 bone beneath. But as the disease advances the whole 
 surface of one or both bones may become involved, lead- 
 ing tp a general deposition of new bony matter, extend- 
 ing, it may be, over the joint between the two pastern 
 bones, or between the lower pastern and the bone of the 
 foot, and abolishing all movement. Ringbones may 
 also take origin in partial fractures, in concussion, in 
 rheumatoid disease, and in faults of nutrition, in which 
 the earthy salts are largely passed with the urine. 
 
 Sj/m/>iofns.— Lameness may be almost altogether ab- 
 sent, or it may be extreme in such cases as are attended 
 by active inflammation of the bone or joint, or when the 
 joint has become fixed by bony deposit. The heel may 
 be first brought to the ground or, in the hind foot, the 
 fetlock may knuckle over and the toe strikes first. The 
 lameness is worst on hard ground, and usually increases 
 with exercise. Swelling may be scarcely perceptible and 
 confined to the inner or outer side of one pastern bone, 
 or it may be an extreme enlargement of the whole pas- 
 tern region. It may be hard throughout in old cases, or 
 softer and slightly elastic at points where active disease 
 is still going on. Forcible bending of the pastern causes 
 much pain, as also pressure on the swelling and especiaWy 
 on the softer and more recent deposits. 
 
 Treatment. — Rest, second the indications of nature in 
 order to secure an easy position, using a high-heeled 
 shoe when the animal walks on the toe and a thin-heeled 
 one when he walks on his heel. If there is very active 
 inflammation, adopt soothing measures first, and then blis- 
 ter severely, or even fire. Corrosive sublimate and cam- 
 phor, 20 grains of each, muriatic acid, 10 drops, and oil 
 of turpentine, i oz., is often useful in such cases, but 
 
 .^i..,um s ,v- rv tlt»^iiC\-(^ clixvi Vy a.3ii\».Li Oil vvii^^xi buiiivKlCliL cX'* 
 
 udation has taken place, otherwise it may b'emish. \\\ 
 
350 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 firing it is usually desirable to penetrate the skin in 
 points, but never keep the hot iron long in contact lest 
 the radiated heat destroy the integument. It is often 
 needful to allow a rest of several months for consolida- 
 tion of the new deposit. When the joints are much 
 affected, the only cure is by the growth of bone over 
 them and the abolition of movement, and then there re- 
 mains some stiffness, though there may be ability for slow 
 work. Old horses recover less satisfactorily than young 
 ones. If there is reason to suspect a rheumatic comph- 
 cation or any general fault in nutrition, these must be 
 attended to. 
 
 Sprain of the Flexor Tendons behind the 
 Pastern.— This is of two kinds, though both in almost 
 ^he same seat. Opposite the first pastern joint the pos- 
 lerior tendon divides into two branches which passing 
 over the inner and outer sides of the other tendon are 
 inserted on the corresponding aspects of the head of the 
 small pastern bone. Between these branches the other 
 tendon plays over a raised fibro-cartilaginous pulley 
 Its gliding being favored by a synovial sac. This last 
 tendon may be sprained as it plays over this pulley in 
 the median line of the back of the limb, and either of 
 the branches of the other tendon may be sprained close 
 to its attachment on tjie inner or outer side of this pul- 
 ley. ^ 
 
 Sj^mpfoms.Standing quiet, the animal keeps the fet- 
 lock and pastern joints slightly flexed, the foot advanced 
 SIX, or eight inches, the heel slightly raised and the toe 
 resting on the ground. In action he steps short and 
 stubs the toe into the ground and generally improves as 
 he warms up to work. The toe of the shoe wears faster 
 than the heel, and the heel in old standing cases may be 
 a little contracted, but it is not unnaturally warm, nor is 
 there wincing on tapping the quarter or the sole to 
 either side of the body of the frog, with a hammer. 
 1 his serves to distinguish from disease of the small pul- 
 ley-shaped bone of the foot— the misnamed coffin-joint 
 disease. Pressure on the tendons in the hollow of the 
 heel causes much pain and wincing, and the precise seat 
 
SPRAIN OF THE HIP. 
 
 351 
 
 of injury may be ascertained from the position of great- 
 est suffering— in the median line, to the inner side or to 
 the outer. 
 
 Trmtmeuf.—Shorten the toe, apply a high -heeled shoe, 
 and surround the pastern with bandages soaked in cold 
 water, or some cooling astringent lotion. A purgative 
 will be useful if inflammation runs high. When heat and 
 tenderness subside, any remaining lameness may usually 
 be removed by a blister on the front and sides of the 
 pastern. 
 
 Sprain of the Hip.— This is one of the most com- 
 mon injuries of the hip, and is located in the tendon 
 of the largest muscle of the buttock as it plays over the 
 large process on the head of the thigh-bone. Its exact 
 site is easily found in thin horses by the prominence 
 over the joint, and midway between the anterior and 
 posterior angles of the hip-bone. There is the usual 
 dragging hip lameness, a quick short step with the 
 affected limb, the hip being moved as little as possible, 
 sufTering when the member is drawn fox .vard and tender- 
 ness to pressure on the seat of the sprain. Swelling and 
 heat are rare because of the depth of the lesion. In 
 cases of any standing the muscles of the quarter waste. 
 
 Treatment.— Long continued rest, with at first fomenta- 
 tions, and later, active and repeated blisters, or even the 
 hot iron applied in points. Some chronic ca^s do well 
 under a combination of exercise and counter-irritants as 
 follows : rub the affected quarter with oil of turpentine, 
 then take out and exercise in a circle until covered with 
 perspiration ; then return to ^the stable, rub down and 
 clothe with a double wet blanket over the lame quarter. 
 Repeat daily for some time. 
 
 Displacement of the Abductor Femoris.— Lean 
 cattle are subject to a peculiar form of hip lameness, 
 from displacement backward of the large muscle which 
 plays over the prominence at the head of the thigh-bone. 
 The high, bony process presses on the anterior border of 
 the muscle, preventing it from resuming its natural posi- 
 
352 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 tion. The anterior border of the muscle forms a prom- 
 ment painless cord extending from behind the hip-joint 
 to below the stifle. In moving, the toe is dragged alono- 
 the ground, being extended backward, and the limb is 
 flexed with effort, and often in a sudden and convulsive 
 manner, and accompanied by a dull sound. These symp- 
 toms are most marked if the animal is made to step over 
 a bar of six or eight inches high as he leaves the stable. 
 Treatment. — Some recover under good nourishment 
 with or without blisters, but usually it is best to make 
 an mcision over the front of the cord, an inch or two 
 below the head of the thigh-bone, and cut the border 
 of the muscle across with a narrow-bladed knife. The 
 animal may be kept quiet by the bull-dog pincers in his 
 nose, and by drawing the opposite limb forward with a 
 line passed through a collar. 
 
 Disease of the Hip-Joint.— This may be con- 
 nected with a partial fracture of the bones of the quarter 
 extending into the joint, with laceration of the ligaments, 
 with ulceration of the bones, or with simple synovitis! 
 from over-work, rheumatism, or other cause. The symp- 
 toms strongly resemble those of sprain of the hip, but 
 there is no pain on pressure upon the prominence on the 
 head of the thigh-bone, but often much suffering when 
 the hmb is drawn outward and backward, so as to 
 place thejigaments on the stretch. It is attended with 
 wasting of the muscles of the quarter. 
 
 Treatment.— KqsI, sling if at all convenient, foment 
 the quarter with a thick rug repeatedly folded, and 
 finally, blister actively, or, still better, fire. A long 
 period of rest is usually necessary. 
 
 ^ Dislocation of the Hip.— This is almost unknown 
 in the horse excepting in connection with fracture, but is 
 not uncommon in lean cattle and small animals as a 
 consequence of falls and dragging of the limb to excess 
 in any one direction. It will even happen from extreme 
 dragging of the limb outward when caught over a bar. _ 
 Displacement is usually forward or backward. In the 5 
 
 I 
 
DISLOCATION OF THE KNEE-CAP. 
 
 353 
 
 former case the limb is shortened, the prominence of the 
 head of the thigh-bone carried forward and the toe 
 turned but. In the latter the limb is elongated, the 
 prominence of the head of the thigh-bone carried back- 
 ward and the toe turned inward. Dislocations inward 
 and outward are also described and would be marked by 
 the deviations of the limb from its normal position, and 
 the depression or increased prominence of the head of 
 the thigh-bone. 
 
 Rediictio7i. — Lay the animal on the opposite side of 
 the body; maintain the body immovable by a strong 
 sheet carried between the thighs, and held by several 
 men or fixed to a firm oL>ct ; attach a band round the 
 limb above the hock and let two men drag upon this,or 
 one man carefully with the aid of a block and tackle ; 
 meanwhile the operator, seizing hock and stifle, must 
 turn the upper part of the limb in a direction opposite to 
 the displacement. H forzvard the hock is raised and the 
 stifle depressed ; M backward the stifle is raised and the 
 hock depressed; \{ inward a smooth round billet of wood 
 is to be placed between the thighs, to act as a fulcrum, 
 upon which the limb is depressed when sufficiently 
 stretched ; if outward the lower pai t of the limb must be 
 drawn outward and upward, while weight is thrown on 
 the thigh-bone ; or by movementc of the limb it may be 
 changed to a dislocation forward and reduced from that 
 position. It may be necessai^ to relax the muscles by 
 a full dose of chloral-hydrate before attempting to re- 
 duce. When reduced the head of the bone slips in with 
 a jerk and an audible sound, and the limb assumes its 
 natural position. The animal may then be let up, and 
 should be kept quiet and alone for several days. These 
 cases do far better than could be expected from the 
 anatomical arrangements of the pL t. 
 
 Dislocation of the Knee Cap.— Not uncommon 
 in certain breeds of horses, this usually occurs when 
 standing at rest in the stable or rather after rising. The 
 limb is drawn forcibly outward and backward, the foot 
 resting on the toe, and the animal is helpless to move it. 
 
354 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 The bone may be felt displaced at the outer side, at what 
 should be the most prominent anterior point of the stifle. 
 In young horses it may be attended with ulceration of 
 the pulley over which it plays, but, in the adult, this is 
 very exceptional. 
 
 Reduction may sometimes be effected by starting the 
 animal with a whip, the limb being brought forward un- 
 der the violent effort and the bone meanwhile slipping 
 mto place. More commonly it is requisite to draw the 
 foot forward, either by simply lifting it, or by the aid of 
 a rope having a noose round the fetlock, and passing 
 through a collar on the neck. While the limb is being 
 advanced, a hand should be placed on the bone outside 
 the stifle to press it into position. When reduced keep 
 on a level (not slippery) floor ; apply a shoe with a toe 
 piece projecting an inch in front of the hoof, and curved 
 up ; and finally put a smart blister on the joint. 
 
 Second Form,— A modification of the above is seen in 
 horses and cattle, in which the knee-cap is drawn too 
 high during extreme extension of the stifle, and then 
 pulled outward by the abductor muscles ; its inner lat- 
 eral ligament slips into the notch above the pulley, over 
 which the bone should play, and the animal remains 
 helpless with the limb drawn back as in ordinary dislo- 
 cation. There is a depression in front of the upper part 
 of the stifle, surmounted by a swelling which is soft, not 
 hard, as it would be were the current explanation of 
 cramp of the muscles correct. The reduction is by the 
 same method advised for ordinary dislocation, and the 
 after treatment identical. 
 
 Disease in the Stifle Joint.— If between the knee- 
 cap and Its pulley the patient usually drags the toe on the 
 ground, steps short and brings the foot forward with a 
 swinging outward motion. The leg is kept half bent 
 when standing, the knee-cap is left to move loosely on 
 the pulley, causing pain, and an elastic fluctuating swell- 
 ing IS felt beneath it in the intervals between the three 
 descending ligaments. In disease of the inner or outer 
 iivision of the true ioint the animal stands with it in the 
 
 I 
 
PRACTURE OF THE LEG. 
 
 355 
 
 same position, but in walking it may either be jerked up 
 suddenly, or in the worst cases, this joint and the hock 
 are carried in a stiff extended position and the principal 
 movement is in the hip. An elastic swelling may usual- 
 ly be felt beneath the knee-cap but it is less prominent 
 than in disease of the pulley, and the bone is less mobile 
 and does not cause pain when moved. 
 
 Treatment.— K\\ cases require a high-heeled shoe ex- 
 cepting such as are attended with dislocation of the knee- 
 cap, in which case a thin-heeled shoe with a projection 
 forward at the toe is indicated. Rest is essential, and in 
 case of very acute inflammation, fomentations should 
 precede repeated blistering or firing. A long rest is im- 
 perative. In ulceration of the bones and dislocation of 
 the knee-cap in young animals, the fault is mainly in 
 nutrition, and a rich diet, tonics, pure air and sunshine 
 are demanded. 
 
 Fracture of the Leg between the Thigh and 
 Hock.— The principal bone of this region {tibia) lying 
 superficially on the inner side of the leg is very liable to 
 fracture from kicks. The symptoms are patent enough 
 when the fracture is complete, the bone hanging useless 
 and the broken ends being easily felt beneath the skin' 
 But in very many cases the bone is only split part of the 
 way through and the patient may show little lameness 
 may even do a fair day's work or perform a long journey 
 with his broken bone. But with the occurrence of the 
 exudation and softening around the seat of injury the 
 bone gives way under a slight strain, and thus the 'frac- 
 ture appears to have occurred from getting up in the 
 stall, though several hard days' work may have been 
 done since the injury was received. 
 
 Treatment.~ln all cases of blows on the inner side of 
 the leg in which a line of tenderness extends from the 
 point of the bone which has been struck, place the ani- 
 mal in slings and wait for repair. A compound or com- 
 minuted fracture of this bone need hardly be treated in 
 
 larP"e nnaHninprl*: A cimr^l^ ^.-'^rx^. — . — r A. 
 
 =' "i X • t..|J■l^. Lidiiovirisc iiiiCLurc may 
 
 recover in sling^s, with a ^rm bandage and splints from 
 
 2? 
 
356 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 the foot up to above the stifle, I have had a fair recov- 
 ery even with a very oblique fracture, but this should 
 only be attempted in valuable breeding animals. 
 
 The smaller bone of the leg {fibula) may be fractured 
 by falling in shafts or across a pole or beam. The re- 
 sulting lameness is most puzzling as the broken ends 0/ 
 the bone are held together by fibrous tissue, and though 
 they move hinge-like no grating is produced. Then the 
 bone is so deeply covered by muscle that it cannot be 
 felt. A blow on the outer side of the ' ind lesf, just be- 
 low the stifle, inducing persistent lameness, with tender- 
 ness on pressure along the line of the bone on the outer 
 side of the limb, and without any other apparent injury, 
 implies fracture of this bone. 
 
 Treatment. — A month's absolute rest and one or mort: 
 blisters over the seat of injury. 
 
 Sprain or Laceration of the Muscle which 
 Bends the Hock.— This is often sprained at its lower 
 part, and especially in its inner branch which passes over 
 the front and inner side of the lower part if the hock 
 joint, giving rise to a swelling exactly in the seat of bone 
 spavin. It is distinguished by its tense, elastic nature 
 and by its position on this tendon rather than above or 
 below it. 
 
 Treatment. — A smart blister, or this failing, evacuate 
 with a fine nozzie of a hypodermic syringe and then ap- 
 ply a wet bandage or blister. This form is rarely hurt- 
 ful. 
 
 When more severely sprained the swelling, heat and 
 tenderness may be felt in front of the hock or on the 
 anterior and outer side of the stifle according to the seat 
 of injury. The limb is usually carried very straight, there 
 being little or no bending of either hock or stifle. It is 
 to be treated in the ordinary way by soothing measures 
 followed by blisters or firing. 
 
 Lacerations of the muscle, or more frequently rupture of 
 the tendon occurs, causing the hock to be carried straight 
 and the shank dangling nearly in a line with the leg. In 
 some instances from violent contraction of the extensor 
 
SPRAIN OF THE HAMSTRING, ETC. 357 
 
 muscles the foot may be jerked out backward when the 
 patient IS started. In injury to the muscle there is a? 
 first a depression at the part with swelling above and 
 below, but soon the hollow fills up and may become 
 prominent, soft and doughy. In rupture of the tendon 
 che depressed interval, or later, a soft doughy swelling 
 
 cTaracterl^i-c '''^ ^" ''"''' ""''''' ^^^'^^ '' ^"«^'^-"^"? 
 i.ZZf^Tf-'^^^t^' ^""^ astringent lotions to the part 
 iCs do well ' '"' '''''' ' ^^-^ ^^^- -- ^^--t 
 
 Sprain of the HAMSTRiNG.-This is productive of 
 lameness with manifest pain in extending the hock and 
 a jerk in lifting the limb, and is easily recognized by the 
 firm swelling of the cord above the point of the hock 
 It IS to be treated by a high-heeled shoe, with fomenta- 
 tions and subsequently blisters to the part. 
 
 RUPTURE OF THE HAMSTRING.-This is much more 
 serious, the hock and fetlock bending so as to render the 
 limb useless whenever weight is placed upon it The 
 separation of the divided ends can easily be felt through 
 the skin. ^ 
 
 Treatment— \{ in large quadrupeds place in slings In 
 all apply an immovable bandage, and splints extending 
 from the foot to some way above the hock, so as to keep 
 that joint fully extended. ^ 
 
 CAPPED HOCK.-This is of two kinds : rst, a serious 
 distension of a bursa which exists between the skin and 
 the point of the hock ; and 2d, sprain of the tendon m- 
 serted on the point of the hock (gastrocnemius) or of the 
 one which plays over it (perforatus). 
 
 I. The distension of the subcutaneous bursa usually 
 results fi-om kicks or blows, and is to be feared as indi- 
 cating vice, but rarely causes lameness. The soft fluctu- 
 ating swelling is directly backward from the point of the 
 
 nock. anH ma\r h*^ <-if nlrM^o*- ^^ :__ c^i- 1 . . 
 
 -, ^ J I,.. „. ai.jiw::.!: any Di£c. ongncana recent 
 
 cases may be treated hy a purge and soothing lotions to 
 
 ill; 
 
 11 -i 
 
 I 
 
 " * If 
 
 ^iii'^ 
 
358 THE. farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 be followed as soon as heat and tenderness subside by a 
 smart blister (iodide of mercury 2 drs., lard I oz.) Should 
 the sac remain, evacuate with the nozzle of a hypodermic 
 syringe and apply a wet elastic bandage ; or open by a 
 small orifice below and heal like an ordinary wound. 
 To prevent its repetition is a much more difficult matter 
 as it usually implies the cure of a vice. Stretching 
 prickly bushes or chains behind him, tying chains or logs 
 to the limb above the hock, or applying hobbles are all 
 more likely to ensure permanent injury to a nervous ani- 
 mal than to cure him of his vice. A kicking strap will 
 often succeed in harness. 
 
 2. In case of sprain of the tendons, the swelling takes 
 place at the two sides, and above rather than at the point 
 of the hock. It is more or less tense, but elastic, and even 
 fluctuates on pressure. It is often attended with severe 
 lameness, which may become permanent, in connection 
 with ulceration of the bone. It is to be treated like an 
 ordinary sprain by high-heeled shoe, and fomentations 
 or cold astringent lotions, followed by blister. If swell- 
 ing remains it may be punctured and compressed as in 
 the first fofm of capped hock, but a seton should not be 
 used. 
 
 Sprain of the Flexor Tendon (Perforans) be- 
 hind the Hock.— Thorough-Pin.— This tendon plays 
 over the back of the hock, to the inner side of the bony 
 process which forms its point, and has a large synovial 
 sheath extending above and below the joint. When 
 sprained at this point there is lameness, a tendency to 
 knuckle over at the fetlock, and a round, tense, elastic, 
 fluctuating swelling on each side in front of the point of 
 the hock, and in the hollow between the hamstning and 
 the bone. Pressure on the one side causes bulging on 
 the other, and pressure on both causes fluctuation on the 
 line of the tendon below and behind the hock. 
 
 Treat}nettt.—Kh.\gh-\iQQ\Qd shoe, rest, fomentations, or 
 cooling lotions and a purgative. When heat and tender- 
 ness subside, blister repeatedly, or even fire when there 
 1^ reason to suspect disease of the bone. When all lame- 
 
FRACTURE OF THE INNER MALLEOLUS. 359 
 
 ncss has passed off, leaving only a puffy swelling, or when 
 that has appeared without lameness as the result of work 
 or as z. dropsical effusion, apply a spring bandage with two 
 smooth round pads pressing on the inner and outer swell- 
 ings. 
 
 Fracture of the Inner Malleolus.— This con- 
 sists m fracture of the bony prominence on the inner side 
 01 the hock at its highest point. It usually results from 
 a blow with the opposite foot in fighting flies. There is 
 more or less swelling of the part, with an unnatural 
 mobility of the process, and, in some cases, distinct 
 grating It is not unfrequent to have a wound in the 
 sk-in, and a flow of glairy synovia from the opened joint. 
 J 11 other cases, independently of fracture, there is inflam- 
 mation and enlargement of the bony eminence. 
 
 Treatment.—KQst is imperative, as the fracture often 
 implicates the joint. If synovia escapes, rse a sugar of 
 lead lotion (i oz. to i pt. water and 60 arops carbolic 
 acid), or even apply a blister around the joint, leaving 
 the space of an inch around the wound untouched. In 
 other cases rely on soothing applications, followed by 
 blisters when heat is diminished. Such cases usually do 
 well, even an open joint being harmless from the w6und 
 being at its upper part. , Even pieces of bone may be 
 taken out with portions of the joint surface, and yet a 
 satisfactory recovery ensue. 
 
 Fracture of the Point of the Hock.— This may 
 merely implicate the extreme summit of the bone in 
 young horses, or it may occur lower down in the middle 
 of the bony process. There is much lameness and dif- 
 hculty in bringing the foot to the ground, the limb being 
 otten kept raised and semi-flexed, and the detached por- 
 tion may be felt in front of the point of the hock, or a 
 line of tenderness may be detected across the middle of 
 that bone, detachment and grating being obviated by the 
 strong fibrous investment. 
 
 TreatmenL—n a portion has been detached from the 
 summit, place in slings, extend the joint and replace it, 
 
 
3^0 THE farmer's vetlrinarv adviser. 
 
 retaining it in position by firm pads of tow placed in the 
 hollow in front of the bone, and a strong starch or plas- 
 \tn ^^^^^^^ extending from the hoof to beyond the hock 
 When there is no detachment, soothe the parts till heat 
 and tenderness sub.^ide and then blister, allowing a Ion? 
 period of rest. 
 
 Fractures of the other Hock Bones.— If these 
 implicate the upper or true hock joint, they are usually 
 beyond remedy, but if the lower flat bones only, they 
 present symptons like those of bone spavin, and may re- 
 cover by union of the small bones. 
 
 Bone Spavin.— This consists in disease (inflamma- 
 tion ulceration, bony deposit), of the small flat bones in 
 the lower and inner part of the hock joint, often impli, 
 eating those of the outer side as well. It may be mani- 
 fested by local swelling, heat and tenderness, or these may 
 be altogether absent as in cases of ulceration in the centre 
 of the joint between the flat bones~(Occu/^ Spavin). The 
 swelling, when it does exist,is on the antero-internal aspect 
 of the lower part of the articulation, to be seen by standing 
 about two feet from the fore limb and looking across the 
 front of the joint. It is hard, and to be distinguished from 
 the tense, elastic swelling caused by sprain of the inner 
 branch of the flexor tendon, and from the soft distended 
 vein (so-called l^/ood spavin) which passes across this part of 
 the joint. The bony swelling may be more to the front or 
 more backward on the inner side of the hock, or it may 
 even show mainly on the cuter side. It frequently im- 
 plicates the head of the shank-bone, and in bad cases 
 may extend up to the true hock-joint and even abolish 
 its movement. Lameness, which is usually present in 
 recent cases, and is the only symptom in ocatU spavin is 
 shown by moving stiffly on the toe, when the horse is 
 turned from side to side of the stall. The same stiff 
 walking on the toe is seen for the first few steps in start- 
 mg, after which jt^ disappears, but there remains a stiff- 
 ness and lack of bending in the hock and stifle joints, 
 which a little practice will enable one to recognize. 
 
»^ 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE TRUE HOCK JOINT. 361 
 
 There is sometimes, however, a jerl-in^- up of the limb as 
 in string-halt. If turned quickly in a narrow circle, the 
 animal drops ca the limb, carries it stiffly, or even rests 
 on the toe only. If the lameness is only moderate it will 
 usually disappear when the patient becomes warmed up 
 at work, hence the propriety of placing him in a quiet 
 stable for twenty minutes before examination. 
 
 Treatment.— Ktst ; a high-heeled shoe ; fomentations 
 and laxatives are appropriate to the early inflammatory 
 stages. Later, counter-irritants are demanded. Blisters 
 of any kind will usually succeed. The hot iron is per- 
 haps even more efficient. Deep firing in points is espe- 
 cially beneficial. Some cases will resist all these modes 
 of treatment, but recover after section of the flexor ten- 
 don which passes over the swelling. Other methods are 
 pursued with variable success. All may do well in young 
 horses with no constitutional infirmity, and all will fail 
 in some old subjects. 
 
 Inflammation of the True Hock Joint.— Bog 
 Spavin. — Inflammation of the upper or principal joint 
 of the hock, where nearly all the movement takes place, 
 occurs from overwork, sprains, rheumatism, punctures, 
 wounds, fractures, etc. There is a puffy, fluctuating 
 swelling, with heat and tenderness on the antero-internal 
 side of the upper part of the joint, where in the natural 
 state there is hollow or depression. There is also a 
 similar swelling behind in the seat of thoroiigh-pin, but 
 distinguishable in that it can be pressed forward by com- 
 pression, the anterior swelling meanwhile filling up, but 
 there results no swelling below and behind the hock as 
 in thorough-pin. The lameness resembles that of bone 
 spavin, but there is perhaps more tendency to a jerking 
 up of the limb. The disease may go on to ulceration of 
 the joint, to bony deposit, and even to anchylosis, with 
 abolition of all movement. 
 
 Treatment. — Rest, and use a high-heeled shoe. In case 
 of very violent inflammation, use soothing measures (for 
 mentation), and when extreme heat and tenderness have 
 subsided use blisters, as for bone spavin, or still better 
 
 .i. ( 
 
I. 
 
 362 THE farmer's veterinary advtser. 
 
 the hot iron applied h'ghtly at nearly .^ vl»it . heat. 
 Open joint is to be treated here as elsewL ^re, en active 
 blister being often of great advantage in a e nu.rr move- 
 ment, closing the wound and abating irfiam r v on. 
 
 Bog spavin is most obstinate in old anir^ ias and in 
 rheumatic constitutions, with cracking o^ »; c joints in 
 starting a walk. 
 
 Dropsy of the Hock Joint.—Bog Spavin.— An 
 excessive secretion of joint-oil, from over-exertion, or a 
 dropsical effusion into the cavity of the joint produces a 
 svyelling, having all the characters described above, but 
 without heat, tenderness or lameness. It may sometimes 
 be benefited by a blister, or even by a bandage wet with 
 some strong astringent lotion, but as it is only a blemish 
 and does not interfere with the animal's usefulness, it is 
 best, as a rule, to let it alone. 
 
 Blood Spavin.— This is a dilatation of the vein which 
 runs over the seats of dog and done spavins, and being 
 harmless should not be interfered with. 
 
