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Las diagrammes suivants illustrant la mAthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mummmm 300 / ^'^ \ \ 1 ^1 ^ m M ■«;■ \ ,.' "r ,!..„;_ . T\T/i/-| 4*K>«*«^ ^l.,»:» — XT- - wmter. Justice was administered by him strictly: it is recorded that one Frenchman was hanged for com- mittmg theft, and that several were thrown into irons, 12 If ! Il • 8UMMABT OP CANADIAN HI8T0BT. or publicly Whipped on account of other misdemeanours Ihe scurvy attacked his settlement, and about fifty died from Its effects. In the spring, he set out with a select party to explore the Saguenay district, but after losing a boat and eight men, he was obliged to return The same year he sailed back to France. Being engaged in the wars between Francis I. and Charles V., Roberval took no farther interest in Canada, until 1549, when he rrtT.''/ w* ,^;^"i^^v ^^"-accompanied; embarked for the New Worid. But the whole expedition perished at sea and every hope of an establishment in America •was abandoned for neariy fifty years. Fr«ri^*T?r7.7- ^^^'^ ^^ ^'°Sth consolidate^ i ranee, which had been rent asunder by civil and reli- gious wars, gave to the Marquis de la Roche authority as Lieutenant-General, to form a settlement in his trans-' atlantic possessions. This nobleman accordingly gath- ered together a numerous body of settlers, partly drawn irom French prisons, and embarked in 1698. Little is known of his proceedings save that before returning he landed fifty convicts to colonize Sable Island, a sterile sand-bank off the Nova Scotian coast. Seven years afterwards, twelve of these were found living, and be- mg -brought back to France, were pardqned and provid- ed for by the King, y ^ ESTABLISHMENT OP TEADING-POSTS. ' IX.-The fur-trade of Canada had begun to attract attention m the commercial emporiums of France Merchants of Dieppe, Eochelle, Rouen, and St. Malo* were gradually establishing temporary trading-posts! chiefly at Tadoussac, near the mouth of the Saguenay c ".vi.xwTuui "ic upuumg up oi such communications, and in 1599, he entered into a contract with two distinguished traders, Pontgrav6 of St. Malo, B8TABLISHMBNT OF TBADING -POSTS. 13 SSulfeooT'- "'r'^ *ey engaged to trans- appointed LieutenanZre:.,, tS" ^TZ^^ . brought out sixteen colonists, whom the kiLnels of!h« »at.v^ afterwards saved from etarmiorand diedt ^^^rar^r^^re^rin^oX^:-^^^^^ wa,^hT^°Tr^'" "^^ ^^^'^' «o™™or of Dieppe pZ of mlr , T'r"'-^*"^''''' ""^ organized a com: coX" Het ?:.** P"P°'*' "^ ^^o^^ ""-l "is- Zd a hoH T'^ '^ ''"'"^^ °f Samnel de Cham- ed ~ii„„°^ 'Tr ""^'^ °«<^'' ^"o had gain- m«nH ^t ^""gr^J*- These two were sent in com- mand of an expedition to Tadonssac, and instract^ moreover, to ascend the St. Lawrence L tar ^^m' SaTt T '• ^"""^ themselves stopped by the and rilr ChTh nK'""'""*'"'"'' "" *he counfy Where he ll^^i':^^?^''^^ "f^"*' *° ^™"-^ eTrr:rir"^^^^^^^ ~edp;;rhnc:-dt^^^^^^ ^, ana were the founders of the colony of Acadia. II ■ ! 11 ;l ; ! U SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTORY. Ohamplain then induced De Monts to direct his atten- tion to Canada. Two vessels were accordingly fitted out and entrusted to Champlain and Pontgrav6. The latt(Jr remained to foster the fur-trade at Tadousaac ; the former sailed past the island of Orleans, and select- ed a spot at the base of Cape Diamond, called by the natives Quebeio or Quebec,(meaning thereby a strait, or narrow passage,) as suitable for the site of a town! On the 3rd of July, 1608, Champlain laid the founda- tion of Quebec, the future capital of Canada. Tliis was the earliest permanent settlement in America with the exception of Jamestown, in Virginia, which was found- ed in the previous year, 1607, by the English Captain Newport. f^ QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER I. I. Who discovered America? In what year and under whose patronage was the discovery made? Where did Verrazzano sail ? What title did he give to his discoveries ? Who sailed after him ? What discoveries did Car- tier malce ? II. When was Carlier's second voyage? What did he discover? Explain the reason of the nam© St Lawrence ? To what was it applied ? What name was given to Anticosti? What was the ob- ject of the early voyages to Amer- ica? Where did Cartier first meet the Indians ? What Islands were named in the river? By ■Vrhom was Cartier visited in Sep- tember? Where did the Indian Chief live ? What is now built on its 6l te ? Explai n what passed be- tween Cartier and the Iiidians. III. In what sense was " Cana- da" used by Cartier? What did the Indians mean by the word ? IV. Where did Cartier next go ? Describe Hochelaga. Explain the name Montreal^ Where did Car- tier winter? How was the win- ter passed? Describe the cross which was erected. Of what act tf treachery was Cartier guilty ? What Island did ho circumnavi- gate ? When did he reach home ? V. IIow was the King's atten- tion aroused ? Who was the first Governor of Canada? To what posts was Cartier appointed? How many voyages did Cartier make ? How long did ho occupy in the 8rd voyage ? Where were the first forts built in Canada? What was the place called? What were found in the neighbour- hood? How was the autumn occupied? Why did Cartier re- solve to return ? VI. Where did Cartier meet Roberval? How many people did Eobcrval bring with him ? How did Cartier act? What was grant- ed to Cartier's heirs ? VII. Where did Eoberval dis- embark? What did he do on landing? Give instances of his "everity. How many settlers did ho lose, and in what manner? When did he return to Canada? What prevented him from re- turning before? What became of his second expedition ? What elTect had the loss upon France ? VIII. Who next received au- thority to form a settlement in Canada? From whom? Whence ALLIANCE WITH THE HUB0N8 AND ALG0NQUIN8. 15 were his settlers partly drown? When did be sail? Where did he land a colony, and with what re- sult? .J\ ^^.'^^^r^^ ^^Snn to attract attention J- Who established tra- fcuP°l*^^ ^*' ^Jia' place? With whom, and when did the Jvln? enter into a contract ? Ex- plain the nature of their contract. Uhut was Chauvin's success? What memorial did he leave ? A. Who organized a company of merchants? Whose services did he engage? Who commanded the expedition? How far d'd w^/^?."'L**'« S*- I^awrence? What did Champlain learn on reaching France? What did ha do notwithstanding? i,3f* *^'*** ^^»8 P'»ced at the nffll"^*''S*'°°'P*"y? To what dS >.r«^^**PP"'"»«*^? Where ^rii'^fl"'?.' '""""^ When was J^ova Scotia explored? WI^ Sven » Pwh° '^'^ attention next f'nnnV, Tu^ ^"« ^^nt OUt tO . roTf"^ y^®'« ^^^ Pontgravd remain, and fi>r what purpose? What was Champlain's object? WW ^'"..^"^bec founded? What was the first permanent settlement in America » Br whom founded ? ^"''"^* " ^X ^ CHAPTER II. FEOM THE FOUNDING Oi- QUEBEC TO THE DEATH OP CHAMPLAIN. ALLIANCE WITH THE HUEONS AND ALGONQUINS «inni"Tf ^''''^^''f ' ^'^' H^^^^^^aga, had dwindled awar since the arrival of the French, and the few inhabt tan s who remained, lived in great part on the b^un'; cended the St. Lawrence and Tnet a band of Alffon- qums a large Indian tribe with whom he had foS an alliance at Stadacon^. The^r territor/.tretchel a^ong the northern bank of the St. Lawrenc^l, astr as tli Ottawa which was called the river of the ^o" quin. The remamder of Canada to the west, was oc- cupied chiefl^r bj the Hurons, or Wyandots, ^irwere extended from the Algonquin frontier to the gr atll^ which now bears their name. Hochelaga w4 th ' ci^ef village, as Stadacon6 was that of the Algonql These two peoples were united nn.l i. ......tf^ i"!f ' tif sfla^^^"^"' Whose counti; ^ZZ^"^ the bt. Lawrence, from Lake Erie to the Richelieu which was known as the river of the IroquSr tS I 16 B0MMABI OP OANADIAK HI8T0ET. ttfwnT, V 0°on%as, the Oaj«ga«, the Senecaf tte Mohawks, and the Oneidas, who fomed one grS confederacy for offensive and defensive purposes On tte arrival of the French, a heredita.7 war wi raring .between the Huron-AIgonqnine andThe Iroqnoi" l! was necessary to take sides with one party or the other ^ose those tnbes nearest them, while as a natnral con- wars, to the Enghsh, with whoso settlements thev were conterminous. The Algonquin, had ~tej to Ohamplam a safe passage through the couZ^S v,ded he agreed to assist them against the fler^ and hostile Iroquois. They now -called upon Wm TS fromTd::? ""' ""'""P"""' ^*'-/» -ilrcemt^ wh"hlrr.%''""°'"P^'''«'l*''«™ "P the Eichelieu monopoly Lad been abrogated hv f^A ir; • ment and discovery. He was thus ™„b..d •' IT- Ohamplaln to "Nonvelle France " fl7thr„r . "'"" now caU.d, in 1610, with frer^pp^ 'rnrretLr ALUABOB WHO TBB HUaONS AlfD AIQONQUIKS. 17 ments at hU disposal. After a remarkably rapid pas- «age of eighteen days, Champlain reached Tadoussao On arnvng at Q„ebeo he again eomplied with the t vitotion of «>e Algonquins, and joined in an attack upon the Iroquo.3, in which the latter were defeated. Ho shortly afterwards left for France, on hearing of Hen' tte'llT"""""'""' '''""""^ i» 1611, to fix npon Queb c rr" "^'^.f "«»«'" higher up the river than Quebec. This resulted in the choice of a spot adjoinins Cart.ers Mont Eoyal, which he cleared, sowed" and enclosed by means of an earthen wall. JnM "'7^^°,"?'""^ "* '^"^^^'^ '^"^ flourishing exceed- ngly ; the cultivation of the soil had been suceessfur- the labours of the settlers had been unmolested Si and prosperity satisfied the wishes of all. Champlain now formed plans with his Algonquin friends '7™! zation and therefore returned to France to furnish himself with the necessary resources. De Monts hid resigned his appointment, and was succeeded hr Count ttedtr:*/' 7'"""^ "' '''' ''O"-''^^- The latter'n- tered into the plans of Champlain, whom he constitut- ed h Lieutenant, with the right to exercise all those functions which pertained to himself. But rery «! after, the Count died, and the Prince of oSTa^ created Viceroy (1612). He in like manner becameZ Z1^7lT\f "' -'«^P"-g Champlain, and delegated to him the same powers as those conferred by ni3 former patron. ' OHAMPLAi:!, GOTEKJfOB OF CANADA, 1612. IV.— Champlain, as Deputy-Governor "nd -vith .ne delegated authority of Viceroy, sailed for' l^coK mere an^"1; '"'' ''.'"'""P''™^'! V several French merchants. In a previous expedition, Champlain had 16 flUMMAEY OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 'l l! t u named tha part of the river above the St. Loui, rapid^ U Chine believing it to lead to China; he waa now mduced by the story of a deceitful Frenchman X had lived among the Indians, to undertake a lab.^rron° journey np the Ottawa, nearly as far as Lake S sing under the impression that he would tts r ad." the North Sea, and discover a North-west passaged the Ea.t Indies. Having been undeceived by the I„! dians, he returned by the same route, and sailed for France to further the interests of the colony h' found no difficnlty i„ equipping another expedition 1615 This had been joined by four fathers of the E^eollet order, who were the first priests in Canada! Ohamplam now engaged in a long tour with his Indian to Lalce Hm-on. They next turned to the South and reached the shores of Lake Ontario, (then first w' ^^:\T '".'''^r°"^.<'™«^i"gthe St. Lawrence^came upon the main object of their expedition : an Iroquois sett ement defended by palisades, which they prepared to storm. Champlain, however, was twice wounded tn the leg, and he allies were forced to retreat. The Gov- ernor occupied the winter in exploring, and did not reach Tadoussac till the spring o/the luowing year whereupon he saUed for Honfleu, in September! 16 6^ i^ ■ ^ ^"""^ **■' ^"""O »f t^oid^ disgraced and imprisoned, in consequence of his share in thedistuX ances during the minority of Louis XIIL After much controversy, it was settled that the Duke of Montal «!«%' tr °'? ^^"''"^' ''"'"''1 P'"-<'h»^ Condi's of- fice of Viceroy for 11,000 crowns. The associated mer- cuant company, formed in I6in v-.™ ^^^^..,. -. « embai-king in further operations by di^sputes betw^n Eochelle and the other cities. Attempts were Z M. OHAMPLAIN, QOVEKNOB OP CANADA. 19 made, but in vain, to degrade Oliamplain from his high position. ^ ^.<; length everything was quieted, and Ohamplam with his family sailed in 1620, for the land of his adoption. He learned on arriving, that an Indian •conspiracy against the French settlers had been sun- pressed by one of the missionaries. The total number of the colonists, notwithstanding all his exertions amounted to no more than sixty. He found that the various settlements had been neglected, and proceeded to strengthen that at the Three Rivers, by erecting a fort He was disheartened also by the information, that certain adventurers from Rochelle, in violation of the company's privileges, had bartered for furs with the Indians, heedlessly giving them fire-arms in ex- change. The RecoUets were now busied in erecting their first convent on the banks of the St. Charles near Quebec The first child of French parents was bom m Quebec, m ;|21 The same year, most unexpected mtelhgenee reached Champlain. Montmorency had de- prived the merchants' association of their privileges, and had transferred all colonial trade to the Sieurs do Caen, uncle and nephew, of whom the latter was com- ing to assume its personal superintendence. Champlain was thus superseded and subjected to the control of an- her In July De Caen arrived at Tadoussac, and act- ed m the most harsh and arbitrary manner, seizing the vessels belonging to the merchants, and disregafdng duoT r ' remonstrances. His violent measures rl Fmnt Vh ^''^^^'"' forty-eight, the rest returning to France, whither Do Caen soon followed. Champlain now managed to eff^ect a temporary treaty of peace b^ tween the contmually-wnrrin^ t«^;o„. a^.*1 ., . , hnci^AX' 1/.. ** ^^iviiuiio. Alter WHS he at Cutb.'r ^'° T""^ " "'""^ ^<"-' "'""^'J St. Louis, at Quebec and on ,ts completion he departed to France m search of farther aid. iir? I , 80 8UMMABY OP CANADIAN HISTOicy. sions were now hrpntin^ f *i . *^"^^"'P- -Dissen- corn for seed, was to bo given thlm-«,„ T '""'"^'' to be Eoman Catholic lenchm™: «'7»'<""^t' '-ere ^ a sort of •mpanjr and either side, rase]f from 10 Duke de ic religion- n tlie New id two lay I, and laid . • Dissen- 'n the Iro- d himself ilities, but fury. d, withal, 5 than in Cardinal ited com- )iie Hun- anted in a large equisites enougli sts were >over, to ed, who • which, or their lie com- 11 New les, and eceived )f com- whicht Tha CHAMPLAIN, OOVERNOn OF CANADA. 21 riceroyalty was now suspended, and Ohamplain was ippointed Governor of the colony. - w y,^"r-^[^^^^^«"'« ^a^ous scheme was interrupted by he breakmg out of a war between France and England Sir David Kertk, (Anglic6 Kirk,) a French Calvimst refugee in the British service, w^^ commis- Bioned m 628, by Charles I., to conquer' Canada To intercepted some of the company's ships, burned the village at Tadoussac, and then summoned Quebec to surrender Champlain refused, and Kirk retreated for the time being. In 1629 his brothers Louis and Thomas Kirk, with a squadron of three ships, sent by him, ap- poared before Quebec, in which place both provisions and ammunition were well-nigh exhausted. On their proffer of honourable conditions, Champlain felt himself justified in surrendering Quebec and all Canada into the hands of the English. The settlers (at this time not much outnumbering one hundred souls) who wished to remain were a lowed so to do ; those who preferred to go wero S d w>f '" ''"^'' ''^'^"^' ^°^ ^«^^«^^' '-^ were provided with a passage to France. Champlain hasten- ed home, and so influenced the cabinet of Louis XIII that the restoration of Canada was stipulated for in the artic es of peace which were being negotiated between ^0 two powers. The peace of St. Germain-en-Laye was signed on 29th March, 1632, whereby New Franco was handed back to the mother country. En Ji?n7^^ r^^ '"''^ ^^ ^^^"^^^ extraordinary that both England and France regarded with indifference the loss or acqnisition of Canada at this time, since the only settlements were comprised in a for , barracks a^^ „.. I, .Z ' ^"""'-•"i, ana ibree Kivers. The year of he peace, two Jesaite came in a ship of their mn to the work of evangelizing Canada, of whom fZ 23 «WMiRr 0» 0AN4WAK niSTOBr. "egos, and QhSZ. • ™-""'«»'«d ''i'h its priv- office "a, Go^SVK33''''„'t'f "^ "'^ '"™- which carried out morrn.I I .v ^' "^"^ P-'eparcd, fated in the .^Zl^ZZ^ ^ ■"' *"' """> ''^- checked by restrictioncToT ' ^ '" '""« """""■•o formed relLorever th» ?"" ^'"'^^'^'' "^ "'« re- while Romardath ei 4':: 2?f ^ <=<"-- = by the erection of relimZ T^ , ^™^^ established -Jer the «' t^ -J "tb"V?'""°"'' TOn were opened in O,,.! 7 v t ®''''°°'' '^»'" ehild- son of the Marnl de 0»1 '.''^I''"'*"" ^"'o"""'- A ioa jomed the Jes JufZ"? ;■ ^^f ^' «»'>''"". ''>«' the education oSi, and j " ~"r "' '^"^''«« f» ward, the close of 1636 ^"* "" ''""•"' ^"''M to- he had fouled HUnir f T' '" *"" ^<'«'^'"»' country, equally i..u LruTw^taTof r v"'' '' ""' Gartier, as the one man whl L. Pe™ia- with the vlZl:T^'7- "« '"'"tifled himself andbyhis'unirgfn^'lV:: -"'' thirty years, ^teXtttkS-=^=»^^^ t^o Messi,3 o^::^^^^^^:^-^-^ QTOSTIONS TO CHAPTER II. !• What pI(tA^)< cj» > iinWn.li away sine „ \,/^ ; »i ^j,"^ir French? whit AM oi '^^ }¥ do in 1609? Nam« ?hP^TP^''^ Indian trn/esScTnada ^ Wh^"^ t.hech7ef^m„!!it5PJ'«P.«- Name -tlon« werl-alwa^slt ^^^^f What did /^f*'^^^"'^ ^oun^laries. Phn J^i , ^ffangement between Who^ldldh?^ theAIgonquTs"? Fo?'whll^ 5L?^°_':°'?Pa?i: them ? Cham^fS^-,^;;J^t^d il. What arrangement did D. it missions." nth its priv- liis former s prepared, lat time ex- ae measure 5 of tlie re- colonizers ; established astitutions, for child- imant. A lault, wljo )uebec for ichool, to- i died at ettlement ttis of our iscoverei*, i pernia- himself J years, 'vercame 5rchants, geminate *»' OIIAMPLAIN, OOVKRNOlt OF CANADA. 23 Monta make » What was Canado now called ? What was the length ofhis passage In 1610? W lint did he do on arriving? Whoro was the place for a now Bcttlomont chosen f In what year? III. What was the comiltlon of ^,i"?? at QiK'bec? What plans did Champlain now form ? Who ■ucceedi'd Do Monts? Who fol- lowed him ? How did Condo act towanlf Champlain? IV. In what capacity did Cham- plain return? What name was given to the river above the 8t L()nl8 rapids? Why so called? What journey did Champlain un- dertake, and why? When and where was another expedition equinpod for Canada? Whocamo In this expedition ? Dcscrlbo Champlain's tour, and the results of It. When did ho return to Franco ? 1 T' I" ^^'*' position did Cham- plain find the Prince of Conde? Who succeeded the Prince? WJiat company had been formed m 1610? How was It now pre- vented from acting? When and with whom did Champlain return . to Canada? What did ho learn on arriving ? What was the num- ber of the colonists ? Where was a fort erected ? What dlshcart- «"f d him ? When was the first child born In Canada, and where? How was Champlain temporarily suspended ? In what manner did cnamplain now occupy himself? io what number did De Caon ro- aace the colony? VI. Why and to whom did Montmorency dispose of his of- Hce? What was his sucoessor'a object, and In what way did he further It ? What dissensions wero breaking forth in Canada? VII. Why did Richelieu su- pcrMdo tho Do Caens' company ? What was tho new company called, and when was it char- tered? What did the company undertake to do? What return «ia the King make? What change was made In tho Oovorn- mont? VIII. What Interrupted .^llche- lieu s scheme ? Who was sent aga'nst Quebec ? With what re- 1629? What conditioijs wero granted to tho settlers? What was Champlain's a. tion ? Whoa and where was [h ice signed ? IX. Why was tho gain or loss of Canada regarded with Indif- ference ? Who was the father of Jesuit missions, and when did ho arrive In Canada ? What is said of tho company and Champlain ? How was prosperity checked? How was Roman Catholicism more firmly ostabKahed? Who opened schools for children? When and by whom was the Jesuit College founded at Que- J!"^^-^'***^ "•'^^^^l was estab- lished ? X. When did Champlain die? Where was he buried? What eulogy may bo passed upon >undaries. call this ith what e? What between onquins? J them ? V iiat did eturn ? did De CHAPTER III. FBOU THE DEATH OF CttAMPLAI.V TO THE ERECTION OF CANADA INTO A ROYAL GOVERNMENT. CHAELES HUALT DE MONTMAGNY, GOVERNOR, 1636. -. . . . I „,, ^. xxampiam s uuatn, a temporary Governor was appointed in the Commandant at Three Rivers, M de Chasteaufort who was succeeded in 1636, bj Oharle^ 'n 24: SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTOBT. 1 ! de Montaagny. Trade was now languish^ and th« colony. But great vigour was manifested inreliehus concerns. Under the auspices of the Dnohe^ fllT brought jfp^ z^z^^^ 4':,^™ who established the Ursuline Convent. The AbbK' v.er, who had originated the order of St. SuC pro jeoted a plan for founding a Seminary in banX tI mportance of Montreal marked it out as alittblel ^hty and in 1640, the entire island was ceded by fte m mi, this company handed over the island an.1 .„i„ neuiy of Montreal to the order of St. Sulple In 1 ell' Montreal (called at first ViUe-Marie'waTLn^^rty M. de Mmsonneuve, who, in command of a party from France, erected the first fort, whilst the superior ofZ Jesmts consecrated the site. In the folLin" ye» MontrS" '"'""^ '"""'^^ *■>« H6tel.Dieu :; • thl'Tn^" I™s burst upon the unarmed inhabitant, nT sacred every one of them to the extent of 400 famm« and last of al Ipnt the good father to a martyr's death" At this time the first communication passed be tween the French and British American colonTes t' envoy from New England brought propo^L 2 ^ 1 . Z ffT "' f"'''' "'«' Canada,'Spt ,a hi m d^inlh r"""' countries,_a proposition whhh M d Ailleboust announced himself by a deputy ^tVtL «3wi,i„ to entertain, provided t^h^ trl^Lh un ° ed with him against the Iroquois Thi, ^^ ■ -t^acceptable to the PuritirLd"^: Z^^J^ tlem^u.%^ T ^™^""'' ^'""''^ "P"" *« Huron sot- s^rra^r^Sir i .l'!