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AN ESSA Y ADDRESSED TO THE COUNCIL OF TRINITY UNIVERSITY AND THE MEMBERS OF CONVOCATION BY HERBERT SYMONDS, M. A. RECTOR OF ASHUURNHAM AND FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF DIVINITY IN TRINITY COLLEGE AND CLERK OF CONVOCATION. •-/■'.t^ " He who freely magnifies what hath been nobly done, and fears not to declare as freely what might he done better, gives ye the best covenant of his fidelity, and that his loyalest affection and his hope wait on your proceedings.^^ — Milton. PETERBOROUGH : PETERBOROUGH EXAMINER PRINTING COMPANY, LTD. 1894. -^ TRINITY UNIVERSITY AND UNIVERSITY FEDERATION. Mr. Symonds will esteem it a kindness if each reader of this pamphlet will favour him with an opinion on the proposal embodied in its pages, viz. : the Federation of Trinity with the provincial University under the terms of the Federation Act of 1887. Address REV. H. SYMONDS, Peterborough, Ont. HERBERT^ SYMONDS, M. A. RECTOR OF AvSHBURNHAM AND FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF DIVINITY IN TRINITY COLLEGE AND CLERK OF CONVOCATION. " He who freely magnifies what hath been nobly done, and fears not to declare as freely what might be done better, gives ye the best covenant of his fidelity, and that his loyalest affection and his hope wait on your proceedings." — Milton. PETKRBOROUGH : PETKRBOROUGH EXAMINER I'KINTING COMI'ANY, LTD. 1894. TRINITY UNIVERSITY AND UNIVERSITY FEDERATION, AN ESS A Y ADDRESSED TO THE COUNCIL OF TKINITY UNIVERSITY AND THE MEMBERS OF CONVOCATION BY HERBERT SYMONDS, M. A. RECTOR OF ASHBURNHAM AND FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF DIVINITY IN TRINITY COLLEGE AND CLERK OF CONVOCATION. '■'■ He who freely magnifies what hath been nobly done, and fears not to declare as freely what might be done better, gives ye the best covenant of his fidelity, and that his loyalest affection and his hope wait on your proceedings." — Milton. PETERBOROUGH : PETKRnOROUCH KXAMINEK PRINTING COMPANY, LTD. 1894. cm 7m He tioi exti tho the ofl han ^ tica inst hav( long vide be ] othe that borr Chu than It Ang] bers powe conci recof TRINITY UNIVERSITY AND UNIVERSITY FEDERATION. '■^ He ii'ho freely magnifies what hath been nobly done, and fears not to declare as freely what might be done better, gives ye the best covenant of his fidelity, and that his loyalest affection and his hope wail on your proceedings.'^ — Milton. 'T*HE Church of England has always, both before and since The Aneiican ■*• the Reformation, manifested a deep interest in education. aiw"ays taken However far the secularizing tendency which has almost revolu- educatbn! '" tionized modern Oxford and Cambridge may proceed, to whatever extent the old ecclesiastical foundations may be mingled with those of various modern denominations, history will ever recognize the inestimable privileges which those ancient and venerable seats of learning, through the zeal of the Church, have with a liberal hand conferred upon the youth of England. Now, just as in the individual the frequent repetition of iden- tical or similar actions invariably produces habit, so in the lives of institutions, traditions handed down from generation to generation have a tendency to become more and more firmly rooted, and so long as the institution preserves its beneficent character, and pro- vided the tradition have its roots in true principles, it may safely be predicted that it will continue to manifest in some form or other its living power over successive generations, and so it is that in spite of that same secularizing tendency, (which, let it be borne in mind, I am here neither approving nor condemning), the Church of England was never more zealous, active and influential than to-day in the great cause of education. It may b§ safely assumed that this tradition survives in the This tradition Anglican Church in Canada, and that in the breasts of her mem- Canadian branch bers there still lives a pure faith in the ennobling and civilizing power of education, for of all religious bodies it may without conceit be affirmed that the Church of England most distinctly recognizes the great truth that all the faculties of men are Divine gifts, capable of being used to the honour and glory of fJod, and for the welfare of the human race, and therefore that the cultiva- tion of those faculties, and the direction of their activities to the pursuit of truth in all its manifoldness, is a religious work, in the sense that it promotes the divine end of the perfection of humanity. This assumption concerning the educational zeal of the Can- adian Church is amply borne out by the facts. In spite of the hostile, and perhaps not altogether unprovoked criticism which was aroused by the labours of Bishop Strachan, it can scarcely be dis- puted that that eminent man is the true father of education in Canada. How many of our distinguished countrymen have testi- fied to his greatness as an educationalist, and to his pure faith in, and disinterested love of education, in spite of the insignificant surroundings of his first labours in the little log schoolhouse in Cornwall ! In the face of what obstacles and discouragements did he steadily press towards the goal of the establishment of a great University, framed after the best models of the Old Land. And though his ideas did not in all points accord with the de- veloping opinion of the majority of the citizens of Ontario, he is none the less to be accredited with the distinction of being a prime founder