 Curb. — ^This is a swelling, at first soft and doughy, 
 but later hard and resistant, in the median line of the 
 limb and just behind the lowest part of the hock joint. 
 It is best seen by standing to one side of the limb and 
 looking directly across it. The injury is usually a sprain 
 of the tendon (perforatiis) which plays over the front of 
 the hock, though in some bad cases the ligament of the 
 hock beneath this is injured as well. There is heat and 
 tenderness with more or less lameness and a tendency 
 to knuckle forward at the fetlock. Curby hocks are con- 
 genital in some horses and cannot be looked on as dis- 
 ease, but rather distortion. 
 
 Treatment. — Keep quiet, put on a high-heeled shoe, 
 and apply hot fomentations or cooling lotions until in- 
 flammation moderates, when an active blister may be 
 applied. In some severe cases this may require to be 
 repeated, or resort must he had i"n thf» linf irr»n Kuf fhje 
 is altogether exceptional. 
 
m. 
 
 r. 
 
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 11 
 
 
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 sudd< 
 
 grour 
 
 side 
 
 walki 
 
 comp 
 
 even 
 
 manil 
 
 deter 
 
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 treati 
 
 usual 
 
 fatigi 
 
 Ot 
 
 Emb( 
 tis, R 
 
STRING-HALT. 363 
 
 StrinG-Halt.— This is the name given to a habit of 
 suddenly jerking up the hind limb when raised from the 
 ground. It may be shown only in turning from side to 
 side in the stall, and in starting, or it may appear in 
 walking or trotting as well. Again, the jerk may be 
 comparatively slight, or so extreme that the fetlock may 
 even strike the belly. Its causes are unknown, though 
 manifestly it is a reflex nervous act, and may perhaps be 
 determined by a variety of local injuries. If any such 
 can be found they should be corrected, but as a rule 
 treatment is eminently unsatisfactory. The affection is 
 usually aggravated with time and the animal is sooner 
 fatigued and worn out than other horses. 
 
 Other Causes of Lameness.— See Lymphangitis, 
 Embolism, Farcy, Dropsy, Grease, Horse-pox, Mammi- 
 tis, Rheumatism, Cramps, Palsy, Liver Disease, etc. 
 
CHAPTER XIX 
 
 ; 
 
 DISEASES OF THE FOOT. 
 
 General causes. Maxims for shoeing. .:,;^ease of the bony 
 pulley and flexor tendon of the foot. Pedal Sesamoiditis. Podo- 
 trochilitis. Navicular disease. Coffin-joint lameness. Side bones. 
 Fracture of the bones of the foot. Inflammation of the foot. La- 
 minitis. Founder. Chronic Laminitis. Convex soles. Pumice 
 foot. Cracks in the hoof-wall. Sand-crack. Quarter-crack. False 
 quarter. Horny tumor of the Laminae. Corns. Bruises of the 
 sole. Pricks and binding with nails. Incised wound of the sole. 
 Distortions of the coffin-bone. Contraction. Treads on the coro- 
 net. Fistula of the coronet. Quittor. Powdery degeneration of 
 the deep parts of the wall. Seedy toe. Inflammation of the secret- 
 ing membrane of the frog with discharge. Thrush. Canker. Simple 
 foot-rot in cattle and sheep. Contagious foot-rot. Foot-rot from 
 Tuberculosis. 
 
 Nearly all of these pedal diseases are directly or in- 
 directly the result of faults in shoeing, and the absence 
 of care for the feet. Here, accordingly, it would be 
 appropriate to describe the structure and functions of 
 the foot, and lay down the rational principles of shoeing. 
 But our space forbids more than the merest mention of 
 points which are absolutely indispensable to the under- 
 standing of what is to follow. 
 
 The internal frame-work, or skeleton of the horse's 
 foot, consists of three bones ; — the lower enc of the coro- 
 net (small pastern) bone, which corresp; nds to the upper 
 margin of the hoof; the coffin (pec^: it hon-, which is 
 imbedded inside the hoof, and has a aiii.h.t imperfectly 
 conical outline; and a long, narrow, pulley-like bone 
 (small sesamoid, or navicular) expended ai:ross the back 
 part of the coffin-bone, its up-jer a y'ect forming a pro- 
 longation backward of the joint sunace, while its lower 
 face is covered by fibro-cartilage, and constitutes a 
 pulley, over which plays the flexor icndca of the foot. 
 These are subject to like injuries with similar parts else- 
 
DISEASES Of THE FOOt. 
 
 3^5 
 
 where. Thus the bones are liable to fracture, to absorp* 
 tion from pressure, to ulceration, to bony out-growths, to 
 induration, to softening, to death and exfoliation, in con 
 nection with pricks with nails or other sharp bodies. 
 The joint is subject to inflammation, in connection with 
 wounds, rheumatism, overwork, etc. The flexor tendon 
 is exposed to sprains, and, together with its synovial 
 sheath and sesamoid bone, to inflammation, ulceration, 
 and the formation of new structures, 'vhich impair o; 
 destroy the functions of the part. 
 
 The posterior third of the hoof h.'s for its frame- work 
 an elastic cushion, which makes continuation of the bones 
 backward, without maintaining their rigiditj This 
 cushion comprises two later--^! fibro-c?rtilages that ex- 
 tend backward from the heeL of the cofiin-bone, and the 
 upper elastic borders of which may be felt under the 
 skin, just above the hoof, in the region of the quarter ; 
 also in the median line and continuous laterally with the 
 cartilages, a thick pad of white and elastic fibres, corres- 
 ponding in position to the horny-frog, and known as the 
 elastic frog. These are subject to inflammation, suppu- 
 ration, ulceration, ossification, fractures, necrosis, etc. In 
 its healthy condition this cushion obviates the shocks, 
 jars, concussions, bruises Ccorns), fractures and lameness 
 which would necessarily result were this region occupied 
 by unyielding bone. Tt further allows of expansion of 
 the heel under continuous use and application of mois- 
 ture, and its contractio.i under prolonged disuse and 
 drying. 
 
 Coveri'Tig[this bony ar.d elastic frame-work is a dense 
 fibrous net-v/ork, ^vith interspaces and canals for the pas- 
 sage of blood-vesse'^ "•nd nerves, firmly bo-ii J to the bony 
 and elastic struct'"; hy its deeper surtace and to the 
 hoof by itb superlicial. On the outer surface of this 
 fibrous net-work is the membrane secreting the horn. 
 The part which foi . -.o the hoof-wall is prolonged as a 
 band aiound the upper margin of the wall, and from the 
 heels forward above the cleft at each side of the frog. It 
 is shaggy throughout with soft conical processes (villi), 
 from ^^ to 2 1; .. .s in length, which extend into the horny 
 
 iffiC ii -^^i.. 
 
3^6 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 tubes and secrete them. The membrane forming the sole 
 IS covered by similar villi which pass into the horny tubes 
 of the sole, and that covering the clastic frog has corre- 
 spondmg but smaller villi. Between the fibrous net-work 
 and the mner surface of the hoof-wall and bars, the mode 
 of union IS by a series of 500 to 600 leaves (laminae) pro- 
 jectmg on an average ij^ or 2 lines, and each having on 
 Its lateral aspects from 30 to 60 microscopic secondary 
 laminae. These arc interleaved with the same ni-nber of 
 primary and secondary horny laminae, forming an extent 
 of connecting surface that would beget incredulity if 
 named. These inner fibrous and vascular lamina,^ secrete 
 the horny laminae that are interleaved with them, besides 
 giving off an amount of moisture, which, being absorbed 
 by the cells of the adjacent horny wall, serves to keep 
 that soft, yielding, and tough. So intimate is the union 
 between each of these secreting surfaces and ' horn 
 covering it, that the fibrous network will oft a % torn 
 from the bone, rather than the horn from ti sitive 
 
 parts. This is above all true of the laminc-E. \ xs dose 
 connection further renders active inflammation in these 
 structures acutely painful, for there being no loose tissue 
 to yield to the exudation, it compresses these dense 
 structures and violently tears them apart. Thus exten- 
 sive effusions of serum or pus endanger separation ?nd 
 shedding of the hoof A less acute inflammation of any 
 ot these secreting surfaces leads to the production of un- 
 healthy horny growths. Thus disease of the secreting 
 membrane at the coronet will determine a bulging, 
 ragged, brittle line of horn from above downward on the 
 hoof-wall, or, what is worse, a crack or fissure extending 
 to the quick. Disease of the laminae will determine the 
 formation of a great mass of soft, spongy yielding horn 
 between the horny laminae and the hoof-wall, causing a 
 tailing in of the wall anteriorly, a:.d a descent of the 
 margin of the coffin-bone so that it wil; press upon and 
 even perforate the sole {pumice foot). In other cases 
 there is merely a circumscribed horny growth pressing 
 inward on the quick at a particular part (kerathyllocel^. 
 it the secreting surface of the sole is involved similar 
 
DISEASES OF THE FOOT. 
 
 367 
 
 horny tumors may be formed, as In corns. Disease of the 
 secreting membrane of the frog may determine an un- 
 healthy secretion from the cleft {thrush), or an excessive 
 growth and loss of cohesion of the horny fibres {canker). 
 
 In additioi: to these disorders originating in the deeper 
 structure, Ave have a further list that take their origin in 
 unnatural states ( f the horn. And for these the current 
 modes of shoeing are mainly chargeable. 
 
 At all points the hoof undergoes a steady condensation 
 from its inner to its outer layers. In a transverse section 
 of the hoof-wall the deeper tubes are open, spacious, and 
 sunounded by soft, yielding elastic horn, while those 
 near the surface are exceedingly minute and surrounded 
 by a far greater amount of dense, hard, and exceedingly 
 resistant horny matter. The outer surface is especially 
 close in its texture, and as the tubes run through the 
 whole length of the wall to its lower ci wearing surface, 
 where they are closed by attrition, comparatively little 
 exhalation of moisture can take place from this part of 
 the horn in its healthy state. But it is far different when 
 the dense surface layer has been removed by the rasp, 
 and the open ends of the tubes exposed all over the sur- 
 face of the wall. Then evaporation and drying go on 
 rapidly, the hoof becomes hard and brittle and follows its 
 constant tendency, when dry, to turn in at the heels and 
 coronet, causing absorption of the parts beneath and lay- 
 ing the foundation of disease. 
 
 The sole and frog naturally increase in density from 
 the quick outward, but the horn breaks up into plates 
 before becoming detached, the plates being separated 
 from each other and from the tough elastic horn above 
 by layers of powdery horn, which serve along with the 
 plates to protect from bruises and check evaporation. In 
 their healthy state, therefore, sole and frog are as well 
 protected against evaporation, drying and shrinking as is 
 the vvall. But the case is altered when, with buttress or 
 drawing-knife, these native protectors are removed and 
 the tough elastic horn is laid bare. Then each horny 
 tube exhales its moisture, the horn dries and shrinks, 
 drawing inward the lower borders of the hoof-wall and 
 
 : 1 
 
 - -i i 
 
568 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 pressing upward, often painfully, on the quick. Nor can 
 the sole any longer bear contact with hard bodies, but 
 bruises and injuries are the constant result. 
 
 The injury in both cases may be lessened somewhat by 
 the use of suitable hoof ointments, but the process may be 
 Hkened to that of supplying a man with a wooden limb 
 after you have ruthlessly cut off his own sound one. The 
 substitute may permit of the limb being used, but the 
 difference, in utility, safety, and durability, is almost 
 infinite. 
 
 Among other injuries by shoeing may be mentioned 
 unequal strain thrown on different parts of the hoof for 
 want of a uniform bearing on the shoe ; bruises of the 
 sole froni the shoe being improperly fitted, or left on too 
 long until it has grown out over the shoe, or been drawn 
 forward by the excessive growth at the toe until the heel 
 settles on the sole between the wall and the bars ; misdi- 
 rection of the bones and joints by leaving one side of the 
 hoof much higher than the other, or by leaving the toe or 
 heel unnaturally long or short ; pricks and binding by 
 nails, etc., etc. Long-continued compulsory idleness in a 
 stall, exposure to prolonged moisture, with intervals of 
 drying, and continued contact with decomposing liquids, 
 and to the irritating ammoniacal fumes of dung and urine' 
 are further destructive conditions for the horn. 
 
 Maxims for Shoeing. — The proper care, preparation 
 and preservation of the foot is of far more consequence 
 than the form of the shoe. The hoof must be preserved 
 from knife and rasp, excepting the line around its margin 
 and lower surface on which the shoe is to rest. This may 
 be pared or rasped, as a rule, until the elastic horn of the 
 sole is reached, and forms, with the lower border of the 
 wall, a continuous smooth bearing surface of a breadth 
 equal to perhaps one and a half times, or twice the thick- 
 ness of the latter. But this is only in a perfect foot. One 
 that has a ragged furrow between the sole and the wall 
 cannot be treated in this way. Both sides, inner and 
 outer, must be left perfectly uniform in height The 
 height of heel and toe must be determined by the natural 
 form of the foot, excess and deficiency being alike avoided. 
 
MAXIMS FOR SHOEING. 369 
 
 As a rule, paring has to be done mainly or alone at the 
 toe, but in some cases the heels grow excessively as well. 
 While avoiding paring out of the heels and bars as the 
 prolific cause of corns, we must equally avoid the reten- 
 tion of hard flakes of horn in this situation, where, im- 
 prisoned by the hoof-wall, the bar and the shoe, they act 
 as foreign bodies and bruise the heel, as would a stone or 
 a mass of hardened clay. That part of the sole which is 
 uncovered by the shoe may have the surface-flakes re- 
 moved with a blunt instrument, but should never be 
 touched with a knife. The frog need never be touched, 
 though there is no harm in removing ragged hanging 
 shreds and patches. The sharp edges of the hoof-wall 
 should be slightly rounded with a file to prevent splitting. 
 The shoe should be of a weight proportionate to that 
 of the horse and to the work expected of him, and of a 
 breadth of web adapted to the protection demanded by the 
 nature of the sole. Its upper or applied surface may be 
 perfectly level, unless when an unhealthy convex sole 
 demands that it shall be leveled ofi" toward its internal 
 border. Its outer border should exactly correspond to 
 the margin of the hoof-wall, without projecting beyond it, 
 or requiring that the wall be cut down to its dimensions. 
 When applied the upper surface should fit accurately at 
 all points to the hoof. Bad as it is for horn to be seared, 
 it is better to apply the shoe, momentarily, at a dull red 
 heat, that any imperfection in fitting may be detected 
 and remedied, than to hurry on a shoe v/hich bears un- 
 equally on different points. If the sole joins the wall 
 without a break, the two forming one continuous bearing 
 surface, and if both are of their natural thickness, the 
 shoes are better to be coarsely fullered and the nails 
 driven low, the fullering becoming finer and the nails 
 being driven lower as we proceed from before backward, 
 especially on the inner side. When the nails have been 
 drawn up and riveted any roughness of the rivets may 
 be removed with a file, but this should not touch the 
 hoof if it is possible to avoid it. In turning down the 
 clinches better make a slight depression beneath each 
 with the point of the drawing-knife than an extended 
 
370 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 transverse furrow with the rasp, as is usually done. Re- 
 move the shoes before the hoofs have overgrown them 
 so as to allow them to settle on the sole, and above all 
 before the growth of the toe has drawn the shoe forward 
 and let the heel press upon that part of the sole. 
 
 Disease of the Bony Pulley and Flexor Ten. 
 DON OF the Foot.— Pedal Sesamoiditis.— Podo- 
 trochilitis. Navicular Disease.— This affection, 
 misnamed Coffin-jomt Disease, implicates the lower sur- 
 face of the small sesamoid bone of the foot, its synovial 
 sac and ligaments, and the flexor tendon which plays 
 over it. 
 
 Causes.— It is especially the disease of fast horses, and 
 may be largely charged to friction between the tendon 
 and its bony pulley, to overwork and concussion. But it 
 may also depend on injuries to the foot from bad shoeing ; 
 undue paring ; setting in of the shoe on the sole ;' im- 
 prisoned flakes of horn acting as foreign bodies ; bruises 
 from stones or hardened clay ; rasping, hardening and 
 contraction of the foot ; drying and shrinking of the foot 
 from standing too long idle in the stall ; injury to the 
 quick from uneven bearing of the shoe in connection 
 with misfitting shoes or breaking of the hoof-wall ; in- 
 juries from nails driven into the quick or picked up on 
 the road ; a rheumatic constitution ; impaired nutrition 
 with increased elimination of phosphates from the system; 
 or an extension of disease from the digestive organs as 
 in an over-feed of grain, or a drink of cold water when 
 hot and fatigued, ^tc. 
 
 Symptoms. — Pointing the affected foot eight or ten 
 inches in advance of the other, with the heel slightly 
 raised when standing quietly in the stable. This symptom 
 may last for months before lameness is shown. Step- 
 ping short and on the toe with a great tendency to stum- 
 ble when first moved from the stable, which lameness 
 may entirely disappear after going a mile or two. It is 
 worse when cooled off after a long drive, but it may ap- 
 pear intermittently while at work, as occasional stumb- 
 ling or dropping on the sound foot for some time at first. 
 
DISEASE OF THE BONY PULLEY OF THE FOOT. 37 r 
 
 The toe of the shoe is more worn than other parts owinc 
 to the pecuhar gait. The foot feels hot, especially in its 
 posterior part, and in acute cases the soft part may 
 bulge over the coronet and the pastern arteries throb 
 vvith unusua force. The foot, too, soon diminishes in 
 size, especially in the quarters and heels, where the heat 
 drying and disuse are greatest. Testing the margin of 
 the hoof with pincers will not elicit tenderness, unless 
 there IS accompanying disease of the lateral parts of the 
 foot (corns bruises, pricks, absorption or distortion of 
 the heels of the pedal bone, side bones, etc.,) but tapping 
 the sole with a hammer on each side of the body of the 
 frog, or striking the wall in the region of the quarter 
 will cause the patient to flinch. Pressure with the thumb 
 over the middle of the flexor tendon, on its inner side or 
 on its outer, as deeply as can be reached in the hollow of 
 the heel, the foot being bent back, causes suffering, 
 ihere is more or less wasting of the muscles of the limb 
 from disuse, but this is especially marked on the breast 
 above the elbow and outside the shoulder-blade. Hence 
 the disease is usually referred to the shoulder as sweeny 
 It IS most readily confounded with sprain of the flexor 
 tendon behind the head of the small pastern bone, but is 
 easily distinguished by the heat and contraction of the 
 heels and the tenderness of the centre of the sole and 
 the quarters to strokes of the hammer. To distinguish 
 it from other diseases of the feet I must refer to these 
 individually. 
 
 Treatment.— IJsnzWy unsatisfactory except in certain 
 recent cases. First soothe inflammatory action, give a 
 axative (aloes), remove the shoes, shorten the toe, and 
 keep standing from morning to night in a puddle of wet 
 clay without stones or gravel, in which the animal will 
 sinK to the top of the hoof. At night place in a com- 
 ortable dry stall with a poultice on the diseased foot 
 Unless the inflammation is severe, apply a mild blister 
 to the front and sides of the pastern. If not applied at 
 hrst this should be resorted to as soon as inflammation 
 moderates, and is to be repeated when the eff"ects of the 
 nrst pass off. Cases that resist this treatment will fre 
 «3 
 
372 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 quently recover under the action of a seton passed 
 through the frog, and a run for a month or two in a 
 damp pasture free from stones. The recovery may be 
 a restoration to perfect soundness, when the surfac of 
 the bone has not been diseased, or it may be a removal 
 of lameness in connection with a union of the bone and 
 tendon when the surface of the former has been the seat 
 of disease. In the last named case, the recovery is like- 
 ly to be the more permment, while many cases of appa 
 rent recovery, in the early stages, are followed by relapse. 
 The frog seton is introduced at the hollow of the heel 
 and brought out at the body of the frog, but as there is 
 much danger of wounding the tendon or bursa in incom- 
 petent hands, it can only be safely undert. ken by the 
 veterinary anatomist. 
 
 All other methods failing, resort is ofter lad to cut- 
 ting the nerves passing to the foot, so as j r move all 
 sensibility. This should never be done unless the feet 
 can be carefully picked out and sponged every time the 
 animal returns from work, and kept covered with thick 
 wet swabs all the time he stands in the stable. Neglect 
 is sure to be followed by rapidly advancing disease in 
 the bone, extension of inflammation tr he structures 
 around, abundant exudation, and destruction of bones 
 and joints. Even with the best of care this will occur in 
 the advanced stages of the disease, unless indeed the 
 bone and tendon grow together. For description of 
 neurotomy see larger work. 
 
 Side Bones. — These consist in extensive ossification, 
 from the heels of the coffin-bone into the latcal carti- 
 lages. Their great cause is improper shoeing ; cutting 
 away of the bars or sole, so that the wall turns inward 
 and bruises the sole ; pressure of the shoe on the sole 
 whether from misfitting or from being left too long on ; 
 uneven bearing of thf, shoe, throwing too much strain on 
 one part ; pricking or pinching with nails driven too 
 near the quick ; the pressure of the dry hard horn after 
 undue paring or rasping, and the continuous irritation 
 which attends the partial separation of sole and wall. 
 
 I 
 
FRACTUKE OF lHi£ «ONES OF THE FOOT. ^J^ 
 
 They are especially common \n heavy horses with up- 
 right pasterns and the toe shortened relatively to the 
 fiecls or shod with high heel ca'kins, so as to increase 
 concussion in action. 
 
 Symptoms. — Lameness with a short stilty step, and a 
 tendency to stumble from the attempt to avoid shock on 
 the heels. The pasterns are upright and the heels often 
 deep md strong. Prciisure on the prom :n^nce above the 
 hoof it the quarter detects tenderness and a hard unyield- 
 ing structure instead of the usual yielding elastic gristle. 
 Bruises of the heel (corns) with bloody discoloration of 
 the horn is almost a constant result of extensive side- 
 ttones, the sensitive sole being pinched between tht bone 
 and hoof 
 
 Treatment. — Subdue any existing inflammation by rtit, 
 blisters, or even firing at the coronets, and apply a bar 
 shoe, the bar resting on the bulbs of the frog, and keep 
 the hoof-wall, at the heels, rasped lower than the rest of 
 the bearing surface, so that daylight can be seen between 
 this part and the shoe. The same shcx ig must be kept 
 up when the horse is put to work, or he will soon fall lame 
 again from bruising of the heels. Excision of the ossified 
 cartilage and neurotomy have been resorted to with suc- 
 cess, but are inapplicable to most cases. 
 
 Fracture of the Bones of the Foot.— The sm>.U 
 sesamoid may be broken after it has been weakened b> 
 superficial ind internal absorption. The pedal bone may 
 give way from concussion when previously softened by 
 disease, or in cases of blows on the surface, laceration anci 
 detachment of horn, or wounds with nails or other sharp 
 bod-es implicating the bone. The sudden and extreme, 
 lameness followiiig an evident injury or a long-standing; 
 disease may rouse suspicions of this, and if grating be 
 heard the case is certain. Treatment is rarely successful, 
 excepting in circumscribed fractures from wounds, in 
 which case the detached bone must be removed. 
 
 Inflammation of the Foot. — Laminitis, •— 
 Founder.— This consis+s in inflammation of the sensitive 
 
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374 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 parts of the foot, but predominating in the anterior por- 
 tion of the laminae, where the greatest strain comes in 
 standing. 
 
 Causes. — The disease may arise from direct injury, as in 
 over-exertion on hard roads, blows, bruises, or freezing of 
 the feet, pricks or binding with nails, continued injur>* 
 from a badly applied shoe, or the constant strain upon 
 the feet during a long sea voyage. It may also occur 
 from a sudden chill, from drinking cold water when 
 heated and fatigued, from over-loading of the stomach 
 with grain, from muco-enteritis, the result of ars over-dose 
 of purgative medicine, or from diseases of the lungs 
 (pneumonia, bronchitis). Small and deformed feet and 
 large flat ones often suffer. Horses with heavy fat car- 
 cases are also predisposed. 
 
 Symptoms.—When not caused by direct injury to the 
 foot, it is usually ushered in by fever and general stiff- 
 ness and soreness of the surface, with or without shiv- 
 ering, but independent of any tenderness of the foot. If 
 not relieved these are soon followed by tenderness of the 
 foot, usually predominating at the anterior part, but 
 sometimes settling in the heel and causing pgda/ sesa- 
 moiditis. When acute inflammation is developed in the 
 laminae of the fore feet the horse is in a high fever, with 
 full hard pulse, excited breathing, distended nostrils, ex- 
 tension of the fore feet forward, so that they rest only on 
 the heels, and bringing of the hind feet far forward be 
 neath the belly, to bear as much of the weight as possi- 
 ble. If moved, the horse groans, sways himself back on 
 his hind parts, and drags the fore feet on their heels, or 
 balancing himself on the hind, lifts both fore feet at once 
 and brings them down again on their heels. The affected 
 feet arc warm, even hot, and the animal refuses to have 
 them lifted because of the pain consequent on standing 
 on one. If they are struck with a hammer the animal 
 winces and groans. The arteries on the pasterns throb 
 violently. The hairs of the mane and tail may often be 
 pulled from their follicles, showing the general implica- 
 tion of the &kin. If one fore foot only is affected it is kept 
 raised and advanced, If the hind feet, they are advanced 
 
 I 
 
INFLAMMATION OP THE FOOT. 
 
 375 
 
 beneath the be ly, and the fore feet carried as far back- 
 ward as possible to bear the greater part of the vveitht 
 
 but no ^n? -TI" '5" '"''^"^ ''^^'' ^^^h general stiffness 
 but no special tenderness of the feet over other parts 
 vascular and nervous tension may be relieved and the 
 disease suddenly cut short by full doses of sedatfves (lo- 
 
 oersni atinr' T"''" ' ^''^ ^^'"^ ^^^'^^"^ '^ ^"^^urlge 
 
 feet ^are h.^n ^- '^'" ^^ ^ ""^^^ ^^^^"^^^ «^^g^' ^hen the 
 feet are becoming congested and tender, the same mav 
 
 tkesTnH'.. '"' '^'/''' ^^'"^ ^"^^^^P^d i" warm pouY 
 tices, and the animal encouraged to lie down by supplying 
 
 iJfT r"?^°"^ble bed of straw. Or in place of pouh"c^ 
 
 w.1lctnl r'."'.'^ '^'^ '° '"^P^^^^ the^irculaticn by 
 
 walking without shoes on a soft, newly plowed field the 
 
 heels having been slightly lowered, if ve?y high, to allow 
 
 pressure on the sole, or the patient may even be walked 
 
 and% "l ^^'^•'" ^^'''^ ^^"^ ^^' shoef with broaTweb 
 
 been aSd"''^^/' ^,f'^ '"^ '^^ ^''''^'' ^^^^ion), has 
 
 wh! n fP ^- ^"^ "^.^^^'"^ ^^" "^^^r be resorted to 
 
 when the extreme tenderness and fever show that active 
 
 nflammation has set in. In this case a mild laxa tve 
 
 aloes) must be given (unless already purging) and foT 
 
 lowed up by aconite or other sedatives, thi feet must be 
 
 enveloped in large poultices and the animal encouraged 
 
 lulh 7^\ ^^°"^.^ j^" ^^^"^^ ^° ^^^ ^«^"' the hoof, 
 wall should be rasped down to let the^ole come in con- 
 
 tact with the ground In severe cases the coronet may 
 
 be scarified with a sharp lancet and the foot placed in a 
 
 fevor' ' H^'''" r't'' ""' ^°"^^"^^d ^'^^ th^ same to 
 favor 1 eeding In the course of two days, if the suffer- 
 ing fever and local tenderness are increasing rather than 
 abating, the sole may be thinned and opened at the toe 
 so as to evacuate any serous exudation and limit th^ 
 separation of the horn from the quick, the poultices be! 
 ing kept on after as before. In the course^of ten days 
 or a fortnight the inflammation should have subsided far 
 enough to warrant the application of a blister to the 
 fs f f^J f ointment to the hoof, while the patient 
 
 LrlnTt- T """ ^ '''^^' r^^ P^=^^"^^' °^ ^^Pt standing a 
 part of his time on wet clay, * 
 
 
 a I llln ifii J 
 
376 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 Chronic Laminitis. — Convex Soles. — Pumice 
 Feet. — If the inflammation persists in a slight form, an 
 excessive growth of soft, spongy horn takes place in 
 front of the lamina; at the toe, separating the coffin- 
 bone from the hoof-wail and allowing its anterior border 
 to press upon the sole, or even to perforate it. The 
 hoof-wall becomes covered with rings usually running 
 together at the toe, where it bulges out below and falls 
 in above. Complete restoration cannot be expected in 
 the worst cases of this kind, but much may be done for 
 the majority. P'lt on a thick, broad webbed, bar shoe, 
 beveled toward the inner side on its upper surface and 
 thinner at the heel than the toe, dress the sole and wall 
 daily with hot tar, apply gentle blisters around the coro- 
 net, and keep in a very soft, damp pasture. The new 
 growth of horn may grow down almost perfect in ap- 
 pearaince, but it retains an undesirable brittleness. 
 