^"'i'"il^i^^^^^^^^^ was totally destroved ' "tI" T"'^ "*""" "'habitants, abandon 3d themsdvts'toler •'"""f." ^"""^ ""^ tions. Some t«r„ft ^*""' *""• ""'' '" «" ^'"o 6ome took refuge among the Eries and Ottawas 26 6UMMAEY OP CANADIAN HISTOEY. i ! fl and other more remote Nations, and some united with IJI their Iroquois conquerors; some, under the direction of the Jesuits, removed to the island of St. Joseph, where their inveterate foes soon found them out and well-nigh annihilated them. An unhappy remnant of some hundreds sought aid from the missionaries, and was by them conveyed to a post near Quebec. The descendants of these refugees are still to be found in the village of Lorette, a few miles from Quebec. At this juncture the French were virtually blockaded in their forts, and the Iroquois remained masters of the country. About this time the traders at Tadoussao introduced intoxicating liquors among the tribes of the Sagudnay, and drunkenness became so frequent and so injurious that the chiefs petitioned the governor to im- prison all natives found uilty of this offence. JEAN DB LAIJSON, GOVEENOE, 1651. rV. — In 1651, M. d'Ailleboust was replaced by M« de Lauson, one of the principals of Eichelieu's compa- ny. Colonial.affuirs were not very promising ; the Iro- quois were increasing in audacity and harassing the French at all points. So dangerously beset was the isl- and of Montreal that M. de Maisonneuve, the local gov- ernor, went in search of succour to France, whence he returned in 1653 with a reinforcement of 105 men. In consequence of this and in part through the self-denying labour of missionaries, the Iroquois sued for peace, which it was thought prudent to grant. In 1655, the Onondagas solicited that a French settlement should be made in their country, which De Lauson after some hes- itation complied with. Sieur Dupuis and 50 men, to- Q-uvxivi. Tritu -X xiiiooiuiiuiics, wuiu uucuiuiugiy appoiUtecl' to form this station, and to found the first Iroquois church. This movement excited the jealousy and sus- JEAH DB LATOON, GOTEENOE. 37 pioions Of tlie other-four Iroquois tribes, and 400 Mo- Jt:T7rT "''""'''^ *° 'nterieptth "party attempt at rescuo on the part of the governor At ength Iroquois insolence became insn/portaWe' and the French detennined on war. Dnpnis and h 'little * PIEEEEDE VOTEE, TISCOOTTd'aEGEOTOK, OOTEENOE, 1668. govInmit"rf"° "^'""'°^'' ""^ '""^ P"«=« i" *« governmont. de Lanson was succeeded by his son who in turn gave way to the former governor D-Aillebou.t who was superseded in 1658 b/viscount d'Ajenson some Algonqums under the very euns of On^Kn^ j escaped fr„„ ., ^^^^^^ ^ J g- „? n p ^"t The same year the Mohawks met with a severe check m an a tempt to surprise Three Rivers. In 1 659 the rrrtt^'lfouf "r'^ '' '^'''' ^""^^ "^ «SS' arrived at Quebec to preside over the Roman CathoII^ Church as apostolic vicar. On the erectrnof Q ebeo 2z:z:t "' '''"" ''"'' '''''' "''™> ^-™ WEEEE Dr BOla, EAEOS d'aVACGOUE; GO VEEKOE, 1661. ,. . -~^° ^^^Ij Argensou was rA]!o™j i,_ t.. ser;":r;:'''' ^^^ represe-ntat^:;;! e^K™ c^rnUt^ Ir "^ ^^"^^^ ^""^ abandonn,ent by the colonists. He pictured to Louis XIV. the helpte state i'l .iii i 28 BUMMAET OP CANADIAN HISTORY. !, i i of the country, and induced him to send M. de Monts to investigate the state of affairs ; 400 troops, more- over, wore added to the colonial garrison. The govern- or having permitted the sale of ardent spirits, in spite of the protestations of the clergy, disorder ai:ose to a deplorable height. Laval hastened to France, and by his remonstrances succeeded in obtaining such powers OS were necessary to check the fatal commerce. On his return he founded and endowed the Quebec Seminary in 1663 (now Laval University). In the same year, a remarkable series of violent earthquakes, recurring two or three times a day, and continuing with slight inter- mission for half-a-year, agitated the entire surface of Oanadk ; it is singular to learn that no loss of life or permanent injury was occasioned by these repeated shocks. VII. — An attempt at peace on the part of the Iro- quois was frustrated by an ambuscade of the Algon- quins, who intercepted and killed the deputation. Tho Iroquois had about this time procured fi4'e-arms from the Dutch at Manhattan, (they first received them from the Dutch on the Ohio in 1640,) and thus acquired an incontestable superiority over all the other aborigines. They now attacked those tribes who had given refuge to the Hurons, and commenced by driving the Ottawas into the islands of Lake Huron. They next engaged in a desperate struggle with the Eries, who were fipally exterminated, leaving no memorial of their existence except in the lake that bears their name. VIII. — Baroft d'Avaugour was now recalled, part- ly on account of the liquor-traffic, partly on ac- count of complaints against his stern administration. Louis XIV., innuenced, it is said, hj Laval, and second- ed by his able minister Colbert, resolved to rescue Can- ada from misgovernment, and to render every assist- de Monts ops, more- he govern- ts, in spite iirose to a !e, and by ?h powers le. On his Seminary ne year, a irring two ght inter- surface of I of life or I repeated »f the Iro- be Algon- ion. The irms from ;hem from quired an iborigines. ren refuge e Ottawas in gaged in jre fipally existence tiled, part- ly on ac- nistration. id secoud- )scue Gan- Bry assist- BAKON d'avaugouk, governok. 29 ance necessary for the well-being of the colonists, at this time numbenng 2000. The Associated Company resigned .a their rights into the hands of the KinJ who transferred the same, with like conditions, to tht West India Company, whose powers were y;t kept in abeyance for some time. Heretofore all civil and military authorrty had been vested in the governor The executi^ function was now separated from the legislative. Canada was transformed into a royal gov- ernment, with a Council of state nominated by the Crown to co-operate with the Governor in the adminis- ,t:T/f""- T^- —ign Council wastTon^ 61S ot the Governor, the Bishop, the Intendant, and five (afterwa^ds twelve) leading residents. Courts of law were established at Quebec, Montreal, and Three Elv- ers, and the laws of France, the " Coutdme de Paris " became the legal code. An Intendant was appointed who combined the duties of Minister of Justice, of Fi- nance, of Police, and of Public Works. Grants of land ZTf.'" ^' "^'^'^ ^^ '^' ^^^™ ^' Seigneuries, by royal edict. Questions of feudal law were eubjec to the decree of the Governor and the Intendant. QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER HI. I. Who sncceeded Champlain ? What religious instltutiona wero estabhahed? Who thoupht of founding a Seminary in Canada? What was the site selected, and when ceded? By whom and when was Montreal founded? 1667? ^*' Montreal given in uih ^'i'^* ^(« the condition of Hurons and Alsotiquins? Why Jflha ^Z^-K''^^^^'^ '^* «ie month Z — ji„"ili "^ iviontinagnv removed? Who 8ucceoded him^ & "* ^'i?* y*'-'*''^ What di(i 5eSe? ^"'■^<'<'*3 found, and IIL What waa the effect of 3* dans? What distinguished tha village of St. Joseph ?%Wh?t did the Iroquois resolve on in 1648 V Dwcribe the attack nnon St Jc eeph At what time did comma- mcation pass between the British and French colonists ? What wa« the purport of it, and how did it end ? Describe the second attack of the Iroquois. What was its effect upon the Hurons? Where Is a remnant nf th^ xi, — ,,- x. »- found at present ? What was the relative position of the French and Iroquois? What commerce had been introduced at TadouB- sac. and with what result? IV. Who and what waa the 30 SDMMAfiY OF CANADIAN HISTORY. i; Ui i I s next Governor? Why did the Governor of Montreal repair to Franco, and with what result? "What induced the Iroquois to gue for peace? What did tho Onondagas desire ? How did the Governor act? What was tho effect among tho other Iroquois tribes? Describe the conduct of the Mohawiis. What became of Dupu is' colony? V. Mention the official changes ■which toolc place in the govern- ment. Give tho occurrences of 16S8. Who .was first Apostolic Vicar in Canada, and when did he arrive ? To what place «nd in what year was tho first bishop appointed in Canada ? VI. W ho succeeded Argenson ? What did he do for the country ? What induced Laval to go to Franco? What institntion was founded in 1663, and by whom? What occurred in tho same year? VII. What frustrated peace with the Iroquois ? From whom and when did the Iroquois first receive fire-arms ? What was the subsequent elfcct of this acqui- Bitlon ? and exemplify. VIII. Why was Avaugour re- called; Who co-operated with Louis XIV. in his Canadian Bchemes? What was now the number of the colonists ? What company sui-ceeded the "100 As- sociates"? Doscribe the consti- tutional changes made in the government. What were the In- tendant's functions ? How were grants of land made and ques- tions of feudal law decided ? CHAPTER IV. TROM THE ERECTION OF CANADA INTO A ROYAL GOVERNMENT TO THE OVERTHROW OF FRENCH DOMINION IN CANADA. AUGUSTIN DE 8AFFEAT-m£sY, GOVEENOE, 1663. I.— Augustin do M^sy, appointed in 1G63, was the first Governor under the new regime. He was a man of haughty and obstinate temper, and having quarrelled with his Council, he took upon himself to send back to France two of its principal members,— an arbitrary act whidh procured his own recall. He died at Que- bec, however, before the dispatch arrived. ALEXE. DE PEOUVILLE, MAEQUIS DE TEAOY, VICEROY, 1665. The Marquis de Tracy arrived in Quebec in 1665, as Viceroy and Lieutenant-General ; De Courcelles was named under hifn as Governor, and Jean Talon as In- tendant. The Viceroy brought witli him tlie whole regiment of Carignan, who had acquired renown in Hungary against the Turks. With these came likewise titntion was I by whom f i> same year? rated peace From M'hom roqiiols first VMint was the ' this acqui* ■vaugour re- eratcd with [s Canadian as now the ists? What ;he"100A8- ) the consti- ade in the were the In- How were i and ques- jclded? :rnmbnt to ADA. 1663. , was the ras a man quarrelled d back to arbitrary [ at Que- JOY, 1665. 1 1665, as elles was on as In- iie whole jnown in ) likewise MAKQUIS DE TEAOT, VIOEEOT, 81 a large body Of settlers, bringing sheep, cattle, and horses, (now first introduced into Canada,) so that th« colony ,„ a fe^^ years of immigration received an ac- cession of number, exceeding its former population Prompt measures were taken against the Iroquois and three forts were erected on the Richelieu so as to cover an/uZt f "^^^t •• «"« -t Sorel, one at Ohambly, and the thn-d nme miles higher up the river. Three of the Nations speedily came to terms, but the Mohawks took?h?fiT. '.' '^'f '""'"^^- ^' ^«"^'«^"^« first took the field agamst them, and afterwards the Marquis in person but the Indians never risked an encounter and the Irench, after traversing about 700 miles of country, were obliged to content themselves with burn- he officers belonging to the Carignan regiment settled m the country and received grants of land with Seig- .eurial tenure from the King. Having placed the Col of th^W fr' V 1'^'°'' "°^ established the authority I'n 16 7 l" '."^^^^^«-P-^' t^e Viceroy returned home in 1667 leaving De Courcelles at the head of the Gov- ernment, and ruling over a population of 4312. Before n 1 Jr V ^^^?'f r' "'^^"^"^"^ ^^^^ the Indians, m 1666, which lasted for eighteen years. This noble man's term of^office is further memorable, from the fact that trade-monopoly, so fatal to all colonial enterprise was abohshed during his administration, chiefly !'?«: bns instance, (with certain exceptions in favou'r of the West India Company,) so that the colonists were per- mitted freedom of trade with the Indians, and Tho mother country. ' BANIEL DE REMY DE COUBCELLES, GOVERNOR, 1667. fhi^r'^i^T^r^''^''" ^y '^"^"^ diplomacv sverted a threatened Indian war, and in the interval of peace i ^h r 88 SUMMABY 07 CANADIAN HISTOBT. the enterprising Intendant, M. Talon, dispatched Nicho- las Perrot to visit the distant western and northern tribes. This bold traveller penetrated 1200 miles into the wilderness, as far as the great lakes, and induced Indian deputies from all the neighbouring Nations to assemble at the Falls of St. Mary, between Lakes Su- perior and Huron. There the assembled chiefs were met, in 1671, by Sieur de St. Lusson, who persuaded them to acknowledge the sovereignty of his King, and erected a cross with the arms of France. The Governor had fixed upon Oataraqui, on Lake Ontario, near the present site of Kingston, as an eligi- ble point for the erection of a fort, his object being to protect the fur-traders, and to check Indian incursions. He visited the spot in person, but was so much injured in health by exposure and hardship, that on his return to Quebec he desired to be relieved from the burden of office. About 1670, the small-pox broke out with the utmost violence among the Indians, and many tribes were all but exterminated by its terrible ravages. I %\ LOUIS DE BUADE, COUNT DE PALU * GOVKENOB, AND DE FEONTENAO ieu III. — The Count de Frontena'e a^ *he govern- ment in 1672. He caused the fort ai. .. .taraqui to be built immediately, and gave it his own name, Frontenao — a name still applied to the county in which King- ston is situated. In 1674, the West India Company was suppressed by Louis XIV. During Frontenac's administration, an extensive scheme of exploration was planned by the Intendant, Talon. News had reached him from the Far West re- specting a vast river which flowed in a southerly direc- tion. He entrusted to Father Marquette and an adven- turous merchant of Quebec, named Joliet, the danger- OOnNT BE FHONTEKAO, OOTEBNOE. $8 ons task of ascertaining the truth of this report. ThoT set ont with two canoes and six men, and after many adventures these explorers discovered the mighty Mis. s ss.pp,, and sailed down it, stream past the mouths of the M,ssour,, Ohio, and Arkansas. At this point they turned and commenced a homeward journey. Marquette remained among the friendly Miamis, at the extremity of Lake Michigan, and Joliet alone reached Quebec where ho found that Talon had departed for France' A young Frenchman, named La Salle, was fired with ChL.l"?^ ''"?'' '" *''" ''OP* of being able to reach Ohma ,n this way, he departed to France to organize an expedition Being joined by the Chevalier de Tonti and under the patronage of the Prince of Oonti, he embarked for Quebec with thirty men, in 1678. He had received from the King the Seigneury of Cataraqai, mid after his arrival, rebuilt Fort Frontenac of solid stone. Accompanied by Father Hennepin, who was fte historian o the voyage, LaSaUe's part^ hastened on to the West. Above the Niagara Falls, La Salle constructed a vessel of 60 tons and carrying 7 Zs which he called the " Griffon ; " this was the /rst vS bmit on Canadian waters. In this he sailed to Lake Michigan, where he established a trading post, as he had previously done at Niagara and Detroit. The auentt i ^7T' ^' ''*™'" ^'"^ ''«"'! "^ "bse- sX 1 \^f '■o^^'l *e foundered in a storm. La Salle, meanwhile, was pressing on undauntedly and wmdings of that river to its outl.f in the Gulf of Mexico. He took possession of all tl,e country along its bank w«t T?"r ".'!" °"^*"" ^"'^ ^^V., from whom it was styled Louisiana, and afteran absence of more than two years he regained Quebec. I 84 8UMMABY OF CANADIAN HISTOKY. IV.— Frontenao, though talented and energetic, was self-willed, suspicious, and domineering, and as may be thought, he was engaged in continual disputes, of which the chief were with Laval and the clergy on account of the liquor-traffic, and again with Buchesneau, the Intendant who had replaced the illustrious Talon. The home government in consequence decided on recalling him, and likewise the Intendant IK FEBVRE DE LA BAERE, GOVERNOR, 1682. In 1682, M. do la Barre arrived as Governor, and M. de Meules as Intendant. At this time the French population of Canada was about 10,000 souls. "War was now thr6atening to recommence betweea the French and the Iroquois. Since New York had passed into the hands of the English, these Indians found it more for their profit to leave the French traders and to carry tlieir peltries to an English market. They even bought up the furs of all Indians in alliance with the French for the same purpose. Grievous complaints were made by the Canadian Colony, but the Iroquois, being assured of British support, entirely disregarded them. This astute race soon began to perceive the means of giving influence to their own position, ^^y re- maining as far as possible neutral, in the rivalry which was now becoming manifest between the two bodies of European colonists. This state of affairs was reported on by a general assembly convoked by the Governor, and a memorial was transmitted to Paris. At length La Barre, en the arrival of a detachment of 200 soldiers from France, was preparec^to administer chastisement to the perverse Iroquois. He marched up the river to Lake Ontario, where was appointed a place of meeting be- tween him and the Indian deputies. Notwithstanding his high resolves, he found his army, on arriving at the 'getio, was fts may be , of which 11 account meau, the lion. The recalling 82. irnor, and e French War was \e French ssed into 1 it more s and to hey even with the Dmplaints Iroquois, 5regarded seive the )n, ^^y re- ry which bodies of ported on or, and a La Barre, ers from int to the to Lake 3ting be- istanding Dg at the MAEQUI8 DK DENONVILLB, GOVERNOR. 86 place, SO reduced by ckness and want of food, that he was Obliged to accede to the demands of the deputies withdraw his army, and retreat to Quebec. Here he found to his mortification that a fresh reinforcement of troops had arrived, bearing despatches from the Kinir FfvXtTons ' ''''^"'* ""^ "" triumphant war against the JACQUES REn6 DE BEISAT, MARQUIS DE DENONVILLE, GOV- ERNOR, 1685. y.-In consequence of dissa«sfaction felt at his want of success. La Barre was replaced, in 1685, by the Marquis de DenonviUe, who had been specially elected on account of his distinguished valour. He saw the necessity for thoroughly humbling the haughty savages and W plans for building a fort at NiagarMo infe": cept the communications of the British with the Iro- quois. In 1686, he received a warning letter from the Governorof^ew York, informing him'thatthel^^^^^^^^^ were the subjects of England, and therefore under that kingdom's protection. In the following year, a We reinforcement of 800 men, under the Chevalier de Van- dreuil, arrived from France, whereupon the Governor dishonourably seized a number of Iroquois chiefs, whom he had plausibly induced to assemble at Fort Frontenac, and forwarded them to France to labour in the King's galleys. After a skirmish in which the Iroquois were repulsed, the Governor erected a fort at Niagara, and garrisoned it with 100 mon a f . "^/''^^sara, ana after cnt nJ\7\ ?...' ^ ^^*^^ ^^'®»«® shortly nhnni '^^.""^^'^^ ^" ^^'^ garrisou, and the survivors abandoned the post, which the Indians soon destroyed ts:, I- , . , , "^"i"°'5. apparently inst gated by their Eng.sh„e,g;:bours. The assailants, however we repulsed, though they devastated the surroun^W s^^ 8« SUJIMABY OF CANADIAN IIISTOBY. I* tiement Fort Frontcnao was with difficulty sustained ligainst the same indefatigable foes, who blockaded it at al pomts StrangB to relate, the Iroquois at this juncture proffered peace, which the Governor accepted with humiliating conditions. Some of the Hurons however, who wished the utter destruction of their hereditary enemies, managed by sundry acts of dissimu- l'.r 'i^n^r^''^' *" ^'''^ "P '^'^ newly-formed peace. UOO Iroquois instantly laid waste the island of Montreal, slaughtered all who opposed them and carried off 200 prisoners (1689). The French 'were filled with consternation, blew up Fort Frontenac, burned two vessels, and abandoned the Western Lakes! * At this crisib, French Canada was virtually reduced to the forts at Montreal, Three Rivers, and Quebec, with tne post at Tadoussac. LOUIS DE BUADE, COUNT DE PALUAN AND DE FRONTENAC GOVEBNOB FCr. THE SECOND TIME, 1689. ' ^ VI.— When affairs wsre at this extremity, the gov- ernment was entrusted for the second time to the expe- nenced hands of the Count de Frontenac, who returned to Canada m 1689, and brought with him the Iroquois chiefs whom his predecessor had so basely entrapped. By restoring these captives, the Indians were for a time pacified; but the Ottawas and other allies of the French began to make overtures to the Iroquois, in order to enjoy a share in the English trade. The Governor thought it now a prudent stroke of policy, to prevent this union, by showing to the natives that the French were superior in power and resources to their rivals, the English. There was at this time war between the two monarchies, in consequence of the Revolution of loo5, wnen Louis XIV. espoused the cause of the out- cast James II. The Count de Frontenac therefore COUNT DE FKONTENAO, OOTEBNOB. gf organized three expeditions to invade the British sot- tlemcnts. The first marched from Montreal in 1 090 sur- prised Corlaer or Sclienectady, the frontier town of Now York pillaged, and massacred the inhabitants, and burned the fort and houses. The second expedition mustered at Three Rivers, and fell on the village called Sementels (or Salmon Falls) in New Hampshire, which It demolished, and in returning fell in with the 3d division, made up in part of Acadian troops, who had mustered at Quebec. Joining forces, they assailed and gained possession of the fortified village of Kaskeb6 in Maine, which lay upon the sea. A largo convoy was now despatched to Michilimakinao, to strengthen that remote western trading-post, and to conciliate, by presents, the Ottawa and Huron chiefs. The Governor t lus secured the fur-trado of a wide region, and re. stored the influence of the French, v VII.--The New Englanders now resolved on re- prisals, and besides sending out a small squadron whicli took Port Royal and therewithal! Acadia, thoy planned two expeditions against Canada: one by sea from Boston, against Quebec ; the other by land from New York against Montreal. The latter, under General Winthrop, failed through want of necessary stores, con- joined to dissatisfaction among his Indian allies, and fell back without accomplishing anything. The naval force consisted of 32 vessels and nearly 2000 marines and was led by Sir William Phipps. Several French posts on the coasts of NewfouncUand and the lowr St reached Tadoussac before Frontenac was warned of Ids danger. He hastened from Montreal, strengthened the aeiences or Quebec nna i-nfi.