of the University of Toronto. In every part of Canada the educational institutions of the Church of England are to be found.' The Universities of King's College, Nova Scotia, of Bishop's College, Lennoxville, and of Trinity College, Toronto, bear witness to the importance she attaches to education. The famous McGill University, of Mon- treal, owes its foundation to the liberality of a churchman. Of Schools, after the pattern of English Public and (irammar Schools, Upper Canada College, at least indirectly, was an out- come of the labours of Bishop Strachan ; whilst Trinity College School and the similar institutions at Lennoxville and St. Cathar- ine's are no unworthy "representatives of the types from which they have been copied. The object of the founders of these Colleges and Schools was They were inspired with They desired to reproduce in this pait of Greater Britain, educational institu- tions framed after the pattern — with due regard to different cir- cumstances and opportunities — of those old foundations which had Whose great educationalists ... ./. . , ... have laboured on similar if not identical in every case ng IS ines, ^^^ spirit of their forefathers in the mother land, lod, and cultiva- ;s to the k, in the :lion of he Can- e of the hich was y be dis- cation in ave testi- : faith in, ignificant Ihouse in agements nent of a )ld Land, h the de- irio, he is being a is of the of King's e, and of ance she of Mon- Grammar an out- y College t. Cathar- hich they lools was jired with ey desired al institu- erent cir- which had successfully withstood the test of time. What had proved to be adapted to the Anglo-Saxon in England, it might be safely assumed would be adapted to the Anglo-Saxon in Canada. But they were also devoted members of the Church of England. At Oxford and Cambridge and at the great public schools, educa- tion had been under the direct and sole auspices of the National Church. Education was linked to religion, and religious influences were brought to bear upon the youthful mind, from the time when the lad of ten or twelve years of age entered the lowest form of his school, to the day when the young man graduated from his University. Nowhere has the aspiiation of the Church's school- masters been more beautifully expressed than in the wi rds of the greatest of them all, Arnold of Rugby, uttered on the eve of his first term at that famous school : " To introduce a religious prin- ciple into education is my most earnest wish, and I pray God that it may be my constant labour and prayer ; to do this would be a happiness so great, that I think this world would yield nothing comparable to it." Without doubt this was the ideal of education before the minds As elsewhere, of those devoted men who founded Trinity University, and gave to combine the them confidence and zeal to push on with the work in the face ofwuhThe innu"°" grave discouragements, and inspired them to many acts of self- '"slruoii." LnT* sacrifice for its accomplishment. Neither can it be doubted that '■'*"?••'"• the same ideal is still cherished in the minds of those who have through good and evil report supported Trinity ever since. Education of the best kind, in which religious instruction and religious influences shall have their due consideration ; this is the programme of Trinity University. I desire at the outset to express my entire agreeinent with this The writer principle. If it were not so, far from attempting to write this pfiitdpi^', pamphlet, I should cease to take any interest in Trinity whatever. It is necessary to state this here, because I do not doubt that at first blush, the policy which I have the temerity to advocate will appear to many diametrically opposed to it. But it is my fixed conviction, not formed in a day nor without careful thought, based upon some knowledge at least of all the circumstances of the College, that our principles may be rendered far more effective, and their range of influence be almost indefinitely extended, by the adoption of a policy, which whilst calling for some self-sacrifice, demands no surrender of principle. Dut believes there is a neces- sity for some modification of its application. Trinity was founded in order to educate the Church youth of Ontario, But is not fulfil- ling the object of Its existence. 6 It would be manifestly absurd to advocate a measure of reform without first of all shewing the necessity that existed for a change. To do this involves criticism. And in criticism to withold the truth is to stultify oneself. The "candid friend" is a very dis- agreeable person. On the other hand the lines of the critic are not often cast in pleasant places. It is therefore necessary that he should speak boldly and yet with moderation withal, and with firm faith in the justice of his cause, (without which he has no right to speak at all) abide the issues of time. If he is proved wrong he deserves his fate, if right his reward is great in propor- tion to his previous tribulation. Trinity University was founded for the purpose of educating the Church youth of Ontario, in accordance with that Anglican ideal of education which I have above described. The secularization of King's College was accomplished in opposition to th» "senti- ments which lay at the heart's core of the great mrss of the Churchmen of Upper Canada." {Bethune. Memoir of Bishop Strachan, p. 241). However true this may have been when written it can scarcely be the case to-day. The University of Toronto educates far more Church of England students than