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ATH' 
 
 ORIGINAL. AND AinHENTIG 
 
 r 
 
 JOURNAL of OCCURRENCES 
 
 'I 
 
 DURING THB LATE 
 
 AMERICAN WAR, 
 
 FROM 
 
 ITS COMMENCEMENT 
 
 TO THE 
 
 YEAR 1783L 
 
 '/i: 
 
 
 
 ■■•••I* 
 
 BY R. LAM B9 
 
 fc^TB IBRJBANT IN THB AoTAI. WBtCH FUZIISBU. 
 
 QOD the LORD, the Strength qf ti^ Stihatim; thou 
 hast cavertd my headii» the day qt ^"'t f 
 
 A. rt*L. OXL. 7. 
 
 PUBUN: / 
 
 PRINTED BY WILKINSON fc COURTMEY, 6, WOOD-STREET. 
 
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 research 
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 1 1. 
 
 
 • \ 
 
 ■'I 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 I .1 
 
 ^, if. I 
 
 ,..11 i, 
 
 <•' 
 
 ^0/? wiany years past I have felt a Strong desire 
 id give to the Public, d Summary and Impartial View 
 tf that momentous and interesting Subject — the Rise^ 
 Progress, and Consummation of the late American War, 
 
 From my own personal Knowledge of many of the 
 Events that are herein related, and from a diligent 
 research into many respectable Authorities, I entertain 
 u good hope, that, my Jourhal of Occurrences will 
 not he unacceptable to the Judicious Reader, 
 
 There are few probably to whom this Work will 
 h\'. more interesting than to those who have borne a 
 Part in the Events which are here recorded, and whose 
 Recollection of the important Transactions noticed in 
 this Volume, the Author has no doubt will bear full 
 laccordanct to the truth qf his testimony, 
 
 li may be thought rather strange, that a Work 
 vf this kind should be announced to the Public so long 
 ^fte'r the Occurrences took- place. But I beg leave to 
 
 
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 PREFACE. 
 
 mention f that I have not seen any impartial Detail of 
 the more minute^ but no less important Occurrences of 
 the Wart which ^ as secret springs, actuated the public 
 movements, and which were never any further disclosed . • 
 to the world, but as comprised in the general result. 
 The only attempt of the kind which I have seen, was ' 
 a Work published in America, and written by a Member . 
 of Congress, but which I found to be exceedingly partial, 
 both in its Statement of Facts, and Viexvs of the Merits 
 of the Question to be decided. 
 
 The present Work being edited at so late a period, 
 will have this advantage, that all Party Views having 
 now subsided, the Autfwr has no Motive to influence his 
 Publication, but that of being an Impartial Annalist, 
 relating Facts which have come within his own Know- 
 ledge, and which xvill remain as a faithful Record of 
 those Transactions, unbiassed by prejudice, for the infor- 
 mation of the future Historian. 
 
 The impartial eye of posterity, will read the Work, 
 ami form their Opinion, Unmoved by any political con- 
 siderations, and having no other sensations than those 
 arising from the Feeling of Regret. \ 
 
 R. LAMB, 
 
 OCIOBE.R, 1S09. 
 
 ■ '\V 
 
 Mutual 
 
 Colom 
 
 theYt 
 
 into i 
 
 The S. 
 
 Colonii 
 
 Distui 
 
 ed. A 
 
 and SI 
 
 tents. 
 
 Bill. 
 
 Resent 
 
 at PhA 
 
 Neck. 
 
 and pi 
 
 Skir7nish\ 
 Wash in 
 the Ai 
 Birth 
 neral 
 French 
 Covers \ 
 pointedl 
 Virginl 
 Appoit\ 
 semblyl 
 
•••.ni 
 
 ■' ■ - V 
 
 '.J» • 
 
 J. ' ", 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 '\ t 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 ' ''i< .H 
 
 fAQt, 
 
 Mutual Regard hetweni Great Britain and her 
 Colonies. Character of the Colonies at the end of 
 the Year 1763. Taxes laid on Goods imported 
 into the Colonies. Opposed by the Americans. 
 The Stamp Act framed. Disturbances in diferent 
 Colonies. First Congi^ess held in New York. 
 Disturbances still continued. Stamp Act repeal- 
 ed. A Bill for New Ta.ves passed in Britain^ 
 and sent to America. Occasions new Diseon- 
 tents. Tea destroyed at Boston. Boston Port 
 Bill. Received vith extravagant Tokens of 
 Resentment bj/ the Bostonians. Congress meets 
 at Philadelphia. General Gage fortifies Boston 
 Neck. A great Army assembles before .f"- i^on, 
 
 and prepares for War , ..... 6 
 
 •' '^ iJ CHAP. H. ' • 
 
 Skirmish at Lexington. Battle of Bunker's Hill. 
 Washington appointed Commander in Chief of 
 the American Army. Sketch of his Life. His 
 Birth and Education. Appointed Adjutant Ge- 
 neral of the Virginia Militia. Defeated by the 
 French. Aid-de-Camp to General Braddock. 
 Covers the Retreat of the British Army. Ap- 
 pointed Commander of the Provincial Troops in 
 Virginia. Marries. Settles at Mount Vernon. 
 Appointed a Magistrate, a Member rf the As- 
 sembly, and a Jud^e of the Court of Virginia. 26 
 
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11 
 
 CJONTENTS. 
 
 "-.-t?»jr*:i-m:3: 
 
 CHAP. III. PAGE. 
 
 Congress appoints Gtneral OJicers. British Troops 
 closely invested in Boston. General Gage sails 
 for Ensfland. General llvwe succeeds to the 
 command. Tremendous cannonade on the Town 
 cf Boston i b\f the Americans. British Troops 
 evacuate the Town^ and sail for IIalifa.v. The 
 Motion for declaring the Colonies free and in- 
 dependent first introduced into Congress. They 
 abjure all Allegiance to the British Crown. 
 Preparations made by Englandy to subdue the 
 Americans. Natural Strength of America. A 
 List of the Stations of British Begiments who 
 were ordered to act against the Colonies 51 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 l^he Jiilhor^s Journal commences. Sails from the 
 Cove of Cork. Bemarkable Occurrences during 
 the Voyage. Enters the Gulph of St. Laurence, 
 A particular Description of that Biter. Arrives 
 at Quebec. Description of that City 6§ 
 
 ^ -.,• ■:. .-v.^ - , CHAP. V. , ,,„. ^ ,,.:..v.^ 
 
 Ticondero^a and Crorcn Point taken by the Ame- 
 ricans. Congress endeavours to bring the Indians 
 cter to their side. Speech of the Commissioners 
 from Congress to the Indians. Montgomery 
 attempts the Conquest of Canada. Chamblee 
 taken. General Carlelon repulsed. St. John's 
 Fort and Montreal taken. Attempt to surprise 
 i^uebec. Montgomery killed^ and the Americans 
 defeated. The humane conduct of General 
 Carleton towards the American Prisoners 7S 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Disturbances in Virginia. Major Connolly taken 
 Priycner by the Americans. Lord Dwimore's 
 
 Letter 
 Lord D 
 Dumnoi 
 tacked b 
 tain Mi 
 count oj 
 
 Author^s ^ 
 
 aftheBi 
 
 quin IVo 
 
 Troops ( 
 
 Betrrat i 
 
 Fleet to 
 
 gtiges th 
 
 British j 
 
 Betires t 
 
 Admiral L 
 
 Howe apf 
 
 to the Coi 
 
 versation 
 
 IVashingt 
 
 defeated a 
 
 h the B 
 
 IVashingti 
 
 render pj 
 
 Island tak 
 
 Hessians 
 
 Northern A 
 Lake Chan 
 evacuated 
 viove forwi 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 iii 
 
 it!: 
 
 51 
 
 6i 
 
 IS 
 
 PAliE. 
 
 Letter to an Indian Chirf. Loffan^s Speech to 
 Lord Dunmore. Norfolk r^cstroyed hj fire. Lord 
 Dunmore sails with the Fleet. Charlesto-um at- 
 tacked by Sir Peter Parker and repulsed. Cap- 
 tain Morris's gall ayit Behaviour and Death. Ac- 
 count of General Lee PO 
 
 CMAP. VII. 
 
 Author*s Journal continued. Further description 
 of the River St. Lawrence. Anecdote of an Algon- 
 quin Woman. An 'attempt to surprise the British 
 Troops at Three Rivers. Americans defeated. 
 Retnat to St. John's. The British prepare a 
 Fleet to cross Lake Cliamplain. Sails and en- 
 gages the American Fleets which is d<fea'cd. 
 British Troops take pos.<iessio7i of Crown Point. 
 Retires to JViitter Quarters 104 
 
 CHAP. viir. 
 
 Admiral Lord Hmve and General Sir William 
 Howe appointed Commissioners for restoring Peace 
 to the Colonies. Arrives at Staten Island. Con- 
 versation between Colonel Pater son and General 
 Washington. Hostilities' commence. Americans - 
 defeated with great Shughter. New Fork taken 
 by the British. General Assault against Fort 
 Washington^ garrisoned by the Americans. Sur- 
 render Prisoners of War. Fort Lee and Rhode 
 Island taken by the British. General Lee taken. 
 Hessians defeated 116 
 
 ■ CHAP. IX. 
 
 Northern Army opens the Campaign. Crosses 
 
 Lake Champlain. Ticonderoga taken. Fort Ann 
 
 evacuated by the Americans. British Troops 
 
 viove forward to Fort Edward and Fort Millar. 
 
 a 2 
 
 
 1^ :^1 
 
 
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u 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 ?A(»e. 
 
 ^fiss M*Crea murdered hy the Indians. Germans 
 defeated at Benninj^ton. British Jrmy crosses 
 Jfudson*s River. Desperate Attacks made on the 
 British Army. Are obliged retreat. Surrenders 
 at Saratoga ISA 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 Captured Troops march to the Vicinity of Boston. 
 Their deplorable Situation. Congress re/uses the 
 Embarkation of the British Troops to England. 
 Description of Boston. Of the Island of Nan- 
 tucket. Of the Whale Fishery. Its Origin ^ and 
 •wonderful Improvement. Curicus Method of 
 Paying the Seamen. Account of Catching the 
 Whales J i(c. British Troops removed from Pros- 
 pect-hill to Rutland County. Congress still re- 
 fuses to ratify the Convention of Saratoga. De- 
 bates in the House of Lords on the Independence 
 of America. Lord Chatham's Speech on that 
 Subject. His Death 193 
 
 CHAP. XI. 
 
 The^ Americans raise an Army. Warlike Stores 
 tent from France for their use. Loyal Pro- 
 vincials embodied and placed under Governor 
 Tryon. Expedition to Peck's Kill. To Dunb^ry. 
 ' General Wooster killed. Memoirs of that Gen- 
 tleman. Vessels Kc. destroyed by the Americans 
 at Sagg Harbour. General Prescot carried off 
 from Rhode Island. J^ord Sterling repulsed. 
 Washington regains his strong Camp in the 
 Jerseys. British Troops e^nbark. Arrive at the 
 River Elk. Action at Brandy-Wine. Lord Cor n- 
 wallis takes possession of Philadelphia. Works 
 constnu'tcd to render the passage of the Dela- 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 M 
 
 ?AOE. 
 
 US 
 
 ses 
 the 
 trs 
 
 ISA 
 
 on. 
 the 
 nd. 
 art' 
 and 
 
 of 
 the 
 
 res- 
 re- 
 
 De. 
 
 ence 
 
 that 
 
 195 
 
 'ores 
 Fro- 
 rnor 
 Vjy. 
 rcn- 
 cans 
 ioff 
 'sed. 
 the 
 tthe 
 orn^ 
 orks 
 )ela- 
 
 PAGE* 
 
 vare impracticable. Action at German-toxtn. 
 ■ Mud Island and Red Bank abandoned bj^ the 
 Americans. General Howe returns with the 
 British Troops to Philadelphia. Americans en- 
 camp at Valley Forge 2lS 
 
 CHAP. xir. 
 
 Arrival of the British Commissioners for restoring 
 Peace. Their bad Success. Correspondence be^ 
 txveen Lord Carlisle ^ and the Marquis de la Fay- 
 ette. Philadelphia evacuated. Battle near Mon- 
 mouth. General Lee^ tried by a Court Martial^ 
 and suspended. Monsieur Gerrard arrives 
 Minister Plenipotentiary from France. British 
 Army arrives at New Vork. French Fleet ap- 
 pears before Sandy Hook. Sails to Rhode Island, 
 Lord Howe sails to the Relief of Rhode Island. 
 British and French Fleets separated at the point 
 of engaging by a violent Storm. French Fleet 
 sails for Boston and is pursued by Lord Howe. 
 General Sullivan abandons Rhode Island, French 
 Fleet sails for the West Indies. Attacks St. 
 Lucia, but is repulsed. Province of Georgia re- 
 duced by the British. The Author makes his 
 escape into New Fork. His Narratiie 238 
 
 CHAP. XIII. 
 
 Southern Affairs. General Lincoln appointed to the 
 Southern Command. Victory at Briar*s Creek. 
 St. Jameses, St. John's and Port Royal taken. 
 Northern Affairs. Connecticut E.rpcdition. Stoney 
 Point stormed by the Americans. D'Estaing's 
 Attempt against Savannah. Count Polaskie 
 mortally wounded. Some Account of his Life. 
 Colonel MaitlamVs Diiath. His Character. Amc 
 
 
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 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 ri'cans send an Expedition against the Indian 
 Setilemtnts 264 
 
 CHAP. XIV. 
 
 Sir Henry Clinton , with a large Body of Troops 
 sails from New Yorky and arrives^ after much 
 Difficulti/. in South Carolina. Charlestoxen Ca- 
 pitulates to the British Forces. Memoir: f 
 Captain Grattan^ of the 64th Regiment. Sir 
 Henri/ Clinton retui'ns to New Vork. Lord Co,tu 
 teallis takes the Command of the Royal Ftrcet 
 in the Southern Provinces. Battle near Camden, 
 Major Ferguson defeated , iJ93 
 
 CHAP. XV. 
 
 Northern Cainpaign. Incursion into the Jerseys. 
 French F.jet^ under Fernay^ arrives at Rhode- 
 Island. Blocked up by Admiral Arbuthnot. Sir 
 Henry Clinton returns from Charles '^wn. Gene- 
 ral Arnold's d(fection. Major An re's capture. 
 His Trial. Letters between Sir h nry Clinton 
 and General Washington. Ir>terVi w between 
 Colonel Robinson and General Grei .e. Major 
 Andre's Letters to Washington y Gen al Clinton ^ 
 Uc. Major Andre's Death. Hi: Char!ix.t^r. 
 Epitaphy H^c 811 
 
 CHAP. XVI. 
 
 Southern Campaign under Lord Cornwallis. General 
 Greene succeeds Gates in the Command of the 
 American Southern Army. Colonel Tarleton de- 
 feated at Cowpens. Lord Cornwallis crosses the 
 Catawba. The Author's Narrative of that Trans- 
 action. Colonel Webster joins Lord Cornwallis, 
 They pursue General Morgan. Junction of the 
 American Armies. General Greene driven out 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 VII 
 
 / •♦ 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 of North Carolina. Lord Cornwallis's Pi'ocla- 
 mation at Hillsborough. General Greene re- 
 crosses the Dan, and again enters North Carolina. 
 Lord Comwallis retires from Hillsborough. Ac- 
 tion of Guilford Court House. British Armif 
 arrives at Wilmington 311 
 
 .. :.u VT CHAP. XVII. 
 
 General Greene marches hack to South Carolina. 
 Surrender of several British Posts. Camden eva- 
 cuated. Nineti/*Six invested. Surrender <f Au- 
 gusta. Greene repulsed with loss at Ninety-Six. 
 Lord Raxndon forces Greene to retreat. Ninety- 
 Six evacuated. Action at Eutaws 363 
 
 CHAP. XVIII. 
 
 Death of General Phillips. Lord Comwallis Joins 
 General Arnold. Charlotteville surprised by Co- 
 lonel Tarleton. Unfavorable State of the Ame- 
 rican cause. Lord Comwallis retires to Ports- 
 mouth, and finally to York-town and Gloucester. 
 Arnval of Count Bochambeau. Joins General 
 . Washington. French Fleet arrive in the Chesa- 
 pcak. Block up York River. New London taken 
 by General Arnold. York-town surrenders to 
 the Americans 370 
 
 CHAP. XIX. 
 
 The Author's own Narrative. Escapes from York- 
 town. Traverses the Woods. Re-taken at Frede- 
 rick-town, Attempts to escape , but is detected. 
 Confined in Jail. Marched Prisoner to Witi- 
 chester. Marched to Little York. Escapes with 
 a sviall Party. Arrives at Staten Island, and 
 at last effects his escape to New York 338 
 
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 Till 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAP. XX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Spirif of Political Rancor in America. Captain 
 Huddjfs Execuiicn. Correspondence between 
 Generals Washington^ Clinton^ and Carleton, on 
 the Circumstance. Thirteen Captains^ Prisoner's 
 under the Convention of Lord Cornwallis and 
 General Washington, draw Lots/or Death. The 
 Lot falls on Captain Asgill. Application of his 
 Mother to the Court of France on his behalf. Let- 
 ters between her Ladyship and Count Vergennes. 
 The Minister of France intercedes on his behalf. 
 General Washington's Letter to Captain Asgill, 
 Procures his Release. Lady Asgill* s Letter of 
 Thanks to Count Vergennes. Articles of Peace 
 signed. The Author^s Return^ S(c , 4i(j 
 
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 LIEUTENA 
 
 CHAKLEJ 
 
 niiinding tl 
 
 Major Ashe, 1 
 
 I'Vizileers. 
 Colonel Arab 
 (Counsellor J. 
 John A(Jams( 
 Japhet Alley 
 Richmond Al 
 R. Andrews, 
 Surgeon A lie 
 •Samuel Alley 
 R. Arthure, I 
 R. Anthony, 
 Hev. Adam I 
 Mrs. Adam, { 
 — Aheridge, 
 Mr F. Alder 
 T. Arthi 
 John An 
 A. Ashlc 
 C. Armsl 
 I'dward 
 A. Arms 
 J. Andei 
 T. Ande 
 W. And( 
 Powell A 
 W. Atki 
 R. Atkin 
 J. Ayles 
 
# 
 
 ■ ■ ' ■ ■■ . ' !i " aj. ' I ' i 
 
 
 « 
 
 «, 
 
 SUBSCRIBERS KAMES. 
 
 ? }!, ■■'■ 
 
 LIEUTENANT GENERAL Sm 
 CHARLES ASGILL, Babt. com- 
 maDding, the Eastern District. 
 Major Ashe, late of the Royal Welch 
 
 I'uzileers. 
 Colonel Arabin, Ranelagh 
 (Counsellor J. Arthure, Moiintjoysq. 
 John Adamson, Esq. Aungier street 
 Japhet Alley, Esq. Abbey-street 
 Richmond Allen, Esq. Eccles-street 
 R. Andrews, F^q. Buckingham-st. 
 Surgeon Allen, Gardiner-street 
 Samuel Alleyne, Esq. Rehoboth 
 B. Arthure, Esq. Stallbrd-street 
 R. Anthony, £«q. King's Inn-quay 
 Rev. Adam Ayerill, Tentower 
 Mrs. Adam, S. Cumberland-street 
 — Alteridge, North-strand 
 Mr F. Alder, Arran-quay 
 T, Arthure, New-street 
 John Anderson, Hardwickest. 
 A, Ashley, Henry-street 
 C. Armstrong, Bank of Ireland, 
 l*ldward Archer, do. 
 
 A, Armstrong, Abbey-street 
 J. Anderson, Britain -street 
 T. Anderson, College-green 
 W. Anderson, do. 
 
 Powell Allen, Bride-strett 
 W. Atkinson, Ordnance Olfice 
 R. Atkinson, Coombe 
 J. Aylesbury, do. 
 
 Mr. W. Andrews, Castle-street 
 T. Atkinson, Crampton-court 
 A. Anderson, Church-street 
 — Anderson, Cork-street 
 H. Armstrong, Dolphin's- barn 
 D. Archer, Ds^'mcondra 
 <i. Allen, Fisliamble-strceet 
 W. Ayckbowm, Grafton-st, 
 R. Allen, Mary street 
 D. Atkinson, Mariborough-st. 
 S. Ash worth, M eat h- street 
 W. Allen, Ntw-street 
 P. Anderson, Orniond- market 
 R. Armstrong, <*rmondquay 
 J. Anderson, Sackville-street 
 R. Atkinson, Spitalfield« 
 I. Auden, New-street 
 
 B 
 
 Sir Jonah Barrhigton, Bart. I.L.D. 
 
 Merrion-square. 
 Col. B»!n.son, North-strand 
 Colonel Prowne, Park-street 
 Captain Brav, Portland-row 
 Robert Blake, M. D. William st. 
 Benjamin Biggs, M. D Mount-st, 
 Henry Blennerhassett, M. D. Sack- 
 ville-street. 
 James Browne, M. D. Jervis-strpei, 
 
 ■) , ', 
 
 
 m . L • •;>; 
 
 '■''■■ 
 
 ••'i:' 
 
 u,. 
 
 
 r 1 ! ■ ^ii 
 
 / ii 
 
 ' l! 
 
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 
 LaJy Cecilia Brabazon, Merrion-sq. 
 }Ion. Mrs. Butler, Great Charles-at. 
 James Butler, Esq. Buckingham-st. 
 .Toiin Bowden, Esq. AstonVquay 
 Lieut. Burton, Assistant Deputy 
 
 Adjuant Gen. 
 William Betty, Esq, Granby-Row 
 Counsellor Baldwin, Harolds Cross 
 Counsellor Bessonnet, Leeson-street 
 Counsellor Ball, Temple-street 
 Alexander Boyle, Esq. Gt.Charles-st. 
 George Booker, Esq. Buckingham-st. 
 R. Y>. Brady, Esq. Lower Kutland- 
 
 strt^et 
 Thomas Beasley. Esq. Daw.sonst. 
 Mrs. Baker, Morth Great Guorges- 
 
 .street -. * 
 
 Mr«. Bury, Granby-row 
 Michael Blood, Esq. Gardiner-place 
 Rev. A. Bailie, Foundling Hospital 
 Richard Burton, Esq. Dominick-st. 
 .Tohn Brcen, M. D Abbey-street 
 Brabazon Browne, E.sq. Baggot-st. 
 .'ohn Browne, Esq. Stephen's-green 
 .T. Blacker, Esq, College-green 
 Rev. Francis Baker, N.Gt.G«orgcs-«t. 
 E. Buckly, Esq. Cavendish-rovr 
 E. Brehani, Esq. Dorset-street 
 Robert Barnes, Esq. do. 
 Rev. W. Barber, Wintworth-place 
 Mr^. Burnett, Abbey-street 
 ]. Bryan, Esq. Ushers Island 
 E. Burroughs, Esq. do. 
 Peter BardJn, Esq. Synnot-place. 
 U. Bride, Esq. Stephens-green 
 John Browne, Esq. do. 
 Miss Birkett, Sackville-street 
 T. Browne, Esq. Portland-row 
 Arthur Battersby, Esq. Peter-street 
 Mrs. S. Bourke, Moles worth-street 
 J. Burnet, Esq, Meek len burgh-street 
 Captain T. Berry, Killishandra, 
 Captain Bevill, Uoyal-Hospital 
 G. Brooke, Esq. liarJwicke-street. 
 A. Browne, Esq. Gardiner-place 
 T Babington, Esq. N. Frederick-st. 
 Mis<> Beran, Golden-lane 
 — Blake, Esq. Gardiner-place. 
 Mr. P. Byrne, S. King-street 
 
 Mr. G. Barrv, Coombe 
 T. M. Bates, do. 
 N. Barring, on, ('astle-street 
 .lohn Boyle, Celbridge 
 Lot Brooke, Chuich-lane 
 J. Brown, do. 
 G. Beamish, Capel-street 
 VVm. Baird, Charlemont-street 
 J. Burgess, Cornwall, 4- copies 
 G. Beere, jun. Camden-street 
 J. Bentley, sen,Clanbrassil-place 
 James Bamber, Ohapel-izod 
 Wm. Belton, Dawson-street 
 John Bentley, jun. Dame-st^eet 
 \V. Bull. do.; 
 
 E. Berney, do.. 
 
 — Byrne, do. 
 
 — Bernard, do. 
 
 T. Burton, Lsland-bridgei 
 W. Bigger, Wood-street 
 I. Brynan, Ushers Island 
 
 — Bhke, Wood-street. 
 J . ' iurton, Bolton -street 
 .toshua Ball, do. 
 
 Simon Brigley, Clarendon-st. 
 W. Bell, Ordnance Ofiice 
 
 — Butler, Teniple-strect 
 L Byrne, Temple-bar. 
 >Viiliam B^o^ne« Bridge-street 
 
 — Binks, (|Ic|. 
 
 — Butler, Bi^bop-streel; 
 T. Buttle, do. 
 
 Bergen, Shaws Bank 
 Beckett, Staflbrd-strcet 
 Bailey do. 
 
 — Barr, Merchants-quay 
 
 — Boucher, Mecklenburgb«3t. 
 H. Brown, Brabazon-row 
 
 — Baxter, Golden-lane 
 C Bonham, Gr a ('ton-street 
 
 — Bamber, Gardiner-street. 
 
 — Byrne, do. 
 Daniel Burrows, Etjenderry, 6 
 
 copies 
 .1. Bowdler, Abbey-st('eet 
 \Vm. Buckley, [Church-stree^ 
 
 — Birch, do. 
 W. Barnet, Castle Yard 
 
 — Byrne, Cork-street 
 H. Browne, Gloucester-street. 
 
 G. 
 G. 
 
 R. 
 
 ilr. John Boyd, 
 W Blair, 
 P. Burke, 
 W. Bruer, 
 J. Barnier, 
 
 — Bourne, 
 R. Ballanti 
 J. Berming 
 
 — Boursiq 
 E Bates, Ai 
 
 — Billing. 
 £. Bruen, 
 R. Ik»ardmai 
 
 — Board mat 
 H. Brady, Bi 
 
 0. Baskin, 
 
 — Balfe, do. 
 A. Bell, Bad 
 P. Brigley, 1 
 T. BIythe, d< 
 
 — Browning 
 James Brady 
 P. Bourke, L 
 W. Babingto 
 
 1. Brennan, I 
 W. Beddy, I 
 W. Buckton. 
 A. Boyd, He 
 J. BrauB, Fra 
 
 ajor General W. 
 Quarter- master 
 r Charles Coute, 
 idy Chinnery, IVJ 
 rs. Clare, Britai 
 
 — Courtney, 
 
 — Clements, i 
 Iderman Carluton 
 irgoon Colles, St( 
 ieutenant Crummt 
 
 of Foot, 
 iptain Carden, T 
 iptaia J . Christop 
 iptain Conipton, 
 ajor Cauipbrll^ 
 
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 si 
 
 Jet 
 Ireet. 
 
 Mr. John Boyi), Cootehill 
 W Blair, Mount-pleasant 
 P. Burku, Stephen-strcut 
 W. Bruer, du. 
 J. Barnier, do. 
 
 — Bourne, Dorsut-itrect 
 II. Ballantine, do. 
 J. Berminghani, Ord. Offictt 
 
 — Boursiquot, Essex-bridge 
 E Bates, Anne-street 
 
 — Billing, Arran-quay 
 £. Bruen, do. 
 K. lioardman, Ardee-row 
 
 — Boardman. Ardee-xtroct 
 H. Brady, Britain-street 
 
 0. Baskin, do. 
 
 — Baife, do. 
 A. Bell, Bachelor's-walk 
 P. Brigley, Bank of Ireland 
 T. BIythe, do. 
 
 — Browning, New-row 
 James Brady, do. 
 P. Bourke, Leinster-street. 
 W. Babington, Mary's abbey 
 
 1. Brennan, Moore- street 
 W. Beddy, Kings-Inns-quay 
 \V. Buckton. Greek-street. 
 A. Boyd, Henry-street 
 J. Brann, Fra^^ciii-street 
 
 lerrv, 6 
 l-stree^ 
 
 Istreet. 
 
 
 
 lajor General W. H. Clinton, M. P. 
 I Quarter-master Gen. of Ireland 
 [r Charles Coote, Bart. Baggot-st. 
 ]idy Chinnery, Mountjoy-stiuare 
 Irs. Clare, Britain-street 
 
 — Courtney, Mespil. 
 
 — Clements, do. 
 
 Ihlerman Carleton, Mt. joy-square 
 Irgcon Colles, Stephen's-green 
 Leutenant Crummer, 'Jiith Regiment 
 of Foot. 
 
 aptain Carden, Tipperary Militia. 
 
 iiptain J.Christophursoo, Bicihup-st. 
 
 pptain Conipton, Rutland-street 
 
 lajor Cainpb?llj Grenviile-»tr«fct , 
 
 Counsellor Comerford, N. Cumber- 
 land-street 
 Counsellor Cox, S. Gt. George's-st, 
 I. Cranipton, M. D. Gardiner- plawu 
 J. C leghorn. M. D. Palace. Row 
 J. Cowen, M. D. Lower Gardiner-st. 
 J. Culhburt, Esq. Surveyor General 
 
 of Custom. 
 R. Clarke, Esq. Stephen's green 
 James Cathrew, Ksq. Ilurcourl-st. 
 Henry Connor, Esq. War-oflice. 
 George E. Clurkc, E^q. Queen-st. 
 James Clarke, Esq. Granby-row 
 J. Clements, Esq. Custom-hous« 
 G. Cowell, Esq. Mabbot-street 
 Saumt-I Crummer, Esq. Birr 
 William Carroll, F^q. Granby-Row 
 A. Cofl'ey, Esq. Prmbroke-quay 
 J. Campbell, E^q. Bachelors-walk 
 A. Carroll, Esq. Mtcklenburgh-st. 
 (ieorge Chamley, Esq. Gardiner-st. 
 David Courtney, Esq. IMespil. 
 J). Clancy, Esq. Carolina-row 
 K. Codd, Esq. Bank of Ireland. 
 Rev. J. A. Coghlan, Gloucester- 
 Place 
 Rev. II. Crofton, Royal Hospital 
 Rev. H. (.'rofton. Foundling do. 
 . Mr. J. & J. Canick,BacheU)r's.«aIk 
 — Cornwall, Longford-slr«^etr 
 11. Connell, Aungier-sireet 
 J. Carr, Britain-street 
 
 B. Clayton, Ryders-row 
 W. Clemenger, KilmorJ 
 Win. Connell, Barrack -street 
 E. Calvert. do. 
 
 C. Clinton, Bank of Ireland. 
 R. Connor, do. 
 
 J. Clement, do. 
 
 D. Corker, do. 
 
 E. Cuddy, Bridge-street 
 W. Craig, Brunswick-street 
 J. Carey, Black-rock 
 
 — E. Ciemenson, liish<»p-8tre«t 
 J. Coulson, Bultun-street, 
 
 P. Cantrell, Bride-street 
 
 — Clark, do. 
 R. Connor, P.ack-lane 
 
 S. Cox, Orduauce (^llic** 
 \Vm Clarke, Capei-sirea 
 J. Charruier, Jg, 
 
 f 
 
 '■•■I, 
 
 '■■A 
 
 V.I ■!.' ■■ 
 
 (4 
 
 .«•■ 
 
 V A 
 
 1 » 
 
 
 1.. u . 
 
 .1 ■'.■ 
 
 
sii 
 
 SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 I 
 
 
 i'i 
 
 I: 
 
 
 Major Cane, Dawson-street 
 i.iuuteimnt Colonel Colvill 
 Counsellor R. Colles, Stephen*s-gr. 
 Mrs. ('orbelt, I\lont|>elier-hill 
 
 — Carter, IMuck-rock 
 Jane Cooke, Tuckers-row 
 
 J. Clarke, M. D. Cranby-row 
 itev. H. ('ainpbcll, Prus.^ia-street 
 Captain Clcnien<s, Ko^erson's Quay 
 Captain ('humbtrlyne, R. A. Lland- 
 
 bridge 
 Wni. Courtney, Esq. SuflTolk-street 
 J. ('anipbtill, Esq. James's street 
 John Chambers, Esq. GurJintr-.>l. 
 T. Clark, Esq.S. King-street 
 Cftorjj'u Carroll, Es(j. do. 
 IShawu Can laud, Liscj. Ilarcourt-st. 
 
 Cusson, Esq. do. 
 
 A. Campbell, Esq. Gardiner-place 
 P. Caldwell, Esq Ueury-slreet 
 Y. Crosbic, Esq. Dorset-street 
 T. Conrey, Esq. do. 
 Wm. Carshore, Esq. do. 
 John Coyne, Esq. Molsworth-st. 
 R. Curtis, Esq Aiountjoy-place 
 M. Clarke, Esq. Camdeu-street 
 Mr. A. Calloway, Crampton-court 
 
 — Carroll, Cavendish-row 
 T. Craig, Chancery-lane 
 T. CalFrey, do. 
 
 A. Couuey, Cole-alley 
 
 — Cox, i "aslle-slreet 
 J. Cooke, Kevin's-port 
 .1. Covv.tn, Gordun's-lan* 
 
 P. (!rav\furd, Cliarlemount-st. 
 
 — Coopvjr, Dawson-street 
 
 — Co.\, Dame-stieet 
 
 — Cruzier, do. 
 
 — Crosbie, Dorset-street 
 
 .— Crawford, Exchattufstreet 
 
 C. Cullun, V^cx-street 
 
 Joitu C'uoke, Fishamble-street 
 
 W. Coopc;r,N.rownMt Kenedy 
 
 li. ClilKird, Georges street 
 
 T. C>r<<sbie. GoMeii-lane 
 
 — - Ciosbie, North-wall 
 
 — - (.roibie, Collen 
 
 J. ( orkraii, Montague-st. 
 
 II. Clair, Graft on-strci:t 
 
 F. <Jaiupbell, Henry -sticet 
 
 W. Cuiry, Docks 
 
 "- Coulter, Jamcs's-street 
 
 Mr. J. Courtney, Mary-«treet 
 D. Carney. Jameg's-strect 
 J. Craw/ord, Moore-street 
 G. Crawford, Bushey Park 
 £. Carotin, Mecklinburgh-st. 
 
 — Coulter, Meath-street 
 J. Cockburn, Mark-street 
 Anib. Crane, Kevin-street 
 J. Crawford, New-street 
 'J'. Cantrell, New-row 
 
 — Clarke, Ormond-quay 
 
 D. Clarke, Portobello 
 Wm. Clarke, do. 
 Wm. Craig, Queen-street 
 
 — Cornwall, Stephen-street 
 
 E. Cooke, do. • 
 W. Carmichael, do. 
 
 Wm. Cooke, Sumnier-hill 
 W. Courtney, Sackville-street 
 R. Cummings, L. Britain-stree 
 James Collins, Stephen-rceng 
 J. Cornett, Townsetid-street 
 G. Cunningham, do. 
 
 — Cowdall, Whitefriar-strect 
 N. Condon, do. 
 H Charles, do. 
 O. Dougherty, Bu<'kingham-st 
 
 CaptainDurnford, R.A.Isiand-brid 
 Lieutenant Durn ford, R. A. do. 
 Lieutenant Dawson, Charlemont 
 Thomas Disney, Esq. Gardiner-st 
 Whitmore Davis, Esq. North Straus 
 T. Christian, Esq. IShip-street 
 E. Conian, Esq. New-row 
 Counsellor Driscoll, Ilarcourt-streel 
 Counsellor Dixon, Gardiner-street 
 William Darley, Esq. York-street 
 Isaac D'Olier, Esq. Barrack Board 
 W. Davenport, Esq. Dorset-street 
 Arthur Dawson, Esq. Sackviile-st. 
 Rev. Dean Digby, Mountjoy-squai 
 Alderman Darley, Abbey-street 
 James Digges Latouche, Esq. 
 S. Draper, Esq. Ba^got-struet 
 
 R. Davis, Esq 
 J. Daly, Esq. 
 R. D'Olier. Ea 
 Edger Dickina 
 Lewis Desinon 
 L. N Donevar 
 J. Dumdulin, ] 
 W. Duncan, I 
 R. Drury, Esq 
 Miss Eliza Dr 
 Miss A. Dot 
 T. Dix, Esq. JS 
 J. Dance, Esq 
 M. Dillon, Esc 
 Lady Harriet ] 
 Mrs Darley, ( 
 Mrs." Dabzac, 
 Mr. J. Davis, , 
 J. Dunn. 
 
 — Doxey 
 R. Dickso 
 J. J Davi 
 
 — Henry 
 C. Demps 
 
 — Doyle, 
 
 — Doyle, 
 II. Dawsf 
 William r 
 W. Demjj 
 
 — Dumin 
 P. Dickso 
 J. Devitt, 
 J. Duncai 
 R. Deo, 
 J. Delamc 
 
 — D'.vyre 
 
 B. Dugda 
 J. Daly ji 
 R. Dicksc 
 J. Davis, 
 1. Da.vsoi 
 I. Donah 
 T. Davis, 
 1. Daly, ( 
 
 I. Drake, 
 
 — Drew, 
 
 C. Degroi 
 
 — Danie 
 R. Dock« 
 W. Dyet 
 J. A. Du 
 P. Dicksi 
 
reet 
 irect 
 street 
 Park 
 lurgh-st. 
 eet 
 itreet 
 itreet 
 
 tStit 
 
 f 
 luay 
 
 treet 
 ii-atreet 
 
 T.hill 
 
 ille-street 
 itain-stree 
 ^n-reeng 
 id-street 
 
 iar-strect 
 
 ingham-st 
 
 land-bridg 
 A. do. 
 ileniunt-st 
 irdiner-st. 
 i>rth StraiK 
 treet 
 
 V 
 
 jourt-stree 
 ner-street 
 ork-strett 
 ack Boarii 
 rset-stret't 
 ickviile-st. 
 »tjoy-«quai 
 ey-street 
 
 Esq. 
 struct 
 
 SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 Xlll 
 
 R. DavU, Esq. Chancery-lane 
 J. Daly, Esq. M. P. Gt. Charies-st. 
 U. D'Olier, Esq. Charlemount-street 
 Edger Dickinson, Esq. Dawson-st. 
 Lewis Desmond, Esq. Gardier-street 
 L. N Donevan^Esq. Mt. joy-sqnure 
 J. Dumdulin, Esq. Stephen-street 
 W. Duncan, Esq Purtobellow 
 It. Drury, Esq. Stanhope-street 
 Miss Eliza Drury, Cathedral-lane 
 Miss A. Dodd, Camden-strcet 
 T. Dix, Esq. Mt 'pleasant 
 J. Dance, Esq. Ship-street 
 M. Dillon, Esq. Mecklinburgli-street 
 Lady Harriet Daly, Henrietta-slnut 
 Mrs Darley, Gardiner-street 
 Mrs.^Dabzac, Gardmers-row 
 Mr. J. Davis, Arran.quay 
 J. Dunn, CuiF-street 
 
 — Doxey, Abbey-leix 
 R. Dickson, Brides- alky 
 
 J. J Davis, Bachelors- walk 
 
 — Henry Doolittle, Bridge-st. 
 C. Dempsy, Black-rock 
 
 — Doyle, do. t 
 
 — Doyle, junr. do. 
 
 II. Dawson, Bride-street 
 William Davis, Portland-row 
 W. Dempsy, Back-lane 
 
 — Dumniikin, do. 
 
 P. Dickson, Cathedral-lane 
 J. Devitt, Crampton-court 
 J. Duncan, Church-striut 
 R. Den, do. 
 
 J. Delamoure, Cuff-street 
 
 — D'.vyre, Camden-street 
 
 B. Dugdale, Dame- street 
 J. Daly junr. do. 
 
 R. Dickson, Duke-street 
 J. Davis, do. 
 
 1. Dawson, Exchange-street 
 I. Donaldson, L. Temple-st. 
 T. Davis, Georges-street 
 1. Daly, Gt. Georges. street 
 I. Drake, Goldcn-Une 
 
 — Drew, Gloster place 
 
 C. Degroot, junr. Henry-street 
 
 — Daniell, S. King-street 
 
 R. Dockery,Ap. Royal Hospital 
 W. Dyett, Longtbrd-stteet 
 J. A. Dubourdieu, Mubbot -st. 
 P. Dickson, Mcckelnburgh-bt. 
 
 Mr. S. Dowling, Hawkins street 
 T. Delany, Mark-stret;t 
 W. Dale, Maiden-Iane 
 E. Delany, L. Ormond-quay 
 S. Dixon, do. 
 
 T. Dillon, Polebeg-street ^ 
 
 — Dickinson, do- 
 
 P. Downes, Patrick-street 
 J. Dale, Wood-street 
 W. Delany Stephen-street 
 C. Dowling, do. 
 
 — Dillon, Ship-st. 2 Copies. 
 
 — DonahUon, Doiiny-brook 
 
 — Delander, Skinner-row 
 
 — Dui-iias, Temple-street 
 
 — Dycear, Wood-street 
 
 — Deane, do. 
 
 — Dunn, Biack-rock 
 
 — Davis, do. 
 
 E 
 
 Captain Evans, Royal Hospital 
 Captain Everard, l+th Regt, Foot 
 William Evans, Esq. Rathangau 
 Henry Ellis, Esq. Eccles-street 
 W. Ellioit, Esq. Mecklenburgh-st. 
 Henry Ensor, Esq. Mecklenburgh-sf. 
 W. Edington, Esq. College-gieea 
 W. Espiiiasse, Esq. Post Office 
 Mr. (i. Enever, Abbi^y-strt-et 
 J. Eustace, Biitain-strtet 
 — Eustace, Black- rock 
 D. Elliot, Beresford -street 
 W. Ellison, Bride-street 
 W. Eacches, Clonbrasil-place 
 P. Ennis, Purdcn-street 
 J. Elliott, Dorset-street 
 R. Ellis, Fisl)amblo-.strect 
 G. Eagle, Grafton- street 
 — Eaton, Henry -street ' 
 W. Elsegood, Jervis-slrcet 
 T. Earl, Cork-street 
 J. Evans, New- row 
 P. Elliott, Parliuruent-stret«t 
 G. W. Eades, Stephen-:itrtet 
 W. Eacratt, Mo'iasteroviiii 
 
 
 « , 
 
 \\i^^ 
 
 Mi 
 
 '.<! 
 
 (• 
 
 . y\ 
 
 ■I I 
 
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 1 • *" 
 
 ,1 
 
 ^ ■•••"vl 
 
 \.:'A: 
 
 
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 •■y-^\^^'S. 
 
tiv 
 
 SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 
 Captain Fokn, Assistant Deputy 
 Adujntatit General to the re- 
 cruiting service 
 5fajor Favitre. Molten-street, 
 roi. French, N. Frederic-street 
 Captain Frew, Koyal S. Down Militia 
 Lieut. Forater, R. A. Lhnd-briilgu 
 it. W. Forster, Esq. North Strand 
 D. Fitzgerald, Esq. StephenVgreen 
 .h Krck. Kiiq. Rathiiiine« 
 It. M. Fraaer. Esq. Mouotjoy-square 
 i». Fewtreli, Esq. Abbey-street 
 W. II. Fortescue, Esq. Fitzgibbon-st. 
 G. Gibb», Esq. Ulackhall-street 
 W. Fox, Esq. Charleraount street 
 — Ford, Esq. Palace- row 
 R. Freeman, Esq. Ratht'arnham 
 P. Fullam, Esq. Suminer-hili 
 J. F'arrell, Esq. Merrion-square 
 John Fox Esq. Staflbrd-strect 
 C. Forster, Esq. Dorset-street 
 
 A. Flattery, Esq, Ellis's-quay 
 James Freth, Esq .Earl-street 
 K. Faucett, Esq. Ormond-quay 
 
 L. L. Feuillaide, Esq. N. George's-st, 
 
 B. Freeman, Esq. Hendrick-street 
 Mr«. John Fiulay, Jcrvis-street 
 
 — Fearis, Gardiner-place 
 
 — French, Peter-place 
 Miss Foley, Braithuaite-:>teet 
 
 — Fury, Swifts-alley 
 Rev. Roger Ford, Crumlin 
 Counsellor Fitzgerald, U. Mount-st. 
 Mr. J. Finn, Arrau-street 
 
 Z. Foxall, Arran-quay 
 --- FurlOng, Kogfrs's-quay 
 R. Frtunian, Aungier-street 
 
 — Fuley, Abbey-street 
 J. Fitz>ummons, du. 
 
 P. Field, Bank of Ireland 
 
 M. Fit/^'trald, Clarendon-street 
 
 — Faulkner, Cathedral-laue 
 J. Fret'man, Capel-itratt 
 
 — Fox, Coombe 
 
 W, Fitzpatrick, Castle-street 
 f. Fcntou, Clonbrazil-placd 
 T. Ftaron, Cainiien-strett 
 ■-- Franklin, do. 
 T. Farley, Dame-street 
 J. Finner, Dorsot-ktrett 
 
 Mr. J. Fcrrar, Exchequer-streel 
 G. Feake, Grafton-street 
 Amb. Folliutt, Granard 
 John Franklin, Hardwicke-st. 
 
 — Flynn, Hendrick.s»reet 
 
 > — Fitzgibbon. S. King-street 
 J. Flanagan, Mary-street 
 r. Fannin, Bishop-street 
 Judge Fox, Merion -square 
 
 — Fowler, Mecklen-burgh-st. 
 
 — Fullton, Malpas-street 
 W. Figgis, Nassau-street 
 
 — Fitzgerald, Ormond-quay 
 J. Ford, Peter-street 
 
 P. French, Peter- place 
 
 — Ferrar, F<xchequerstreet 
 
 — Francis, Ross-lone 
 R. Fell, Wood-street 
 
 S. I-'islier, Wttstmoreland-st. 
 
 a 
 
 Colonel Gordon, Military Sec. to the 
 
 Commander in Chief 
 Rev. T. Gamble, A. M. Paradise-row 
 
 Rev. Guinness, D. D. 
 
 Surgeon Gallagher, 74th Foot 
 J. Gahagan, M. D. Cumberland-st. 
 H. GifTard, LL.D. Fitzwilliam-street 
 Lieutenant T. Gledstanes, 
 A. Guinness, Esq. Cavendish-row 
 C. Gautiere, Esq. Earl-street 
 Colley Grattan, Esq. Athy 
 Mr. John Griffin, Aungier-st. 
 S. Graham, Bank of Ireland 
 T. H. Graves, Britain-street 
 Henry Grant, Bishop-street 
 
 — Graham, do. 
 
 F. Gain fort. Bride-street 
 Wm. Glynn, Clarendon-street 
 
 G. Gallagher, Cork-stroet 
 
 — Grey, Clare-street 
 
 A Gardiner, Chancery- lane 
 C. Gibbs, do. 
 J. Green ham, Cork-street 
 F". Graham, corporal, R. S. D. M. 
 
 — Grattan, Digges-strect 
 
 — Giltrop, Faucett's Court 
 J. Geogahan, Francis-street 
 
 r. Gallagher, Gforge's-strett 
 
 :" 
 
 I Arthur Gardinc 
 Wm. Gnddanl, 
 
 I Captain It. Ilii 
 
 klaptain Grant, 
 Mrs. Gore, N. 
 
 I Mrs. Guinness, 
 C. Gibbons 
 Wm. Grim 
 --r Green, 
 W. Glentoii 
 James Gree 
 -- Geoghe 
 S. Grace, 
 T. Groves, _ 
 W. Graham 
 
 — Gibbon 
 J. Goslin, P 
 A. Gafney, ] 
 '!'. Gentles, 
 J. Gardiner, 
 M. Grittith, 
 
 — Graham, J 
 T. Grattan, _ 
 James Grace, 
 "- Graham 
 
 1. Grant, W< 
 <i. Gartv. Wi 
 W. Grey, Esq 
 W. Garty,Geo 
 M. (iroome, t 
 J. Graham, G) 
 
 H 
 
 light Hon. CIIAF 
 HARRINGTON 
 Chief of his Ma 
 Ireland. 
 
 U. Ho«. sS. Ilamil 
 
 'ol. Handfield, Co 
 
 oloiiel Hill, Russi 
 
 )r. Hall, Provost. ' 
 
 ev. J. Hutton,A. 
 
 ev. T. Harding, f 
 
 ev. J. IJorner, Dc 
 
 Hamilton, Ksq. I 
 
 , Handcock, E.sq, 
 
 Ciill, Esq. Grange 
 
 Howell, Esq. Orr 
 
 hn Hagan, Esq. A 
 
id 
 tet 
 
 reet 
 
 ^T. 
 
 St 
 
 SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 X? 
 
 Arthur Gardiner, Fjq. Gardiner-st. 
 Win. Gfxldani, Eitq. do. 
 
 k^aptnin U. IliivK*. Whitehaven 
 Ulaptain Grant, Cliarltmont-place 
 Mrs. CJore, N. (irrut George 's-st. 
 I Mrs. Guinness, Delgnny. 
 
 C. Gihbons, IU>i(lrick-street 
 Wm. GriiiisViiw, Linton Hall-st. 
 --r Green, M.iry's Abbey 
 yV. Glenton, Mary-street 
 .Tames Greeue,lVl yler's Alley 
 -.- Geoghegan, mill-street 
 S. Grace, do. 
 
 T. Groves, New-street 
 W. Graham, do. 
 
 — Gibbon, New-row 
 J. Goslin, Phibsboroqgh 
 A. Gafney, Kathcool 
 '!'. Gentles, Rathangan 
 T. Gardiner, Sackville-street 
 .M. Gridith, do. 
 
 — Graham, Ship-street 
 T. Gratlan, Shaw's Bank 
 .lames Grace, Townshend-st. 
 "- Graham, Thomas-street 
 .1. Grant, Wood-street 
 <». Garty, William-street 
 W. Grey, lisq. York-street 
 W. Garty.George's-street 
 M. (iroome, Golden-lane 
 J. Graham, Gratton-strcct 
 
 liglit Hon. CHARLES EARL OF 
 HARRINGTON, Commander in 
 Chief of his Majesty's Forces in 
 Ireland. 
 h. HoR. S. Hamilton, Merrion-sq. 
 t'ol, HandBeld, Commissary general 
 Toloiiel Hill.. Russell-place 
 V. Hall, Provost. Trinity-college 
 lev. J. Button, A.M. Summer-hill 
 lev. T. Harding, Hardwickestreet 
 |ev. .1. IJurner, Dorset-street 
 Hamilton, E.<q. Palace-row. 
 Handcock, Esq. Harcourt-strcrt 
 1. Gill, Esq. Grange-lane 
 
 Howell, Esq. Ormond-qnay 
 jhn Hagan, Esq. Abbey-street 
 
 Hon. Mrs. Cole Hamilton, Gardiner- 
 street. 
 Mrs. Mary Ann Howard, Rutland-st. 
 ISIrs. Huband, Charlemnnt-street 
 Edward Hill, M. 1). Hari-ourt-itreet. 
 A. Humf'rey, Esq. Glousester-strect 
 Captain Hem.HWorth, KilkennyMilitia 
 (.'aptain Harpur, Ru<utei-streut. 
 Gtorge Hagan, M. I). Arran-quay 
 JMajor Hudson, Ei<zgibbnn-«treet 
 Hon. Rev. B. Howard, Gardiner-st. 
 Peter Hodgson, Esq. Buckinghani-st. 
 Thomas Higgins, Esq. Hardwick-st. 
 .lames Hilles, Esq. do. 
 T. Humphieys. Esq. Blackhall-st. 
 Samuel Hood, Esq. (Jaroiina-row 
 John Hill, Esq. Dorset -street 
 (•. Hamilton, Esq. N. Frederick-st- 
 IVL Hervey, Esq. Georges-street 
 
 Hone, Esq. Georges-street, N. 
 
 .Tames Hamilton, E.sq. Jervis-street 
 \V. Holmes, Esq. Mabbot-street 
 James Hamilton, Esq. Meath-street 
 K. Hill, Esq. Mount-joy Place 
 J. H. Hyland, Esq. York-street 
 .Abraham Y. Hill, Esq. Wdliam-st. 
 P. W. Hervey, Esq. Stephens-green 
 Captain Heron, 
 Miss Hoanev, Whitefriar-street 
 Serveant W.' Hill, R. S. 1). militia. 
 T. Headen, Esq. Portobello 
 Alex. Hall, Esq. Synnot-plaoe 
 G. Hamilton, F>q. Townsend-street 
 A. Hamilton, Esq. Dominick-strect 
 Mr. Hyat, Black-rock 
 
 M. Hagarty, Prussia-street 
 
 .1. llojjie, Portobello 
 
 J. Hutchinf^on, Vicker«-)!treet 
 
 J. Heally, Wormwot^d-gate 
 
 ]{. Ilnrty, We.stprpreland-sireet 
 
 K. Meaiiey, Whitefriar-slreet 
 
 A. Hamilton, ^o. 
 
 --- Holbrooke, dp. 
 
 P. Hanlon, Ashmount 
 
 II. Holbrook, Bishop-street 
 
 W. Hetherington, Uo8.s-lane 
 
 .Tames Hethers, Dungannosi 
 
 -- Hooper, Ranelagh 
 
 W. Hall, Pill-lane, J 2 copies 
 
 H. Harrison, Queen-street 
 
 J. Howe, Skinner row 
 
 — . Hendrick, Sbaws Bank 
 
 
 5 
 
 ■'•II: 
 
 ' I. 
 
 11 -ir 
 
 • i.. 
 
 . i' 
 
 ■^ 
 
 i! 
 
 i 
 
 'i<:*.| 
 
 t 
 
 it. . 
 
 '4 
 
 II 
 
 ^ f .■ • I?;. , ■• 
 
 n 
 
 tt. ■ &'i- 
 
 
Xfl 
 
 SUBSCRIBKRS NAMES 
 
 „.* 
 
 i 
 
 .1 • 
 
 \' 
 
 Mr. VV. Henry, Dominick-street 
 a. llaUoii', JWx-slrett 
 W. lUrvey, Exchequer-street 
 <i. Harrison, Faucets-court. 
 R. Hunt, Fraiicis-strcrt 
 
 0. Hill, CJcorges-stret't 
 K. Hudson, (jrai'ton-street 
 J. Heally, do. 
 
 J. Hayes, Gardiner-place 
 M. Henley, Henry-street 
 
 1. Harrington, do. 
 
 E. Hale, Hanover-street 
 
 — Hughes, High-street 
 
 I. Hudson, Hibcrnia school 
 
 — Hutchinson, Jervis-street 
 J. Hanlon, Johns-lane 
 
 i'. Holmes, Longtbrd-strcet 
 W. Humjilireys, Leinsterstrcet 
 
 — Humphreys, Merrion-scjuare 
 W. Hutchinson, Montague.pl. 
 D. Hall, Mill-street 
 
 — Howard, Molesworth-street 
 M. Howard, Merrion -street 
 
 T. Herbert, Clonard, Co. Meath 
 
 — Hall, Marrov\bone-lano 
 J. Hamilton, Ormond-quay 
 li. Horton, Pcier-strett 
 
 W. Henderson, Cavendish-row 
 Robert Hill, Cork-street 
 W. Hoilges, Camden-street 
 H. Hampton, Clontarf 
 
 — Henimins, Coal-qnay 
 
 J. Ilnghos, Charleinont-street 
 
 C. W. Hulbert, do. 
 
 W. Hem-rnun. Cashill 
 
 •S. Hanley, Dorset-street 
 
 R. Hill, Maryborough 
 
 --• Hunt, Braithwaite-strcet 
 
 — Hart, King's Hospital 
 C Hanlon, Ordnance office 
 I. Hart, do. 
 
 "- Hunt, do. 
 T. Hughes, Cathedral-lane. 
 ." Haughton, Charles-street 
 G. Harold, Arran-quay 
 
 — I lagan, M. D. do. 
 J. Hill, Aungier-strect 
 J. Haden, do. 
 
 W. Ilewson, do. 
 
 J. Halligan, do. 
 
 G. Harvey, Abbey-strset 
 
 J. Hoffington, Bachelors-walk 
 
 W. Hebener, Bank of Ireland 
 
 Mr. J. Harding, N. Anne-streit 
 
 — Herdcll, Britain-street 
 
 — Henley, do. 
 
 ••• Hays, Parnt'll-place 
 K. Hughes, Monastereven 
 W. Harding, Corn .market 
 
 J. 
 Major James, Mount. Pleasant 
 Major Irwine, R. Tyrone militia. 
 Lieutenant John Irwin, do. 
 Arthur Irwine, Esq. Granville-st. 
 rVancis Johnston, Esq. Ecclcs-slreet 
 Surijeon Johnston, Teniple-street 
 Mrs. Jackson, Gardener's-row 
 
 Jacaud, Park-street 
 S. Johnson, Esq, Carolina-row 
 W. Johnson, Esq. do. 
 John Jallett, A. B. do. 
 Janics John.xton, Elsq. Mountjoy-sq. 
 Robert Johnston, Esa. do. 
 T. Johnson, Esq. Gardiner-street 
 R. Jones, Esq. Peter-street 
 <^t. Irwine, Esq. Bride-street 
 Mr. John Jones, G. Georges-street S| 
 
 Printer and Bookseller 
 Miss Ann Jones, do. 
 
 Mr. Joyce, Bandon. 
 
 W. Irwine, Barrack -street 
 I. Jackson, Essex-street 
 W. Jameson, Dorset-street 
 W. Johnson, Exchequer-streel 
 T. Jones, Foundling Hospital 
 I. Jones, Granard 
 ..- Iwing, Mabbot-street 
 W. Jameson, Aungier street 
 W. Johnson, Molesworth-stret 
 W. Jackson, Mountrath 
 J. Jones, Brabozonrow 
 S. Jones, Black rock 
 
 — Jones, .sen. Dawson-strest 
 
 — Jones, junior, do. 
 P. Jordan, Boltoo-street 
 
 — Jones, Back-lane 
 — - Jones, Cork-hill 
 
 W. Junes, Digges-street 
 R. Jackson, Rvders-row 
 
 — Jackson, Patrick-street 
 W. Jones, Summer-place 
 
 — Jones, sen. Stephen's-grcei 
 
 — Jones, junior, do. 
 S. Jones, Westraoreland-st. 
 R. Johnson, Ballywater 
 
 Ri<-hard K.Twan 
 1' it. J. A C 
 
 'Uijor Kinjr, (;,. 
 Mrs. Keuu, N. ( 
 Mr. Kearnev. I 
 l»;. K.lke|)^./ii, 
 Jiimrs Kearney. 
 >;. y. Kildahl. Es 
 I'lennan Kirkp 
 Georgf-VsJreet 
 I'*' 1 1. Keuruey 
 "■'"•ick Kellv, Ev 
 'Merman B' Kin 
 
 Kf-arnev, Esq. 
 
 ►liiik K.rV, Esq. 
 
 M«ard K.rby, E« 
 
 Kerton. Esq. R, 
 
 Irs. King, Marin 
 
 lick man Kearney, 
 
 ;■ Ke.irney, Esq • 
 
 leorge Kidd, Esq. 
 
 '"• Kelly, Castle. 
 
 '•« Kno.v, Britaif 
 
 J-s. Mary Kicrnai 
 
 fcliard Kellet, Esc 
 
 Keene, Esq. Clj 
 
 •f- Kennedy, lis 
 
 Kt>vill, Esq. Dut 
 
 |r. Kerr, Whittfri; 
 
 I'^- n. Kins:, A 
 
 J- Kavanaifh, .- 
 
 M. Kirwan.Bru 
 
 J- Kennedv, () 
 
 <'iinHes Knox, 
 
 — Kennedy, C 
 M- Kt'cne, (,•„! 
 ^V'. Kirkjijttrirk- 
 
 — j<'ii<,'. C.sMi 
 I. Keene, Ch.irJ 
 I^ Kvfe, C.Shi 
 H'. Keene, Dai 
 
 — Knaoo.s, Evf 
 A. Kfcljy, Gr,.,,t 
 ^- Kiernan, H 
 G. Krariiev, 
 
 — Kellftt," \. , 
 
 — Keightly, Ki 
 fl Kenipstoi), 
 VV. Kertland. () 
 
 
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 XTIt 
 
 rest 
 
 Bn 
 et 
 
 lilt 
 iitia. 
 
 Ue-sl. 
 
 street 
 ow 
 
 row 
 
 ntjoy-s«]. 
 
 o. 
 -street 
 
 •t 
 
 et 
 
 jS'Strcet SI 
 
 street 
 et 
 
 -street 
 ijupr-streel] 
 Hospital 
 
 reet 
 
 jerstreet 
 :orth'»tre 
 Irath 
 •ow 
 
 Lon-stre«l 
 
 jo. 
 
 preet 
 
 Ri<linrcJ Kirwan.Rsq. I.L.D. F. R S. 
 
 I'. R. I. A (.'aveiidish-row 
 llVIajor Kitij;, (iiaaL>y-ro\v 
 \y\rs. Kemi, N. Ottfut (Icorgc's-sireet 
 iMrt. Ktanioy, I)«'l<;ajiy 
 ll'. Kilkelly, li«i<]. (lanlimr's place ' 
 
 Imnrs Keanu'v. K^q. Mouiitjoy-sq. 
 
 I. V. Kildahl, Ksq. Eustarc M'rt»'t 
 
 MiliTinan KirkpaJiick, North (Jreat 
 (•L'ori't''s-sirt'».'t . 
 
 iiL'orgt''s.Kirt'».'t . 
 Piiv. II. Keuruoy, Dtlgany ♦' 
 Patrick Kelly, E^q. N. Frederif.st, 
 
 1st reet 
 -row 
 l-stret't 
 |-p\ace 
 en'a-greti 
 
 ilo. 
 leland-st 
 
 rater 
 
 ..^. , ^ — ^. ... ... — ., ... 
 
 Idfrmaii B. King, Merriou-svTinr'.ro 
 i. Ki-arncy, Esq. Mouiitjoy-'«qtii>re 
 /lark Krrr, lisq. Orniond-quny 
 iklward Kifby, Ksq. Teni;)le-strHet 
 , Kerton, Esq. Kichmond-[)lac« 
 llrs. King, Marino 
 ickman Kfurncy, Esq. Abbey-st. 
 . Kearney, Esq Stephfii's-ureiMi 
 eor^e Kidd, Esq. Uutlaud-str.eef. 
 '{%. Kelly, (Jastle-itreet 
 iss Knox, Uritaio-stroet 
 rs. Mary Kicrnan, Bruns\vick-st. 
 iciiard Kellet, E«q. College 
 Keene, Esq. Charlemont-street 
 .1. Kennedy. Ivsq. Gardiner-street 
 Kevill, Esq. Dunville-lane 
 jr. Kerr, Wliitefriar-st. 35 copies 
 K. H. Kins:, Anne-street 
 J. Kavanaifh, At)bey-street 
 M. KirvvaM,I?runsvvick-stri et 
 J. Kennedy, ()rdi\a;ice-olliti'. 
 Charles Knox, do. 
 
 — Kennedy, Catlie<b'al-lane 
 M. Keene, (.'ollege-^reen 
 W. Kirkj)afri( k, ('ii*i<)iii-liou=;e 
 
 — King, Custle-slreet 
 
 I. K'.'ene, (!ljarJt.'n»ont-s!reet 
 R. Kvfe, C:i.sliill 
 \V. Keene, Dame-street 
 
 — Knac-gs. Exciiequer-sfreet 
 A. Kelly, Grat'ton-strect 
 G. Kieruan, Henry-street 
 G. Kearney, do 
 
 — Kell<'tt, N. King-street 
 
 — Keightly, Kiols Inu-qnay 
 
 II. Kenipston, .Nassau-street 
 \V. Kertlaiiil, Onnond-qmy 
 
 C 
 
 Mr. Wm. Kent,, Stephen-str«et 
 E. Kinnlvy, 3 copien 
 Adam Keith, I.iHf y-strcet 
 I. Konlin^, Sackville-Ntrcet 
 W. Kershaw, Smock-alley 
 ('. KiinggB, Stanord-sfreet 
 H. King, St» pheiiVgreeii 
 • J. 'Kellv, Dcninark-iircet 
 
 «V. 
 
 
 M^ 
 
 I u 
 
 Sir .lolin Lees, Bart. Bhick-rock 
 Jlev. H. Lees, do. 
 
 -.».,<? 
 
 ■.'i.--.} 
 
 .lolin C. Lee.s, Esq. do* 
 Mrs. Lees, do. 
 E. S. Lees, Esq. Sec. Post Office 
 William Lee.s, Esq. Black-rock 
 'rowuscnd Lees, Esq. do. 
 Thomas Orr Lees, Esq. do. 
 Rev. C. Littk'halcs, A. M. 
 \VilIiain Larklin, Esq. North Strand 
 Mrs. 1*. Latouche, Belview 
 Thomas Lee, Esq. Aston's-quay 
 John Lalor, Esq. Gardiner-place 
 Nath. Low, Esq. Eccles-stre«t 
 J. D. Latouche, Esq. 
 .L Pigges Latouche, E.sq. 
 Ptter Latouche, Junior, Esq. 
 Rev. J. Lewis, A. M. York-street 
 Rev. T. Lanauzc, Killishandra 
 Rev. A. Leney, Castle Dawson 
 
 Acad"my. 
 ^^■illianJ Ledwich, Esq. York-.street 
 Patrick Long, Esq. Gardiner street 
 'i'lionias Lawrence, E.sq. Ru*Iand-.st. 
 S. Lawrence, Esq Marlborongh-st. 
 <t. Long, Esq. Braithewaitc-.streef 
 Col. Linsey, In.specting Field officer. 
 
 Recruiting Service. 
 T. Lownde, Esq. Grenvilje-street 
 W. H, Lee, E-iq Gardinor-str<'et 
 V.'. O'Brien Laidner, Esq. Jervis-sl. 
 Mrs. Jane Lee, Merriou-square 
 Mrs. I^'igh, do. 
 
 Major Legi>e, Chapelizod 
 A. L. Lynn, Esq. Charlemont-slreet 
 A. Lowe, Esq. Ranelagh 
 Edward Leonard, Esq. Ushers-quay 
 A, Lack<-y, Esq. Richiuond-place 
 
 ll ' J 
 
 : t 
 
 4 ' 
 
 y f 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 \ 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 '4 
 
 I . . M 
 
 t r 
 
 ^^h 
 
 !)'' 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 ;t ^ 
 
 .1 
 I ; 
 
 
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 -.1 
 
 ■i 
 
 •r' . i ,1 As 
 
 ■ > t' 
 
xviii 
 
 SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 r 
 
 J. Llewcliytn, Eaq. Rutland-atreet 
 £. Laughlin, Esq. ParadiMi-row 
 R. LittOD. book-binder Chatlum-tt. 
 Mr. Ledsoiutt, Anglesea-atreet 
 ••• lauree do. 
 
 — Leiiiion, Britaiooslreck 
 
 — Lynch, do. 
 
 -~ Lockyer, Brunawick-atreet 
 J. Litton, Bride-itreet 
 H. Levinge, Ordnance. office 
 ... Lloyd, Haroldfl-croM 
 R. Lambert, Caple.street 
 
 — Lawleu, do. 
 
 J. Lodge, Church>ttreet 
 D. Leedom, (-baiiccry-Une 
 -'• Lapham, Chainbfr-ttrcet 
 T. Leech, Camdeii-sireet 
 
 — Lewis, Gordont-laiie 
 
 '1'. H. Lowthcr, Damu-covrt 
 ••• Liufout, Essex -streut 
 U. Lynch, Exchequer-street 
 3 copies 
 
 — Lloyd, Gioster- place 
 R. Lyness, Hoey's-court 
 B. Latty, Hibernia-schoul 
 — - Lodge, Jervis-sireet 
 M.. liOgan, do. 
 
 — Lyons, Johns-lane 
 G. Long, Marv-street 
 James Lever, North Strand 
 T. Locke, Nasisau -street 
 
 P. Lynch, Ormoud-quay 
 P. Lamb, Patrick-stretit 
 Cooke Lucas, Parliament-street 
 James Lowry, Pill-lane 
 A. Litton, Summer-Hill 
 
 — Leech, Stafford-street 
 --- Lynett, do. 
 
 — Little, Ship-street 
 
 11. Laaglilin, Townsend-strect 
 
 M 
 
 t'ountess Dowager of Meath Mer- 
 
 rion-square 
 Miss Mercer Dorset-street 
 Captain Morton, Reholioth House 
 A. Montgomery, Esq. L. Dorset-st. 
 Mrs. ]VIan«tt, Capei-street 
 
 Richard Manderi, E»q. Jamcs'iit. 
 Robert Manders, En(i. do. 
 Samuel Madder, Esq. Janirs's- street. 
 Rev. II. Murray, do. 
 
 Rev. M. Morgan, Lower Dorset -st 
 Rev. H. W. Matthias, Dorset-street 
 Rt'v. E. Martin, York-street 
 Charles Mearcs, Esq. Dorset-street 
 F. L. Morgan, Esq Hardwicke-st. 
 B. M'Kean, Esq. Hardwicke-place 
 R. Morrison, Esq. Mecklenburgh>&t. 
 Lewis Morsan, Lower Rutland-st. 
 Daniel Mills, M. D. William-strectj 
 Thomas Mills, M. D. Dominick-st. 
 Robert M'Brido, Esq. StephenVgr 
 Thomas M'Kenny.Esq. Stephcn's-s> 
 Counsellor L. M'Nally, Huicuiirt-^t 
 Surgeon G. Mackiin, Leinster-stre. 
 H. B. Molesworth, Esq. do. 
 Lieut. M'Manus, Assistant Sec. to d 
 Rev. A. Morgan, IMue Coat Hopiii 
 Mr. R. E. Mercier, do. 
 
 R. Morrison. Aungier -street 
 
 James Malloy, do. 
 
 John Morris, Esq. Abbev-^t. 
 
 A. M'Caul, do. 
 
 J. M'Evoy* do. 
 
 F. M'Dermott, do. 
 
 Edward Mulligan, do. 
 
 James Madden, Aston's-qua} 
 , Wm Maflett, Britain-street 
 
 J. M'Gloin, do. 
 
 Samuel Missett, do. 
 
 William Maguirc, Backcl 
 
 — Moore, Bank of Ireland 
 
 C. Moore, do. 
 Samuel M'Murray, Baggot-s 
 J. M'Laine, Bishop-street 
 Robert Morgan, Bride-stre 
 T. M'GIathry, Ordnance Ol 
 A. Mason, Clarendon-sfrcel 
 R. Martin, College-green 
 
 D. Murray, Capel-street 
 
 A. M' Laughlin, do. 
 
 — Martin, do. 
 J. Mills, do. do. 
 J. Mahon, Church- street 
 
 B. J. M'Dermott, do. 
 
 — M'Cormick, Chancery 
 Thomus Magill, do 
 •?• Morris, Edenderry 
 
 1 • Montgomery, 
 
 -Maziere, E 
 
 Captain M'Farla 
 J Morgan, Esq. 
 Adjutant Maxw. 
 Quarter .VJ aster M 
 Mrs Molineaux, 
 W. M-Kay. E,q 
 
 i. Murphy, E,q 
 L. Morgan. Ew. 
 --Martin, Uiiart( 
 J. G. Mulvany, I 
 Win. Mackenzie, 
 JJ- i. Madden. Ei 
 R Mulhern, Esq. 
 Mm Eliza Mean 
 Capt. H. MCleai 
 Lieut. M'Manus, 
 
 [ MeaJe, Esq! J, 
 A. Mazicrre, Em 
 Wm M'Cannt 
 
 — H. Mannii 
 • M'Comas, ] 
 
 Hugh Magee, 
 John Moses, C 
 
 — Merle, 
 
 B. M'Dermot 
 J- M'Dermott 
 T. M'Adam, ( 
 A. B. Manifol 
 
 — M'Dermott 
 ;- M'CornoclJ 
 R- M'Cann, C) 
 1. Morton, Caf 
 Wm M'Cally, ^ 
 C. Murphy^ 
 
 — Morrison, 
 copies 
 
 — J. Montgon 
 
 — M'Kenny, 
 
 — Maxwell, r 
 
 — Moleswortfa 
 -- Mooney, g] 
 
 i. M'DermottJ 
 A. M'MuiJwnJ 
 f*'M'Derroot'tJ 
 
1 
 
 l.«t. 
 
 irect. 
 
 |Ct-8t.| 
 
 ,irect 
 
 ireet 
 
 ,e->t< 
 
 placi' 
 
 rgh-si. 
 
 d-st. 
 
 vHtrec»| 
 
 cn's-grj 
 
 IC«'8-S»,| 
 
 :ourl-4 
 
 er-8tre.| 
 
 !C. lodfll 
 
 •street 
 bev-!>t. 
 
 SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 liB 
 
 ■street 
 
 ackclft 
 reland 
 
 
 aggot 
 treet 
 de-strei 
 ance 
 -street 
 green 
 reel 
 o. 
 o. 
 o. 
 street 
 
 kncery- 
 
 A. Muiilgomery, Eiq. Dortet-street 
 W. P. M'Alpin, Es(|. Dominick-st. 
 P. Muntgomerv, Eiq. Eccles-Atreet 
 
 Maziere, Enq. do. 
 
 Captain M'Farland, Cowlvy-pUce 
 J Morgan, Esq. French- street 
 Adjutant Maxwtdl, Fowne's-street 
 Quurter.VlasterM'GI«azy,Ch«pelizod. 
 Mrs. Mulineaux, Muspd 
 W. M'Kay, Enq. Stephrns-green 
 T. Murphy, Esq. Richmond 
 L. Morgan, Eiq. RuMand-strect 
 — Martin, Uuarter Master, R. T. 
 I. <>. Mulvany, Esq. Paradise-row 
 Win, Mackenzie, Esu. Gardiner st 
 \\.\. Madden. Esq Mabbot-street 
 R. Mulhcrn, Esq. Marlborough-st. 
 Miss Eliza Mears, Mouiit>street 
 Capt. H. M'Ciean, Royal Hospital 
 Lieut. M'Manus, Assistant Sec. do. 
 G. Musson, Esq. do. 
 T. Meade, Esa. Jervis-street 
 A. Mazicrre, Esq. JaniesVstreet 
 Win M'Cannon, Exchequer-st. 
 
 — H. Manning, Fade-street 
 . M'Comas, Fleet-street 
 
 Hugh Magee, FordamVally 
 John Moses, George's-street 
 
 — Merle, do. 
 B. M'Dermott, Golden-lane 
 J. M'Dermott, do. 
 T. M'Adaro, Graflon-street 
 A. B. Manifold, do. 
 
 — M'Dermott, du. 
 
 — M'Cornock, 
 K. M'Cann, Camden«street 
 I. Morton, Camden-street 
 Wm M'Cally, Donavan's-lane 
 C. Murphy*, do. 
 
 — Morriwn, Dawson-street, 3 
 copies 
 
 .- J. Montgomery, Dorset-st. 
 
 — M'Kenny. Dame-counrt 
 
 — Maxwell, Denmark-street 
 
 — Moleswortb, Gardiner-street 
 
 — Mooney, Glo'ster-street 
 
 — Magrath, do. 
 T. M'Dermott, Granby-row 
 A. M'MuHen, Hoey's-court 
 P. M'Dermott, Jervis-street 
 
 I. Mills. Granard 
 L. Morgan, Henry-street 
 A M'Minn, Straiid^strtet 
 T. M'Minn, do. 
 
 — Midluii, do. 
 
 — M'F><maKI, Ship-street 
 0. Merchant, do. 
 
 — Mullen, Summer Place 
 
 F. J. Mooney, Shaw's Bank. 
 
 G. Matthews, do. 
 
 W. Milner, Sycamore-alley 
 
 'V. Mattitews, Pool-street 
 
 T. M'Caskee, Ross-lane 
 
 L. Muiitgomcry, Rogersons-quay 
 
 J. M'Crea, Stephen-street 
 
 \V. Murphy, do. 
 
 W. Miigrath, do. 
 
 — Miot, do. 
 <). Mullanphy, do. 
 
 M. Morton, Stephen street 
 G. P. MilU, Peters-row 
 
 A. Matlden. Peter-street 
 
 J. M'Cullogb, Paradise-row 
 
 B. Maxwell, do. 
 W. Murray, do. 
 W. M'Intee, Meathstreet 
 J. M'Kebbia, Merr ion -street 
 
 do. , 
 
 New-street 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 A. M'Gaby, N. King-street 
 
 — M'Keoii, Kilkenny 
 
 J. M'Quig, Longford, 25 copies 
 J. M'CoIly, Moore-street 
 A. M'Donald, 
 
 T. Magrane, Marlborough-st. 
 R. Magee, Moatgomery-street 
 W. M'Comas, Malpas-street 
 W. Melven, do. 
 
 — Murphy, do. 
 A. Morgan, do. 
 
 R. M'Cann, Hunts-alley 
 W. M'Clatchie, 
 R. Maeee, do. 
 
 — MoUworth, Island Bridga 
 G. Moulang, S. King-street 
 
 J. M'AUister, TowDsead-gtreet 
 
 3 
 I. 
 
 I. 
 
 »• * ■ • 
 
 ) 'I 
 
 
 i"'\ 
 
 p. Maddea, 
 J. M'Cauley, 
 J. Mitchell, 
 T. Matthew*, 
 J. Matthews, 
 
 i« 
 
 i- 
 
 ; % 
 
 {-.' 
 
 
 ^2 
 
 «i ir 
 
 «tfV 
 
 ■■^ 
 
h' 
 
 ■i'; 
 ?'■• 
 
 m 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 XK 
 
 SUBSCUIBtKS NAMES 
 
 Counsellor M'Gann, Ushers Island 
 S. Maiiiler, Esq Ushers-cjuay 
 T. Mijliiigton, Esq. Temple-street 
 Mrs. Morton, Lower Mount- street 
 Mr. James M'Kee, Kosciea 
 
 U. M'DonaM, Whitetriar-strect 
 
 T. Murphy, Thomas-court 
 
 S. H. Murphy, do. 
 — M'Cabe, Ushers 'j"f\y 
 
 T. M'Comas, Whitefriar-strect 
 
 J. Matthews, do. 
 
 W. Matthews, do. 
 
 — Martin, Dolphins-barn 
 ..,. A. M'Counell, Henry-strMct 
 
 T. M'Gratb, CanuQu-stretft 
 
 '|»^'• 
 
 »i4' 
 
 N 
 
 Hon. T. G. Newcomen, Kart. 
 Luke Norman, Esq Mt. joy-square 
 T. Norman, Esq. Gardiner-street 
 Wip. Newcpmb, Esq. Jervis-stroet 
 A. B. NeTill, Esq. Camden-street 
 R. Nuno, Esq. N. Cumberland-st. 
 Samuel Neville, Esq. Staiibrd-st. 
 Mrs. Nicholson, Camden-struet 
 Miss Napper. Capel-street 
 Mr. Newland, Aungier-slreet 
 
 — Naylor, Britain-street 
 
 T. Nefligan, Bank of Ireland 
 
 — Napper, Cork-street 
 W. Noble, C. Donegal 
 
 — Nicholson, liolden-lane 
 M. Nickson, Grafton-streut 
 
 — Nicholson^ do. 
 
 G. Nangle, Harolds-cross 
 , Wm. Newton, James's-street 
 
 — Neile, New-market 
 
 J; Noble, Parliament-street 
 A. Nugent, Sackville-street 
 
 — Nelson, Townsend-street 
 J. Neill, Winetavern-sireet 
 C Nowlan, Wood-street 
 
 — Nowlan, Blatk-rock 
 
 Mr. Orson, Denmark-street 
 
 T. II. Orpen, M. D. S. Fredenck-st^ 
 
 "W. Oldham, Esc^. Arran-quay 
 
 Myles O'Ueilly, F,srj. M.ir/ijt.-ptace 
 T. Oxloy. Eyj. M- r(.hant'.i-quay 
 Jolin Oir, Esq. do. 
 Ciiptaiii O'lluiliy, Jervis-street 
 Mr. — Oldham, Abbey-.^trcit 
 
 — O'Brien, Bank uf Ireland 
 D. O'Reilly, Bide- street 
 \V. (.J'Coinior, Camden-street 
 J. O'I'rien, Eustace-street 
 
 — O'i'lahei ty, Kxchi'que?-st. 
 -— Osborne, Gralton-street 
 
 J. A. O'Reilly, Gardiner-place 
 C. O'Neal, Cupel-slrc: ft -i r/ 
 
 
 U. iVrcival, M. D. Kildare-J^laco" 
 Jonathan Pirn, Esq. Williani-strect. 
 Matthew Pearson, E,sq. Granby-row 
 J. Pollock, Esq. Mountjoy-square. 
 William Parks, Esq. Ushers-island 
 W. Powell, Esq. Sea fort Parade 
 Mrs. M. A. Pounden, Church-btreet 
 Captain John Peile, Bishop-strett 
 Robert Purdy, Esq. Ormond-quay 
 — Page, Esq. Leeson-strett 
 J. Plunkett, Esq. Georges-street N. 
 Lieut. Power, R E. Islami-^bridge 
 John Partington, Esq. York-street 
 W. Power, Esq. Pitt-street 
 R. Peter, Esq. Freftch-street 
 G. Parkinson, Anne-street 
 G. Pierce, Aungi«'r-sfrett 
 ]. Perrin, Abbey-street 
 
 — Percy, do. 
 
 T. Pric6, do. ■;^ * 
 
 — Perry, Britain-stfefet 
 
 W. Pountney, Bank of Ireland 
 T. Parker, Bruoswick-stieet 
 
 — Page, Bull-alley 
 
 H. Pexton, Ordtiance-olfice . 
 L Phair, Cathedral-lane 
 T. Popplewell, Cork-street 
 S. Page. Camden-street 
 Hi. Pattei-son, ChalhrrtM-strcet 
 R. Pegley, Royal S. D. militi« 
 -" Power, Trinity-place 
 F. Philips, 'i'emple-bar 
 
 — Prince, Shaw's Bank 
 I. Phair, Skiuner-row 
 --Preston, Temple-street 
 K Parke, Thomas-street 
 
 Mf. M. P^aiil, Po 
 -- Peppard, 
 'l\ Palmer. 1 
 W. Pritcharc 
 T. Pujolas, I 
 
 — Philipsi I 
 G. Peck, P(i 
 I. Petre, Dji 
 1. Paisley, D 
 1. Paintard, 1 
 
 — Pujolas, F 
 • — Power, G\ 
 T. Parsons, C 
 1. Philips, 
 
 — Patterson, 
 
 — Perry, Jar 
 
 — Purcell, M 
 I. Pemberton, 
 James Parr, 1 
 T. Price, Stej 
 
 Hiss C. Quin, Belfa 
 i. Quinton, Esq. C 
 
 : ; R 
 
 'oloHel Raymond.l 
 Itiiry Roe, M. D. 
 iev. P. Roe, Kilk« 
 Irs. Lucy Ray, C 
 otin Rutherford, Es 
 '• Rus.sell, E.sq. Be 
 lev. I. Roberts. Ca 
 ■ady Roche, Eccle 
 Reid, Esq. Clare 
 
 • lioss, R. S. D. a 
 Reed, Esq. Glost( 
 
 Richardson, Esq 
 "I VV. Reynall, N 
 '>'>'i Renshaw, Esq 
 e'lt. Richardson, 
 
 Reed E.sq. Moun 
 
 • Rooke, Esq. ( 
 ; Ryan, Esq. Marl 
 l»jor R. Ridge, Gi 
 
 Richardson, £s( 
 Roe, Esq. 
 
 .»» 
 
 ^% 
 
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 XXI 
 
 i'^\ 
 
 Mr. M. P'aol, Portadown, 6 copies 
 
 — Peppard, New-street 
 'J\ Palmer. Puters-row 
 
 W. Pritcharcl, Polebeg-street 
 T. Pujolas, Parliament-street 
 
 — Philips^ Pembroke-quay 
 G. Peck, Podclle 
 
 I. Petre, D.tme-street 
 1. Paisley, Dorset-street 
 1. Paintard, Mount Pleasant 
 
 — Pujolas, Four Courts 
 
 — Power, Georg(.'S- street 
 T. Parsons, GoKlen-lane 
 I. Philips, do. 
 
 — I*atterson, Gloster-place 
 
 — Perry. James's-street 
 
 — Purcell, Mount-street 
 
 1. Pemberton, Moore-street 
 James Parr, Montague-street 
 T. Price, Stepben-«treet 
 
 % 
 
 .<,!-• ,'- ■;,■ 13' ' •■■ .' 
 
 t 
 
 ^iss C. Quin, Belfast, 2 copies 
 i, Quintou, Esq. Ormond-quay 
 
 *■ 
 
 olonel Raymond.Deputy Adj. Gen. 
 
 nry Roe, M. D. Aungier-street 
 ruiv. P. Roe, Kilkenny 
 /Irs. Lucy Ray, Cavendish-row 
 lohn Rutherford, Esq. Cavendish-row 
 \ Rus.sell, Esq. Belvedere-place 
 ev. I. Roberts, Capel-street 
 lady Roche, Eccles-street 
 Reid, Esq. Clare-street 
 
 Ross, R. S. D, militia. 
 Reed, Esq. Gloster-street ,* 
 . Rlchard'son, Esq, do. 
 
 W. Reynall, N. Erederirk-st. 
 plui llenshavv, Esq. Ormomi-quay 
 eiit. Richardson, Mecklenburgh-st. 
 
 Uited Esq. Mountjoy-sq. 2 copies 
 
 Hooke, Esq. do. 
 
 Hyan, Esq. Marlborough-street 
 lajor R. Ridge, Grenvi lie-street 
 
 Richardson, Esq. Sunimer«hill 
 
 Uee> Esq. do. 
 
 Surgeon Redmond, Astons-quay 
 W. Roche, Esq. James's-street 
 D. Redmond, Esq. Rathniiues 
 Mrs. Russell, Saniry 
 Colonel Rogers, Ship-strcct 
 W. Richardson, Esq. StephenVgreca 
 Surgeon Rivers, Queen-street 
 Mrs. Rea, Peters-row 
 R. Roth, Esq. Georges-street, N. 
 Counsellor Ridgeway, Harcourt-st. 
 Rev. W. Russell, Ilendrick street 
 P. Reilly, Esq. Eccles-street 
 W. Roberts, Adjt. R. A. . .^^ 
 Mr. — Richardson, Abboy-street - ' 
 C. Rigney, Britain-street 
 H. RoUton, Barrack-street 
 •' I. Rutherford, do. 
 N. Russel, Bridge-stree*: 
 
 — Robinson, Baggot-street 
 T. Robinson, Bisiiop-street 
 
 — Ryan, Black hall-street 
 
 — Rathborne, Belvedere-place 
 G. Reed, Bride-street, 3 copies 
 I. Rounds, Bride-street 
 
 G. Rounds, Braithewaite-strcet 
 
 — Reed, do. 
 
 W. Radclifl'p, Ordnance-office 
 H. Rooke, Crampton-court 
 
 — Ryan, Church-street 
 H. Ribton, Dame-street 
 
 — Robinson, Rogersons-quay 
 J. Rafter, Thomas- street 
 
 F. Russell, Shaws Bank 
 
 — Ridley, Skinners-alley 
 I. Reed, Ship-street 
 
 W. Robinson, Stephen-street 
 
 J. Roche, do. 
 
 P. Reynolds, Pill-lane 
 
 W. Robinson, Ormond-quay ■< 
 
 A. Roberts, Fishers-lane 
 
 J. Robinson, Golden-lane 
 
 W. Roe, Grafton-street ^ 
 
 G. Rooke, Exchange-street 
 •«* Reeves, do. 
 
 E. Robins, Mark-street "* 
 
 A. Rosborough, N. Strand 
 T. Ring, Mecklen burgh-street 
 
 — Rogers, Montgomery-strcftt 
 Robinson, James's'-street 
 
 T. Reilly, do. . 
 
 |k> J. Robinson, Darby-square 
 
 > ^ 
 
 Ht ' -'r^ 
 
 •'J. 
 
 ill J^li 
 
 ■t-" 
 
 \ 
 
 t . 
 
 

 ■■■f\ 
 
 XXII 
 
 SUBSCRIBERS NAiMES. 
 
 .Il- 
 
 ii . 
 
 K. Sliaw, Esq. M. P. Merion-square 
 
 IMrs. Shaw, do. 
 
 .Sir Richard Steele, Fitzwilliam-place 
 
 2 copies 
 Major Shortall, R. A. Isiand-bridge 
 Captain T. O'Sherrard, Dorset-street 
 Captain Saurin, Summer- hill 
 Captain John Scott, Gardiner-street 
 Si!jeant Sinclair 
 L. Slade, It.' I. Island-bridge 
 T)r. Sheridan, Usher's-quay 
 Dr. Sharkey, York-street 
 James Singer, Esq. Annadale - 
 liobert Smith, Esq. Abbey-stroet 
 James Stephens, Esq, Bachelors- walk 
 John Sounders, Esq. do. 
 
 t>. Shaw, Esq. Bank of Ireland 
 J. Somerville, Esq. Belvedere-place 
 
 Standish, Esq. Castle 
 
 R. Stringer, Esq. Chancery-lane 
 H. F. Stock, Esq. Temple-street 
 Robert Smith, Esq. Thomas-street 
 R. Star, Esq. Cole-alley 
 S. Sparks, Esq. Charlemount^st. 
 
 F. Sharkey, Esq. Rathmines 
 S. Speer, Esq. Dorset-street 
 T. Swift, Esq. Dorset-street 
 
 W. A. Shaw, Esq. Gt. Denmark-st. 
 
 J. Straker, Esq. French-street 
 
 J. Smith, Esq. N. Frederick -street 
 
 T. Sillery, Esq. Hardwicke-street 
 
 J. Scott, Esq HarcourUslreet 
 
 R. Smith, Esq. do. 
 
 J. Simple, Esq. Malborough-street 
 
 C. Sweeny, Esq. Mabdot-street 
 
 W. Steel, Esq. do. 
 
 T. Smart, Esq. Meckliuburgh-street 
 
 G. Stapleton, Esq. Mountjoy-place 
 J. Sulliran, Esq. Ormond-quay 
 Mrs. Stafford, Crampton-court 
 Miss Singleton, Cork-hill 
 
 Rev. Abraham Augustus Stewart, 
 
 Hibernia-school 
 Rev. F. Shultze, Polebeg-street 
 Rev. P, Sands, Sackville-street 
 Rev. A. Staunton, Clarendon-street 
 Rev. F. Sadlier, Mount-street 
 Mr, M. Smyth, Andrew-street 
 
 D. St. Leger, Aungier-sUreet 
 
 W. Stockhamj do. 
 
 l\lr. — Shaw, Ardec-street 
 J. Smith, Britain -street 
 J. Stokes, Barrack-street 
 P. Sharkey, Bachelors walk 
 W. Smith, Brunswick-street 
 
 — Sterling, Bishop -street 
 
 R. Simpson, Clarendon -street 
 S. Saxmyth, Maiden-lane 
 E. Stretch, Church-street 
 J. Smith, Coombe 
 
 — Smith, do. 
 
 A Samuels, Chancery-Iane 
 
 — Smaiiman, (Jhatham-ruw 
 
 — Shaw, Castle-street 
 E. Singleton, Cork-street 
 
 — Shell, Kevin-street 
 
 J. Sharnian, Dawson-street 
 \V. Scott, Cbarlemouut-street 
 
 — Shaw, Dame-street 
 
 M. Singleton, Dolphin's-barn 
 R. Smith, Exchange-street 
 il. Sibthorp, do. 
 \V. Stubbs, Eustace-street 
 Solomon Sproule, Earl-street 
 J. Sheridan, Francis-street 
 R. Sullivan, Fowns's-street 
 Val. Sinnett, George's-street 
 Brent Smith, do. 
 J. Stopford, Gregs-lane 
 
 — Sbeilds, Henry-street 
 
 J. Sheilds, Hardwicke-street 
 20 copies 
 
 — Stewart, Hibernia-school 
 
 — Sandys, S. King-street 
 A. Savag«, N. King-street 
 
 — Story, Longford street 
 W. Southerland, Mount-streetl 
 
 — Swan, Montgomery-street [ 
 A. C. Seymour, Baggot-streell 
 J. Saxmyth, Maiden-lane 
 T. Shidow, Rathmolion C. M| 
 G. Sykes, New-row Ihomasl 
 
 — Sharp, Is'icholas-street 
 
 — Spilman, Patrick-street 
 L- Sipthorp, Palace- street 
 
 — Sweeney, Park-street 
 
 — Syanott, Pool-street 
 
 — Smyth, Rutland-street 
 ~ Smith, Ryders-row 
 £. Smith, Rainsford-street 
 C. Shaw, Stephen-street 
 J. Sturgeon, Grafton-street 
 
 I i\Ir. S. Steele, ^ 
 
 — Sherloc 
 
 — Simpsoi 
 
 — Smith, 
 M. Smart, 
 
 — Scott, Si 
 
 — Stokes, 
 J. Sullivan: 
 E. Supple, 
 E. Shea, 1 
 W. Stoker, 
 J. Sullivau 
 S. Sinallm; 
 
 — Stewart, 
 W. Smith, 
 
 — Senior, 
 E. Spear, 
 
 Alderman Thor| 
 Urig. General ' 
 Dr. John Toole, 
 Surgeon T. Tul 
 John Taafe, Esq 
 G. Tottenham, J 
 U. Thomson, E& 
 W. Turner, jun 
 H. Tandy, Esq. 
 VV. Tisdall, Esq 
 P. Thomson, Es 
 Counsellor Torre 
 J. Thompson, E 
 E. Tennant, Est; 
 A. Todd, Esq. C 
 A. Torrens, Est 
 Ralph Tornton, 
 J. Taafte, Esq. 
 Mrs. Taylor, D 
 Mrs. Teeling.T 
 Serjeant D. Tay 
 Mr. J, Taylor, / 
 R. Tyndall 
 Isaac Tynt 
 — 'IVdd, 
 A. Torringi 
 J. Tobin, 
 J, Taylor, 
 R. i'urbett, 
 a. Taylor, 
 A. Torring 
 A. Torrin;jr 
 
 % 
 

 SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. 
 
 XXI n 
 
 Mr. S. Steele, Whitefriar-street 
 
 — Sherlock, Abbey-street 
 
 — Simpson, Sackville*street 
 
 — Smith, do. 
 M. Smart, SpUalfieKts 
 
 — Scott, Staiiord-street 
 
 — Stokes, Ship -street 
 
 J. Sullivan, Stephens-green 
 £. Supple, Shaw's Bank 
 E. Shea, Townsend-street 
 W. Stoker, Wood-street 
 J. Sullivau, do. 
 S. Smallman, do. 
 
 — Stewart, W»*stmoreland-8t. 
 \V. Smith, Bandon 
 
 — Senior, Rathcoole 
 E. Spear, do. 
 
 Mr. W. Taaffe, Kevin-st. Book- 
 Binder 
 W. Tims, Dame-strt et 
 J. Tobin, Delgany, 20 Copies 
 S. Taylor, Grafton -street 
 — Tysson, do. , < . 
 
 J. Tully, Glasnevin 
 J. Taylor, Ormond-qnay 
 
 4 Copies 
 G. Townsenv^, Poolbeg-street 
 W. Tassie, Paradise-row 
 £. Teap, Ranelagh 
 W. Tomes, Skinner-alJey 
 W. Toole, Ship-street 
 T. Turner, Shaw's-bank 
 J.Teare, skinner-row 2 Copies 
 J. W.Talbot, Rat hmi lies 
 
 Alderman Thorp, Mountjoy-square 
 llrig. General Trotter, Stephen -st. 
 Dr. John Toole, Gardiner-street 
 Surgeon T. Tuke, Stephens-green 
 John Taafe, Esq. Blackall-street 
 G. Tottenham, Esq. Harald's cross 
 U. Thomson, Esq. Mecklenburgh-st. 
 W. Turner, junr. Esq. Chapilizod 
 H. Tandy, Esq. Custom-house 
 W. Tisdall, Esq. Marlborough-st. 
 P. Thomson, Esq. do. 
 Counsellor Torrens, Gardiner-street 
 J. Thompson, Esq. Gardiner-street 
 E. Tennant, Esq. Gloster-place 
 A. Todd, Esq. Gardi^^^r-place 
 A. Torrens, Esq. Granby-row 
 Ralph Tornton, Esq. Dorset-street 
 J. Taafte, Esq. Florinda-place 
 Mrs. Taylor, Digges-street 
 Mrs. Teeling, Thomas-streot 
 Serjeant D. Taylor, Church-street 
 Mr. J. Taylor, Abbey-street 
 R. Tyndali, Bride-street 
 Isaac Tyndali, do. 
 — Tydd, Baggot-street 
 A. Torrington, Bolton -s^eet 
 J. Tobin, College-green 
 J. Taylor, Castle-street 
 R. Turbett, do. 
 (i. Taylor, Digges-street 
 A. Torrington, sen. Wood-st. 
 A. Torrington, jim. do. 
 
 u 
 
 Rev. Dr. Henry Usher, Clare-strcct 
 
 V . .. . - 
 
 •^i, . 
 
 Col. Vesey, County Dublin Militia 
 Mr. T. Vero, Bride-street t 
 
 — Vann, Coombc 
 G. Vaughan, Dorset-street 
 ] J. Vickers, ghaw's Bank 
 T. Vaughan, Dame-street 
 Rev. — Vigors, George's-street 
 Rev. Dr, Vesey, Royal Mospitol 
 
 Villiers, Esq. Stephens-orecn 
 
 T. Vickers, Esq. Wicklow 
 
 E. VerJon, Esq. Golden-lane . 
 
 ■> . '' w "' ^' ^ 
 
 Rev. J. Whitelaw, Clanbrassil-plac 
 J. Wiere, Esq. Captl-sfreet 
 C. Wiber, Esq. Ordnance office 
 R. Wrightson, Esq. do. 
 Vere VVebb, Esq. Bed ford -street 
 J. Wilson, E.sq. Abbey-street 
 Mrs. Whitmore, Blaok-rock, 
 Counsellor Waller, Black-rock 
 Counsellor Williams, Baggot-street 
 P. Worthington, Esq. Cuinbtriand-.'-t. 
 II. A. Woodward, Esq, Ellis'.s.quav 
 W. Wolfmden, Evq. Dorset- street 
 E. Wolfind*;!!, Esq. do. 
 Serjt. Wnttcrwi, H.S. D. nulitia 
 
 * 
 
 ; > » 
 
 h'A 
 
 
 ¥y ''li^' 
 
 * •'■ 
 
 ^Au- 
 
 ('■ :. 
 
 -ii 
 
 n 
 
 t ■■'■( 
 
-w 
 
 XXIT 
 
 SUBSCRIBERS NAMES ^ 
 
 I- 
 
 Lieut. Ck>l. Wulfff;, bland Bridge 
 
 T. Walsh, Esq. James-street 
 
 H. White, E«q. do. 
 
 Peter Warren, Esq. Henrietta-street 
 
 Counsellor Whitestone, do. 
 
 J. Whealy, Esq. Stepben'R-green 
 
 W. L. Walker, Esq. Stafford-street 
 
 T. Waring, M. D. do. 
 
 W. Walsh, Esq. RusselLstreet 
 
 M. Williamson, Esq. Paradise-row 
 
 J. Williamson, Esq. do. 
 
 A. Williamson, Esq. do. 
 
 .1 H. Walker, Esq. Ormond-quay 
 E. Wilson, Esq. New-street 
 Coun. R. Walker, Mecklenburgh-st. 
 T. Whealon. Esq. Liffey-street 
 C. Weekes, Esq. Stephen's-green 
 Rev. G. Whistler, S. Frederick-st. 
 
 B. Worthinjton, Esq. Fitzgibbon-st. 
 W. A. Walker, Esq. Chaiham-st. 
 Mrs. Warren, Henrietta-street 
 
 J. n. Weldon, Esq. Gardiner-street 
 1V*r. Samuel Wood, Whitefriar-stieet 
 R. Wade, E>q Gardiner-st. 
 .1. R. Worth ington, Esq. do. 
 C. Walton, Aungier-strect 
 G. Watson, Abbey-street 
 S. Winter, Britain-street 
 .1. Wicksted, Bank of T.'iland 
 A. Wilson, Belfast 12 Copies 
 G. Wood, Beaver-street 
 . J. Walsh, Belturbet ■4'' 
 
 T. Wilson, Bride-street 
 A. Wheatly, Capel-street ^' 
 Z. D. Williams, do. 
 (J. Williams, Crampton-ccurt 
 J Walker, Churgh-street 
 T. Webb, do. 
 
 — Walsh, Cufle-street 
 N. WilHams, Cole-alley 
 
 v. Whitehead, Cork-street 
 
 — Whitam, Corn-market 
 
 — Wilton, do. 
 T. Watts. Cashel 
 
 . H. Wheeler, Dame-strcet 
 J. Wheeler, Denmark-street 
 T. West, Whitefriar-street 
 J. Wright, Esse.x-sireet r*; 
 
 G. Ward, do. 
 
 ^. Wright, do. "i- 
 
 Mr. J. Ward, French-street ^■^' 
 P. Weire, Fishamble-street 
 W. Whitcstone, Grafton street 
 Messrs. Whyte, do. 
 R. White, do. 
 
 R. William.s, do. 
 
 — Wilson, Mary-street 
 R. Westenra, Granby-row 
 
 — Warren, High-street 
 H. Willard, do. 
 
 — Wadden, Park-street 
 
 — Wy brants, Peter-street 
 .T. Wyon, Ormond-quay 
 R. Wright, Monaghan 
 
 — Walsh, Marrowbone-lane 
 T. Ward, >fev\ -street 
 
 P. Walsh, Mailborough. street 
 R. White, Montgomery-street 
 W. Wallace, Mecklenburgh-.st. 
 
 — Wright, Royal Hospital 
 
 — Waugh, Jamcs's-street 
 H. White, Jervis-street 
 
 J. Ward, Whitefriar-street 
 A. Whitesides, do. 
 
 — Winters, Winetavern-street 
 T. Wallace, Church-street 
 
 R. Walker, Athlone 
 
 — Ward, Mount Pleasant 
 R. Wornall,Portobello 
 
 G. Ward, Thomas-street 
 
 R. Wright, WestDioreland-st. 
 
 C. Walton, Ship-street 
 R. Webb, Earl-street 
 
 D. Weyman, Stephen-street 
 
 Commissary ^ . 
 
 W. Watts, Sackvllle-street . 
 
 Hon. W. A. Yelverton, Gloster-st. 
 G. Yeates, Esq. Mecklenburgh-st. 
 Mr. C. Young, Bank of Ireland 
 
 W. Voakley, Mt.pleasant.'jCop. 
 
 H.Young, Belview, 20Copiti. 
 
 H. Young, Prussia-street 
 
 — Youdell, Mocasterevea 
 
 — Young, Suranier-hill 
 J. Young, ship-street 
 a. Young, do. 
 
 W, Yown^ Shaw's Bank 
 
 jc 
 
 Mutual R 
 Characi 
 Taxes 
 Opposei 
 pisturl 
 held ii 
 Stamp . 
 in Br 
 new D 
 Port J 
 Resenti 
 
f 
 
 AN 
 
 ORIGINAL AND AUTHENTIC 
 
 JOURNAL OF OCCURRENCES 
 
 DURING THE LATE 
 
 Uc. fiCc. &V. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 Mutual Regard between Great Britain and her Colonies^ 
 Character of the Colonies at the End of the Tear n63. 
 Taxes laid on Goods imported into the Colonies, 
 Opposed by the Americans. The Stamp Act framed* 
 Disturbances in different Colonies, First Congress 
 held in New York. Disturbances still continued. 
 Stamp Act repealed. A Bill for New Taxes passed 
 in Britain, find sent to America. Occasions 
 new Discontents. Tea destroyed at Boston. Boston 
 Port Bill. Received with extravagant Tokens of 
 Resentment by the Bostonians. Congress meets at 
 
 
 ■i J 
 
 i ..'. ■ 
 
 ■ .' '' 'i'i 
 
 ■i 
 I 
 
 
 !•' '/li' 
 
 J 
 
 ^i-- 
 
 . i' 
 
 ■» .■ » 
 
 
 y. V 
 
 '■ 5 
 
 5 • 
 
 ■ t i 
 
 f : • ■ 
 
 
 
^^ii* 
 
 d JOURNAL OF THfi 
 
 Philadelphia. General Gage fortifies Boston Neck. 
 A 0reat Atmy nssembles be/ore Boston, and pre- 
 pares/or War, 
 
 As the rise and establisineht of the American Republic^ 
 has given a new face to the western world, a summary 
 view of the occurrences that led to the independence 
 of that countr]^> (before I enter upon my Journal,) will 
 no doubt be pleasing to the Reader. 
 
 The mother country, in planting her colonies ill North 
 America, had endowed them with every privilege enjoyed 
 by her subjects at home. She left them at full liberty 
 to govern themselves by whatever laws the wisdom of 
 their own provincial assemblies might think expedient^ 
 and empowered them to pursue their respective interests^ 
 but claimed the exclusive benefit of their irade^ and 
 their allegiance to the same sovereigUi 
 
 The Americans, on the other harid, cherished the most 
 tender veneration for the mother country. The name 
 of an Engl^hman gave them an idea of every thing that 
 was great and estimable in human nature, and they cod^ 
 fiidered the rest of mankind as barbarians, compared 
 with the people from whom they were descended. The 
 Colonists had often experienced the protection of Britons^ 
 and witnessed their valor : as the contest* with France 
 had been begun on their account, they considered the'ni^ 
 selves bound to assist their protectors with zeal and 
 fidelity. 
 
 By a succession of the most brilliant victories by sea 
 and land. Great Britain effectually subdued the united 
 powers of France, and Spain, and acquired possession of 
 a vast extent of territory in both the Indies. The peace 
 of Paris, in 1763, terminated a war which fxuied hei? 
 to the zenith of military glory. By this treaty she 
 
 * r/z. the war of 1757, 1753, and 1759, 
 
 remained 
 nies were 
 neighbou 
 
 Such 
 
 conclusio 
 
 conquero 
 
 them in 
 
 9nd the 
 
 excite mu 
 
 The col 
 
 the mothe 
 
 sciousness 
 
 powerful I 
 
 iinplied ol 
 
 tinued to 
 
 rence, wh 
 
 them in 
 
 territory 
 
 formidable 
 
 phere, th( 
 
 another li 
 
 greatness. 
 
 Their fl( 
 
 able. The 
 
 difficulties 
 
 iipmediatel 
 
 on the inci 
 
 dations ths 
 
 French, an 
 
 had many s 
 
 nations. 1 
 
 perity that \ 
 
 military tn 
 
 kind of un< 
 
 and expect 
 
 'i- ^ 
 
; .». 
 
 . !' 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 t « 
 
 remained sole mistress of North America, and her Colo- 
 nies were relieved from the fear of their ahibitious ITrench 
 neighbours. 
 
 Such was the state of the British Colonies at the 
 conclusion of a war, in which they had been more than 
 conquerors. Indeed the cession of Canada had placed 
 them in a state of perfect security from the French, 
 and the Indians were too contemptible an enemy to 
 excite much apprehension. 
 
 The colonies had lor ages been accustomed to look to 
 the mother country for aid against the French, from a con- 
 sciousness of their inability to contend alone against that 
 powerful nation. Protection on the one side, naturally 
 implied obedience on the other ; and her Colonies con- 
 tinued to view Great Britain with an eye of filial reve. 
 r^nce, while the menaces of an ambitious neighbour kept 
 them in awe. But when the cession of the French 
 territory in America to the British crown removed a 
 formidable and ambitious rival from the western hemis- 
 phere, the colonists began to view their situation ia 
 another light, and to cherish iijleas of their futqrQ 
 greatness. ■':. 
 
 Their flourishing copdition at this period was remark, 
 able. Their trade had prospered in the midst of all tim 
 difficulties and distresses of a war in which they were so 
 kpmediately concerned. Their population contiQue4 
 on the increase, notwithstanding the ravages and depre- 
 dations that had been so fiercely carried on by the. 
 French, and the native Indians in their alliance. I'hey 
 had many spirited and active individuals of all denomi- 
 nations. They were flushed with the uncommon pros- 
 perity that attended them in their commercial aflairs and 
 military transiictions. Hence they were ready for all 
 kind of undertakings, and saw ^o limits to their hppes 
 and expectations. ,: 
 
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JOURNAL OF Tflfi 
 
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 4 
 
 
 As they entertained the highest opinion of their valor 
 and importance, and of the immense benefit that Great 
 Britain derived from its connexion with them, their no- 
 tions were adequately high in their own favour. They 
 deemed themselves entitled to every kindness and indul- 
 gence which the mother country could bestow. 
 
 Although their pretensions did not amount to a perfect 
 equality of advantages and privileges in matters of com- 
 merce, yet in those of government they thought them- 
 selves fully competent to the task of conducting tiic^ir 
 domestic concerns with little or no interference from 
 abroad. Though willing to admit the supremacy of 
 Great Britain, they viewed it with a suspicious eye, and 
 with a marked desire and intent speedily to give it 
 limitations. 
 
 The Friench, who have for many ages been the pro- 
 fessed and natural enemies of Britain, had long viewed, 
 with equal envy and apprehensibri, the flourishing state of 
 the colonies in North America, No doubt at present 
 subsists, that they began imifiediately after the peace of 
 Paris to carry into execution the'schbme they had formed 
 for the separation of the British colonies from the 
 mother country, conscious that, whilst a good under- 
 stainding subsisted between Great Britain aiid her colonies 
 the superiority must henceforth remain for ever on the 
 side of Britain. It was only by their disunion that 
 France could hope to regain the station ahd conse- 
 quence she had formerly possessed in Europe. 
 
 The first step taken by France to secure this object 
 was to employ her secret emissaries in spreading dissa- 
 tisfaction among the British colonists ; and the effects 
 produced by her machinations were precisely such as 
 she had intended and expected. The disposition of 
 the inhabitants of North America began gradually to 
 alter from that warmth of attachment to the mother 
 country which had so particularly characterised them. 
 
 They begai 
 
 than that o 
 
 nicety, the 
 
 parts of he] 
 
 The natic 
 
 creased by 
 
 levied at hor 
 
 of the colon 
 
 tages from i 
 
 that they sht 
 
 In March 
 
 ment, laying 
 
 the colonies 
 
 West Indies 
 
 specie into ti 
 
 session anotl 
 
 of paper moi 
 
 These act 
 
 iurprise and 
 
 sent warm a 
 
 country, and 
 
 that ingenuit' 
 
 hitherto furn 
 
 by the authoi 
 
 assemblies, tl 
 
 the Bfritisii p 
 
 them. Findii 
 
 inefFectual to 
 
 ciations to.prt 
 
 thejr should o 
 
 The an! mo 
 
 by the advic« 
 
 was passed in 
 
 duties in Ame 
 
 The Gener 
 
 openly declare 
 
 1 i] 
 
it 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. f 
 
 They began to view her rather in the light of a sovereign 
 than that of a parent, and to examine with a scrupulous 
 nicety, the nature of those ties that rendered them 
 parts of her empire. 
 
 The national debt of Great Britain had been much in- 
 creased by the late war ; a multitude of new taxes were 
 levied at home, and as the quarrel originated on account 
 of the colonies, and as they derived the principal advan- 
 tages from the peace of 1763, it was thought equitable 
 that they should contribute to the common exigencies. 
 
 In March 1764, a bill was passed in the British Parlia. 
 ment, laying heavy duties on all articles imported into 
 the colonies from the French and other islands of the 
 West Indies, and ordering those duties to be paid in 
 specie into the exchequer of Great Britain. In the same 
 session another bill was passed, to restrain the currency 
 of paper money in the Colonies. 
 
 These acts of the English legislature excited the 
 surprise and displeasure of the North Americans. They 
 sent warm and energetic remonstrances to the mother 
 country, and laid every argument before the ministry 
 that ingenuity could suggest, but in vain. As they bad 
 hitherto furnished their contingent in men and money, 
 by the authority of their representatives in the colonial 
 assemblies, they asserted, that not being represented in 
 the Biritish parliament, it could have no right to tax 
 them. Finding, however, tliat all their arguments were 
 ineffectual to remove Mieir grievances, they formed asso- 
 ciations to prevent the use of British manufactures, till 
 they should obtain redress. 
 
 The animosity of the colonists was further increased 
 by the advice which they received in 1765, that an act 
 was passed in the British parliament, to establish stamp 
 duties in America, similar to those in Great Britain. 
 
 The General Assembly of Virginia was the first that 
 openly declared against tjje right of Britain to lay taXe» 
 
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 JOURT^AL OF THE 
 
 
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 on America. Of this assembly Washington wai a mem- 
 ber. He most zealously opposed what he considered an 
 encroachment on the liberties of his countrymen. Upon 
 reading the resolutions which were then passed in that 
 assembly, the boldness and novelty affected one of the 
 memlsers to such a degree, that he cried out, ** Treason I" 
 " Treason!" 
 
 These Resolutions were nevertheless well received by 
 the people, and immediately forwarded to the other 
 provinces. Tiiey circulated extensively, and gave a 
 spring to all the discontented. Tilt they appeared, 
 most were of opinion, that the act would be quietly 
 adopted. Murmurs indeed were common, but they 
 seemed to be such as would die away. Tht countenance 
 of so respectable a colony as Virginia^ c^^nfirmed the 
 wavering, and emboldened the timid. Opposition to the 
 stamp act, from that period, assumed a bolder face, 
 and the flame spread from breast to breast, till the 
 conflagration became general. In the mean time, the 
 minds of the Americans underwent a total transformation. 
 Instead of their late peaceable &nd steady attachment to 
 the British nation, they were daily advancing to the 
 opposite extreme. A new mode of displaying resent, 
 ment against the friends of the stamp act began in 
 Massachusetts, and was followed by other colonies. 
 About this time a few gentlemen hung out ont^ the 
 limb of a large tree towards the entrance of Boston, 
 two efligies, one designed for the stamp master and the 
 other for a jack boot, with an head and horns peeping out 
 at the top. Great numbers both from town and country 
 came to see them. A spirit of enthusiasm was diffused 
 among the spectators. In the evening the whole was 
 cut down and carried in procession, shouting " Liberty 
 and property for ever : no stamps." They next pulled 
 down a new building lately erected by Mr. Oliver, chief 
 justice of the province ; they then went to his house. 
 
 before wh 
 time brok 
 violence v 
 of Mr. \ 
 of admira 
 ing house 
 to the said 
 They next 
 comptrolle 
 excesses, ; 
 afterwards 
 Mr. Hutch 
 off his pi 
 stroyed let 
 for thirty 3 
 
 Similar ( 
 nearly aboi 
 the people 
 effigies, ii 
 Johnson, i 
 after hangi 
 down, and 
 sands. 
 the house 
 written in 
 the Ameri 
 longed to 
 conversatic 
 similar dev 
 
 In Conn 
 and afterw 
 
 In New 
 stamp paf 
 tenant go^ 
 ticalsentin 
 and carriec 
 
 ii' 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 n 
 
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 before which they beheaded his effigy, and at the same 
 time broke his windows. Eleven days after similar 
 violence was repeated. The mob attacked the house 
 of Mr. William Story, deputy register of the court 
 of admiralty, broke his windows, forced into his dwell- 
 ing house, destroyed the books and files belonging 
 to the said court, and ruined a great part of his furniture. 
 They next proceeded to the house of Benjamin Hallowel, 
 comptroller of the customs, where they repeated similar 
 excesses, and drank and destroyed his liquors. They 
 afterwards proceeded to the house of the governor, 
 Mr. Hutchinson, and soon demolished it. They carried 
 off his plate, furniture, and apparel, scattered or de- 
 stroyed letters and other curious and useful papers, which 
 for thirty years he had been collecting. 
 
 Similar disturbances broke out in the adjacent colonies 
 nearly about the same time. On the 27th August, 1765, 
 the people of Newport, in Rhode hland, exhibited three 
 effigies, intended for Messieurs Howard, Moffat, and 
 Johnson, in a cart, with halters about their necks, and 
 after hanging them on a gallows for some time, cut them 
 down, and burnt them amidst the acclamations of thou- 
 sands. On the day following, the people collected at 
 the house of Mr. Martin Howard, a lawyer, who had 
 written in defence of the right of parliament to tax 
 the Americans, and demolished every thing that be- 
 longed to it. They proceeded to Dr. Moffat's, who in 
 conversation had supported the same right, and made a 
 similar devastation of his property. , ^ 
 
 ■ In Connecticut they exhibited effigies in sundry plaqes, 
 and afterwards committed them to the flames. 
 
 In New York, the stamp master having resigned, the 
 stamp papers were taken into Fort George, by lieu- 
 tenant governor Colden. The people disliking his poli- 
 tical sentiments, broke open his stable, took out his coach, 
 and carried it in triumph through the principal sMreets to 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 the galiuws, On one cud of lliia they suipcnded the 
 dRgy of the lieutenant governor, iiaving in his right hatid 
 a stamped bill of lading, and in the other a figure of the 
 devil. After some time they carried the ap^ratus to the 
 gate of the fort, and from thence to the bowling fjreen, 
 under the muz/les of the guns and burned the whok) 
 amid the acclamations of many thousands. 7'hey went 
 thence to Major James's hou.se, stripped it of every 
 article, and consumed the whole, because he was a friend 
 to the stamp act. ; 
 
 The next evening the mob re-assembled, and insisted 
 on the lieutenant governor delivering the stamped 
 papers into their hands, and threatened in case of a re- 
 fusal to take them by force. After some negociation, it 
 was agreed that they should be delivered to the corpora- 
 tion, and they were deposited in the city hall. Ten boxes 
 of the same, which caaie by another conveyance, were 
 burned. 
 
 When the ship which brought the stamp papers to 
 
 Philadelphia, first appeared round Gloucester Point, aU 
 
 ' the vessels in the harbour hoisted their colours half 
 
 . roast high; the bells were rung muffled till evening, 
 
 ' and every countenance added to the appearance of sincere 
 
 mourning. 
 
 About two months before this, the expediency of calling 
 a continental congress, to be composed of deputies from 
 . each of the provinces, had occurred to the people of 
 Massachusetts. The assembly of that province passed a 
 resolution in favour of that measure, and fixed on New 
 York as the place, and the second Tuesday of October 
 as the time for holding the same. Soon after they sent 
 circular letters to the speakers of the several assemblies, 
 requesting their concurrence. This was the .first Congresa 
 held in North America. 
 
 While a variety of methods were adopted to oppose 
 
 on which it was to 
 
 the 
 
 stamp 
 
 act, 
 
 the first 
 
 s 
 
 of November 
 
 
 
 
 '" - 
 
 ■ ■ ■ ' ■ . "■^'-, * 
 
te 
 lo 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 II 
 
 commence its operation approached. This in Botton 
 was uDbered in by a funeral tolling of bells. Many shops 
 and stores were shut. The effigies of several persons 
 were carried about the streets in public derision, and 
 then torn in pieces by the enraged populace. 
 