^^;! *t>^ t'__i_--i mens to surrender. Phipps landed about 1600 troop, and some field-p.eces, but through the activity and 88 BUMMABI OP OAUADUH HISTOBT. oonrageons zeal of the French he was obliged to desist from his attempts. Coasidering the enterprise hope- ess he re-embarked the soldiers, leaving his cannon in w,» h"";!? """^ ^^^^°'>- ^^ Q^^l'^o « ohurch • 7f ,7" '» ^^'"'"emorate this deliverance, and dedi- cated to ' Notre Dame de la Viotoire." Unfortunately It was set on fire by the bursting of a shell, and burned to the ground^ during the siege of Quebec by General Wolfe. The French King, on receiving the intelligence of suocess from the gallant Count, caused a medal to be struck with the words "Franoia in novo orbe vio- trix; Kebeca liberata, A.D., lt.D.O.X.O." • Ja **/°"'"'j°8 y«" a large body of Iroquois, as- «^i t ^ ; ^ff "'' '^^'^"^ '^""e the Richelieu to attack Montreal, but they were repulsed by de OaUi^re. The Governor was now engaged in strengthening the ^rtifioafons of Quebec, so as to make it the most for- midable s ronghold in America. In 1694, the Iroquois •were decidedly inclined for peace, and'allowedThe Governor to re-establish the fort at Cataraqui without hindrance. Still further to hnpress the IndTr, a grand expedition was led forth against some refractory .tobe^ who, nevertheless, managed to evade the pursuit .f the French. The latter, after contenting theiLelves Kontr^^T '^"' '""^ ^''"■°y''« S™!"' "'""^-i *<> r^^7^^,'~^^^'^''"^ ^^ ""^ arisen between the Odomal and Home Governments with reference to the ^vanced trading-posts in the upper parts of Canada! Th^ Court maintained that they were of little use, and whltt »T '^°f^ ''™S*''«'^ *'"™ '0 Montreal, I^i?L""l'^f!^°r*^-"'-t' ^I'ould be entirei; th»tthLZ.'^"^",T'^' ""'■ *''^ l^overnor objected that this step,would throw their allies into the hand. I.OUIS HEOIOB M OALUteB, OOTKBNOB. 89 erflpv of +1,^ * -k . ^^^^®®v«r» a general confed- of the northern fur-trade, S 1 'Z ?'°''"P°'' remained with the French ThVr^r^ r^'" P''"'''' - ir,.. raw, r::tas?„;^iv:hetr and the Gul£^ ^ ^""""y ''**''««■' Q»ebec LOma HECTOE TE OALuiEE, GOVEENOE, 1699. d Jf;7;^°.^*^*' "■* "'^ ^**«™' Count de Frontenac died at Quebeo, aged 78, and was succeeded byM da CaUi^re, Commandant of Montreal In 1701 »*1 c?jcr;S"r r ir^ °^ ■-• ^^ ^'^^^^^^^^^^ Splbh s„../ V ■; ** '""^ y^""- *''« War of the . V, MIL.PPE DE EICATO, MAEQTTie DB YATOEEUIL, OOY., 1708 Oi. nnm'bTo'f Crnow ?n «"?' '" •'™*^''«°"^ T+ «,o ^ Ai . . ^^ ^° 'P'»i°. which opened at Montreal and tl,i« , '^t """"^^ f"'"- ^as ofthefurWo i, m^'7'''''' ''^<"""'' tt» centre embroiled in the wJJ%T'^ """^ ^"glaxd were colonial war S •:?;4r ^ tP-f"' "'"' was confined chiefly to Noyalcot^ a ."' *'"''"''*■•' effects did not mar thll^ '^ ""^ "' Pe™iciou3 Mar,„is aelaXi :,iS'-fl^«^«- ^"^ pomted Governor in 1746 but 1!/^' """ ^P" age, his fleet was intercent.d K . °"'''*'"'^ ^«y- Eear-Admiral WarJen Th! i. ^ i'"'""''" ^"^°° and the engagemenTwh eh en^ted r„d V"" '''''''' '^ of Canada was made prisoner ' " *\"«'^ Governor coming known in France tZr T, ""^ ""P"'™ »>«- was commissioned to Mt£?°' "' ^^ G^Hssoni^re French, J Colony • erected a ^ of pro- obtained iich fort efficient built a ga, and which lir was centre d were >n, and wever, aicious . The as ap- l V07- n and ted in '^ernor •e be- mi^re ough gh}y sure. COUNT DE LA GALISSONlfeEE, GOVERNOE. 43 on returning to Fiance, which marks his intelligence He recommended that the frontier, instead o bein« kept a wlderness, should be peopled by 10 000 neas ants fom France who would thus'act as'a ^he k rou the mvas.ons of the British. His advice passedTn heeded and the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle in ms ter-' ^mated hostilities for a time. Just before the peaco the Governor dispatched M. C^eron de Bienville with 300 men, to define the boundaries of the i^-elch Co lo nial possessions. A line was assumed from dII rl mng south-east, to the Ohio, and thence Jong "ho" Apalach,an Mountains; leaden plates, with suLblo limit While U Galissonifiro was tampering with the Aca^ans and ex-citing a revolt against Viti!h„tho: ^, the Admiral de la Jonquiere was released. In 1748 Francois Bigot was appointed Intendant of all th! North American possessions of France. ^ MOQUES PIEEEE DE TAFFAOTL, MAEWIS DE LA. lOS- QmiKE, GOTEENOB, 1749. „. ■^"r"^"'^""'!""^™ '•cached Canada in 1749 whera. ^Ze ThT"' """'r" '"^ '™^' »<1 -'"™e' " Nova Scotian affairs, and stopped for a time by U^ blTs^rbr 't'"^ "' ^"^"^ ™ercha:utt: the Fni- ^ ?■ ^^ ™'"™li™ th« influence which the English acquired by Fort Oswego, (built in 17T) f~t V t"": °' "r ^''"'^'^^ o^ iarinl) o'r m" 'rp '"; "T""- ■"' "'« ^'""e year Commissioners met tte!rEn , 'T '!" """^^ ^■"■'™"" bound" LsZ xorbitant f^b" . '' '"' ''" ^^™<"' ^^^ ^^ broken^" I T '''"""^^ *"' ""^ conference was broken up, without any arrangement being concluded Ifl •^- ./: 44 STJMMART OF CANADIAN HISTOBT. fTiA «f«^' 1 v Y, "™®^^- ^^^ salaries granted to ^^ffZL/ ''' °T «°-«™«>-t were so slj t ney had every inducement to peculation, iJJ. bio dishonesty prevailed in the Indian trade and .ne finances generally became involved an Isord" Mans 'T.,""""'""'"^'' *« ''^">f brandy to t^ Mans a„,i t^ns realized enormous profits wh oh aged to accumulate during his career'^frauduTent wS to the amount of £400,000 sterling. U JonqTilre's by Charles le Moyne, Baron de Longueuil (mnZTl former] mentioned,) then Governor of Itlreri In th.s year 1762) two ships laden with wheat were sent \ HABQOIS BCQ^ESNE DE MEOTETILLE, GOTEBXOE, 1732 Gen^r"tTe^l?r '^*n"'' °"^''' ""^^'^ "" Gorerno- deS ! '^"" ^"l''^™''. '"ho encroached more rilo V C" T:''f P-'J^^— "Pon British ter! itory He first attended to the military resources of theCoony: the Quebec and Montreal mint~ " wards tlic mihtia of the county.parishes was carefully inspected and disciplined. He then equipped del2 MAEgciS DOQDltSNB, OOTEBSOB. 48 taents wl^ fortified Bereral posts „p„„ the 01,io and the Allegliames. Tlae Governor's object was to keen up free communication between Oaniida an^^w ■ ^ wen as to deprive the Eng.isKrrwho'S trl TK^T"""^' "' "' ^'"'™ '" ^he 'westerX trade. The Governor of Vircinia thn,m>,f * i. , these hostile designs, and sent a body of mHtift Tu the forks of the Ohio and MonongTeL T ' „ thnf«rHfi„„.' , . '"« position, and completins the fortification, named it Fort Duqnesne. Fort Neces? aity was soon reared in the neighbourhood by wl ^t-CoIonel George Washington, at the held of the Virginia mj^itia. The Iroquois, at this time equaUv courted by English and French, endeavoured bvTver^ means to remain neutral in the contest. But fiS this impossible, they fluctuated from side to side ac carding to the success of the opposing parties t « fi'nl y It became clear to the majority of the warriors thtt to capitulate to M. de ViUiers. Thiis be^an, orSnall from a question of disputed boundaries! wbaicom? monly called the li-eneh War, in which England and tion of hostilities m 1756,-a date marking the com mencement of the European Seven Years' TarX -^ nistfto ;,■;;; w^"^"* <^°^«™™«"t notified thei?\oIo- nists to unite for common defence, and a Conaress w«, Z'oftin-'- f n^f"^' ^'^^ " generarSer ! _, „„„ ^.i^wduuii^ pracncai result. Meanwhile the Governor of Massachusetts planted forts on he Kennebec river, to secure the north-eastern frontier, and at his sohcitations two regiments were ordered im 46 BUMMABT OP OANADIAN niSTOKr. from Ireland to unito with the colonists in resisting the encroachments of France. Major-General Braddock bemg appomted General of all the Britisn forces in upon Fort Duquesne. These he prepared to fulfil in coneert with two other expeditions planned by the Oounci at Albany: the one against Niagara, under Shu^Iey, Governor of Massachusetts ; the other under William Johnson against Crown Point. France had now prepared a fleet at Brest under Admiral de la Motte, having on board Baron Dieskau, (who had gain- ed renown under Marshal |axe,) at the head of six battalions of veteran troops, form.ng i„ all 3000 men. Two of tUese battalions were to be leit at Louisburs the rest were destined for Canada. The Marquis Dul quesne, haying requested his recall, with a view of ro- entering the naval service, was succeeded in 1755 bv the Marqms de Yaudreuil^Cavagnal, Governor of Louis- iana, and the last French G^^SST^f Canada.^ PmBHE ElaAUD, MAEQCIS DE TATOEEUIL-OAVAGNAL, GOT- EKNOB, 1765. This nobleman, son of a former Governor, and bom at Quebec m 1698, was appointed in compli'auce with the wishes of the people, who remembered his father's happy administration of that high oflice, whereof pop- De la Motte's fleet reached Quebec with the new Gov- ernor m 1755, having lost two of his-«hips, which were Z whol "r .^^''^o™^'-^ ^y Admiral BoscaZ n The whole Colony was now underarms and agriculture was neglected. Provisions became scarce ISd orices n ^T^T^^' ^hile the fnr-trade was declining. Notwithstandine this, thn Tnt„pd.j,' "i-v , , r creatures shipped off wheat to the Vest Mies, ^md BlEQUIS DB VAUDBEUII,, GOTEENOE. 47 receivea large profits. The Governor sanctioned th„e proceedings and others equally infamous, and soon lost the respect and confidence of the people Xd I^f r"'''"' ^'•'"'''«*'^ -"^P^dition had set for- (74) Tlerl''''''r ^^'' ^'•'"""'■I''*«n ambuscade- U /as.) Ihe General was mortally wounded, and WasH .ng^on conducted a masterly retreat. ^2^! sh front or was now unprotected, and was rarased fero^ cu^us^y by the French and their' Indian aU^'mZX Mped.t.on against Niagara accomplished nothingbe- opposite side of the river a new fort, named Ontario Iroquois Indians, over which people he exercised al most supreme influence. He 'erected F™war1' sZs atr T- "*' ^'•^"^'> ""^ entrenched th^: senes at Ticonderoga, and were reinforced by Dieskau dtus'Th! f "'"'"'' "' "*"' "' Canadians^ ■ ?'*« r r°° ''"'^'^'<' ^^^ ^"tish position on he hiiS^f'^'n' "" ^^P"'^^'' -'"> ^^^4 loss, and ne lumself fatally wounded. Tlie Frenph loff ♦! • Genera, on the field, and sought shlf^ttco It;'; while Johnson built Fort William Henry on the com' vour of Franr"'''^ "^ t"'''"'' P-P^^erated i„ fa. ttlTpart;"!''; "'""''"« ^«^-'»' -">- *o theSfoT^rl!^''' 4^'^"* Government appointed the EaclofLoudon as Commander-in-chief of i s Amer- ican forces, and the Marquis de Mankalm was no^tol " " M to Similar nost hv T™;, vr "a»jiominat- a. V • .mpaniedeachVoen^ralTth;;;^*^^^ ■August, Montcalm gained possession of Fort Ontario Ei, 48 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN niSTORT. ! i l\ ^ ^''"n. '^°' ''"^ ^'^"'^^ ^^^^ **^ ^« demolished. Una brilliant success was stained by the barbarous murder of many English prisoners by Montcalm's Indiana On the western frontier, innumerable murders and massacres of English colonists were being continually perpetrated by the savages, aided by scarcely less sav- age Canadians. In the whole campaign success remain- ed on the side of the French ; by destroying Oswego, they gained the unhindered control of Lakes Ontario and Erie, and the English forfeited the Indian trade and commerce of the western lakes. After an ineffec- tual attempt by a brother of the Governor Vaudreuil upon For^ William Henry, it was obliged to capitulate to the victorious Montcalm. Again, in spite of the Gen- oral s efforts, the blood-thirsty Indians fell upon the English garrison and slaughtered over 1000 men (1757) This important fort was dismantled, and all the English vessels were destroyed on LakeGfiflrge, the command of which passed into the hands of the IVejich. Even Johnson's entreaties could hardly restrain the whole Iroquois Nation, at this juncture, from going over to the side of the victors^ XVIL—A change irfministry occurred at this time in England, and the great Conomon er, "Willifl^ Pif.t, was placed at the helm of Government. In 1758 the first operations were directed against N'ova Scotia and Cape Breton, which obtained signal success in the cap- ture of Louisburg (the key of the St. Lawrence) by the exertions of Admiral Boscawen, General Amherst, and Brigadier-GengraUFi>?/». A squadron was then sent round to break up the French settlements on the Gulf and River St. Lawrence. Many fishing-stations were destroyed, and among the rest that at Mount Louis. The current of war. with one excenfion nnw sAf. in foirm,« of England until the close of the contest— an auspicious MARQUIS DB VAUDBEUIL, GOVERNOR. 49 Change for which gratitude is due to the cnorgy of the groat war-minister, £iit. The inefficient and vacillating General Loudon was recalled, and the cJ.ief command fell to Ab.£rcromby ; the British cabinet pledged itself to repair at any cost the losses of the colonists, and called upon them to come forward in the common cause -a summons which was willingly obeyed by all. The second expedition was planned against Ticonderoga and Crown Point. ~ ^ The largest army seen in America, consisting of 6350 regulars and 9000 militia, assembled at Albany and n.l.anced towards these strong positions, which commanded the chain of waters leading to the St. Law- rence and into the very heart of Canada. Montcalm, therefore, resolved to defend these " Gates of Canada'* with all his resources. Abej^Efl^iby, after Lord Howe had been killed in a skirmish, drew his army aside with some pusillanimity, and attacked the French encamp- ment^at Carillon, close by Ticonderoga. Here he was terribly defeated and 2000 of his men slain. Tiiis great misfortune was in some measure repaired by the ad- venturous Bradstreet, who captured Fort Frontenac, containing immense stores of provisions and ammuni- tion for the supply of Fort Duquesne and the western hv^; T^^'t^r* T ^"^^ ^^ "^""'^ ^^^ *^^° abandoned by the British. The third and last great expedition against Fort Duquesne was led by General Forbes, in lZT\l'\™\''''''^^'^^ ^««^^^ in a position to le St ; the French Commander therefore abandoned it, and floated down the Ohio to a friendly settlement. The British thereupon took possession, repaired the fort, and substituted for its former name that of Pitts- burg, m honour of the celebrated minJcfn. tk;. ir^ quest was of great advantage in protecting the western frontier^ and in reviving respect among the Indians, // 60 8UMMAUT OP CANADIAN HISTOBT. 11^ f ' "t who began to proffor help in some cases, and in othere neutrality, to the British. In fact the reduction of the two forts Frontenac and Durn-sne, insured to England the whole territory from tho v^anadian lakes to the Gulf ot Mexico, for tho possession of which this war had nnsen. On the news of this campaign reaching Eng- land, Abercromby was superseded by Amhfirst tho con- qneror of Louisburg, as Generalissimo of tho Anglo- American troops. Xyill.-In 1769, ritTsscheme of uniting tho French territories^n America with those of England thus creating one vast range of dominion, was drawing nigh itarealization. A comprehensive plan, similar in ite general features to that of the previous year's campaign was arranged, whereby Canada was to bo attacked si- multaneously at three different points-Nia^iya, Mont- real, and Qnebec-by military and naval operations combmed. But this plan was subsequently modified, in- asmuch as its execution was found to bo impracticable. The Marquis de Vaudreuil perceived that tho object of England was the annihilation of French power in America, and issued a proclamation to quicken the zeal of the Canadian militia. He directed that all males from sixteen to sixty, should bo enrolled as soldiers' and ready to march at tho shortest notice. The result of a census showed 15,229 as the number of those capable of bearing arms,~'but a large proportion were neither serviceable nor trustworthy. Tho rapacity of the government in seizing the colonists' grain, to profit by the sale of it, had brought on tho greatest distress and mdeed absolute famine, so that horses were used for food in Quebec and Montreal. M. de Bougainville was dispatched to France to crave succour and rein- .y.v.vm^«v:,, uu;< ruLUiiied wiinout success. Montcalm strengthened, as far as possible, the various outposts MAKQU18 DE VAUDKEUIL, GOVEKNOR. 61 in others, >n of tho England tho Gulf war had ng Eng- tho con- Anglo- ing tho England, drawing lar in its uipaign, eked si- ,, Mont- jrationa fied, in- sticable. 3ject of 'wer in :ho zeal males, oldiers, i result those n were iity of > profit istress, used inville [ rein- itcalm tposts and outlying settlement!*, and appointed his oflBcors to their several commands. XIX.— In July 1759, General Amherst moved against Ticonderoga first, and then Crown Point, both which after sLarp fighting were evacuated by the French, who retired to Isle aux Noix, which command- ed the Richelieu. Amherst occupied the forts, and was liere delayed until winter stopped all proceedings with- out being able to attack the enemy, for want of trans- ports. In tho same month, Brigadier Prideaux and Sir William Johnson (knighted for the victory over Baron Bioskau, 1755) with his Indians, marched against Fort Niagara. Prjdeaux was killed by the bursting of a mortar, but tho investment was carried on skilfully by Johnson. He defeated the army of relief under d'Au- bry, and this last chance of succour having vanished, the garrison capitulated on honourable terms (July 25). In February, a fleet under Admiral Saunders sailed from England for Quebec, and to Wi>lfe, now raised to the rank of Major-General, was assigned the chief com- mand. They touched at Nova Scotia for reinforco- ments, so that finally the number of land forces on board was about 8000. On June 27th*the troops were landed on the island of Odsans. Within Quebec was tlie valiant Monj^lni at tho head of 12,000 French and Canadian tyoops. A British brigade under Monckton was now shipped across the arm of the river, and drove the Canadians from Point Levi, opposite Quebec, whence henvy ordnance could be pli^yed upon tho besieged city. Strong intrenchments were thrown up on the western extremity of Orleans. The British fleet then opened their guns upon the enemy's lines between Quebec and the Falls of Montmorencv and under the cover of the fire Wolfe landed on the'north shore below the Falls, and intrenched his position. 1! 52 SUMMAEY OF CANADIAN HI8T0BT. But there was no ford across the river, and an error had ^en c„,nm,tted by Wolfe in dividing his smlarmv While Saunders occupied his original position off Or 1 ans a squadron under Holmes had been sent up the noitre Wglfehad novr been fi«e.weelcs before Que- bec and as yet no important result had been gained the French intrenchments above the Montmorency at Beajiport,bnt he was beaten back with a loss of 45Q XX-While Wolfe lay on a sicl^ bed, a councU of w™ called and Colonel TownsW 'prosed the sWfulIy-audacious plan which VST adopted by all Above Quebec, a narrow path had been discovered wmdmg np the precipitous cliff, 800 feet high tWs ™s to bo secretly ascended, and the Heights of Ibra ^h fleet, contammg that portion of the array which had occupied the northern shore, sailed past'^Qlbc lie rest of the troops marched np the south shore till they arrived opUosite the men-of-war Hereemhtr ing in flat-bottomed boats, they drop ;d down the riv' er the same night to Wolfe's cove, anS almo t unopp"!-" ed, division after division scaled the heights When ZX^.tTtfJ'"''' ,f "'^ "i^Po-ble^rcTt number 4838, with one small gun, was ranged in bat- tle-array upon the Hams of Abraham. Meanwhile, Montcalm had been completely deceived by ffie tactics of the British General. He fead d1 ^aS the n V ^Tr""' "''^ "^'"•'y 2000 men to oppose the British at Oap-Rouee. whern 1,« tv-'^* -"^ - met' o/sr'j "'"•^r"^ '^'■-•f -tehr«i;7o;:: ments of Saunders, who made a feint of landing at error had all army, n off Or- it up the to recon- ore Que- i gained. ' forcing •rency at 3 of 45Q iincil of )sed the by all. covered h; this f Abra- tie Brit- which Quebec lolmes. ore till nbark- ho riv" oppos- When ce, in a bat- reived 3atch- ppose cy in- nove- 3g at MAKQUI8 DE VAUDBETJH,, GOVEENOR. 63 Beauport. Moreover, in the French camp, there was a want of unanimity : half-famished Canadians were deserting every day, and mutual distrust had arisen between Montcalm and the Governor. On seeing the true state of affairs, the French General cro.«ed the St UiarleB, and seized by some incomprehensible impulse' determmed to meet Wolfe in the open field. He ac- cordmgly attacked the British force (Sept. 13) with 7520 men, besides Indians, and two pieces of artillery m the desperate struggle which fcllowed, both Wolfe and Montcalm were mortally wounded ; but complete victory at last remained in the hands of the British m loss on the sidf of the conquerors amounted to 65 killed and 607 wounded ; that of the French is unce- tam, but was probably about 1600 in killed wound- ed and prisoners. Scarcely was the battle of the Plains of Abraham over, when Bougainville appeared with his forces,-but only to retreat with great precipitation. Four days afterwards, a flag of truce came from the city and the day following, (Sept 18, 1759,) Quebec capitulated. Before night, floated from the walls of this American Gibraltar the broad banner of England where It has ever since remained untouched by an en- emy s hand. The garrison was allowed to march out with the honours of war, and was then to bo embark- ed and sent to the nearest port in France. Wolfe died on the field of battle; his remains were conveyed to England and interred in Greenwich. Montcalm died on the 14th, and was buried within the precincts of thQ Ursuhne Convent at Quebec. XXr.-The remains of the French forces, with the ni. -~r'' ' K-«nwiiiiu assembled at Montreal, and Chevalier de Levi assumed the command. In the sprin<. they moved down to attack Quebec, upwards of 10 000 strong. General Murray, who commanded at Quebec. isljl m (, ill 54 SUMMABY OP OANADIA?! HISTOKT. ^eiguts ot bt. Foy with scarcely 8000 men Ti« „ defeated with great loss, and retiredwitZ *.. T levi prepared to besiege the ciTybnto.rt '"'"!• of the British fleet, he wthdrew Lav! n'r"?""* now cleared of FrL„K . "^- ■^"''6 Ontario was British ant no! iTio or?' ""' ** ''°'"'"°^'' We do^n upon the sa^rfLt ^4^ t^oZ S^rr^-d^t^diiror^^^^^^ theunW t^rnwUdtinll^^^^^^^^^ S:Tt;vre.rfotfj|i^-^^^ QUESTIONS TO CHAPTEE IV. recall? Where did he die ? Who Hiies}' What other offloiala an corrjpanied the Marquis do'Scy ?' What regiment now came? fn what year were sheep and horses ntroduced ? What memmel were taken against the IroquoTs JJf T ^®"«^ «.vpedition a-ainst th« nffi *^"'- ."^^"^ became of Xj^frj,/ the regiment? returning? w?''^''"^ ^"^ »>^fo'-e returning? Who was the next Governor, an.l in what vi!fr ' year? ""ww P°n"^a"on In This sfS yL^**' ^''"ce was conclu- « the first vessel S *" <^a"aat change took olaco in J!.nj;iftiui? Where were* the operations begun? With what success? How was the Mount Louis fishing-station destroyed? What changes did Pitt pro'duce in American affairs ? Sketch the second ex-pedition. How was Abercromby'8 defeat in some measure repaired? Against what P ace was the third expedition flT^'^ ? How did this 'fo?! get the namo by which it is now known? What was sained by re^ ducingFrontonacand Duquesne? Who replaced Abercromby, and in Avhat capacity? "J'. »"« XVIII. What was Pitt's ««h«™«? What was the pro posed plan of operations? What were the measures of the French Governor ? What was the num- ber of Canadian militia? TowhSt state Avas the colony reduced? Hmv was Montcalm emploved? AiA. estate General Amherst'a movements. Who ledlhl expe! dition against Niagara? With ^ hat success? When did the i^nglish fleet sail, and under what commanders? What was the number of English troops? Of J^rench troops in Quebec? What fc^ w? occupied by the En-. Wh\ ^^T.