 Cracks in the Hoof- Wall. — Sand-Crack. — 
 Quarter-Crack. — The predisposition to this is usually 
 to be foimd in rasping and drying of the hoof-wall, in 
 uneven bearing of the shoe, in alternate soaking of the 
 hoof in water and ^drying, and in treads or other teni- 
 porary wounds or injuries to the coronet. The crack 
 extends from the coronet downward, for a variable dis- 
 tance, in the direction of the horny fibres. If attended 
 by lameness, the laminae are usually being pinched be- 
 tv/een the edges of the crack, the irritation is perhaps 
 further increased by the presence of sand and dirt, and 
 fungous growths may appear in the sore. 
 
 Treatmetit. — A carefully applied bar shoe having an 
 even bearing all round the foot ; a nail driven through 
 the edges of the crack and riveted so as to hold them 
 together ; a transverse groove, ^ to i inch in length, cut 
 to the quick just above the upper end of 'the crack, and 
 active stimulation or slight blistering of the coronet 
 above this point will usually succeed in obtaining an 
 unbroken growth from above, and when the crack has 
 grown off at the lower border the hoof is perfect. But 
 the inflammation will sometimes demand poulticing; 
 
FALSE QUARTER, ETC. 
 
 377 
 
 the nail may have to be replaced by i metallic plate 
 fixed to the hoof on each side of the crack by screws 
 not exceeding a line in length ; a gaping crack may re- 
 quire filling with gutta-percha or other hard substance 
 to keep the edges immovable ; or, finally, it may be 
 requisite in bad cases to cut out a V-shapcd piece of horn, 
 the apex corresponding to the middle of the crack and 
 the two limbs to the coronet on the two sides of the 
 crack. 
 
 False Quarter.— This is similar to a sand-crack in 
 appearance, but caused by such destruction of the secret- 
 ing structure at the top of the hoof that it is impossible 
 to obtain a growth of horn to fill up the interval. Pallia ■ 
 tion by careful sli .cing is all that can be accomplished. 
 
 Horny Tumor of the Lamina.— This is a result 
 of sand-crack, the irritation leading to an increased secre- 
 tion of horn on the inner surface of the hoof-wall, which, 
 in its turn, may press on the quick and cause lameness. 
 With or without any remains of sand-crack there is ten- 
 derness on pinching that part of the hoof, and when the 
 shoe is removed and the hoof pared, there is observed a 
 semi-circular encroachment on the sole by a white 
 spongy horn extending in from the hoof-wall. Wet 
 swabs on the foot and rest may subdue any inflamma- 
 tion, but should lameness persist, the only resort is to 
 cut out a triangular portion of the wall, including the 
 tumor, poultice the part, then cover with tar, and wait 
 for the horn to grow down in a healthy condition. 
 
 Corns. — These are at first simple bruises of that part 
 of the sole included between the bars and the wall at 
 the heel, but later there is often an increased production 
 of horn, and the formation of a horny tumor, which 
 presses injuriously on the quick. In other cases the 
 bruise causes active inflammation and the formation of 
 matter, which, if denied escape below, will burrow toward 
 the coronet or less frequently around the toe, and give 
 rise to disease in the deeper fibrous network, the cartil- 
 
 
37^ 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 age or the bone. In these last conditions it usually 
 results in fistula (quittor). In other cases the corn is 
 pared out as is supposed, but the heels, having lost the 
 mechanical support of the sole, curl forward and inward, 
 repeat the bruise continually, keep up the inflammation 
 and suppuration and what is equivalent to an open sore 
 in the heel. The irritation often produces absorption of 
 the margin of the bone at the heels with bony deposits 
 above or below, and ossification of the lateral cartilage, 
 a condition which almost necessarily perpetuates the 
 bruises or corns (see side bones). Corns may exist in 
 either heel, but are usually in the inner or weaker 
 one, and prevail above all in flat feet with low weak 
 heels. 
 
 Symptoms. — Lameness with a tendency to point, with 
 the heel slightly raised when at rest, and a short, stilty, 
 stumbling step when moved. Pinching the affected heel 
 with piincers or tapping it with a hammer causes wincing. 
 If the shoe is removed and the heel pared out, the horn 
 may be seen to be blood-stained, but unless this is seen 
 on removing the flakes, no one should allow curiosity to 
 lead to a deeper search. If suppuration has taken place 
 the tenderness is extreme, often causing the animal to 
 keep the foot raised and scarcely daring to touch the 
 ground with the toe, a tender swelling usually appears at 
 the coronet above the affected heel, and pinching or ham- 
 mering of the heel is unendurable. A horny tumor may 
 be recognized by symptoms similar to those shown in 
 keraphyllocele. 
 
 Trcatrnent, — If a recent bruise and uncomplicated, 
 apply either a bar shoe or a common one, but rasp down 
 the bearing surface of the afifected heel, to avoid pressure 
 as advised for side bones, and place the feet in water or 
 keep the wall moist with wet swabs, and the sole with 
 oil meal or clay packing. When tenderness has sub- 
 sided, smear the hoof with ointment and work carefully. 
 Remove the shoj early enough to prevent pressure on 
 that heel, and in preparing the foot retain the strength 
 of the heel by preserving the elastic horn of the sole be- 
 tween wall and bar. Never allow this to be pared and 
 
BRUISES OF THE SOLE. 
 
 379 
 
 weakened unless it be to evacuate matter or sand, or foi* 
 the removal of a horny tumor. 
 
 If suppuration has takci place, par,, down the heel 
 until the matter escapes, remove all horn detached from 
 the quick, and pare the horn around this to a thin edge, 
 poultice until the surface Is smooth, dry and not at all 
 tender, then apply a bar shoe, a leather sole, and a stuff- 
 ing of tow and tar or crude turpentine (pine pitch). No 
 pressure should be allowed on this heel until the sole has 
 grown up to its natural level, as a support. Horny 
 tumors may be removed by paring out and treating as 
 above advised, until the sole attains its natural growth. 
 l( old-standing corns are connected with death of a por- 
 tion of the heel, of the foot bone, or ulceration of the 
 lateral cartilage, these must be scraped or cut off before 
 improvement is to be expected. If connected with side 
 boties, they are liable to be kept up by frequent pinching 
 of the quick between the bone and horn, and demand 
 careful shoeing to avoid pressure on the heel. Some 
 cases may be benefited by cutting out the side bone. 
 
 Bruises of the Sole.— Whether resulting from 
 badly applied shoes, stones, accumulated gravel *• dried 
 mrd, these are to be recognized, like corns, by pinching 
 the hoof or tapping it with a hammer, and are to be 
 treated on precisely the same principles, relieving the 
 pressure when necessary, soothing the parts, opening 
 when matter has formed, followed up by poulticing and 
 bar shoe, with leather sole and tar stuffing. 
 
 Graveling is closely allied to the above, dirt having 
 worked up through the unnatural groove between the 
 wall and sole, and set up suppuration. Except in the 
 careful removal of the foreign elements, treatment does 
 not differ from that of suppurating bruise or corn. 
 
 Pricks and Binding with Nails.— These usually 
 occur in thin, weak feet or such as have been reduced by 
 over-cutting and rasping till there is little to hold the 
 nails ; in the case of nail stubs being left in the hoof 
 from a former shoeing, so as to turn the new nails in a 
 
38o THE farmer's veteptnary advi&er. 
 
 v/rong direction, and when the blacksmith is too stupid 
 to recognize the difference between the stroke of driving 
 a nail into the soft spongy horn and the hard firm outer 
 horn of the wall. Simple binding with the nails may 
 cause intermittent or persistent lameness, and there is 
 flinching on striking the heads of the nails or the walls 
 with a hammer, or in compressing the margin of the hoof 
 with pincers. If matter forms there are all the local 
 tenderness and inability to use the foot spoken of in sup- 
 purating corn. In simple pricks an examination of the 
 nail clinches usually reveals one higher than the rest, and 
 if this is a posterior one it is all the more suspicious. A 
 nail may be driven too near the quick, and yet not cause 
 lameness for a week or two, until some slight shifting in 
 the position of the shoe causes it to press painfully. 
 
 Treatment. — In slight cases the withdrawal of the nail 
 may be all that is necessary. In more severe it may be 
 requisite to punch the nail holes nearer to the toe, to 
 drive the nails low, to apply cold water or other sooth- 
 ing agent to the foot and to rest for a day or two. If 
 matter has formed the course of the offending nail must 
 be followed with the drawing-knife, the pus evacuated 
 and the parts treated afterward as in suppurating corn. 
 If the bone has been reached and a dead scale exists on 
 the surface this must be cut down upon and removed. 
 
 Incised and Punctured Wounds of the Sole.— 
 That part of the foot which is uncovered by the shoe is 
 liable to penetrating wounds from nails, glass and other 
 sharp bodies on the ground, as well as nails, pitchforks, 
 broken planks, etc., against which they may kick. Such 
 wounds are dangerous according to their depth and 
 position. If from a clean nail, and no deeper than just 
 to penetrate the quick, they are usually of little conse- 
 quence, and a little tar or gutta-percha may be used to 
 fill the wound, if any, until it is seen whether inflamma- 
 tion will ensue. If deeper, a vertical wound will be most 
 serious in the middle third of the sole, because of the 
 implication of the flexor tendon and small sesamoid 
 bone, and the risk of pedal sesamoiditis, or even an optn 
 
DISTORTIONS OF THE COFFIN-BONE. 
 
 381 
 
 coffin-joint resulting. If in the anterior third, the danger 
 lies mainly in injury to the lower surface of the coffin- 
 bone, with death and removal of a thin scale which must 
 be thrown off before the wound can close. If in the 
 posterior third the elastic frog alone is wounded and 
 will heal vtry readily. 
 
 Treatment will vary accordingly. The simple removal 
 of the foreign body may suffice. Cold applications may 
 be needed, matter may require an opening to escape, or 
 the bone may have to be scraped to expose a living sur- 
 face. But in wounds of the tendon or joint the foot 
 must be wrapped in cloths, the heels raised if standing, 
 and a constant stream of cold water kept up on the part, 
 by having a caoutchouc tube attached to the limb and 
 foot and acting like a syphon to bring the water from a 
 bucket at a higher level. This rriay require to be kept 
 up day and night for several days. The subsequent 
 treatment is like that iox pedal sesamoiditis. 
 
 Distortions of the Coffin-bone.— Under this 
 head may be named a great variety of deformities, the 
 result of disease. Thus in long continued inflammation 
 of the kminae the fibrous net-work in front of the coffin- 
 bone is partly ossified, giving this part a convex aspect 
 from above downward. Continued irritation of the sole 
 will equally develop a bony enlargement which is asso- 
 ciated with a circumscribed convexity and tenderness of 
 the sole. The pressure of a horny* tumor, whether on 
 the laminae, the quarter or elsewhere, corresponding to 
 and pressing on the bone, will cause absorption and de- 
 pression of the bone to an equal extent. The pressure 
 on the anterior border of the coffin-bone, when separated 
 from the hoof-wall and resting upon the sole, leads to 
 extensive absorption and rounding of this part with a 
 bony deposit above, on its front. Persistent irritation 
 along the lateral borders of the foot from binding with 
 nails, or the separation of the wall and sole, with or 
 without the presence of gritty matters in the groove, 
 causes absorption and rounding of the sharp lateral 
 margins of the coffin-bone. But the heels of the coffin- 
 
382 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 bone are the parts which above all suffer in this way. 
 Bruises from setting in of the shoe, from gritty matter 
 or hard clay, especially if a furrow has been formed 
 betvveen wall and sole, from curving forward and inward 
 of the heels when the supporting sole has been pared 
 out in search of corns or to prevent their formation ; pres- 
 sure fvom curving in of the wall which has been allowed 
 to grow too long without support from the sole, or has 
 been rasped till it dries or withers ; uneven bearing ot 
 the shoe ; all undue paring of heels and quarters contri- 
 bute to produce absorption and rounding of the natur- 
 ally sharp border of the coffin-bone at its heels, bony 
 deposits above and below, induration, softening, ulcera- 
 tion or death of more or less of the bony tissue, and jer- 
 manent unsoundness 
 
 The existence of such distortions must be ascertained 
 from the unnatural appearance of the hoof ; the signs of 
 a horny tumor ; a rugged unhealthy hoof-wall ; a flat or 
 convex appearance of the sole in whole or in part ; a 
 deep furrow between sole and wall ; wasting and dimin- 
 ution of the foot as a whole, but especially of the heels 
 and quarters; and it may be side bone or fistula. There 
 is more cr less tenderness of the feet and stilty careful 
 gait, or there may be extreme lameness. It will be ob- 
 served that these distortions are usually connected with 
 some other disease of the feet, and the symptoms will 
 vary according to the nature of the accompanying lesion. 
 
 Such changes of bony structure are permanent as a 
 rule, so that our attention must be given, first to the 
 removal of any unnatural condition which has caused 
 and is perpetuating them, and then to secure such a sys- 
 tem of shoeing as will allow of the utilization of the 
 animal in spite of the acquired deformities. The hoof 
 must be encouraged, by ointments, stimulants to the 
 coronets, and perhaps a cool moist pasture, to grow ?s 
 nearly as possible to the natural condition. Then the 
 shoe must be applied so as to secure the greatest extent 
 of bearing surface, without injury to the deformed and 
 weak points. In many cases a bar shoe is wanted to 
 avail of the frog for bearing weight ; a leather sole may 
 
 ■I 
 
CONTRACTION. 383 
 
 be necessary in others ; a broad web to the shoe, on one 
 or on both sides, may be essential for protection ; in 
 other cases the upper surface must be bevelled ; in still 
 other the nail-holes must be stamped only around the 
 toes ; clips, small nails, artificial repairs of breaches in 
 the hoof-wall may be resorted to, but it is beyond the 
 scope o' this work to do more than hint at what can 
 only be accomplished by a combination of anatomical 
 knowledge, mechanical skill and manual dexterity. 
 
 Contraction.— This is a great bugbear of horsemen, 
 since it exists in nearly all the affections of the foot. It 
 is usually a result and symptom of disease, attending as 
 we have seen on many different maladies, in which the 
 hoof shrinks from the heat, dryness and disuse. It may 
 also occur from simple idleness in a stall ; from over- 
 growth of the hoof-wall, which curls in for want of sup- 
 port from the sole and moisture from the laminae ; from 
 hardening and shrinking of the heels as the result of 
 rasping, or of alternate soakings and drying ; from 
 undue paring of the heels, bars and frog, thus removing 
 the natural supports ; and from the effects of the shoe 
 and nails in preventing the normal expansion in growth, 
 and in removing the frog and sole from use and pressure. 
 Thus produced it is not a direct cause of lameness, and 
 feet can be shown in which the two heels overlap each 
 other without such a result. Yet such contraction im- 
 plies wasting or absorption of the internal sensitive 
 structures, diminution of the basis of support, with a cor- 
 responding weakness and tendency to disease under 
 slighter determining causes than in the healthy state. 
 The simplest treatment is to remove the shoes round 
 the edges of the hoof-wall to prevent splitting, and keep 
 standing sixteen hours a day, for two or three weeks, in 
 a puddle of wet clay, then use hoof ointments freely, aftd 
 apply a shoe with equal bearing throughout and with- 
 out any bevel on its upper surface. 
 
 Treads on the Coronet.— These are especially 
 common in winter, when the shoes are sharpened for 
 
 i 
 
 il 
 
 §'"'-:i!f( 
 
 ti 
 
 
384 
 
 THE FAKMKR'S VETE.a'lARY ADVISER. 
 
 frost. They are dangerous because of the frequent iiH' 
 plication of the horn secreting structures, so as to cause 
 false quarter, and from the tendekicy of matter to burrow 
 beneath the horn and in the supporting fibrous net-work 
 to form a fistula. They should be thoroughly cleansed 
 from all sand and mud, the inflammation subdued by 
 soothing applications (wet bandages or weak astringent 
 lotions) and care taken to prevent the further introduc- 
 tion of dirt. To this end a simple covering of tar will 
 sometimes suffice, but in other cases a carefully applied 
 bandage is essential. Muddy roads should be avoided 
 until healing is complete. 
 
 Fistula of the Coronet. — Quittok —Causes.— 
 Treads and other wounds of the coronet ; suppurating 
 corns, bruises, pricks and wounds of the sole ; suppura- 
 tion from the working in of sand or gravel between 
 the sole and wall ; irritation from sand-cracks and 
 false quarters, and disease of the coffin-bone or its car- 
 tilage. 
 
 Symptoms. — Following on some one of the above dis- 
 orders there is a tender swelling at the coronet, which 
 bursts, discharging a more or less whitish serous fluid, 
 and shows no tendency to dry up or close. If probed, 
 it is found to lead into one or more small canals in the 
 fibrous net- work which covers the bone and elastic struc- 
 tures of the foot, and it may be to diseased or dead por- 
 tions of bone or gristle. 
 
 Treatment. — If the inflammation is very violent the 
 foot should be enveloped in a large poultice and a laxa- 
 tive administered. When moderated, inject a slightly 
 caustic solution in the direction of each canal and rs far 
 as possible. (Bichloride of mercury 5 grains, spirits of 
 wine I oz., muriatic acid 20 drops.) Less depends on 
 the composition of the mixture than on the application. 
 Inject it three times the first day, twice the second, and 
 once a day thereafter. When the discharge has ceased 
 and the wound is almost superficial, stop the injection 
 and apply a simple dressing of wet tow. In aggravated 
 cases, with disease of the lateral cartilage or bone, these 
 
SEEDY-TOE. — THRUSH. — CANKkiil. 
 
 385 
 
 may require to be cut out o»- scraped, but our Utnits will 
 not permit a further notice of this. 
 
 Powdery Degeneration of the Deep Parts of 
 THE Wall.- -Seedy Toe.— The result of uneven bear- 
 ing of the shoe, the formation of furrows between the 
 sole and wall, direct violence, as blows, or the too tight 
 hammering of clips, etc., this is manifested by an irregu- 
 Jarity of dryness of the affected part of the wall, and the 
 formation of a cavity, filled with horn powder between 
 the laminae and the wall of the hoof. Clear out the 
 cavity until the tough healthy horn is reached, then fill 
 with varm tar and shoe carefully to give a uniform bear- 
 ing. A clip may be useful as a support to the under- 
 min ' horn, but it is destructive to hammer it tight. The 
 dressing must be repeated at each shoeing until the cav- 
 ity is filled up. 
 
 Inflammation of the Secreting Membrane of 
 THE Frog with Discharge. — Thrush. — Causes. — 
 Exposure to wet and filth ; standing on dung, or in a 
 dirty, wet yard ; stuffing the feet with cow-dung ; bruises 
 of the frog ; undue paring ; wounds of the frog ; accu- 
 mulation of dried mud or gravel in the cleft ; extension 
 of disease from the skin of the heel, etc. 
 
 Sympioms. — Foetid discharge from the cleft, soreness 
 of the skin behind this, lameness or not according to 
 severity. 
 
 Treatment. — Wash out the diseased part, pare away all 
 ragged, detached horn, and apply some astringents (dry 
 calomel pressed in on a pledget of tow ; tar with a few 
 drops of sulphuric acid on the surface ; carbolic acid ; or 
 finely powdered sulphate of copper or zinc). 
 
 Canker. — This is a most inveterate inflammation of 
 the frog, and it may be the sole, representing in the 
 horn-secreting structures that aggravated affection of the 
 skin of the heel in which red fungous growths appear. 
 It may be preceded by thrush, and is due to the same 
 general causes, though it is also attributed to a j>: -asitiC 
 
^ 386 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 fungus. It is especially common in coarse lymphatic 
 subjects. 
 
 Symptoms. — A rapid growth, from the frog or sole or 
 both, of a soft, unhealthy, spongy horn, the tubes of 
 which are unnaturally large, open and wanting in cohe- 
 sion, so that they often stand apart from each other, and 
 have the appearance rather of a fleshy material than of 
 horn. If cut down it may grow up to the same level in 
 twenty-four hours, and the enlarged villi are reached and 
 bleed long before this would have happened in healthy 
 horn. As in thrush, there is a most offensive discharge, 
 and the disease is very obstinate to treat. 
 
 Treatment.— 'Q\x\. down the fungous horn till blood 
 comes, and the adjacent horn to the same level. Then 
 cover with tow soaked in tincture of muriate of iron, and 
 apply firm pressure by slips of wood placed side by side, 
 with one end of each resting above the web of the shoe 
 at the toe, and the other on a slip extending across the 
 bulbs of the frog, and resting above the heels of the shoe. 
 This must be removed and the dressing renewed at least 
 once in twenty-four hours. Should the course of im- 
 provement seem lagging, change the dressing for carbolic 
 acid, chromic acid, the mineral acids, sulphate of copper 
 or iron, chloride of zinc, quicklime, chloride of antimony 
 or other caustic, resort being had to a new one in every 
 instance as the former seems to lose its effect. The re- 
 moval of tb-^ entire sole is essential to recovery in some 
 cases. 
 
 Simple Foot-rot in Cattle and Sheep. — This 
 is a simple inflammation of the horn-secreting structures 
 and adjacent skin, the result of direct irritation. Wearing 
 of the sole to the quick from long journeys on hard 
 roads ; curling in of over-grown walls on the sole on soft 
 boggy pastures; wounds with sharp bodies like nails, 
 glass,"^ etc. ; the accumulation and drying of clay or mud 
 between the claws ; softening of tiie horn and irritation 
 from standing on hot, reeking manure ; irritation of the 
 skin around the coronets by iced water, etc. 
 
 Symptoms w^ill vury according tc the form, but in a!i 
 
':^* 
 
 CONTAGIOUS FOOT-ROT. 
 
 387 
 
 there is lameness, often severe, the sheep getting down 
 on its knees to feed, and an examination of the foot 
 shows the nature of the injury. In the case of wounds 
 with'nails, glass, etc., the heat of the hoof will show the 
 injured one, and a slight paring will detect the wound if 
 not the offending body. 
 
 Treatment. — In case of a simple superficial rawness be- 
 tween the claws, clean the part and touch with a feather 
 dipped in a mixture of one part of sulphuric acid and 
 three or four parts of water; or the surface may be 
 smeared with tar and a bandage tied between the claws 
 and around the pastern. In case of the formation of 
 matter beneath the horn, the foreign body, if any, should 
 be removed, the detached horn pared away until we reach 
 that which is still connected with the quick, the surround- 
 ing horn should be pared down to a thin edge and the 
 sore covered with tar, with a few drops of sulphuric acid 
 on the surface^ the whole being closely bound up in a 
 bandage. In exceptional cases the severity of the inflam- 
 mation may demand a poultice, over the surface of which 
 a weak solution of sugar of lead may be poured. One tar 
 dressing is often enough, but the foot should always be 
 examined a few days after, and any hindrance to the 
 healing process removed. Bad cases with fungous 
 growths must be treated like similar cases in the horse. 
 Sheep kept in low, soft pastures should have the hoof 
 shortened by a knife or toe nippers at short intervals, to 
 prevent injury to the sole. 
 
 Contagious Foot-ROT presents symptoms resem- 
 bling those of simple foot-rot^ but usually begins at the 
 coronet, unless in the case of pre-existing sores, and 
 tends to produce fungous growths of the skin around the 
 margin of the hoof, and a degeneration of horn in some 
 respects comparable to canker. It is mainly to be recog- 
 nized by its spread in a flock as a sequence of contact 
 with diseased animals, and without any sufficient cause 
 in their management or in the dampness of the locality. 
 
 Treatment does not differ materially from that of sim- 
 ple foot-rot^ except that a preference must be given to 
 
3S8 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 antiseptics in the selection of caustic dressings. Hydro- 
 chloric acid reduced with thrice its bulk of water ; chloride 
 of zinc I dr., water I pint ; carbolic acid ; butter of anti- 
 mony, may be cited as examples. Much more miportant, 
 however, is it to separate the sound from the diseased, 
 and from contaminated pastures and buildings, and to 
 thoroughly cleanse and disinfect the latter before they 
 are again used for the shelter of the flocks (see Disinfec 
 Hon). 
 
 Foot-rot from Tuberculosis. — This is common 
 m cattle and sheep, the disease commencing in the 
 digital bones, which are enlarged with interstitial and 
 surrounding deposit, leading to open sores, open joint 
 and complete destruction of the member (see lubercu- 
 losis). 
 
 lir'JrZ^i 
 
 — - ^> 
 
 %B. . 
 

 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 DISEASED GROWTHS. 
 