 On the same day at Portsmouth, in New Hampshire, 
 the morning wao ushered in with toUing all the bells in 
 the town. In the course of the day, notice wan given to 
 the people to attend a funeral. A codfin neatly oma* 
 mented, and inscribed with the word ** Liborty," in large 
 letters, was carried to the grave. The fuuerd procession 
 began from the state house, atteud^d with two unbraced 
 drums, while the inhabitants who followed the coffin 
 were in motion, minute guns were fired and continued till 
 the coffin arrived at the place of interment : an oration in 
 favour of the deceased was then pronounced. It was 
 scarcely ended before the coffin was taken up, it having 
 been perceived that some remains of life were left, at 
 which the inscription was immediately altered to ** Liberty 
 revived." The bells immediately exchanged their me- 
 loncholy for a joyful sound, and satisfaction appeared 
 in every countenance. 
 
 In Maryland the effigy of the stamp master, on 
 one side of which was written, " Tyranny," on the 
 other ** Oppression," and across the breast, " D — n 
 my country, IMI get money," was carried through the 
 streets, from the goal to the whipping post,, and from 
 thence to the pillory. After suffering many indignities, 
 it was first hanged and then burned. 
 
 In consequence of a petition from the new formed 
 congress to the king and both houses of parliament, 
 the stamp act was repealed ;♦ to the universal joy of the 
 
 * In the course of the debate^ Lord Chatham rose and with 
 an animation which no art or study can imitate, spontaneously 
 flowing from the consciousness of great talents, delivered his 
 Opinion on the present situation of affkirsin Ammca; concluding 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 colonists, and thegeneralsatisfaction of the English, whose 
 manufactures had suffered a considerable depression in 
 consequence of the American associations against their 
 importation. 
 
 But the parliament by repealing the stamp act, did not 
 relinquish the ideas of their right to tax the colonies, and 
 the bill for laying a duty on tea, paper, painters* colours 
 and glass, was passed, and sent to America in 1768. This 
 act occasioned new discontents in the colonies, especially 
 at Boston ; and though parliament thought proper in 
 1770 to take oif those duties, except three pence a pound 
 on tea, yet even this trifling impost, kept alive the jealousy 
 of the colonists, who denied the supremacy of the British 
 legislature. The troops quartered in Boston were another 
 cause of offence to the inhabitants, and on all occasions 
 they manifested an inclination to quarrel with men whom 
 they considered inimical to their liberties. 
 
 Reciprocal insults soured the tempers, and mutual 
 injuries embittered the minds of the opposite parties ; 
 besides some fiery spirits who thought it an indig- 
 nity to have troops quartered among them, were 
 constantly exciting the town's people to quarrel with 
 the soldiers.* 
 
 with these words, *' I<et aflPection be the only bond of coercion. 
 The system of policy I would earnestly exhort Great Britain to 
 adopt, in relation to America, is happily expressed in the words 
 of a favourite poet : 
 
 Be to her faults a little blind, 
 
 Be to her virtues very kind ; 
 
 Let all her ways be uncoufin'd. 
 
 And clap your padlock on her mind. — prior. 
 
 Upon the whole, I will beg leave to tell the house in a few 
 words, what is really my opinion. It, is. That the stamp act be 
 repealed, absolutely, totally, and immediately." 
 
 * Lord Chatham's state of health during the two preceding 
 sessions, had precluded him from making any considerable par- 
 liamentary exertions, and he had rarely attended the house on 
 any occasion, but, finding himself at this period somewhat re- 
 lieved frgm the pressure of his complaintj he took the opportunity 
 
 In the 
 the milita 
 serious tl 
 of the 29 
 along a pi 
 to engag 
 makers, 
 to fight i 
 lieing in 
 
 on the thi 
 rica, to laj 
 and on i 
 his distinj 
 he, "my 
 induced tl 
 their nativ 
 the unexpi 
 at the pr 
 side. Th 
 not have £ 
 spirit whk 
 apd yiewii 
 ing state, 
 ereat exe 
 n-ee exerc 
 tlon to gi^ 
 I condemr 
 unwarrant 
 ticularly i 
 his speec 
 harsh ant 
 sures of 1 
 part of a 
 when thi! 
 receive 
 of this coi 
 undier all 
 pleasing n 
 dence pre 
 the day < 
 
 Eerity :■ 
 and, ric 
 ness, am 
 
 1 1 .;( 
 
 
AMEHICAN WAR. ;: '^'^M 
 
 In the beginning of March 1770| a quarrel between 
 the military and the townsmen of Boston took place, more 
 serious than any of those which had preceded it. A private 
 of the 29th regiment, passing early on a Saturday morning 
 along a public rope walk, was provoked by insulting words 
 to engage a party of his comrades to attack the rope 
 makers. The battle being indecisive, it was determined 
 to fight it out on the Monday following. The populace 
 being in the interim fully apprised of the intended 
 
 on the third reading of the bill, for quartering soldiers in Ame- 
 rica, to lay before the bouse and the public, his thoughts on it, 
 and on Annerican affairs in general, in a speech worthy of 
 his distinguished talents and illustrious reputation. " If," said 
 he, "my lords, we take a transient view of those motives which 
 induced the aQcestors of our fellow subjects in America, fj leave 
 their native country, to encounter the innumerable difficulties of 
 the unexplored regions of the western world, our astonishment 
 at the present conduct of their descendants will naturally sub- 
 side. There was no corner of the globe to which they would 
 not have fled, rather than to ;iubmit to the slavish and tyrannical 
 spirit which prevailed at that period in their native country ; 
 apd viewing them in their originally forlorn, and now flourish- 
 ing state, they may be cited as illustrious instances to shew what 
 great exertions mankind will naturally inake, when left to the 
 ee exercise of their own powers. Notwithstanding mv inten- 
 tion to give my hearty negative to the question now before you, 
 I condemn, my lords, in the severest manner, the turbulent and 
 unwarrantable conduct of the Americans in some instances, par- 
 ticularly in the late riots of Boston." And in the conclusion of 
 his speech, he said, " Pass then, my lords, instead of these 
 harsh and severe edicts, an amnesty over their errors ; by mea- 
 sures of lenity and aflection allure them to their duty ; act the 
 part of a generous and forgiving parent. A period may arrive 
 when this parent may stand in need of every assistance she car| 
 receive from a grateful and affectionate offspring. The welfare 
 of this country, my lords, has ever been my gveatest joy, and 
 undjBr all the vicissitudes of my life, h<is afforded me the most 
 pleasing consolation. Should the all disposing hajdd of Provi- 
 dence prevent me from contributing my poor and feeble aid in 
 the day of her distress, my prayers shall be ever for her pros> 
 
 Eerity : — " Length of days be in her right hand, and in her lei^ 
 ai>d, riches and honor ! May her ways be ways of pleasant- 
 nesS| and all her paths be peace |" 
 
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 16 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 
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 encounter, assembled in great numbers, armed with clubs 
 and other weapons, at the time appointed ; the bells 'also 
 ringing an alarum, and violent clamours of *^ town- 
 born, turn out,** being heard in all parts of the city. 
 The mob directed its course to Murray's Barracks, 
 and dared the soldiery, by very oflRensive language, to 
 combat, at the same time pelting them with snow-balls, 
 covering stones: at length retiring from the barracks, 
 the populace were addressed in the street, by '' a tall 
 large man, in a red cloak and a white wig;** and after 
 listening for some minutes to his harangue with great 
 attention, ^!iey exclaimed with shouts and huzzas " for 
 the main guard !** for which they immediately began 
 their route in different divisions. Captain Preston, 
 the officer on duty, on the appearance of the frantic 
 multitude, who with oaths and execrations pressed in 
 upon the soldiers, advancing to the very points of 
 the bayonets, endeavoured by every effort to restrain 
 the soldiers from violence. But a party of the most furious 
 of the populace, in sailors habits, struck the guns down 
 with their clubs, and a blow was aimed by one of 
 them at Captain Preston. On which a confused noise 
 of " fire !*' was heard, and seven pieces were discharged, 
 seven persons were killed and wounded. The town was 
 immediately in commotion and nothing but the timely 
 retreat of the troops, and the expostulation of the 
 Governor prevented the people from proceeding to 
 open hostilities. A few days after the whole pro- 
 vince of Massachusetts rose in arms, and the soldiers 
 were obliged to retire to Castle William f<ir protection. 
 On the removal of the troops, the ferment began to 
 subside. Captain Preston, who commanded the main 
 guard, with the seven soldiers who fired, were committed 
 to jail ; but after a full and fair trial, were, by a verdict 
 worthy of the highest praise, honorably acquitted : two 
 only excepted, who were found guilty of man slaughter. 
 
 Mr. Quincy 
 who were th 
 their utmost 
 one of these 
 selves agaim 
 tain of jus 
 submit the 
 vicissitudes 
 flights of ei 
 course. To 
 to liberty, 
 without regs 
 good, and it 
 exorable, ini 
 to the cries 
 other, it is ( 
 the populace 
 Burins: th 
 the summer 
 added fresh 
 that province 
 post master 
 house of re] 
 known mean 
 of certain lei 
 Hutchinson, 
 of their frie 
 which they 
 situation of 
 were such a; 
 local situatioi 
 successfully ( 
 every disagre 
 tween the so 
 
 * After 
 
, V 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 17 
 
 Mr. Quincy and Mr. J. Adams,* counsel for the prisoncrs^, 
 who were themselves warm partisans of Americn, exertedi 
 their utmost ability in their defence. " We must," said 
 one of these gentlemen, addressing the jury, " steel our- 
 selves against prepossessions, which contaminate the foun- 
 tain of justice. To your candor and impartiality I 
 submit the prisoners and their cause. The law, in sdl 
 vicissitudes of government, fluctuations of passion, or 
 flights of enthusiasm, will preserve a steady undeviating 
 course. To use the words of a patriot, a hero, a martyr 
 to liberty, Algernon Sidney, 'tis mens sine affectu ; 
 without regard to persons it commands that which is 
 good, and it punishes that which is evil ; it is deaf, in- 
 exorable, inflexible. On the one hand, it is exorable 
 to the cries and lamentations of the prisoners ; on the 
 other, it is deaf, deaf as an adder, to the clamours of 
 the populace." 
 
 Baring the session of the Massachusetts assembly, in 
 the summer of 1773, a discovery was made whicih 
 added fresh fuel to the flame long since kindled in 
 that province. The celebrated Dr. Franklin, deputy 
 post master general of America, and agent of the 
 house of representatives in Boston, had by some un- 
 known means when in London, acquired possession 
 of certain letters, written in confidence, by governor 
 Hutchinson, and lieutenant governor Oliver, to some 
 of their friends and correspondents in England, in 
 which they expressed themselves very freely on the 
 situation of affairs in America, and their sentiments 
 were such as might reasonably be expected from their 
 local situation: they saw that eloquent orators, were 
 successfully etnployed to preserve the remembrance of 
 every disagreeable occurrence which had happened be- 
 tween the soldiers and the inhabitants. In those in- 
 
 * Afterwards member of the American Gongress. 
 
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 13 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 fiammatory addresses, the blessings of liberty ; the JiQf- 
 rors of slavery ; the danger's of a standing army ; the 
 rights of the colonies; and a variety of such topics 
 were presented to th? public -^vii^w, under the most 
 pleasing and alarming forms r these addresses admini-> 
 stered fuel to the fire already kindled^ and kept it 
 burning with an incessant flame.* The governor ^nd 
 lieutenant governor were men very respectjibJe in their 
 private character, and yiewing these transactions pass- 
 ing before them, in their zeal for the re-establr:.h- 
 ment of order and tranquillity, they recommended th?t 
 government should adopt more vigorous measures in 
 support of its authority, which they beheld every day 
 more and more disregarded. 
 
 Those letters were, by a licence which cannot be 
 justified, even though prompted by motives the mast 
 patriotic, transmitted by Dr. Franklin to his friends 
 at Boston, upon whom they m^de an impression m4|ch 
 easier to conceive than to describe. 
 
 The assembly of Boston, thrown into a violent flame 
 by the reading of those letters, unanimously resolved 
 to petition the king to remove general Hutchinsop 
 and the lieutenant governor Ojiiv^r, for ever from th^ 
 governuicnt of the province. 
 
 The petition l?eing transmitted to thp agept of the 
 assembly, Dr. Franklin, was by him delivered to lord 
 Dartmouth : and on its being presented to the king, 
 his niajesty signified his pleasure that it should be 
 laid before him in council. Dr. Franklin was sum- 
 moned in his ofHcial capacity as agent of the province 
 
 * These extravagant and exaggerated addnsses are a most 
 striking evidence of that diseased and dangerous state of the 
 public uiiiul, which could prompt '^^hese eJiTusions of enthusiastic 
 zeal, by which a resentment, scarcely short of phrenzy, wa« 
 excited throughout Aiutrica. All seemsd to feel the influence 
 of " the madding houy," 
 
 in support 
 
 lord' Lougl 
 
 appearing j 
 
 said Mr. "W 
 
 ffiover and 
 
 against his 
 
 the help 
 
 leaders, fin 
 
 on ])is own 
 
 your lordsh 
 
 of his own 
 
 possession c 
 
 tery for Dr, 
 
 the train of i 
 
 After the} 
 
 their full op 
 
 it is impossi 
 
 the coolest a 
 
 what poetic 
 
 a cruel Afri 
 
 cribed from 
 
 Zanga. 
 
 And he nc 
 up in impen( 
 his majesty's 
 expects that 
 them on acci 
 
 * In conseqt 
 was fought be! 
 dent of the tw 
 mutually suspe 
 munication of i 
 dangerously wc 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 the 
 ord 
 
 IlflOSt 
 
 the 
 iastic 
 
 was 
 lence 
 
 10 
 
 in support of the petition, Mr. Wedderburn, afterwards 
 lord' Loughborough, and chancellor of Great Britain, 
 appearing as council for the defendants. " Dr. Franklin," 
 said Mr. Wedderburn, " stands in the light of the Jirst 
 mover and prime conductor of this whole contrivance 
 against his majesty's two governors: and having by 
 the help of his own special confidents and party 
 leaders, first made the assembly his agent, in carrying 
 on his own secret designs, he now appears before 
 your lordships to give the finishing stroke to the work 
 of his own hands. How these letters came into the 
 possession of any one but the right owners, is a mys- 
 tery for Dr. Franklin to explain. Your lordships know 
 the train of mischiefs which followed the concealment.'^ 
 
 After they had been left for five months to have 
 their full operation, at length comes out a letter, which 
 it is impossible to read without horror, expressive of 
 the cootest and most deliberate malevolence. My lords, 
 what poetic fiction only had penned for the breast of 
 a cruel African, Dr. Franklin has realized and trans- 
 cribed from his own — His, too, is the language of a 
 Zanga. 
 
 -Know theh 'twas T, 
 
 I forged the letter, I disposed the picture : 
 X hated, I despised, and I destroy. 
 
 And he now appears before your lordships, wrapped 
 up in impenetrable secrecy, to support a charge against 
 his majesty's governor and lieutenant governor, and 
 expects that your lordships should advise punishing' 
 them on account of certain letters which lie will not 
 
 * In consequence of the transmissibu of these letters, a duel 
 was fought between Mr. Wheatly, brother to the correspon- 
 dent of the two governors, and his friend Mr. Temple, who 
 mutuaMy suspected each other of being accessary to the com- 
 munication of them, and in this rencounter Mr. Wheatly was 
 dangerously wounded. 
 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 produce, and which he dares not tell how he obtatned. 
 These are the lessons taught in Dr. Franklin's school 
 of politics.* With regard to his constituents, the fac 
 tious leaders at Boston, who make this complaint against 
 their governors, if the relating of their evil doings 
 be criminal, and"^ tending to alienate his majesty's affec- 
 tions, must not the doing of them be more so ? Yet now 
 they ask that his majesty will gratify and reward them 
 Tor doing these things, and that he will punish the 
 governoiM for relating them, because they are so very 
 bad, that it cannot but offend his majesty to hear of 
 them." 
 
 The disputes between Great Britain and her colo- 
 nies had now existed above ten years, with intervals 
 of tranquillity. The reservation of the duty on tea, 
 the stationing a standing army in Massachusetts, the 
 continuance of a board of commissioners in Boston, and 
 the appointing the governors and judges of the province 
 independent of the people, were the causes of that irri- 
 tation which pervaded all ranks of the community. 
 
 The American controversy was now recommenced, 
 in consequence of tea being sent to the colonies by 
 the East India company. The Americans took mea- 
 sures to prevent the landing of' the tea. An universal 
 spirit of opposition animated the colonists from New 
 Hampshire to Georgia ; and the province of Massa- 
 chusetts distinguished itself by the most violent and 
 
 * Dr. Franklin was one of the first who employed his pen in 
 the cause of America. Two pieces of his had about this time 
 attracted a large share of public attention, and had an extensive 
 influence in America. The one purported to be an edict from 
 the King of Prussia, for taxing the inhabitants of Great Britain, 
 as descendants of emigrants from his dominions^ The other was 
 entitled ''Rules for reducing a great empire to a small one." In 
 both of these he endeavoured to expose the claims of Great Bri- 
 tain, and the proceedings of the British ministry with the seve- 
 rity of pungent satire. These publications had a tendency of 
 ^ intlaming th^ Americans more and more against the mother 
 country. 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 <1 
 
 • liv'l- 
 
 decisive proceedings. Three ships from England, 
 freighted with tea, lay in the harbour of Boston ; 
 and the townsmen resolved to destroy it rather than 
 suffer it to be landed. For this purpose a number 
 of men disguised like Mohawk Indians, on the 18th 
 December, 1773, ehtered the ships, and threw overboard 
 three hundred and forty-two chests of tea, being the 
 whole of their cargoes. 
 
 The British government finding themselves every 
 where insulted and despised, resolved to enforce their 
 authority, and as Boston had been the principal scene 
 of outrage, it was determined to punish that town in an 
 exemplary manner. On the 25th of March 1774, an 
 act was passed, called the Boston Port Bill, ** to dis- 
 continue the landing and discharging, lading and ship- 
 ping, of goods, wares, and merchandizes, at the town 
 of Boston or within the harbour." 
 
 The news of the bill was received by the Bos- 
 tonians with the most extravagant tokens of resentment, 
 and during the ferment the new Governor, General 
 Gage, arrived from England. This gentleman had been 
 appointed on account of his being an officer of re- 
 putation, and a man esteemed by the Americans, among 
 whom he had resided many years. 
 
 The first official act of his government was the re- 
 moval of the assembly to Salem, a town seventeen 
 miles distant from Boston. 
 
 Virginia again took the lead in a public avowal 
 of its sentiments, and recommended to the colonies 
 to appoint a congress of delegates, to deliberate on 
 the critical state of their affairs. 
 
 Mean while the Bostonians were not inactive. They 
 framed an agreement, which they called a solemn 
 league and covenant j by which the subscribers engaged 
 in the most sacred manner, ** to discontinue all couu 
 mercial intercourse with Great Britain till the late ob- 
 
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 JOUft^JAL OP tHE 
 
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 noxious acts were repealed, and the colony of yttnt- 
 sacbusetts restored to its chartered rights. ResolUtlont 
 of a simiiar nature wero entel^ into by the otbdi' prd^ 
 vinces, and when generdi Gage atteritpted to countlsract 
 the covenant by a- proclamation, the Americans i^torted 
 by insisting that the law allowed subjects to associate, in 
 order to obtain redress of their grievance^. 
 
 Within little more than a month after the news' of the 
 Boston Port' Bill reached America, it Was communicated 
 from state to sate ; and a flame of discontent' t^as kindled' 
 in almost evety breast, through the widely extended prow 
 vinces. 
 
 His majesty's armted schooner, the Gaipee, having' 
 been stationed in Khode Island to prevent tbe smuggling, 
 fbr which that place was notorious, the vigilance of the' 
 officer who commanded that vessel, so enraged the peo- 
 ple, that they boarded her at midnight, to the number of 
 two* hundred armed men, afid after wound i if g him, and 
 forcing him and bis people to go on shore, cohclodbd this 
 daring exploit by burrfing the schoofler. Tfabugb a reward 
 of five hundred pounds,' together with a pardon, if claim- 
 ed by an accomplice, wns' orflTered by a proclamation for 
 the discovering and apprehending any of 'the persons con- 
 cerned in the atrocious act, no effectual discovery could 
 be- made. 
 
 In the month of September 1774^ the genef^l cbngress 
 of all the colonies met at Philadelphra. That body con- 
 sisted of fifty-one delegates, chosen by the represen- 
 tatives of each province. 
 
 On the meeting of this congress, they chose Peyton 
 Randolph their president, and Charles Thompson their 
 secretary. The first act of congress was their approba- 
 tion of the conduct of the fiostonians, and an exhortation 
 to them to persevere in their opposition to government 
 till the restoration of their charter. They avowed' their 
 allegiance to his Majesty, and drew up a petition in which 
 
 they ent 
 safety, 
 uoanimit 
 that aqoti 
 J 0th of 
 redressed 
 nominatio 
 ** To reli 
 ral collec 
 forwarded 
 Domestic 
 of the in] 
 be dimini 
 a large mi 
 terminatio 
 The tei 
 were now 
 names of 
 wer«i for n 
 porting th 
 tbjs Briti& 
 demned tl 
 couotrymi 
 - Mean w 
 Boston, w 
 a degree, 
 warning, 
 into susp\ 
 sQon ende( 
 Qusly to 
 . militia. 
 t,ed the eai 
 the youn 
 martial sp 
 but tlie pii 
 ^alls, and 
 
• I 
 
 AMERICAN WAtt. 
 
 ai 
 
 they eatreatad him to grant them peace, liberty, andt 
 safety. After several resolutions tending to recommend 
 unanimity to the provinces, and after having resolved 
 that another congress should meet in Philadelphia, on the 
 J 0th of May following, if their grievances should not \m 
 redressed, they secemmended to the people the speedy 
 nomination of new delegates, and then separated. 
 
 To relieve the distresses of the people of Boston, libe- 
 ral collections wore made throughout the cc^onies, and 
 forwarded for the supply of their immediate distresses. 
 Domestic manufactures were encouraged, that the wants 
 of the inhabitants from the non importation act might 
 be diminished, and the greatest zeal was discovered by 
 a large majority of the people, to comply with the de- 
 terminations of the new made congress. 
 
 The terms Whigs and Tories, for want of a better, 
 were now introduced in America, as the distingutehing 
 names of parties. By the former were meant those who 
 wec<i for making a common cause with Boston, and sup- 
 porting the colonies in their oppositions to the claims of 
 the British government. By the latter, those who con- 
 demned, the turbulent and unwarrantable conduct of their 
 countrymen, particularly in the late riots of Boston. 
 . Mean while reinforcements of Britit>h troops arrived ia 
 Boston, which increased the general disaffection to such 
 a degree, that the people were ready-to rise at a moment*a 
 ^varning. From inconsiderable causes love was changed 
 into suspicion, that gradually ripened into ill will, and 
 sQon ended in hostility. The Americans now began seri^ 
 qusly to prepare for war, embodied and trained their 
 militia. The sound of drums and fifes every where salu- 
 ted the ear. Parents and children, husbands and lovers, 
 the young and the old, were possessed of the same 
 martial spirit. Nothing was to be seen or heard of, 
 but tlie purchasing of arms and ammunition, casting of 
 balls, and the making of all those preparations, which 
 
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 JOURNAt OP THB 
 
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 testify the mo&t immediate clanger and determined re- 
 sistance ; and to render themselves independent of 
 foreigners for the supply of military stores, they erected 
 mills and manufactures for gunpowder, both in Phi- 
 ladelphia and Virginia. 
 
 These hostile preparations which were daily made 
 through the province, induced General Gage to fortify 
 that neck of land which joins Boston to the main land 
 at Roxbury. 
 
 He also seized upon the powder which was lodged in 
 the arsenals at Cambridge and Charlestovvn. This excited 
 a most violent and universal ferment ; several thousands 
 of people assembled at Cambridge, and it was with diffi- 
 culty they were restrained from marching directly to 
 Boston, to demand a delivery of the powder, with a reso- 
 lution in case of a refusal to attack the British troops. 
 
 Thw people thus assembled, proceeded to lieutenant 
 governor 01iver*s house, and to the houses of several of 
 the new counsellors, and obliged them to resign, and to 
 declare that they would no more act under the laws 
 lately enacted. In less than tweaty-four hours there were 
 upwards of thirty thousand men in arms, ,who marched 
 towards Boston. Other risings of the people took 
 place in different parts of the country, and their vio- 
 lence Vas such, that in a short time the new counsellors, 
 the commissioners of the customs, and all who had 
 taken an active part in favor of Great Britain, were 
 obliged to screen themselves in Boston. Even in 
 Boston itself the company ' of cadets, consisting wholly 
 of gentlemen who used to attend the governor^ 
 disbanded themselves, and returned the' standai'd 
 he had, (as was the custom,) presented them with 
 on his accession to the government. This was 
 occasioned by his having deprived the celebrated John 
 Hancock, afterwards president of the congress^ of his 
 commission as colonel of the cadets. 
 
 About tl 
 inhabitants 
 of this, w 
 late acts < 
 indemnify 
 ■AH ranks 
 the use o 
 venues we 
 but retain 
 should be 
 of it othi 
 
 The aw 
 volve Gre 
 of a civil 
 gross of ^ 
 tary insti 
 were estal 
 was that ol 
 and exped 
 were to b 
 warning, 
 their title 
 Pomeroy, 
 minute m( 
 
 Matters 
 of recon 
 American 
 on the I 
 governme 
 Rhode h 
 pieces o 
 place ; ai 
 they repl 
 should be 
 assembly 
 storey shi 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 25 
 
 About this time a meeting was held of the principal 
 inhabitants of the towns adjacent to Boston. The purport 
 of this, was publickly to renounce all obedience to the 
 late acts of parliament, and to form an engagement to 
 indemnify such as should be prosecuted on thitt account. 
 All ranks and degrees of men were exhorted to learn 
 the use of arms, and the receivers of the public re- 
 venues were ordered not to deliver it into the treasury, 
 but retain it in their own hands, till the constitution 
 should be restored, or a provincial congress dispose 
 of it otherwise. ^ 
 
 The awful moment now approached which was to in- 
 volve Great Britain and her colonies in all the horrors 
 of a civil war. In February, 1775, the provincial con- 
 gress of Massachusetts met at Cambridge, several mili- 
 tary institutions for the protection of the province 
 were established, among the most remarkable of which 
 was that of the minute men. A number of the most active 
 and expert of the New England militia were selected, who 
 were to be under obligations to turn out at a minute's 
 warning, from which perpetual vigilance they derived 
 their title. Jedediah Pribble, Artemus Ward, and Seth 
 Pomeroy, were elected general officers to command those 
 minute men, in case they should be called out to action. 
 
 Matters had now proceeded so' far, that every idea 
 of reconciliation with Great Britaii^ was lost. The 
 Americans, therefore, without ceremon}', began to seize 
 on the military stores and ammunition belonging to 
 government. They first commenced at New Port, in 
 Rhode Island, where the inhabitants earned off forty 
 pieces of cannon, appointed for the protection of that 
 place ; and on being asked the reason of this proceedino-, 
 they replied that the people had seized them lest they 
 should be made use of against themselves. After this, the 
 assembly met, and resolved that ammunition and warlike 
 «tore^ should be purchased with the public money, 
 
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 JOURNAL OF TIJE 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Hkirmish at Lexington. Battle of Bunker's IlilL 
 IVashingtoji appointed Commander in Chief of the 
 American Army, Sketch of his Life. His Birth 
 and Education. Appointed Adjutant General of the 
 Virginia Militia. Defeated b\) the French. Aid-de~ 
 Camp to General Braddock. Covers the Retreat 
 of the British Army. Appointed Commander of the 
 Provincial Troaps in Virginia. Marries. Settles at 
 Mount Vernon. Appointed a Magistrate, a Member 
 
 ^^' of the Assembly y and a Judge of the Court of 
 Virginia. 
 
 I!. «^;'l; 
 
 :i \: 
 
 I 
 
 OeNERAL Gage having been informed that a large 
 quantity of military stores were collected at Concord, 
 about twenty miles from Boston, scntadctachmentto that 
 place, under the command of colonel Smith and major 
 Pitcairn ; the general wished to prevent hostilities by 
 "liepriving the Americans of the means necessary for 
 carrying on war. With this view he determined to 
 destroy the stores, which he kneW were collected for 
 the support of a provincial army. Wishing to accom> 
 plish this without bloodshed, he took every precaution 
 to effect it by surprise, and without alarming the 
 country. On the 18th of April, 1775, at eleven o'clock 
 at night, the flank companies embarked at the common, 
 landed at Phipps's farm, and proceeded with the utmost 
 silence; every person they met was secured, in order 
 to prevent the country from being alarmed ; but not- 
 withstaqding the#e precautions, they soon found, hy 
 
AMKRIOAN WAR. 
 
 27 
 
 the continual firing of guns u»)d ringing of bells, that 
 they were discovered by the miiiiiie nnen. About five 
 o'clock the next morning the British troops had reached 
 Lexington, fifteen miles from Boston: here the jiulitia 
 and minute men were assembled on the green in order 
 to oppose the British troops. Major Pitcairn, who com- 
 manded the advance guard, rode forward, and called 
 out to them to disperse, but they still continued in 
 a body. 
 
 At this moment some shots were fired at the British 
 troops, from a house in that neighbourhood. The ad- 
 vance guard, finding they were fired upon, returned 
 the fire, and three or four of the militia were killed 
 on the green. The troops then proceeded to Concord, 
 where they destroyed the stores, and engaged in a 
 skirmish with the provincials, in which many wer^ 
 killed on both sides. 
 
 In the return of the British troops from Concord to 
 Lexington, a s]iace of six miles, they were pursued 
 with the utmost fury by the Americans, who fired at 
 them from behind stone walls, high enough to cover 
 the assailants from the fire of men who were marching 
 with the greatest expedition. At Lexington, the British 
 troops were joined by a detachment under Lord Percy, 
 \lf\th two field pieces. As tiie cannon were managed 
 with the greatest skill and activity, they awed the 
 Americans, and kept them at a greater distance, but 
 they continued a constant, though irregular and scat- 
 tered fire. The close firing from behind the walls, 
 by good marksmen, galled the British troops very 
 much. A little after sun set the royal army reached 
 Bunker's hill, worn down with excessive fitigue, having 
 marched that day near forty miles. On the next day 
 they crossed Charlestown ferry, and returned to Boston. 
 The British had sixty-five killed, and one hundred 
 and eighty wounded. Among the latter were colonel 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 Smith and several other British officers. The Americans 
 had fifty killed and thirty-eight wounded. 
 
 By the nearest calculation that can be made, there 
 were from one thousand eight hundred to two thousand 
 troops on this service, being about half the force that was 
 then stationed at Boston. The event sufficiently showed 
 how ill informed those were who had so often asserted at 
 home, that a regiment or two could force their way 
 through any part of the continent, and that the very 
 sight of a grenadier's cap, would be sufficient to put an 
 American army to Bight. 
 
 This affair at Lexington animated the courage of 
 the Americans to the highest degree, insomuch that 
 ii) a few days their army amounted to twenty thou- 
 sand men. This formidable body of troops were joined 
 by a corps from Connecticut, under general Putnam, 
 a veteran officer. The Americans now completely 
 blockaded the town of Boston, which however was so 
 strongly fortified by general Gage, that they did not 
 venture to attack it. Meanwhile congress met at Phi- 
 ladelphia, on the 10th of May, 1775, and John Hancock 
 was unanimously elected president.* 
 
 About the latter end of May, reinforcements of British 
 troops from England arrived at Boston, under the com- 
 mand of generals Howe, Burgoync, and Clinton, whose 
 services in the preceding war had gained them ^reat 
 reputation. The town of Boston stands on a peninsula. 
 
 * Tliis gentleman was born in the province of Massachusetts 
 Bay, la which he enjoyed a very considerable fortune. From 
 the first disturbance in America about the Stamp Act, he took 
 a very active part in defence of what he considered to be the 
 rights and liberties of his native country. Most of the addresses 
 sent from America to England, originated from his pen. He 
 was then in his thirty-eighth year, and was married to one of the 
 nuist beautiful and accomplished ladies in America, who brought 
 him a Ttry considerable addition to his paternal fortune. 
 
 dividec 
 of the 
 town, 1 
 comma! 
 of the 
 this pi 
 lence, 
 pleated 
 tended 1 
 British, 
 nonade 
 the cam 
 The An 
 they coi 
 of infan 
 compani( 
 and the 
 proper a 
 sand me 
 under th( 
 general 
 the lines 
 troops ai 
 but on 
 received 
 that pou 
 torrent, 
 that som 
 it was th( 
 Howe, w 
 occasion, 
 greatest 
 near his 
 coolness, 
 sion cam 
 all the 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 2i 
 
 divided from Charlestown, by a river about tbe breadth 
 of the Thames, at London bridge. Eastward of Charles- 
 town, there is an eminence called Bunker's Hill, which 
 commands the whole town of Boston. In the night 
 of the 16th of June, the Americans took possession of 
 this place, and worked with such diligence and si- 
 lence, that before the dawn they had nearly com- 
 pleated a redoubt and strong entrenchment, which ex- 
 tended half a mile. When they were discovered by the 
 British, troops, they were plied with an incessant can- 
 nonade from the ships and floating batteries, besides 
 the cannon that could reach the place from Boston. 
 The Americans however continued their work, which 
 they completed about noon, when a considerable body 
 of infantry, consisting of one battalion of marines, ten 
 companies of grenadiers, as many of light infantry, 
 and the 5th, 38th, 43d, 47th, and 52d battalions, with 
 proper artillery, amounting in the whole to two thou- 
 sand men, were landed at the foot of Bunker's hill, 
 under the command of major general Howe, and brigadier 
 general Pigot, the former being appointed to attack 
 the lines, and tbe latter the redoubt. The British 
 troops ascended the hill with the greatest intrepidity, 
 but on their approach to the entrenchments, they were 
 received with a discharge of cannon and musquetry, 
 that poured down a full half hour upon them like a 
 torrent. The execution it did was terrible, insomuch, 
 that some of the oldest ofRcers and soldiers, declared 
 it was the hottest service they had ever seen. General 
 Howe, whose fortitude was remarkable on this trying 
 occasion, stood for a few moments almost alone, the 
 greatest part of the officers and soldiers, who stoo<l 
 near his person, being either killed or wounded. His 
 coolness, firmness, and presence of mind, on this occa. 
 sion cannot be too much applauded. It fully answered 
 all the ideas, so generally entertained of the courage 
 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 of his family.* While these operations were going on 
 at the breast work and redoubt, the British light in- 
 fantry, commanded by general Pigot, was engaged with 
 the Americans on the left, in order that they might 
 take their line in flank. 
 
 Though they exhibited the most undaunted cou- 
 rage, they met with au^ opposition which called for 
 its greatest exertions. The Americans here reserved their 
 
 D 
 
 * About seventeen years before this, general Howe's brother 
 was killed before the French lines at Ticonderoga. This gallant 
 officer, colonel Howe, from the moment he landed in America, 
 had conformed, and made his regiment conform to the kind of 
 service which the country required. He did not suffer any 
 under his command to encumber themselves with superfluous 
 baggage ; he himself set the example and shared like a common 
 soldier. The first to encounter danger, to endure hunger, to 
 support fatigue. Rigid in his discipline, but easy in his man- 
 ners, his officers and soldiers readily obeyed the commander, 
 because they loved the man. General Abercrombie under 
 whose command he acted, in writing his dispatches to govern- 
 ment, says : " But this success cost us very dear, not as to the 
 loss of numbers, for we had only two officers killed, but as to 
 consequence, bis lordship (colonel Howe) being the first man 
 that fell ; and as he was very deservedly, universally beloved 
 and respected throughout the whole army, it is easy to con- 
 ceive the grief and consternation his untimely fall occasioned ; 
 for my part, I cannot help owning that I feel it most heavily, 
 and lament him as sincerely." 
 
 Soon after the news of Lord Howe's death arrived in England, 
 the following advertisement appeared in the public papers : 
 
 " To the Gentlemen, Clergy, Freeholders, ifc. of the Town and 
 County of Nottingham. 
 
 '* As Lord Howe is now absent upon the public service, and 
 lieutenant-colonel Howe is with his regiment at Louisbourg, 
 it rests upon me to beg the favour of your votes and interest, 
 that lieutenant-colonel Howe may supply the place Of his late 
 brother, as your representative in parliament. 
 
 Permit me, therefore, to implore the protection of every one 
 of you, as the mother of him whose life has been lost in the 
 «ervice of his country. 
 
 Albemarle-street, " Charlotte Howk." 
 
 September li; 1758. -;. ^j, .^, 
 
 An application worthy of a Roman matron. 
 
 fire till t 
 upon the 
 in so tr 
 threw on 
 general^ 
 engagem 
 almost in 
 charge : 
 that the 
 leads to < 
 annoyed 
 set it 01 
 consistinff 
 of wood, 
 the raeetin* 
 rest, and ! 
 holders wit 
 sands both 
 spectators 
 the heights 
 and such o 
 
 It was 
 British troo{ 
 and mar^h 
 bridge. Th 
 into Cambri 
 period, have 
 advantages, 
 such a con 
 discouraged 
 and dispersic 
 vanced no f; 
 threw up wor 
 did the same, 
 W'ere guardin 
 condition to rd 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 9i 
 
 fire till the British troops were near, and then poured it 
 upon the light infantry, with such an incessant stream, and 
 in so true a direction, as mowed down their ranks, and 
 threw our troops into disorder. At this critical moment 
 general CHnton, who arrived from Boston during the 
 engagement, by a happy manoeuvre rallied the troops 
 almost instantaneously, and brought them again to the 
 charge : the works were now attacked with such fury, 
 that the Americans were driven beyond the Neck that 
 leads to Charlestown. The British troops having been 
 annoyed by the enemy from the houses of that town, 
 set it on fire, and in a short time the whole, 
 consisting of about five hundred buildings, ''Hiefly 
 of wood, was in one great blaze. The lofty steejde of 
 the meeting-house formed a pyramid of fire, above the 
 rest, and struck the astonished eyes of numerous be^ 
 holders with a magnificent but dreadful spectacle ; thou- 
 sands both within and without Boston were anxious 
 spectators of this awful scene. In the town of Boston 
 the heights of every kind were covered with citizens, 
 and such of the British troops as were not on duty. 
 
 It was greatly dreaded by the Americans that the 
 British troops would push the advantage they had gained, 
 and march immediately to their head-quarters at Cam* 
 bridge. The immediate advance of the king's troops 
 into Cambridge, would, undoubtedly, at this critical 
 period, have been productive of various and important 
 advantages. The appearance of the royal forces, after 
 such a contest would have animated their friends, 
 discouraged their enemies, and continued the confusion, 
 and dispersion of the American army. But they ad- 
 vanced no farther than Bunker's Hill. There they 
 threw up works for their own security. The provincials 
 did the same, on Prospect Hill, in front of them. Both 
 were guarding against an attack, and both were in a bad 
 condition to receive one. 
 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 In this short engagement the carnage was very great, 
 in proportion to the number of trcops. The loss of the 
 British army amounted in killed and wounded to one 
 thousand and fifty-four, including eighty-nine officers. 
 The battle of Quebec, in 1759, which gave Great 
 Britain the province of Canada, was not so destructive 
 to British officers as the battle of Bunker's Hill. That 
 the officers suffered so much, must be imputed to their 
 being aimed at. The generality of the Americans were 
 good marksmen ; the whole of their previous military 
 knowledge had been derived from hunting, and the 
 ordinary amusements of sportsmen. The dexterity 
 which by long habit they had acquired in hitting beasts, 
 birds, and marks, was fatally applied to the destruction 
 of our officers. From their fall much confusion was 
 expected , they were, therefore, particularly singled 
 jout. ..>! ,>.**.....* ^ 
 
 .. Among those who were more generaMy regretted 
 upon this occasion were lieutenant colonel Abercrombie, 
 and major Pitcairn of the marines, majors Williams and 
 Spendlove, the last of whom died of his wounds some time 
 after the action. These brave officers sealed their lives 
 with such distinguished honour as to render their loss the 
 more sensibly felt. There was scarcely a single officer 
 who had not some opportunity of signalizing himself ; 
 the generals and field officers used the mpst extraordinary 
 exertions. 
 
 According to the American account their loss did not 
 exceed five hundred men, beside all their cannon. 
 
 This disparity of numbers may be accounted for, by 
 their having fought behind intrenchments, whicn shel- 
 tered them from the fire of the British troops, and 
 whence their marksmen could take aim with precision. 
 : • Our troops justly claimed this dear bought victory- 
 The spirited conduct of the British officers merited and 
 obtained great applause. On the American side, they 
 
 particuli 
 Conside 
 had beer 
 behaved 
 means m 
 they wei 
 
 *Thef( 
 wife ill E 
 
 " Yester 
 
 many wer 
 
 two balls, 
 
 i am now i 
 
 dictate the! 
 
 love to yoi 
 
 be the utm 
 
 presage tha 
 
 again on tl 
 
 "During 
 
 wp to read t 
 
 of. The A 
 
 my heart to 
 
 at the same 
 
 ment a con 
 
 quired afler 
 
 He was plea: 
 
 giving his «] 
 
 condescende] 
 
 the nature 
 
 of heart at 
 
 and, under 
 
 with. 
 
 " Soon aj 
 my soul, q 
 through the] 
 the world wl 
 yea, burn, 
 in Christ J| 
 been with 
 price. As 
 jet me impos, 
 if ever I wl 
 the last advl 
 give yoursei 
 and be ofler 
 
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AMERICAN WAB. 
 
 / •;* 
 
 3a 
 
 t )i 
 
 particularly regretted the death of General Warren. 
 Considering, however, that this was the first time they 
 had been in actual service, it must be owned that they 
 behaved with great resolution and bravery, and ' y no 
 means merited the appellation of cowards, with which 
 they were so often branded in England.* . 
 
 ■ '( 
 
 * The following letter was written by a British soldier to his 
 wife in England, the day after this memorable battle : 
 
 " Yesterday we had a bloody and obstinate fight, in which 
 many were killed, and numbers wounded. I have received 
 two balls, one in my groin, arid the other near the breast* 
 I am now so weak with the loss of blood, • at I can hardly 
 dictate these few lines, as the last tribute of y unchangeable 
 love to you. The surgeons inform me, that three hoars will 
 be the utmost 1 can survive, Alas, too true was the dire 
 presage that brooded in my mind, that we should never meet 
 again on this side an awtui eternity. 
 
 "During our passage from England to America I gave myself 
 up to read the bible, as it was the only book I was possessed 
 of. The Almighty Parent of mankind was pleased to draw~ 
 my heart to him, by the sweet attraction of bis grace ; and 
 at the same time to enlighten my mind. There was in our regi*. 
 ment a corpora), whose name was Pierce, a pious man ; I in- 
 
 Suired after him, and we soon contracted a strong friendship. 
 [e was pleased to explain to me the amazing love of God, m 
 giving his son Jesus Christ to bleed and die for mankind. He 
 condescended to unfold to me the mystery of salvation by faith, 
 the nature of the new birth, and the great necessity of holiness 
 of heart and life. In short, he became my spiritual father ; 
 and, under God, to him I owe all the good I am acquainted 
 with. 
 
 " Soon after we landed, God was pleased to speak peac6 to 
 my soul. Oh the bliss, the unutterable joy that I then felt 
 through the blood of the Lamb ! How did I long to iA\ aN 
 the world what Jesus had done for me ! But how did I long, 
 yea, burn, to have you to taste and know the love of God 
 in Christ Jesus'. 1 would havs given all the . world to have 
 been with you, to have informed you of the pearl of great 
 price. As we shall never meet more in this vale of tears, 
 let me impose this last, this dying obligation upon you ; and 
 if ever I was dear to you, let me beg of you not to neglect 
 the last advice of your departing husband. It is, that you 
 give yourself up to God, read the Bible, and g,ood books, 
 and be oflen found among them who inquire after salvatioii. 
 
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34 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 I' i) 
 
 *i, 
 
 During these transactions at Boston, congress con- 
 tinued lo act with all the vigour which its constitu- 
 ents had expected. They resolved on the establishment 
 
 I ■§ 
 
 Ami the Lord shall cjuide you in his ways. O endeavour 
 to bring up the dear Tittle ones in the fear of God. Never 
 fix your heart upon the vain and unsubstantial things of 
 the world. Heaven and the love of God are the only 
 things that djmand our hearts, or at least arc worthy of 
 engrossing them. 
 
 " And you, my dear infants, though you have not the perfect 
 knowledge of your worthless father, I beg of you to meet 
 me in the realms of bliss. The God that blessed Jacob 
 and Joseph shall bless you. Seek him and he will be 
 found of you ; . call upon him, and he will hear and bless 
 you. What has the world but sin and sorrow. The rich 
 are oppressed with wealth ; and the poor are groaning for 
 the want of that which the others are burdened with. The 
 men in power are afflicted with holding the reins, and 
 guiding the helm ; and the governed are oppressed with 
 imaginary evils. The life of a soldier is blood and cruelty, 
 and that of a sailor, is filled with dangers and deaths. A 
 city life is full of confusion and strife; and that of the 
 country is loaded with toil and labour. But the evil of all 
 evils, flows from our own sinful nature. Wherever we are, 
 we may be happy ; we have the key to bliss in our own 
 breasts. The world itself never yet made any one happy. 
 God is the bliss and solace of a reasonable soul ; and God 
 is every where, and we have every where access to him. 
 Learn then, my dear children, when you grow up, to seek 
 your permanent happiness in God, through a crucified 
 Redeemer. 
 
 " My dear wife, should the spirits of the departed have 
 ah}' knowledge of things here below, and at the same time, 
 any intercourse with them, (though UQsten,) how sltalt I 
 rejoice to be thy guardian angel, to attend you, and smile 
 to see you combat sin, conquer the world, "and subdue the 
 flesh. How shall 1 smile to meet you on the bright frontiers 
 of heaven. These hands shall weave for you, the wreath 
 triumphant ! 1 first shall hail you welcome to your native 
 mansions ! I first shall guide you to the celestial city, and 
 introduce you among the jubilant throng, who tread the streets 
 of the New Jerusalem. 1 first will lead you to the sacred 
 throne of our God, where we will together bow, transported 
 at the feet of the ever adorable Jesus. Then, then, will 
 we strike our melodious harps of gold, in the most exalted 
 
 ill! 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
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 -n 
 
 of an army, and a large paper currency for its support ; 
 and they nominated a general to the supreme com- 
 mand of their forces. Wasliington was by their 
 unanimous vote appointed commander in chief. 
 
 I hope it will not be esteemed an unnecessary digres- 
 sion, to give some account of the life of this celebrated 
 man. 
 
 In the year 1657, his grandfather together with 
 several relatives, emigrated from England to America, 
 and settled in the colony of Virginia, where by unre- 
 mitting industry, they became opulent and respectable, 
 and gave their name to the parish of Washington, in 
 Westmoreland county. George Washington was born in 
 Chotank, in the above mentioned county, on the lltli 
 February 1732. He received a private education, 
 was initiated in the elements of religion, morality, 
 and science, by a private tutor. In the tenth year 
 of his age, he lost his father, who died in 1742, and 
 the patrimonial estate devolved to ^n elder brother. 
 This young gentleman had been an officer in the 
 colonial troops, sent on the expedition against Cartha- 
 gena. On . his return, he called the family mansion 
 Mount Vernon, in honor of the British admiral of 
 
 strains of harmony and love.^ Then shall our love be con* 
 summated, refined and eternalized ! 
 
 " The world recedes, it disappears 
 Heaven opens on my eyes, my ears 
 With sounds seraphic ring : 
 
 -*r. 
 
 Lend, lend your wings, 1 mount, I fly ! :%,--^..-. 
 Oh! Grave where is thy victory? ' ^ 
 
 Oh Death ! where is thy sting ? " 
 
 " More would T say, but life ebbs out apace, my tongue 
 eeases to perform its office ; bright angels stand round the • 
 gorey turf on which I. lie, ready to escort me to the arms of 
 my Jesus ; bending saints reveal my shining crown, and 
 beckon me away : yea, metbinks, my Jesus bids me come. 
 Adieu ! Adieu ! Dear Love. 
 
 *' John Randon/' 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 that name, and destined his brother George to serve 
 In the navy. 
 
 Accordingly, in his fifteenth year, young Washing- 
 ; ton was entered as midshipman on board a British 
 frigate, stationed on the coast of Virginia ; he prepared 
 to embark with all the alacrity of youth, but his nau- 
 ' • tical career was stopped by the interposition of maternal 
 lave. Ever obedient to an affectionate mother, young 
 Washington relinquished his desire of going to sea ; 
 the energies of his mind were to be exerted on a more 
 stable element. 
 
 He remained at home during four subsequent years, 
 employed in useful and elegant studies with a pleas- 
 ing alternation of business; and in the delightful fields 
 and groves of Mount Vernon, he gradually attained a 
 hnovvledge of agriculture. Bural avocations appear to 
 have been his delight, at this early period of life ; yet 
 ^ he afterwards convinced the world, that martial ardour 
 animates the breast of the husbandman. ' v , 
 
 In the year 1751,' he was appointed adjutant general 
 of tiie Virginia militia ; and in consequence of the 
 death of his brother, the family mansion of Mount 
 Vernon, together with a large estate, came into his 
 possession. At this time the extensive boundaries and 
 increasing population of the colony, made it expedient 
 to form the militia corpse into three divisions, and Wash- 
 ington in his twentieth year was appointed Major. He 
 attended to his duty as an officer, with exemplary pro- 
 priety and vigilance j was indefatigable in the discipline 
 of the troops; and generally beloved,^ both by the officers 
 and privates, for his mildness and generosity. 
 
 In the year 1753, the encroachments of the French 
 upon the western boundaries of the British colonies, 
 excited a general alarm in Virginia, insomuch that 
 governor Dinwiddie deputed Washington to ascertain 
 the truth of those rumours ; he was also empowered 
 
 to enter 
 
 strate wi 
 
 ceedings, 
 
 more ths 
 
 rout led 
 
 Indians. 
 
 severe se 
 
 Winchest 
 
 on his fa 
 
 message, 
 
 and clain 
 
 his mastei 
 
 seize, an 
 
 Englishma 
 
 or any of 
 
 returned, 
 
 materials t( 
 
 and Monoi 
 
 »vork, the 
 
 of the coa 
 
 the same sj 
 
 schemes'of 
 
 in England 
 
 the disapj 
 
 instruct th( 
 
 CToachments 
 
 Virginia. ] 
 
 tary establi 
 
 new regime 
 
 the college, 
 
 lieutenant < 
 
 regiment wi 
 
 Washington, 
 
 discipline of 
 
 of provision 
 
 to the frontic 
 
I »i 
 
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 I • 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 sr 
 
 to enter into a treaty with the Indians, and to rennon- 
 strate with the French, on the injustice of their pro- 
 ceedings. The distance to the French settlement was 
 more than four hundred miles, and one half of the 
 rout led through a wilderness, inhabited only by 
 IndiaDs. He, nevertheless, set out in an uncofinmonly 
 severe season, attended only by one companion. From 
 Winchester he proceeded on foot, with his provisions 
 on his back. When he arrived and delivered his 
 message, the French commandant refused to comply., 
 and claimed the country as belonging to the king, 
 his master, and declared that he should continue to 
 seize, and send as prisoners to Canada, every 
 Englishman that should attempt to trade on the Ohio^ 
 or any of its branches. Before major Washington 
 returned, the Virginians had sent out workmen and 
 materials to erect a fort at the conflux of the Ohio, 
 and Monongahela. While they were engaged In this 
 work, the French came upon them, drove them out 
 of the country, and erected a regular fortification on 
 the same spot. These spirited proceedings overset the 
 schemes'of the Ohio company^ but its members, both 
 in England and America, were too powerful to brook 
 the disappointment. It was therefore resolved to 
 instruct the colonies to oppose with arms the en- 
 croachments of the Ffench, on the frontiers of 
 Virginia. It was now necessary to increase the miIi-< 
 tary establishment ; and early in the spring, 1154, a 
 new regiment was raised, of which Professor Fry, of 
 the college, was appointed colonel, and Washington, 
 lieutenant colonel. Mr. Fry died soon after the 
 regiment was embodied, and was succeeded by 
 Washington, who paid unremitting attention to the 
 discipline of this new corps. He established magazines 
 of provisions and ammunition, and opened the roads 
 to the frontiers in order to pre-occupy that important 
 
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JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 it- 
 
 post, at the confluence of the Monongahela and 
 Allegany rivers. His reginnent was to have been rein- 
 forced by a detachment of regulars, from the southern 
 colonies, and a corps of provincials from North 
 Carolina and Maryland ; but impelled by the urgency 
 of the occasion, he proceeded without the expected 
 succours in the month of May. When he ascended 
 the Laurel Hills, fifty miles distant from the place of 
 destination, his scouts brought him intelligence that 
 the enemy were in possession of the posts, and soon 
 afterwards his troops were attacked by a detachment of 
 the French, and after a severe conflict djzfcated, and 
 compelled to lay down their arms. 
 
 The conduct of Washington on this occasion was 
 censurable ; he ought to have waited for the necessary 
 reinforcements, a junction with whom would probably have 
 crowned his enterprise with success. His inexperience, 
 and the active ardour of a youthful mind, may afford 
 some palliation of his imprudence ; but his rashness in 
 this instance was so different from his subsequent pru- 
 dence, that probably this inauspicious commencement 
 of his military career was the origin of the circum- 
 spection which afterwards marked his conduct in a 
 successful defensive war. 
 
 In the summer of 1754, the French having built 
 several forts within the boundaries of the British set- 
 tlements, an army of veterans was sent from France 
 to support those unjustifiable encroachments. In the 
 following year, general Braddock was sent to America, 
 at the head of two veteran regiments from Ireland, 
 to reduce the forts on the Ohio. On his arrival, he 
 was joined by the independent and provincial corps of 
 America ; but when the army was ready to march, the 
 want of waggons for the conveyance of stores, had almost 
 proved an insurmountable obstacle to the expedition. 
 In this emergency, an active American stepped forward, 
 
 \ , 
 
 ftnd re 
 Benjan 
 tually 
 collectc 
 ^an am| 
 As ir 
 officer, 
 could c 
 but emi] 
 zeal, he 
 an extn 
 Fort du 
 Monongj 
 tacked fc 
 totally d 
 both the 
 able to c 
 tber keej 
 bayonet, 
 fighting, 
 behind th 
 a fatal ai 
 dock in 
 him dea 
 when too 
 to save 
 but unfor 
 him befor 
 duty ohli 
 or wounc 
 Washingt( 
 troops, an 
 vercd the 
 passage o^ 
 Anxious 
 mindful o 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 I) 
 
 and removed the difficulty ; this was the celebrated 
 Benjamin Franklin, he exerted his influence so effec 
 tually with his countrymen, that in a short time he 
 collected one hundred and fifty waggons, which proved 
 an ample supply for the army. 
 
 As in consequence of a military regulation, " no 
 officer, who did not derive his commision from the king, 
 could command one who did," Washington resigned ; 
 but emulous to defend his country with distinguished 
 zeal, he voluntarily served under general Braddock, as 
 an extra aid-de-canip. That general marched against 
 Fort du Quesne ; but soon after he crossed the river 
 Monongahela, the van division of his army was at- 
 tacked by an ambuscade of French and Indians, and 
 totally defeated. The thickness of the woods prevented 
 both the European and provincial troops from being 
 able to defend themselves with effect; they could nei- 
 ther keep their ranks, nor charge the enemy with the 
 bayonet, while the Indians, who were expert at bush 
 fighting, and were widely scattered, fired on them from 
 behind the trees, where they were concealed, and took 
 a fatal aim. Washington had cautioned general Brad- 
 dock in vain ; his violent desire of conquest had made 
 him deaf to the voice of prudence; he saw his error 
 when too late, and bravely perished in his endeavours 
 to save the division from destruction. The gallant, 
 but unfortunate general, had four horses shot under 
 him before he fell, and almost every officer whom 
 duty obliged to be on horseback, was either killed 
 or wounded, except Washington. Amid this carnage^ 
 Washington, with great presence of mind, rallied the 
 troops, and at the head of a corps of grenadiers, co- 
 vered the retreat of the division, and secured their 
 passage over the ford of Monongahela. > J 
 
 Anxious for the preservation of the army, and un- 
 mindful of the fatigues he had undergone, during a 
 
 
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 JfOORKAL OF THE 
 
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 sultrjir day in July, m which he bad scarcely a momeDt 
 of rest, bo hastened to concert meatiarcs with colonel 
 Dunbar, who comnMUided the rear division, which had 
 not been erigaged. Neither the wilderness, through 
 which he was obbged to pass, the innumerable dangers 
 that surrounded 41110 in bis progress, nor his exhausted 
 ■tate, could prevent bim frdkn pursuing the line of his 
 duty. He travelled dmring the night acompanied by 
 two guides, and reached the British camp in safety. 
 Tbui bis perseverance aiul wisdom saved the residue 
 of bis troopK Colonel Dunbar now assuiyed the 
 chief command, and with considerable diiEculty effected 
 a retreat, but was obliged to destroy his baggage, to 
 prevent it from falling iiKo the bands of the enemy. 
 
 Soon after this transaction, the regulation of rank, 
 which hftd been consideved a» a grievance by the colonial 
 officers, was changed in consequence of a spirited 
 femonst'rance from Washington ; and the governor 
 of Virginia, rewarded the services of this brave officer 
 by appointing bim to the command of all the troopa 
 C(f the colony. 
 
 The natural eirergy of his mind was now called 
 into aetion ; -ao^ bis thoughts were continually em- 
 ployed in forming new plans for the protection of the 
 frontiers. In tbe year 17A7, Washington was in Fort 
 Edward, luidei the command of General Webb, when 
 Monsieur Montcalm, the French general, advanced to 
 take Fort William Henry, on Lake George. Washington 
 having heard of the intended attack, and being 
 apprehensive that lieutenant colonel Monro, who com- 
 manded at Fort William Henry, would not be strong 
 enough to resist the French, eagerly interceded with 
 his general to be sent with his regiment to the assis- 
 tance of Monro, but bis services were rejected, and 
 the unfortunate commander forced to make the best 
 terms be could with the French general, who afterward* 
 
 in violati( 
 ted the ] 
 them of 
 of the mi 
 Henry is 
 one of thi 
 " Gent 
 in North 
 Edward, 
 under M. 
 wards Foi 
 about fift( 
 provincial: 
 the relatoi 
 " Tbe 1 
 without foi 
 saw Lake 
 with an i 
 they foun 
 who had 
 and Canai 
 Monro, a 
 had no n 
 With thes 
 would .h.iv 
 had he be 
 tinue his 
 by the Fr( 
 terms, his 
 himself ir 
 attacks Wu 
 thought h 
 be supplie 
 arm}'. 
 
 "But t 
 with his sit 
 
 v. 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 41 
 
 in violation of tlie treaty that had been made, permit- 
 ted the Indian savages to full upon them, and Htrip 
 them of every thing of value.4»Thc following detail 
 of the massacre of the English troops at fort William 
 Henry is thus related by Mr. Carvcri then a captain in 
 one of the provincial regiments. 
 
 " General Webb, who commanded the English army 
 in North America, which was then encamped at Fort 
 Edward, having intelligence that the French troops 
 under M. Montculai were makins some movements to- 
 wards Fort William Henry, he detached a corps of 
 about fifteen hundred men, consisting of English and 
 provincials, to strengthen the garrison." In this party 
 the relator went as a volunteer among the latter. 
 
 ** The apprehensions of the English general were not 
 without foundation ; for the day after their arrival they 
 saw Lake George, to which it lies contiguous, covered 
 with an immense number of boats ; and in a few hours 
 they found their lines attacked by the French general, 
 who had just landed with eleven thousand regular^ 
 and Canadians, and two thousand Indians. Colonel 
 Monro, a brave ofilcer, commanded in the Fort, and 
 had no more than two thousand three hundred men. 
 With these he made a gallant defonce, and probably 
 would have been able at last to preserve the Fort, 
 had he been properly supported, and permitted to con- 
 tinue his efforts. On every summons to surrender sent 
 by the French general, who offered the most reasonable 
 terms, his answer repeatedly was, that he yet found 
 himself in a condition to repel the most vigorous 
 attacks his besiegers were able to make ; and if he 
 thought his present force insufficient, he could soon 
 be supplied with a greater number from the adjacent 
 army. 
 
 *' But the ColoLel having acquainted General Webb 
 ivith his situation, and desired he would send him soms 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 
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 fresh troops, the general dispatched a messenger to him 
 with a letter, wherein he informed him that it was not in his 
 power to assist him, and therefore gave him orders to 
 surrender up the fort on the best t6rms he could procure. 
 This packet fell into the hands of the French general, 
 who immediately sent a flag of truce, desiring a con- 
 ference with the governor. 
 
 " They accordingly met, attended only by a small 
 guard, in the centro^ between the lines. When Mont- 
 calm told the colonel that he was come in person to 
 demand possession of the fort, as it belonged to the 
 king his master, the cclonel replied, that he knew i»ot 
 how that could be ; nor should he surrender it up 
 whilst it was in his power to defend it. The French 
 general rejoined, at the same time delivering the packet 
 into the coloners hand, ** By this authority do I make 
 the requisition." The governor had no sooner read 
 the contents of it, and was convinced that such were 
 the orders of the Commander in Chief, and not to be 
 disobeyed, than he hung his head in silence, and 
 relnctlantly entered into a negociation. ' 
 
 " In consideration of the gallant defence the garrison 
 had made, they were to be permitted to march out with all , 
 the honours of war, to be allowed covered waggons to 
 transport their baggage to Fort Edward, and a guard 
 to protect them from the fury of the savages. 
 
 ** The morning after the capitulation was signed, as 
 soon as day broke, the whole garrison, now consisting 
 of i<boat two thousand men, besides women and chil- 
 dren, were drawn up within the lines, and on the 
 point of marching off, when a great number of the 
 Indians gathered about, and began to plunder. The 
 Biitisli troops at first were in hopes that this was 
 their only view, and suffered them to- proceed without 
 opposition. Indeed it was not in their power to make 
 any, had they been so inclined, for though they were 
 
•! I 
 
 « 
 
 > II 
 
 American war. 
 
 43 
 
 ! i ' . 
 
 permitted to carry off their arms, yet they were not 
 allowed a single round of ammunition. In these hopes, 
 however, they were disappointed, for presently some of 
 them began to attack the sick and wounded, when 
 4uch as were not able to crawl into the ranks, not- 
 withstanding they endeavoured to avert the fivy of 
 their enemies, by their shrieks and groans, were soon 
 dispatched. 
 
 *' Here the English were fully in expectation that 
 the disturbance would have concluded, and their little 
 army began to move, but in a short time they saw 
 the front division driven back, and discovered that 
 they were entirely incircled "by the savages ; they ex- 
 pected every moment that the guard, which the French, 
 by the articles of capitulation had agreed to allow them, 
 would have arrived, and put an end to their appre- . 
 hensions, but none appeared. The Indians now began 
 to strip every one, without exception, of their arms 
 and cloaths, and those who made the least resistance 
 felt the weight of their tomahawks. 
 
 ** Captain Carver happened to be in the rear division,* 
 but it was not long before he shared the fate of his. 
 companions. Three or four of the savages laid hold 
 of him, and whilst some held their weapons over his 
 head, the others soon disrobed him of his coat, 
 waistcoat, hat, and buckles, omitting not to take 
 from him what money he had in his pocket. As this 
 was transacted close by the passage that led from the 
 lines on to the plain, near which a French centinel was 
 nosted, he ran to him and claimed his protection ;l 
 but he only called him an English dog, and thrust 
 him with violence back again into the midst of the 
 Indians. 
 
 *' He now endeavoured to join a body of his owa 
 troops that were crowded together at some distance ; ' 
 but innumerable were ithe blows that were made at him, 
 
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 W 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 with diftcrent weapons as he passed on ; luckily, how- 
 ever, the savages were so close together, that they 
 could not strike at him without endangering each 
 other; notwithstanding which, one of them found means 
 to make a thrust at him with a spear, which grazed 
 his side, and from another he received a wound, with 
 the same kind of weapon, in his ankle. At length 
 he gained the spot where his countrymen stood, and 
 forced himself into the midst of them. But before he 
 got thus far out of the hands of the Indians, the col- 
 lar and wristbands of his shirt were all that remained 
 of it, and his flesh was torn and scratched in many 
 places by their savage gripes. 
 
 " By this time the war hoop was given, and the Indians 
 began to murder those that were nearest to them without 
 distinction. It is not iu the power of v/ords to give any 
 tolerable idea of the horfid scene that now ensued ; men, 
 women, and children, were dispatched in the most wanton 
 and criiel manner, and immediately scalped. Many of 
 these savages drank the blood of their victims, as it 
 flowed warm from the fatal wound. 
 
 ** The English now perceived, though too late to avail 
 them, that they were to expect no relief from the French ; 
 and that, contrary to the agreement they had so lately 
 signed, to allow a sufficient force to protect them from 
 these ynsults, they tacitly permitted them ; for captain 
 Carver could plainly perceive the French officers walking 
 about at some distance, discoursing together with apparent 
 unconcern. An unprejudiced observer would be apt to 
 -conclude, that a body of ten thousand christian troops, 
 most christian troops ! had it in their power to prevent 
 the massacre from becoming so generaL But whatever w&s 
 the cause from which it proceeded the consequences of it 
 were dreadful, and not to be paralleled in modern history. 
 
 "As the circle in which captain Carver stood inclosed, 
 by this time was much thinned, and death seemed to be 
 
 approai 
 
 some oi 
 
 and end 
 
 only pr 
 
 remaine 
 
 and abc 
 
 of them 
 
 "Ins 
 
 fate of 
 
 till some 
 
 seven of 
 
 own hazi 
 
 through 
 
 And he 
 
 recollect 
 
 every ne 
 
 turned, 1 
 
 he passec 
 
 at last twi 
 
 their dres 
 
 of him 
 
 the crou 
 
 "He 
 hut that 
 to satiate 
 they wer 
 lay at sc 
 yards, ar 
 he could 
 he had 
 close by 
 quished 
 endeavoui 
 man beinj 
 probably 
 Carver's 
 
it 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 ^m 
 
 approachi:ig with hasty strides, it was proposed by 
 some of the most resolute to make one vigorous effort, 
 and endeavour to force their way through the savages, the 
 only probable method of preserving their lives that now 
 remained. This, however desperate, was resolved on, 
 and about twenty of them sprung at once irito the midst 
 of them. 
 
 ** In a moment they were all separated, iand what was the 
 fate of captain Carver^s companions he could not learn 
 tilt some months after, when he found that only six or 
 seven of them effected their design. Intent only on his 
 own hazardous situation, he endeavoured to make his way 
 through his savage enemies, in the best manner possible. 
 And he has often been since astonished, when he has 
 recollected with what composure he took, as he did, 
 every necessary step for his preservation. Some he over- 
 turned, being at that time young and athletic, and others 
 he passed by, dexterously avoiding their weapons ; till 
 at last two very stout chiefs, as he could distinguish by 
 their dress, whose v^'ngth he could not resist, laid hold 
 of. him by each a . r», ind began to force him through 
 the croud. * » 
 
 ** He now resigned himself to his fate, not doubting 
 but that they intended to dispatch him, and then 
 to satiate their vengeance with his blood, as he found 
 they were hurrying him towards a retired swamp, that 
 lay at some distance,. But before they had got many 
 yards, an English gentleman of some distinction, as 
 he could discover by his breeches, the only covering 
 he had on, which were of fine scarlet velvet, rushed 
 close by them. One of the Indians instantly reUn- 
 quished his hold, and springing on this new object, 
 endeavoured to seize him as his prey ; but the gentle- 
 man being strong, threw him on the ground, and would 
 probably have got away, had not he who held captain 
 Carver's other arm, quitted him to assist his brother. 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 Captain Carver seized the opportunity, and liastcnod away 
 to join another party of Knghsh troops, that were yet 
 unbroken, and stood in n body at some distance. But 
 before he had taken many steps, he hastily cafit his 
 eye towards the gentleman, and saw the Indian^s toma-t 
 hawk gash into his back, and heard him utter his last 
 groan ; this added both to his speed and desperation. 
 
 ** He had left this shocking scene but a few yards, 
 V'hen a fine boy about twelve years of age, tiiat had 
 hitherto escaped, camo up to him, and begged that 
 he would let him lay hold of him, so that he might stand 
 tome chance of getting out of the hand^ of the sa- 
 %'ages. Coptaiu Carver told him that he would give him 
 every assistance in his power, and to this purpose 
 hid him lay hold ; but in a few moments he was torn 
 from his side, and by his shrieks he judged was soon 
 made an end of. He could not help forgetting his 
 Kiwn cares for a minute, to lament the fate of so 
 young a sufferer j but it was utterly impossible for 
 him to take any methods to prevent it. 
 f ** ile now got into the midst of his friends, but they 
 •were unable to afford each other any suocour. As 
 this was the division that had advanced the furthest 
 from the fort, he thought there might be a possibility 
 (though but a very bare one,) of his forcing a way 
 through the outer ranks of the Indians, and getting 
 to a neighbouring wood, which he perceived at some 
 distance. He was still encouraged to hope by t!ie 
 almost miraculous preservation he had already experi- 
 enced. Nor were his hopes in vain, or the efforts he 
 made ineffectual. Suffice it to say, that he reached 
 the wood, but b}- the time ho had penetrated a little 
 way into it, his breath was so exhausted that he threw 
 himself into a brake, and hiy for some minutes nppa< 
 rently at the last j^asp. At length he recovered thft 
 power of respiration, but his apprehensions returned 
 
 With ol 
 Savages 
 very g, 
 whether 
 conceal 
 fearing, 
 he thou^ 
 dreadful 
 striking i 
 as fast as 1 
 permit hi 
 gained a 
 just left, 
 bloody St 
 " After 
 enduring i 
 '»eat Icng 
 care his 
 and his m 
 melanchoij 
 It was CO 
 billed, or 
 fatal day. 
 them, and 
 accidents 
 country, af 
 captivity. 
 ^ " The bi 
 after the cc 
 deavour to 
 ^ut his api 
 there till g 
 demand and 
 these unhap 
 have been j 
 parsuQ his o\ 
 
 it 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 i7 
 
 witli all their former force, when he saw several 
 !iava|>'e3 pass by, probably in pursuit of him, at no 
 very grcat# distance. In thia- situation he knew uot 
 whether it was better to proceed, or endeavour to 
 conceal himself where he lay, till night came on ; 
 fearing, however, that they would return the same way, 
 he thought it most prudent to get farther from the 
 dreadful scene of his past distresses. Accordingly, 
 striking into onother part of the wood, he hastened on 
 as fast as the briars and the loss of , one of his shoes would 
 permit him ; and after a slow progress of some hours, 
 gained a hill that overlooked the plain which he bad 
 just left, from whence he could discern that the 
 bloody storm still raged wUii unabated fury. 
 
 *^ After passing three days without sustenance, and 
 enduring the severity of the cold dewt for three nights, 
 he at length reached Fort Edward, when with proper 
 care his body soon recovered its wonted strength, 
 and his mind as far as the recollection of the late 
 melancholy events would permit, its usual composure. 
 It was computed that fifteen hundred persons were 
 killed, or made prisoners by these savages, during this 
 fatal day. Many of the latter were carried off by 
 them, and nevci returned. A few through favorable 
 accidents found their way back to their native 
 country, after havin^^ experienced a long and severe 
 captivity. 
 
 ** The brave colonel Monro had hastened away soon 
 after the confusion be^i;an, to the French camp, to en- 
 deavour to procure the guard agreed by the stipulation; 
 but his application proving ineffectual, he remained 
 there till general Webb sent a party of troops to 
 demand and protect him back to Fori. Edward. But 
 these unhappy occurrences, which would probably 
 have been prevented, had the colonel been left to 
 pursue his own plans, together with the loss of so many 
 
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 M 
 
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 i 
 
 'A^f-- 
 
.rm 
 
 ^ 
 
 JOtRNAL OP THE 
 
 s^'- 
 
 
 "I 
 
 brave fellows, murdered in cold blood, to whose valour 
 he had been so lately a witness, made such an im- 
 pression on his mind that he did not long survive. 
 He died in about three months, of a broken heart, 
 and with truth it might be said, that he was an honour 
 to his country. 
 
 ** It is very remarkable, that very few of those dif* 
 ferent tribes of Indians that shared in this slaughter, 
 ever lived to return home. The small pox, by means 
 of their communication with the Europeans, found 
 its way amongst them, and made an equal havoc, 
 to what they themselves had done. The methods they 
 pursued on the iirst attack of that malignant disorder, 
 to abate the fever attending it, rendered it fatal. Whilst 
 their blood was in a state of fermentation, and nature 
 was striving to throw out the peccant matter, they 
 checked her operations, by plunging into the water ; 
 the consequence was, that they died by hundreds. The 
 few that survived were transformed by it into hideous 
 objects, and bore to the grave deep indented marks 
 of this much dreaded disease. 
 
 ** Monsieur Montcalm fell soon after, on the plains 
 of Quebec. That the unprovoked cruelties of this 
 commander was not approved of by the generality of 
 his countrymen, we have since been convinced of by 
 many proofs. One only, however, which was received 
 from a person who was witness to it, shall at present 
 be given. A Canadian merchant of some consider- 
 ation, having heard of the surrender of the English 
 Fort, celebrated the fortunate event with great rejoic- 
 ings and hospitality, according to the custom of that 
 country ; but no sooner did the news of the massacre 
 which ensued reach his ears, than he put an imme- 
 diate stop to his festivity, and exclaimed in the 
 severest terms against their inhuman permission, de- 
 claring at the same time, that those who had connived 
 
 at it 
 
 king 
 
 he ai 
 
 them, 
 
 truly 
 
 In 
 
 brigac 
 
 -disting 
 
 JDurinj 
 
 knowie 
 
 the Fr< 
 
 the fror 
 
 and roi 
 
 to seiz( 
 
 under hj 
 
 difficult 
 
 activity 
 
 were ov( 
 
 Pelled tc 
 general j 
 forts whi 
 and retur 
 
 In the 
 the tranq 
 Washingt( 
 paired hi 
 pulmonary 
 niuch that 
 mission, a, 
 By a d 
 bowers of 
 
 * I was at 
 nabitants rec 
 detailed; it j. 
 •fe wascomr 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 ¥. 
 
 at it, had thereby drawn down on that part of their 
 king's dominions the vengeance of heaven. To this 
 he added, that he much feared that the total loss of 
 them, would deservedly be the consequence. How 
 truly this prediction has been verified we all know.'** ;;' 
 
 In the year 1758, Washington commanded the van 
 brigade of the army, under general Forbes, and 
 -distinguished himself by the capture of Fort du Quesne. 
 During this successful campaign, be acquired a perfect 
 knowledge of tactics. His frequent skirmishes with 
 the French and Indians, in the woody regions along 
 the frontiers, taught him vigilance and circumspection, 
 and roused that spirit of entcrprize which is ever ready 
 to seize the crisis that leads to victory. The troops 
 under his command were gradually inured in that most 
 difficult kind of warfare, bush fighting, while the 
 activity of the French, and ferocity of the Indians 
 were overcome by his superior valour. After the 
 -nCiiiy had been defeated in several battles, and com^ 
 pelled to retreat far beyond the colonial boiiridaries, 
 general Forbes left a sufficient garrison in the different 
 forts which he had captured along the bani^s of the Ohio^ 
 and returned with the army into winter quarters. 
 
 In the course of this decisive campaign, which restored 
 the tranquillity and security of the middle colonies, 
 Washington had suffered many hardships, which im- 
 paired his health. He was afflicted with an invetefate 
 pulmonary complaint, and extremely debilitated, inso« 
 much that in the spring of 1759, he resigned his com- 
 mission, and retired to Mount Vernon. 
 
 By a due attention to regimen, in the salubrious 
 bowers of his family retreat, he gradually recovered from 
 
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 * I was at this place in the year 1777, and many of the in- 
 habitants recollected the dreadful circumstances which are here 
 detailed ; it is remarkable that the pond near to which the massa- 
 cre was committed, is called the bloody i>ond to this day. r, l» 
 
 '\ ' 
 
'.I 
 
 50 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 J" 
 
 i 'j 
 
 
 4 
 
 his indisposition. In the year 1761, love invaded hi* 
 . retirement. The object of his choice was an amiable 
 young widow, whose maiden name was Dandridge. 
 She was descended from a reputable family, and two 
 of her brothers were officers in the British Navy. 
 This lady was the widow of colonel Custis, who had 
 left her sole executrix to his extensive possessions, and 
 guardian to his two children. The union of Washington 
 with this accomplished Woman* was productive of their 
 mutual felicity ; and as he incessantly pursued agri- 
 cultural improvements, his taste embellished and enriched 
 the fertile fields of Mount Vernon. Meanwhile, he was 
 appointed a magistrate, a member of the assembly Of 
 the state, and a judge of the court. These honorable 
 avocations kept the powers of his mind in a state of 
 activity ; he attended io his civil duties ^ith exemplary 
 propriety ; and gave a convincing proof, that the sim- 
 plicity of the farmer is homogeneal with the more dig- 
 nified views of the seiiator. 
 
 ; * Mrs. Washington was born^ 1732. She died 1S02. 
 
 
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 was 
 one 
 oblig 
 tb eat 
 
 cj 
 
 powc 
 niaryl 
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 armyi 
 
 high 
 
 great] 
 
 niilits 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 Si 
 
 •.■ii- 
 
 CHAP. HI. 
 
 Congress appoints General Officers. British Troops closelj/ 
 invested in Boston. General Gage sails for England. 
 General IJowe succeeds to the conunand. Tremen- 
 dous cannonade on the Town of Boston, by the 
 Americans. British Troops evacuate the Town, and 
 sail for Halifax. The Motion for declaring the 
 Colonies free and independent first introduced into 
 Congress. They abjure all Allegiance to the British 
 Crown. Preparations made by England, to subdue 
 the Americans. Natural Strength of America. A 
 List of the Stations of British Begiments who were 
 ordered to act against the Colonies, 
 
 jThE moment now approached in which Washington 
 was to relinquish those honorable civil avocations, and 
 one of the most remarkable events recorded in history, 
 obliged him to act a conspicuous part on the great 
 theatre of the world. 
 
 Congress voted him as ample a salary as was in their 
 power to bestow, but he generously declined all pecu- 
 niary emoluments. His reply to the president of congress, 
 on his nomination to the supreme command of the 
 army, was in the following words : 
 
 " Mr. President, though I am truly sensible of the 
 high honor done me in this appointment, yet I feel 
 great distress from a consciousness that my abilities and 
 military experience may not be equal to the extensive 
 
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 If 
 
 
 
JOURNAL OF THK 
 
 and important trust; however, as the congress tlesirf 
 . it, 1 will enter upon the momentous duty, and exert 
 every power I possess in their service, and in support 
 of the glorious cause. I beg they will accept my most 
 cordial thanks for this distinguished testimony of their 
 approbation. ** But least some unlucky event should 
 happen, unfavourable to my reputation, I beg it may 
 be remembered by every gentleman in the room, that I 
 this day declare with the utmost sincerity, I do not 
 think myself equal to the command I am honoured 
 with. ♦ !■...„; ^i'^ 
 
 ,. * ** As to pay, sir, 1 beg leave to assure the con, 
 gress, that as no pecuniary consideration, could have 
 tempted me to accept this arduous employment, at ihe 
 expense of my domestic ease and happiness, I do not 
 wish to make any profit from it. I will keep an exact 
 account of my expenses ; those I doubt not, ihgy 
 >vill discharge, and this is all I desire." 
 
 The appointment of Washington was ?itt^nded with 
 other promotions, namely, four major generals, cnp 
 fidjutant general, and eight brigadier generals. 
 
 Ist. Major General Artemus Ward. >. ' 
 
 2nd. Charles Lee» 
 
 ' - .;3rd. :/' 1^ Phihp Schuyler. 
 
 ' 4th. Israel Putnam.* 
 
 'i / Adjutant Geiieral Horatio Gates. 
 The eight bri^^adiers were. 
 
 .■3, 
 
 1st, 
 
 2d, 
 
 3dl 
 
 4th. 
 
 5th. 
 
 6ih, 
 
 7th. 
 
 8th. 
 
 ,.'.6 
 
 Seth Pomeroy. 
 Richard Montgomery. 
 David Wooster. 
 William Heath. 
 Joseph Spencer. 
 John Thomas. 
 John Sullivan. 
 Nathaniel Green. 
 
 * General Putnam, who had served with reputation under 
 lord Amherijt, at the head of the Connecticut troops, duriitg 
 
 On thel 
 sentcd tol 
 
 the last wa| 
 he cultivat 
 iHfence of h 
 like anothei 
 pied amongi 
 a moment's I 
 head quarte 
 tiuiidred Kn 
 The folk) 
 general by 
 kSoon after 
 then very nur 
 Hne sheep 
 kids. This 
 with her ann 
 vjcinity. Th 
 lance of the 
 come within i 
 she would gen 
 next winter, 
 length became 
 entered into a 
 hunt alternatel 
 tion, were to 
 having lost the I 
 made one trac 
 pursuers recogr 
 cious animal, 
 found she ha 
 Ponifret, they 
 morning the bl 
 three miles di 
 people soon coll 
 to attack the < 
 unsuccessful el 
 The hounds can 
 The smoke ol 
 fumes of burnt 
 • ompel her to 
 Iiiss attempts, v 
 night. Mr. Pu 
 •""l in vain ; 
 into the cavern 
 hazardous servic 
 hbe disappointn 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 .# 
 
 On the following day a special commission was pre- 
 sented to Washington, by congress. At the tame 
 
 fhe last wnr, hnd long since retired to a remote farm, which 
 he cultivated with Ins own hands; and when the int?t!i- 
 gence of hia appointment was nutiiied to him, he was found 
 Jilce another Cincinatu.^, in a leathern frock and apron, occu- 
 pied amongst his labourers, in fencing in his land. Without 
 a moment's hesitation, within eighteen hours he repaired to the 
 head quarters at Cambridge, which was little sliort of one 
 liuridred Knglish miles distant. 
 
 The following anecdote is related from the life of the 
 general by colonel Hunn{)hrie8. 
 
 Soon after Mr. Putnam removed to Connecticut, the wolves, 
 then very numerous, broke into his sheep fold, and killed seventy 
 tine 8h6i|» and goats, besides wounding many lambs and 
 kids. This havoc was committed by a she wolf, which, 
 with her annual whelps, had for several years infested the 
 vicinity. The young were commonly destroyed by the vigj. 
 lance of the hunters, but the old one was too sagacious to 
 come within reach of gun shot; upon being closely pursued,, 
 she would generally fly to the western woods, and return the 
 next winter, with another litter of whelps. This wolf, at 
 length became such an intolerable nuisance, that Mr. Putnam 
 entered into a combination with five of his neighbours, to. 
 hunt alternately until they could destroy her. Two, by rota- 
 tion, were to be constantly in pursuit. It was known, that 
 having lost the toes from one of her feet, by a steel trap, she 
 made one track shorter than another. By this vestage, the 
 pursuers recognized, in a light snow, the rout of this perni- 
 cious animal. Having followed her to Connecticut river, and 
 found she had turned back in a direct course towards 
 Ponifret, they immediately returned, and by ten the next 
 morning the blood hounds had driven her iato a den, about 
 three miles distant from the house of Mr. Putnam ; the 
 people soon collected with dogs, guns, straw, hre, and sulphur, 
 to attack the common enemy. With this apparatus several 
 unsuccessfid efforts were made to force her from the den. 
 The hounds came back badly wounded, and refused to return. 
 The smoke of blazing straw had no etlect. Nor did the 
 fumes of burnt briinsone, with which the cavern was filled, 
 (ompel her to quit the retirement. Wearied with such frqit- 
 li:.ss attempts, which had brought the time to tea o'clock at 
 night, Mr, Putnam tried once more to make his dog enter, 
 bill in vain ; he propo?ed to his negro man to go down 
 into the cavern, anu shoot the wolf; the negro declined the 
 hazardous service. Then it was, that his master angry at 
 \^e disappointment, and declaring that he was ashamed 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 timr, tlicy resolved unanimously, ** timt tlicy would 
 niaiiituin and assist him, and adhere to him \\iih their 
 
 to hitve a cowiird in his fuiinly, resolved himself to destroy 
 the ferucious beast, leHt she sliuuld escape thruu^h soine un- 
 known flssuru of the rocU. His neighbours strongly remon- 
 strated iigain.st tiie perilous enttrprize : but he knowing that 
 wihl Hniiiials were intiniidutcii hy hre, and having provi«Jf<l 
 several strips of birch burl<, tlie only combustible mittcrial 
 whicit III' coiiid ohtaii), tliat would aDbrd light in tiiis deep 
 hikI (liiiUsoii)L; cave, he prepared for his descent. Having act)r- 
 (iingly divested hiniNelt ot his cout and waistcoat, and having 
 a \(>\)'^ rope fastened round his legs, by which he might be 
 pulled harU, at a concerted signal, lie entered head foremost, 
 M'iiii the blazing torch in his hand. 
 
 The aperture of the den, on tlie cast side of a very high 
 JtMJqe of roi ks, is about two fei^t square; from thence 
 it fi( scends ohlupiely fifteen feet, then runniqg horizontally 
 ubout ten more, it ascends gradually sixteen feet towards its 
 termination. I'he sides of this subterraneous cavity are 
 composed of smooth and solid rocks, which seem to have 
 been divided from each other by an earthquake, The 
 top and bottom are also of stone, and the entrance, in 
 winter, being covered with ice, is exceedingly slippery. Jt 
 is in no place high enough for a man to raise himself upright : 
 nor in any part more than three feet in width. 
 
 Having gro[)e(l his passage to the horizontal part of the 
 t\en, the most terrifying darkness appeared in front of the 
 dim circle of light utlbrded by his torch. It was silent os 
 the house of death. Ivione but monsters of the desert had 
 ever betore exj>lored this solitary mansion of horror. He 
 rautiousiy proceeding onward, came to the ascent, which lie 
 slowly mounted on his hands and knees, until he discovered 
 the glaring eye-balls of the wolf, who was sitting at the 
 extremity of the cavern. Startled at the sight of fire, she 
 ^ gnashed iicr teeth, and gave a sullen growl. As soon as lie 
 had iiiade the necessary discovery, he kicked the rope as a 
 signal for pulling iiim out. The people, at the nioutb of the 
 <len, who had listened with painful anxiety, hearing the 
 growling of the wolf, and supposing their friend to be in 
 the most immineiit danger, drew him forth with surh celerity, 
 that his shirt w;»s stvipped over his head, and his skin severely 
 lacerated. Aftir he had adjusted his clothes, and loaded' j 
 his gun with nine buck-shot, holding a torch in one hand, 
 and the niusquet in the other, he descended a second time. 
 When he drew nearer than before, the wolf, a.ssuming a still 
 more fierce and terrible appearance, howling, rolling her eyes, 
 »nap])ing her teeth, and dropping her head between her leg'. 
 
 lives an 
 Instruct 
 h »vhi 
 directed 
 tvho no 
 against 
 whole w 
 and disf; 
 he most 
 it had b( 
 charge o 
 liberties o 
 same tivni 
 to be raiiii 
 "^be men 
 and thirty 
 pedition, i 
 bridge. 
 
 Jn the 
 
 ^ngton set 
 
 to assume 
 
 On his 
 
 monstrationl 
 
 tiemen, whc 
 
 honofed wij 
 
 the provini 
 
 was evidentij 
 
 at him. At[ 
 
 head. Stunu| 
 
 he immediattj 
 
 having refret^ 
 
 pate, he wen] 
 
 within sight 
 
 applied the . 
 
 he took hold) 
 
 tied round hi^ 
 
 tation, dragge 
 
 , • V' 
 
•t I 
 
 ( 
 
 AMKRICAN WAR. 
 
 35 
 
 lives and fortunes, in the cause of Ainoric.in Liheity." 
 Instructions were also given liiin tor his govcrnnuMit, 
 by which, after reciting various particulars, Uv. was 
 directed ** to destroy or make prisoners nil persons 
 who now are, or who hereafter shall appear in arn»i 
 against the good people of the colonies :" but tho 
 vviiole was summed up by authorising him *' to order 
 and dispose of the army under his command as might 
 be most advantageous for obtaining the end for whicli 
 it had been raised, making it his speciHl care in dis- 
 charge of the great trust committed to him, that the 
 liberties of America received no detriment." About the 
 same time twelve companies of rifHe men were ordered 
 to be raised in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. 
 The men to the amount of one thousand four hundred 
 and thirty, were raised and forwarded with great ex- 
 pedition, to the American head quarters at Cam- 
 bridge. ^ 
 
 In the beginning of July Ml 5, general Wash- 
 ington set Out for the camp at Cambri(ige, in order 
 to assume the Command of the army. 
 
 On his way thither he was treated with every de- 
 monstration of respect, escorted by detachments of gen- 
 tlemen, who had formed volunteer associations, and vva.^; 
 honored with public addresses of congratulation, from 
 the provincial congress of New-York and Massa- 
 chusetts. '. ^fJa iV»i >:,.<» -, 
 
 '-■■ - .*■ ■; \ ' , V - . -/' ■• .' 
 
 was evidently in the attitude, and on the point of springing 
 at him. At the critical instant he levelled and firt^d ut Iter 
 head. Stunned with the shock, and sufl'ocated with the smoke, 
 he immediately found himSetf drawn out of the cave. But 
 having refreshed himselt^ and permitted the smoke to dissi- 
 pate, ne went down the third time. Once more he came 
 within sight of the wolf, who appearing very passive, he 
 applied the torch to her nose ; aud ptrceivin^ htr dead, 
 he took hold of her ears, and then kicking tlie rope (still 
 tied round his legs) the people above, with no small exul- 
 tation, dragged them both out tot^ether. 
 
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60 
 
 JOURNAL OF TH£ 
 
 
 4^)^ 
 
 Our troops at this time were entrenched on Bun- 
 ker's Hill, and defended by three floating batteries, in 
 Mystic river and a twenty gun ship below the ferry, be- 
 tween Boston and Charlestown. The Americans were 
 entrenched on Winter Hill, Prospect Hill, and Roxbury, 
 with communications by small posts over an extent of 
 ten miles; there were also parties in several towns 
 along the sea coast. General Ward commanded the 
 right wing at Roxbury, general Lee the left on 
 Prospect Hill, and the centre was commanded by 
 general Washington. 
 
 As the American soldiers had repaired to the camp 
 in their ordinary clothing, the hunting shirt was adopt- 
 ed for the sake of uniformity. At the same time, the 
 inhabitants were recommended not to I'ire a gun at 
 heasL, bird, or mark, in order that they might husband 
 their stock of powder and ball for the purpose of 
 destroying the british Troops. - y^ * 
 
 The military spirit was now so high and general, 
 that war and its preparations occupied the hands and 
 the minds of all orders of people, throughout the 
 provinces. Persons of fortune and family, who were 
 not appointed officers, entered cheerfully as private 
 meUj and served with alacrity in the ranks. 
 
 The provinces of Georgia, Maryland and Pennsyl- 
 vania, having now . .ceded to the confederacy, it 
 from this time assumed the title of the thirteen united 
 
 COLONIES. 
 
 In September general Gage sailed for England, and 
 the command of the British army devolved on general 
 Howe. Meanwhile, the army under Washington conti- 
 nued the blockade of Boston so closely, as to prevent all 
 intercourse between that town and the country. «• ,s;'; 
 
 The British troops at Boston endured the tedious 
 blockade, with their characteristic fortitude, and 
 suffered many inconveniences from want of necessa- 
 ries of every kind. 
 
 Wash 
 *o com] 
 cuate I 
 England, 
 battery 
 it. Tbij 
 nonade, 
 on the eai 
 ful borot 
 fourteen 
 Howe fin 
 if possibli 
 Preparatio 
 ons attack 
 *he Ameri( 
 in all pro 
 to despera 
 cient to d 
 thing was 
 ed this int 
 wpon a mt 
 to attack, 
 enterprise 
 strong, an 
 and besides 
 one hundrt 
 roll down 
 as the asce 
 prodigious 
 
 On the I 
 
 the town 
 
 embark for 
 
 short and p 
 
 The evaci 
 
 tiie America] 
 
 |i^1 
 
ihiiW 
 
 AMEliiCAK War. 
 
 M 
 
 Washington exerted his skill and actl^vity iri order 
 to compel the British amiv, either to surrender or eva-* 
 cuate Boston before any ^iiuccours could arrive from 
 England. On the 2d of March 1176, he opened a 
 battery on the west side of the town, and bombarded 
 it. This attack was supported by a tremendous can^- 
 nonade, and on the 5th another battery was opened , 
 on the eastt'.rn shore. The garrison sustained this dread- 
 ful bombardment with the greatest fortitude ; it lasted 
 fourteen days without intermission ; when general 
 Hovre finding the place no longer tenable, determined 
 if possible, to drive the enemy from their works. 
 Preparations were therefore made for a most vigor- 
 ous attack, on an hill called Dorchester Neck, which 
 the Americans had fortified in such a manner, as would 
 in all probability have rendered the enterprize next 
 to desperate. No difficulties, however, were sufH- 
 cient to damp the spirit of the general; and every 
 thing was in readiness, when a sudden storm prevent- 
 ed this intended exertion of British valor. Next day, 
 upon a more close inspection of the works they were 
 to attack, it was thought advisable to desist from the 
 enterprise altogether. The fortifications were very 
 strong, and extremely well provided with artillery, 
 and besides other implements of destruction upwards of 
 one hundred hogsheads of stones were provided to 
 roll down upon our army as they came up ; which, 
 as the ascent was extremely steep, must have done 
 prodigious execution. , 
 
 On the nth of March 1776, general Howe finding 
 the town of Boston no longer tenable, resolved to 
 embark for Halifax, and the voyage thither was both 
 short and prosperous. 
 
 The evacuation of Boston was not interrupted by 
 tlie Americans, lest our troops should set it on fire- 
 
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t 
 
 59- 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 ,^ . 
 
 •Thus was the long congested town of Boston , at 
 
 length given up, the colony of Massachuseit's Bay, 
 
 for the present freed from war, and left at hberty to 
 
 adopt every measure which could tend to its future 
 
 strength and security. The estates and- ertects of those 
 
 loyalists, or torics, as they were then called,- who 
 
 accompanitU general Howe, to Halifrix, were ordered 
 
 to be sold,, and the produce applied to the public 
 
 service. Some who • ventured to stay behind, were 
 
 brought to trial as public enemies, and betrayers of 
 
 their country ; and the estates of such as were found 
 
 guilty, were confiscated in the same manner. But 
 
 nothing occupied so much at present the minds of the 
 
 people of Boston, or had so much attention paid to 
 
 it, by the province in genera!, as the putting of that 
 
 town into a formidable state of defence. Some French 
 
 engineers were employed to superintend the works, 
 
 and every inhabitant dedicated two days in the week. 
 
 to their construction. »;«*< 
 
 As Wa^h;ngton was uncertain of the destination of 
 the fleet and army, which had left Boston, and as 
 New York lay exposed to any sudden attack, he detached 
 several of his best n^imcnts, under general Lee, for 
 the defence of that city. 
 
 On the Tth of June, 1776, the motion for declaring 
 the colonies free and independent, was now moved in 
 congtoss, by Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia. When 
 the time of taking the subject under consideration 
 arrived, much ingenuity and eloquence were displayed 
 on both sides of the question. The debates were 
 continued for some time, and with great animation. 
 In these, John Adams, and John Dickinson took leading 
 and opposite parts. The former began one of his 
 speeches, by an invocation of the god of eloquence, 
 to assist him in defending the claims, and enforcing 
 the duty of his countrymen. He strongly urged the 
 
■i> 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 59 
 
 Immediate- dissolution of the political connexion of the 
 colonies with Great Britain : from the voice of the 
 people ; from the necessity of the measure, in orilor 
 to attain foreign assistance ; from a regaid to consist- 
 ency ; and from the prospects of glory and liappiiiess, 
 which opened beyond the war, to a free and inde- 
 pendent people. Mr. Dickinson* replied to tliis speech. 
 He began by observing that the member from Massa- 
 chusetts (Mr. Adams,) had introduced his defence 
 of the declaration of independence, by invoking ari 
 heathen god, but that he should begin his obji ctions 
 to it, by solemnly invoking the Governor of x the uni- 
 verse, so to influence the minds of the members iof 
 congress, that if the proposed measure was for the 
 benefit of America, nothing which he should say 
 against it, might make the least impression. He then 
 urged that the present time was improper for the 
 declaration of independence ; that the war might be 
 conducted with equa! vigour without it ; that it would 
 divide the Americans, and unite the people of Great 
 Britain against them. He then proposed that some 
 -assurance shotdd be obtained of assistance from a 
 foreign power, before they renounced their connexion 
 with Great Britain, and that the declaration of inde- 
 pendence should be the condition to be offered for 
 this as?i^cance. He likewise stated the disputes that 
 existed betvveeen several of the colonies, and proposed 
 thai some measures for the settlement of them should 
 be G>..£r mined upon, before they lost sight of that 
 tribunal, which had hitherto been the umpire of all 
 their ditTerences. 
 
 The fatal day at length arriv^^d which mitst be deeply 
 regretted by every true friend to the British empire, 
 
 i * Author of a fieries of letters signed a P^nnsylvanija farraeft 
 
 i H 2 * ' , ■ ' ' 
 
 f ■ 
 
 
 
 i:. 
 
 4: 
 
 I" 
 
 H 
 
JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 when thirteen English colonies in America^ declared 
 themselves Free and Independent States; abjured all 
 allegiance to the British crown, and renounced all 
 political connexion with the mother country. i 
 
 On this day, the 4th of July i776, the congress 
 published a manifesto stating a list of grievancei, which, 
 rotvvithstanding their repetitions, had remained unre- 
 dressed ; for these reasons ihey detc mined on a 6nal se- 
 paration from the mother country, and to hold the peo- 
 ple of Great Britain a? the rest of mankind, *' enemies 
 in war, in peace friends." Part of this declaration of 
 independence was as follows: 
 
 " We hold these truths to be self evident, that all 
 men are created equal ; that they are endowed by the 
 Creator, with certain unalienable riglits ; that among 
 ihese are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;* 
 that to secure these rights, governments are instituted 
 among men, deriving their just powers from the con- 
 sent of the governed ; that whenever any form of govern- 
 Uient becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right 
 of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute 
 a new government, laying its foundation on such prin* 
 ciples, and organizing its powers in such form, as to 
 them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and 
 Jiappiness." It concluded in this manner, '* We, 
 the representatives of the United States of America, 
 in general congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme 
 Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, 
 do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people 
 of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that 
 the united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free 
 and independent states, and that they are absolved from 
 all allegiance to the British crown ; and that all the poli. 
 
 * At this time some of the members of congress were 
 holding Glares. How specious, yet how palpably inconsistent 
 the^e declarations from such a people ', 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 01 
 
 cal connexion between them and the state of Great 
 JRritain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, 
 as free and independent states, they have full power 
 to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, esta- 
 blish commerce, and to do all other acts and things 
 which independent states may of right do. And for 
 the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on 
 the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge 
 to each other, our lives, our fortunes and our sacred 
 honor." 
 
 Many even of the friends of America were astonish* 
 ed at this bold act of congress, in breaking of all sub- 
 ordination to the parent state. " Great Britain," said 
 they, '* has founded colonies at great expense, has in- 
 curred a load of debt by wars on their account, has 
 protected their commerce, and raised them to all the 
 consequence they poss^ess, and now in the insolence 
 of adult years, rather than pay their proportion of the 
 common expenses of government, they ungratefully 
 renounce all connexion with the nurse of their youth, 
 and the protectress of their riper years." 
 
 This solekiin renunciation of allegiance to Great Bri- 
 tain was followed by the greatest preparations for war 
 throurhout the United States. 
 
 Great Britain in the meantime was resolved to open 
 the campaign with anch a powerful force, as would 
 took down all opposition, and effectuate submission, 
 without bloodshed ; to the accomplishment of this end 
 three principal objects were to be carried into execu- 
 tion. The first was the relief of Quebec, and the re« 
 covery of Canada, which also included a subsequent 
 invasion of the north western frontiers of the adjacent 
 provinces. As the four provinces of New EnglanJ had 
 originally begun the confederacy against Britain, and 
 were btill considered the most active in the con- 
 Hinuatioiv of it: it was licught^ that any impression 
 
 I 
 
62 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 O"! 
 
 if. 
 
 niaJe upon them would contribute in nn effectual man- 
 ner to the reduction of all the rest. For this purpose, 
 an army of four thousand chosen British troops, and 
 three thousand Gernians,* was ordered for Canada, to 
 accomplish the ahovc purposes. i 
 
 The second object was the making t strong impires- 
 fiion ofl the southern colonies, which it was hoped, would 
 at least have succeeded so far as to tlje recovery of one 
 of them. The e;,ecution of this objpct was conaanitted 
 to general Sir Henry Clinton, and admiral Sir Peter 
 Parker. They had two thousand eight hundred land 
 /orces, which they hoped, with tjjp ccuqpejatipn qf the 
 sbippin{3[ would be fully sufficient. ■ ..- - ^ 
 
 . The third and principal point of attack, and on which 
 jthe greatest hopes of success were foupdi^d, was 
 to talke New York, with a force sufficient to keep 
 fiosseufsion of Hgdson^u river, and form a line of commu* 
 Jiication with the royal army in Canada. The connmand 
 of this force, consisting of thirteen thous^ul Hessians 
 an4 Waldeckers, an^ seventeen thousand British troops, 
 v' was given to general Sir William Hovyc, and his brother 
 admiral lord Howe. *' Americi!i,"..§aid the congress in 
 one of her public declarations, *^ is amazed to find the 
 name of Howe in the catalogue of her enemies — —she 
 loved his brother;" referring to the gallant nobk- 
 Bian, lord Howe, who so gloriously fell in the defence 
 of the colonies, in the fqrmer war at Ticonderoga. ^ 
 
 The admiral and general, in addition to their military 
 powers, were appointed commissioners for restoring peace 
 to the colonies. This force was iTuly formidable, and 
 
 * Treaties Iiad been lately entered into between his rnajesty 
 the landgrave of He.<se Cassel, the duke of Brunswick, and the 
 hereditary prince of Hesse Cassel for the hiring of difVerent bodies 
 of their troops for the American service, aniounling in the 
 whole to seventeen thousand three hundred men. The con- 
 ditions of these treaties were, tliat the troops were to enter into 
 pay before they began to march ; and that the levy money was 
 to be paid at the rate of seven pounds ten shillings pec man. 
 
 fiuch as 
 
 fore. ^ 
 
 in Europ 
 
 respect i 
 
 provision 
 
 materials 
 
 all sorts 
 
 supportcc 
 
 adapted i 
 
 In the 
 
 for defens 
 
 "ig troop 
 
 points. T 
 
 able to dc 
 
 of hiiJs ai 
 
 terspersed 
 
 defiles, ski 
 
 rivers, Bow 
 
 to bid defi 
 
 The foil, 
 
 British reAJ 
 
 Americans 
 
 17 th Dragol 
 4th Foot..r 
 <5th do.. 
 lOtb do... 
 22d do... 
 2!id do... 
 35th do... 
 3«th do.... 
 *Oth do... 
 
 Five Coil 
 1 Cujjtaii), 
 I Captain 
 

 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 <S 
 
 guch as no part of the new world had ever seen be- 
 fore. Nor was it, perhaps, ever exceeded by any army 
 in Europe, or an equal number, whether coniidered with 
 respect to the excellency of the troops, the abundant 
 provision of all manner of military stores and warlike 
 materials, or the goodness and number of artillery of 
 all sorts with which it was provided. It was besides 
 supported by a very numerous fleet, particularly well 
 adapted to the nature of the service. 
 
 In the mean time Washington took every precaution 
 for defensive operations, by erecting forts, and station- 
 ing troops in different places, at the most vulnerable 
 points. The nature of the country was peculiarly favour- 
 able to defence, and presented many natural barrier* 
 of hills and mountains, intersected by rivers, and in- 
 terspersed with trees, rocks, and precipices; several 
 defiles, skirted by impenetrable woods, and majestic 
 rivers, flowing with impetuous currents., which seemed 
 to bid defiance to the invader. 
 
 The foHowirtg is a correct list of the stations of tlie 
 British regiments, which were ordered to act against the 
 Americans in the beginnii.g of the year 1776. 
 
 STATIONED IN BOSTON. 
 
 -.Mt^'i 
 
 17th Dragoons.. Piestou 'a. 
 
 4lh Foot Hodg»on*«. 
 
 5th do Percy's. 
 
 10th do Sandford's. 
 
 22d do Gags';-. 
 
 2*Jd do Howci, 
 
 4:id Fool Gary's. =* ^^' 
 
 4Uh do A-btrcrombie's. 
 
 45tli do Haviland's. 
 
 47th do Carletou's. ,^ 
 
 4Snh do Maidand's. 
 
 52d do Claveriiig's. 
 
 35th do F.HCaaipbell's. fiSJ do T.Grant's. 
 
 3«th do Piyot's. , 61th do Poineioy's. . 
 
 40th do .Hamilton's. t)>lh do Uriiistoti'sat Bog- 
 
 , - toil and Halifax. 
 
 ROYAL ARTILLERY IN BSTO N. 
 Five Companies, each 
 
 1 Cd^jtain, 1 First Lieutenant 
 
 1 Captain Lieutenant, 3 Second Lieuteaaats, 
 
 If ' 
 
 \ ■ 
 
 « I 
 
 I 1 
 
 's:::'m 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■f 
 
 IP 
 
 .1 i 
 
 .5 
 
 
 *:' 
 
 1 ^ 
 
I 
 
 ei 
 
 JOURNAL OF TH« 
 
 '« • 
 
 
 ,' ■•' I 
 
 i' ; 
 
 3 Serjeants. 
 9 Corporals, 
 6 Bombardiers, 
 
 12 Gunners, 
 
 1 Fife, 
 
 2 Drums, 
 48 Matrosses.* 
 
 ;5 «i 
 
 TN QPSBIC, AND OTHER PARTS OP CANADA. 
 
 7th Foot Bertie's. 8th Foot Armstrong's, at 
 
 the upper posts, Niagara, Detroit, &c. 
 
 JOth do Lord W. Gordon's. M'Clean's, now raising in 
 
 ■ ' Canada. 
 
 ROYAL ARTILLERY. 
 1 Company at Quebec. l Company at Montreal* 
 
 IN NEWFOUNDLAND. 
 1 Invalid Company, do. 
 
 AT ST. AUGUSTINE. 
 1 Company do. 
 
 14th Foot Cunningham's, partly at St. Augustine's, partly 
 
 :j'if: with lord Dunmore, in Virginia, and partly in Halifax. 
 
 ON THEIR PASSAGE FROM IRELAND TO BOSTON. 
 
 1 7th Foot Monckton's. 46th Foot....Vaughan's. 
 
 27th do Massey's. 53th do James Grant's. 
 
 READY TO SAIL FROM CORK TO AMERICA. 
 
 15th Foot Cavan's. 42d Foot Lord Murray's. 
 
 33d do Cornwrallis's. 54th do Frederick's. 
 
 STth do Coote's. 57th do Irwin's. 
 
 ORDERED FOR BOSTON. 
 
 iGth Dragoons. Burgoyne's. — One thousand of the king's 
 
 guards to be drafted from the three regiments, and command- 
 ed by colonel Matthews. Marines intended to be made up two 
 thousand. 
 
 23th Foot Evelyn's, destined for Quebec, and to sail so 
 
 as to arrive there as early as the navigation of the river 
 St. Lawfence will admit. -,. 
 
 ORDERED 
 
 SAII 
 
 9th Fo( 
 
 20th do. 
 
 24th do., 
 
 The I 
 
 Fraser's, 
 
 The rr 
 
 were to 
 
 effective 
 
 nies of ei 
 
 and Irelan 
 
 Sometir 
 
 war office 
 
 dier in s 
 
 foot shoul 
 
 expiration 
 
 the option 
 
 1 ' ; / : V. .,. 
 
 r'--\ ,1- 
 
 « When tlie British troops evacuated Boston on the 17th of March 1^76, 
 titey did not exceed seven thousand effective men. 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 05 
 
 ORDERED TO BE IN READINESS FOR EMRARKATION AND TO 
 SAIL FROM IRELAND TO QUEBEC IN APRIL 1176. 
 
 9th Foot Ligonier's. 34-th Foot Lord Cavendish's. 
 
 20th do Parker's. 53d do Elphinstone's. 
 
 24-th do Taylor's. 62d do Jones's. 
 
 The Higiilund battalions, vir. lord John Murray's and 
 Eraser's, were to consist of one thousand each. 
 
 The marching regiments for the American service 
 were to consist of twelve companies, of fifty six 
 effective rank and file each company. Two compa- 
 nies of each battalion were to remain in Great Britain 
 and Ireland for the purpose of recruiting. 
 
 Sometime before this, orders were issued from the 
 war office that any person who should inlist as a sol- 
 dier in any of his majesty's marching regiments of 
 foot should be entitled either to his discharge, at the 
 expiration of three years, or at the end of the war, at 
 the option of his majesty. ' * 
 
 .....! *''»:i:,t« 
 
 
 
 .Ml 
 
 ^^_ t, ;ia'^-. ,,,:;: i/. 
 
 
 n: 
 
 
 
 •^:>-.a;:^ 
 
 • ' •>..' 
 
 i: 
 
 ■■f 
 
 '■'f 
 
66 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 .. f 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 • ' ■ - ^■-: ' :■■'- . 
 
 The Author''^ Journal covimences. Sails from the 
 Cove of Cork. Remarkable Occurrences during the 
 Voyage. Enters the Gulph of St. Lawrence. A 
 particular Description of that River. Arrives i.t 
 'Quebec. Description of that City. . - 
 
 the 3d of April, 1776, I embarked with the 9th 
 re<Timent of foot, in which I was then a non-com- 
 missioned officer, at the Cove of Cork, on board the 
 l^riendship, transport, and on the 8th sailed with the 
 fleet for Quebec. 
 
 April 20th. Our ship sailing at the rate of five miles 
 . n hour, a soldier whose name was Brooks, leaped 
 off the forecastle into the ocean; the vessel in a mo- 
 ment made her way over him, and he arose at her 
 stern. He immediately with all his might, swam from 
 the ship. The reen who were upon the deck alarmed 
 the captain and officers, who had just sat down to 
 dinner ; the ship was ordered to be put about, and the 
 boat hoisted out, and manned, the unfortunate man was 
 soon overtaken, and it was with difficulty that the 
 sailors could force him into the boat. When he was 
 brouoht back he was ordered between decks, ahd a 
 centinel placed over him ; the next morning be was 
 in a high fever, and continued very bad the remainder 
 of the voyage. The fear of punishment was the cause 
 of this desperate action, as the day before he had 
 stolen a shirt from one of his messmates knapsacks. 
 
 IS a 
 from 
 may 
 from 
 
 leagut 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 fl» 
 
 30th. The fleet sailing at the nite of six miles an 
 hour: a Serjeant liad an ahcrcation witli his wife while 
 they were sittiivjj at breakfast, in conscqnence of which 
 he got up in a rage, leaped ov»>.rboarJ and was seen 
 no more. 
 
 May 3d. The wind strong at N. W. and running 
 at the rate of seven miles .in hour, one of the re- 
 cruits stanJiug on the forecastle was so provoked by 
 his comrades, that in a fit of rage he juiupi'd over 
 board, uttering at the same time dreadful curses upon 
 them. He was swallowed up by the great deep in a 
 moment ! ' 
 
 14th. Sailing over the banks of Newfoundland, we 
 passed by several islands of ice, which came floating 
 down from the river St. Lawrence. - . , ,? 
 
 ISth. This morning we had a view of the mountains 
 of Newfoundland, covered with snow ; however, as we 
 had been forty days at sea without seeing any land, 
 this dreary island was very pleasant to our sight. 
 
 19th. This day we entered the noble bay of St. 
 Lawrence, between Cape de Retz, on the island 
 of Newfoundland and Cape Breton, (our fleet all in 
 sight,) and after doubling Cape Rosieres, we entered 
 the river, which is in this place about ninety miles in 
 breadth ; here the sea was very boisterous. On the 
 south side lies the bay of Gaspie. Below this bay 
 is a stecj) rock, which is called the Bored Island, 
 from an opening in its middle, through which a ship 
 may pass with her sails up. At a league's distance 
 from the Bored Island, lies the island Bona ven- 
 ture ; and at a league's distance from that, the Island 
 Miscon, which has an excellent harbour, and is eight 
 leagues in circumference. A spring of fresh water 
 spouts up to a considerable height in the ofling, not 
 far from this island. . . 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
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 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 33 WIST MAIN STRUT 
 
 WfBSTIR.N.Y. MStO 
 
 (716) •72-4503 
 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 20th. Early this morning the Ibland Anticosti pre- 
 sented itself to our sight, the current setting strongly 
 in upon it, rendered our navigation extremely danger- 
 ous, especially as the island is lined with breakers. 
 This island is narrow, and lies in the middle of the 
 river, it extends about forty leagues from N. E. to 
 S. W, Our French pilot represented it as absolutely 
 good for nothing; its coasts, however, arc said to be 
 well stored with fish. 
 
 2I$t. This evening after passing the island of Anti- 
 costi, our navigation became more tolerable, but still 
 the fleet used great precaution. 
 
 22d. The weather remarkably cold this day, but 
 the' wind fair, which soon brought us in sight of 
 the Mounts Notre Dame and Le^vis ; here we saw 
 for the first time, a number of neat French planta- 
 tions. In the evening we sailed by Trinity Point, 
 which we endeavoured to avoid with great care, and 
 before dark we had a view of the Paps of Montani, 
 so called from the appearance of the mountain, 
 situated about two leagues from the shore. The land 
 in this neighbourhood was represented to be not only 
 unprofitable, but frightful, being covered with rocks, 
 sands, and impenetrable thickets. On the oilier side 
 the river, lies the shoal of Maniconague, which is the 
 most dangerous in this river. 
 
 ' 23d. Our navigation was now very slow, the shores 
 appeared uncomfortable, and uninhabited ;' in the eve- 
 ning wc doubled a bay, called Tadoussac, on the 
 south side of this bay lies Red Island, which is a 
 dangerous rock of that colour, whose surface is equal 
 with the water, and often proves fatal to shipping. 
 Here the river St. Lawrence is not above three leagues 
 wide ; and the lands at each side lofty and thickly 
 covered with trees. 
 
 ':^ 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 # 
 
 26th. Thif day we sailed by the island of Cnudres, 
 \vhich appeared to be very well inhabited and culti- 
 vated i churches, crucifixes, and images, were now to 
 be seen almost every where : here the passage of the river 
 is dangerous without a fair wind, in particular there 
 is a whirlpool,' which we carefully guarded against. 
 Next appeared in our view, the Bay of St. Paul, 
 where the plantations on the north shore begin ; they 
 consist of valuable woods of pine trees, among which 
 are red pines, which arc esteemed very beautiful. The 
 village of St. Paul's is situated in a vale, and has a 
 very romantic appearance from the river. 
 
 27th. Early this morning we had a view of a very 
 high promontory, which wc were informed terminates 
 a chain of mountains, that xcaeh near five hundred 
 leagues to the westward. This promontory is called 
 Cape Torment. A number of islands now presented 
 themselves to our view, among which is that of Orleans, 
 which forms a most beautiful prospect, a clear open 
 country, with villages, and churches innumerable, and 
 being all whitewashed on the outside, gave them a 
 neat, elegant appearance, from our ships. This island 
 is about fourteen leagues in qircumference ; it produces 
 excellent wheat and fine fruits, and forms two channels, 
 of which the south is the most navigable. Here the 
 uatcr becomes fit to drink; for it is brackish at Cape 
 Torment, though it |s an hundred and ten leagues 
 from the sea. 
 
 From the island of Orleaos the river g*'ows so 
 narrow, that before Quebec it is not a mile over. 
 The Point Levy, which juts out beyond the isla of 
 Orleans, entirely hides the south channel of the river, 
 as the Isle of Orleans does that on the north ; so 
 that from thence to the port of Qjiiebec appears like 
 ii large bason, or bay, laUvl locked on all sides, and 
 capable of containing one hundred ships of the line. 
 
 •;■■; 
 
 1- 'i-\ 
 
 ■» I 
 
 ■■n 
 
 \ t #• 
 
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Jff. 
 
 !*■>■ 
 
 ♦if 
 
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 If 
 
 7« 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 |:'5 
 
 IT'' 
 
 
 %^ 
 
 
 ?• 
 
 at four hundred and twenty miles distance from tlie 
 sea. 
 
 In the river St. Lawrence, arc sea wolves, sea cows, 
 porpoises, the chaourasou, turtles, lobsters, sea plaise, 
 salmon, trouts, with a variety of other fish. Tiie sea 
 wolf, so called from its howling, is an amphibious 
 creature ; his head resembles that of a dog ; he has 
 four very short legs, of which the fore ones have nails, 
 but the hind ones terminate in fins. The largest are 
 said to weigh two Ctiousand pounds, and are of differ- 
 ent colours. Their flesh is good eating, but the profit 
 of it lies in its oil, which is proper for burning, and 
 currying leather. Their skins make excellent cover- 
 ing for trunks, and though not so fine as morocco 
 leather, they preserve their freshness better, and are 
 less liable to crack. The shoes and boots made of 
 these skins do not admit water, and when properly tanned 
 make excellent and lasting covers for seats. The. sea 
 cow, is larger than the sea wolf, but resembles it in 
 figure. It is as irliite as snow, and has two teeth of 
 the thickness and length of a man's arm, that, when 
 grown, look like horns, and are very fine ivory, as 
 well as its other teeth. It seldom happens that they 
 are canght in the water, but they are taken on shore 
 by the following stratagem. The inhabitants of Arca- 
 dia, tie a bull to a stake, fi.Kt on the shore, in the 
 depth of about two feet water j tliey then beat, and 
 otherwise torment him, by twisting his tail, until they 
 make him roar ; which as soon as these animals hear, 
 t!iey make towfirds the shore, and when they get 
 into shallow water, they crawl to the bull, and are 
 taken with little difiSculty. The Arcadians as well as 
 the Indians rat some parts of this animal, and what 
 they di^ilike they boil with ito fat, to an oily or greasy 
 substance, with which they save or cure the skins of 
 other animals for leather. 
 
 Son 
 arcv sa 
 are f 
 and m 
 
 The 
 
 but is 
 
 dagger 
 
 about I 
 
 even tc 
 
 ''e cone 
 
 a mannc 
 
 pon, wi 
 
 the surf; 
 
 take rest 
 
 'eed, ma 
 
 s**© no Si 
 
 and so s 
 
 escapes, 
 
 29th. 
 
 capital of 
 
 see. It is 
 
 ^wrence 
 
 ^uilt on 
 
 s^ate. Th 
 
 safe and 
 
 Before th< 
 
 1759, it i 
 
 ■Among the 
 
 ^'le cathec 
 
 dence of 
 
 '^ecoUets J 1 
 
 ^« tne toml 
 
 f^e Frencif 
 
 '" which 
 
 ^9.mhd the 
 
 i^ intenda] 
 
 h:-.i 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 71 
 
 Some of the porpoises of the river St. Lawrence, 
 are^ said to. yield a hogshead of oil, %nd of their skin» 
 are made waistcoats, which are exceeding strong;, 
 and musket proof. 
 