does Trinity, and although in recent years there has been a steady increase in the numbers at Trinity as the result partly of the uniform system of matriculation, and partly of the special efforts of the last few years, at the same time there has been a corresponding increase in the numbers of the Church of England students at Toronto University and without special efforts in that direction. Thus in the academic year of 1889-90, there were seventy-nine ; in .'890-91, ninety; in 1891-92, eighty-nine; in 1892-93, one hundred and twenty-three, and in 1893-94, one hundred and twenty-nine Church students attending lectures in Arts. It is therefore quite clear that in this respect Trinity is not fulfilling the object of her existence. She cannot be said to be educating the Church youth of the Province, nor is there any prospect that she will be able to do so in the future. On the contrary, for obvious reasons, it is probable that she will secure a continually smaller proportion of the Church youth who seek an University education. A considerable proportion of the Arts students at Trinity is composed of men intending to take Holy Orders. Of the remainder many are the sons of staunch and loyal Churchmen, : of reform T a change, ivithold the a very dis- »e critic are lessary that 1, and with 1 he has no 2 is proved in propor- iucating the glican ideal icularization thi "senti- nrss of the r of Bishop vhen written of Toronto loes Trinity, increase in brm system the last few g increase in at Toronto , Thus in in ; 890-9 1, undred and nine Church rinity is not said to be s there any re. On the vill secure a vho seek an at Trinity is s. Of the Churchmen, who desire to give their sons such a general University education as Trinity is eminently qualified to give. Their reading, however, for their actual life work is done elsewhere than at Trinity, for most of them after graduating become students of law. But of the great body of Churchmen throughout the Province, how few are there who spontaneously choose Trinity as the natural place of the higher education of their sons ! These are indeed so few that they may be left almost entirely out of account. In the Collegiate Institutes and High Schools, which are the centres around which gather all the local educational interests, Trinity is a name and nothing else. It will not be denied that this is a serious state of affairs, although opinions may differ as to its actual cause or causes. The prolonged controversy some years ago between the high and low Church parties, resulting in the foundation of WyclifTe College, without doubt alienated the affections of many Church- men, and led them to send theii* sons elsewhere than to Trinity. It is also to be borne in mind that the somewhat greater expense of Trinity as compared with Toronto University will account for some of the disparity in numbers. But after making all possible allowance for these circumstances, a brief comparative survey of the equipment of the Universities will shew that the Toronto University possesses an attractive power which Trinity can scarcely hope to rival. *In the departments of Natural and Physical Science, Toronto ^ The reason for University has : In Physics, a Professor, a Demonstrator, an Assist- this state of _. , -. ■<-,,. Ti r things described. ant Demonstrator, and a Lecturer; m Chemistry, a Professor, two Demonstrators, and a Fellow ; in Biology, a Professor, a Demonstrator, and a Lecturer ; in Physiology, a Lecturer ; in Mineralctgy and Geology, a Professor, and a Fellow. In all there are four Professors, five Demonstrators, three Lecturers, and two Fellows, with provision for two more Fellows not yet appointed. Trinity, in the same departments, is compelled to cast the entire burden of instruction upon the shoulders of two Lecturers. Fur- thermore a detailed comparison of the appliances absolutely necessary to the successful pursuit of the study of science would shew at least an equal disparity between the Science Buildings of Toronto University and the Laboratory of Trinity University on 'In the ensuing comparison the disparity is scarcely so great as it api)ears in the text. The gre.it number of students in some of the (;lass«s renders necessary a subdivision, involving thv duplication of lecturer. 8 the one hand, as there is between their respective teaching staffs on the other. The various subjects included under the general heading of Science, are nowadays, whether rightly or wrongly, regarded as highly important. Almost every day new occupations are created by new discoveries and inventions. It is not surprising that a young man whose natural tastes lie in this direction should desire to pursue some profession in which science is applied, and with this end in view, how can his High School Master, or his Clergy- man advise him to go to Trinity in the face of such facts as are above stated. In the Department of Modern Languages, a student of University College can attend the classes of two Lecturers in German, two in French, and of a Lecturer and a Fellow in Italian and Spanish. In this field of study Trinity, whilst offering an Honour course, has but one Lecturer. In Classics, University College has a Professor and a Lecturer in Greek ; and a Professor, a Lecturer, and a Fellow in Latin. Trinity University has for both Latin and Greek a Professor and a Fellow. In Philosophy, Toronto University has two Professors and a Lecturer. Trinity has one Professor. In the Department of History and Political Science there are five Professors