 ^3^ Jjmits of the present work forbid .uiy systematic 
 descnp .on of the various degenerations of tissue (fa?ty! 
 mineral amyloid, pigmentary, etc.,) and of the tumors o 
 
 ZIX' ^^ ^^^^.y'^ °"'y ^^ "°t'^^d so far as to point 
 out the principal distinctive characters of the mahVnant 
 tumors or cancers, and the simple. i^iignant 
 
 Simple Tumors are composed of elements like those 
 previously existing at the same or some other part of the 
 
 t/fl ^"^ul "°' 'r^ *° ^"-^^ surrounding structures 
 nto their substance, but grow between thesS and push 
 them aside ; usually they are surrounded by distinct sacs 
 which separate them completely from sur^round?ng tis- 
 sues except where the blood-vessels enter ; they do not 
 tend to produce swellings in the nearest lymphatk 
 from the ^Hr'°". °^ propagation of elements abso bed 
 from the diseased mass, nor an unhealthy constitutional 
 state~dyscrasia--tending to the formation of such dis 
 eased masses in internal organs ; and their elements tei^d 
 to be resolved mainly into fat or gelatine by bo 1 ng 
 which shows there is little albumen in their structure 
 
 Cancers, on the other hand, usually contain elements 
 unlike any previously existing in the system. The pre ! 
 ence of large cells each containing smaller ones (nude ) 
 mits interior, and these still smaller nuclei (nucleolT) 
 was at one time thought characteristic of cancer ad 
 tiiough this cannot now be maintained, yet the abund 
 ance o such cells, or of any cells, implying the growth 
 the tumor s always highly suspicious^ These fumors 
 have no clearly defined limit, nor limiting sac, butTrow 
 n the natural structures, drawing them into the rsuT 
 ance and transforming them into a cancerous mass 
 Hence, a cancer near fhe «:nrfnoo ,..;i! „f^_.. , _ , . • 
 
 pression at first by the drawing in of the kin. and in the 
 
 (389) 
 
390 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 mammary glands the drawing in of the teat is a most 
 characteristic early symptom. They are hereditary, 
 tending to appear in the offspring at the same age as in 
 the parent. They lead to early and painful swelling of 
 the adjacent lymphatic glands, of the internal lymphatic 
 glands and of the spleen, and produce or aggravate the 
 unhealthy constitutional state on which the deposition of 
 cancer depends. If removed, there is a great liability to 
 the formation of cancer in the same situation or some 
 ot' ir, and especially if we fail to remove the whole 
 organ in which the disease primarily appeared. They 
 are more vascular, and grow faster without apparent 
 cause (mechanical injury, exposure,) than simple tumors. 
 Finally, they contain an excess of albumen, and the 
 larger the proportion of albumen, of cells and granules, 
 the more rapid is the growth and the more redoubtable 
 
 the result. , . j 
 
 The Hard Cancers (Scirrhus) are firm and crisp under 
 the knife, and from the cut surface exudes a whitish 
 fluid— cancer juice— containing the characteristic cells 
 and granules. Soft or Brain-like Cancer is very soft and 
 friable, bleeds freely when wounded, contains a great 
 excess of cells and granules, and from its rapid growth 
 pushes existing tissues aside so as to feel more circum- 
 scribed. It is the cancer of the young and of particular 
 organs, such as the eye, grows rapidly, opens early, ex- 
 posing a raw, unhealthy, bleeding surface, and has a 
 short and fatal course. It is often complicated by an 
 extensive production of black pigment (melanotic can- 
 cer). In Epithelial Cancer the morbid product consists 
 mainly in epithelial cells, and it grows downward into 
 the substance of the tissues as well as outward from the 
 skin. It is slow to implicate adjacent lymphatic glands, 
 or to produce a constitutional dyscrasia with internal de- 
 posits, and hence its removal is much more frequently 
 successful. Colloid Cancer is characterized by the forma- 
 tion of a mucous or gelatinous liquid containing a kernel 
 of granules and rounded simple or nucleated cells, en- 
 closed in spherical cavities, surrounded by a delicate 
 membranous stioma, made up of the former tissues oi 
 
TREATMENT OF TUMORS AND CANCERS. 391 
 
 the part. Osteoid Cancer of ivory-like hardness, with a 
 vascular surface and interspaces, has not been observed 
 in the lower animals. 
 
 Treatment of Tumors. — Recent simple tumors, still 
 largely cellular, may sometimes be removed by stimulat- 
 ing embrocations, as iodine ointment or tincture, cam- 
 phorated spirit, soap liniment, etc. Others may be 
 greatly reduced or even entirely removed by the occa- 
 sional injection into their substance, through a very fine 
 needle-like tube, of discutients (weak solutions,of iodine). 
 In cystic tumors the evacuation of the liquid through a 
 fine cannula or needle-like tube, and the injection of a 
 weak solution of iodine (one part of the compound tinc- 
 ture and three parts water) will often succeed. But most 
 frequently, and especially in old-standing tumors, resort 
 must be had to the knife or to caustics. Excision with 
 the knife is the quickest and usually the preferable mode, 
 but in some dangerous situations caustic may be pre- 
 ferred. Its employment is founded on the fact that it 
 tends to eat away the diseased mass sooner than the 
 healthy ; but this partial immunity of the sound tissues 
 will not warrant the use of such agents as caustic potassa 
 or soda, which quickly permeate all cell structures alike 
 and destroy them. Nitrate of silver, chloride of zinc, 
 sulphate of copper, ter-chloride of antimony, or the min- 
 eral acids, are usually preferable. Protection against 
 cold, ill-health arising from other sources, mechanical 
 injuries and exposures to cold or wet are important ele- 
 ments in treatment. 
 
 For cancers, an early and extensive removal with the 
 knife may be said to hold out the only hope. The whole 
 organ in which the cancer grows should be cut out, as a 
 rufe, to insure the removal of all diseased elements, and 
 any interference is to be deprecated when the adjacent 
 lymphatic glands are already enlarged. 
 
 Attempts have been made to dissolve and remove 
 cancers and other tumors with pepsin, and with consid- 
 erable success, the agent virtually digestif. - \e diseased 
 products with little pain, while the healthy ii^sues remain 
 unafifectad. 
 
 fll 
 
 \ m : 
 
 iMr*^' 
 
ACTION, DOSES, ETC., OF MEDICINES. 
 
 To some readers a few words of explanation may bo 
 necessary in order to the pi»oper understanding of th« 
 drugs and their doses. 
 
 I. EXPLANATION OF TERMS. 
 
 Alteratives change in some unexplained way the con* 
 ditions and functions of organs. 
 
 Ancest/tetics deprive of sensation and suffering. 
 
 Anodynes allay or diminish pain. 
 
 Antacids are antidotes to acids. 
 
 Anthelmintics kill or expel worms. 
 
 Antiperiodics obviate the return of a paroxysm in 
 periodic diseases. 
 
 Antiseptics prevent, arrest or retard putrefaction. 
 
 Antispasmodics prevent or allay crampr 
 
 Aperients gently open the bowels. 
 
 ArofJMtics, strong-smelling stimulants which dispel 
 wind and allay pain. 
 
 Astringents cause contraction of vital structures. 
 
 Carminatives, warming stimulants (Aromatics). 
 
 Cathartics freely open the bowels. 
 
 Cholagogues increase the secretion of bile. 
 
 Demulcents sheathe and protect irritated surfaces. 
 
 Diaphoretics cause perspiration. 
 
 Discutients dispel enlargements. 
 
 Disinfectants destroy infecting matter. 
 
 Diuretics increase the secretion of urine. 
 
 Ecbolics cause contraction of the womb. 
 
 Emetics induce vomiting. 
 
 Expectorants increase the secretion from the air tubes. 
 
 Febrifuges counteract fever — lower temperature. 
 
 Narcotics allay pain and produce sleep. 
 
 Parturients (Ecbolics^ 
 
 Refrigerants diminish heat. 
 
 (392) 
 
ACTION, DOSES, ETC OF MEDICINES. 
 
 393 
 
 Sedatives depress nervous power or lower circulation 
 
 Soporifics induce sleep. 
 
 Stimulants temporarily excite the nervous or circula- 
 tory system. 
 
 Sudorifics (Diaphoretics). 
 
 Sialogogues increase the secretion of saliva. 
 
 Stomachics improve digestion. 
 
 Tonics gradually and permanently improve digestion 
 and nutrition. 
 
 Vermifuges kill and expel worms. 
 
 2. GRADUATION OF DOSES. 
 
 The dose given may be held applicable to full-grown 
 animals of medium size, therefore some allowance must 
 be made in any case in which the patient exceeds or 
 comes short of the average of his kind. A similar modi- 
 fication must be made as regards young animals, not 
 only on account of their smaller size, but also of their 
 greater susceptibility. The following table may serve 
 as a guide : 
 
 HORSE,ETC. 
 
 ox. 
 
 SHEEP. 
 
 SWINE. 
 
 DOGS. 
 
 
 3 years. 
 
 iK-3 " 
 
 9-1 8 m'ths 
 
 5-9 " 
 i-S « 
 
 2 years. 
 
 1-2 " 
 
 6-1 2 m'ths 
 
 3-6 '• 
 
 1-3 " 
 
 1% years. 
 9-1 8 m'ths 
 S-9 « 
 
 3-S " 
 1-3 " 
 
 I s m'ths 
 
 8-15 " 
 
 6-8 " 
 
 3-6 " 
 
 1-3 " 
 
 Yz year. 
 3-6 m'ths 
 
 lYz-l " 
 20-45 days. 
 
 10-20 " 
 
 I part. 
 
 Y2 - 
 
 % - 
 1-16- 
 
 Allowance must also be made for a nervous tempera- 
 ment, which usually renders an animal more impressible; 
 for habit or continued use, which tends to decrease the 
 susceptibility for individual drugs ; for idiosyncrasy, which 
 can only be discovered by observing the action of the 
 agent on the particular subject, and for the influence of 
 disease, when that is likely to affect the action. Thus in 
 most diseases of the brain and spinal cord, and in some 
 impactions of the stomach, double the usual quantities of 
 purgative medicine will be necessary, while in influenza 
 
 i n 
 
 Wi 
 
 
394 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 and other low fevers half the usual dose may prove fatal. 
 In acute congestion of the brain, stimulating narcoticsi 
 (opium, belladonna, hyoscyamus,) would aggravate the 
 symptoms, etc 
 
 3. FREQUENCY OF ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Anodynes, Antispasmodics, Narcotics, Sedatives and 
 Stimulants may generally be repeated once in four or 
 six hours in order to maintain their effect. Alteratives, 
 Diaphoretics, Febrifuges, Refrigerants and Tonics may 
 be administered twice daily. Purgatives should only be 
 given when necessary, and should never be repeated 
 until from the lapse of time we are assured that the first 
 dose is to remain inoperative. Thus, unless in urgent 
 need, a horse should not take a second dose of physic 
 under thirty-six hours after the exhibition of the first, 
 and in all cases, until the medicine has worked off, he 
 should be kept at rest and allowed only warm bran 
 mashes and water with the chill taken off. In ruminants 
 a second dose may be ventured on in twelve or sixteen 
 hours, and in carnivora and omnivora in from seven to 
 ten hours. Emetics should be given in full doses and 
 repeated in five or ten minutes if they fail to take effect, 
 their action being further solicited by copious draughts of 
 tepid water, and tickling of the back of the mouth with 
 a feather. 
 
 4. THE BEST WA\ TO ADMINISTER MEDICINE. 
 
 Drugs may often be given as powder or solution in 
 the food or water ; they may be made into a soft solid 
 with syrup and linseed meal, rolled into a short cylinder 
 and covered with soft paper ; they may be converted 
 into an effusion with warm or cold water, or into a de- 
 coction by boiling ; or they may be powdered and sus- 
 pended in thick gruel or mucilage. They may be given 
 in a liquid form, from a horn or bottle ; or, as a short 
 cylinder or pill, may be lodged over the middle of the 
 root of the tongue ; or, as a sticky mass, they may be 
 smeared on the back teeth ; or they may be given as an 
 
ACTION, DOSES, ETC., OF MEDICINES. 
 
 395 
 
 injection into the rectum ; or finally, in the case of cer- 
 tain powerful and non-irritating agents, they may be 
 injected under the skin. 
 
 No agent should be given until sufficiently diluted to 
 prevent irritation, if retained a few minutes in the mouth, 
 and irritants that will not mix with water (oil of turpen- 
 tine, croton oil, etc.,) should be given in a bland oil, in 
 milk or in eggs, after having been thoroughly mixed. 
 
 ii ^ II 
 
DRUGS AND DOSES. 
 
 IFhen not otherwise stated, the doses for the horse may be. given to ox, au 
 and mule, and those of the sheep to the goat and swine. 
 
 EQUIVALENT. 
 
 A tablespomiful is equal to half an ounce by measure; a dessertspoonful is 
 equal to two fluid drachms ; a teasjwonful is equal to one fluid drachm ; a 
 wincglassful is equal to one and a half fluid ounces. 
 
 The surest way, however, to get the true quantity is to have the article 
 measured by properly graduated weighs and measures. It will not^ hew- 
 ever, he necessary to weigh each powder separately : thus, half a pound of 
 ginger can I ' easily divided into ten or twelve equal parts with a knife, 
 without the trouble of weighing each powder separately. 
 
 AOKTio AOID, antidote to acids, cooling astringents : Horse 1 dr ; ox 2 
 dre ; ass 1 dr ; sheep 1 scr ; dog 2-8 drops. 
 
 TiNOTURFi OF ACONITE, sedative, diaphoretic : Horse 20-30 drops ; ox 
 30-40 drops ; asH 15-20 drops ; sheep 3-5 drops ; dog 1-3 drops. 
 
 Alcohol, stimulant, diuretic, narcotic : Horse 1-3 oz ; ox 3-6 oz ; ass 1 
 oz ; sheep 4 oz ; dog 2 drs. Locally cooling astringent. 
 
 Brandy, whiskey and gin, stimulant, diuretic, narcotic : Horse 3-6 oz; 
 ox 6-12 oz ; ass 2-5 oz ; sheep 10 oz ; dog 4 oz- Locally cooling astrin- 
 gent. 
 
 Strong ale, stimulant, diuretic, narcotic : Horse 1-2 pints ; ox 2-4 pts ; 
 ass 1 pt ; sheep 4 P* i dog 2 oz. Locally cooling astringent. 
 
 Barbadoes aloes, purgative : Horse 4 drs ; ass 3-4 drs ; dog 4 dr. 
 
 Cape aloes, purgative : Horse 5 drs ; ass 4-5 drs. 
 
 Alum, astringent : Horse 2-3 drs ; ox 3-4 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 4-1 dr ; 
 dog 4-1 .scr. 
 
 Ammonia, liquid, diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, antacid, diuretic: 
 Horse 4 oz ; ox 4-1 oz ; ass 2-4 drs ; sheep J-l dr ; dog 10 drops. Locally 
 blister. 
 
 Aromatic ammonia, diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, antacid, 
 diuretic : Horse 1-2 oz ; ox 2-4 oz ; ass 1-2 oz ; sheep 4-1 oz ; dog 1 dr. 
 Locally blister. 
 
 Carbonate of ammonia, ditfasil»Ie stimulant, antispasmodic, antacid, 
 diuretic : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 4-6 drs ; ass 2 drs ; .sheep 4-1 dr ; dog 10-15 
 grs. Locally blister. 
 
 Muriate of Ammonia, .stimulant, discutient, alterative, diuietic : 
 Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 4-6 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep i-1 dr ; dog 20 grs. Locally 
 cooling discutient. 
 
 Acetate (5f ammonia, solution, diaphoretic, diuretic, stimulant: 
 Horse 2-3 oz ; ox 3-4 oz ; ass 2 oz ; sheep 4-1 oz ; dog 2 drs. 
 
 Anise-seed, stomachic, carminative : Horse 1 oz ; ox l-2oz ; ass 1 oz ; 
 sheep 2-4 drs ; dog 1-3 scr. 
 
 Antimony, tartarised (tartar emetic), emetic : Swine 5 grs ; dog 
 2-4 grs. Sedative, diaphoretic : Horse 2 drs : ox 2-4 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 
 1-2 scr : swine i-1 gr : dog \-ii gr. Locally blister 
 
 (396) ■ 
 
DRUGS ArD DOSES. 
 
 397 
 
 Amoa Ntrr, rermlfuge, teniafuge : Hone I ok ; ox 1 os ; ass 1 oz j 
 sheep 8 drs ; dog |-1 dr. 
 
 Arnica tincture, stimulant, diuretic : Horea 1 dr ; ox 1 dr ; ass 4 dr ; 
 sheep 1 sor ; dog 10 drops. Locally cooling, soothing. 
 
 Aesenio, alterative, nerve tonic : Horse 6 gra ; ox 6-8 grs • ass 8-6 gr» ; 
 ^eep 1 gr ; swine i gr ; dog 1-12 gr. Locally caustic, p.irasiticide. 
 
 AsAFOSTiDA, diffusible stimulant, carminative, vermifug*( : Horm 2 dlH ; 
 ox 4 drs ; ass 1-2 dra ; sheep i-1 dr ; swine J dr ; dog 10-20 grs. 
 
 AzEDARAOH, Vermifuge : Horse i-1 oz ; ox 1 oz ; ass 3-4 drs ; sh^ip 1-2 
 drs ; swine 1 dr ; dog 20 grs. 
 
 Belladonna, anoKlyne, antispasmodic, narcotic : Horse 2 oz ; (>k 2 oz ; 
 ass 1-2 oz ; sheep i oz ; dog 6 grs. 
 
 Belladonna, extract, anodyne, etc. : Horse 2 drs ; ox 2-3 drs ; ass 1-2 
 drs ; sheep i dr ; dog 1-3 grs. 
 
 Atuopia (alkaloid of Belladonna), anodyne, etc. : Horse 1-2 grs ; ox 1-2 
 grs ; ass 1 gr ; sheep ^ gr ; dog 1-16 gr. 
 
 Balsam of Peru, stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant : Horse 1 oz ; 
 ox 1-14 oz ; ass (-1 oz ; sheep 2 drs ; dog 4 dr. 
 
 Benzoin, stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant Horse 1 oz ; ox 1-14 
 oz ; ass 4-1 oz ; sheep 2 drs ; dog 4 dr. 
 
 Borax, nerve sedative, uterine stimulp-nt : Horse 2-6 drs ; ox 4*1 oz ; 
 ass 2-4 drs ; sheep 4-1 dr ; swine i dr ; dog 6-10 grs. Locally astringent, 
 parasiticide. 
 
 Bismuth, subnitrate, soothes irritation of the stomach and bowels : 
 Horse 2 drs ; ox 2-4 drs ; ass 1-2 drs ; sheep 20 grs ; swine 10-20 grs ; dog 
 5<10 grs. ZoccUly soothing, healing. 
 
 Blackberry root, astringent : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 4 oz ; ass 2 drs 
 sheep 2 scr ; dog 4 scr. 
 
 Blue-stone (copper sulphate). 
 
 BoNESET, stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic : Horse 4-1 oz ; ox 1 oz ; ass 4 
 oz ; sheep 2-3 drs ; swine 2 drs ; dog 4-1 dr. 
 
 Bromide or potassium, nerve sedative : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 4 drs ; -^ss 
 2-8 drs ; sheep 4 dr ; dog 5-10 grs. 
 
 BuoHU, stimulant, diuretic : Horse 4 dr? ; ox 4-1 oz ; ass 8 drs ; sheep 
 1 dr ; dog 10-20 grs. 
 
 Buckthor.^t syrup, purgative : dog 4-1 oz. 
 
 Calomel, purgative : Horse 1 dr ; ox 1-2 drs ; ass 1 dr ; swine 1 scr ; 
 dog 8-4 grs. Alterative : Hoi-se 1 scr ; or. l-S scr ; ass 1 scr ; swiue 8-4 
 grs ; dog 4-1 gr- 
 
 Camphor, calmative, antispasmodic : Horse 1-2 drs ; ox 2-4 drs ; ass 1 
 dr ; sheep 1 scr ; dog 3-10 grs. 
 
 Gani'HARIDES, stimulant, diuretic : Horse 5 grs ; ox 5-10 grs ; ass 3-6 
 gra ; sheep 1-2 grs ; dog 4-4 gr. Locally blister. 
 
 Capsicum, Cayenne pepper, stimulant, aromatic : Horse 2-3 drs ; ox 
 2-4 drs ; ass 1-2 drs ; sheep 1 scr ; swine 4-1 scr ; dog 2-5 grs. Locally 
 irritant. 
 
 Caraway seed, stomachic : Horse 1 oz ; ox x-2 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 
 2-8 drs ; swine 2 Irs ; dog 1 scr. 
 
 Cardamoms, stomachic : Horse 1 oz ; ox 1-2 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 2-3 
 drs ; swine 2 drs ; dog 1 scr. 
 
 Cascabilla, stimulant, bitter tonic : Horse 4-1 oz ; oz 1 oz ; ass 4-6 
 drs ; sheep 1 dr ; dog 10 gra. 
 
 Carbolio acid, sedative anodyne, astringent, antisej-*^ic, disinfectant : 
 Horse 4-1 dr ; ox 1 dr ; ass 4 dr ; sheep 10 drops ; dog 5 drops. 
 
 
398 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 OAKTOR.oit^ purgative : Horse 1 pt ; ox 1-14 pt« ; «m 1 pt ; iheep d-4 
 OS ; dog 4-1 oz. 
 
 Cateohu, (utringent : Horse 2-6 drs ; ox 3-8 dr« ; ass 2-8 drs ; sheep 
 1-2 drs ; dog 10-8(> grs. 
 
 CuAMOMiLR, stimulant, toiiio : Horse 1 oz ; ox 1-2 os ; us 1 os ; sheep 
 2 drs ; dog 4 dr. 
 
 Cherkt bark, wild, expectorant : Horse i oz ; sheep 2-3 scr ; swiue 
 2 scr ; dog 1 scr. 
 
 Chloral-hydrate, sedative, antispasmodic : Horse 4 oz ; ass ^-4 oz ; 
 sheep I dr ; dog 20 ■,'r8. Soporific : llorse 1 oz ; sheep 2-3 drs ; dog 4 dr. 
 
 Chloroform, Htinuilnnt : Horse 1-2 drs ; ass 1 dr ; sheep 1 scr ; dog 
 6-10 drov . Anuesthctic. 
 
 Cinchona, Peruvian bark, bitter tonic, antiseptic, antiperiodic : 
 Horae 1-3 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 2-4 drs ; dug 1 dr. 
 
 Cinnamon, stomachic : Horse 4-6 drs ; ox i-1 oz ; ass 4-6 drs ; sheep 
 1-2 drs ; dog 10-20 grs. 
 
 Cod-liver oil, tonic : Horse 4-6 oz ; ox 6-8 oz ; ass 4-6 oz ; sheep 1-2 
 oz ; dog 4 oz. 
 
 CoLCHiouM, diuretic, sedative : Horse J-1 dr ; ox 1-2 drs ; ass ^ dr ; 
 sheep 4 scr ; dog 2-8 gra. 
 
 CoLOOYNTH, hitter purgative : dog 2-6 grs. 
 
 COLUMBO, bitter tonic : Horse 4-6 drs ; ox 4-1 oz ; ass 2-3 drs ; sheep 
 4-1 dr ; dog 10 grs. 
 
 CoNitJM, extract, sedative : Horse 1 dr ; or 1-2 drs ; a%s 4-1 dr ; 
 sheep 10-16 grs ; swine 10 grs ; dog 2-5 grs. 
 
 CoPAiVA, stimulant, diuretic, expectorant : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 8-4 drs; 
 ass 2-3 drs ; sheep 4-1 dr ; dog 10 drops. 
 
 Copper, ammoniated, tonic, antispasmodic, astringent ; Horst 1-2 
 drs ; ox 1-2 drs ; ass 1 dr ; sheep 10-20 grs ; dog 1-5 grs. 
 
 Copper; iodide, tonic, discutient . Horse 1-2 drs. 
 
 Copper, bulphatk, tonic, astringent : Horse 4*1 dr ; ox 1-2 drs ; ass 
 4 dr ; sheep 10 grs ; dog 2-4 grs. 
 
 Croton seeds, purgative : Horse 10-12 ; ox 16-20 ; ass 8-10 ; sheep 
 2-3 ; dog 1-2. 
 
 Croton oil, purgative : Horse 15-20 drops ; ox 20-30 drops ; ass 12-18 
 drops ; sheep 5-8 drops ; dog 3-4 drops. 
 
 Cueam of tartar, diuretic : Horse 1 oz ; sheep 4-6 drs ; dog 1 dr. 
 Laxative : Horse 5 oz ; ox 6-8 oz ; ass 6 oz ; sheep 1-2 oz ; dog 4 oz. 
 
 Dandelion extract, taraxacum, diuretic, 'laxative, bitter : Horse 
 I-I4 oz ; ox 2 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 3 drs ; dog 1 dr. 
 
 Digitalis, sedative, diuretic : Horse 16-20 grs ; ox 4-1 dr ; ass 16 grs ; 
 sheep 5-15 grs ; swine 2-10 grs ; dog 1-3 grs. 
 
 Dover's powder, sedative, diaphoretic : Horse 3 drs ; ox 3-4 drs ; ass 
 - irs ; sheep 2 scr ; swine 1 scr ; dog 2-4 grs. 
 
 Ergot, checks bleeding, parturient : Horse 4-1 oz ; ox 1 oz ; ass 4 oz ; 
 sheep 1-2 drs ; dog 4 dr. 
 
 Ether, diffusible stimulant : Horse 1-2 oz ; ox 2-3 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 
 4 oz ; swine 2-4 drs ; dog 1 dr. 
 
 Fbnkel seed, stomachic : Horse 1 oz ; ox 1-2 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 2-4 
 drs ; dog 4 dr. 
 
 FiLix Mas., Extract, Male shield-fern, vermifuge, taniacide : 
 Horse 1 oz ; sheep 4 ^^ ; "log 10-20 drops, 
 
 Oalls, oak, astringent : Horse 4-6 djs ; oz 1-2 oz ; aw 4 drs ; sheep 4-1 
 Bcr; swine 1-2 scr ; dog 1-3 grs. 
 
DRUGS AND DOSES. 
 
 399 
 
 OALtK'aiid TAKNTO AOID, TANNIN astringent : Hone 1-8 ncr ; rsb 1'2 
 •cr ; clog 1 0-20 grs. 
 
 Obntiak, bitter tonic : Home 4 drs ; oz 4*1 oz ; acs 4 drs ; sheep 1-3 
 dn; dog 10-20 grs. 
 
 QiKO^iR, stimulant, stomachic : Horse 1 os ; ox 2 oz ; ass (-I oz ; sheep 
 1-2 oz ; swine 2 drs ; dog 2 scr. 
 
 Olacber salts (hoda sulphate). 
 
 Henbane, Hyosoyamuh, kxtract, sedative, antisppsmodic : Horse 2 
 drs ; ox 2-4 drs ; ass 1-2 drs ; sheep 4-1 dr ; swine ( dr ; dog 5 grs. 
 
 Hemp, Indian, EXTnA( i, Rntispnsmodic, soporific, narcotic: Horse 
 4-1 dr ; ass 4 dr ; sheep 10-15 grs ; swine 6-10 grs ; dog 1-2 grs. 
 
 Hydkooyanio acid (pkussio). 
 
 loDiNB, alterative, discuticiit : Horse 10-20 gra ; ox 20-30 grs ; as« 10 grs, 
 sheep 5 10 grs ; swine 5 grs ; dog 1-2 grs. 
 
 Iodide of potassium, alterative, diuretic : Horse J-1 df; ox 1-2 drs ; 
 ass i dr ; sheep 8 scr ; sv.in« 1-2 scr ; dog 1 scr. 
 
 Ipecacuanha, emetic, sedative: Swine 1-2 drs ; dog 16-20 grs. Dia- 
 phoretic, expectorant : Swine ( dr ; dog 3-6 grs. 
 
 .Talap, purgative : Swino 1-2 drs ; dog J-l dr. 
 
 Iron, peroxide, tonic : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 4 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 1 
 dr ; dog 6-10 grs. Antidote to arsenic. 
 
 Iron, bulphatb, tonic : Horse 2-4 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 1 dr ; swine 
 i dr ; dog 2-6 grs. 
 
 Iron, carbonate, tonic : Horse 2-4 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 1 dr ; swine 
 4 dr ; dog 2-5 grs. 
 
 Iron, iodide, tonic, discutient ■ Horse 4-2 drs ; ox 1 2 drs ; ass 4-1 
 dr ; sheep 16-30 grs ; swine 10-20 grs ; dog 1-8 grs. 
 
 Iron, tincture of muriate, astringent, checks bleeding : Horse 4-1 
 oz ; ox 1-2 oz ; aas 4 oz ; olieep 4-1 dr; swina 10-30 drops ; dog 5-10 
 drops. 
 