 The chaourasou is an armed tish, resembling a pike ; 
 but is covered with scales, that are proof against a 
 dagger ; some of them are above Bve feet long, and 
 about the thickness of a man's thigh : this fish is said 
 even to catch and devour birds ; in order to which, 
 he conceals himself among the canes, or reeds, in such 
 a manner, that nothing is to be seen besides his wea- 
 pon, which he holds, raised perpendicularly above 
 the surface of the water : the birds which come to 
 take rest, imagining the weapon to be only a withered 
 reed, make no scruple of perching upon it; but they 
 are no sooner alighted, than the fish opens his throat, 
 and so suddenly makes at his prey, that it. rarely 
 escapes. * - 
 
 29th. Our fleet now arrived at Quebec, which is the 
 capital of the province of Canada, and an episcopal 
 see. It is situated at the confluence of the rivers St. 
 Lawrence and St. Charles, or the little river. It is 
 built on a rock, partly of marble, and partly of 
 slate. The haven which lies opposite the town, is 
 safe and commodious, and about five fathom deep. 
 Before the city was taken by our troops, in the year 
 1759, it is said to have made a very fine appearance. 
 Among the principal edifices, wer6 the episcopal palace ; 
 the cathedral ; the fort or citadel, which was the resi- 
 dence of the Governor ; the house and church of the 
 RecoUets ; the church of the Ursuline nuns, in which 
 is the tomb of Monsieur Montcalm, who commanded 
 the French, and was killed at the battle of Quebec, 
 in which also fell that young hero, Wolfe, who com- 
 manded the English ; the sumptuous college of Jesuits ; 
 the intendant's house, the king's magazines, kc. &c. 
 
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 This city is divided into the upper and Iower> and 
 was well fortified, when Wolfe laid siege to it. 
 The fort or citadel stands on the brink of the rock| 
 and \h a fine work : a pretty large esplenade, and a 
 gentle declivity, the whole making a very fine platform, 
 lies between the fort and the summit of Cape Dia* 
 mond. About half a mile towards the county, lies 
 the Hospital General,* which is the finest house in all 
 
 Catiada. 
 
 * To this house the French general. Marquis Montcalm 
 was carried afler he was wounded, at the taking of Quebec^ 
 in the year 1759. It is said that when his wound was dressed, 
 and he settled in bed, the surgeons who attended him were 
 desired to acquaint him ingeniously with their sentiments of 
 him, and being told that his wound was mortal, he 
 calmly replied, " I am glad of it." His excellency then 
 demanded, " whether he could survive it long, and how long ?*' 
 He was told " about twelve hours, or perhaps less." " So 
 much the better," rejoined the general ; " I am happy I shall 
 not live to see the surrender of Quebec." He then ordered 
 his secretary into the room, to settle his private affairs, which 
 as soon as they were dispatched, be dismissed him. He 
 was visited by Monsieur de Ramsey, the French king's 
 lieutenant, and by other principal officers, who desired to 
 receive his excellency's commands, with the forther measures 
 to be pursued for the defence of Quebec. To this, the 
 Marquis made the following answer ; " Til neither give 
 orders, nor interfere any farther: I have much business that 
 must be attended to, of greater moment than your ruined 
 ' garrison, and this wretched country : my time is very short, 
 therefore pray leave me ; I wish you all comfort, and to be 
 happily extricated from your present perplexities. He then 
 called for his chaplain, who with the bishop of' the colony, 
 remained with him till he expired. Some time before this 
 great man departed, he paid the British army this com* 
 pliment. " Since it was my misfortune to be discomfited 
 and mortally wounded, it is a great consolation to me to be 
 Tonquished by so brave and generous an army ; if I could 
 survive this wound, I would engage to beat three times the 
 number of such forces as I commanded this momiog, with 
 a third of their number of British troops." 
 
 
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AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 73 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 Ttconderoga and Ci'own Point taken by the Americans. 
 Congress endeavours to bring the Indians over to 
 their Side. Speech of the Cofnmissioners from 
 Congress to the Indians. Montgomery attempts 
 the Conquest of Canada. Chamblee taken. General 
 Carleton repulsed. St. John*s Fort and Montreal 
 taken. Attempt to surprise Quebec, Montgomery 
 killed, and the Americans defeated. The humane 
 Conduct of General Carleton towards the American 
 Prisoners, 
 
 Our army was now informed of the military ope- 
 rations of thet America is in Canada last winter, with 
 a particular account of the siege of Quebec. It seems 
 that it had early occurred to the Americans, that if 
 the sword decided the controversy between Great Bri- 
 tain and them, the possession of Ticonderoga would 
 be essential to the security of their states; this fort 
 situated on a promontory, formed at the junction of 
 the waters of Lake George and Lake Cham plain, is 
 the key of all communication between New York 
 and Canada. 
 
 A scheme was planned by the Americans, for ob- 
 taining possession of this valuable post. Having pro- 
 vided a sufficient quantity of powder and ball, they 
 set off for Bennington, to obtain the co-operation of 
 
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 colonel Allen of that place. Two hundred and seventy 
 men, mostly of that hardy people, who are called gr^en 
 mountain boys, were speedily collected at Ca.stlcton, 
 which was fixed on as the place of rendezvous. At 
 this place colonel Arnold joined them. He had been 
 early chosen a captain of a volunteer company, by 
 the inhabitants of New Haven, among whom he re- 
 fiidcd.' As soon as he received news of the Lexington 
 skirmiiih, he marched o(F for the vicinity of Boston. 
 Immediately after his arrival, he waited on the Massa- 
 chusetts* comnuttee of safety, and informed them, that 
 there were at Ticonderoga many pieces of. cannon, 
 and a great quantity of military stores ; that the fort 
 was in a ruinous condition, and garrisoned only by 
 forty men. I'hey appointed him colonel, and com- 
 missioned him to raise four hundred men, and attack 
 Ticonderoga. On the 9th May, 1775, Allen and Arnold 
 crossed over with their troops, and landed near the 
 garrison. They contended for some time, who should 
 lead on {be attacic, and it was at last agreed that they 
 should both go in together, at the head of their troops. 
 They advanced and entered the fort at the dawning 
 of day. A British centitiel fired his piece at them, and 
 then retreated through the covered way to the parade 
 .The Anaericans followed, and immediately drew up. 
 The commander was called upon to surrender the fort. 
 He asked by wh.it authority? Allen replied, "I de- 
 mand it in the name of the Great Jehovah, and the 
 continental congress.** The fort, with its stores, and forty- 
 tight prisoners, immediatelj' fell into the hands of the 
 Americans. A strong party was sent off to take pos- 
 session of Crown Point, where a Serjeant and twelve 
 men performed garrison duty. This was also effected. 
 The next object that drew the attention of the Ame- 
 ricans, was to obtain the command of Lake Gham- 
 plain ; but to accomplish this, it was necessary for 
 
 / 
 
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 St. Jol 
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AMERICAN WAft. 
 
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 them to get possession of a sloop of war, lyin^ ^^ 
 St. John's, in the northern extremity of the lakr. 
 For the purpose of capturing this sloop, it was agreed 
 to man and arm a schooner, l.ving at South Bay-, 
 that Arnold should command her, and that Alien 
 should bring forward some batteaux on the same expe- 
 dition. A favourable wind cdrried the schooner a-hcad 
 of the batteaux, and Arnold got ini mediate possession 
 of the sloop Uy surprise. 
 
 The wind again favoring him, he retnrhed with 
 his prize to Ticondcroga, and rejoined Allen. The 
 latter soon went home, and the former with a number 
 of inen, agreed to ^ stay there in garrison. In this 
 rapid manner the possession of Ticonderoga, and the 
 command of Lake Champlain was obtained. Intelligence 
 of these events was in a few days communicated to 
 congress, which met for the first time, at ten o'clock, 
 on the same day, in the morning of which Ticondcroga 
 was taken. They rejoiced in the spirit of entcrprize 
 displayed by their comitrymen, and ordered the tan- 
 non and stores to bt removed from Ticort'derogft to 
 Lake George. - . 
 
 At the same time, congress endeavoured td bring' 
 over the Indians to tbei vie, for which ^)nr pose tfi'ey 
 resolved to i^ppoint comn.lssioners to explain to them 
 the grounds of their dispute with Britain, and culti- 
 vate their friendship by treaties an& present^ ;' to 
 which end they determined to purchase and distribute 
 among them a suitable assortment of goods,, to the 
 amount of forty thousand pounds sterling. They 
 likewise sent the following speech to them : 
 • "Brothers, Sachems, and Warriors! We, the dele- 
 gates from the twelve United Provinces, now sitting 
 in general congress, at Philadelphia, send their talk 
 to you, out brothers. 
 
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 ** Brothers and Friends, now attend ! When our 
 fathers crossed the g ^at water, and came over to this 
 land, the king of England gave them a talic, assuring 
 them, that they and their children should be hii 
 children ; and that if they would leave their native 
 country, and make settlemc:nts, and live here, and 
 buy, and sell, and trade with their brethren beyond 
 the water, they should still keep hold of the same 
 covenant chain, and enjoy peace ; and it was cove« 
 nanted, that the fields, houses, goods, and possessions, 
 which our fathers should acquire, should remain to 
 them, as their own, and be their children's for ever, 
 and at their sole disposal. 
 
 " Brothers and Friends, open a kind ear ! We will 
 now tell you of the quarrel betweeji the counselbrs 
 of king George, and the inhabitants of the colonies 
 of America. 
 
 . " Many of his counsellors have persuaded him to 
 break the covenant chain, and not to send us any 
 more good talks. They have prevailed upon him to 
 enter into a covenant against us ; and have torn asunder, 
 and cast behind their back, the good old covenant, 
 which their ancestors and ours entered into, and took 
 strong hold of. They now tell us they will put their 
 hands into our pockets without asking, as though it 
 were their own ; and at their pleasure they will take 
 fronv. us our charters, or written civil constitution, 
 which we love as our lives ; also our plantations, our 
 houses and goods, when: ver they please, without 
 asking our leave. They will tell us that our vessels 
 may go to that or this island in the sea, but to this 
 or that particular island we shall not trade any more ; 
 and in case of our non-compliance with these new order.<, 
 they shut up our harbours. 
 
 ** Brothers, we live on the same ground with you ; 
 the same island is our common birth place ^ we desire 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 77 
 
 to sit down under the same tree of peace with you ; 
 let us water its roots, and cherish its (growth , till the 
 largo leaves and branches shall extend to the setting 
 sun, and reach the skies. If an}* thing disagreeable 
 should ever fall out between us, the twelve United 
 Colonies, and you, the six Nations, to wound our 
 peace, let us immediately seek measures for healing 
 the breach. From the present situation of our 
 affairs, we judge it ex])edient to kiiidle up a small fire 
 at Albany, where we may hear each other's voice, 
 and disclose our minds fully to one another." 
 
 Arnold having begun his military career with a 
 scries of successes, was urged by his natural impetuosity 
 to project more extensive operations. He wrote a 
 letter to congress, strongly urging an expedition into 
 Canada, in order to reduce the whole province. 
 
 Sir Guy Carleton, the king's governor, in Canada, 
 no sooner heard that the Americans had surprized 
 Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and obtained the com. 
 mand of Lake Champlain, than he planned a scheme 
 for their recovery. Having only a few regular troops 
 under his command, he ordered colonel Johnson* to 
 hold a conference with the Indians,; and try to counter., 
 act the views of congress, by endeavouring to engage 
 
 
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 Johnson, who had so greatly distinguished hiniselt' in America, 
 in the war of 1755. The following anecdote is related of 
 Sir William : Soon after he had been appointed superiaten- 
 dant of Indian affairs in America, he wrote to England for 
 Rome suits of cluatlis, richly laced. When they arrived, 
 Hendrick, chief of the Mahawk nation was present, and par- 
 ticularly admired them. In a few days Hendrick called on 
 Sir William, and acquainted him that he had a dream. On 
 Sir William inquiring what it was, he told him he had 
 dreamed that he had given him one of those fine suits 
 which he had lately received. Sir William took the hint, 
 and immediately presented him with one of the richest suits. 
 Hendrick, highly pleased with the generosity of Sir William, 
 
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 them to take up the hatchet. In order to gain their 
 co.opcration, be invited them to feast on a Bostonian, 
 and to drink his blood. This, in. the Indian style, 
 meant no more, than to partake of a roasted ox and 
 a pipe of wine, at a public entertainment, which was 
 given on design to influence tiiem to co-operate 
 with the British troops. The American patriots, 
 nflected to understand it in its literal sense. It furnish- 
 ed in their mode of explication, a convenient handle 
 for operating on the passions of the people, thougti 
 at the same tinn;, it was well known that if wo had 
 not emphoyed them they would most certainly have 
 acted against U!<. 
 
 The Americans were now determined to make a 
 vigioiroos attack u|i^n Canada. Their success at Ticon- 
 (leroga and Crown Point, had already paved the way 
 for tbiis bold enterprise, and had broken down the 
 fenees wliich guarded the entrance into that province. 
 They were also sensible they had already gone such 
 ler>gths as could only be vindicated by arms ; and 
 that if a certain degree of success did not attend 
 their resistance, they would be at the mercy of an 
 irritated government. 
 
 Montgomery, an enterprizing man, having been 
 appointed a brigadier general, flew to the new formed 
 congress. ** Gentlemen,** said he, ** if you will give me 
 six thousand men, and proper provisions for the business, 
 I'll set off in the winter, march to Quebec, scalQ 
 
 retired. Sir William iome tiihe ailer this, happening to be in 
 company^ with Hendrick, told him also that be bad a dream, 
 liendrick being very soiicitouB to know what it was. Sir William 
 idfolirm^d hinf, that he had dreamed* that he, (Hendrick,) had 
 made him a present of a particular tract of land, (Che mo^t 
 valuable on the Mahawk River,) of about five thousand acres. 
 Hendrick presented him with the land immediately, with this 
 shrewd remark. " Now, Sir William, 1 will never dream with 
 you agai6, for you dream too hard for me.'' 
 
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 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 19 
 
 the walU, take general Ca/li^ton by surprise, malce 
 his Holdiers prisoners, taiie all Canada, and then wc 
 •hall make better terms with the British parliament." 
 
 The congress agreed to his proposals. Me crossed 
 I^ke Champlain, and made as much haste as the 
 dilBcnlty of the way would allow. His first step wa» 
 to ^ain over the Indians whom general Carleton had 
 employed, and this in a great measure he accomplish- 
 ed ; after which, on receiving the full number of 
 troops appointed for the expedition, he determined to 
 lay siege to St. John's. In this he was facilitated by 
 the reduction of Charoblee, a ^:mall fort in the neigh- 
 bourhood, where he found a large supply of powder. 
 
 While Montgomery was prosecuting the siege, the 
 governor general Carleton, collected a party of Cana- 
 dians and Indians, intending to proceed to the gar- 
 rison of fort St. John's, and to attaqk the besiegers ; 
 but colonel Warner, with a large party of green 
 mountain boys, and a four pounder, prevented the 
 execution of the design. The governor's party was 
 suffered to come near the shore, but was then fired 
 upon with such effect, as to make them retire, after 
 sustaining jHome loss. - 
 
 The failure of general Carleton to relieve the gar- 
 rison, was a sufHcient rccomper.ce to the Americanv 
 for that of colonel Allen, which had happened 
 some time before, l^e success which had attended thi.s 
 gentleman against Crown Point and 1'icondcro«;a, had 
 emboldened him to make a similar attempt uii Mon- 
 treal ; but being attacked by the militia of the pliic(>, 
 supported by a detachment of regulars, he was entirely 
 defeated, taken prisoner, and sent to England. 
 ' An account of general Carleton's repulse beipg com- 
 municated to the garrison of St. John's, major Preston, 
 the commanding officer, seeing na hope of any relief, 
 (Bonseated to surrender the furt. Tiiey received honor 
 
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 able tcims of capitulation, and were treated with the 
 greatest humanity by the Americans. 
 
 General Montgomery next took measures to prevent 
 the British shipping fron- passing down the river from 
 Montreal to Quebec. This he accomplished so effec- 
 tually, that the whole were taken. The town itself was, 
 obliged to surrender at discretion, and it was with the 
 utmost difficulty that general Carleton escaped in an 
 open boat, under cover of a dark night. 
 ' Montreal stands on an hh''x\ in the river St. Law- 
 rence, which is ten leagues in length, and almost 
 four in breadth, at the foot of a mountain which gives 
 name to it, about half a league from the south shore. 
 The whole island is a most delightful spot, and pro- 
 duces every thing that can c^c'minister to the convenience 
 of life. The town is of an oblong form, well peopled, 
 and surrounded by a wall. The streets are well laid 
 out, and the houses built in a very handsome manner. 
 It is divided into '-.wo parts, the upper and the lower; 
 in the last the mc chants and men of business gene- 
 rally reside. The upper town, however, contains the 
 principal buildings, uch as the palace of the governor, 
 the houses of the hief officers, the convent of the 
 Recoliets, the Jesi ts church and seminary, the free 
 school, and the pa ih church. The governor's palace 
 is a large fine bu iing. Besides a general hospital, 
 the neighbourhood ^^ the city contains many elegant 
 villas ; and most of the vegetables of Europe grow in it. 
 All the banks of the river from thence to Quebec, which 
 is one hundred and eighty miles, is like one conti- 
 nued village, adorned with fine plantations, and gen- 
 tlemen's seats at proper distances. 
 
 No further obstacle now remained in the way of 
 the Americans to the capital, except what arose from 
 the nature of the country, and these indeed were 
 very considerable. Nothing, however, couid damp \h% 
 
 Ardour 
 the mid 
 •ras at 
 
 About 
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 Arnold \ 
 acquii^ed 
 detached 
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 their battef 
 Nor was t 
 passag'fe b 
 woods, di 
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 cut their 
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 fortitude an 
 scarce, that 
 fcoxes, bre 
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 yielded fou 
 last mornin 
 after they \ 
 provisions, ( 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 M 
 
 V* >« 
 
 'firdour of the provincials, notwithstanding it was novr 
 the middle of November, and the depth of winter 
 was at hand. 
 
 About the same time Canada was invaded in th« 
 usual march from New York, a considerable detachment 
 from the American army at Cambridge, was conducted 
 into that province, by a new and unexpected passage. 
 Arnold who conducted this bold undertaking, thereby 
 acquired the name of the American Hannibal. He was 
 detached with a thousand men from Cambridge to pene- 
 trate into Canada, by ascending the river Kennibec and 
 descending by the Chaundiere to the river St. Lawrence, 
 Great were the difficulties the Americans had to en^ 
 counter so long, in marching three hundred miles through 
 an uninhabited country. In ascending the Kennibec, 
 they were constantly obliged to work upwards, against 
 an impetuous current. They were often compelled by 
 cataracts or other impediments, to land and hawl 
 their batteaux up rapid streams and over falls of rivers. 
 Nor was their march by land more eligible than this 
 passage by water. They had deep swamps, thick 
 woods, difficult mountains, and craggy precipices 
 alternately to encounter. At some places they had to 
 cut their way for miles together, through, forests so 
 thick that their progress -was only four or five miles 
 a day. Thej'^, however, proceeded with unabated 
 fortitude and constancy. Provisions grew at length so 
 scarce, that some of the men eat their dogs, cartouch 
 boxes, breeches, shoes, &c. At one time when they 
 were an hundred miles from any habitation or prospect 
 tif a supply, their whole store was divided, which 
 yielded four pints of flour for each man. On the 
 last morning before their arrival, at their destination, 
 after they had baked and eaten the remainder of theif 
 provisions, they had thirty miles to travel before the^ 
 
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 83 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 
 could expect any further supply. The men boreitp 
 under these complicated distresses, with the greatest 
 fortitude. They gloried in the hope of completing a 
 march which would rival the fame of similar expeditions, 
 undertaken by the heroes of antiquity. Having spent 
 thirty-one days in traversing a hideous wilderness, 
 without ever seeing any thing human, they at length 
 reached the inhabited parts of Canada,, The Canadians 
 were struck with amazement, when they saw this armed 
 force emerging from the wilderness, it had never entered 
 their conception that it was possible for human beings 
 to traverse such immense wilds. The most pointed 
 instructions bad been given to this corps to conciliate 
 the aifections of the Canadians. It was particularly 
 .enjoined upon them, if the son of lord Chatham,* then 
 an officer in one of the British regiments in that 
 province, should fall into their hands, to treat him 
 with all possible attention, in return for the great 
 exertions of his father, in behalf of American liberty. 
 
 The city of Quebec was at this time in a state of 
 great weakness, but Sir Guy Carleton at this time 
 arrived from Montreal ; his presence was itself a garri- 
 son, he was a man of ten thousand eyes, and was not 
 to be taken unawares. The confidence reposed in his 
 talents, inspired the garrison to make the most deter- 
 mined resistance. He issued a proclamation, in which 
 he set forth, ** that all persons liable to do military 
 duty, and residing in Quebec, who refused to arm 
 in conjunction with the royal army, should in four 
 days quit Quebec, with their families, and withdraw 
 themselves from the limits of the district, by the 
 1st ot December, on pain of being treated afterwards 
 as spies or rebels." All who were unwilling to co- 
 operate with the British army, being thus disposed 
 
 * Kow lord Chatham, and master of the ordoince.: 
 
 ©f, th 
 becam 
 as to 
 «uppoi 
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 by me 
 tions o 
 
 On 
 Arnold 
 and noi 
 in tills j 
 his bat 
 scienccj 
 became 
 impress! 
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 snow St 
 two diff 
 were co 
 in pers( 
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 On the 
 undaunt 
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 chants, 
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 the town. 
 »Qd then 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 M 
 
 cff the remaining inhabitants, though unused to arms, 
 became in a little time so far acquainted with them, 
 as to be very useful in defending the town 1'hey 
 supported fatigues, and submitted to command, with 
 a patience and cheerfulness, that could not be exceeded 
 by men familiarized to the hardships and- subordina^ 
 tions of a military life. 
 
 On the 1st of December, general Montgomery joined 
 Arnold upon the heights of Abraham before Quebec, 
 and notwithstanding the extreme severity of the season 
 in tills inclement climate, he immediately began erecting 
 his batteries, which by a perfect novelty in military 
 science, being composed of snow and water, soon 
 became solid ice. But finding his artillery make little 
 impression, he determined on a general assault."' Early 
 In the morning, on the 31st of December, 1775, during a 
 snow storm the attack was made by two divisions, in 
 two different quarters of the town. These divisions 
 were commanded by colonel Arnold, and the general 
 in person. Montgomery's division proceeded to make 
 the attack, by the way of Cape Diamond, while 
 Arnold's division attacked the suburbs of St. Rue. 
 On the first onset, Montgomery led on his men with 
 undaunted resolution ; he was attended with a number 
 of carpenters with saws, in order to cut ^own the 
 pickets, he even pulled some of them down with his 
 own hands, and entered with his aid-de-camp, Mr. 
 M'Pherson, and two more American officers at the 
 
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 * During the siege, a woman from the American camp 
 stole into Quebec, with letters addressed to the principal mer- 
 chants, advising them to an immediate submission, and pro- 
 mising great indulgence in case of their compliance. Inclosed 
 >ivas a letter to general Carleton, with a summons to deliver up 
 the town. The messenger was sent to prison for a few days« 
 jiod then drummed out. 
 
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 head of his division ; here they were received with a 
 heavy fire of musiietry. Montgomery, with his officers 
 and a number of men were killed, and the remainder 
 of the divison faUing into immediate disorder, were 
 repulsed with much slaughter. On the other side 
 colonel Arnold forced the first barrier, which consisted 
 of thirty men, but before he could attempt the second, 
 a reinforcement of the garrison, in consequence of the 
 defeat of Montgomery in the opposite quarter, was 
 collected against him ; here Arnold received a dangerous 
 wound in the leg, by a musquet ball, and was com- 
 pelled to retire to the camp. To add to their embar- 
 rassment, they lost the help of one of their companies, 
 which was quar'-^ied on the north side of the river 
 St. Charles, by their not having notice 'of the attack 
 in due time, which in endeavouring to join the main 
 body, were surprized by a party of our men, under 
 the command of captain Laws, who made a sortie 
 through Palace Gate, and most of^ them were made 
 prisoners. 
 
 The Americans near the second barrier took pos- 
 session of some houses, but as our troops which sallied 
 out of Palace Gate, came upon their rear, and their 
 numbers being greatly lessened by being killed and 
 wounded, they were obliged to retreat to the barrier 
 which they had but a little before taken, here they 
 maintained their ground until ten o'clock in the morn- 
 ing, when, after a brave resistance, they were obliged 
 to lay down their arms. 
 
 The loss which the garrison sustained was but small 
 in comparison. One lieutenant of the navy, and six 
 rank and file killed, and thirteen rank and file wounded ; 
 but the loss of the Americans was very considera- 
 ble ; seven oflicers were killed and six wounded, up- 
 wards of six hundred officers and men were taken pri- 
 soners. Montgomery was shot through both his thighs 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 85 
 
 and his head. When his body was taken up, his fea- 
 tures were not in the least distorted, but his countc. 
 nance appeared regular, placid, and serene ; an elegant 
 coffin was prepared, and he was interred with all military 
 and funeral honors.* lie was tall and slender, well 
 limbed, of a genteel, easy, graceful and manly 
 address ; to the courage of the soldier he added the 
 military skill of the general, and had the voluntary love, 
 esteem, and confidence of the American troops, who 
 greatly lamented him. In the afternoon, the American 
 officers were confined in the seminary, and well ac- 
 commodated with bedding, &,c. they were treated with 
 the greatest politeness and generosity by the British 
 officers ; the privates were confined in the Recoilets, 
 or Jesuits college, and well used.f Montgomery's knee 
 
 W -.M 
 
 * In general Moatgocnery's tnemuirs writteo some time after 
 his death, by Dr. Smith, of Philadelphia, a celebrated American 
 partisan, speaking on this subject, he says, "O thou swiil winged 
 messenger of destruction, how didst thou triumph in that 
 moment ! the stroke that severed Montgomery from his army, 
 deprived them of more than a member. It reached the vitals, 
 and struck the whole body with a temporary death. As when 
 the forked lightening, darting through the forest, amidst 
 the black tempests of night, rends some towering oak, 
 and lays its honors in the dust, the inferior trees which 
 it had long sheltered from the storm, stand mournful around. 
 So stood the astonished bands, over their fallen chieftain ! 
 nor ovei him alone, but over others, in their prime of glory, 
 prostrate by his side. 
 
 Such examples of magnanimity filled even adversaries with 
 veneration and esteem. Forgetting the foes in the heroes, 
 they gathered up their breathless remains, and committed theni* 
 to kindred dust; with pious hands, " and funeral honors meet;" 
 so may your own remains, and particularly thine, O Carleton, 
 be honored, should it ever be your fate to fall in hostile fields ! 
 or if, amid the various chances of war, your lot should be 
 among the prisoners and the wounded, may you be distin- 
 guished with an ample return of that benevolence which you 
 have shewn to others ! such offices of humanity, softening the 
 savage scenes of war, will entitle you to an honor which all 
 the pride of conquest cannot bestow." 
 
 t Major Meig, who succeeded Arnold in the command after 
 he was wounded, in writing upon this subject, says, " 1 dinsd 
 
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 buckles, and his aid^de-camp's gold broach, with levierftl 
 other valuable articles found with the dead officers, 
 were all restored to the Americans, which were highly 
 gratifying to them. *^ British soldiers in the moment 
 of victory, will have mercy on a prostrate foe, as the 
 brave and generous cannot be cruel." 
 
 General Montgomery received a liberal education in 
 Ireland, his native country. In the year 1758 he had 
 obtained the rank of captain in the nth regiment of 
 foot, and stood full in the way of higher preferment ; 
 having borne a share in all our American wars, and 
 the reduction of Canada, in the year 1759 ; as soon as 
 peace was restored, he took leave of the army, 
 and having soon connected himself by marriage with 
 an antient and honorable £unily in the province 
 of New York, he chose a delightful retirement upon 
 the banks of Hudson's river, wHerd he continued unti^ 
 appointed by the American congress a brigadier general. 
 
 Colonel Arnold with the shattered remains of his 
 troops, retreated three miles from the city where he 
 had the temerity to encamp. Early in the spring, the 
 Isis, of fifty-four guns, accompanied by the Surprise 
 frigate, and the Martin sloop, on board of which was 
 part of the 29tK foot, forced their passage through the 
 ice, before the navigation of the river St. Lawrence was^ 
 deemed practicable. 
 
 Governor Carleton was too great a^ proficient in the 
 art of war, to delay seizing the advantages which the 
 consternation of the besiegers and the arrival of this 
 reinforcement aiTorded. He marched out at their head 
 to attack the Americans. On his approach he found 
 every thing in confusion : the late besiegers abandoning 
 their artillery and military stores, had in great precipi- 
 
 this day with captain Law, whom in the morning I made 
 {jiisoner; but in u few Hours after I was in my turn made pri- 
 soner also. Captain Law treated me with the greatest politenvs; 
 and generosity." 
 
 tatioi 
 
 five J 
 
 was 
 
 garris 
 
 Tht 
 
 miJitai 
 
 ing tb 
 
 cd by 
 
 of the 
 
 numero 
 
 capable 
 
 rious gi 
 
 tfeatmen 
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 vered to 
 make so 
 than by j 
 Jie remov 
 " Where 
 deluded 
 "Jg unde 
 the adjace 
 0^ perishii 
 and other 
 "lake dil'n 
 and afford 
 to the gei 
 taken of 
 incurred 
 h the re, 
 
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 ance whicl 
 
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 health is re 
 
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 ii 
 
■■: :t 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 hi 
 
 tation retreated. In this manner, at the expiration o^ 
 five months, the mixed siege and blockade of Quebec 
 was raised. The fortitude and perseverance of the 
 garrison re6ected honor ojiboth officers and privates. 
 
 The reputation acquired by general Carleton in his 
 military character, for bravely and judiciously defend- 
 ing the province committed to his care, was exceed- 
 ed by the superior applause, merited from his exercise 
 of the virtues of humanity and generosity. Among the 
 numerous sick in the American hospitals, several in* 
 capable of being moved were left behind. The victo- 
 rious general proved himself worthy of success by his 
 treatment of these unfortunate men : he not only fed 
 and cloathed them, but permitted them when reco" 
 vered to return home. Apprehending that fear might 
 make some conceal themselves in the woods, rather 
 than by applying for a relief, make themselves known, 
 he removed tjieir doubts by the following proclamation : 
 ** Whereas I am informed , that many of his majesty *s 
 deluded subjects, of the neighbouring provinces, labor- 
 ing under wounds and divers disorders, are dispersed in 
 the adjacent woods and parishes, and in great danger 
 of perishing for want of proper assistance, all captains 
 and other officers of militia are hereby commanded to 
 make diligent search for all such distressed persons, 
 and afford them all necessary relief, and convey them 
 to the general hospital, where proper care shall be 
 taken of them ; all reasonable expenses which may be 
 incurred in complying with this order, shall be paid 
 by the receiver-general. 
 
 ** And lest a consciousness of past offences should 
 deter such miserable wretches from receiving that assisu 
 ance which their distressed situation may require; I 
 hereby make known to them, that as soon as their 
 health is restored they shall have free liberty to ret«ijj 
 to their respectiye province>." 
 
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 m JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 A rich Frenchman, who commanded a regiment of 
 Canadians under Montgomery, and who joined him in 
 Montreal, was likewise taken prisoner. A, few weeks 
 after general Carleton ordered the Frenchman to make 
 his appearance upon the parade of the castle. He 
 was brought there under a 61e of soldiers; general 
 Carleton was walking at the top of the parade. As 
 soon as the man was brought in, he waved his hat 
 for the soldiers to retire and shut the gates. An in-, 
 terview must now take place ; let the reader imagine 
 what the Frenchman felt: he expected to be hanged 
 like a dog, or sent over to England to be tried by 
 the English judges. Up to the general he must come, 
 for he could not expect that the general would run 
 towards him. He summoned his courage, and walked 
 with a slow dignified step up to the parade towards 
 the general. As soon as he came up he expected 
 nothing but frowns and the most stinging reproaches, 
 as he was one of the king-s subjects hi the governor's 
 jurisdiction. The general stopped and looked at him 
 with a mixture of dignity and condescension, and said, 
 ** Sir, when did you hear from your family ?" ** Gene- 
 ral,'* replied the other, " I have not heard from them 
 these three months." (The general knew that very 
 well, for he had intercepted all his letters.) *' Sir, said 
 he, which way do you chuse to go home, by land 
 or water ? If you chuse to go by water, you shall 
 have my barge ; if you chuse to go by land you 
 shall ride in my coach." The man was struck with 
 amazement, fell down at his feet, and clasping the 
 governor's knees, burst into a violent exclamation ; 
 ** O general, you are too good ! you are too good !" 
 The general raised him from the ground, sent him 
 home with honor and joy to his family, with such 
 gratitude in bis heart as never forsook him. He con- 
 tinued a faithful subject as long as he lived. 
 
 Aft, 
 
 treal, 
 
 soners, 
 
 such s 
 
 melt e^ 
 
 come t( 
 
 never d 
 
 jour p 
 
 you. ( 
 
 situafior 
 ^ must 
 ^and goo 
 good vie 
 that you 
 Xou so t 
 This hi 
 the view 
 than any 
 In gene^ 
 cular mei 
 and his 
 for their i| 
 the siege, 
 the Lizard! 
 formed inil 
 with alacril 
 "landed th[ 
 and diliger 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 99 
 
 ! I 
 
 After this genlleman was gone home to Mon- 
 treal, general Carleton sent for the American pri-< 
 soners, in small companies, and addressed them with 
 such sweetness and good humour, as was sufficient to 
 melt every heart. '* My lads," said he, ** why did you 
 come to disturb an honest man in his government, that 
 never did any harm to you in his life ? I never invaded 
 your property, nor sent a single soldier to distress 
 you. Come, my boys, you arc in a very distressing 
 situation, and not able to go home with any comfort; 
 I must provide you with with shoes, stockings, 
 ^and good warm waistcoats. I must give you some 
 good victuals to carry you home. Take care, my lads, 
 that you do not come here again, lest I should not treat 
 you so kindly." 
 
 This humane line of conduct was more injurious to 
 the views of the leaders in the American councils, 
 than any severity that could be used against them. 
 
 In general Carleton*s dispatches to government, parti- 
 cular mention is made of lieutenant colonel M'Clean, 
 and his newly raised regiment of Scotch emigrants, 
 for their indefatigable zeal in the king^s service, during 
 the siege. Also captain Hamilton of his Majesty's ship, 
 the Lizard, witli the officers and seamen, who were 
 formed into a battalion onshore, discharged their duty 
 with alacrity and spirit. Major Caldwell who com- 
 manded the militia likewise, proved himself an activ« 
 and diligent officer. 
 
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 90 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Disturbances m Virginut. Major Connolly taken 
 Prisoner by the Americans. Lord Dunmorc's 
 Letter to an Indian Chief. Logan^s Speech to Lord 
 ', Dunmore. Norfolk destroyed b\f Fire. Lord Dun-' 
 more sails with the Fleet. Charlestown attacked hi^ 
 Sir Peter Parker and repulsed. Captain Morris's 
 gallant Behaviour and Death* Account of General 
 Lee, 
 
 UKBEC being thus freed from danger, it is no\r 
 necessary to take a transient view of the state of 
 affairs, at this period in some of the southern pro- 
 vinces. Lord Dunmore, the governor of Virginia, was 
 involved in disputes similar to those which bad taken 
 place in other colonies ; these disputes arose to such 
 violence, that his lordship was obliged to take refuge 
 on board the Fowey ship of war, into which he at- 
 tetnpted to transfer the sittings of the assembly ; a 
 requisition which th^ legislative body absolutely 
 refused to comply with. His lordship being thus 
 divested of his authority, carried on a sort of predatory 
 war against the province. 
 
 In order to protect the loyalists who now began to 
 flock to the royal standard, his lordship constructed 
 A fort near Norfolk, a maritime town of some conse- 
 
 ipicn 
 Aniei 
 of il 
 front, 
 some 
 Burpri 
 onder 
 1773. 
 of the 
 passed 
 Amerij 
 a cooln 
 meiit, I 
 were e 
 vinciaja 
 works, 
 men fe 
 ail the 
 whether 
 Fordy 
 the vict 
 ness, 
 standarc 
 A sb 
 was for 
 an intre 
 the caus 
 to enter 
 he com 
 his app 
 actually 
 was disp 
 he receiv 
 to accon 
 *n gene 
 
 ce 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 94 
 
 tjucnce : this fort he furnished with artillery. The 
 Americans also fortifii>d themselves within cannon shot 
 of the same plucf, with a narrow causeway in .tlieir 
 front. In this state both parties continued quiet for 
 some days. Lord Duiimore now formed a design of 
 surprizin}^ the enemy in their entrenchments ; this was 
 undertaken before day-light, on the 9th of December, 
 1775. Captain Fordyce, at the head of the grenadiers 
 of the 14th regiment of foot, amounting to sixty men, 
 passed the causeway, and boldly marched up to the 
 American entrenchments, with fixed bayonets, and with 
 a coolness and entrepidity which first excited the astonish- 
 ment, and afterwards the praise of their enemies. They 
 were exposed without cover to the fire of the pro- 
 vincials in front, And enfiladed by another part of their 
 works. T|ie brave captain Fordyce with several -of his 
 men fell, the lieutenant and others were taken,, and 
 all the survivors of this valiant grenadier company, 
 whether prisoners or not, were wounded. Captain 
 Fordyce was interred with every military honor, by 
 the victors ; the English prisoners treated with kind- 
 ness, but the . Americans who had joined the king's 
 standard experienced the greatest cruelties. 
 
 A short time before this, a scheme of importance 
 was formed by major Connolly, a Pennsylvanian of 
 an intrepid and aspiring disposition, and attached to 
 the cause of Britain. The first step of his plan was 
 to enter into a league with the Ohio Indians. This 
 he communicated to lord Dunmore, and it received 
 bis approbation. Upon which, Connolly set out, and 
 actually succeeded in his design. . On his return he 
 was dispatched to general Gage at Boston, from whom 
 he received a colonel's commission, and set out in order 
 to accomplish the remainder of his scheme. The plan 
 in general was to proceed to Fort Detroit, where 
 
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JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 captain Lord of the Royal Irish was to meet liim with 
 two companies, and a field piece. Connolly was to 
 raise • regiment, with as many Indianst and partizans 
 OS he could ; to enable him to do this, he had power 
 to promise every person that entered into tlie service, 
 three hundred acres of land, when the troubles were 
 over, and what other pecuniary rewards he might 
 think proper ; was to appoint and commission all the 
 officers under him, which commissions were to be con^ 
 firmed by lord Dunmore. With this force he was to 
 penetrate through the country, in order to cut off the 
 communication between the southern and northern 
 colonies, destroy Fort Pit, and Fort Fincastic, and meet 
 lord Dunmore on the lOth of April following, at Alexan. 
 dria. Connolly^s companions were lieutenant Cameron 
 and Dr. Smith. On their road through Maryland, they 
 were all three taken, cast into prison, and closely 
 confined. On searching their portmanteaus, a copy 
 of Connolly*s plan was found. The congress im<. 
 mediately published the following speech, from lord 
 Dunmore to White Eyes, a famous Indian warrior,, 
 which they said was found in the coloners custody ; 
 *' Brother, captain White Eyes, I am glad to hear 
 your good speeches, sent to me by major Connolly,, 
 and you may be assured I shall put the one end of 
 the belt which you have sent me, into the hands of 
 our great king, who will be glad to hear from his 
 brothers, the Delawares, and will take a strong hold 
 of it. You may rest satisfied, that our foolish young 
 men ^all never be permitted to take your lands, but 
 on the contrary, the great king will protect you, and' 
 preserve you in the possession of them. Our young 
 people in the country have been very foolish, and 
 done many impudent things, for which they must soon 
 be sorry, and of which i make no doubt, tliey-have 
 acquainted you j but I must desire you not to listen 
 
 to tJjCB 
 
 a^^ equ 
 
 what J 
 
 ither, 1 
 
 heauttf u 
 
 as soon 
 
 friend a 
 
 " Cap 
 
 Corn Stj 
 
 the chief 
 
 Vour sill 
 
 The A 
 
 h'ing ev 
 
 tend to { 
 
 the same 
 
 motives 
 
 used to 
 
 before thi: 
 
 ^d to gaij 
 
 assist ther 
 
 well know 
 
 tizan. It 
 
 " We ma 
 
 and CScero 
 
 has furnish 
 
 sage super 
 
 to lord I 
 
 Virgiijia. 
 
 the speech, 
 
 spring of t 
 
 committed < 
 
 * See pag 
 t One of 
 instigated to 
 their brethrei 
 adhered to tl 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 to tljcm, as they would be willing that you sUouUl 
 acf equally foolitih with themselves. Out rather let 
 what jfoii hear, pass in at one ear, atid out at thu 
 other, so (.hut it may make no impression on your 
 hearty until you hear from me fully, which shall be 
 as soon as I can give farther iuformation, who am your 
 friend and brother. 
 
 ** Captain White B'.ycs will please to acquaint the 
 Corn Stalk with these my sentiments also, as well a« 
 the chiefs of the Mingors, and the other six nations. 
 Your sincere friend, add elder brutlicr, Dunniure." 
 
 The Americans never lost an opportunity of magni- 
 fyii^ every circumstance which would in anywise 
 tend to the promotion of their own cause, while at 
 the same time, they covered in obscurity the very 
 motives and views with which they themselvea 
 used to accomplish their ends. Some months 
 before this, the inhabitants of Virginia had endeavour, 
 ed to gain the Indians over to their side, in order to 
 assist them against the loyalists in that state.* This 
 well known narrative is given by an American par- 
 tizan. It begins as follows : 
 
 ** We may challenge the whole orations of Demosthenes 
 and Cicero, and of any more eminent orator, if Europe 
 has furnished more eminent, to produce a single pas- 
 sage superior to the speech of Logan, a Mingo chief, 
 to lord Dunmore, when governor of the state of 
 Virgiuia. The story is as follows ; of which and of 
 the speech, tlie authenticity is unquestionable. In the 
 spring of the year 1114, a robbery and murder were 
 committed on an inhabitantf of the frontiers of Virgi- 
 
 * See page 76. 
 
 t One of the loyalists. Undoubtedly these Indians were 
 instigated to take up the hatchet by the Americans against 
 their brethren, and for what cause ? Why, because they 
 adhered to the British government. 
 
 
 4 4 •11 
 
 
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 JOURNAL OP THE 
 
 
 Ilia, by two Indians of the Shawanee tribe ; the neighs 
 bouiing whites, according to their custom,* undertook 
 to punish this outrage in a summary way. Colonel 
 Cresap, infamous for the many murders he had com> 
 initted on this much injured people, collected a party, 
 and proceeded down the Kanhaway in quest of ven- 
 geance. Unfortunately a canoe of women and children 
 with ope man only, was seen coming from the oppo- 
 site shore, unarmed and unsuspecting any hostile attack 
 from the whites. Cresap and his party concealed them- 
 selves on the bank of the river, and the moment the 
 canoe reached the shore, singled out their objects, 
 and at one tire killed every person in it. This 
 happened to be the family of Logan, who had long 
 been distinguished as a friend of the whites. This 
 unworthy return provoked his vengeance. He accord- 
 ingly signali2;ed himself in the war which ensued. 
 In the autumn of the same year, a decisive battle 
 was fought at the mouth of the great Kanhaway, be- 
 tween the collected forces of the Shawanees, Mingoes, 
 and Delawares, and a detachment of the Virginia 
 niilitia.f The Indians were defeated, and sued for 
 peace. Logan, however, disdained to be seen among 
 the suppliants, but lest the sincerity of a treaty 
 should be distrusted, from which, so distinguished a 
 chief absented himself, he sent by a messenger the 
 following speech, to be delivered to lord Dunmore ; 
 *' I appei:! to any white man to say if ever he enter- 
 ed Logan's cabin hungry, and he gave him not meat ; 
 if he ever came cold and naked, and he cloathed him 
 iiot. During the course of the last long and bloody 
 war, Logan remained idle in his cabin, an advocate 
 for peace. Such was my love for the whites, that my 
 
 * They were under the necessity in their defence to resi4 
 force by force. 
 t Under the command of lord Dunmore. 
 
 countn 
 t's the 
 have i 
 man. 
 unprov 
 sparing 
 not a < 
 creature 
 sought 
 my vei 
 beams c 
 that mil 
 He will 
 is there 
 . Lord 
 place wi 
 who trea 
 great se* 
 distressed 
 sing to &ii 
 all ; the 
 afford th 
 people oi 
 of killinsf 
 to emplo' 
 a remons 
 ed that tli 
 and that 
 treatment 
 being de 
 the town, 
 a party li 
 set fire to 
 but the fli 
 forth in e^ 
 reduced to 
 
esi^ 
 
 AMERICAN WAH. 
 
 9S 
 
 countrymen pointed as they passed, and said, Logan 
 ts the friend of white men. I had even thought to 
 have J^/fed with you, but for the injuries of one 
 man. Colonel Cresap, the last spring, in cold blood, and 
 unprovoked, murdered all the relations of Logan, not 
 sparing even my women and children. I'here run» 
 not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living 
 creature. This called on me for revenge. I have 
 sought it ; I .have killed many ; I have fully glutted 
 my vengeance. For my country, I rejoice at the 
 beams of peace ; but I do not harbour a thought 
 that mine is the joy of fear. Logan never felt fear. 
 He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who 
 is there to mourn for Losan ? Not one." 
 
 Lord Dunmore retreated from Norfolk, and that 
 place was taken possession of by the provincials, 
 who treated the loyalists that had remained there, with 
 great severity, at the same time that they greatly 
 distressed those on board lord Dunmore's fleet, by refu- 
 sing to supply them with any necessaries. Nor was this 
 all; the vicinity of the shipping was so near, as to 
 afford the riflemen an opportunity of liming at the_ 
 people on board, and exercising the cruel occupation 
 of killing them, in which they did not fail every day 
 to employ themselves. These proceedings at last drew 
 a remonstrance from his lordship ; in which he insist- 
 ed that the fleet should be furnished with necessaries, 
 and that the soldiers should desist from the cruel 
 treatment above mentioned ; but both these requests 
 being denied, a resolution was taken to set Are to 
 the town. After giving the inhabitants proper warning, 
 a party landed, under cover of a ship of war, and 
 set Are to that part which lay nearest to the shore ; 
 but the flames were observed at the same time to break 
 forth in every other quarter, and the whole town was 
 reduced to ashes. This universal destruction, by which 
 
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 JObRNAL Ot? TtiE 
 
 
 
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 a loss of more than three hundred tliousand pounds 
 was incurred, is said to have been occasioned by otdeif 
 of the congress itself, that the loyalists mightP^nd no 
 refuge there for the future. The Americans after this 
 transaction, burned and destroyed the houses and 
 plantations withiii reach of the guns of the ships of 
 wnr, and obliged the inhabitants to remove with theif 
 cattle, provisions^ and portable effects^ further into 
 the country. 
 
 The beat of the season, and the numbers crowded 
 together in lord Dunmore's fleet, produced a pestilen*. 
 tial fever, which made great havocj especially among 
 the negroes. At last finding themselves in the utmost 
 hazard of perishing, by i^mine as well as disease^ 
 they set Are to the least valuable of their vessels, 
 reserving only about fifty for themselves, in which 
 they bid a final adieu to Virginia, some sailing to 
 Florida, some to Bermuda, and the rest to the West 
 Indies. 
 
 In South Carolina, the provincials had a more for« 
 midable enemy to contend with. A squadron whose 
 cibject was the reduction of Charlestown, had been 
 fitted out in December, 1775, but by reason of un« 
 favourable weather, did not reach Cape Fear, in North 
 Carolina, till the month of May, 1776 ; and here it 
 met with further obstacles till the end of the month. 
 Thus, the Americans, always noted for their alertness 
 in raising fortifications, had time to strengthen those 
 of Charlestown, in such a manner as rendered it ex- 
 ceedingly difficult to be attacked. The British squadron 
 consisted of two fifty-gun ships, four of thirty guns, 
 two of twenty ; an armed schooner, and a bomb-ketch, 
 all under the command of Sir Peter Parker ; the land 
 forces were commanded by general Clinton, lord Corn- 
 wallis, and brigadier general Vaughan. Jt was now 
 determined to try the event of an attack on the city 
 
 »■* ■ 
 
 * Cbj 
 
 Americ 
 
 mounte 
 
 iidrsnta 
 
 »pprdac 
 
 were ah 
 
 of the ; 
 
 indents, ; 
 
 Ori th 
 
 «ach of 
 
 had witt 
 
 ▼ah'ced I 
 
 construct 
 
 wood, in 
 
 no extent 
 
 w^acs ^rtf6l 
 
 obtain a 
 
 atteftipted 
 
 Sullivan's 
 
 by d han 
 
 ^ Hcans had 
 
 and entrer 
 
 the main 
 
 and Sulliv 
 
 reinforcem< 
 
 hhnd. 
 
 The att 
 
 a bbtrib-ket 
 
 fort, fthd A 
 
 up and b 
 
 wei'e 6M4ri 
 
 PWvn arid tt 
 
 aHd cut off 
 
 ^J"t, th?oug 
 
 fiit i and th 
 
AltfERICAN WAIT, 
 
 n 
 
 it 
 
 af Chatlestownj the ckpWtA of SdUtb Ctlrblina.* Tb» 
 Americads Imd^ erected works on SuUivau^s Island, 
 mounted with thirty pieces of cannon , in a ver^' 
 idvantagedus sitnation, for annoying ships in tlifeir 
 approach to the tdwn. The militia of the provincd' 
 were also collected in ^cat numbers for the defencd. 
 of the metropolis^ aid^d bj Several continental regi- 
 mtentS) Und the whofe conimanded by general Lee. 
 
 Oil th6 2Sth of June, the Bristol and Experiment| 
 each of fifty guns, supported by several smaller vessels j 
 had with some difficulty crossed the bar, and ad- 
 rarJCed to the attack of the foirt on Sullivan^s Island, 
 (Constructed entirely of palmetto, a soft and spuilgy 
 wood, in which a ball entering is buried j and niakei» 
 no extended fracture. Though an attack dn this fort 
 WaSs prtf6tical frdm the sea, it was Very difficult to' 
 obtain a co-bpierati6n of the land forces. This was 
 atteAipted by landing them oh ah island adjacent to 
 Sullivan's island, on th^ east, from which it is separated 
 by i harrow- cfeek. Opposite to this creek the Ame- 
 ricans had ported a strong bbdy of troops, with cannon 
 and entrenchments, while general Lee was posted on 
 the main land, with a bridge of boats between that 
 and Sullivan's Island ; so that he could at pleasure send 
 reinforcements to the troops in the fort on Sullivkn*a 
 Isfjlnd. 
 
 The altatk cotttnienced' early in the morning by 
 a bonib-ketch, which began to throw shells into th« 
 fort, and dbt)l^t mid-day the tWo fifty-gun ships camei 
 up and begdh a si^vere fit6. Three othter frigates* 
 wefcj Ot-d^red to tak6 thtJir st^tloti, between Charles- 
 tttWn aiid this fb'rt, iii birder to enfikde the batteries, 
 atid cut off the cbitiniUnlcatibn with the main land ; 
 but, through the ignorkhce of thte pilots, they all stuck 
 fist J .and thblljgfJ tWd of th^m were disentangled, they 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 were found to' be totally unfit for service : the third 
 was burnt, that she might not fall into the hands of 
 the enemy. 
 
 The attack was therefore confined to five armed 
 ships and a bomb-ketch, between whom and the fort a 
 dreadful fire ensued. The Bristol suffered exceed- 
 ingly. The springs on her cable being shot away, sho 
 was for some time exposed to the enemy's fire/ As 
 the Americans poured in great quantities of red hot 
 balls, she was twice in flames. The ' brave captain 
 Morris after receiving five '::wounds, was obliged to 
 go between decks, to have his arm amputated. After 
 undergoing this operation, he insisted to be Cai-ried 
 on the quarter deck to resume his command ; hr^re 
 he received* another wound, but still refused to quit 
 his station ; at last he received a red hot ball in his 
 belly, which put an end to his life. A few moments 
 before he died, one of the officers asked him if he 
 had any directions to give with respect to his family, 
 to which he heroically answered, ** None, I leave 
 them to the providence of God, and the generosity 
 of my country." His majesty on receiving an account 
 of this affair, sent the captain's' widow an handsome 
 present, and settled a pension on her and her 
 children. 
 
 Of all the officers and seamen who stood qn the 
 quatrer deck of the Bristol, not one escaped without 
 a wound, excepting Sir Peter Parker alone, though 
 he received s^yeral contusions during the action, yet 
 he modestly says in his dispatches they were not 
 worth mentioning. Indeed his intrepidity and presence 
 of mind during the action was very remarkable. The 
 engagement lasted till .darkness put an end to it. 
 During the height of the attack, the provincial 
 batteries remained for some time silent, so that it 
 was concluded that they had been abandoned, but 
 
 this fi 
 
 for as 
 
 the fii 
 
 the \vl 
 
 imposs 
 
 to the 
 
 much 
 
 depth 
 
 any atl 
 
 Williai 
 
 now V 
 
 board i 
 
 more t 
 
 British 
 
 ships oi 
 
 of lieul 
 
 Bristol. 
 
 The £ 
 
 that it 
 
 bar ; 1 
 
 very gi 
 
 thiB An 
 
 both pi 
 
 to be V 
 
 dismour 
 
 fort du 
 
 Durir 
 
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 observe( 
 
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 evade tl 
 
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 campaig 
 
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 short me 
 
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 it 
 
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AMERICAN WAH. 
 
 09 
 
 this was found to proceed only from want of powder^ 
 for as soon as a supply of this article was obtained, 
 the firing was resumed as brisk as before. During 
 the whole of this desperate engagement, it was found 
 impossible for the land forcies to give any assistance 
 to the fleet. The enemy's works were fpund to be 
 much stronger than they had been imagined, and the 
 depth of water effectually prevented them from making 
 any attempt. Captain Scott of the Experiment, and lord 
 William Campbell, late governor of the colony, who 
 now with great gallantry served as a volunteer on 
 board the fleet, were also dangerously wounded, with 
 more than two hundred of as brave men as ever the 
 British Navy produced, of the crews of these two 
 ships only, Particular mention was made of the bravery 
 of lieutenants Caulfleld, Molloy, and Nogent, of th« 
 Bristol. Every man that was engaged did his duty. 
 The Experiment and Bristol were so much damaged, 
 that it was thought they could not be got over the 
 bar ; however, this was at last accomplished by a 
 very great exertion of naval skill, to the surpHse of 
 thie Americans, who had expected to make them 
 both prizes. On the American side th\3 loss was Judged 
 to be very considerable, as most of their guns were 
 dismounted, and reinforcements had poured into the 
 fort during the whole time of the action. 
 
 During this attack generd Lee exposed himself 
 to great danger ; as the balls whistled about lie 
 observed one of his aid-de-camps shrink every now 
 and then, and by the motion of his body seemed to 
 evade the shot. " Death sir," cried Lee, " what do you 
 mean, do you doge ? Do you know that the king 
 of Prussia lost above an hundred aid-de-camps in one 
 campaign." " So I understand, sir," replied the officer, 
 ** but I did not think ycu could spare so many." A 
 short memoir of this gentleman may not be unnecessary. 
 
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 1i)d 
 
 JOURNAL OF THK 
 
 He was boni in Chester, in tlje year 1736; his 
 •fallier, a man of considerable property in that county, 
 was in the year 1745 appointed colonel of the 44th 
 regiment of foot. 
 
 As Charles was an only son, his father bestowed 
 upon him a very liberal education, and in the year 
 1745 he obtained a commissiqn for him in his owtt 
 regiment, in which he continued till the year 1700, 
 passing through the ranks of ensign, lieutenant, i(nd 
 captain. 
 
 During this time Charles Lee w^s present at several 
 actions, the first of which was at the defeat of gene- 
 ral Braddock, at Monongahela; after this he was at the 
 attack of the lines of Ticonderoga, in )75S) where 
 he was shot through the body. The next year he was 
 with general Prideaux at the reduction of I^iagara, and 
 in the year 1760 w^s at the conquest qf Canada, with 
 general Amherst. 
 
 The campaign being ended, captain Lee obtained 
 leave to return to England, ivhere, in the year H^li 
 he was appointed major in the lQ3d regiment, w^icb, 
 pn the breaking out p/ the Spanish ^Yftir> WM spnt tp 
 Portugal, under the command of Ipjrd Loudpt^ ^n Poc- 
 tugalj as well as in America, msypr l^fi behav^4 with 4j.9- 
 tinguished bravery ; and geners^l J^mrgoyn^, ^n^^i^ whipj»p 
 immediate direction he was, bore t|wstimpny of his ^rn;- 
 ness in executing the orders h^ received to surprise 
 the Spanish camp, which he 4ic^ wi^h a bravery an/d 
 intrepidy that «!Btt]e4 \\}a. chi^r^tej^ ai^ a (|istjnguish94 
 pf&cer. 
 
 At the peace of 1763, major ^.ee*s corps was dis- 
 banded, and he, univilling to remain ii^ac^ve, pl)- 
 tained leave to enjcer «fitr^ the service of tb^ Hing pf 
 Poland, by whpm he was gregitlj- caressed; he after- 
 wards went as a volupti^r in th9 W4i bietweep Ilyssia 
 and the Ot;tojggija» Porte. 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 h the je^r 1770 kT**^*"*^ 
 «te month „f „„ \„ ,'"""'«» to B.gl.nd, ,ftd J, 
 
 ■America, to visi, , ' "*'' "''w which he wen. » 
 
 ^ *« CPU,,,;:" " ■'--VU3 «. of ,,.,„s: --^^p 
 
 ^Imther he bad ,t th » • 
 
 «ri"*m and ,he coul ' J,' ""P"'" '«"«'eo» G^ 
 .>"" »» »0o„ „ rt, "J° • ^« ^»nnot pretend to deci^ 
 
 sr'y «>%-' -1 Mf 1^^'? "'- /-ce;.t 
 ^'-'''^'''^^no.o^'^rre^^.n:' 
 
 In person genefal Lee was «.. «• 
 f^fp^^ i» hi, mate, briwlf"" •'»'"'»«'«•» Wrt 
 
 St v\r ^ '^-^^ tr t"^t -^' 
 
 ^i out to ^cure New YoTTJ^'J'^' '»m»edialeljr 
 « wpposed the Briti/h?, " "" '"^^P' *hich ^ 
 ^^ ^'^y. Having :;t^°J7-Wl...eVS'J.' 
 C<.'«'on could aot b« t^^r™ ." ""'•'""' 8«»^ 
 Virginia, to find Lee in ""'*'«•' «' W. a„L, vj 
 state of preoaral P^^sWQn, and iathL 
 
 York ,V ""'^"on "1 which he had I ft u ™ ""^ 
 *°™- Upon his depart,,-, t J^ '^'^ ''m at Ne« 
 traversed the ^„. .. P'^^f^ tot Cape Fear i 
 
 nie continent will, ,(,„ ."^ ""^ l-eo again 
 
 "cure North Carolina, ad at uT' "P^"""" '» 
 hfr progre,, of the fleet a„d' ^ """• "■« ^-r- " 
 If« =S«>n proceeded wi,h T , ^^ '" '''P^Pmhwd 
 »f Charlestown. "'"' "'»"»' '^'^'i'y to the dSl' 
 
 P'S? n^or-i:^"!'"'"-. '"^"^ '"'e-^^ .P- 
 b"e-„ ^^ of .",4:,""'^-- ^ .,.o,di'^, 
 »f ">« courts of Euro^- /» »«. vi«t«1 n,ost 
 
 P ' *• aequu-ed .■ perfect 
 
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)0S 
 
 JOURNAL OF THr 
 
 I 1^ 
 
 Ir 
 
 IS 
 
 
 kndwl^dge of their languages. He spoke the India* 
 language as well as English, and as he passed great 
 part of the former war among the Indians they had 
 a particular friendship for him. 
 
 His resentment against the British government was very 
 •strong, hut for what cause it is not conjectured ; however, 
 it is well known that he was of an ardent, fiery. disposi- 
 tion, of which the following letter is a specimen ; the 
 reader will observe that this letter was written to a 
 gentleman in Maryland,* in the beginning of the year 
 1776, some, months before any reinforcements arrived 
 from England to America. 
 
 ** I know not," says this modern Achilles, ** in the 
 whole course of my life, I ever read any thing which 
 •o much moved my pity and indignation as the late 
 declaration of the convention of Maryland. They de- 
 dare, they shall esteem separation from Great Britain 
 88 the last of misfortunes. What ! when an attempt 
 has been made to rob you and 3'3ur posterity of your 
 birthrights ; when your fields have been laid waste, 
 your towns have been burnt, and your citizens but- 
 chared ;t when your property is seized and confiscated 
 in all parts of the world ; when an inexorable tyrant, 
 an abandoned parliament, and a corrupt, pusiillanimous 
 people, have formed a hellish league to rob you of every 
 
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 * Maryland was one of the last states which yielded to the 
 declaration of independence to the British crown. 
 
 f When ! — Where ! At this very time seven thousand 
 
 British troops were shut up in Boston, surrounded by an in- 
 numerable host of Americans: Canada at the same time 
 •verrun by another army of Americans and Indians. 
 
 Surely one cannot help being astonished at the virulence 
 with which Mr. Lee speaks, on the present occasion, against 
 kis country, which had loaded him and his family with honors. 
 
 *< Describe Achilles, as Achilles was, 
 /* Impatient — rash — inexorable — proud-;— 
 ** Scorning all judges^ and all law but arms/^ 
 
lenc« 
 jainst 
 
 AMERICAN WAR, 
 
 103 
 
 thing men hold most dear ; is it possible there should bo 
 creatures, who march on two legs, and call themselves 
 human, who can be so destitute of sentiment, courage, 
 and feeling, as sobbingly to protest, they should con- 
 sider separation from these butchers and robbers as the 
 last of misfortunes ? 
 
 ♦• Oh I could brain y«tt with your ladies' fans.* " , 
 
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 JOURNAL OF TMi . 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 jiuthor^s Journal continued. Further Descriptum (f the 
 River St, Lawrence. Anecdote of an Algonquin 
 Woman. An Attempt to surprise the British Troops 
 at Three \Rivers. Americans defeated. Retreat 
 to St. John^s. The British prepare a Fleet to 
 cross Lake Champlain. Sails and engages the Ame- 
 rican Fleet f which is defeated. British Troops 
 take possession of Crown Point. Retires to Winter 
 Quarters, 
 
 It is now high time to take notice of the military ope. 
 rations of the British ^:)rces to which I was attached 
 in Canada. It has been already mentioned that colonel 
 Arnold raised the siege of Quebec and retreated with the 
 greatest precipitation towards Three Rivers. 
 
 On the 29th June, 1'776, having accomplished our 
 Yoyage to Quebec, general Carletcn found himself at the 
 head of twelve thousand regular troops, among whom were 
 those of Brunswick. With this force we set out for Three 
 Hi vers, where we expected that Arnold would have made 
 a stand, but he had fled to Sorel, a place one hundred and 
 fifty miles distant from Quebec, where he was at last met 
 by the reinforcements, ordered by congress, under 
 the command of general Thomas ; who was appointed 
 by that body, commatider in chief ia Canada, in the 
 
 foom 
 at the 
 small 
 innoci 
 to av 
 the CO 
 wards 
 In ( 
 expedi 
 was ap 
 In our 
 were c 
 being i 
 with lo 
 the ail 
 thought 
 June b\ 
 press fo 
 Three 1 
 bee an 
 each ; 
 their cu 
 village, 
 It is mi 
 who coi 
 habitants 
 it is fer 
 For tl; 
 have ne^ 
 lated of 
 of relatin 
 That n 
 pened to 
 villages b 
 and her h 
 cabins. ; 
 
A^iERICA^ WAR. 
 
 lOf 
 
 k>oom of Montgomery. A few days after lie arriired 
 at the American encampment, he was seized with the 
 small pox, and died, having forbidden his men to 
 innoculate, he conformed to his own rule, and refused 
 to avail himself of that precaution. On his death 
 the command at Arst devolved on Arnold, and after- 
 wards on general Sullivan. 
 
 In the mean time, our troops proceeded with all 
 expedition .from Quebec to Three Rivers, which place 
 was appointed the general rendezvous of the army. 
 In our passage up the river St. Lawrence, our eyes 
 were entertained with beautiful landscapes, the banks 
 being in many places very bold and steep, and shaded 
 with lofty trees, and in others crowded with villages, 
 the air became so mild and temperate, that we 
 thought ourselves transported into another climate. 
 June 5th our regiment was ordered to land, and to 
 press forward with all expedition. 6th, Arrived at 
 Three Rivers. This town lies half way between Que- 
 bec and Montreal, and about thirty leagues from 
 each ; it has its name from three rivers which join 
 their current above a quarter of a mile below the 
 village, and fall into the great one, St. Lawrence. 
 It is much resorted toby the several, tribes of Indians 
 who come down those rivers, and trade with the in- 
 habitants in various kind of furs. The country about 
 it is fertile in corn, fruits, &c. 
 
 ' ^ For the sake of many of my readers who perhaps 
 have never read the following anecdote, which is re- 
 lated of an Algonquin woman, I shall take the liberty 
 of relating it in this part of my journal. 
 
 That nation being at war with the Iroquois, she hap- 
 pened to be taken prisoner and was carried to one of the 
 villages belonging to them. Here she was stripped i^ked, 
 and her hands and feet bound with ropes, in one of their 
 cabins. In this condition she remained ten days, tite 
 
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 106 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 i- 
 
 lavages sleeping round hor every nigiit. The eleventh 
 .niglit, while they were asleep, bliu found means to dis- 
 engage one of her bands, after which she immediately 
 freed herself from the ro|)os, and went to the door. 
 Though she had now an opportunity of escaping un- 
 perceiicd, her revengeful temper could not let slip so 
 favorable an opportunity of killing one of her enemies. 
 The attempt was manifestly at the hazard of her own 
 life ; yet, snatching up a hatchet, she killed the savage 
 that lay next her; and springing out of the cabin, 
 concealed herself in a hollow tree which she had 
 observed the day before. The groans of the dying 
 person soon alarmed the other savages, and the young 
 ones immediately set out in pursuit of her. Per- 
 ceiving from her tree, that they all directed their course 
 one way, and that none of the savages were near her, 
 ,she left her sanctuary, and flying by an opposite direc- 
 tion, ran into a forest without being perceived. The 
 second day after this her footscps were discovered, 
 and they pursued her with such expedition that the 
 third day she discovered her enemies at her heels; upon 
 this she threw herself into a pond of water, and diving 
 among some reeds and bulrushes, she could just breathe 
 above water without being perceived. Her pursuers 
 after making the most diligent search, were forced to 
 return. For thirty-five days this woman held on her 
 course, through woods and deserts, without any other 
 sustenance than roots and wild berries. When she came 
 to the river St. Lawrence, she made with her own hands 
 a kind of wicker raft on which she crossed. As she 
 went by the French for Three Rivers, without well 
 knowing where she was, she perceived a canoe full 
 of savages, and fearing they might be Iroquois, ran 
 again into the woods, where she remained till sun set. 
 Continuing Iter course, soon after she saw Three Rivers, 
 and vyas then discovered by a >party whom she knew to 
 
 »)e II 
 
 she ti 
 
 to th 
 
 seen, 
 
 .iier fl 
 
 where 
 
 Jun 
 
 beat t 
 
 to mei 
 
 This 
 
 it real! 
 
 especia 
 
 In ord 
 
 some o 
 
 of woi 
 
 sound , 
 
 are saf( 
 
 he done 
 
 true m 
 
 the sh 
 
 land, I 
 
 Americi 
 
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 Surely 
 of deso 
 This 
 ricans t 
 crossed 
 Point d 
 surprise 
 manded 
 The An 
 (aken ii 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 107 
 
 t)c ITurons, a nation in alliance with the Algonquins ; 
 she then squatted down behind a bush, calling out 
 to them, that she was not in a condition to be 
 seen, because she was naked. Tiu'y immediately threw 
 .tier a blanket, and then conducted her to the fort, 
 where she recounted her story. 
 
 June 8th. At three o^clock this morninir our drums 
 beat to arms, and we soon marched out of the ^jj^^e 
 to meet our foe. 
 
 This being the first skirmish I ever was engaged iii, 
 it really appeared to me to be a very serious matter, 
 especially when the bullets came whistling by our ears. 
 In order tp encourage the young soldiers amongst us, 
 some of the veterans who had been well used to this kind 
 of work, said, ** there is no danger if you hear the 
 sound of the bullet, which is fired against you, ysu 
 arc safe, and after the first charge all your fears Will 
 he done away." These remarks I found to be perfectly 
 true many a time afterwards. The cannon from 
 the ships in the river, and the field pieces on 
 land, began now to roar; many of the unfortunate 
 Americans were killed and wounded. 
 
 " Present we heard the battle's loud alarm, 
 
 " The hideous cannon with continued roar, 
 
 " Proclaims approaching death and wide spread barm : 
 
 " Confusion echoes from the martial shore." 
 
 Surely war, whether offensive or defensive, is a picture 
 of desolation ! 
 
 This was a very bold enterprise indeed of the Ame- 
 ricans to attack our troops. Two thousand of them 
 crossed over from Sorcl in fifty boats, landed at the 
 Point du Lai, before day-light, with an intention to 
 surprise us at Three Rivers. General Frazer, who com- 
 manded the British van, was not to be taken by surprise. 
 The Americans soon found that they were greatly mis- 
 taken in their intelligence concerning our position: 
 
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 101 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 when they discovered their mistake they were greatly 
 alarmed, particularly when, they found that brigadier 
 general Nesbit, who had landed the troops from the 
 transports, had p;ot behind them. After some time 
 they gave up offensive measures, and retreated to the 
 woods. Our troops still pushed forward in hopes of 
 taking their boats and cutting off their retreat; two 
 hsftj^ only were taken, the rest escaped. The num> 
 b^Fof the Americans killed and wounded were con- 
 siderable ; about two hundred surrendered, or were taken 
 prisoners in the woods. Generals 1 hompson and Irwin, 
 who commanded tMs party, with several other American 
 officers were among the prisoners : few of the British 
 fell on this day. 
 
 9th. Ordered on board our transports with all ex. 
 peditipn ; the wind springing up fair, the fleet sailed 
 towards Sorel. 
 
 llth. Our ship grounded on a sand bank, just in 
 the middle of the river St. Lawrence ; here we re- 
 mained fast near ^wo hours, and then drifted ; we 
 received no daniage, and soon regained our station. 
 
 14th. Landed at Sorel, here we heard that the 
 Americans had retreated, only two hours before. All 
 the fires in their encampment were burning. 
 
 15th. Our troops began to march in three columns, 
 Tinder the command of general Burgoyne, who led the 
 pursuit. 
 
 16th. Continued our march day and night, ex- 
 pecting evey hour to come up with them. However, 
 in all their haste, they took care to sot on fire their 
 batteaux, ships, military stores, &c. It must be con- 
 fessed that their distresses at this time were very great. 
 A British army close on their rear, and threatening 
 them with destruction ; their men obliged to dra^ their 
 loaded batteaux up the rapids by mere strength, often 
 to their middle in water. They were likewise encum< 
 
 a 
 
 bered 
 disease 
 It was 
 single 
 fourth 
 same i 
 Whi 
 daily 
 of Car 
 Many 
 their 
 tbereb}; 
 crime o 
 had as! 
 they w 
 commoi 
 left ex\ 
 retroatir 
 on the 
 had offi 
 18th. 
 and fou 
 and lar; 
 rapids o 
 burnt : 
 and sev4 
 tion and 
 
 26th. 
 
 across L 
 
 for want 
 
 Septet 
 
 nlonths j 
 
 * They 
 them eith 
 ment, for 
 m Canada 
 
'* 
 * 
 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 109 
 
 bered with great numbers labouring under that dreadful 
 disease, the small pox, which is so fatal in America. 
 It was said, that two regiments at one time had not a 
 single man in health, another had only six, and a 
 fourth only forty, and two more were nearly in the 
 same condition. 
 
 While the Americans were retreating, they were 
 daily annoyed by the remonstrances of the inahabitants 
 of Canada, who had cither joined or befriended them. 
 Many of the Canadians had taken a decided part in 
 thpir favor, rendered them essential services, and 
 thereby incurred the heavy penalties annexed to the 
 crime of supporting rebellion. These, though congress 
 had assured them but a few months before, ^' that 
 they would never abandon them to the fury of their 
 common enemies," were, from the necessity of the case, 
 left exposed to the resentment of their rulers. The 
 retreating army recommended them to cast themselves 
 on the mercy of that government, against which they 
 had offended.* 
 
 18th. Took possession of the redoubts at St. John^s, 
 and found all the buildings in flames, all the craft 
 and large boats the enemy could not drag up the 
 rapids of Chamblee, with some provisions, were also 
 burnt : twenty-two pieces of cannon were left behind, 
 and several other marks appeared of great precipita- 
 tion and fright, in the retreat of the enemy. 
 
 26th. We heard that the Americans had retreated 
 across Lake Cham plain to Crown Point. We could not 
 for want of boats urge our pursuit any farther. 
 
 September 30th. We have been very busy these three 
 months past in constructing a tleet, in order to face the 
 
 * They did indeed receive mercy, for I never saw any of 
 them either imprisoned or otherwise punished by our govern- 
 ment, for their joining the Americans at that tinat ; and 1 was 
 in Canada for tw«lve months after this. 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 
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 enemy on water. The spirit of onr troops has risen 
 in proportion to the difficulties which they had to 
 encounter. A fleet is now prepared. The ship In- 
 flexible, mounting eighteen twelve-pounders is ready 
 to sail 'y three weeks ago her keel was laid. TWo 
 schooners, one of fourteen and another of twelve six- 
 pounders. A flat bottom radeau, carrying six twenty- 
 four pounders, and six twelve-pounders, besides how- 
 itzers. A gondola, with seven nine-pounders. Tw'enty 
 smaller vessels, with brass fleld pieces, from nine to 
 twenty ,fo«r pounders. A number of long boats. ,A 
 great number of batteaux, destined for the transporta- 
 tion of the army, have been in three mouths little 
 less than created. 
 
 October 1st. Our little squadron was put under the 
 tiommand of Captain Pringle, and is now ready to sail. 
 
 Upon the 11th, our squadron came up with the Ame- 
 rican fleet, commanded by Arnold ; they were at anchor 
 under the island Valicour, and seemed a strong line, 
 extending from the island to the wesr side of the 
 continent. The wind was so unfavorable, that the ship 
 Inflexible, and some other vessels of force, could not 
 be brought to action. 
 
 Orders were now given to anchor, in a line as near 
 as possible to the American fleet, that their retreat 
 might be cut ofi^. This was frustrated by the extreme 
 obscurity of the night, and in the morning the American 
 fleet had got a considerable distance from our ships up 
 the lake. 
 
 13th. Eleven sail of the Americans was seen making 
 off to Crown Point, when after a chase of seven hours, 
 captain Pringle, on board of the Maria, of fourteen six- 
 pounders, having the armed vessels, Carlcton and In- 
 flexible, a small distance a-stern, came up with the enemy, 
 the rest of tlie fleet almost out of sight. The action 
 began at twelve o'clock, and lasted two hours. The 
 
 Wash 
 time 
 gondc 
 this 
 of hoi 
 was iii 
 strike 
 did \\{ 
 board 
 highest 
 the cor 
 sustain! 
 my's fl 
 work \ 
 engagei 
 The 
 force, ! 
 near Cr 
 
 The 
 
 the Am( 
 
 than evi 
 
 he acqii 
 
 the seco 
 
 America 
 
 armed 
 
 three on 
 
 destroys 
 
 Genen 
 
 possessio 
 
 had retr 
 
 He sent 
 
 forward t 
 
 which ap 
 
 vessels c 
 
 * Then 
 »he Irish A 
 
 '(■f. ■ 1 
 
AMERfCAN WAR; 
 
 111 
 
 Washington ralley struck during the action, and seme 
 time after, Arnold in the Congress galley, and five 
 gondolas, ran on shore and blew up the vessels. In 
 this perilous enterprize he paid attention to a point 
 of honor. He did not quit his own galley till she 
 was in flames, lest our sailors should board her, and 
 strike her flag. The killed and wounded in our fleet 
 did not amount to forty. General Carleton was on 
 board the Maria during the action, and praised in the 
 highest terms the conduct of the officers and men of 
 the corps of artillery who served the gun boats, and who 
 sustained for many hours the whole fire of the ene- 
 my's fleet,* the rest of the vessels not being able to 
 work up near enough to join effectually in the 
 engagement. 
 
 The Americnns hearing of the defeat of their naval 
 force, set fire to all the buildings and houses in and 
 near Crown Point, and retired to Ticonderoga. 
 
 The result of this sea fight, though unfortunate for 
 the Americans, raised the reputation of Arnold higher 
 than ever ; in addition to the fame of a brave soldier, '' 
 he acquired that of an able naval officer. Waterburg, 
 the second in command, and brigadier general in the 
 American army, was taken. Out of fifteen American 
 armed vessels which engaged our fleet in the morning, 
 three only escaped; the rest were taken, burnt and 
 destroyed. 
 
 General Carleton landed at Crown Point, and took 
 possession of the ground from which the Americans 
 had retreated, and was there joined by our army. " 
 He sent out several reconnoitcring parties, and pushed 
 forward a strong detachment on both sides of the lake, 
 which approached near to Ticonderoga. Some of our 
 vessels came within cannon shot of the American 
 
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 * The matrosses who served in the gun-boats were drafts from 
 the Irish Artillery in Cbapelizod, 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 works at that place. But the strength of that garrisori, 
 and the season of the year restrained us from making 
 any attempt, at that time, on Ticonderoga. 
 
 31st. Our army enr.barked on board of the batteauXj 
 and on the 2d of November landed at St. John's, in 
 Canada. 
 
 Such was the termination of the northern campaign 
 in 1776. After the death of Montgomery, evacuations 
 of posts, defeats, and retreats, had almost, interruptedly 
 been the portion of the Americans. 
 
 The Winter Quarters of the British army was in the 
 foUowihg order : — 
 
 HEAD QyARTERS, QyEBEC. "^ 
 
 ''7;'G*Sr'phiin;?°"'"' } G-ralHospiuLMonUel. 
 
 Van Brigade, commaruled byl At Le Prairie, LoDgeuil, &c. ex- 
 gen. Prazer, grenadiers, light > tending on the south sideof the 
 Infantry and 24th regiment, } river St. Lawrence to St. Curs. 
 
 Ficst Brigade commanded by brigadier general Powel. 
 
 9th regiment Isle Jesus. 
 
 47th do.f St. Luce, Recollet, St. Gene- 
 
 viere and St. Lawrent. 
 53d '. Chamblee. 
 
 Second Brigade, commanded by brigadier general Hamilton. 
 
 20th regiment.... Isle au Noix. 
 
 . 2i8t do St. John's. 
 
 S4th do Quebec. 
 
 62d do Point Levy, opposite to v 
 
 Quebec. 
 
 German troops commanded by generals Reidesel and Speicht, 
 were quartered from Bertheier to Three Rivers, and forty miles 
 below Three Rivers, on the road to Quebec. 
 
 Maclean's Royal Highlanders, emigrants, quartered at Chi- 
 nage Bonne, and River du China. 
 
 Sir John Johnson's regiment, called the New Yorker's, quar- 
 tered at Lachine, La Point Clare, and St. Ann. 
 
 8th regiment Upper Posts, Nis^ara, 
 
 Detroit, &c. 
 
 f Lieutenant colonel Nesbit died about this time, at Quebec, 
 he was a brave, humane officer, and greatly beloved by the 
 brigade which he coiumaodcd. 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 113 
 
 kht, 
 
 hU 
 kar- 
 
 ^he Isle of JesUS where the 9th regiment was 
 ^quartered, lies in the neighbourhood of Montreal, and 
 is about eight leagues in length, and two iq breadth \ 
 here as in other parts of Canada, the forests present 
 a itiQ'it befiutiful appearance, and contain a great 
 Variety of trees, among which are pinej fir, cedar, 
 oak, rnaple, ash, walnut, beech, elm, and poplar. 
 The Indians hollow the red •slip into canoes, some 
 of which, made out of one piece, will contain tweiity 
 persons. About November^ the bears and wild cats 
 take up their habitations in thie hollow elms, an4 
 remain there till April. Here are alsp found cherry 
 .trees, plumb trees, |he vinegar tr«e^ the fruit of which, 
 being infused in water, produces vinegar ; and an 
 aquatic plant, called atoca, the fruit of which may 
 be made into a confection ; the white thorn, the 
 cotton tree, on |;hp top of whic^ grow several tufts 
 of flowers, which when shakep in the morning, before 
 the de\y ifklls off, produces honey that may be boiled 
 up into sugar, the seed being a pod, containii.g a 
 very fine kind of cotton : the sun plant, which re- 
 $eaihles ^ marigold, and grows to the height of seven 
 or eight feet ; Turkey corn, French be^ns, gourds, 
 melons, capillaire, and t\\e hop plant. 
 
 Canada is :»aid to be inhabited by two hundred thou- 
 sand French, who live in ^^uence. They have full 
 liberty to hunt, fisih, fell timber for fuel, or building, 
 «nd to sow and pjaqt ^s much land as they c^n cul- 
 tivate. Their greatest h^r(|ship is the winter cold, 
 which is here so excessive from December to April, 
 that the greatest rivers are frozen over, and the snow 
 lies commonly two or three feet deep on the ground, 
 though It extenjds po further north than 48^ of latitude. 
 
 T|ie forests of Canada are ;dso well stocked with 
 birds. Thpy conjtain two kinds of eagles, the largest 
 
 111 -n 
 
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 JotRNAL OF tirfe 
 
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 of which have a white head and neck, and prey upari 
 hares and rabbits, which they carry up to their nests :' 
 but the othera are grey, and prey on birds and fishes. 
 The patridges are grey, red, and black, with long 
 tails, which they spread out as a fan, like a turkey 
 cock, and make a very beautiful appearance. The chief 
 Canadian bird of melody, is (he white bird, which id 
 iery handsome, and remarkable for announcing the 
 return of spring. The fly bird is thought to be the 
 most beautiful of any in nature ; with all his plumage, 
 fie is no larger than a cock chaffer, and he makes a 
 noise with his wings, like the humming of a large fly : 
 his legs are like two needles, and from his bill, which 
 is of the same thickness, a hcasW sting proceeds, with 
 which he pierces the flowers, and thereby nourishes 
 himself with the sap. The female has nothing striking 
 irn its appearance; but the mafe is a perfect beauty^ 
 having on it$ head a small tuft of the most beautiful 
 black, his breast red, his beWy white, his back, 
 wings and tail green, like that of a rose bush : 
 specks of gold scattered all over the plumage, add 
 greatly to its beauty ; and an imperceptible down 
 produces the most delightful shadings that can be 
 imagined. Rattle snakes arei found here, some of them 
 im thick as a man''s leg : when he moves his body, 
 which is covered with rows of scales, his tail rattles, whenc6 
 he has 'his name : his bite is mortal, but an herb grows 
 wherever this reptile is found in this country, called 
 the rattle snake^s plant, which is an infallible antidote 
 to tiie poison of his bite, by chewing it and apply- 
 ing it in the nature of a plaister to the wound. The 
 rattle snake seldom bite passengers, unless he is pro> 
 iroked or trod Upon : the Indians, however, pursue them 
 arid greatly prize their flesh, which they eat. There is 
 'a carnivorous animal here called the carcajou, of the 
 cat kind, having a very long tail ; its body is about tw» 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 115 
 
 feet in length. It is said that this animal, winding 
 himself about a tree, will dart from thence upon tlie 
 elk, twist his strong tail round his body, and cut his 
 throat in a moment. Wolves are scarce -in Canada, 
 but they afford the finest furs in all the country ; their 
 flesh is white and good to eat, and they pursue their 
 prey to the tops of the largest trees. There are three 
 sort of squirrels here ; that called the flying squirrel 
 will leap forty paces and more, from one tree to another. 
 This little animal is easily tamed, and is very lively. 
 The Canadian porcupine is less than a middling dog ; 
 when roasted, he eats full as well as a sucking pig. 
 There are two sort of bears here, one a reddish and 
 the other of a black colour, but the former is the most 
 dangerous. Some of the rivers breed a kind of cro- 
 codile, that differs but little from those of the Nile. 
 The meadow grounds, in Canada, which are well watered, 
 yield excellent grass, and breed vast numbers of great 
 and small cattle ; their horses, are small, but very active; 
 where .the arable land is. well manured, it produces 
 rich crops, tobacco in particular, thrives exceedingly^ 
 
 The lakes are both large and nuq^erous. Lake Supe- 
 rior, or the Upper Lake, which is situated the farthest 
 north, is reckoned one hundred leagues in length, 
 and seventy where broadest. Indeed the whole country 
 abounds with large lakes and rivers; so that here a man 
 n^ay wander one thousand miles on the banks of the 
 finest lakes and rivers in the world, without meeting 
 with a human creature. 
 
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 CHAP. Vllf. 
 
 Admiral Lord Howe and General Sir William Howe- 
 appointei Commissi oners for restoring Peace to the 
 Colonies. Arrives at Staten Jsland. Conversation 
 bttween Colonel Paterson and General Washington. 
 Hostilities commence. Americans defeated with great 
 Slaughter. New Fork taken by the British. General 
 ^ssatiH against Fort Washington t garrisoned bj/ the 
 jiTiiericans. Surrender Prisoners ff War. Fort Lee 
 and Rhode Island taken bj/ the British. General 
 Lee taken. Ilessianf defeated. 
 
 JTt has been already observed, that th<i commiihd o^f 
 the force which was designed to act againat New 
 York was given to admiral lord Howe, and. his brother 
 Sir Williafti ; oflScers, who as well for their personal 
 character, as their known bravery, stood high ia 
 the confidence of the British nation. 
 
 The admiral and general in adcjiition to their mi- 
 litary powers, were appointed commissioners for re- 
 storing peace to the colonies, and so desirous was 
 the general to effect his favorite purpose of pacifica- 
 tion, that he lay a considerable time before New York, 
 without attempting to commence hostilities, until he 
 should be joined by his brother, whom he expected 
 daily from England, with an enlargement of their powers 
 as commissioners for restoring peace to the colonies. 
 On the 1 2th July, me, lord Howe reached States 
 
 Island, 
 , d lately 
 cular lettl 
 colonies, 
 commissi( 
 with a d( 
 papers wel 
 iminediatt 
 every on 
 of the B 
 to trust to 
 The adn 
 coercive n 
 purpose of 
 adjutant-gei 
 ton, statinjr 
 powers of re 
 greatest pleaj 
 wished this ' 
 wards that ( 
 The ■follo^ 
 between gen 
 After usual 
 the whole ( 
 general WasI 
 Paterson ent< 
 general How 
 hd arisen, i 
 general Wash 
 
 * This conv< 
 . t A few da 
 
 llelter, directed 
 jfefused to rec 
 lo£cial capacity 
 Iwrote as folio* 
 Icsicntials to pui 
 
-AMERICAN WAR. . 
 
 ;»ar letter, addressed ,o the l!"^ '° ''"''"'J'' » -^ir- 
 "'on.es, acq„ain,.r.g then 'IJ ™.°" °' "•« ''i«=re.,t 
 commissioner i„ c6^j„„e," ' '"'^^ '"' "PPointment „ 
 -"' a declaration to theinhl, ""^ ^•"•™'' '"S^""' 
 papers .vere sen. bv Rencral wl""' ^"P'"' o^'heSB 
 -nediate,, P^d^^Z^tt^t" '° '=''"«'«'• "fc" 
 '^^■■y one, as they .aid J\t *" "^""^P'P*". that 
 "f ""» British mi„'^s,r;.'a:^"'''r,l^° '-'•"ousnes, 
 'otnistto beside, the e«„io„ ofT"*^ "'" """"•'S' 
 
 The admiral and genera I.!""' °'"' ""'»'• 
 coereive „,e.s„,es, ^7"lST'"J *" ""^•"i *» 
 P-P0»e of paeific'ation. deZ^^'!!"'" "^'^ fa™ri.e 
 aJj^tant-general, .vi,h ^ ^^''f '"^''^l Paterso,, the 
 to.., Slating that the comn,!^^ "" 8«'»«l Washing. - 
 powers of rec„nei,ial:;rdTr.^ "'" '"^^'^ "'^h 
 greatest pleasure from efetTn! " ^^ """^ ''"'•'« "'« 
 w«6ed this visit to be c3j T"""''''"""' •»" 
 ^■ards .h=t desirable „b°c" ""''"*""<''«■'=« to. 
 
 ■^twee'n'g!:::,' wX^on™ a^:^, " ."^ '■"•"-<» 
 
 After usual comp|i„6„f ?„ ^ u "^^ '^**""'> =• 
 'ko whole co„veLr„r' colon rl" "^" *" "■"""g" 
 ff^neral Washington bv th. , ./ ! "'™"' addressed 
 '"aterson entered u;^I 'f' ""''"^'■=^' '"'oncl 
 f"-l Howe much^egr«ted r".'^ '''"'<^' ">« 
 W arisen, respecting ^ZZ., f *="'"« "h'*"" 
 
 ----n.on.\hatth:l:::.;ll:--o 
 
 P"nct„,o, but in thi, i„„.„anyj ~4™«J. . »cri»«, 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THB 
 
 sistent with propriety, and founded upon precedents of 
 the like nature, by ambassadors and plenipotentiaries, 
 where disputes of di(Hcuitie» of ranV had arisen ; 
 that general Washington might recollect he had last 
 summer addressed a letter to general Howe, ^' To the 
 honorable William Howe, esquire j" that lord Howe 
 and general Howe did not mean to derogate from 
 the respect or rank of general Washington ; for 
 they held his person and character in the highest 
 esteem ; that the direction, with the addition of &c. 
 &c. &.C. implied every thing that ought to follow. 
 He then produced a letter, which he did not directly 
 oHer to general Washington, but observed that it was 
 the same letter which had been seift, and laid it on 
 the table, with the superscription, ^* To George Wash- 
 ington, &c. &c. &c." The general declined the letter, 
 and said, that a letter directed to a person in a public 
 character should have some description or indication 
 of it, otherwise it would appear a mere private letter ; 
 that it was true, &c. &c. &c. implied every thing, 
 and they also implied any thing ; that the letter to 
 general Howe alluded ,to, was an answer to one 
 received, under, a like address from him, which the 
 officer on duty having taken, he did not think proper 
 to return, but answered it in the same mode of 
 address; that he should absolutely decline any letter 
 directed to him as a private person, when it related 
 to his public station. Colonel Paterson then said, 
 
 to my country and appointment, to insist on that respect, 
 which in any other than a public view, I would willingly 
 have waved." Congress applauded his conduct in a public 
 resolutiot), and at the same time directed, that no letter or 
 message should be received on any occasion whatever, from 
 the enemy, by the commander in chief, or others, the cora- 
 manders of the American army, but such as were directc(( 
 to them in the character they severally sustained. 
 
AMfeRlCAN WAll. 
 
 11^ 
 
 "that general Howe would not urge his delicacy any 
 farther, and repeated his assertions, that no failure 
 of respect was intended. He then said he would 
 endeavour as well as he Could to recollect general 
 Howe's sentiments on the letter, and the resolution of 
 congress sent him a few days before, respecting the 
 treafment of our prisoners in Canada ; and added 
 that the affairs of that province were in another 'de- 
 partment not subject to the control of general Howe, 
 but that he and general Howe utterly disapproved of 
 every infringement of the rights of humanity. 
 
 Colonel Paterson then took a paper out of hi» 
 pocket, and after looking it over, said he had ex- 
 pressed nearly the same words. General Washington 
 then said, that he had also forwarded a copy of the 
 fesolves to general Burgoyne, to which colonel Paterson 
 replied, he did not doubt but a proper attention would 
 be paid to them, and that he (general Washington) 
 was sensible that cruelty was not the characteristic 
 of the British nation. Colonel Paterson then pro- 
 Ceeded to say he had it in charge to mention the case 
 of general Prescot, who they were informed was treatetj 
 with silch I'igour, that under his age and infirmities 
 fatal consequences might be apprehended. 
 
 General Washington replied, that general Prescot's 
 treatment had not fallen under his notice, tlwt he had 
 treated all persons under his particular tlirection with 
 kindnfess, and made their situation as easy and conifoit ible 
 as possible ; that he did not know where general Prescot 
 wa«, but believed his treatment wa*^ different from their 
 information. General Washington then mentioned the 
 case of colonel Allen, and the officers who had been 
 Confined in Boston jail. As to the first, colonel Pa- 
 terson answered, that general Howe had no knowledgo 
 of it, but by information from general Washington, 
 and that tbs Canada company was not under his di- 
 
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 JOURNAL OF TCdl 
 
 reotion or control ; but: m to the other priioncri ^ 
 Boffton, whenever (he state of the army at that place 
 admitted it, they were treated with humanity, and 
 even indulgence : he asserted this upon bis honor, 
 and should be bapp}' in an opportunity to prove it. 
 General Washington tlien observed, that the conduqt 
 of several of the oflicers would well have warranted 
 a diiii'rent treatment from what they had received ; 
 siMne having refused tto give any parole, aud others 
 having broken it when given, by escaping or endea- 
 vouring so to do. Colonel Patcrson answered, that as 
 to the first, they misuttdersood the matter very much, 
 aud seemed to have mistaken the liue of propriety 
 exceedingly ; anit|l as to the latter, general Howe ujiterly 
 disapproved, and condemned their conduct. That, 
 if a remoHiitrance was niade, such violations of good 
 faith would be severely punished ; but that he hoped 
 general Washington was too just to draw public infe- 
 rence from the misbehaviour of some private indiv). 
 duals ; that bad men were to be found in every class 
 and society. And such behaviour was considered as 
 a dishonor to the British army. Colonel Paterson 
 then proceeded to say, tliat the goodness and bene- 
 violence of the king had induced him to appoint 
 lord Howe and general Howe his commissioners 
 to accommodate this unhappy dispute \ that they had 
 great powers, and would derive the greatest pleasure 
 from effecting an accommodation, and that he, (colonel 
 Pater&on,) wished to have this visit considered, as 
 making the first advances to this deajrable object. General 
 Washington replied, he was not. invested with any 
 powers on this subject, by those .from whom he derived 
 his authority. But from what had appeared or transpired 
 on this head, lord Howe and general Howe were only 
 to grant pardons \ that those who had committed no 
 fault, wanted no pardon ; that the Americans were only 
 
'^f 
 
 American war. 
 
 121 
 
 as 
 
 no 
 
 «lefending what they deemed their indisputable right. 
 Colonel Paterson said, that would open a very wide 
 field for argument. He expressed his apprehensions, 
 that an adherence to forms was likely to obstruct business 
 of the greatest moment and concern. He then observed 
 that a proposal had been made of exchanging governor 
 Skene for Mr. Lovell ; that he now had authority to 
 accede to that proposal. General Washington replied, 
 that the proposition had been made by the direction of 
 congress, and having been then rejected, he could not 
 now renew the business, or give any answer, till he had 
 previously communicated with them. 
 
 Colonel Paterson was treated with the greatest attention 
 and politeness during the whole business, and expressed 
 strong acknowledgements that the usual ceremony of 
 l}linding his eyes had been dispensed witb. At the 
 breaking up of the conference, general Washington 
 •strongly invited him to partake of a small collation 
 provided for him, which he politely declined, alleging 
 liis late breakfast, and an impatience to return to 
 general Howe, though he had not executed his com- 
 mission so amply as hs wished. Finding he did not 
 purpose staying, he was introduced to the general' 
 officers, after which he took his leave, and was 
 «afely conducted to his own boat, which waited for 
 faim, about four miles distant from the city. 
 
 While the two royal conimissioners, admiral and 
 general Howe were endeavouring in- their civil capacity, to 
 'effect a re-union between Great Britain and the colonies, 
 in order to avert the calamities of war, congress seemed 
 TOore determined in opposition, and ridiculed the power 
 with which the commissioners were invested " of grant- 
 ing general and particular pardons to all those, who, 
 though they had deviated from their allegiance, were 
 willing to return to their duty." Their general answer 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 to this was " that they who had committed no faulty 
 wanted no pardon,'* and immediately entered into a 
 resolution, " that the good people of the United States 
 may be informed of the plan of the commissioners, 
 and what the terms, with which the insidious court 
 of Great Britain had endeavoured to amuse and disarm 
 them, and that the few who still remained suspended 
 by a hope, founded either in the justice or moderation 
 of their late king, might now at length be convinced 
 that the valour alone of their country was to save its 
 liberties." This was immediately followed by another 
 resolution in order to detach the Germans who had 
 entered into the service of Britain ; it was penned in 
 these words : ** Resolved, that these states will receive ' 
 alt such foreigners who shall leave the armies of hi» 
 Britannic majesty in America, and shall chuse to be- 
 come members of any of these States, and they shall be 
 protected in the free exercise of their respective reli- 
 gions, and be invested with the rights, privileges, and 
 immunities of natives, as established by the laws of these 
 States; and moreover, that this congress will provide 
 for every such person, fifty acres of unappropriated 
 lands, ill some of these States to be held by him and hi» 
 heirs as absolute property." 
 
 An attack upon Long Island being determined on 
 by our commanders, the fleet covered the deiscent 
 of the army, which effected a landing with forty pieces 
 of cannon, in two hours and a half, near a town called 
 Utrecht, on the south-western extremity of the Island, 
 without any opposition, on the twenty-second of August, 
 1776. General Putnam, with a large body of troops, lay 
 encamped and strongly fortified at Brooklyn : a range 
 of hills were between the armies, the principal pass 
 of which was at a village called Flat Bush. Large detach, 
 ments of the American army occupied the hills and passes. 
 The ri^ht of the British army was coDuaanded by general 
 
ii 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 IM 
 
 CTinton, lord Percy and lord Cornwallls ; the centre, 
 composed of Hessians, under general Heister, took post 
 at Flat Bush, and the left, under general Grant, near - 
 the shore. About nine in the evening of the 26th, the 
 van of the army, consisting of the light infantry, gre- 
 nadiers, and light-horse, marched to the right in order, 
 to seize a pass near the village of Jamaica. General 
 Clinton being arrived within half a mile of the pass 
 about two hours before day-break, settled his dispO' 
 sition for the attack. One of his patroles falling in 
 with a patrole composed of American officers, took them 
 all. The way being thus open, the whole army de- 
 scended into the level country which led to the Ame- 
 rican lines at Brooklyn. 
 
 At half past eight oVlock on the morning of the 
 27th, the attack was commenced by the light- infantry 
 and light dragoons, upon large bodies of the Americans, 
 who retreated towards their camp. Here they were 
 met by the Hessians and exposed to the fire of two 
 parties ; generals Heister and Grant in their front, and 
 general Clinton in their rear; they were immediately 
 thrown into the utmost confusion -, and in their effort to 
 retreat back to the lines at Brooklyn, great numbers 
 were killed and taken prisoners, among the latter major- 
 general SulUvan, brigadier-general lord Sterling,* bri- 
 gadier-general Udell, ten field officers, eighteen cap- 
 
 iK(l";l 
 
 ■ili 
 
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 i 
 
 ^ The following account of lord Sterling was given about this 
 time in the English publications : » • 
 
 " His father, Mr. Alexander, (for that was his real name)went 
 to America many years ago, where he acquired a considerabl* 
 «state. ' 
 
 " Upon the death of lord Sterling, a Scotch peer, whose name 
 was Alexander, either the late or present Mr. Alexander came 
 over to England and laid claim to the title. When the cause was 
 tried by the house of lords and the claim rejected, the lords 
 forbade him to assume the title on pain of being led round 
 Westminster-Hall labelled as an impostor ; but ever since, by the 
 (Courtesy of his countrymen, he has been distinguished by tho 
 
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 hi 
 
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 •H '■H 
 
 
 JOURNAL OF TH? 
 
 tains, forty.three lieutenants, eleven ensigns, one adjui. 
 tant, three surgeons, two volunteers, and one tbousandji 
 and six rank and file. 
 
 Washington had crossed over from New York in the 
 height of the engagement : when he saw the disposi- 
 tion of the two armies, it is said that be wrung his, 
 hands and cried out ** Good God ! what brave fellows 
 I must this day lose :" but he came too late to retrieve 
 . the fortune of the day. He had the mortification to see 
 come of his best troops killed or taken without being 
 able to afford them any assistance, but he used his ut. 
 most exertions to save those that remained by a well; 
 conducted retreat. 
 
 The victory was complete; the Americans lost up-, 
 wards of three thousand men, including near eleven, 
 hundred taken prisoners, with thirty-two pieces of can-, 
 non. Among the Americans who fell, a regiment from, 
 Maryland was particularly regretted. It consisted wholly 
 of young men of the best families in that province. 
 They behaved with the most admirable heroism, were 
 every man killed or wounded, and thus perished in, 
 the bloom of youth. - -; , , . 
 
 A member of congress* in his account of this en- 
 gagement, says, " the British troops displayed great 
 valour throughout the whole day ; the variety of the, 
 ground occasioned a succession of engagements, pur- 
 suits and slaughter, which lasted for many hours ; British 
 discipline, in every instance, triumphed over the native 
 valour of raw troops, who had never been in action, 
 and whose officers were unacquainted with the stratagems 
 qi war." 
 
 title of lord Sterling. The first lord Sterling obtained a grant 
 of Long Island, and was the first that settUd it with British, 
 iBhabitants. He died in 1640." 
 
 « * Dr. Ramsay. ^ - 
 
♦ '"■■■'* 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 12J 
 
 The British army had to lament the following officers 
 lind men killed and wounded : ;l^ 
 
 KILLED, >J 
 
 IJeut. Col. Grant 40th regiment, .-H 
 
 Captain Sir A. Murray, 17 th do. .^^ 
 
 '"' Captain Nelson 52cl do. 
 
 Captain Logan, 2d regiment marines, -^"^ 
 
 Second Lieut. Lovell, Royal Artillery, -it.} ^. 
 
 3 Serjeants, 
 A3 Rank and File. 
 
 WOUNDED. 
 
 Lieut. Col. Monckton....45th regiment, ^ 
 
 " Captain Grove 23d do. 
 
 V Captain Brown 4-4th do. 
 
 ?j Captain Kennedy do. do. 
 
 Lieut. Morgan I7tb do. 
 
 Lieut. Crammond........442d do. '' 
 
 < Lieut. Mair. 43d do. 
 
 Lieut. Wier ..•••do. do, " 
 
 7 Lieut. Brown. 44th do. 
 
 / Lieut. Addison '^2d do. 4l 
 
 ^ Lieut. Nugent, 1st regiment marines, >^ 
 
 ' 11 Serjeants, _ ^ 
 
 ,,» 3 Drummers, " 
 
 j 831 Rank and File. 0' mwiH 
 
 After this defeat Washington did not think it ex- 
 pedient to risk another battle against the British army. 
 Conformable to this opinion, dispositions were made 
 for an immediate retreat* In the beginning of the night 
 pf the 29th of August, in the most profound silence, 
 he conveyed his troops on board of boats, crossed the 
 East River, more than a mile wide, and landed them in 
 the city of New York, on the opposite shore. 
 
 Soon after this retreat the first division of the British 
 army^ commanded by general Clinton, being covered 
 by a few ships of war, proceeded up the East river 
 to Kepps* bay, about three miles north of New York, 
 >vhere they landed without opposition. 
 
 The Americans now abandoned the city of New York, 
 f nd a brigade of the British troops took possession of it. 
 
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 "^ After tli'c Americans had evacuated New York they took 
 wp a strong position on the north of that Island, which" 
 is near sixteen miles long, and in some parts not more 
 than two miles in breadth. Here they fdrtified the 
 strong pass of Kingsbridge, by which their communis 
 cation with the continent was kept open. 
 
 General Howe formed a plan of cutting off Wash- 
 ington's communication with the eastern country^ 
 and enclosing him so as to compel, a general engage- 
 ment on the Island. On the twelfth of October, the 
 guards, light infantry, together with colonel Donop's 
 corps of Hessian grenadiers and chasseurs, marched 
 ficm the advanced posts on New York Island, and 
 embarking in boats at Turtle Bay, passed up the East 
 River through Hell-srate, entered the sound aftd landed 
 on Frog's Neck in Westchester county. About this 
 time general Lee arrived from South Carolina^ and in 
 a council of war which was held immediately after 
 his arrival at the American encampment, strongly 
 urged the American commanders to quit the Island 
 of New York immediately. He also urged the ex- 
 jiediency of evacuating Fort Washington at the same 
 <ime. In this last motion he was opposed by general 
 Green, who maintained that the possession of that im- 
 portant post would prevent a large body of the enemy 
 from joining their main foi*ce, and in conjunction 
 with Fort Lee, would be of essential service to the 
 Americans in covering their transportation of pro- 
 visions and stores up the North River. He likewise 
 said, that, at the very worst the garrison couid be 
 brought off at any time by Loats from the Jersey 
 side of the river. Green's plan was adopted, and 
 Fort Washington was garrisoned with three thousand 
 
 .A ?'il.T 
 
 men for its defence. , . ^ . 
 
 In the mean time the British troops crossed at 
 Trog's Neck, and found the bridge which joined U 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 )2(/ 
 
 to the main land broken down by tlie Americans, who 
 had thrown up some works on the opposite side. 
 Our troops having now been reinforced, embarked 
 again in boats and laniied at Pelham's Manor, and 
 advanced towards New Rocbelie ; on their march they 
 were annoyed by a party of Americans, under the 
 command of general Lee, who had posted theotselves 
 behind stone walls on the line of march. 
 
 Our troops now gained the road which leads from 
 Conneoticut to Kingsbridge. The Americans appre- 
 bending their communication to the eastward would 
 be cut oiT, mo' d from their camp at Kingsbridge, 
 and extended th>.}r left to the White Plains, a chain 
 of stony hills so called. On the 2 1st of Odtober, 
 the British troops took possession of the heights of 
 New Rochelle. On the 25th our army marched in 
 two' columns, and took a position with the Brunx 
 River in front. The Americans at the same time 
 assembled their main force at White Plains behind 
 entrenchments, where they seemed determined to make 
 a stand. A general action was hourly expected. 
 
 On the 28th in the morning our army advanced 
 to attack the enemy, who seeing our troops in mo- 
 tion, a body of eight thousand came out of their 
 lines and posted themselves on the top of a very 
 stetp hill, above the ford. The second brigzlde, 
 conmianded by general Leslie, consisting of the "oth, 
 28th, 35th, and 49th regiments, with a battalion of 
 Hessians, and a party of light dragoons, marched down 
 and crossed the ford, though much an,noyed by grape 
 shot, ascended the hill with the greatest intrepidity, at- 
 tacked and routed the body of the Aniericans that wer« 
 posted there, driving them to their entrenchments. 
 General Howe, on the morning of the 1st of Novem- 
 )»Qr, prepared to attack them but general Washi;i^tQr» 
 
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 in the mean time, quitted his entrenchments, crossed 
 the North River, and took post in the neighbourhood 
 of Fort Lee, having previously set fire to the huts and 
 It barracks which they bad built for their winter quarters. 
 
 The Americans having retreated, general Howe find- 
 ing they avoided a general action, and that the nature 
 . of the country did not admit of their being forced to it, 
 was determined on the reduction of Fort Washington. 
 This was the only post the Americans held on New York 
 Island, almost opposite Fort Lee from which it was sepa- 
 rated by the North River. Every thing being prepared for 
 attacking Fort^Washington, a general assault was deter- 
 mined On. On the 16th of November four attacks were 
 made at the same time in the following order: the 
 first, on the north side, was led on by general Knyp- 
 hausen, with two columns of Hessians. The second, 
 on the east, led by brigadier general Matl^ews,* at the 
 head of the light infantry, and a battalion of the king^s 
 guards ; this column was supported by lord Cornwallis, 
 with the British grenadiers and 33d regiment. The 
 third was under the direction of lieutenant colonel Ster- 
 ling, with the 42d regiment j and the fourth wa$ com- 
 
 "* The fate of this gallant o^cer some years ailer this was 
 truly lamentable. 
 
 In the beginning of the year 1783, general Mathews landed 
 with a small army under his command, on the coast of Malabar, 
 in the East Indies, in order to relieve the Carnatic, which was 
 at that time suffering under the ravages of Hyder Ally's for- 
 midable, victorious army. After general Mathews had taken 
 several important fortresses, his little army was obliged to 
 surrender prisoners to Tippoo Saib, who in direct breach of 
 the capitulation, treated them with a degree of inhumanity, 
 which chills the blood even to think of. Seventeen British 
 ofiicers were compelled to swallow poison by his order, and all 
 miserably perisiied in^ prison. General Mathews himself did 
 not expire by the poison, but horrid to relate, had his head 
 wrung from his body, by order of that tiger^hearted mpnatec 
 Tippoo Saib. 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 lad 
 
 was 
 
 manded by lord Percy. The columns under general 
 Knyphausen when advancing to the fort, had to 
 pass through a thick wood which was occupied by a 
 large body of riffle men, and suffered very much 
 from their well directed fire. In the mean time a 
 body of British light infantry advanced against a 
 party of the Americans, who were annoying them 
 from behind rocks and trees, and obliged them to 
 disperse. This made way for the landing of the rest 
 of the troops without opposition. Lord Percy carried 
 an advanced work on his side, and lieutenant colonel 
 Sterling forced his way up a steep height, and took 
 one hundred and seventy prisoners. Their out works 
 being carried, the Americans retreated from their 
 lines and crowded into the fort ; colonel Hahl, who 
 led the right column of general Knyphausen's attack, 
 pushed forward and lodged his column within one 
 hundred yards of the fort, where he was soon after 
 joined by the left column. Two thousand seven 
 hundred Americans who were in the fort surrendered. 
 Shortly after Fort Washington had thus fallen, lord 
 Gornwallis, with a considerable force, passed over 
 the North River in order to attack Fort Lee, and 
 make a further impression in the Jerseys. The gar- 
 rison, consisting of two thousand men, were saved by 
 an immediate evacuation, at the expence of their 
 artillery 'and stores. 
 
 General Washington now retreated to New Ark, 
 having abundant reason from the posture of affairs, 
 to count on the necessity of a farther retreat. He 
 asked colonel Reed " Should we retreat to the b- ', 
 parts of Pennsylvn.nia, will the Pennsylvanians suj ,ijrt 
 us ?'* The colonel replied^ " If the lower counties 
 are subdued and give up, the back counties will do 
 the same." The general replied, we must retire to 
 Augusta covinty, in Virginia, numbers will be obliged 
 
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 130 
 
 JOURNAL or THE 
 
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 to repair to us for safety, and we must try what we 
 cuii do in carry injf on a prftdatory war, and if over- 
 powered, wc must cross the Allegany mountains.'** 
 
 The reduction of Fort Washington, the evacuation 
 of Fort Lee, and the diniunition of the American army, 
 by the departure of those whose time of service had 
 expired, encouraged the British forces, notwithstanding 
 ihe severity of the winter, and the badness of the roads, 
 to pursue the retreating American army. 
 
 Lord Cornwailis led the van of the British army, and . 
 was close in the rear of general Washington, as he 
 retreated successively to New Ark, Brunswick, Prince- 
 ton, Trenton, and the Pennsylvctnian side of the Dela- 
 ware. The purhuit was urged with so much rapidity,^ 
 that the rear of the American army pulling down bridges^ 
 was often within sight and gun-shot of the van of tho 
 British building them up. 
 
 During the retreat of the Americans, general Lee was - 
 taken prisoner at Baskenrldge. He had been ordered 
 to join general Washington with his division, but those 
 orders were not obeyed. He continued to hang upon 
 the rear of the advancing army. Colonel Harcourt 
 having received intelligence of his careless situation, 
 being attended only by a small guard, and at a dis- 
 tance from his troops, immediately formed a plan of 
 surprizing him, which he effected with great address, 
 and he was safely carried prisoner to the British 
 camp. The Americans had reposed extravagant con- 
 fidence it) his military talents. 1 o have lost such an 
 idol of the state at any time would have been dis- 
 tressing, but it was an aggravation of the misfortune 
 to lose him under such circumstances, which favored 
 an opinion, that despairing of the American cause, 
 he Butiered himself to be taken prisoner. Congress 
 
 , * Dr. Ramsay's Americaa Revolutioa. 
 
 levi 
 
 bes 
 to 
 
 
AMERICAN war: 
 
 131 
 
 soon after interceded for his enlargement, and offered 
 to give six British field officers in excJiange for him, 
 but this was at that time refused, as it was said that 
 general Lee being a deserter from the king's service, 
 did not come under the denomination of a prisoner of 
 war : retaliation was then threatened by the Americans. 
 To stop the effusion of innocent blood, the British 
 commander gave him up. 
 
 How different was the conduct of the American 
 leaders, in respect of major Andre, which shall here- ,. 
 after be related. 
 
 During these successes in the Jerse3's, general Clin- 
 ton, with two brigades of British, and two of Plessian 
 troops, accompanied by a squadron of ships of war, under 
 the command of Sir Peter Parker, were sent to make an 
 attempt on Rhode Island, and became masters of it ' 
 without losing a man : at the same time they blocked 
 up commodore Hopkins* sc^uadron, and a number of 
 privateers at Providence. 
 
 Hitherto the British troops had succeeded in every 
 object since their Jaoding at Staten Island. The Ame- 
 irican soldiers being greatly dispirited by repeated de- 
 feats, claimed their discharge ; twelve months was the 
 time of their engagement, at the expiration of that 
 penod numbers of them returned home, in consequence 
 of which general Washington found his army gre,atly 
 decreased. 
 
 Congress exerted themselves to retrieve their looses, 
 and to recruit their army. They altered their mode , 
 of enlisting men, and ordered a new army to be 
 levied, of which the soldiers should ,be bound to 
 serve three years, or during the continuance of the 
 war. Twenty dollars were allowed to every soldier, 
 besides an allotment of lands at the end of the war 
 to all that survived, and to the families T)f those wha 
 
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 132 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 should lose their lives in the service of their country. 
 These promises of congress were accompanied with 
 vigorous exertions. Pennsylvania, in this crisis of 
 danger, raised a powerful militia ; the merchant, the 
 farmer, the tradesman, and the labourer, flocked to 
 general Washington's standard. 
 
 The British army now occupied a chain of towns 
 and villages through the Jerseys, even to the vicinity 
 of Philadelphia. 
 
 A strong detachment of Hessians lay at Trenton, 
 another at Bordenton, and a third at Burlington ; 
 these towns arc on tlie opposite bank of the De- 
 laware, and the latter is within twenty miles of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 On the evening of the 25th of December, general 
 Washington, by a masterly enterprize, re-crossed the 
 Delaware, marched his troops in two divisions to 
 Trenton, drove in the Hessian out posts, and attacked 
 the main body, who were thrown into confusion, 
 after colonel Khal theii;' comnianding officer was mor- 
 tally wounded. 
 
 Finding they were now surrounded by the Ameri^ 
 cans, twenty ^three officers and eight hundred and eighty- 
 eight men, laid down their arms and surrendered prU 
 soners of war j between thirty and forty were killed 
 and wounded. 
 
 After this enterprise, Washington crossed the Dela- 
 ware, and returned with the prisoners to Philadelphia ; 
 he then re-passed that river, and took possession of 
 Trenton. 
 
 Several detachments of our troops now assembled at 
 Princeton, where they were joined by a strong de- 
 tachment from Brunswick, commanded by lord Corn- 
 wallis J who immediately marched to Trenton, and 
 attacked the Americans on the 2d of January, 1777. 
 At four o'clock in the afternoon, the advanced guard 
 
AMERICAN WAR; 
 
 1SS 
 
 of the Americans were compelled to retreat, but 
 our troops were checked bv some field pieces which 
 were posted on the opposite bank. Thus two armies, 
 on whom the success or failure of the American re- 
 volution depended, were crowded into the village of 
 Trenton, and only separated by a creek in many 
 places fordable. The British troops lay on thoir arms 
 that night in order to be in readiness to make ano- 
 ther attack next morning. Meanwhile Washington 
 silently withdreiv his troops, leaving fires burning in 
 his camp and the usual patroles for the purpose of 
 deception ; favoured by the obscurity of nighr, and 
 after a circuitous march, he reached Princeton early in 
 the morning. 
 
 On their approach to Princeton, the centre of 
 the Americans were charged by the nth, 40th, and 
 55th, regiments under the conunand of colonel Maw- 
 hood with such intrepidity, that ihoy were compelled 
 to give way in disorder. In this emergency, Wash- 
 ington rode forward ; he placed himself between his 
 flying troops and the British, with his horse's head 
 fronting the latter. The Americans encouraged by his 
 exhortations and example, rallied and attacked the 
 British in turn, and although Washington was for 
 some moments between two tires, he escaped without 
 a wound. * 
 
 During this contest, the British troops displayed the 
 most invincible valour. One of the three regiments 
 commanded by colonel Mawhood, undismayed by the 
 superiority of the Americans, in point oi numbers, 
 charged with the bayonet, forced their way through 
 a oolumn of the enemy, and marched forward to 
 Maidenhead. The other two regiments, though they 
 suffered severely, retired in good order and retreated 
 to Brunswick. 
 
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1S4 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Tbc British army now evacuated Trenton and Prince- 
 ton , and retreated to New Brunswick. General Wash- 
 ington immediately stationed troops in all these important 
 places which he had thus regained. 
 
 Tbc American head quarters were at Morristown and 
 general Putnam was directed to take post at Princeton. 
 
 This campaign was closed with few advantages to 
 the British arms, except the possession of New York. 
 
 We shall now turn our attention to tlie ai&ivB of th« 
 northern army, 
 
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 I ■ 'M^'-' 
 
 
AMERICAN WAIU 
 
 ISS 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 I ' 
 
 fl 
 
 I .■: 
 
 Northern Army opens the Campaign. Crones Lake 
 Champlain. Ticonderoga taken. Fort Ann evacvatei 
 by the Americans. British Troops move Jo)'warA 
 to Fort Edward and Fort Millar. Miss M*Crea 
 murdered bj/ the Indians. Germans defeated at 
 Bennington. British Amu/ crosses Hudson's Rher, 
 Desperate Attacks made on the British Army, Are 
 cbliged to retreat. Surrenders at Saratoga, 
 
 In the beginning of June, 1777, the northern army, 
 which consisted of four thousand British troops, and 
 three thousand Germans, marched from their winter 
 quarters, in the difTerent parts pf Canada, ami encamped 
 on the western side of Lake Champlain. Ilcic they were 
 joined by some Canadians, and the army was put 
 under the command of general Burgoync. The soldiers 
 were in a high state of discipline, and had been kept 
 in their winter quarters with the greatest care, in order 
 to prepare them for this expedition. 
 
 The British army proceeded upi Lake Champlain, 
 in batteaux, in the greatest order and regularity, 
 and landed at the river Boquet, near Crown Point. 
 Ilere a body of Indians joineil it. A congress was 
 held ; general Burgoyne opened the meeting witii 
 sx speech to the Indians, part of which was as follows: 
 
 ** This war, to you, my friends, is new : upon 
 all former occasions in taking the field, you held 
 yoursielves authorized to destroy wherever you came, 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 because every where you found ati enemy. The case? 
 is now very different. 
 