and Lecturers, whereas Trinity has but one Professor of History, who has also to perform the arduous duties of the Dean's office. Is it then surprising that the Headmaster of one of the best High Schools in Ontario, a graduate and devoted friend of Trinity, and a member of C invocation from its revival in 1887, should say that he could not, with due regard to their interests, conscientiously recommend his pupils to go to Trinity unless they were intending to read for Holy Orders. I am not blind to the real advantages which Trinitv possesses, but in the remedy for existing evils which is to be proposed, these advantages can be retained intact, and the range of their influence be increased tenfold. In the meantime I think enough has been said to shew that not only is Trinity exerting a quite inappreciable influence in matters educational in the Province, but also, that generally speaking, she does not and cannot educate the Church youth of the Province- "The Church," said Bishop Strachan, I aching stails heading of regarded as s are created rising that a ihould desire ed, and with )r his Clergy- \ facts as are of University German, two and Spanish, ir course, has id a Lecturer ow in Latin, ofessor and a essors and a ;nce there are one Professor duties of the the best High Trinity, and ould say that •nscientiously ere intending itv possesses, jposed, these leir influence jgh has been nappreciable ut also, that the Church op Strachani " ought to do nothing by halves.* Her University must comprise an entire system of education based on religion. Every branch of knowledge cherished at Oxford and Cambridge must be care- fully and substantially taught." (Fastoral Charge, 1850. Bethune ut sup., p. 244.) I have no doubt that it was the consideration of these, along Federation, the with other facts, that some years ago induced many of the leading has been favour-, supporters of Trinity to give favourable consideration to the before?"^' "' proposals for the federation of the various denominational Uni- versities with the University of Toronto. The negotiations with the Government so far as Trinity was concerned were not successful, but had the Government yielded to the demands of the Council of Trinity, there is little doubt that federation would have been accomplished. There were then as doubtless now, some who opposed the scheme on principle. They regarded it as involving a breach of trust on the part of the governing body. They felt as Bishop Strachan felt when on the secularization of King's College it was proposed that Colleges established by the several religious bodies ^^ the Province should affiliate with Toronto University. " He protested against this thrusting forth of Christ- ianity from the temple that she might take up her abode in porches and corners and alleys, where she would be shrouded from view or buried from sight, as something to be ashamed of." On the religious question I shall have something to say further on, but it is clear that those who were prepared to affiliate, provided sufficiently advantageous terms could be secured, had made up their minds and (as I hope to be able to shew) rightly, that no real breach of principle or of trust was involved but rather that the main duty with which the University is entrusted, viz, the adequate secular and religious education of the youth of the Church, could be more satisfactorily fulfilled. At that time a good many of the students, whose opinion it is ^hen the nego. true was not entitled to any great weight, but who were capable of ''»''°"l,''r°!" taking an intelligent interest in the broad outlines of the scheme, madeVenewed were strongly in favor of federation. But when the matter was foroWiineT the time being settled, and things remained in statu quo, it was the obvious duty of all friends of Trinity to co-operate in a renewed effort to enlist a more generous support from churchmen, which would enable the University to increase its equipment to the point necessary to meet the continually growing demands made upon all Universities. If The revival of Convocation. The results of the lalwurs of Convocation considerable, nut are not commensurate with the needs. There is certain' ly ground for dissatisfaction. 10 It was about this time, viz., Mitlsummer, 1887, that the scheme for the revival of Convocation was outlined by the Provost, and warmly supported by a large body of the Graduates. It was pro- posed to form in every city and town of Ontario local associations, which should have regard to the local interests of the University. All who were disposed to support Trinity, although not graduates, were to be entitled to become associate members. Thus a substantial revenue would be reaped from the subscriptions of the members and associates, all churchmen would have the opportunity of ex- pressing their opinions, the council would gain by securing men of influence and weight in the Province as representatives of the associate members, a means of disseminating information and correcting errors regarding Trinity was created, whilst the local associations formed a convenient organization through which to conduct a vigorous canvass of the whole Province. In part these prospects have been fulfilled. There can be no doubt that the recent increase in the numbers of the students is partly due to the labours ot Convocation, that the council was thereby encouraged to erect the conomodious new wing, and a revenue sufficient to justify some increase in the teaching staff has been created. But that the results