 Kino, astringent : Horse 4 oz ; ox 4-1 oz ; ass 2-4 drs ; sheep 1-2 
 drs ; swine 4-1 dr; do^^ 10 grs. 
 
 Kousso, vermifuge : Sheep 2-3 oz ; dog 1 oz. 
 
 Laudanum (opium). 
 
 Lead, acetate (sugar of lead), astringent, sedative : Horse 1-2 scr ; 
 ox 2-3 scr ; ass 1 scr ; sheep 10-16 grs ; dog 2-5 grs. 
 
 Lime-water, antacid, astringent : Horse 4-6 oz ; ox 4-8 oz ; ass 4 oz; 
 sheep 1 oz ; dog 1 dr. 
 
 Lime, carbonate, chalk, antacid, astringent : Horse 1-2 oz ; ox 2-4 
 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 2-4 drs ; dog 8-12 grs. 
 
 Lime, chloride, chlorinated, checks tympany, disinfectant : Horse 
 2-4 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheep 1-2 drs. 
 
 Linseed oil, laxative : Horse 1-2 pts ; ox 1-2 qts ; ass 1 pt ; sheep 4 
 pt. 
 
 Lobelia, sedative, antispasmodic, expectorant : Horse 1-2 drs ; ox l-.S 
 drs ; ass 1 dr ; sheep 15 grs ; swine 5-16 grs ; dog 1-6 grs. 
 
 Magnesia, antacid, laxative, antidote to arsenic : Horse 1-2 oz ; ox 
 2-4 oz ; sheep 1 oz. 
 
 Magnesia, sulphate, Epsom salts, laxative : ox 1-2 lbs ; sheep 4-6 oz. 
 
 Mallow, demulcent : Freely. 
 
 Mentha piperita (peppermint). 
 
 Mercury with chalk, hydrarorum cum creta, antacid, laxative : 
 Calf 10-ii grs ; dog 5-10 gis. 
 
 Mercurial pill, blue pill, laxative ; dog 6 grs. 
 
 iiii 
 
400 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 Horse 1 dr ; ox 2 drs ; rj« 1 
 
 MeKCURT, SUBOHLORmE (o/ '.OMEL). 
 
 Muriatic acid, hydrochlurio acid, tonic, astringent, caustic, iytin- 
 fectant : Horse 1 dr ; ox 2 drs ; ass 1 dr ; sheep 20 drops ; dog 2-5 drops. 
 
 Myrrh, stinijilant, tonic : Horse 2-4 drs ; ox 4-6 drs ; ass 2 drs ; sheca 
 1-2 drs ; dog 16-20 grs, ' 
 
 Nitre (potassa nitrate). 
 
 Nitric acid, tonic, astringent, caustic 
 dr ; sheep 20 drops ; dog 2-5 drops. 
 
 Nux VOMICA, nerve stimulant, tonic : Horse 10-30 grs ; ox 20-40 grs ; 
 ass 10-20 g.'s ; sheep 5-16 grs ; dog ^-3 grs. 
 
 Oak bakk, astringent : Horse 1 oz ; ox 2-4 oz ; ass ] oz ; sheep 4 di« ; 
 swine 2-3 drs ; dog 1-2 drs. 
 
 Olive oil, laxative : Horse 1-2 pts ; ox 2-3 pts ; •« 1 pt ; sheep 3-6 
 oz ; dog 1-3 oz. 
 
 Opium, narcotic, iaedative, anodyne, artispasmodic : Horse ^-2 drs ; ox 
 2-4 drs ; ass J-l dr ; sheep 10-20 grs ; dog 4-3 grs. 
 
 Opium, tincture, laudanum, narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmo. 
 die : Horse 1-2 oz ; ox 2 oz ; ass 4-1 oz ; sheep 2-3 drs ; dog 15-30 drops. 
 
 Morphia, muriate, narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic: Horse 
 3-5 grs ; ox 5-10 grs ; ass 3 grs ; sheep J-l gr ; dog ^-J gr. 
 
 Peppermint, oil, stomachic, antispasmodic : Horse 20 drops ; ox 20-30 
 diops ; ass 20 drops ; sheep 5-10 drops ; swine 5 drops ; dog 3-5 drops. 
 
 Peruvian bark (cinchona). 
 
 Pepper, black, white, stomachic, stimulant : Horse 2 drs 
 ass 2 drs ; sheep 1-2 scr ; dog 6-10 grs. 
 
 Pimento, stomachic, stimulant : Horse 2 drs ; ox 8 drs ; 
 sheep 1-2 scr ; dog 6-10 grs. 
 
 Podophyllin, purgative, sedative: Horse 1-2 drs ; ox 2 drs 
 sheep 10-20 grs ; swine 6-8 grs ; dog 1-2 grs. 
 
 Pomegranate koot bark, vermifuge : Horse 1 oz ; ox 1-2 oz ; ass 1 
 oz ; sheep 2-3 drs ; swine 1-2 drs ; dog 20-30 grs. 
 
 Potassa acetate, antacid, diuretic, diaphoretic : Horse 6-8 drs ; ox 1 
 oz ; ass 4-6 drs ; sheep 1-2 drs ; dog 10-20 grs. 
 
 J'otassa nitrate, diuretic, febrifuge : Horse 6-8 drs ; ox 1 oz ; ass 
 4-6 drs ; sheep 1-2 drs ; dog 10-20 grs. 
 
 Potassa bicarbonate, antacid, diuretic : Horse 6-8 drs ; ox 1 oz ; asi 
 4-6 (Irs ; sheep 1-2 flrs ; dog 10-20 grs. 
 
 Potassa ohlobats, stimulant, diuretic, refrigerant, antiseptic : H 
 1-1 drs ; ass 1-2 drs ; sheep 20-40 grs ; dog 5-16 grs. 
 
 Potassium iodide (iodine). 
 
 Potassium bromide, nerve sedative : Horse i oz ; ass 2-4 drs ; sheep 2 
 drs ; swine 1 dr ; dog 20 grs. 
 
 Potassium cyanide, sedative, antispasmodic : Horse 1-2 grs ; ox 2 grs ; 
 ass 1-2 grs ; sheep -J gr ; dog i-| gr. 
 
 Prunus Virginiana (wild cherry). 
 
 Prussic acid, sedative, antispasmodic : Horse 20-30 drops ; ox 30-4(t 
 drops ; ass 15-20 drops: sheep 5-8 drops ; swine 6 drops ; dog 1-3 drops. 
 
 Pumpkin seeds, vemiifuge, taeniafuge : Dog i oz. 
 
 QuiNiA, SULPHATE, bitter tonic : Horse 20 grs ; ox 20-30 grs ; ass 16-20 
 grs ; sheep 6-10 grs ; swine 5-10 grs ; dog 2-6 grs. 
 
 Rhubarb, laxative, tonic : Horse 1 oz ; ox 2 oz ; ass 1 oz ; 'sheep 1 dr ; 
 dog 20 grs. 
 
 REsiNi diuretic '• Horse 4-6 drs ; ox 4-1 0JB5 ass 4-6 drs ; dieep 2-4 drs ■ 
 swine 2 dr« ; dog ?0-80 gi-s. 
 
 ox 3 drs ; 
 
 ass 2 drs ; 
 
 ass 1 dr : 
 
DRUGS AND DOSES. 
 
 401 
 
 Horse 1-2 o« ; ass 1 oz : sheep 2-6 
 Horse 4-6 drs ; ox 4-8 drs ; asa 
 
 Soap, diuretic, antacid, laxative 
 drs ; swine 2-4 dia ; dog 20-60 grs. 
 
 Soda, bicarbonate, antacid, diuretic 
 4 drs ; sheep 1-2 drs ; dog 5-30 grs. 
 
 Soda, sulphite, bisulphite, hyposulphite, antiseptic, disinfectant, 
 alterative, relieves tympany : Horse 1 oz ; ox 2-3 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 2-6 
 drs ; swine 2-4 drs : dog 20-60 grs. 
 
 Soda sulphate (glauber salts), purgative : Horse 1-li lbs : ox 1-2 
 lbs ; ass i-1 lb ; sheep 6 oz. 
 
 Sodium, chloride (common salt), tonic, vermifuge, purgative : Horse 
 1-3 oz ; ox 2-4 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 2-4 drs ; swine 1-3 drs ; dog 10-30 grs 
 
 ass 4 
 
 Horse -J-l oz 
 
 ass 20-80 grs 
 
 0x6-8 
 
 Santonin, wormseed, semen contra, vermifuge 
 drs ; shetip 2-4 drs ; swine 1-3 drs ; dog 10-60 grs. 
 
 Squill, diuretic, expectorant : Horse -J dr ; ox i-1 dr 
 sheep 10-15 grs ; dog 1-5 grs. 
 
 Silver, nitrate (lunar caustic), nerve tonic : Horse 5 grs 
 grs ; ass 2-4 grs ; sheep 1-2 grs ; dog J-^ gr. « 
 
 Spanish flies (cantharides). 
 
 Spioeli A, vermifuge : Horse ^-1 oz ; ox 1-2 oz ; ass i-1 oz ; sheep 2-4 
 drs ; swine 2-8 drs ; dog 1 dr. 
 
 Strychnia, nerve tonic : Horse 1-2 gm ; ox 1-3 grs ; ass 1 gr ; sheep 
 i-1 gr ; swina J gr ; dog 1-40 l-lO gr. 
 
 Sulphur, expectorant, diaphoretic : Horse 3-4 oz ; ox 5-6 oz ; ass 3 oz ; 
 sheep 2 oz ; swiue 14-2 oz ; dog 2-8 drs. Laxative, alterative : Horse 1 
 o« ; ox 1-2 oz ; ass 1 oz ; sheep 6 drs ; swine 4-6 drs ; dog ^-1 dr. Paras- 
 iticide. 
 
 Sweet spirits ok nitre, spirit of nitrous ether, stimulant, anti- 
 spasmodic, diuretic, diaphoretic: Horse 1-2 oz ; ox 8-4 oz : ass 1 oz ; sheen 
 8-6 drs ; dog 4-2 drs. ' 
 
 Stramonium, narcotic, sedative : Horse 20-30 grs ; 
 15-SO grs ; sheep 5-10 grs ; .swine 4-6 grs ; dog 2 grs. 
 
 Sulphuric acid, tonic, refrigerant, caustic : Horse 1 
 ass 1 dr; sheep 4 dr; .swine 20 drops; dog 5-10 drops. 
 
 Tobacco, sedative, antispasmodic, vermifuge : Horse 4 
 ass 4 drs ; sheep 1 dr ; swiue i dr ; dog 5-6 grs. 
 
 Tar, expectorant, antiseptic : Horse J-1 oz ; ox ^-2 oz 
 
 Turpentine oil, stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic 
 
 ; ox 1-1 dr 
 
 dr ; ox 2-4 drs 
 drs ; ox 4-6 drs 
 
 ass 
 
 I-I4 oz ; ass ^ oz ; sheep 1-2 drs 
 
 ox 2-3 oz ; ass 1-2 
 
 oz 
 
 swine 1 dr 
 sheej) 4 drs 
 
 sheep 4 oz. 
 Horse 1-2 oz 
 
 ox 
 
 dog i dr. Vermifuge 
 swine 2-3 drs ; dog 1-2 
 
 Horse 2 oz 
 dn. 
 
 Valerian, diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, vermifuge : Horse 2 oz • 
 ox 2-4 oz ; ass 2 oz ; sheep i oz ; swine 2-3 drs ; dog 1-2 drs. ' 
 
 Valerianate of iron, nerve tonic : Dog 4-5 drs. 
 
 Veratrum, sedative ; Horse 1 so/ ; ox ^-I dr ; aBs i-1 scr ; sheep 5-10 
 ^rs ; swine 5-8 grs ; dog 2 grs. 
 
 Wild cherry bark, expectorant: Horse 1 oz; ox li oz ; ass oz • 
 sheep 3 dr.s ; dog 30 grs. ' 
 
 Zinc carbonate, astringent, tonic : Horse 2 di-s ; ox 2-4 
 drs ; sheep 4-1 dr ; swine h dr ; dog 10-15 grs. 
 
 Zinc, sulphate, astringent, tonic : Horse 1-2 drs ; ox 2-3 
 dr ; sheep 15-30 grs ; swine 10-20 gra ; ; 2-?. grs. Emetic 
 grs to 1 dr ; dog 8-15 grs. 
 
 drs 
 
 ass 2 
 
 drs ; ass 1 
 : Hwine H 
 
402 THE farmer's VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 BLISTERING, ETC. 
 
 As an example of a simple bliste for the horse, the 
 following may be given : 
 
 Powdered Cantharides - - 2 drs. 
 
 Camphor - _ - . 5 grs. 
 
 Oil of Lavender - - - 10 drops. 
 
 Lard i oz. 
 
 Mix thoroughly. When applying it, first cut the hair 
 from the part, then rub the ointment well in with the 
 palm of the hand and against the direction of the hair, 
 for four or five minutes. The animal should be tied 
 short to a, high rack or otherwise prevented from reach- 
 ing the blistered surface with his lips until it is well 
 raised. Then the application may be washed off with 
 soap suds and the part smeared daily with lard. The 
 blister should not be repeated until the effects of the 
 first have passed off. 
 
 For cattle, yi oz. oil of turpentine or 10 grs. tartar 
 emetic may be added to the above blister. For pigs, 
 cantharides and turpentine may be used alone, I of the 
 former to 4 of the latter. For dogs and sheep, equal 
 parts of strong aqua ammonia and olive oil may be used 
 and rubbed in as often as may seem requisite. 
 
» 
 
TRA 
 
 Preiiidic 
 original. ' 
 the horse fo 
 up. To aa.y 
 
 In treat 
 culties un( 
 that we ai 
 having ma 
 ways of th 
 cry "hum 
 We are al 
 many intel 
 whose biisi 
 arising fror 
 quent dami 
 men or unc 
 
 •Prof. Boc 
 yet tried, wa 
 the pubh'c wi 
 private schoc 
 For a few lea 
 exacted a pro 
 he wrote out 
 first time, to 
 which he chai 
 VcUriiUirjf A 
 
 2i 
 
'f 
 
 EDUCATION 
 
 AND 
 
 TRAINING OF THE HORSE 
 
 BT 
 
 Prof. A. H. ROCKWELL* 
 
 CHAPTER XXL 
 
 Preindice against "horse trainers." This •vstem of -,1n«-«« v 
 origmal Tried and found to be valuabi iSwrfl fiSf T^ ^"T 
 the horse fo low yon. To add stvl« T« f«o^ if- i ," .^ ^® ™*^« 
 
 In treating upon this subject we are well aware of the diffi- 
 
 that we are quite apt to excite the prejudices of men who 
 having managed horses to a considerable extent, anT havfnJ 
 cT'humbT.''l" with which they are satiafied arriike,;"^ 
 cry humbug to any idea which to them is new and straLe 
 We are a^so aware that there already exists in thTmlnds rf 
 many mt^ l,gent persons a settled opposition to all profSnaJs 
 whose business is pretending to improve the Horse-an opZiS 
 ammg from the many failures among that class, and the conse 
 quent damage done to their animals by being handled by such 
 men or under their instructions. We have no reason to expect 
 
 he wrote out his system of Horse Education, and we a e now ile lo/S^ 
 first tirae, to (^ve it to the public {with all its secrete and m.-Jl' ^^^ 
 which he charged «10) free with each copy of SJ'tH n^l^> ^ij^ 
 
 r sieramrjf Adviser." ""~ '"'^/tcr* 
 
 25 Uoi^ 
 
 Mi. il 
 
 lii II 
 
404 
 
 THE FARMER S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 that we can obliterate these prejudices entire! j' ; hut we hav» 
 faith to believe that if we are given a careful hearing, and our 
 advice put into practice, we shall do much to improve the opin- 
 ions of the people upon the subject of the '^Education of the 
 Horse." We do not expect to improve their opinion of " Hoi-se- 
 Taming." It may be of some service, but, in common with 
 thousands of others, we fail to see it. The distinction betwewi 
 taming and educating is clear and positive, and can not be gain- 
 sayed by even the most careless observer. We think we have 
 made this sulfif^iently clear, but desire to impress the point, as 
 it is on account of the " Horse- T'amera" that the existing pre- 
 judiees have mainly arisen. 
 
 We have devoted our lives to the investigation and study of 
 this subject, and whether our efforts have been of any value to 
 the public or not, we are certain of having had a very extensive 
 experience with horses. We do not by any means claim to be 
 infallible, but we speak of this to satisfy the public that ours is 
 no system picked up in a day, but that it is the result of inces- 
 sant lab&f for yearn. Of one thing we ca7i assure the public, 
 that, whether the ideas we advance are original with ourselves, 
 or whether they are ideas of others adapted to our system, 
 neither are recommended without first having been put thorough- 
 ly to the test by actual personal experience. We advise no plan 
 which we have not successfully tried, and found to be valuable. 
 
 There is a certain moral responsibility resting upon the author 
 of works of this nature, which is embarrassing to a high degree. 
 The rules which he sets forth are sometimes deviated from with- 
 out the knowledge of the operator himself — either from his not 
 clearly understanding the meaning, or from his having too loose- 
 ly scanned the printed instructions — and the desired result is 
 not reached. This leads to a distrust of the system. Occasion- 
 ally, too, circumstances may arise in the handling of the horse 
 which no foresight could have provided against, and if the 
 operator does not find in the book a remedy for his difficulty he 
 lays it asi 1p in disgust. Nevertheless we submit our work, con- 
 fident of being able to be of some public service. 
 
 In the education of the pleasure-horse there are many points ' f 
 value to which allusion might be made, which the limits of thiS 
 work will not permit. We shall, however, touch upon those of 
 the most importance in every-day use. Bear in mind that, to 
 make the lessons which we are about to give effectual, it will be 
 necessary to give one or two lessons each day, for a few days, 
 imtil the Labi- «tf obedience is ccifirmed. Before proceeding 
 
 icdii irom t 
 
THE ROCKWE/X BRIDLE. 405 
 
 The Rockwell Bridle and How to M\kw it tk;= 
 
 tno rings of the bit m a vice, and press it flat-wise until a rin^ 
 of the same size will slip over and on the hit tjH ", -""^ 
 
 tie one end to the near-side ring of the bit ms« Vh. ^,u^ J 
 under the jaw through the o/side riL of fhe b,> th K '"'^ 
 
 upon the rope you wTnereeiye that^'l.» ?°^' "" ^°'' '.'^ ™ 
 ring, which 'are'attachedrratp otrThe'nL and'n'r 
 
 fn^f^Ti^^^^'' '^^'^ ^^^^= '^'^ ^oi^r^ow You.— To cause him 
 «« «om u,a i.».d,giye him a few .hort quiet kde^ili't^ 
 
 A 
 
4o6 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 the right and left, then taking quickly hold of the rope farthtsi 
 toward the end, as you step back say decidedly, " Come h«M 
 sir !" If he comes forward, caress him ; if he does not come, 
 give him a pull with a sideways tendency, and repeat the at- 
 tempt to have him come forward, until he does come ; then start 
 off either to the right or left, with the rope slackened ; if he 
 does not follow you, give him more pulls sideways and try him 
 again. With an ordinary horse, you can teach the lesson in teu 
 minutes, so as to be followed by him when you are near the 
 head. Step partially behind him, lay the rope along his back, 
 and say, " Come here sir !" He will not be likely to do it, he- 
 cause he has only been taught to go forward at the words. To 
 teach him to follow you in this direction, you will then chirrup 
 to start him, repeating the words. If he comes, caress him ; if 
 he does not come, or moves in the wrong direction, pull upon 
 the " Bridle," caressing him as he obeys. The same rule will 
 apply to any direction in which you wish him to follow you. 
 It is qu^to necessary to teach the horse this habit, as it is the 
 foundation of many others, and is one of the most valuable 
 which the horse can posesss. 
 
 To teach him, for your amusement, to follow you when en- 
 tirely loose, put on the near fore-foot the long foot-strap, »nd 
 place on him a girth; pass the strap under the girth, and, holding 
 the end in your hand, step away from him ; then step toward 
 him, and if he attempts to step away from you, pull up on the 
 strap and say, " Whoa !" If he stops, step up and caress him ; 
 repeat until he will allow you to step up to him without moving 
 away. Now take a short blunt whip in your right hand, and 
 the strap in your left, standing by his side ; pass your right arm 
 over the withers and gently touch him on the ofF-side of the 
 head ; if he starts to move off, pull on the strap and say, 
 " Whoa !" When he turns his head, caress him, gradually with 
 the whip forcing him to turn his head around toward you ; when 
 he will do this every time you put the whip over, you may re- 
 move the foot-strap, and practice him in the lesson until he will 
 come to you every time you lay the whip across his neck ; then 
 put on the foot-strap again, put your whip in the same position, 
 and hit him in the same place quite hard, at the same time 
 saying, " Come here, sir !" After a little he will be very prompt ; 
 then place him in a comer and step off at a distance of eight or 
 ten feet and say, " Come here, sir !" If he comes caress him ; 
 if he does not come, hit him gently on the breast with a long 
 whip 'f he will pefijaf": struggle to get away, sad if 
 
 
HOW TO ADD STYLE TO THE HORSE. 407 
 
 to get out of the corner, pull upon the str^p. When he faces 
 you, step up to him and caress him, placing him back in the 
 comer, and repeat ; if he finally shows a disposition to follow 
 step back claxingly, and when he stops, caress him ; at each 
 further repetition use the words, " Come here,! sir !" at each 
 motion of the whip ; in this way he will soon learn to follow 
 you at the word, if you have a whip in your hand. Don't take 
 him out of doors to practice until he is quite perfect, and then 
 beginning in small yards and alone. 
 
 How TO Add Stile to the Horse.— Take a common three- 
 strand cotton rope, manufactured of as fine material as you can 
 procure, about three-eighths of an inch in diameter, very stron" 
 and about ten feet in length. Tie a knot at each end— an ordi- 
 nary hard knot with the end passed through the tie Ucice instead 
 of once IS proper— slipping it down close to the end. A knot 
 thus tied will not untie ; a single tie is in danger of slipping 
 out. About the middle of the rope tie a common bow-knot 
 not drawing it tight, however ; pass the opposite end through 
 the loop of the bow-knot, barely passing the knot at the end^of 
 the rope through the bow ; then pull the bow out as you would 
 to untie It, drawing the rope through the place occupied by the 
 bow, and then draw the knot tight. You -.vill thereby form a 
 loop at one end of the rope, of the proper size to go over a 
 horse s neck. Standing by the near-side of the horse, near the 
 neck, take the large loop in both hands, pass it over the head 
 and well down on to the neck, the same as a collar is put on. 
 Ihis loop should be of a eize to fit the neck closely, when in 
 that position. Pass the end from front to back through bet' een 
 the rope and the neck ; then place the running loop thus made 
 m the mouth, back of the bridle-teeth, and draw upon the rope 
 rhis will cause the rope to slide through the mouth. Now step 
 in front of him with the rope in your right hand ; give him a 
 gentle pull, raising your hand ; you will observe that this is a 
 powerful and effectual means of checking up the horse By a 
 repetition of this for a few times he will become accustomed to 
 raising his head gracefully at each gentle pull upon the halter 
 and through the control you have acquired over his mouth' 
 W hen you pull up on the lines to drive him, he remembers his 
 lesson, and will need no check-rein to exhibit r le in the head 
 and neck. 
 
 If he is inclined to put out his nose, r,ull down on the bridle, 
 CsregRing him as he yields freely to the pull ; then put on tha 
 
 N 
 
 .i^tS' 
 
408 THE FARMER'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 martinj,'ale8, having them rather short, and drive him thus for a 
 number of weeks. After the habit of curving the neck is formed, 
 then apply the rope, and teach him to hold his head and neck 
 up by the upward pull, leaving off the martingales.* You can as 
 well have a shoioij horse as an awkward one. 
 
 How TO Make THE Horse Lie Down. — Take a short foot-strap, 
 standing on the near-side with your right hand throw it over the 
 back, and with your left hand bring it under and tie it to the 
 near fore-foot ; tie a knot in the bridle-rein on the back of the 
 neck ; with your right hand, pulling over the back, pull up the 
 near fore-foot under him just back of the forelegs; with your 
 left hand hold firmly upon the bridle rein near the head ; if ho 
 attempts to jump, pull him around towards you a few times. He 
 will soon cease his efforts to escape, when you will ease up and 
 caress him, never letting loose, however, while he is struggling 
 to get away ; pull upon the strap as before, and with your left 
 jiand pull upon the bridle rein near the knot on the neck so as 
 to turn his head from you ; then gently but firmly bear down on 
 his back with your right hand until he conies down upon his 
 knees ; shift the left hand so as to pull his head toward you, and 
 crowding against him, hold him firmly until he lies dov/n, caus- 
 ing him to lie down from you ; pull his head well up toward you 
 and step over him ; pass the end of the foot-strap which is in 
 your right hand through the ring of the bridle-bit, and pull the 
 head up and over, and hold it. He cannot get up while in this 
 position. Hold him thus a short time, and pulling the strap out 
 of the bridle-bit, and stepping away say, ** Get up ! " and crack 
 a whip or chirrup. This process does not injure the knees, and 
 after a few times repeated he will lie down readily ; then pull up 
 the foot with the strap as before, and whip liim across the knees 
 until he kneels and lies down. Practice with this will accustom 
 him to lie down at the motion of the whip. 
 
 How TO Educate the Horse to Sit Up. — When the horse is 
 lying down, as in the previous illustration, take a long foot-p^rap, 
 and passing the centre of it over his neck, bring the end bet\vcen 
 his fore-legs, and pulling him flat on his side, fetch his hind-legs 
 well up under him, and tie them with the end of the foot-strap, 
 then saying " Sit up ! " as he attempts to rise, use all your 
 strength in pushing back on the bridle. He will come into a 
 sitting posture. This repeated sufficiently often will teach him 
 to sit up in the same manner, without the use of. the strap, at the 
 word of comm'-iuda 
 
 
ink 
 
 TO TEACH A HORSE TO BOW AND KISS YOU. 409 
 
 How TO Make a Horsr Sat No.— Stand by your horse near 
 the shoulder, holding a pin in your hand, with which prick him 
 lightly on the withers, and to drive away which he will shake 
 his head. Then caress him, and repeat until he will shake his 
 head at the motion of your hand toward his withers. 
 
 How TO Teach a House to Bow and Kiss You.— Stand as 
 before, and with a pin in your fingers prick him lightly in the 
 breast, as if a fly was biting him. He will bring down his head 
 to relieve himself of the supposed bite. You will caress him 
 and repeat. If he looks or acts cross, scold him. He will soon 
 nod each time you put your hand toward his breast. Now place 
 an apple, or some dainty for the horse, upon your cheek, and 
 holding It toward him, say, " Kiss me." He will take the apple 
 from your face. Repeated, he will put forth his mouth when 
 you turn your cheek toward him and say, " Kiss me." You 
 may, when the lessons are perfect, say to the horse, " Will you 
 kiss me ? " and cause him to bow ; then turning your cheek and 
 saymg, " Kiss me ! " he will kiss you. 
 
PROF. ROCKWELL'S SYSTEM OF BREAKING UP BAD 
 HABITS AND VICES OF THE HORSE. 
 
 CHAPTER XXII 
 
 The mouth the controling influence. The " bridle" a powerful influ- 
 ence. The oveidittw check. To break a horse from kicking while hampsa- 
 ing, grooming or shoeing. Balking. Pulling at halter. Bridle pulling. 
 Bad to back. * * 
 
 Having already made sufficient allusions to explain our theory 
 and \ oactice, with the reasons therefor, we proceed to our les- 
 sons upon tlie habits of the horse. In these there is frequently 
 u.so for the •* Eockwell Bridle," and as it would occupy too 
 much space at each allusion thereto to give the manner of its use, 
 wo refer the reader to the explanations under its proper heading. 
 