 " The kinj^ has many faithful subjects dispersed in 
 the provinces, consequently you have many brothers 
 there : and these people are the more to be pitied, 
 that they are persecuted, or imprisoned, wherever 
 they are discovered or suspected ; and to dissemble, 
 is, to a generous mind, a yet more grievous punish- 
 ment. 
 
 " Persuaded that your magnanimity of character, 
 joined to your principles of affection to the king, 
 will give me fuller controul over your minds than 
 the military rank with which I am invested, I enjoin 
 your most serious attention to the rules which I here- 
 by proclaim for your invariable observation during 
 the campaign. . ^ 
 
 ** I positively forbid bloodshed when you are not 
 opposed in arms. 
 
 " Aged men, women, children, and prisoners, must 
 be held sacred from the knife or hatchet, even in the 
 time of actual conflict. 
 
 " You shall receive compensation for the prisoners 
 you cake ; but you shall be called to account for 
 scalps. 
 
 " Base lurking assassins, incendiaries, ravagers and 
 plunderers of the country, to whatever army they 
 may belong, shall be treated with less reserve, but 
 the latitude must be given you by order, and I must 
 be the judge of the occasion." 
 
 After general Burgoyne had ended, an old chief of 
 the Iroquois stood up and made the following answer : 
 
 *^ I stand up, in the name of the nations present, 
 to assure our father that we have attentively listened 
 to his discourse. We receive you as your father, be- 
 cause when you speak, we hear the voice of youif 
 great father beyond the great lake. 
 
 t. f 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 1 *:■ 
 
 ^^ With one common assent we promise a constant 
 
 obedience to all you havre orderc^d, and all you shall 
 
 order ; and may the Father of days give you many and 
 
 success ! 
 
 " We rejoice in the approbation you have expressed 
 of our behaviour> 
 
 " We have been tried and tempted by the Bostonians,* 
 'but we have loved our father, and our hatchets have 
 been sharpened upon our affections. 
 
 " In proof of the sincerity of our affections, our whole 
 villages, able to go to war, are come forth. The old 
 and infirm, our infants and our wives, alone^ remain 
 ait home," 
 
 In the mean time the attention of the Americans were 
 exclusively fixed on plans of defence, in order to 
 arrest the progress of the British troops. In the pre- 
 ceding summer, general Gates was ordered by con- 
 gress with twelve thousand troops to Ticonderoga, in 
 ovder to strengthen and fortify that important pass ; 
 great was the confidence of the x\mericanj in the strength 
 of this post and the supposed superiority of the forces 
 for its defence. 
 
 On the 30th of June, the British advanced to Crown 
 Point, about twelve miles from Ticondeuroga. In the 
 evening the following orders were given : ** The army 
 embarks to-morrow, to approach the enemy. The 
 servu'cs required on this expedition are critical and 
 conspicuous. During our progress occasions may occur, 
 in Avhich, nor difficulty, nor labour, nor life, are to 
 be regarded. This army must not retreat." From 
 Crown Point they proceeded to invest Ticonderoga. 
 On their approach to it they advanced on both sides 
 of the lake, wliile the naval force kept in the centre. 
 ^Vithin a few days they had surr9unde,d three fourths 
 
 S, 
 
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 See page 75. 
 
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158 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 
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 of the American works at Ticonderoga, and Mount 
 Independence, and had also advanced a work on Sugaif 
 Hill, t!)e top of which overlobked and effectually com- 
 manded the whole works. The Americans vainly 
 imagining that the difficulty of the ascent would be 
 sufficient to prevent the British troops from taking pos- 
 session of it. On the approach of the first division of 
 the army, the Americans abandoned and set fire to their 
 out works, and so expeditious were the advances, that 
 by the 5th of July, every post was secured which was 
 judged necessary for investing it compleatly. A road 
 was soon after made to the summit of that eminence, 
 which the Americans had with such confidence sup- 
 posed could not be ascended ; and so much were they 
 disheartened, that they instantly abandoned the fort 
 entirely, taking the road to Skeensborough, a place 
 to the south of Lake George, while their baggage, with 
 what artillery and military stores they could carry off, 
 were sent to the same place by water. But the British 
 generals were determined not to let them pass so easy ; 
 both were pursued and overtaken ; their arrned vessels 
 consisted only of five galleys, two of which were taken 
 and three blown up, on which they set fire to their 
 boats and fortifications at Skeensborough. On this 
 occasion the Americans lost two hundred boats, one 
 hundred and thirty pieces of cannon, with all their 
 provisions and baggage. 
 
 ' 'At the break of day, July the 6th, the American 
 land forces, under colonel Francis, were eagerly pur- 
 sued by brigadier general Frazer, at the head of his 
 brigade, consisting of the grenadiers and light infantry j 
 they were soon overtaken, and made (Considering the 
 opposition of raw and undisciplined troops to veteran 
 soldiers) a brave defence. As they were greatly superior 
 to the British in numbers, they had almost overpowered 
 general Frazer, when general Reidcsel, with a large body 
 
 thi 
 
.^JtfEWCAN WAR. 
 
 J 3d 
 
 "A ; ■ 
 
 «r Germans, came to his assistance ; the Americans were 
 then overpowered in their turn, their commander and 
 above two hundred men killed, and as many taken 
 prisoners. The loss oi the British was very inconsiderr 
 able J major Grant of the 24th regiment, ,J^ brave officer, 
 fell on that day.* ■ b 
 
 The, fprt abaiidpned by the Americans at Ticonderoga, 
 was a place of great importance : the old French lines 
 constrpcted in the late war, between England and France, 
 which looked towards the encampment, had ^.^n re- 
 |)^ired the year before, and were in good order. About 
 the centre was a battery of six. guns. This occupied 
 about two thirds of the high ground directly opposite to 
 the o|d fort. The remaining third was open, but some 
 great trees, with their branches outward, were spread 
 about eighty yarcjs for its security. The old fort was 
 in bad repair, but so|me guns were mounted on one of 
 its ravalins, that looked toward Lake Champlain. There 
 was ^Iso a battery of four guns in tl^e old French lines, 
 which had the same aspect. On the point above the 
 bridge^ was a battery of four guqs, and on: IVfount 
 Independence, another of six or eight '^he fort oh 
 that sjde, was nearly a mile from the battery, and 
 was formed of picquets. The defence of it might 
 have eipployed four hundred men. From the battery 
 at the point, a line of entrenchment ran round the 
 jnount, upwards of a mile and a half in length. There 
 was a strong abbatls in front of this line. Towards 
 the east of the mount was a block house. Anpther 
 was on Ticpnderoga side. New works were also begun 
 on the mount. A bridge had been constructed, and 
 thrown over the injet, in order to secure their own 
 
 * Lord Balcarras, who conitnanded the British light infantry, 
 distinguished himself in this engagement. The coat which he 
 wore on that day was pierced through in several places with 
 musquet-sbot, yet he only received a slight wound. 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 vessels, and to obstruct the British fleet. This bridge was 
 supported by twenty-two piers of timber, the spaces 
 between these piers were filled with separate floats, 
 fifty feet long, and thirteen feet wide, strongly fas- 
 tened together with large iron chains. It was likewise 
 defended, on the Lake Champlain side, by a boom 
 composed of very large pieces of timber, fastened to- 
 gether by rivetted bolts, and double chains.' This 
 bridge, on which the Americans had bestowed sti much 
 labour for ten months, and which was deemed by themi 
 to be impregnable, was cut through in less time by 
 the British seamen, than it would have cost tbeni^ to 
 have described its structure. 
 
 The Americans were greatly grieved at the loss of 
 Ticonderoga,' and apprehensive of general distress, 
 sought to cover the disgrace by throwing the blame oq 
 the general. A court mariial was held by order bf 
 congress: cowardice, incapacity, and treachery ivere, 
 brought forward in court, against general St. Clair, 
 who commanded at TicOnderoga. In the course of 
 the trial it was made to appear, that tho' thirteen 
 thousand six hundred men had beeh early called for, 
 as necessary to defend the northern posts ; yet oa 
 the approach of general Burgoyne the whole force 
 oollected to oppose him, was not above half that 
 number. St. Clair was honorably acquitted. 
 
 Such was the rapid torrent of success, which irf 
 this period of the campaign, swept away all opposition 
 before tlie British army. The officers and men, were 
 highly elated with their good I'ortune. They considered 
 their toils to be nearly at an end ; Albany to be within 
 their grasp, and the. adjacent provinces reduced to a 
 certainty. The terror which the loss of Ticonderoo-a 
 spread throughout the New England States was great ; 
 but nevertheless, no disposition to purchase safety by 
 submission app<^ared in any quarter. The army afttr 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 the mean rime,' ge^TlB^^^^^' "'"' P"""<">»- I-. 
 A"", a place of so^^e s. 'I* "'^"^' «'"' "> Fo^ 
 
 ".at For,. They had not nL ^'7' '"'■'='«'" '<>»4, 
 ".e -oodi. before 'hey o'^™'?'''^''"^? ">!'«» through 
 ".asgage, wo^en, and "3 'bT -'^ ""'»'' "■* 
 "oans^o„i„g MP \^oodC«k "^'"f '"'''* A-'^- 
 'o Fort Ann, ,hL were ia,^^ . ? "■''" '" «■"!» 
 ".en proceeded on their ^rrtrJf "'"^''- -^"^^ 
 • quarter of a mile of Fort AnT' I ^^ *""* *'"'''. « 
 garrisoned by a strong ^arl "^V ^t "" " "■" "■"•«' 
 »^ % upon their i.L a„ „£ "*'"^' "^^. "■^'e* 
 /Parly next morning, 9th j„i„' ; i 
 
 came from the fort : he said .irR' *"/™«ri«n soldier 
 
 '« "« afterwards di^oreld ^ ^ t" ''""'^''' '''<'-^'' 
 «ated that there were one V / "" * 'P^ i he 
 .nd that they were in I'rLercT , "^ '" *'= ^''«. 
 apprehension of ,he British aTuA J'™"""' <""'«» 
 
 "pon thi, intelligence SHf"r 'T"""^ ""■»' 
 to general Burgoyne It^ni K ''"?'"='■'<' » message 
 f" '«' had advanced, which „" ".T'""' ""^ '""'v 
 'rom the main army, - "6''^' " "=» «»««. 
 
 Not many minutes after thi. m« 
 pretended deserterdisappi e^.T^? "^ ""' "«' *» 
 "on and seen the strengrhofeieR ."'''""' *^ »""- 
 amount to above one hundred t^f ""'''' "''''='"«•' "»» 
 officers. It »as soon fouTdKl.'T^"'^-. including 
 
 'o his friends, for i„7sfetrh:r'''=K '*'•'' -P"" 
 out of the fort with „ ' ";" '•«"^»'. hour they cam* 
 
 of centries received ,h'emwU?th '''"' ^""''' <""«"« 
 ^adiness, and obliged thlm . ^'^*^'' '"•»™'-y '"i 
 formed again, and came o! t '"''" ' """y 'hen 
 
 The officer, .^.uld be heard " "'"" "^""^^'^ ^'*''«- 
 ■ "e heard encouraging them on to the 
 
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 attack, though their numbers could not be seen, the 
 woods being so thick, but it w^ soon foun^I that they not 
 only out flanked but were endeavoring to surround the 
 Biritish ; in order to prevent this they were obliged to 
 change th6if ground, and retiie lip a high hill, which wa? 
 ifi their rear ; in performing this manoeuvre several of the 
 ilacn ivere killed and wounded. When the troops arrived 
 at ttie summit ot the hill they formed in Indian jfile, and 
 kv'Spt tip 'a well directed fire tilt all the atniohunition 
 w6s' expanded ; the eiiemy ibbserying that the firing 
 ceased, was ertdoui^'ged ^6 press forward with redoubled 
 vigour, and endeavoured to surround them in order to 
 t\ii off d\\ reti^eftt. Jnst at this critical moment a war 
 hoop wa^ heard, which fesotinded through the wood -, 
 this sou ttd, which Was so obnoxious at that time tp the 
 j^mericans, threw th«m into the utmost consternation. 
 
 ' The war hoop was sduiided by captain IVlonev, deputy 
 i|[uartcr master general ; he b^d beeti detached by general 
 Burgoyne early in the iporning from Skeensborpugh^ 
 tiith a party of Indians, in order to join this detachment 
 when they came within four miles of Fort Ann, they heard 
 the firing ; Captain Money ordered them to advance 
 a^ fast as possible to assist, but they refused to obey 
 him, and either stood still or advanced very slow. 
 Beili^ anxious to join the party at all events, he ran 
 forward by himself with all his might, and came to 
 iliti bbttom of the hill where, just as all the ammunition. 
 ii?ra5 expended, he gave the war hoop. 
 
 'In this affair the British had three officers and nineteen 
 men killed and wounded. -'■"' -. -^^r 
 
 * *' Captain Montgomery, son to Sir W, Montgomery,, 
 hart, of Dublin, was wounded in the leg and taken 
 prisoner, with the surgeon who was dressing his wound, 
 
 ■■■.,•.• ■ < ■■'■ • .. ' 
 
 * This passage being iiterally copied from the author's private 
 .Tr>arnal^ he hopesi pafdou fur narrating it ia the first person. 
 
 surgec 
 of our 
 nestly 
 ately 
 of a 
 and \ 
 engage 
 of thei 
 small 
 time, 
 situatioi 
 ment, 
 set fire 
 before I 
 Skeensb 
 cd, wii 
 diiectec 
 
private 
 
 / 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 145 
 
 jfcst before wc retired up the hill, t very narrowly 
 tscaped myself from being taken prisoner at that time, 
 as I was just ill the act of assisting the surgeon in 
 dressing the captain*s wound, ivhen the enemy came 
 pouring down upon us like a mighty torrent, in con- 
 sequence whereof I was the last mas: tliat ascended tl»e 
 bi)1. I had not been there five minutes when lieutenant 
 Westrop, who was by my' side was shot through the 
 heart ; a few minutes after a man, a short distance upon 
 my left, received a bail in his forehead, which took 
 off the roof of his scull ! he reeled round, turned up 
 his eyes, muttered some words, and fell dead at my feet ! 
 After the Americans had retreated, we formed on the 
 hill. It was a distressiing sight to see the wounded roerb 
 bleeding on the ground, and what made it more so the 
 rain came pouring down Hke a deluge upon us ; and 
 3HII to add to tbe distress of the sulferers, there was 
 nothing to dress tlieir wounds, as the small medicine 
 box which was fiHed with salve, was left behind with 
 surgeon Shelly and captain Montgomery at the time 
 of our movement up the hill. Ths poor fellows ear- 
 nestly entreated me to tie up their wounds. Immedi- 
 ately I took off my shirt, tore it up, and with the help 
 of a soldier's wife, (the on)}? woman that was with us, 
 and who kept close by her husband's side during the 
 engagement,) made some bandages, stopped the bleeding 
 of their wounds, and conveyed them in blankets to a 
 small hut about two miles in our rear. In the mean 
 time, general Burgoyne having heard of our critical 
 situation, moved forward at the head of a strong detach- 
 ment, in order to support m ; but the Americans had 
 set fire to Fort Ann, and fled with great procipitatiou, 
 before his arrival. Our regiment now marcheci back to 
 Skeensborough, leavin,g me behind to attend the wound- 
 ed, with a small guard for our protection. I was 
 ditected, that io case I should be either surrounded or 
 
 4- ■' 
 
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144 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 iiver powered by the Americans, to deliver a letter, whictl 
 general Burgoyne gave me, to their'commanding officer* 
 Here I remained seven days with the wounded men, 
 expecting every moment to be taken prisoner ; but, . 
 although we heard the enemy cutting down trees every 
 night during our stay, in order to block up the passages 
 of the road and river, yet we were never molested. 
 Every necessary which we wanted was sent us from the 
 camp at Skeensborough, and all the wounded men 
 (except three who died) were nearly fit for. duty wheft 
 we arrived at head quarters." 
 
 The British were now obliged to suspend all operatiorfs 
 for some time, and Wait at Skeensborough for the arrival 
 of provisions and tents ; but they employed this interval 
 clearing a passage for the troops, to proceed against thfe 
 enemy. This was attended with incredible toiU The 
 iVmericans, now under the direction of general Schuyler, 
 were constantly employed in cutting down large trees 
 on both sides of every road, which was in the line of 
 iQarch. The face of the country was likewise so broken 
 with creeks and marshes, that there were no less than forty 
 bridges to construct, one of which was over a morass 
 two miles in extent. The di£ficulties of the march 
 through this wilderness were encountered and overcome 
 by the army with a spirit and alacrity which could 
 not be exceeded ; and on the 20th of July, it encamped 
 at Fort Edward. General Schuyler now retreated to 
 Saratoga^ and immediately issued a proclamation warn- 
 ing the Americans that they would be dealt with as 
 traitors, if they joined the British army, and requiring 
 them, with their arms, to repair to the American 
 standard. At the same time numerous parties were 
 cMnployed in desolating the country, felling trees, and 
 throwing every obstruction in the way of the army. 
 Indeed at first an universal panic intimidated the inha- 
 bitants, but they soon recovered from its operation. 
 
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AMERICAN WAft. 
 
 H? 
 
 irn- 
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 lean 
 
 kre 
 
 md 
 
 The terror excited by the Indians, instead of disposing 
 the inhabitants to court British protection, had a contrary 
 effect. This was chiefly occasioned by the murder of 
 Miss M'Crea, a young lady of the neighbourhood of 
 Fort Edward. As this melancholy transaction made a 
 great noise in Great Britain and America at this time, 
 I shall take the liberty of relating it in the words of that 
 great American partisan Dr. Ramsay. 
 
 *' This, though true, was no premeditated barbarity. 
 The circumstances were as follow : Mr. Jones,* h<?ir 
 lover, from an anxiety for her safety, engaged some 
 Indians to remove her from among the Americans, and 
 prontiised to reUrard the person who should bring hcv 
 safe to him, with a barrel of rum. 'Two Of the Indians 
 wlio had conveyed her ^ome distance. On the way to 
 her intended husband, disputed which of them should 
 present her to Mr. JOi^es. Both wer^ anxious for th6 
 rewAt'd. One c^ them killed her with his tomahawk, 
 toi [Jrevent the other frbm' receiving if. Burgoyn6 
 obliged the Indiahs to deliver up th6 murderer,' and 
 threatened to put him to death, rfis life was only 
 spared, ujioh the Tndiians agreeing to' terms, which the 
 general thought would be more efficacious than an ex- 
 ecution, to j^irevent' similar rnischiefs." ^ 
 
 Had the execution, taken place, there is every proba- 
 bility that the Indians would have riutircd from the 
 army, massacring every body and destroying every tijing 
 before them ; thus it would have caused the destruction oF 
 hundreds of the innoeent inhabitants of the frontiers of 
 Canada, if the ai^sassin had been then put to death. 
 When the nfiurder of Miss M*Crea had reached the general's 
 ears, he went io the Ihdiah camp, and insisted in the 
 iriost determined llanguage thiat the culprit should be 
 given up to justice, and had it not been for the re- 
 
 * Aa o/jQcer iaanew raised Amcricaa corps attached to oi^ 
 
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 JOITRNAL OF tHE 
 
 monstrances of monsieur Sr. Luc le Corne, a French- 
 man who then presided over th,em, the murderer'* e»- 
 ecntion would not have been deferred another day. 
 
 St. Luc informed the general that great discontent had 
 feigned among the Indians, at the restraint under which 
 ,they were kept. To winch general Burgoyne replied, 
 *^ That he had rather lose every InLlian in his army 
 than cohnive at theif enormities." 
 
 The general afterwards said, *' That he ever esteemed 
 the Indian alliances, at best a necessary evil,, their 
 services to be overvaluetl ; sometimes insignificant, often 
 barbarous, always capricious, and that the employment 
 ef them, was only justifiable, when b}: being united to a 
 regular army, they could be kept under controAil.^* 
 Governed by these sentiments the general acted. In bis 
 own expressive language, *^ he determined to be the 
 soldier, not the executioner of the state.'* Indeed it was 
 very remarkable^ how he restrained their ferocity during 
 .the shoit time they were with our army ; and in order 
 to do this the more eiiectually, he took to his aid. a 
 favorite priest ol theirs, who had more control over 
 the passions of the Indians than all theie chiefs put 
 together. 
 
 By sach assistance he was able to enforce obedience 
 to his commands- in preventing them from barbarity. 
 The following instances ai-e given as proofs of his, 
 wisdom and humanity : In a skirmish which happened 
 between the Americans and Indians, two of the Ame- 
 rican officers were woUnded; the Indians, under a heavy 
 fire of the enem}',. conveyed the wounded ofRdcrs on 
 their backs to a place of safety. At another time, a 
 cciptain;, with a detachment of Americans, were placed in 
 ambuscade^ rn order to cut oft" part of the British troop* 
 on their march ; these were discovered by the Indians, 
 who took them all prisoners without a man being hurt. 
 It is dLo worthy of remark, that no party of the Lidians^ 
 
 >» 
 
 * AHudi 
 <»nvp at Pu 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 H?>" 
 
 -H'as ever allowed to leave the camp without having a 
 British officer at its head. Kvery possible exertion of 
 humanity was used in order to restrain their ferocity. 
 The case of Miss M'Crea excepted, (which was not 
 premeditated cruelty) no brirbarity or murder was com- 
 mitted by the northern army. It is true, that charges of 
 this nature, against that army, were fabricated by the 
 Americans, and propagated in their news-papers, through" 
 out the continent ; but this was in order to accoro- 
 plish the end which they had in view, which was to 
 prevent the loyalists from joining the British standard. 
 This might be pardonable in the Americans at that 
 time, if it be allowed that ** stratagems are justifiable in 
 war." But what shall we say to a popular author, fos- 
 tered in our own countr}', who, in writing on this 
 oampaign, says : ** Such was the sanguine and savage 
 spirit which breathed throughout this infamous procla- 
 mation,* unparalleled except in one very recent instance, 
 that the following lines from Shakespeare's Timon o/" 
 Athens, were not unhappily applied to it as a kind of 
 comment or paraphrase: 
 
 "-■ Let not thy sword skip one j 
 
 Pity not honoured age for his white beard. 
 Strike me the matron — Let not the v.irg^in's cheek 
 Make soft thy truncliant sword— Spare not the babe 
 Whose dimpled smiles from fools exhaust their mercy. 
 Mince it without remorse." 
 
 Lord Harrington, the present commander rn chief in 
 
 Ireland, was at that time aid-de-camp to general Bur- 
 
 goyne, and general Freeman, the present barrack master 
 
 general in Ireland, was also in that service, and both 
 
 his lordship and the general well know the principle of 
 
 humanity which dictated even this very proclamation. 
 
 Its object was to terrify into allegiance, not to massacre to 
 
 extermination, which the latter quotation of Mr. Belsham 
 
 * Alluding to general Burgoyne's proclamation, issued at the 
 c»rivp at Putnam t:reek, June 29tb, 1777. , * M 
 
 
 
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 JOURNAL OF TriB 
 
 mere tlian insinuates : it avows. General Burgoyne in 
 liis examination li'cforc tlic house of commons, fully and 
 explicitly ex|>lained the motives which induced him to 
 the proclamation. ** I have," said he, 
 
 •• tpokcn daggers— but USED NONE!!!" 
 
 After all, it is not much to Mr. Bclsham's credit that 
 he does not give the quotation as his own, nor evcMi 
 present the reader with the s'.ightest intimation where, 
 oil what occasion, or liy whom it was made. The 
 application of such savage motives to one of the most 
 humane and enlightened officers in the service, is more 
 than ungenerous. One of these- two facts appears pretty 
 evident — either Mr. Helsham was ashamed of the authority 
 from whence he took th^ quotation, or too much con- 
 vinced of its inapplicability to take it upon himself. 
 
 The militia was now raised every where, and drafted 
 to join the American army at Saratoga ; and that they 
 might have a commander whose abilities could be relied 
 on, general Arnold was appointed, who repaired to 
 Saratoga with a suitable train of artillery ; but receiving 
 intelligence that colonel St; Leger' was proceeding with 
 great rapidity in his expedition on the Mahawk Biver, 
 he moved tp Still Water, s^ place about half way between 
 Saratoga and the junction of the Mahawk and Hudson 
 Rivers. 
 
 Before general Burgoyne had crossed Lake Cham- 
 plaia, colonel St. Leger was sent wi^h a detachment, 
 consisting of two hundred and fifty British troops, 
 drawn from the 8th and 34th regiments, colonel Johnson's 
 cprps of New Yorkers, a few German chasticurs, a com. 
 pany of Canadians, and another of rangers. These 
 troops were joined by a body of Indians. This dctach- 
 inen^^ which consisted of near eight hundred men, 
 ascended tne River St. Lawrence, crossed Lake Ontario, 
 aiid ^ojni^pnced t^e siege of Fort Statiwix, now named 
 by the Americans Fort Schuyler. 
 
 
men, 
 ntario, 
 named 
 
 AMEMCAN WAR. 
 
 149 
 
 A detachment of American militia, comtisting of eight 
 hundred oiun, was immediately ordered to relieve this 
 important fortress. Colonel St. Leger having intel- 
 ligence of the march of this reinforcement, and knowing 
 the danger of being attacked in his trenches, judiciously 
 detached colonel .lohnson, with a paKy of regulars and 
 Indians, in order to attack them on their march, either 
 openly or covertly, ns circumstances should offer. On 
 the 6th of August, at dvf^ o*clock in the morning, 8ir 
 John Johnson met the American troops. The Indians, 
 on the sight of the enemy, forgetting the judicious 
 disposition formed by Sir John (which was to suffer 
 the attack to begin with the troops ih front, while they 
 should be on both flank and rear) rushed in hatchet 
 in hand, and thereby gave two hundred of the enemy's 
 rear an opportunity to retreat. Almost all the Ame- 
 rican officers, with one hundred and sixty men, were 
 slain. Numbers were wounded. Among the latter was 
 general Harkimer, who expired soon after the engage- 
 ment. Thirty of the Indians were killed and wounded, 
 and the misfortune was doubly aggravated, as some 
 of their favourite clviefs and confidential warriors fell 
 in the carnage. The siege now continued with unabated 
 labour of officers and men. Great was their toil, the 
 smallness of their numbers never admitting the relief 
 of three hours cessation for sleeping or cooking. 
 . While the British troops were carrying on the siege 
 with vigour, intelligence was brought in, by scouts, of a 
 secbnd corps of a thousand men being on their march. 
 This brigade of continental troops was headed by 
 general Arnold, who was detached from the American 
 head-quarters at Still Water, for the purpose of reliev- 
 ing the fort. The following stratagem was practised by 
 Arnold : On his march he took up a gentleman, who 
 resided in that country, of the name of Schuyler, 
 accused him of being a spy in the British service, and 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 threatened him with immediate death. Mr. Schuyler 
 was greatly tiiarmed, solemnly declared his innocence 
 of the crime laid to his charge, and interceded with 
 Arnold in the most impressive manner for his life* 
 The American general then raising his voice, said, 
 " Xour life and estate shall he given you, on condition 
 that you will repair immediately to the Indians in the 
 British camp before Fort Stanwix, and represent to them 
 that general Burgoyne's ari\)y is cut to pieces, and that 
 Arnold i* advancing upon them by rapid and forced 
 ftiarclics ; and be sure to swell the number of my troops 
 X6 three thousand men." 
 
 Mr. Schuyler performed this service very faithfully, for 
 he immediately proceeded to the Indian camp, and being 
 able to converse in their own language, he laid before 
 tJ>em every syllable that Arnold told him, adding a great 
 deal more on his own account. This intelligence spread 
 from tent to tent among the Indians. The zeal tlmt 
 tJiey formerly possessed no longer animated them ; they 
 complained of the ^mall number of British troops and 
 their former losses. Colonel St. Lt^er was greatly 
 alarmed at the change he perceived in them ; he im- 
 mediately called a council of the chiefs, encouraged 
 them bv every argument he could suggest ; promised 
 to lead them on himself, and bring into the field three 
 hundred of the best troops. They listened to this 
 with great attention ; promised to follow him, and agreed 
 that he »liould reconnoitre the ground most proper for 
 the field of battle next morning, accompanied by some 
 of their chief warriors. 
 
 But Mr. Schuyler's tale had taken too great hold of 
 their fears ; they kept not their word, and the colonel 
 was higly mortified on being inforn>cd next morning 
 that two hundred of them were already decamped ; and 
 to add to his mortification, those of them who remained 
 •n the ground insisted that he should retreat, or they 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 151 
 
 would abantloa him. Hard, iixleed, was the situatioa 
 of colonel Sr. Legcr at this crisis. The kino;'^ troo)>s 
 did not then exceed more than two hundred and fifty men ; 
 be was therefore under tl»e necessity of yielding to their 
 resolves, and retired from before the fort at night, 
 sending on his sick, wounded, artillery, &c. 
 
 In the. mean time the British army halted at Fort 
 Edward, while some were employed in bringing forward - 
 provisions, stores, &c. over the carrying place from Lake 
 George to Hudson's Iliver. This was found a work 
 of much difficulty, o\ving to the want of horses and 
 carriages. To remedy this greji^t inconvenience, which 
 retarded the movement of our troops, it was determined 
 to send out a detachment, in order to bring in hor^s 
 to mount the Brunswick dragoons^ if a sufficient number 
 could be found. 
 
 ^, Lieutenant colonel Baum, a German officer, was or- 
 dered on this service with the following troops : — 
 
 Brunswick dismounted dragoons I5(> 
 
 Captain Frazer's Rangers* 50 
 
 Peter's Provincial Corps ..150 
 
 Provincial and Canadian Volunteers Srtp 
 
 ludians ^ , 80 
 
 Total 486 
 
 Governor Skeene was sent with this detachment, from 
 whose supposed knowledge of the country, and influence 
 among the inhabitants much was expected. 
 
 Lieutenant colonel Baum was instructed by general 
 Burgoyne to march directly to Bennington, a place 4bout 
 twenty miles east of Hudson's River, invelligence having 
 been received that the Americans had a considerable ma- 
 gazine there. -•, 
 
 On the I Ith of August, colonel Baum took post at 
 Batton Kill, and on the 12lb he proceeded to Cambridge, 
 
 * This company was composed of piqued laea from di til v«oi 
 re<jimeats. .^•^-^ 
 
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 152 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 where his advance {'uard fell in with and defeated a parly 
 of American troops, took eight prisoners, one thousand 
 bushels of wheat, and one hundred and fifty bullocks, 
 which he sent to the British camp. Here the colonel 
 was informed that near eighteen hundred of the enemy 
 were posted at Beanington, and that they had a very." 
 considerable magazine there, besides two thousand bul- 
 locks and three hundred horses. Encouraged by the 
 success of his first attack, the colonel determined to 
 press forward and dislodge the enemy from that post. 
 He sent every day exact reports of his progress and 
 situation to general Burgoyne, with which the general 
 was perfectly satisfied, and approved his design of at^ 
 tacking Bennington so soon as the colonel could be fully 
 informed of the enemy's number and situation, that it 
 might be attempted with a prospect of success, and 
 without running any risque. Early in the morning of 
 the 14th of August, the colonc^l was attacked by a body 
 of seven hundred Americans, who, after having a few 
 shot fired at them, retired, and dispersed. By some 
 prisoners taken on this occasion, he was informed that 
 the enemy were strongly entrenched at Bennington, that 
 tliey expected a large reinforcement from the American 
 army, and inteiiddd to attack him as soon as the rein- 
 forcement had joined them. On receiving this infor- 
 mation, the lieutenant colonel very properly deferred his > 
 intention of pushing on to Bennington, and halted in 
 his post, sending oil" an express to inform general Bur- 
 goyne of his situation, and desiring that some troops 
 might be orderecl to sustain him. His report was 
 written in such high spirits, that the general was in- 
 duced to believe that he asked for a reinforcement 
 more to enable him to attack the enemy, than from 
 »ny apprchensioii of his corps being in danger of 
 <in attack themselves. In consequence of the above 
 information, lieutenant colonel Breyoian wa§ ordered 
 
 t* 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 \ji 
 
 m 
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 ps 
 as 
 n- 
 
 3llt 
 
 )ve 
 red 
 
 to march with his corps, the battalion of German 
 grenadiers, and that of Barnier's, (aborit five imndred 
 men), with two pieces of cannon, to sustain Ueutenant 
 colonel Baum ; an officer was sent ofT to inform 
 the latter that lieutenant colonel Breyman had bef^an 
 his march early on the 15th. The distance between the 
 twp corps, rendered this reinforcement useless to lieu- 
 tenant colonel Baum, as they could not get up time 
 enough, to support ,him, owing" to excessive bad roads, 
 and a continued rain. August the IGth, in the morning, 
 several bodies of men in arms were observed ap.- 
 proaching his post. Lieutenant colonel Baum was as- 
 sured they were loyalists ; but their numbers increasing, 
 he ordered out parties to reconnoitre, and sool^ per- 
 ceived he was surrounded by the Americans, from 
 Bennington. On a signal being made by the Ameri- 
 ca 3, he was attacked on all sides by superior numbe.s ; 
 he maintained his post above two hours, and often 
 repulsed the enemy ; but finding that his men had 
 expended all their ammunition, and lieutenant colonel 
 Breyman*s corps not yet appearing, he was obliged 
 to think of a retreat, with the dragoons, (the Pro- 
 vincials, Canadians, and Indians being already cut off 
 from him). He twice forced his way through the 
 enemy, and was as often attacked by fresh troops. 
 As a last resource, he ordered his men to draw their 
 swords, and rush in upon the enemy, where, notwith- 
 standing every effort of bravery, this valiant corps, 
 overpowered by superior numbers, was entirely broken, 
 and most of them were either killed or taken pri- 
 soners : among; the latter was their wounded com- 
 mander. 
 
 Colonel Brtymau had not received the smallest in- 
 formation of this engagement ; he arrived on the same 
 ground, and on the same day, but not till the action 
 was over. Instead of meeting his friciuis, as he ex- 
 
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 JOURNAL OF TIIE 
 
 
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 pectcd, he found himself briskly aKacked on all »ide9^ 
 Notwithstanding the severe fatrgue they had under- 
 gone, his troops behaved with great vigour and resolu- 
 tion, and drove the AmerieaiTs from several hillH, on 
 which they were posted. They were, however, at 
 length overpowfered, and tlv.ir ammunition being unfor 
 tunatoly expen^ed^ they were obliged with great reluc- 
 tance to abandon two pieces of artillery they bad brought 
 with them, and retreated with good order in tlie dusk 
 of the evening. . 
 
 Accustomed to success as the royal troops had been 
 in the preceding part of the campaign, they fek unusual 
 ir.ortification from this unexpected check. Though k 
 did not diminish their conrtge, it abated their confidence ; 
 it deianged every plan for pursuing the advantages 
 which had been previously obtained. Among other em- 
 barrassments it reduced them to the alternative of haltinsr 
 till tl^ supplies were brought forward from Fort George^ 
 or of advancing without them at the risque n{ being 
 starved. The former being adopted, the army was 
 detained tiPl the 13th September before they crossed 
 Hudson's River. This unavoidable delay gave time 
 and opportunity to the Amerieans to assemble iu great 
 uumbeirs. >. : 
 
 About this period congress appointed general Ga^es 
 to command their northern array, while the militia, 
 flushed with their recent success, collectad in great 
 numbers to his standard. 
 
 The affair of Bennington, though of great impor- 
 tance to the Americans, was of still more tonfiequence 
 in a national sense to the British army, as it gave 
 occasion to a correspondence which tended to wipe off 
 t!<e reproaches- of inhumanity from them, which 
 had gone forth and astonished all Europe. Colonel 
 jBaum, who commanded the detachment, being wounded 
 ^ud a prisoner in the Amencan camp, general Burgoyne. 
 
 Amer 
 Euro 
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 mor- 
 
 ience 
 gave 
 
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 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 155 
 
 was desirous of sending .not only to tliat officer, but \A\ 
 those whom the fortune of war had put on tijat occasion, 
 into the enemy's hands, all the succour in his power, 
 and with that view wrote to general Gates to permit 
 the baggage and servants of the prisoners to pass to 
 them unmolested. In this letter, dated 30th of August, 
 after the formal requisition, he says : 
 
 ** It is with great concern 1 find inyself oWiged to 
 add to this application, a complaint of tl ; bad trejit- 
 iijent the provincial soldiers in the king's service re- 
 ceived after the affai*' of Bennington. I have reports, 
 upon oath, that some were refused quarter after having 
 asked it : I am willing to believe this was against the 
 order and inclination of \ our officers; but it is my 
 part to require an explanation, and to warn you of 
 the borrors of retaliation, if such a practice is not in 
 the strongest terms discountenanced and reprehended." 
 
 To this complaint, general Gates expressed his 
 astonishment that general Burgoyne should mention in- 
 humanity or threaten retaliation : " Nothing, says he, 
 happened in the action at Bennington but what is 
 common, when works are carried by assault. That the 
 savages of America should in their warfare mangle and 
 scalp the unhappy prisoners is neither new nor extra- 
 ordinary ; but that the famous Lieutenant General 
 Burgoyne, in whom the fine gentleman is united with 
 the soldier and the schdar, should hire the savages of 
 America to scalp Europeans, and the descendants of 
 Europeans ; nay more, that he should pay a price for 
 e^ch scalp so barbarously takeri, is more than will be 
 believed in Europe until authentic£[ted facts sha'. in every 
 gazette, confirm the truth of the horrid tale. Miss 
 M'Crea, a young lady, lovely to the sight, of virtuous 
 character and amiable disposition, engaged to an officer 
 of your army, was, with other women and children, 
 ii.keii out of a house near Fort Edward, carried into the 
 
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 woods, and there scalped and mangled in a most shock* 
 ing manner. Two parents with their six children were 
 all treated with the same inhumanity, while quietly 
 residing in their once happy dcvelling. - * 
 
 " The miserable fate of Miss M'Crea, was particu- 
 larly aggravated by her being dressed to receive her 
 promised husband ; but she met her murderers employed 
 by you. Upwards of one hundred men, women, and chil- 
 dren huve perished by the hands of the ruffians, to whom 
 it is asserted you have paid the price of blood." 
 
 To these specific charges general Burgoyne answered : 
 
 " I have hesitated, sir, upon answering the charges 
 in your letter. 1 have disdained to justify myself agamst 
 rhapsodies of fiction and calumny, which from the first 
 of this contest it has been an uavaried American policy 
 to propagate, but which shall no longer impose upon the 
 <v'orld : I am induced to deviate from this general rule, 
 in the present instance, lest my silence should be constru- 
 ed an acknowledgment of the truth of your allegations, 
 and a pi=etence be thence taken for exercising future 
 barbarities by the American troops. 
 
 •.** By this motive, and upon this only, T condescend 
 
 -to inform you, tiiat 1 would not be conscious of the acts 
 
 you presume to i(^pute to me, for the whole continent 
 
 of America, though the WLiulth of worlds were in its 
 
 bowels, and a paradih)e upon its surface. 
 
 " It has happened that -Ji u.y ti.insactions, with the 
 Indian nations last year and this, have been clearly 
 heard, distinctly understood, accura'.ely minuted by 
 very numerous, and, in many parts, very unprejudiced 
 persons. So immediately opposite to truth is your 
 a.-.seriioii thai I have paid a price for scalps, that one of 
 the t^r^t regulations established by me at the great 
 council in May, and rej;eate<l, enforced, and in- 
 variably adhered to since, was, that the Indians shouUl 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 157 
 
 I I 
 
 recdve compensation for prisoners, because it would 
 prevent cruelty, and that not only sueh compensation 
 should he with-held, but a strict account would be de- 
 manded for scalps. These pledges of conquest, for 
 l^uch you well know they will ever esteem them, were 
 , solemnly and peremptorily prohibited to be taken from 
 the wounded, and even the dying, and the persons of 
 aged men, women, children, and prisoners, were pro- 
 ^nouiMied sacred even in assaults. 
 
 " In regard to Miss M'Crea, her fall wanted not the 
 tragic display you have laboured to give it, to make it 
 as sincerely abhorred and lamented by me as it can be 
 by the tenderest of her friends. The fact was no pre- 
 meditated barbarity ; on the contrary, two chiefs who 
 had brought her off for the purpose of security, not of 
 violence to her person, disputed which should be her 
 guard : in a fit of savage passion in one, from whose 
 bands she was snatched, the unhappy woman became the 
 victim. Upon the first intelligence of this event, I 
 obliged the Indians to deliver the murderer into my 
 hands ; and though t» have punished him by our laws, 
 or principles of justice, would have been perhaps un- 
 precedented, he certainly should have suffered an igno- 
 iiiinous death, had I not been convinced, from many 
 circumstances and observations, beyond the possibility 
 of a doubt, that a pardon, under the terms which I pre- 
 scribed and they accepted, would be more efficaci(*-!ii 
 tlian an execution, to prevent similar mischiefs. 
 
 '* The above instence excepted, your intelligenc« 
 respecting the cruelties of the Indians is false. 
 
 " Vou seem to threaten me with European puhlici- 
 tions, which affect me as little as any other threats you 
 could make ; but in regard to American publications, 
 whether your charge against me, which I acquit you 
 of believing, was penned from a gazette or for a 
 gazette, I desire and demand of you as a man of 
 
 
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 may follow it.", 
 
 Itcamiot be matter of much surprize, that such reports 
 ^vere fabricated by the Americans to «orve their own 
 purposes; but that they should obtain circulation and 
 credence at home is truly astonishing. Saunders*» 
 News- Letter of August 14, 1777, gravely asserts, ** th»t 
 f»even hundred men, women, and children, were scalped 
 on the sides of Lake Cliamplain ; that the light infan- 
 try and Indians scoured each bank, women, &C. 
 flying in turns before them." Now the fact is, that 
 from St. John's to Cro^n Point there were not more than 
 tbii human dwellings, the whole being upwards of eighty 
 mites of woods and wilderness. Could inhabitants, which 
 never existed tn a country ^ be scalped, or fly before their 
 enemies?— How necessary is it for those who fabricate 
 siidh deeds, to acquaint themselves with the topography 
 «f a place in which they fix their scepe of action !!!! 
 
 General Burgoyne being disappointed in his at- 
 tiempt on Bennington, a month's provision for the army 
 was ordered to b»^ brought forward from LakeGebrge, 
 In the mean time he threw a bridge of boats over the 
 rircr Hudson, which was crossed on the 13th and 14th 
 of September, the army taking post on the heights and 
 plains of Saratoga. 
 
 As the royal troops advanced towards the enemy along 
 the side of Hudson's River, they found the country cover- 
 ed with thick wood*., and the bridges broken down every 
 quarter of a m-ile ; these they were obliged to repair. Every 
 obstacle to impede their march was thrown in their way, 
 and they soon discovered that the Americans were de- 
 termined to dispute every inch of the ground with 
 them. 
 
 September 19th. Tlie royal army halted within two 
 miles of the enemy's encampment, and formed for batde;^ 
 ia the following order : 
 
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 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 159 
 
 The signal guhs> which had been previously settled to 
 give notice that all was ready, now fired, and the troops 
 advanced in the greatest order and regularity. 
 
 In the mean time the Americans came out of their 
 entrenchmt'iits in great force, and moved forward to 
 meet the British army. Their line extended upwards 
 of two miles, while they were supported by sevoral strong 
 columns. The scouts and flankers of both armies were 
 soon in contact, and tlie firing began a little after 
 mid-day^ 
 
 The Americans being incapable from the nature of 
 the country, of perceiving the diflerent combinations 
 of the march,* advanced a strong column, with a 
 view of turning the British line upon the right ; here 
 they met the grenadiers and light infantry, who gave 
 them a tremendous fire. Finding that it was impossible 
 to penetrate the lino at- this pointy they immediately 
 countermarched and directed their principal effort 
 to the centre. Here the conflict was dreadful; for 
 four hours a constant blaze of fire was kept up^ 
 and both armies seemed to be determined on death 
 or victory. 
 
 *f Here mingling hands, but not with friendly gripe, 
 Join in the fight ; and breasts in close embrace, 
 But^mortal as the iron arms of death. ■. ' ' 
 
 Here words austere, of perilous command. 
 And valour swift t'obey; bold feats of annt 
 Dreadful to see, and glorious to relate." 
 
 Men, and particularly officers, dropped every ntio- 
 
 raent on each side. Several of the Americans placed 
 
 themselves in high trees, and as often as they could 
 
 distinguish a British officer's uniform^ took him off 
 
 by deliberately aiming at his person. Reinforcements 
 
 successively arrived and strengthened the American line. 
 
 * As the country is thickly covered with woods, movementfl 
 may be effected without a possibility of bein^ discovered.^ 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 The 201I1, 21st, and 62d regiments greatly dislinguUhed 
 themselves. The stress of the action lay chiefly on 
 these regiments, which stood the repeated attacks of three 
 times their number for four hours. 
 
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 Not noise, nor number, nor the brawny limb. 
 Nor high built size prevails : 'Tis courage fights, 
 *Tis courage conquers." ' 
 
 Most of the other corps of the army bore a good share 
 in this desperate conflict. The 24th regiment, with the 
 grenadiers, and part of the light infantry, were for some 
 time brought into action, and charged with their usual 
 spirit and bravery. Breyman's riflemen likewise did 
 good service. 
 
 Major General Phillips, upon hearing the firing, made 
 his way through a diflicult part of the wood to the 
 scene of action, and brought up with him major Williams 
 and four pieces of artillery ; this reinforcement animated 
 our troops in the centre, which at that moment were 
 critically pressed by a great superiority of fire, ' and 
 to which the major general led up the 20th regiment 
 at the utmost personal hazard. Major general Reidesel 
 then brought forward part of the left wing, and arrived in 
 time to charge the enemy with regularity and bravery. 
 
 Few actions have been characterized by more obstinacy 
 in attack or defence ; the British troops repeatedly tried 
 their bayonet with their usual success. As the day 
 closed, the Americans retreated on all sides, and left 
 them masters of the field of batde. 
 
 It was supposed that during this engagement near 
 fifteen hundred men were killed and wounded in both 
 armies. The British had to lament more than three 
 hundred brave officers and men, who were killed and 
 wounded on that day ! 
 
 General Burgoyne, in his dispatches to government, 
 says : *' I'he behaviour of the officer^ and men in general 
 was exemplary, brigadier general Frazer took his position 
 in the beginning of the day, with great judgment, and 
 
 ^ 
 
near 
 
 both 
 
 three 
 
 and 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 161 
 
 sustained the action with constant presence of mind and 
 vigor. Brigadier general Hamilton was the whole time 
 engaged, and acquitted himself with great honor, activity 
 aiid good conduct. The artillery in general was distin- 
 guished, and the brigade under captain Jones, who was 
 killed in the action, was conspicuously so." * 
 
 General Burgoyne during this conflict behaved with 
 great personal bravery, he shunned no danger ; his 
 presence and conduct animated the troops, (for they 
 greatly loved the general ;) he delivered his orders with 
 precision and coolness ; and in the heat, fury, and 
 danger of the fight maintained those true characterls. 
 tics of the soldier — serenity, fortitude and undaunted 
 intrepidity, - ' f 
 
 20th. The army moved forward, and took post nearly 
 within cannon shot of the American's fortifled camp. 
 Here the English strengthened their camp by cutting 
 down large trees, which served for breast works. 
 
 * The estimation in which these services of the artillery 
 (especially the Irish drafts) were held at home caa be best appre- 
 ciated by the testimony of distinguished characters. Among 
 many others, the following testimonial is deserving particular 
 notice : 
 
 Extract qf a letter from lord viscount Tomiuhend, master general 
 of the British Ordnance^ to lieutenant -colonel Straten^ com- 
 mandant of the royal Irish regiment qf artillery, 
 
 « Sir, 
 « By lieutenant Slack, who this evening arrived from Quebec, 
 and wno has related to me many transactions of the late unfor- 
 tunate campaign in that part of America, lam informed that 
 none among our gallant troops behaved more noble than the 
 drafts from the royal Irish artillery, who being now exchanged 
 are'* to return. 1 am sorry they suffered ?o much ; but i,t i^ the 
 lot of brave men, who, so situated, prefer a glorious discharge 
 of their duty to an unavailing desertion of it. Be assured, sir, 
 I have a sincere, a grateful pleasure, in douig this justice to part 
 of that corps, whose zeal for his majesty's service, and ambition 
 to distinguish themselves, I have never doubted would be equal 
 to any whatever. 1 am, sir, &c« 
 
 *' TOWNSHEND," 
 
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 163 
 
 , JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 21st. This day a messenger arrived from Sif. Henry 
 Clinton, informing general Burgoyne of his intention . 
 to attack Fort Montgomery* in about ten days from tho 
 date of his letter, which was the 20th of September ; 
 this was the only messenger frona him or Sir Willian^ 
 Howe which had reached our camp vince the beginning 
 of August. This messenger was sent back the same 
 night to Sir Henry Clinton, and charged to deliver 
 him a silver bullet, and to give it inta the generaPs 
 own hands. If he should happen to be suspected as 
 an enemy and taken prisoner by the American troopSj^, 
 he was ordered to swallow the bullet which would pre- 
 vent the message from being detected. Having reached 
 as far as Fort Montgomery, on the North River, he 
 made enquiry for general Clinton ; and finding, on 
 beipg brought before him, that be was not the person 
 to whom he was, sent, but that he tvas governor 
 Clinton of ti^e state of NewiYork, and a geneifal in 
 the American service, he turned aside and swallowed 
 the silver ball. Being observed by some of the atten- 
 dants, he was immediately taken into custody ; when 
 being interrogated as to what business he had with 
 general Clinton, and discoveriiig some embarrassnient in 
 his answer*, it was proposed to administer an emetic, 
 to ascertain what he had swaUowed with such precipita- 
 tion. The idea was adopted, and the consequence was, 
 that he threw up the silver ball, which being uusci^ewed, 
 was found to contain a letter Stovn general Burgoyne to 
 Sir Henry Cliplon, the purport of wbi9h was, to explain 
 his situation and ■ ^he necessity of a diversion up the 
 North Riyer, in prder to oblige general Qates to detach 
 troops from his army; and further, that general 
 Burgoyne would ^ait favourable events in his position 
 to the 12th October. The messenger was iinmediately 
 hung as a spy. 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 MS 
 
 October 3d. This day the rations were diminished. 
 The army saw the necessity of this measure. Not a 
 complaint or murmur was hea^rd throughout the British 
 camp. 
 
 7th. A detachment of fifteen hundred men, led on by 
 general 3u|rgoyne in person, made a movement to the 
 right in order to discover if there were any possible 
 fneans of forcing a passage to Albany. 
 
 As they advimped they weite checked by a very sudden 
 and rapid attack pf the enemy on the left ; there major 
 Acklaud was posted with the British grenadiers, who 
 sustained the attack with great resolution and firmness. 
 The Americans extended their attack along the whole 
 front of the German troops, who were posted on the 
 right of the grenadiers, and they also marched a large 
 body round their flanks, in order to cut off their retreat. 
 To oppose this bold entcrprize the British light infantry, 
 with a part of the 24th regiment, were directed to 
 form a second line, and , to secure the return of the 
 troops into camp. In the mean time, the Americans 
 pushed forward a fresh and a strong reinforcement 
 to renew the action upon the left ; where the troops, 
 overpowered by so great a superiority, gave way, 
 but the light infantry and 24th regiment, by a rapid 
 movement, came to give succour, and saved the line 
 from being carried; in doing which, brigadier general ' 
 Frazer received his mortal wound. 
 
 The action now became very serious, as the British j 
 lines lay exposed to the enemy*s sudden attack. In this 
 crisis of danger general Burgoyne appeared cool and 
 intrepid. He directed generals Philips and Reidesel to 
 cover the retreat, while such troops as were most 
 ready were ordered for the defence of the camp. 
 The British troops were hard pressed, but retreated in 
 good order ; they were obliged to leave six pieces of 
 (Cannon behind, al| the horses having been killed, aud 
 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 all the artillery men, who had, as usual, behaved with the 
 utmost braver}*, being either killed or wounded. 
 
 *' Veteran bands 
 Here made their last campaign." 
 
 General Arnold, with a brigade of continental troops, 
 pushed rapidly forward, for that part of the camp 
 possessed by lord Balcarres, at the liead of the British 
 light infantry, and some of the line; here they were 
 received by a heavy and well directed fire which mowed 
 ' down their ranks, and compelled them to retrelit in 
 disorder. Arnold now left this brigade and put him- 
 self at the head of a fresh corps, which he ordered 
 instantly to advance and attack the lines in their 
 front, which were defended by lieutenant colonel 
 Breyman, at the head of the German reserve. The 
 Americans pressed on with rapidity, and carried the 
 works. Arnold was one of the first who entered them, 
 and was wounded. Lieutenant colonel Breyman was 
 killed. The Germans retreated firing, until they had 
 gained their tents in the rear of the entrenchments ; but 
 . supposing that the assault was general, gave one dis- 
 charge, after which, some retreated to the British camp, 
 but others surrendered prisoners. Night at length put 
 an end to the engagement. 
 
 This day's battle added many brave officers and 
 men to the melancholy list of killed and wounded. 
 
 Brigadier general Frazer, on account of his dis- 
 tinguished merit, was greatly lamented by the whole 
 army ; Sir James Clarke, general Burgoyne's aid-de- 
 camp, was mortaMy wounded ; majors Ackland and 
 Williams were taken prisonous. The former was 
 wounded. The general himself had some very nar- 
 row escapes, a shot passed through his hat and 
 another through his waistcoat. It was with great tnith 
 said, that, in the service of this campaign, the British 
 officers bled profusely and most honorably. 
 
AMERICAN WAft. 
 
 161 
 
 On the side of the Americansi the loss in killed aini 
 wounded was very great, and far exceeded ours. 
 
 The enemy now having made a lodgment oa the right 
 of the British, their rear of course was exposed. In 
 order to avoid this, general Burgoyne, by a judicious 
 manoeuvre, took a position upon the heights above the 
 general hospital ; this was executed in the night with 
 the greatest order, regularity, and silence. By this entire 
 change of front, the American army was under the 
 necessity of forming a new disposition. 
 
 October 8th. The British remained under arms all this 
 day, offering the enemy battle, but nothing more than 
 skirmishes took place, in one of which the American 
 general Lincoln was dangerously wounded. 
 
 In the mean time, general Burgoyne discovered that 
 the Americans were marching a strong column forward, 
 in order to turn the Britisli right, which, if effected 
 would have enclosed them on every side ; nothing could 
 prevent this but an immediate retreat to Saratoga. 
 
 The army began to march to this place at nine o*clock 
 at night ; major general Reidesel led the van, and major 
 general Philips brought up the rcai'. They were under 
 the necessity of leaving the sick and wounded behind. 
 
 9th. This evening the v^n arrived at the heights of 
 Saratoga, having endured much hardships on the 
 inarch, from a heavy rain and bad road ; here it was 
 discovered that a division of the Americans had 
 already arrived, and were employed in throwing up 
 entrenchments on the heights before the British, ou 
 whose approach they retired over the ford, and joined a 
 large body there ; who likewise were employed for the 
 same purpose of preventing all retreat. 
 
 10th. The batteaux with what little provisions remained 
 were constantly fired upon, from the opposite side of the 
 river ; oiany of them fell into the hands of the enemy, 
 And several of the men who conducted theni; netp killed 
 and wounde(|. 
 
 
 
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 JOURNAL OV THB 
 
 lltb. Several men were employed thii day )ri 
 landing the provisions from the boats, and conireying' 
 them up to the hill, under a very galling fire from 
 ^ the enemy. 
 
 Very great indeed were the distresses which the 
 arniy had to encounter at this period, yet they were 
 borne with fortitude. I'be greatest subordination was 
 manifested throughout the British tin^s. The men were 
 willing and ready to face any dangef, when led on 
 by officers whom they loved and respected, and who 
 •bared with them in every toil and hardship. 
 
 Numerous parties of the militia now joined thfe Ame< 
 
 ricans and swarmed around the little adverse army like 
 
 birds of prey. Roaring of cannon and whistling of 
 
 bullets from their rifle pieces, were heard constantly by 
 
 . day and night. 
 
 12th. A council of war, composed of general officers 
 was held, in which general Burgoyne stated the preseni 
 situation of affairs to the following effect : 
 
 " Upwards of fourteen thousand of the enemy, with 
 a considerable quantity of artillery almost surround 
 us, threatening an attack every moment. .Two large 
 bodies with cannon at Fort Edward guard that passage* 
 A brigade below Saratoga church, by which their two 
 armies can have a free communication. Our batteaux 
 destroyed, and the enemy in possession of the immediate 
 passes over Hudson's River. The following routes are 
 those which offer themselves for the retreat of ' the 
 army : — 
 
 " 1st. To cross the river by the ford at Fort Edward. 
 
 *' 2d. To take a passage over the mountains until we 
 arriva4 at some place higher up the river, where it can 
 be passed by rafts. 
 
 '** 3d. To continue the march on the mountainii uut'tl 
 we arrive at a ford, reported to be passable, but the 
 passage of which is acknowledged to bo attended wit^ 
 much danger. 
 
American WAti. 
 
 107 
 
 4th. To persevere in the inarch over the mountains, 
 Until we clear the head of Hudson's Hiver, keeping on 
 the westward of Lake George until the arm}' shall arrive 
 at Ticonderoga. The Indians, and some small bodies 
 of stragglers only, have effected the latter passag*^. 
 
 At the same time, general Burgoyne submitted to the 
 council his rieadiness to attack the enemy, and attempt 
 forcing a passage through their ranks. The council, 
 however, determined in favor of a retreat by night, 
 tt was also stated, that the provisions could not possibly 
 hold out beyond the 20th, and that there were neither 
 rum nor spruce beer. 
 
 It would be rendering An act of injustice to the 
 memory of general Burgoyne not to copy distinctly the 
 communications which he made to the council, and their 
 answers on each head. This will clearly evince, that 
 he then did nothing of himself ; but, on the contrary^ 
 that he acted from the collective wisdom of the army. 
 From the four different statements already given, the 
 general deduced the following propositions, and to them 
 the council gave the annexed rephes : 
 
 *' 1st. To wait in the present position an attacik from 
 tho enemy, or the chance of favourable eVents. 
 
 ^* 2d. To attack the enemy. 
 
 ** 3d. To retreat, repairing the bridgr •:: the army 
 moves for the artillery, in order to fdrce uie passage 
 of the ford. 
 
 ** 4th. To retreat by night, leaving the artillery and 
 the baggage ; and should it be found impracticable to 
 force the passage with musquetry, to attempt the upper 
 ford, or the passage round Lake George. 
 
 ** 5th. In case the enemy by extending to their left, 
 leave their rear open, to march rapidly for Albany.'* 
 
 ** Upon the first proposition resolved, that the situation 
 «yould grow worse by delay ; that the provision now in 
 store is uot nioi-« than sufficient for the retreat, should 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 impediments intervene, or a circuit of country become ' 
 necessary ; and as the enemy did not attack when th« 
 ground wan unfortitied, it is not probaMe they will do 
 it now, as thry have a better game t j play. 
 
 **The second unadvisablc and desperate, there being no 
 pnsHibility of reconnoitcptij; the enemy's pasitioni and 
 their fj^rcat supt-riority of numbers known. 
 
 ** The ihiid impracticable. 
 
 " The tifih thonght worthy of consideration by the 
 lieutcnant-p^tMHM'nl, inajor-(7i>ncral Phillips, and brigadier- 
 general ([ainiltoti ; but the position of the enemy ye^ 
 gives no open fu.r it. 
 
 *' Hesolvod, ttiat the fourth proposition is the only re- 
 source, and that to effect it, the utmost secrecy and 
 silence is to be observed ; and the troops are to l)e put 
 in motion from the right in the atill part of the night, 
 without any change in the disposition.*'* 
 
 The arrival of scouts prevented the execution of this 
 determination. They brought intelligence, that *' the 
 enemy's position on the right was such, and they had 
 so many small parties out, that it would be impossible 
 to move without being immediately discovered. Thus 
 circumstanced, general Burgoyne again assembled the 
 council. This measure became indispensable, from the 
 situation of the British army and the character of their 
 general. Rashly to have sacrificed the lives of those 
 over whom he had command, would have been temerity i 
 meanly to save their lives by compromise (unless no 
 other means existed) would have for ever tarnished hif 
 own reputation. II6 summoned the officers ibr their 
 
 * It depended upon the delivery of six days provision in due: 
 time, and upon the return of scouts who- had been sent forward, 
 to examine by wliat route the army could probably move the first 
 four mik's ui)di')coverc;d, whether the piaa should take place oe 
 that daty.j or on the n»orro-v. ,. 
 
:d hit 
 their 
 
 I in due! 
 
 [rward, 
 
 le first 
 
 lacc oa 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 109 
 
 opinion i* and, in thi» sad dilemma, acted on their 
 resolves. But the minutes of this last proceeding, will 
 l>est speak for themselves. 
 
 ** Minutes and proceedings of a council of war, con- 
 sisting of all the geiMiral officers, field officers, and 
 captains commanding corps, on the heights of Saratngii, 
 October the 13th, nil : 
 
 ** The lieutenant-general having cxpkinrd tlic situation 
 of affairs as in the preceding council, with \he additional 
 intelligence, that the enemy was intrenched at the fords 
 of Fort £dward, and likewise occupied the strong 
 position on the pine plains, between Fort George ai>d 
 Fort Edward, expressed his readiness to undertake at 
 their head, any cnterprize of difficulty or hazard that 
 should appear to them within the compass of tlieir 
 strength and spirit. He added, that he had reason to 
 believe a capitulation had been in the contemplation 
 of some, perhaps of all, who knew the real situation 
 of things ; that, upon a circumstance of such conse> 
 quence to national and personal honor, he thought it a 
 'duty to his country, and to himself, to extend his council 
 beyond the usual limits ; that the assembly present might 
 justly be esteemed a full representation of the army ; 
 and that he should think himself unjustifiable in taking 
 any step in so serious a matter,, without such a con- 
 currence of sentiments as should make a treaty the act 
 of the army as well as that of the general. The first 
 question, therefore, he desired them to decide was : 
 
 ** Whether an army of three thousand, hve hundred 
 fighting men, and well provided with artillery, were 
 justifiable, upon the principles of national dignity and 
 military honor, in capitulating in any possible situation ? 
 Resolved, nem. con, in the afiirmative."* 
 
 * The field officers and captains commanding corps w'«re 
 ftdded to this council. 
 
 Y2 
 
 » 
 
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 no 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 <* Question 2. h the present situation of tiiat nature ?•<-« 
 Kesolved, nem. con. that the present situation justifies 
 a capitulation upon honorable terms.*' 
 
 General Hurgoyne then drew up the following let. 
 tcr directed to general Gates, relative to the ue^ 
 gociation^ and laid it before the council* U was 
 tinanimously approved, and upon that foundation the 
 treaty opened. 
 
 '* After having fought you twice, lieutenant general 
 Burgoyne, has waited some days in his present post, 
 tion, determined to try a third conflict, against any 
 force ypu could bring tp attack him. 
 
 ** He 10 apprized of the superiority of your numbers, 
 and the disposition of your troops, to impede his 
 supplies, and render his retreat a scene of carnage 
 on both sides. In this situation he is compelled by 
 humanity, and thinks himself justified by established 
 principles, and precedents of state, and of war, to 
 spare the lives of brave men upon honorable terms. 
 ** Should major general Gates, be inclined to treat 
 vpon that idea, general Burgoyne wpuld propose a 
 cessation of arms, during the time necessary to com* 
 inunicate the preliminary terms by which in any 
 extremity, he, and his army, mean to abide.^' 
 
 General Gates then transmitted the following pro« ' 
 posals to general Burgoyne : 
 
 "General Burgoyne*s army being exceedingly reduced 
 by repeated defeats, by desertion, sickness, &c. their 
 provisions exhausted, their military horses, tents and 
 baggage taken or detroyed, their retreat cut off, and 
 their camp invested, they can only be allowed to 
 surrender prisoners of war. 
 
 ** Answer. Lieutenant general Burgoyne's army how- ^• 
 ever reduced, will never admit that their retreat is cut 
 cff while they have arms in their bands. 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 171 
 
 PT°' 
 
 .•♦ 
 
 tt 
 
 The troops under his excellency general Rurgoync^it 
 command, may bo drawn up in their eitcampniunts, 
 where thoy will bo ordered to ground their arms, and 
 may thereupon be marched to the river nidc to be 
 passed over in their way towards Bennington. 
 
 '* Answer. This article inadmissiblo in any extremity ; 
 liooner than this army will consent to ground their 
 arms in their encampment, they will rush on the enemy 
 detetmined to take no quarter. If general Gates doetf 
 not mean to recede from this article the treaty ends at 
 once. The army will to a man proreed to any act of 
 desperation rather than submit to that article." 
 
 General Gates did recede from this article, and the 
 following was substituted in its stead. 
 
 ** The troops to march out of their camp with the 
 
 honors of war, and the artillery of the entrenchments, 
 
 to the verge of the river, where their arms and artillery 
 
 must be left. The arms to be piled by word of com* 
 
 mand from their own officers.* 
 
 ^^ A free passage to be granted to the army under licutc. 
 nant general Burgoyne to Great Britain, upon condition 
 of not serving again in North America during the present 
 contest ; and the port of Boston to be assigned fur the 
 entry of transports to receive the troops whenever general 
 Howe shall so order."f ^ 
 
 Such was the melancholy catastrophe of these brave * 
 men, after undergoing ** a series of hard toil, incessant ^ 
 eHbrt, stubborn action, till disabled in the collateral ' 
 branches of the army, by the total defection of the * 
 Indians, the desertion or timidity of the Canadians ^ 
 
 * While the British troops were marchiug from the heights \ 
 of Saratoga to the verge of the river, tiie American drummer.t 
 and fifers were ordered by General Gates to play the tune of ^ 
 " Yankt-y Doodle," while at the same time bis troO|js were f 
 drawn up iii a thick part of the wood out of sight of the British ^ 
 ^rmy. The arms were piled by order of the British officers. 
 
 f This article was never fulfilled. 
 
 * 
 
 
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 m 
 
 ' ' 
 
 
 
 MA 
 
 m 
 
\H 
 
 172 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 and Provincials, some individuals excepted ; disap* 
 pointed in the last hope of any time!}' co-operatioit 
 from other armies ; the regular troops reduced by 
 losses from the best parts to three thousand five hundred 
 fighting men, not two thousand of which '.;ere British ; 
 only three days provisions in store, upon short allow-' 
 ance ; invested by an army of sixteen thousand men, and 
 no apparent means of retreat remaining."* The British 
 army, under these circumstances, were induced -^ opea 
 the above treaty. 
 
 In the jnean time Sir Henry Clinton had caJed up 
 the North River, attacked and carried Fort Montgomery, 
 and passed it in his attempt to favour the descent of 
 general Burgoyne, and in all probability a junction of 
 these two armies would have been effected ^^ad the 
 expedition been earlier adopted, as .meditated by Sir 
 Henry Clinton. , * , » 
 
 Fort Montgomery was erected by the Americans the 
 year before ; there was ' laid a strong boom across the 
 river) guarded by two frigates, the Hudson being 
 navigable for ships of war of sixty g ns much higher 
 than this fort, and at spring tides fc frigates near 
 to Albany. 
 
 After this fort was taken, the town c Ksopus (now 
 called Kingston,) situated near the west b; k of Hudson's 
 River, was destroyed by general Vaugha ; it was here 
 that captain Rose arid lieutenant Medda '^. two leaders 
 of the loyalists, were executed without a regular form 
 of trial, for their adherence to the British cause ; this 
 circumstance,, with others of a similar nature, had 
 rendered the place extremely odious to the loyal 
 followers of the British arms, and possibly might have 
 occasioned its conflagration. A large body of loyalists 
 were forming at this time on the eastern shore of the 
 river, to join the royal army ; but the advanced state 
 
 * General Burgoyne's own words. , 
 
Iders 
 
 form 
 
 this 
 
 Iliad 
 
 )yal 
 
 kave 
 
 llists 
 
 the 
 
 Mte 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 17J 
 
 4>f the season prevented the continuance of Sir Henrjr 
 Clinton*s force in the rear, and they were obliged to 
 return to New York. 
 
 It should have been mentioned, that, on the very day 
 the royid forces crossed Hudson*s River, the Americans 
 in order to cut off the retreat of the British army, under 
 general Burgoyne, in the most effectual manner, under, 
 took an expedition against Ticonderoga. They con. 
 ducted their operations with such secrecy and address, 
 that on the 18th of September a sudden and general 
 attack was made upon the carrying place of Lake George, 
 Sugar Hill, Ticonderoga, and Mount Independence. 
 The sea officer commanding the armed sloop stationed 
 to defend the carrying place, as also some of the officers 
 commanding at the port? at the Sugar Hill, and at the 
 portage were surprized, and a considerable part of four 
 companies of the 53d regiment were made prisoners. A 
 blockhouse, commanded by lieutenant Lord of that 
 regiment, was the only post on that side where they had 
 time to make use of their arms, and they made a gallant 
 defence, till c?innon taken from the Surprize vessel was 
 brought against them. 
 
 The enemy having twice summoned brigadier general 
 Powell, and received such answers as became a gallant 
 officer, entrusted with so important a post, and having 
 tried during the course of four days several attacks, end 
 being repulsed in all, retreated without doing any con- 
 siderable damage. 
 
 Brigadier general Powell gave great commendation to 
 the British and German troops stationed at Mount In- 
 depeiiSencei The brigadier mentioned 'with great ap- 
 plause the behaviour of captain Taylor of the 21st 
 regiment, who was accidentally there on the road to the 
 army, and lieutenant Beercrbft of the 24th regiment, 
 ty^ho, with the artificers in arms, defended an import^at 
 jbattery. 
 
 
 ifi.i* 
 
 •' i" . I 
 
 PA 
 » '« 
 
 
m 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 b f-l 
 
 -(■ 
 
 ^^S: 
 
 'if It. 
 
 On the 34tli of September, the enemy enabled by the 
 capture of the gun boats and batteaux, (which they had 
 made after the surprize of the sloops,) to embark upon 
 Lake George, attacked Diamond Island in two divisions. 
 Captain Aubrey, and two companies of the 47th regiment, 
 had been posted at that island from the time the army 
 passed the Hudson's River ; the enemy were repulsed 
 by captain Aubrey, with great loss, and pursued by the 
 gun boats under his command to the east shore, where 
 two of our principal vessels were re-taken, together 
 with all the cannon ; they had just time to set fire to the 
 other batteaux, and retreated over the mountains. 
 
 The sacrifice which, without obtaining its end, was 
 made in the course of this campaign, will the more fully 
 appear on perusal of the following list of those who 
 suffered and those who fell ; 
 
 July 2d. Lieutenant Haughton, 53d regiment, wounded near 
 Ticonderoga. 
 
 6th. Second Lieutenant Clelland, Royal Artillery, killed 
 
 at Hubberton. 
 Volunteer Sutton, wounded at do. 
 — — 7th. Major Grant,* 24th regiment, killed at do. 
 Lieutenant Douglas. 29th do. do. do. 
 Haggart, marines* do. do. 
 
 LIGHT INFANTRY. 
 Major Lord Balcarres, 53d regiment, wounded at do. 
 
 Captain Harris, 34th do. do. 
 
 Craij^, 47 th do. do. 
 
 Lieutenant Cullen, 53d do. do. 
 
 Jones, 62d do^ do. 
 
 GRENADIERS. 
 
 Captain Staypleton, 9th regiment, died of his 
 wounds, at du« 
 
 20th 
 34th 
 62d 
 9th 
 20th 
 
 Major Ackland, 
 Captain Ross, 
 
 . Shrimpton, 
 
 Lieutenant Rowe. 
 — Steele, 
 
 do. wounded, at 
 do. do. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. tlo. 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 * Major Grant was twice wounded at Ticonderoga, under 
 geueiul Amherst, in th« former wars. 
 
 ' i;M:9«i 
 
AftCRIdiK WA1» 
 
 .^^>S^i»i»<i^' 
 
 in 
 
 limtenant Richar4wi»>ith tegt, ^o"i^«^f b«^n 
 Volunteeir Lindsay, do. do. 
 
 f wounded 1 
 do.<& taken > do. 
 
 jaly 9(h, Licutf .aant Westrop, 0th regt, 
 
 Lietltenaat Stavely^ — 
 -— — — Mmray, — 
 Adjotaat Fielding, -r- 
 
 Aug. 18, Lieutenant Wright, — do. 
 
 Ensign Baron De Salons, -^ 
 
 Sftpt. 19, Captain ^ones. Royal Aftillery, 
 
 Lieutenant Cooke, 20th 
 ..1. LtKas, — 
 
 ^ Carrie, 21st 
 
 — — — M'Kenzie* — 
 
 > — Robinson, -^ 
 
 t 1^ Reynal, 24th 
 
 Hervey; 09d 
 
 EosigB Phillips, —' 
 
 zLT%y]ot, — 
 
 Young, . — 
 
 Lt. dol. Lynd. 20th 
 
 ♦ , . Anstcuthar, 62d 
 ' Majol: Forbes, 0th 
 
 Agnew, 24th 
 
 *^ — Harnage, 62d 
 Captaih Sweetenham, ith 
 
 I>owling, 21st 
 
 Stanley, . — 
 
 Farquire — 
 
 Weynis,> — 
 
 Ramsay, — 
 
 Blake, 24th 
 
 Lieutenant Prince, 9th 
 — ^ I ■ Rutherford, 2 1 st 
 Ensign Hervey, 62d 
 
 (, prisoner, ) 
 
 do. wounded do. 
 do. do. do. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 r Ben- 
 killed <ning- 
 
 (,ton. 
 do. wounded, do. 
 
 {Free- 
 man's 
 Farm. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 dor do. do. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 do* do. do. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 do. wounded do. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 do. do. dp. 
 
 de. do. do. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 Thua marked /^^ were wounded in two difftrant actions. 
 
 Z 
 
 4 
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 ir« 
 
 JOURNAL OF TUB 
 
 Oct. 7t6, Brig, general Fraser« 
 
 Sir James Clarke, Aid "% 
 deCamp toGeneral > 
 Burgoyne> J 
 
 f near 
 killed,^ Still 
 
 (Water. 
 f mortally 1 
 jwouAdedf j^ 
 j& taken r*»* 
 C prisoner, } 
 
 Captain Wisht, JlSd regiment, killed do. 
 
 Lieutenant Obin, 20th do. 
 
 Tumbull, 21st 
 Stewart, 62d 
 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 do. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. do. 
 wounded do. 
 
 do. do* 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 Lt. Col. Anstrutiier, — 
 *Major Ackland, 20tli 
 -^-— Uarnage, 02d 
 
 Captain Strangways, 24th do. 
 . .. , Bunbury, 62d do, 
 --■ Green Aid del 
 
 de Camp toGeneral > 3 1 st do. 
 
 Philips I 
 
 Lieutemiut Battersby, 29th ught infantry,do. do. ' 
 >. Fisherton, 2l8t do. do. do* 
 
 ''^Richardson,S4th grenadiers, do. do. 
 
 — — — Bowling, 29th resiment do. do. 
 
 - Doyle, 24th So. do. do. 
 
 Williams, 29th do. do. do. 
 
 Richardson, S4th battalion, do. do. 
 
 Houghton, 53d regiment, do. do. 
 
 Smith, Royal Artillery, do. do. > 
 
 Howarth, do. do. do. 
 
 Bnsign Connel, 20th regiment, do. do. 
 
 Blake, 62d do. do. do. 
 
 fat 
 kiUed<{Sara. 
 (toga. 
 
 >^mii^ 
 
 Oct. 1 1 th. Adjutant Fitzgerald, ^ do. 
 
 _7.h, M.j.rAcI.U.4. SOth do. }pr?„a^, |»'»^ 
 
 Williams, Royal Artillery, do. do. 
 
 July 9th. Captain Montgomery, 9th regiment, do. | ^^^ 
 
 Oct. 7th. r Money, De-1 fnear 
 
 puty Quarter Master > — — do, do. < Still 
 General, } t Watw 
 
 Lieutenant Johnson, 29th do. do. do. 
 
 m * York, *^ do. do. d^* 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 Lieat. Howartb, Royal Artillery, > 
 
 177 
 
 fnear 
 
 i Still 
 prisoner, I w^t„ 
 
 taken 
 
 Ensign D'Antroch, 63d regiment, do. do. 
 
 Naylor, 
 July ftth. Surgeon |^l»elly, 
 
 KILLED. 
 1 Bri^dier Gsaeial^ 
 1 Major, 
 1 Aid de Caipp, 
 
 3 Captains, 
 
 15 Lieutman/ts, 
 
 4 Ensigns, 
 12 Serjeants, 
 
 5 Brummers, 
 S13 Rank & File. 
 
 355 Total )uUed, 
 
 osd resunc 
 — do, 
 
 SttK do. 
 
 do. do« 
 rat 
 
 do. {Fort 
 CAnn. 
 
 WOUNDED. 
 
 9 Lieutenant Colonels, 
 
 5 Majors, 
 16 Captains, 
 18 Lieutenants, 
 
 4 Ensigns, 
 
 1 Adjutant,. 
 
 2 Volunteers, 
 38 Seqeants, 
 
 4 Drumniers, 
 715 Rank & File. 
 
 805 Total wounded. 
 
 rilledi 355 
 
 -% Wounded .......805 
 
 K^otal killed andwounded o£ th^ Brjtisli.ann;......li60 
 
 The followinie nqmboes surrendered, prisoners at Sara- 
 toga, on the nth October, 1717 #1* 
 
 British troops, including, th<i sick an<;l woun^ledi incanip..2240 
 German ditto, do,. do....... 1700- 
 
 Canadiauf, Provincials, Batteaux-rmen, &c 480' 
 
 ^ck and wounded left; behind in the. British camp, i _. 
 when general Bttr£;oyn9 rjelreated to Saratoga y 
 
 'I!otal....nMt....4880 
 
 A^ account of brass ordnance taken : 
 
 , 2 24 pounders*. 
 
 18- 
 
 Total. 
 
 a- 
 
 2- 
 .35 
 
 •12 ditto. 
 6 ditto. 
 3 dillp, 
 
 5i inch royal howitzers.^ 
 8 inch biasc mortars. 
 
 • ''1 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 
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 If 
 
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 Z 2 
 
 
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178 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 ir i 
 
 I. is • -tiJ 
 
 «!' 
 
 >i 
 
 The loss of general Frazer was a severe shock to the 
 •rnay, and the sensation, which it produced was felt by 
 all fanks, from the commander in chief to the private. 
 After he was wounded, he was supported by twoofficersj 
 one on each side of his horse. When he arrived in camp, 
 the officers all anxiously enquired as to his wound : the 
 down cast look and melancholy that were visible to every 
 one, too plainly spoke his situation, and all the answer he 
 could make to the many inquiries, was a shake of his 
 head, expressive that all was over with him. So much 
 was he beloved that even the women flaked round, 
 solicitous fbr his fate. 
 
 When he had reached his tent, and was recovered a 
 little from the faintness Qccasiooed by the loss of blood, 
 he told those around him, that he saw the man iiAu) shot 
 him ; he was a rifle man, ant) aimied from a tree. Tlie ball 
 entered a little below his breatt, and penetrated just 
 under the back bone. After the surgeon had dressed 
 his wound, he said to him, very c^mposecjly, " I'ell 
 me, to tlie best of your skill and jqdgment, if you 
 think my wound is n^ortal." When he replied, ** I am 
 sorry, sir, to inforni you, that it is ; ^nd thi^t you 
 cannot possib^ live twenty-four hours.^* The general 
 called for pen, ink, and paper, and after making his 
 will, and distributing a few little tokens of regard to the 
 officers of his suite, desired that he might be remove^ 
 to the general hospital. Early the next morning, he 
 breathed his last, and at his particular request was 
 buried without any parade in the great redoubt, by the 
 soldiers of his own cdrps. 
 
 Aboi^t sun-set, the corpse was carried up the hill. 
 The procession was in view of both armies. As it passed 
 by, generals Burgoyne, Phillips, and Reidesel, with 
 most of the officers of thaarmy, joined the procession. 
 The troops who fought immediately under general Frazer, 
 fiot being acquainted with the privacy of Ui^rial t^t was 
 
 i:^ 
 
 I). H' 
 
. , i» H. 
 
 tf \ 
 
 AMERICAN WAU. 
 
 199 
 
 enjoioed by his will, construed it into neglect, and urged 
 by a natural wish to pay the last honours to him in the 
 eyes of the whole army, inarched after the body in 
 solemn procession to the grave. 
 
 . The enemy, with an inhumanity deserving the con- 
 demnation of every liberal mind, cannonaded the pro^ 
 cession as it passed, and during the service over the 
 grave the aggression was repeated. Charity would \n- 
 dine us to hope, although probability is against the 
 fact, that they were unacquainted with the nature of the 
 awful cereniMy. Sacred from interruption and hostility, 
 even among the most barbarous of mankind, are ihc last 
 sad offices which the living pay to the dead. 
 i Nor should the heroism of lieutenant Hervey, of the 
 62d rJegiment, a youth of sixteen, and nephew to the 
 adjutant general of the same name, be forgotten. It was 
 tharacterized by a\\ |hat ia gallaqt in the military 
 jcharacter. 
 
 In the battle ttt the 19th of September, he received 
 several wounds, and was repeatedly ordered off the field 
 by lieutenant colonel Anstruther, but his heroic ardor 
 would not allow him tQ quit thf battle while he could 
 Mand, and see his brave comrades fightiog beside him. 
 A ball striking one of his l^s, his removal became 
 absolutely necessary, iind while they were conveying; 
 him away, another wounded him mortally. In this 
 situation, the surgeon recommended him to take a 
 powerful dose of opium, to avoid a seven or eight hours 
 life of most exquisite torture. This he immediately 
 consented to, and when the polonel entered the tent, 
 with major Harnage, who were both bounded, they 
 asked whether he had any affairs they could settle for 
 Mm ? His repl}' was, that being a minor, every thing 
 was already adjusted ; but he had one request, which 
 he retained just life enough to utter : *' Tell my uncle, 
 I died like a soldier" 
 
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 180 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Major Ackland when wounded, observed the British 
 troops were retreating ; he requested captain Simpson 
 of the 31st regiment, who was an intimate friend, to 
 help him into camp, upon which, being a stout man, 
 be conveyed the major on hjs back a considerable way, 
 when the enemy pursuing so rapidiy, he was obliged 
 to leave him behind to save himself. As the major 
 lay on the ground, he cried out to the men who were 
 cunning by him, that he would give fifty guineas to 
 apy soldier who would convey him into camp. A stout 
 grenadier instantly took him on his back, and was. 
 hastening into camp, when they were ovfirtaken and 
 both made prisoners. 
 
 Captain Bloomfield, of the artillery, received a wound 
 which was very remarkable, a shot passing through 
 both cheeks without hurting the inside of his mouth. 
 
 Lieutenant Howarth, of the same eorps, was wounded 
 in his knee. It was very singular, that he was so 
 ftrongly prepossessed with ao idea of being wounded,^ 
 that when the orders came for the detachment's going 
 put, being in company with lieutenant Anburey, after 
 reading the orders, and that his brigade of guns were 
 to go, he said to that officer, ** God bless you, Anburey,^ 
 farewell ; for I know not how it is, but I have a strange 
 presentment that I shall either be killed or wounded. 
 
 tSome letters passed between the opposed generals. 
 The first was from genera) Burgoyne, by lady Ackhind, 
 whose husband was dangerously wounded, and a prisoner, 
 recommending her ladyship to the care and protection 
 of general Gates. Gates's answer was .pointed with the. 
 sharpest irony, in which he expresses his surprise tiiat 
 his excellency after considering his preceding conduct, 
 should think that he could consider the greatest atten- 
 tion to lady Ackland, in the light of an obligation. 
 These epistles, although mere communications between 
 individuals, and frequently on private aBuirs, yet serve 
 
AMERICAN WAB* 
 
 111 
 
 ie 
 
 to pourtray the disposition of the times, and unveil the 
 cauie that gave rise to the unhappy contest. 
 
 " The cruelties,*^ added he, " which mark the retreat 
 of your army, in burning the gentlemen and farmers 
 houses as they went along, are almost, among civiliEed 
 nations, without a precedent ; they should not endeavour 
 to ruin those they could not conquer ; this conduct be- 
 trays more the vindictive malice of a monk, than the 
 generosity of a soldier." 
 
 What gave rise to this charge, was the following 
 circumstance: on the west bank of Hudnon^s River, near 
 the height of Saratoga, where the British army hiUted 
 after the retreat, stood general Schuyler's dwelling house, 
 with a range of barracks and store-houses, &c. The 
 evening the army arrived at these buildings, the wea- 
 ther being very wet and c(4d, the sick and wounded 
 were directed to take possession of these barracks ; 
 while^ the troops took post on the height above it. 
 In the course of the night, the barracks took fire by 
 accident, and l)eing built of wood, were soon con- 
 sumed. It was with the greatest difficulty that the 
 wounded soldiers were rescued from the flames.* 
 Two days after this, the army had formed a plan 
 ^ attack*; a l^rge column of troops was approadi- 
 ing to pass; the liver, preparatory to a general action : 
 this column was entirely covered from the fire of the Bri- 
 -tisji artillery, by some of these buildings. General Btir- 
 goytie ordered them to be set on fire ; but so fair 
 -was the sufferer from putting an invidious constructioti 
 upon that action, that one of the first persons general 
 Burgoyne saw after the convention was signed wan 
 the owner, general Schuyler ; who, instead of blaming the 
 £nglbh general, owned be would have done the same 
 
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 ^ The author was in the house when it took fire« and it was 
 wttfh tb« greatest difficulty h« escaped^ 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 
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 upon the like ocotsion, or words to that effect. He 
 did more. He conducted him to his house ; presented 
 him to Mrs. Schuyler ; continued him in his &mity 
 during the whole time of his stay in Albany, with a table 
 of more than twenty covers for htmseif and friends, and 
 with every other possible demonstration of hospitality : 
 a situation painful at that time, but now pleasing, and 
 carrying undeniable testimony how little he deserved the 
 charges thrown out against him. 
 
 On this occasion, and at this distance of time, the 
 energetic language of general Bnrgo3'ne, when he de- 
 manded a trial, cannot be passed by. It speaks the 
 proud, dignPBed spirit of the soldier, alike conscious 
 of his humanity as his courage, and is a clearer 
 refutation of the calumnies advanced agaifist him, than 
 the most laboured and aftful defence, which wealtli 
 could purchase, or ingenuity fabricate : 
 
 ** As for myself, if I am guilty, I fear I am doubly 
 guilty : An army lost ! The sanguine expectation of the 
 Jcingdoni disappointed ! A foreign war caused, or the 
 commencement of it accelerated ! An effusion of as 
 brave blood as ever ran in British veins, and the 
 severest family distresses combined with public cakmtty ! 
 If this ma^s of miseries be indeed tl|e consequence of 
 my misconduct, vain will be the extenuation I can plead, 
 of my personal sufferings, fatigue, and hafdsbips, la- 
 borious days and sleepless nights, ill health, and trying 
 situations ; poor and insufficient would be such atone- 
 ment in the judgment of my country, o;r perhaps in the 
 eyes of God ; yet with this dreadful alternative in view, 
 I provoke a trial. Give me inquiry. I put the interests 
 that hang most emphatically by tite heart strings of the 
 man — my fortpnc'— my honor — mj^ head-^ had almost 
 said my salvation upon the issue." 
 
 There were as many witnesses of the « truth of this 
 statement of facts as there were men in the Bnti^ 
 
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AMERICAN WAR. 
 
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 view, 
 terests 
 >f the 
 tlmost 
 
 army. Indeed, the more these charges were sifted (and 
 the general was very strictly examined in the house of 
 commons) the more it tended to place the suflcr- 
 ing officer in a very high point of view, whether con- 
 fidered as a man, a soldier, or the leader of an army, 
 in the most trying and perilous service. It proved 
 that he possessed the confidence and aft'ection of his 
 army in so extraordinary a degree, that no loss or 
 misfortune could shake the one, or distress or affliction 
 weaken the otlier. It established an instance, as far 
 as it could be conclusive, (and a close examination was 
 not able to weaken it), perhaps unequalled in the military 
 history, that notwithstanding so long and continued a 
 scene of unceasing fatigue, hardship and danger, finally 
 ending in general ruin and captivity, not a single voice 
 was heard through the army, to upbraid, to censure, 
 or blame their general, and that at length, when all 
 their courage and cffprts were found ineffectual, and 
 every hope totaUy cut off, they were still willing to 
 perish alon^ with him. 
 
 But perhaps the best testimonial of the rectitude of 
 general Burgoyne^s character, was what fell from the* 
 pen of Iris illustrious riyal. A higher eulogium^ and 
 one more just, was never paid by the generous heart 
 of one soldier to another^ Near five months after the 
 convention* of Saratoga, general Burgoyne, finding his 
 health declining, and hearing that his character had 
 been much traduced iTi England, solicited congress 
 to permit hirh to return, on his parole of honor, to 
 Enghind. He also applied to general Washington 
 ipr his interference in the matter. The following is 
 Washington's answer: . „ ' . , 
 
 Jfead Quarters, Pennnyhania, March \Uh, 1778. 
 
 ** Sir, — I was, only two days since, honored with your 
 very obligijig letter of the I lih of Fqbrpary. 
 
 
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 JOURNAL OF Tim 
 
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 Your indulgent opinion of my cliaracter, and the 
 polite terms in which you are pleased to express it, are 
 peculiarly flatterinc; ; and I take pleasure in the oppor- 
 tunity you havii aflordcd me of assuring you, that, fur 
 from suftcring the views of national opposition to be 
 imbittered and debased by personal animosity, I am ever 
 ready to do justice to the merit of the gentleman and the 
 soldier ; and to esteem, where esteem is due, however 
 the ideas of a public enemy may interpose. You will 
 not think it the language of unmeaning ceremony, if I 
 add, that sentiments of personal respect, in the present 
 instance, are reciprocal. Viewing you in the light of 
 an officer contending against what I conceive to be the 
 rights of my country, the reverse of fortune you experi- 
 enced in the field cannot be unacceptable to me ; but, 
 abstracted from considerations of national advantage, I 
 can sincerely sympathize with your feelings, as a soldier, 
 the unavoidable difficulties of whose situation forbid his 
 success: and as a man, whose lot combines the calamity 
 pf ill health, the anxieties of captivity, and the painful 
 jiensibility for a reputation, exposed, where he most 
 values it, to the assaults of malice and detraction. 
 
 " As your aid-de-camp went directly on to congress, 
 the business of your letter to me had been decided before 
 it came to hand. I am happy that the cheerful acqui- 
 escence with your request prevented the necessity oC 
 my intervention. And, wishing you a safe and agree- 
 able passage, with a perfect restoration of your health, I 
 have the honor to be, &c. ** Georgb Washington." 
 
 The circumstances relative to Major Ackland and his 
 lady are so very remarkable, and they have been so 
 Tariously related, that it becomes necessary, on both 
 accounts, to notice them. The accuracy of the following 
 derail may be depended on. The communication comes 
 directly from general Burgoyne. There is scarcely an 
 instance, either in ilDcient or modern history^ that more 
 
1 1 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 11^ 
 
 finely depicts ilic resolution, uH'ection, and fortitude of 
 woman toward the liux^iand of her heart and vows than 
 this, if war soim 'mes m bad men, calls forth all the 
 viler passions of our uanjcf , in woumn it is otherwise ; 
 it rouzes into n< fion an heroism otherwise unknown, 
 an intrepidity almost incompatible with the sex, and 
 awakens all tlie dormant susceptibilities of their mind. 
 
 << Besides the continuation of general fatigue, this 
 day was remarkable for a circumstance of private dis. 
 tress too aiTecting to be omitted. The circumstance to 
 which I allude, is lady Harriet Ackland's passage through 
 the enemy's army, to attend her wounded husband, 
 then their prisoner. 
 
 ** The progress of this lady with the army could hardly 
 be thought abruptly or superfluously introduced, were ifc 
 only for the purpose of authenticating a wonderful story. 
 It would exhibit, if well deHneated, an interesting pic- 
 ture of the spirit, the enterprise, and the distress of 
 romance ; realized jind regulated upon the chasic and 
 sober principles of rational love and conimbial duty. 
 . ** Lady Harriet Ackland,, sister to the earl of Uchester, 
 had accompanied her husband* major John Pyke Ackland,^ 
 son of Sir Thomas Ackland, to Canada in the beginning 
 of the year 1716. In the course of that campaign she 
 bad traversed a vast space of country, in different ex. 
 (remitieLi of season, and with difficulties that an European 
 traveller will not easily conceive, to attend him, in a 
 poor hut at Chamblee, upon his sick bed. 
 
 *• In the opening of the campaign of 1777, she was 
 restrained from otTering herself to a share of the fatigue 
 and hazard expected before Ticonderoga, by the posi- 
 tive injunctions of her husband. The day after the 
 conquest of that place, he was badly wounded, and 
 she crossed the Lake Ch^mplain to join him. 
 
 "As soon as he recovered, lady Harriet proceeded to 
 follow his fortunes through the campaign, and at Forf 
 
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 Edward, or at the next camp, she acquired a two- 
 wheel tumbril, which had been constructed by the arti- 
 Bcers of the artillery, something similar to the carriage 
 used for the mail upon the great roads of England. 
 Major Ackland commanded the British grenadiers, 
 which were attached to general Eraser's corps ; and 
 consequently were always the most advanced post of 
 the army. Their situations often called them to be so 
 alert, that no person slept out of his clothes. In one of 
 these posts of danger a tent, in which the major and lady 
 Harriet were asleep, suddenly took fire. An orderly Ser- 
 jeant of grenadiers, with great hazard of suffocation, drag, 
 ged out the first person he cau;rhthold of. It proved to be 
 the major. It happened that in the same instant she 
 had, unknowing what she did, and perhaps not per- 
 fectly avvake, providentially made her escape, by creep- 
 ing under the walls of the back pi^rt of the tent. The 
 first object she sa*w, upon tiie recorery of h^r senses, 
 vpas the m^jor on the other side, and in the same instant 
 perceived him again in the fire, in the search of her. The 
 Serjeant ag^in saved hitn, but not without the major 
 being very severely burned in his face and different 
 parts of the body. Evfery thing they hat^ with them in 
 the tent was consumed.* 
 
 " This accident happened a little tirte before the 
 ^rmy passed Hudson's River. It neither altered the 
 resolution, nor the cheerfulness of lady Harriet ; and 
 she continued her progress, a partaker pf the fatigues 
 of the advanced corps. The next call upon her for- 
 titude was of a different nature, and more distressful, 
 as of longer suspense. On the march of the 19th, 
 the grenadiers being liable to action at every step. 
 
 t This accident was occasioned by a favourite Newfoundland 
 dog, who, being restless, overset the table, on which a candle 
 Veas burning, and which, rolling to the walls of the tent, in- 
 stantly set them on fire. 
 
 it. J 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 187 
 
 she had been directed by the major to fallow the route 
 of the artillery and baggage, which was not exposed. 
 At the time the action began, she found herself near 
 a small uninhabited nut, where she alighted. When 
 it was found the action was becoming general and 
 bloody, the surgeons of the hospital took possession 
 of the same place, as the most convenient for the care 
 of the wounded. Thus was the lady in hearing of 
 one continued fire of cannon and musketry, forfour iiours 
 together, with the presumption, from 'the post of her 
 husband at the head of the grenadiers, that he was 
 in the most exposed part of the action. She had three 
 female companions, the baroness of Reidesel, and the 
 wives of two British officers, major Harnage, and lieu- 
 tenant Reynal ; but, in the event, their presence served 
 little for comfort. Major Harnage was soon brought 
 to the surgeons, very badly wounded ; and a little 
 time after came intelligence that lieutenant Reynsi) 
 was shot dead. Iruugination will want.no helps to figure 
 the state of the whole groupe. *^- '' 
 
 " From the date of the action, the 7th of October, 
 lady Harriet, with her usual serenity, stood prepared fo^ 
 new trials ! and it was her lot that their severity increased 
 with numbers. She was again exposed to the hearing 
 of the whole action, and at last received the shock of 
 her individual misfortune, mixed with the intelligence 
 of the general calamity : the troops were defeated and 
 major Ackland, desperately wounded, was a prisoner, 
 
 ** The day of the 8th was passed by lady Harriet 
 and her companions in common anxiety ; not a tent 
 nor a shed being standing, except what belonged to 
 the hospital ; their refuge was among the woundeu and 
 the dying. 
 
 ** When the army was upon the point of itioving, 
 after the halt dcscribeid, I received a message from lady 
 Harriet, subihitting to my decision, a proposal ^ahd ex- 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 pressing an earnest solicitude to execute it, if not in-r 
 terfering with my designs) of passing to the camp 
 of the enemy, and requesting general Gates's per* 
 mission to attend her husband. 
 
 ** Though I was ready to believe (for I had expe- 
 rience) that patience and fortitude, in a supreme degree, 
 were to be fourid, as well as every other virtue, under 
 the most tender forms, I was astonished at this proposal. 
 After so long an agitation of the snirits, exhausted not 
 only for want of rest, but absolutely for want of food, 
 drenched in rains for twelve hours together, that a 
 woman should be capable of such An undertaking} as 
 delivering herself to the enemy, probably in the night 
 and uncertain of what hands she might first fall into, 
 appeared an eHbrt above human nature. The assistance 
 I was enabled to give was small indeed. I had not 
 even a cup of wine to offer her ; but was told she 
 had found, from some kind and fortunate hand, a little 
 rum and dirty water. All I could furnish to her was 
 an open boat and a few lines, written upon dirty and 
 wet paper, to general Gates, recommending hey to, 
 his protection. - 
 
 Mr. Brudenell, the chaplain to the artillery, (the sam^ 
 gentleman who had officiated so signally at general 
 Fraser's funeral) readily undertook to accompany her, 
 and with one female servant, and the major's valet-de- 
 cbambre, (who had a ball which he had received in 
 the late action then in his shoulder,) she rowed down 
 the river to meet the enemy. But hejr distresses \yerc 
 not yet to end. The night was advanced before the 
 boat reached the enemy's out-posts, and the sentinel 
 would not let it pass, nor even come on shore. In 
 vain Mr. Brudenell offered the flag of truce, and« re- 
 presented the state of the extraordinary passenger. The 
 guard was apprehensive of treachery, and therefore 
 threatened to fire into the boat if it stirred before da^ 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 im 
 
 light. Her anxiety and suffering were thus protracted 
 through seven or eight dark and cold hours ; and her 
 reflections upon that first reception could not give her 
 very encouraging ideas of the treatment she was after- 
 wards to expect. But it is due to justice, at the close 
 of this adventure, to say, that she was received and 
 accommodated by general Gates, with all the humanity 
 and respect that her rank, her merits, and her fortunes 
 deserved. 
 
 ** Let such as are affected by these circumstances of 
 alarm, hardship, and danger, recollect, that the subject 
 of them was a woman of the most tender and delicate 
 frame ; of the gentlest manners ; habituated to all the 
 soft elegancies, and refined enjoyments that attend high 
 birth and fortune ; and far advanced in a state in' 
 which the tender cares, always due to the sex, become 
 indispensably necessary. Her mind alone was formed 
 for such trials." 
 
 A circumstance of as singular, but altogether of an 
 opposite nature, happened in the desperate adventures 
 of one Whitcomb, who undertook to steal a British 
 officer for the Americans, and who, in executing his 
 scheme, actually murdered brigadier general Gordon. 
 Lieutenanc Anburey, who was on the spot, thus relates 
 the particulars : 
 
 ** Whitcomb, a native of Connecticut, and a great par- 
 tizan of the Americans, who, after the defeat upon the 
 lakes, (in 1776, as already related in a former part of 
 this work), offered his service to venture through the 
 woods, and bring in prisoner an English officer, for 
 which purpose he stationed himself among the th^kest 
 copses that are between La Praire and St. John's. The 
 first officer who happened to pass him was brigadier 
 general Gordon ; he was mounted on a spirited horse, 
 and Wiiitcomb thinking there was little probability of 
 of seizing him, fired at, and wounded him in the shoulder. 
 
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 The general iiuuiediatcly irode as fast as he couM to the 
 camp at St. John's, which he had but just reached, when 
 witti loss of blood and fatigue, he fell from his horse } 
 some suldiers took him up, and carried him to the 
 hospital, where, after his wound was dressed, and he was 
 a little at ease, he related the circumstance, which bein^ 
 immediately made known to general Carleton, a party 
 of Indians wei'e sent out to scour the woods, and search 
 for Whitcomb ; but in vain, as he hastened back to 
 Ticonderoga. General Carleton, however, imagining he 
 might be lurking about the woods, or secreted in the 
 house of some disaffected Canadian, issued out a pro- 
 clamation among the inhabitants, offering a reward of 
 fifty guineas to any one that would bring Whitcomb^ 
 alive or dead, to the camp. 
 
 ** A few days after this general Gordon died of his 
 wound, in whose death we sincerely lamented the loss 
 of a brave and experienced officer. 
 
 ** When Whitcomb returned to Ticonderoga, and in- 
 formed the general who conimanded there, that although 
 he could not take an ofHcer prisoner, he believed he had 
 mortally wounded one, the general expressed his dis- 
 approbation in the strongest terms, and was so much 
 diiipleased at the transaction, that Whitcomb, in order to 
 effect a reconciliation, offered his service to go again, 
 professing he won'd forfeit his life, if he did not return 
 with a prisoner. ^ . 
 
 " He accordingly with two other men, proceeded 
 down Lake Champlain, in a canoe, to a small creek, 
 where they secreted it, and repaired to the woods, to 
 the same spot where Whitcomb had stationed himself 
 before ; the two men lay concealed a little way in the 
 wood, whilst he skulked about the borders of it. 
 
 " The regiment of which our friend S is 
 
 quarter-master, having occassion for some stores from 
 Montreal, he was going from the camp at St. John's 
 
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AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 191 
 
 . 7 S\ 
 
 to procure them ; he was advised not to go this road, but 
 by the way of Chamblee, on account of the late accident ; 
 but you know him to be a man of great braVery and 
 personal courage, joined with uncommon strength ; re- 
 solving not to go so many miles out of his road for 
 any Whitcomb whatever, he jocosely added, that he 
 should be very glad to meet with him, as he was sure 
 he should get the reward ; in this, however, he was 
 greatly mistaken, his reward being no other than that 
 of being taken prisoner himself. 
 
 . *' Previous to his setting out he took every precau- 
 tion, having not only loaded his fusee, but charged a 
 brace of pistols. When he came near to the woods I 
 iiave already described, he was very cautious ; but, in 
 an instant, Whitcomb, and the two men he had with 
 him, sprung from behind a thick bush, and seized him 
 before he could make the least resistance ; they then 
 tied his arms behind him with ropes, and blind-fo|ded 
 him. 
 
 ** It was three days before they reached the canoe 
 that had been concealed, during which time they had 
 but very scanty fare ; a few hard biscuits served to allay 
 hunger, while the fruits of the wood was a luxury ! 
 When Whitcomb had marched him to such a distance 
 as he thought he could not make his escape, were he at 
 liberty, through fear of losing himself; for the greater 
 case on his own part, and to facilitate their march, 
 they untied his hands, and took the cloth from his 
 ej'es. Only picture to yourself what must have been 
 his feelings, at seeinp;^ himself in the midst of a thick 
 wood, surrounded by three desperate fellows, and un- 
 certain as to their intentions ! ^ 
 
 " At nigiit, when they had partaken of their scanty 
 pittance, two out of the three used to sleep, whilst the 
 other kept watch. The first night he slept through 
 fatigue ; on the second, as you may naturally suppose, 
 
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 JOURNAL OF TflE 
 
 and from hi* great anxiety of mind, lie could not close fcis 
 eyes. In the mi<lclle of the night an opportunity occurred 
 whereby he could have effected his escape, for the man 
 whose watch it was, feH fast asleep. He has since told 
 me haw his mind wavered for a length of time, what 
 measures to pursue ; he could not bear the idea of put- 
 ting them to death, though justified by the rulek of 
 war : if he escaped from them, they might in all pro- 
 babFlity retake and ill-treat him. The great hazard of 
 all, which determined him to abide by his fate was, that 
 by being so many miles in a tract of wood, where he 
 could not tell what direction to take (having been blind- 
 folded when he entered it) he might possibly wander 
 up and down till he perished with hunger. In this 
 restless state he remained till day-break, when they re- 
 sumed their march, and in tlie evening came to the 
 creek where the canoe was concealed ; they then secured 
 him again, put him in the canoe, and proceeded up the 
 lake to Ticondcroga, where they arrived early the 
 next morning. Wlien they landed him he was again 
 blind-folded, that he might not see their works, and 
 thus conducted to the general, whose only motive for 
 endeavouring to get an officer was, either by threats or 
 intrettties, to gain information relativie to our army. In 
 this, hoA'ever, he was greatly disappointed, and as he 
 could not ol)tain the least intelligence from our friend 
 he ordered him as prisoner of war upon his parole, to 
 some of the interior towns, from which place, as I in- 
 formed you in my last,, he is just returned as hearty and 
 as well us ever." , •• • 
 
 The same author also relates a circumstance, which 
 was well known to the whole British arni> , and which 
 the Author of this Journal can fully corroborate. It 
 happened after the battle of Freeman's Farm, on the 
 19th of Sepleoiber, 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
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 |r friend, 
 [arole, to 
 as I in • 
 larty and 
 
 which 
 
 id which 
 
 Irate. It 
 
 on the 
 
 '* We have within these few evenings, exclusive of other 
 alarms, been under arms most of the night, as there has 
 been a great noise, like the howling of dogs, upon the 
 right of our encampment ; it was imagined the enemy 
 set it up to deceive us, wliiie they were meditating some 
 attack. The two first nights this noise was heard, ge- 
 neral Fraser thought it to have been the dogs belonging 
 to the officers, and an order was given for the dogs 
 to be confined within the tents ; any that were seen 
 running about, the prevost had orders to hang them. 
 The next night the noise was much greater, when a 
 detachment of Canadians and Provincials were sent out 
 to reconnoitre, and it proved to have arisen from large 
 droves of wolves that came after the dead bodies; they 
 were similar to a pack of hounds, for one setting up 
 a cry, they all joined, and when they approached a 
 corpse, their noise was hideous till they had scratched 
 it up." 
 
 It is a remark which has been frequently' made by 
 foreigners of most countries, that there is a feeling, a 
 sensibility observable in the Irish character, which, if 
 not absolutely peculiar tq us, forms a most prominent 
 feature in our disposition. The following circumstance, 
 of which many then in the British as well as American 
 armies were witnesses, may not be altogether unappro- 
 priate, particularly to the native reader. 
 
 During the time of the cessation of arms, while the 
 articles of capitulation were preparing, the soldiers of ther 
 two armies often saluted, and discoursed with each other 
 from the opposite banks of the river, (which at Saratoga 
 is about thirty yards wide, and not very deep,) a soldier 
 in the 9th regiment, named Maguire, came down to the 
 bank of the river, with a number of his companions, who 
 engaged in conversation with a party of Americans on the 
 opposite shore. In a short time something was observed 
 very forcibly to strike the mind of Maguire. He sud- 
 
 
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 fe^i 
 
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194 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 denly darted like lightning from his companions, and 
 resolutely plunged into the stream. At the very same 
 moment, one of the American soldiers, seized with a 
 similar impulse, resolutely dashed into the water, from 
 the opposite shore. The wondering soldiers on both 
 sides, beheld them eagerly swim towards the middle 
 of the river, where they met ; they hung on each 
 others necks and wept ; and the loud cries of ** My 
 brother ! my dear brother ! ! !" which accompanied the 
 transaction, soon cleared up the mystery, to the asto- 
 nished spectators. They were both brothers, the first 
 had emigrated from this country, and the other had 
 entered the army ; one was in the British and the othei^ 
 in the American service, totally ignorant until that hour 
 that they were engaged in hostile combat against each 
 other's life. 
 
 i I 
 
 
 • , 
 
 P'i I 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 195 
 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 Captured Troops march to the Vicinity of Boston. Their 
 deplorable Situation. Congress refuses the Embarka'- 
 lion of the British Troops to England. Description 
 of Boston. Of the Island of Nantucket. Of the 
 Whale Fishery. Its Origin, and wonderful Im^ 
 provement. Curious Method of Paying the Seamen. 
 Account of Catching the Whales, S(c. British Troops 
 removed from Prospect-hill to Rutland County. Con- 
 gress still refuses to ratify the Convention of Saratoga. 
 Debates in the House of Lords on the Independence 
 of America. Lord Chatham^s Speech on that SubjecL 
 His Death. 
 
 Immediately after their surrender, the British 
 troops, were marched upwards of two hundred miles 
 to the vicinity of Boston, where they were confined 
 in boarded huts on Winter and Prospect Hills. It 
 is true, the court of Massachusetts passed resolu- 
 tions for procuring suitable accommodations for them, 
 but from the general unwillingness of the people to 
 administer the least civility, and from the feebleness 
 of the authority which the American rulers had at that 
 time over the property of their fellow citizens, their 
 situation was rendered truly deplorable. 
 
 Such were the disagreeable and distressing circum- 
 stances, which on every side increased the miseries 
 of confinement, that, at this time, the most faithful 
 
 y% 
 
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 I: 
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 196 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 / ... 
 
 \ ■■ • 
 
 i' 
 
 recital must dcspnii* of credence. It was not infre- 
 quent for thirty, or forty persons, men, women and 
 ■ cWWTEn7'f(r"tre indiscriminately crowded together in 
 one small, miserable, open hut ;* their provisions and 
 fire-wood on short allowance; and a scanty portion of 
 straw their bed, their own blankets their only cover- 
 inpf. In the night time, those that could lie down, 
 and the many who sat up from the cold, were obliged fre- 
 quently to rise and shake from them the snow ' which the 
 wind drifted in at the openings ; or, in case of rain., to 
 endure the " chill peltings of the merciless storm." 
 
 General Burgoyne, ever attentive to the welfare of 
 his army, remonstrated in a letter to gen«^ral Gates, 
 nnd after making use of some sti'ong exp:otulations, 
 he added, *' the public faith is broken j" ♦his letter 
 being laid before congress, gave an alarm. It cor- 
 roborated, they said, an apprehension previously 
 entertained, that the captured troops, on their embaVk* 
 ation, would form a junction with the British garrisons 
 in America. 
 
 Some paltry resolutions which were passed, relative 
 to the British soldiers not having faithfully delivc^jd 
 up all their accoutrements, were of .«'> shameful a 
 nature, as to be highly disgraceful to the congress, 
 and seemed strongly to indicate that they were ready 
 to grasp at any pretence, however weak or futile, 
 by which they could evade the terras of the conven- 
 tion, without incurring the charge of a direct broach 
 t)f public faith. - ,;, 
 
 Just at this time, a requisition was made by the 
 eommandt'r in chief at New-York, for the embarka- 
 tion of the convention troops, either at the Sound 
 near New- York, or at Khode Island, instead of Boston, 
 which was the place appointed for their departure to 
 
 *■ The officers (without any regard to rank), were frequently 
 crowded, six or eight together in one small hut. * 
 
 ^■'i! 
 
infre- 
 n and 
 tier iti 
 IS and ' 
 ion of 
 cover- 
 down, 
 ;cd fre- 
 ich the 
 aia, to 
 
 • 
 
 ilfare of 
 
 Gates, 
 ilations, 
 is letter 
 
 It cor- 
 eviously 
 embaVk- 
 jarrisons 
 
 relative ' 
 
 lelivcad 
 
 uieful t\ 
 
 ongress, 
 
 |e ready 
 
 futile, 
 
 conven- 
 
 br<^ach 
 
 by the 
 
 iibarka- 
 
 Sound 
 
 Boston, 
 
 Irture to 
 
 ^equentty 
 
 AMEUICAN WAR. 
 
 m 
 
 
 Europe; and in cotisequence of the expectation enter- 
 tained, that the proposals would have been complied 
 with, the transports for the conveyance of the troops 
 were assembled at Rhode Island. The congress, how- 
 ever, not only refused to comply with the requisition, 
 but made it a ground of a pretended suspicion that 
 the measure was proposed, merely to afford an oppor- 
 tunity to the convention troops to join their fellows, 
 with an intention of making some pretence to evade, 
 or break the terms of the capitulation, and continue 
 to act in America, to the great detriment and danger 
 of the common cau^ic. To strengthen this colour of 
 suspicion, they pretended that twenty six transports, 
 which were provided at RlMide Island, were insuffi- 
 cient for the conveyancie of above five thousand six 
 hundred men,* in a winter voyage to Europe; and 
 that, in tlie present state of things, with respect of 
 provisions, both in tlie British fleet and army, it was 
 scarcely possible they said, tliat they could have been 
 victualled for so long a voyage in so short a time. 
 
 General Burgoyne offered to pledge himself, that 
 notwithstanding the injurious suspicions entertained of 
 his own honor, anil that of his officers, they would 
 still join with him in signing any writing, or instrument, 
 that might be thought necessary for strengthening, 
 confirming, or renewing the validity of the convention. 
 But the congress was inexorable. It was easily seen 
 that the measore which they had adopted, was not so 
 lightly taken as to be easily given up, and that ex- 
 planations and securities, could produce no effect on 
 their determination. They had passed a resolution, 
 from which they never receded , that the emtbarkation of 
 general Burgoyne*s army, should be suspended. 
 
 * Here the congress magnified the numbers of the British, 
 even adding all the women and children belon^injjp to the 
 captured troops. 
 
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 When general Burgoync found that congress wai 
 resolved that no ratiiication of the convention which 
 uas tendered, would be accepted, he applied for leave 
 to return home, which wan immediately granted ; 
 general Phillips therefore ren^ained to command the 
 captured troops, and general Burgoyne sailed for 
 Kngland. 
 
 Tlie reader will here naturally expect some account 
 of the town of Boston. The Author's own observation, 
 when a prisoner on Prospect Ihll, and which has been 
 much assisted by a gentleman who a -few years after- 
 wards travelled througli the country, enables him to 
 otfer the following. This part of America, (particularly 
 the Island of Nantucket), has not been much benefited 
 by the revoluiion. The proprietors of this island were 
 in a much greater progress to wealth while under tha 
 Briti^>h dominions, than they have been since. 
 
 Boston is the most populous, if not the largest city in 
 North America, and stands upon a peninsula of four miles 
 circumference, within forty-four miles of the bottom of 
 Massachusetts Bay. It was greatly damaged by an earth- 
 quake in 1727, and by the bombardment of the Americans 
 themselves in the year 1776. It is most advantageously 
 situated for trade. On the north side are several sniall 
 islands called Brewsters, one of which is called Noddle's 
 Island. The only safe way for entrance into the harbour, 
 is by a channel ; so narrow, that three ships can scarce 
 pass in abreast. But there are proper marks to guide 
 them, and within the harbour there is room enough for 
 five hundred ships to lie at anchor in a good depth of 
 water, while they are covered by the cannon of a regular 
 and very strong fortress. At the bottom of the bay is a 
 very noble pier, near two thousand feet in length, along 
 which, on the north side, extends a row of warehouses. 
 The head of this pier joins the principal street in the 
 town, which is like most of the others, spacious and 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 190 
 
 well built. The town has u fmc and striking appc.ii*. 
 ancu at entering, as it lies at the very boitom of the 
 bay like an am plii theatre. It has a town-house, whcro 
 tlie courts meet, and the exchange is kept. Round the 
 , exchange are a great number of shops. There arc 
 several places of public worsliip. These buildings are 
 lofty and elegant, with towers and spires. It conlain"! 
 upwards of nine thousand houses, and it is supposed 
 near sixty thousand inhabitants. 
 
 The trailc of New Enghuid was very great, before 
 the unliappy contest with the parent country. They 
 were the coasters of all North America, the West Indies, 
 and many parts of Europe. 
 
 The activity and enterprizc of the inhabitants of this 
 state arc wonderful, particularly in the object of their 
 fisheries. Mr. Burke, in his speech in the house of 
 commons, in 1775, has thus characterized and immor- 
 talized them : ** Behold !" says he, *' the manner in 
 which the people of New England have carried on the 
 whale fishery. Whilst we follow them among the tum- 
 bling mountains of ice, and behold them penetrating 
 into the deepest recesses of Hudson's Bay and Davis's 
 Strats! Whilst we are looking for them beneath the 
 arctic circle, we hear that they have pierced into the 
 opposite region of polar cold ! Ti>at they are at the 
 antipodes, and engaged under the frozen serpent of the 
 south ! Falkland's Island, which seemed so remote and 
 romantic an object for the grasp of national ambition, 
 is but a stage and resting place in the progress of 
 their victorious industry ! Nor is the equinoctial heat 
 more discouraging to them than the accumtdated winter 
 of both the poles. We know that whilst some of them 
 draw the line and strike the harpoon on the coast of 
 Africa, others run the longitude, and pursue their 
 ;,igantic game along the coast of the Brazils ! No sea 
 . . .- . C c 
 
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 „i„tiaimitmuui 
 
 400 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 but what is vexed with their fisheries ; no climate that ' 
 is not witness to their toils ! Neither the perseverance 
 of Holland, nor the activity of France, nor the dexterous 
 and firm sagacity of English enterprise, ever carried • 
 this most perilous mode of hardy industry, to the ex- 
 tent to which it has been pushed by this recent people ; 
 a people, who are still, as it were, but in the grizzle, 
 and not yet hardened into the bone of manhood." 
 
 Nantucket, in the province of Massachusetts, is a 
 small island, about eighty miles from Boston, and one 
 hundred and twenty from Rhode Island ; it is the 
 great nursery for seamen, pilots and fishermen. This 
 island appears to be the summit of some huge sandy • 
 sea-mount, affording some acres of dry land, for the 
 habitation of man. 
 