have been at all commensurate with the needs it is impossible to maintain. A comparison of the calendar of 1888 with that of 1893, shews that the new creations have been the Fellowship in Classics and the Professorship of History, whilst the salary of the Lecturer in Modern Languages has been increased so as to allow of the foundation of an Honour course in that department. These additions to the staff, and to the courses of study, are very largely supported by the annual revenue of Convocation, which is only kept up by the unremitting labours of those who have not too much time to devote to their proper spheres of labour. But how insignificant are they, in comparison with enormous out- lay of money and increase in staff, of both Toronto and McGill Universities. Indeed, they will scarcely bear comparison with Queen's University, which in the last year alone has had legacies to the amount of about $100,000. It ought, therefore, to occasion no surprise to know that some of Trinity's supporters view her present position with grave dissatis- faction. There is no reasonable ground for anticipating any It the scheme Provost, and . It was pro- .1 associations, he University, not graduates, is a substantial ■ the members lortunity of ex- r securing men ntatives of the formation and rhilst the local ough which to lere can be no the students is he council was ;w wing, and a laching staff has isurate with the of the calendar tions have been History, whilst s been increased course in that jes of study, are )f Convocation, rs of those who )heres of labour, h enormous out- nto and McGill :omparison with has had legacies now that some of th grave dissatis- anticipating any 11 improvement in the existing state of affairs in which Trinity is being daily further and further distanced in the race for educa- tional distinction. With all herprestige.her culture, and her zeal, the Church of England in Ontario is yet in danger of occupying a subordinate position in affairs of education, if she persistently cuts herself off from its main stream. They, therefore, think it an opportune time and a reasonable course of action, to request the authorities of Trinity University, to take into serious consideration the present position and prospects of the University, and once more to ask themselves whether it would not be advisable to re-open the question of Federation with Toronto University. Before proceeding to enumerate the manifold advantages The bearing of attendant upon federation, I think this is the right place to say a upon amuated word or two upon the question of its relation to our affiliated ° '^"' Colleges So far as St. Hilda's College is concerned, it would be as materially benefitted by the change as Trinity. Trinity College School, and the Bishop Strachan School would not be affected by the change. The case of Trinity Medical College, of the Women's Medical College and of the Conservatory of Music is different, and presents considerable difficulty. I do not know exactly what effect federation would have upon their interests. It might be detrimental to them or it might not. But whilst due regard should be given them, if it should appear that federation will promote the true functions of Trinity, its accomplishment must not be hindered by the consideration of its possibly detrimental results to those Colleges. For it is to be carefully borne in mind that they contribute nothing to the promotion of Trinity's fundamental objects, however much by their numbers they may add to her prestige, and by their fees to her exchequer. " We desire," said Bishop Strachan, " a University which, fed by the heavenly stream of pure religion, may communicate fuel to the lamp of genius and enable it to burn with a brighter and purer flame. Thus the arts and sciences, with all that adds real embellishment to life, will be studied with more perseverance and order for moral ends ; and the faculties under such training will become so pure and unclouded, that perception will be infinitely more vivid, and rise to far greater elevation. * * * * For this reason we shall have in our University daily habitual worship, that we may possess a conscious feeling of the Divine presence." Again he maintained that the Church's University must comprise an entire system of education The Religious Question. 12 based on religion. {Beihtine ut sup., p. 244.) Now, in the case of the students of these Colleges there is neither religious test, training or worship required. They might be "Jews, Turks, Infidels or Heretics." Trinity would ask no questions on this head. She asks them to pass examinations, and having done so confers the appropriate degree. Probably a considerable majority of them are members of other denominations, but that is no hindrance to their carrying ofT the diploma of the Church University, Whilst then the rights and interests of these affiliated Colleges are not to be disregarded, they must not be allowed to conflict with the highest interests of Trinity University, nor to stand in the way of her extending the sphere of the operation of her true objects.