^ '"'I Wolfo land? What was his error ? What des- perate measure was attempted? With whnt result ? How was It accomplished? What was the number of Wolfe's men ? How had Montcalm been de- lT.ti^ What want of unanimty ^* as then m Quebec ? When did ^«»tf In^att'-tck, and with what Wh,M Who gained the victory? What loss on both sides? What was the battle called ? Who an- peared after it was over ? When ^nLSl'^^*''' capitulate? What conditions Avero granted to the fnHM"! , Where were Wolfe and Montcalm buried ? XXI. Whore did the Frenoh "f '"^f'MuWho took thrcom. T^u I ^A*"* ""^'^ ^^^" wove. ^!^T^ ^" the spring? Where was Murray defeated? Why did Levi withdraw ? What forces JJQW V>r«»o ^tOWii oa wiV^^' '"' "'Xr" "" Monti eai? When was the capitulation of Canada signed ? Wfien was Can- ada formally ceded to Eng- ENGLIfiH DOMINION IN CANADA. 67 Part II.— CJiNADA V^BEB. THE BRITISH. lAPTER I. FROM THE OVERTHROW ( .A^ DIVISION OF THE PBO\ FRENCH DOMINION IN CANADA TO THE -i INTO UPPER AND LOWER CANADA. I—ON the capitulation of Canada in 1760 the French population was estiiiiated at 69,275 (excluding over 3000 soldiers and others who had gone back to ± ranee) and the converted Indians at 7400 The Brit- ish guaranteed to the colony the free exercise of the Koman Catholic religion, and the preservation of prop- erty and privileges belonging to the religious commu- nities; but this was refused to the Jesuits, the Fran- ciscans and the Sulpicians. Immunity was to be granted to the colonists for their share in the war, and they were to have accorded to them the same civil and commercial privileges as British subjects. The Indians friendly to France were also to remain unmolested in the possession of their lands. At this time were disclosed the enormous frauds and embezzlements of the French officials durin- the late war and previous thereunto. Many of the inhabi- tants were ruined by the refusal of the French govern- ment at home to honour the bills drawn and the paper-currency issued by the late Intendant, Bigot, to the extent, it is said, of over £3,000,000 sterling. Bigot, on his return to France, was thrown into the liasuiie, and was afterwards condemned to perpetual banishment. II.— A short time after the conquest and under f1| M \ 68 SUMMAEY OP CANADIAN HISTORY. Murray's administration, there was a comprehensive scheme formed by an Indian chief named Pontiac, be- longing to the Ottawa tribe, for the overthrow of the British, and their total expulsion from the country. Ko plan ever framed by tlie Indians can rival this in the breadth of its conception or in the vigour and sys- tematic perseverance of its prosecution. Pontiac was born about 1714, and early allied himself with the French, to whom he constantly adhered afterwards. He was present in nearly all the important actions be- tween the French and the English colonists in their struggle for supremacy.f^n the ultimate triumph of thq latter, he contemplated a simultaneous attack upon all their frontier posts from the Niagara to Lake Michigan. These military stations were ten in num- ber; at Niagara, at Presqu' Isle, at La Bceuf, at Pitts- burg, at Sahdusky, at the Miamis, at Detroit, at Michili- mackinac, at Green Bay, and at St. Joseph. He suc- ceeded in capturing seven of these ; but Niagara, De- troit, and Pittsburg were impregnable to his assaults. The siege of Pittsburg is the most extraordinary pas- sage in the annals of Indian campaigning. A British armed vessel was taken by a fleet of canoes, while the siege commenced in May 1763, was carried on till the place was relieved by General Bradstreet in 1764. Pontiac's efforts, therefore, to dispossess the British, were futile, and he at last fled the country, and took refuge among the Indians on the Illinois, where he was subsequently assassinated in a petty quarrel. IIL— General Amherst, before departing to New York, regulated the government of the country, and as Governor General left instructions to his lieutenants. Canada was divided into three districts and placed under military courts. General Murray governed at Quebec ; General Gage at Montreal, and Colonel Bur- GENEKAL MUBBAT, GOVEBNOR. 0f ton at Tliree Rivers. At the capital the most impor- tant civil and criminal affairs were decided by the com- mandant, assisted hy a militaiy council composed of about seven officers, which sat twice a week. General Gage was rather more liberal, and allowed the people m certain cases to settle their own disputes with richt of appeal to the military ruler of the district. He ' afterwards erected five courts of justice, where officers of the French Canadian militia decided on the causes ot their compatriots. The government at Three Rivers was nearly as arbitrary as that of Quebec. The Cana- dians regarded this military regime as a violation of the terms of capitulation which insured to them the rights of British subjects; but they were pacified by tJie assurance that, on the conclusion of peace between the European powers, a regular civil government would be established. For over three years after the conquest martial law was predominant. In October, 176.^ George III. by royal proclamation, virtually abolished the French laws and substituted those of England, and It was announced that representative assemblies should be convoked only when circumstances permitted. In l^ovember of the same year, Murray was named Gov- ernor General, as successor to Lord Amherst, who re- turned to Europe. The Governor called together a new council, which was invested, in common with himself with executive, legislative, and judiciary powers. The right to impose taxes alone was withheld. The council consisted of the two Lieutenant-Governors at Montreal ' and Three Rivers, the Chief Justice, the Inspector General, and eight of the most noted inhabitants. Only one French Canadian found place in this connnn • «n invidious distinction which, being persevered in, gave rise to many subsequent troubles. The Court of King»8 Bench and that of Common Pleas were now established 'i;i if! I' f V I eo SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTORY. the judges of which were nominated by a majority of the council. In April, 1766, the Governor and a special council established in Quebec a system of, equity juris- diction, which was, in fact, the introduction of the Court of Cliancery into Canada. In 1764, the Governor was appointed vice- Admiral in the province of Quebec, and the territories thereon depending; a title which his successors yet retain. IV. — In 1763 a printing-press was brought from Philadelphia by a Mr. Brown, and the first newspaper in Canada, named the " Quebec Gazette," appeared on June 21st, 1764, being partly in French and partly in English. This journal is yet in existence as a tri- weekly English paper. The first Montreal paper, also called '' The Gazette," and printed in French, followed the former, in 1778. In 1765, a great fire broke out in Montreal, which consumed one hundred and eight houses ; and three years after another occurred which burned ninety houses to the ground. All oflacial ap- pointments were now conferred upon British-born sub- jects and Protestants, selected from the officers of the army and the traders, who at that time represented in great part this class of the population. These officials too frequently showed undue contempt and supercili- ousness to the new subjects, (as the Canadians were called,) and especially to the colonial noblesse. Dis- content and disorder were thus produced among the old inhabitants, and we find the annals of Canada to con- tain at that time little else than a series of petty con- tests between the old French colonists and the new settlers of British origin. Governor Murray, be it said to his honour, uniformly supported the cause of the French Canadiana. and rescned thftm from manv indio"- nities. Even now, however, the decisive change of Canada under French and British rule became marked : sm OCI OiELETOH, QOTBSNOE. 61 Dnder the former the country had bee:, a military and tradmg colony, and in time of war the various poste latter the agricultural element predominated and as an evdence of this it may be no J that in milmoTo bushes of wheat were exported, chiefly Crom CCl A representative assembly was allowed to convene once or twice on petition from the people, but onlyT a mere matter of form. In one of these almMie^ Murray al owed Eoman Catholics to sit, wCupon General Sir Guy Oarleton wa^ a^i:^',' fZ^Z and the severity of colonial rule was somewhat Xed Reports were now made under the direction of the home government respecting the administration of ius! ice and the state of Canadian affairs geneXl mo these reports were transmitted toEngland, whither Carleton also repaired to state his views, leavigclm M, the President of the Council, at the head of Z mLrT;J'?^"«''^'^™"^''"°-ideredthedou- burne (Solicitor General) recommended the plan which was adopted and introduced into Canada in mi bv tL Br!«^' y""" "^^O'-'Jer of thingswas instituted Zl„ -^^ I'"^"'"'^''^' ^'^^ *h« ^^otoia object of tranqmllizing the French in view of the appreherided contest with the Thirteen States, and Tft™.!'? ^rit^ immigration. An act was passed, ^^^^ Quebec Act,' which enlarged the boundaries of he province, by including within it all lands in the back G2 BUMMASY OF CANADIAN HISTORT. W gettlements, not otherwise possessed by virtue of a previous grant or cbcti ter. By the provisions of this bill, all controversies relating to property and civil rights arising among the new subjects, or between them and the British colonists, were to be settled by the old French laws, as in force at the conquest, including herein the custom of Paris and the edicts of the Kings of France and of the colonial Intendants. Judges were to bo selected from colonists conversant with those laws, and it was directed that the French language should be used in the courts of justice. In all criminal cases, however, the criminal law of England (and trial by jury) was to be in force. Moreover a council was to be ap- pointed by the Crown, of not more than twenty-three nor lesa than seventeen members, which was to assist the Governor in framing ordinances for the good gov- ernment of the Province of Quebec. Legislative powers, subject to the approval of the Crown, were entrusted to the Governor and Council in all matters except ia such as related to provincial taxation, and these re- mained in the power of the home government. An equality of civil rights, also, was granted to both Prot- estants and Roman Catholics, by that oath being dis- pensed with which had hitherto precluded the latter from holding office. Another less important measure was passed in the British House at the same time, providing a revenue for the Colonial Government, by imposing duties on spirits and molasses ; this, however, was found to bo inadequate, and the deficit was supplied from the im- perial treasury. VI. — These constitutional changes had the effect of , T i.--..i __ji _i? ,i„_; inhabitants well satisfied under the established state of affairs, so that they made no response to the inflamma- C 81B GUY OAKLKTOIf, GOVBBNOB. 63 tory calls from the Thirteen English Colonies to thft south. On September 5, 1774, the first American Con- gresr met at Philadelphia to memorialize the British Government, and amongst many other addresses, one was directed to the people of Canada, inviting their co-operation. The proposal was fruitless ; and in Sep- tember, 1776, the American insurgents determined upon a double invosion of Canada, by way of Lake Cham- plain and the Kennebec Eiver. Two or three thousand men were assembled on Lake Champh^'n, under the command of General Montgomery, (once serving under Wolfe,) who proceeded to besiege Forts Chambly and St. John's, which he took after a lengthened resistance, and made prisoners of the garrison. Ethan Allen, an officer commanding under Montgomery, with a detach- ment, made an attempt to surprise Montreal, but he was met by a small British force, who defeated his troops, and he himself being captured, was sent to Eng- land in irons. Meanwhile, Colonel Benedict Arnold set- ting out from Maine with over 1000 men, ascended the Kennebec, and after many perils and distresses, (so that even dogs were devoured for food by his men,) reached Point Levi, opposite Quebec, on 9th Novembek His passage over the river being delayed through want of canoes, and owing also to Colonel Maclean's promptitude of movement, Arnold failed in surprising the city. Thereafter, he marched up the north shore of the river, and fixed his station at Pointe aux Trem- bles. Governor Carlcton, who could only muster a small force of French militia in addition to his 800 British troops, was now at Montreal; but, on hearing of ^Arnold's movements, he resolved to repair to the defence of his capital. This he accomplished under cover of night, and Montgomery immediately occupied Montreal, (November 19.) The American general soon H 8UMMABT OF CANADIAN HISTORY. proceeded thence down the river, and having effected a junction with Arnold, the united army under Mont- gomery's chief command marched against Quebec, now to be assaulted for the fifth time. VII. — The Governor had under arms no more than 1800 men, made up of 70 regulars, 230 of Eraser's High- land settlers, and the remainder militiamen and mari- ners. The summons to surrender was, however, reject- ed, and Montgomery laid siege to the stronghold during the month of December, but without any success. A night-attack was at lengtli determined upon, and orders were issued to prepare for storming the city, before dawn on the last day of the year, (1776.) Two divis- ions being made of the besieging army, they were led on during a heavy fall of snow— the one headed by Ar- nold, the other by Montgomery. The attack was made upon opposite sides of Quebec, but the British were prepared. Montgomery's men were mowed down by a tremendous fire of grape-shot, and he himself was killed; while Arnold's division, after gaining some slight success, was attacked in the rear by a detach- ment from the city, and 426 men were compelled to surrender. Arnold having received a severe wound, had already quitted the field. The Americans had about 100 men killed and wounded ; the British less than twenty, Arnold was now appointed to the chief command in Canada, by order of Congress, and the blockade (at the distance of three miles from the walls) was nominally continued during the winter. In April 1776, Arnold retired in disgust to Montreal, after being superseded by General Wooster, who, arriv- ing with reinforcements, made some further fruitless „^„„...^,v,^ «^vii tiic ^ivjr. Xiiiiiy ill jixay mreo snips nove in sight, precursors of a larger fleet from England, with troops and supplies, on which the enemy raised tho SIB GUY OABLETON, GOVEBNOR. 05 Siege and hastily retreated. They were pursued by tlio newly-arnved Britisli under General Burgoyne, who captured one division of the Americans at the Cedars, while another ^yas defeated at Three Eivers, and the rest ariven in confusion beyond Lake Ohamplain. The province was finally evacuated on Juno 18th, and with t^io exception of a contemplated expedition under La Fayette, no farther attempt was conceived against Canada. Burgoyne afterwards took Ticonderoga from tJie Americans, but having encountered General Gates near Saratoga, he met with a severe reverse, and was obliged to capitulate with nearly 6000 troops in Octo- ber, 1777. In 1778 Carleton departed for England, and was replaced by General Haldimand as Lieutenant- Governor. VIIL— The peace of Versailles (January 20 1783) whereby the Independence of the Thirteen United States was recognized, brought to a close this long war between Britain and her colonies. By this treaty the boundaries of Canada were curtailed, so that Quebec and Montreal were within a few leagues of the fron- tiers ; Lake Champlain and the mountains adjoining as well as Detroit, passed awaf from the hands of the British. During the progress of the Revolution the population of Canada had received considerable addi- tions from a minority in the States who remained loyal to England. Many thousands of these sought refuge in this country, and under the name of the United Empire Loyalists were commended to the special favour of the provincial government. They received liberal grants ot land m Upper Canada, together with farming imple- ments, materials for buildiuff. and subsist...nnA fn. L^ years, as well as the promise of t vo hundred acres of free land to be given to each of their children on attain- mg majority. 6* , 1 ' I> t .' ! IP SUMMABY OP CANADIAN HI8T0BT. At the dose of the struggle the province received another accession of inhabitants in the families of many disdiarged soldiers, who settled in the neighbourhood of Prescott, around the Bay of Quints, and along tho shore of Lake Ontario. Grants were made to these veterans m the following proportions : 6000 acres to field officers ; 3000 to captains ; 2000 to subalterns • and 200 to privates. This arrangement was subsequent- ly modified, so that the most extensive grant did not exceed 1200 acres. The number of inhabitants in Can- ada m 1783 was about 125,000, whereof 10,000 or 12 000 loyal^efugees had settled in Canada West or Upper Can- ada, thus laying the foundation of its future prosperity. In 1784, Lieut-Gov. Haldimand established the Iroquois on the banks of the Grand River, between Lakes Erie and Ontario, and also upon the Thames. The last pub- lic act of this Governor was to confirm an order of the legislative council whereby the law of Habeas Corpus was mtroduced, after which he transferred the reins of power to Henry Hamilton, a member of the council (1785.) Hamilton gave place next year to Colonel Hope, Commander-in-chief, w^o was shortly after (in Oct! 1786) superseded by Gilneral Carleton, now raised to the peerage under the name of Lord Dorchester. In 1787 Canada was visited by a scion of royalty, in the Duke of Clarence, then in command of the 84 gunship Pegasus, He afterwards ascended the English throne as William IV. In 1788 Lord Dorchester divid- ed Western Canada into four districts, which he named Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, Nassau, and Hesse. The order of the Jesuits had been abolished in 1762, and in 1788 all their goods were declared to be held sub- ject to the order of the King. IX.— In a few years the dissimihrity of British and French habits, customs, and notions of govern- LOBD DOBOHBSTEB, QOVEBNOB. Of , and sab- ment began to be felt. However loyal eacli party might be to the existing government, yet this alliance was found to be uncongenial. The two distinct codes of legal procedure also contributed to the alienation of each body of colonists from the other. And by recent acts, moreover, the different tenure of land above and below Montreal suggested the propriety of political sep- aration : to the West the land was held in free and common soccag^ ; to the East the feudal tenure pre- vailed. These things induced William Pitt, son of the Earl of Chatham, to consider the advisability of a division of the province and the grant of a consti- tution to each community. Meanwhile the country was steadily advancing in prosperity, but yet desires were often strongly expressed, and petitions presented by the British colonists for a representative govern- ment. Accordingly, Pitt's scheme, somewhat modified by a suggestion of Fox, and after some opposition both m the English Parliament and from Canadian merchants passed into law a few years after, and is now spoken of as The Constitutional Act of 1791." All the other Brit- ish colonies have had their constitutions granted to them by royal charter ; Canada alone by act of Parliament. X -By this the Province of Quebec was divided into Upper and Lower Canada, by means of a line run- mng from a point on Lake St. Francis, along the west boundary of the Seigneuries of New Longueail and Vaudreuil to Point Fortune on the Ottawa, a'nd thence up the river to Lake Temiscaming. Ifc was provided that a Legislative Council and Assembly should be es- tablished m each province. The Council was to be wmposGu 01 iiie-members chosen by the King (Pitt had proposed a hereditary noblesse) : in Upper Canada to less than fifteen gentlemen. Each province was to be 11^ i- li i I SUMMAEY OF CANADIAN HI8T0KY. i divided into electoral diytricts, which were to return representatives to the Legislative Assemblies ;--the lim- its of the districts and the number of members return- ed to be defined by the Governor-General. In Upper Canada the members of the Assembly were not to be less than sixteen ; in Lower Canada not less than fifty. All laws required to be sanctioned by the two Houses of Assembly and the Governor, before coming into force. There was also for each an Executive Council, consisting of the Governor, and a Cabinet of eleven nominated by the King. \ QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER I. I. What was tho population of Canada at tho time of its capitu- lation ? How many returned to Franco ? State the nature of tho terms granted by tho British. What was now disclosed ? How ■wore many people ruined ? What ■was Bigof 8 fate ? II. Who formed a compre- hensive scheme ? With what de- sign ? When -wraa Pontiac born, and to what side did he adhere ? State the circumstances of his Elan. What military stations did attack, and with what suc- cess? Where was the most re- markable Indian siege carried on ? Give some incidents connected with it. At what time did the siogo begin, and how was it end- ed ? What was Pontiac's fate ? III. Who Avas the first English Governor-General of Canada ? How did he divide tho country ? How was it ruled at first, and by whom? State how affairs wero managed at Quebec. At Mon- treal. At Tiiree Eivers. How was this regime regarded by tho Canadians? How ivcre thoy quieted ? How long did martial law prevail ? What proclamation did George III. make ? Who biicceedcd Amherst, and when? How was the government now conducted ? Who composed tho Council ? What Invidious dis- tinction was made ? Wlxat courts wero erected, and ho%v were tho judges appointed ? What system was established in 176C? What now title did the Governor re- ceive ? IV. When and where did tho first Canadian newspaper appear? When was the first Montreal pa- per published ? Mention the great fires at Montreal. To whom wero official appointments exclusively given? What was the result? What wero the French Canadians now called ? How may the his- tory of this time be summed up? How did Murray act? What change distinguishes French from British rule in Canada? How much wheat was exported in 1771 ? What occasioned Murray to go to England? Who suc- ceeded him, and when? What action did the home-government take ? When and why did Car- leton go to England? Who re- commended a judicious plan ? When was it introduced into Canada ? V. Why was a now order of things introduced? What act was now passed ? How was Canada enlarged? Define tho changes introduced in thfi Ip^.tl code. What body was appointed to assist tho Governor? V/hat powers ■wore granted to the Gov- ernor and Council, and what with- hold? What was done respect- QTJESTIOXS TO OHAPTKB I. 69 Ing religious disqualifications? vV hat was tho other measure now passed ? VI. What was the effect of these changes? When did the first American Congress meet? What was its action ? When and by what ways did the Americans determine to invade Canada? Who besieged forts Chambly and St. John's, and with what result ? Who attempted to surprise Mon- treal, and with what success? Sketch tho movements of Ar- nold's expedition. Where was Carleton, and what was his ac- tion ? "When and by whom was Montreal occupied? By whom was Quebec now assaulted ? How many times previously had it been besieged ? VII. What was the Governor's force? How long did Mont- gomery besiege? When was a night-attack made? Describe the success of it. What was tho loss on both sides? Who succeeded to the command ? In what man- ner was the blockade continued ? When did Arnold retire, and on what account ? What caused the Sifge to be ultimately raised? What became of the American army? When was the province evacuated? Who afterwards con- templated a Canadian cxpedi- ti«n? What was Burgoyne's fate ? What change occurred In the government at this time ? VIII. How and when was this war cldsed ? State how the Ca- nadian boundaries were curtailed. How had the Canadian popula- tion been increased during the progress of the revolution ? By what name were these refugees known? In what manner were they favoured by the Trovincial Government? Who came Into Canada at the close of tho con- I«!,V Where did these soldiers settle? In what proportion were Sants of land made to them? ow was this arrangement after- wards modified? What was the population of Canada-In 1788? What was the numberTettled in Upper Canadar? Where were the Iroquois established, and by whom? What was Haldl- niand's last act ? Name his suc- cessor. State the next changes in the government. Who visited Canada in 1787? What division of western Canada was made, and by whom, in 1788 ? What is said of the Jesuits ? IX. What became felt in a few years ? What contributed to the alienation ? What suggested po- litical separation ? How was the land held to the east and west of Montreal ? Who first considered this question, and with what de- • sign ? What" did the British colo- nists desire ? What name is now given to Pitt's scheme? What opposition did it meet with? What distinguishes th:se consti- tutions iVom those granted to other British colonies? X, How was the Province di- vided? What was to be estab- lished in each Province? Of whom was the Council to be composed ? What was Pitts sug- gestion? How many members for each Province? H<»w was each Province to be divided? What was the Governor-General to define ? How many members for Upper Canada? How many for Lower Canada ? After whose sanction did laws come into force ? Of whom was the Executive com- posed? turn i| 1 CHAPTER II. FROH THE DIviSIOS OF THB PROVINCE INTO UPPER AND LOWER CANADA TO THB KK-UNION UNDER ONE GOVERNMENT. I.— Canada now found herself in possession of the fourth form of government within the short space of 70 SUMMABY OF CANADIAN HISTOBT. f I thirty-two yeai'S. From 1760, to 1763 she was ruled by martial law ; from 1763 to 1774 a tyrannical mili^ tary government prevailed ; from 1774 to 1791 a civil government of the most despotic cast was established ; and in ^792 a new constitution was introduced, estab- lishing freedom of election and responsibility to the people, which affords a favourable contrast to the illib- eral and arbitrary systems that preceded it, wherein the people had not been, in reality, admitted to the slightest share of political privilege. At the time of the separation of the Province east and west of the Ot- tawa, into French and British divisions, the population of Lower Canada was over 130,000; that of Upper Canada less than 50,000. In August 1791, Prince Ed- ward, father of her present Majesty, arrived at Quebec in command of the Eoyal iffusiliers, whence he departed in November 1793. On December 17, 1792, the first Parliament of Low- er Canada, consisting of the Legislative Assembly with fifty members, and the Legislative Council with fifteen, was convened at Quebec by Lieutenant-Governor Col- onel Clarke, in the absence of Lord Dorchester. On the same day Lieutenant-Governor General Siracoe opened the first Upper Canadian Parliament, consist- ing of the Legislative Assembly with. sixteen, and tlie Legislative Council with seven members, at Newark, (now Niagara.) By an act of this latter Parhament, Dorchester's names of the four Upper Canadian districts were clianged into Eastern, Midland, Home, and Western. There was also an act passed for the building of a gaol and court-house in each of the said districts. The English civil and criminal law ard trial by jury were introduced by provincial statute during the session of this Parliament in 1792. * LORD D0E0HB8TEB, QOVEBNOB. n UPPER CANADA, FROM 1792 TO 1812. II.— Simcoe gave to tlio River Thames this name, and selected on it a site for a town, which ho called London, intending this to bo his future capital,, as he was not satisfied with the frontier position of Newark. Dorchester then interfered, and wished to secure this advantage for Kingston. As a sort of compromise tho seat of government was ultimately fixed at York in 1796, (a few miles from where old Fort Toronto had stood.) In 1793, the further introduction of slaves was prohibited and the term of existing contracts for ser- vitude limited. The first Upper Canadian newspaper •was about this time published at Newark. In the ses- sion of 1795 a bill was passed regulating the division between Upper and Lower Canada of duties paid on imported goods, whereby the former province was to receive one-eighth of tho net amount. Tho first ses- sion of the second Parliament was hardly concluded at Newark when Simcoe was appointed governor of St. Domingo, and on his departure the government of Up- per Canada devolved, for the time being, upon the Hon. P. Russell, President of the Council. By him tho sec- ond session of the Parliament was held at York, which was at this time inhabited by twelve families. An act was passed making temporary provision for free inter- course with the United States in the way of trade and commerce, and in 1800 certain ports of entry vrere es- tablished. In the session of 1798 a bill was carried for determining the boundaries of the different townships. Next year President Russell was superseded ly General Hunter, as Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Ca;iada. The " Upper Canada Gazette " was begun at York about 1800. In 1803 the Talbot settlement was commenced in the Township of Dulwich on Lake Eric ; where Col- if;? i n STJMMABY OP CANADIAN HISTOKY. fij IMl'i onel Talbot had received a grant of 5000 acres on con- dition that he placed one settler on every 200 acres Various means had been taken by Parliament to pro- mote the cultivation of hemp ; seed was purchased and distributed, and in 1805 it was determined by law that £50 per ton should be paid for hemp. Governor Hun- ter died at Quebec on August 21st, 1805, where he was buried m the English Cathedral. Hon. A. Grant, Pres- ident of the Council, administered affairs for a year until the appointment of Governor Francis Gore. Dur- ing his rule an act was passed to establish public schools in every district of the Province, (1807.) The census . ot Upper Canada was first accurately taken in 1811 when the population amounted to 77,000. ' lOWER CANADA, FROM 1792 TO 1812. in.— In 1792, arrangements were made for havmg a monthly mail between Quebec and K York, which however, was not very regular as to time. In 1795, the harvest was so scanty that Lord Dorchester (Parliament not being in session) prohibited the exportation of grain from the Province. In July 1796, the Governor set out for home in the Active frigate, which was wrecked on Anticosti, but happily without loss of life. He con- tinued his voyage from Halifax, and having reached England, General Prescott, whom he had left as admin- istrator m Lower Canada, was appointed to succeed him as Governor, (1797.) At this time loud complaints began to be made respecting the fraudulent action of the Und (Wanting Board, the members of which had appropriated large districts, to the prejudice of immi- grants and other settlers. In 1799 Prescott was re- pi«c n bj ^ii ivuui. Diiore jftiiiiies as Lieut. -Governor. PoFtai rirrangements had been making great advances, and a rrcskly mail was now established between Mont- GENERAL PBKSOOTT, GOVERNOB. 78 real and the States. In 1803, Chief Justice Osgoode declared slavery inconsistent with the laws of the coun- try, and all negroes held as slaves, over 300 in number, consequently received a grant of freedom. Land-job- bing wns ( tlie increase, and valuable grants were made to f* .vourites and speculators, so that the gen- eralsettlement and improvement of the country was greatly obstructed. An act was now introduced for the better regulation of pilots and shipping, and for the improvement of river-navigation from Montreal to the Gulf. This caused the establishment of the Trinity- Houses, (1803.) In 1793, the first Protestant Bishop of Quebec, Dr. Jacob Mountain, had been appointed by the home government, who were anxious to build up a State-church in Canada; and about 1804 an Episcopal cathedral was erected at Quebec on the ruins of the E^collet church. Before leaving for England in 1805, Lieutenant-Governor Milnes had a difficulty with the House of Assembly, and arbitrarily prorogued it. Presi- dent Dunn was left in charge of the government till the appointment of' Sir James Craig in 1807. Some stric- tures on the conduct of Governor Milnes having ap- peared in the Montreal Gazette, the publisher of the paper was indicted for libel. The matter, however, was suffered to drop, whereupon the Quebec Mercury ridiculed the whole proceedings. The editor was forth- with arrested, and was released only upon condition of apologizing at the Bar of the House, (1806.) ^ IV.— About this time attempts were made, 'and chiefly owing to the representations of Bishop Moun- tain, to diffiise education. Directions were given by Parliament to establish fr^A QM.n/%io /'tt'>«'*'»>^ ,..%— 4.-. r,_ maintained from the funds of the Jesuits, and where writing, arithmetic, and the English language were to be the chief branches of education) throughout the 7 H eUMMABT OF OANADIAH BI3T0ET. different Lower Canadian parishes, bnt ae Roman «re rlf :f^ '"'"'*^' *° frnstrate'this movemenUn great part, and grammar schools were opened only in Montreal and Quebec, (1806.) A French paper called Le Oanadien" appeared in November 1806 and be^n to decry the British population and the provindal Go^ ernment under the not-unfounded suppositionXt tlL haMants were looked upon as an inferior race. App.!^ hens.onsofawarwith the United States were Wn- mng to be felt, and therefore Sir James Craig, aX tmg„.^ed officer who had served in the AmeriL wa" reil t 't xt'"" ""* *° *■•« "'"<"'? "^ Governor-- 2n on -J^t t'""'" ''''' *« *^^' ''«"""'<>'" ^» Omir 1 ^"T"""' P'y^S between Montreal and Quebec. She was built by John Molson of the forCr c>ty and ^^s named the Accommodation. The second Canadian steamboat, named the Smft«>re, was also buUt byilolson, and made ler first passage from Montre^ ^Quebec (May 4, 1813) in the midst'of the Arn^^an V^DifficuIties, which had been increasingin magni- tude for several years past, reached a crisis in 1810 The th?^ h '"/'T"'.'"''''"^ '° ^"""""^ independ;nt of Aeo her branches of the government; a majority of that Dody tlierefore required that all judges should be considered ineligible to hold aseat in the Lower House ' inasmuch as they were influenced and removable by the ^ecntive Council. This representative body, more! over, wished to exercise a general supervision over all Colonial affairs, and to gain this object the Assembly ^ged Itself to defray the whole expense of the civU ad^nistrafon. But Gov. Craig managed to parry these covert attacks uDon his nn«rn-. ^i-^._ ,_ K . Wtt ^^««n 1 T ^ —--'" r-"v.r.-,, wriCfuQpon the Assem- Wy expelled Judge de Bonne, by a three-quarters vote. By way of rejoinder the Governor dissolved the House 8in OEOROK PBKVOST, QOVERNOB. 75 of Representatives, (1810.) This blow was followed by the forcible suppression of « Le Oanadien," which had severely criticised the Executive, the seizure of its press the imprisonment of its printer, as well as of three members of the Assembly and three other persons, who were never brought to trial. These despotic and un- justifiable measures caused this period to be designated The Reign of Terror." The Governor was apparently seduced into these high-handed acts by the insinuations of his Oouncil, who had acquired, and were anxious to maintain, an undue preponderance in the guidance of affairs. The Governor, in fact, was duped by his ad- visers, who represented the Canadians as factious and rebellious, and he only discovered his error when leav-' Ing the Province in 1811. The government was then administered by Mr. Dunn until the arrival of Sir Geo. Prevost, in September, as Governor-General of British North America. At the same time Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, the hero of Upper Canada, succeeded Lieu- tenant-Governor Francis Gore. War at this time was imminent between England and the States, and these two governors were selected with special reference to the critical position of colonial affairs, internally and externally. Sir George caused seven new members to be added to the Executive, (which caused satisfaction, inasmuch as the Executive body was well-nigh exclu- sively chosen from the Legislative Council, and hence of both bodies was the Assembly jealous,) and preferred to places of trust some of the members whom the for- mer Governor had wronged. A militia bill was intro- duced, which authorized the Governor to embody two thousand unmarried men from eighteen to twenty-five years of age, for three months in the year, and in case of invasion, to retain them for twelve months. In June 1812, war was declared between England and the United I'll 70 8UMMABY OJ CANADIAN HI8T0BT, i States, and the Canadians nobly cast aside any remain- ing dissatisfaction, and made the most zealous displays of loyalty and devotion to the British crown. WAB OF 1812-15. "VI. — ^Prevost immediately notified American citizens living in Canada that they must leave the Province within fourteen days, and an embargo was laid upon all the shipping in the ports. With the consent of Par- liament, army bills were issued bearing interest, as a substitute for money ; and by this method specie was prevented from passing into the States. The regular . forces in the colony amounted to .ily 4500 men, of whom no more than 1450 defended the Upper Piovince, though of more extended frontier and more exposed to attack than Eastern Canada. But the United Empire Loyal- ists rallied round the standard of General Brock, and in the Lower Province four battalions of militia were ' raised, and a regiment of Canadian Voltigenrs. Que- bec was garrisoned by militia, and the regulars were moved to Montreal. Canada was first invaded by General Hull on 12th July, who crossed the river at Detroit with 2500 men, and took possession of Sandwich. He issued a proc- lamation inviting the assistance of the colonists, and then proceeded to attack Amherstburg. Bu before he could effect anything of importance. Brock prorogued the Parliament at York, and arrived at the scene of action with about 300 regulars, 400 militia and 600 In- dians. Hull's force had been somewhat reduced by sickness and other causes, and he consequently re- treated across the river and shut himself up in Detroit. This place was forthwith invested hv thft Dftnn/tian army, and after a short resistance it capitulated, and Hull, and his entire army, were sent to Montreal as SIK OEOKGK PBEV08T, GOVERNOR. 77 prisoners of war, (August 10.) Meanwliilo another success Lad been gaii -d in the West. Captain Rob- erts, stationed at St. Joseph's, an inland in Lalco Huron, under Brock's directions luul captured tho American Fort Micliilimakinac (or Mackinac) without opposition (July 17.) ^ ^^^•— '^ho Americans now resolved to make a groat effort upon tho Niagara frontier. In September, more than 6000 troops were brought to tho banks of the river, with a view of invading Canada. On October IBth Colonel Van Eenselluer sent over a detachment of 1000 men, who attacked tho British position at Queenston. Rensellaer with a reinforcement then crossed in person, and his troops gained tho lieights. But at this moment, in the grey of tho morning. Gen- eral Brock, with an insufficient force of 600 men from the 49th regiment, advanced hastily from Fort George for the purpose of checking the enemy's advance. While cheering on his men to the attack, ho fell mor- tally wounded and soon after died on tho field. The 49th were discouraged and fell back, for the time, but in the afternoon a body cf about 800 men, composed of regulars, militiamen and Chippewa Indians, under Gen- eral Itoger Sheaffo, (who succeeded to tho civil and mili- tary command,) came to the rescue. After half-an-hour's fighting tho Americans to the number of 900 surren- dered at discretion. The British lost seventy men, while 400 killed and wounded was tho loss which tho enemy sustained. Tho Americans mado another at- tempt to retrieve this campaign. General Smyth as- sembled 4500 men near Black Rock, in November, and crossed tho river, but ho was repulsed ; and after some further untoward adventures, he decided that tho expe- dition should bo abandoned. Another success, how- ever, awaited tho British : Captain McDonnell crossed ffl-ji •7* 78 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTORY. ill I. » the St. Lawrence on the ice and attacked Ogdensburg drove out the garrison and took some cannon and a quantity of stores. Vin.— In January, 1813, the British Colonel Proc- tor defeated the Americans near Detroit and captured their leader, General Wilkinson, with 500 men. The enemy had meanwhile been equipping a naval arma- ment at Sackett's Harbour, which gave them the com- mand of Lake Ontario. A large force was also assem- bled under General Dearborn, and the plan of the on- coming campaign was limited to the conquest of Upper Canada, at this time defended by only 2100 men. In April (lie Republican General embarked about 2000 troops in Commodore Chauncey's fleet, and sailed to York. The capital was scarcely at all fortified, and was held by General SheafiTe with 600 men. The Brit- ish were obliged to abandon the town, which was plun- dered and partly burned by the invaders. 200 militia- men surrendered themselves prisoners of war, and the artillery and naval stores were carried off. Sheaffe was censured for retreating, and before long he was super- seded by Major General de Rottenburg. Dearborn and Chauncey now turned their whole available force upon Fort George at the entrance of the Niagara river. This post was gallantly defended by General Vincent with 1000 regulars and 300 militia, till the fortifications were dismantled by the enemy's cannonade, whereupon the British fell back upon Queenston, (May 1813.) Vin- cent then called in the garrisons of Chippewa and Fort Erie, and after destroying jthese posts, he retired to Burlington Heights. Upon this the Americans occupied aU the Niagara frontier, and effected for the first time a lodcemf^nt in CnnaHo Sir James Yeo having arrived from. England with several officers of the Royal Navy and 450 seamen for RIR OEORQB PREVOST, OOVERNOB. 79 M «' ! I I the lakes, ho and Governor Prevost hastened to Kings- ton to prepare the fleet for action. While the main hody of tlic enemy was engaged at Niagara, an attack upon Sackett's Harbour was thought advisable, and about 1000 men were embarked on the British flotilla for this purpose. But the expedition shamefully mis- carried, and Prevost's military rep\»tation received a stain from which it never has become freed. Colonel Proctor's position at Detroit was again menaced by General Harrison, who wished to regain the Michigan territory. The American General had posted himself near the Miami rapids and was awaiting reinforcements. But Proctor did not wait to be attacked ; he proceeded against the enemy with over 2000 regulars, militia, and Indians. His adversary, however, had found time to in- trench himself, and Proctor's efforts were unavailing to dislodge him. The British, nevertheless, fell upon a reinforcement of 1200 men, which was advancing under General Clay, and made upwards of 500 prisoners. This loss crippled the Republicans, and secured Detroit from all immediate danger. IX. — On the Niagara frontier, General Dearborn sent forward Generals Chandler and Winder to crush the British troops collected at Burlington Heights, But Colonel Harvey made a dexterous night-attack upon the enemy at Stony Creek, captured the two gen- erals and 116 men, and caused the rest to retreat in great disorder. The British gained several other suc- cesses, chief among which was the surrender of Colonel Boerstler with 500 men, at Beaver Dams, to Lieutenant Fitzgibbon ; so that the Americans held nothing on the right bank of the river except Fort George. On Lake Champlain also the British arms were vic- torious. Two vessels of the enemy were taken at Isle aux Noix, and the magazines destroyed at Plattaburg I (I W: 80 SCMKAET OF OAITADIAN HISTOEY. and Svranton. But whilo this was going on Commo doro Chauncey was sin,ilarly emplo/ed o'n L^eOnta r ,„ burmng the ba-racks and stores at Yort. Oar troops wore now destined to experience some severe reverses, owing to the extraordinary exertions of the vTrT.7 V i T'i™" "^"'"^ ''^ ""''^'- Commodore IZLTn f *'^/""* ^"^ »° ^«I'« Erie under Captam Barclay, and captured every vessel, (September 10.) In the same month, Harrison, having been ioined by a herce body of mounted riilemen from Ken u 2 advanced towards Detroit in such force that GenerS Prober crossed the Detroit river and retreated up the fiL B , T' r."""