 The first proprietors of this island, began their career 
 of industry with a single whale-boat, with which they 
 went to fish for cod ; the small distance from their 
 shores, at which they caught it, enabled them soon to 
 encrease their business, and those early successes, first 
 led them to conceive that they might likewise catch 
 the whales, which hitherto sported undisturbed on 
 their banks j after many trials, and several miscarriages 
 they succeeded. Thus they proceeded step by step. 
 The profits of one successful enterprise, helped them 
 to purchase and prepare better materials for a mora 
 extensive one; as these were attended with little costs, 
 their profits grew greater. The south sides of the 
 islaad from east to west, were divided into four equal 
 parts, and each part, was assigned to a company of 
 six, which though thus separated still carried on their 
 business in common. In the middle of this distance, 
 they erected a mast, provided with a suflScient num- 
 ber of rounds, and near it they built a temporary 
 hut, where five of the associates lived, whilst the sixth 
 from this high station, carefully looked toward the 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 301 
 
 sea, in order to observe the spouting of the whales. 
 Thus they went on, until tlie profits they made, 
 enabled them to purchase larger vessels, and to pur- 
 sue them farther. When the wliales quitted their 
 coasts, those who failed in their enterprises, returned 
 to the cod fisheries, which had been their first school', 
 and their first resource ; they even began to visit the 
 banks of Cape Breton, the Isle of Sable, and all the 
 other fishing places with which this coast abounds. 
 By degrees they went awhahng to Newfoundland, to 
 the Gulph of St. Laurence, to the Straits of Belleisle, 
 the coast of Labrador, Davis's Straits, even to C^pc 
 Desolation in 70° of latitude ; where the Danes carry 
 on some fisheries, in spite of the ,perpetual severities 
 of that inhospitable cUnfiate. In process of time they 
 visited the Western Islands, the latitude of 34° famqus 
 for that fish, the Brazils, t|ie coast of Guinea, Falk- 
 land's Islands, and the South Sea. Their co^nfidence is 
 so great, and their knowledge of this branch of busi^ 
 ness so superior to that of any other people, that 
 they have acquired a monopoly of this commodity. 
 Such were their feeble beginnings, such the infancy 
 and progress of their maritime schemes ; such is nov.* 
 the degree of boldness and activity to which they aro 
 arrived in their manhood. After their examples several 
 companies have been formed in many of the capitals, 
 where every necessary article of provisions, implements 
 and timber, are to be found. But the industry ex- 
 erted by the people of Nantucket, has hitherto enabled 
 them to rival all their competitors i consequently this 
 is the greatest mart for oil, whale bone, and sper- 
 maceti, on the continent. They possess like the 
 generality of Americans, a large share of native pene- 
 tration, activity and good sense, which leads them to 
 a variety of other secondary schemes, too tedious to 
 mention : they are well acquainted with the cheapest 
 
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 method of procuring lumber from Keiineb»ec river, 
 Penobscot, &c. pitch and lar from North Carolina ; 
 flcui and biscuit from Philadelphia; and beef and pork 
 from Connecticut. They know how to exchange their 
 cod-fish and West Indian produce for those articles, 
 which they are continually either bringing to their 
 island, or sending off to other places where they are 
 wanted. By nieans of all those commercial ncgocia- 
 tions, they have greatly cheapened the fitting out of 
 their whaling fleets,, and therefore inuch improved 
 their fisheries. --'^ • "' ' -s - '' 
 
 The vessels most proper for whale nshing, are brigs 
 of about one hundred and fifty tons burthen, particu- 
 larly when they are intended for distant latitudes. 
 They always man them with thirteen hands, in order 
 that they may row two boats ; the crews of which 
 must necessarilv consist of six, four at the oars, one 
 standing on the bows with the barpoon, and the 
 other at the helm. It is also necessary that there 
 should be two of these boats, that if one should be 
 destroyed in attacking the whale, the other, which is 
 never engaged at the same time, may be ready to 
 Save the hands. Five of the thirteen are always Indians, 
 the last of the complement remains on board to steer 
 the vessel during the action. They have no wages, 
 each draws a certain established share, in partnership 
 with the proprietor of the vessel, by which reconomy 
 they are all proportionably concerned in the success 
 of the enterprise, and all equally alert and vigilanf. 
 These whale-men seldom exceed the age of forty. 
 
 As scon as they arrive in those latitudes where 
 they expect to meet with whales, a man is sent up 
 to the mast head; if he sees one, he immediately 
 cries out " AWAITE paw ana," *^ Here is a whale i^^ they 
 then all remain stilhand silent until he repeats " pawana," 
 » ** AtvhaUy^ when in Icssth^n six nnnutes, the boats are 
 
 f' ,.. 
 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 $05 
 
 launched, and filled with every ' nplcment necessary for 
 the attack. They row toward the whale with astonish- 
 ing velocity. There are various ways of approaching 
 the whale, according to their peculiar species; and 
 this previous knowledge is of the utnlost consequence. 
 When these boats are arrived at a reasonable distance, 
 one of them rests on its oars, and stands oft', as a 
 witness of the approaching engagement; near the bows; 
 of the other the harpooner stands up, and on hint 
 principally depends the success of the enterprise. Hf 
 wears a jacket closely buttoned, and round his head 
 a handkerchief lightly bound ; in his hands he holds 
 the dreadful weapon, made of the best steel, marked 
 sometimes with the name of their town, and some- 
 times with that of their vessel; to the shaft of wliicli 
 the end of a cord of due strength, coiled up with 
 the utmost care in the middle of the boat, is firmly 
 tied ; the other end is fastened to the bottom of 
 the boat. Thus prepared, they row in profound si- 
 lence, leaving the whole conduct of the enterprise 
 to the Ijarpooner and to the steersman, attentively 
 following V .eir directions. When the former judges 
 himself to be near enough to the whale, that is, at 
 the distance of about fifteen feet, he bids them stop ; 
 perhaps she has a calf, whose safety attracts all the. 
 attention of a dam, which is a favourable circum- 
 stance; perhaps she is of a dangerous species, and it 
 is the safest to retire, though their ardour will seldotn 
 permit them ; perhaps she is asleep, in that case he 
 balances high the harpoon, trying in this important 
 moment to collect all the energy of which he is 
 capable. He launches it forth — she is struck: from 
 her first movement they judge of her temper, as well 
 as of their future success. Sometimes, in the immediate 
 impulse of rage, she will attack the boat and demolish 
 it with one stroke of her tail; in au instant the frail 
 
 
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M«UMIUiMl**MiWdWI 
 
 204 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 1 1 
 
 
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 vehicle disappears, and the assailants are immersed in 
 the dreadful element. Were the whale armed with the 
 jaws of the shark, and as voracious, they never would 
 return home to amuse their listening wives with the 
 interesting tale of the adventure. At other times she 
 will dive and disappear from human sight, and every 
 thing must then give way to her velocity, or ebe 
 all is lost ; sometimes she will swim away as if un- 
 touched, and draw the cord with such swiftness that 
 ■it will set the edge of the boat on fire by the fric- 
 tion. If she rises before she has run out the whole 
 length, she is looked upon as a sure prey. The blood 
 she has lost in her flight, weakens her so much, that 
 if she sinks again, it is but for a short time; the 
 boats follow her course with an almost equal speed. 
 She soon re-appears ; tired at last with convulsing the 
 element, which she tinges with her blood, she dies, 
 and floats on the surface. At other times it .may hap- 
 pen, that she. is dangerously wounded, though she car- 
 ries the harpoon fast in her body ; when she will alter- 
 nately dive and rise, and swim on with unabated 
 vigour. She then soon reaches beyond the length of 
 the cord, and carries the boat along with ama.zing velo- 
 city; this sudden impediment sometimes will retard 
 her speed, at other times it only serves to rouse her 
 anger, and to accelerate her progress. The harpooner, 
 with the axe in his hands, stands ready. When he 
 observes that the bows of the. boat are greatly pul- 
 led down by the diving whale, and that it begins 
 to sink deep and take much water, he brings the axe 
 almost in cohtact with the cord ; he pauses, still 
 flattering himself that she will relax ; but the moment 
 grows critical^ unavoidable danger approaches; some- 
 times men more intent on gain, than on the preservation 
 of their lives, will run great risks ; and it is wonder- 
 ful, how far these people have carried their daring 
 
e moment 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 20j 
 
 courage at this awful moment! But it is in vain to 
 hope ; thuir lives must be saved, the cord is cut, the 
 boat rises again. If after thus getting loose, she re- 
 appears, they will attack and wound her a second 
 time. Sl>e soon di-^s, and when dead, she is towed 
 along side of their vessel, where she is fastened. 
 
 The next operation is to cut with axes and spades, 
 every part of her body which yields oil; the kettles 
 are set a boiling, they fill their barrels as fast as it 
 is made; but as this operation is much slower than 
 that of cutting up, they fill the hold of their ship 
 with those fragments, least a storm should arise and 
 oblige them to abandon their prize. They frequently 
 produce from one hundred and fifty, to two hundred 
 barrels of oil. After having once vanquished this 
 leviathan, there are two enemies to be dreaded, be- 
 side the wind; the first of which is the shark. That 
 fitroe voraciour. fish, often comes alongside, and shares 
 with them on their prey. They are very mischievous ; 
 bttttfae^e^somi enemy is much more terrible and irre- 
 stbtibld ; it: is the killer, sometimes called the thrasher, 
 a species of whale about thirty feet long. They are 
 possessed of such a degree of agility and fierceness, 
 as often to attack the largest spermaceti whales ; and 
 not seldom to rob the fishermen of their prey, nor is 
 there any mc^ns of defence against so potent an ad- 
 versary. When all their barrels are full, (for every 
 thing is done at sea,) or when their limited time is 
 expired^ and their stores almost expended, they return 
 home, freighted with their valuable cargo. 
 
 The following are the names, and principal character-* 
 istics of the various species of whales, known to these 
 people. 
 
 The river St. Laurence whale. 
 
 The disko, or Greenland do. - '< 
 
 The right whale, or seven feet bone, common ou 
 the coasts of this country, about sixty feet lonsr. 
 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 The spermaceti whale found all over the world, 
 and of ail sizes; tlie longest are sixty feet, and yield 
 about one hundred barrels of oil. 
 
 The hump back, on the coast of Newfoundland, 
 fiom forty ^o seventy feet in length. 
 
 The finn back, an American whale, never killed , as 
 being too swift. 
 
 The sulphur bottont, river St. Laurence, ninety feet 
 long > they are but seldom killed, being extremely 
 swift. r , " . 
 
 The grampies, thirty feet long j never killed, on the 
 same accqunt. 
 
 The killer, or thrasher, about thirty feet ; they often 
 kill the other whales, with which they are at per- 
 petual war. c tf- r- : ,fc,*,ij • A-r' rU 
 . The black fish whale, twenty feet, yields from eight 
 to ten barrels. . r f? •; , / -r. • 
 
 The porpoise, weighing about one hundred and 
 sixty pounds weight. 
 
 In 1769, they fitted out one hundred and twenty 
 five whalemen; the first fifty that returned brought 
 with them eleven thousand and six barrels of oil. In 
 niCX they fitted out one hundred and thirty five vessels 
 for the fisheries, at thirteen hands each; four West 
 India men, twelve hands ; twenty five wood vessels, 
 four hands; eighteen coasters five hands;, fifteen Lon- 
 don traders, eleven hands. All these amount to two 
 thousand one hundred and fifty-eight hands, employ, 
 ed in one hundred and ninety-seven vessels.* 
 
 * The Americans were undoubtedly injured in many valuable 
 branches of trade, by the separation from the mother country. 
 Their ship trade, in consequence of the revolution, received 
 a great check. Their market for oil is not equal in France, 
 to that which they formerly found for it in England. Shortly 
 after the American war, the king of France ofi'ered the people 
 of Nantucket a settlement at Dunkirk, with many immunities 
 and privileges, such as building them a town, exempting 
 them from taxes, and allowing them the free exercise of 
 
 *t 
 
i:.|'i 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 207 
 
 indred and 
 
 , " Marriage is so highly respected that all persons 
 marry here, and marry early, and the women are almost 
 universally the happy mothers of a numerous oll'spring. 
 Their children, born by the sea side, hear the roaring of 
 its waves as soon as they come into the world ; it is the 
 first noise with which they become acquainted, and by 
 '^arly plunging into the water, thej' acquire that boldness, 
 that presence of mind and dexterity, which makes them 
 ever after such expert seamen. They often hear their 
 fathers recount the adventures of their youth, their 
 combats with the whales; and these recitals imprint on 
 their opening minds, an 'early curiosity and taste for 
 the same life. They often cross the sea to go to the main- 
 land, and learn even in those short voyages, how to 
 qualify themselves for longer and more dangerous ones ; 
 they are therefore deservedly conspicuouu for their 
 maritime knowledge and experience, all ever the con- 
 tinent. A man born here, is distinguishable by his 
 gait, from an hundred other men, so remarkable are 
 they for a pliability of sinews, and a peculiar agility 
 which attends them even to old age. 
 
 ** In the' name of honour, humanity, and justice, let 
 not one part of the quaker's conduct be forgotten! 
 there is not a slave on the whole island, at least,| 
 among the Friends ; whilst slavery prevails all around 
 them, this society alone, lamenting that shocking in- 
 sult offered to humanity, has given the world a 
 singular example of moiieration, disinterestedness, and 
 christian charity, in emancipating their negroes. 
 
 " Idleness is the most heinous crime that can be com- 
 mitted in Nantucket: an idle man would soop be 
 
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 V^' 
 
 their own religion ; in consequence of which many went there. 
 But all, or at least the greater part of these privileges have been 
 lost by the changes in the French government ; and they now 
 suffer a dimunition in their trade without any equivnient to 
 indemnify them for the loss. 
 
 Dd 
 
 I > 
 

 S'l 
 
 208 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 pointed out as an object of compassion ; for idleness 
 is considered as another word for want and hunger. 
 This principle is so thoroughly well understood, and 
 ts become so universal, so prevailing a prejudice, that 
 literally speaking, they are never idle. Even if they 
 go to the market place, which is, if I may be allowed 
 the expression, the coffee-house of the town, either to 
 transact business, or to convcirse with their friends ; 
 they always have a piece of cedar in their hands, 
 and while they are talking, they will, as it were in- 
 tuitively, employ themselves in converting it into 
 something useful, either a bung or spoil for their oil 
 casks, or some other article." 
 
 In the summer of the year 1778, the captured army 
 was ordered to remove from Prospect-hill to Rutland 
 County, about fifty miles to the south of Boston. 
 Here we were confined in a sort of penn or fence^ 
 which was constructed in the following manner : A 
 great number of trees were ordered to be cut down 
 in the woods, these were sharpened at each end, and 
 drove firmly into the earth very close together, enw 
 closing a space of about two or three acres. American 
 sentinels were planted on the outside of this fence, at 
 convenient distances, in 'order to prevent our getting 
 out. At one angle, a gate was erected, and on 
 the outside thereof stood the guard house ; two sentinels 
 were constantly posted at this gate; and no one could get 
 out unless he had a pass from the officer of the guard ; 
 but this was a privilege in which very few were indulged. 
 Boards and nails were given the British in order to 
 make them temporary huts, to secure them from the 
 rain, and the heat of the sun. The provisions were 
 rice and salt pork, delivered with a scanty hand. 
 The oflficers were allowed to lodge in the farm houses, 
 whicli lay contiguous to the penn ; they were permit- 
 

 AMERICAN WAK. 
 
 2O0 
 
 (, ... I 
 
 ted likewise to come in amongst their men for the pur- 
 pose of roll-call, and other matters of regularity. 
 
 While the captured troops remained here, Sir Henry 
 Clinton, the commander in chief in New York, ap- 
 plied again to congress, in behalf of general Burgoyne's 
 army. In a letter to Henry Laurence, Esq. president 
 of congress, dated New York, September 1 9th, ms, 
 he acquaints the congress that his Majesty had given 
 liim positive injunctions to repeat the demand, that 
 the convention of Saratoga be fulfilled according to 
 the conditions stipulated by lieutenant general Burgoyne, 
 in respect to the troops serving under his command, 
 and to require permission for their embarkation ; to this 
 letter, congress sent the following answer : 
 
 ** Sir, — Your letter of the 19th was laid before don- 
 gress, and T am directed to inform you, that the congress 
 make no answer to insolent letters. Signed, 
 
 " Charles Thompson, Sec." 
 
 Soen after the intelligence of the capture of general 
 Burgoyne*s army reached Europe, the court of France 
 openly avowed a treaty of amnesty, commerce, and 
 alliance wi^h the United States. France, from the be- 
 ginning of the contest, had secretly encouraged the 
 Americans in their opposition, and supplied them libe- 
 rally with the means of defence, while at the same time 
 they amused Great Britain with declarations of the most 
 pacific disposition. 
 
 ^* On the 7th of April, the duke of Richmond, in 
 the house of lords moved an address to the king on 
 the state of the nation. In his speech in support of 
 this address, his grace declared in strong terms, his 
 conviction of the necessity of an immediate recogni- 
 tion of American independence. " The mischief,'* 
 he said, " whatever might be the magnitude of it, 
 was already done; America was already lost; her 
 
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 210 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 independence was as firmly established us that uf other 
 states. We had Hufficietit cause for regret, but our 
 lamentation on the subject was of no more avail than it 
 would be for the loss of Normandy and France." Tlie 
 earl of Chatham in expectation that this point would 
 come under discussion that day, resolved, however en- 
 feebled and afllictcd by his corporeal infirmities, to 
 make his appearance before the house, in order to 
 bear his decided testimony against it. The mind fcelt 
 interested in the minutest circumstances relating to the 
 last day of the public life of this renowned statesman 
 and patriot. He was dressed in a rich suit of black velvet, 
 wiih a full wig, and covered up to the knees in flannel. 
 On bis arrival in the house, he refreshed himself in the 
 lord chancellor's room, where he staid till prayers were 
 over, and till iie was informed that business was going 
 to begin. He was then led intQ the house, by his son, 
 and son*in-law, Mr. William Pitt, and lord viscount 
 Mahon, all the lords standing up out of respect, 
 and making a lane for him to pass to his own benoh : 
 he bowed respectfully to them as he proceeded. He 
 looked pale and emaciated, but his eye retained all its 
 native fire ; which joined to his general deportment, 
 and the attention of the house, formed a spectacle very 
 striking and impressive. 
 
 " When the duke of Richmond had sat down, lord 
 Chatham rose, and began by lamenting " that his bodily 
 infirmities had so long, and at so important a crisis pre- 
 vented his attendance on the duties of parliament. He 
 declared, that he had made an effort almost beyond the 
 powers of his constitution, to come down to the house 
 on this day, perhaps the last time he should ever enter 
 its walls, to express the indignation he felt at the idea 
 which he understood was gone forth, of yielding up 
 the sovereignty of America : my lords," continued he, 
 

 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 211 
 
 4 
 
 
 «( 
 
 I rejoice that the grave has not c1o5)cd upon me, that 
 I am still alive to lift up my voice against the dismem- 
 berment of this ancient and noble monarchy. Pressed 
 down as I am by a load of infirmity^ I am little 
 able to assist my country in this most perilous con- 
 juncture ; but, my lords, while I have sense and memory, 
 1 never will consent to tarnish the lustre of this nation 
 by an ignominious surrender of its rights and fairest 
 possessions. Shall a people so lately the terror of the 
 world, now fall prostrate before the house of Bourbon? 
 It is impossible. I am not, I confess, well informed 
 of the resources of this kingdom, but I trust it has 
 still sufficient to maintain its just rights, though I know 
 them not. Let us at least make one cflfort, and if we 
 must fall, let us fall like men.'* 
 
 ** The duke of Richmond, in reply, declared himself to 
 be " totally ignorant of the means by which we were 
 to resist with success the combination of America with 
 the house of Bourbon. He urged the noble lord to 
 point out any possible mode, if he were able to do 
 it, of making the Americans renounce that indepen- 
 dence of which they were in possession. His grace 
 added, that if HB could not, no man could; and that it 
 was not in his power to change his opinion on the 
 noble lord's authority, unsupported by any reasons, 
 but a recital of the calamities arising from things not 
 in the power of this country to alter." 
 " Lord Chatham, who had appeared greatly moved during 
 the reply, made an eager eifort to rise at the conclusion 
 of it, as if laboring with some great idea, and impatient 
 to give full scope to his feelings ; but before he could 
 utter a word, pressing his hand on his bosom, he fell 
 down suddenly in a convulsive fit. The duke of 
 Cumberland, lord Temple, and other lords near him, 
 caught him in their arms. The house was immediately 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 cleared, and his lordtthip being carried into an adjoin, 
 ing apartment, the debate was adjourned. Medical 
 assistance being obtainedi his lordship in some degree 
 recovered I and was conveyed to his favorite villa, 
 of Hayes, in Kent, where, after lingering some few 
 weeks, he expired, May 11, 1771, in the seventieth 
 year of his age." 
 
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H: 
 
 AMEBICAN WAR. 
 
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 idjoin- 
 ledical 
 degree 
 villa, 
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 eutietU 
 
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 CHAP. XI. 
 
 The Americans raise an Army. Warlike Stores sent 
 from France for their use. Loyal Provincials em- 
 bodied and placed under Governor Tryon* Expe- 
 dition to Peck's Kill. To Danhury. General 
 Wooster killed. Memoir of that Gentleman. Vessels 
 ' i(c. destroyed by the Americans at Sagg Harbour, 
 General Prescot carried off from Rhode Island. Lord 
 Sterling repulsed. Washington regains his strong 
 Camp in the Jerseys. British troops embark. Arrive 
 at the Biver Elk. Action at Brandy-Wine. Lord 
 Cornwallis takes possession of Philadelphia. Works 
 constructed to render the passage of the Delaware 
 
 ' impracticable. Action at Gertnan-town. Mud Island 
 and Bed Bank abandoned by the Americans. General 
 Ilffwe returns with the British troops to Philadelphia. 
 Americans encamp at Valley Forge. 
 
 it 
 
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 It is now time that we should return to general Howe's 
 army, which we left at the conclusion of Chap. VIII. 
 at New Brunswick. The reader will recollect that the 
 American head quarters were then at Morristown. 
 
 While the British troops lay at Brunswick and 
 Amboy, congress was indefatigable in recruiting their 
 army ; at Morristown ninety-six battalions were ordered to 
 be raised for the service of the United States, and in some 
 of the colonies the enlisting of apprentices and of Irish 
 indented servants, was permitted; this army was distin- 
 
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fth 
 
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 guished by the name of continentals, and in addition 
 to their pay and bounty, tiiey -.vere promised one hun- 
 ? dred a cres of land at the conclusion of the vvar. 
 
 Early in the spring of 1177, twenty-one thousand 
 stand of arms, and one thousand barrels of powder were 
 sent from France, and arrived in America, for the use 
 of the continental army. 
 
 On the other side a considerable body of provincial 
 troops was formed under the auspices of general Sir 
 William Howe. They included not only Americans, but 
 British and Irish refugees, from the different parts of the 
 continent^ and were officered by those gentlemen who 
 for their attachment to the royal cause, had been obliged 
 to abandon their respective provinces. Governor Tryon, 
 who already, in his civil capacity, commanded the militia, 
 and who had taken the utmost pains in its establish- 
 ment, was^ now placed at the head of these new levies 
 under the title and rank of major general. 
 
 Before the royal army took the field, in prosecution 
 of the main business of this campaign, two enterprises, 
 for the destruction of the American stores, were under* 
 taken, the first was conducted by colonel Bird, who 
 in March landed with five hundred men, at Peck's 
 Kill, near fifty miles from New York. The Americans 
 upon the approach of the British troops, set fire 
 to the barracks and principal store houses, and then re- 
 treated to a strong pass in the mountains. The loss 
 of provisions and other valuable articles was conside- 
 rable. 
 
 In April, major general Tryon, brigadier general 
 Agnew, and Sir William Erskine, with a detachment 
 of two thousand men, embarked at New York, and 
 passing through the Sound landed between Fairfield 
 and Norfolk the next day. They now perceived that 
 the country was rising to intercept their return, and 
 9^^ no carriages cguld be procured to bring off the stores, 
 
 I'M' 
 
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 addition 
 ne hun- 
 
 thousand 
 der were 
 r the use 
 
 irovincial 
 neral Sir 
 :ans, but 
 rts of the 
 men who 
 n obliged 
 r Try on, 
 e militia, 
 establish- 
 Bw levies 
 
 jsecution 
 terprises, 
 re under- 
 ird, who 
 It Peck's 
 mencans 
 
 set fire 
 1 then re- 
 rhe loss 
 
 conside- 
 
 jjeneral 
 tachment 
 ork) and 
 Fairfield 
 ived that 
 urn, and 
 le stores, 
 
 C- 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 215 
 
 they set fire to the magazine ; in the execution of this 
 service, eighteen houses, which were built near the ma- 
 gazine, were unavoidably burned. * 
 
 The detachment returned by the way of Ridgefield, 
 and was greatly harassed by the enemy under generals 
 Wooster and Arnold. While Wooster hung upon the 
 rear of the British, Arnold by crossing the country gained 
 their front, and got possession of Ridgefield ; here 
 they found the American general covered by an in- 
 trenchment which he had hastijy thrown up. The vil- 
 lage was forced, and the Americans drove back on all 
 sides. The action, tvhile it lasted, was sharp. Arnold 
 displayed his usual intrepidity. His horse having been 
 shot under him, while be was extricating himself, a 
 British soldier advanced to run him through with his 
 bayonet, but he shot him dead with his pistol, and 
 got off safe.* 
 
 General Tryon remained that night at Ridgefield, and 
 renewed his march the next morning. The enemy 
 having been reinforced with troops and cannon, the 
 British were exceedingly harrassed, during their march. 
 Early in the evening the detachment gained the hill of 
 Campo, within cannon shot of their ships, and formed. 
 The Americans were now assembled in great numbers, 
 and seemed determined on an attack. General Tryon 
 ordered the British troops to advance and charge with 
 their bayonets. This order was executed with such 
 impetuosity, that the enemy was totally broken and 
 dispersed. 
 
 The troops were now embarked without molestation. 
 The loss of tlie British in killed, wounded, and missing, 
 amounting to one hundred and seventy two, of whom 
 
 ''^ Congress voted that a boise properly caparisoned should 
 be presented to general Arnold, iu their name, us a token of 
 his gallant conduct on that day. ,:^ 
 
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 210 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 more than two-thirds were wounded. NoBritish officer 
 vt^as killed. It was supposed the Americans lost double 
 -that number. 
 
 Several of the American officers were killetl and 
 wounded ; among the former doctor Atwater, a gen- 
 tleman of respectable character and considerable influ. 
 cnce. General Wooster, though seventy years old, be- ' 
 haved with the vigor of youth; and received a mortal wound. 
 . The Americans were very industrous in calling forth . 
 all the military talent of the country. Neither the extreme 
 of youth, or advanced age, formed any impediment to 
 their actual service. Brigadier general Wooster, J\'\ke 
 Putnam) was in the decline of life, when the troubles 
 began. He was born at Newhaven, in Connecticut, 
 a province of New England, ih the year 1711. His 
 father was a man of great wealth and connexions ; 
 and this, his only son, received a liberal education. 
 High in blood, and fraught with youthful ardour, 
 the whole bent of his disposition seemed turned to- 
 wards the pursuits of a soldier. For him the military 
 life appeared to possess every attraction. And hi^ 
 father, it should appear, by no means wished or at- , 
 tempted to turn aside the current of his temper. He 
 entered the army when but twenty years of age ; and 
 gained an high reputation from the many events in 
 which he signalized his courage and intrepidity. In 
 the war between France and England, when America 
 was the scene of action, he' distinguished himself in a 
 manner much to his honor. He commanded a com- 
 pany in general Pepperall's regiment of foot, was present 
 at the taking of Cape Breton, to the reduction of which 
 place, the corps in which he served very much contribu- 
 ted, and during the whole war reaped those laurels in ' 
 America, which raised his name to no inconsiderable height 
 on both sides the Atlantic. After the peace, in 1749, 
 kis rej^imeni wsts reduced, and he returned home to 
 
! •; 
 
 AMERICAN WAR: 
 
 217 . 
 
 •y ■ 
 
 . the bosom of his rektivlss. His father being dead, 
 he became the inheritor of his estate, and the greater 
 part of his wealth. It was at this period, or shortly 
 after, that he married Miss Boroughs, a young 
 lady of Rehoboth, near Providence. 1'his marriage 
 brought him a large accessi6n of property; and thus 
 circumstanced, he resolved on retiring from the army, 
 and enjoying the charms of domestic ease and retire- 
 ment. He accordingly placed himself on the half-pay 
 list, in which he continued 'till the year 1716. 
 
 When the troubles in America proved too violent' 
 for any peaceable adjustment, and by repeated acts 
 of hostility, the parent country was at last roused to 
 arms, Clinton, Burgoyne, the Howes, and other dis* 
 tinguished officers were sent, to America. The congress 
 thus opposed by experience and valour took on tlieir. 
 part, the wisest resolutions which human sagacity could 
 dictate; they determined likewise to call forth into 
 action the greatest military talents which America 
 could furnish,* Agreeable to this resolve, it may be 
 naturally imagined that they could not easily pass by 
 such a character as captain Wooster. A most respect- 
 ful invitation was sent desiring him *^ to assist 
 his native country in the hour of her calamity.'* 
 Embosomed in the affections of a beloved family, he 
 yet felt, and acknowledged the superior motive. He 
 obeyed the mandate, and was appointed a brigadier 
 general in th^ service of congress. This, as might 
 have been expected, caused his name to be im- 
 mediately struck off the half pay list. He was then 
 far advanced in years ; but he entered a second time 
 
 "^ * More than one third of the soKliers in the American 
 ranks had formerly been in the British service; and wliat 
 was still worse, these men were indefatigable io training the 
 raw recruits to the use of arms. 
 
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 218 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 on the military life with all the avidity of youth. 
 It was an uqhappy circumittance for England, that 
 some of the bravest and most experienced officers in 
 her pay, then residing in America, turned against he 
 and supported the insurrection. To this, perhaps, 
 much more than to any other cause, was America 
 indebted for her ultimate success. This was precisely 
 the case with regard to general Wooster. In several 
 affairs ot minor importance, but which in the end 
 led to 'matters of the highest consequence, his know- 
 ledge of the art of war, rendered essential services to 
 the party to whom he attached himself, until at last, 
 when Montgomery was defeated before Quebec, general 
 Wooster, was ordered to march to the relief of the 
 besiegers. In this, however, his former success deserted 
 him, as the reader has already been informed. 
 } On account of one circumstance which attaches it- 
 self to this country, it may be worth while to mention 
 general Wooster^s issue, a son and daughter. The 
 former was finishing his education in England. When 
 the American troubles broke out, he came over to Ireland, 
 and the rupture between the two countries preventing 
 the regularity of bis remittances from America, his 
 circumstances became, from youthful extravagance much 
 involved, until at last he was arrested, and thrown 
 into the Four Courts Marshalsea. All the letters and 
 remittances from his father being of course, intercep. 
 ted by the British government, the young man ren\ained 
 in confinement, until general Wooster, through another 
 channel, sent him money to pay his debts, the re- 
 mainder of which enabled him, (though contrary to 
 his father's commands) to leave the country. The 
 general, fearful of the issue of the American struggle, 
 had positively enjoined young Wooster to remain in 
 England until the war was terminated. This injunc. 
 tion however he disobeyed j and as soon as he gained 
 
 \ - 
 
 ' /. 
 
 
AMERICAN WAR. I 
 
 7\9 
 
 the AmeriGati shore, actually joined that part of the 
 continental 'army which his father commanded. 
 
 The following is the inscription on a monument 
 erected in honor of general Wooster, by order of 
 congress: ,: •»;r>).»iur-»^ * 
 
 ;jfr>' ;•> In honor of 
 
 DAVID WOOSTER 
 Brigadier general of the army of the ly 
 
 United States, 
 In defending the liberties of America 
 and bravely repelling the inroads of the firitish 
 Troops to Danbury, in Connecticut; 
 ■:f^%t;l He received a. Morta Wound 
 
 ??««>j^f»' on the 27th April, 1717, - 
 
 ; j-irf and Died on the 2d May following. 
 
 The Congress of the United States, as an 
 acknowledgement of his merit and services, have 
 caused this Monument to be erected. ' 
 
 Four hundred dollars were allowed for erecting this 
 monument. 
 
 On the 24th of May, colonel Meigs, an enterprising 
 American officer, (who had attended Arnold in the ex. 
 pedition to Quebec, and had been taken prisoner in 
 the attempt to storm that city, as before related) 
 having passed his detachment, consisting of one hun- 
 dred and seventy men in whale boats over the Sound, 
 which separates Long Island from Connecticut, landed 
 on the north branch of Long Island, within four 
 miles of Sagg harbour, and notwithstanding the re- 
 sistance they met with from the guard and crews of 
 the vessels, they fully completed their design, having 
 burned twelve sloops and brigs which lay at the 
 wharf, and entirely destroyed every thing on the 
 shore, the)' brought off with them about ninety 
 prisoners, consisting of the officer who commanded. 
 
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 with his men, and most of tlie masters and crevnt^ 
 of tlic small vessels which they destroyed. A circum-'. 
 stance which renders this expedition particularly curious, 
 tliat the colonel and his party returned to Guilford in 
 Connecticut, in twenty-five hours from the time of 
 their departure, having in that short time, not only com- . 
 pietcd the object of their expedition^ but traversed by land 
 and water a space not less than ninety miles. However this 
 may be, congress ordered an elegant sword to be pre- 
 sented to colonel Meigs for his good conduct in this 
 expedition. About six weeks aft;er the above transaction, 
 another daring enterprise was executed. The circum* 
 stance was as follows. The British troops on Rhode 
 Island, were divided into two large encampments, one 
 covering the town, the other subdivided into three parts, 
 and stationed towards the northern extremity of the 
 Island. For the convenience of being as near as possi- 
 ble to all those encampments, general Prescot, who 
 commanded the troops, slept every night in the middle 
 between them, about five miles distance from each 
 extremity, and about half a mile from the western coast 
 of the Island ; this place he thought secure, by its 
 great distance from the main land, and by means of some 
 ships of war which were stationed along that coast, at 
 no greater distance from it than two miles. However, 
 an American colonel of the jname of Burton, accom-. 
 panied by forty volunteers, passed from Warrick 
 Neck to Rhode Island, a distance of ten miles, by 
 water, eluded the guard ships, and landed about twelve 
 o'clock at night at the opening of a ravine, into which 
 they crept, and proceeded undiscovered to the general's 
 - quarters, and carried oif the general, his aid decamp, 
 and the sentinel. The enterprise was conducted with 
 so much silence and address, that no alarm was 
 given, though a guard was at a very little 
 ^ distance from the house, until Burton and his party 
 

 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 921 
 
 m 
 
 had nearly reached the continent with their prize. 
 Congress resolved that an elegant sword should be pre- 
 sented to colonel Burton, as a testimonial of his gallant 
 behaviour. ' . 
 
 Towards the latter end of May, general Washington 
 quitted his winter encampment at Morristown, and took 
 a strong position on the high lands round Middle- 
 brook, in the vicinity of Brunswick. In this strong 
 position he threw up works along the front of his 
 lines, but his principle advantage was the difficulty 
 to approach his camp, the ground being so judiciousl}^ 
 occupied as to expose the British to every kind of 
 danger in the atten^pt. On the one side he covered 
 the Jerseys, and on the other, he observed the motions 
 of the British army at Brunswick, of which he com- 
 manded a full prospect. 
 
 Jklany stratagems were employed by the British 
 general, to draw Washington from this strong situation. 
 On the 24th of June, general Howe, suddenly re- 
 linquished his position in front of the Americans, and 
 retired to Amboy ; at the same time preparations were 
 made for passing the army to State^ Isiland, this feint 
 had the des;'s"ed effect, for as soon as the British arm^ 
 began to move, intelligence was received that Washington 
 had moved down from the mountain, and taken post 
 at Quibble Town, intending to attack the rear of the 
 British army ; general Howe lost no time in endeavour- 
 ing to profit by this movement of the Americans : 
 he immediately marched the army back, by different 
 routes, in order to cut off some of the advanced parties 
 of the enemy, and likewise, if possible, to bring 
 Washington to a general engagemeiit in the neighbour- 
 hood of Quibble Town ; at the same time lord Cornwallis 
 with his column, was directed to take a considerable 
 circuit to the right, and by turning the enemy's left, 
 tAke possession of some passes in the fountains; whiicli 
 
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 222 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 had hitherto afTorded them so advantageous a security. 
 Soon after lord Corntvallis inarched with bis columny 
 he fell in with a division of American troops, com- 
 manded by lord Sterling, whom he found advan- 
 tageously posted in a country much covered with 
 wood, and his artillery well disposed ; the king's 
 troops attacked them with the greatest impetuosity, 
 and after a short conflict the Ajnericans dispersed on 
 all sides, leaving behind them three pieces of brass 
 ordnance, three captains, sixty men killed, and up- 
 wards of two hundred ofiicers and men, wounded and 
 taken prisoners. 
 
 The British troops had five men killed, and thirty^ 
 ■ wound,ed, captain Finch of the light company of 
 the guards was the only officer who suffered ; the 
 wound he received proved mortal , and he died at Amboy 
 on the 29 ch of June^ greatly regretted b}' the 
 British army. The troops engaged in tlus action 
 were the 1st battalion of guards, queen's rangers, 
 1st battalion light infantry, 1st battalion of grenadiers, 
 and 3d battalion of Hessian grenadiers. The enemy 
 was pursued to Westfield, with^ little efiect ; for 
 Washington seeing his error, immediately retook posses- 
 sion of his strong camp on the hills, and secured those 
 strong passes on the mountains, the posiession of which, 
 by the British troops, would have exposed his whole army 
 to certain ruin. 
 
 General Howe, now found it necessary to make an 
 attempt on Philadelphia by sea. 
 
 About this time the following humane order was 
 sent from the war office to general Howe. 
 
 ** If a wound shall be receivedf in action by any com^ 
 missioned officer^ which shall occasion the loss of an 
 eye, or a limb, he shall receive a gratuity in money 
 of one year's full pay, and be further allowed such 
 expences relating to his care (if not performed at the 
 
M 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 223 
 
 f 
 
 Jcing^s charge,) as shall be certified to be reasbnable 
 by the surgeon general of the army^ and inspector 
 general of regimental infirmaries, upon examination of 
 the vouchers which he shall lay before them. 
 
 " If the wounds received shall not amount t6 the loss 
 of a limb, the charge of ciire only shall be allowed, 
 eertified as above. When any Commissioned officer 
 shall lose an eye or a limb as aforesaid, the com- 
 Aiatiding officer of the corps id which he serves, shall 
 deliver to him a certificate, Specifying the time when, 
 and the place where the said accident happened ; a 
 duplicate of which certificatcj shall likewise be trans- 
 mitted with the next monthly returns. When any 
 commissioned officer shall be killed in action, his 
 widow and orphan Children (if he leave any) shall be 
 allowed as follows : 
 
 ** The widow, a full year's pay according to her hus- 
 band's regimental commission ; each child uiulcr age^ 
 and unmarried} one third of what is allowed to the 
 Ividotir; po&thiimous children to be iricluded. 
 
 " All persons dying of their wounds, within six months 
 after battle, shall be deeined slain iii action. 
 
 " The commanding officers of corps, in which thci 
 stain officer served, ^shall, on demand j give a cer- 
 tificate of his being killed in action, to his surviving 
 tvife and orphans respectively, specifying the time' 
 whCh, and the place wfiere, the snid accident happened^ 
 a duplicate of which, shall likewise be transmitted 
 with the next monthly returns." 
 
 It was about this time that colonel Maclean left 
 New York, to join his new-raised troops in .Halifax 
 and Canada. He was a meritorious officer, and inde- 
 fatigable in his exertions to obtain men for the service. 
 
 Lieutenant colonel Maclean's corps of emigrants^ 
 though partly raised in 1775, had not, , from their 
 
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 dispersed situation, which compelled them to serve in dif- 
 ferent parts of America, an opportunity of being reviewed, 
 or of receiving their colours in due form. The battalions 
 however were reviewed in June last, m7, by general 
 Massey, at Halifax, when their appearance gave universal 
 satisfaction to the general and the spectators. Previous 
 to the review, their colours were consecrated, and their- 
 respective chaplains, preached a sermon suitable to 
 the occasion. An oath was then solemnly administered 
 to each individual ; and the commanding officer delivered 
 a charge to the men, which it is presumed may. not be 
 unacceptable to many readers, particularly to young 
 pfficers and soldiers, who have never been present 
 at any ceremony of the kind. The substance was 
 as follows : 
 
 *' Man is born under obligations of conforming to 
 the rules of propriety and rectitude, and with a passioa 
 for the applause which is due to virtuous actions. 
 
 ** While inferior professions hold out sordid views as 
 a spur to emulation, the object of the military is of 
 the most sublime nature, viz. to perform gallant 
 actions, that shall gain the approbation of their sove« 
 reign and superior officers, the esteem even of the 
 enemy, the gratitude of fellow subjects, and the ad- 
 miration of posterity. 
 
 ** Happy those who shall have arrived at this exalted 
 suminit ! To gain it, the greatest men that ever ex- 
 isted did not thir.K. it too much to sacrifice interests, 
 ease, and evea life ; nor is it inaccessible to private 
 soldiers, whether as a collective body, or as indi- 
 viduals any more than to officers. 
 
 " In the histories of the most warlike nations of antient 
 times, we find mention of the actions of private soldiers 
 who are recorded by name, with the honors and reward 
 that followed ; and instances of the like merit are n» 
 less frequent in our modern armiea. 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 225 
 
 , " Who then does not feel the influence of that divine 
 »park, which prompts us to rise above the common 
 level ? Who has not ambition to transmit his name 
 with applause to posterity ? Who does not wish and 
 pant for the opportunity to signalize himself ? 
 
 " It is in the strongest manner recommended to the 
 soldiers, to cherish in their breasts this natural and 
 laudable passion for true glory : it inspires a senti- 
 ment of dignity, which leads to cleanliness, and neatness 
 in dress, to abstain from drunkenness and every other 
 abject vice ; it renders them attentive and diligent on 
 duty, cool and brave in action; on all occasions they 
 will be patient, obedient, disinterested, and generous. 
 The approbation of their officers will follow, and from 
 thence many indulgencies ; nor will the esteem and 
 rewards of their country be wanting, to enable such 
 illustrious career, to spend the decline of life in tran- 
 quillity, ease and comfort. In these their honorable 
 retreats, to recollect the memory of gallant actions^ 
 to relate and dwell on their circumstances, to meet 
 now and then a companion of former dangers, wilt 
 rekindle youthful ardor, and afford the most pure 
 and exquisite pleasures, when the toil and pain that 
 accompanied them are no more. 
 
 ** Duty and prudence digtate to a soldier the greatest 
 care of his arqns and accoutrements ; they are the in- 
 struments, of his defence, and of acquiring the honor 
 he contends for ; his pride should consist in having 
 them of the best quality possible, always neat and in 
 good, order, always fit for instant and certain execu-t 
 tion. It i^ ever natural for a brave soldier to entertain for 
 them the mo^t ardent regard, and to wish that even 
 in death they should not be separated. Thus it was 
 a maxinv with the Spartans,, to return from battle 
 with, or on their, shields. Epamipondas, one of the 
 best generals of antiquity, being mortally wQundcd, 
 
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 was only apxious lest his arms should fall into tht^ 
 enemy's hands. The arms of the Roman soldirri 
 weighed sixty pounds, and it was death to throw away 
 any part of them But, 
 
 ** The colours, are above all things the object of a^ 
 soldier's particular regard, attention, and attachment; 
 this was the case in warlike irutions at all times. The 
 Romans worshipped iind swore by them, and to lose 
 them was to incur certain death. We have many in- 
 stances in antieut history, of commanders, in a doubt, 
 ful engagement, throwing the colours among the troops 
 of the enemy, knowing that, therefrom the courage, 
 ardour, and exertion, of the soldiery would instantly 
 redouble, beat the enemy, and retake them. 
 
 " Though we do not worship the colours, yet the 
 awful cermony of this day sufficiently evinces, that 
 they are with us, as in antient times, the object of 
 peculiar vener^ition; they hold forth to us the idea 
 of the prince whose service we have undertaken, of 
 our country's cause which we are never to forsake, 
 and of our pilit^ry honor which we are ever to 
 preserve. 
 
 " The colours, in short, represent every thing that is 
 dear to the soldier ; at the sight of them all tlie pow- 
 ers of his soul are to rouse, they are a post to which he 
 must repair through fire and sword, and which he 
 must defend while life remains; to this he is bound, 
 besides every other consideration, by the acceptance 
 of a most solemn oath : to desert theni is the blackest 
 perjury and eternal infamy: to lose them by such an 
 accident, even as one might otherwise judge una- 
 voidable, is not to be excused, because to lose them, 
 no matter hovjr, is to lose every thing ; and when they 
 arc in danger, or lost, ofHcers and soldiers have 
 nothing foi it but to recover them or die. 
 
i" 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 <3r 
 
 ** Penetrated therefore with innate etgerness for glory, 
 mindful of the fame of their ancestors, emulous of tiic lus. 
 tre of their countr3'men, now on service in other parts 
 of America, and incited by the example already ex. 
 hibitcd, and the honor already acquired by officers 
 and fellow soldiers of the regiment, the Royal High, 
 land Emigrants, will, it is hoped, always act with a 
 dignity becoming the military profession, acquit them, 
 selves on every occasion, of the oath emitted this day, and ' 
 not only transmit their honor and colours unsullied to 
 posterity, but let every individual think himself entitled 
 pay bound, to aim at something that may deservedly 
 shine in the page df history." - "- 
 
 The month of July was far advanced before the 
 preparations for the expedition against Philadelphia 
 were completed, jind it was the 23d before the fleet 
 was able to sail from Sandy Hook. The force em- 
 ployed on this occasion, consisted of thirty six 
 hattalions of British and Hessian infantry, a regiment 
 of light dragoons, and a corps of loyalists, amounting 
 in thp whole to about sixteen thousand men. At 
 the same time a strong detachment was left behind 
 at New York, under Sir Henry Clinton, and seven 
 laattalions were stationed on Rhode Island. ' 
 
 After a tedious navigation, the fleet entered Chesa- 
 pcak Bay, and was conducted as far up the river 
 Elk as was practicable. Here the army landed with- 
 out opposition, on" the 25th of August. Part of the 
 troops was left to guard the stores, while general Howe 
 proceeded with the main body to the head of the Elk. 
 
 General Washington, on the news of the arrival of 
 
 tlie British in the Chesapeak, left the Jerseys and hastened 
 
 ' to the relief of Philadelphia, with fifteen thousand 
 
 men. In the beginning of September, he met the 
 
 royal army at Chad's-ford, on the Brandy-wine, a 
 
 , small stream which empties itself into Christiana Creek. 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THl 
 
 Here Washington adhered to his former method of 
 ikirmishlng, and harrassing the royal army on its 
 march ; but as this was insufficient to stop its progress, 
 he retired to that side of the Creek next to Phila- 
 delphia, with an intent to defend the passage. I'his 
 brought on a general action. On the llth, our army 
 advanced in two columns, that under general Knyp- 
 hausen, to Chad's Ford, had arrived in front of the 
 cjiemy about ten o'clock, while the other column under 
 lord Cornwallis, having marched twelve miles round to 
 the forks of iha Brandywine, crossed bath branches, 
 
 . taking from thence the road to Dilworth, in order to 
 turn the enemy's right at Chad's Ford. - ..^^ ./; ,>i,<.. 
 General Washington, having intelligence of this 
 movement, detached general Sullivan to his right, with 
 near 10,000 men, who took a strong position, with 
 his left, near to the Brandywine, both flanks being 
 covered by very thick woods, and his artillery ad- 
 
 ■ vantageously disposed. About four o'clock the king's 
 troops advanced, and lord Cornwallis having formed his line 
 of battle, the light infantry and chasseurs began the 
 attack; the guards and grenadiers instantly advanced 
 from the right, the whole under a heavy fire of 
 artillery and rousquetry : but they pushed on with an 
 impetuosity not to be sustained by the enemy, who 
 falling back into the woods in the rear, the king's 
 
 . troops entered with them and pursued them closely for 
 near two miles. ^»^,, ^ .. 
 
 After this success, a part of the enemy's right took 
 a second position in a wood, from whence the Jst 
 tight infantry and chasseurs soon dislodged them ; from 
 this time they did not rally again in force. |,,..y.f^s^.j;. 
 The 2d light infantry, 2d grenadiers, and 4th bri- 
 gade moved forward a mile beyond Dilworth, where 
 they attacked a corps of tho enemy, strongly posted 
 
•" I 'J 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 tiii 
 
 to cover th6 retreat of their army, which corps not 
 being forced till it was dark, the enemy escaped a 
 total overthrow. 
 
 A part of the Americans retired to Chester, and 
 remained there that night, but the greater body did 
 not stop until they reached Philadelphia. They had 
 about three hundred men killed, six hundred wounded, 
 and near four hundred made prisoners. In the list of 
 their wounded, were two of their general officers, the 
 marquis de la Fayette, and general Woodward. The 
 former was a French nobleman of high rank, who had 
 left his native country and offered his service to con- 
 gress. While in France, and only nineteen years of 
 age^ he espoused the cause of the Americans ; having 
 determined to join them, he communicated his inten- 
 tions to the American commissioners at Paris. They 
 conceived that a person of so much importance would 
 
 be of service to their cause, and 
 
 encouraged 
 
 his 
 
 design. Before he left France, intelligence arrived in 
 Europe' that the American insurgents, reduced to 2000 
 men, were flying through the Jerseys before a British 
 force of 30,000. Under these circumstances, the 
 American commissioners at Paris, thought it but 
 honest to dissuade him from the present prosecution 
 of his perilous enterprise, but their advice was in 
 vain. Having embarked in a vessel, which he purchased 
 for the purpose, he arrived in Charlestown early in 
 1777, and soon after > joined the American army. 
 Congress resolved that ** in consideration of his zeal, 
 illustrious family, and connections, he siioukl have the 
 rank of major general in their army." He was wounded 
 in the leg while rallying the American troops. 
 
 The loss on tl>e side of his majesty's troops, 
 amounted to about three hundred killed, and four 
 hundred and eighty-sight wounded. Eight pieces of 
 cannon and a great quantity of military stores were 
 taken from the enemy. 
 
 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 The Britisli army lay during the night on the field of 
 battlej and the next day, inajor general Grant, with the 
 first and second brigade j marched to Concord ; lord 
 Cornwallis with the light infantry and British gtena- 
 diers, joined him within five miles of Chester. 
 
 At this period intelligence being received that tNe' 
 enemy were advancing on the Lancaster roatd, it was 
 immediately determined to push forward and attack 
 them ; but a most violent fail of rain setting in^ the 
 intended attack became impracticable. -' .. 
 
 i i The ei>emy apprized of the approach df oiir army, 
 marched the whole night and got to Yellow Springs, 
 having all their small ammuirition damaged by the 
 vain. It being found that general Wayne was 
 lying in the woods with a cofps of fifteen hundred 
 men, and four pieces of cannon, major genei^al Grey, 
 was detached on the 20th to surprize them ; theii' 
 out-post and pickets were forced without noise^ with 
 the bayonet, about four o^clock in the moj^ning ; thei 
 Americans had scarcely time to ' ttirn out^ and when 
 they did, they paraded in the light of their fires. 
 This directed the British how and where to proceed ; 
 they rushed in upon them, killed and wounded not 
 less than three hundred on the spot, taking betweeri 
 seventy and eighty prisoners, including officers, their 
 arms, and eight waggons loaded with stores ; on our side 
 pnly one captain of light infantry^ and three men werei 
 ](illed in the attack, and four wounded. The horrors of 
 this conflict (although so few of the British army wcnei 
 lost) almost realized the terrific idea of one of our 
 great poets: , ,. , . 
 
 " Uproar, revenge, and rage, and hate appear 
 
 In all their niurdVous forms; and flame, and blood. 
 And sweat, and dust, array the broad campaign 
 in horror: Hasty feet and sparkling eyes; ''<>'-' 
 
 And all the savage passions of the soul > cv^^^intfjii 
 
 J:)ngttee in the warm business of the day.^ 
 
 a>;ii? 
 
'^J'-'-l 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 231 
 
 , -f 
 
 H 
 
 On the 22d of Sept. the British army crossed the Schuyl- 
 kill at Fatland-ford without opposition, and on the 
 25th marched in two columns to German-town.* Lord 
 Cornwallis with the British grenadiers, and two batta- 
 lions of Hessian grenadiers, took possession of Phila- 
 delphia the next morning. 
 
 c. The possession of one of the largest cities in the 
 United States, together with the dispersion of the con- 
 gress which had hitiierto conducted their public affairs ^ 
 were reckoned by the British as decisive of their fate. 
 One of their first objects after they had obtained posses- 
 sion, was to erect batteries to command the river, 
 and to protect the city against any insult from water. 
 The British shipping were prevented from ascending 
 the Delaware by thirteen gallies, two floating batteries, 
 two zebecs, one brig, one ship ; besides a number 
 of armed boats, fire ships and rafts were constructed 
 or employed for the purpose. The Americans had 
 also built a ^^rt on Mud Island, and erected there- 
 on a consi 'o i!e battery. This Island, or rather a 
 bank of m^. r j sand, which had been accumulated, 
 is admirably situated, for the erection of works to 
 annoy shipping on their way up the Delaware. It lies 
 near the middle of the river, about seven miles below 
 Philadelphia. No vessel of burden can come up, but 
 by the main ship channel, which passes close by 
 Mud Island, and is very narrow for more than a 
 
 » . ■, 
 
 • ' ' ' ' ; 
 
 ' i: * 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■r-i,' 
 
 * Germantown is now one of the most considerable towns 
 of Pennsylvania, and is principally inhabited by High 
 and Low Dutch, it contains near five hundred houses. 
 Peach trees are planted all along before the doors. It is 
 exceedingly pleasant, and situated at the distance of five miles 
 from Philadelphia; it has only one street, which however, 
 is two miles long. Many of the Philadelphians have their 
 country houses in its vicinity. The trade carried on here is at 
 present great ; the place is particularly famous for coacb-makeri^ 
 type founders, &c. 
 
 Gg 
 
 41 
 

 2S2 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 
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 mile. On the opposite shore, on the Jersey side, is 
 a height called Red-bank. This overlooks not only 
 the river, but the neighbouring country. On this 
 eminence, a respectable battery was erected. Between 
 these two fortresses, which are half a mile distance 
 from each other, the American navy for the defence 
 of the river Delaware, n)ade their harbour of retreat; 
 Two ranges of chevaux de frise were also sunk into 
 the channel ; these consisted of large pieces of timber, 
 strongly framed together in the manner usual for 
 tnaking the foundation of wharfs, in deep water. Several 
 large points of bearded iron, projecting down the 
 river, were annexed to the upper parts of these che- 
 vaux de frise, and the whole was sunk with stones, so 
 as to be about four feet under the water at low tide. 
 Their prodigious weight and strength, could not fail 
 to effect the destruction of any vessel which came 
 ■upon them. Thi"ty of these machines were «unk 
 about three hundred yards below Mud Island, so a* 
 to stretch in a diagonal line across tbe channel. The 
 only open passage left, was between two piers lying 
 close to the fort, and that was secured by a trtrong 
 boom, and could fiot be approached but in a direct 
 line to the battery. Another fortification was erected 
 on a high bank on tlie Jersey shore, called Billings- 
 port. And opposite to this, another range of chevaux 
 de frise was deposited, leaving only a narrow and shoal 
 channel on the one side. There was also a tempo- 
 rary battery of two lieavy cannon at the mouth of 
 Mantua-creek, about half way from Red -bank to 
 Billingsport. 
 
 In the evening of the 26th, three batteries were began 
 by the British, in Philadelphia, to act against the enemy's 
 shipping. These batteries were unfinished when they 
 were attacked by a number of gallies, gondolas and 
 other armed vessels, and tbe largest frigate, the Dela- 
 
MERICAN WAR. 
 
 235 
 
 ware, moanting thirty two guns, anchofcd within five 
 hundred yards of the town. About ten in the morn- 
 ing she began a heavy cannonade, but the tide faU- 
 ing, the Delaware grounded. Tn this condiition she 
 was compelled to surrender, 't'he smallfT frigates and 
 a. med vessels were forced (except a schooner that was 
 driven' on shore) to return under the protection of 
 the fort already described. .', ' \. .-. ..i;..,* . ' . . 
 
 General Washington having received a reinforcement 
 of two thousand five hundred men, and presuming on 
 the British army being much weakened by the detach- 
 ments to Philadelphia and Jersey, thought it a favorable 
 time for him to attack their post at Germantown, and 
 where the bulk of the royal army was posted in the 
 following order : their line of encampment crossed the 
 town at right angles near its centre: the left wing 
 extended to the Schuylkill, and was covered in front 
 by the mounted and dismounted chasseurs ; the queen's 
 rangers, and a battalion of light infantry were in front 
 of the right*, the 40th regimeiit, with another batta- 
 lion of light infantry, were posted on the Chestniit-liill, 
 road, three quarters of a mile in advance. The 
 American commander recommended, that the attack 
 should be made iu different places, to produce the 
 greater confusion, and to prevent the several parts of 
 the British force from affording support to each other. 
 From an. apprehension, that the Americans from a 
 want of discipline, would not persevere in a long 
 attack, it was resolved that it should be sudden and vigor- 
 ous, and if unsuccessful, they were to make an expeditious 
 retreat. The divisions of Sullivan, and Wayne, flanked 
 by Conway's briga<le, were to enter the town, by the 
 way of Clicstnut-hill, while general Armstrong with the 
 Pennsylvania militia, should fall down the Munatawny 
 road, auti gain the left and rear of the British. I'he 
 division of Gn^en and Stevens, flanked by M'Dougal's 
 
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 brigade, were to enter by the Limekiln road ; the 
 militia of Maryland, and Jersey, under general SmalU 
 wood, and Furman, were to march by the old York 
 road, and to fall upon the rear of their right ; lord 
 Sterling, with Nashe's and Maxwell's brigade, were to 
 form a corps of reserve. 
 
 At three in the morning of the 4th of Oct. the British 
 patrolcs discovered the enemy's approach, and the 
 army was immediately ordered under arms. About 
 break of day, the enemy began their attack with great 
 impetuosity, the 40th regiment, and a battalion of 
 light infantry, sustained this severe attack with great 
 bravery, till they were nearly surrounded : they then 
 retreated in good order to the town, where lieutenant 
 colonel Musgrave, with six companies of the 40th 
 regiment, took post in a large and strong stone house, 
 which lay in front of the enemy. This party being so 
 advantageously posted, kept one half of the American 
 army in check, and from the windows of the house, 
 did considerable execution. General Washington, says 
 in his letter to congress, when speaking of this affair: 
 ** th.e party in Mt. Chew's house, who were in a 
 situation not to be easily forced, had it in their 
 power from the windows, to give us no small annoy. 
 arice, and iti a great measure to obstruct our advance.'* 
 IMiijor general Grant, now advanced with the right 
 wing of the British, and attacked the enemy's left, 
 which gave way and was pursued through a woody coun. 
 try, between four and five miles; but such was the 
 cxpt'dition with which they fled, that it was not possi- 
 ble to overtake tliem. The whole American army 
 liow retired, near twenty miles to Penibacker Creek, 
 and cnc.imped. General Washington, in relating this 
 action to <ongross, says ; " The morning was extremely 
 foggy, which prevented our improving the advantages 
 we gained, so well as we otherwise should have done 3 
 
 :i 
 
AMl^llICAN WAll. 
 
 23« 
 
 tills circumstance by concealing from us tlie trde 
 situation of the enemy, obliged us to act with more 
 caution, and less expedition than we could have wished ; 
 and gave the enemy time to recover from the effects 
 of our first impression, and what was still more un- 
 fortunate, it served to keep our different parties in 
 ignorance of each others movements, and hindered 
 our acting in concert ; it also occasioned us to^ 
 mistake one another for the enemy, which I believe 
 more than any thing else contributed to the misfor- 
 tune which ensued. In the midst of the most promising 
 appearances, when every thing gave the most flatter- 
 ing hopes of a victory, the troops began suddenly to 
 retreat, and entirely left the field, in spite of every 
 effort that could be made to rally them." 
 
 The loss of the royal army in this action, amounted 
 tc seventy killed, and four hundred and sixty five 
 wounded ; in the number of the former, were unhappily 
 some very brave and distinguished officers, particularly 
 brigadier general Agnew, of the 44th regiment, and 
 lieutenant colonel Bird, of the 15th. The number 
 of officers wounded was considerable. The American 
 loss was esteemed between two and three hundred 
 slain, six hundred wounded, and four hundred taken 
 prisoners ; among their slain was general Nash, 
 and his aid de camp, major Witherspoon, On the 
 19th, the British troops removed from German- 
 town to Philadelphia, as a more convenient situation, 
 for the reduction of Mud Island, which at that time 
 j)revented the passage of the river, as the chevaux de 
 frize could not be removed until possession of that 
 post was obtained ; the British army was well apprized 
 that without the command of the Delaware, their 
 possession of Philadelphia would be of no advantage; 
 every exertion was therefore made to open the navi- 
 gation of that river. " 
 
 
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 239^ 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Colonel Donop, with a strong detachment of Hessians, 
 crossed the Delaware on the 2l8t, with directions to 
 proceed to the attack of Red Hank ; the colonel . 
 led on the troops in the most gallant manner to the 
 assault. They carried an extensive out-work, from 
 which the enemy were drawn into an interior intrench* 
 mcnt, which could not be forced without ladders. The 
 detachment in moving up, and returning from the 
 attack, suiTercd much by the enemy's gallics and float- 
 ing batteries ; colonel Donop, being mortally wounded 
 and taken prisoner, the command devolved upon lieute- 
 nant colonel Linsing, who, after collecting all the 
 wounded that could be brought off, returned with the 
 detachment to camp. 
 
 The ships of war desigjied for the attack of Mud 
 Island, made their way with difficulty, and took the 
 best poBuble disposition that the situation of the river 
 would admit;, they commenced their assault at the 
 same time that colonel Donop was engaged at Red- 
 bank, but with as little success. The ships could not 
 bring their fire to bear with any great effect upon 
 the sneray*s works. The Agusta ship of war, of 64 
 guns, commanded by captaii) Reynolds,^ and the 
 Merlin sloop of war, gvounded. In this situation, though 
 the skill and courage of the officers and crews 6f the 
 several vessels, prevented the efTect of four fire ships, 
 which the enemy had sent to destroy the Augusta; 
 she afterwards unfortunately took fire in the engage* 
 ment, which obliged the other vessels to retire with 
 the greatest expedition, in order to get beyond the 
 effect of her explosion. It waft at the same time 
 found expedient to abandon the Merlin, and destroy 
 her; the greater part of the officers and crew of the 
 Augusta were saved, but the second lieutenant, 
 
 " * Afterwards Lord Dacie. 
 
I 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 237 
 
 chaplain, and crunner, with no inconsiderable number 
 of the seamen, unhnppily perished. 
 
 Though this hrst attempt for opening the naviga- 
 gation of the Deiasvare, was unsuccessful, it by no 
 nmauii damped the resolution of the naval commanders ; 
 new measures were immediately adopted, and on the 
 15th November, the attack was renewed with the 
 greatest fur> on both sides, till the works being nearly 
 demoiishtxl, the garrison retreated in the night, across 
 the river in boats to lied Bank; three days after, 
 ^ud Island was evacuattd. The Americans, upon the 
 approach of lord Cornwallis, with a detachment of 
 British troops, hastily witlidrew from Red Bank, leaving 
 their artillery and a considerable quantity of cannon 
 and stores behind them. A few of the enemy's 
 gallies and vessels escaped, by keeping close in with 
 the Jersey sliore, to places of security above Phila- 
 delphia; but seventeen of them were abandoned by 
 their crews, and burned. 
 
 On the 30th and 3 1st of December, the British 
 troops lyent into winter quarters in Philadelphia, and 
 were \yeU accomodated; while the American army, ex- 
 cepting a detachoierit of twelve hundred at Wilmington, 
 were hutted in the woods, in a strong position at Valley 
 Forge, sixteen miles from that city. 
 
 In May ms, general Howe took his departiire for 
 P^ngland, and the chief command of the British army 
 devolved on Sir Henry Clinton. , :,.<^ 
 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 
 CHAP. XII. 
 
 ) : . 
 
 ?<• ! 
 
 .71 
 
 •fU- If 'J 
 
 
 jfrrival of the British Commissioners for restoring Peace. 
 Their bud Success. Correspondence between Lord 
 ■ Carlisle ^ and the Marquis de la Fayette. PhiladeL 
 . phia evacuated. Battle near Monmouth. General 
 ^ Lee, tried by a Court Martial^ and suspended. 
 \ Monsieur Gerrard arrives Minister Plenipotentiary 
 ^ from France. British Army arrives at New York. 
 French Fleet appears bffore Sandy Hook. Sails to 
 Rhode Island. Lord Howe sails to the Belief of 
 Rhode Island. British and French Fleets separated 
 at the Point of Engaging by a violent Storm. 
 French Fleet sails for Boston and ii pursued by Lord 
 Howe, General Sullivan abandons Rhode Island. 
 . French Fleet sails for the West Indies. Attacks St. 
 . Lucia, but is repulsed. Province of Georgia reduced 
 by the British. The Author makes his Escape into 
 V New York. His Narrative. , * 
 
 ■v>«{i..«-,fcil ^:,ri •■'t.. '._,'. 
 
 . I ' I . 
 
 W'-j ff- 
 
 m 
 
 In the beginning of June, 1778, the earl of Carlisle,* 
 Mr. Eden,t ^nd governor Johnston, arrived at New 
 York ; these gentlemen, with Sir Henry Clinton, were 
 appointed by the British government, to attempt a 
 reconciliation with the American colonies ; but in varin 
 were all their efforts, an implacable spirit of hostility 
 
 * His lordship, was lord lieutenant of Ireland from the 
 year 1780 to 1782. 
 
 t Now lord Auckland. 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 2S9 
 
 to the parent country had taken place in the breast 
 of the Americans. - They had thrown themselves into 
 the arms of France, and no exertion of reason was able 
 to unfetter the embrace. The following reflection, in 
 the commissioners declaration, roused congress to such 
 a degree of anger ^that they declared," Were it not under 
 the idea of stopping the effusion of human blood, they 
 would not have read a paper containing expressions so 
 disrespectful to his most christian majesty, tlic good 
 and great ally of these states, or to consider propo- 
 sitions so derogatory to the honor of an independent 
 nation." 
 
 ** In our anxiety," say the commissioners in part of 
 their letter to congress, *' for preserving those sacred 
 and essential interests, we cannot help taking notice of 
 the insidious interposition of a power, which has from 
 the first settlement of these colonies been actuated with 
 enmity to us both ; for notwithstanding the pretended 
 date, or present form, of the French offers to America, 
 yet it is notorious, that these wercv made in conse- 
 quence of the plans of accommodation previously con- 
 certed in Great Britain, and with a view to prevent 
 our reconciliation, and to prolong this destructive 
 war. 
 
 . ** But, we trust, that the inhabitants of North Ame- 
 rica, connected with us by the nearest ties of consan- 
 guinity, speaking the same language, interested in the 
 preservation of similar institutions, remembering the 
 former happy intercourse of good offices, and forgetting 
 recent animosities, will shrink from the thought of be- 
 coming an accession of force to our late mutual enemy, 
 and will prefer a firm, a free, and perpetual coalition 
 with the parent state, to an insincere, and unnatural 
 foreign alliance." 
 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 But this was not all, general de la Fayette, a yonng 
 I'rencli nobleman then in the American service, and who 
 has since made so conspicuous and gallant a figure in 
 the Gallic revolution, considering the honour of his 
 sovereign wounded, actually sent a challenge to lord 
 Carlisle, to which his lordship returned the following 
 temperate and dignified answer : 
 
 ** Sir — I have received your letter, transmitted to me 
 from monsieur Gimot, and I confess I find it difBcult to 
 return a serious answer to its contents. The only one 
 can be expected from me as the king^s commissioner, 
 and which you ought to have known, is, that I do 
 and ever shall consider myself responsible to my country 
 and to iriy king, and not to any individual for my 
 public conduct and language. As for any opinion 
 or expressions contained in any publication issued under 
 the commission, in which I have the honour to be named, 
 unless they are retracted in public^ you may be assured 
 I shall never, in any change, be disposed to give aa 
 account of them, much less recall them in private. 
 
 ** The injury alluded to in the correspondence of 
 the king's commissioners to the congress, I must remind 
 you, is not of a private nature, and conceive all national 
 disputes will be best decided by the meeting of admiral 
 Byron and count D'Estaing." 
 
 On the 18th of June, general Clinton following in-. 
 structions received from the parent country, evacuated 
 Philadelphia. It is probable that all idea of negociatiou 
 ^as now considered hopeless, as the commissioners ac- 
 companied the army.- Their accompanying a retreat, 
 from a city, which might be properly called the capital 
 of America, was not very likely to procure for then\ 
 ftny terms to which Great Britain could possibly listen ; 
 on the contrary, this circumstance only swelled the pride 
 and increased the insolence of the American rulers. 
 The whole British «viHy marched out of the town at 
 
 iii 
 
 li'HS.I 
 
AMEUICAN WAR. 
 
 C41 
 
 tlirce o'clock in tlic morning, and crossed tlte Delaware 
 before noon with all itH baggage.^ General Washington, 
 by some means, was apprized of this movemunt ; iu 
 consequence of which he sent cxpresges into the Jeiiieys, 
 to collect troops. The American army then likewise 
 passed the river, and were hourly joined by reinforce- 
 ments of the regular troops, and of their militia. 
 General Gates, with an army from the northward, was 
 fast advancing. In this situation, general Clinton re- 
 treated across the country towards Sandy Hook, at which 
 place he could witli facility effect the passage to New 
 York. ti 
 
 At this juncture, Washington was far from being 
 inactive ; he pursued the retreat of the British, and also 
 sent the marquis de la Fayette, with a strong body of 
 chosen troops, to harrass tlieir rear ; geseral Lee, (who 
 had been some time exchanged,) followed with a division, 
 to support him, and the.commander in chief finally so 
 managed his own movements, that v<fith the main body 
 he covered and sustained the whole. 
 
 On the 2'7th of June, the British army encamped in 
 a strong position in the neighbourhood of Freehold 
 Court House, in the county of Monmouth ; the follow- 
 ing morning the van division of the Americans, under 
 general Lee, commenced the attack.. General Clinton 
 had already, with due precaution, diirected general 
 Knyphausen to take the baggage of the whole army 
 under his division, which consisted of the 17th light 
 dragoons, the 2d battalion of light infantry, Hessian 
 
 U*^ «:# 
 
 •ri',; 
 
 * Several of the loyalists of Philadelphia went along with 
 the British army ; some, who remained behind, were treated 
 with great severity by tlie Americana. Messieurs Roberts and. 
 Carlisle, gentlemen of respectable characters of the Quaker 
 persuasion, suilered death for their attachment to the royaf 
 cause. 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 yagers, 1st and 2d brigades, British, Stern's and Loo's 
 brigade of Hessians, Pennsylvania loyalists, W6st Jersey 
 volunteers, and Maryland loyalists. General Clinton was 
 induced to this order, under the firm persuasion that 
 the baggage only was Washington's object, it having 
 been his constant practice to avoid a general engage- 
 ment with the British ; the general, therefore, with 
 much wisdom and foresight, placed it in a state of 
 security, and prepared himself to encounter the Ame- 
 rican Fabius. Under the head of baggage was com- 
 prised not only all the wheel carriages, of every deno- 
 mination, but also the bat horses ; a train, which as the 
 country admitted but of one route for carriages, extended 
 near twelve miles. Sir Henry Clinton had with him the 
 ]6th light dragoons, 1st and 2d battalion of British gre- 
 nadiers, 1st battalion of light mfantry, Hessian grenadiers 
 guards, and the third, fourth, and fifth brigades. '^^''"-•' 
 
 The total disagreement between the British and Ame- 
 rican accounts of this action, is not a little perplexing 
 to the impartial narrator ; both parties claim the adl 
 vantage, but the Americans, particularly at that time, 
 had their reasons for their misrepresentations — reasons 
 "which did not at all influence the reports of the British 
 commanders. 
 
 The marquis de la '^ yette, who commanded the 
 American cavalry, began the attack. They were in- 
 stantly charged with great spirit by the light dragoons. 
 The Americans did not wait the shock, but fell back 
 in disorder upon their own infantry. The British 
 then proceeded on their march ; but, on the rear- 
 guard descending from the heights above Freehold into 
 a plain near three miles in length, and above one in 
 breadth, several colunms of the enemy appeared, and 
 descended into it also. About ten o'clock they began 
 to cannonade the rear of the British. Sir Henry Clinton, 
 as has already been observed, being apprehensive that 
 
was corn- 
 
 were in- 
 
 AMERICAN WAja. 
 
 245 
 
 the baggage was their sole object, determined on the 
 Attack of these cTivisions, in order to oblige those troops 
 who were at that time on his flanks to return. These 
 divisions were endeavouring to gain his front, that they 
 might attack the baggage, and therefore impede his 
 progress. ' ...... .,* 
 
 The British grenadiers, guards, light infantry and 
 queen's rangers now engaged the enemy with such 
 vigor, that their first line, commanded by general Lee, 
 was completely broken ; their second line withstood the 
 attack with great obstinacy, but was also defeated ; 
 they both rallied, however, and posted themselves with 
 a morass in their front. They were again charged by 
 the British troops, and were with difficulty preserved 
 from total defeat by the junction of their main body, 
 which was supposed to consist of twenty thousand men, 
 under general Washington. *^ ' ' ^^vi^t'^-n ;?'>»• ;+ -a?. 
 
 When y/ashington found the division under general 
 Lee retreating in disorder, he rode up to Lee, and pro- 
 posed several questions to him, which implied censure. 
 Lee answered with warmth and unsuitable langruace. 
 Washington then ordered two of his battalions to form 
 on advantageous ground, which he judged suitable for 
 giving a check to the advancing enemy. Lee was then 
 asked, if he would command on that ground, to which 
 lie consented, and added to Washington, in a haughty 
 tone, ** Your orders shall be obeyed, aud I will not be 
 the first to leave the field." Lee continued until the 
 last on the field of battle, and brought off the rear of the 
 retreating troops. 
 
 In this action the bravery and discipline of the 
 British forces were gloriously conspicuous. Facts 
 speak for themselves. They forced an enemy, supe- 
 rior in numbers, from two strong positions, and endured 
 excessive fatigue, both from unremitting toil, and the 
 intense heat of day. The British general took up the 
 
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 944 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 position from whence the enemy had first been driven, 
 after tliey had quitted the phiin ; and having reposed 
 the troops till ten o'clock at ni^ht, to avoid the ex- 
 cessive heat of the day, he took advantage of a fine 
 pioon light-night to rejoin general Knyphaiisen, which 
 he cftected near Middleton. On the 30th of June 
 the whole royal army arrived at Sandy Hook, with- 
 out the loss of either thiur covering party or baggage ; 
 from whence it passed over to New York without 
 further molestation. jv , 
 
 After the evacuation of Philadelphia, much praise 
 was due to admiral lord Howe for the excellent disi- 
 positions which he made to cover the troops passing 
 the Delaware. It is pretty evident that Wasliington 
 was at first deceived by his own caution and dread 
 pf being decoyed into a general engagement, and 
 that he then ascribed the slow movements of the Bri- 
 tish to a design on the part of Sir Henry Clinton, 
 of gaining the strong grounds above hittii, and sq 
 inclosing his army to the river. 
 
 The loss of the royal army in killed, wounded,^ 
 and missing, was three hundred and fifty-eight men, 
 iifty-nine of whom, through excessive heat and fatigue, 
 fell dead witI)out a wound. The honorable lieutenant 
 colonel IMonckton, who commanded tlie 2d battaUon 
 of grenadiers, fell in the action. '* This gallant oflicer,'* 
 says one of the writers on the American war, *' who 
 had frequently encountered death in all its forms, 
 had the fortune of being more than once grievously 
 wounded, both in the last war and the present; and 
 after the hair-breadth escape of a recovery, when left 
 among the dead on the field, was only reserved to 
 be killed on this day, at the head of the secowt 
 battalion of grenadiers," A braver soldier never expired 
 on the field of battle. 
 
 M 
 
 i 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 2H 
 
 The conc'.uct of Washington on this occasion, (how- 
 ever he might have been self-deceived, relative to 
 some of the movements of Sir Henry Clinton,) was 
 highly creditable to his military skill. 
 
 His timely interposition witlj the main body of the 
 American army, prevented the rest from being entirely 
 cut off ; and by his subsequent movements, he suc- 
 ceeded in gaining it such an advantageous position, 
 as entirely secured it from attack. 
 
 The loss of the Americans, however, in killed and 
 wounded, was very considerable.* Colonel Bonner and 
 major Dickinson, officers highly esteenied by their 
 country, fell in this engagement. The emotions of 
 mind, added to the fatigue of a remarkably hot day, 
 brought on such a suppression of the vital powers, 
 that numbers of the Americans, as well as the English, 
 were found dead on the field of battle, without any 
 marks of violence on their bodies. 
 
 After the engagement the American general drew oft' 
 his troops to While Plains, near King's Bridge. 
 Taking up a commanding position, he remained there 
 until the latter end of autumn, watching the motions 
 of the British, when he retired to Middle Brook, in 
 .Jersey. 
 
 In i.iie mean time, the haughty spirit of Lee could 
 ijut brook the language which general Washington had 
 bust"''" used when he met his troops retreating before 
 the British, on the 28th. It is probable that Washington 
 intended to take no further notice of Lee's conduct^ 
 on the day of the action ; but, upon the general's 
 receiving from him a letter coached in the most disre- 
 spectful terms, and replete with the most violent invec- 
 tive, he was immediately put under an arrest, and a 
 
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 * According to their own accounts it amountpfl to thrcr 
 hiindrtjd and sixtv-one n\t;n, including uiirty-two ofiiceiw, 
 
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 24G 
 
 JOURNAL OF The 
 
 court martial, of which. lord Sterling was presiJeirt^ 
 was held upon him. His accusation consisted of three 
 principle charges : viz. Disobedience of orders, mis- 
 behaviour in action, and disrespect to his commander 
 He was fo^hid guilty upon every charge, and suspended 
 from all his military commands for tvelve m nths. 
 
 Immediately on the departuvfe of the British troops 
 from Philadelphia, the congress returned to tlral city, 
 and gave public audience to monsieur Gerrard, minister 
 plenipotentiary from the court of France. 
 
 It may now be necessary to revert to the maritime 
 events of the war. Early in the spring, count D'Estaing 
 had been dispatched from the port of Brest, with 
 twelve ships of the line and six frigates ; there were 
 six thousand soldiers on board, for the assistance of 
 the American cause. The whole armament suffered 
 considerably on the voyage, and did not arrive off the 
 coast of America before the beginning of July. 
 
 On finding that lord Howe had sailed to New York, 
 count D'Estaing followed him, and in a few days the 
 French fleet appeared off Sandy Hook. The British 
 admiral had only eleven ships, very inferior in mag- 
 nitude and weight of metal. The French commander 
 seemed fully determined to attack the English fleet, 
 and force his way into the harbour of New York. 
 The British admiral ranged his ships with much nau- 
 tical skill to receive him. He was powerfully supported 
 by the inhabitants. Upwards of one thousand volunteers, 
 from the trading vessels, then lying at New York, 
 entered on board the British ships of war ; the masters 
 and mates of the transport-ships took their situations 
 at the guns, with the common seamen ; others put to 
 sea in light vessels, in order to watch the motions of 
 the enemy; and in our army, the oflScers and privates 
 contended with so much eagerness, to serve on board 
 

 AMr.RldAN WAt. 
 
 i47 
 
 i,- 
 
 resiJeirt^ 
 of three 
 ;rs, mis- 
 nmandefr 
 Lispended 
 ntlis. 
 
 ill troops 
 tlat city, 
 , minister 
 
 maritime 
 D'Estaing 
 rest, with 
 here were 
 tistance of 
 it suffered 
 ve off the 
 
 ^ '• ' 
 
 sJew York, 
 days the 
 le British 
 Ir in mag- 
 |ommander 
 rlish fleet, 
 lew York, 
 luch nau- 
 supported 
 volunteers, 
 ;w York, 
 le masters 
 situations 
 ;rs put to 
 lotions of 
 Id privates 
 Ion board 
 
 M 
 
 llie snifiB of wafj is marines j that If bed&ifne necessairyj 
 to decide the point of honor by lot. 
 
 Afteir the French fleet had remained at Sandy Hook for 
 eleven days, they weighed anchor and plit to sea. Lord 
 Howe's fleet was, at that timej eVcJry way for resistance 
 inferior. Indeed, nothing but the excellent disposition 
 made by the noble admiral, and the determined activity, 
 not only of the respective crews, but also of the vblilrt- 
 teers, could possibly have saved it, had the count felt 
 himself inclined to (!ome to action. The tacit conipll* 
 nient that he paid to the skill, the resolution, and the 
 the character of lord Howe, by not darinf^ to attack him 
 with so decided a superiority of strength, raised tha*: 
 nobleman's name to a degree of exaltation which wi|l 
 make it live for ever. So freely^ however, was the 
 matter spoken of in Amei'ic'a, that) in order to save 
 the credit of the Frencli admiral, it was reported that« 
 he determined to force the harbour ; but (he American 
 pilots on board J declared it impossible for the large ships 
 of his squadron to pass the bar. On this curiou^i apology, 
 it is not surely too much for an old subject of the 
 British empire, (and who has bccrt on the spot,) to 
 declare his belief, that if admiral Nelson had commanded 
 D'i^staing^s ffeetj he would have found water enough 
 tu iiave brought tlie largest sliips in that squadrou 
 alongside the quay of New York* 
 
 Tiie next attempt of D'E:>tuing was against Rhode 
 Island, in order to co-operate with general Sullivan, 
 in an enterprise agfiinst Newport. Genera! Sir Robert 
 Pigot, who conunauded on the island, having been re- 
 inforced, made every preparation for a vigorous defence. 
 In the mean time, lord Howe being reinforced by 
 some shi|)s from England, (part of a squadron com" 
 inanded by admiral Byron), immediately stood out to 
 
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 Kea, tliough still iiifeiior in 
 
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 rce, in order to g:ve 
 

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 1248 
 
 JOURNAL OF Tim 
 
 battle. D'Estaing, finding that he was pursued to Hliode 
 Island so quickly, (as he only had entered the harbour 
 of New Port the day before,) determined to hazard an 
 engagement ; accordingly, he put out to sea with his 
 whole fleet. 
 
 But, while the two commanders were busily cm- 
 ployed in mancEuvring for the weather gage, a tre- 
 mendous tempest arose, which separated the fleets. 
 Amidst this conflict of the elements, the Languedoc, 
 of ninety guns, D'Estaing*s own ship, after losing her 
 masts, fell in with the the Renown, of fifty guns, com- 
 manded by captain Dawson, who attacked her with 
 great fury, when the appearance of six French ships 
 of the line, compelled him to desist. Captain Raynor, 
 in the Isis, and commodore Hotham;, in the Preston, 
 each of fifty &uiis> fought with much gallantry the 
 Tonnant of eighty guns and the Caesar of seventy-four 
 guns ; but no ship on either side struck her colours. 
 Lord Howe, with all possible dispatch, followed D'Estaing 
 to Boston, and entered the bay, under the hope of a 
 favorable opportunity of attack : but, to his great mor- 
 tification, he found the French fleet lying in Nantuckel 
 toad, so well defended by the forts and batteries on that 
 island, that it was found to be absolutely impractible. 
 
 In the mean time, general SuUivan and his army in 
 Rhode Island, with the people of the northeru colo- 
 nies, complained loudly of the conduct of D'Estaing. 
 For this they boldly assigned their reasons, which were, 
 that they had engaged in an expedition of great ex- 
 pense and danger, under prospect of the most efiec- 
 live Co-operation of the French fleet; that de|>eiiding 
 thereon, they had risqucd their lives on an island, 
 where, without naval protection, they were likely to 
 be enclosed, like wild beasts, in a toil ; and that in this 
 situation they were first deserted, and then totally 
 •bandonecl^ at the ^'eiy time when they sto«d most in 
 
 ■■ ■ i 
 
 H» 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 2K) 
 
 V 
 
 1 to Rhode 
 le harbour 
 ) hazard an 
 a with bis 
 
 )usily em- 
 re, a tre- 
 the fleets, 
 .anguedoc, 
 r losing her 
 njuns, com- 
 [ her with 
 •cnch ships 
 in Hay nor, 
 le Preston, 
 lantry the 
 eventy-four 
 ler colours. 
 ^ D'Estaing 
 hope of a 
 great mor- 
 Nantuckek 
 fies on that 
 actible. 
 lis army in 
 ;heru colo- 
 D'Estaing. 
 hich were, 
 great ex- 
 iiost effec- 
 ldei>ending 
 Ian ishmd, 
 likely to 
 Ithat in this 
 3n totally 
 Ld most in 
 
 need of help. It was a fact, at that lime pretty ge- 
 nerally admitted in America, that it was under these 
 apprehensions their general was deserted by most of 
 the militia, (who composed nearly half of his army) 
 which obliged him to retreat from his lines ; and though 
 he was most vigbronsly pursued, and repeatedly attacked 
 in every quarter by the British forces, yet, his mea- 
 sures were so well conducted, that he gained the north 
 end of the island, from whence he passed his troops 
 over to the continent without any considerable loss. 
 Indeed, before he quitted the island, the mar(j[bis de la 
 Fayette, who commanded under bim, set off for Boston 
 by land, to request the speedy return of the French 
 fleet. To this requisition D'Estaing would not consent. 
 He had been very roughly handled a few days before 
 by a British captain, and he knew very well the 
 great danger his master's fleet would be exposed to, 
 if he again fell in with the British navy. But he 
 ofl'ered to lead the French troops which he had on 
 board against Rhode Island, in co-operation with the 
 American forces. "' ■ -^^'^'^^''P' • 't- :nm 
 
 7'he most remarkable transactions, during the re- 
 mainder of this campaign, might, from their nature, 
 almost be termed naval expeditions, at least they were 
 intimately connected with maritime vvarfare. " • •'■ 
 
 In October 1778, lord Howe sailed for England, on 
 account of his health, ind the command of the fleet 
 devolved on admirai G^'njier. 
 
 There is no doubt but it was part of the insidious 
 policy of the Frencli cabinet to strike a blow at the 
 British possessions in the West Indies. How this plan 
 had been methodized, it is impossible at this period 
 to ascertain ; but its operations became so intimately con- 
 nected with American affairs, that it is necessary to take 
 some notice of them. 
 
 The projects of D'Estaing being effectually discon- 
 certed at Rhode Island, he sailed in the beginning of No- 
 
 I i 2 
 
 X 
 
 . '« 
 
 ^ J 
 
no 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 ;M 
 
 I 
 
 nH' 
 
 vcrobcrfor the Wept IjuJics, |n order tq second ^licnpr- 
 yations of the Marcjuis dP Bopille, governor of i>Tartinicp, 
 Vhp Iiacl already captured the island qf pominique. '|'hree 
 days |)cfore the frenplj fiept left Bpston, the ^th^ 5th, 
 15th, 27th, 28th, 35th, 40th, 4Gth, 49th, 55th, regi- 
 intints, and a corps of Hessians, uncjcr the command 
 of general prant, sailed from New York, in order tq 
 jtrfingthcn the garrisons of the West India Hjands, 
 
 It may be pecessary that the reader piay the inorq 
 dearly understand the sequel of An^erican transactions^, 
 to mention the progr^s^ of (he British arms in the 
 We9t Indies. Upon the arrival of the tropps there, 
 ^ descent was mt^de on the inland of St. Lucia, and 
 by the active qyertions of brigadier general Meadows, 
 the advanced posts were carried. Wjiile these opc-ra- 
 TJitiop? wer|B gpipg on, P'Estaipg appeared in view. 
 That commander vpon his arrival at IVIartinico had beei^ 
 joinedi by 9. flfet of transports, with nine thousand 
 land forces pn board, with which he had hoped tu 
 ffkci the entire reduction of the British islands. Ad- 
 miral Barrington's squadrpn, which was greatly infe- 
 yior to th(? French iieet, was stationed across the en- 
 trance of the Parenage, and was si^p ported by several 
 batteries, erected on the shore. The French admiral 
 bore down with twejve sail of the line ; but met with 
 so galli^\t a r^ceptioni thj^t he thought proper in a 
 short tjin.e to draw off. In the afternoon he renewed 
 the attack, with his whole squadron, and a furious 
 Cannonade, directed chiefly against admiral Barringtoti's 
 division, \yas kept up for seyeraj hours. This, how- 
 ever, made no impression on the English fleet, and 
 the Freach admiral was again obliged to desist from 
 the attack. Ke then landed a body of nine thousand 
 troops, which h^ forwed in two divisions ; putting 
 himself at the head of the right, he gave the Marquis 
 ^e flouiUe orders to lead on the left. They advanced 
 
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I 'I 
 
 \ I 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 251 
 
 rapidly towards the Englisli lines, keeping up a heavy 
 ftre as they pioccedcti The British troops reserved 
 their tire until they saw them mount tlieir trenches; 
 then a tremendous fire was poured upon tiic assailants, 
 which immediately stopped their progress, and thre%v 
 them into disorder ; before they could recover, tliey 
 were charged hy the British. The slaugliter was 
 dreadful ; and it was with difRcuIty the French readied 
 their ships. The count re-embarked his troops, and 
 left the island to its fate. It soon after surrendered 
 to the l^ritish arms. 
 
 I'he American goveioment had, in the begining of the 
 year projected the red.uction of West Florida ; and 
 several detachments of their troops had made some 
 successful incur«ions iqto that country. Tina awakened 
 the attention of the British commanders to the southern 
 f;olpnies ; and an expedition against them was resolved 
 9t|. peqjrgia was the place of its destination ; and the 
 ino):e jEiffectifaliy tp ensure success^ colonel Campbell, a 
 brave ^nd prudent officer, with the '21st, and two bat- 
 tfilions of Hessiaps, fpur bitttalionii of provincials, and 
 ' a detachipent of artillery, erf^barked at New York ; 
 while general Prevost, who commanded in East Florida, 
 was directed ip set put 'with all the force he cculd 
 > spare. The armaoient froni New York, under com- 
 modore SijT Hyde Parker, arrived sit the mouth of 
 the ^avannal^, in th^ iponth of December ; and though 
 the enemy were very strongly posted in an advanta- 
 geous situation on the shore, the British troops made 
 good their landing, and the light infantry, under cap- 
 tain Cameron, of the 71st, regiment, formed and ad- 
 vanced. A body of Americans, however, attacked them 
 with great braver}* ; but the Highlanders rushed on, 
 and drove the Americans into the woods. Captain Came- 
 ron, a spirited and valuable officer, with two High- 
 JUnders, were killed, and five were wounded. 'I'he British 
 
 
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252 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 troops then advanced towards Savannali, tlie capital of 
 the* province. The day, however, was destined lor still 
 further triumph to the royal cause. They had not 
 marched far when they attacked and defeated tlie Ame- 
 rican troops, who opposed them with great resolution 
 and liravery. This victory was complete : upwards of 
 one hundred of the Americans \vc\ killed, thirtv- 
 eight officers, four hundred and fifteen privates, forty- 
 eight pieces of cannon, twenty-three mortars, the fort 
 %vith its ammunition and stores, the shipping in tliu 
 river, a large quantit}' of provisions, with the capital 
 of Georgia, were all, in the sj^ace of a few hours, 
 in the possession of the conquerors. The broken re- 
 mains of the American army retreated across Savan- 
 nah river into South Carolina. The dilfcrent posts upon 
 that river were secured by the British troops, and the 
 province of Georgia was entirely at peace in seven 
 (lays after the defeat of the American army. General 
 Prevost now arrived at Savannah, and took the command 
 of the British troops. The conquest of ^Q^th Cc^fo- 
 una was next projected. 
 
 While these operations were carrying on in the 
 southern province, the captured troops u) Nevv 
 England, as already described,* were prdcrec} to march 
 to the east parts of Virginia. '. ' *' . '. . -, , ' 
 
 This was universally considereci by the privates as a 
 very great hardship, and by the officers as a shameful 
 violation of the articles of capitulation. The applica- 
 tion of general Burgoync to general Gates on this 
 subject,' has already been mentioned. It should seem 
 that the oriirin of the whole delay was ascribable to 
 the congress ; for the members hesitated not to declare, 
 when pushed hard on the violation of the seventh ar- 
 ticle of the convention, *' that if the troops were 
 suffered to embark for Great Britain (according to the 
 >nirit of that article,) as soon as they loft their 
 
 ■I 
 
 * Page 20S. 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 9j8 
 
 coasts, they would form a junction with the British 
 garrisons in America." .Still further to colour their 
 breach of faith, with an apparent shew of justice, ihey 
 alleged, that it had been often asserted by the British 
 nation, '* that faith was not to be kept with rebels," and 
 that therefore, congress would be deficient in attention 
 to the interests of America, if they suffered the cap- 
 tured troops to depart, s -i •: •♦. ' 
 
 When I saw that the American rulers had no inten- 
 tion of allowing the British troops to return toEn<;land, 
 I determined on attempting my escape into New York. 
 The idea immediately suggested itself to me, that it wouUl 
 be much more agreeable, and indeed less dungorous, 
 to have companions in my flight ; I therefore resolved 
 to induce as many of my comrades as I could to join 
 me. I soon made myself acquainted with the route 
 which it was necessary tliat we should take ; I found 
 that we were to cross the North River, only sixty or 
 seventy miles above New York. This then appeared 
 to me the most favorable point from which to attempt 
 our escape. Unfortunately, however, for my scheme, 
 our ofHcers (fearful of their regiments being, at their 
 return to Europe, reduced to mere skeletons) had pre- 
 viously issued orders, that if any soldier should absent 
 himself from his regiment only for one day or night, 
 he should be returned as a deserter ; and if brought 
 back to his regiment by any of the inhabitants or 
 American soldiers, he should be tried by a court iua:r- 
 tial, and punished accordingly. I was fully aware, 
 that the intention of this order was to keep tJK' men 
 together, and likewise to deter them from remaining in 
 
 the country, it 
 
 being the 
 
 constant practice of tlic 
 
 Americans to induce the captive soldiers to become 
 settlers. These orders prevented many from attempting 
 their escape. But for theni, iimiibers like niysclf, and 
 
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 the compttnions of mj journey, wotsid have made good 
 their escape into New York. 
 
 While the Americans protected to the uttermost 
 those deserters, who left the British amy to settle 
 among them^ they who were caught by them in the 
 attempt to join the king*s forces at New York, had 
 every things to fear ; nor was the least their being 
 brought back to their respective regiments under 
 the odium of desertion. 
 
 I weighed in my mind all the consequences that 
 would mo»t probibly result, should 1 be taken by the 
 natives ; and the more I thought of the attempt, the more I 
 began to feel a degree of enthusiamj to which 1 was before 
 a stranger. I looked forward, not without hope, to the 
 prospects before me, and I began already to indulge 
 the exultation of effecting my escape. Indeed 1 liad 
 wrought myself up to suclf a pitch of firmness, that 
 I am persuaded, the most agonizing cruelties which 
 the Americans could liave inflicted on my body, would 
 have been unable to have eilected any alteration in 
 my resolution. 
 
 I communicated my scheme to two of my comrades, 
 over wliOm I bod most influence, and persuaded them 
 to join nic in the attempt ; one of these soldiers under- 
 standing the French and German languages, was a 
 powerful assistant in effecting our escape, as our guards 
 were chiefly composed of German troops. By his con- 
 versing with tl>ese men, we obtained permission to go 
 to a house in order to buy some necessaries which we 
 wanted. When we got to the house, we took care not 
 to return to the line of Gentries again ; but moved further 
 from the guards, by degrees j until we entirely lost 
 sight of them. Wc then began to fear, lest the next 
 inhabitants we met, might pick us up and bring us 
 back. ,W'e therefore thought it best to conceal our- 
 selves. Just at this critical moment, we perceived a 
 
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 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 2JS 
 
 /•I 
 
 a small but on the verge of a wood. On our entering 
 it, we found a poor woman with two children. We 
 entreated her to hide us for a few hours, as we 
 were apprehensive that the American soldiers would 
 soon miss us, followj and make search for us. As the 
 chief inducement to obtain her assistance, we imme- 
 diately shewed her some silver money, which we pro- 
 mised to give her, if she assiiitcd us in making our 
 escape. To this she readily consented, and as a pledge 
 of sincerity left her little ciiild with us. She gave us 
 some provisions, locked us all up in a small apartment, 
 and went out in order to gain information. There was 
 a characteristic shrewdness about this woman which 
 highly fitted her for our purpose. She very acutely 
 observed, before she went, that this would be the best 
 method, for if our pursuers should come to the house, 
 and observe it fastened up, they would not, she believed, 
 break it open, unless they had some previous informa- 
 tion of our being concealed there ; and as nobody had 
 observed our coming into the hut, she ^oped there 
 would be no danger. 
 
 In this place we remained until dark, under the un- 
 pleasant apprehension of being seized every moment by 
 our pursuers, as we were in the very midst of them ; 
 Itowever, fortunately for us, not one of them either 
 knocked at the door or demanded entrance. 
 
 The woman returned in the evening. ** You see," 
 said she, *' that I have been faithful to you. Your com- 
 rades have all crossed the North River, with most of 
 their guards, and there are very few of the Americans 
 at this side of the river." It may be naturally supposed 
 that we all felt ourselves much indebted to her for her 
 faithfulness ; and, as far as was in our power, we rewarded 
 her. We then informed her, that we intended to make 
 aur escape into New York. Sheobscrvtd, that that would 
 
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 be a very liard task to accomplish, as there were several - 
 American encampments in the Highlands, which lay be- 
 tween us and that city. However she gave ns a recom- 
 mendation to a man living a few miles ofT, who, she 
 observed, would assist us in getting forward. Taking 
 an aflectionatc leave of our fauhful hostess, we directed 
 our course to the house of her friend j but before we 
 had proceeded three miles, we were stopped by a deep 
 and rapid stream. My comrades not knowing how to 
 swim, I proposed to swim across, taking one of them at 
 a time with me, if they would faithfully and courage- 
 ously follow u\y advice, which was to lay their hands 
 f;ently on my loins wiiile in the water, striking out with 
 t'leir feet at the same tin»e. Tills method would have 
 soon carried us all across, as the river was not very 
 broad ; however they both declined it, as too hazardous 
 ail attempt, and proposed to trace the river upwards, 
 in order to discover a fording place. We had not 
 proceeded up the river two hundred yards, when we 
 perceived a tree lying across the stream ; this served 
 t!ie inhabitants for a bridge. Such conveniences for 
 passing rivers arc very common in yVmeriea. We crossed 
 the river in safety, and pursuing our journey, arrived al 
 the house to which we had been directed by 0urlatR kind 
 bostess. It stoo<l alone at the edge of a wood, and being 
 unconnected with any other hirman dwelling, seemed 
 admirably adapted to our purpose. The family were 
 much alarmed when we rapped them up. We, how.. 
 ever, soon made the owner acquainted with our inten- 
 tions, and informed him, that if he would conduct us to 
 New York, we would give him twenty dollars, exclusive 
 of the reward he would receive from the commander 
 in chief. He listened with attention, and seemed wilU 
 ing to comply \ but his wife, overhearing our discourse, 
 opposed it ijnmediately, and declared, with tears in her 
 c^'es, that lie should not go. The rude reasonings pf 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 251 
 
 this woman appeared -so powerful an instance of conjugal 
 <fcciing, that they made a strong impression on my mind 
 at the time. To tiie married reader little apology is 
 due for their introduction. ** What !" said she, ** do 
 you mean to break my heart, by foolishly running into 
 the jaws of death, depriving me of a husband, and my 
 children of a father } You know that there are several 
 camps and garrisons between this and New York, that 
 you would not be able to go ten miles before you 
 would he taken up, and then you would be hung up 
 like a dog." This discourse operated with all the power 
 of simple nature, when the whole force of the passions 
 is brought to bear on any given point. The man 
 changed his mind in a moment. ** Gentlemen," said he, 
 ** this is a very dangerous piece of work ; I know that 
 all my wife has said is true ; I know that the Ame~ 
 ricans have very strong out-posts all along the North 
 Iliver, as far as King's Bridge, and if I were taken in 
 the act of bringing you into the British lines, I could 
 expect no mercy." All our arguments after this, could 
 not prevail with him, though we promised to give him 
 twelve dollars in advance, and two new English blankets ; 
 however he at last, for a small present, conducted us- to 
 another friend, who lived two miles further on our 
 journey ; this person, he observed, might probably go 
 with us. 
 
 We set off between one and two o'clock in the morn- 
 ing, and arrived at the poor man's hut, which was 
 situated on the top of a high mountain. W^hen we 
 entered tiie hut, we found his wife ill of a ferer, 
 and the hysband, with a woman, attending her. After 
 much persuasion, and a small present, we prevailed with 
 this man to bring us to another friend that lived six miles 
 onwards, and whom there was every probability we 
 might obtain for a guide. We set off immediately , 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 and after making our way for six hours, through a 
 trackless desert, full of swamps, we found ourselves at 
 day. break very near the out. posts of an American 
 encampment. Here our guide, on finding wliere we 
 were, being much terrified, fled from us with the greatest 
 precipitation. As his last act of attention, lie pointed 
 out a path-way which led into the woods, and told 
 us to pursue that track, and it would bring us to a 
 friend. We took his advice, and continued on titat 
 track for five or six miles, when we came to a small 
 ^ut. The inhabitants were astonished at our appear-> 
 ance, but evidently pleased at our company. We in- 
 formed the woman that we were very hungry. She 
 immediately prepared a repast for us, which I need not 
 add, was at that time highly acceptable, as we had not 
 eaten any thing for the space of forty.eight hours. 
 
 The fatigue we had undergone during our march, 
 from the extent of country which wc had traversed, 
 rendered sleep highly necessary, and we prepared to lie 
 down. This measure the woman warmly opposed. She said, 
 ** the American soldiers often straggled from their camp 
 to her hut, and some of them might probably como 
 upon us while we slept." Her husband now came in, 
 and seemed glad to see us. We made him acquainted 
 with our intention of escaping into New York. He re. 
 peated the observations of our other directors, relative to 
 the number of the American posts, particularly on the 
 North River ; and added, *' that it would be an hun- 
 dred chances to one, if we were not taken." We told 
 him that we would reward him liberally, if he would 
 conduct us. lie answered, " There is a young man 
 who lives several miles off, who will, I believe, undertake 
 it : if he should, I have no objection to go ; but I 
 will not go by myself, as I well know the dangers which 
 we shall he exposed to without a stcond guide." 
 
iJI« 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 ii^ 
 
 We remained at this place two days, encouraging 
 them by every argument which we could Ruggent to 
 make the attempt. At last we prevailed, by giving them 
 ten dollars and the two netv English blankets, which 
 we had with us. We set oflf with our two guides about 
 six o'clock in the evening, and after travelling through 
 deep swamps, thick woods, and over difficult mountains 
 for ten hours, our young guide stopped, and declared 
 that he would not proceed any further with us, unless 
 wc gave him forty dollars in hand. He said, ** This 
 is a dangerous, troublesome piece of work. Here/* 
 continued he, " is an American encampment within a 
 mi{e of us ; I have been there a few days ago, and I 
 know where ^1 the Gentries are posted ; if I should be 
 taken, I shall lose my life." As he uttered this, he 
 seemed to be under great terror and fear, which in- 
 creased when yre said, ** We are not afraid of one or 
 two American centinels, only conduct us the best way 
 you can ; and if we un ivoidably fall in with any of 
 them, you may leave the matter to us and fly for 
 your life." All we could say had no eHect on him, 
 and although we offered him on the spot twelve dollars, 
 he would not advance one step further. We then 
 encouraged our other guide to proceed with us, to . 
 which, after much entreaty and promises of rcv>-ard, 
 he consented. 
 
 We expected every moment, as we advanced, to fall 
 in with the line of centries belonging to the Americans ; 
 but, happily for us, as it rained very hard during tht; 
 whole night, and was very dark> we did not encounter 
 one of them, though we passed very near to a log 
 house, which was full of troops. Taking, however, 
 every possible precaution, we immediately struck off 
 into the woods, and after climbing up precipices, and 
 wading through swamps, about five o'clock in the morn- 
 ing, we arrived at the wished for house. This was situated 
 
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 >l 
 
 I 
 
 .,,* I 
 
 
«0O 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 only two miles from another encampment. Our guide 
 being well acquainted with this family, told them who 
 we were, and also our intention. They received us very 
 kindly, and gave us refreshment, informing us, at the 
 same time, that it would be highly dangerous for us to 
 remain in the house, as the American soldiery were scat- 
 tered over almost the whole face of the country. We 
 held a consultation what was to bo done under the then 
 existing circumstances ; and it was unanimously agreed, 
 that we should hide ourselves in a hay-stack, which was 
 near the house, until our guide could explore the 
 country, and find out the safest way for our escape. 
 We were conducted to the spot on which it stood, 
 when each of us buried him«elf up to the chin in the 
 hay, and waited the event. Our conductor was vigilant 
 in procuring all the intelligence he could with regard 
 (o the station of the American army. This delayed him 
 much longer than we at first imagined. Our not hearing 
 aught from him during the space of thirty hours, made 
 us very uneasy ; we were fearful lest he also had for- 
 saken us, and left us to shift for ourselves. At last he 
 came, and bad us prepare to follow him. We were at 
 that time about forty miles from King's Bridge, the out 
 post of the British army. Tiius circumstanced, we 
 determined to accomplish tly; march, if possible, that 
 night; we therefore set off in high spiiits, about six 
 o'clock in tlie evening. - '• ' '. 
 
 Previous to the commencement of our journey, wc 
 ^^•ere informed by our guide of our perilous situation, 
 while we remained concealed in the hay.stack. The 
 Americans had determined to remove it to the camp 
 for forage, which probably would have been done the 
 duy before, only that it rained remarkably hard during 
 iIkj wliole of it. Fortunately for us, the storm con- 
 tinued, with unabated violence, all night ; and the 
 'darkness was such, tii.it wc were couipletely shrouded 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 %!• 
 
 '/?^; 
 
 from all observation. These circumstances (cnJed very 
 much to favor our escape. 
 
 After as hard a march as any poor fellows ever ex- 
 perienced for the time, over swamps, rivers, and moun- 
 tainf, we arrived a little before day-iight at a small hoirso 
 about one mile from the Ilritish outposts at King*s Bridge, 
 ^ftcei> miles from New York. We boldly rapped 
 at the door, and demanded entrance. The i:ihabirant« 
 were much terrified, on our approach, and their fears 
 began sensibly to increase, when we ordered them to 
 light a candle. They assured us, that if a light were 
 seen in their house, at that hour, the habitation would 
 be soon tumbled about their cars, fur the British fort 
 would immediately fire into it ; we were, therefore, 
 constrained to remain in that situation until day-light 
 had commenced, as it would have been highly dangerous 
 to have proceeded to the fort in the dark. Soon as 
 morning dawned we left the house, and with joyfiil 
 hearts proceeded to the fort. The out-centry chal- 
 lenged us ; we answered, " VVe are British soldiers, who 
 have made good our escape." \ye were, conducted 
 with joy and wonder to the fort, and received with 
 great kindness by the officers and men. I believe wo 
 were the first party belongir * ^o general Burgoyne's 
 army, that eflfected an escaj. . It would not be very 
 easy to give the reader an adequate idea, either of my 
 own feelings, or those of my associates on this occasion. 
 The toil and hardships we had sustained, the dangers 
 which we had surnnounted ; captivity, or death, in its 
 most frightful shapes^ every moniept presenting horrid 
 images to our minds ; in avoiding destruction or re- 
 capture from tlie Americans, encountering the ha:jard 
 of still greater calamities; sinking into the morass or 
 <juagmire ; drowning in the rapid torrent ; tumbling 
 headlong from the dreadful precipice; not to mention 
 the terrors of the wpeds, among which, the least was 
 
 # .• 
 
 
Ud'I 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 the encountering the venomous bite of the Americso 
 serpents : when delivered from sll these, we joined our 
 countrymen and fellow soldiers i ; arms. — Such a moment 
 must be imagined ; it cannot be described. 
 
 We were, of course, immediately conducted forward 
 to New York, when major Andre, the adjutant general, 
 received us with great affability and kindness, at the 
 head quarters. As I was the person who first planned 
 the means of escape, and conducted the whole plan, 
 under the guides, I was the object to which every in- 
 quiry was directed. Sir Henry Clinton the commander 
 in chief, was an experienced officer, and a sensible 
 man. He, doubtless, gave private orders, relative to 
 xny examination, willing to gain information of every 
 circumstance, however minute, that might by (communi- 
 cating intelligence of the state of the country,) add 
 to the security of the British army. I am also inclined 
 to think, that much of the bounty that I and my 
 comrades received, was the result of Sir Henry^s secret 
 benevolence. Major Andre immediately brought me 
 into the parlour, inquired very minutely into everj 
 circumstance of the route I had taken with my party, 
 and the dangers I was exposed to: the number of 
 the enemy, the usage which the British soldiers re- 
 ceived when prisoners, &c. &c. &c. When I had 
 given him all the information which I could, he ex- 
 pressed much satisfaction, and told me, that if I chose, 
 I might take my passage to England in the next packet 
 that sailed ;* bnt, at the same time, be intimated a 
 wish that I would continue to serve in America. I 
 answered, ** That I would rather remain, and serve 
 his majesty in America, than go home to England.^* 
 
 * As I was at that tinoe a non-commitrioned officer, I ha^ 
 t^e privilege of being sent home. 
 
,». I 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 26S 
 
 The major then, with much feeling and politeiiess, 
 informed me, that he was authorized by Sir Henry 
 Clinton, to offer me my choice of entering in any 
 regiment, then serving in America. I came to the resolu- 
 tion of serving in ^the 23d, or Royal Welch Fuzileers, 
 then quartered in New York. I was soon after appointed 
 Serjeant by colonel, now general Balfour, to whose kind 
 attention I must ever feel myself much indebted. I 
 was immediately sent to an officer,* who was appointed 
 to pay the men who made their escvpe from confine- 
 ment, the usual bounty. The distinction made in cases 
 like mine, by general Burgoyne himself, was highly 
 flattering to the military feelings of the soldier. The 
 general used to term them, ** honorable desertions."-- 
 This distinction he made, even in the house of com- 
 mons, between these soldiers, who, through every diffi- 
 culty, made their way to, and joined his majesty *s 
 forces, and those who left their regiments, for the 
 purpose of settling among the Americans. 
 
 
 41 
 
 * Colooel Handfield, the preieot conuuisaary gtoeral 9C 
 Iceland. 
 
 
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 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Southern yfJTans. General Limoln appointed to thf 
 Southern OyviVmivd. riciory at Briar"* s Creek. St. 
 Juvi'.'s's, Si. John's and Port Jioi/al taken. Northern 
 /i fairs. Conmcticut E.rpedilion. Stonej/ Point stormed 
 bj/ the Jweriiuns. D^Estaing's Attempt against Sa- 
 xannah. Count Polaskic moiialijf wounded. Sotne 
 y/aouvt of his Life, Colonel Mait land's beath, 
 Jlis Character. Americans send an Expedition 
 against the Jndian Settlements. \ ^ a, 
 
 ■ '•*^' 1 
 
 .{I'T* 
 
 U 
 
 It may now be necessary to pursue tlie thread of 
 this narrative in a diHerent direction, and to turn the 
 feader^s attention to the southern aiTaim. 
 
 The reduction of Georgia by general Prevost and 
 colonel Cunipbell excited great alarm in the congress ; 
 nor were the apprehensions of ruin and discomfiture 
 <o American independence less without doors, parti- 
 cularly among the inhabitants of South Carolina. In 
 this critical posture of ail'airs general Lincoln, who 
 served under Gates in the northward, as already re- 
 lated, was appointed to the command of the southern 
 American army, Being reinforced by a considerable, 
 body of troops, he encamped within twenty miles of 
 (Savannah. Another strong- body of troops was 
 
;*"» 
 
 AMKRICAN WAR. 
 
 2fl5 
 
 • I 
 
 )»ottcfl at Briar's Oork, furihcr up tlic river. Thus 
 the extent of ^roiiiui for tlic exercise of tiic liriiisli ^fo- 
 vcrnment was likely to be circumRcriUed within very nar- 
 row hounds, (juncral Prcvost therefore determined to 
 dislodge the party at BriarN Creek. Lieutenant colonel 
 Pruvost (the generuIN brother) wiih thnn: eonipunies of 
 the 60tli regiment, Sir James Baird*» light infantry, the 
 •ccond battalion of the 7l8t regiment, captain Tawe*s 
 provincial troop of light dragoons, and some militia, 
 amounting in the whole to nine hundred men, were 
 directed to make a circuit, in order to come upon the 
 rear of the American encampment ; whiUt major Mac- 
 pherson, with the first battalion of the '71st regiment, 
 and two field pieces, appeared in tlu'ir front. These 
 two dispositions proceeded in strict obedience to orders. 
 It was on the 30th of March, that the Americans 
 were attacked in front and rear, and totally routed, 
 with the loss of seven pieces of cannon, several stand 
 of colours, almost all their arms, and the whole of 
 their ammunition and baggage. Upwards of four hun. 
 dred men were killed, wounded, or taken prisoners; 
 among the latter was general Elbert, the second in 
 comtnand. This victory entirely broke the American 
 measures in the province ; of consequence the 
 communication was again opened between the British 
 posts and South Carolina. ^ .^ 
 
 This victory proved of considerable. service. General 
 Lincoln was thcrL'by reduced to a state of cautious 
 inactivity, and at last uioved off towards 'Augusta. 
 
 Lincoln had no sooner quitted his post than the 
 British general dutcrmined on the invasion of Carolina. 
 The time was chosen with the most profound judgment, 
 but many difKcidties lay in his way. The pver Savannah 
 was so swelled by the excessive rains of the season, 
 that it seemed impassable ; the shores were so full of 
 . , . . L I 2 
 
 •; »l 
 
 * • 
 
 
260 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 -I 
 
 4 
 4. 
 
 iuii. 
 
 
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 ii4; 
 
 "*i 
 
 swamps and marshes, that no army could march over 
 it without the greatest difficulty ; to obstruct the 
 passage still more, general M(aultrie was left with a con« 
 siderable body of troops, to oppose any attempt that 
 might be made by the British. In detiance of 
 every opposition, the constancy and perseverance of 
 the British forces at last prevailed. General Mouhric 
 was defeated, and obliged to retire wards Charlestown, 
 while the victorious army, after having waded through 
 the marshes, at last arrived in an open country, over 
 which they pursued their march with rapidity, towards 
 the capital. 
 
 A general alarm, throughout all Carolina, now took 
 place. Their capital was^in darker. Lincoln, with a 
 numerous army, took possession of all the avenues 
 )f Jing to Charlestqwn, and prepak^ed for a vigoroasi 
 defence. But all opposition proved ineffectual ; the 
 Americans wpre defeated in every encounter, and re- 
 treating continually, at I >t allowed the British army 
 to come within cannon i 'Ot of Charlestown, on the 
 12th of May, 1779. . j/ >m: r f ■ i^ * 
 
 The town was sumnioni ! to surrender. The inha- 
 bitants would gladly have igreed to have observed a 
 neutrality during the « ir, and would have en- 
 gaged for the rest of the ,irovince ; but these terms 
 not being accepted, ever^ reparation was made for 
 a vigorous defence of the place. It was not in the 
 power of the British commander (without being guilty 
 of that rashness, the danger of which, could not escape 
 his enlarged and consummate judgment, as an officer) 
 at that time to make an attack with any prospect of 
 success, His artillery was not of sufficient weight, there 
 were no ships to support his attack, and general Lin- 
 coln, advancing rapidly with a superior army, threatened 
 to enclose him between his own force and the town. 
 The British commander wa» too wise not to be aware 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 267 
 
 of the danger ; if he had failed in the first attempt, cer- 
 tain destruction would have been the consetjuence. Ge- 
 neral Prevost*s force was about two thousand four hun- 
 dred strong, and the garrison three thousand three hun- 
 dred, including the militia. For these reasons the British 
 general withdrew his forces from before the town, and 
 took possession of two islands, called St. James's, and 
 i^t. John's, lying to the southward ; where, having 
 waited some time, his force was augmented by the arrival 
 of two frifrates. With these he determined to make 
 himself master of Port Royal. This island, from its 
 excellent harbour, and many other natural advantages, 
 became an object of no small importance, its situation 
 commanding all the sea coast from Charlestown to 
 Savannah rivei. These measures, however, were not 
 'accomplished without opposition from the American 
 general. Perceiving that the British had occupied an 
 , advantageous post on St. John^s Island, preparatory 
 to their enterprize against Port Royal, he attempted, on 
 the 20tli of June, to dislodge them from it ; but after ait 
 obstinate conflict, the Americans were as usual obliged to 
 I'etire with considerable loss. 
 
 This disappointment was instantly followed by tBTc 
 loss of Port Royal, of which general Prevost took 
 immediate possession. He then ])roceeded to Savan- 
 nah, and left the command to lieutenant colonel MaitluiKl. 
 The troops were put in proper stations, and the whole 
 waited the arrival of such reinforcements as were necfj»- 
 . sary for the intended attack on Charlestown. 
 
 It would swell this volume far beyond its prescribed 
 limits, to point out the merits of the British officer:* 
 and soldiers, who were engaged in these actions ; but 
 the singular gallantry of one exploit, performed 
 by captain Moncrief, of the engineers, in the -sight 
 of both armies, ought not to be omitted : that officer, 
 \vith only twenty soldiers, sallied out in the lace 
 
 
 
 V. 
 l" ■••< 
 
 
 :'P 
 
 •» ( 
 
 
26h 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 of the American arm}'', took an ammunition \faggon» 
 afid brought it safe within tlie lines. This was a most 
 seasonable supply of what was greatly wanted : for 
 Huch was the scarcity of ammunition in the garrison, 
 that the last charge was in the guns when the enemy 
 Ifave way. 
 
 The aifuirs of the American campaigns were sometimes 
 of a very complicated nature : clearly to comprehend 
 •everal leading events of the history of the war, it is 
 necessary in many instances, that the reader should 
 , he in possession of the joint movements of the British 
 Srmies, acting far distant from each other ; but on the 
 co<operation of which the issue of the contest finally de-t 
 pended. It is hoped that this remark will be received as 
 i sufficient apology for breaking off rather abruptly 
 from the afFairs, transacting in the Carolinas, and 
 proceeding to detail those of the north. 
 
 Sir Henry Clinton proceeded up the North River. By 
 great exertions of valor he carried the two imporr: 
 tant posts of Stoney Point and Verplanks. These forts 
 securing the communication between the eastern and 
 western colonies, had been fortified with much skill and 
 Tliligencp by the Americans. After leaving garri- 
 sons in them, the fleet, with the rest of the troops, 
 fell down the river and returned to New York. 
 
 The province of Connecticut was the great source 
 from whence the Americans recruited their armies and 
 supplied them with provisions. It had, from its si- 
 tuation, hitherto sustained little of that rage of war, 
 which most of the other provinces had endured. The 
 British coiiunander, to convince the inhabitants that 
 thtiir province was not inaccessible, and that it was 
 fo our lenity and forbearance they were indebted, 
 planned an expedition against it. It formed also part 
 ••f the general's plan, to compel Washington to qutt 
 
AMERICAN WAR. ' 
 
 SW 
 
 r i but on the 
 
 his strong situation on tlie North River, anil descend 
 into the country, for the defence of the sea coast. * 
 ; As this expedition has been greatly misrepresented, 
 botli by Ramsay and Relsham, the Author taiccs the 
 liberty to transcribe from his Jounial the following 
 account of tlys aflair ; as he was himself personally em«> 
 ployed on the service. He is happy to state, that many 
 respectable British officers are still living, (particularly 
 general Garth, second in command on the expedition,) 
 who can bear full accord to the truth of the following 
 account. Indeed such refutation becomes the more 
 necessary, as the British army still lies under the odium 
 thrown on it by those virulent party writers, which has 
 never yet, to the Author*s knowledge, been answered bj 
 any one. 
 