* In any discussion of federation, the religious question naturally occupies a prominent place. The true relation of religion to University education deserves a separate treatment, but it is not necessary here to enter into any theoretical enquiry as to the principles which on this head should guide the founders or rulers of Universities, seeing that the present attitude of the State to religion is one which is really forced upon them by the circumstances of our times. In this connection it is highly important that fair-minded men should, before pronouncing a harsh judgment upon secular education, take into careful consideration all the facts of the case Ontario has an elaborate system of State education. This is supported by taxation, and has now and always has had the consent of the vast majority of the people. All the great civilized countries of the world have some system of State education, and no one seriously proposes to entirely disestablish it. In older countries such as England, the system is complicated by the existence of Church Schools, and autonomous Universities. In Canada on the other hand, the State had a clear field of operations. It was therefore the natural desire of the State to create a sym- metrical system of education, and the University was the natural apex of such a system. This system of State education is for the common good, and the remarkable absence of any general agitation in reference to public education, shews that that end is attained to the satisfaction of the people. And yet it is one of the principles *It is to be noted that both Trinity Medical College, nnd the Women's Medical College are already affiliated to Toronto University. i lea lea hai po{ der 1 it ii peo sure the as tl insti T his p The tofu storr in, ir parecj and mini! consJ relig( and scieni this seem! very take I that evidel is acti rest. VJ.. Now, in the case her religious test, e "Jews, Turks, questions on this i having done so siderable majority but that is no [ of the Church of these affiliated not be allowed to University, nor to t the operation of religious question e true relation of separate treatment, theoretical enquiry guide the founders ent attitude of the upon them by the at fair-minded men jent upon secular le facts of the case education. This is ilways has had the Ul the great civilized tate education, and ablish It. In older complicated by the Universities. In ir field of operations, ite to create a sym- sity was the natural education is for the any general agitation lat end is attained to Dne of the principles ihe Women's Medical College 18 a( State education in Ontario, that the State shall altogether abstain from imparting religious instruction. Now this principle is sometimes quoted as affording testimony to the secularising tendencies of the age. It is said that religion is divorced from education. But this statement is certainly mis. leading. It would be difficult to find a territory so free from tHfe leaven of secularism as the Province of Ontario. It would be hard to find another city in which so large a proportion of the population professed Christianity and supported some one or other denomination as Toronto. The Government, let it be remembered, is not a separate entity, it is simply the body of the peoples' representatives. But the people raise no outcry against the present state of things, although surely they cannot regard them as ideally perfect. The fact is, the people know that in a society so divided on religions questions as that of Ontario, it is impossible for the State to provide religious instruction. The headmaster of a school is to-day a Methodist. Next year his pu^i is taken by a Presbyterian or a Churchman, and so on. The same thing is true of the subordinate teachers. The attempt to furnish religious instruction would immediately arouse such a storm of controversy as would almost inevitably result, if persisted in, in the destruction of the whole system. But is the Government prejudiced against religion ? Or is it pre- The state , ,, Mill - ■ 1 ,. , , "°' prejudiced pared to go all possible lengths to meet tne wishes of the clergy against Religion. and ministers of all denominations ? Let us look at the facts. A minister is ex officio a visitor at any public school. With the consent of the trustees he may for one hour a week give systematic religious instruction. Forms of prayer for opening or closing school, and passages of Scripture are prescribed for reading. If con scientious scruples stand in the way of one teacher's conformity to this rule another may perform the office. In view of these facts it seems hard to deny that valuable concessions are made to meet very difficult circumstances, of which the clergy would be wise to take greater advantage than they do, I cite these instances because the common schools belong to that system of which the Provincial University is a part. The evidence as to principles and motives by which the Government is actuated, drawn from one part of the system is good for the rest. But when we turn to the calendar of Toronto University we i find ample evidence that the same desire to recognize religion, so far as it is possible to do so, is present. Three forms of Morning Prayer offered in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, and terminating with " the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, etc." ate provided. But what is much more remark- able and really amounts to an official recognition of Theology, is the system of options allowed to students of the third and fourth years. Thus, in the third year Biblical Greek may be substituted for the prescribed Classical Greek ; Biblical Literature or Church History for the Modern History of the Pjlitical Science course, and Apologetics may be substituted for Ethics in the Philosophy course. Similar provisions are made in the fourth year (Calendar of University of Toronto, 1892-3, pp. 42, 43). The candidates taking these subjects