^' " '"""^ "' M""""" Town with This nobie Indian was killed, and Proctor retreated i^ ^ufusion to Burlington Heights, in order to S the Niagara arniy. Harrison, flushed with triumph „^rh! ed to strengthen his countrymen in the same quarter X.~A grand plan of operations was now forned against Montreal. Two armies were to co-operate n ttis enterprise: the one of 60U0 men undei Genera" Hampton from Lake Ohamplain ; the other 8800 strong under Major-General Wilkinson, from Sacketfs Haibouf on Lake Ontario. Hampton found himself opposed at Chateauguay by a body of Canadians and Indians under De Sahberry and McDonnell, who man 82 SUMMABY OF CANADIAN HISTOEY. !l • in judgment upon them, and with having refused to grant a writ of Habeas Corpus. To rebut these accusa- tions Sewell proceeded to England in June, and on his departure received complimentary addresses from the Executive and Legislative Councils. Aided by the in- fluence of Prince Edward, he gained the good graces of Lord Bathurst^so that he and his colleague were excul- pated, while he himself was highly recommended to Sir J. C. Sherbrooke, when this Governor arrived at Cana- da in 1816. XIL— -Warlike preparations had already recommenc- ed in the spring of 1814. Colonel Williams with 1500 BriMsh had taken up his position at La Colle Mill on the Richelieu, to protect Montreal, and here he was attacked in March by General Wilkinson with 4000 men. But the efforts of the Americans were vain and they finally fell back again upon Plattsburg. In May ttie fort of Oswego was taken by the British General Drumraond, where was found a quantity of ammunition and stores ; but this success was almost balanced by the defeat at Sackett's Harbour which followed. Great attempts were again made upon the Niagara frontier by the Republicans. General Brown with 5000 Amer- icans having crossed the river in July, took Fort Erie and its garrison of 170, and marching forward, he caus^ ed General Riall to retreat towards Burlington Heights Brown then laid siege to Fort George, but finding it unexpectedly strong he retired to Chippewa. General Riall thereupon advanced, and the two armies met on the 25th July, and the battle of Lundy's Lane commenc- ed. Fortune at first went against the British, and Riall was taken prisoner. But at this moment General Drum- mond arrived with a reinforcement of 800 men from lork, and the Americans after six hours* hard fighting gave up the contest at midnight, and retreated in con- ■!'-ii; SIR GEOEGE PBEV08T, GOVEENOR. 88 fusion to Fort Erie. The enemy in this fierce struggle numbered 5000 men, while our troops were under 3000. Drummond attempted to follow up his success by at- tacking Fort Erie, but he was twice repulsed with se- vere loss. XIII.— After the abdication of Napoleon, England ^as enabled to turn more of her strength against the United States, but the results were very unsatisfactory. A strong force of 16,000 veteran troops was sent to Canada, and Sir George Prevost resolved to invade New York by way of Lake Champlain, where the British fleet might assist him. He marched to attack Platts- burg at the head of 11,000 men in Sepcember 1814. This place was now defended by General Macomb with no more than 1500 Americans and a few companies of militia. But the British flotilla having been destroyed by the enemy's naval force, Prevost conceivp.d that even a successful attack upon Plattsburg wou not be at- tended with any permanent advantage to him. "Where- fore he gave orders to his army to withdraw, and in this humiliating manner terminated the most formida- ble expedition which had left the borders of Canada during the war. This luckless result afterwards expos^ ed Prevost to a trial by court-martial, but he died be- fore the charge against him could oe investigated. In Upper Canada General Brown sallied from Fort Erie in September with considerable loss to the British, and being afterwards joined by large reinforcements he obliged General Drummond to retire to Burlington Heights. The Americans gained farther advantages on Lake Erie, but they were repulsed in an attempt to recover Fort Mackinac. Drummond, being now strengthened by a detachment of the newly-arrived troops from Europe, advanced towards Fort Erie, in co-operation with Sir James Yeo at the head of the 'p I 84 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTOBT. British squadron on Lake Ontario. Brown thereupon, on November 5th, evacuated Fort Erie, after disman- tling the works, and retired across the Niagara. Such was the last scene of this long and chequered Canadian drama of war, and peace was restored bj the Treaty of Ghent, (December 24th, 1814,) whereby the contend- ing parties were placed in exactly the same position they had occupied before the commencement of hostil- ities. In March 1815, the news reached Quebec, and peace was officially proclaimed by Governor Prevost. During this contest, the colonists, French and British alike, gave most effectual proofs of their loyalty to Eng- land, and it is universally acknowledged that the best safeguard of the Oanadas was found, not in the exter- nal assistance afforded them, but in the bravery and Pgilance of their own militia. UPPER AND LOWEB OANADA, FBOM 1815 TO 1819. XIV.— In 1815, a sum of £25,000 was granted for the purpose of opening a canal from Montreal to La- chine. In the Upper Canadian Pariiament, £1700 was voted for the erection of a monument on Queenstou Heights to the memory of the heroic Brock. In April, Prevost departed for England to clear his m'^tary reputation, and was succeeded by Sir George Gordon Drummond, (a native of Quebec,) as Administrator-in- Chief. Sir G. Drummond had previously held the gov- ernment of Upper Canada, ajid was there replaced by the Hon. Francis Gore, as Lieutenant-Govern -r. Ih« latter, being absent in England till September, w v rep- resented at first by Gen, Murray and then by Major- General Piobinson. The U. C. Assembly, having begun in 1817 to consider the internal state of the province, was abruptly prorogued by the Governor. Eobert Gourlay, a Scottish emigrant, indefatigable in exposing SIR J. 0. 8HEEBB0KE, GOVEBNOB. 66 abuses, was at this time rising into notice, and soon be- came obnoxious to the government. Kext year the decision of the English Privy Council, discharging the accusations against Monk and Sewell, was annouaced to the Canadian Legislature, and the members of the Lower House resumed the consideration of the question. At this, Drummond, acting upon in- structions from England, prorogued the Assembly of his own authority, a step which only increased popular irritation. This Governor was removed in May 1816, and Sir John Coape Sherbrooke, who had been Govern- or in Nova Scotia, was vested with the supreme com- mand in British North America. This Governor saw at once and pointed ont to the homo authorities the fruitful source of Canadian dissensions, which arose from a want of confidence in the Executive Government. This spruiig from the position which the Governor's ad- visers occupied in being irresponsible to the people, and in fact totally independent of them. A mosii fatal di- vision, which time was only rendering more conspicu- ous, had now become manifest in the colonial govern- ment—namely, the systematic jealousies and opposition between the popular representative Assembly and the tv^o Councils, Legislative and Executive. In 1816, tpm- mon schools were established in Upper Canada, and £6000 was set apart for their use by Parliament. XV.— In 1817, the first bank in Canada, that of Montreal, was opened in the city of the same name by an association of merchants—an example wliich was soon followed in the capital by the establishment of the Quebec Bank. In 1818, Lord Bathurst instructed his Excellency to accept of the offer formerly made by the Legislature to pay tlie whole civil list out of provincial funds. This being dene, the control of the whole pub- lic expenditure became subject to the annual supervis- 8 1*1 il i 4 > 8d 8UMMABY OP CANADIAN HI8T0BY. ion of tho EousG of Assembly. We no^r find the coun- try divided into two parties, more distinct in their antagonism than had heretofore been apparent. The liberal party saw in this measure a salutary constitu- tional check upon the Executive Government ; the Tory party regarded it as giving an undue power to the As- sembly, and repudiated the principle of any one depart- ment of government being dependent for its efficiency upon an annual vote of supplies. XVI.— A severe malady induced Sherbrooke to re- quest his recall, and in July 1818 ho was relieved by the Duke of Eichmond. This nobleman was accompa- nied \>y his son-in-law, Sir Peregrine Maitland, who had been appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada. After the peace of 1815 there commenced that steady tide of immigration into this country which has contin- ued more or less to our own day. In the Lower Prov- ince these British im.migrants found French laws and customs repugnant to their feelings, and they of course sided with their own countrymen, who formed tho dominant party in Parliament. This movement arous- ed the alarm of tho French, who dreaded less they should be totally swamped and deprived of all poHtical existence ; hence the Lower Canadian opposition was in the main composed of the French part of the popu- lation, many of whom, indeed, advocated the erection of a nationality independent of Great Britain. In the Upper Province a very diverse result was produced : there certain United Empire Loyahsts, half-pay officers,' and poor gentlemen, had formed themselves into a pseudo-aristocracy, and as such,frowned down all new- comers who might compete with them for political in- fluence. The members of this exclusive party had man- affed. throucrh fionrsA of fimo ar^A »>n^^,,^i — i .• to the Governor, to monopolize all places of power and THE DUKE OF BIOHMOND, GOVERNOR. 87 tnist under Government, and being woven together by continual intermarriages they came to be styled the Family Compact. In Upper Canada, therefore, the op- position gradually forming consisted not, as below; of the old inhabitants, but of the recent settlers, who justly considered themselves debarred from their right- ful privileges. I'lfil 1 I i UPPER CANADA, FROM 1819 TO 1829. XVII.— ."When Maitland reached Upper Canada Gourlay was being prosecuted for libelling the gov- ernment, which was filled with members of the Family Compact. After two verdicts of acquittal, the persecuted man was finally imprisoned, and he 'was released, after long confinement had rendered him par- tially insane, only to be banished from his adopted coun- try. The Governor and Council, moreover, ordered at this time the suppression of all public meetings. An act was passed in 1820 nearly doubling the number of representatives, and about the same time the Bank of Upper Canada was established. Next year five new Legisladve Councillors were made, one of whom was the Rev. John Strachan, afterwards the first Protestant Bishop of Toronto. He soon rose to a prominent posi- tion among the Family Compact, and for many years virtually directed the affairs of government. In 1824 the Welland Canal between Lakes Erie and Ontario was begun, having been projected in 1818 by William H. Merritt. Attempts were made by the Church of Scotland to secure an appropriation of the Clergy Re- serves, which the Episcopal Church had hitherto exclu- sively claimed ; and in 1832 these efiTorts met with success. The Canada Land Company was formed in 1824, which bought up immense tracts from the Crown f i i3 **i 88 SUMMABT OF CANADIAN HI8T0BY. and Clergy Reserve Lands, at a trifling rate, and re- sold them in small lots at a large advance. XVIII.— The Bidwell family had become an object of disfavour to the Compact, and attempts were made, but in vain, to prevent the return of young Mr. S. Bid- well, who finally rose to be Speaker of the House. The energetic W. L. Mackenzie also shared in this ofiicial dislike, and his paper, " The Colonial Advocate," was destroyed by a mob of soi-diaant gentlemen at York, and the types thrown into the lake. In 1826 the Re- formers had gained the upper hand in the Assembly, but many important bills were thrown out by the Upp^r House, which, as well as the Executive Council, contained Tory members only. A charter was now granted by George IV. for the establishment of King's College at York, and in 1828 it was endowed with large tracts of land formerly set apart for educational purposes. In 1828, Judge Willis, who took part with the people rather than with their oppressors, was dis- missed from his situation on frivolous grounds by the Governor. Maitland, being shortly after appointed to the government of Nova Scotia, was succeeded by Sir John Colborne (afterwards Lord Seaton) in 1829. LOWER OAITADA FEOM 1818 TO 1837. XIX. — In Lower Canada, a serious difficulty arose between the Governor and the Assembly, during the iiicumbency of Richmond. He submitted the civil service estimates to Parliament, divided into branches, of which the total amount was given, but without any detailed statement of expenditure. The Lower House refused to sanction this, and voted that each payment should be in detail. This resolution was rejected by the Upper House, and the Duke had recourse to the irregular measure of drawing from the Receiver-Gen- EARL OF DALHOT78IE, GOYKKNOB. 80 i.ii; eral tho sum required. In 1819, after a tour through the Province, the Governor was seized with an attack of hydrophobia, resulting from the bite of a tamo fox, of which ho died in August. The gcvernment now devolved first on the IIoi:. James Monk, senior member of the Executive, and afterwards on Sir P. Maitland, who was s'iperseded by . ■ the Earl of Dalhousie. This nobleman, promoted from Nova Scotia to the chief command of the British North American Provinces, arrived in Juno 1820. Dalhousie brought forward a scheme to obviate difficulties with the Assembly : he showed the members that tho annual permanent revenue was not equal to tho annual per- manent public service money by a deficit of £22,000 sterling, and he therefore solicited this .amount as a permanent grant. But the Lower House refused to grant anything beyond an annual bill of supply, in which every item was to be specified. The Leg(slativo Council, however, again rejecting the supply bill, the Governor thought propeT to draw the requisite money upon his own responsibility. In July 1821, the Lachine Canal was commenced by a Canadian company, pre- viously incorporated for that purpose. During the summer the Governor visited the military posts of Upper Canada. ^X- — The lumber trade was becoming well devel- oped ; hundreds of ships were employed in exporting Canadian wood to Great Britain, and as a consequence of this demand, settlements took root on the Ottawa and elsewhere in remote regions, which, but for this branch of commerce, might have remained for years in their primeval desolateness. The Assembly had been making incessant efforts for many sessions to Oucain i,iiC ai;pOiijtment of a Ooloniai agent at the Eng- lish Court, but success had always been marred by the 8* m H^ I ( 90 BUMMAB\ OF CANADIAN nWTOBT. steady opposition of the Ex- cutive and Legislative CSouncils ; this likewise occurred vith several subse- quent motions referring to the sn ae subject. In 1822 financial misunderstanding arose betwr the Canadas respecting the f>roportiun of import duties to which the Upper Province was entitled. The origi- nal eighth had been raised to a fifth, but e\ i tliis was , not deemed a fair allowance, on account ol the rapid increase of Western population; and, moreover, arrears were claimed from Lower Canada to the extent of -£80,000. The matter i dispute was referred to the arbitrament of the Lnperial authorities, who, to settle all differences, proposed, among ouicr things, a union of the two Provinces. Th* ^ part of the bill was opposed by the English 'House of Commons, as trenching unne- cessarily upon the rights of the colonists ; the remain- der, however, passed into law as the Canada Trade Act, which adjusted the difficulties, with judgment given in favour of the Western Province. Upon the contem- plated union being mooted in ^he Provinces, almost unanimous objection was made to it in Lower Canada, both from P^i/iiament and people. The popular ^ausewas strengthened in 1823, by the discovery that Sir John Caldwell, the Receiver-General had become insolvent towards the Province in the sum of £96,000 sterling. About this time was settled, by commissioners appointed under the treaty of Ghent the boundary-line between Canada and the United States, from St. Regis to the Lake of the Woods. In October, 1823, another official Gazette was commenced under Dalhousie's patronage, to the detriment of the old Quebec Gazette, now in the hands of Mr. Neilson, a powerful writer, who had always advocated the con- stitutional rights of the Canadians. This piece of ili-advised policy created many fresh enemies to the EAEL OP DALHOTJSIE, QOVEENOB. 91 mle of the British Governor. In the next session the Assembly condemned the unlawful appropria- tion of public mon. ys, and reduced by oDO-fonrth the amount demanded for the expenses of the civil adminis- tration. This House also put forward a claim to the administration of the whole public revenue, including such m was raised by the authority of the Imperial. Parliament. Of all the members, Mr. Papineau in par- ticular was loud in his denunciations of Governor Dal- honsie's conduct, and proclaimed him as undeserving of public confidence. In 1824, the Governor founded at Quebec a Literary and Historical Society, which has effected not a little towards the elucidation of early Canadian history. In the same year an immense flatbot- toraed ship, named the Columbus, was launched at the island of Orleans, and sailed to England with a load of timbel-. Next year a still larger one, the Baron Hen- frew, was launched at the same place, and after travers- ing the ocean was unfortunately wr-^cked off the French coast. These two vessels are the largest, except the VanderUlt and the Great Eastern, that have ever crossed the Atlantic. Shortly after, Dalhousie sailed for England, leaving the charge of Lower Canada in the hands of the Lieutenant-Governor, Sir F. K Bur- ton. XXL— For four years affairs had been at a stand- i still ; no progress had been made towards a satisfactory solution of the difficulties betwen the Assembly and the h Crown. By the Lieutenant-Governor some of tho^ points in dispute were conceded. A bill of supply was passed through both Houses, and sanctioned by the Gov- ernor, in which no cfistinction was made between the salaries of permanent and local officers. Previously the Government had insist.Arl «r>r»ii T^ovin/* +i»/v n the Lieutenant-Governor, and some other salaried func- '%i .%. '>. ^„ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) y 1.0 iiiii 2 ? I.I u IL25 1 1.4 2.0 1.6 'w. vQ >^ ■r> //^)j / Photographic Sciences Corporation ■^ <\N \\ ' i/. ^ e 99 BUMMABY OF CANADIAN HISTOBY. tionaries, from certain revenues of wLicli the Assembly desired to obtain the management. These revenues consisted of the produce of duties on imports, imposed by Act of the Imperial Parliament in 1774, yieldmg the annual sum of £35,000 sterling, with others of minor importance, arising from the sale of land, timber, &c A parliamentary grant, therefore, having been made for governmental as well as popular expenditure, and this beingaccepted as legitimate, the proceeding amounted to a virtual acknowledgment of the Assembly's con- trol over the whole revenue. The plan adopted by the House was to tender a round sum, in which was in- cluded the whole of the permanent Crown revenue and such^part of the Provincial revenue as was sufficient to make up any deficiency of the former. The Homo authorities disapproved of Burton's course, in compro- " iPismg the permanent revenue, and on Dalhousie's re- turn in 1826, a bill of supply was refused, in which the House similarly disposed of»the entire revenue The University of McGill College at Montreal, founded and endowed by the Hon. James McGill was now established by Eoyal Charter. In 1827, Dalhousie projected the erection of a monument to the memories of Wolfe and Montcalm ; subscriptions were made, and the pillar now standing in Quebec was finished next year. In the session of 1827, Papineau was elected ' speaker of the Assembly by a large majority ; this ap- pointment the Governor refused to sanction, by reason of the persistent opposition which this member mani- fested towards the acts of the Administration. The House would choose no other Speaker, and the Gov- ernor accordingly prorogued the Parliament by pro- clamation. Acrimonious discussions now took place in the papers, which gave rise to many prosecutions for Jibel by the Government. In this year the Rideau SIB JAMES KEMPT, GOVEBNOB. 93 \.ssembl7 revenues imposed Iding the of minor iber, &o. made for and this nounted >^'s con- 1 hy the was in- nue and clent to Homo iompro- lie's re- lich the )ntreal, ill, was Ihousie smoriea le, and cI next elected his ap- reason mani- The » Gov- ■ pro- ace in IS for ideau CanaJ, communicating between Kingston and the Ot- tawa, was commenced at the expense of the Imperial Treasury. ^XIL—In 1828, discontent had reached such a pitch, that 8'r,000 of the inhabitants petitioned the King, complaining of the conduct of successive Govern- ors, including the Earl of Dalhousie, and urging a com- pliance with the claims of the Assembly. Viger, Neil- son, and Ouvillier were deputed to present this peti- tion. It was referred to a Committee of the British House, who recommended that the receipt and expen- diture of the whole public revenue should be placed under the superintendence of the Canadian A.ssembly ; but that, nevertheless, the Governor, the Judges, and the Executive Council, should be made independent of the annual votes of that body. The Committee most emphatically condemned the practice of appropriating largo sums of provincial money without the consent of the representatives of the people, and advised that a more popular character should be given to the Legis- lative and Executive Councils. These suggestions gave great satisfaction to the Lower Canadians, and are known as " The Keport of the Canada Committee of 1828." Dalhousie was recalled and promoted to the mili- tary command of India, while Sir James Kempt was sent from Nova Scotia to redress grievances, and gen- erally to carry out the recommendations of the Com- mittee. Having calltd the Legislature together, he ac- cepted the election of Pupineau as Speaker, and by his liberal and conciliatory coufL^e gained the hearts of the people. Although an act transferring the disputed rev- enue into the hands of the Colonial Assembly, had not yet been passed. Kempt assured the House that it might be speedily expected from the Hom^ Government. 