 " The transports, on board which were troops amount* 
 ing to two thousand six hundred men, weighed anchor 
 at the entrance into the sound, and sailed towards Nevr 
 Haven, the capital of Connecticut, the 4th of July. 
 Mtijor general Tryon commanded the land forces* Coni- 
 modore Sir George Collier, in the Camitlc frigate, with 
 the Scorpion sloop, Halifax brig, and Hussar galley, 
 was appointed to the naval command, and escorted the 
 transports. The first division .of the troops, under 
 brigadier general Garth, of ikz guards, disembarked at 
 some distance below the town of New Haven, fie 
 had to pass the bead of a creek, and was in consequence 
 compelled to take a march of seven miles, amidst thq 
 continued opposition of the inhabitants ; he^ nevertheless, 
 forced his way, and succeeded in gaining possession of 
 the town. Meanwhile major general Tryon, with the 2d 
 division, landed on the opposite side of the harbour, 
 4od took a fort on the heights, the artillery of which 
 commanded it ; a direct communication was thu^ 
 ^stabliished between the two divisions of the army, one 
 •i wbish ijjfas in possession of the ,town. Thp vcKiiejs 
 
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 'i 
 
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 ^^ 
 
i;,. i' 
 
 «79 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 
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 in the harbour, artillery, ammunition, public stores, flee* 
 were taken or destroyed ; but, notwithstanding the 
 opposition of the inhabitants, and their even firing from 
 the windows, after the troops were in possession of the 
 town, such was the British humanity) that, instead of 
 indiscriminate death, which by the laws of war they 
 were liable to, the town was saved from damage, and 
 private houses, as much as possible, exempted from 
 plunder, by placing sentinels before them, many of 
 whom, (such was the American gratitude,} were actually 
 wounded on their posts ! The next day a proclamation 
 was issued, promising protection and pardon to all who 
 should return to their allegiance, and threatening 
 to punish as traitors those who did not. The fork 
 was then dismantled ; the troops were rc-embarked, 
 and New Haven was K'^' o a far better situation than 
 many less offending places have experienced in all 
 countries during war. • >^ .s.u .-^r;.* ,-.^«»-.i.-r, .v.'t ».. 
 
 .' The expedition next proceeded to Fairfield. After 
 the landing of the troops, the opposition from the in- 
 habitants was far more desperate than at New Haven* 
 The lenity already shewn to the offenders, serving 
 only to mak« them more outrageous, an example of 
 severity became indispensible. AU the public stores^ 
 5ud the vessels in the harbour, were therefore either 
 taken Ot destroyed, and the town itself was laid in ashes* 
 This example bad not its desired effect. As the troops pro- 
 ceeded, the opposition became n?o»-e determined, and of 
 a nature which no regular army could patiently endure ^ 
 no established system of warfare pardon. Norwark and 
 Greenfield, places taken immediately afterward, there- 
 fore underwent a similar fate. 
 
 New London, the rendezvous for the American priva- 
 teers, was the last place, the reduction of which genera 
 Tryon had in view ; but as still more obstinate resistance 
 was apprehended there, it was judged that a supply of 
 
 .« 
 
f . 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 Sfl 
 
 •inmunition> and an augmentation of troops should bq 
 obtained before it was attacked, though the loss of the 
 firitish in the expedition amounted only to twenty 
 Ictlled, ninety ^six wounded, and thirty. two missing. 
 The fleet, therefore, returned to Huntington Bay, in 
 Long lailand, and the coraniodore went to Frog's Neck, 
 where a conference was held with the commander in 
 -chief of the army, fully to arrange the future plan 
 -of attack. The immediate occasion of this conference 
 •was the intelligence received by Sir Henry Clinton, that 
 the inhabitants of Connecticut, who certainly had suf- 
 fered much loss, both public and private, during the 
 nine days of the expedition, were highly dissatisfied 
 both with congress and general Washington; in parti- 
 cular they loudly complained of the latter,' in permitting 
 the destruction of so many towns on the sea-coast, and 
 remaining fixed, if not inattentive, in his strong position 
 near the North River ; and further. Sir Henry had been 
 secretly -and positively informed, that many were hesi- 
 tating^ from these circumstances, about withdrawing 
 -their support from congress and making terms with 
 ' the parent country. 
 
 Such is the simple, impartial, and unbiassed narrative 
 of an expedition, which Ramsay, and after him Belsbam, 
 • have endeavoured, with all the artifice of wilful mis- 
 representation, so to colour as to render the British 
 name odiouu to humanity. No doubt, in such excur- 
 sions many scenes occur, at which the feeling heart 
 must revolt ; but in war, all that the brave and the 
 . humane can do, is to soften ai)cl alleviate its horrors ; 
 >to prevent them entirety, is altogether beyond the 
 power of mati. And that this was donb almost in every 
 point, by the commanding officers, the Author can aver 
 from his own personal knowledge. But if persons, whose 
 residence unfortunately becomes the seat of war, will 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 not govern themselves prudently, whom have tliey to 
 blame, except themselves, for all the disastrous conse- 
 quences that may ensue ? . . « 
 
 Mr. Ramsay makes- the strange assertion, that at New 
 Hav^n " the inhabitants were stripped of their houshold 
 furniture and other moveable property ; and the har- 
 bour and water-side were covered with feathers, which 
 were discharged from opened beds !*' Strange, in- 
 deed, that soldiers weighed down with arms, ammu- 
 nition, and provisions, should carry feather beds so far 
 to destroy them ! and as for the houshould furniture 
 what were they to do with it ? Such slanderous im- 
 probabilities refute themselves : I never saw any thing 
 of the kind. But further, he has the hardihood to 
 assert, that, '* an aged citizen, who laboured under a 
 natural inability of speech, had his tongue cut out by 
 one of the royal army ;'* and that ** a sucking infant 
 was plundered of part of its clothing, while a bayonet 
 was presented to the breast of its mother." It is literally 
 impossible for one who has been in America during 
 great p^rt of the war, and who has actually fought in 
 several uf the engagements, to read snch gross falsehoods 
 without feeling more indignation than he can readily 
 express, and heaving a sigh for the depravity of human 
 nature. I am certain, that either of these actions, 
 proved on a British, soldier, would have been {Sunished 
 ^y his officers with the greatest severity. 
 . Mr. Belsham, although somewhat more cautions and 
 guarded in his assertions than llamsay, is equally ratiw 
 corous ; and from the art with which he fabricates his 
 deceptions, is a far more dangerous writer. His allusion 
 to the words of the proclamation, that " the exiutenc© 
 of a single house on the coast, wa» a striking monu- 
 ^^nt of British mercy," is highly uncandid. This 
 was an act of mercy after their cruel behaviour to the 
 troops. Aud the assertion that '' all the builduigs »ini l^ari» 
 
Vf !. 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 273 
 
 c tljey to 
 us consc- 
 
 lat at New 
 • houshold 
 dthe har- 
 ers, which 
 ange, in- 
 is, ainmu- 
 oecls so far 
 i furniture 
 derous im- 
 r any thing 
 irdihood to 
 ;d under a 
 cut out by 
 ;king infant 
 e a bayonet 
 it is literally 
 Irica during 
 fought in 
 iS falsehoods 
 can readily 
 of human 
 >se actions^ 
 ;n fSunished 
 
 tutions and 
 squally ran^ 
 [bricatcR bis 
 is allusion 
 le existence 
 ing monu- 
 lid. This 
 lOur to the 
 \r% sMid (iariA 
 
 houses for two miles in extent round the town, were 
 laid in ashes, I can take upon me to contradict as a 
 gross and malignant iaishood. And yet these are the 
 men who assume the pompons name of historians, 
 aqc) wiio transmit the most wanton misrepresentations 
 pf public events, together with the most wicked slander 
 of iliustHQus individuals, to generations yet unborn ! 
 
 In the mean time the American general inade a 
 diversion in another quarter, which broke all the mea* 
 sures which had be<en taken, with bravery equal to the 
 \visdom with which they were planned. Such is the fete of 
 war, and such sometimes the result of the best laid 
 schemes of mari, In the night of the 15th of July, 
 the fort at Stoney Poii^t was taken by surprise. The 
 Americans having had perfect knowledge of all its works, 
 knew well at what points to attack it, with advantage ; 
 i( was still an enterprise of much difficulty, and 
 greater danger. General Wayne was much praised 
 for his conduct in the assault. He divided his troops 
 into two columns, which entering the works in oppo.« 
 s:ite quarters naet in the centre of them about one in the 
 morning of the 16th. The surprise was not so sudden, 
 but that a brave resistance was made : so that the 
 killed and wounded were nearly equal. There were 
 about six hundred men in the fort, commanded by 
 lieutenant colonel Johnson. They consisted of the Clth, 
 reginient, the grenadier company of the 71st, a comA 
 pany of th<? regiment of loyal Americans, and a de. 
 tachment of artillery. One hundred and fVfty-two were 
 either killed oc wounded ; the remainder with, their 
 comn^ander were made prisoners. General Wayne*a 
 force was supposed to be about one thousand (ive 
 l^undred. It is but just, here to praise tl»e conduct 
 of the American commander ; he sco])pcd the carnage, 
 and when the place was entirely calmed > not a man of 
 the garrison was put to the sword. . ; '^' <- 
 
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 The bravery of general Wayne commanded tbehi)theal<' 
 prainea of all parties. As he passed the lust ubUutia ' 
 bo WAS wounded in the head by a nuisqnet ball ; in 
 which state, be insisted on bein^ carried forward, do. 
 clarinf(, ** That if ha died be wished it might be in 
 the fort." 
 
 To the loss of this important fortress must be added, 
 one which was at tlie time sensibly felt through the 
 whole army. Captain Tew, a brave and distinguished 
 officer^ fell in defending the first barrier. He, with 
 the ipost rare and undaunted heroism, even refused tho 
 quarter that was offered him by the Americans, beii^g 
 determined to make a stand until the rest of the 
 garrison were alarmed, or perish on the spot. Tho 
 effort proved unavailing; and unfortunately he fell 
 a sacrifice ! His name^ however, must be always dear 
 to the mind of the brave \ nor did there an officer 
 fiill, duriitg the whole campaigns, who deserved a more 
 splendid monument. 
 
 He was most dangerously (and it was at first thought 
 mortally) wounded when serving under general Amherst, 
 in the French war, at (x>uisbourg. He was shot five 
 Jtmcs through the body, once through each arm* and 
 likewise in the thighs Through one of the apertures 
 made by a bullet, which penetrated the body, a large 
 stripe of linen was passed from the belly out at the 
 back during some months, After the engagement, his 
 wounds were so firmly believed to bo mortal, that 
 they were not dressed for three d|iys, the surgeon ex- 
 pecting his death every half hour. At length, how- 
 ever, with great care some hopes were entertained ; but^ 
 hi& recovery was as tedious as his situation had beei^ 
 dangerous, until, at length he was able to accompany 
 the shattered remains of his regiment to England. 
 
 At last, by the assistance of the first surgeons, and 
 a good constitution, his wounds so far healed, as to 
 
 1 
 
AMERICAN WAR* 
 
 27* 
 
 
 permit h\i return to the public duties of liiti profnHsion, 
 and he served at those hazardous expeditions, both willi 
 regard to health ami hfc, the sieges of Murtinico and 
 the Havaniitth, In both places the dangers encuuiitci^ed 
 from fchtt enemy, lulmitted no couii^rison what- 
 ever witii' those which arose with the deadly exhalations 
 find descended with the pestiferous dews of the climate. 
 Notwithstanding all these services, ho still remained 
 unpromoted, continuing in the rank of a lieutenant, 
 the same in which he left£urope in 1751. 
 
 Some time sftcr the peace, he returned to Great 
 Britain ; and an opportunity soon offering, he purchased 
 the captain lieutenancy of the regiment. When they 
 were reviewed by the king, h« was pointed out to }\i» 
 mojcsty, to whom his singular fate was related. His 
 majesty walked up to him, and after conversing with 
 him very familiarly for some timei put his name down 
 in his memorandum book, in order that he might not 
 fofgct him when an occasion for promoting him shpuld 
 occur. 
 
 In \n\, he was, by his majesty's royal favour pro. 
 moted to a company in the regiment, which was then 
 sent to Scotland, where it continued three years ; but 
 being again reviewed by the king, on their return to 
 London, his majesty instantly recognisied Mr. Tew's 
 person, and again most graciously condesccMided to 
 converse with him, giving him hopes of still further 
 preferment. 
 
 lu the year, 1776, he again embarked for America, 
 where, becoming eldest captain in the regiment, on the 
 appointment pf the then lieutenant-colonel and major 
 to other duties, he was promoted to its command. 
 Many and important were the services rendered by this 
 gallant officer to the royal cause, until, at last, we 
 behold him, like the Spartan, Leonidas, nobly falling 
 ill defending tlio pass. I hav« already nieiitioped the 
 
 * 
 
 ' 4 
 
 I. .» 
 
 '■m 
 
8fd 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 ! 
 
 aflfairs of Princctown and Gcrnmntown, at both wliicli 
 places he bravely distinguished himself. Indeed iu 
 those two actions his regiment rendered such essential 
 service, that they received the public thanks of the 
 connnander in chief. It is such mcu who aru the best 
 guards of the throne, and on whom a iiutiun itiay with 
 safety fix its firmctit dependence. 
 
 VV'ushington's arrangement for tlie attack on the 
 North River) included Fort Fayette with Stoney Point. 
 They were to have been assaulted at the same time. 
 The detachment which had the attack of Fort Fayette; 
 in charge, did not arrive in time ; it, however, ad- 
 vanced under the coniuiand of the American general 
 How ; and, to favor its operations, general Wayne, 
 turned the cannon of Stoney Point against Fort Fayette. 
 Lieutenant colonel Webster commanded there. The, 
 garriiion was formed of the 33d regiment, part of tlie. 
 regiment of loyal Americans, a detachment trpm tlm 
 list, and anptiier of royal artillery. 
 
 Sir Henry Clinton was not iinapprized of the danger v 
 the expedition against New London was suspended, 
 the transports and troops were recalled from the sound, 
 and the army moved on to Dpbb's Ferry, on the North 
 River. Brigadier general Sterling, with a detachment, 
 sailed up the river ^ and tlie commander in chief, with 
 a superior force, followed, hoping, that Washington 
 might be tempted, for the safety qf Stoney Point, to 
 tjnit his fortresses, and risque an engagement. Thei 
 American general was too prudent, and on the contrary, 
 ji^ave immediate orders for the evacuation of Stbney 
 Point, and the demolition of ail the worksi which the 
 time would permit. Colonel Webster bravely defended 
 his post at Fort Fayette or Verplank's Neck. Ue sustained 
 the cannonade uf Stpney Point withgut returning it, and 
 bent the whole of his attention to the attack, under gene- 
 ral How. This conduct succ«cded. Before the Americats 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 277 
 
 were able to effect any thing against the fort, the 
 arrival of brigadier Sterling put an end to the contest ; 
 Stoney Point was re.taken, and on the arrival uf Sir 
 Henry Clinton, the works were repaired, and brigadier 
 general Sterling, with a more numerous garrison, took 
 the command. As no manoeuvre whatever seemed likely 
 Co draw Washington from his hold of security in the 
 Highlands, the transports fell down the river, and tiic 
 troops returned to their quarters. 
 
 The idea of forming a settlement on the bay of 
 Penobscot, had been adopted by the British commander. 
 Six hundred men from the 74th and 8 2d regiments 
 sailed in transports for that purpose, escorted by thre« 
 sloops of war. The command of this dotachmcnt was 
 given to general Maclean. It was suggested that forming 
 a post in this settlement would not only check tlW 
 incursions of the Americans into Nova Scotia, but also 
 facilitate the supply of timber for the royal yards 
 at Halifax, &c. that part of the country abounding 
 with forests. The bay of Penobscot is about seven 
 leagues broad at the entrance, and seventeen iji length. 
 The river Penobscot empties itself into its head. About 
 nine miles below the mouth of the river, on the ea^t 
 (ide of the bay is i small, but convenient harbour. 
 The point of land on the peninsula forming one si^lc 
 of the harbour, was the spot general Maclean fixed od 
 fpr the erection of a fort to protect tlie^ settlement. 
 
 The Americans lost no time in opposing the measure. 
 A fleet, consisting of nineteen armed ships and bri- 
 gantines, and twenty-seven transports, with three thou- 
 sand troops, under the command of geueral LovelJ s^t 
 sail from Boston harbour, under the protection of com- 
 modore Saltonstal, to oppose the undertaking. 
 
 His detachment arrived in Penobscot bay on the 25th of 
 
 July, but could not effect u landing until the 28th ; three 
 
 >J9ops of war; uujJcr the directive of captain Mowa; 
 
 ^.• 
 
 f ■ 
 
 \. n 
 
 ik\ -V> 'J I 
 
I 
 
 
 
 * • 
 
 7T9 
 
 JOURNAL or Tms 
 
 mmmanilihg the mouth of the harbour. The fleet 
 could not enter to land the troops 6n one tide the pe- 
 ninsula, and the other vras so steep and rugged that 
 it was alnioH inaccesHible. At last it was accomplished 
 on the morning of the 28th| before day break : various 
 and ineflfectual assaults and skirmishes, took place 
 until the twelfth of August, (a period of fifteen days,) 
 when a deserter brought intelligencse to general Maclean, 
 that tiie day fullowiug, a general assault was to be madv 
 on the fort ; but the arrival of Sir George Cdlirr 
 caused them to forego their design, and they hastily 
 reimbarked, with rhc greater part of their cannon. 
 The- utmost coirfusion took place on board, and at 
 last, not during to wait the shock of the British 
 squadron, they sought safety by flight. Two of 
 the armed ships in endeavouring to get to sea by 
 passing round Long Island, were lost to theoi, the 
 one being taken, and the other was ran ashore, and 
 blown up by the crew. The rest, with the transports, 
 (led in disorder to the head of the bay, and entered 
 the mouth of the river, closely pursued by the British. 
 Here they landed in a wild uncultivated country ', 
 destitute of provisions and every necessary, they had 
 to explore their way through a trackless desert, more 
 than an hundred miles before they Could reach any 
 place of safety, or obtain succour. A quarrel ensued 
 between the seamen and the landsmen, each throwing 
 the blame on the otler. It terminated in a battle, 
 wherein fifty or sixty men were killed, and nnmbers, 
 before they reached the cuhivated part of the pro- 
 vince, perished in t^e woods. 
 
 Such, (with all their vast superiority of numbers, wa» 
 the event of the American opposition at Penobscot. 
 General Maclean was entitled to, and received' the 
 highest praise. *^ In the progress and issue of this 
 expedition/' says Stedman, ** we see bow much may be 
 
 X 
 
. AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 The (led 
 ide the pe- 
 jgged that 
 cotnplUhed 
 k : virious 
 took place 
 fteen days,) 
 -al Maclean, 
 to be madv 
 >rge ColUfr 
 they hastily 
 leir cannon, 
 ord, and at 
 the British 
 Two of 
 to sea by 
 I them, the 
 ashore, and 
 |e transports, 
 and entered 
 the British, 
 country j 
 , they had 
 lesert, more 
 reach any 
 irrel ensued 
 h throwing 
 in a battle, 
 id nnmbers, 
 if the pro- 
 
 [nibers, wa» 
 
 1 Penobscot. 
 
 eteived' the 
 
 jue of this 
 
 ich may ^ 
 
 fliro 
 
 
 •Aected by a very inconsiderable force, when British 
 oflicers act with /ra) and unanimity in the service dt 
 their king aiu riountry." 
 
 On tlii* English aidr, seventy were killed, wounded, 
 and missing , on board the fleet, fifteen killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 f The loss of the American soldiery was never ascertain- 
 ed ; but it must, on the whole, have more than exceeded 
 two-thirds of their force. Of their fleetsthere were — 
 
 .9 ■ 
 
 TAKEN. 
 
 Warren, 32 guns, 
 Monmouth, 24 do. 
 Vengeance, 24 do. 
 Putnam, 22 do. 
 Sally, 22 do. 
 
 Hector, 20 do. 
 
 Black Prince, 18 do. 
 Sky Rocket, 16 do. 
 Active, 16 do. 
 
 Defence, 16 guns, 
 Hazard, 16 do. 
 Diligeace. 14 do. 
 Tyrannicide, 1 4 do. 
 Providence, 14 do. 
 Spring Bird, 12 do. 
 Together with 2V sail 
 of transports. 
 
 fiunNf. 
 
 Hampden, SO guns, Nancy, 
 Hunter, 18 do. Rover 
 
 16 guns, 
 10 do. 
 
 Once more the reader*s attention is solicited to other 
 scenes, and following the operations of the southern 
 armies, let us pursue the narrative of affairs before 
 Savannah. 
 
 Count D'Estaing, after taking St. Vincent's and Gre- 
 nada, sailed for America, and arrived an unexpected 
 visitant on the coast of Georgia. His fleet consisted 
 of twenty sail of the line, two of fifty guns, and eleven 
 frigates, with which he surprised and took the Experiment 
 of fifty guns and three frigates. 
 
 As soon as his arrival was known to the Americans, 
 •genwal Lincoln marched for Savannah, and in a short 
 
 • N n 
 
 4 
 
 • : • ;« 
 
 ' t' 
 
 ,>!■* 
 
2«0. 
 
 JOURNAL OF Tim 
 
 M 
 
 Pi 
 
 '^!' 
 
 
 the time place was invested both by sea and land. Tlie 
 British were diligent in malting every preparation for 
 its defence. Before the arrival of Lincoln, the eount sent 
 a peremptory summons, demanding the surrender of the 
 place to the arms of France. To this general Prevost 
 replied, by inquiring on what terms ? The French com- 
 mander rejoined, ** That it was for the besieged to offer 
 terms." A truce for twenty-four hours was then de- 
 manded and granted. During this time colonel Maitland, 
 after encountering incredible difficulties, arrived from 
 Beaufort, which place he had been ordered to abandon. 
 The difficulties he had overcome im bis inarch were 
 astonishing. His arrival decided the fate of Savannah : 
 for when some of the officers in council were for 
 capitulating, the colonel resolutely arose, though alhiost 
 worn out with fatigue, and said, *•■ that the word 
 capitulation was what he abhon^ed -y* adding,, in' a firm 
 tone, " thit if he should survive,, and go. home to 
 Britain, he would report to- the king the name of 
 the first officer who should dare t& propose a capi- 
 tulation^'* Thus encouraged, the garrisoa determined 
 en the most vigorous resistance. The works of the 
 garrison were strengthened by the incessant labour 
 of the troops and the negroes, under the direction of 
 that excellent engineer major Moncrref. The siege 
 commenced with nine mortars, and thirty pieces oi' 
 caun&n from the land side, and fifteen from the water. 
 It was at tliis period that general Prevost solicited 
 leave to send the women and children out of the 
 place. This was tauntingly refused on the part of 
 the Americans. Ramsay says (with his usual candor 
 and t7^tk I) that they were fearful lest the plunder 
 of tl)e Carolinas stiould be thus conveyed away ; but X 
 am almost weary with noticing the mi.s-rcpresentations^ 
 of this writer. . -r „ 
 
 • \ 
 
»• I 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 oar 
 
 The hurricane scasoa, so fatal on that part of the 
 American coast, had now commenced, and the sailors 
 began to murmur at delay. This forced them on the 
 desperate attempt of storming the place, which was com- 
 menced at Springhold battery, October 9th, early in 
 the morning, by three thousand five hundred French 
 troops, six hundred continentalls, and three hundred and 
 fifty of the inhabitants of Charlestown. These troops, 
 under the command of D'Estaingand Lincoln, resolutely 
 marched up to the lines ; but the treuieiidous and well 
 directed fire of the batteries, jolued to that m a cross 
 direction from the galtlies, threv/ their whole columns into 
 confusion ; not before, however, they had planted two 
 standards on the British redoubts. 
 
 There were two feints made by the American militia 
 to draw the attention of the garrison froni the real point 
 of attack, to their centre and left. Meanwhile it was 
 intended that count Dillon should secretly pass the edge 
 of the swamps^ the redoubts, and batterites, and attack 
 the rear oi the British lines. The troops were in 
 motion before day-light, but a heavy fog arising with 
 the morning, they lost their way in the j!>wamp, and 
 were finely exposed to the view of the garrison 
 and the fire of the batteries, which was so hot and 
 tremeudons, that they in vaiin atteippted to form, and 
 their whole design was defeated. ,. _., .: _i .i, , 
 
 Lieutenant Tawes, of the *71st fegiment, nobly fell 
 with hi$ sword in the body of the third of the assailants 
 lie had killed. It was in defending the gate of the 
 redoubt that he feiU. The enemy rushed forward, 
 and two standards (one American and the other 
 French) were fixed on the parapet. They were soon 
 displaced, and the conflict for possession of the redoubt 
 became hot and bloody. At Jast, when every thing 
 hung in suspense, lieutenant colonel Maitland seized the 
 critical moment, and ordered the grenadiers of the 60i\^ 
 
 Nn 2 
 
 '4 
 
 ■*■ iV' 
 
nt 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 m 
 
 ii 
 
 M 
 
 4: 
 
 m 
 
 *hr. 
 
 
 i! 
 Mill 
 
 
 regiment, with the marines, to charge the enemy, who 
 began to give way, being annoyed at once by the 
 slaughter in the redoubt, the heavy fire from the bat- 
 teries, and the guns of the Germaine armed brig, which 
 played incessantly upon them. This judicious move- 
 ment decided the contest. The enemy were driven out 
 of the redoubt with immense ^laughter ; they fled in all 
 directions ; six hundred and tl^irty-seven French and 
 two hundred and sixty-foui of the Americans were left 
 upon the spot, either killed or wounded. 
 
 General Prevost did not order any pursuit, as the 
 enemy, notwithstanding their loss, were three times the 
 number of the garrison. However their ranks were still 
 further thinned, during their flight, by the heavy and 
 ivell directed fire of the British garrison, under the 
 command of captain Charleton. The loss of the be- 
 siegers, upon the whole, was upwards of one thovisaad 
 men, among whom were forty-four officers. 
 
 Count D*Estaing was wounded in two places, neither 
 of the woiinds were mortal, and count ^olaskie received! 
 a ball, of which he diied shortly after the engagement. 
 
 The event, in Polaskie's life, which will long render 
 liim an object of public curiosity, and also of public 
 execration, was the attempt to assassinate the king of 
 Poland. He was, at the time he planned the atrocious 
 enterprise, a general in the army oi the confederates. 
 The cons))irators who carried it into execution, were 
 about forty in number, and were headed by three chiefs, 
 named Lukawskie, Strawenskie, and Kosinski. These 
 three chiefs had been engaged for that purpose, by 
 Polrskie, who, in the town of Cyetscho, now in Great 
 Poland, obliged them to swear in the most solemn 
 manner, by placing their hands between !iis, either to 
 deliver the king alive into his hands, or, in case that 
 was impracticable, to put him to death. On the 2d of 
 November, 17*71, about a month after they had quitted 
 
memy, who 
 ice by the 
 jm the bat- 
 brig, which 
 :ious move- 
 > driven out 
 ey fled in all 
 French and 
 ans were left 
 
 suit, as the 
 ee times the 
 nks were still 
 le heavy and 
 I, under the 
 5 of the b^- 
 
 )ne thovisand 
 
 I.- • ••• ' 
 
 1 
 
 laces, neither 
 skie received 
 
 t 
 
 agement. 
 long render . 
 [Iso of public 
 the king of 
 Ithe atrocious 
 Iconfederates. 
 [cution, were 
 three chiefs, 
 iski. These 
 [purpose, by 
 low in Great 
 uost solemn 
 Ills, either to 
 I in case that 
 )n the 2d of 
 had quitted 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 28$ 
 
 Cyetscho, they obtained admission into Warsaw, un- 
 suspected, by the following stratagem : they disguised 
 themselves as peasants, who came to sell hay, and crtti- 
 cealed their saddles and clothes under the loads in th« 
 yaggoris. On Sunday night the 3d of November, mi, 
 a few of these conspirators remained in the skirts of 
 the town^ and the others repaired to the place of ren- 
 dezvous, the streets of the Capuchins, where his 
 majesty was expected to pass by, about his usual hour 
 of returning from visiting to the palace. The king had 
 to visit his uncle prince Zartoriski, grand chancellor 
 of Lithuania, and was on his return from thence to the 
 palace between nine and ten o'clock. He was in a coach, 
 accompanied by at least fifteen or sixteen attendants, be- 
 sides an aid-de-camp in the carriage. Scarcely was he" 
 two hutidred paces from prince Zartoriski's palace, when 
 he was attacked by the conspirators, who commanded 
 the coav-hman to stop on pain of instant death. Tbey 
 fired several shots into the carriage, one of which passed 
 through the body of a hey-duc, who endeavoured to 
 defend his master from the violence of the assasins. 
 Almost all the persons who preceded and accompanied 
 his majesty, were dispersed; the aid-de-camp abandoned 
 hirr,, and attempted to conceal himself by flight. Mean- 
 while the king had opened the door of his carriage, 
 with the design of effecting his escape, under shelter of 
 the night, which was extremely dark. He had even 
 alighted, when the assasins seized him by the hair, ex- 
 claiming in Polish, with horrible execrations, " We 
 have thee now ; thy hour is come." One of them dis- 
 charnfed a pistol at him, so very near, that he felt the 
 heat of the flash, while another cut him across the head, 
 with his sabre, which penetrated to the bone. They 
 then laid hold of his majesty by the collar, and mount- 
 ing on horseback, dragged him along the ground be- 
 
 \ 
 
 ■ . '.' I, 
 
 • } 
 
 
 '■>:.■ 
 
 K' 
 
 ij*?i' «■ 
 
 
28 i 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 rv 
 
 l|M 
 
 M 
 
 > 4 
 
 \ Ml 
 
 4/i!i 
 
 !*•'' 
 
 :^ 
 
 Vi! 
 
 tween iheir horses at full gallop, for near five hundred 
 paces, through the streets of Warsaw. 
 
 It is astonishing that none of the balls which passe4 
 through the carriage should hurt or wound the king, 
 several went through his pellise, or sur great coat. '* I 
 have seen this," says that celebrated writer, Nathaniel 
 Wraxal, Esq. ** and the holes made in it by the pistol 
 bullets." It is no less wonderful that the assassins should 
 carry him through such a number of streets without 
 being stopped. A Ilussian sentinel did hail them, but 
 as they answered in Russiau, he allowed them to pass,^ 
 imagining them to be a patrole of his nation. The 
 night besides was exceeding dark, and Warsaw has no 
 lamps. All these circumstances contribute to account 
 for the extraordinary event. 
 
 AU was confusion during this time at the palace, 
 where the attendants spread the alarm. The foot guards 
 ran immediately to the spot from whence the king 
 had been conveyed ; but they found only his hat all 
 bloody, and- his bag ; this increased their apprehen^ 
 sions for his life. The whole city was in an uproar. 
 The assassins profited by the universal confusion, 
 terror, and consternation, to bear away their prize. 
 Finding) however, that he was incapable of following 
 them on foot, and that he had already nearly lost his 
 respiration, thej^ set him on liorseback ; and then re- 
 doubled their speed for fear of being overtaken. Wheii 
 they came to the ditch which surrounds Warsaw, they 
 obliged him to leap his horse over. In the attempt 
 the horse fell twice, and at the second fall broke his 
 leg. They then mounted his majesty on another, all 
 covered as he was> with dirt. 
 
 r The conspirators had no sooner crossed the ditch, 
 than tliey began to riffle the king, tearing off the 
 order of the black eagle of Prussia, which he wore 
 round his jieck, and the diamond cross hanging to it. 
 
AMERfCAN WAH. 
 
 2«5 
 
 ■h'A 
 
 e requeste4 them to leave him his handkerchief, to 
 wbich they consented ; his pocket book escaped their 
 rapacity. 
 
 A great number of the assassins retired, after Iraving 
 thus plundered him, probably to notify to their re- 
 spective leaders the success of their enterprise, and 
 the king's arrival as a prisoner. Only seven remained 
 with him, of whom Kosinski was the chief. The night 
 fvcts exceedingly dark ; they were absolutely ignorant 
 of the way ; and as the horses could not keep their 
 legs, they obliged his majesty to follow them on foot, 
 with only one shoe ; the other being lost in the dirt. 
 
 They continued to wander through the open mea- 
 dows, without following any certain path, and without 
 getting ftuy great distance from Warsaw. They again 
 mounted tlie king on horseback, two of them holding 
 iiim on each side by the band, and a third leading 
 his horse by the bridle. In this manner they were 
 proceeding, when his m^esty finding they had taken 
 the road, wliich led to a village called Burakow,. 
 •warned them not to enter it, because there were some 
 Russians stationed in that place, who might probably 
 attMnpt to rescue him.* Finding himself, however, in- 
 capable of accoMapanying the assassins in the painful 
 posture in which the^^ held him,, he requested tliem 
 at least to give him another horse and a boot. This 
 request they •complied with ; and continuing their 
 progress tliroogh ahnost impassable lands, without any 
 
 * This iB^matlon may at first sight appear unaccountable ; 
 but was really dictated by the greatest address and judgment. 
 He apprehended, with reason, that on the sight of a RtKsian 
 guard, they would instantly piit him to death and fly ; whereas, 
 by informing them of the danger they incurred, he in some 
 measure gained tHeir confidence. In effect, thfs behaviour of 
 the king seemed to soften them a iitile, and made them 
 believe he did not mean to escape from them. 
 
 'U 
 
 '^.':-U'" 
 
 
 if'.. 
 
 m 
 
S86 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 •I 
 
 ' ''li 
 
 ! ! 
 
 i: 
 
 yoad, and ignorant of their way, they at length found 
 themselves in the wood of Biclany, only a league distant 
 from Warsaw. From the time 'they had passed the 
 ditch, they repeatedly demanded of Kosinski, their 
 chief, ** If it was not yet time to put the king to 
 death ?*' and these demands were reiterated in propor- 
 tion to the difficulties they encountered. 
 
 Meanwhile the confusion and consternation increased 
 at Warsaw. The guards were afraid to pursue the - 
 conspirators, lest terror of being overtaken should 
 prompt them in the darkness to massacre the king : 
 and on the other hand, by not pursuing, they might 
 give them time to escape with their prize, beyond the 
 possibility of assistance. Several of the first nobility 
 at length mounted on horseback, and following the - 
 track of the assassins arrived at the place where his 
 majesty had passed the ditch. There they found his 
 pellise, which he had lost in the precipitation with 
 which he was hurried away : it was bloody, and pierced 
 with holes made by the balls or sabres. This caused 
 them to imagine that he was no more. 
 
 The king was still in the hands of the seven re- 
 maining assassins, who advanced with him into the wood 
 of Bie'.any, when they were suddenly alarmed by a 
 Russian patrole or detachment. Instantly holding coun-^ 
 cil, four of them disappeared, leaving him with the other 
 ttiree, who compelled him to walk on. Scarce a quarter 
 of an hour, after a second Russian guard challenged 
 them anew. Two of the assassins then fled, and the 
 king remained alone with Kosinski, the chief, both on 
 foot. His majesty, exhausted with the fatigue he had 
 undergone, implored bis conductor to stop, and suffer 
 him to take a moment's repose. Kcsin ki refused it, 
 menacing him with his naked sabru v and at the same 
 time informed liitn, that beyond the wood they shovid 
 iiud a carriage. They continued their walk until they 
 
n. 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. • 
 
 287 
 
 gth founcl 
 rue distant 
 tassed the 
 ski, their 
 e king to 
 in proper- 
 
 I increased 
 pursue the 
 en should 
 the king: 
 they might 
 beyond the 
 irst nobility 
 llowing the 
 ; where his 
 Y found his 
 >itation with 
 and pierced 
 This caused 
 
 seven re- 
 ito the wood: 
 irraed by a 
 ilding coun- 
 ith the other 
 ce a quarter 
 challenged 
 led, and the 
 ef, both on 
 ;igue he hadf 
 I, and suffer 
 refused it, 
 at the same 
 they shot Id 
 until they 
 
 iCame to the door of the convent of Bielany. Kosinski 
 appeared lost in thought, and so much agitated hy his 
 reflections, that the king, perceiving his disorder, and 
 observing that he wandered without knowing the road, 
 said to him, '^ I see you are at a loss which way to 
 proceed. Let me enter the convent of Bielany, and 
 do you provide for your own safety." •* No," replied 
 Kosinsksi, ** I have sworn." 
 
 " They proceeded till they came to Mariemont, a 
 small palace belonging to the house of Saxony, not 
 above half a league from Warsaw. Here Kosinski be- 
 trayed some satisfaction at finding where he was, and 
 the king still demanding an instant^s repose, he at length 
 consented. They sat down together on the ground, 
 and the king employed these moments in endeavoring 
 to soften his conductor, and induce him to favor or 
 permit his escape. His majesty represented the attro- 
 city of the crime he had committed, in attempting to 
 murder his sovereign, and the invalidity of the oath 
 he had taken to perpetrate so heinous an action. 
 Kosinski lent attention to this discourse, and began 
 lo betray some marks of remorse. ** But," said he, 
 " if I should consent and reconduct you to Warsav/f 
 what will be the consequence } I shall be taken and 
 executed." 
 
 " This reflection plunged him into new uncertjiinty 
 and embarrassment. " I give you my word," answered 
 his majesty, "that you shall sufl'er no harm; but if 
 you doubt my promise, escape while there is yet 
 time ; I can find my way to «ome place of security, 
 and 1 will certainly direct your pursuers to take the con- 
 trary road to that which you have chosen." Kosinski 
 could not any longer contain himself, but throwing 
 himself at the king's feet, implored forgiveness for 
 the crime he had committed, and swore to protect 
 him from every enemy ; relying totally on his gene- 
 
 O o 
 
 ■Hv . 
 
 t . 
 
 
 H 1 
 
 

 iii 
 
 1^ 
 
 ■ ,>■ 
 
 269 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 
 rosity for pardon and preservation. His majesty reite- 
 tcratcd his assurances of safety. Judging, however, that 
 it was prudent to gain some asylum without delay, 
 and recollecting that there was a mill at some con> 
 .siderablu distance, he immediately made towards it. 
 Kosinskt knocked, but in vain; no answer was given. 
 Ho then broke a pane of glass in the window, and 
 entreated for shelter, to a nobleman who had been 
 plundered by rol)bers. The miller refused, supposing 
 tlieni to be a banditti;, and continued for more than 
 half an hour to persist in his denial. At length the 
 king approached, and speaking through the broken 
 pnuc, endeavored to persuade him to admit them 
 ijiuler his roof , culding, *' If we were robbers, it would 
 be easy for us to break the whole window, instead of 
 one pane of glass." This argument prevailed : they 
 at length ^opened the door, and admitted his majesty. 
 He immediately wrote a note to general Coccei, co- 
 lonel of the foot guards. It was literally as follows : 
 
 " By a kind of miracle, I have escaped from the 
 hands of the assassins. I am now at the mill of Mar- 
 rremont. Come as soon as possible and take me from 
 |ence. I am wounded, but not dangerously.'* 
 
 *^It was wit!) the greatest difficulty that the king could 
 persuade any one to carry this note to Warsaw, as 
 the peopli^ of the mill, imagining that he was a no- 
 bleman who had -ju^t been plundered by robbers, were 
 afraid of fiilling in with tlie troop. Kosinski then 
 clllevi'd to restore every thing he had -taken, but his 
 iTitijesiy left hin> all, except the blue ribband of the 
 \7hitc Eigle. AVhen the messenger arrived with the note 
 ■,:i Warsaw, the a.stonishment and joy was incredible. 
 t o.ccci iiumedjatt'ly rode to the mill, followed by a de- 
 taciMJieiit oi the guards. Ik- met Kosinski at the door with 
 Ills sabre (iriavit,\vho admitted him, as soon as he knexvhim, 
 "^liic.ktiig had ^>uilk i\V.o asleep caused by his fatigue, 
 
AMERICA.v WAlt 
 •"'• «»i sireiclicd on ,|„. , 
 
 "» "'0 miller and hi, rLl 7 " ""-" "»"'»i''..no„^ 
 
 srngular a,, even. I, : '''' '"™«'rablo l.y ,„ 
 
 « • "is-ance fro™ ,„y , ^^^ •"-;;l-^ poli ,1, ul^, 
 'l-e n.,l|er ,o ,|.e extent of hi. ? ^'"" ''^»»'-<l"l 
 ""■» a mill upon the Vi«u|. „, '?' '" '""'^"'t,' 
 ™all pension. Hi, J,^""' "'"' /"""i"? Imu « 
 
 ''y five in the m„r„i„T'"Hi! ''•?'"=" "^ P»l»co 
 'o bo dangerous, a„d h ' "' """'"'' "»» '"".kI no, 
 
 -" iMJurie, which he h d uff JT'-^" '"= """- 
 raWe night. " '""""ed during thi, „eina- 
 
 o/rtf c\,Ii;i^"„,''t4Pr°' .'» ""= «"• - ''- 'rial 
 
 -r John Ku.,„a, to Z ttl S^ '"' «-"'»'■. 
 elf .ndcbted for these favC ";?!['> ,?P^««» ^im- 
 " A^ I -vas in the hands „7,'. '^""""'"^ words : 
 
 repeatedly ask John K Lt 1^'":'- ' '■^"'' '^^^ 
 «'»a.e „,e, hut he aWavs ' ' ". ''""'''' '"" »»«'- 
 "- first who persuad d ,em'rr, """'■ "^ »'» 
 g-ter gentleness; and obCd .hel^T '" "" '""' 
 soine services, .vhich I ihn^" . """''"' °" "'o 
 
 »"-= to give L a 'a„ . ^™"'" "■'•""''' i '^amelv, 
 
 - *at ,i„e ::.. no-^iri;:! T""''- ^' '-'^ .vi.ic,: 
 
 »ir greatly affected the wound ' ''"' "'" ^"''^ 
 
 foot, which was cove!t^ Z th hlo'o '."'" '"' ^ """ '"^ 
 -^, .orture, which contintJrLrmlennr 
 
 ^ ^ ^^^*' contruioft 
 
 
 4 . 
 
 
 
 ''IP' 
 
 •^:| 
 
 # 
 
 '1.. 
 
 
 
 1. 
 
 'f.J- til 
 
 •l^; 
 
 
290 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 % 
 
 M 
 
 for ihcir guilt; the latter beliavcd with that fortitutic 
 which was worthy a better cause." uti 
 
 After the conclusion of these troubles, Polaski es- 
 caped from Poland, and repaired to Anncrica, where he 
 raised a regiment of horse, and was appointed by con- 
 gress a major general of their armies. 
 
 But although death thus swept away from the Amc^ 
 rican service a most active and dangerous character, 
 the triumph' of tho British garrison was alloyed by h 
 event, c;' their part of the most distressing nature. This 
 was the loss of that highly esteemed and much beloved 
 offictr, colonel Maitland. The noxious vapours which 
 rise from the American marshes during the summer 
 season, proved fatal to his constit-iiion. Before he 
 left Beaufort he was attacked with a billions disorder, 
 which was increased by his route through the marshes 
 to Savannah. The anxiety and hardships of the siege 
 served only to aggravate the complaint, which termi- 
 nated in the dissolution of an officer whose name will 
 be dear to Britons, until patriotism coasts to be a virtue, 
 and loyalty becomes a crime. Soon after bis death a 
 character of him appeared in Rivington's New York 
 Royal Gazette, the elegance, st ?ngth, and beautrful 
 diction of which (I have no other reasons) inclines me 
 strongly to suspect that, it was written by his friend 
 major Andre. 
 
 " The late colonel Maitland was one of the most 
 active officers at the commencement, and during the 
 progress of the American war : his zeal and gallantry 
 Were sufficient incitements to lead where dancrer 
 dignified and rendered a post honorable. Though he 
 possessed an easy fortune, had a seat in the house of 
 commons, and was of an advanced age, yet he never 
 availed himself of such powerful pretensions, or ex- 
 pressed a desire of returning from the "field of honor. 
 Unshaken loyalty, genuine patriotism, undaunted hia- 
 
 ^m 
 
 
AMERICAN WM. 
 
 '2[i\ 
 
 hat fortitmlc 
 
 , PolasUi es- 
 ica, where he 
 linted by con- 
 
 From the Ame- 
 
 Qus character, 
 
 alloyed by h 
 
 r nature. This 
 
 I much beloved 
 vapours which 
 <r the summer 
 n. Before he 
 ilVioua disorder, 
 gb the marshes 
 ps of the siege 
 , which termi- 
 whose name will 
 
 to be a virtue, 
 ter bis death a 
 ,n's New York 
 
 and beautrful 
 ns) inclines me 
 
 by his friend 
 
 le of the most 
 land during the 
 
 II and gallantry 
 where danger 
 
 le. Though he 
 in the house of 
 le, yet he never 
 [ensions, or ex- 
 •field of honor, 
 undaunted bia- 
 
 very, judicious conduct, steady coolnea«, and unre. 
 nutting perseverance, constituted his character as aii 
 ofHcer. His benevolence was ever exerted when indi- 
 gence presented ; he not only relieved, but sympathi/.od 
 with the distressed : to inform him of any person that re. 
 quired charitable exertion, was an ample recommendation. 
 His disposition was so extremely amiable that to know him 
 was to admire him. His address was easy and engaging ; 
 his language strongs nervous and persuasive : his Affabi- 
 lity rendered him pleasing to every observer: he was 
 beloved by his friends, respected by his acquaintances, 
 and revered by every officer and soldier under his 
 command. His counti'y will feel the loss of so accom- 
 plished a chief ; his acquaintance will long lament the 
 loss of so venerable a friend ; the indigent search in 
 vain for another so eminently benevolent, and the 
 soldiersj long accustomed to his pleasing command, 
 lament his death, and revere his mehiory." 
 
 About this time the congress, in order to tel-rify the 
 Indians into neutrality, gave orders for an expeditioh 
 which should convince them that the inhabitants of 
 the sea coast were possessed of the means of carrying 
 devastation into the heart of their territory. It was 
 imagined that snch a measure would deter them from 
 again invading and ravaging the American settlements. 
 Five thousand men with artillery and field pieces, under 
 the command of major general Sullivan, entered the 
 Indian possessions. The natives fled as the}- ap- 
 proached, and a general destruction of every thing 
 commenced ; " more," says Stedman, ** than one hun- 
 dred and fifty thousand bushels of corn were destroyed ;" 
 their gardens were laid waste, even the fruit trees werj;; 
 cjit down ; and one wide and spreading desolation every 
 where met the eye." Meantime the Indians invaded the 
 provincial towns and settlements, and thus mutual destruc- 
 tion commenced. The Indians were enraged, but not 
 
 " -.i.: 
 
092 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 overcome; and the little benefit and great expense of tin: ; 
 measure, rendered it very unpo|9ular — Congress became 
 dissatisfied — it never had general Washington's appro- 
 bation — and general Sullivan, on his return, resigned all 
 his employments and retired. While the northern 
 Indians were thus suffering under the invasion of ge- 
 neral Sullivan, those of the south, were also made to 
 feel the effects of American retribution. Such a system 
 of warfare is shocking to humanity, and, after all, its 
 vwry p(4icy seems to be at best but problematical. 
 
 vv 
 
 ff,f 'I* hf.« 
 
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 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 ciiapti:r XIV. 
 
 293 
 
 •I 
 
 I, 
 
 ^■i 
 
 Sir Henry Clinton, with a large Bodj of Troops sails 
 from Nexo Vorky and anives, after much Difficulty, 
 in South Carolina. Charleitown Capitulates to the 
 British Forces. Memoirs of Captain Grattan, of 
 the Bith Jiegiment. Sir Henry Clinton returns 
 to New York. Lord Cornwall's takes the Command 
 of the Royal Forces in the Southern Provinces. 
 Battle near Camden. Major Ferguson defeated. 
 
 Towards tlje latter md of the year 1779, Sir. 
 Henry Clinton entrusted the command of the royal 
 army in New York, to lieutenant general Knyphausen, 
 and embarked for the southward, with a formidable 
 force, provisions, ammunition, &.c. The whole sailed 
 from Sandy Hook on the 26th of December, under 
 convoy of admiral Arbuthnot. The passage proved 
 both tedious and dangerous. Part of the ordnance, 
 some of the artillery, and most of the cavalry horses 
 were lost ; nor did the fleet arrive at Tybu, in Geor- 
 gia, until the 3 1st of January, 1780. 
 
 In a few days the transports sailed with the army 
 for North Edisto. They landed about thirty miles from 
 Charlestown (after a short passage) and took possession ' 
 of John's Island, Stono ferry, James's Island, and 
 Wappo-cut. A bridge being tlirown over the canal, 
 
 \\i 
 
fi9* 
 
 JOURNAL OP TfiE 
 
 ^.1' . 
 
 pf 
 
 t'1 
 
 .„.,„. 1,- 
 
 ,.l 
 
 part of the forces took post on the banks on Ashley 
 river, opposite Charlestown. 
 
 The tedious passage from New York, afforded op- 
 portunity to the Americans to fortify Charlestown ; 
 and from the losses which the expedition had sustained. 
 Sir Henry Clinton deemed it prudent to send orders 
 to New York for a reinforcement of men and stores. 
 He also drew twelve hundred men from the garrison 
 at Savannah. Brigadier general Patterson who com- 
 manded this detachment, crossed the river Savannah, 
 and traversing the country, ari'i v-ed on the banks of 
 Ashley river. The siege was immediately commenced, 
 A depot was formed at Wappo, on James's Island j 
 fortifications were erected there, and on the main land, 
 opposite the southern and western ends of Charlestown. 
 An advanced party crossed the river, and broke ground 
 at eight hundred yards from the American works j 
 and batteries were erected on Charlestown neck. Nor 
 were the Americans idle during this period : they put 
 the town into every possible state . of defence. 
 
 Clarlestown is said to contain about one thousand 
 four hundred houses, and about eight thousand inha- 
 bitants, including the blacks, who are by far the 
 more numerous, almost every white man, in this 
 boasted land of liberty, keeping . a great number of 
 slaves! The inhabitants are very extravagant in their 
 living, splendid equipages, &c. But the merchants 
 suffered so much during the war, that it is 
 doubtful if they will ever regain their former 
 wealth. They boast of their town as the most polite 
 place in America ; but it is far exceeded by several 
 others, in riches as well as convenience ; the waters 
 are frequently putrid ; its climate unhealthy, and 
 every necessary of life much dearer than in any other 
 part of Amprica. * ■ ; . ,:. ; ->v';.5.i, 
 
* 
 
 ft' 
 
 t number of 
 
 AfemCAN WAR. 
 
 opewe a, a drag oCn of A. '7 «°'"' """■• •»"" 
 *eneck of any'sut If^rsfj; ^-g-noe about 
 "t^nuhan in all .he olheH U^of A " '" " ^"'"" 
 '••ommable and notorious tffif I™",' "" "■" 
 Ho»;any people pretending as .h.! "" ""'^''■ 
 to the profession of cMstiaPifv 7 "^"oncans do, 
 
 ^orriMe traffic i„ ^b:Z:VZtnr ''"''''' ''" 
 *eir co-heirs in redemn,i„n i . '^'"o"' <:™'>>res. 
 "Wch they pro,:lT one" IT "'" '"^ "="«'°" 
 "a dreadful ,olecism^ anh.ch aV"'' """ P^'''' 
 a Mahometan triumph a del. exu/^"': T '*"«'' i 
 a Je.* n,igl« pft^.' 'j, ' Z^;' ^'"'". a-d which even 
 
 lament the continuance „f!/rT '''"^"^» «»■»' 
 ashamed of the prac"ke as i •""■*"' ""' "K"^" 
 
 These «fiec.ion,%truA the „ rTTl'^"' '° "» ««'-e. 
 Je perused the follo^^: ^V^lif ""=, ^"">0V »he„ 
 habitants of Cha-lestown" T^T^^^ '^>«ive to the iL 
 North America: ' ""^ h»torical revie^ of 
 
 " In the midst of even, tfsai ii ' 
 
 -djoy, scene, of (nis^T^viSe 1'"*' "'/'^"''"y 
 n>omen.arily intervene to aLauh th "■"" "^ ^'"••^^y. 
 feelings of humanity a^ Toci H '^:'^, ^"^ ^ar ! The 
 
 of incessant toil - - Th^ v r" ' "'f'^" ''"''^'"P' 
 •he -eat and ^, of' the nnh "^ '' ''*"P "''^ 
 ""-•■k of the whip too f.tuc^tr"'?^ '''""'"''• ■^'■0 
 of convivial mirth - He e ll'^ """'"P'* 'ho Joj» 
 and all day ,„„g, .housands oT our' S' ""^ ''^^' 
 hranded, chained, and treaf«l yu ""^ "=■"=»""« • 
 -^pect, but that of huma t ' Th' "'"' '■" *""^ ' 
 
 p ^V on the completion 
 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 4^ 
 
 
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 ■i- 
 
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 f ' 111 
 
 of the first parallel, the town was summoned to sur- 
 render ; the batteries were opened ; and from that 
 time, a constant fire commenced. On the Wando 
 Kiver, at Simpson's Port, and Sanlic Ferry, posts 
 were established, and works thrown up by the Ame- 
 ricans, to guard their reinforcement* and secure their 
 retreat. 
 
 Meanwhile, admiral Arbuthnot passed Fort Moul- 
 trie, on Sullivan's Island, though strongly opposed 
 from the American batteries, and anchored under 
 James's Island, with the loss of twenty-seven seamen 
 lilled and wounded, some damage to the shipping, 
 and the burning of the Acteus transport, which 
 grounded within gun shot of the island. The Ame- 
 rican commander, with his fleet, fell back to Charles- 
 "town. ,v,, :,..,. ■ . ■ .'I :,. 
 
 The Americans, to keep up the communication 
 •with the country, formed a camp at Monk's Corner, 
 'which was the rendezvous of their militia. This 
 post was surprized by lieutenant colonel Tarleton, 
 which gave the British the command of the country, 
 and ena,bled them to intercept the supplies of pro- 
 visiohis». 
 
 Our batteries soon obtained a superiority over those 
 of the enemy, a council of war was held by the Ame- 
 ricans, in consequence of which, the town offered to 
 surrender, on condition of " security to the persons 
 and property of the inhabitants, and leave being given 
 for the Americans to withdraw." '^^^ 1%..' |i 
 
 These terms were instantly rejected by general 
 Clinton, as soon as they were offered ; but the gar- 
 rison would not alter their conditions, under the hope 
 that succours weuld soon arrive from the neighbouring 
 states, in consequence of which, the town was closely 
 invested, both by land and water, Fort Moultrie »ur- 
 
 m "■ 
 
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.•-il 
 
 ♦ 1 
 
 moned to suv- 
 ind from that 
 n the Wando 
 1 Ferry, post* 
 I by the Ame- 
 nd secure their 
 
 ed Fort Moul- 
 rongly opposed 
 mchored under 
 ^-seven seamen 
 the shipping, 
 ansport, which 
 nd. The Ame- 
 back to Charles- 
 
 : communication 
 
 Monk's Corner, 
 
 militia. This 
 
 ;clonel Tarleton, 
 of the country, 
 
 supplies of pro- 
 
 hority over those 
 leld by the Ame- 
 
 [town ofTered to 
 to the persons 
 
 eave being given 
 
 [ed by general 
 , but the gar- 
 under the hope 
 Le neighbouring 
 bwn was closely 
 k Moultrie sui- 
 
 AMERICAN WAR, * 
 
 29J 
 
 rendered, and the American cavalry, which had escaped 
 from Monk's Corner were all cither killed, captured, . 
 or dispersed. 
 
 On the 9tii of May, the town was again summoned, 
 and Lincoln was inclined to surrender his army pri- 
 soners of war ; but the inhabitants thought to obtain 
 better terms, and the siege recommenced. The third 
 parallel was opened, shells and carcasses thro.vn into 
 the town, and the cannon and mortars played on the 
 garrison at less than one hundred yards distance ; the- 
 pickets, crossed the ditch by sap, and advanced within 
 twenty-five yards of the American works. 
 
 Matters continued in this state till the 11th, 
 when the inhabitants addressed general Lincoln to ca- 
 pitulate, which was accordingly done, and major ge- 
 neral Leslie took possession of the town on the 1 2th. 
 There were in it upwards of four hundred pieces of 
 artillery. The garrison, as prisoners of war, marched out 
 of the town ; their drums were not allowed to beat 
 a British march, nor their colours to be uncased. They 
 l^id down tb'^'.r arms in front of the works ; the 
 militia returned home, on parole ; the inhabitants 
 were considered as prisoners on parole, and like 
 the militia, held their property accordingly ; a vessel 
 was allowed to proceed to Philadelphia, with general 
 Lincoln's dispatches, unopened ; upwards of five thou- 
 sand troops, and near one thousand sailors surren- 
 dered ; all the ships of war, and other vessels were 
 taken. 
 
 Among the officers were, two major generals, five 
 brigadier generals, three majors of brigade, sixt*?,n 
 colonels, nine lieutenant colonels, fifteen majors, eighty- 
 four captains, one commodore, eighty-four lieutenants, 
 thirty-two second lieutenants or ensigns. The deputy 
 governor, council, and civil officers were all made 
 
 
 m. 
 
 '^ Aft.,- 
 
 ' : -"I ■ - 
 
 >.*^V' 
 
 : .1 
 
 ■V 
 
 \^. 
 
 s 
 
296 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 prisoners. The total loss of the British from their de- 
 barkation to the surrender, was as follows :* 
 
 Ensign M'Gregor, 71st, Regiment, killed. *• 
 
 Cameron, do. do. do. / 
 
 1 Serjeant, do. 
 
 73 Rank and File, ' -< <^ -^ do. 
 
 Lieut. White, grenadier company, 22d Regiment, wounded 
 
 Bever, 
 
 Grant, 
 
 >i Freeman, light infantry, 
 
 Captain M'Leod, 
 
 Lieutenant Wilson, 
 >'^ 2 Serjeants, " , " ; ' ' m» 
 
 r:, 176 Rank and File. ' do. 
 
 33d 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 42d 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 6ith 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 71st 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 ^•r 
 
 d«^ 
 
 do. 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 h^ 
 
 ' ' Inm 
 
 i 
 
 Captain Grattan received a severe contusion in the 
 head, by the bursting of a shell in one of the trenches. 
 He however recovered, returned to Ireland, and died 
 during the rebellion in Wexford. Of this brave-and 
 amiable officer, the author has received the following 
 brief account, from ai^thority, w]bich is indisjiutablew^ 
 
 Captain William Grattan, studied surgery under the 
 celebrated Mr. Clcghorn pf the city of Dublin. . When 
 he had attained a perfept knowledge of bit. profession, 
 h^ was appointed assistant surgeon to his majesty's 
 64th regiment of fqq^, at tb^t time commanded by 
 his friend and patron general P<)meroy. The regi- 
 xnent lay in Cashel, \\} the county of Tipperary, when 
 they received orders for the theatre of war. They 
 marched tp the Cove of Cork, and embarked for the 
 continent of America. 
 
 When they arrived at the place of destination, Mr. 
 Grattan, wba was at tha^ time very young, glowed for 
 more ardent employment, and possessing the soul of 
 a ^ol^ier, he lQngfjl:.|o vve^lcj tU«^\Vi0Ed in tbe field ot 
 
 .^.! 
 
 -xf k.l,^^<•4^.^•■^ 
 
 ^ J^ few days after the capitulation, a magazine took fire in 
 Charle«town, and captain f^HSms, a valuable o^icer, with several 
 mm of the royal artillery, perished by the explosion. 
 
from their de- 
 
 egiment, wounded. 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 397 
 
 battle, to espouse his country's cause, and amidst 
 the dreadful teirrors of war, to meet the hostile foe. 
 He purchased a commission in his own regiment, and 
 shortl}' after a lieutennnoy. Our young soldier avoiding^ 
 the fpUies and extravagancies, of which too many are 
 guilty, applied himself closely to the knowledge 
 of the- military science, in all its various departments,' 
 which he soon ac(]uired. He was often heard to say, 
 " Gamlflingand extravagance were the bane of a soldier." 
 What he disapproved in others he never allowed in 
 himself. Hrf lived with economy and frugality, and 
 in the course of a few years, he purchased ^ corn, 
 pany. Captain Grattan possessed a strong understanding, 
 sound judgment, and deep penetration; these, with 
 a perfect knowledge of his profession, made him an 
 invaluable officer. He became the soul of his own 
 regiment, which he never exchanged for another. 
 Meeit. like his could not be hid. He was honored 
 with the confidence of his commanding officer, con« 
 suited on all. matters of importance, appointed assistant 
 engineer to Sir Henry Clinton, and was universally 
 beloved by all, as well the privates of his own regi- 
 ment, as the generals of the army. 
 ^ " In September nsi, when Count De Grasse, with 
 a powerful French fleet, had the entire possession of 
 the Chesapeak, and general Washmgton had formed a 
 junction with the French troops, commanded by the 
 marquis De La Fayette, for the purpose of surround- 
 ing lord Cornwallis, at Yorktown, Sir Henry Clinton 
 dispatched captain Grattan, with information that 
 eight thousand British troops would immediately march 
 to reinforce him. Captain Grattan encountered most 
 imminent danger on this service ; but he arrived safe 
 with his dispatches at Yorktown, the 1 5th of September, 
 and had the honor of receiving lord CornwalUs's thanks 
 in public orders. 
 
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9Qt 
 
 JOUftNAL OF TflE 
 
 I- .'-1 '•■ 
 
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 ■i 
 
 " Captain Grattan was seventeen years absent from 
 Euro|>e ; be served in all the American war,, and was 
 in the West Indies. During this period he was not 
 one day absent from his regiment, unless when 
 engaged on business of great importance, or in 
 public employ. 
 
 Captain Grattan was in many battles, and displayed 
 the greatest valor and intrepidity. He served at the ]> 
 battles of Long Island, Germantown, Monmouth, Pan> 
 bury, Brandywine, in Pennsylvania, the Eutaw Springs, 
 in South Carolina, Brooklyn, on Long Island ; Mon- 
 mouth, at the burning of the enemy's stores on Peek 
 Hill, ^t the siege of Charlestown, whe):e he was 
 wounded ; at the affair of Chamblee River, where the 
 famous colonel Laurens, son to the president of congress, 
 was killed, and his party defeated by the 64th and a ^.^ 
 party of the 17th, besides a most fatiguing duty of two 
 years in South Carolina, whore the regiment lost up- 
 wards of four hundred men. 
 
 On Saturday morning, the lithofMay, 1 784, captain 
 Grattan landed at Portsmouth, with six other commis- 
 sioned officer*, and the remains of his regiment. On 
 his arrival in England j he wrote to his friends in Ire- 
 land ; the September following he arrived in Edenderry, 
 in the King's County, where he was joyfully received 
 by his aged parents, three brothers, and two sisters, as 
 one restored from the dead. 
 
 In the year 1792 he married miss Gifiard, a lady of 
 jimiablo qualifications, the daughter of Sir Duke Giffard,. 
 of Castle Jordan, baronet, He then retired from tiie 
 iirmy, and settled in Uathangan. He was magistrate 
 for the county, and sovereign of Kildare. When the 
 penetrating mind of captain Grattan foresaw the ap- 
 proaching rebellion, he did not think it his duty to be 
 sm idle spectator j he applied to jgovcrnment for aft 
 
usters, as 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 259 
 
 ' appointment,' and was shortly after made deputy 
 general in the commissariat department. 
 
 In the year of 1798, while in Dublin, he received 
 orders to join general Need ham, and march to the 
 relief of Wexford. He fought at the battle of Arklovir. 
 'He was also at tiie taking of Knniscorthy, and Vinegar 
 Hill. On the 20th of June, after the fatigue of iIkj 
 day's action was over, captain Grattan who had been 
 on such arduous duty since he had left Dublin, felt 
 the need of refreshment. Invited by the lovely appear- 
 ance of the Slaney, flowing under the hill, and attended 
 by a faithful servant, he proceeded to it, to enjoy 
 the refreshment of bathing ; as he had not been in the 
 cold bath since he returned to Europe, we may natu- 
 rally suppose it was the cause of what followed. Some- 
 time after he arrived in Wexford he was confined to 
 his. bed. He experienced the greatest kindness and 
 attention from Mrs. Hattan, a lady of fortune, who re- 
 sides near the town, and colonel Finley, of the county 
 of Dublin Militia. They hardly ever left him. Colonel 
 Finley wrote to Mrs. Grattan, who was at that time ia 
 Dubliu, and informed her of his illness. His amiable 
 wife, with no other companion but her sister, imreedi- 
 ately set out to join him, and faced all the dangers 
 of the counties of Wicklow and Wexford at that peri- 
 lous time. She arrived safe ; but though she did, 
 how afflicting must her anguish have been, v.hen iier 
 good and amiaule husband expired shortly after her 
 arrival ! 
 
 The finest perfections enriched his character. He, 
 was an obedient and dutiful child to his parents, to 
 the latest moments of their lives— a kind and good 
 brother — an affectionate husband — a sincere friend — an 
 elegant gentleman, and an experienced and valiant 
 soldier. The former arc known by his friends, and 
 the latter can be proved by his military zeal in the 
 
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 \ 
 
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JKX) 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 service of his country, and the following letters 9i 
 thanks from lord CornwalUs : 
 
 " Wynnsborough, Nov. 21, 1780. / 
 ** Sir — I have just heard from colonel Balfour, that 
 yoti are returned from your expedition to general 
 Leslie, Where you have succeeded to my most sangUfoe 
 wishes. I beg you will accept of my sincere acknow- 
 ledgments for your zeal, prudence, and good management 
 in this important business. /rt 
 
 jy I am, Sir, your most obedient, 
 
 And most humble servant, 
 
 " CORNWAtLIS." J 
 ** To captain Grattant 64^ regiment. ^ 
 
 " Culford, Axtgast ig, 1784.. ^ 
 ** Sir— It givei me great concern to 'hear of the paf- 
 ticular hardships of your situation, in regard to yonV 
 commission of Quarter Master of the G4th Regiment. I 
 shall, at all times, be ready to bear testimony of ybur 
 merit, and good services, when you were under my 
 command ; and I shall ever acknowledge my obligations 
 to you, for your zeal and diligence for the public service, 
 in executing an important commission at iltiy request 
 in nso. 
 
 <*v>gji I am^ Sir, your most obedient, 's 
 
 -jlp<j ;?4nw .; And most hutable servanft, '<' 
 
 " CORNWALLIS." *^ 
 
 ]*^ To captain Grattan, 6m regiment, .if^„«« ^/<itl 
 
 As the besiegers made no sallies or desperate aft. 
 saults, their loss amounted to only eighty-nine killed, 
 and one hundred and forty wounded. This was the 
 first instance in which the Americans had ventured to 
 defend a town. The event demonstrated the policy 
 of Washington's system, who never during the whole 
 war, attempted the defence of any town, against 
 the investment of regular troops. In favor of general 
 
 i'i 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 SOI 
 
 
 NWAtLlS. 
 
 Lincoln, it is however but just to remark, that Charles, 
 towo was the only considerable place in the southera 
 boundary of the confederacy ; for its preservation South 
 Carolina and the neighbouring states seemed willing 
 to make great exertions : the congress and both states 
 of the Carolinas promised an army of near ten thou- 
 sand men to its support. These were actually on 
 their march ; but the British had taken such a position, 
 that succours could not be thrown into the place, 
 or any retreat successfully made. 
 
 Sir Henry Clinton, with a liberal policy, held forth 
 every inducement to the inhabitants that was likely 
 to draw them back to their all.giance, and issued 
 strong and salutary threats, to those who should con. 
 tiuue contumacious. In a few days, in conjunction 
 with admiral Arbuthnpt, as commissioners for restoring 
 peace, the inhabitants were offered ** pardon for their 
 past treasonable offences, and a reinstatement in the 
 possession of all their rights and immunities, which 
 they heretofore had enjoyed, under a free British go- 
 vernment, exempt from taxation, except by their 
 own Iegi8latuf2s.** 
 
 The next object with general Clinton, was to bring 
 back to their allegiance the whole southern states. 
 Garrisons were therefore postej^ in different parts of 
 the country, to awe the inhabitants. The troops 
 marching for the relief of Charlestown were encoun- 
 tered on the borders of North Carolina, by different 
 bodies sent out for that purpose. One of these 
 consisting of three hundred Americans, commanded by 
 colonel Buford, was overtaken at Wacsaws, by lieu- 
 tenant colonel Tarleton, and completely defeated. Up- 
 . wards of one hundred officers and men (says colonel 
 Tarleton, in his own History of the Campaign), were 
 killed on the spot, three colours, two six.pounders, 
 and above two hundred prisoners, with a number of 
 
 
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 / 
 
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 Sb2 
 
 JOURKAL OF THE 
 
 ".in" 
 
 •■ 
 
 v,i3si 
 
 waggons, two royals, quantities of new clotlilng, other 
 military stores, and cani|) eqiiipaj^e^vcre taken." Colonel 
 TarlcloM ascribes much of the " complete success" of 
 this tlifiicult enterprise, to the bluuilers and mistakes 
 of the American connnanders. 
 
 Sir Henry Clinton (leaving between three and four 
 thousand men for the southern service) euiharked early 
 in June for New York. On his departure the coni- 
 nianU devolved on earl Cornsvailis. 
 
 Almost the whole of South Carolina was now restored 
 to its legal government; but the calm was only tem- 
 porary: the submission was only nominal: for when a 
 levy was attempted to be raised among the young 
 men who had no families, to form a body to act against 
 the hostile Americans, the spirit of disaft'ection broke 
 put in various ways ; and it evidently appeared 
 that they possessed a hatred to the British govern- 
 ment. 
 
 In the mean time the Americans marched an army 
 through Jersey and Pennsylvania, which embarking at , 
 the head of the Elk, landed soon after at Petersburgh, 
 and thence proceeded through the country toward 
 South Carolina. It consisted of Maryland and Dela- 
 ware troops, commanded by major general Baron de 
 Kalb, who afterwards -resigned to general Gates. The 
 Americans expected much from the popularity of the 
 latter. 
 
 ? As the American army approached to Soiith Carolina, 
 our army, which then consisted of seventeen hundred 
 infantry, and two hundred cavalry was concentrated at 
 Camden. The army with which Gates advanced, was 
 by the arrival of the militia, increased nearly to six 
 thousand men. On the night of the 15th we marched - 
 from Camden, intending to attack the Americans in 
 their camp at Hugeley's Mills. In the same night Gates 
 put his army in motion, with an intention of surpris- 
 
 
Incr, othet 
 '» Colonel 
 nccess" of 
 J Diistakes 
 
 3 and four 
 irked early 
 3 the coni- 
 
 ow restored 
 
 only tem- 
 for when a 
 
 the young 
 ) act against 
 [ition broke 
 yr appeared 
 ish govern- 
 ed an army 
 Tibarking at 
 
 etersburgb, 
 itry toward 
 and Dela- 
 
 l Baron do 
 ates. The 
 
 arity of the 
 
 th Carolina, 
 •n hundred 
 icentrated at 
 vanced, was 
 arly to six 
 we marched 
 mericans in 
 night Gates 
 of surpris- 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 303 
 
 ing our camp, or posting himself on an eligible po- 
 sition near Camden. Our army was ordered to march 
 at ten o'clock P. M. The American army was ordrred 
 to march at the same hour. The advance guard of 
 both armies met about two o'clock in the morning. 
 Some of the American cavalry, being wounded in the 
 first fife fell back on others, who recoiled so suddenly, 
 that the first Maryland regiment was broken, and the 
 whole line of their army was thrown into confusion. 
 The enemy soon rallied and both they and we 
 kept our ground, and a few shots only from the advanced 
 centries of each army were fired during the night. 
 A colonel Patteriield, on whose abilities general Gateti 
 particularly depended, was wounded in the early part 
 of this skirmish As soon as day light appeared, 
 we saw at a few yards distance our enemy drawn up 
 in very good order in three lines. Our little army 
 was formed in the following plan: • ,- 
 
 M 
 Four companies of light infantry'. Royal Welch Fusileers, or 
 
 23d regiment, on the right wing, 
 I led on by lieutenant colonel Webster. 
 
 Volunteers of Ireland, Legion Infantry, two American loyal 
 corps, on the left wing, led on by lord Rawdon. 
 
 Two six and two three pounders were placed in the centre, 
 between the two wings. 
 
 71st, the Legion cavalry regiment, with two six pounders, 
 formed the reserve. 
 
 It happened that the ground on which both armies 
 stood, was narrowed by swamps on the right and left, 
 so that the Americans could not avail themselves 
 of their superior numbers in out flanking us. We 
 immediately began tiie attack with great vigor, and 
 in a few minutes the action became general along the 
 whole line ; there was a dead calm with a little hazi- 
 ness in the air, which prevented the smoke from rising ; 
 this occasioned such thick darkness, that it was difficult 
 
 
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30i 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 I* **j 
 
 to see the cftect of the fire on either side*. Our army 
 either kept up a constant tire, or made use of their bayonets 
 as opportunity offered. After an obstinate resistance 
 for some time the Americans were thrown into total con- 
 fusion, and were forced to give way in all quarters. 
 The continental troops behaved well, but some of the 
 militia were soon broken. Injustice to the North Carolina 
 militia, it should be remarked, that part of the brigade 
 commanded by general Gregory acquitted themselves 
 well ; they w«re formed immediately on the left of the 
 continentals, and kept the field while they had a car- 
 tridgc to fire. Gregory himself was twice wounded by 
 a bayonet in bringing off his men : several of his 
 regiment, and many of his brigade who were made pri- 
 soners had no wound except from bayonets. About 
 one thousand prisoners were taken, two hundred and 
 ninety of which being wounded were carried into 
 Camden, and more than twice that number killed. The 
 Americans lost the whole of their artillery, eight brass 
 field pieces, upward of two hundred waggons, and the 
 greatest part of their baggage, tents, &c. with a number 
 of colors. Almost all their officers were separated from 
 their respective commands. The fugitives who fled on 
 the common road, were pursued above twenty miles 
 by colonel Tarleton's cavalry, and the way was covered 
 with arms, baggage, and waggons. Baron de Kalb, 
 the second in command, a brave and experienced officer 
 in the American service, was mortally wounded, having 
 ■exhibited great gallantry in the course of the action, and 
 received eleven wounds ; he was taken prisoner, and 
 died on the next day of his wounds ; we buried him 
 in Camden with all the honors of war. >•,.._ 
 
 The baron, who was a German by birth, had long 
 been in the French service, fie had travelled through 
 the British provinces, about the time of the stamp act, 
 and is said to have reported to his superiors on his 
 
AMEftlCAN WAR. 
 
 SOS 
 
 return, ** that the colonists were »o firmly and unU 
 vcrsaliy attached to Great Britain, that nothing could 
 shake their loyalty." The congress resolved that a mo- 
 nument should be erected to his memory in Annapolis, 
 with a very honorable inscription. 
 
 In compiling an eventful history, like the present, 
 many circumstances must unavoidably be taken on the 
 authority of others. For these the author is no farther 
 responsible than in selecting that report which appears 
 the nearest to truth. Far different, however, arc those 
 matters which come beneath my own personal observa- 
 tions. On those a writer can dwell with precision. What 
 he thus produces is the evidence of fact. As in this 
 engagement, I had the honor of carrying one standard 
 of colours belonging to the 23d regiment, I was of 
 course, near the centre of the right wing. I had an op- 
 portunity of beholding the behaviour both of the officers 
 and privates ; it was worthy the character of the British 
 troops. The recollection still dwells deeply In my 
 memory. Lord Cornwallis's judgment in planning, his 
 promptitude in executing, and his fortitude and cool- 
 ness during the time of action, justly attracted universal 
 applause and admiration. The earl of Moira, (then 
 lord Rawdon, who was only twenty-five years of age) 
 bore a very conspicuous part in the contest. Colonel 
 Webster also ought to be particularly mentioned, tfis 
 conduct was completely consistent with his general 
 character in the army. Cool, determined, vigilant, 
 and active ; he added to a reputation established by 
 long service the universal esteem and respect of the 
 whole army, as an officer, whose experience and ob- 
 servation were equal to his personal bravery, and the 
 rigid discipline which he maintained among the troops. 
 Captain (now general) Champaigne, who commanded 
 the Royal Welch Fuzileers, also evinced the most perfect 
 intrepidity and valor. Thus far I speak, not from the 
 
 « 
 
 v.' I*. 
 
 
 •n- 
 
 
 ■ r • (j 
 
soa 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 3-.'i.> 
 
 •m* 
 
 report of others, but from my own immediate btaser* 
 vation. 
 
 In all the various engagements, which the safety, 
 the honor, the interests of the empire have demanded^ 
 the Irish soldier, has seldom, if ever, lagged behind 
 in the career of glory. On the present occasion, lord 
 Ilawdon was so well pleased with the conduct of bis 
 regiment (the volunteers of Ireland) that he ordered a 
 silver medal to be struck off, and presented to several 
 of his men who had signalized themselves in the action. 
 
 The author cannot conclude the account of this day's 
 victory, without entreating pardon from the reader, 
 while he remarks that three years (excepting two months 
 and a day) had elapsed since he was made prisoner 
 at Saratoga by general Gates ! He had at length, the 
 satisfaction of seeing the same general to whom his 
 majesty's forces, under Burgoyne surrendered, sustain 
 a signal defeat. What were his feelings at that event- 
 ful moment ! How did he bless that Providence which 
 inspired him with the idea of effecting his escape, and 
 preserved iiim to be a partaker of that triumph which 
 the soldier feels, when his sovereign's troops are vic- 
 torious over his enemies ! More especially when that 
 victory was obtained in the hard fought field over a 
 general whose former success at Saratoga, had been 
 trumpeted from one end of America f^ the other, and 
 who had injured the British name, by charging the 
 officers and privates with depredations that never ex- 
 isted but in his own imagination. 
 
 The river Wateree ran near the scene of action, 
 on the other side of which tht. famous American 
 flying general Sumpter was posted. On the news 
 of the defeat he immediately shifted his situation, 
 picking up in his retreat a number of the fugitives 
 from Gates's army. Lieutenant colonel Tarleton, whose 
 
 lil 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 hi 
 
 C' 
 
 nediate btaser* 
 
 that never ex- 
 
 exertions in the late action were deserving tho highest 
 praise was detached with some cavalry and light in- 
 fantry, in the whole about 350, to attack him. With 
 great exertion and military skill, by forced marches, 
 he surprised the party at raid-day on fisljing Creek, 
 near Catawba fords. The greater part was destroyed, 
 or taken, and the small remainder dispersed ; one 
 hundred and fifty were killed, two pieces of brass can- 
 non, three hundred prisoners and fort3'-four waggons 
 were immediately in possession of the British. 
 
 The remainder of Gates's army rendezvouzed at 
 Charlotte, from whence they retreated to Salisbury, 
 This retreat presented perhaps the most lamentable 
 spectacle of misery and wretchedness exhibited during 
 tiie war. 
 
 In addition to the incursions of Sampter and Mor- 
 gan, colonel Clarke made an ineffectual attempt on 
 the post of Augusta in Georgia. This induced lord 
 Cornwallis to detach major Ferguson, with some mi- 
 litia, and the small remains of his own corps, without 
 baggage or artillery, to Tyson County, under the idea 
 of intercepting Clarke's party. I'hey pursued the 
 track a'onjT the mountains, far distant from the main 
 army. A select body of the American troops, about 
 one thousand of their best men, mounted on fleet 
 iiorses, attacked the major on the top of King's Moun- 
 tain, on the confines of the Carolinas. Tiiey formed 
 three parties ; colonel Lacy, of South Carolina, led 
 pn, and .ittacked the west end. The two others were 
 commanded by colonels Campbell and Cleveland ; one 
 of which attacked on the east, and the other in the 
 centre. Major Ferguson, with great boldness, defended 
 himself with fixed bayonets, and compelled them suc- 
 cessively to retreat. They formed again, and getting 
 behind trees and rocks renewed their fire in almost 
 every direction. The American marksmen took deli- 
 
 
 'n 
 
 ••.4?"' 
 
 •'^/V.' 
 
 '*:, \, ?^ 
 
50« 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 -♦, 
 
 '*'/ 
 
 berate aim at our uncovered men, and numbers were 
 found among the slain, shot through the head. Ram. 
 sey, in hi^ account of the battle acknowledges, that 
 *• ri^emen took off rifflemen with such exactness, 
 ' that they killed each other when taking sight, so in? 
 slantaneously that their eyes remained, after they were 
 dead, one shut and the other ppen, in the usual 
 manner of marksmen when levelling at their object." 
 
 Major Ferguson shewed all possible bravery; but 
 bis valiant spirit disdained either to flee or surrender. 
 After a severe contest, he received a mortal wound, 
 nobly fell, and the submission of the survivors, eight 
 hundred in number, terminated the carnage : one bun- 
 dred and fifty were killed or wounded ; and ten of 
 the refugees who surrencjered, were inhumanly hfuiged 
 by the conquerors. 
 
 The fall of major Ferguson was in itself a. great 
 loss to cur army. He possessed superior abilities as 
 a soldier, and his spirit of enterprise was uncommon. 
 To a distinguished capacity of planning gr^at designs, 
 he also added the practical abilities necessary to carry 
 them into execution. The advantage which the Ame- 
 ricans gained over him and his party in a great 
 degree frustrated a well concerted scheme for strengtli- 
 eiiing our army, by the co-operation of the well af- 
 fected inhabitants, whom be had undertaken to discipline 
 and prepare for active servrce. , .^ 
 
 The military science possessed by major Ferguson 
 was profound, and his adoption of it to the use of 
 the smaller arms more correct than any other officer 
 who preceded him. His execution in firing was such 
 that it almost exceeded the bounds of credibility ; he 
 very nearly brought his aim at any given object to 
 a mathematical certainty. On the 1st of June me, 
 he made some experiments at Woolwich, before lord 
 Tiscount Townshend, lord Amherst, general Harvey, 
 
; ■''>( 
 
 W, AlViERICAN WAR. 
 
 numbers were 
 s head. Ram- 
 owledges, that 
 ich exactness, 
 ; sight, so in-r 
 after they were 
 in the usual 
 heir object.** 
 
 bravery ; but 
 3 or surrender. 
 
 mortal wound, 
 survivors, eight 
 jage : one hun- 
 i ; and ten of 
 lumanly h?inged 
 
 1 itself a great 
 srior abilities as 
 was uncommon. 
 g great designs, 
 icessary to carry 
 which the Aroe- 
 Lrty in a great 
 le for strength- 
 lof the well af- 
 Iken to discipline 
 
 [major Ferguson 
 
 It to the use of 
 
 liy other officer 
 
 firing was such 
 
 credibility ; he 
 
 jiven object to 
 
 of June me, 
 
 |ch, before lord 
 general Harvey, 
 
 ,3P9 
 
 Deragliers, and several other officers, with the riffle 
 gun, on a new construction, which astonished all be- 
 holders. The like had never before been done with 
 any other small arms. Notwithstanding a heavy raia 
 and a high wind, he fired, during the space of four 
 or five minutes (after the rate of four shots per minute) 
 at a target two hundred yards distance.. He next fired 
 six shots in one minute. He also fired (while advan- 
 cing after the rate of four miles per hour) four times 
 in the minute. He then poured a bottle of water into 
 the pan and barrel of the piece when loaded, so as to 
 wet every grain of the powder ; and in less than half 
 a minute,' he iired with her, as well as ever, without 
 extracting the ball. Lastly, he bit the bull's eye, 
 lying on his back on the ground. Incredible as it 
 
 may seem, to many, 
 
 considering: the variations of 
 
 the wind,. and the wetness of the weather, he only 
 missed the target three times, during the whole course 
 of the experiment. A patent was afterwards granted 
 him for all jiiis jimproveijf^ents. I^ passed the great 
 seal on the 4th of December following. 
 
 Sumpter, soon, after the dispertion of' his troops, 
 found means to collect a large body of volunteers, 
 with whom he carried on from time to time, a kind 
 of skirmishing warfare. He took his chief positions 
 about Evorce, Broad ^nd Tyger rivers, and was a 
 sore annoyance to the British. He was at last attacked 
 at BUck Stocks, near Tyger liiver, by lieutenant 
 colonel Tarlcton, and defeated ; three American colonels 
 were killed, and Sumpter himself dangerously wounded. 
 The enerpy lost one hundred and twenty, and the 
 British only fifteen men. Lieutenant Skinner, of the 16th 
 regiment of infantry, who did duty with colonel Tarleton's 
 legion greatly distinguished himself on this occasion. 
 Lieutenants Gibson and Caope, ofthe 63d, were killed, 
 
 Br • • ; 
 
 
 ■. .'-I 
 
 "I 
 
 v ' •'I 
 
 '.' >■*' '" '\ 
 
 tm , : 
 
 » V> ■* -I 
 ^.f 'I*: ' 
 
 ' * >, '".I ', 
 
 ^%-M 
 
 
 ■•. u ^* 
 
 
'■ 
 
 % 
 
 ft 
 
 JOURNAL Of THE 
 
 and lieutei^ant Mon^y, a most promising young officer, 
 tnd de camp to lord Corntrallis, died of his wounds 
 a few days after. 
 
 ' During the remaining part of the year, general 
 Gates was preparing to take the field. He collected 
 a large force at Hillsborough, and advanced to Char- 
 lotte. Congress, however, resolved to suspend him, 
 and ordered a court of inquiry into his conduct. So 
 muph for tho gratitude of a republican government. 
 The people of Virginia, however, did not so soon 
 forget Saratoga ; and when he was at Richmond they 
 cpinplimented him with a very handsome address, 
 replete with expressions of the deepest donfrdence. 
 
 Such was the issue of this campaign. The minds of 
 the Americans were totally alienated from the British 
 government, and to keep them undfer subjection when 
 conquered, was an enorinp)is espensie to fbe parent 
 country. The struggle hf^d almost exhamsted the 
 resources of America ; but j^he cause of Gretft Britain 
 had not in the least point l^eeji forwarded. 
 
 'tr J ^.ii 
 
 
 ^ -Iff 
 
 I _ , - I . . -'it'' 
 
 *»■*.■ 
 
 'V ■ ' ■■«•: 
 
 
 ■'■■■ ' " -v'. -^ " ■ -■.'. "rr ,:.,'■..'-,;% , ^i^jft 
 
 . ■, -■; '■ ■ ■■■- U-'V '.."4/.,' I.Ut - :.'^" !:•' * -^ *H^-"^ 
 
Al^ERICAN WAI(. 
 
 511 
 
 i?|Pl«^:1;t' ■ 
 
 
 t 
 
 iK. . . 
 
 
 tib 'iiniw^m'Vi- 
 
 ink '■ 
 
 ■ t ■■ 
 
 
 ik.. . 
 
 
 S'^ fit ■'■'■' 
 
 
 '. ■J«! \i0 _ 4t* V 3 f' i ' . hf% 
 
 
 
 K. 
 ..S** 
 
 -:-*»■. 
 
 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 XV. 
 
 . i&^>'vi!SfDiii:i ■■ 
 
 U)^: 
 
 
 Northet*n Campaign. Incursions into the /erse^^s, 
 
 French Fleet, under Termo^y, arrives at Rhoder 
 
 Island. Blocked up by Admi "l Arhuthnot. Sir 
 
 ■I Henry Clinton returns from C .rlestown* General 
 
 •■ AmoWs defection. Major Andrews capture. His 
 
 ^n Trial, Letters between Sir Henry Clinton and 
 
 General Washington. Interview between Colonel 
 
 uBobinsan and General Greene. Major Andrews Let" 
 
 ters to Washing ton. General Clinton^ idc. Majar 
 
 i>' Andre's Death. His Character. Epitaph, Kc. /.^. 
 
 "■ii'W.'i^mh) ' 'm- t-'H^ik vcfiiii- lU■:-^' y'^kd 
 
 The northern campaigns of nSO, commenced with 
 unfavorable auspices on the part of America. Their 
 army was in great want of clothing; and, when with 
 the co-operation of France, they fondly expected to 
 strike an important blow by the capture of New York, 
 admiral Gucher sailed back to Europe, and left their 
 most favorite schemes in a broken disjointed state. 
 Their principal force lay in the strong holds of the 
 Highlands, on the other side of the North Riven .... 
 During the summer the British troops made frequent 
 incursions into the Jerseys, and an unsuccessful attempt 
 was made by general Knyphausen, with seven thousand 
 men, to surprise the advanced posts of Washington')* 
 army. ..„, ,i 
 
 R r 2 
 
 -#^ 
 
 ■ • 1 
 
 
 1 r 
 
 ] 
 
 • 1 < 
 
 
 • • ' , J 
 
 ;!,;•::: 
 
 1 i ;, .;,':; 
 
 .]'•' ';'! 
 
 'v" \' ■>! 
 
 ';-C.'k;'." 
 
 M> 
 
 mt^ 
 
 Hfe;; 
 
 
 ?<•. ■.' 
 
 
 
 ■i^ '■' 
 
S\2 
 
 JOURNAL OF TttE 
 
 i/ 
 
 !> 
 
 !, < 
 
 , # 
 
 On the nth of July, 1780, a French fleet of seven 
 ships of the line, and four frigates, besides armed 
 vessels and transports, commanded by the chevalier de 
 Termoy, arrived at Rhode-Island,* with five regiments 
 of troops, and a battalion of artillery, under the count 
 de Rochambeau. 
 
 The arrival of the French troops produced a remark- 
 able circumstance in Washington's camp. Hitherto 
 the Americans had worn blue cockades; but their gene- 
 ral now ordered them to wear blue and white inter- 
 mixed ^ to denote the alliance of the French and Ame- 
 rican nations. »Vsfi m m^ .%aa'a\' ' 
 " Admiral Arbuthnot now proceeded with, the British 
 fleet from New York to Rhode-Island, and so com- 
 pletely blocked up the French fleet and army, as to 
 prevent their co-operation with the Americans. m-fswr 
 
 In the mean time Sir Heiiry Clinton returned with 
 his victorious army, from Charlestown. 
 
 A cireumstan<:o>now claims attention, which, if it had 
 been successful on the part of the British, most pro- 
 bably would have decided the American contest for 
 ever. Tiiis was the defection of the celebrated Americaiv 
 commander, general Arnold. 
 
 On the high ground of North River Banks, stood 
 that Gibraltar of America, West Point. It was buih 
 by the Americans after the loss of Fort Montgomery, 
 for the defence of the North River, and was deemed 
 the most proper for commanding its navigation. Rocky 
 ridges rising behind one another, rendered it incapable 
 of being invested by less than twenty thousand men. 
 This was the strongest post the Americans bad ; the 
 thoroughfare of communication between the Eastern 
 and southern states; and was the repository of their 
 
 «;:!!■. 
 
 * The British troops bad sometime before evacuated the 
 klancl. 
 
AMERICAN WAH. 
 
 ».l» 
 
 ■•'4 
 
 eet of seven 
 sides armed 
 chevalier tie 
 ve regiments 
 er the count 
 
 ed a remark- 
 ,p. Hitherto 
 It their gene- 
 1 white inter- 
 ch and Ame- 
 
 ih^the British 
 and so com- 
 \ army, as to 
 ricaiis. 
 returned with 
 
 hich, if ithad 
 sh, most pro- 
 n contest for 
 rated American 
 
 Banks, stood 
 It was built 
 Montgomery, 
 was deemed 
 lation. Rocky 
 »d it incapable 
 Ifaousand men. 
 |ans had ; the 
 the Eastern 
 sitory of their 
 
 evacuated the 
 
 most valuable stores; the loss of it would have been 
 severely felt. Of this important fortress general Arnold 
 had the command. He was a native of Connecticut, 
 a state remarkable for the republican principles of its in- 
 habitants. He was among the first who took up arms 
 against the parent country. " His distingubhed mili- 
 tary talents," says Ramsay, his mortal enemy, " had 
 procured him many honors from the state; poets and 
 painters bad marked him as a suitable subject, for the 
 display of their respective abilities. He possessed an ele- 
 vated seat in the hearts of his countrymen, and was 
 for some time in the full enjoyment of substantial 
 fame." 
 
 ', Perhaps the real motive in which Arnold's conduct 
 originated, will never be clearly ascertained. If we 
 may credit himself, his conduct was the result of re- 
 flection, conviction, principle ; if we give credit to 
 Ramsay and the other republican writers, ** he betrayed 
 the American cause for a stipulated sum of money.'* 
 But this assertion has never been fairly proved. ^,f\ , 
 General Arnold's own declarations are tolerably ex- 
 pUcit. He says, '* that when he first engaged in the 
 contest between Great Britain and her colonies, he 
 conceived the rights of his country to be. in danger, 
 and that duty and honor called him to her defence : 
 a redress of grievances was his only aim and object. 
 He however acquiesced in the declaration of indepen- 
 dence, although ^e thought it precipitate. But the 
 reasons that wert^ then offered to justify that measure, 
 no longer could exist, when Great Britain with the 
 open arms of a parent, offered to embrace the Americans 
 as children and to grant the wished for — redress. From 
 the refusal of these proposals, and the ratification of 
 the French alliance all his ideas of the justice and po- 
 licy of the war were totally changed, and frorti that 
 time he had become a professed loyalist. In these 
 
 ■■.5j: ,' 
 
■ Al 
 
 St4 
 
 JOtJRKAL OF THK 
 
 :^f 
 
 41' 
 
 ■'t 
 
 principles he had only retained his arms and command , 
 for an opportunity to surrender them to Great Britain." 
 
 On the contrary ) the Americans declared that his 
 <fountry had loaded him with honors and forgiven 
 him crimes ; that though he was brave, yet he was 
 liiercenary ; fond of parade and extremely desirous ofac- 
 (ftiiring money to defray the expenses of it ; that when he 
 entered Philadelphia after the evacuation of the British, 
 he made governor Penn*8, the best house in it, his bead 
 quarters, this he furnished in a -very costly manner, 
 find lived in a stile far beyond his income. That he 
 continued this extravagant course of living during his 
 stay in Philadelphia ; that the generosity of the states 
 was not able to keep pace with the extravagance of 
 their favourite officer. That about July, 1779, he ex. 
 hibited heavy accounts and demands against the public ; 
 that the commissioners upon examination, rejected about 
 one half of the amount. That he then appealed to 
 congress, and a committee was appointed, who were 
 of opinion, that the commissioners had allowed more 
 tbati the general had a right to expect or demand : 
 that this provoked him to outrageous proceedings.. 
 Disousted at tire treatment he had met with, embarrassed 
 in his circumstances, and having a growing and expensive 
 family, he turned his thoughts toward bettering his 
 fortune by a change of Sides, which afforded the only 
 hope of evading a scrutiny, and at the same time held 
 nut a prospect: of replenishing his exhausted coffers. 
 
 In what precise manner the negociation was first 
 opened between Arnold and Sir Henry Clinton has never 
 been revealed. One thing, however, the author can 
 report from the most authentic source of information, 
 that the unfortunate major Andre, who fell the devoted 
 victim to it, was a volunteer in the business. H^ was 
 neitlrcr commanded nor solicited by Sir Henry Clinton to 
 unJertiilic it. '' v ,''■■■.-=' -•"■ "^ v :.<,*!■•'',; '•:jr«^ 
 
 i 
 
AMBWCAN WAJl. 
 
 315 
 
 In the year 1779, major Andre commenced a cor- 
 respondence with Mrs. Arnold, under the pretence 
 of supplying her, " saya llamsay with millinery,'* (a 
 itrange kind of service for a British officer !) It was 
 asserted and believed by many, that this correspond^ 
 ence was continued and improved by general Arnold 
 without the lady's being at all aware of the designs 
 in which he was engaged. But this was never satis. 
 factorily proved. And after all, for various reasons 
 that might be assigned, it is highly probable that the 
 manner in which this negociation commenced .vill for 
 fver {"emain unknown. 
 
 To facilitate the intercourse between general Arnold 
 4nd the British commander, the Vulture sluop of war 
 had been previously stationed in the North River. It 
 should likewise be mentioned that letters had passed, 
 by several conveyances, between general Arnold and 
 major Andre, under the fictitious signatures of Gus- 
 tavus and Anderson. The negociation was in some 
 state of forwardness when a personal interview was 
 thought necessary. For this purpose, a boat was sent 
 by Arnold to the Vulture to fetch colonel Beverley 
 Robinson, who was the person appointed to negociate 
 with him. Cdlonel Robin&on was ill in his birth wlien 
 Mr. Smith* arrived with the boat, and major Andre 
 volunteered to gc in his stead. Mr. Smitli having re. 
 cently published a narrative of die whole transac 
 tion (and his authority being that on which reliance 
 can be placed) this important event may perhaps be 
 best narrated in his own words. ** Colonel Robinson 
 pleaded indisposition, and said Mr. Anderson (major 
 Andre) could as effectually answer all the purposes 
 by going on shore as himself; there seemed no reluc- 
 tance on the part of Anderson to supply colonel 
 ^binson*s place, and he appeared in a dress equip^ 
 
 
 ,1 
 
 
 
 
 ",«•«)"" 
 
 
 
 ■1'^ f 
 
 * Brother to the chief justice of New York, 
 
 V '5* .^,'1 
 
 

 m 
 
 ■■h 
 
 I 
 
 310 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 ped for the purpose, wearing boots and a large blue 
 great coat. 
 
 *' Mr. Anderson bting ready, we left the siiip, and 
 were rowed in a sliort time to the western shore, to 
 cthe place which general Arnold had appointed for the 
 interview ; this was at the foot of a mountain i^lcd 
 the Long Clove, near the low water mark, whither 
 my servant had .conducted general Arnold on hpriic- 
 back, he being still lame from his wounds. ■ ^, 
 
 ** On my approach to liie place of appointment, T 
 found general Arnold ready to receive me ; he.wa,s 
 hid among firs. I mentioned to him colonel Beverley 
 RobiDson'fr reason for not accompanying me, and the 
 delegation of a young gentleman, a Mr. AndersoHi 
 whom I had brought with me, and who was then 
 with the watermen on the strand. He appeared mu(:h 
 agitated, and expressied chagrin at the disappoint- 
 ment of not seeing colonel Eobinson. He desired 
 me, however, to conduct Mr. Anderson to him, 
 which being done, he requested me to remain with 
 the hands at the boat. 1 went as directed, but felt 
 greatly mortified at hot being present ^t the interview, 
 to which I conceived myself entitled from my rank 
 in life, and the trouble I had taken to effect the 
 meeting. At length they continued such a time in 
 conference, tliat I deenfcd it expedient to inform theni 
 of the approaching dawn of day. Shortly afterwards 
 both came - down to the boat, and general Arnplti, 
 with mi|ch earnestness, solicited rag to return with 
 Mr. Andcrsort to the Vulture ; but I pointed out 
 the impractibility of effecting his wish, from the 
 great distance, and the fatigue of the hands. He 
 then applied to the men, who declared themselves un- 
 able to gratify his wish, through want of strength to 
 accomplish it, and the ebb tide being against them. 
 Convinced of the app.iient impractibility of the at- 
 
a laFge blue 
 
 e ship, and 
 rn shore, to 
 inted for the 
 Lintain t^lcd 
 ark, whither 
 id on horse- 
 
 ds. ; 
 
 ipointment, 1 
 me ; he.wa,s 
 jnel Beverley 
 jne, and the 
 Ir. Anderson* 
 vho was then 
 ppeaved much 
 e disappoint- 
 He desired 
 jon to him, 
 remain with 
 jtcd, but felt 
 the interview, 
 am my rank 
 to effect the 
 h a time ip 
 inform them 
 tly afterwards 
 ineral Arnold, 
 |o return with 
 pointed out 
 ish, from the 
 hands. He 
 hemselves un- 
 if strength to 
 oainst them. 
 ly of the at- 
 
 
 ^jUERICAN ,WAR. 
 
 a¥ 
 
 tempt to re^ch the ,iyhip, ,^nd ret,urn , before, fjny w^h^ 
 ,o^t beii^g djl^t^pv^red from , either ^bofes by the if^a- 
 .li^itants, whoye eyes jvere constj^n^jy >v;it9|iing the i^qvc- 
 ,^en^8 on the yvater, not only fro;n ^he forts, but t^e 
 Jturroynding sfhores, he relinquished (lis solicitations, 
 an,d desjr^d I .yvp^)d endeavour to < cturn the boat ,to 
 ,(Jje ^pl^cefropi whence we first eqtjbairked j this, \vfth 
 ^pjju^h labour, find taking the circuit of the eddies, 
 ,ym ,n9arly effectpd, (as we left ^he hqat at (J!r9ne'« 
 J^slft^yl) .Wjhyn our attention .}vas qalled to the cannqn- 
 ^lH|e from .(^allqyvs ;Point against tl)e yulture, yvUich 
 ,>vas compelled to .f^iU down the rivi^r, and appeared 
 to be, set on /ire; cornel Livingston, howqvcr, must 
 have been totally unacquainted with general Arnold's 
 designs, pr he ney^r .would haye fired $it t;hat tij^ie 
 upon ^he.sl^p. 
 
 ** Qn ,npiy ptprPjliQipe, I found t^iat general Am -Id 
 ,a^id .,Mr. ARd9i;son ^^^d janfived iloi]g before, JMr. An- 
 d^rs.9n ..Ijiayjfjg {pQiii^^^d jthe l^or^e n^y .s^rvapt Ijad . rode, 
 ^hen ;|^e . (pjlpjyed .jfj^perpl Ainpjdto^he Long Cloye, 
 the .i^la^je pf A|i^e,V}ipn|s |(anc|ing. He appeared y.ej(ed 
 ^W ^he ^hip .ti^d , b^ep c,qpi|^ejjq^ fo jei^ye .fier posi- 
 tion. General Arnold and Mr. Anderson vy^re Jeft 
 ^alpqe tlje ,fjar gi[e^tf;r pjart of , the , day. Toward the 
 
 .livening A^W ^^W *? ,9^ J^RH^P* apd proposed 
 .\,\\s^x. I sbojajd qpijvcy/Mr.,!/\q4P'"son ba9lc to, the Vulture, 
 
 .wjii.i?}! li,i^d n^.arly t^gi^in^d bpr .f9«:(P^'^!f*i^pat>Pn. .With 
 
 ^a fit of tjie ^lg^e ,i|po;i npe, I vyas^ upable to gratify 
 
 him ; p.n wlijch he ,propQ,$,9(l my accjqnip^aqyiijg \(\m 
 
 part of the w.^y .,qn.|?i>s .jCjpt^rn to New Yofk by l^r*d, 
 
 „as i^oon as piy b(^£^[j|i .^^'pul.d pcr.^iiit, to wjijch l.m^o 
 
 ;l[jo ,pl)j?ctipn. . I^e .^pon ,^fter ^'jctuvp.^d, ami told ijnc 
 
 a„d^felty had oqpujr^-j^d, ,pf Ayhif:h jje^yyas not befcjrp 
 
 .i^pris^fl,; . f"r .f)?f»t y^^^e^spn ji^d cpme pn ^hpve in a 
 
 fiM 
 
 ;^s«*.i| , imU •J*- 
 
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 I' 
 
t 
 
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 fl 
 
 'H 
 
 if 
 
 •'■■'^ 
 
 318 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 or vanitj, from an officer of his own acquaintance at 
 New York ; that it would be impossible for him to 
 travel in that uniform, he requested the loan of one 
 of my coat*. Being nearly of my size, I lent him 
 a coat: the other part of his dress, he said, did not 
 rdquire change. General Arnold then proposed returning 
 to his command at West Point, leaving Mr. Anderson 
 very disconsolate with me; he cast an anxious look 
 towards the Vulture, and with a heavy sigh wished 
 lie was on board. I endeavored to console him by the 
 kope of his beings at the White Plains, or New York, 
 before her. Finding myself better I promised to ac- 
 company him on his way. I could not help remarking 
 to him, that I thought the general might have ordered 
 a flag of truce from Stony Point, to have returned 
 him to the Vulture, without the fatigue of his going 
 to the White Plains, that appearing to me a circui- 
 tous route, unless he had business to transact at tliat 
 place of a public nature. From this time he seemed 
 shy, and desirous to avoid much conversation; he 
 continued to urge preparations for his departure, and 
 carefully avoided being seen by persons that came to 
 ihe house. 
 
 ;' '^ General Arnold had prepared a passport for him 
 to go to the White Plains, and a flag of truce for 
 )ne to go thither and return. We reached the ferry 
 at Stoney Point before it was dark, intending to pro- 
 ceed as far as major De La Van's that night, we rode 
 oTi with an increased speed, and had reached it about 
 £ve or six when we were challenged by a patroie 
 party. On advancing, the commanding officer, a cap> 
 tain Bull, demanded a countersign before we should 
 pass, and drew his corps about us, he inquired who 
 we were, the reason of out travelling in the night, 
 and from whence we came ? I told bim who I wasj 
 «A^ that we bad passports from general ArnQld, the 
 
AM£RICAN WAR. 
 
 319 
 
 cdmmaiKTing officer at West Point, which we had 
 received from the general that day ; that we were on 
 public service, on business of the highest import, and 
 that he would be answerable for our detention one 
 moment ; he insisted on seein}!^ the passports, and 
 conducted us to a house in the vicinity where there was 
 a light, on approaching the house Mr. Anderson 
 seemed very uneasy j but I cheered him by saying 
 our papers would carry us to any art of the country 
 to which they were directed, ana that no person 
 dare presume to detain us. When \ve came to the 
 liglit) I presented the passports, which salisficd the 
 captain. 
 
 ** With QO small difficulty we gained admittance into 
 a house for the night, >yhi{e such was the caulioa 
 and danger of admitting nocturnal inmates, that we 
 were obliged to take to bed qr keep the family up, 
 who would not fietire ifnti} they saw ijs safely lodged. 
 We slept it} the saige be4 ; and I was pften disturbed 
 with the^rest}e$s motion?, and uueasines^ of mind ex- 
 hibited l^ |ny bedfellfiiw, who, on observing the first 
 apprqach qf d^y, summoned my servai^t to prepare 
 the horses for oi^r departure. He appeared in the 
 morning as if he had not ^lept an hour during the 
 night } be at first vfaa much dejected, but a pleasing 
 change took place in l)is coi^ntenar^pe whei^ summoned 
 to mount Ills horse. 
 
 " We rode . very cheerfully towards Pine's Bridge 
 without interruption, or aqy event tl^at ej^cited appre- 
 hension ; here I proposed to leave miy companion ; 
 but I ob.served that the nearer we approached th& 
 bridge, the more his countenance frightened into e 
 cheerful serenity, at\d l^e b^canite yery affable,; in 
 short, I now found hioi| highly entertaining; he was 
 Rot only we|l informed in genersd histo^jy b.ut we^ 
 . "'^ S 8 2 
 
 ''I 
 
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 IT: 
 
 
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 JOdlfKXii 6V f llE 
 
 afc(^ualnt<fd' with that of America', partidularly of Kt!\5^ 
 York, which he teVrfied the ri^slduary legatee of the 
 British government (for' it tobU all thii r'emairii»\^ 
 lands not granted t6 th^ pVoprietaVy and' chartered 
 pi*ovinces.) He hhd consulted' the ilnuses' as Well as 
 Mars, for he Conversed freely oti the belles leitrtes ; 
 music, pairiting, and pbdiry, seenidd to be his' delight'. 
 He displayed a judibibiis taste in the choice bf the 
 authors he had i^ead, possessed great eleganfce of 
 sentiments, alid a riiost pleasing manner of eohVeying 
 his ideas, by adopting the flowery coloriHg of poeti* 
 cal imagery. He lahiented the causes which gav6 
 birth to and continued the war, and said if there 
 was a correspondent tenipeir on the part of thfe Ame- 
 r'icians, with the prevailing spirit of the Bdti^h minis- 
 tr^y [ieace was aii event riot fat dlstiint ; he intima- 
 ted that iheasUrefs were theh iri agitation foir the ac, 
 complikhmettt of thstt d(dsiralile object, bfef^bfe Fratice 
 cotild establish h^r perfidious desi'gnis. Vie sincerely 
 \V1shed- the fate' of thfe v^at cotild' albnd be determined 
 ih' the UW, opeh, fieltf-contfefet, betweeii is ihihy 
 Brtti'sh ill ntiihbfeV ak' th6fe¥ undeV the (^omtnatid of 
 count BfocK'ahilitau at B^bdfe* iklarfd', w*^^hbse eflfective 
 f^rce h^" Eceitt^d dbarly to understand ; he descaWted 
 on the richttbs^ 6t the sttihery" aioutid ufe, and par- 
 ticularly admired from every eminejJde,' tHfe grandeur 
 of the Highland piountains, bathing theiV lofty ^um- 
 iiaiis in thfe clouds fVonV theii* setiming Watery base 
 at the ribrW extrertiity of ^averstraw ffay. The 
 pleasantry 6f converse, and rtild'iiess of the weather, 
 4o^ insensibly Beguiled the tirtie, that we af length 
 found ourselveis at tlib bridge before I thought we 
 had got half the vi^ay ; and I now had reiison to 
 think my fellbw tVaVeller a different person fi'om the 
 eha'racteV I liad at first foi^med of him. 
 
AteRit^AN \V'A'R. 
 
 321 
 
 This bHdg;e crosses Crotoh RiveV, a branch of tliii 
 HliUsori ; here We Halted, and I mentibhed liiy deter- 
 liiihatibn to |iir6ceed' no fanKeir. Having discharged 
 tUd bill to the wbmtD), in the local n^bney of the 
 country'', my coni^aViion r^tjuestfed' me to lend' hini 
 some, and I cheei*fuily supplied him \Vith tltehalfbf 
 riiy pbclcet' aririount, altHbug^h I was afraid' it was not 
 Current bfelow that place ; the bridge bdng accounted 
 the south boundary of the Anrieirican lines. He was 
 affected at pat-ting, and offered nie a valuab^le gold 
 Waitch ih rettiembrahce of hitii, as a kebpsake^ which 
 t refused." 
 
 The passport given the major by general Arnold 
 ■particularly mentioned "to go to lines of White 
 ^J^Uihs, or lower, if he thbughtf proper, he being on 
 public business." WHfcn h(i had' ptissed' the American 
 Tihe^ and thbught himself out bf danger, he was 
 stopped by three of the New Yotk. militia, Who willi 
 others were on a scbutirig pajrty between the out- 
 ]f)osts bf the two arniies. What sti'attge' infatuation 
 seized the majbr, not to ^I'oduce his f^ass, defies all 
 cohjecture : had Hb dpnie sb, this Would have let hint 
 pass; or, if they had proved' ft^jritish scouts, they 
 Would only have cotid'ucted him where he wanted to 
 go, to the royal lines. On the contrary, he impru- 
 dently asked the man who stopped him, ** VTHere he 
 belbn^ed to ?" The man answered, ** To below," mean- 
 ing to New York. Thinkitig hiitiself then perfectly safe, 
 and mistaking them, by this equivocal reply for a 
 party of English, he hastily replied, " Sb do F,'^ 
 declared himself a British officer, and pressed that he 
 might not bfe detained, as he was on urgent business, 
 fte Was Soon' convinced of his mistake, by the party 
 proceeding to search him. Papei**, in general Arnold's 
 hand writing, were discovered in his boots. Which 
 coutaincd ei^act reruns of the state of the forces, 
 
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 ■ft- 
 
 3^ 
 
 JOURNAL OF THj: 
 
 ordnance, and defences at West Point, with the artil- 
 lery orders, critical remarks on the works, &c. The 
 major offered them his purse and gold watch, if they 
 would let him pass ; which they refused, and deli- 
 vered him a prisoner to lieutenant colonel Jameson, 
 who commanded the scouting parties. 
 
 When major Andre appeared before him it was 
 under the name of Anderson,- which he sMpported, 
 choosing to hazard the greatest danger, rather than 
 let any discovery he made which could involve Ar- 
 nold, before he had time to provide for his safety. 
 With a view to the general's escaping, he requested 
 that a line might be seqt to acquaint him of Ander- 
 6on*s detjention, which Jameson granted. Qeneral 
 Arnold on the receipt of this letter abandoned every 
 thing. He immediately seized the messenger*s hotse aqd 
 instantly proceeded down a precipice, almost perpen- 
 dicular, to the river where boats were always ready 
 to pass to and from West Point. He sprapg into one, 
 and directed the hands to row him down the river 
 and make for the Vulture ; but he ha4 scfircely 
 passed Stoney and Verplanks Point, when colone^ 
 Hamilton arrived at the latter, with orders to stop 
 him ; for by the time general Washington had sea^'che^ 
 the house, the packet from Jameson arrived. 
 
 Colonel Jameson forwarded to general Washingtoi^ 
 all the papers found on major Andre, together with 
 a letter, of which the following is a correct copy. 
 Here he manfully assumed his character, bursting 
 with a noble dignity from that fal»e appearance, which 
 the safety of general Arnold alone had caused hitn 
 to assume. This was the only point on which the 
 board of American officers could at all criminate him 
 as a spy : thus he generously sacrificed his own lift^ 
 to the preservation of general Arnold's. 
 
 •t i\ 
 
 f < 
 
. ■ >l 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 3-iS 
 
 ance, which 
 
 " Sir— What I have as yet said concerning myself, 
 was in the justifiable attempt to be extricated ; I am 
 too Httle accustomed to duplicity to have succeeded. 
 
 ** 1 beg your excellency to be persuaded, that no 
 alteration in the temper of my mind, or apprehensioa 
 for my safety, induces me to the step of addressing 
 you, but that it is to secure myself from an imputa- 
 tion of having assumed a mean character for treache- 
 . rous purposes or self interest ; a conduct incompa-' 
 tible witli the principles that actuated me, as well as 
 with my condition in life. 
 
 '* It is to vindicate my fame I speak, and not to 
 solicit security, 
 
 ** The person in your possession is major Andre, 
 adjutant general of the British army. 
 
 " The influence of one commander, in the army 
 of his adversary, is an advantage taken in war. A 
 correspondence for this purpose I held as confidential 
 (in the present instance,) with his excellency Sir Henry 
 
 ** T » av it, I agreed to meet, upon ground 
 not within tne po^-.ts of either army, a person who 
 was to give me intelligence ; I came up in the Vulture 
 sloop of war for this effect, and was fetched by the 
 boat from the ship to the beach ; being there I was 
 •told the approach of day would prevent my return, 
 and that I must be concealed until the next night. 
 I was in my regimentals, and had fairly risked my 
 person. 
 
 ** Against my stipulation, my intentions, and with- 
 out my knowledge before hand, I was conducted 
 within one of your posts. Your excellency may con- 
 ceive my sentiments on this otxasion, and will ima- 
 gine how much more I must have been affected by 
 a refusal to reconduct me back the next night as I 
 had been brought i thus become a prisoner, I had 
 
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 ..324 
 
 JOURNAL OF TPE 
 
 to concert my cscfipe. T quitted aiy unjform, and was 
 passed another wa,y jn the night, without the Ame- 
 rican posts, to neutral ground ; and being informed 
 I \vas out of the reach of all armed parties, and left 
 to proceed for New York, I was taken at Fairy Tqwh 
 by sqme >volunteers. ;, 
 
 ** Thus as I have had to relate, I was betrayed 
 .(being jidjutj^nt general of the British arm};) into the 
 ..vile condition of an enemy within your posts. 
 
 ** Having ayowed myself a British officer, 'I know 
 nothing to reveal but what vel^tes to myself, which 
 is true on the honqr of^an officer and a gentleman. 
 
 *' The request I have to make to your excellency, 
 j^nd I ,^m conscious I address myself well, is, that 
 in any rigor, policy in^y dictate, a decency of con- 
 cluct tqwards n^e may mprk tlj^at, though unfortunate, 
 I am branded with nothing dishonorable, as no pjotive 
 cpul|d be min^, but the service of my kjng, and as 
 .1 vfSiS involuntarily an impostqr. 
 
 ** Another request is, that I may be permitted to 
 write an open letter to Sir Henry, Clinton, ^nd .another 
 to a friend for clothes and linen. 
 
 "I take the liberty to mention the condition of 
 some gentlen^en in Charlestqwn, who being either, on 
 •parole, or under protection, were engaged in a con- 
 spiracy against us ; though thqir situation is not si- 
 iiiilar, they are objeqts who may be sent in exchange 
 for me, or are persons, whom the treatment I receive, 
 may in some degree affect. 
 
 *' it is no less, Sir, a confidence in the geperosity 
 of your mind, than on account of your superior station, 
 that I have chosen to importune you with this letter. 
 ., I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect, 
 Sir, your excellency's most obedient, 
 
 And most humble servant, 
 John Andre, Adj. Gen. 
 *« His ExctUcncy, George Washington, ^c. ^c." 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 12S 
 
 K' -y 
 
 •m, and was 
 t the Ame- 
 ig informed 
 
 les, 
 
 and left 
 Fair^ Tqwh 
 
 as betrayed 
 ^y) into the 
 >osts. 
 
 ^cer, 'I know 
 lyself, which 
 gentleman. 
 ir excellency, 
 ^ell, is, that 
 ency of con- 
 I unfortunate, 
 as no motive 
 kjng, and as 
 
 permitted to 
 ^nd .another 
 
 condition of 
 nff either, on 
 ;d in a con- 
 3n is npt si- 
 in exchange 
 3nt I receive, 
 
 le generosity 
 )erior station, 
 th this letter, 
 jtest respect, 
 
 )bedient, 
 ^le servant, 
 
 IE, Adj. Gen. 
 
 , Major Andre had been removed under a strong 
 escort to Tappan or Orangetown, when general Wash- 
 ington referred his whole case to the examination 
 and decision of fuinteen general officers, (of whom 
 were the marquis De La Fayette and baron De 
 Steubin) with the assistance of the judge advocate, 
 general Lawrence. Major Andre disdaining all sub- 
 terfuge and evasion, and studying to place his charac- 
 ter in so fair a light, as might prevent its being shaded 
 by the present circumstances, voluntarily confessed 
 every thing that related to himself, while; he conc.-'aled 
 with the most scrupulous nicety whatever might involve 
 others. Being interrogated by the board with respect 
 to his conception of coming on shore, under the saAc- 
 tion of a flag, he said with a noble frankness of mind, 
 that if he had, he might certainly have returned under 
 it. The board was exceedingly struck with his candor 
 and magnanimity. They did not examine a single 
 witness, but founded their report merely upon his own 
 confession. In this they stated the following fiacts: 
 ** That major Andre came on shore on the night of 
 the 21st of September in a private and secret manner i 
 that he changed his dress within the American lines ; 
 that under a feigned name, and a disguised habit, he 
 was taken on his way to New York, and when taken, 
 several papers were found in his possession, which con- 
 tained intelligence for the eneniy." That major Andre, 
 ** ought to be considered as a spy, and that agree- 
 able to the laws and usages of nations he ought to 
 suffer death." ^ 
 
 It may be naturally imagined that the British officers 
 were indefatigable in their exertions to save major 
 Andre from his impending fate. Sir Henry Clinton 
 and lieutenant general Robertson wrote letters, in 
 which every suggestion and entreaty were used to 
 
 . :• . * ■• ., ' T t 
 
 V ». 
 
 I , 
 
 
S26 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 !;,!* 
 
 fvK.' 
 
 •^f. ■■■' 
 
 general Washington on the subject ; but 2n vain. Ge- 
 neral Arnold went so far as to take the whole guilt 
 of the transaction on himself. He urged, that every 
 thing done by major Andve was transacted at his par- 
 ticular request, and at a time when he was acknow- 
 kdged commanding officer in the department. He con- 
 tended, '* that he had a right to transact all those 
 matters, for which, though wrongs major Andre ought 
 not to suffer death." 
 