 "We here take occasion to allude to a fact in connection with 
 the use of this " Bridle," which if properly understood and ap- 
 preciated will be valuable to the operator. The seat of the 
 main means for exercising a controlling influence over the horse 
 is the mouth. Get a governable mouth, and your mastery over 
 the animal is more than half accomplished. All horses with 
 bad habits have bad mouths, and you must give a practical force 
 to the theory that it is the mouth to which you are to apply 
 your governing forces, before you have succeeded in gaining a 
 right to ask the horse to obey your will. Having governed, we 
 may then proceed to teach, but not till then. Eemember that 
 for every habit there must be a separate application, and while 
 this " Bridle " (which is so effective in controlling the mouth) 
 is used in only one way, there are as many different meanings to 
 be attached to its use as there are different habits to be cured, 
 or lessons to be taught. Its use, therefore, prepares the mouth 
 and head for the common bridle to carry into effect what is so 
 well begun, and to give practice until the bad habit is broken 
 up or the desired new one rendered permanent. The " Bridle," 
 to accomplish so much good, must of course be a powerful 
 instrument, and caution must be observed not to use it to such 
 an excess as to excite the animal to anger. The overdraw check 
 is another implement which we find very serviceable in connec 
 tion with breaking up the bad habits of the horse, 
 
 (410) 
 
THE OVERDRAWN CHECK. 4,, 
 
 Tun Overdraw Cnsoi akd How to Maii, Tt xi.„ 
 l.on,e8 are addicted to the habit of carrviM a Wk JT'~. • '' 
 
 the head up and ,low„, curving the „7r/„ "aa tintelre 3 
 tZ^l^ "■"'' """""'"i "PWly, etc., for remed; „rwh cJ 
 there are many resorts ; but the rea<lie»t and most handv one to 
 
 n.^ZtZj^o'L ch ck "wrwm'"cL'''^""" ',<• "'''"'" *• 
 that ,„u pnt a common ctectto" CfZ^ l„Tt"f 
 
 : ra^dtutTaf h""«' ""," "P °- '"rfaceTtw^enlh: 
 ears, and let it hang down on the offside of the neck to Ihl 
 
 place where the gag-runner should come; tie a simil r atr L to 
 J^rr^^r^rh-fa^'dtw-^rn^S^^ 
 
 to wear i Take a strap about m inch wide, the iVnath of the 
 
 as the Pomt where the strings crossed, leave a half inch then 
 slit the leather the rest of its length. Attach a buckle to each 
 of the shorter ends, and form a gag-runner on ^aX nf Tu 
 onger ends rounding the leathers. Vu We your shortef enS^ 
 to your check-bit. Take yen head-stall, andean nch each wav 
 from the centre on the top of the head place a bop : put a wl 
 
 rhpnk''Tr '/^^ r' '^'' '^"^^^ '^"•^« -f the ^" Overdraw 
 Check through the loops on top of the head-stall: then a Ich 
 an ordinary check-rem with buckles on both si<les, to the che'k 
 
 "O / Pa«\^V»'?^^ *^« sag-runners on the end of the 
 'Overdraw Check" (instead of those usually belondl to the 
 head-stall) ; just before the point wiiere the cLck-2s fo n f ! 
 check-hook, fasten the check-rein together w a riv"t ''so t^a 
 
 cWkl°t'^P°' ^''Tr" '^^ *'^«k ^^d forth Ihiughfhe 
 check-hook Care should be exercised to have the check r^in 
 properly tighten.]. This will have a tendency to throwTe 
 nose ou , giving the horse breath and a graceful carriage The 
 teSi ' '""^'^ '" '" '''^ ^^' -dditiond ta the 
 
 To Break a Horse prom Kicking in Single Harnes<? 
 Take the " Eockwell Bridle," and give him a fZ^g^Z 
 V^dl, to fix his attention upon your movements. hS/ h fif 
 
412 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 sufficiently in this manner to cause hira to follow you, hack, 
 stop, stand, etc., as per previous instructions; in other words, 
 exarcise him until you gain perfect submission,, and get a good 
 control of the mouth. Having this accomplished, you may har- 
 ness him, and place upon him one of " Rockwell's Hafety Lines" 
 which is made as follows : — Take a common blind bridle, with 
 a double ring-bit, instead of the ordinary bit. Attach to the 
 loose rings the " Overdraw Check." the round portion of the 
 check-rein 1;o pass through the gag-runners of the " Overdraw," 
 the flat portion which usually belongs in the check-hook to be 
 only about a foot in length, so that the check-rein will lie upon 
 the curve of the neck ; the loop which is made on the check- 
 rein of the " Overdraw," by rivetting the flat strap together at 
 the centre, to bo one inch from the centre to the off-side. To 
 this loop attach a common driving-line ; pass it through the 
 bridle-bit from the outside, and pass them up through the gag- 
 runners (if the gag-runners are not quite strong, supply their 
 place by fastening a strap i.bout one foot long, with a ring in 
 each erid, to the head-stall, over the head) ; then pass them 
 through the terrets with the reins, and thence through a ring 
 fastened on the back-strap just back of the hips, fastened strongly 
 and so that it will not slip forward, seeing that the crouper and 
 back-strap are strong ; now hitch him to a dray or job-waggon, 
 and tie the emis of the rope firmly to the thills, pulling it snug 
 enough to check the head up as high as he can conveniently 
 carry it and travel. Take up the lines and drive him carefully 
 the first few times. The habit being now probably broken up, 
 you must practice him until he is safe, and he will then be 
 ready to hitch up to a light carriage. 
 
 Ktckers in Double Harnkss.— The best method for double 
 kickers is to use the "safety-line" as described with single- 
 kickers. Another plan is to use the same means to gain sub- 
 mission which are described in alluding to kickers in single 
 harness. Then put on a harness, and add to your common 
 head-stall the " overdraw check." Instead of passing the dnv- 
 ing-lines through the martingales, pass them through the " over- 
 draw" gag-runners, and thence through the terrets. Have a 
 strap attached to the bit, and have a person go ahead of the 
 horse about ten feet, with the strap loose, until the horse 
 attempts to turn, when he will pull up on him. You take the 
 lines which pass through the "overdraw" gag-runners, and, 
 standing behiud tii« box jO, stai't him up ; thuu jerk upon the 
 
KICKERS IN DOUBLE HARNESS. , " 4,3 
 
 lines, saying, « Whoa ! " and stop him ; then savintr « r .f , » 
 you wiU start him again and renpaMha^! i' ^l \ ^^^ "P • 
 
 cient, when yot wUl XV w?,! 'f»™« -i" Probably b„ suffi. 
 the head, betw.on the " overdrr cLc^^ wt f \'^ ^^ 
 
 . girth and mdeAhe bodrpal tur fc? %r° " °?' 
 hips and down the hind-lei 'andWvL f ''""•H^ "P™ *" 
 around each; tie a rope orrt™ to th» " ■" •"* '^ ""« °" 
 the puUy or 'ring at Z end o? th^h^Yte "S?'' tT« ", '^'""^^ 
 the bridle and start him alon' W. tn ,. vV",'°' "P °" 
 flonnceeonsiderably, whm y„7n,usU,„dh,-rfi '*''•'' ^'f- ""'^ 
 as he becomes quiet canis l.TJ! . j ^ "™'y- ^» ^o"" 
 I.ad him along, IdVu ^^ S; X', :rw\ttm''r Slf ' 
 
 feed and has but little amhif.mn fJ. 
 
 ^>,^^ „„^ „^5, ^J^^^^ iuue a 
 
 themseivea aiterward when he is in h 
 
 •y may develop 
 
 igh feed aud fine spirits, 
 
 II 
 
 ii ii 
 
 1 
 
 n: 
 
 i. 
 
4I4 THE farmer's veterinary ADVISER. 
 
 There are other methods of accomplishing the same ends 
 which we have used, but those we mention we consider the best. 
 Among those we have discarded is one of putting a strap around 
 the neck, and attaching the strap from the hind legs to that, 
 instead of a halter. We are informed that some person is lately 
 pretending to have a patent upon this plan ; but we used it 
 years ago, until we had learned better modes. 
 
 KiCKBBS WHILE Harnessino. — Put Oil a ** Eockwell Bridle," 
 and give him a few sharp pulls, and, standing by his shoulder, 
 draw it up vei-y tight, tying it with a half-hitch. Under all 
 circumstances keep hold of the end of the " bridle " when it is 
 thus tied, to be enabled at any moment to pull out the tie if 
 occasion requires. In this position you need not fear his kick- 
 ing. Put on the harness quidtly, being particular in handling 
 that portion of the harness in the rear very gently. Few peo- 
 ple understand why a horse kicks while being harnessed. The 
 reason is simply this : he tirst kicked from being hurt by the 
 harness being thrown too heavily upon hiin, or from some other 
 injury or careless movement. Upon kicking he has probably 
 been struck with a pitchfork or some other handy weapon. The 
 horse, as far as he has any idea on the subject, gets the idea 
 that you strike him because he does not kick hard enough, and 
 he tries to satisfy you by kicking with all his might. AVith a 
 motion of our whip we can make our horse Tiger kick without 
 fail, because we have taught him this. It is teaching the same 
 thing to the horse when you strike him, and he soon learns his 
 lesson so well that he will kick at the motion of taking up the 
 harness. He has learned to associate the harness with injury 
 to himself, and he supposes kicking is what you want ; conse- 
 quently, the harder you strike the harder he will kick To 
 teach him a different lesson, you must place him in a position 
 where he cannot kick, and proceed to handle him gently. Now 
 ease up on the rope and caress him. If he is so bad that the 
 feeling of the harness then induces him to kick, before he can 
 do so, if possible, pull up sharply upon the " Bridle." A f ( w 
 quick pulls will divert his attention to his mouth, and he will 
 begin to find that nothing hurts him in the rear, and he will 
 Rtop trying to kick. Loosen upon the rope and lead him around ; 
 perhaps half an hour may be necessary before he becomes per- 
 tectly reconciled ; then remove the harness. Put on the 
 " Bridle " every time you harness or unharness him for the first 
 lew days. You will perceive a manifest improvemeat by 
 
 
TO BREAK A HORSE FROM KICKING. 415 
 
 time and you may now give practice to the lesson by putting 
 on the head-staU first when harnessing, hooking the check-rein 
 into the check-hook before putting oh the harness ; then, if he 
 shows signs of kicking, you will gently pull on the check, 
 which, reminding him of the " Rockwell Bridle," will cause 
 him to hold up his head and forget his other troubles ; as you 
 gently put the harness on the back and proceed to buckle the 
 crouper, you have the same control by means of the back- 
 strap. Keep this up until you are satisfied of there being no 
 tarther need of this precaution, being watchful in putting him 
 into the thills, etc., that he is not hit hard or unnecessarily 
 excited. Save him very carefully groomed and handled. A 
 horse that is not a very bad kicker will probably be broke with 
 much less trouble than we have alluded to— the lesson we give 
 m this, as well as other cases, being adapted to the worst ones. 
 
 To Break a Horsk prom Kiokinq while Grooming.— A 
 patient and careful man is best calculated to cause a change of 
 this habit. The horse with this habit is always afflicted with 
 too much nervousness, augmented frequently by heedless hand- 
 ling. Put on the "Eockwell Bridle," and treat him the same 
 as the 'kickers while harnessing," drawing it up tight and 
 tying. Then take a currycomb and commence currying him 
 upon the neck, gradually approaching the places where he is 
 tender, when you will very softly and gently pass the curry- 
 comb over the places. Ee wiU not be able to kick, and will 
 stand tolerably still. After two or three timesj currying you 
 may proceed without the "Bridle" being drawn up tight, but 
 as you approach the tender places give him a slight pull, having 
 the end of the rope held in your hand for that purpose, and 
 each time he cringes or shows signs of kicking, pull up suffi- 
 ciently to attract his attention to the head, and curry with a 
 lighter hand. Convincing him that he is not to be hurt soon 
 allays his nervous fears, and he will yield to your control. If 
 the habit is just being formed, apparently pay no attention to 
 the horses movements, but be sure that your currycomb does 
 not hurt him. 
 
 To Curb a IIorse prom Kiokino and Striking Whim 
 Shoeing.- -The blacksmith should always use every precaution 
 necessary to protect his life while shoeing strange horses, 
 and if there are any signs of viciousness, should at ov.o.p take 
 iteps for his own protection, proceeding according to instruc- 
 
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4i6 
 
 THE farmer's veterinary adviser. 
 
 tioiis in the followirij:; lesson, as far as his judgment wama 
 him is necessary. The rules we give are to apply to the 
 worst and most vicious animals. Take hold of the halter- 
 stale within a foot or two of the head ; with yourleft hand 
 pull his head toward you on the near-side, and, by a rapid 
 motion with your right, catch firndy hold of the tail, and 
 instantly comnionco whirling him around, pulling the head 
 toward you. Whirl him three or four times around and stop, 
 stepping quickly up to the head ; before he has had time to 
 got over his confusion and dizziness, repeat the whirling opera- 
 tion, and while he is still laboring under the eflects of the 
 whirl, strap up his near fore-leg ; put on the " Rockwell Bridle," 
 and step out in front of him. There is no danger now of him 
 striking you. Use him sharply with the " Bridle," pulling 
 earnestly and vigorously to and fro, and leading him around on 
 three legs, until you are confident that you have completely dis- 
 couraged liiin. So(! that the cord is well down on the neck, and 
 draw up tightly on the rope and tie with a half-hitch. Never 
 keep the head tied down in this manner more than two or three 
 minutes at a time. If you are not through, loosen up and tie 
 again. Take a hammer and strike a few times upon the foot 
 which is strapped up, at the same time handling it. When he 
 grows quiet lot down the foot and take up the off fore-foot, by 
 throwing the webbing over the neck, tying it, and drawing up ; 
 then hammer that foot in the same manner until he allows you 
 to hold it without trying to get away, then let it down. This 
 will do for horses which strike while being shod forward, pro- 
 vided, the "bridle" is kept drawn tight. For kickers, an addi- 
 tional" precaution is required. Take the " short foot-strap," tie 
 it around the near hind leg, about six inches above the fetlock 
 (where the blacksmith usually takes hold of the leg), with a 
 slip-noose knot. Take a short hold with the left hand upon the 
 " bridle," loosen it, and, with the right hand upon the foot-strap, 
 pull him around two or three times. Have some other person 
 hold him now by the head, and step back and pull upon the foot- 
 strap, backward, sideways, etc, In an experience, during our 
 travels, with thousands of vicious horses, we found but_ three 
 horses which the above plan did not bring to perfect submission. 
 Those were brought to terms by taking the " long foot-strap," 
 tying it around the neck with a slip-noose knot (placing it well 
 down on the neck), passing it between the fore-legs, bringing it 
 around the near hind-leg just above the hock, and passing it 
 through the portion around the neck. This prevents the rope 
 
KICKING ON ATTEMPTS TO ENTER STALL. 417 
 
 tightening around tho neck, and gives you a means of holdin- 
 the hmd-leg which will prove perfectly convincing to the horse 
 that he 18 over-nmtched. Pull up on the hind-leg with one 
 hand and on the " Eockwell Bridle " with the other. If time is 
 important you will find it advisable to shoe him while thus 
 lield which can be done with a little inconvenience, changing 
 the strap as you change legs. Every time you do this without 
 hurting him goes to help cure him, which cannot, however be 
 done m less than five or six days. These same rules will apply 
 to mules, though mules are controlled easier. 
 
 TaS^f hf " r Attempts TO Enter STALL.-Use a stout halter. 
 Take the "Rockwell Bridle," placed on as usual, except that the 
 rope should, in this case, be tied on the o/iside ring of the bit 
 and passed through the ?iear-8[de ring, and without being thrown 
 over the neck. Lead him into as wide a stall as convenient, tie 
 the halter-stale rather long, and as you come out draw sliohtlv 
 upon the rope of the - Rockwell Bridle," bringing the end out 
 witli you, and hanging it in some handy place. When you have 
 occasion to enter or go near the stall, take hold of the end of the 
 rope, and If the horse kicks and squeals, pull upon the rope, 
 being careful not to pull too hard. This will have the effect to 
 make him stop kicking. In a short time he will have learned 
 that to kick is to be brouglit up by the rope, and he will cease 
 altogether. After having pulled and entered the stall, remember 
 and caress him, impressing upon him that he is not to be hurt bv 
 your entrance You will thus not only teach him better man- 
 ners but win his confidence. JS^ever strike or shout at a horse 
 while you are entering the stall. 
 
 Balking IX Double Harness.— Apply the " Rockwell Bridle " 
 trequently for about two days, using it vigorously. After the 
 hrst day put the rope up over the top of his head. In pullinrr 
 him to and fro you need not be very gentle ; on the contrary, be 
 severe after each side-pull pulling him straight ahead, impressing 
 upon him that he must move along whenever .nything presses 
 upon the head and mouth. He must be kept in ignorance of his 
 ability to resist after you once commence breaking him of the 
 habit. Start with him, and when half through neglect him, and 
 let him balk again, and you lose nearly all the ground gained 
 You must theretore be sure that you ccm do what you try and 
 be certain that you do accomplish every movement which you 
 Bauertako. Isow, if the horse shows signs of being aiu'r^- Vu 
 
 13 
 
4i8 
 
 THE F^'.i.MKR'S VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 on the " Rockwell Bridle " with the rope. Tie a knot in the end 
 of the tail ; part the hairs above the knot, and pa.^s tl\e rope of 
 the " Rockwell Bridle " through the opening, pulling it up until 
 it draws the head pretty v/ell around, and tie it with a half-hitch. 
 Then with a whip start him around, and as he whirls hit him 
 first over the face with your hand, then with the whip around 
 the legs, until he has whirled about three times around, then 
 catch hold of the end of the rope and untie it. Do not let him 
 whirl too much, or he will become so dizzy as to fall. This is a 
 powerful controlling influence of itself, and in our hands has fre- 
 quently been sufficient of itself to break balky horses. Now, 
 take hold of the bridle and lead him along. This will suffice for 
 this lesson, repeating it, however, frequently each day for three 
 or four days. He is then ready to hitch up in harness. Place 
 the balky horse on the off-side (if on the near side, of course 
 reverse the whole operation). Take a soft, stout half-inch rope, 
 about six feet in length ; tie a small loop, just large enough to 
 slip on the under jaw at one end of the rope ; put the loop on 
 the horse'^ jaw (regardless of his tongue) ; pass the rope up the 
 off-side of the neck, close to his ears, over and down the near 
 side, through the loop on the jaw. Tie a strap from the harae- 
 ring on one horse to the hame-ring on the other. Take a stiff, 
 stout pole, and eighteen inches from one end tie it firmly to the 
 inside end of the true horse's single-tree ; lay it across the strap 
 running from hame to hame ; tie a strap from the true horse's 
 shoulder to the pole, so that the pole cannot get more than half- 
 way over to the balky horse ; have the pole project a little be- 
 yond the horse's mouth, and tie the rope to the end of the pole, 
 leaving only just sufficient slack on the rope to allow the horse 
 to travel without interference from it while in his place. You 
 will see that as you now attempt to drive, if the horse balks, the 
 true horse will, in pulling his single-tree forward, pull with the 
 end of the pole upon the rope, and remind the balky one that he 
 mitst move ; the strap from the shoulder of the near horse to the 
 pole will prevent a side drrft, and the eighteen inches projecting 
 over at the rear end will, as the true horse pulls up, slide along 
 the double-tree, and keep the weight of the pole fiom pressing 
 the single-tree down. A few times practising with this will re- 
 move all desire to balk. You may work the team with this pole 
 on, never overloading. 
 
 Another good way to start a balker is to tie a stout strap to 
 the inside hind-leg of the balky horse ; bring it over the pole of 
 the waggon, and tie it, moderately tightened, to the true horse's 
 
BALKING IN SINGLE HARNESS. 
 
 419 
 
 ooUar. As the t'-ue horse starts up, and the balky one lags back, 
 the pull upon the leg attracts his attention, and in his struggle 
 to release himself he forgets to balk, and will move forward. 
 
 Balking is Single Harness. — Treat him the same as you 
 treat the kicker in double harness up to the point where you get 
 the horse ready to harness. Put on a single harness and let him 
 stand in the stall with it on an hour or two, and then take it off, 
 repeating when convenient. On the second day, having the har- 
 ness on, buckle it up rather tight ; tie the traces into the breech- 
 irig-rings, drawing them up pretty snugly. This will accustom 
 him to the pressure of the harness, toughening him to bear it, as 
 well as if the pressure was caused by pulling a load. He should 
 stand thus for an hour or two, then take oif the harness. Between 
 the times of his wearing the harness have him wear the colt's 
 bitting bridle, pretty well checked up. Don't be afraid of bitting 
 the balky he 3e too much, nor of handling him too much with the 
 " Eockwell Bridle," provided you do not get theonouth sore. If 
 it gets sore, wait for it to heal. Now put on the harness, buckled 
 up tightly, and the traces tied in with the Bridle, bit and rope 
 attached to the blind bridle, instead of the ordinary bit, the rope 
 lying over the neck ; then take the reins and drive him around, 
 twisting and turning in all directions. If he attempts to balk, 
 throw the reins across the back, and exercise him with the 
 " Eockwell Bridle," and renew the attempt to drive. Do this 
 as long as there are any symptoms of balking. Keep the horse 
 well fed during all the efforts to break him. Now hitch him up 
 to a light waggon, having the harness very loose and loosely 
 checking him ; handle the reins very gently, and drive him 
 slowly and without exciting him, giving him every advantage to 
 go. If he only shows signs of balking, pay no attention to him; 
 but if he does balk, take him out of the waggon, and taking hold 
 of the rc^-e of the " T.ockwell Bridle," make him feel it severely; 
 then put him back in the waggon, and start him along gently. If, 
 in holding him up, he attempts to prance, make him go along at a 
 rapid gait (under all circumstances, when colts or young horses 
 attempt to prance or wish to rush ahead, we always let them go, 
 and they soon find their level). If you wish to match or drive 
 him double, mate with a spirited horse. 
 
 If your horse is a lazy, sleepy balker, he wants treating very 
 differently. Treat him as before, up to the point where you are 
 ready to harness. Instead of harnessing him, we take him when 
 he is in the stall slftenituT. Ivincr. nr BfaTirlinf "nd wifTi a xrar-v 
 
 26 
 
420 
 
 THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 loud, ?Vorp word or yell, hit him one severe hlow with the whip 
 Do not repeat this until you find him when he is entirely unuwart 
 of your presence, when you may do it a<,'ain — doing it as ofteii 
 as opportunities of this sort offer — and whether in or out of har- 
 ness, surprise and starthi him in this way often. This Apparent- 
 ly unnatural xnode of proceeding may be easily explained. The 
 liorse of this kind is not excitable, and balks because his nervous 
 system does not stimulate him to action. By frisjhtening him in 
 the manner spoken of, you soon arouse his nervous sensibilities, 
 and whenever he is spoken to sharply and a blow acc(;mpaniea 
 the word, ho is quite certain to move with alacrity. The object 
 in not repeating the word and blow is, that the second one might 
 anger him, which is not what you want, as that would make him 
 worse, it being impossible to cause him to obey you when he ia 
 maddened by blows. Never strilce a horse while he is balking } 
 and never load a balkv horse heavy. If you cannot afford to 
 give him light loads, trade him off" to some one who ca*i. 
 
 Running Away. — In Double Harness. — Use the " }iockwell 
 Bridle " as in the case of kickers, except that in pulling upon it, 
 after pulling sideways, you pull htckward each time. Grive three 
 or four lessons. If you choose, give them all in one. day, though 
 the longer you continue it the better. The next day hitch him 
 up double, using, instead of the ordinary bit, the double-ring bit, 
 belonging to the " Eockwell Bridle," attaching the " overdraw 
 check " to the loose rings of the bit and the reins to the outer 
 rings, with the long " foot-strap " on. When you start him out 
 of the yard, after he has gone a few steps, pull him up suddenly 
 and say, " Whoa ! " pulling on the foot-strap; drive him on a 
 little ways, and pull him up in the same way, saying " Whoa ! " 
 as if you yourself were frightened ; drive him up to objects which 
 alarm him, or cause noises to be made which excite him, pulling 
 him up, fetching him well back to the waggon. You need not 
 pull up the foot-strap every time. It is used in this case more 
 for a protection than to teach. The teaching is to be mainly 
 done through the mouth. He cannot run if the strap is pulled 
 up ; so you are safe if you are watchful. You may, however, 
 frequently put him on a run and stop him by the foot-strap, pull- 
 ing him back. The " Bridle " should be applied for two or three 
 months, at intervals. You may take off the foot strap after you 
 are satisfied it is safe to do so, though you had better not drive a 
 bad runaway until by means of these sudden stoppings he has 
 become well accustomed to being stopped, and readily yields to 
 
RUNNING AWAY IN SINGLE HARNESS. 421 
 
 the pull and the word. Every few weeks it is well tc, try the 
 foot-strap and use some means to cause him to try and run beinc 
 sure^always to pull up before he can run, to test'lhe fo'e'of Jhe 
 
 In Single Harness.- We advise that the runaway in sinrfe 
 hP .T ', ?^*^' '^ ««"^«"'«"t, be lutched up double, and apply 
 the remedy for runners in double harness for two or three tiZ/ 
 ^>e " Kockwell Lridle " being applied before hitching up a al ' 
 lut on the single harness, using "Rockwell's Safety Lines '*' 
 Drive with the usual driving-lines held in the left hand and the 
 safety-line held in the right hand, and if the horse attempt to 
 run pull upon the " safety-line.' This will effectually stop him 
 and eventually cdre him. While you are on vour guard Tj 
 may excite him to run, and then stop him. You will in this as 
 well as in many other lessons, avoid a bad reputation for you 
 horse by practicing after nightfall or within your own premises 
 It your horse runs away hut once, immediately apply the 
 remedy. It is smful to risk the lives of those who are to r de 
 after l»m. A lit le time and labor is of no account in com- 
 parison with the damage he may do, and a horse which has Tn 
 once no matter from what cause, is likely to run a^ain mid the 
 remedy should be applied to prevent I The pla^n ofi;in. a 
 strap to each hmd-leg above the gambrel, passing it through The 
 girth, was taught by us for years, with tolerable success; but we 
 have abandoned it for the ones we describe, as we have fould 
 them to be far preferable. We are informed that a patent has 
 been taken out for this tying plan ; but the patent is^voTd from 
 lack of originahty, and, in view of the later improvements b^ 
 us, IS comparatively valueless. ^ 
 
 To Teach the Horsk to Stand to Carriage.— Proceed the 
 same as when teaching the colt to stand to be harnessed, usin' 
 the common bridle if it will answer, if not, apply the "Eockwell 
 Bridle. Lead him on to the floor, place him in the position 
 you wi8h him and say " Whoa !" The object of this lesson be n" 
 to teach him the application of the word " whoa "-the most inf- 
 portant word m horsenianship-you will proceed by steppin- 
 
 ' WhiT )T< '°^ '^ ^' '"«"^^' P^^ ^^ b^^'k and rfp^eat! 
 "S«" n„n- "PP'^^^'t^^ t^'ifl« ^^d not heed you, use the 
 Biidle, pulling upon him to warn him to attend to you 
 Practice this unti he will allow you to walk away in any direc 
 .i^a rrx.n^ut muviiig iiiujaeh. Take a whip ht.d crack it slightly. 
 