'Ill' IH 94 SUMMARY OP CANADIAN HISTOBY. New and popular members were added to the two Councils, and the Governor assented to a provisional Supply Bill similar to that for which Burton had been blamed. In 1829, the representation of Lower Canada was increased from fifty to eighty-four r>embers. Next year Kempt returned to England, and was succeeded by Lord Aylmer. In Dec, 1830, the Colonial Minister, Lord Goderich, sent despatches, in which he informed the Governor as to the nature of his contemplated biU. Its chief feature was that the whole revenue was to be assigned to the Provincial Legislature, except certain . sums which arose from the sale of land, the cutting of timber, and other casual sources. This despatch was laidjbefore the Assembly, who forthwith passed a reso- lution " that under no circumstances, and upon no con- sideration whatever, would they abandon their claim to control over the whole public revenue." In 1831, " Le Oanadien," which had been suppressed 21 years before, was re-established, and immediately commenced a warfare against Government. At this time there were about eighteen newspapers published in Upper Canada among a population of 274,000 ; and in Lower Canada thirteen for a population of 898,000.-A proposal wns made at Kingston to annex Montreal to the Upper Province, whereby a port of entry would be secured mdependently of Lower Canada ; but the move was ineffectual. ^ XXIIL— In September, 1831, the Royal assent was given to a BiU introduced by Lord Howick, Under-Sec- retary of State for the Colonies, which transferred all funds— the casual and territorial revenue excepted^ to the Colonial Assembly. The Jesuits' estates were likewise made over for educational purposes. Lord Aylmer was instructed to procure in return a grant of permanent salaries to the Judges, the Governor, and ■r^ the two ovisional had been r Canada fs. Next icceeded Minister, nformed ited bill, '■as to be certain tting of itch was I a reso- no con- ir claim in 1831, Jl years menced re were Canada, Canada sal was Upper secured i^e was nt wag er-Sec- red all pted — 3 were Lord •ant of )r, and LORD AYLMER, GOVERNOE. 95 four of the chief Executive functionaries. In 1832 a disturbance took place at the Montreal elections, when the mUitarj were called out and fired into the mob kilhng three and wounding two 8everely,-a circuml stance which gave rise to extraordinary excitement. In he summer of this year the first Asiatic cholera broke out with fearful virulence, and spread in a very short time from Grosse Isle, the quarantine station, all over Canada. ' The Assembly voted to the judges permanent sala- ries, wh.ch, however, were to be drawn first from the casual and territorial revenues. This was rejeJd br the Homo authorities, who yet conceded the right to vote the Supply-biU by items. But the House rrfuld to allow permanent provision to be made for the Gov- ernor and the four E.Tecntive officers, and this deter- mmation placed them completely at issue with the Crown. In 1883, difficulties .gain arose with Upper Canada, respeotmg the subdivision of duties, and in consequence the project was revived of uniting Mont- real to the ^Testern Province ; this, however, was pro- tested against by the Lower Canadian Parliament. In this year Montreal and Quebec were Incorporated, and the first elections of Mayors took place. The Lower llonse now demanded that the existing Lemslativo Counci should be abolished, and one substituted c™ ed by the body of the people. Stanley, the Colonial M Bter, opposed this, as inconsistent wiU monarch! a institution^ and next year the Parliament in conse- quence declined to pass any Bill of Supplies, and nre- pared a long list of grievances, based upon tLe fam'o„3 mnety-two resolutions. Meanwhile, £31,000 sterlins was advanced from the military chest for the part-pav- ment of the civil officers, whereby their respUu^ to the Assembly was evaded. I i iliii' I m lite i !l; ,''1 Iff. 96 SUMMARY OP CANADIAN HISTOJBY. XXIV.—In 1833, the French Canadian Press as- sumed a menacing tone ; an organization took place at Montreal, where delegates sat under the style of " The Convention," and repudiated all interference of the British Government with the local affairs of Canada. A similar organization was also formed at Quehec, and named " The Constitutional Committee of Quebec." The Asiatic cholera again decimated the Upper and Lower Provinces during the summer of 1834. The last Parliament of Lower Canada met in February, 1835. Papineau was elected Speaker, and the members stated their wants in plain terms to Aylmer, especially insist- ing upon the Elective Legislative Council. They drew up k petition to the King, complaining of the head- strong conduct of the Governor, aud of his preferring to oflSce men from the minority, who were opposed to the popular cause, and also of executive usurpation, which could only be rectified by making the Council responsible to the people. The Lower House appointed John Arthur Roebuck, M. P., as their agent in Eng- land, where he was of no small service in explaining the difficulties which existed in the Canadian Govern- ment, and plainly warned the Home authorities that they \. aid force the colonists into rebellion. A commission of inquiry was sent out in August, 1835, composed of the Earl of Gosford, (who was also to relieve Aylmer as Governor,) Sir Charles Edward Grey, and Sir George Gipps. They were^ instructed to allow the Assembly's claim to the disposal of the entire revenue, on condition that provision for ten years was made for the Judges and Civil officers. An Elective Legislative Council was to be refused, as well as the surrendering of the management of the Crown Lands. Gosford convoked the Legislature the same year, in Oc- tober, and his conduct towards the popular leaders was EARL OP G08F0BD, GOVERNOB. 97 'ress as- place at of " The I of the Canada. Quebec, Juebec." )per and The last y, 1835. •s stated y insist- ey drew le head- ■eferring 30sed to irpation, Council )pointed in Eng- plaining Govern- ies that August, vas also Edward Licted to le entire jars was Elective [ as the i Lands, r, in Oc- lers was extremely conciliating, so that supplies were granted lor the arrears of three years, as well as for six months in advance. Gosford is accused of duplicity, and of having led the Assembly, by hints of liberal instruc- tions, to believe that all demands respecting the election of Legislative Councillors would be granted. The de- ception was soon discovered, and barred the way to all compromise. The Lower House refused the promised supplies ; the Upper House, indignant at the attempts made to overthrow it, rejected almost every bill sent up from the Assembly, which Gosford soon prorogued. Every political element was thus disturbed, and violent collision was inevitable. XXY.— In March, 183G, Mr. Speaker Papineau ad- dressed a long letter to Mr. Bidwell, Speaker of tho Upper Canadian House, in which was promised tho co-operation of Lower Canada in all constitutional means to advance the best interests of their common country. Sir F. B. Head, at that time governing Upper Canada, referred to this letter when dissolving Parlia- ment, and defied the interference of Lower Canadians. The English Commissioners now saw that things were at a stand-still, and believed it indispensable to obtain the money requisite for the working of government, without the Assembly's consent. They thought this would best be accomplished by the repeal of Lord Howick's bill, which had transferred £38,000 of rev- enue to the Assembly. The Colonial Minister, Lord Wenelg, was averse to this extreme measure, and in- structed the Governor to ludke another effort with the Assembly. Parliament was accordingly assembled in September 1836 ; but the same position was firmly mamtamed, and the members resolved to adjourn their deliberations entirely, unless Government would beffin the work of reform. The Commissioners had now re- I i w 98 SUMMAKY OF CANADIAN HISTOBT. turned to England with their report, in which a respon- sible Executive was recommended. But the Homo Government resolved on decisive measures, and in March 1837, Lord John Eussell moved a series of reso- lutions, which was carried by a mnjoiity of 2G9 to 46. It was resolved that £142,000 should be taken from the Provincial funds, and applied to the payment of judges and other civil functionaries ; and that afterwards the government should be carried on, strict economy being observed, with the casual and territorial incomes. This step was in fact a suspension of the Canadian constitution. An elective Legislative Council and the responsibility of the Executive to the Assembly being declai-ed inexpedient, amendments were promised in the formation of both. A small section of the House denounced the resolutions, and predicted civil war as the result of their enactment. By reason of the death of William IV. some delay occurred before action could bo taken on Paissell's motions, and in the interim, Gos- foM was notified to make a final ax>peal for supplies to the Canadian House. XXVL— Demonstrations against the Government had already taken place ; meetings were held in which it was decided not again to apply for redress to the British Parliament, and a general convention was ad- vocated as desirable. In June 1887, a system of or- ganization was accordingly begun by Papineau, upon learning which Gosford applied to Sir Colin Campbell, (then Governor of Kova Scotia,) for a regiment, which reached Canada in July. In pursuance of Home in- structions the Governor summoned the House together in August, and laid Russell's resolutions upon the table for consideration. By a majority of 46 to 81 these were branded as destructive to the representative gov- ernment of the country, and the supplies were reso- "t LORD GOSFOKD, GOVEENOB. 99 lutely withheld. Lord Gosford with deep regret pro rogued the House. ^ Eecourse was now had to arms, that a separation might be effected from the mother country. A central committee was formed at Montreal, and Papineau took the supervision of everything. The Governor dismissed eighteen magistrates and thirty-five Militia officers, who took part in rebellious meetings. An association, called the " Sons of Liberty," paraded the streets of Montreal, m a hostile manner. In the County of Two Mountains' British authority was entirely disregarded, and an ac- tive training and arming was carried on among the malcontents. This example soon sp.3ad to the six Counties situate on the Richelieu and Yaraaska, so that the Government applied to Sir C. Campbell for two other regiments, and also to Sir F. B. Head for some of his Upper Canadian troops,— while volunteer corps of loyal inhabitants were rapidly organized. XX VII.— The first skirmish took place at Montreal when the " Sons of Liberty" were put to flight, but without loss of life. The government now resolved to arrest the most active leaders, and warrants were issued against twenty-six, including Papineau. Nine were soon apprehended, but the master-spirit escaped. In the execution of these warrants, eighteen volunteers were sent to St. John on the Richelieu, but their return was intercepted at Longueuil by 300 armed rebels, who wounded some of the party and put the rest to flight. Papineau and other leaders were said to be at St. Denis and St. Charles on the Richelieu, and Sir John Col- borne, Commander-in-Chief, sent detachments in No- vember under Colonels Gore and Wetherall, to attack these villages. Gore met with such opposition at St« Denis, that his retreat was unavoidable, after he had lost six men killed and ten wounded. Wetherall, how- %^ 100 8UMMABT OP CANADIAN HISTORY. ever, euccooded upon St. Charles, and drove out the rebels, who lost 300 of their number. In December, Gore, being reinforced, took possession of St. Denis without opposition, as a panic was beginning to spread among the habitants^ and their leaders had already sought refuge in the neighbouring Republic. ^ A filibustering expedition of restless spirits from the States crossed the frontier, but it was frustrated by a party of British volunteers. And thus, in fourteen days, rebellion was quelled in the six Counties. Colborno afterwards turned his troops to the districts north of Montreal, where sedition had first arisen, and with filigiit opposition tranquillity was restored before the end ^f 1837. rPPEU CANADA FROM 1829 TO 1838. XXVIII. — In Upper Canada, after the accession of Colborne to the Governorship, it was found that the casual and territorial revenues in the hands of the Crown had increased so much that the Executive was completely independent of the Assembly, so far as sup- plies for the civil list were concerned. The inhabitants of Toronto presented a petition to the Homp Govern- ment, praying that the judges might not be subject to the control of the Executive, and that a local and responsible Government might be granted to the country. In 1820, Robert Baldwin appeared before the people as a candidate for Parliament, and Egerton Ryerson issued the prospectus of the Christian Guar- dian. In 1830, the Assembly asserted its right to con- trol the whole Provincial Revenue, and, by way of retaliation, the Upper House threw out most of the bills presented to its consideration. In 1831, the As- sembly made a permanent provision for the salaries of the Governor and certain other high officials, and re- ) LORD QOSFORD, OOVBBNOB. 101 ) ceived in return tho entire management of the imporiaJ, as well as all other, revenues. Tlius was solved the difficulty which occasioned such profound agitation in Lower Canada. In 1882, Mackenzie was sent to Eng- land as the bearer of a petition from 24,500 colonists, * who requested, among other things, that the Legislative Council should bo made elective, tho public revenue properly expended, and tho land-granting department regulated. In 1884, an act was passed making tho judges independent .^f tho Crown. The Parliament of 1835 drew up the Seventh Grievance Report, which is chiefly devoted to tho subject of Executive responsi- bility to tho Assembly. Tho Executive now deter- mined to secure tho English Church in possession of a great portion of the Clergy-Reserves, (/. e., a seventh' part of tho Provincial Territory which had been set apart by the Constitutional Act of 1791 for tho support of Protestant Clergy,) and created fifty-seven Recto- ries, which were put into the hands of tho ministry of tho Episcopal Church. This intimate connection, it was thought, of land and owners would prevent the secularizing effects of any future legislation. XXIX. — Colborne was superseded at his own re- quest in 1835-(while at New York, on his return home ho received despatches constituting him Commander-inl Chief of tho Canadian forces,)— by Sir Francis Bond Head, who received instructions much the same as those of Gosford. Of his own authority he began to appoint members of the Family Compact to lucrative offices which were vacant. He added also throe highly popular members— Baldwin, Rolph, and Dunn-to the Executive ; but, never consulting them upon any public measure, they shortly afterwards resigned. Tho Lower House took up the affair, and framed an address to the King, charging Head with ." deviations from candour 9* 102 BVUilJiUX OF CANADIAN niSTOKY. and truth." Difficulties increased until, for the first time, the supplies were stopped in 18".6. The Gov- ernor now resolved upon a new election, and put forth , such exertions that the Assembly became little more than a mere echo of his voice. The previous numbers of the Legislature had been forty Reformers and twenty Tories. After the elections of June, 1836, the Governor's inliucnce changed these numbers into forty- one Tories and twenty Reformers ; while, besides, the Reform and ultra-Reform leaders, Baldwin, Mackenzie, and Bidwell, were beaten at the polls. The new Par- liament in 1837 introduced a bill erecting tRe first Court of Chancery in Uppc Canada. Mackenzie, at the be- ginnihg of 1837, was holding meetings throughout the Homo District, and keeping up a secret correspondence with the Lower Canadian malcontents. ^^^' — It was at this time that the troops were sent down to Lower Canada, and the Western Province was left unprotected. The withdrawal of the troops acceler- ated Mackenzie's movements, and he resolved to march upon the capital, with the intention of afterwards pro- claiming a Republic. The rebels mustered on Yonge Street, (the great military road leading out of Toronto, which had been made under Governor Simcoe's direc- tions,) and after an effectual attempt upon the city, they were routed at Montgomery's tavern by a militia force under Colonel MacNab and Justice McLean. Mackenzie, and most of the other leaders, fled to the States, while thousands of loyal volunteers, unapprised of the change of aflfairs, carne flocking to the rescue of the capital, from all p. ?ts of the country. In the London district there was an attempt at in- surrection, but Colonel MacNab marched thither and dispersed all the rebels. The country had already be- come tranquil, when danger arose from another quar- LORD G08F0BD, OOYERNOR. 108 ter. Mackenzie had collected at Buffalo a number of desperate characters, and with these ho meditated an invasion of Canada. Tiio command wao assigned to Van Rensellaer, who took possession of Navy Island, in the Nia{?ara channel, and fortified it. Volunteers were in- vited from Canada and the States, all manner of flatter- ing promises being held forth, an(i soon the filibuster- ing armament amounted to 1000 men. Colonel Mac- Nab now arrived at Chippewa, and found himself at the head of 2,500 militia who were prepared to resist any attempt at landing. The steamboat Caroline was employed in the service of the (so-called) Patriots on Navy Island. MaciNab gave orders for her capture; this was effected, and the boat, after being fired, was allowed to drift over the Falls. At this juncture. Gen- eral Scott appeared on behalf of the American Govern- ment, to prevent any supplies or recruits from reaching Navy Island ; where upon Van Rensellafr evacuated his position in January, 1838. Various bands of American adventurers were collected at Detroit, Sandusky, and Watertown, to invade Canada, but all efforts proved equally ineffectual. XXXI.— In March, 1838, Sir F. B. Head was re- called, and Sir George Arthur appointed Governor in his stead. Five hundred political prisoners were at this time crowded within the gaols at Hamilton and To- ronto. Two leaders— Lount and Matthews— were exe- cuted, others were sent to the Penitentiary at Kings- ton, while some were released. In M&y, Bill Johnson plundered and burned the steamer Sir Eolert Peel, and escaped vengeance by taking refuge amidst the Thousand Islands. A few gangs of American "Sympa- thizers" crossed the frontier and effected some slight depredations. A final Patriot invasion was attempted, contemporaneously with the second Lower Canadian 104 BXJMMABY OF CANADIAN HISTOBY. Rebellion, in October, 1838. One body of invaders landed at Prescott, and ensconced themselves in a stone windmill. Here they were attacked by the Canadians, and after a lengthened struggle they surrend3red at discretion. Further to thu west, an assault was made £* tlio same time upon Amherstburg, but the Sympa- thizers were defeated by Colonel Prince, and driven across '.he river to Detroit. Courts-martial were now formed — the chief prisoners were executed, while a large number (151 ih all, including sixty-eight from Lower Canada) of the less conspicuous were trans- ported to the penal settlements of New South Wales. These, and the exiled rebels generally, were allowed to returil about five years after this, on account of the intercession of the Assembly on their behalf. LOWER AND UPPER CANADA FROM 1838 TO THE TNION. XXXII. — iSturningto Lower Canada, we find that in June, 1838, Lord Gosford was recalled, and Sir John Colborne appointed Administrator of the Govern- ment. Martial law, which had prevailed from the outbreak of the rebellion, was discontinued in May ; and in the same month arrived the Earl of Durham in the double capacity of Governor-General and her Majesty's High Commissioner, to adjust all questions about civil government pending in Upper and Lower Canada. The Imperial Parliament also suspended the constitution of the country, and in its stead the Gov- ernor was empowered to fonn a Special Council, which should exercise the functions of ^oth Houses. One of the first steps taken, was to hold in abeyance the Habeai Corpus Act, that the imprisoned rebels might be sum- marily dealt with. Every act of the new Governor was marked by liberality and disinterestedness. The Crown Lands Department was inquired into, and many EAEL OP DUBHAM, GOYSBNOB. 106 abuses brought to light. By a bold expedient, which has been much criticised, the Governor disposed of ail the political prisoners without thS excitement of a formal trial : the minor offenders were pardoned, and eighty of the ringleaders were banished to the Ber- mudas. The British Parliament did not approve of his conduct, and passed an act of indemnity, setting aside Durham's Ordinance whereby the prisoners had been banished. On learning this, the Governor sent in his resignation, to the universal regret of the French and British populations alike. He advocated a Federal Union of the British North American Provinces, as a counterpoise to the extended territory of the States on the south. Before leaving his government, he made a tour through the Oanadas, and prepared a Keport so admirable in its accuracy and impartiality, that it holds an unsurpassed rank among official documents. It was owing to this report that the Union of the Oanadas was resolved upon, Responsible Government introduced, and a general amelioration of Colonial policy effected. All lovers of our country must honour the Earl of Dur- ham as the originator of good government in Canada. He left Quebec in N"ovember, 1838, and his place was filled by Sir J. Oolborne, at first as Administrator, and then as Governor-General, (Jan. 1839.) XXXni.