 All interview also took place between general Ro- 
 bertson on the part of the British, and general Greene 
 01) the part of the Americans. Every thing was urged 
 by the former that ingenuity or humanity could sug- 
 gest for averting the proposed execution ; Greene made 
 a proposal for delivering up Arnold instead of Andre ; 
 but found this could not bc!' acceded to by the British, 
 without offending against every principle of honor and 
 policy, general Robertson urged ** that Andre went 
 on shore under the sanction of a flag, and that being 
 in Arnold's power, he was not accountable for the 
 subsequent actions, which were said to be compul- 
 sory." To this it was replied that " be was employed 
 in the execution of measures very foreign to the 
 object of flags of truce, and ^uch as they were never 
 meant to authorize or to countenance, and that major 
 Andre in tlie course of his examination had candidly 
 confessed, that it was impossible for him to suppose 
 that he came on shore under the sanction of a flag.** 
 As Greene and Robertson differed so widely in both 
 their statements of facts, and the interference they 
 drew from them, the latter proposed to the former 
 that the opinion of disinterested military gentlemen 
 might be taken on the subject, and generals Knyphausen 
 and Rochambeau were mentioned ', general Robertson also 
 urged that Andre possessed a great share of Sir Henry 
 Chnton^s esteem, and hinted^ as his last recourse that 
 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 327 
 
 vain. Gc- 
 whole goilt 
 
 that every 
 
 at hU par- 
 ras acknow- 
 t. He con- 
 ct all those 
 \iidre ought 
 
 general Ro- 
 leral Greene 
 la was urged 
 ^ could sug- 
 Greene made 
 id of Andre ; 
 ^ the British, 
 of honor arnl 
 r Andre went 
 nd that being 
 table for the 
 be compul- 
 ivas employed 
 etgn to the 
 were never 
 md that maior 
 had candidly 
 to suppose 
 )n of a flag.*' 
 [dely in both 
 ference they 
 the former 
 try gentlemen 
 js Knyphausen 
 obertson also 
 of Sir Henry 
 recourse that 
 
 ■y 
 
 lie would be infinitely obliged if he shouki be spared. 
 He offered that in case Andre should be permitted 
 to return with him to New York, any person whatever, 
 that might be named, should be set at libery. All 
 these argnments and entreaties having failed, Hobertson 
 presented a long letter from Arnold, in which h? en- 
 deavored to exculpate Andre, by acknowledging him- 
 self the author of every part of his conduct, ** that he 
 had particularly insisted on his coming from the Vulture 
 under a flag which he had sent for that purpose.* 
 He declared that if Andre suffered, be should think 
 himself bound to retaliate. He also observed ** that 
 forty of the principal inhabitants of South Carolina had 
 justly forfeited their lives, which had hitherto been 
 spared only through the clemency of 8ir Henry Clin- 
 ton, who would no longer exten^ mercy if major 
 Andre suffered ; an event which would probably open 
 a scene of bloodshed, at which humanity must revolt." 
 He entreated Washington by his owa honor, and for 
 the sake of humanity, not to suffer an unjust sentence 
 to touch the life of Andre, but if that warning should 
 be disregarded, and Andre suffer, he called ** heavea 
 and earth to witness that he alone would be Justly 
 answerable for the torrents of blood which might be 
 spilt in consequence." 
 
 Indeed every exertion was made by our commanders 
 to save Andre, but without effect : it was urged, on 
 the contrary, that the general opinion of the Ameri^ 
 can army^ was, that his life was forfeited, and that 
 national dignity and sound policy required that the 
 forfeiture should be exacted. 
 
 General Greene was originally a Quaker, a stern re- 
 publican, and such was the rancor displayed through- 
 out the whole transaction, both by him and the marquis 
 De La Fayette that they may sjmost literally be tsad 
 
 T t 2 
 
 
 a. 
 
 
 
528 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 l?.^V' 
 
 
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 ti 
 
 ill 
 
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 to have tliirsted for the blood of the unfortunate victim 
 whom fate had put in their power. • * 
 
 Here again I am compelled to notice the misrepre- 
 sentation and detect the falsehood of the account given 
 by Belsham. He says the unfortunate Andre ** ivas 
 apprehended in disguise, and with a- false passport.'''' 
 True the major was apprehended in disguise, but 
 his passport was not a false 'one. It was signed by 
 the comm?,|iding officer of the American district from 
 whence he came. Was the signature *' Arnold," a 
 forgery ? It was a true passport on the part of major 
 Andre, and general Arnold who signed it alone was 
 accountable to the American government for it. But 
 this is Belshani*s constant practice, by coupling a 
 truth with a falshood, (as the Jews vend a damaged 
 article with a sound one) they both pass muster with 
 the great mass of mankind, until a critical examina- 
 tion detects the fraud. The same writer tells us, with 
 an air of triumph, that the major '* suffered death in 
 that degrading mode which gives the brave^ the keenest 
 wound, notwithstanding the urgent solicitations and the 
 wipotentf injudicious menaces of Sir Henry Clinton." 
 Wl^at injudicious menace escaped from Sir Henry 
 Clinton during the whole unfortunate negociation ? His 
 letter to general Washington is a master piece of pru- 
 dence, of humanity, of temperate, energetic remon- 
 strance, conjoined with manly dignity. 1 have not the 
 vanity to suppose myself capable of determining ^he 
 merits of the great body of historians ; but certainly, 
 if I may be permitted to give an opinion on those 
 who have published the American transactions, Mr. 
 Belsham is of all the most artf jl and dangerous. His 
 misrepresentations are of deep design, and his false co- 
 lorings are laid on with so much adroitness, that it is 
 no easy matter completely to detect him. But on some 
 points I think he has been sufficiently unmasked. 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 329 
 
 I introduce here a quotation from Smith, which 
 places Sir Henry Clinton's character in the most amiable 
 point of view. 
 
 *' The noble humanity in his breast, which at the 
 moment when every agonized feeling must have been 
 wounded to its greatest height, alone prevented him 
 from making that sacrifice which the laws of arms 
 and the manes of the murdered Andre seemed almost 
 imperiously to require at his hands. 
 
 " The Greyhound schooner, flag of truce which brought 
 general Robertson's last letter to general Washington, 
 dated on board the schooner on the 2d of October, 
 the day major Andre suffered, carried to New York 
 the melancholy account of that event. 
 
 ** No language can describe the mingled sensations of 
 horror, grief, sympathy, and revenge, that agitated 
 the whole garrison ; a silent gloom overspread the ge- 
 neral countenance ; the whole royal army, and citizens 
 of the first distinction, went into mourning. Sir Henry 
 CHnton (although stung with the deepest sorrow for 
 the loss of so valuable an officer,) who best knew 
 how to appreciate his merits, could not indulge a 
 spirit of resentment, in exercising the dictates of pas- 
 sion or policy, by a retaliation on a number of Caro- 
 lina prisoners, of the first distinction, who had forfeited 
 their lives agreeable to the usage of war. In almost 
 every instance, where humanity could be exercised, 
 the lenity of Sir Henry Clinton was eminently conspi- 
 cuous, both in civil and military matters." 
 
 It is to be regretted, that, we have benefitted so little 
 by so great a literary genius as major Andre was. The 
 following letters (which are extracted from Smith's 
 Narrative) prove him to have been a young man of 
 very considerable intellect. 
 
 ''I 
 
 ■:• I 
 
 ■ -if 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 i '' 
 
 ::^.f^ 
 
930 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 ! .♦ > 
 
 ' lA 
 
 ■I 
 
 Major Andre td Sir Henry Clinton, dated Tappan, 
 September 29th : 
 
 ** Sir — Your excellency is doubtless already apprized 
 nf the manner in which I was taken, and possibly of 
 the serious light in which niy conduct is considered^ 
 4jul the vigorous determination that is impending. 
 
 *^ Under these circumstances, I have obtained ge. 
 ncral Washington's permission to send yoa this letter ; 
 the object of which is, to remove from your breast 
 any suspicion, that I could imagine I was bound by 
 your excellency's orders to exp«se myself to what has 
 liappened. The events of coming within an enemy*i 
 . poHts, and of changing my dress, which led me to 
 Biy present situation, were -contrary to my own inten- 
 tions, as they were to your orders ; and the circuitous 
 route which I took to return, was imposed (perhaps 
 unavoidably) without alternative upon me. 
 
 ** In addressing myself to your excellency on this 
 occasion, the force of all my obligations to you, 
 and of the attachment and gratitude I bear you, re- 
 curs to me^ 
 
 ** With all the warmth of my heart, I give you 
 tfianks for your excellency's profuse kindness to me : 
 and I send you the most earnest wishes for your wel- 
 fare, whicii 9 faithful, a(Tectionate, and respectful au 
 tention can frame. 
 
 " I have a mother and three sisters, to whom the 
 Value of my commission would be an object, as the 
 loss of Grenada has much affected their income. It is 
 needless to be more explicit on this subject, I am 
 persuaded of your excellency's goodness, &c. &c. 
 
 I have the honor to be, &c. 
 
 John Andre, Adj. Gen." 
 
 On October the 2d, the tragedy was closed. The 
 major was superior to th« terrors of death : but the 
 
 iu'.- 1 
 
 fr'l i 
 
AMERICAN WAR, 
 
 3H 
 
 cd Tappan, 
 
 idy apprized 
 I possibly of 
 I considered > 
 
 t pending, 
 obtained gc- 
 tt this letter; 
 your breast 
 ras bound by 
 f to what has 
 I an enemy's 
 h led me to 
 ny own inten- 
 the circuitous 
 osed (perhaps 
 
 k 
 
 lency on this 
 ions to you, 
 >ear you, re- 
 
 I give you 
 liiess to me: 
 for your wel- 
 respectful at^ 
 
 t 
 
 to whom the 
 bject, as the 
 icome. It IS 
 ibject, I am 
 :c. &c. 
 be, &c. 
 Adj. Gen." 
 
 closed. The 
 lith : but the 
 
 disgraceful, mode of dying which the usage of war had 
 annexed to his unhappy situation, was infinitely dread, 
 ful to him : he was desirous to be indulged with a death 
 worthy of his profession ; and accordingly he wrote tho 
 day before, the following letter to general Wiishingtcn : 
 
 " Sir — BuoyM above the terror of death, by the 
 consciousness of a life devoted to honorable pursuits, 
 and stained with no action that can give me remorse, 
 I trust that the request I make to your excellency at 
 this serious period, and which is to soften my last 
 moments, will not be r^ected. i 
 
 ** Sympathy, towards a soldier will surely induce your 
 excellency, and a military tribunal, to adopt the mod« 
 of my death to the feelings of a man of honor. 
 
 ** Let me hope, Sir, that if aught in my character 
 impresses you with esteem towards me, if aught u\ 
 my misfortunes marks me as the victim of policy, and 
 not of resentment, I shall experience the operation of 
 these feelings in your breast, by being informed that 
 I am not to die on a gibbet. 
 
 I have the honor to be, &c% 
 
 John Andre, Adj. Gen." 
 
 ** General Washington consulted his officers upon 
 the subject. Pity and esteem wrought so powerfully, 
 that they were all for shooting him, till Greene in. 
 sisted on it that his crime was that of a common spy, 
 that the public good required his being hanged, and 
 that if he was shot the public would think there were 
 favorable circumstances entitling him to notice and 
 lenity. His observations had their desired effect, and 
 they resolved that there would be an impropriety in 
 granting the major's request ; but his delicacy was saved 
 from the pain of receiving a negative answer. The 
 guard which attended him in his conhnement marched 
 witli him to the placQ of e^^esution. The way, over 
 
 !,■ i< » 
 
 
I 
 
 352 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 I < 
 
 I' i I. > ■ 
 
 .' ' 
 
 which He passed, was crouilcd on all nidcs with anxious 
 spectators, as he went along between two ofHccrs of 
 his guard, his arms being locked in theirs, i)e bowed 
 himself familiarly to all those with whom he had been 
 acquainted in his confinement. A smile of compla- 
 cency expressed the serene fortitude of his mind. 
 Upon seeing the preparations on the fatal spot, he 
 asked with some degree of concern, '* Must I die in 
 this manner ?*' He was told it was unavoidable. He 
 replied, ** I am reconciled to my fate, but not to 
 the mode." Soon after recollecting himself, he added, 
 •* It will be but a momentary pang.'* He ascended 
 the cart with a pleasing countenance, performed the 
 ]ast offices to himself, with a composure which ex- 
 cited the admiration of all the spectators." Being told 
 the final moment was at hand, and asked if he had 
 any thing more to say, *' nothing but to request 
 that you will witness to the world that 1 die like a brave 
 7nan.^^ He died universally esteemed and regretted. 
 The sympathy he had excited in the American army 
 was perhaps" unexampled, under any similar circum- 
 stances. Numbers condemned, very few justified, 
 but all regretted the fatal sentence which put an end to 
 his valuable life. 
 
 *' He was a young officer of great abilities, and of 
 uncommon merit. Nature had bestowed on him an 
 elegant taste for literature and the fine arts, which by 
 industrious cultivation he had greatly improved. U'i 
 possessed many amiable qualities, and very great ac- 
 complishments. His fidelity together with his place 
 and character, eminently fitted him for the negoci- 
 ation with Arnold, but his high ideas of candour, and 
 his abhorrence of dishonorable conduct, made him 
 inexpert in practicing those arts of deception which 
 it required. It may not be improper to add, that oitr 
 gracious sovereign, who never suffers any public service 
 
 ■■"i ' r> t 
 
AMrRICAN WAR. 
 
 333 
 
 with anxioi>« 
 o ofHccrs of 
 rs, he bowed 
 he had been 
 5 of compla- 
 of his mind, 
 fttal spot, he 
 Must 1 die in 
 voidable. He 
 , but not to 
 lelf, he added, 
 
 He ascended 
 performed the 
 ire which ex- 
 j." Being told 
 iked if he had 
 but to request 
 die like a brave 
 
 and regretted. 
 
 American army 
 Isimilar circum- 
 
 few justified, 
 jh put an end to 
 
 Lbilities, and of 
 led on him an 
 arts, which by 
 improved. t''» 
 very great ac- 
 with his place 
 tor the negoci- 
 |f candour, and 
 ict, made him 
 [eception which 
 loadd, that our 
 [y publiG service 
 
 to pais unrcwardt'd, has caused an elegant monument 
 to he erected in Wistminster Al>bey, which, with the 
 historic pn^e l)Oth of Knjjland and America will per- 
 petuate the virtue Drid gallantry of major Andre, 
 through ages yet unknown. 
 
 Description of the Afovmnait in Westminster Abbey ^ 
 for MAJOR .JOHN ANDKb:, dcsii;ntd by liobat 
 Adam^ JCsi/. /Inhi/irt, and executed in statuarjy marble y 
 hi/ Mr. P. M. Van G elder. 
 
 This nmnunicnt is composed of a sarcophagus, elevated 
 on a pedestal, upon the panncl of which is engraved 
 tlio following inscription: 
 
 15ACRFD TO TIIR MEMORY 
 
 MAJOR JQHN ANDRE, 
 
 Who, raised by his Merit, at an early Period 
 
 of his Life, to the Rank of 
 
 ADJUTANT-GENERAL OF THE BRITISH FORCES 
 
 IN AMERICA, 
 and, employed in an Important but hazardous Enterprise, 
 
 Ff.LL A SACRIFICE 
 
 to his 
 
 Zeal for hh King and Country, 
 
 on the 2d of October, 17*^0, aged 29, 
 
 universally beloved and esteemed by the Army 
 
 in which he served, and lamented even 
 
 by his Foes. 
 
 His gracious Sovereign 
 
 KING GEOKGE III. 
 
 ha.t caused this Monument to be erected. 
 
 Tiie following description of the characters on the 
 sarcophagus, and remarks on the lamented catastrophe 
 are copied from Smith's Narrative. 
 
 " On the front of the sarcophagus, general Wash- 
 ington is represented in his tent, at the jnoment 
 
 Uu 
 
 
 It: ] 
 
.J ' 
 
 
 ' 
 
 i: 
 
 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 33i 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 '. ^j:i!|,,' ilj»+'' 
 
 when he had received the report of the court martial 
 held on major Andre ; at the same time a flag of truce 
 arrived from the British army, with a letter for general 
 Washington to treat for the major's life. But the 
 fatal sentence being already passed, the flag was sent 
 back without the hoped-for clemency in his favor. 
 
 " Major Andre received his condemnation with that 
 fortitude and resolution, which had always marked his 
 character, and is represented going with unshaken 
 spirit to meet his doom. 
 
 ** On the top of the sarcophagus, a figure of 
 Britannia reclined, laments the premature fate of so 
 gallant an officer. The British Lion too, seems in- 
 stinctively to mourn his untimely death. 
 
 " Ancient or modern history docs not exhibit an 
 instance, where an officer fell so universally lamented 
 by adversaries and friends; an irrefragable proof of 
 unsullied honor, and superior merit. 
 
 " Eulogy cannot do sufficient justice to the deeerts 
 of this rarely accomplished hero ; and it must be 
 some consolation to his surviving friends, that his 
 and their foes drop the tear of sympathy, and min- 
 gle their sorrows at the same shrine, made sacred to 
 virtue and truth." 
 
 It has already been noticed, as matter of regret, 
 that distinguished as major Andre was by literary 
 talent, so little of his compositions survived him. 
 The following Poem however the author is enabled to 
 lay before the reader ; from the authority of a re- 
 spectable person, a native of America ; where it is 
 generally acknowledged to have been the major's 
 r:om position. It was written a few days previous to his 
 excution. Other testimony of its authenticity it is now 
 impossible to produce, as no British officer was per- 
 mitted to attend iiis last moments, console the heroic 
 Mitferer, or receive the dying injunctions of th? 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 3S5 
 
 man, who fell a martyr to the interests of his coun> 
 try. But if such report carries with it full conviction 
 to the author, it will to the mind of the loyal and un- 
 prejudiced rtader, and as for those who were instru- 
 mental in robbing the major of life, or who can approve 
 the deed, it would be a waste of words to attempt 
 the removal of their doubts. Under these circum- 
 stances, t0 hav€ suppressed it altogether would have 
 been criminal, and on this authority it is inserted, 
 leaving the reader to his own unbiassed judgment 
 as to its authenticity. 
 
 ■ " ff 
 
 ■ -i I 
 
 ice to the deserts 
 and it must be 
 friends, that his 
 
 ipathy, and min- 
 , made sacred to 
 
 HAIL sovereign love, which first began, 
 The scheme, to rescue fallen man ! 
 Hail matchless, free, eternal grace. 
 Which gave my soul a Hiding Place.' 
 
 Against the God who built the sky 
 I fought with hands uplifted high, 
 Despis'd the mention of his grace. 
 Too proud to seek a Hiding Place, 
 
 Enwrapt in thick Egyptian night, 
 And fond of darkness more than light; 
 Madly I ran the sinful race. 
 Secure, without a Hiding Place. 
 
 But thus the eternal council ran, 
 
 " Almighty love, arrest that man'." 
 
 I felt the arrows of distress. 
 
 And found I had no Hiding Place. 
 
 Indignant justice stood in view. 
 To Smai's fiery mount 1 flew. 
 But Justice cfy'd with frowning face, 
 This mountain is no Hiding Place. 
 
 Ere long a heav'nly voice I heard. 
 And mercy's angel soon appear'd. 
 He led me in a placid pace. 
 To Jesus as my Hiding Place. 
 
 On him Almighty vengeance fell. 
 Which must have sunk a v\orld to hell. 
 He bore it for a sinful race. 
 And thus became their Hiding Place. 
 
 
 'i** 
 

 ; J 
 
 
 
 ' f 
 
 ,1 
 
 536 JOURNAL OF THE r 
 
 Should sevenfolc! storms of thunder roll, ' " ' 
 Aad shake this globe from pole to pole : 
 ]S'o thunder bolt shall daunt my face, 
 For Jesus is my Hiding Place. 
 
 A few more rolling suns at most. 
 Shall land me on fair Canaan's coast. 
 Where I shall sing the song of grace, 
 And see my glorious Hiding Place. 
 
 Major Andre's remains were interred in an opou 
 field,' belonging to a Mr. Mubie, in the vicinity where 
 he suffered . 
 
 The end cf the year 1780 was now arriving; win- 
 ter set in wit!i great severity. The Americans, in 
 addition to tlie inclemencies of tli'j season, had many 
 liardships to cnconnter. The three years, for vviiich 
 period the American troops were originally enlisted, be- 
 ing expired ; and enraged at the hardships which they 
 had sufibred, a spirit of insurrection manifested itself : at 
 first in the troops of the Pennsylvania line, which soon 
 spread to the New Jersey line. The American gover- 
 nors, well acquainted with the grievances endured by 
 the army, wisely redressed them, and passed a gene- 
 ral amnesty. The soldiers which were under the 
 immediate command of genera! Washington also be- 
 gan to betray the most alarming discontent ; but 
 actuated by that wisdom for which he was so con- 
 spicuous, he reniained in his quarters, and by his 
 presence prevented their murmurs from breaking out 
 into absolute resistance. 
 
 Mean time the pa))er currency of the American* 
 became every hour more and more depreciated. The 
 financial arrangements of the congress, of course fell 
 into the utmost <-onfusion : a general discredit began 
 to prevail, and it was clearly perceived by the most 
 intelligent members of their government, that nothing 
 
 .1 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 3J7 
 
 in an opcu 
 vicinity where 
 
 irriving ; win- 
 Avneiicans, in 
 on, had many 
 irs, for which 
 y enhsted, be- 
 ips which they 
 festcd itself: at 
 ne, which soon 
 mpricaTi gover- 
 es endured by 
 asscd a gene- 
 Ire under the 
 rton also he- 
 scontent ; but 
 was so con- 
 , and by his 
 breaking out 
 
 the Americans 
 l-eciated. The 
 I of course fell 
 jiscrcdit began 
 by the most 
 that nothing 
 
 iould possibly preserve their affairs from atter ruin 
 but a foreign loan, and that to a considerable amount. 
 This they attempted with the Dutch, and bv means 
 of French influence, in opposition to the stadtholder 
 and the British interest, it was brought into a state 
 of forwardness under the negociation of a Mr. Lee, 
 (formerly an alderman of London, and brother to 
 the American general Lee.) agent for the congress, 
 and John de Neufville, an Amsterdam merchant. 
 This measure, although resorted to at a moment 
 of the most distressing exigence, had been in con- 
 templation %!ver since the year 1778, at which time 
 the parties first met at Aix-la-Chapelle. It was sanc- 
 tioned by Van Berkcl, grand pensionary of Amster- 
 dani. Provisionary articles were signed by the parties, 
 and copies transmitted to America and Holland. This 
 was all transacted with that secrecy, so consonant 
 to the insidious policy of the Dutch, who negociated 
 in that crafty manner which left them at liberty, 
 according as the affairs of America prospered or failed, 
 to avow or disavow, the treaty to Great Britain. — A 
 remark here must press on the minds of most readers. 
 LIow strikingly has Providence placed before the 
 world, an awful lesson on national duplicity, by 
 the present humiliation of that money-lov.ng, cunning 
 peop',', under the French dominatior 
 
 'i'o ratify this nela'ious bargain, A^ enry Laurens, 
 the late president of congrcs's, v ispatched from 
 
 Aiuerica. fie embarked at Philad^ hia for Holland, 
 but in the progvess of the voya the vessel was 
 captured by the British, and L .ens, with all his 
 oificial documents, sent to F.ng' d ; the box which 
 contained the papers was thr^ i overboard ; but a- 
 loval and determined sailor .jred it from sinkincr. 
 The nante of the ship w' captured Mr. Laurens 
 
 was, tiic Vestal, commai' oy captain Keppel. Ho 
 
 
i' 
 
 '1^ 
 
 
 !■ 
 
 "4 
 
 ■ m 
 
 ■'•■, ! - 
 
 ■-: . i; 
 
 ■ • I ^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 'r 
 
 3^S 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 was landed in Devonshire, and arrived at the admi- 
 ralty on the 7th of October, 1780. On his ex- 
 amination he disclaimed all allegiance to Great Britain^ 
 and boldly avowed himself an agent and a subject of 
 the American government. 
 
 The A-'ministration on this occasion, iLcted with a 
 liccouiing spirit. The papers of Mr. Laurens had 
 put them in full possession of the perfidy of the 
 Dutch. A memorial was accordingly presented by 
 the British ambasvsador at the Hague, requiring the 
 states general to disavow the proceedings of the pen- 
 sionary Van Bcrkel and his adherents, and demand- 
 iitg their immediate trial and punishment. The Dutch, 
 conscious of their guilt, attempted to delay the busi- 
 ness ; but the English ambassador was finally recalled, 
 and hostiUties commenced between the two nations. 
 
 Mr. Laurens was committed to the Tower on a 
 charge of high treason, but from circumstances which 
 afterwards arose, never brought to trial. 
 
 This extraordinary character was of French descent. 
 His ancestors fled to America upon the revocation of 
 the edict of Nantz, under Lewis XIV. They settled 
 in South Carolina, in the capital of which his father 
 carried on the business of a sadler, for which employ- 
 ment he in^'ended his son. Mr. Laurens was born 
 in the year r724 ; his education was very limited, 
 and for some time he followed the business of his 
 father. But, beirg of an aspiring turn of mind, and 
 ca'Ter for the attiinment of wealth, he quitted the 
 business of a sailler, and commenced merchant. 
 Kemarkable for a r;gid punctuality in all his deal- 
 ings, he established a high character for integrity 
 and attention to business. It is this which does every 
 thing in America for *Jie man of business : be 
 became rich, and by degiees respectable. Jle was 
 appointed a provincial colonel in the w:n* with France, 
 
AJilERICAN WAR. 
 
 339 
 
 and commanded an expedition against the Indians. 
 At the time of passing the stamp act, he was among 
 the friends of government and supported the authority 
 cf the parent country. Charlestown at that time be- 
 came the seat of much civil dissention ; to avoid 
 taking a part in which he left America and went over 
 to England. Strange to record ! it was there that all his 
 principles of loyalty were shakjn, and he returned to 
 America a staunch and sturdy republican. 
 
 He immediately took part with the American op- 
 positionists, and professed himself a patriot, ready to 
 make any sacrifice in what he termed the common 
 cause, and to defend that cause in every extremity : 
 this was in the year 1775. The Americans at that 
 time were indefatigable in uniting to their side, men 
 of talent, enterprize and integrity. Mr. Laurens 
 possessed the very requisites which they desired to con- 
 stitute a leading character, and he was accordingly 
 advanced to be president of the provincial congress of 
 Carolina. From that province he was nominated a 
 delegate to the contineiual congress. There he be- 
 came a distinguished member, and was eventually 
 appointed president of that assembly. The modera- 
 tion, good sense, and ability which he displayed in 
 that office commanded the respect, even of the lirsL 
 men among those, who neither approved his principles, 
 nor wished success to his cause. Tiie importance to 
 America of the Dutch loan, can best be estimated, by 
 the congress sending such a man to transact the busi- 
 ness : his capture by captain Kcppel was a sore blow 
 to their interests. 
 
 It may be necessary here to rest a moment, and 
 notice the difl'erence in point of liuuiatiity between 
 the British governinent, and the American partizuns. 
 With the bleedmg wounds of the untimely, and remorse- 
 less fate of iLijor Andre, btill fresh on recollection, 
 
 •1 
 
'i 
 
 
 i»>ii 
 
 ■ Bv. 
 
 ,""•:' 
 
 I 
 
 ■4 
 
 
 ' T 
 
 
 
 s\o 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 the cabinet of St. James paused before tliey reta- 
 liated oh America, in tiie person of the late president 
 of her senate (the highest officer in time of poace, 
 and in war second to none but the commander in 
 chief, Washington.) Tiie shade of the murdered 
 Andre seemed from the grave to cry for vengeance. — 
 Yet British magnanimity, in the worth of the indi- 
 Tidual, ameliorated the punishment of the traitor — 
 and Mr. Laurens, with his friend Turnbull,* deputy 
 adjutant general of the American forces, suffered 
 only a partial confinement, for deeds which would 
 have doomed them to the gibbet, if not to the torture, 
 imder any other state. Surely the sons of many of 
 the Americans must blush, for the cruel violence of 
 their fore-fathers in this unhappy contCot. 
 
 * Mr. Turnbull, son to the governor of Connecticut, and 
 deputy adjutant general to the American forces, who left 
 America for France with a major Tyler, and who from thence 
 came to England, was also apprehended and his papers seized. 
 Several letters to and from his father and other persons in 
 America being produced, and his '^'onferences at Paris with 
 Dr. Franklin fully established, he was committed to the New 
 Prison, Clerkenweli, about a month after the commitment of 
 Mr. Laurens to the Tower. 
 
 3 
 
 m 
 
 •"Nifir 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 3H 
 
 CHAP. XVf. 
 
 Southern Campaign under Lord Cornwallis. General 
 Greene succeeds Gates in the Command of the American 
 Southern army. Colonel Tarletcn defeated at Cowpens. 
 Lord Cornwallis crosses the Cataxvba. The Author's 
 Narrative of that Transaction. Colonel Webster 
 joins L.ord Cornwallis. Thej/ pursue Cencral Morgan. 
 Junction rf the American Armies. General Greene 
 driven out of Xorth Carolina. Lord Cornwallis'' s 
 Proclamation at Hillsborough. General Giecne re- 
 crosses the Dan^ and again enters North Carolina. 
 Lord Cornwallis retires from Hillsborough. Action 
 of Guilford Court House. British Armij arrives at 
 IFilmington. 
 
 QUITTING the affairs of the north, which were con- 
 ducted by general Clinton, we shall now revert to 
 events in the south under lord Cornwallis. 
 
 The capture of Charlestown, and the reduction of 
 almost all the whole of South Carolina, naturally inclined 
 the British comii ...dt-rs to extend their views to the 
 conquest of North C rolina. The Americans on their part 
 saw the necessity of reinforcing the southern army ; 
 and general Greene, at the recommendation of Wash- 
 ington, was appointed to its command, which was trans- 
 ferred to him at Charlotte by general Gates. A 
 country thinly inhabited, and abounding with swamps, 
 aiVorded every advantage to a partizan warfare over a 
 large and regular army. This system was acted on by 
 Greene, and accordingly general Morgan, with a nu- 
 
 Xx 
 
a 
 
 ' ' '■ t 
 
 ■) ■ I 
 
 II 
 
 
 ■': 
 
 1? 
 
 ^^'.r.^;^ 
 
 ' . 
 
 1^" 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 3+2 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 incrous detac1)nient was directed to threaten the British 
 post at Ninety Six, on the western extremity of South 
 Carolina; the main body under general Greene at the 
 same time, moving on to north side of Pedee, opposite 
 Chcraw-HdI. 
 
 The British army, at that time, had marched two 
 hundred miles from the sea-coast, and was preparing 
 for an invasion of North Carolina. In order therefore 
 to drive Morgan from its rear, and deter the inhabitants 
 from joining his standard, lieutenant colonel Tarlcton 
 with six hundred men (three hundred of which were 
 cavalry) proceeded against him. Tlie engagement took 
 place at Cow pens. The British, led on by the colonel 
 iiimself, advanced, confident of victory, with a shout, 
 and ])oured a tremendous fire on the enem}-. The 
 American line gave way, and fled ; the British advanced, 
 and engaged the second. At that critical moment, 
 colonels Washington and Howard rallied the flying 
 troops, and, joined by the militia, led them on to the 
 support of the second line. I'he British were thrown 
 into confusion : three hundred were killed and wounded ; 
 the whole of the artillery-men (who worked the gnn>) 
 that did not share their fate, were taken, with two 
 three pounders. Colonel Tarleton, with about fifty of 
 the cavalry, made a last, desperate, but glorious efFort : 
 he charged and repulsed Washington's horse, retook 
 the baggage of the corps, cut the detachment who had 
 it in possession to pieces, destroyed the greater part, 
 and retired with the rest to Hamilton's Ford.* 
 
 This defeat (particularly the loss of the light infantry) 
 was a severe loss to the royal camp. The prisoners 
 were conveyed by forced marches to Richmond ; so 
 
 * In lord Comwallis's dispatches to government concerning 
 this engagement, he says, " In justice to the detachment ot' 
 the royal artillery, I must here observe, that no terror could 
 induce them to abandon their guns, and they were all killed 
 and wounded in the defence of them." 
 
' 1 
 
 AMERICAN WAR-. 
 
 S4S 
 
 *.. 
 
 that all attempts of the main army to re-capture tliem 
 were unavaihng. The army halted during- two days 
 collecting? provisions, and destroy in^f superfluous ba*::- 
 gage. We then marched through North Carolina, to 
 the banks of the Dan, on the utmost extremities of 
 the province. 
 
 On the 1st day of February, at day light in the 
 morning, we were directed to cross M'Cowan's Ford, 
 in order to dislodge a party of the Americans under 
 the command of GtMieral Davison, wliich were strongly 
 posted on the opposite hills. Lord Cornwallis, accord- 
 ing to his usual manner, dashed first into the river, 
 mounted on a very fine s|)irited horse, the brigade 
 of guards followed, two three pounders next, the Royal 
 Welch Fuzilecrs after them. Colonel Webster had been 
 previously directed to move with a strong guard divi- 
 sion to Bcattic's Ford, six miles above M'Cowan's in 
 order to divide the attention of the Americans. 
 
 The place where we forded was about half a njile 
 over. The enemy stood on the hills of the opposite 
 shore, which were high and steep, hanging over the 
 river, so that they had every advantage over us, to 
 facilitate their firing on those who attetnpte l to cross 
 there. Lord Cornwallis's fine horse was woundetl 
 under him, but his lordship escaped unhurt. Amidst 
 these dreadful oppositions, we still urged through 
 this rapid stream, striving with every etFort to gain 
 the opposite shore ; just in the centre of the river, 
 the bombardier who was employed in steering one of 
 the three pounders, unfortunately let go his hold of 
 the helm of the gun, and being a low man, he was 
 forced oft' his feet, and immediately carried headlong 
 down the river. At that very instant, I was bringing 
 up the division that covered this gun, and encouraging 
 the men to hold fast by one another, ciud not to be 
 dismayed at the enemy's fire, or from the rapidity nr 
 . "' X X li 
 
 f ;^ 
 
 
 
I 1 
 
 
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 n 
 
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 M 
 
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 bi'' 
 
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 w 
 
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 1 
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 1;. 
 
 m. 
 
 • 1 
 
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 ) 
 
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 ^ 
 
 1, 
 
 liii 
 
 ■iK 
 
 S4i 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 ilcpth of the water, which was at tliis ])lace more than 
 four feet deep, and very rocky at the bottom. I 
 knew that if this artillery man was either killed or 
 drowned, his loss would be great indeed, as we had 
 no man at hand that could supply his place in workinj^ 
 the gun ; this consideration 'arted through my mind 
 in nn instant, and 1 was determined to save his life 
 or perish in the attempt. I therefore quitted iny hold 
 of the right hand man of my division, and threw 
 myself on my belly on the surface of the water, and 
 i'l nine or ten strong strokes, 1 overtook bin-. liy 
 this time he was almost exhausted, having been carried 
 down the stream heels over head, upwards of forty 
 yards. 1 got him on his feet, and led him back in 
 safety to his gun. It was very remarkable, and taken 
 particular notice of by the British troops, that during 
 this transaction not one shot was fired at lis by the 
 Americans; indeed they might have easily shot us both 
 in the head, as the current of the river carried us 
 very near to them. After this affair the enemy began 
 ligain a very heavy fire upon us, nevertheless our 
 divisions waded on, in a cool intrepid manner, to rctur'- 
 their firej being imjiossible, as our cartouch boxes 
 v.crc uU tiiu at the back of our necks. This urged 
 i;s on "vvith greater rapidity, till we gained the opposite 
 thore, where we were obliged to scramble up a very 
 high hill undei, a heavy fire; several of our men 
 \\ere killed and wounded, before we reached the suni- 
 liiit. The American soldiers did all that brave men 
 cuuld do, to oppose our passage across the river, 
 i.iid 1 believe not one of them moved from his post, 
 t,l! we inounicd the hill, and used our ba\oncts; their 
 }.eneral was the lirst man that received us sword in 
 liand, and suffered himself to be cut to pieces sooner 
 than retreat ; after his death, his troops were soon 
 ti^fcated u.id dis[>cr.'5cd. 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 S49 
 
 e more tluin 
 bottom. I 
 er killed or 
 as we baU 
 c in working 
 rh my mi ml 
 save liis life 
 ttcd my lioUl 
 and threw 
 1 water, and 
 k liin-. lb' 
 been carried 
 fds of forty 
 iiim baek in 
 Ic, and taken 
 s, that during 
 at us by the 
 ly shot us both 
 r carried us 
 enemy began 
 ertheless our 
 [icr, to rctur'- 
 rtouch boxes 
 This urged 
 [l the opposite 
 le up a very 
 of our men 
 hed the sum- 
 It brave men 
 |ss the river, 
 |oin his post, 
 oncts ; their 
 us sword iu 
 )ieces sooner 
 s were soon 
 
 Let the reader only for a moment consider what a 
 situation the British troops were placed in, while they 
 were wading over this ford, iij)wards of five hundred 
 yards wide, up to their breast in a rapid stream, their 
 knapsacks on their back, sixty or seventy rounds of 
 powder and ball in each pouch, tied at the pole of 
 their necks, their firelocks with bayonets, fixed oti 
 their shoulders, tinec hundred of their enemies (ac- 
 counted the best marksmen in the world) placed on 
 a hill as it were over their heads, keeping a con- 
 tinual and very heavy fire upon them. 
 
 Yet such was the resolution with which they en- 
 countered the danger, and such the determined regu- 
 larity which was observed, that only one officer, 
 (lieutenant colonel Hall) and three privates were killed, 
 and thirty six wounded. A striking instance of what 
 may be effected in situations, deemed by many as 
 invincible impediments to the progress of an army, by 
 coolness, courage, and resolution. It may be necessary 
 10 mention, that lord Cornwallis's horse, tliough he was 
 bhot in the water, did not fall until he reached the 
 shore. General Leslie's horses were carried down the 
 river; and such was the rapidity of the stream, that 
 brigadier general O'Hara's horse rolled with him dowu 
 the current, for near forty yards. ^ - 
 
 Lord Cornwallis's division having made good the 
 dangerous passage of the Catawba, landed, and tlie 
 23d regiment, with the cavalry under colonel Tarleton, 
 set out in pursuit of the militia. Intelligence being 
 gained tliat the American militia had rendezvoused at 
 Tarrant's Tavern, ten miles from IJeattie's Ford, the 
 23d regiment halted half way, and the colonel pro- 
 ceeded with the cavalry alone. About live hundred 
 ucre then prepared to receive him, who were imme- 
 diately charged, their centre broken through, fifty 
 l},illed and the rest dispcyrscd. I'he gallantry of these 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 actions made such an impresBion on. the inhabitants} 
 that the troops made their way without moleBtalion 
 to the Yadkin, notwithstanding the inveteiete pF€au- 
 dice which this part of North Carolina bore to the 
 British name. General Greene's plan of waiting till 
 Huger and Williams joined him, was thus com- 
 pletely frustrated, the troops at the different fords 
 were withdrawn, and Morgan began a precipitate 
 retreat to the Yadkin. 
 
 Meantime colonel Webster's division passed Beattie's 
 
 Ford, on the Catawba, and joined that of lord 
 
 Cornwallis on the road to Salisbury. They intme- 
 
 diately began to pursue Morgan ; hut he reached 
 
 the Trading Ford, and passed the Yadkin, with the 
 
 loss of his baggage, which the flight of the riffle 
 
 men left in possession of the king's troops. A 
 
 ; heavy rain which fell during the night, rendered 
 
 the fords impassible, and so swelled the river, that 
 
 general Morgan having secured all the boats and flats 
 
 on the opposite shore, the pursuit was rendered impos- 
 
 Mble, except by marching up the western banks of 
 
 the Yadkin, and passing by the shallow fords near 
 
 its source. This gave time for the junction of the 
 
 the American armies. In this situation, it was the 
 
 aim of lord Cornwallis to get between the American 
 
 army and Virginia, and thereby cut off general 
 
 Greene's retreat to that place. His lordship was, by 
 
 some means, misled by false information relative to 
 
 the lower fords being impassible, and began his 
 
 march to the upper fords of the Dan. Of this, 
 
 general Greene took advantage, and by a rapid 
 
 flight, reached Boyd's and Irwinc's Ferries, and passed 
 
 the river; but so closely was he pursued by his 
 
 lordship, that the last division had scarcely crossed, 
 
 when the British reached the opposite banks. The 
 
 difficulties and hardships which the troops endured 
 
.* 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 347 
 
 5 inhabitants* 
 t molestation 
 jtetate pTcgu- 
 . bore to the 
 f waiting till 
 IS thus corn- 
 different fords 
 a precipitate 
 
 passed Beattie's 
 that of lord 
 They in»me- 
 ut he reached 
 idkin, with the 
 It of the riiBe 
 ig's troops. A 
 night, rendered 
 the river, that 
 boats and flats 
 rendered impos- 
 restern banks of 
 lUow fords near 
 junction of the 
 :ion, it was the 
 len the American 
 cut off general 
 |lordship was, by 
 lation relative to 
 and began his 
 Dan. Of this, 
 md by a rapid 
 tries, and passed 
 pursued by his 
 scarcely crossed, 
 kite banks. The 
 e troops endure<l 
 
 in this ineffectual pursuit, were sustained with an 
 heroism that was inspired by the idea of ternii«« 
 nating the contest in this part by one decisive 
 blow, which certainly would have been done, but 
 for the mistake relative to the fords. Genera) Greene 
 having thus made his escape from North Carolina 
 lord Cornwallis returned to Hillsborough, where he 
 erected the royal standard, and issued a proclamation 
 inviting all the loyal inhabitants to join him. 
 
 General Greene receiving intelligence of this, and 
 dreading the consequences, took the daring measure 
 of again crossing the Dan, with the legion of colo- 
 nel Lee, and returning to North Carolina. 
 
 A transaction here forces itself on record, more 
 foul, inhuman and abominable than any thing which 
 took place during the war. The loyalists on the 
 branches of Haw River, having risen in numbers, 
 lieutenant colonel Tarleton was dispatched to forward 
 their organization, and give them succour. Colonel 
 Lee was sent with his legion to counteract the mea- 
 sure. On the 25th of February, the assembled loy- 
 alists ' were proceeding in a body to the standard of 
 Tarleton, when they were met in a narrow lane by 
 his legion. They mistook the American cavalry for 
 Tarleton*s dragoons, and were surrounded before they 
 perceived their error. In this situation they imme- 
 diately begged for quarter ; but the relentless Ame^* 
 rican refused it, and in the rcry act of supplicating 
 mercy, two or three hundred were inhumanly but- 
 chered.— When did such a deed as this stain the 
 British arms ? Had twenty Americans thus fallen, 
 how would the pages of Rumsay, Belsham, and the 
 other republican historians have foamed with the charges 
 of murder, massacre, blood, and malice!!!! However 
 the historian may weep over the record, this is a 
 specimen of republican mere}', as horrible as it is true. 
 
 * -41 
 
 ' . ■ -J 
 
 
 *. . 
 
t^ 
 
 
 S49 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Such wu the scarcity of provisions at HilUboroagh, 
 that it was found impossible to support the army in 
 that place. They were even obliged to kill some of 
 tlieir best draft horses. They therefore passed the 
 Haw, and encamped in Allamancc Creek. This 
 movement much dispirited the loyalists, and raised 
 the drooping hopes of the Americans. As the British 
 retired, Greene advanced, crossed the Haw, and posted 
 himself between Troublesome Creek and Reedy Fork, 
 carefully changing his position every night, to avoid an 
 engagement. In this situation, lord Cornwallis gave 
 orders to beat up the American posts at Reedy Fork, 
 in order to compel them to a greater distance, or 
 perhaps allure Greene, who lay in the direction of 
 Guildford Court-House, to a general engagement. Early 
 in the morning of the 6th of March, the army 
 passed Allamance Creek, and marched towards Reedy 
 Fork. The Americans were not unapprised of the 
 movement, and hastily retreated across the Fork. 
 General Greene instead of marching tu their assist- 
 ance, abandoned them to their fate. At Wedzell's 
 Mill, they were overtaken by lieutenant colonel Web- 
 k^er, and nuulbers fell. The supplies and reinforce- 
 ments which Greene anxiously expected, arrived ac 
 last, under Lawson, Butler, and Eaton, with the 
 North Carolina militia, from the frontiers, commanded 
 by Campbell and Preston, making his numbers in 
 the whole upwards of five thousand men. 
 
 Thus reinforced, he determined to offer lord Corn- 
 wallis battle. He re-passed the Haw, and marched tu 
 Guildford Court-House, but twelve miles from the 
 British army, at the Quakers' meeting house in the 
 forks of Deep River. 
 
 On the i5th of March, about four miles from 
 Guildford, the engagement began ; colonel Tarleton 
 led on the British advance. The Americans were 
 
i I 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 349 
 
 commanded by general Lee, fvho behaved with the 
 most undaunted braverv, and maintained himself 
 against the mo«t formidable opposition, until the 2)d 
 regiment advancing to the support of Tarluton, 
 compelled him to give way. Greene formed hU 
 order of battle on a commanding scite. It consisted j^ 
 of three lines. Two brigades of the North Carolina 
 militia flanked by a wood, composed the firsr. That 
 of Virginia, commanded by Stephens and Lawson, 
 formed the second. These were compleatly encom- 
 passed in the wood, three hundred yards in the 
 rere of the first. Four hundred yards behind them, 
 in open ground, near the Court House, the third 
 was formed, consisting of two brigades of continental 
 troops. Two corps of observation were placed oti 
 the right and left flanks ; the one commanded by colo^ 
 nel Washington, the other by colonel Lee. The 
 firitish advance was formed by a column of royal 
 artillery, under the command of lieutenant Macleod ; 
 and the disposition of the main attack was as fol- 
 lows: the '71st, the regiment of Bose, commanded 
 by general Leslie, and the 1st battalion of guards, 
 colonel Norton, formed the right line ; the 23d and 
 S3d led on by colonel Webster, and supported by 
 brigadier general O'Hara, and the grenadiers and 2d 
 battalion of guards, constituted the left; corps of 
 observation, light infantry of the guards, and yagers, 
 on the left of the artillery, and the cavalry in 
 column behind on the road. 
 
 These masterly dispositions preluded one of thd 
 most signal battlos ever gained by British valour. 
 The details are so accurately laid down by Stedman, 
 who had every opportunity of ascertaining even the 
 minutest circumstance, tliai it may be* better to quote 
 his accpunt of it, than by aiming at originality, 
 
 Yy 
 
 m 
 
 . • 
 
 
■I 
 
 wo 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 # 
 
 
 .' 1» 
 
 ^ ■ 
 
 * 
 
 t 
 » 
 
 
 i 
 
 ■ ) 
 
 • 1 
 
 ■ ^ 
 
 I' ilfljISIBs' 
 
 
 fall short of the particulars. '* This dispositioii be- 
 ing made, the line received orders to advance, and 
 moved forward with that steady and guarded, but 
 firm and determined resolution whcih discipline alone 
 can confer. It has been remarked by an eye-wit- 
 nt'ss,* that ** the order and coolness of that part 
 of VVebster^s brigade which advanced across the open 
 ground, exposed to tiie enemy's fire, could not be 
 sufficiently extolled." At the distance of one hun- 
 dred and forty yards they received the enemy's first 
 fire, but continued to advance unmoved. When 
 arrived at a nearer and more convenient distance, 
 they delivered their own fire, and rapidly charged 
 with their bayonets: the enemy did not wait the 
 shock, but retreated behind their second line. In 
 other parts of the line the British troops behaved 
 with equal gallantry, and were not less successful. 
 The second line of the enemy made a braver and 
 stouter resistance than the first. Posted in the woods, 
 and covering thennselves with trees, they kept up for 
 a considerable time a galling fire, which did great 
 execution. At length, however, they were compelled 
 to retreat,, and fall back upon the continentals. In 
 this severe conflict the whole of the British infantry 
 were engaged. General Leslie, from the great extent 
 of the enemy's front, reaching far beyond his rigiit, 
 had been very early obliged to bring forward the 1st 
 battalion of the guards, appointed for his reserve, 
 and form it into line : and lieutenant colonel Webster,| 
 finding the left of the 33d regiment exposed ""to a 
 heavy fire from the right wing of the enemy, which 
 greatly out.flanked him, changed its front to the 
 left, and the ground become vacant by this move- 
 nent, was immediately occiipied by general O'Hara, 
 
 ..-.^ Lieutenant culonel Tarlctoii. 
 
 ■ X ■ -T"* 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 351 
 
 with thef grenadiers, and 2d battalion of the guards. 
 Webster moving to the left with the 33d reginnent, 
 supported by the light infantry of the guards, and 
 the yagers, routed and put to flight the right wing 
 of the enemy, and in his progress, after two severe 
 struggles, gained the right of the continental ; but 
 the superiority of titeir numbers, and the weight of 
 their fire obliged him, separated as he was from the 
 British line, to re-cross a ravine, and occupy an 
 advantageous position on the opposite bank, until 
 he could hear of the progress of the kingN troops 
 on the right. The British line being so much ex- 
 tended to the right and left, in order to shew a front 
 equal to the enemy, was unavoidably broken into 
 intervals in the pursuit of the first and second 
 American lines ; some part^ of it being more ad- 
 vanced than others, in consequence of the diB'erent 
 degrees of resistance that had been met with, or of 
 other impediments arising from the thickness of the 
 woods, and the inequality of the ground. The 
 whole, however, moved forward ; and the second 
 battalion of the guards, commanded by the honor- 
 able colonel Stuart, was the first that reached the 
 open ground at Guildford Court House. Impatient to 
 signalize themselves, they immediately attacked a 
 body of continentals, greatly superior in nurnben^ 
 that was seen formed on the left of the road, routed 
 them and took their cannon, being two six-poun- 
 ders; but pursuing them with too much ardour and 
 impetuosity towards the wood on their rear, were 
 thrown into confusion by a heavy fire received from 
 a body of continentals, who were yet unbroken, and 
 being instantly charga^ by Washington's dragoons, 
 were driven back wit^great slaughter, and the loss 
 of ^he cannon- that had been taken. Lieutenant 
 
 Yy2 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 i 
 
 
»» 
 
 Sft 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 )JP 
 
 Mteleodi tdvancing alung the road wUii the royal 
 artillery, had by this time reached the open ground. 
 By a spirited and well-directed cannonade he checked 
 the pursuit of the Americans. Fortunately also, the 
 list regiment, belonging to general Leblie*s division, 
 was seen emerging from the woods on the right, and 
 the 23d not long afterwards, made its appearance on 
 the left. To the right and left uf these regiments, 
 gen(.*ral O'Hara, although severely wounded, rallied 
 with much gallantry and great expedition, the re- 
 mains of the Sd battalion of the guards; and the 
 Americana were quickly repulsed and put to flight, 
 \^ith once more the loss of the two six-pounders : 
 tivo other six-pounders were also taken, being all 
 the artillery which they had in the field, and two 
 ammunition waggons. The ^Ut pushed forward to 
 to eminence at the Court Hout>e, on the left flank 
 of the continentals. Lieutenant colonel Webster again 
 advanced across the ravine, defeated tlie corps that 
 was opposed to biin, and connected himself with 
 the centre of the British line. The continentals of 
 the American army being now driven from their 
 ground, as well as the militia, a general retreat 
 took place ; but it was conducted with order and 
 reguUurity. The ^ad and list, with part of the 
 cavalry, were at first scat in purvuit of the enemy, 
 but afterwards received orders to return. It is pro- 
 bable that, as the British commander became more 
 acquainted with all circumstances of the action, and 
 the number of the killed and wounded, he f»uud it 
 necessary to countermand his orders, and desi»t from 
 the pursuit. The action being now ended in the 
 centre and left of the Bnti|J^liQe, a firing was still 
 h^ird on the right, wliere general Leslie with the 
 Ist battalion of the guards and the regiment oi Bose, 
 had been greatly impeded in advancing, by the ex- 
 
 . il: - 
 
H 
 
 I the royal 
 jpen ground. 
 3 he checked 
 ely also, the 
 lie's division, 
 \e right, and 
 ippeavance on 
 se regiments, 
 inded, rallied 
 ition, the re- 
 irds; and the 
 put to flight, 
 six-pounders: 
 en, being all 
 ield, and two 
 ed forward to 
 the left flank 
 Webster again 
 ttie corps that 
 himself with 
 continentals of 
 en from their 
 general retreat 
 rith order and 
 part of the 
 of the enemy, 
 Irn. It i» pro- 
 became more 
 he action, and 
 d, he f»uud it 
 ipd dcsi*t from 
 ended in the 
 flring was »till 
 islie with the 
 ;imeat of Bose, 
 g, by the ex- 
 
 AMF.RICAN WAR. 
 
 993 
 
 cesslve thickness of the woods, which rendered their 
 bayoneU of little use. The brcken corps of the 
 enemy were thereby encouraged to make frequent stands, 
 and to throw in an irregular 6re } so that this part of 
 tlie British line was at times warmly engaged in front, 
 flank, and rear, with some of the enemy that had been 
 routed in the first attack, and with part of the extre. 
 mity of their left win^;, which, by the closeness of 
 the woods, had been passed unseen. 
 
 " At one period of the action the first battalion of 
 the guards was completely broken It had suffered 
 greatly in ascending a woody height to attack ihe 
 second line of the Americans, strongly posted upon 
 the top of it, who, availing tliemselves of the advan* 
 tages of their situation, retired, as soon as they had 
 discharged their pieces, behind the brow of the hill, 
 which protected them from the shot of the guards, 
 and returned as soon as they had loaded, and were 
 again in readiness to Are. Notwitlistanding the dis. 
 advantage under which the attack was made, the guards 
 reached the summit of the eminence, and put this part 
 of the American line to flight : but no sooner was it 
 done, than another line of the Americans presented 
 itself to view, extending far beyond the right of the 
 guards, and inclinii^ towards their flank, so as almost 
 to encompass them. The ranks of ^ ; ^juards had 
 been tliinned in ascending the height, a J a number 
 of the officers had fallen : captain Maitland, who at 
 this time received a wound, retired to the rear, and 
 having had his wound dressed, returned immediately 
 to join tlie battalion of guards to which he belonged. 
 Some of the men, too, from superior exertions, had 
 reached the summit <||i|di^minence sooner than others ; 
 so that the battalion was o«t in regular order when 
 it received the Are pf the third American line. The 
 enemy's fire being repeati^d and continued, aad, from 
 
 
 *1 
 
 t4 
 
 lA^i ; 
 
 iP' 
 
 
 'M 
 
> 
 
 S54 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 
 
 
 4||HH^ the great extent of their line, beinj; poured in not 
 ^W^ only on the front but flank of the battalion, completed 
 1(8 confusion and disorder, and notwithiitandin||^ every 
 exertion made by tiie remaining officers, it was at 
 last entirely broken. Fortunately, a this time, tlie 
 Hessian regiment of Bose, commanded by lieutenant 
 colonel de Hury, which had bitheno suffered but little,- 
 was advancing in firoi and compact order on the left 
 of the guards, to attack the enemy. Lieutenant colonet 
 Norton thought the fortunate arrival of the regiment 
 of Bose presented a favoral>lu opportunity for forming 
 again his battalion, and requested the Hessian lieu- 
 tenant-colonel to wheel his regiment to the right, 
 and cover tbe guards, whilst their officers endeavoured 
 to rally them. The request was immediately and most 
 gallantly . complied with; and, under the cover of the 
 fire of the Hessians, the exertions of lieutenant colonel 
 Norton, and his few remaining officers, were at last 
 tuccessful in restoring order. The battalion, being 
 again formed, instantly moved forward to join the 
 Hessians: the attack was renewed, and the enemy 
 wefe defeated. But here the labours of this part of 
 the line did not yet cease. No sooner had the guards 
 and Hessians defeated the enemy in front, than they 
 found it necessary to return and attack another body 
 of them that appeared in the rear ; and in this manner 
 ^tbey were obliged to traverse the same ground in 
 various directions, before the enemy were completely 
 put to the rout. The firing heard on the right, after 
 the termination of the action in the Centre, and on 
 the left, iiiducei lord Cornwallis to deUch Tarleton, 
 with part of^he cavalry, to gain intelligence of what 
 was doing in that quarter, mjntt'^^^ whether general 
 Leslie wanted assistance. # But before TarIeton*s arrival 
 on the right, the affair was over, and the British 
 '"% troops were standii^ with ordered arms ', all resistance 
 
ired in not 
 
 completed 
 ding every 
 
 it was at 
 \ time, tlic 
 r lieutenant 
 id but little, 
 
 on the left 
 snant colonel 
 he regiment 
 for forming 
 lessian lieu. 
 I the right, • 
 endeavoured 
 tely and most 
 cover of the 
 :enant colonel 
 
 were at last 
 talion, being 
 
 to join tlie 
 ihe enemy 
 
 this part of 
 lad the guards 
 nt, than they 
 another body 
 
 n this manner 
 ground in 
 
 re completely 
 
 ic right, after 
 
 ntre, and on 
 
 ach Tarleton, 
 ence of what 
 lether general 
 
 •leton^s arrival 
 
 the British 
 
 all resistance 
 
 AMERICAN WAittf 
 
 t Si***- 
 
 having ceased a the part of the Americans, excopi 
 from a few haidy rifllcmen, who lurking behind tre 
 occanionally fired their pieces, but at such a distance 
 as to do no mischief. Theiie colonel Tarleton, when 
 requested, readily undertook to disperse with his cavalry, 
 and rushing forward under cover of a general volley 
 of musquetry from the guards and the regiment of 
 Bose, quickly performed what was expected of him. 
 In this afikir colonel Tarleton bifiself received a slight 
 wound, bm the rest of his corps returned unhurt. 
 
 '* In this battle the British troops obtained a victory 
 most honorable and glorious to themselves, but in its 
 consequences, of no real advantage to the cause in which 
 they were engaged. They attacked, and defeated tm 
 army pf more than three times their number,* not tiiken 
 by surprise, but /ormed in regular order of battle, 
 and ready to engage ; an army too, that k allowed 
 on all hands to have been strongly and ^diciously 
 posted, on ground- 'chosen with care, anci must exceU 
 iently adapted to the nature of the troops that occupied 
 it. The resi^itance of the enemy was in proportion to 
 the advantages they possessed ; -nor did they yield, but 
 
 * By the return of the adjutant of the day, it appears that 
 the British troops engaged in the action, amounted to fourteen 
 hundred forty five. The cavalry are nil included in this 
 return, and indeed they were not engaged, except for dH 
 instant on the right, after the action in t^e centre, and on 
 the left, was over. The Americans were generally supposed 
 to amount to seven thousand men, and a letter, found in the 
 pocket of one of their Serjeants ||jtt was slain, specifies^ven 
 thousand to be the number of ^eir army : but Gorcron in 
 bis history, who appears to have taken their numbers, from 
 ollicial documents, states them to be fourteen^undred and ninety 
 eontinentals, arid two thousand seven hunOTed^nd fifty three 
 
 ^two hundred WKd forty three 
 
 mihtia; in all, four th 
 foot soldiers, and two 
 to have included the 
 Preston ; so that their 
 thousand mcn.^ 
 
 cavafr}'. But he seems not 
 
 len, under Campbell and 
 
 V probably exceeaed si^en 
 
 *. 
 
 #• 
 
 . *\ 
 
 • I 
 
4: 
 
 ■L 
 
 QiO •' 
 
 Mfi 
 
 RNAL OF THB 
 
 cxtMiiM relucUfice. Eren the miliHa, mcourigect 
 thtir pofitidi^, fought with bravery, and .griitly 
 wirakened the British line before it reached the con' 
 tinentals. iThe Virginia militia, who compbsed the 
 aecond American line, did not quit their fproand, it is 
 aaid until their commander, seeing them no longer able 
 to fnthatand the attack of regular troops, and feady 
 to be overpowered, gave orders for a retreat. A vic- 
 tory alcbieved undetf such disadvantages of numbers 
 and ground, was of the most honorable kind, Ind- placed 
 the bravery and discipline of the troops, beyond all 
 ^ise; but the ex pence .at which it was obtained ren- 
 dered it of no utility. ^ 
 
 ** Before the' provincials finally retreated, more than 
 one third of all the British trodps engaged had fallen. 
 TIjc whole loss, according to the offidial returns, amount- 
 cd to fi^ hundred and thirty two: of these ninety 
 diree wm killed in the action, four hundred and thir- 
 teen were vHNinded, and twenty six missing. Amongst 
 the kilted were the honorable lieutenift colonel Stuart 
 of the guards, lieutenant 0*Hara of the royal arrtllery, 
 brother of the brigadier, lieutenant Robinson of the 
 S3 ' regiment, ensign Talbot pf the 33d, and ensign 
 Grant of the list; amongst the wounded, were bri- 
 gadiers general 0*Hara, and Howard ; lieutenant colonels 
 Webster^ and llirleton ; captains Swanton, Scbutz, 
 Maynard, Goodijcke, lord Dunglass, Maithind, Ptotefi 
 • Wilmousky, and Btc^enbrodth ; lieutenants Salvin, Win<« 
 yard. Schewener, and fipise; ensigns Stuart, Kelly, 
 Gore, Hughes, and De xroot 
 and Fox.** 
 
 The loss of tiff Americans 
 variously esMated, uid di 
 fully ascertained. If w 
 ret urns »* their whole 1 
 well of militia as 
 
 and adjutant Colguhoun, 
 
 in 
 
 til is action has been 
 
 appear to have been 
 
 credit their ofiioial 
 
 aud wounded^ as 
 
 fntinetitah, did nm exceed twv» 
 
 •% 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 S37 
 
 encouraged 
 ind .r**t!y 
 d the con- 
 mpbsed the 
 pronnd, it i« 
 » longer able 
 
 and feady 
 «at. A Tie 
 of numbers 
 , Ind placed 
 
 beyond all 
 obtained ren- 
 
 d, more than 
 d hadfellen, 
 urns, amount- 
 the«e ninety 
 dred and thir. 
 pg. Amongst 
 iolond Stuart 
 •oyal artillery, 
 linBon of the 
 and ensign 
 d, were bri- 
 enant colonels 
 iton, Scbutz> 
 itland, Pfcter, 
 Salvin, Win^ 
 Ituavt, Kelly, 
 It Colguhoun, 
 
 ion has been 
 
 to have been 
 
 their offioial 
 
 wounded^ as 
 
 exceed tw«» 
 
 hundred and fifty men. But, by lord Cornwallis'* 
 diHpatcheti, it appcarn that between two and three hundred 
 of their dead, were found upon the field, afrer the 
 action ; and if we proportion their wouiuled according 
 to the number of the idain, their wholt* loss in killed 
 and wounded, must have greatly exceeded that of the 
 British droops. The number of those who were mi.ssin<r, 
 according to their own return!), was confcrssediy great ; 
 but a« the British troops took but few prisoners, is 
 is prohiihle thai the greatest part of the missing, con. 
 sisted of militia, who, escaping frotn the action, fled 
 lo their own houses, and did not afterwards return. 
 
 ** The wounded of both armies were collected by the 
 .British, as expeditiously as possible after the action : 
 it was, however, a service that required both time and 
 care, as from the nature of the action, they lay dis- 
 persed over a great extent of ground. Every assistance 
 was furnished to them, that in the then circuinstances 
 of the army could be afforded ; but, unfortunately the 
 army was destitute of tenls, nor was there a sufficient 
 number of houses near the field of battle to receive 
 the wounded. The British army had marched several 
 luiles on the morning of the day on which they came to 
 action. They had no provisions of any kind whatever 
 on that day, nor until between three and four in the 
 afternoon of the succeeding day, and then but a scanty 
 allowance, not exceeding one quarter of a pound of 
 flower, and the same quantity of very lean beef. The 
 night of the day on which the action happened was 
 remarkable for its darkness, accompanied with raun, 
 wi)ich fell in torrents. Near fifty of the wounded, it 
 is said, sinking under their aggravated nii<ieries, expired 
 before morning. Theories of the wounded, and dying 
 who remained on the field of action during the night, 
 exceeded all description. Such a complicated scene of 
 
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i 
 
 
 1 
 
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 »'^Bft 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 k 
 
 lI 
 
 horror and distress, it is hoped, for the sake jf humanitj, 
 rarely occurs, even in a military life. 
 
 i 
 
 What loads of mangled flesh and limbs 
 (A dismal carnage !) bath'd in reeking gore, 
 
 ' Lay welt'ring on the ground ; while fliUing life, 
 
 Convuis'd, the nerves still shtvering, nor bad lost 
 AJI taste of pain ! Here an old Tet'ran lies 
 Deform'd with years, and scars, and groans alovd 
 Torn with firesh wounds ; but tnwaird vitals firm 
 
 » Forbid the souPs remove, and chain it down 
 
 By the hard laws of nature, to sustain 
 Long torment ; his wild eye balls roll ; his t > *b. 
 Gnashing with anguish, chide his lingering lace. 
 
 . *' History, perhaps, does not furnish a similar instance of 
 'a battle gained under all the disadvantages with which the 
 British troops, (assisted by a regiment of Hessians, and 
 some Yagers,) had to contend against, at Guilford Court 
 House. Nor is there, perhaps, on the .acords of his- 
 tory, an instance of a battle fought with more deter- 
 mined perseverance than was shewn by the British 
 troops on that memorable day. The battles of Cressy* 
 of Poicticrs, and of Agincourt, the glory of our own 
 country, and the admiration o/ ages, had in each of 
 ^hem, either from particular lo '1 situation, or other 
 fortunate and favorable cirrumst ices something in a 
 (jpgree to counter-balance the d parity of numbers; 
 Jiere; time, place, and numbers, 11 united against tha 
 British. The American general ' d chosen his ground, 
 ^vhich was strong, commanding, id advantageous; he 
 had time not only to make his Q.^i- 3sition, but to send 
 away his baggnge, and every incumbrance. His cannon 
 and his troops, in numbers far exceeding the British, 
 were drawn out in readiness to commence the action, 
 when lord Cornvvaiiis approached to attack him.'* 
 
 General Greene fled to Reedy Ffcrk Creek, where, 
 when lie had passed the river, he halted on the opposite 
 banks to collect his stragglers. When he had partly 
 avconiplished this, he pushed on to Troublesome Creek, 
 
f humanity^ 
 
 nd limbi 
 
 lost 
 
 alottd 
 irm 
 
 late. 
 
 ilar instance of 
 ivith which the 
 Hessians, and 
 Guifford Court 
 acords of his- 
 ;h more deter- 
 by the British 
 ^ttles of Ciressy* 
 y of our own 
 ,ad in each of 
 tion, or other 
 jotnething in a 
 of numbers; 
 Led against the 
 [sen his ground, 
 ,/antageous ; he 
 |on, but to send 
 le. His cannon 
 jg the British, 
 nee the action, 
 ick him.' 
 Creek, where, 
 •nthe opposite 
 he had partljT 
 iblesome CreeV, 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 9^Q 
 
 •bout twelre miles further. Lord Cornwallig, (from the 
 army being in want of provisions, and its several other 
 distresses,) found it would be inadvisable to pursue the 
 fugitives. It on the other hand became indispensably 
 necessary to move towards some place where supplies 
 might be obtained. Accordingly about seventy wounded 
 were left at the Quaker^s meeting bouse, under pro- 
 tection of a flag of truce, and tlie army slowly retired to 
 Cross Creek. 
 
 It was part of lord CornwalJis*s plan for the opera- 
 tion in the north, that colonel Balfour, the com- 
 uandant at Charlestown, should dispatch a force by 
 water, sufficient to take Wilmington, as a post of 
 communication, and a medium of obtaining supplies. 
 This service was executed by major Craig in the 
 end of January, and put in a proper state of defence. 
 Wilmington lies near the mouth of Cape Fear River ; 
 and Cross Creek (a settlement of loyal Higlilanders) 
 is on a branch of it, about one hundred miles up 
 the country. From thence it was expected the army 
 would obtain supplies, and it was moreover admirably 
 adapted, from its central situation, as a rallying 
 point for those who were well affected to the royal 
 cause. Lord Cornwallis began his march from Guild- 
 ford Court House by issuing a proclamation, inviting 
 the loyal to his standard, and offering pardon t6 
 those who should return to tlieir allegiance. His 
 lordship' then proceeded by slow marches to Crosa 
 Creek ; general Greene following him as far as Ram- 
 8ey*s Mill, on Deep River. Nothing but slight occa- 
 sional skirmishes ensued during the march. On his 
 arrrival at the Creek, every hope was disappointed. 
 Four days forage could not be had in twenty miles, all 
 communication, with Wilmington from the narrowness of 
 the river, was impracticable, and the scattered inhabi- 
 tants on its lofty banks were irreconcilably hostile. • The 
 troops therefore began their march to Wilmington, at 
 
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 ■i 
 
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 -J 
 
■■■! ■ 
 
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 sdo 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 which place they arrived on the 7th of April. During 
 these toilsome movements, the British army sustained 
 an almost irreparable loss, by the deaths of colonel 
 Webster* of the 33d, captains Schntz and Maynard of 
 the guards, and capVain Wilmouski and ensign De 
 Trott of the regiment of Bose. They all received 
 their mortal wounds at 'Guildford Court House. Of 
 colonel Webster*8 great military talents and virtues, 
 mention at large has already been made in this 
 Journal; but " the sympathetic manner in which 
 lord Cornwaliis communicated to the Rev. Dr. Webster, 
 of Edinburgh, the intelligence of his son's death, is at 
 once a proof of his lordship's goodness of heart, his ten- 
 der sensibility, and of the high estimation in which he 
 held the deceased. ^ The following is a copy of his letter 
 
 on that occasion :" 
 
 Wilmington, April 23, 1731. 
 
 ** Dear Sir-r-It gives me great concern to undertake 
 a task which is not only a bitter renewal or my own grief, 
 but must be a violent shock to an affectionate parent. 
 
 " You have for your support, the assistance of reli- 
 gion, good sense, and the experience of the uncertainty 
 of human happiness. You have for your satisfaction, 
 that your son fell nobly in the cause of his country, 
 honored and lamented by all his fellow soldiers ; that he 
 led a life of honor and virtue, which must secure hiin 
 everlasting happiness. When the keen sensibilit}' of the 
 passions begins to subside, these considerations will give 
 you real comfort. 
 
 ** That the Almighty may give you fortitude to bear 
 this severest of trials, is the earnest wish of your com- 
 panion in affliction, and most faithful servant, 
 
 " CORNWALLIS." 
 
 * It was reported m the army, that when lord Cornwaliis 
 received the news of colonel Webster's death, his lordship was 
 httuck with such pungent sorrow, thai turning himself, he 
 looked on his sword, and emphatically exclaimed, " I havt 
 lost my scabbard." 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 S6! 
 
 CORNWALLIS. 
 
 As the Author belonged to colonel Webster's brigade, 
 be is enabled, (and tlie Reader will naturally expect it 
 from him,) to state some circumstances unnoticed 
 hy any historian, from his own personal observation. 
 After the bri^rade formed across the open ground, the 
 colonel rode on to the front, and gave the word , "Charge" 
 Instantly the movement was made, in excellent '..iMer, 
 in a smart run, with arms charged: when arrived within 
 forty yards of the enemy's line, it was perceived that 
 their whole force had their arms presented, and resting 
 on a rail fence, the common partitions in America. They 
 were taking aim with the nicest precision. , 
 
 ' •* *.- 
 
 " Twixt host and host but narrow space was le(l, 
 " A dreadful interval, and, front to front, 
 " Presented, stood in terrible array." 
 
 At this awful period a general pause took place ; both 
 parties surveyed each other for the moment with the 
 most anxious suspense. Nothing speaks, the general more 
 than seizing on decisive moments: colonel Webster 
 rode forward in the front of the 23d regiment, and 
 said, with more than even his usual commanding voice 
 (which was well known to his Brigade,) " Come on 
 viy brave Fuzileers.'* This operated like an inspiring 
 voice, they rushed forward amidst the enemy's fire ; 
 flreadful was the havoc on both sides. 
 
 " Amazing scene ! 
 W/iat showers of mortal hail ! What flaky fires!" 
 
 jAt last the Americans gave way, and the brigade 
 Advanced, to the attack of their second line. Here the 
 conflict became still more fierce. Before it was com- 
 pletely routed, where I stood, (it is not from egotism, 
 but to he the better understood, that I here, without 
 breaking the thread of precision, assume the first person) 
 I observed an American officer attempting to fly. I 
 immediately darted after him, but he perceiving my inten-. 
 
 ■:m 
 
 !l 
 

 MS 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 ' % 
 
 \ 
 
 tion to capture him, fled with the utmost speed. I 
 pursued, and was gaining on him, when, hearing a coa- 
 fused noise on mv kit, I ol>served several bodies of 
 Americans drawn up within the distance of a few yards. 
 Whoever has been in an engagement well knows that, 
 in such moments all fears of death are over. Seeing one 
 of the guards among the diain, where I stood, I stop- 
 ped and replenished my own pouch with the cari. 
 tridges that remained in his ; during the time I was 
 thus employed, several shots were fired at me; but 
 not one took eflect. Glancing my eye the other way, 
 I saw a company of the guards advancing to attack 
 these parties. The Beader may perhaps be surprised 
 at the bravery of troops, thus with calm intrepidity 
 attacking superior numbers, when formed into separate 
 bodies, and all acting together ; but I cau assure him 
 this instance was not peculiar; i' iVcqueudy occurred 
 in the British army, during the American war. It was 
 impossible to join this company, as several of the Ame- 
 rican parties lay between me and it. I had no time 
 for deliberation. How to act I knew not. On the 
 instant, however, I saw lord Cornwallis riding across the 
 clear ground. His lordship was mounted on a dragoon's 
 horse (his own having been shot;) the saddle-bags were 
 under the creature^s belly, which much retarded his 
 progress, owing to the vast quantity of underwood that 
 was spi-ead over the ground; his lordship was evidently 
 unconscious of his danger. I immediately laid hold of 
 the bridle of his liorse, and turned his head. I then 
 mentioned to him, that if his lordship had pursued the 
 same direction, he would in a few moments have been 
 surrounded by the enemy, and, perhaps, cut to pieces 
 or captured. I continued to run along side of the 
 horse, keeping the bridle in my hand, until his lordship, 
 gained the 23d regiment, which was at that time drawn 
 up in the skirt of the woods. 
 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 speed. I 
 iog a con- 
 bodies of 
 few yards. 
 Lnows that, 
 Seeing one 
 od, I «top- 
 1 the car- 
 time I was 
 ,t me; but 
 other way, 
 V to attack 
 oe surprised 
 I iutrepidity 
 into separate 
 i assure hioi 
 ily occurred 
 war. It was 
 of the Ame- 
 had no tim« 
 ,t. On the 
 11 g across the 
 a dragoon's 
 lie-bags were 
 retarded his 
 Iderwood that 
 ras evidently 
 laid bold of 
 !ad. I then 
 pursued the 
 its have been 
 Icut to pieces 
 side of the 
 his lordship, 
 It time drawn 
 
 CHAR XVII. 
 
 General Greene marches back to South Carolina. 9^* 
 render of several British Posts. Camden evacuated. 
 Ninety-Six invested. Surrender (f Augusta. Greene 
 repulsed with loss at Ninety-Six. Lord Rawdon force* 
 Greene to tetreat, Ninety-Six evacuated, Jction 
 at Eutaws. 
 
 It was the intenUoit of lord Cornwalfis to have moved 
 on to Camden, to obtain supplies, and messengers were 
 accordingly dispatched to lord Rawdon, bat unhappily 
 they never reached bis lordship. The intelligence that 
 Greene had marched to attack lord Rawdon, and that 
 probably the fate oS Camden was already decided, in- 
 clined his lordship to fHirsue a different direction, and 
 the army set out for Virginia, to join general Arnold. 
 
 An able and heroic defence of Camden was made by 
 lord Rawdon, and Greene was compelled, after suffer- 
 ing severely from a sortie made by the garrison, to 
 retreat to Rugeley's mills, about twelve miles distant. 
 
 Amidst all this display of British valour, the presence 
 of an American army, although retreating before the 
 king's troops, occasionally harassed them severely, by 
 gcting in small parties, and this produced the open 
 avowal of ditafFection among the inhabitants. Fjcc 
 
 i.--* 
 
 ti 
 
* ■ j 
 
 L * > 
 
 I-" 
 ■'■J' 
 
 ' -1. " 
 
 • s 
 
 90 f 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 Watson, a British post on the Santec river, was sur- 
 rendered to Lee and Marion. Colonel Watson, however, 
 with a detachment of five hundred men, notwithstanding 
 every obstacle, made his way through the country, and 
 reinforced lord Hawdon at Camden. 
 
 With this accession of strength, his lordship attefnpted 
 once more to bring general Greene to an engagement 
 but he fled before him. The universal disafl*ection of 
 the Americans in this part, determined lord Rawdon to 
 contract the limits of the British posts, by abandoning 
 Camden : the stores not removable, were destroyed, and 
 the army retired to Monk's Corner, for the greater 
 safety of Charlestown. In consequence of this move- 
 ment, Fort Motte was surrendered to Lee and Marion, 
 Orangcburgh to Sumpter, and Fort Granby to Lee 
 alone. 
 
 Flushed with these partial successes, the American 
 commander, began his operations on the western fron- 
 tiers. Lee and Pickens formed a junction, and the two 
 commanders sat down before Augusta, which was defended 
 by lieutenant colonel Brown, with all his former gal- 
 lantry when Clarke besieged it. But at length, after 
 a brave defence, it was surrendered to the Americans ou 
 the flfih of June. 
 
 These disasters to the royal cause were in a great 
 measure ascribable to the Britii^ officers, commanding 
 at the different posts, being ignorant of each others 
 operations, by the vigilance of the disaffected inhabitants, 
 who intercepted almost all their letters, dispatches, &c. 
 Thus tide orders sent from Charlestown, and also by 
 lord Rawdon, for the evacuation of Ninety-Six, nevef 
 reached lieutenant colonel Cruger, and he acted, on 
 local circumstances only, and accordingly fortified the 
 place instead of evacuating it. In this situation it was 
 invested by general Greene. During the course of 
 the siege^^ wijich was carried on vvith a fury almost 
 
• 'J 
 
 \' 
 
 was sur- 
 , however, 
 ithstaiuHng 
 ,untry, and 
 
 p attempted 
 engagement 
 isaffection of 
 I Rawdon to 
 f abandoning 
 istroyed, and 
 
 the greater 
 ,f this roove- 
 
 and Marion, 
 ranby to Lee 
 
 the American 
 western fron- 
 and the two 
 h was defended 
 is former gal- 
 t length, after 
 e Americans oa 
 
 ere in a great 
 s, commanding 
 ■of each others 
 tied inhabitants, 
 [dispatches, &c. 
 I, and also by 
 ^ety-Six, never 
 he acted, on 
 [ly fortified the 
 situation it was 
 the* course of 
 a fury almost 
 
 AMERICAN WARi 
 
 U» 
 
 Amounting to desperation by tjie Americans, that in 
 open day they attempted to set fire to the abbati<t 
 with lighted combustibles. And colonel Lee had tho 
 tneanness and inhumanity to march the British iirisoners 
 he brought with him from Fort Augusta in full sight 
 of the garrison, accompanied by music, playing Yankee- 
 tunes, and preceded by a British standard reversed. . 
 
 At length the garrison became much distressed for 
 want of water. Their only supply depended on the 
 negroes, who were sent out at night naked, and whose 
 colour, io darkness, rendered them objects not distin- 
 guishable by the Americans. 
 
 Thus dreadfully circumstanced, the British com. 
 tnander did not despair. He still depended on relief 
 from lord Rawdon. Nor were his hopes in vain. A 
 brave and determined American loyalist, in mid day 
 rode through the American picquets, notwithstanding 
 their iire, and delivered a verbal message from his 
 lordship, ** that he had passed through Orangeburgh, 
 and was in full march to raise the siege.** How this 
 operated on a British garrison, need not be recorcjed. 
 Three Irish regiments had arrived at Charlestown, 
 which placed that capital in a state of security, and 
 left his lordship at liberty to attempt the relief of 
 Ninety-Six. With the flank companies of these regiments 
 and t;he army from Monk's Corner, he began his march 
 in a direction to get between general Greene and his 
 force on the Congaree. General Greene was not un^* 
 apprized of this intended relief, and as a last and 
 desperate effort, attempted to take the place by storm. 
 In the morning of the ISth of June, a heavy cannonade 
 was begun from all the American batteries: at noon 
 two parties advanced under cover of the trenches which 
 approached nearest to the works, and made lodgements 
 in the di^ch: these were immediately followed by other 
 parties with hooks to draw down the sand bug$, and 
 
 1^ A 
 

 
 ►'■ 
 
 ..■•.''■ I 
 
 'i- 
 
 I 
 
 ' <n ^ 
 
 I s 
 
 
 • '^ 
 
 $€$ 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 tools to reduce the parapet. The rifflemen, in the 
 mean time, posted on their battery, were ready to take 
 aim at every British soldier that appeared ; and the 
 Virginia and Maryland brigades, having manned the 
 lines of the third parallel, fired from them^by platoons. 
 The right 6ank of the enemy was exposed to the fire 
 of a three pounder, as well as to that of the block 
 bouses in the village ; and major Greene, who com- 
 manded in the Star, with much honor to himself, and 
 benefit to the service, from the beginning of the siege, 
 had his detachment ready to receive them on the pa. 
 rapet with bayonets and spears. As the main body of the 
 American army did not advance beyond the third parallel, 
 and was contented with supporting the parties in the 
 ditch, by an incessant fire from the trenches, the gar- 
 rison determined to put a speedy period to the assault 
 by an effort of gallantry which confounded the enemy. 
 Two parties of thirty men each, one under captain 
 Campbell of the New Jersey volunteers, and the other 
 under captain French of Delancy^s, issued from the 
 sally port in the rear of the Star, entered the ditch, 
 and taking opposite directions, charged the Americans 
 who had made the lodgement with such impetuosity, 
 that they drove every thing before them, until they 
 met in the opposite quarter. The bayonet being the 
 only weapon used, the carnage was great: even the 
 American accounts admit, that two thirds of their 
 people who entered the ditch, were either killed or 
 wounded. General Greene, seeing it useless any longer 
 to continue so hopeless an attempt, called off his troops, 
 and in the evening of the following day, finally raised 
 the siege. His baggage having been previously sent 
 off, his army marched with great expedition, and on 
 the 20th crossed the Saluda. The loss of the enemy, 
 during the siege, according to their own accounts 
 amounted to one hundred and sixty six men, including one* 
 
 ", 1 .,. 
 
 % <;'■' 
 
.f 
 
 AMERICAN war: 
 
 307 . 
 
 jn, in th* 
 ady to take 
 I ; and the 
 lanned the 
 )y platoons, 
 to the fire 
 I the block 
 who com- 
 himself, and 
 of the siege, 
 I on the pa- 
 ri body of the 
 third parallel, 
 arties in the 
 hes, the gar- 
 to the assault 
 ;d the enemy, 
 inder captain 
 land the other 
 ed from the 
 ed the ditch, 
 :he American* 
 impetuosity, 
 , until they 
 net being the 
 sat: even the 
 lirds of their 
 ther killed or 
 less any longer 
 [off his troops, 
 ], finally raised 
 ireviously sent 
 ition, and on 
 |of the enemy, 
 Jown accounts^ 
 , including one 
 
 •olonel, three captains, and five lieutenants : but as the 
 loss of the militia, who, it is said, on this occasion 
 bore the proportion of three to one of the troops, in , 
 the pay of congresst, was not included in their returns, , 
 their total loss must have been much greater. That 
 of the garrison amounted to twenty. seven killed, and 
 fifty-eight wounded."* 
 
 The following day lord Rawdon arrived before the 
 place, and without delay, in the evening, in defiance 
 of heat and fatigue, set out in pursuit of Greene, who , 
 fled before him with the utmost precipitancy. The 
 fugitives were pursued to the banks of the Enorce ; 
 but at last the American general found safety in the 
 celerity of his movements. 
 
 On his lordship's return, preparations were made for 
 the evacuation of Ninety-Six, and the loyal iniiabitants, 
 with their effects, were, under the escort of lieutenant 
 colonel Cruger, removed within the new frontier. 
 
 After the abandonment of Ninety.Six, his lordship . 
 proceeded to the Congaree, and from thence to Orange- 
 burgh, where he was joined by lieutenant colonel Stuart 
 with the 3d regiment, from Charlestown. 
 
 The sultry heat of the American climate, now par.^ 
 tially suspended the operations of both armies. General 
 Greene retired to the lofty hills of Santee, where he 
 was joined by Lee, Sumpter, and Marion. Lord Raw- 
 don's health was much impaired, and, on leave of ab- 
 sence, his lordship returned to Europe ; the command* 
 of course, devolved on lieutenant-colonel Stuart. 
 
 It now became the aim of general Greene to attempt 
 the recovery of Souih Carolina. Accordingly he marched 
 from the Santee Hills, and came up with the British, 
 who had passed by the Congaree, at its junction 
 with Wateree, at Eutaw Springs, about forty miles from 
 
 * Stedman. 
 3 A 2 
 
 ■* 
 
 •'J 
 
■ m 
 
 • ■ A 
 
 
 '.•.•'■ 
 
 ■t ■ 
 
 , if. 
 
 561 
 
 jottRN^Ai OF rrit 
 
 the foritoer river. The regulart were dritirn dfi nii thi 
 hcightfl, across the road, the right wing of the army 
 consisted of the flaiiV battalion, under the command 
 of major Majoribanks, the remainder of the army on 
 the left, in an oblique direction. A party of infantry, 
 with two pieces of artillery, defended the pau of tho 
 road. Four battalions of American militia composed 
 their first line ; three brigades of continental troops 
 their second ; Lee*s legion covered their right flank, 
 the South Carolina state troops, under Henderson, 
 their left, Colonel Washington's cavalry, and the Dela^ 
 ware troops were the body of reserve ; two three poundert 
 were in front of the line, and two six pounders with 
 the second line. The legion and state troops constituted 
 the advance guard. Tho. attack began with great im-f 
 pctuosity, some of the new raised troops were giving 
 way, when the 63d and 64th regiments rushed on the 
 enemy with bayonets in hand. The contest was severe 
 on both sides, the artillery was several times taken, tod 
 retaken. At the first fire, colonel Washington wat 
 wounded, and taken prisoner. Often, when the parties 
 seemed overpowered, the contest waA renewed with in-, 
 creased vigour on both sides. The Americans, how. 
 ever, were at last compelled to retire, leaving behin4 
 them two brass six pounders, and upwards of two 
 hundred killed on the field, s^tid sixty taken prisoners, 
 besides the wounded which were carried off during 
 the action. The total loss, according to the return 
 which was published by congress, was more tli^n sevci> 
 hundred, including sixty commissioned officers, of whonr- 
 seventeen were killed, and forty-three wounded', among 
 the latter was lieutenant-colonel Washington. The 
 British lost six hundred and ninetyrthree men, eighty, 
 five killed, three hundred and fifty-one woimded', two 
 hundred and fifty-seven missing. Qf twenty.nine com- 
 missioned officers, three were killed, sixteen wounde4^f 
 
.'H 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 im 
 
 the army 
 eominand 
 I army on 
 I infantry, 
 )au of tho 
 composed 
 ntal troop* 
 right flank, 
 Henderson, 
 id theDeUi. 
 ee pounderft 
 unders with 
 s constituted 
 th great im- 
 were giving 
 shed on the - 
 sat was severe > 
 ss taken, ind 
 ihington wa» 
 en the parties 
 >^ved with in- 
 ricans, how- 
 tavine behind 
 vards of two 
 Lcn prisoners, 
 pd off during 
 [to the return 
 ire ih^n seven 
 ;ers, of whom- 
 inded, among 
 lington. The 
 men, eighiy- 
 onnded, two 
 inty-nine com- 
 jen woundedf 
 
 ten missing. It might well be said, in this bloody and 
 
 hard fought battle, that 
 
 " Frowning war 
 " All gloomy, like a gather'd tempest, stood 
 *' Wav'ring, and doubtful where to bend its fall." 
 
 Congress voted a British standard and a gold medal to 
 general Greene/or the victory ; but the British commander 
 remained on the ground the night after the action, and 
 during the following day ! Thi^ was the last battle of 
 any note which took place in South Carolina. 
 
 As we hear no mbre of general Greene during the 
 American war, some readers may perhaps be curious 
 to know what became of him. There is a brief account 
 pf the latter part of his life in Smith's Narrative, whieh 
 may not be altogether improper to quote here: 
 * ** Congress effectually remunerated Greene, by giving 
 him a valuable plantation, in the state of Georgia^ the 
 meed of his indefatigable services, but which was, ul- 
 timately, his bane, and the cause of liis premature 
 death ; for depending too much upon his hardy con- 
 stitution, contrary to the advice of his friends, he 
 would, to accomplish the duties, and acquire the simple 
 pharacter of a planter, venture out, and subject himself 
 to the meridian blaze of the sun, in order to super- 
 intend his negro labourers: in one of these perambu- 
 lations he received the coup de soliel, or, stroke of the 
 sun, as the French West Indians term the effects which 
 Europeans feel from too great an exertion, whilesub- 
 jected to the solar heat ; and fell a victim to his own 
 obstinacy, unrelented by some, and deplored by others : 
 for political attachments bore their preponderance in 
 that unhappy, divided, and distracted country, till^e. 
 last hour of the unfortunate war ; and even now< 
 they are far, very far, from extinction. In the mindf> 
 of some this general strll lives, and is considered asi 
 the deputy-s^vxoxxx of his country. Hosanna one hour» 
 and crucify the next, was the prevailing principle 
 fjpong the Americans! ,Sic transit gloria tnundiP^ 
 
 .1 
 

 
 
 ... •■••♦ 
 
 S70 
 
 JOURNAL 07 THB 
 
 
 k 
 
 CHAP. XV 
 
 J>eaih of General Phillips. Lord Comwallis Joins Ge^ 
 neral Arnold. Charlotteville surprised by Colonel 
 Tarleton. Unfavorable State of the American Cause, 
 Lord Comwallis retires to Portsmouth ^ and finally 
 to York-tofwn and Gloucester. Arrival of Count Ro- 
 
 • ehambeau. Joins General Washington. French Fleet 
 arrive in the Chesapeak. Block up York River, 
 Kew London taken by General Arnold, York-town 
 
 ■ sun-endtrs -to the Americans. 
 
 * 
 
 * !> 
 
 
 1 ' ' 
 
 
 A DEEP laid, but ineffectual plan was about tbis time 
 formed by Washington, for entrapping general Arnold. 
 A reinforcement of two thousand British, under general 
 Phillips, were arrived in the Chesapeak : that officer 
 being superior in rank, took the command from Arnold, 
 and became general of the whole British force there. 
 He finished the works at Portsmouth, left a sufficient 
 force for its defence, and proceeded up James's River 
 ih the smaller vessels of the fleet. The army after 
 twice landing, and re-embarking, joined lord Cornwallis 
 at Petersburgh, at which place general Phillips, (equally 
 beloved and respected for his virtues, and his military 
 talents,) died of a fever, a short period before the 
 junction of the royal forces. The command again de- 
 volved on general Arnold ; but shortly after, as matter 
 
 %v^ 
 
.AMERICAN WAR, 
 
 f.^-'STl 
 
 lisjoini G«' 
 i by Colonel 
 trican Cause, 
 and finally 
 of Count Bo- 
 French Fleet 
 York River, 
 . York-town^ 
 
 )out this time 
 meral Arnold.' 
 inder general 
 that officer 
 from Arnold, 
 force there, 
 ft a sufficient 
 Jaraes*8 River 
 e army after 
 )rd Cornwallis 
 Hips, (equally 
 his military 
 ,d before the 
 land again de- 
 ;er, as matter 
 
 of course, the superior direction of both armies became 
 rested in lord Cornwallis. 
 
 The marquis de la Fayette, had followed the route 
 of the British army, undpr general Phillips ; but when 
 he learned the junct. n of the whole under lord Corn- 
 wallis, he took a posttioti on the North of James** 
 River, between Ktchmond and Wiltnwn. From this 
 place he however, fled on the approach of lord Corn- 
 wallis. Meantime colonel Tarlelon with a patrole pushed 
 on to Warwick Court-House, fell in with a party of 
 four hundred militia in that neighbourhood, who were 
 routed with great loss to the Americans. Some time 
 after the colonel, and captain Champagne of the 23d 
 regiment, surprised Charlotteville, (at which place the 
 general assembly was sitting) and took seven of their mem- 
 bers prisoners. Brigadier general Scott, and -several 
 officers and men, were killed, wounded, or taken. 
 '< The attempt to secure Mr. Jefferson was ineffectual, 
 he discovered the British dragoons from his house, 
 which stands on the point of a mountain, before they 
 could approach him, and he provided for his personal 
 safety, by a precipitate retreat. The gentlemen taken 
 on this expedition, were treated with kindness and 
 liberality."* A great quantity of stores were found in 
 Charlotteville, whiph were all destroyed. A successful 
 stratagem of colonel Simcoe, also put the British in 
 possession of all the stores under the care of Baron Steu- 
 ben, at the point of Fork. At this period the American 
 affairs became much deranged from the want of supplies. 
 Th^ir bills of credit suffered a dreadful depreciation: 
 few would take them for any thing wanted by the 
 army, and they were obliged to have recourse to bills 
 of impress, to coznpel individuals to part with pro- 
 ▼isions. For want of pay and clothing, the troops 
 were on the verge of mutinying.. Even general Wash- 
 
 • Colonel Tarleton. 
 
 ''4\ 
 ■ 'J 
 
 'A 
 
 ^)\ 
 
 
-* ^ . 
 
 57t 
 
 JOUtNAL Of THE 
 
 - I 
 
 ington confessed this in one of his letters. ** Fi-om tlite 
 posts of Saratoga to that of Dobb's Ferry, inclusive, 1 
 believe there is not, at this moment on hand, one dav^s 
 supply of mjBat for the army.'* Their maHne was, if 
 . possible in a worse condition than their army. In short 
 a general bankruptcy seemed to be fast approaching'. 
 Washington saw that the only chance of continuing 
 the war, was oy some bold and decisive operation, 
 and New Vork became his object. But to carry this 
 or any other decisive operation into effect, the co-ope- 
 ration of the French fleet and army, were necessary. 
 This had been promised, and congress during the three 
 preceding years had anxiously expected it. At the 
 end of the last }*ear, they laid before the court of 
 Versailles, the desperate situation to which the American 
 cause was reduced, and the inevitable ruin which await-' 
 ed them, without powerful succour from France. 
 When all was suspense and terror, intelligence 
 arrived at Washington's camp, that M. de Barras was 
 at Rhode Island, and that he brought dispatches for 
 Count de Rochambeau. The general accordingly 
 set out for Connecticut, to meet him. At this con- 
 ference which was held on the 21st of May, it wai^ 
 agreed to attack New York, and on the arrival of Count 
 de Grasse, to strike some important hlow. General 
 Washington wrote to congress, requesting the full com-* 
 pletion of his own battalions, and the further aid of 
 six hundred and twenty militia, from the New England 
 states. His dispatches were intercepted in the Jerseys, 
 and immediately sent to Sir Henry Clinton. He ac- 
 cordingly wrote to lord Cornwallis, for part of the 
 troops under his lordship's command, to be sent to the 
 succour of New York. Agreeably to general Clinton's 
 request. Lord Cornwallis left Williamsburg, and passed 
 James's River in his way to Portsmouth. Previous t» 
 passing the river he encaii\ped pn a spot that covered 
 
^ I 
 
 '•1 
 
 AMERICAN WAhi 
 
 Vt 
 
 « From tlife 
 , inclusive, I 
 nd, one day's 
 matine was, if 
 my. In short 
 
 approaching, 
 of continuing 
 ive operation I 
 : to carry thi« 
 :t, the co-ope- 
 rere necessary, 
 uring the three 
 d it. At the 
 
 ^e court of 
 h the American 
 in which await- 
 
 from France. 
 f, intelligcnco 
 
 de Barras was 
 
 dispatches fof 
 
 \ accordingly 
 At this con. 
 May, it waii 
 Irrival of Count 
 ilaw. General 
 g the full com* 
 further aid of 
 New England 
 in the Jerseys, 
 [nton. He ac- 
 ir part of the 
 be sent to the 
 neral Clinton'* 
 Tg, and passed 
 Ih. Prcvioui t* 
 lotthat covered 
 
 siir 
 
 the Ford into the island of Jameses Town; and in the 
 evening the Q,ueen's rangers made their way over: 
 the wheel carriages, the bat horses, and baggage fol- 
 lowed on the 5th and 6th. The marquis de la Fayette 
 pursued by forced marches, hoping to surprise the 
 rear guard, when the main body had passed over. Of 
 this lord Cornwallis gained intelligence, he permitted 
 the picquets to be driven in to deceive the marquis. 
 The attack began about sunset. The enemy were routed, 
 and the approach of night alone saved the whole from 
 fuin. The 4:id, '/Gth, and 80th regiment9, were in 
 the fiercest pari of the action, opposed by the Penn- 
 sylvania line, and lieutenant-colonel Dundas, their com- 
 nander displayed a bravery, and firmness, which ob- 
 tained the applause of the whole British army. i 
 
 The British main body quietly passed the river ; the 
 troops destined for embarkation moved on to Portsmouth, 
 and his lordship followed with the rest. After these 
 troops were embarked, and just as they were -putting 
 ont to sea, an ex^iress arrived from Sir Henry Clinton 
 to prevent their sailing, and directing lord Cornwallis 
 to regain Williamsburg, as the means of having a de- 
 fensive post for the largier ships, either at Point Com- 
 fort, or at Hampton Road. Lord Cornwallis, on due 
 examination found the two places untenable, and ac- 
 cordingly ordered part of the army to sail up the York 
 River in transports, and take possession of York Town 
 and Gloucester. On the 20th of August, his lordship 
 evacuated Portsmouth, and fixed his head qaarters at 
 York and Gloucester. 
 
 On the 30th of August, in a fatal moment which 
 may be said to have turned the wavering scale in 
 favor of the Americans, Count de Grasse arrived in 
 the Chesapeak, with twenty-eight ships of the line. 
 An officer from La Fayette's array was waiting his ar- 
 rival at Cape Henry. He communicated to the Couu^ 
 
 3 B 
 
 
 k"-\ 
 
 ii 
 
^^■f^B 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 [i 
 
 
 I^^K 
 
 • * ■ ",. 
 
 m 
 
 • 
 
 W 
 
 , 
 
 374 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 J -.1 lA. ... .. 
 
 <l)e perilous state of American affairs ; and a disposition 
 was instantly formed for blocking up York River, on 
 the banks of which lord Cornwallis was posted, and 
 for conveying the French land force, which the Count 
 had brought up James's River to reinforce La Fayette. 
 All this was performed by four line of battle ships, the 
 tthers remaining in Lynhaven Bay, within the Capes. 
 
 The British admiral (Graves) quitted the entrance of 
 the Delaware, and came withifi sight of the French 
 squadron, when a partial engagement took place ; but 
 from the wind, and other circumstances, it was impos^ 
 sible for him to force the French to a general battle, 
 and it was their object to decUne it; for dqring this 
 partial contest, whije both fleets vk-ere at sea, M. df 
 Barras sailed into the Chesapeak, conveying fourteet^ 
 transports, laden with heavy artillery and stores. J 1% 
 • In the mean time the commander in chief at Newr 
 Vork, with a view of making a diversion in Connecticut, 
 and drawing general Washington's attention that way, 
 detached brigadier-general Arnold with a considerable 
 force to make an attempt upon New London. The 
 troops embarked on this expedition, consisted of the; 
 33th, 40ih, and 51-th regiments, the third battalion of 
 New Jersey volunteers, the loyal Americans, the Ame- 
 rican legion, some refugees, a detachment of yagers, 
 and another of the royal artillery. They passed through 
 the Sound in transports, and landed in the morning 
 of the sixth of September, about three miles from New: 
 London, in two divisions, one on each side of the har- 
 bour. That on the Grolon side, consisting of the 40th 
 and 54th regiments, the third battalion of New Jersey 
 volunteers, with a detachment of yagers and artillery, 
 was commanded by 1 eutenant-colonel Eyre, and that 
 on the New London side, consisting of the rest of the 
 troops, by brigadier-general Arnold. On the New Lon- 
 don side no great opposition was macjje : a redoubt. 
 
 
'4 
 
 tlUposuion 
 : River, on 
 )08ted, and 
 h the Count 
 
 La Fayette. 
 e ships, the 
 tl»e Capes. 
 a entrance of 
 
 the French 
 k place -, but 
 t was impos- 
 enera\ battle, 
 ^ during this 
 
 t sea, M- ^^ 
 ying fourleeu 
 i stores, 
 chief at New 
 n Connecticut, 
 Lion that way, 
 a considerable 
 ^ondon. The 
 nsisted of the 
 battalion of 
 ;ans, the Ame- 
 
 ^nt of yage**** 
 passed through 
 the morning 
 [Viles from Ne\r 
 ide of the har- 
 ,g of the 40th 
 ,f New Jersey 
 and ariillery, 
 
 l> 
 
 re, and that 
 the rest of the 
 the New Lon- 
 8 redoubt, 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 375 
 
 |e 
 
 .'from, which the enemy had begun a cannonade, was 
 abandoned by them upon the approach of general Arnold 
 ■ with part of his division ; and soon aftcrward» Fdrt 
 Trumbull, that commanded the harbour, was entered 
 by captain Millet at the head of four companie^fi of 
 the 3ath regiment, through a shower of grapes-shot, 
 which the enemy discharged from their cannon, biit 
 without doing much mischief, only four or five being 
 killed or wounded in the assault. General Arnold lost 
 no time in taking possession of New London : He vi^s 
 .opposed by a small body of the enemy with ii field- 
 piece ; but they were soon so bard pressed as to be 
 lobliged to fly, and leave their piece of artillery behind. 
 On the Groton side of the harbour was Fort Griswold^ 
 « regular work of considerable strength. i It was assaulted 
 .on three sides by the 40th and 54th regiments, under 
 lieutenant-colonel Eyre^ and defended by the enemy 
 vith;the most obstinate bravery. 
 
 ; At length the gallant efforts of the assailants wehe sue.* 
 cessful ; and. wich fixed bayonets they entered the, works 
 through the embrasures, in the face of the enem^'^; 
 who were araied fwith long spears to oppose them. A 
 consi^rable carnage now ensued, until th^ enemy w^er^s 
 driven from the ramparts, and had ceased froiit «ll 
 farther resistance. The honor obtained by the British 
 tfopp$' in tiiis asssault was great, but; too dearly pur- 
 chased. Two officers, and furty-six soldiers, were killed, 
 and eight officers, with one hundred and thirty-five 
 spldiers, wounded. General Arnold, upon h»s landing, 
 lui4, been .informed that the -works at Fort Griswold 
 w^re incomplete, and its garrison inconsiderable: but 
 when he arrived at New London, and from an eminence, 
 had-, viewed its great strength, he dispatched an officer 
 to- countermand hi$ orders fur an assaulr, whp unfor- 
 tunately reached colonel Eyre a few minutes too late. 
 The fort had refused to surrender, and the action was 
 
 3 B 2 
 
■ i •. ■ • 
 
 r> :> 
 
 516 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 begun. Of the garrison eighty-five were kiHed, includ- 
 ing colonel Ladyard, their coDimander ; sixty were 
 wounded, most of them mortally, and seventy madc^ 
 prisoners. Ten or twelve of the enemy's ships were 
 burnt, that contained an immense qxiantity of Euro- 
 pean and West India goods. Unluckily they also con- 
 tained some gunpowder, unknown to general Arnokl, 
 by the explosion of which the flames were communi- 
 cated to the dwelling-houses in the town, and a great 
 part of it was consumed, notwithstanding every endea- 
 vour to stop the progress of the conflagration. Up- 
 wards of fifty pieces of cannon, and a great quantity 
 of military stores founu in the diflKcrent works, were 
 tlso destroyed.* 
 
 >?otwithstanding the heavy loss which the Americans 
 sustained by the destruction of New London, Wash- 
 ington continued his progress to Virginia, passed 
 through Philadelphia, and at the head of the EUc River 
 Ambarked bis troops in transports sent thither by the 
 French. The whole reached Williamsburg on the 
 tSth' of September, general Washington and Count de 
 Kochambeau went on board the Ville de Paris, and 
 with Count de Grasse settlol the future operatiofw of 
 the aitied armies, imn' in\w^''\irftai^(i^ui.vmi rwrti; ww^'sjn 
 I On the 2Sth the investiture o£ York Town commenced. 
 In the evening dispatches arrived from Sir Henry 
 Clinton, promising the relief of five thousand troops, 
 and that twentj-three ships of the line, would sail, as 
 a further support by the fifth of October : the next 
 day the investment of the town was pursued ; in the 
 night the enemy began to break grotmd ; the FVench 
 made their approach on the right, • the Americans on 
 the left, forming a junction at a morass, which was 
 opposite the centre of the British works, at the same 
 
 ■f^i*« 
 
 •>!^* 
 
 * Stedman. ^^^^i^-'bii'rt-^Tfit; -'ViV 
 

 AlfERlCAK WAR. 
 
 S77 
 
 time Gloucester Towii was blockaded by tbe duk« 
 Be Lauzan. Tbe garrison made a brave resistance, 
 amncying the besiegers at every possible point of attack, 
 particularly from two redoubts, which were carried out 
 near three hundred yards in front of the works. These 
 it became necessary for the besiegers to silence in the 
 night of the 14th, the one was carried by the Americans, 
 and the other by the French. A sortie was made by 
 three hundred and fifty men, under the command of 
 lieutenant-colonel Abercrombie, against two of the ene- 
 ray^s batteries ; a detachment of the guards, with the SOth 
 grenadiers, under Ueutenant-colonel Lake, executed the 
 9ne, and another of light infantry, under major Arm* 
 strong, carried the other; eleven heavy cannon were 
 .piked, one hundred of the French troops were killed 
 and wounded, and the whole party returned, with very 
 Httie loss, within the British lines. However gallant 
 this enterprize, the garrison was reduced to the last 
 Extremity, not a guri remained on that part of the 
 worits attacked by the enemy* scarcely a shell was left,' 
 and nothing remained to lord Cornwaltts but to attempt 
 an escape, with the army, or immediately to sur- 
 render the place. ** He determined (says Stedman) to 
 attempt the latter." On the Gloucester side of the 
 river, brigacKer De Choise now commanded, and 
 lay with a small corps at some distance, in front of 
 the wdrks. It was determined that he should be at. 
 tacked before break of day by the whole British force ; 
 and the success of the attack was not in the least 
 doubted. The horses taken from him, (for he had a 
 considerable corps of cavalry) would in part mount 
 the infiintry, and the rest might be supplied by others 
 collected on the road. As no baggage was to be carried, 
 his lordship intended to have proceeded to the upper 
 country by rapid marches, leaving his future route 
 uncertain, until he ^aoie opposite to the fords of th^ 
 
 ■". .. (• - 
 
 
 
378 
 
 JOURNAL OF.TflE 
 
 .••■-oil 
 
 ^■■M^ 
 
 vm 
 
 \ (i 
 
 great rivers ; when he meant to have turned* ofT smU 
 denly to the northward, upon a supposition, that tht 
 enemy^s measures would be principally directed to pre- 
 vent his escape to the southward. After turning to the 
 northward, it was his lordship's design to force his 
 way through Maryland, Pennsylvania, and the Jerseys, 
 and join the commander in chief at New York. Un^ 
 doubtedly the attempt was beyond calculation hazardous, 
 and the issue totally precarious, but if it afforded 
 even a glimpse of hope, it was preferable to. fin imme- 
 diate surrender. , r»: iu: ii y_*.' 
 *' In. pursuance of this design thp light infantry i 
 the greatest part of the guards, and part of the 23d 
 regiment, were embarked in boats, and transported to 
 the Gloucester side, of the river before midnight, when 
 a violent storm arose, which not only prevented the 
 boats from returning) but drove them a considerable 
 distance down the river. The passage of the rest of 
 the troops was now become impracticable, and, in the. 
 absence of the boats, those that had already crossed, 
 could not possibly return. In this divided state of the 
 British force, the enemy's batteries , opened at break 
 of day : fortunately the boats returned soon afterwards, 
 and brought back, in the course of the forenoon, the 
 troops that had been carried over in the night, withoqt 
 much loss, although the passage betwej^p York andj 
 Gloucester, was great'.y exposed *o,|tbe enemy's fire. 
 In the mean time, by the force of -the enemy'tf can. 
 nonade, the British works were .tumbling into ruin : 
 not a gun could be fired from.them> and only onp . 
 eight inch, and little more than one hundred co^^iQf-n 
 shells remained. They \yere in, many places assj|i,l^blc 
 already ; and if the fire continued a few hours lojjg^r, 
 it was the opinion of the engineer, and principal oflSccrs 
 of the army, that it woiUd be madnr is to attempt to 
 piaintain them with t}i^ present ea|ri3pn,:exliausted, by , 
 
ned- off smU 
 on, that th« 
 •ected to pre- 
 turning to the 
 to force his 
 I the Jersey8, 
 V York. Un- 
 on ha^zardous, 
 if it afforded 
 e to.fin iflnWie- 
 
 ight ipfantry» 
 It of the 23d 
 transported to 
 lid night, when 
 prevented the 
 a considerable 
 of the test of 
 e, and, in the. 
 [ready crossed, 
 led state of the 
 ned at break 
 n afterwards, 
 forenoon, the 
 ight, without 
 [(^p York andj 
 enemy's fire, 
 enenoy'i can- 
 g into ruin : 
 ,nd only onp , 
 lid red coil^iqifn 
 ces ass2^i,^hlc 
 ours Iprjg?!?, 
 cipal ofl^ccrs 
 io attempt ta 
 ej^ustcd^by 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 579 
 
 the fatigue of constant watching and unremitting duty, 
 and reduced in its numbers by sickness even qiore 
 than by the enemy's fire. Under such circumstances 
 iiis lordship, on the nth of October, unwilling to ex- 
 pose the remains of his gallant army to the danger of 
 an assault, which, from the enemy's numbers, and the 
 ruined state of the works, could not fail to be successful, 
 made proposals for a capitulation. The terms were 
 adjusted in the course of the next day, which, though 
 not altogether agreeable to earl Gornwallis's wishes or 
 proposals. Were, nevertheless, such as his desperate si- 
 tuation, obliged him to accept; and on the 19th, tha 
 j|osts of York and Gloucester were surrendered to ge- 
 neral Washington as commander in chief of the com- 
 bined army ; and the ships of war, transports, and other 
 vessels, to the Count de Grasse, as commander of the 
 French fleet. By the articles of capitulation, the gar- 
 risons of York and Gloucester, including the officerif 
 of the navy, and seamen of every denomination, were 
 to surrender as prisoners of war to the conbincd army ; 
 the land force to remain prisoners to the United States^ 
 and the seamen to the most christian king. The gar- 
 rison \yas to be allowed the same honors which the 
 garrison of Chariest own had obtained, when it surren- 
 tiered to Sir Henry Clinton. The officers and soldiers 
 were permitted to retain their private property ; and the 
 officers had liberty to proceed upon parole either to 
 Europe, or any maritime post on the continent of America, 
 in the possession of the British troops. Altlmugh the 
 article for exempting from punishment such of the 
 natives, or other inhabitants of America, as had joined 
 tlio British army, and were then at York, was rejected 
 by general Washington, the same thing was in effect 
 obtained in a different form, by the permission granted 
 to earl Cornwallis, to send the Bonetta sloop of war 
 to New York, with his dispatches without being searched. 
 
 1 
 
 '■M 
 
• . . 
 
 ■.■■;'.:■• 
 
 i ' * 
 
 :-| c; 
 
 5te 
 
 JOUBNAL OF THB 
 
 » 
 
 and with as many soldiers on board as he should think 
 fit, so that they were accounted for in ai^ future 
 exchange. By this permission, be was tacitly empow. 
 ered to send off such of the inhabitants as were ob- 
 noxious to punishment, which accordingly was done. 
 By the surrender of the posts of York and Gloucester, 
 the Americans became possessed of a large train of 
 artillery, many of which were of brass, together with 
 a considerable quantity of arms, ammunition, warlike 
 stores, and provisions ; and to the French were delivered 
 up, one frigate, two sloops of war of twenty guns, 
 and a number of transports, and other vessels. The 
 Charon, of forty.four guns, and another ship of war, 
 were set on fire by the enemy*s shells, and destroyed 
 during the siege. ^ The combined army consisted of 
 seven thousand French, and nearly the same number 
 of continental soldiers, and about five thousand militia. 
 On the day previous to the surrender, the rank and 
 file of the garrisons of York and Gloucester, amounted 
 to five thousand nine hundred and fifty, but so great 
 was the number of the sick and wounded, tliac only 
 four thousand and seventeen were reported fit for duty.** 
 Sir Henry Clinton in this moment of distressful exigence, 
 embarked seven thousand troops from New York to 
 relieve lord Cornwallis. I have already mentioned that 
 he apprized his lordship that he would send him assist. 
 ance by the 5th of October; but from intervening 
 circumstances, they did not sail from Sandy Hook, 
 until the 19th, the very day on which the surrender 
 took place. Sir Henry embarked with the expedition 
 himself, nor was it until they arrived off the capes 
 of Virginia, that Sir Henry received the disastrous 
 intelligence of the capitulation. Such (observes a writer 
 on the American War, whom I have frequent occa- 
 sions to quote, and who was like myself an eye 
 witness to many of tl^ events ithich he narrates) was 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 SSI 
 
 I B^ttld think 
 1 ftoy future 
 icitly empow- 
 ( as were ob« 
 ly wai done, 
 id Gloucester, 
 large train of 
 together with 
 lition, warlike 
 were delivered 
 twenty guns, 
 vessels. The 
 r ship of war, 
 , and destroyed 
 ly consisted of 
 i same number 
 housand militia. 
 r, the rank and 
 ester, amounted 
 y, but so great 
 ded, thac only 
 ed fit for duty.** 
 essful exigence, 
 New York to 
 mentioned that 
 send him assist- 
 om intervening 
 Sandy Hook, 
 the surrender 
 the expedition 
 off the capes 
 the disastrous 
 ibserVes a writer 
 frec|uent occa- 
 Imyself an eye 
 le narrates) was 
 
 the fate of an army, which, if success were the uniforni 
 result of merit, would have undoubtedly shared a dif- 
 ferent fate: if bravery in the field, and patient, and 
 even cheerful, submission to fatigue, inclement skies, 
 and the want, not only of the comforts, but sometimes 
 even of the necessaries of life, have any claim to 
 esteem and admiration." 
 
 It is truly grievous to perceive the stile of exultation, 
 in which the paity writers indulge on this capture of 
 lord Cornwaliis. One of them, in direct terms, spsaks 
 
 of " the pride of lord Cornwaliis." What pride ? 
 
 The very reverse was his lordship*s true character. 
 In this campaign (I declare these facts from my own 
 knowledge) he fared like a common soldier. He assum- 
 ed, he would admit of no distinction. Every private 
 under his' lordship must acknowledge, 
 ijmsi) <« He bare no hardships bat his leader bore." 
 
 Sometimes Wc had turnips served out for our food, 
 when we came to a turnip field ; or arriving at a field of 
 corii, we converted our canteens into rasps and ground 
 our Indian corn for bread ; when we could get no Indian 
 corn, we were compelled to eat liver as a substitute for 
 bread, with our lean beef. In all this his lordship par- 
 ticipated, nor did he indulge himself even in the dis- 
 tinction of a tent ; but in all things partook our suffer- 
 ings, and seemed much more to feel for us than for 
 himself. General indignation oup;ht to follow such a 
 tissue of falsehood and calumny. But when a beloved 
 officer is the object of this viperous attack, it must rouse 
 a resentment in the mind of every old soldier still 
 living, who knew the contrary to be fact^ which it is 
 not very easy for military feeling to bear, or even christian 
 forgiveness to pardon. 
 
 Ramsay, too, has a very prettily manufactureti tale 
 on this occasion : " The door keeper of congress, an 
 aged man, died suddenly, immediately after heaiinjj 
 
 - 3 C . ' 
 
 •■•1 
 ."I 
 ' I 
 
 ■'i 
 
 
SI2 
 
 JOURNAl, OF THE 
 
 the capture of lord Cornwallis's army. His death was 
 universally ascribed to a violent emotion of political 
 
 Mr. Ramsay strongly reminds me of a celebrated re- 
 publican preacher, in England, who had the impiety to 
 take for his text, the wordiiuf good old Simeon, ** Lord 
 now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, for mine 
 eyes have seen thy Salvation," when he preached a ser- 
 nion to celebrate the French Revolution ! ! I 
 
 Ah a testimony of what the enemies of, lord Corn- 
 wallis, in A'tnerica, thought and saiti of him, I lubjoin 
 the following curious extract from a speech delivered 
 in congress by the famous Dr. Witherspoon ; without, 
 howev<er, joining him in the severe censure be passes 
 on one of our admirals: . ^KWkVf • 
 
 *' It is incumbent on us to thank heaveu for the victory 
 which we have just obtained^ and though over a hand- 
 ful of troops, yet they were flushed with success, and 
 led on by a genera), whose, valour is no less illus- 
 trious than his discretion ; by a general not equalled 
 itt' courage by the Macedonian madman, or in wise and 
 solemn deliberation, by the Roman Fabius; nor has his 
 defeat tarnished his fame; ft: r he was encompassed about 
 with a mighty host of tlie picked troops of France and 
 America, aided by a formidable nav^; ; and to sum up 
 his difficulties, he was attacked by famine in his camp. 
 
 It would be Giiminal in me to be silent on this 
 occasion, which has diffused such joy in every breast. 
 To procure America freedom and happiness has ever 
 been my study, ever since I arrived among you ; for 
 this I have encountered a variety of hardships, and 
 suffered not a little in my private fortune and repu- 
 tatioii. 
 
 ** Now, gentlemen, since victory irradiates our arms,, 
 kt us snatch this opportunity of securing to ourselves 
 
 :« 
 
 ,tiT^ ■n')' 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 383 
 
 •dvantageoHS terms of peace, so shall we reap a pro- 
 fitable benefit from the example of all the wise states 
 •o eminent in history. 
 
 " Some may think it very censurable, and hi;jjhly 
 derogatory to the dignity of this mighty commonwealth 
 to crouch and oflTer terms of peace, when we have 
 been gathering such blooming laurels ; but when we 
 duly weigh all the circumstances of our overrated victory, 
 the reasonableness of my advice may more fully appear 
 to every dispassionate man. 
 