 ■ ;tl 
 
422 
 
 THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 and if, at this, he moves, put him hack as hefoTe, increasin;:» the 
 cracks of the whip until you accustom him to stand while tho 
 whip is heing flourished. If you are obliged to drive liim while 
 you are trying to break him, do not use the word " whoa," as ho 
 is not yet accuRtomed to minding it, and it will only make mat- 
 ters worse. Shift the position of the horse and repeat the les- 
 son, putting on the harness and leading to places where ho is 
 accustomed to refuse to stand, and teach him to stand iu those 
 pla ea, as well as teaching him to obey the word " whoa," before 
 hitching him to carriage. Then hitch him to a carriage inside a 
 buicding, with the doors closed. Get in and out of the carriage, 
 rat e the thills and shake the carriage, causing him to stand by 
 mea'ns heretofore alluded to. If it appears that the habit is caus- 
 ed oy fear of the carriage behind him, take him out of the thills 
 and lead him around it, allowing him to examine it, and even 
 eat oats out of the measure set in the carriage. Now take him 
 out of doors, and if he renews his attempts to start, take him out 
 of the thills and use tho " liockwell Bridle," fetching him back 
 between the thills, and say, " Whoa !" You will hy this means 
 soon teach him that " whoa " means for him to stop and stand. 
 Repeated, he will stand (piietly until you are ready to give him 
 the signal to start. For the sake of not undoing all you have 
 done, remember the caution heretofore given, to say " whoa" 
 only when you mean him to stop. 
 
 To CURE THE HoRPE FROM Pur,LiNo AT H#t.TER. — Place on him 
 a common halter head-stall. Put on a common girth. Take a 
 half-inch rope about twenty feet long. Pass the centre of this 
 rope under the tail in place of the crouper ; twist the rope over 
 a couple of times ; pass the ends of the rope under the girth, 
 bringing an end up on each side of the neck, and pass the ends 
 through the nose-piece of the head-stall, under the check-pieces, 
 and tie to a stout ring or place, leaving about three feet play of 
 rope. As soon as the horse pulls back, he being tied by the tail 
 to the ring, he pulls upon the tail, and the hurt coming there in- 
 stead of the head, where ho expected it, he starts up, it being 
 natural to go from the hurt. Another plan may be found — in 
 fact, any plan which brings the pull in the rear, either upon the 
 tail or the leg, will do the business. Your ingenuity will devise 
 several ways to accomplish this ; but we consider tying to the 
 tail the safest, as there is no danger attached to it ; and if he is 
 in the habit of pidling nights, this orrangement may be left on 
 without fear of the horse getting tangled in the rope, as there 
 
BKIDLE I'UI.LING.-TO MARK A HORSK RACK. 423 
 vvould be if tied to the leg. Common-sense will show vou that 
 
 tlr/h ''?,' ^"'^ "^^'^^^^^ ^'«*^'*"J consoquentlj no hur 
 
 h« ll? "" iT" ''^' P""'"*-' ^""^ '««« the habit. ^ To nmke 
 the lessons effective, you may cause him to pull by usiiK, such 
 exciting means as are apt to alarm him ^ ^ 
 
 A roucrher and not quite as effectual a way is to place a duIIv 
 down through the rack and feed-box, pulling it tWh the^inJ 
 
 o h'erTnd Th! ' ""' 'T /^1*' ^"^''^ ^«' ^« ^^l*-- At" 
 other end ot the rope, which lies on the floor overhead tie a 
 
 fifty-pound weight. When the horse pulls back the we ht 
 iPio me stall. Ihese rules followed up will cure. 
 
 BRiDLE-PuLUXG.-Put a rope on the tail in the same manner 
 as lu haltei^puhng. except that you pass the ends throuT?he 
 rings of a bridle, and tie them to a post where the hoS in the 
 
 S .;?wa';t^^^^^^^^^^ -^^"- ^f «- was attached 
 
 eve? is am to akS l "' ^^ °^f "' "^" ^ ^^^««lbarrow or what- 
 
 ever IS apt to alarm him, causing him to pull. As he duIIs th^ 
 pressure coming upon the tail, he will step up tothe post Take 
 ?«w ^^ t '?^ Y^'^"" *^« P°«t and his head, and give it a 
 few pu Is back and forth. By this means he wil learn to s en 
 
 ttd wtb f " *^'" P"" ^^^^- ^f^«^ ^ f«- 1« e may be 
 the Jnf nf f'l^T^i; ^l'-'^''"P' ^^'' ^^d' »^«^«^«r. parsing throu^"! 
 the ring of the bndle-bit, and being tied to the back-stmn Bn 
 this until you are satisfied you hav? effected a cure ^' 
 
 ,,'^''}^''^^^^o^^E^^OK.~-TJse the "Rockwell Bridle" And 
 
 hen tie him to a ring in a wall or building with a W halter 
 
 stale Lead him past the ring as far as the' length of the halter 
 
 ,Tni l'\' "?i ^'""^ ^^' °PP°^^^« «iJ« f''«n^ the halter pull back 
 upon the Bndle not using at this time any words. Conthme 
 this un il he backs readily at the pull, then begin using the word 
 
 l"f and repeat until he understands the° meaning of the 
 word, and will back upon being told to. Do this next in har' 
 ness and If necessary, after he is hitched to a wa '."n Aere% 
 i: wSr?o:g:?r"^ ''' '-'-'' ^P°^ '^^ attenSonto^i: 
 
 A plan which we once used was to use a rope in somewhat the 
 Eame manner as the -^Eock well Bridle," except that instead of he 
 double-ring bit we had a small loop on the end of the roTwh ch 
 slipped on the under jaw. This cord was used by usT'a while 
 as we now u§e the " Poc^"--!! "d-.-ji- »> v . « ^"j' "» lor a wnue 
 ■ -tvooxxTtva ojiiuiu i uui we louiid it to injure 
 
 iliiii 
 
 mi 
 
424 
 
 THE FARMERS VETERINARY ADVISER. 
 
 tho moiilh, and in fact we killod one Viorse in Salem, Maas., hy 
 its use, and have since discarded it, Kndinjj by experience that 
 tlio bridle of our invention is perfectly hnrinlesa and more eftec- 
 tnal. With the cord alluded to we would pull backward upon 
 the horse, at the same time lifting up his foot with the " foot- 
 Btrap." 
 
 The two worst howes we have ever met with in onr travels 
 were broken to liack by these means. The first one was at 
 Brighton, nep.r Boston, Mass., in the spring of 1863. This horse 
 was a large stout animal, which for nine years had not been 
 known to back, and all efforts to teach him had failed. If put 
 into a stall too narrow for him to turn round in, they were com- 
 pelled to hitch another horse to him and draw him out. We 
 broke this horse in twenty-five minutes, so that he would readily 
 back at the word, and he never has forgotten it. We broke him 
 by means of the cord in the mouth, and the " foot-strap," but 
 not without blistering his ^-jouth badly, and marking it for life. 
 
 The other horse alluded to was broken at Cleavland, Ohio, in 
 February, 1874. In this case we used the "Rockwell Bridle," 
 and a halter attached to a ring in a wall (one of the best places 
 for the lesson to be given). This was done before one of our 
 private clasess in that city, and the animal was so notopously 
 bad that not one of the two hundred spectators present had faith 
 that he could be made to back ; but he did back, and without 
 being in any way injured, within fifteen minutes from the time 
 he was biought before the class, and the lesson was so ^ffettual 
 as to opeiate I'ermanently upon the animal. 
 
 >.v(;w!^,,//i!i^^ 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abductor femoris displaced, 
 351. 
 
 Abortion, 244. 
 
 Abortion from ergot, 95. 
 
 Abscess in bone, 307-308-309. 
 
 Abscess in false nostril, 109. 
 
 Ab3cas8 in guttural pouches, 110 
 
 Abscess of the walle of the 
 chest, 124. 
 
 Acariasis, 295. 
 
 Acari, pcrasitic, 294. 
 
 Action o^ medicines, 392. 
 
 Acute enteritis, 183. 
 
 Acute farcy, 80. 
 
 Acute gastric indigestion in 
 
 horses, 17G. 
 Acute glanders, 79. 
 Acute inflammation of the 
 
 bowels, 183. 
 Acute intestinal indigestion in 
 
 horses, 177. 
 Acute muco-enteritis, 1C4. 
 Afterbirth, retained, 25. 
 Age, how shown by the teeth, 
 
 29. 
 Ages, doses for different, 393. 
 Air in the chest, 124. 
 Air in veins, 150. 
 Albuminoids in the blood, im 
 
 perfect oxidation of, 208. 
 Albuminous urine, 228. 
 Albuminuria, 227. 
 Amaurosis, 265. 
 Anaemia, 101. 
 Anasarca, 99. 
 Aneurisms, 148. 
 
 Animal plagues, exclusion and 
 
 extinction of, 39. 
 Animals, doaea for diiferent, 
 
 396. 
 Anthrax, 69. 
 Anthrax, apopUctic, 75. 
 Anthrax fever, in birds, 74 ; 
 
 cattle, 72 ; horses, 71 ; sheep, 
 
 73 ; swine, 73. 
 Anthrax in dogs and cats, 74. 
 Anthrax in man, 74. 
 A.nthra\. of the throat, 74. 
 Anthra::, prevention of, 78. 
 Anthrax, treatment of 77. 
 Anus, fistula in, 195. 
 Anus, imperforate, 195. 
 Aphthous fever, 48. 
 Apoplectic anthrax, 75, 
 Apoplexy, 277. 
 Apoplexy of the lung, 125. 
 Appetite, depraved, 179. 
 Arabian horse, 19. 
 Arm-bone, fracture of, 338. 
 Arterial haemorrhage, 147. 
 Arteries, dilatation of, 148. 
 Arteries, diseases of, 147. 
 Arteries, inflammation of, 148. 
 Arteries, wounds of, 147. 
 Arteritis, 148. 
 Arthritis, 317. 
 Ascites, 196-250. 
 Asiatic cholera, 61. 
 Asthma, 125. 
 
 Atrophy of the heart, 142. 
 Auscultation, 105. 
 Azotsemia, 208. 
 
 J 4 i^mf\ 
 
426 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Azoturia, 206. 
 
 Back, for strength and speed, 
 33. 
 
 Back and Loins, fractures of, 
 331. 
 
 Back, to make a horse, 423, 
 
 Back and Loins, sprains of, 331. 
 
 Back tendoiis, sprains of, 340. 
 
 Balking, 417-419. 
 
 Beef tapeworm, 92. 
 
 Belly- ache, 181. 
 
 Belly, dropsy of, 196. 
 
 Biliary calculi, 217. 
 
 Bilious fever in horses, 58. 
 
 Bird lice, 299. 
 
 Bird-pox, 47. 
 
 Birds, impacted crop in, 169. 
 
 Birds, pulse' in, 136. 
 
 Bit and curb, injuries by, 326. 
 
 Black pigment tumors^ 293. 
 
 Black-quarter, 73. 
 
 Black-tongue, 72. 
 
 Black-water, 208-210. 
 
 Bladder, eversion of, 232. 
 
 Bladder, inflamaration of, 230. 
 
 Bladder, paralysis of. 229. 
 
 Bladder, spasm of its neck, 228. 
 
 Bladder, stone in, 285. 
 
 Bleeding from arteries, 147. 
 
 Bleeding from the lungs, 1 28. 
 
 Bleeding from the nose, 107. 
 
 Bleeding itom the womb, 250. 
 
 Bleeding from veins, 149. 
 
 Bleeding in the bowels from 
 liver disease, 206. 
 
 Blistering, 402. 
 
 Bloating, 169. 
 
 Bloodlessness (Anemia), lOL 
 
 Blood poisoning from imper- 
 fect oxidation of albuminoids, 
 208. 
 
 Blood spavin. 360-362. 
 
 Bloody flux (Bysenterv), 188. 
 Bloody milk, 256. 
 Bloody murrain, 73-77. 
 Bloody urine, 225. 
 Blow-iflies, 298. 
 
 I Blowing murmurs in heart, 139. 
 [ Blue disease (Cyanosis,) 141. 
 Blue milk, 256. 
 Bog spavin, 361. 
 Boils (Furuncles), 291. 
 Bone, death of, 309-311. 
 Bone, inflammation in, 309. 
 Bones, diseases of, 305-307. 
 Bone, softening of, 312-315. 
 Bone spavin, 360. 
 Bone, suppuration in, 308-317. 
 Bone, symptoms of abscess in, 
 
 307. 
 Bone, symj^fcoms of ulceration 
 
 of, 310. 
 Bone, thickening of, 324. 
 Bone, tubercle in, 311. 
 Bone, tumor of, 307. 
 Bone, ulceration in, 310. 
 Bots, 197. 
 
 Bots in the throat, 198. 
 Bowels, foreign bodies in, 180. 
 Bowels, impacted, 177. 
 Bowels, inflammation of, 184. 
 Bowels, obstruction of, 190. 
 Brain, inflammation of, 273. 
 Breech presentation, 249. 
 Breeding, principles of, 25. 
 Bridle-pulling, 423. 
 Bright's disease, 227. 
 Bristle-balls, 181. 
 Exotfn-down 342. 
 Broken knees, 34!?. 
 Broken ribs, 124. 
 Broken-wind, 126. 
 Bronchitis, 123. 
 Bronchitis from worms, 131-134 
 Bronchocele. 104. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Broncho-pleuro-pneumonia, 1 23 
 Broncho-pneumonia, 123, 
 Buckwheat as a cause of skin- 
 disease, 287. 
 Bullae, 286, 
 Bullets, 85. 
 Burns, 283. 
 Bursas, inflamed, 321. 
 Burst, 191. 
 
 42; 
 
 near inflamed 
 
 Calcifications 
 bones, 324. 
 
 Calculi in the gall ducts, 217 
 
 Calculi, salivary, 164. 
 
 Calculi, urinary, 232. 
 
 Callosities of the skin, 292. 
 
 Calves and Poals, lung worms 
 m, 131. 
 
 Cancers, 328-293-389. 
 Cancer of the orbit, 328. 
 Cancer of the tongue, 158. 
 Cancroid of the lips, 158. 
 Canine distemper, 60. 
 Canine madness, 65. 
 Canker, 385. 
 Capped hock, 364. 
 
 Carbolic acid as a disinfectant, 
 43. 
 
 Carbuncular erysipelas, 73. 
 Carditis, 145. 
 Carious teeth, 160. 
 Castration, evil eflects of, 242 
 Castration of males, 241 • fe 
 
 males, 243 ; birds, 244. ' 
 Cataract, 264. 
 Catarrh, malignant, 110 . 
 Catarrh, nasal, 108. | 
 
 Catarrh of stomach and bowels. 
 
 178. 
 
 Catarrh of womb or vagina 
 251. ° ' 
 
 Cat-flea, 298. 
 Cattle, lung fever in, 51. 
 
 Cattle, malignant catarrh in, 110 
 Cattle, measles in, 92. 
 Cattle plague, 39. 
 Cattle, tapeworm in, 92. 
 Caustic potassia and soda as 
 
 disinfectants, 41. 
 Chafing of the skin, 284. 
 Charcoal as a disinfectant, 41. 
 Chest, air or gas in, 124. 
 Chest diseases, signs of, 105. 
 Chest, water in, 123-124. 
 Chest, wounds of, 333. 
 Chigoe, 299. 
 
 Chloride of lime as a disinfect- 
 ant, 43. 
 
 Chloride of zinc as a disinfect- 
 ant, 43. 
 
 Chlorine as a disinfectant 43 
 Choking, 166. 
 Cholera, Asiatic, 61. 
 Cholera, hog, 62. 
 Chorea, 269. 
 Choroiditis, 263. 
 Chronic bronchitis 118. 
 Chronic farcy, 80. 
 Chronic glanders, 80. 
 
 Chronic indigestion in horses. 
 176. ' 
 
 Chronic roaring, 115. 
 Cirrhosis, 217. 
 
 Classification of contagious 
 
 diseases, 39. 
 Clots on the valves of tho- 
 
 heart, 144. 
 Cleanliness as a disinfectant, 41 
 Cerebral meningitis, 273. 
 Cerebritis, 273. 
 Cerebro-spinal fever, 275. 
 Cerebro-spinal meningitis, 274. 
 Coal-tar as a disinfectant, 41. 
 Coenurus cerebralis, 88. 
 Cofiin-bone, distortion of, 381. 
 Coifm-joint lameness, 370. 
 
 ! I 4 
 
 V4i 
 
428 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Cold drink, indigestion from, 
 174. 
 
 Cold in the head, 108. 
 
 Colic, spasmodic, 181. 
 
 Colic, tympanitic, 177. 
 
 Collapse of the lung, 121. 
 
 Colloid cancer, 390. 
 
 Coma somnolentuni, 272. 
 
 Congestion of the lungs, 118. 
 
 Conjunctivitis, 260, 
 
 Consumption, 83. 
 
 Contagious diseases, classifica- 
 tion of, 39. 
 
 Contagious diseases, losses from, 
 39. 
 
 Contagious diseases, propaga- 
 tion of, 39. 
 
 Contagious . diseases, their im- 
 portance, 39. 
 
 Contagious lung fever, 51. 
 
 Contraction, 383. 
 
 Convulsions, 271. 
 
 Convulsions from ergotism, 95. 
 
 Convulsions from teething, 160. 
 
 Coraco-radial tendon, sprain of, 
 334. 
 
 Cornea, ulcers of, 262. 
 
 Corns, 377. 
 
 Coronet, fistula of, 384. 
 
 Coronet, wounds of, 383. 
 
 Cow-pox, 44. 
 
 Cracked heels, 289. 
 
 Cranium, fracture of the base 
 of, 328. 
 
 Cresylic acid as a disinfectant, 
 43. 
 
 Crib-biting, 159. 
 
 Crop, impaction of, 169. 
 
 Croup, 113. 
 
 Croup, fracture of, 332. 
 
 Croupous enteritis; 186. 
 
 Curb, 362. 
 
 Cutting, 348. ' 
 
 Cyanosis, 141. 
 Cystic calculus, 236. 
 Cystitis (inflammation of blad- 
 der), 230. 
 Cysts under the tongue, 158. 
 
 Deformities, 247. 
 
 Dentinal tumors, 162-328. 
 
 Dentition fever, 162. 
 
 Depraved appetite, I'^O. 
 
 Diabetes insipidus, 224. 
 
 Diabetes mellitus, 206. 
 
 Diarrhoea, 187. 
 
 Dietetic and constitutional dis- 
 eases, 95, 
 
 Difficult parturition, assistance 
 in, 247. 
 
 Diffuse baldness, 294. 
 
 Digestive organs, diseases of 
 154. 
 
 Dilatation of the heart, 142. 
 
 Diphtheria, 114. 
 
 Diseases as afi'ecting the action, 
 of medicines, 394. 
 
 Diseases of the liver, 205. 
 
 Diseased teeth, 156. 
 
 Diseases of the digestive or- 
 gans, 154. 
 
 Diseases of the foot, 364. 
 
 Diseases of the heart, 1 36. 
 
 Diseases of the membranes of 
 the teeth, 162. 
 
 Diseases of the respiratory or- 
 gans, general causes of, 104, 
 
 Disinfection, 41. 
 
 Dislocation of the hip, 352. 
 
 Dislocation of the knee, 341. 
 
 Dislocation of the knee cap, 
 353. 
 
 Dislocation of the lower jaw, 
 328. 
 
 Dislocation of the shouldei, 
 330 
 
Ii: I 
 
 tNT»rx 
 
 Displaced teeth, 160. 
 
 Displacements of the heart, 141 
 
 Distemper in dogs, GO. 
 
 Diptemper in young horses, Ci. 
 Diuresis, 324. 
 
 Diurfttics, poisoning bv. 2?3. 
 Dog-pox, 47. 
 Doses, 393-39"). 
 Drainage in anthrax, 71. 
 Dropsy 01* tho abdomen, 196. 
 Dropsy of the lung, 125. 
 Dropsy of the scrotum, 240. 
 Dry gangrene from ergot, 96. 
 Dry murrain, 172. 
 Drugs and doses, 396. 
 Dysentery, 188. 
 
 429 
 
 Examination of the urine, 224. 
 Extinction of animal plagues, 
 
 Eye, Hseases of, 260 
 
 Education of the horse, 403. 
 
 Eggs of tapeworms, 87. 
 
 Elbow, affections of, 337. 
 
 Emasculation, 241-243. 
 
 Encephalitis, 254. . 
 
 Encephaloid face, 328-390. 
 
 Endocarditis, 144. 
 
 Enlargement of the heart, 141 
 
 Enteritis, 183-186. 
 
 Enzootic hsematuria, 208. 
 
 Enzootic myelitis, 274. 
 
 Epilepsy, 267. 
 
 Epithehal cancer, 293. 
 
 Epizootic aphtha, 48. 
 Epizootic cerebro-spinal 
 
 ingitis, 275. 
 Epizootic diseases, their 
 
 portance, 89. 
 Epizootic influenza, 56-58. 
 Ergotism, 95. 
 Erysipelas, 299. 
 Erysipelas carbuncular, 73 . 
 E version of the bladder, 232 
 Eversion of the rectum, 193. 
 Eversion of the womb 
 crina 9.fi2 
 
 men- 
 
 im- 
 
 or va- 
 
 Facial paralysis. 278. 
 Falling sickness, 247. 
 False quarter, 377. 
 Farcy (glanders), 79. 
 Fatty heart, 104. 
 Favus, 280. 
 
 Fetlock, diseases of, etc, 346 
 ^ 348. 
 
 Fever, cerebro-spinal, 273. 
 Fistula, 304. 
 Fistula in ano, 195. 
 Fistula of the coronet, 384. 
 Fistula of the poll (poll evil),328 
 Fistula, salivary, 104. 
 Fistulous withers, 330. 
 Fits, 271. 
 Fleas, 290. 
 Flooding, 250. 
 Flukes in the liver, 218. 
 Food and drink of hoise. 24-25 
 Foot and mouth disease, 48. 
 Foot, diseases of the, 364-376. 
 Foot, inflammation of, 373 
 Foot-rot, 386-387-388. 
 Foot, fractures in the, 373. 
 Fore-arm, fracture of 339. 
 Foreign bodies in stomach and 
 i bowels, 180. 
 
 I Foul in the foot, 312-387-388. 
 i Founder (laminitis), 373. 
 Fractures, treatment of, 313. 
 Fracture at the base of tho 
 
 cranium, 328-332. 
 Fractured ribs, 124-332. 
 Fracture of the hock, 359. 
 Fracture of the arm bone, 339. 
 Fractures of the back and loins 
 3.30. ' 
 
 Ii 
 
130 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Fracture of the croup, 332. 
 Fracture of the face bones, 327. 
 Fractures in the foot, 373. 
 Fracture of the leg, 355. 
 Fracture of the lower jaw, 326. 
 Fractures of the ueck bones, 
 
 330. 
 Fracture of the nose, 327. 
 Fracture of the poll, 327. 
 Fracture of the shoulder-blade, 
 
 336. 
 Fracture of the upper jaw, 327. 
 Frog, canker of, etc., 385. 
 
 Gadfly, 129-297. 
 
 Gradflies of horses, 197. 
 
 Gall ducts, stones in, 217. 
 
 Gapes, 134. 
 
 Harget, 256. 
 
 Gastric fever in horses, 58. 
 
 Gastric parasites, 197. 
 
 Gastritis in oxen, 174. 
 
 Generation, diseases of the or- 
 gans of, 239. 
 
 Gid, 88. 
 
 Glander heaves, 118. 
 
 Glanders, 79. 
 
 Glass eyes, 265. 
 
 Gleet (gonorrhoea), 231. 
 
 Goat-gox, 47. 
 
 Goitre, 97. 
 
 Grapes, 289. 
 
 Gravel, 232. 
 
 Grease, 288. 
 
 Grease, parasitic, 294. 
 
 Grooming, 23-415. 
 
 Grub in the head, 109-129. 
 
 Gullet, dilatation of, 168. 
 
 Gums, inflamed, 157. 
 
 Gut-tie, 190. 
 
 Guttural pouchea, abscess of, 
 110. 
 
 Haomaturia, enzootic, 208. 
 
 H89morrhage from arteries, 147. 
 
 Haomorrhagic enteritis, 183. 
 
 Hair-balls, 180-181. 
 
 Halter-pulling, 422. 
 
 Hamstring, rupture of, 357. 
 
 Hard cancer, 390. 
 
 Heart, atrophy of, 142. 
 
 Heart, auscultation of, 139. 
 
 Heart, blowing murmurs in, 
 139. 
 
 Heart, dilatation of, 142. 
 
 Heart, diseases of, 136. 
 
 Heart, disease of its valves, 
 145. 
 
 Heart, enlargement of, 141. 
 
 Heart, fatty degeneration of, 
 145. 
 
 Heart, rupture of, 146. 
 
 Heat apoplexy, 281. 
 
 Heat as a disinfectant, 42. 
 
 Heaves, 118-126. 
 
 Heels, bruises of, 377. 
 
 Heels, diseases of, 288. 
 
 Heels, distorted, 379, 
 
 Hen-louse, 299. 
 
 Hepatitis, 215. 
 
 Hereditary epilepsy, 267. • 
 
 Hereditary heaves, 126. 
 
 Hereditary ophthalmia, 263. 
 
 Hernia, 191. 
 
 Herpes, 286. 
 
 High breeding .and heart dis- 
 ease, 136. 
 
 Hip, diio-ocdted, 352. 
 
 Hip, fractures of, 349. 
 
 Hip-joint, diseases of, 352. 
 
 Hippobosca ovina, 298. 
 
 Hip, sprain of the, 348. 
 
 Hock, dropsy of, 362. 
 
 Hock-jointinflammation of, 361. 
 
 Hock, fractures of, 359-360. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Hock, fracture of point of, 359. 
 
 Hock, sprain behind the, 362. 
 
 Hock, sprain of the flexor be- 
 hind the, 358. 
 
 Hock, sprain of the flexor of 
 356. 
 
 Hock, thoroughpin of, 358. 
 
 Hog cholera, 93-62. 
 
 Hoof-bound, 383. 
 
 Hoofs, contracted, 383. 
 
 Hoofs, loss of, from eatinc er- 
 got, 95. *' 
 
 Hoof, natural state of, 364. 
 
 Hoof-wall, cracks in, 376, 
 Hoof-wall, powdery degenera- 
 tion of, 386. 
 Hoose, 131. 
 Hoove, 169. 
 
 Horn, natural state of, 364. 
 Horny tumor in the heel, 377. 
 Horny tumor of the lamina, 377. 
 Horse, history of, 17. 
 Horse, management of, 22. 
 Horse, general remarks on, 36. 
 Horse-pox, 44. 
 Husk, 131. 
 Hydrocele, 240. 
 Hydrorachitis, 27C. 
 Hydrophobia, 65. 
 Hydrothorax, 123. 
 Hypertrophy of the heart, 141 
 
 43 T 
 
 Indigestion in horses, 176. 
 Indigestion, intestinal, 1 77. 
 Inflammation of the lungs, 1 1 9 
 Influenza, 56. 
 Intercostal abscess, 124. 
 Internal ophthalmia, 263. 
 Intestinal fever of swine, 62. 
 Intestinal worms, 199. 
 Intestinal worms, svmptoms of 
 202. " ' 
 
 Invagination, 184. 
 Iritis, 263. 
 