— Durham's departure seems to have been the signal for a second rebellious attack under Dr. Nel- son. Martial law was again proclaimed in force, and the Habeas Corpus Act suspended. After sundry skir- mishes. Sir John Oolborne attacked Nelson at Napier- ville, and completely scattered his forces. The mal- contents exnGrifinpAfl dnnfTiai* Ar.f^^4. ^4. p i •_ from the Glengariy men; and with this the second Lower Canadian Rebellion ended, after a duration of seven days. Twelve rebels were then executed, and 106 SUMMABY OF CANADIAN HISTOBT. 4 Oolborne followed up this stroke by suspending three judges, who, biassed in favour of the insurgents, pro- nounced his conduct unconstitutional. These function- aries were, after two years, reinstated by Lord Syden- ham. Several marauding incursions were made during winter by ruffian gangs from the States, who styled themselves Hunters, despite the vigilance and repres- sive measures of General Worth of the United States army. In June, 1839, Lord John Russell brought for- ward a. Bill in the House of Commons, relating to the Union of the Canadas, that it might undergo dis- cussion. Finnally it was laid over till next session, that inore information might be acquired. Chief Jus- tice Eobinson, of Upper Canada, then in England, pro- tested strongly against the projected Union ; but in Upper Canada generally, it was popular. In October, # (1839,) Mr. Charles Poulett Thompson, a British mer- chant, and President of the Board of Trade, arrived at Quebec as Governor General. Colborne, released from his arduous labours, immediately Ailed, for England, where he was honourably received, and elevated to the peerage as Lord Seaton. XXXIV.— Meanwhile, Mr. Thompson convoked his Special Council, and explained the views of the British Ministry relative to the union of the Canadas, and the concession of Responsible Government, which was chiefly to be effected by renderfng the principal mem- bers of the Executive dependent for their position upon the majority which their policy might secure in the House of Assembly. The Council immediately passed resolutions indicating their entire concurrence in the proposed action of the Home Government. The mat- ter was thus settled, so far as concerned the Lower Canadian ^ tish population, and under the circum- HON. 0. P. THOMPSON, GOVEBNOH. lOT Stances it was inexpedient to regard the oppof ition of the French, wlio were mostly disaffected. The Governor then proceeded to Upper Canada, where more difficulty was experienced, inasmuch as the majority of the Upper House opposed the introduction of any liberal measure whatsoever. But the Governor published a circular despatch from Russell's pen, and by thus appealing to the loyalty of the Family Compact, he succeeded in getting the Union Bill introduced as a Government measure. It passed both Houses before the end of January, 1840, with stipulations that there should bo an equal representation of each Province in the United Legislature,— that a sufficient permanent civil list should be granted, whereby the judicial bench might be rendered independent, and the indispensable busmess of Government prosecuted,— and that the pub- lic debt should be charged on the joint revenue of the United Province. The sanction of the ImpeJbl Parlia- ment was now the only thing required, and to expedito the receipt of this, the draft of a Union Bill was framed by Chief Justice Sir James Stuart. This was intro- duced by Russell, and with the exception of certain clauses relating to Municipalities, passed both Houses, and was sanctioned by the Queen on July 23d, 184o! Owing to a suspending clause, the bill did not come into operation until Feb 10, 1841, when, by proclama- tion, it was announced as law. I. How many forms of govern- ment had Canada within thirty- two years? Stato what they were, with dates. What was ~j r i' i"'i'"-'"^"" "i liiu <^an- adas at the time of separation ? What member of the royal family camo to Canada in 1791? When did the first Parliament assemble lu Upper and Lower Canada? QUESTIONS TO CIIAPTEK II. State the number of ihembera la each; where and by whom con- vened. What change was made In the names of the four uoner Canadiuu districts? Give some other acts of this Parliament. II. Where did Simcoe intend his future capital to be? Who interfered, and for what purpose f Where was it ultimately fixed. 108 SUMMAKY OP CANADIAN UISTOBT, and when? What action was taken respecting slaves in 1798? Where was the firat Upper Cana- dian paper published ? How were the outies divided In 179S be- tween the Canadas ? What change now took place in the govern- ment ? When were ports of en- try first established ? Who was the next Governor of Upper Can- ada ? What was the m-st paper published at York, and when? What action did the Parliament take respecting hemp ? State the changes in government in 1805. When were public schools first established ? When was the first accurate census of Upper Canada taken, and with what result? III. What postal arrangement In 1792? Why and by whom was the exportation of grain pro- hibite.d. in 1795 ? Who succeeded Borchdster? What operated to the prejudice of immigrants? When was slavery abolished in Lower Canada? What caused the establishment of tho Trinity Houses ? Who was the first Prot- estant Bishflp of Quebec, and when appointed ? When and where was an Episcopal Ca- thedral built? Who succeeded Milnes? How was the liberty of the press infringed upon ? IV. Who was instrumental In diflFusing education in Lower Can- ada, and with what result? What French paper appeared in 1806 ? What course did It pursue? Why was Sir James Craig sent out? Give particulars respecting tho first Canadian steamboat. Re- specting the second. V. When did internal difficul- ties reach a crisis ? In what way did the Assembly seek to become Independent? How did it seek to gain a control over all colonial afiitira? What was the result? Of what despotic and unjus- tifiable measures was Governor Craig guilty? What was this period called? Why did the Governor so act ? Who succeed- fin llim V \VHrt iiraa Tir\^w nnv\^i»«4-/>,y1 — — — — • '- "** -T ••*? ».«»^T e»L,-^?iiitcu. to Lower Canada? What con- ciliatory measures did Prevost adopt? What militia bill was Introduced? When -«ras war de- clared ? VL How did Prevost first aci ? How was specie prevented from passing into the States? Whot regulars were In tho country, and how stationed? How were their small numbers reinforced? By whom, when, and where was Canada first invaded ? Who has- tened to attack him, and with what result? What success had Captain Roberts in the far westif VIL Where did the Ameri- cans concentrate their efforts? Where did they open the attack? What success had Eensellaer? Who advanced to check him, and with what success? In what manner did the British ultimate- ly succeed? What were their respective losses? How did the republicans seok to retrieve the can)paign? How and by whom was Ogdcnsbure taKen ? Vin. Describe Proctor's suc- cess near Detroit. Who had the command of Lake Ontario, and by what means? What was the plan of the campaign ? Sketch the expedition against York. Where did the enemy next turn, and with what result ? How did Vincent act ? What was the po- sition of the enemy? By whom was tho British fiotilla organized and manned ? What was tho re- sult of Sackett's Harbour expe- dition ? State tho progress of events at Detroit. IX. Describe the victory of the British at Stony Creek. What success was gained at Beaver- Dams? What did the Ameri- cans holi! en the right bank of the Niagara ? Which party was successful on Lake Champlain? How was this in part balanced ? What victory did Perry's fleet gain ? Describe Harrison's move- ments. X. State tho plan of operations formed against Montreal. How was Hampton checked » Sketch the movements of Wilkinson. Between Vvhou"!, and with what result was the battle of Chryst- ler's far^ji fought ? Describe tho operations on theNiagara frontier. QUESTIONS TO OHAPTEB II. 109 XI. Who vras Impeached In 1814, and by whom ? Mention some of the charges. Give somo account of John Henry's mission. Who was also impeached, and on what grounds? What resulted from these impeachments ? XII. What operations took place on the Richelieu? What success and reverse did the Brit- ish next experience ? Detail the attempts made on the Niagara ft-ontler. Sketch the battle of Lnndy's Lane. XIII. How was Prevost 7.ow strengthened ? What did be re- solve to do ? What was the re- sult ? How were affairs in Upper Canada? How did the British regain Fort Eriei? When was peace restored ? What was tho position of things after tho treaty of peace ? When was peace of- ficially proclaimed at Quebec? What constituted the safety of Canada during this war ? XIV. What grants were made In 1815, and for what purposes ? Why did Prevost depart, and who ^*MMfigdedhim?jOaLxhang3s took'iiJWB'lU IflB udministration of Upper Canada? Give an In- stance of Drummond's Intoler- ance. What private man now became ohBxIous to the govern- ment? why did Drummond again prorogue the Assembly? Who succeeded him ? What did this Governoc^ee and point out? What fatal division now became evident? When were common schools established in Upper Can- ada? XV. When and where wds the first bank opened ? Where was tho next? What offer was ac- cepted in 1818? What was the effect of this? How wore the people now divided ? XVI. Why, when, and by whom was Sherbroolco relieved ? Who WM appointed to Upper Canada? What Is noticeable after 1815? What was the result in Lower What was the Family Compact? XVII. Qive a notice of Gour- Jsy's {persecution. What occurred in 1820? Who first came into 10 notice next year? What canal was begun In 1824? Who pro- jected It, and when? What at- tempts were made by tho Scot- tish Church ? When were they successful ? Give a notice of tho Cauada Land Company. XVIII. What person now fell into official dislike? When did tho Reformers predominate in the Assembly, and what was tho re- sult ? When and by whom v,ai King's College endowed? How was Judge Willis treated? By whom was Maitland succeeded, and when ? XIX. What difllculty arose In Lower Canada? What was Rich- mond's fate? Upon whom did the government successively de- volve ? What scheme did Dal- housie bring forward? What was the result? What public work was commenced in 1821 ? XX. What trade was increas- ing? What was the consequence ? ^'"^ftUiatcfforts had the Assembly beenniakinsr, and with what suc- cess? What misunderstanding arose In 1822 ? How was it ad- justejl? Whatproject raised ob- jectionJrrtliorOanadas? How was tho popular cause strength- ened In 1823? What boundary was now settled ? What news- '^"per change occurred In 1828? x)etail what was going on in the Assembly. Who was consplc- uons In his opposition? What society was founded in 1824, and what has It effected ? Give some particulars as to the two great ships built near Quebec. Who governed in Dalhousie's absence? XXI. What had been the posi- tiod of affairs for four years? What concession was now made, and how ? What revenues were claimed bv the Crown? Show how the home authorities dis- approved of Burton's conduct. What university was uow estab- lished ? What monument was erected In 1827? What fresh trouble arose with Parliament? When was the RIdeau Canal com- menced, and at whoso expense ? XXII. Exemplify the discon- tent of 1828. Who presented the 110 SUMMABT OF CANADIAN HISTOBT. petHIon f What did tho British rfirllamentary committee recom- mend? What did It condemn? What are these Buggeotloni known as? To Avhat post was Dalhouslo appointed ? Name his Buccessor. How did he conciliate tfe Parliament and country? What assurance did he plvo the House ? When was Lower Cana- dian representation Increased, and to what extent? Who followed Kempt? What was tho main feature of Qoderlch's bill ? How did the Assembly receive It? What paper was re-established in 1831, and what was Its coarse? Give the number of newspapers in Canada. What proposal ^faa made at Kingston ? XXIII. What was now trans- ferred to the Assembly? What was aAkcd In return ? Describe the first civil disturbance. How was the country afflicted in 1882? Btate the course pursued by tho Assembly. What difficulty arose' with Upper Canada ? When were the first mayors elected in Cana- da, and where? What demand did the Lower House make ? What arose from this ? How- were the civil officers partly paid ? *^ ' ^^XXIV. What was golns: on in 1888? When did the second cholera break forth ? When did the last Lower Canadian Parlia- ment meet ? What was the tenor of the petition to the King ? Who was appointed colonial agent? What action did England take In 1886? What instructloBS we?e given ? How did Gosford suc- ceed? Why were the supplies afterwards reflised ? XXV. What celebrated letter passed between the two Parlia- ments in 1836? What did the commissioners propose? What was the efltect of re-assembling Parliament? State the nature of Russeirs resolutions. What de- layed the execution of them? XXVI. What was the state of affairs iri Canada? "Vviio com- menced a svstem of organization ? What did Gosford do ? How did Poriiament receive Bussell's reso- lutions? How did tho French Canadians act ?. Whom did Gos- ford dismiss ? Where was Brit- ish authority first disregarded? Whore did the disaffection spread? How was tho Govern- ment strengthened? XXVIL Where was the first skirmish? What did the Gov^ ernment resolve upon, and with what result? What took place at St. John ? What villages were attacked, and why? What suc- cess had Gore and Wethorall? From what quarter did assistance come to the rebels? Where did Colborne next turn his arms? When was peace restored ? XXVIII. How and In what re- spect did the Executive become Independent in Upper Canada? What was the nature of tho peti- tion from Toronto ? What nota- ble men camo forward in 1829? What claim did the Assembly make in 1880? How and when was one great difficulty settled? Who was sent to England Avith a petition, and what was its tenor? What act was pj»ss.§d, In ISS^J^ What was the chief Parilament- ary action next year? What were the Clergy-Reserves, and when set apart? What did the Exec- utive do respecting them In 1835? XXIX. Who succeeded Col- borne? To what office was Col- borne appointed? How did Sir P. B. Head act respecting the Legislature? Why did the new Executive members resign ? When were the supplies first stopped? What change took Slaco in the complexion of the [ouse? What bill did the new Parliament Introduce ? How was Mackenzie employed ? XXX. What accelerated Mac- kenzie's movements? Where and by whom were the rebels defeat- ed? When was another attempt made at insurrection, and how quelled? What did Mackenzie next do ? How did MacNab act ? What caused the evacuation of Navy Island ? W hat efforts were afterwards made, and with what success? XXXI. When and by whom 1 QUESTIONS TO OHAPTEB II. Ill vru Ilead superseded? How were the prisoners treated ? What outrag6 did Bill Johnson com- mit? When was the final Patriot Invasion? Describe it. Whero were the Sympathizers also de- feated ? What became of the im- prisoned rebels ? XXXII. Who 8i;cceeded Gos- ford ? What was the duration of martial law ? In what capacities ^id Durham arrive? How did the Imperial Parliament act ? What was the first step of the Bpecial council? How did Dur- ham dispose of the prisoners ? Whv did Durham resign ? What did ho advocate ? What is to be said of his report ? What eflfect bad it? Why is Durham to be honoured ? Who succeeded him, and In what year? XXXIII. What occurred after Durham^s departure? Describe the second rebellion. How did Colborne act in this exigency? Who were the Hunters t What bill was brou|dit forward, and by whom, in tho British House in June, 1889? Who protested against this bill ? Who was the next Governor ? How was Col- borne rewarded ? XXXIV. What was the new Governor's first step ? What suc- cess did he meet with? What was his difliculty in Upper Cana- da, and how did he overcome it ? What stipulations were attach«d to the bill and its passage ? By whom was a draft of the Union bill framed? How was it re- ceived by the Home Govern- ment ? When did it receive the Eoyal sanction? When did it come into operation ? CHAPTER HI FKOII THE RE-UNIOK OF THE CANADAS TO THE FRESEKT TIME. I. — In 1840, Queen's College, Kingston, was estab- lished, and Victoria College (founded eight years be- fore) was incorporated as a University. After the Union, public attention was turned to the settlement of the Clergy-Reserves, which had long been a source of agitation. A Bill was brought forward in Upper Canada advocating their sale, and the partition of the proceeds, so that the largest share should fall to tho Church of England. This was carried, but did not satisfy the Reformers, who still kept the question be- fore the people. The germ of Responsible Government was now implanted in the Constitution, as may be seen from the words of the Governor's Message, " That he had beeii commanded by Her Majesty to administer the government in accordance with the well-under- stood wishes of the people ; and to pay their feelings, 1^2 8UMMART OP ,A famme-stricken poor of Scotland and Ireland. This famine now began to cause vast numbers of the desti- LORD ELOnr, OOVKBNOn. 116 tuto to emigrate to America, so that up to the begin- niflg of August 70,000 emigrants had landed at Quebec. After the meeting of Parliament in Juno, Lord Elgin informed the Legislature that the British Government was ready to hand over to Canada the Qontrol of the Post Office department, and that the Canadian Houses were also empowered to repeal the diiffcrential duties in favour of British manufactures. Parliament was soon after dissolved, and Reform-Conventions were held all over the country in view of the new elections of January, 1848. The Reformers then proved com- pletely triumphant at the polls, and nearly all their leaders were returned— Hincks, Baldwin, Price, Blake, and Malcolm Cameron. Dr. W. Nelson and Papineaa were also sent from Lower Canada as representatives to the new Assembly. On t^ie opening of Parliament, Mr. Draper's Ministry resigned, and the Baldwin-La- fontaine Government assumed the direction of affairs. Towards the close of the year, an important measure was passed in the repeal of the Imperial Navigation- / Laws. This and the former repeal of differential duties \ insured to Canada the privileges of free trade. The ' colony was allowed to import goods whence and how she pleased ; she was entrusted with the entire control of Provincial trade and the regulation of her own Tariff of Customs. V. — Parliament was again convened in January, 1849, and the Governor remarked upon the completion of the St. Lawrence Canals which was brought about during the year, and the speedy transference of the Post Office Department to the Colonial Government. Mr. Lafontaine introduced a bill to pay the balance of ^vrVwi v/auauiiiu ivusjuiiiuu-ijusaes, anu a stormy aeoate followed. The Opposition contended that by its pro- visions actual rebels were to be remunerated, and that no BUMMAUT OF CANADIAN niSTOST. It was therefore doubly unfair for Upper Canada to pay any proportion whatsoever. The Ministry replied, that tho object of th(, bill was only to pay for all destruction caused by the rebels, and to carry out the views of their predecessors in office in 1840, who bad paid Upper Canadian losses from licenses forming part of tho general consolidated fund, and had contemplated a similar provision, in part fulfilled for I ower Canadian Rebellion-Losses. But the Opposition members man- aged to spread their view of the question over the country, from Montreal westward, and monster meet- ings, denouncing Ministerial policy, were held, in which the common watchword was *'No pay to Rebels." ^ The antagonism of races broke forth again, and many i members of tho Ultra-Tory party threatened annexa- tion to the States, sooner than submit to the eonse-» quences of Lafontaine's measures. Nevertheless tho Bill was carried in the Assembly by 48 to 32, and having passed tho Upper House, it was assented to by Lord Elgin, on April 26th, 1849. On leaving tho Par- liament House the Governor was insulted by the crowd,- and in the evening a disorderly mob, to tho lasting disgrace of Montreal, set fire to this building, which, with the valuable Library, (wherein were 1800 vol- umes on Canada alone,) was completely destroyed. Ri- oting was carried on in the city, and many Reform mernbers .vera rualtreated, and tlieir houses injured. Similar sor/jr.-i 'w re enacted throughout Upper Canada, especially in Toronto, where Baldwin, and some others, were burnt in effigy. Some farther attempts at vio- lenco taking place in the capital, tfie military fired into the mob, and' one man was killed. Meanwhile, ad- dresses, from the Reformers chiefly, came pourinff ia from all quarters to Lord Elgin, expressing their confi- dence in his Administration, and their regret for the LORD BLOIN, QOTTSRNOB. 117 scones ho Lad witnessed. The Governor nevertheless tendered his resignation, but all the Home nuthprities approved of his conduct, and requested him to con- tinue in office. To this he consented, and the more gladly, inasmuch as the unfounded agitation was already beginning to subside. In view of the late unseemly ccurrences, it was resolved to remove the seat of Government from Mont- real, and for the next two years to meet at Toronto, (its name had been changed from York in 1884.) Sub- sequent to this period the practice haw continued of holding the sitting of both Houses for four years alter- nately in Quebec and Toronto, which, however, will shortly be done away with, by reason of the Queen's selection, in compliance with the wish of Parliament, of Ottawa (formerly Bytown), as the permanent seat of Government. VI. — The repeal of the Corn Law« in England, in 1846, whereby all preference in favour of Canadian grain was abolished, and trade consequently diverted from the St. Lawrence, now began to produce telling effects upon the credit and revenue of the country, from which it took many years of industry and perseverance to recover. In 1849, a complete system of Municipal institutions was organized in Upper Canada, and in the following year a somewhat similar measure was intro- duced in Lower Canada. By this expedient, each dis- trict was entrusted with the management of its own local affairs, and the general revenue was relieved from any undue burdens which were more properly charge- able upon the localities benefitted. In 1850, the first I proposition was made concerning Reciprocity, or free^ \ iuterchango of trade with xV - TT_ii.-J C