 Lord Cornwallis's troops had boldly marched through 
 the heart of our country, opposed not only by woods, 
 rivers, and swamps, but also by all the force wo could 
 send against him, which was greatly superior to bim 
 in numbers ; his whole army, I would say this foraging 
 party (for it does not deserve the name of army) did 
 not exceed four thousand ; and small as it was, it had 
 spread universal dismay ; it had struck terror even into 
 general Washington's camp, and wondrous to relate ! 
 brought that man of valour out of his lurking place 
 (which it would seem he had taken a lease of) ^t the 
 head of no less than thirteen thousand troops, whom he had 
 been training to arms, and teaching to storm mock 
 castles these three years, in a strong impregnable camp, 
 where no enemy would ever think it worth while to 
 disturb his slumbers ; and so panic struck was the 
 American hero, that even with the great and formidable 
 army under his command, would he not dare to attack 
 an English foraging party ; no, he must first be sure 
 the French were before him with eight thousand of 
 the gens d'armes, as a breast work, to save his gallant 
 troops, whose blood has ever been so precious to him. 
 And to complete his safety, that thirty sail of the line 
 of battle ships, manned with twenty five thousand seaipen 
 (half of whom might act ashore) were within call of 
 him. Heavens ! Gentlemen, if every victory is to cost 
 
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 314 
 
 JOURNAL or THE 
 
 ui do clear, if we must geiid into llie field fifi^ thouiand 
 men before ive can rapture four tliouMnd fatigued, 
 half starved Knglish, we must view at a very remote 
 distance, our so much wished for independency : to 
 bring this about if we go on as we have, for these 
 long seven years, we ought to have more than all tbo 
 wealth of all Mexico and Peru, and our women must 
 bring forth four males at one birth. O dauntless spirit 
 of immortal Cromwell, behold how enervated are thy 
 descendants ? Gfiitlemcn, trivial and contemptible as 
 our success is, we gpt it by mere accident ; we got 
 it not by the vigilance of our allies, or the prowess 
 of our arms ; we got it l)y the neglect or powardice of 
 the British admiral, who would not, when he had the 
 golden opportunity, take possession of the Chesapcak ; 
 and to this gross blunder alone are we to ascribe our 
 j;ood fortune. But, gentlemen, although one commander 
 has abandoned his post, and betrayed the best interests 
 of bis country, ^an we suppose that his guilt will not 
 meet that severe and exemplary punishment it deserves ? 
 Can we hope that British vengeance will never <vake, 
 that it will always sleep i When that culpable admiral 
 is put to death, dp you foolishly imagine his successor 
 will not be alarmed for himself, and profit by bis fate ? 
 Yes ; be will excipt himself, he will be master of the 
 Chesapeak, upon >fhich you know our destiny hangs; 
 for if that is once shpt up, Virginia and M&ryland, 
 the springs of all our resources, the objects which en- 
 ticed your good and great ally to aid you, are no 
 ipore! Then a few British soldiers may harrass our 
 planters, lay waste their lands, set their tobacco in 
 flames, destroy their docks, and block up such ships 
 as they cannot burn or capture. It is a painful tahk, 
 gentlemen, for me to set before your eyes a true picture 
 of your affairs, but it is the duty of a friend. He 
 yfho flatters you at this awful period smiles in your 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 m 
 
 ty thousand 
 (i fatigued, 
 rcry Temote 
 iidcncy : to 
 , for thetc 
 than all Uio 
 roinen roust 
 uiitless spirit 
 ted arc thy 
 lemptible m 
 ent; we got 
 the prowess 
 powardice of 
 
 1 he bad the 
 
 2 Chesapcaki 
 Q ascribe our 
 DC commander 
 
 best interests 
 IguiU will not 
 lit it deserves ? 
 never *vake, 
 lable admiral 
 his successor 
 it by his fate ? 
 aster of the 
 |estiny hangs ; 
 id M&ryland, 
 [Its which en- 
 |you, are no 
 harrass our 
 |r tobacco in 
 Ip such ships 
 painful task, 
 a true picture 
 friend. He 
 liles in your 
 
 face while he stabs you in the vitals ; it is by exhi- 
 biting to you such a picture, that you will be cod- 
 vinced you ought to send commissioners to treat with 
 Britain for peace, without a moment's delay. Our 
 enemies, I own, are surrounded with danger; a strong 
 confederacy is in arms against them : yet although they 
 possess but a speck of land, the fortitude •( Britons, 
 their exertions and supplies have astonished the won- 
 dering world ; they are by . no means exhausted : they 
 have hitherto asked for no alliance, they have singly 
 and alone kept all their combined fc^s at bay. Britain 
 hiis yet in store very tempting offers to hold out to 
 any potentate whom she may court ; she is oiistress of 
 our seaports ; the large and truitful colony of Canada 
 is her*8 ; her fleets have all arrived from Quebec, the 
 Baltic, the West Indies, and East Indies, without the 
 loss of a ship ; her arms in Asia have carried conquest 
 before them ; so long as they hold their dominions 
 there, they will have a perennial source of riches. Such 
 is the situation of our foe ; but how much more terrible 
 may she become, if she joins to her already resistlesK 
 marine the fleet of another power ! 
 
 *' Suifer me to use the words of the prophet Jere^ 
 miah, and ask you, " If thou hast run with footmen, 
 ' and they have wearied thee, how then canst thou 
 * contend with horses?* When your enemy |bas once 
 made such an addition to her strength, she will rise in 
 her terms upon you, and iu the paroxysm of her fury 
 insist upon your submission, your unconditional sub- 
 nii.shion ! In order that I may not displease some of 
 you, who hold a man a traitor for telling you wholesome 
 truths, I will suppose all I have said to be exaggerated ; 
 1 will suppose Britain to be in a galloping consumption : 
 then, let me interrogate you. Do you increase in power 
 and wealth ? The very reverse is your case. Your 
 maladies, I am sorry to tell you, are incurable. Where 
 
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 S80 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 are your numerous fleets of merchant ships, which were 
 wont to cover old ocean ? Have you so much as pne to 
 convoy your cargoes, or save them from capture ? Have 
 yoQ any goods to export ? Where are your luxuriant 
 glebes and smiling meads ? Alas ! they are now an 
 uncultivated waste. Your commerce is extinct ; the 
 premium of insurance on the very few ships which 
 dare to peep out, never more to see their natal shore, 
 so enormous, seamen's wages so high, (for nothing but 
 death or an English dungeon is before them !) that ruin 
 and bankruptcy have overwhelmed all descriptions of 
 men ; hardly any possess the cunyeniencies, none the 
 luxuries of life but faithless secretaries, avaricious comi- 
 miss&ries, and griping contractors. These, indeed, loll 
 in their coaches, live in princely palaces, have a nume- 
 rous train of vermin to attend them, and fare sumptu- 
 ously every day. * Curse on the wretch who owes his 
 greatness to his country's ruin !' Would to God I 
 could here draw a veil over our calamities ! but the zeal 
 I have to serve you will not allow it. I must thunder 
 in your ears, that your trade is annihilated ; your fish- 
 eries, that fertile nursery of seamen, that fountain of all 
 we could ever boast, is no more! Our ploughshares 
 beat into bayonets, our soldiers mutinying for want of 
 pay ; our planters beggared, and our farmers ruined ! 
 You are oppressed with taxes ; not to emancipate you 
 from bondage — No : with taxes to support the lazy ; to 
 pamper the proud ; to exalt mean, cunning knaves, and 
 dissipated gamblers, to the first oflices of the state ; to 
 pay armies who have the figures of men, but the hearts 
 of hares ; they are, God knows, numerous enough ; 
 but of what use ? Why do we call in soup-meagre 
 soldiers? Are our own cowards? Are they not disci- 
 phned after so many years dancing a jig to the fife 
 and drum ? Will they not look an enenny in the face 
 
AMERICAN WAR. . 
 
 W7 
 
 which were 
 h asQne to 
 iurc? Have 
 ur luxuriant 
 are now an 
 extinct; the 
 ships which 
 natal shore, 
 r nothing but 
 ml) that ruin 
 lescriptions of 
 
 ;iea, no"® *^* 
 avaricious com- 
 ic, indeed, loU 
 , have a nume- 
 »d fare sumptu- 
 h who owes his 
 ould to God I 
 si but the zeal 
 I must thunder 
 ,ted ; your fish- 
 t fountain of all 
 ar ploughshares 
 ing for want of 
 larmers ruined I 
 .emancipate you 
 |ort the lazy ; to 
 ling knaves, and 
 of the state ; to 
 , but the hearts 
 lerous enough; 
 in soup-meagi^ 
 they not disci- 
 i jig to the fif<i 
 leoiy in the face 
 
 • . 
 
 ^ 
 
 when their religion, their liberty, is at stake ; when their 
 wives and children are butchered before their eyes. 
 
 f' O America! America! thou art now ruined, and 
 past 'redemption, consigned to destruction ! Curse on this 
 French connexion !* I see thee prostrate on the ground, 
 imploring mercy at the, feet of the Gallic monarch. If 
 France conquers Britain, which, for your sakes, I pray 
 God to prevent ! I tremble when I think of the accu- 
 
 * mulated miseries with which you will be loaded. The 
 French have already cheated you out of Rhode Island* 
 from whence, as from a flaming volcano, will stream 
 
 , Are to burn your ships, and lay your seaports in 
 .smoking ruins. Methinks I see already the Canadians 
 rush upon your possessions in the North, and the 
 .French and. Spaniards overrun your southern colonies! 
 like an impetuous torrent they sweep all before them ! 
 And even those of your own flesh and blood, whose 
 lands you have confiscated, whose fathers and brother's 
 you have murdered, join to lay you desolate ! I see 
 you turned into a desert, exposed to the ruthless 
 elements, calling upon some hospitable roof to hide 
 you from the storm ! May heaven save you from ca> 
 lamities, and dispose you to sue for peace ! * Now is 
 the appointed time; now is the day of salvation '* 
 
 r XI. 
 
 * It was s^id that it was the late Queen of France's party 
 which forced on the king the treaty with America, in the 
 view of depressing Great Britain. Louis considered it as an 
 unfair measure, and threw away the pen, when urged to sanction 
 it with his signature. But in an evil hour for himself and 
 his family, he relented, on repeated importunity, he signed the 
 fatal instrument, which involved both hemispheres in the horrors 
 of war, and, in so doing, he remotely signed the warri^nt for 
 his own execution. What a lesson is this to men of all ra:}ks, t» 
 be just and honorable in all their dealings ! 
 , Simpson's Pleafor Rdigion. 
 
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 . JOURNAL OF TH£ 
 
 ■'■.■*i : .•Aii.'t. 
 
 
 CHAP. XIX. 
 
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 c- ail ■'* <'~'i 
 
 1' "f ■■'.; '■■'"■■ K 
 
 The Juthor*s »wn Narrative. Escapes /rem York-tmen. • 
 Traverses the Woods. Re-taken at Frederick-tmm. 
 
 . Attempts to escape^ but is detected. Confined in Jaif. • 
 Marched Prisoner to Winchester. Marched to Little 
 Fork. Escapes with a small Party. Arrives at. 
 Staten Island, and at last effects his Escape to Nea> 
 
 ' Fork. 
 
 In consequejice of tblt disastrous capitulation, the 
 Author became a second time a prisoner of the Ame- 
 ricans. Fortunately for him, he was not rec(^nized as one 
 who bad formerly made his escape, but ordered to march 
 with the rest of the British troops to Wincliester, situate 
 in the back parts of Virginia, upwards of two hundred 
 miles distant from York Town. In this part of his 
 Journal (which, in absence of a better phrase, he almost 
 ventures to call an historical episode) as^ in the nar- 
 rative of his escape, after being made prisoner at Sara- 
 toga, and for the same reasons, he takes the liberty 
 of conveying what befel him to the Reader*s attention 
 in the first person. , j 
 
 ESCAPE FROM YORK TOWN. 
 
 J 
 
 After the army under lord Cornwallis became pri- 
 soners, I was attached to the general hospital. I had 
 frequently officiated as an assistant surgeon, both in 
 
aM£rican war. 
 
 339 
 
 w^- 
 
 J 
 
 •• 
 
 
 » Ytytlc-mBn. 
 edertcfC'tewn. 
 ifned in Jail. • 
 ched to Little 
 
 Arrives a^ *] 
 scape to New 
 
 ;j4a*'» 
 
 jitulation, the 
 of the Ame- 
 •ognizedasone 
 lered to march 
 cheater, situate 
 )f two hundred 
 lis part of his 
 rase, he almoit 
 s^ in the nar- 
 risoner at Sara- 
 es the liberty 
 ider's attention 
 
 IS became pri- 
 
 lospital. 
 Igeon, 
 
 I had 
 both in 
 
 the 9th and S3d regiments; and sometimes, when ive 
 had not a profesuoaal surgeon, I liad endeavored to 
 do that duty, to t)ue best of my knowledge. The great 
 fatigue which I underwent during the siege, brought on 
 a severe illness, from which having somewhat recovered, 
 I determined to attempt my escape to New York, (the 
 disjtance from York Town to New York i$ upwards 
 of Eve hundred miles.) I accordingly waited on the 
 surgeon general, and resigned my situation in the ge- 
 neral hospital, acquainting him that I intended to follow 
 the troops to Winchester. Having received the balance 
 due to jne, I changed my dress, and appeared as a 
 private soldier. The next consideration was, how to 
 elude the French and American sentinels who guarded 
 the prisoners. This I fortunately accomplished M^hilit 
 the guards were relieving, and got outside of the two 
 barriers, on the great road which led to Frederick- 
 town in Maryland. I immediately struck into the woodvS 
 to avoid the piuquet guard, which I knew was posted 
 on it. Night approaching, and finding myself very 
 weak, I made every exertion to extricate myself from 
 the wood. Before it was completely dark, I perceived 
 a few hovr 2S, and went into one df them. I entreated 
 the inhabitants to lot me remain there all night; this 
 they refused in the most peremptory terms, and imme- 
 diately turned me out of doors, threatening, that iff 
 did not instantly depart, they would take me back a 
 prisoner to Gloucester Point. I went away with a very 
 sorrowful heart, and after remaining some time in tlie 
 woods, scarcely able to determine what course to take, 
 the weather being very severe and cold, and finding 
 myself becoming very weak, I made a desperate effort, 
 and went into .a house, where tht* re was a woman sur- 
 rounded by a number of children. I asked her the 
 favor of remaining in her house for the night. She 
 looked at me very sternly, and said, ** How can yvu 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 expect such a favor from me, or any of the Americans, 
 seeing you came from England with an intent to destroy 
 our country ?" As I stood talking with her, her husband 
 came in. He seemed to be a humane man, and said, 
 ** It would be very hard indeed to turn you out of 
 • my door such a severe evening as this. I will permit 
 you to remain here this night." He then desired his 
 wife to get a little straw, and make me a bed near 
 the fire place. After supper I lay down ; and not 
 being disturlied by the roaring of cannon, and the 
 alarm of war, which had been my portion for many 
 months before, I slept soundly, and awaked in the morn- 
 ing greatly refreshed. I gave the children some trifling 
 presents, with which they and their parents seemed 
 ' much gratified, and left them with the warmest emotions 
 of thankfulness. 
 
 During this day (the 29th of November) I marched 
 very hard on the main road, without encountering any 
 interruption, this arose from its being the route which 
 our troops had taken, the inhabitants thinking that I 
 had not been able to keep up with the party, had 
 lagged behind, and was endeavouring to overtake them. 
 In the evening I came to a large building, when a 
 gentlemen accosted mc, observing ; '' there are a great 
 many of your men in this house, who are determined 
 to remain in the country, they have hired themselves 
 to different gentlemen. You had better join with them : 
 you shall be well used, and in a short time you may be- 
 come a citizen of America.'* Upon my entering the house, 
 I found that there were above forty British soldiers, who 
 had hired themselves to different gentlemen about the 
 country. Larly on the next morning, their masters 
 came with hor!>es, Ckc. and took them away. I was 
 strongly importuned to go with them ; but my mind 
 revolted at the thought. When I was preparing to 
 If'HVC the house, the gentleman said to me, ** You 
 
 \<^ ' 
 
-AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 sai 
 
 >i 
 
 hhd better remain with me. I am told you can write 
 a good hand, and understand accounts; I will build 
 a school-house for you, and make you as comfort- 
 able as I can." I felt my whole frame agitated at the 
 proposal, and notwithstanding the weather was stormy 
 and severe, and that I was very unwell, I immediately 
 left his house with indignation. Thi? dishonorable 
 practice of eiticing the British soldiers to become set- 
 tlers, was but too common, during the greater part 
 of the American war. When a prisoner with them, I 
 was often strongly solicited, and promised many rewards, 
 if I would desert, and remain in ttie country. But I 
 was determined to die rather than serve any state 
 hostile to Great Britain : indeed I could not even pa- 
 tiently support the idea of remaining a prisoner among 
 them. I had not travelled many miles when I overtook 
 a Serjeant of the 71st, and a drummer of the 23d. I 
 immediately began persuading them to venture with 
 me in attempting to escape. They both consented. 
 How entwined about the very heart of man, is t^he love 
 of liberty! From that source more than the soundness 
 of my arguments, or the probability of realizing them, 
 I prevailed. It is very easy to talk about going through 
 a tract of land, fjve orsix hundred miles covered uith 
 enemies ; but when entangled in the wood, sinking in 
 the swamp, or fording the rapid torrent, we find it 
 an enterprize of much difficulty and danger, 
 <j.vHowever we addressed ourselves to our journey with 
 confidence; but the next day our drummer complained 
 that we marched too hard for him, and that it was 
 impossible for us ever '* to make good our escape. 
 And (said he) for my part, I will stay where I am, 
 and solace myself after all my hardships." No argu- 
 ments which we could urge, appearing sufficient to 
 cure his despondency, or alter his determination, we 
 left him, an4 proceeded on our journey. The next 
 
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 14 
 
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 JOURWAt 6f THE 
 
 day we dvcrtook a waggon wliicb wa« going' to Phila- 
 delphia. By a short eonversafioii, we soon discovered 
 that the waggoner was a loyalist, and in conseqmenee 
 informed Initi, that we were making our escape ifo 
 New York. He proposed to conceal \\s in his waggon 
 as far a;s Philadelphia at which phice his master lived. 
 This was gladly received on our part, and we promraed 
 him an adequate reward ; we proceeded with hiiA in 
 high spirits: but, unfortunately for tfs, we overtook an 
 Ameri<:an soldier, who insisted on hfs being taken 
 into the waggon. This disconcerted our plan fV>r the 
 present. We were fest approachhig Frederick-town, 
 through which we could not; pass concealed in the 
 waggon, on account of the presence of the Ame- 
 rican soldier : we therefore thought if far more prudent 
 to quit the waggon entirely, and boldly march through 
 the town on foot. The faithful waggoner, before he 
 left us, promi^d tq Wait a few miles on the other side 
 of t1^6 toilpn, until we should rejoin him. But how 
 Tdifi £lre ^|1 human sphemes ! Soon as tlte wag'gon en. 
 tered the iqwn, the American ga^e the alarm, and 9 
 party of toIdier$ was ordered otjt to apprehend ui. 
 We were seized and brought through the town, in 
 triunvph. Many British solcfters were prisoners in this 
 town, and ami0ng theih the regiment to which my com- 
 panion belonged. Wo wtere huddled among them. 
 Indeed oi^r place pf cotrfinet^nf WA$ a most deplorable 
 sttoation. Forty Of <Kty British sc^dier$ crowded rog^iher 
 in a tmtdl room. It is true we h^d m large parade 
 to walk ^botit in the day ; but as rhe winter was 
 remarkably cold< very few availed themselves of that 
 privilege. 
 
 I examined this place of confinement minutely, and 
 soon discovered, that it w^s surrounded by a chain of 
 American sentinels. 1 likewise gained information, that 
 small parties of the prisoners (onder a strong guard) 
 
 
AMERPCAN WAR. 
 
 395 
 
 to Phila- 
 iscovered 
 igeqtience 
 escape to 
 » waggon 
 ster lived. 
 I rtf omwed 
 
 ,h W«w i" 
 vertook an 
 iing taken 
 ian fw the 
 jrick^town, 
 ted in the 
 the Ame- 
 ore prudent 
 ■ch through 
 , before he 
 le other side 
 But how 
 waggon en- 
 irm, ami 9 
 irehend ui. 
 t<>wn, in 
 iners in this 
 ch my com- 
 rtff them. 
 it deplowWe 
 [^ together 
 irge pAt^de 
 winter was 
 Ives of that 
 
 Inutely, and 
 
 a chain of 
 
 lation, that 
 
 )ng guard) 
 
 were often ordered out to get wood for firing. It 
 immediately occurred to me that the only chance for 
 my escape, lay in getting myself enrolled in one of 
 these wood cutting parties. I soon obtained this favor, 
 and immediately began to take my measures : I strove 
 to persuade as many of the party as I could to ven- 
 ture an escape with me. All my arguments proved 
 ine'^'ictwil, except with one min, and my old com- 
 panion the Serjeant. I waited with anxious suspense 
 f«r the moment wc were to be called out to wood 
 cutting. I emptied my knapsack, and distributed my 
 superfluous necessaries, putting on three shirN, and 
 taking an additional pair of shoes in my pocket. With 
 my blanket wrapped about my shoulders, I sallied out 
 when the call came, bearing my hatchet : the intended 
 companions of my flight were privately directed to keep 
 as near to me as possible. When wc had arrived at 
 the wood, about half a mile from the place of confine- 
 ment, we set to the work of cutting. I observed to 
 one of our guards, that I saw a fine large maple tree a 
 few yards beyond him ; and begged permission for 
 me and my two companions to cut it down. With that 
 rudeness which ever characterizes the low mind when in 
 bffice, he, in a surly manner, acquiesced in the proposal, 
 little dreaming that we all intended to give him th& 
 slip. The better to color our pretence, and to cover our 
 escape, we immediately set about cutting down the cree, 
 keeping our eyes constantly fixed on the guard. At 
 last he turned himself about, to watch the other pri- 
 soners. We seized the opportunity, and darted into 
 the «^hickest part of the wood. Fear and hope (being 
 pretty nearly balanced in our minds,) were the wings 
 wliicli urged our flight. Our guards must have pos- 
 sessed the feet of deer before they could possibly have 
 overtaken us. We ran on through the woods, as near 
 as I could conjecture, during two hours, scarcely stop- 
 
 
 1H 
 
 ■SI 
 
 ■M 
 
^91. 
 
 JOURNAL OF TtlE 
 
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 ping to take breath. At last we arrived at a deep and 
 rapid river. Fortunately for us, we soon discovered a 
 ferry-boat, and on paying the fare, we crossed, with- 
 out being examined, atid pursued our way through the 
 woods. 
 
 It should have been mentioned, that though wo had 
 on our regimentals, we disguised ourselves by wrapping 
 our blankets iibout us, which rather gave us the appear- 
 .ance of Indians than of British soldiers. We had not, 
 however, proceeded far, when we were met by an 
 armed party of Americans, who instantly surrounded us, 
 and brought us back prisoners to the town. The Ser- 
 jeant, my companion, was then separated from mc, as 
 his regiment were prisoners near the town ; he was turned 
 in along with them, while I was sent a prisoner to their 
 gnard-house, where I was used in the most cruel manner. 
 The weather was extremely cold, (the latter end qf 
 November,) the guard Jiouse was an open block^^house, 
 through which the snow and frost made their way in 
 every direction. I procured, with much trouble, a little 
 straw to lie upon, in one corner. But I soon found that 
 my lodging would be a very hard one ; for when the 
 (;uard used to discover that I had fallen asleep, they 
 applied a 6rcbrand to the straw, and as it blazed, they 
 set up a yell like the Indians, rejoicing in my distress, 
 and deriding my endeavours to extinguish the flames, 
 Wlien the relief used to be turned out, I s^ometimes 
 look the liberty of drawing near the fire, to warm my 
 half frozen limbs, but this indulgence was of short 
 duration, for when the sentinels were relieved they came 
 pouring into the guard-house, and, if found near the 
 lire, I was usually buffotted about from one to the other, 
 and perhaps a dozen fixed bayonets at once placed at 
 niy breast. VVhen I found that I could obtain no mercy 
 from these savages, and that every day I was worse used 
 than on tlie preceding ; 1 wrote a letter to the Amc- 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 i95 
 
 at a deep anJ 
 1 discovered a 
 
 crossed, with- 
 ly through the 
 
 though wo had 
 5S by wrapping 
 us the appear- 
 VVe had not, 
 ;re met by an 
 ■ surrounded us, 
 own The ser- 
 ed fronn mc, a» 
 1 ; he was turned 
 prisoner to their 
 )st cruel manner. 
 \\e. latter end qf 
 jen blocUhouse, 
 4de their way in 
 [h trouble, a little 
 soon found that 
 je ; for when the 
 lien asleep, they 
 IS it blazed, ihey 
 Jig in Dpy distress, 
 guish the flames, 
 °ut, 1 s^ometimes 
 fire, to warm my 
 jce was of short 
 •clieved they came 
 f found near ibe 
 . one to the other, 
 [at once placed ui 
 obtain no mercy 
 I was worse used 
 [letter to the Amc^ 
 
 rican commanding officfer, informing him of the cruel 
 usage which I daily received, and entreating him to 
 permit me to be confined in the town goal. This re- 
 quest was at last granted ; but my condition was not 
 bettered by it. There I was confined in the upper part 
 of the prison, which I had to ascend by a long board, 
 which was almost perpendicular. In this dreary bitua- 
 tion, without any fire-place, were twelve criminals, 
 These men received a very small allowance of pro- 
 viiions ; but, as for my part, not a morsel was alloted 
 me. My poor fellow prisoners took compassion, and 
 shared their pittance with me. Had it not been for 
 their compassion, I should have been starved todeath. 
 
 I remained in this place during twelve days, suffering 
 the bitings of hunger by day, and shivering all night 
 with the cold. It can scarcely be imagined that aught 
 could possibly have added to my sufferings : yet was 
 the case worse, for we were continually annoyed with 
 the yellings of a black woman, who was confined for 
 the murder of her child at the bottom of the jail. She 
 used to yell the wholenight long* *'f'''*' • -'«' 
 
 The reason of the bad usage which I in particular 
 received, originated, it is most probable, in two dis- 
 tinct causes. This town had snffered much by thi; 
 deaths of several young men, who had been kilieil 
 during the war : the regiment of horse* which was cut 
 to pieces. at Long Island was composed almost entirely 
 of the inhabitants of this part of the country. This 
 was a source of general inveteracy to all British pri- 
 soners. I had every mischief arising from this cause 
 to support in common with my fellow prisoners. But 
 what rendered me still further an object of thcir 
 particular severity was, their firm conviction that 1 still 
 Hieditated my escape. Tliis principiilly, if not entirely 
 
 ♦ See pa^e 12+. 
 
 • sd 
 
 
 i-'/' 
 
 .»>, 
 
 ,,„J 
 
 
?V if- 
 
 k - 
 
 
 i'-^i 
 
 ♦** 
 
 596 
 
 JOURNAL OP TH£ 
 
 arose, I believe, from one of Burgoyne^s army, who 
 had deserted from his regiment, and was then iu town. 
 This man certainly informed the Americans that I had 
 made my escape from that army into New York, and 
 that I would do so again if I was not well taken care 
 of. However, I was determined, if possible to extricate 
 myself from my present dreadful situation. With that 
 intent I wrote a letter to major Gordon of the 80th 
 regiment, who was then prisoner in the town, letting 
 bim know my distressed situation, and entreating his 
 intercession with the American commander, to obtain 
 my liberation from jail, and my being placed with the 
 Test of my comrades, in their confinement nrar tbe 
 town. The major was not unmindful of me ; for although 
 he was at that time laboring under a complication of 
 disorders, arising from the excessive fatigue he had 
 undergone during the siege, and the su&rings of his 
 confinement, he referred my case to captain Coote 
 4)f the 83d regiment, (now lieutenant-general Sir Eyre 
 Coote) with his desire that application might be made to 
 the American commanders for the privilege which I 
 desired: Captain Coote most hunuinely interceded for 
 me, and obtained my request. 
 
 While the faculties of my nature remain entire, I 
 never can forget the aftecting interview which took place 
 between the captain and me. A guard was ordered to 
 conduct me from the jail to his quarters. While 
 I was relating to him the sufferings which I had under^ 
 gone since my being captured at York Town, and my 
 determination and hope still to effect my escape into New 
 York, the tear of sympathy filled his eyes, he condoled 
 ^^ith me in our common lot, and encouraged me to perse- 
 vere. He then directed the Serjeants of the 33d regiment 
 to build mc a hut upon the ground where they were coit<- 
 fined, and to take me into their mess. He gave me a 
 guinea, and I went off to my companions in triumph. 
 
 :.i ■ 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 997 
 
 's army, wlio 
 
 then in town, 
 i^ans that I had 
 few York, and 
 Rrell taken «are 
 ble to extricate 
 ,on. With that 
 m of the 80lh 
 . town, letting 
 I entreating his 
 ider, to obtttiii 
 
 placed with the 
 sment near the 
 oe ; for aUhough 
 complication of 
 
 fatigue he had 
 aufierings of his 
 captain Coote 
 general Sir Eyre 
 
 jight be made to 
 [rivitege which I 
 interceded for 
 
 ^tniyjpy jNr^pnly off l^ort duration, Scarcely was 
 I inettlf^i ii^ 9)y hut (io fQope djegree of ea»e and comfort, 
 ip /9pmp^j,son ip ^y f^rqnpr jinSvxing^,) when I was ordered 
 to be proved Vii^^er ^ gjvard tp Wi^ichester, where ti^^ 
 fftgm^nt tf^ jwhicjlii I helonged waf confine^. The officers 
 a^d ffioq ^ere al| .gIfKl ^o see pne : thfey h^/A be^rd of the 
 iMrdship* IIM eo^Hred in attefnpting fay escape, a^4 
 they luoDdoled with i^ : part qf ithe British troops re- 
 matoed here uiuil January 1782, >y^en cpngreiis ordered 
 us to ibe niarcj^d do l^ittie Y;Ork, in Pepnsylvapia. I 
 Deceived i»fqrmMion, ^t ^ sopn ,^ } fell intp thp 
 jruika to march oif, {I fkhould ,be t^k^ ,and cqnfined in 
 Winiiheater jatU, m 'the Amc^ricaPiB ly^ere app^eliepsive, 
 that whieu I got peAr to Nejw Yorjk J s|hoM^^d mia^n ^t. 
 tien%pk my escape to that pAace, I ,vtW ;^v^^d ,l^y 
 ■ay oAcQn ito conceal mysetf J^^tU ^h^ ti^pO{ps l)a4 
 uMccbed. I took the bint »ud hid ,my^f if the hpsf 
 •pkal among tlie sick, here I j>e«(iai«i^fi unt^l ^hp Amer 
 xkan guards bad bean ^^ dAy<9 W A)^>^ mwtch .w!k\t 
 the British pcisoAOftf^ I ^h|39 pfepared to follow ,i\iiB^m^ 
 but pt a cautieiis .dMta^ipe. The Aroppo Arrived ^ Utdp 
 Ifjork^ iand were cpi)^i?/»fl ju\ a ; prison, «imilar :to that 
 iwhidb 1 have alrewly fipscfif^ ip piagp 20s, only ^ 
 llijttle move limited.. Abept t^p hmithred yvds lirpm 
 ;khis penn, a small viUage liad t)eeii{iM»iU.by.thc remains 
 .of .general BurigoyAt^s army, iKbo tmne alloiired very 
 ,^eat pnvileges witb oresppctrto dbfiirJibejcty in the conntry. 
 When spmp of my Cormer cQi|ira4es ik ithe 9th regi. 
 ment, were informed tbAt I wj^s a prisoner in Joisd 
 <Corpwallis*s army, and ijthat I was ihoriily expected at 
 little York,. they immediately i^>plied ip<«be commanding 
 officer of thp Amer loans for a |)Ass in my name, claiming 
 me as one of itheir regiment. This was immediately 
 granted, and«omex)f them kindly and atlentively placed 
 themselves on^the .watch for oiy acrtyal, ;le$t I iihoulii 
 
 ,';i?)-?fn" •^R:i. :;:./rv 
 
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 <:* ''rryi^Q;' 
 
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 V 
 
 
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 SOI 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 he confined with the reit of lord CornwalIis*s army. 
 When I entered Little York I was most agreeably sur- 
 prised at meeting my former companions ; and moi*e 
 so when a pass was put into my hands, giving me 
 the privilege of ten miles of the country round while 
 I behaved well and orderly. I was then conducted to 
 a hut, which my poor loving comrades had built for 
 me in their village before my arrival. Here I re- 
 mained some time, visiting my former companions ffom 
 hut to hut; but I was astonished at the spirit of in. 
 dustry which prevailed among them. Men, women, and 
 even the children were employed making lace, buckles, 
 spoons, and exercising other mechanical trades which 
 they bad learned during their captivity. They bad very 
 great liberty from the Americans, and were allowed to 
 go round the country and sell their goods ; while the 
 soldiers of lord Cornwallis^s army were closely confined 
 in their pen, I perceived that they hi|d lost that ani- 
 mation which ought to posaesa the breast of the soldier. 
 I strove, by every argument, to roi^se them from their 
 lethargy. I offered to head any nMmber of them, and 
 make a noble effort to escape into New York, and 
 join our comrades in arms ; but all my efforts proved 
 ineffectual. As for my own part, I was determined 
 to make the attempt. I well kneW, from experjencQ, 
 that a ftw companions • would be highly necesi^ary. 
 Accordingly I sent word of my intention f o seveii men 
 of the 23d regiment who were confined in the penn, 
 and that I was willing to bring them with me. 1 be- 
 lieve in all the British army that these mqn (three 
 Serjeants and four privates) could not have been excelled 
 for courage and intrepidity. They rejoiced at the 
 idea ; and by the aid of some, of Burgoyne's army, 
 they were enabled, under cover of a dark night, ^o 
 scale their fence and assemble in my hut. I sent word 
 of my intention to my commanding officer, captain 
 
 
 
 £ ' ■■>■ 
 
 14- i 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 S99 
 
 eeably tur- 
 and vnott 
 giving <n« 
 -ound while 
 onducied to 
 ad buiH for 
 Here 1 »«- 
 panion* U^^ 
 spirit of in- 
 ^ women, and 
 lace, buckles, 
 trades wbich ^ 
 fhey bad very 
 sre altewcd to 
 ,od« ; while the 
 losely coiifined 
 d lost thatawi- 
 |t of the soldier, 
 them from their 
 X of themi m^ 
 lew York, and 
 ^efforts proved 
 was determined 
 om exper\enc<s, 
 jghly necessary, 
 an \o B^vcn men 
 •d in the penn, 
 Iwith me. 1 he- 
 liese m^n (three 
 [vebeen excelled 
 rejoiced at the 
 largoyne's army, 
 dark night, ^o 
 lut. I sent word 
 officer, captain 
 
 Baumarez of the 23d,* and likewise the names of the 
 men whom t purposed to bring with me. As my 
 money was almost expended, 1 begged of him to, 
 advance me as much as convenient. He immediately 
 sent me a supply. 
 
 It was dn the 1st of March, 1782, that t set off 
 with my party. My pass which had been procured 
 from the American commander would only protect 
 tjs to Susquehannah Hiver which was not further than 
 tt:n miles: we therefore marched those ten miles free 
 from any dread of being apprehended. But when we. 
 arrived at the river^ which was about a mile in breadth, 
 we found that it could not be crossed on the ice, as 
 it had thawed all that day. However when the evening 
 drew on it began to freeze again, which encouraged 
 ur to remain until morning, under the hopo that it 
 would then be hard enough to bear us. At this place 
 1 found a man who had deserted from the Hoyal Welch 
 Fuzileers about two years before. He seemed at first 
 very shy of us ^ but after a little conversation he began 
 to be morie free, tie acquainted us that since his 
 desertion he had been roving about the country working 
 very hard for his livelihood, and further, that, finding 
 himself universally despised by the Americans, he had 
 become very uneasy in his mind. Perceiving him well 
 acquainted with the cdUnti^', and possessing a thorough 
 knowledge of all the loyal inhabitants, I thought in our 
 present situation, he would be a valuable acquisition 
 to us as a gitide. In consequence, I held out to him 
 every inducement, which I imagined might persuufie 
 him to accompany us.-^I urged, that we would as soon 
 as we arrived at New York, intercede with Sir Henry 
 Clinton for his pardon, which we had no doubt what' 
 
 * Lately assistant quarter master gtneral, and inspector ttS 
 militia in th« Island ol' Govrttsey. 
 
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 '!^-^i 
 
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 4^ 
 
 JOURNAL bir tilt 
 
 :* 
 
 cvi^r vpould bife immediately granted. He yvM also made 
 . thot'oUghly dc(](udinted with the cbhsiderable rewards 
 ^hich be wduldfeeeive both frbini the cottitti^ndej- in cbie^^ 
 and fftifh oursdves. After much entr^ty, and supplying 
 him with repeated drams of peach wfiiik^y, h€ at last 
 c6hs6tited t6 guide us through Pednsylvania and the 
 Jersieys, with whieh pdri of the country, and the temper 
 6f its inhabitarits he seamed perfectly acq(uaihted. 
 
 A& it bad frosie all higfit, we ventured to cross the 
 fiver lit day.light the next rtiotnin^. Though the ice 
 il^as exceeding ^eak, and broken up in niany placts« 
 the \6vlt H{^ liberty had such a poWer^iil effect, thai 
 ^k v^ritiired with the firmest resolution, although the 
 ice tthcki6d iiiider biir feet every step we took, while 
 #e marched in ihdilm f^le. Having crossed this inightj 
 fiver, we held a cohsultatidfi what was best to be donCt 
 We had exceeded the hounds 6^ my pass, aiid cou- 
 seqiiently were liable to be arrested in our progress 
 by this jlirst party of American soldiers we met, or hy 
 Any of the iiihabitifints who were disai^fected ; and eveo 
 the loyalists, who might fiave succoured an individual 
 or two, would most probably be fearful of giving as^r 
 sistance to such a party. Our guide, the deserter, inr 
 formed lis, that it would be impossible for us to march 
 a mile further, unless we divided — that ninie in number 
 were too many together, as such a body of British 
 soldiers ivould soon spread an alarm through the country 
 and cause immediate pursuit. He also strongly advised 
 lis to change our i'egimehtal clothes for colored ones. 
 We all saw the propriety of this advice ; with aching 
 hearts we took leave of each otlier. 1 divided the 
 party j Serjeant ColHns of the 23d, (a brave soldier, and 
 a sensible man,) took three men undef his care, and t 
 took the remaining four and our guide. We parted 
 \*iih great reluctance ; but in ^ull expectation of meeting 
 path other at New^ York. The party which I commanded 
 
AMEfttCAN WAtt. 
 
 401 
 
 also made 
 \e rewards 
 6* in chief, 
 I sujppiying 
 , he at last 
 ia and the 
 
 the temper 
 airited, . 
 
 cross the 
 igh i^e ice 
 any placts, 
 effect, that 
 ilthough the 
 
 took, while 
 
 1 this inighty 
 t to be done, 
 s, aiid cou- 
 our progress 
 5 met, or by 
 I ; and eveo 
 m individual 
 of giving as* 
 deserter, int 
 
 us to march 
 ne in number 
 iy of British 
 |h the country 
 ,ngly advised 
 lolored ones, 
 with aching 
 divided the 
 soldier, and 
 care, and I 
 We parted 
 .li of mfc'eting 
 I commanded 
 
 Iky all d&y in the wddds i but In the evening our guide 
 brought us to the house of one of the kthg*s friendft, 
 (the loyalists were so termed in America) where we 
 changed our regimenml clothes for very bad colored 
 ones. Inhere We remained until eleven oViock, when^ 
 ^avor^d by the night, we began our march towards Lan* 
 caster. We kept in the woods as much US possible, und 
 about the dawn of morning arrived at a smiil village. 
 We entered into a house under the iiope of procuring 
 some refreshment. Almost immediately we perceived 
 a man rising h&stily out of bed. He dressed himseU'i 
 and ran Out of the house in great hAste. Apprehensive, 
 that he had ran out to alarm the neighbours, (indeed 
 our appeariince w4s very suspicions,) we left the house 
 immediately, and took shelter in the woods ; where we 
 remained, almost perishing With hunger and cold until 
 night. We then be^an oar march. About the dawn 
 of the succeeding day. We espied A Urge barti and « 
 dwelling house contiguous. With one consent, we re» 
 solved t%i repose our wear*/ limbs in this bam. We 
 soon got in, and concealed oufsekes under some sheates 
 of wheat which were iu the loft. We had not re« 
 mained in this place more than half an hour, when a 
 boy came up to remove the corn for thrashing. He 
 wa^ greatly alarmed when he discovered us, and im- 
 mediately ran dOwn as fast he could. We thought it 
 most prudent to follow him into the house, lest he 
 should alarm the country. We entered the dwelling 
 house almost as soon as him, saluted the farmer, and 
 were desired to sit down. Our host ordered breakfast 
 to be got ready, which consisted of ground Indian corn, 
 boiled like stirabout. No doubt, from the situation in 
 which we had bc^en discovered, and perhaps more frotii 
 our looks, he perceived that we were hungry, and be 
 was very right in his observation, for none of us hai 
 eaten any thing during more than fifty hours ! After 
 
 y :! 
 

 
 
 401 
 
 JfOURNAL OF THE 
 
 we had taken H hearty, I might add voracious breakfast^ 
 he said, " Gentlemen, I perceive who you are, and 
 what is your intention^ but Til have nothing to do with 
 you. Depart in peace." We offered him money ; but 
 he Would not accept of it. \Ve then thanked him 
 warmly, and withdrew to our usual hiding place, the 
 woods ; where we remained for several houfs< Our guide 
 informed us, that ten miles further, on the great road 
 leading to Philadelphia, lived one of the king^s friends, 
 from whom we should certainly receive entertainment, 
 and who would probably furnish us with a li&t of persons 
 disposed, fr6m' principle, to assist us for forty miles on 
 the way. Encouraged with this information, we set off 
 towards thd house in high spirits, which we reached at 
 dusk in the evening. We sent our guide into the houses 
 while we remained concealed in the orchard. He soon 
 returned, and desired us to come in. We were received 
 most cordially by the old man, who bad us to sit down 
 at a fine large fire, until refreshment could be got 
 ready for uit. He then, in the most feeling manner 
 observed, " yo:. know the great hazard I run in receiv- 
 ing you as friends. It is now (continued he) eight 
 o'clock. I will let you remain under my roof till twelve. 
 You must then depart." Having said this, a good supper 
 was set before us, with plenty of cider. The night 
 proved very stormy, and the rain poured down like a 
 deluge, which continued increasing every hour. How- 
 ever the hour of twelve arrived, and gratitude to our 
 kind host, as well as fear for ourselves forbade our stay ; 
 and WQ resolutely faced the terrors of the midnight storm. 
 What will not « captive endure to gain his freedom ? 
 The night was very dark : xve therefore ventured to 
 march on the main road to Philadelphia. It should 
 have been mentioned, that before we departed from 
 the house, our host kindly gave us a Tut of the king's 
 friends who lived in our line of march, thjs nearest 
 
 \ .' 
 
 '; ) ' 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 40S 
 
 breakfast, 
 are, an<l 
 to do with 
 loney ; but 
 inked Viim 
 place, the 
 Our guide 
 5 great road 
 i,g*s friends* 
 tertainment, 
 t of persons 
 )rty miles on 
 ™, we set off 
 ^e reached at 
 to the house, 
 td. He soon 
 were received 
 IS to sit down 
 jould be got 
 teVing manner 
 run in receiv- 
 led he) eight 
 pof tiU twelve. 
 L good supper 
 The night 
 down like a 
 hour. How- 
 Ltitude to our 
 [bade our stay v 
 lidnight storm, 
 his freedom? 
 e ventured to 
 l^a. It should 
 departed from 
 St of the king'* 
 th, the neatest 
 
 of whom was seventeen miles from his house: we there- 
 fore proceeded, notwithstanding the inclemency of tha 
 weather, with a degree of. spirit animated by hope. 
 The rain still continued to increase, which in a very 
 short time drenched us to the skin ; and, what rendered 
 our journey more distressing, in consequence of the 
 great fall of water, was, that the road was exceeding deep. 
 Our guide also began to murmuV at the hardships which 
 Jie endured : his shoes were almost worn out. Indeed 
 all our shoes were in a wretched condition. They 
 were so had that we could scarcely keep them on our 
 feet. We used every suggestion that could possibly 
 encourage him to proceed; but his spirit at last failed, 
 and he declared, that he was unable to go any further 
 with us: adding, with a deep sigh, " Perhaps, after 
 all my hardships, if I should succeed, and get into New 
 York, I shall not get my pardon.^* . Just as he had 
 pronounced these words, we espied a small hovel on 
 the road side, and a hou;»e at a very little distance 
 from it. We therefore, in order to keep him in temper, 
 agreed to shelter ourselves from the storm under this 
 hovel; assuring him at the same time that we would 
 provide him a pair of shoes, and give him the best 
 clothes we had in exchange for his bad ones. Wo 
 drew near to the house, in order to rest our wearv 
 Jimbs ; but, to our great mortification, we were sainted 
 with the roaring and loud grunting of pigs whl^h were 
 in it. We soon found it necessary to march od a!< 
 fast as we could from our noisy neighbours, lest by their 
 outcries the inhabitants of the house should be alarmed. 
 Thus circumstanced we were compelled to march on. 
 At last we came within sight of a large barn. Here 
 we again thought to take shelter, and were again dis^ 
 appointed ; for, as we approached nearer, we perceived 
 a light in it. Our guide began now to lose all his 
 fortitude, declaring once more that he was utterly un- 
 
 
 ■t|- 
 
HH 
 
 JOURNAL 0f wn 
 
 '■ill; . . »"■ r 
 
 
 t ■ :-.-'V' 
 
 
 V •* ' 
 
 
 able to proceed any further. A iarge dungliill happened 
 to be behiud this barn, aod asihe last resource to hiimdur 
 <Mf guide, we agreed to^rest our limbs on it, aad cover 
 ourselves with the looiie litter. Here we remained about 
 half an hour, being uttable to contin4ie longer, from 
 ♦he effects of the extreme cdd. We all felt 4evere 
 pains in our bone«, which were <M:casioned by the damp 
 of the dung. It therefore became Mie general i^solve 
 to march on and gain our wished for house, which, 
 fr<oin the d^vstance we had already travelled, we judged 
 could not be far off. 'Wie were further eoi»firmed in 
 this resplution by the fnorniqig brfCoking fast on us. At 
 ihis place we arrived about the dawn. It vms g tavern ^ 
 but, to our unspeakable disappointment, w« found that 
 severai Americah ol^cers lodged in tl»e house. Thus 
 circumstaneed, we were obliged immediately to proceed 
 to another friend a few miiies forwarid. W« now thought 
 it best to qiiit the grea): voad, and turfi off towards Valley. 
 Torge. In the course of our march we fortunately hap- 
 pened to come to a shoemakef's dwelling, where m& got 
 ill our shoes repaired, and 'having supplied our guid^ 
 with a new pair, and '^ven bim our best clothes in 
 exchange for bis {bad ones, and {abov^ all) havi-ng sup. 
 plied him with plenty of peadh.whiffkey, w^herever we 
 could procure it, 'he seemed determined for ihe present, 
 to proceed with us to 'New YorJc. 'In the evening we 
 gained the house to whicili we bad been directed, The 
 lady who inhabited it, -was a near relation of general 'Lee. 
 Both herself and husband were 'firmly attached to the 
 royal cause. The -house was situate on t!he banks of the 
 Schuylkill. Here we 'halted for two days, during which 
 lime we were nobly entertained. At twelve o*clo<^k on 
 the night of the second day the master of tihe mansion 
 provided a canoe, and sent his servant totput us across the 
 river, giving us the name and place of abode of another 
 friend. We now continued for some days going from 
 
i mi ! . '' 
 
 American war. 
 
 405 
 
 happened 
 humdur 
 aodcovef 
 ned about 
 ger, from 
 feU severe 
 ^ the damp 
 ral «*8olve 
 se, which, 
 vie judged 
 ►ufirmed in 
 on us. Alt 
 as ?i tavern -; 
 found that 
 )use. Thu& 
 ff to proceed 
 now thought 
 rardaValley- 
 nateVy hap- 
 
 herc ivve got 
 our g«i4* 
 X clothes in 
 
 havifvg sup- 
 Iwherever we 
 
 ihc present, 
 |e evening we 
 
 •ected. The 
 
 general 'Lee. 
 
 ^cbed to the 
 
 [banks of the 
 uring which 
 
 le o'elocjk oii 
 
 the mansion 
 us across the 
 
 lie of another 
 going from 
 
 ene friend to another, still keeping our course towards 
 New York. Early one morning we came to a river, which 
 was very broad but only about four feet deep. In the 
 middle of this river was a small island' We prepared 
 ourselves to wade over. The morning wa exceeding 
 frosty which made the water very cold. Our guide 
 now lost all his resolution. He declared with tears in 
 his eyes '* That his heart was almost broken with hard- 
 ships , that he was sure he would never survive if he 
 waded that river ;" and all iiis fears about his pardon 
 returned in full force upon him. We proposed to carry 
 him over on our backs, to give him half the money wo 
 had, and renewei^ our former pr nnises of interceding 
 for him, and procuring his pare <n ; but all in vain. 
 He turned about, under great terror, and fled from us. 
 We afterwards were informed, that tliis unfortunate man 
 was, in the course of a few days, taken up, and the 
 fact being proved, that he was seen conducting four 
 men, supposed to be British soldiers, into New York) 
 he was condemned, and hanged. ''* 
 
 V When we found it impossible to reclaim our guide, 
 we waded across the river ourselves, and were almost 
 deprived of the power of our limbs when we got on 
 the other side. Our last protector had directed us to 
 another friend, whose house was situate about two miles 
 from this river. We therefore made what baste we 
 could before the day advanced. We gained the hos- 
 pitable mansion, and were concealed in the barn, and 
 plentifully supplied with provisions. Thus far we had 
 been successful in our enterprize. We were near the Dela- 
 ware river, about twenty miles above Philadelphia. 
 That river we were to cross in our progress. But in 
 crossing it our protector could give us neither assistance 
 or recommendation. He had no connexion on its shores 
 which he durst trust. Soon however, as day closed we 
 set off, and arrived on the banks of the Delaware abovit 
 
 ■i1 
 
 
 
■•M 
 
 i\'':'^L 
 
 
 
 :••" v^ 
 
 ::-l'A 
 
 
 Jl -^. 
 
 '¥^ 
 
 ♦05 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 nine o'clork the same evening. VVe boldly ventured 
 into a house to inquire for the ferry- house. Contrary 
 to cxpectntion we were kindly entcrtmned, and in<. 
 formed that we were two miles from it, We remained 
 at this piHce all night, and pi;oceeded to the ferry-house 
 early in the morning. A number of boatmen bad Just 
 entered tlie house before us ; they were employed iu 
 carrying wood to Philadelphia, and landed there (the 
 house being a tavero) to refresh themselves. They 
 were eight in number, and seemed, by their looks and 
 conversation, to suspect who we were. As soon as we 
 perceived this \ye ci^lled for some refreshment, and 
 appeared chi^erful and undismayed. After some time 
 they- withdrew into an inner room, to colnsult. (as we 
 supposed) how they were to attack and take us. We 
 held a consultation, and were determined to part with 
 our liberty at as dear a rate ^s we could. Jiistatthi^ 
 crisis, when we were preparing to act on the <|efpusive, 
 9ne of our party said, " Let us seize the ferry-boat ^^ 
 and make across the river." This , proposal was imme- 
 diately agreed to ; and, after discharging our reckoning, 
 we sajlied out of tlie house, jumped ioto the ferry-boat 
 and insisted on the negro who had the charge of her 
 rowing us across with all expedition^, on pain of instant 
 death. This the terrified creature performed with sucli 
 celerity, that we were half way over the Delaware 
 before the alarm was given. The negro being in the 
 boat with us, prevented their firing on us. We soon 
 pulled to the opposite slidre, and ran into the woods,, 
 where we were soon secure from all our pursuers, as 
 we had above a tqile and a half the start of them. 
 We lay concealed in the thickest part of the wood that 
 day.; and at night prpceeded in quest of a house to 
 which we. had been directed. After much search we 
 found it, and were entertained a feiv hours., when we 
 ^proceeded to the abode of {inotber friend. . m^ 
 
 .' •fi'j.-.i*' 
 
 :^y'i' t 
 
 • *--• 
 
 ^^: J*:,,*. -■•,•:•«-. 
 
 
 ;■,.:-■<>' 
 
ventured 
 
 Contrary 
 and in-» 
 
 remained 
 ;rry-house 
 11 had just 
 
 1 played in 
 there (the 
 es. They 
 r looks and 
 soon as we 
 
 iment, and 
 some time 
 isult. (as we 
 ke ws. We 
 to part with 
 Jqstat thi? 
 le 4ef^nsive, 
 
 2 ferry-boat, 
 al was imme- 
 ar reckotving, 
 
 ic ferry-boat 
 ;haTge of her 
 tin of instant 
 led with such 
 he Delaware 
 being in the 
 ,s. We soon 
 ;o the woods., 
 pursuers, as 
 lart of the™* 
 he wood that 
 ►f a house to 
 [ch search we 
 urb, when we 
 
 ■'AMERICAN WAtt 
 
 lOT 
 
 Such was tiie benevolent assistance which we received 
 in this part of the country, that an imperative duty 
 forces itself on me, here to notice the malignant 
 assertions of Bclsham, who says,* that when the British 
 troops were retiring to Brunswick, through the Jerseys 
 ** the licentious ravages of the soldiery, particularly 
 of the German n»erceharies, during tlie time ihey were 
 in possession of the Jerseys, had excited the utmost 
 resentment and detestation of the inhabitants ;" and that 
 ** such havoc, spoil, and ruin, were made by the forces 
 under general Howe's personal inspection and command, 
 as were well calculated to obviate the suspicion that 
 any secret partiality to America yet remained in the 
 breast of the English general." 
 
 To this charge (with the most awful appeal for the 
 verity of my assertion) I can aver, that in all the dif- 
 ferent places in America, through which I have marched 
 as a soldier, been carried as a captive, or travelled in 
 iregainiuig my freedom, 1 never found people more 
 strongly attached to the British government, than in 
 the very place where Belsham says, ** such havoc, spoil, 
 and ruin, were made by the British forces." This we 
 now experienced in a very great degree. These very 
 *inbabitants ventured their own lives to secure ours, 
 and at the risque of their whole pro^jcrty, and the 
 jeopardy of all their relatives and friends gave us 
 the means of safe conduct into New York. Why 
 Belsham cherished, and on almost every occasion mani- 
 fested such inveterate malice against our commanders 
 and soldiers in America, is matter of astonishment to 
 me, and I might add, remains matter of mystery to 
 the discerning and loyal part of the public. If the 
 British troops in America had heen capable of cooly 
 and deliberately murdering his father, mother, and ail 
 
 * Memoirs of the Reign of George 111. Vol. 1. Pa.^e 3S8 
 and 408. 
 
 3 F 2 
 
 - I 
 
 £i 
 
 
 Vf 
 
 1?.1 
 
f: ' ,. T- • ■:■■ 
 
 ■r.'.ll' 
 
 
 ••» 
 
 
 :*' 
 
 *i'''.,j 
 
 408 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 his relative^, uay if they had actually perpetrated the 
 horrid deed, he could scarcely have been more rancarous. 
 An historian ought to record the truths and the truth 
 only, whether of friend or foe. The officers who served 
 in the American campaigns were gentlemen (some of 
 them noblemen, or noblemen^s sons who have since suc- 
 ceeded to their hereditary titles) of the first families in the 
 empire, for wealth as well as honor. Men who had 
 no earthly temptation to such acts,* and whose high 
 spirits independent of that circumstance would have 
 revolted at the bare mention of the attrocities charged 
 on them. However they ultimately failed in accom- 
 plishing the re-union of England and America, still it 
 was the grand object of all their toils, both bodily 
 and mental ; and they were as far removed from '' amas- 
 sing fortunes by plunder and rapine," (as is asserted) 
 by Ramsay, as Mr. Belsham and Ramsay are from ac- 
 quiring fame by candor and truth. But to return to 
 my narrative. We now entered into a country, which 
 tvas full of American troops, and the nearer we pro- 
 ceeded to New York, the more numerous they were. 
 This constrained us to act with great caution and 
 circumspection : we made but short stages among our 
 friends. On the 16th of March, we found ourselves 
 within thirty miles of Staten Island, at which place was the 
 British out-posts. Our American friend, in whose barn we 
 lay concealed, advised us strongly to take a guide, 
 which he said he could procure for us. To this ws 
 readily consented, and waited three days for our con- 
 ductor. The wished for moment arrived ; our guide 
 came, the agreement was made, our friend procured 
 us a bottle of strong spirits, and we set off with our 
 
 * I am bold to assert that one British regiment was possessed of 
 niore property in gcjd, silver watches, &c. than was in general 
 Washington's whole army : «vcn th« iphabitaqts were des- 
 itiitc of gold and silver. 
 
AM£RICAN WAlt» 
 
 4^ 
 
 conductor about nine o'clock at night, under the expec 
 tation of arriving before morning in the vicinity of 
 Amboy ; which town lay opposite Staten Island^ being 
 divided only by a ri\>er. In two hours march we cam* 
 to a village which our guide told us we might safely 
 march through, as the inhabitants were all in bed, and 
 no American troops were stationed in it. ** But lest, 
 said he, I should happen to be seen with you, I wilt take 
 a circuit and meet you on the great road on the top of 
 the hill, on the other side of the village." We con- 
 sented to this plan and marched through the village 
 vnperceived, and arrived at the place appointed for 
 meeting ; there we remained, expecting our guide every 
 moment; but after remaining two hours we gave up all 
 hopes, and saw clearly that he had given us the slip. 
 It snowed all the time very hard accompanied with a 
 piercing north wind. Our clothes and shoes being all 
 torn, made our situation, while we waited, almost in- 
 supportable: we at last came to the resolution of proceed- 
 ing by ourselves, though we were entirely unacquainted 
 upon what point of the compass Amboy lay. But the stars 
 being rather bright we knew we could not be mate- 
 rially ivrong if we proceeded due north. We marched very 
 hard over a broken uneven ground, sometimes on the road 
 and sometimes through the woods. At four o'clock in the 
 morning one of our companions dropped down and de- 
 clared with tears in his eyes, he was not able to proceed 
 any farther : the soles of his shoes had been worn off and 
 his feet were all bruised and cut. Indeed we were all 
 much in the same way. We proposed to carry him by 
 turns till daylight, when we would repose ourselves, 
 " No," said he, ** leave me here to die ; for I am quite 
 exhausted : if I live till morning, I will strive to creep 
 to the next house ; and if I survive, I will endeavour to 
 follow you." — We were greatly affected at parting with 
 'him. To me indeed it was peculiarly distressincr^ as he 
 
 :;i 
 
 « / 
 
 
 *4ii 
 
 
 ■ 1 . 
 ill' 
 
■* ^ 
 
 4W 
 
 J6URNAL OF TH* 
 
 
 . 
 
 '*■ »-■ •VI." , 
 
 i .I*.- ■ 
 
 wa» one of the men I had brought in with me to Ne# 
 York from general Burgoyne's army, and was the maii 
 whom I have already mentioned, who understood several 
 languages, and who was of so much service in cflfecting 
 our escape. 
 
 We marched on until the morning when we conceal, 
 ed ourselves in the woods, until the night came on. 
 During this time we were without provisions. Soon 
 as the evening set in we prepared as well as we could, 
 for our march, ^bout two o^cIock iii the mornin<r 
 we perceived a house, on the side of a narrow road, 
 jt was unconnected with any other building. Net 
 knowing, where we were, we agreed to stop, and 
 obtain all the information which we could. We rapped 
 at the door, which was quickly opened by an old 
 'man, who with his wife were the only persons in the 
 house. Without discovering who we were, we entered 
 into conversation with them both. It canid out; daring 
 our discourse, that he was a native of Dublin and 
 had left it about thirty years before. Here my being 
 a native of Irclatid was of inestimable service to the 
 whole party. As I could mention several places in 
 Dublin, and many of the transactions which had hap. 
 pcned in his time, he became highly pleased with my 
 conversation, and with true native hospitality brought 
 out provisions to entertain Ins countryman. From several 
 of his' answers which he gave to some of the questions 
 which I occasionally, and I may say accidentally, put 
 to liim, I perceived he was a loyalist; but being un- 
 willing to commit the whole party, I did not discover to 
 him whom we were. Ki»ving gained all the information 
 which we wanted, we left his house. 
 
 lie had informed us where the American guards were 
 stationed along the banks of the river, who could at all 
 interfere with us, which was only the distance of two 
 miles off. We immodiaicly proceeded" towards it, care* 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 411 
 
 e, we entered 
 
 fully avoiding the American posts. About an hour, 
 before day-light wc arrived on its banks, and as soca 
 as morning dawned, wc saw with pleasure Staten Island. 
 ])ut a deep and brond river rolled between us and our 
 place of refuge. We wandered up and down the shore 
 in hope of finding a caiu>e or boat ; but in vain. After 
 a fruitless search for near an hour, the broad appearance 
 of day much alarmed us, as we dreaded lest some of tim 
 American sentinels, who were posted along the coast, 
 should discover us. In this dangerous situation, we held 
 a consultation what was best to be done ; when it was 
 unanimously agreed to return to my countryman's house, 
 discover who we were, and throw ourselves upon, his 
 protection. We returned, and were not disappointed: 
 we found him to be a staunch loyalist. He observed, 
 " The coast is full of troops — I will bring you to a 
 place of concealment." He theu conducted us to a thick 
 part of a wood, while lie went to two friends, who owned 
 a boat, in which we could at night safely cross the river 
 There we remained until a late hour in the evening, when 
 his two friends, with the boatmen, came to us ; and hav- 
 ing agreed for our passage, we proceeded to the boat. 
 The river, where we had to cross, was more than three 
 piilea broad. MM mi /j;^ .. 
 
 Our friends informed us, that an English sloop of war 
 was stationed there, in order to intercept the American 
 privateers and other craft, and likewise to keep the 
 coast ill alarm. We entered the boat with joy, and 
 sput off from the shore. They had npt rowed a quarter 
 of a mile, when the wind, which- had hitherto been fair 
 for us, changed against us, and blew very fresh. The 
 boat, being very small, made a great deal of water. 
 This greatly alarmed the boatmen ; and they immedi- 
 ately made for the shore from whence we came. 
 When wc perceived what they were about, we insisted 
 that they should turn the boat, and endeavour tp gain 
 
 * 
 
■•■ »; 
 
 •# I 
 
 ..-N'|. 
 
 1 •( -• 
 
 • i^'.'i 
 
 *,*■ 
 
 
 ■» .:•• 
 
 J* 
 
 41f JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 the sloop ; or, failing in that, row us across to States 
 Island. They were greatly alarmed at our resolution; 
 and declared, that it was impossible for a boat to live 
 in that gale of wind ;< and that we should be oil cer^ 
 tainly loiit, if we persisted in the attempt. But we 
 were resoU .'d to venture, and peremptorily commanded 
 them to proceed. After beating against the wind and 
 waves for near two hours, and being almost perished 
 with wet and cold, we espied a square rigged vessel, 
 the boatmen were apprehensive at first that she was 
 an Americun privateer. However, as our boat was every 
 moment in danger of sinking, we determined to make 
 towards her. As we approached, we were hailed, and 
 ordered to come along side. To our unspeakable joy, 
 we saw British solcTiers standing on the deck. Such 
 was the effect of our sufferings, that we had almost 
 lost tlie power of our limbs and speech : for when I 
 was ordered] down to the cabin to captain Skinner, 
 to give him an account who we were, I could not articulate 
 8 word. Perceiving my situation, he humanely ordered 
 a large glass of rum to be given me. This soon brought 
 me to my speech, and I then briefly recapitulated to 
 him our whole story. The ship'scompany being informed 
 that we were British soldiers who had escaped from 
 the Americans, were eager to express their joy. We 
 were ordered the best refreshirients the vessel could 
 afford. In the morning we were put on shore on Staten 
 Island, with a letter to the captain's father, colonel 
 Skinner, wl>o commanded a regiment of loyal Americans, 
 and who was the commanding officer on Staten Island. 
 
 I need not tell the Reader what we felt when vve were 
 marching across the island, where we considered ouir- 
 selves perfectly safe within the British lipes. We waited 
 on colonel Skinner, who immediately ordered a boat to 
 convey us to New York. We landed at the wharf, and 
 frith cheerful steps marched to head quarter^ Wheii 
 
 ■ I'm } 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 4IS 
 
 I to States 
 resolution \ 
 >oat to live 
 je oil cer- 
 But we 
 commanded 
 s wind and 
 St perished 
 rged vessel, 
 jat she was 
 at was every 
 jed to make 
 hailed, and 
 eakable joy, 
 ieck. Such 
 • had almost 
 for when I 
 ;ain Skinner, 
 not articulate 
 mely ordered 
 soon brought 
 apitulated to 
 ling informed 
 scaped from 
 ir joy. We 
 vessel could 
 ore on Staten 
 ther, colonel 
 al Americans, 
 ten Island, 
 yvhen we were 
 nsidered our- 
 We waited 
 ed a boat to 
 te wharf, and 
 ■ter^ When 
 
 the inhabitants, and the soldiers in garrison, understood 
 that wo tt-ere three Serjeants of the Royal Welch Fuzi- 
 Icers, they were struck with astonishment. We had had 
 no opportunity of shaving ourselves for more than three 
 weeks ; our shoes were worn out ; our clothes all in 
 tatters ; our looks wan and meagre. In short no wretched 
 was our appearance, that iUey commiserated our condi- 
 tion, and with kind attention conducted us to the com- 
 mander in chief. This was on the 23d of March, 1782. 
 
 Sir Henry Clinton received us with great kindness. 
 We communicated to his excellency all the information 
 of which we were possessed, which in, any manner tend- 
 ed to the good of the service. After this, we were 
 sent to receive the usual bounty, which was given as 
 an encouragement to those soldiers who made good their 
 escape. After the officer who was appointed to pay 
 us had entered my name in the book, he turned his 
 eye to the top of the fiist page, and said, ** Here is 
 the same name of a non-commissioned officer of the 
 9th regiment, one of the first who had made his escape 
 from general Burgoyne's army, more than four years 
 ago." I answered, **. I am the man." On which he 
 replied, " if you arc the man, your colonel (colonel 
 Hill) who was exchanged, and went to England, has 
 left here all your arrears of pay." " But," added he, 
 " you must prove that you are the identical person." 
 This I soon did, as there were officers both of the 9th 
 and 23d regiments, who knew me well at that time in 
 New York. In consequence, I received a very consi- 
 derable sum, which was due to me. I then wrote out 
 this narrative, and presented it to major Mackenzie,* 
 deputy quarter master general. The major recom- 
 mended me to brigadier general Birch, the commandant 
 of New York, antl I was appointed his first clerk, for 
 
 * Now colonel Mackenzie, and secretary to the military 
 college, Lotidon. 
 
 3 G 
 
 % 
 
 3 
 
■ ■ ■•■< ' 
 
 '■'•■ 
 
 
 
 %^- 
 
 
 » f: 
 
 ■f -A 
 
 ■i --.^ 
 
 4li 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 which I had a good salary. The major's kindness did 
 not stop there; but through his interest I «vas made 
 adjutant to the Merchants Corps of volunteers, who 
 were then on permanent duty in the town. 
 
 At this place, during two months, I enjoyed a com- 
 fortable respite from the hard duty to which I bad 
 been, accustomed : the only repose, 1 may truly say, 
 which I had during the eight years I was in America. 
 
 Colonel Balfour, having arrived in New York 
 from Charlestown, it being evacuated, ordered me 
 to proceed to King's Bridge, the out post of the 
 British army, and take charge of the recruits of the 
 23d regiment, who were doing duty there ; to which 
 place I repaired accordingly. 
 
 The Reader will doubtless feel some anxiety for th& 
 fate of the party which I left on the banks of the 
 Susquehannah River. These poor fellows, after endur- 
 ing innumerable hardships, and travelling through the 
 woods for some hundreds of miles, were unfortunately 
 taken prisoners in Pennsylvania, and confined in Phi- 
 ladelphia jail> the foundation of which they undermined, 
 and the whole four came safe into New York, the 
 latter end of April. Much about the same time, my 
 former companion, ivhom I had left on the road, like- 
 wise arrived at New York, conducted by the last guide, 
 who had divided from us in passing through the village. 
 Thus, though by different routes, the whole party which 
 I took with me from Little York, arrived safe at the 
 British head quarters. 
 
 When I reflect on the hardships which I endured, 
 the dangers which I escaped from my first setting out 
 fronj Gloucester, after our army was taken prisoners, 
 in a march of perliaps not less than one thousand miles, 
 through a wilderness interspersed with swamps, I feel 
 (Hiui sf tiseless must I be if I did not feel it) a degree 
 of tliankfuliiess lo that Piovidciice, who, not only pre- 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 415 
 
 idness did 
 ^as made 
 eers, who 
 
 ^ed a com- 
 lich I had 
 truly say, 
 merica. 
 New York 
 ordered me 
 )OSt of the 
 Tuits of the 
 . . to which 
 
 ixiety for tha 
 
 anks of the 
 
 after endur- 
 
 through the 
 
 unfortunately 
 
 Rned in Phi- 
 undermined, 
 jv York, the 
 lie time, my 
 je road, like- 
 the last guide, 
 rh the village. 
 le party which 
 id safe at the 
 
 ch I endured, 
 rst setting out 
 Lkeii prisoners, 
 lousand miles, 
 Lwamps, I feel 
 [el it) a degrett 
 not only pre- 
 
 strved my life in several hard fought battles, skirmishes, 
 &c. but also guided my footsteps through those desart 
 tracks, and brought me in safety once more among my 
 friends. It is true, I can state the fact in the language of 
 the great heathen poet : 
 
 '' From the din of war, 
 Safe I returned without one hostile scar ; 
 Though balls in leaden tempests rained around. 
 Yet innocent they flew, and guiltless pf a wound." 
 
 But I must acknowledge, as a Christian, (however I 
 may by some persons be charged with enthusiasm for it) 
 that in all these wonderful events of my past lifb, I see 
 and adore an higher direction — an arm Omnipotent 
 which has been my safe guard ; and penetrated with the 
 recollection of which I may truly say— ^** O God the 
 Lord, the strength of my salvatiqf) ; Thou hast covered 
 my head in the day of battle." 
 
 h-l "i')"' 
 
 ,1 ' '" 
 
 .v 
 
 u^'i^ ■'- «'■ ■■ 
 
 
 ..5;^ 
 
 
 ■f«^». J «.»',>.-"'i i 4 I 
 
 
 .ol^nri n-'.>*;j}ip ci'- .•/. ^x^ wj%n Ir •vh^ '■'»«'!' 
 
 •Mjl r j'A ' 
 
 
 ♦^ ,1' 
 
 ii:^> 
 
MS 
 
 jaURNAL OF THE 
 
 sn spill,: tiv.i ,♦.«? IV 
 
 j^'^y^.o' ■'^-'' '•'^' ^■■"' '"is^, 
 
 ;> J 11^ 
 
 •> ,'-tti* 
 
 .^* 
 
 •"f'f 
 
 
 CHAP. XX. 
 
 fi'«. 
 
 iBJf:"^!' 
 
 .T • * . '■? 
 
 ■ ' ir * ' t I* 
 
 
 
 ^pinV of Political Rancor in America. Captain Hudiy's 
 Execution. Correspondence between Generals Wash~ 
 . ington^ ClintoHf and Carleton, on the Circumatance. 
 . Thirteen Captains^ Prisonei^s under the Convention of 
 ^ lA>rd Cornwallis and General Washington ^ draw Lots 
 . for Death. The Lot falls on Captain Asgill. Appli- 
 cation of his Mother to the Court of France on his 
 behalf Letters between her Ladj/ship and Count 
 Vergemies. The Minister of France intercedes on his 
 behalf. Procures his Release. General Washington's 
 Letter to Captain Asgill. Lady AsgilVs Letter of 
 Thanks to Count Vergennes. Articles of Peace signed. 
 The Author's Return^ S(c. 
 
 ^ ROM the capture of lord Cornwallis, to the period 
 when the independence of America was acknowledged 
 by the British government, and peace between the two 
 countries concluded, little occurred to interest the 
 Reader, except the circumstance of captain Asgill.| 
 As I am in possession, of more accurate information 
 on this subject than most who have written on American 
 affairs, I shall take the liberty of detailing on the facts. 
 
 The spirit of political rancor in America had at 
 this period risen to an uncommon height. It raged 
 
 X Now lieutenant-general Sir Charles Asgill, Bart, command- 
 ing the Eastern District, in Ireland. 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 417 
 
 W' 
 
 
 ain Huddy's 
 erals IVash- 
 'ircumstance. 
 Convention of 
 f, draw Lots 
 gill. Appli' 
 ^raiice on hts 
 p and Count 
 tercedes on hts 
 
 Washington's 
 ill's Letter of 
 
 Peace signed. 
 
 1 to the period 
 lacknowledged 
 Iween the two 
 interest the 
 iptain Asgill4 
 |te information 
 on American 
 )n the facts. 
 Imerica had at 
 Iht. It raged 
 
 Bart, command- 
 
 beyond all bounds. Nor was it possible for the British 
 commanders wholly to restrain the exercise of that re- 
 taliation by the loyalists who fought under them, which 
 was inspired, by the violence of the opposite party. 
 Smith, who wrote from observation and not mere report, 
 thus characterizes this party violence. *' The malignity, 
 virulence, and savage barbarity, that, at the above men- 
 tioned time, pervaded all ranks, classes, and denomi- 
 nations, whether in the civil or military line, cannot 
 be delineated in any terms, but such as must agonize 
 the heart of sensibility, and cause a blush on the cheek 
 of civilized humanity ; and the baneful effects of which 
 were not eradicated so late as the year 1 80 1 ; wlien 
 *ta place called Ninety-Six, and at Augusta, in Georgia, 
 in a large company, among the gentry of the country, 
 where, it would be supposed, humanity would prevail, 
 were it only through decency, and with a view to 
 example, I heard them boast of having committed bar- 
 barities shocking to human nature. One instance was 
 that of an old, grey-headed justice of the peace, who 
 solemnly de 'red, he had during the war, shot, at 
 different ac io , fnd in cold blood, ninety-nine tories,* 
 and felt un.':^p]~ he had not accomplishpd the complete 
 hundred." ' ;^ -li^a^f^ 
 
 At New York an association was formed anions: the 
 American loyalists, for the purpose of warfare on the 
 opposite party : but which was abused into a retaliation 
 on the continentals, for the death and sufferings of 
 the king's friend§. A block-house in Monmouth county 
 was taken by a party of these, and captain Jolm Huddy 
 made prisoner. He was conveyed to a prison-ship, lying 
 in the river, near New York, and there kept in close cus- 
 tody fifteen days, and tlien told *' That he was ordered 
 to be hanged.'* Four days after he was sent out with a 
 
 ' * American Lovalists. 
 
 '!*"' 
 
 I.! 
 
iU 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 ;.»■<; 
 
 
 .* 'It ■'•pi 
 
 ^'■at:' 
 
 ;t?-^^ 
 
 <■> 
 
 if 
 
 M 
 
 party of refugees, and hanged on the heights of Middleton. 
 The following label was affixed to his breast : 
 
 " We the refugees having long with grief beheld the 
 x;ruel murders of our brethren, and finding nothing but 
 such measures daily carrying into execution; we there- 
 fore determine not to suffer without taking vengeance, 
 for the numerous cruelties, and thus begin, and have 
 made use of ci^ptain Huddy as the first object to present 
 to your view, and further determine to hang man for 
 maU) while there is a refugee existing. Up goes Huddy 
 for Philip White." 
 
 i'hilip White in retaliation for whom Huddy 
 was hanged, had been taken by a party of the Jersey 
 militia, and was killed in attempting to make his 
 escape.* 
 
 Sir Henry Clinton as soon as he was informed of the 
 circumstance of Huddy*s e secution, ordered a court, 
 martial on the captain who commanded at the transaction; 
 but being superseded in command by Sir Guy Carleton, 
 the court broke up without coming to any determination. 
 The American commander flushed with conquest, was 
 not disposed to await or abide by the judgment of 
 an English court martial, bpt dispatched the following 
 haughty and indignant letter to Sir Henry Clinton. 
 .■■J ^.? Ky i .--ji v^.A Head Quarters, April 2\sl. 1782. 
 
 ** Sir—- The inclosed representation, from the inhabitants 
 of the county of Monmouth, with testimonials to the fact, 
 (which can be corroborated by other unquestionable 
 evidence,) will bring before your excellency the most 
 wanton, cruel, and unprecedented murder that ever dis- 
 graced the arms of a civilized people. I shall not, 
 because I conceive it altogether unnecessary, trouble 
 your excellency with any animadversions on this trans, 
 action. Candour obliges me to be explicit— rto save the 
 ^nnocent I demand the guilty. 
 
 * Ramsay. 
 
 ' h^ 
 
AMEUICAN WAR. 
 
 419 
 
 ■>! 
 
 beheld the 
 lothing but 
 ; we there- 
 vengeance, 
 ,, and have 
 ct to present 
 mg man for 
 goes Huddy 
 
 om Huddy 
 f the Jersey 
 make his 
 
 ormed of the 
 -red a court- 
 le transaction ; 
 ,uy Carlcton, 
 etermination. 
 onquest, was 
 judgment of 
 the following 
 Clinton. 
 
 i7 21«<. 1782. 
 |the inhabitants 
 als to the fact, 
 mquestionable 
 sncy the most 
 that ever dis- 
 I shall not, 
 |ssary, trouble 
 on this trans- 
 kt— rto save the 
 
 " Captain Lippencot, therefore, or the ofRcer who com-' 
 manded at the execution of captain Huddy, must be 
 given up ; or if that officer was of inferior rank to him, 
 so many of the perpetrators as will, according to the 
 tariff of exchange, be an equivalent. To do this, will 
 mark the justice of your excellency's character. In 
 failure of it, I shall hold myself justified in the eyes 
 of God and man, for the measures to which 1 shall 
 resort. 
 
 *^ 1 beg your excellency to be persuaded, that it cannot 
 be more disagreeable to you to be addressed in this 
 language, than it is to me to offer it ; but the subject 
 requires frankness and decision. I have to request your 
 speedy determination, as my resolution is suspended 
 but for your answer. . - ' ■ * » ■ '• 
 
 ** I have the honor to be, &c. ' 
 
 :? a ; George Washington.*' 
 
 To which his excellency, general Clinton, returned 
 the following answer : 
 
 ** Sir — Your letter of the 21st instant, with the enclosed 
 testimonials, respecting captain Huddy's execution, was 
 delivered to me yesterday ; and though I am extremely 
 concerned for the cause, 1 cannot conceal my surprise 
 and displeasure at the very improper language you 
 have made use of, which you cuukl not but be scnstible 
 was totally unnecessary. 
 
 The mildness of the Brilisli government does not 
 admit of acts of cruelty, or persecuting violence ; and 
 as they are notoriously contrary to the tenor of my 
 uwn conduct and disposition, (having never yet stained 
 my hands with innocent blood) I must claim the justice 
 of having it believed, that if such have been committed 
 by any person under my command, they could not 
 have been warranted by my authority, nor can they 
 have ever the sanction of my approbation. My per-' 
 sonal feelings, therefore, required uo such incitements 
 
 .r > 
 
 i,i 
 
 'n 
 
. - <i^*-r 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 420 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 to urge me to take the proper notice of the barbarous 
 outrage against humanity, which you have represented 
 to me, the moment it came to my knowledge ; and 
 accordingly when I heard of captain Huddy's death, 
 (which was only four days before I received your 
 letter) I ordered a strict inquiry to be made irrto all 
 its circumstances, and shall bring the perpetrators of 
 it to an immediate trial. 
 
 " To sacrificeinnocence under the notion of preventing 
 guilt, in place of suppressing would be adopting barba- 
 rity, and raise it to the greatest height ! Whereas, if 
 the violatros of the laws of war are punished by the 
 generals under whose powers they act, the horrors which 
 those laws were formed to prevent, will be avo.ded, and 
 every degree of humanity war is capable of maintained. 
 
 ** Could violations of humanity be justified by example, 
 many from the parts where your power prevails, that 
 exceed, and probably gave rise to this in question, could 
 be produced. In hopes the mode I mean to pursue, will 
 be adopted by you, and prevent all future enormities, 
 " I remain, &c. « > H. CUNTON." 
 His Excellency General Washington. j , . 
 
 This mild and dignified reply of the British comman- 
 der, produced no other effect than the immediate selec- 
 tion of one the British officers to be the sacrifice, which 
 was to atone for the death of captain Huddy. Soon, 
 however, as Sir Guy Carleton arrived,, and took on him 
 the command, he dispatched tae following letter to 
 general Washington : 
 
 Head Quarters, New York, 1th May, 1782. 
 
 ** Sir — Having been appointed by his majesty to the 
 command of the forces of the Atlantic Ocean, and joined 
 with admiral Digby in the commission of peace, I find 
 it proper in this manner to apprize your excellency of 
 jijy arrival at New York. - • ,v • 
 
 ...;■■, ..,.:";tf ■ ■■'■ ■ .i- : ■ 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 421 
 
 y 
 
 ** The occasion, Sir, seems to render the communication 
 proper, but the circumstances of the present time, reuder 
 it also ^n ispcnsaijle, as I find it just to transmit here- 
 with to your excellency certain papers, from the perusal 
 of which your excellency will perceive what dispositions 
 prevail in the government and people of England towardt 
 those of America, and what further effects are likely to 
 follow; if the like pacific dispositions should prevail in 
 this country, both my inclination and duty will lead me 
 to meet them with the most zealous concurrence. In all 
 events, Sir, it is with me to declare, that, if war must 
 prevail, I shall endeavour to render its miseries as light to 
 the people of this continent as the circumstances of such 
 a condition will possibly permit. 
 
 " I am much concerned to find that private and un- 
 authorised persons have on both sides given way to thos^ 
 passions which ought to have received the strongest and 
 most effectual controul, and which have begot acts of 
 letaliation, which without proper preventions, may have 
 an extent equally calamitous and dishonorable to both 
 parties, though, as it should seem, more extensively 
 pernicious to the natives and settlers of this country. 
 
 ** How much soever. Sir, we may differ in other respects, 
 upon this one point we must perfectly concur, being 
 alike interested to preserve the name of Englishmen from 
 reproach, and individuals from experiencing such un> 
 necessary evils as can have no effect upon a general deci^ 
 ston. Every proper measure that may tend to prevent 
 these criminal excesses in individuals, I shall ever be 
 ready to embrace ! And as an advance on my part, I 
 have, as the first act of my command, enlarged Mr. 
 Levingston, and have written to his father on the subject 
 of such excesses as h^ve passed in New Jersey, desiring 
 bis concurrence in such measures, as, even under the 
 condition of war, the. comnion interests of humanity 
 require. ':"^' •',--.• • 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 ** I am further to acquaint you, Sir, that it was my in- 
 tention to have sent this day a similar letter of compli- 
 ment to congress, but am informed it is previously 
 necessary to obtain a passport from your excellency, which 
 I therefore hope to receive, if you have no objection, 
 for the passage of Mr. Morgan to Philadelphia, for the 
 above purpose. 
 
 ** I have the honor to be, with great respect, your ex- 
 cellency's most obedient humble servant, ^ f^ 
 
 Guy Carleton." 
 
 To this letter Washington returned a cool and evasive 
 answer, and finally the congress refused the passport 
 requested. 
 
 I'crhaps a scene more awful can scarcely be ima. 
 gined, than a number of military men convened to 
 determine by lot which shall become the victim of po- 
 litical raucor. Thirteen captains of Lord Cornwallis*s 
 army were, by the command of general Washington 
 assembled at Lancaster, in Pennsylvania, to draw lots, 
 one of which contained the mandate of death. Captain 
 Asgill drew the 12th lot, which was the fatal one. Tlie 
 word " Unfortunate" was written inside it. The captain 
 that did not draw, who was the owner of the 1 3th lot, is 
 now the honourable Sir G. J. Ludlow, K. B. lieutenant 
 general and lieutenant governor of Berwick. Five mi- 
 nutes were allowed between the drawing of each lot. A 
 dreadful pause of suspense ! ~ ^ 
 
 Soon afier captain Asgill had drawn the ** unfortunate" 
 lot, his friend, major Gordon of the 80th regiment, 
 who commanded the British prisoners belonging to 
 lord Conawallis's army, wrote to general- Washington, 
 soliciting permission to accompany the captain in 
 bis confinement. This arose from the most generous 
 of motives, to soothe and comfort him under his 
 misfortune. The major humanely supposed that he 
 must want a friend, more especially when he consi. 
 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 m 
 
 L was my in- 
 • of compli- 
 previously 
 lency, which 
 lo objection] 
 
 phia, 
 
 for the 
 
 :ct, your ex- 
 
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 ARLETON. 
 
 \ and evasive 
 the passport 
 
 cely he ima- 
 convened to 
 victim of pa- 
 d CornwalUs's 
 \ Washington 
 to draw lots, 
 ;ath. Captain 
 ital one. The 
 The captain 
 he 13th lot, is 
 . B. lieutenant 
 ick. Five mi- 
 ,f each lot. A 
 
 < unfortunate" 
 ^Oth regiment, 
 
 belonging to 
 
 |iV Washington, 
 
 captain in 
 
 [most generous 
 
 lim under his 
 
 jjosed that he 
 
 Ihrn he consi. 
 
 tiered his youth, (as tho captain was not at that time 
 seventeen years of age) general Washington answered 
 this letter, by declaring, ** that he would not grant 
 the major*s request, unless he would submit to all the 
 rigors of confinement and usage, which the captain 
 should receive." To these terms the major acceded, 
 with the most heroic magnanimity, ard voluntarily went 
 into confinement with the captain. No writer on Ame> 
 rican affairs has recorded this circumstance, which is as 
 exalted an instance of the power of friendship, between 
 two British ofRcers, as can be produced from the 
 most boasted stories of antiquity 
 
 If should also have been mentioned, (to the honor 
 of major Gordon** memory) that when lord Cornwallis's 
 army surrendered at York Town, a field officer was 
 appointed to remain with the captured troops; and 
 (ieutenant-colonel Lake (afterwards lord Lake) was the 
 officer to whom that service was assigned. Here the 
 major gave another instance of friendship, as rare as 
 it'was disinterested. Knowing the situation of the colo. 
 nePs health, and that he had a family in England, he 
 voluntarily submitted to remain prisoner in his room, 
 and take command of the captives. ' ^ ■. 
 
 Captain Asgill was conveyed under a strong guard to 
 the Jerseys. Indeed it was with general Washington's 
 usual policy (a policy which his advocates ascribed to 
 the purest humanity) that he was sent there. Huddy's 
 friends lived on the spot, and being spectators of the usage 
 captain Asgill received, they might thereby have ceased 
 their clamors, and even felt something for the innocent 
 victim of retribution. 
 
 The officer who guarded him, boasted to him on the 
 
 road, " that he was a very fortunate officer ! for he 
 
 had had the honor of guarding major Andre after he was 
 
 taken." This must have been very distressing to young 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 Asgill. Indeed the captain received very bad usage 
 throughout his confinement ; he was constantly fed upon 
 bread ar.l water. This hard treatment constr.iiopd him to 
 •end hisfaitliful servant to New York, to receive and carry 
 letters for him. This man ran great hazard in passing 
 over the North River into New York. 
 
 • 
 
 During captain Asgill's confinement some letters passed 
 between him and general Washington. The captain 
 pleaded the 14th article of the capitulation of York Town; 
 that it would therefore be the highest breach of faith 
 according to the laws of nations that he should suffer 
 death : this article, which the captain alluded to, con- 
 tains the following sentence: — ** No article of the capi* 
 tulation shall be violated under pretence of reprisals; 
 and, if it should contain any doubtful ex^jrcssion, it t<hall 
 be interpreted according to the ordinary sense and tenor 
 of words." — " Granted.*' 
 
 To this strong plea general Washington replied, that 
 on several occasions during the war the British com- 
 manders had broken many articles of capitulation, h^ 
 therefore would not be bound, by one solitary article." 
 
 This was most erroneous reasoning in so great a man. 
 Is recrimination a proof of innocence or integrity ? It 
 amounts merely ^o this : ** Others have committed many 
 tvrpngs, I have therefore a right to commit on^." This 
 was justifying evil by the perpetration of evil, , 
 
 Captain Asgill had frequent opportunities of making 
 his escape into New York ; his whole guard (so greatly 
 was he beloved by them) offered to come in along witii 
 him, if he would provide for them in England. Although 
 these offers must have been very tempting to a prisoner, 
 under sentence of death ! yet he scorned to comply, as 
 It would have involved more British Officers in trouble. 
 He nobly said, *' As the lot has fallen upon me, I will 
 abide by the consequence." 
 
 Meantime general Washington wished to hurry on the 
 
 7' 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 itXQCUtioo of captain Asgil! ; but that wise general. Sir Guy 
 Carleton (afterwards Lord Dordienter) delayed scndio^ 
 the determination of the court martial, which sat on 
 captain Lippeticot, to the American general. This he did 
 in order to give time to captain Asgill to send home word 
 to his father and mother, to make speedy api>)ication to 
 the king and queon of France and count Vtrgcnnes, to 
 use their powerful intercession with Washington for his 
 life. At last general Carleton, after delaying the re|>ort 
 of the court martial on captain Lippencot as long as he 
 could, transmitted intelligence to general Washington, that 
 he was acquitted.* The reception of this intelligence 
 decided the doom of young Asgill, and he prepared to 
 die. He wrote to hit* family ** that before they would 
 receive that letter he should be no more." His parents, 
 although they knew that letters from the court of France 
 were sent to America to save their son's life, imagined 
 that they bad arrived too bte. Concluding that he had 
 suffered, the whole family, \Mient into mourning for him. 
 The reader must already know, that during this 
 period, lady Asgillf had applied to count Vergennes. 
 Her letter contains so much of all that is endearing in 
 inaternal feeling th;:U:Iani indueed to transcribe it. 
 
 
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 425 
 
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 " 
 
 . * It appeared in thecourseof this trial that governor Franklin, 
 thp president of theBoard of Associated Loyalists, gave Lippencot 
 verbal orde|:s for what he did, ahd that Hodtly had b«en design Utrd 
 as a propej: subject- for retahation; having beerv, as the refu- 
 gees stated, a persecutor of the luystlists> aivd particularly as having 
 been instrumental in hanging Stephen Edwards, who had been 
 0n« of that description. The court having considered the vvh<)le 
 matter> gave their opinion* " Thai:, as what Lippencot did u» > 
 " not the effect of malice or itJ-wilJ, but proceeded from a con- . 
 " viction that it was his duty to obi^y the orders of the Brtard ol" 
 *' Directors of Associated Loyalists, and as he did not doubt 
 " their having full authority to giva sxtch ordcfs, he was im>>. 
 " guilty ot the murder laid to his charge, and therefore tht-y 
 " acquitted him." — Ramsay's Amtrican fievolution. 
 
 t I^dy Asgill is still living; but, as the Reader must imagine, 
 at a very advanced period of life. 
 
 4 
 
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 496 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 " Sir — If the politeness of tho French court will permit 
 the applicat'on of a stranger, there can be no doubt 
 but one in which all the tender feelings of an individual 
 can be interested, will meet with a favorable reception 
 from a nobleman, whose character does honor, not only 
 to his own country, but to human nature. The subject^ 
 Sir, on which I presume to implore your assistance, 
 is too heart piercing for me to dwell on ; and common 
 fame has, most probably, informed you of it ; it there- 
 fore renders the painful task unnecessary. My son (an 
 only son) m dear, a» he is brave, amiable as he h 
 deserving to be so, only seventeen, a prisoner under 
 articles of capitulation at York Town, is now confined 
 in America, an object of retaliation. Shall an innocent 
 wifttr for the guilty ? Represent to yourself. Sir, the 
 situation of a family under these circumstances : sur- 
 rounded as I am, by objects of distress ; distracted with 
 fear and grief; no words can express my feeling, or 
 paint the scene. My husband given over by his phy- 
 sicians a few hours before the news arrived, and not 
 in a state to be informed of the misfortune : my daughter 
 seized with a fever and delirium, raving about her ^ 
 brother, ■ and without one interval of reason, save to 
 hear heart aggravating circumstances. Let your feelings, 
 Sir, suggest and plead for my inexpressible misery. 
 A word from you, like a voice from heaven, will save 
 us from distraction and wretchedness. 
 
 " I am well informed general Washington reveres 
 your character ; say but to him you wish my son ^o 
 be released, and he will restore him to his distracted 
 family, and give him back to happiness. My son's virtue 
 and bravery will justify the deed. Ilis honor, Sir, 
 carried him to America. He was born to affluence^ 
 independence, and the happiest prospects. Let me again 
 supplicate your goodness ; let ine respectfully implore 
 
 ■Mi 
 
• AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 427 
 
 m\\ permit 
 
 no doubt 
 individual 
 
 reception 
 , not only 
 le subject) 
 assistance, 
 d common 
 
 ; it there- 
 Ay son (an 
 : as he is 
 mer under 
 w confined 
 m innocent 
 If, Sir, tho 
 ^nce9 : sur- 
 racted with 
 feeling, or 
 ly his phy- 
 
 , and not 
 ly daughter 
 
 about her 
 save to 
 |ur feelings, 
 
 (le misery. 
 
 , will save 
 
 m reveres 
 |my son to 
 
 distracted 
 }on*s virtue 
 [onor, Sir, 
 
 affluence* 
 Ix me again 
 lly implore 
 
 your high influence on behalf of innocence, in the 
 cause of justice, of humanity, that you would, Sir, 
 dispatch a letter to general Washington, from France, 
 and favor me with a copy of it, to be sent from hence. 
 I am sensible of the liberty I take in making this re- 
 quest ; but I am sensible, whether you comply with it 
 or not, you will pity the distress that suggests it : your 
 humanity will drop a tear on the fault, and efface it. 
 I pray that Heaven may grant you may never want the 
 comfort it is in your power to bestow upon, ** Asqill." 
 The French minister, moved by so pathetic an appeal, 
 interceded with general Washington ; however, before 
 liis letter arrived, the determination of the British court 
 martial, on captain Lippencot was received, and young 
 Aseill was ordered for execution. In , , 
 
 *' The very lucky ipinute of his fate/* ** 
 
 the letter from the minister of France arrived, (of 
 which the following is a copy) and he was pardoned. 
 Its elegance, as a literary composition, stands almost 
 unrivalled, and its delicate adaption to all the charac'- 
 teristic feelings of the American commander is such, 
 as to speak no common interest in the life of captain 
 Asgill. 
 
 ** Sia — It is not in quality of a king, the friend and 
 ally of the United States, (though with the knowledge 
 and consent of his majesty] that I now iiave the honor to 
 write to your excellency. It is as a man of sensibility, 
 and a tender father, who feels all the force of paternal 
 love, that I take the liberty to address to your excel- 
 lency my earnest solicitations, in favor of a mother and 
 family in tears. Her situation seems the more worthy 
 of notice on our part, as it is to the humanity of a 
 nation, at war with her own, that she has recourse 
 for what she ought to receive from the impartial justice 
 of her own generals. 
 
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 428 
 
 JOITRNAL OF tAc 
 
 ^ *' I have the honor to ii)close to your excellency a copy 
 of a letter which lady Asgili has just wrote to me. I 
 am not known to her, nor was I acquainted that her 
 son was the unhappy victim, destined by lot, to expiate 
 the odious crime that a formal denial of justice obliges 
 you to revenge. Your excellency cannot read this letter 
 without being affected ; it had that effect upon the king 
 and queen to whom I communicated it. The goodness 
 of their majesties* hearts induces tliem to desire, that 
 the inquietudes of an unfortunate mother may be calmed, 
 and her tenderness re-assumed. I feel, Sir, that there 
 are cases where humanity itself exacts the most extreme 
 rigor ; perhaps the one now in question may be of 
 the number: but allowing reprisals to be just, it is 
 not less horrid to those who are the victims ; and the 
 character of your excellency is too well known, for 
 me not to be persuaded that you desire nothing more 
 than to be able to avoid he disagreeable necessity. 
 
 ** There is one consideration, Sir, which, though it is 
 not decisive, may have an influence on your resolution. 
 Captain Asgill is doubtless your prisoner, but he is 
 among those whom the arms of the king contributed to 
 put into your hands at York Town. Although this cir- 
 cumstance does not operate as a safe guard, it however 
 justifies the interest I permit myself to take in this affair. 
 If it is in your po' r. Sir, to consider and have re- 
 gard to it ; you will do what is very agreeable to 
 their majesties. The danger of young Asgill, the tears, 
 the despair of his mother, affect them sensibly ; and they 
 will see with pleasure the hope of consolation shine out 
 for those unfortunate people. ? 
 
 ** In seeking to deliver captain Asgill front the fate 
 which threatens him, I am far from engaging you to seek 
 another victim ; the pardon to be perfectly satisfactory, 
 must be entire. I do not imagine it can be productive of 
 any bad consequences. If thv English general has not 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 iSD 
 
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 ency a copy 
 e to me. I 
 :ed that her 
 :, to expiate 
 istice obliges 
 id this letter 
 pon the king 
 he goodness 
 
 desire, that 
 y be calmed I 
 r, that there 
 nost extreme 
 
 may be of 
 i just, it is 
 ms ; and the 
 known, for 
 Dthing more 
 essity. 
 
 , though it is 
 ir resolution, 
 but he i» 
 intributed to 
 iigh this cir- 
 it however 
 in this affair, 
 ind have re- 
 igreeable to 
 1!, the tears, 
 
 y ; and they 
 on shine out 
 
 lom the fate 
 
 you to seek 
 
 satisfactory, 
 
 iroductive of 
 
 icral has not 
 
 been able to punish the horrible crime 5 ou complain of, 
 in so exemplary a manner as he should, there is reason to 
 think he will take the most efficacious measures to prevent 
 the like in future. 
 
 '* I sincerely wish, Sir, that my intercession may meet 
 success , the seniiment which dictates it, and which you 
 have not ceased to manifest on every occasion, assures roe 
 that you will not be indifferent to the prayers, and to the 
 tears of a family which has recourse to your clemency 
 through me. his rendering homage to your virtue to 
 implore it. I have the hoppf to be, with the most perfect 
 consideration, " De Vergennes." 
 
 The pardon of captain Asgill was sent to him in the 
 following letter from general Washington, enclosing ilie 
 act of congress by which it was granted. .. , 
 
 Copy of an order of congress releasing captain Asgill, 
 by the United States in congress assembled, Nov. 7, 1782. 
 
 ** On the report of a committee, to whopn was referred 
 a letter of the 19th of August, from the commander iu 
 chief, a report of a commiitee thereon, and motion of 
 Mr. Williamson and Mr. Rutledge relative thereto, an4 
 also another letter of the 25th of October from the comr 
 mai:der in chief, with a copy of a letter from the count 
 de Vergennes, dated the 29th of July last, interceding 
 for captain Asgill. 
 
 ** Resolved, that the commander in chief be directed, 
 and he is hereby directed, to set captain Asgill at liberty.'* 
 
 Copy of a letter from general Washington to captain 
 Asgill, covering the above resolve. 
 
 " Head Quarters, November 13, 1782. 
 
 ** Sir — It affords me singular pleasure to have it in my 
 power to transmit you the enclosed copy of an act of 
 congress of the 7th instant, by which you are released 
 from the disagreeable circumstances in which you have so 
 long been. Suj>peiing you would wish to go into New 
 
 .2 1 
 
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 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
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 York as soon as possible, I also enclose a passport lo¥ 
 that purpose. 
 
 ** Your letter of the 18th of October, came regu?ar 
 to my hands ; I beg you to believe, that my not 
 answering it sooner, did not proceed from inattention 
 to you, or a want of feeling for your situation. I 
 daily expected a determination of your case ; and I 
 thought it better to await that, than to feed you witlv 
 hopes that niiglit in the end prove fruitless. You will 
 attribute my detention of the inclosed letters, which 
 have been in ray bands about a fortnight, to the same 
 cause. •■ '• 
 
 *' I cannot take leave of you. Sir, without assuring 
 rou, that in whatever light my agency in this uii pleas- 
 ing affair may be received, I never V/as influenced 
 through the whole of it, by sanguinary motives, but 
 by what I conceived a sense of my duty, which loudly 
 called upon me to take measures, however disagreeable, 
 to prevent a repetition of those enormities, which havC 
 been the subject of discussion ; and that this important 
 end is likely to be answered, without the effusion of 
 tlie blood of an innocent person, is not a greater 
 relief to you, than it is to. Sir, your most obedient» 
 aird Inunble servant, • " George Washington." 
 
 In consequence of the passport transmitted to captain 
 A;;gill by general Washington, he gained New York, 
 from whence he sailed for England ; and arrived but 
 a very few days after his mother received his last 
 letter. He thought it prudent not to go immediately 
 to her ladyship ; but sent the captain of the ship, gra- 
 dually to prepare her for an interview. Lady Asgil 
 was so overwhelmed with grief, at the supposed death 
 of her son, that she would see no stranger. She shut 
 lierself up from almost every visitant. The ca))tain 
 of the ship knocked at the door, and requested to 
 see ladv Assill. He was answered, that she saw no 
 
-AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 <3l 
 
 person, (the captain's father was in the country.) 
 ** Tell her," said the captain, " I am just arrived 
 .from Nev York, and that I have lately seen her son ; 
 and perhaps things are not so bad as she imat^ines." 
 The captain was admitted to see her ; hi.s nli^sion 
 was soon disclosed ; and ilje niotlier and son meet 
 once more — a meeting which I will not attempt to 
 describe, and which none but those who, to their utmost 
 extent, have experienced tlie parental and filial tics 
 can imagine. 
 
 Lady Asgill with her son and family went over to France 
 
 .personally, to thank the king and queen, and count 
 
 Vergennes ; previous to which Ik r ladyship wrote tlie 
 
 following letter to the count,* a translation of which 
 
 I subjoii). 
 
 ** Epuisee par de longues sounTiances, suftbquee par 
 ini exces de bonheur inaitendu, retenuc dan mon lit par 
 la foiblesse & par la langueur, aneantie enfin. Monsieur, 
 au dernier degr^, il n'y a que mon extreme sensibiliie 
 qui puisse me donner la force de vous tJcrire. Daigncz 
 accepter. Monsieur, ce foible effort de mareconnoissance, 
 Ehe a €t6 mise aux pieds du tout-pujssant, & croyez- 
 
 j saw no 
 
 * The following are the reflectloas of a French writer who 
 Lad o'xasion to publish the letters. 1 hey are placed in the work 
 from whence they i»i-e copied, introductory to the letter itself, 
 and mav serve to shew the seutimeat which at that time pre- 
 vailer' \n France on captain Asgill's situation. 
 
 *' Do you not think that the unfortunate lady Asgill, in the 
 atronies arising iVom so cruel an expectation, had raised her ma- 
 terr-"' hands to Hejv en an hundred times a day. She remained 
 dumb at the first run?our of her son's deliverance. O my 
 Jlsaders, you would know the affecting facts ! She was expiring 
 her heart was dried up, her voice was dying away, the tomb 
 was half open before her. Her son lives, she knows ik, a 
 consolatory report has resounded in her ears. I ought to be 
 silent, she is going to speak, she is going to write to that 
 humane minister, who has restored her son to her; she is going; 
 ».o soften him again by her gratitud«." 
 
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 moi, die a ^t^ pr6sent6e avec la m^me sinc^rit^, a votiJ, 
 Monsieur, & 3, vos illustres souverains ; cVst par leur 
 auguste & salutaire entremise, ainsi que par la v6tre, quo 
 nioyennantla grace de Dieu, j*ai recouvr^ un fils h, la vie, 
 auquel la mienne ^toit attach6e. J'ai la douce assurance 
 que mes vfr.vx pour mes protectcurs & pour ^rous, sont 
 entendu<5 du ciel, h. qui je les offre. Oui, Mo ..ieur, ils 
 produiront leur effet vis-i-vis du redoutable & dernier 
 tribunal oti je me flatte que vous \;t mol nous parottrons 
 ensemble, vous pour recevoir la /^compense de vos 
 vertus, moi celle de mes soufTiances. J'^leverai ma voix 
 devant ce tribunal imposant. Je r6clamerai ces re- 
 gistres saints od Ton aura tenu note de votre humanity. 
 Je demanderai que les benedictions descendent sur 
 votre tite, snr celui qui, par le plus noble usage du 
 privilege qu'il a re^u de Dieu, (privilege vraiment 
 celeste) a change la misere en feiicite, a retire le glaive 
 de dessus la t^te d'un innocent, & rendu le plus digne 
 ills Sl la plus tendre & ^ la plus malheureuse des 
 meres. 
 
 " DaigneZr agreer. Monsieur, ce juste tribut de re- 
 connoisance que je dois h. vos sentimens vertuex. 
 Conservez-le, ce tribut, & qu'il passe jusqu'i vos des- 
 cendans, comme un temoignage de votre bienfaisance 
 sublime & exemplaire envers un etran^er dont la nation 
 l^toit en guerre avec la v6tre, mais dont la guerrp 
 n*avoit point detruit les tendres affections.. Q,ue ce 
 tribut atteste encore la rej^onnoisance longtems apr^s 
 que la main qui I'exprime aura ete reduite en pous- 
 sfere, ainsi que le coeur qui dans ce n|\oment-ci, re 
 respire que pour donner I'explosion a la vivacite de 
 ies sentimens ; tant qu'il palpitera, ce sera pour vous* 
 offrir tout le respect k, toute la reconnoisance dont il 
 est p^netre. 
 
 " Thfrkse ASGIIJ./' 
 
 r;' • ^t 
 
t6, a vonSf 
 it par leiir 
 v6tre, que 
 lis h la vie, 
 » assurance 
 urons, sont 
 oviienr, ils 
 ! & dernier 
 
 parottrons 
 ise de vos 
 -ai ma voix 
 li ces re- 
 ! htimanit^. 
 indent sur 
 '. U5a«re da 
 B vraiment 
 r6 le glaive 
 
 plus digne 
 urease des 
 
 jut de re- 
 s vertuex. 
 'i vos des- 
 lienfaisancc 
 nt la nation 
 
 la guerrq 
 Que cc 
 terns apr^s 
 B en pous- 
 3ent-ci, ne 
 I'ivacite de 
 
 pour voui* 
 ce dont il 
 
 ASGIIL." . 
 
 
 AMERICAN ^VAR, 
 
 433 
 
 TRANSLATION. 
 
 *' Exhausted by long sufferings, overcome by ati 
 excess of unexpected happiness, detained in my bed 
 by weakness and langor; in short, humbled before 
 God to the last, degree, it is only, Sir, my extreme 
 sensibility that can give me strength to write to you. 
 Deign to accept, Sir, this feeble effort of my gratitude. 
 It has been placed at the feet of the Almighty, and 
 believe me, it has been presented 'vith the same sin- 
 cerity to you, Sir, and to your illustrious sovereigns; 
 it is by their august and salutary interposition, joined 
 to yours, that under the influence of divine grace, i 
 have recovered a son to life, to whom mine was attached. 
 I have the sweet assurance, that my vows for my pro- 
 tectors, and for you, are heard in heaven, by him, to 
 whom I offer them. Yes, Sir, they will produce their 
 effect, before that last and formidable tribunal, where 
 I flatter myself, that you and I shall appear together, 
 you in ordep to receive the reward of your virtues ; 
 i, that of my sufferings. I will raise my voice before 
 that commanding tribunal. I will sue for those holy 
 registers, wherg your humanity shall have been noted 
 down. I will ask, that blessings may descend upon 
 your head, upon him, who by the most noble use of 
 th-: privilege that he haa received from God, (a pri- 
 vilege truly celestial) has changed misery iiito felicity, 
 has withdrawn the sword from the heart of an innocent 
 person, and restored the most worthy son, to the most 
 tender and agonized of mothers. 
 
 *' Deign to receive kindly. Sir, this just tribute of 
 gratitude, that I owe to your virtuous sentiments ; 
 preserve this tribute, let it pass to your descendants, 
 as a testimonial of your exemplary and sublime bene- 
 ficence towards a stranger, whose nation was at war 
 with yours, but which war had not destroyed the. tender 
 affections. May this tribute still attest that gratitude 
 4 long time after the hand whi'^h expresses it shall 
 
1 ''-'■* I 1 
 
 
 
 ;<» : 
 
 iC: 
 
 { 
 
 '•P ' '■.1.. 
 
 '•'1 '! 
 
 cV3* 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 have been reduced to dust, as well as the heart which 
 at this moment breathes only to give vent to the energy 
 of its sentiments. So long as it shall palpitate, it will 
 be in order to offer you all the gratitude and respect 
 with which it is penetrated. *' Terf.se Asgh.i,." 
 
 I shall conclude this account of captain Asgill's provi, 
 dential escape, with an extract taken from the Hibernian 
 •Magazine for 1782 ;* which may serve to shew what was 
 the prevailing opinion of the day relative to tliat officer. 
 
 "Captain Asgill is only seveivteen years of age, a captain 
 in the first regiment of foot guards, and only son of Sir 
 Charles Asgill, Bart, possessed of every virtue that can 
 endear him to his family or acquaintance, and in the last 
 campaigns in America, has given sufficient earnest of a 
 spirit and conduct under the different commands, (which 
 have devolved on him by the illness or absence of his 
 senior officers,) that would reader him an honor to his 
 profession and country. 
 
 " General Washington expressed deep concern, whea 
 he was informedthe unhappy lot had fallen on this worthy 
 young gentleman, so well known to him by his bravery 
 and humanity in different instances, particularly wheri 
 the command devolving on him by the illness of his 
 colonel, he took a post from the Americans, commanded 
 by colonel Gregory, who being old and wounded, he sup- 
 ported him himself, with an awful and tender respect most 
 filial, evincing the true greatness of his amiable mind.'' 
 
 At length in 1732, preliminaries of peace were signed 
 betwixt Spain, France, America, and Great Britain. — 
 Thus ended a contest, which dismembered England of 
 far more than half her territory ; but how far her 
 commerce, or her local interests as a nation, were 
 affected by it is a point which I presume not to de- 
 termine. Various and contradictory have been tlie 
 
 * This Article was written when the news arrived here ths^t 
 captain Asgill was to die. 
 
AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 435 
 
 le heart which 
 
 to the energy 
 
 ilpitate, it will 
 
 le and respect 
 
 F.SE ASGILL." 
 
 A-sf^lll's provi, 
 the Hibernian 
 I shew what was 
 Lo tliat officer, 
 if age, a captain 
 inly son of Sir 
 'irtue that can 
 and in the last 
 It earnest of a 
 mands, (which 
 absenee of his 
 LU honor to his 
 
 concern, when 
 on this worthy 
 by his bravery 
 ticularly when 
 illness of his 
 IS, commanded 
 nded, he sup- 
 er respect most 
 liable mind.'- 
 :e were signed 
 'cat Britain. — 
 d England of 
 how far hen- 
 nation, were 
 ne not to de- 
 vc been the 
 
 rived here that 
 
 opinions of the most profound politicians, concerning 
 it. This work being merely a Journal of events (most 
 of which passed under my own immediate observation) 
 during the war, it may with far more propriety, than 
 the investigation of such a subject, terminate with n^y 
 own return to mj' native land. 
 
 I sailed from Sandy Hook on the 5th of December 1783, 
 and on the I'lth of January, 1784, landed at Portsmouth 
 with the 23d regiment : from that place we marched to 
 Winchester, where I requested my discharge. At that 
 time I had very great privileges allowed me in the army, 
 and was making money fast ; but peace being proclaimed 
 through all Europe, I thought it my duty to come home 
 to my friends in Dublin, after an absence of near twelve 
 years, during which time I had served my country to 
 the best of my power. Colonel Balfour, who comman- 
 ded the regiment (well knowing that I was makin-g 
 money in my situation,) kindly and humanely reasoned 
 with me, in order to prevail on me to remain in the army ■ 
 but seeing my determination was fixed, he signed my 
 discharge, and I marched up to London with a number 
 of my companions, in order to pass the board. When 
 the board sat I was considered as too young to receive the 
 pension; and likewise that I had not been long enough 
 in the service. It is true, the general otHcers who com- 
 posed the board at that time were unacquainted with nie ; 
 and besides, as nothing was mentioned in my discharge 
 but the time of my vcrvitudo, and " that I was dis- 
 charged," they conid -, ot possibly be aware of the 
 nature and extent of my services, or the claims which I 
 possessed on the bounty of my sovereign. 
 
 Lieutenant Calvert,* of the 23d being then in Lontlon, 
 Icommuuicatcd my (lisa|wVnit'.iit!nt to hin«. He was surr) 
 for me ; and said, " Any thing that lies in my power I 
 
 * Now major general Calvort aud ailjutunf g-eneial cf the 
 J»riti$h forces. 
 
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 .. ■ V 
 
 k* 
 
 : :M- 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 JOURNAL OF THE 
 
 will do for you." He advised me to remain in London 
 until another board would sit ; but I was determined not to 
 wait. Lieutenant Calvert was well acquainted with me ; 
 we had served together in Aprierica for some years ; I 
 have frequently had the honor of obeying his command, 
 and of fighting by his side in many battles and skir- 
 mishes. Even twenty-five years after these services, he 
 was not unmindful of me ; for when I took the liberty of 
 writing to him in September 1808, he kindly answered 
 the letter, and renewed his former acts of friendship 
 by recommending me to the duke of York. 
 
 Attachments of persons in the army to each other 
 terminate but with life, the friendship of the officer con- 
 tinues with the man who has fought under his command, 
 to the remotest period of declining years, and the old 
 soldier venerates his aged officer far more than perhaps 
 he did in his youthful days : it is like friendship between 
 school-boys, which encreases in manhood, and ripens in 
 old age. , 
 
 I left London on the 15th of March, and landed in 
 Dublin on the 19th, to the inexpressible joy of an aged 
 mother, two sisters, and other relations, who had long 
 given up every hope that I was alive. 
 
 Since that period I have been frequently asked by 
 various friends to whom I related the circumstances of 
 the battle of Guildford Court House, why I did not apply 
 to marquis Cornwallis for some situation, when lord lieu- 
 tenant of Ireland, in the year 1798 ? My answer was, and 
 is, that at that time I had a young family, and was more^ 
 over tolerably well settled. I knew his excellency would 
 have recognized me immediately, as I had been employed 
 by him during the campaign to write the duplicates of his 
 dispatches. A commission in a marching regiment would 
 most probably have been my reward, which I could not 
 have accepted, from the state of my health as well as the 
 
 reasons ai>sign(.>U. 
 
nain in London 
 jtermined not to 
 linted with me ; 
 some years ; I 
 jT his command, 
 ittles and skir- 
 se services, he 
 (k the liberty of 
 tindly answered 
 :s of friendship 
 k. 
 
 f to each other 
 the officer con- 
 ;r his command, 
 irs, and the old 
 re than perhaps 
 endship between 
 d, and ripens in 
 
 1, and landed in 
 
 joy of an aged 
 
 who had long 
 
 lently asked by 
 nrcumstances of 
 y I did not apply 
 when lord lieu- 
 answer was, a»d 
 7y and was more- 
 jxcelleijcy would 
 d been employed 
 duplicates of his 
 <r regiment would 
 hich I coukl not 
 ikb as well as the 
 
 AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 437 
 
 . However, to the honor of lord Cornwallis, it should be 
 mentioned, that when in America liis lordship did noi for- 
 get the service which I rendered him. A few days after the 
 battle of Guildford Court House, I was ordered to mount 
 guard over the prisoners which we had taken at that, 
 battle. Among them was an American captain who had 
 committed various depredations on the loyal inhabitants 
 of the country. 
 
 This man was particularly inentioned to mc, by the 
 provost marshal. I was ordered to be very careful that 
 he should not make his escape, for lord CornvvaliiiJ 
 was apprehensive he might murder and destroy the 
 inhabitants, whom ho knew had assisted us in our march. 
 Unfortunately, he bribed one of my sentries, who per- 
 mitted him to effect it. Wlien the circumstance was 
 made known to his lordship he was highly displeased, 
 and commanded the serjeaut of the guard to be brought 
 before him, in order to be confined. But when I was 
 approaching towards him, his countenance clianged into 
 a smile, and he directed his aid-de-camp to tell me to 
 go to my reij;iment, and to confine the sentinel who had 
 permitted the captain to get out of confinement. 
 
 Having thus brought this volume to a conclusion, 
 I have only to solicit the indulgence of the candid, 
 and the protection of the loyal reader. My wish has 
 been to state facifs as I knew they happened, in op- 
 position to that tissue of falsehood, which but too many 
 writers have produced on the subject. To elegance of 
 composition I prefer no claim ; but I think, on such 
 matters as the revolution of governments, it is the duty 
 of every man to let the present and the future ages know 
 those truths with which lie is acquauited, and not to lock 
 them up in his own breast, until the grave closes on all 
 comniunicaii-n, and buries them in oblivion for ever. 
 
 If aiiy circums'ances have been misrepresented, acci- 
 dent and not intention was the cause. Since the fourth 
 
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 ■ i^^S AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 .r*^"' ^^ ^^ 
 
 number of this work wns printed, the Author has heen 
 informed, that general Matthews, whose murder by 
 Tippoo Saib he relates, (p. 12S) was not the general 
 Matthews, who so gallantly assisted in the reduction of 
 Fort Washington. That i)ravc officer was never in the 
 East Indies; but immediately after t})e termination of the 
 American War, he went to the West Indies , was appoint- 
 ed governor of St. Vincent, ai 1 remained in that island 
 many years. He died a full general in the service. 
 
 In the account of the battle of Camden, particular 
 mention ought to have been made of the 3'ld regiment. 
 The services which they rendered on that day, were 
 Jong the theme of the soldiers and officers presot. 
 -•Thus, under the assistance of the Almighty, has this 
 accovjnt been brought to a period. It has not been 
 unattended by many impedimental circumstances. The 
 heavy duties of a crowded school frequently compelled 
 the Author to break in on the hours of rest, in order 
 to finish the narrative. This produced sickness, art 
 alarming sickness, that at one time seemed to threaten 
 life itself. Providence in mercy spared the Author; 
 but it was to consign a son (a beloved child!) to the 
 grave. Amidst personal and family afflictions, therefore 
 has this journal been finished. Had the Author been 
 more at his ease, it might in some points, perhaps, have 
 been better executed. 'But it woiild be siiperfluous in 
 him again to press on the Reader's attention, that the 
 flowers' of literature are not to be expected from an old 
 soldier, whose only object in the publication was the 
 Hnfolding of truth in defence of his country's honor, and 
 the humanity of her officers. 
 
 'Free School, Whitefriar-lanCf June 2,5^ 1810,'. /$• 
 
 THE END. 
 
 ■fi%. 
 
 •n 
 
 ivt* 
 
til or has been . 
 ! murder by • 
 t the general ■ 
 reduction of 
 never in the 
 nation of the 
 was appoint- 
 in that island 
 ervice. ^"^ 
 n, particular , 
 53cl ret^iniont. 
 It clay, were 
 s presciit. 
 fhty, iia^this 
 las not been 
 lances. The 
 ;ly compelled 
 est, in order 
 sickness, art* 
 d to threaten 
 the Author ; 
 )ild!) to the 
 ns, therefore 
 Author been 
 erhaps, have 
 perfiuous in 
 ion, that the 
 from an old 
 lion was the 
 s honor, and 
 
 SIO, . « 
 
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