 Irresular strangles, 55. 
 Itch, 295. 
 Ixodes, 297. 
 
 Jaundice, 211. 
 
 Jaws, open joint between, 320. 
 Joints, diseases of, 317. 
 Joints, eburnation in, 318. 
 Joints, general diseases of, 305. 
 Joints, inflammation of, 309, 
 Joints, matter in, 310. 
 Joints, tuberculous diseases of, 
 oil. 
 
 Joints, ulceration in, 310. 
 
 Icterus, 211. 
 Impacted crop, 169. 
 Impacted large intestines, 177. 
 Impacted third stomach, 172.' 
 Imperforate anus, 195. j 
 
 Impervious teat, 258. | 
 
 Impetigo, 287. 
 
 Indigestion from cold water 
 174. ' 
 
 Indigestion in calves, foals 
 etc., 175. 
 
 Kicking, to break horse of. 411- 
 412, 
 
 Kidneys, inflammation of, 226. 
 Kidney-worm, 93. 
 Knefc, bruise on inner side of 
 341. 
 
 Knee and hock joint, 411-412. 
 Knee-cap, fracture of, 352. 
 Knee-cap, dislocation of, 353. 
 Knee, inflammation of, 341. 
 Knee, pufis in front of, 240. 
 Knee, sprains behind, 339. 
 Knee, synovial swellings be- 
 hind, 341 ; in front, 341. 
 Knee, wounds of, 3iL 
 
 H, J 
 
 , 'I ' 1 
 
 I 
 
d%2 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 labor, premature, 246. 
 
 Lameness, 305. 
 
 Laminse, horny tumor of, .377. 
 
 Latninitis, 373. 
 
 I^minitis, chronic, 376. 
 
 Lam pas, L56. 
 Lard-worms of swine, 93. 
 Larf];e intestines, impaction of, 
 
 177. 
 Laryngitis, IIL 
 Lathyrus sativaas causing palsy, 
 
 116. 
 Lead poisoning, 279. 
 leptus, Americana, 275. 
 Lethargy from ergotism, 95. 
 Leucorrhoea, 251. 
 leukaemia, 222. 
 Lice, L:99. i 
 
 Lime as a disinfectant, 41. 
 Lips, cancroid of, 158. ^ 
 
 Lips, warts on, 157. 
 Liver, atrophy of, 217. 
 Liver, cancer of, 217. 
 Liver, chronic inflammation of, 
 
 216. 
 Liver, congestion of, 213. 
 Liver disease, general symptoms 
 
 of, 205. 
 Liver, fatty degeneration of, 
 
 217. 
 Liver, fibrous degeneration of, 
 
 216. 
 Liver, hypertrophy of, 217. 
 
 Liver, inflamation of, 215. 
 Liver, parasites of, 218. 
 Liver-rot, 218. 
 Liver, softening of, 217. 
 Liver, tubercle of, 217. 
 Lock-jaw, 270. 
 Loins, injuries to, 225. 
 Loins, laceration of the muscle 
 beneath the, 331. 
 
 Losses from contag ions dieeeei 
 
 40. 
 Loss of veins, 149. 
 Lower jaw, dislocation of, 328. 
 Lower jaw, fracture of, 326. 
 Lung, apoplexy of, 125. 
 Lungs, bleeding from, 128. 
 Lung, collapse of, 333. 
 Lungs, congestion of, 118. 
 Lung fever of cattle, 51. 
 Lungs, inflammation of, 119. 
 Lung-worms, 130. 
 Lymphangitis, 151. 
 Lymphangitis, local, 151. 
 Lymphatics, diseases of, 151. 
 Lymphatics, inflammition of, 
 
 151. 
 
 Madness in dogs, 65. 
 
 Maggots, 298. 
 
 Malignant anthrax, 69. 
 
 Malignant anthrax. Ipcal treat- 
 ment of, 77. 
 
 Malignant anthrax, prevention 
 of, 78. 
 
 Malignant anthrax, trefttmen*. 
 of, 77. 
 
 Malignant anthrax, with i»-^♦«'^ 
 nal swellings, 7 1 . 
 
 Malignant catarrh, 110. 
 
 Malignant cholera, 51. 
 
 Malignant pustule, 74. 
 
 Malignant sore-throat, 74. 
 
 Mallenders, 291. 
 
 Malleolus, fracture of, 359 
 
 Mal-presentation, 247. 
 
 Mamm«, diseases of, 256. 
 
 Mamma, tumors of, 259. 
 
 Mammitis, 256. 
 
 Man, anthrax in, 69. 
 i Man, aphtlious fever in, 4^ 
 
 Mange ^tch), 295. 
 
 Man, glander: in, 79. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 M;nn, hydrophobia in. 65, 
 Manifolds, impacted, 187 
 Matter in the guttural pouches, 
 
 Matter in the nasal sinuses, 109 
 
 Maxims, obstetric 247 
 
 Measles (parasitic) iij cattle 
 yi ; m swine, 92. ' 
 
 Medicines, action of, 392 • as 
 affected by age, 393 ; as afl 
 tected by disease, 394 ; as af- 1 
 lected by idiosyncrsay 395 • 
 
 as affected by genus, 395. ' 
 Medicines, doses of, 392 
 Medicines, explanation of I 
 
 names of, 392. 
 Medicines, form to administer, 
 
 Medicines, frequency of admin- 
 istration of, 394. 
 Megrims, 269. 
 Melanosis, 293. 
 Melophagus ovina, 298. 
 
 Mouth, tumors in, 158. 
 Muco-enteritis, 184 
 Muguet, 157. 
 Muscles, diseases of, 322 
 Muscles, general diseases 
 305. 
 
 Muscles, inflamed, 322. 
 Muscles, ruptures of, 322 
 Muzzle for crib-bitin^ 15Q 
 Myelitis, 274. ^' ^• 
 
 Myelitis enzootic, 276. 
 
 433 
 
 of, 
 
 Membrane lining the chest, 
 
 inflammation of, 121 
 Membrane of the 'abdomen, in- 
 flammation of, 1 95. 
 Mercurial sore mouth 157 
 Mesenteric glands, pentastoma 
 
 (linguatula) in, 129 
 Metritis, 253. 
 Milk, bloody, 256. 
 Milk, blue, 256. | 
 
 Milk, concretions from. 258 I 
 Milk fever, 253. 
 
 Milking tube, 259. 
 
 Milk, viscid, 266. 
 
 Milt, diseases of, 221. 
 
 Mooa blindness, 263.* 
 
 Morbid growths, 389 
 
 Mouth the seat of control of 
 
 the horse, 410. 
 M^outh, inflammation of, l.r,5 
 
 j J^ail^s, pricks and binding with 
 
 l^asal catarrh, i08. 
 Nasal sinuses, matter in, 109 
 ^avicular disease, 370 
 ^eck bones, fractures of, 330 
 N-k^of the bladder, spasm ofi 
 
 Necrosis, 307. 
 Necrosis, symptoms of, 308 
 Nephritis, 226. 
 
 Nephritis, desquamative, 221 
 /^"Jf^^^l^^^'^^^^e^, general causes 
 
 Nervous disorders from liver 
 disease, 206. 
 
 Ne™ irritation of the skin, 
 {Nervous system, diseases of, 
 
 I Neurosis of the skin, 292. 
 No^dular swelling of the skin, 
 
 Non-presentation of head or 
 
 members, 248. 
 Nose, bleeding from, 107 
 Nose, fracture of, 327. 
 Nose, parasites in, 129. 
 Nose, peuiastoma in, 129 
 
 
4.34 INDEX. 
 
 Nose, tumors in, 110. 
 Nostril, abscess of, 109. 
 
 Oat-hair calculi, 164. 
 Obstructions of the bowels, 
 
 190. 
 Open coffin-joint, 380. 
 Open joint, 320. 
 Open joint, between upper and 
 
 lower jaw, 328. 
 Ophthalmia, enzootic, 262. 
 Ophthalmia, internal, 263. 
 Ophthalmia, reciirrinof, 263. 
 Ophthalmia, simple, 260. 
 Optic nerve, palsy of, 265. 
 Ostitis, symptoms of, 308. 
 Ostitis, treatment of, 309. 
 Overgrown teeth, 160. 
 Overloaded pnunch, 169. 
 Ox tick, 297. 
 Ozone as a disinfectant, 42. 
 
 Palate, congested, 136. 
 
 Palpation, 1 ' '^'. 
 
 Palpitation, 140. 
 
 Palsy, 277. 
 
 Palsy of the nerve of sight, 
 265. 
 
 Pampering, a cause of liver dis- 
 ease, 206. 
 
 Pancreas, diseases of, 221. 
 
 Paralysis from ergotism, 95. 
 
 Paralysis from lathyrus sativus, 
 116. 
 
 Paralysis, general, 278. 
 
 Paralysis of the bladder, 229. 
 
 Papules, 283. 
 
 Paraplegia, 278. 
 
 Parasites, 87. 
 
 Parasites in the nose, 129. 
 
 Parasites on the skin, 293. 
 
 Parasites in arteries, 148. 
 
 Parasites in the heart, 146. 
 
 Parasites in the lower air-pas- 
 sages, 130. 
 Parasites in &he stomach, 197. 
 
 Parasitic acari, 201. 
 
 Parotid, inflammation of, 165. 
 
 Parrot mouth, 159. 
 
 Parturient apoplexy, 253. 
 
 Parturition, assistance in, 247. 
 
 Parturition, difficult, 247 ; dis- 
 orders following, 250. 
 
 Parturition fever, 253. 
 
 Parturition, premature, 250. 
 
 Pastern, bony growth on the, 
 248, 
 
 Pastern, fractures of the. 248. 
 
 Pastern, sprains behind the. 
 250 
 
 Patella, dislocation of, 353. 
 
 Paunch, overloaded, 179. 
 
 Paunch, tympany of, 177. 
 
 Pedal bone, distortions of, 381 . 
 
 Pedal sesamoiditis, 380. 
 
 Pelvis, fractures of, 352. 
 
 Penis, amputation of, 241. 
 
 Penis, disease of. 240. 
 
 Penis, ulcers on, 240. 
 
 Percussion, 105. 
 
 Perforans, sprain of, 358. 
 
 Pericarditis, 143. 
 
 Periodic ophthalmia, 263. 
 
 Peritonitis, 195. 
 
 Phlebitis, 149. 
 
 Phlebitis, difiuse, 150. 
 
 Phymosis, 242. 
 
 Physical signs of chest diseadefe, 
 i05. 
 
 Pigs, lung worm in, 134. 
 
 Piles, 194. 
 
 Piles from liver disease, 205. 
 
 Pimples, 285. 
 
 I Pin worms in arteries, lib. 
 
 Pining, 83. 
 
 I Pityriasis, 219. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 435 
 
 Pityriaaifl, parasitic, 294. 
 
 Plague, Russian cattle, 49. 
 
 Plagues of Egypt, 39. 
 
 Plagues, propagation of, 40. 
 
 Pleurae, gas in, 124. 
 
 Pleurae, inflammation of, 121. 
 
 Pleurisy, 121. 
 
 Pleuro-pneuiuonia, 123. 
 
 Pleuro - pneumonia contagious. 
 51. 
 
 Plugging the nose, 107. 
 
 Plugging of arteries, 150. 
 
 Pneumonia, 119. 
 
 Pneumothorax, 124. 
 
 Podo-trochilitis, 370. 
 Points of a good horse, 29 ; 
 head, 30; neck, 31 : chest, 
 32 ; back, 33. 
 Poisoning by lead, 280. 
 Poll evil, 328. 
 Poll, fracture of, 327. 
 Polypus in the vagina, 247. 
 Polyuria, 224. 
 Pork tapeworm, 91. 
 Premature labor pains, 246. 
 Presentations, abnormal, 247. 
 Prevalence of contagious dis 
 
 eases, 40. 
 Pricks, 378. 
 Prolapsus uteri, vaginae, 252. 
 
 Propagation of animal plagues. 
 40. i- 6 . 
 
 Proud flesh, 303. 
 
 Prurigo, 292. 
 
 Pufis in front of the knee, 340. 
 
 Pulmonary congestion, 118. 
 
 Pulmonary inflammation, 120. 
 
 Pulse in dJKease, 136. 
 
 Pulse, its characters, 137. 
 
 Pumice feet, 376. 
 
 Purq^itives, adminiatration of. 
 
 393. 
 Purpura, 125. 
 
 07 
 
 Purpura baemorrhagica, 55-99. 
 Pustules, 287. 
 
 Quarter-crack, 376. 
 Quittor, 378-381-. 
 
 Rabies, 65-67; rurious, 67; 
 
 lethargic, 67. 
 Rabies, fallacies concerning, 67. 
 Rat-tailed maggots, 199. 
 Rectum, eversion of, 193. 
 Rectum, inflammation of, 187. 
 Recurring ophthalmia, 263. 
 Red-water, 209. 
 Renal calculus, 234. 
 Respiratory organs, diseases of. 
 
 104. 
 Retained afterbirth, 250. 
 Retinitis, 263. 
 Rheumatism, 97-125. 
 Rheumatism of the heart. 143- 
 
 144. 
 Ribs, fractures of, 124-332. 
 Rickets, 312. 
 Rinderpest, 49. 
 Ringbones, 348. 
 Ringworm, 293. 
 Roaring, 115. 
 Rot, 218 ; foot rot, 386. 
 Roup, 113. 
 
 Running away, 420-421. 
 Rupture of tendons, 323. 
 Rupture of the heart, 146. 
 Russian cattle plague, 49. 
 
 Saccharine urine, 206. 
 Sacrum, fracture of, 332. 
 St. Guy's dance, 269. 
 St. Vitus's dance, 269. 
 Salivary calculi, 164. 
 Salivary fistula, 164. 
 Salivation, 163. 
 Sallenders, 291. 
 
 -,-M_ 
 
436 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 SandcmnV 374. 
 
 Sanii-liko t uposit in the blad- 
 der, 237. 
 
 Surcoptcs, 295. 
 
 Scab (Mange), 295. 
 
 Scald-head, 293. 
 
 Scalds and burns, 305. 
 
 Scaly skin affections, 291. 
 
 Scarlatina, 101. 
 
 8cirrlius, 390. 
 
 Scouring (Diarrhoea), 187. 
 
 Scratches, 290-292. 
 
 Scrofulous disease of bones, 311 
 
 Scrotum, dropsy of, 240. 
 
 Sesamoiditis (Windgalls), 346. 
 
 Sesamoiditis of the foot, 370. 
 
 Shank - bone, inflammation of, 
 344. 
 
 Sheath, swollen, 242. 
 
 Sheath, tumors of, 240. 
 
 Sheep and goats, lung-woms 
 in, 133. 
 
 Sheep, carbumular erysipelas 
 in, 73. 
 
 Sheep-pox, 45. 
 
 Sheep, tapeworms in, 92. 
 
 Sheep-tick, 298. 
 
 Shoeing, effects of, 364. 
 
 Shoeing, maxims for, 29-368. 
 
 Shoeing kicking horses, 415 
 
 Shot of grease, 151. 
 
 Shoulders for speed and 
 strength, 34. 
 
 Shoulder, abscess in, 333. 
 
 Shoulder-joint, diseases of, 336. 
 
 Shoulder lameness, 333. 
 
 Shoulder sprain, 334. 
 
 Shoulder, tumors on, 333. 
 
 Siberian boil plague, 71. 
 
 Side bones, 372-378. 
 
 Simple ophthalmia, 260. 
 
 Sinuses of the head, matter in 
 109. 
 
 Sitfasts, 292. 
 
 Skin, congestion of, 2f<4. 
 
 Skin disea-ses from l)iick wheat 
 
 and honeydew, 287. 
 Skin diseases, divisions of, 283. 
 Skin, intlaniation of, 285. 
 Skin, nervous irritation of, 292. 
 Skin, nodular swellings of, 
 
 290. 
 Skin, parasitic diseases of, 293. 
 Skin, scaly affection of, 291. 
 Slavering, 163. 
 Sleepy staggers, 272. 
 Slings, 316. 
 Slobbers, 163. 
 Sole, bruises of, 379. 
 Soles, convex, 376. 
 Sole, wounds of, 380. 
 Sore mouth, 155. 
 Sore shins, 344. 
 Sore teats, 258. • 
 
 Sore-throat, 111. 
 Sore-throat, malignant, 74. 
 Spasmodic colic, 181. 
 Spasm of the neck of the blad 
 
 der, 228. 
 Spavin, blood, 362. 
 Spavin, bog, 362-361. 
 Spavin, bone, 361. 
 Spavin, occult, 360. 
 Spaying (castration), 24^. 
 Speedy-cut, 341. 
 Spermatic cord, strangulated, 
 
 242. 
 Spermatic cord, tumors on, 242. 
 Spinal cord, inflammation of, 
 
 274. 
 Spinal meningitis, 208-275. 
 Spleen, diseases of, 221. 
 Spleen, enlarged from liver dis 
 
 ease, 205. 
 Splenic apoplpxy, 75. 
 Splenic fever, 63. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Splints, 343. 
 
 Sprains, 323. 
 
 Sprain above the knoe, 340 
 
 Sprains behind foMock, 346 
 
 Sprains behind pastern, 350 
 
 330' "^ '^" ^^"^ ^"'^ ^°'^"«' 
 
 Sprains of the back tendoT.s, 
 346. ' 
 
 Sprain of the flexor of hock, 356 
 bprain of the hanistriiur, 357 
 Sprain of the hip, 351 
 
 • ^^lu"' u^ !^'" "'"^«^«« outside 
 the shoulder, 335, 
 
 ^^339 ""^ '^'" '^•^^'^^ iiu^ment, 
 Sprain of the shoulder, 334 
 Spram cf tlie tendons behind 
 
 the knee, 339. 
 Staggers, 172-279. . 
 Staggers, parasitic, 88 
 Staggers, sleepy, 272. 
 Stiff-joint, 318. 
 Stifle, disease of, 354. 
 Stifle, fracture into the, 355 
 Stocking, 288. 
 
 Stomach, foreign bodies in, 179 
 Stomach and bowels, catarrh ofi 
 
 Stomachs in oxen, inflamed, 
 
 Stomach staggers, 279 
 
 Stomatitis, 156; aphthous, 157 
 
 btone m the bladder, 232 
 
 Strangles, 54. 
 
 Strangulated cord, 242. 
 
 Stricture of the gullet, 168 
 
 Stricture of the urethra, 231 
 String-halt, 363. 
 Strongyhis eJongatus, 130 
 Strongylus fliaria, 130. 
 Strong.vlus micruris, 130. 
 Strongylus rufescens, 130 
 
 437 
 
 Sturdy, 88. 
 
 Style to improve in horse, 407 
 Sulphate of copper as a disin- 
 fectant, 42 ; of iron, 42 • of 
 zinc, 42. ' 
 
 Sulphur fumes as a disinfectant 
 42. 
 
 Sun's rays as a cause of skin 
 disease, 285. 
 
 Sun-stroke, 281. 
 
 Superfluous limbs, 248-249. 
 
 Supernumerary teeth, 158. ' 
 
 Suppuration, tendency to in dif- 
 ferent animals, 312. 
 
 Suspensory ligament, sprain of, 
 
 o45. 
 Sweeny, 335. 
 Swelled legs, 288. 
 Swelling of the sheath, 242 
 Swine, guttural tumors in 74 
 Swme carbuncular erysipelas 
 
 Swine, intestinal fever of, 62. 
 Swine, lard-worm of, 93. ' 
 
 Swine, malignant sore-throat in. 
 74. ' 
 
 Swine, measles in, 73. 
 
 Swine-pox, 47. 
 
 Syngamus, trachealis, 130 
 
 Synovitis, 317. 
 
 I Taenite, 88. 
 Taenia ccenurus, 89. 
 Taenia echinococcus, 91. 
 Taenia expansa, 92. 
 Tapeworm, embryo, 87. 
 Tapeworm from measley pork 
 93. ' 
 
 Tapeworms, 87. . 
 Tapeworms, fertility of 87 
 Tapeworm of sheep and cattle. 
 
 'I 
 
438 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ^9 
 
 Tapo worms, transformations of, 
 
 88. 
 Tar as a disinfectant, 43. 
 Tartar on teeth, 162. 
 Taurocholic acid, poisoning by, 
 
 20G. 
 
 Teat, closure by a membrane, 
 
 258. 
 Teat, polypus in, 258. 
 Teats, scabs on, 258. 
 Teat, stricture of, 257. 
 Teat, thickening of its walls, 
 
 257. 
 Teat-tube, 267. 
 Teats, wartg on, 258. 
 Teeth, caries of 160. 
 Teeth, disease of, 109. 
 Teeth, disjilaced, 160. 
 Teething, 1 over from, 1 62. 
 Teeth, overgrown, 160. 
 Teeth, supernumerary, 158. 
 Teeth, tartar on, 162. 
 
 Teeth, tumors of, 162. 
 Tendinous sheaths, inHaraed, 
 
 321. 
 Tendons, calcification of, 324. 
 Testicle, inflammation of, 239. 
 Tetanus, 270. 
 Texan fever, 63. 
 
 Thigh, long muscle of, displac- 
 ed, 351. 
 Thoroughpin, bandage for, 358. 
 Thorougbpin of the knee, 339. 
 Thrush, 157-385. 
 Thumps, 140. 
 Tibia, fracture of, 355. 
 Tick of sheep, 298. 
 Ticks, 297. 
 
 Tongue, canccv of, 158. 
 Tongue, cysts beneath the, 158. 
 Tongue, inflamed, 157. 
 Tougue, laceration of, 158. 
 
 lV)oth-like tumors under the 
 
 ear, 328. 
 TreadjB on theooronet, 383. 
 Trembling, 274. 
 Trichina spiralis, 93 
 Trichiasis, 260. 
 Trismus, 270. 
 Tubercle, 83. 
 Tubercle in bone, Sll. 
 Tubercules, 290. 
 Tuberculosis, 83-141. 
 Tuberculous foot-rot, 388. 
 Tumors in the mouth, 158. 
 Tumors in the noBe, 1 10. 
 Tumors, malignant, 269-389. 
 Tumors of tei'th, 162. 
 Tumors of the elbow, 337. 
 Tumors of the mamma, 259. 
 Tumors of the sheath, 240, 
 Tumors on the .shoulder, 333. 
 Tumors on the spermatic cord 
 
 242. 
 Tumors, simple, 389. 
 Turkish horse, 20-238. 
 Turn-sick, 88. 
 
 Tympany of the rumen, 1G9. 
 Tympany of the stomach in 
 
 horses, 177. 
 Typhoid fever, 126. 
 Typhoid fever in hone&, 68. 
 Typhus, 72. 
 
 Udder, congestion of, &c., 256. 
 Ulceration in joints, 317. 
 Ulceration of bone, 310. 
 Ulceration of bone, symptoms 
 
 of, 308. 
 Ulceration of neck bones, 330. 
 Ulcers of the eye, 262. 
 Urethra, inflammation of, 231. 
 Urethral calculus, 236. ! 
 Urethra, stricture of, 231. 
 Uretral calculus, 235. 
 
\ 
 
 J^rinarj calculi, 2.32 
 
 Urinary organs, diseases of, 223. 
 
 mDEX. 
 
 Vaprjna, catarrh of, 261. 
 Vagina, eversion of, 252 
 Va^dna, polypus in, 247* 
 
 ^^|;;«;4"["^«^«art,in8ulHciency 
 
 Varicose veins, 150 
 Variola (Small-pox), 44 to 47 
 ^ Veins, diseases of, 1 49-] 50 
 
 Venereal disease of soJipeds" 82 
 Verminous bronchitis, 131, 133" 
 
 Vertigo, 269. 
 Vesicles, 285. 
 
 Voluntary motion, loss of, 277 
 Vomiting, 179. 
 
 Warbles, 297. 
 
 Warts, 292. 
 
 Warts on the lips, 157 
 
 pasting of the heart, 142 
 Water-brain, 88 
 
 Water in the abdomen i„ par- 
 turition, 250. ' 
 Water in the chest, 123 
 Watm- in head in parturition, 
 
 Water stonos, 240 
 Watery blood, lOl". 
 Weed, 161. 
 White scour, 1 75 
 
 Wind-brokon, (H;ave8) 126 
 vVinrigalls, 346. 
 
 ;\ ind-sucking, crib bif in , i er 
 Wolf-teeth, 158. ''• ^^^ 
 
 Womb, bleeding from, 250 
 Womb, catarrh of 251 
 Womb, evorsion of 252 
 
 1 Worms in tho digestive canal 
 
 ^orm.s, treatment of 203 
 Wounds, 302 
 Wounds, bruised, 303. 
 Wounds healing of in diffcrenl 
 animals, 302 "^'"^'eni 
 
 Wounds of the'chest, 124-333 
 
 ^V ounds, poisoned, 153 304 
 founds of the sole, 380 
 Wounds of veins, 149 
 VVrong presentations, 247. 
 
 Yellows (Jaundice), 211. 
 
 439 
 
 ^, 
 
 /7 ...,' 
 
m 
 
 Am( 
 
 Investe 
 A pure] 
 of mem 
 The I 
 best, la 
 Threahe 
 issued. 
 
DOMINION GRANGE 
 
 MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY 
 
 Amount Insured Nearly tbTZ^ * 
 
 ■^EARLY $8,000,000. Capital ft I fin rt«« 
 
 In . . ^"'^ ®""^'-^«' «25,000 ' ^'°°'°°°- 
 
 Invested mostly in Mort^TA t, • 
 
 R. J. DOYLE. Manager. 
 
 OWEN SOUN^ (Box 464). 
 
ALBERT HAGAR, 
 
 BELLEVIEW STOCK FARM. PLANTAGENET, OUT., 
 
 BREEDER OF 
 
 PURE-BRED SHORTHORHS AND HICH-QRADE CAniE. 
 
 (Crulckshank Bull, "Soldier Boy," at head of Herd. 
 
 Clydesdales^ Shropshire Sheep, Berkshire Pigs, and Plymouth 
 Rock Fowls for sale on reasonable terms. 
 
 PRICES TO SUIT THE TIMES. 
 
 JAMES NEIL, 
 
 COLLING^VOOD, - . ONT., 
 
 BREEDER AND IMPORTER OF 
 
 SOUTHDO^V^^I^ SHEEP 
 
 Use a Bam from thi s Standard Flock if you wan t the best rbsclts. 
 
 W. C. B. RATHBUli 
 
 BAY VIEW RANCHE, DESERONTO, 
 
 BREEDER OF 
 
 AND SHORTHORN CATTLE. 
 
 Ch oice Stock. Correspondence Solicited. - 
 
 CATTLE AND HORSES. 
 
 Shonhorn'^HjH^p'^?^.^"?^"^^^'' ^eg'stered in "Dominion 
 ferflv n ; ^1 ^""fl ^"■^l^dmg three yearlmg Bulls by But- 
 terfly Duke 6th, sired by the celebrated 4th Duke of Clarence, 
 of Bow Park fame. 
 
 Also several highly-bred Horses, suited for various purposes. 
 F. C. SIBBALD, "The Briars," Sutton West, Ont. 
 
', ONT., 
 
 CAnLE. 
 
 Plymouth 
 
 NT., 
 
 CEP. 
 
 nd for purity 
 :;e, second to 
 3 for sale at 
 
 V RBSCLTS. 
 
 NTO, 
 
 aliclted. - 
 
 Dominion 
 I by But- 
 Clarence, 
 
 purposes. 
 ;t, Ont.