are examined in their own college whose certificates are accepted by the University. It must then be clear to all impartial students of the facts that there is no antagonism between religion and State education. The Government is compelled to submit to circumstances not of their own creation, for which we of the Church of England in other connexions, acknowledge our partial responsibility, and they are ready to go as far as they can to meet the wishes of those who desiderate some recognition of religion in the sphere of education. It is not surprising that forty-five years ago when the true issues at stake were obscured by the dust of a prolonged and bitter con- troversy, that Churchmen should feel that the secularization of King's College was a blow aimed at religion. We can under- stand and sympathize with the position of Bishop Strachan when he "protested against the thrusting forth of Christianity from the temple, that she might take her abode in porches, and corners and alleys, where she would be shrouded from view, or buried from sight as something to be ashamed of." (Betlmne, ut, sup., p. 24T.) But we ought not now to blind our eyes to the fact that this is not a faithful description of either the action of the Government or of the results of affiliation. That eminent man even on the confession of his friends, was apt at times to use immoderate language. He himself admits his uncompromising spirit, whilst his learned biographer, once or twice gently hints that his treat- ment of opponents was not all that could be desired. (Beihune, p. 122, I2j). It is impossible not to admire the statesmanlike tone, and the genuine zeal of his (Charges to the Clergy, but in the 1 4 cultit i conv >.;:^j »nizc religion, so le name of our race of our Lord ich more remark- n of Theology, is third and fourth ay be substituted irature or Church 1 Science course, n the Philosophy th year (Calendar The candidates m college whose :s of the facts that State education, cumstances not of ;h of England in nsibility, and they shes of those who here of education, en the true issues ;d and bitter con- the secularization We can under- 3p Strachan when Christianity from •ches, and corners ;w, or buried from '^, ut. sup., p. 24T.) he fact that this is )f the Government man even on the use immoderate ising spirit, whilst ints that his treat- esired. (Bethune, the statesmanlike Clergy, but in the 16 light of the subsequent history of the Church of England irt Canada, we cannot but regard his attitude on educational questions as highly unfortunate. There are few to-day who would contend that the Church of England from the point of view of equity, had an undivided right to the control of the state endowment for an University, and surely all would admit that the proposition of Lord Goderich, " to divide the University Endowment, giving one-half to the Church of England, with her present charter unchanged, and the other half to the Province for the establishment of an University entirely satisfactory to the colonial mind," was a generous attempt to solve the difficulty, and should have been accepted. (Bethune, p. 134.)* This brief review of the attitude of the Government towards religion, if it be, as I believe it is, a fair representation of the facts, ought to suffice to obviate any possible objections to Federation on the score of an alliance with secularism or as being a submis- sion to the principle of the divorce of religion and education, or on the ground that religion is being degraded by being relegated to an affiliated College. So far I have mainly dealt with what may be described as the negative reasons for urging upon the Corporation of Trinity University, the advisableness of reconsidering the question of Fed- eration. It is necessary now to turn to the positive aspects of the question. These may be regarded from three points of view, (i) That The advantages of the interests of education. (2) That of the interests of dLcussYd from (3) That of the general interests of the I^I" •^'"•^ °' -. the interests of "S education. Church education Church. The fact that there is no established Church in Canada (,) That of does not alter the fact that every religious body has duties towards the State. If this is true of other bodies, it is doubly the case with the Anglican Church, which in the mother country has so long been connected with the State, and is now strenuously battling for the preservation of its establishment. That we are not established in Canada may modify the force of the present argument, but does not entirely dissipate it. For the *This seems to be the appropriate place to explain why no reference is made to the diffi- culties in the way of Federation, nor any scheme of Federation proposed. I am, of course, convinced that Federation is practical, but no step can be taken until the idea is favourably received by the supporters of Trinity. Until this is accomplished it is useless to discuss difficulties. So also the proposition of a definite scheme would at present be preni.iture, and would only draw attention aw.iy from what is the main object of this essay, viz., the present* ation of the argument in favour of Federation. !. Church is (or ought to be) interested in all that conduces to the welfare of the State. It matters not whether the State asks her assistance or not. The Church if not in her corporate capacity at least as an aggregation of individuals is profoundly affected by the action of the State. The higher the views taken of the prerogatives of the Anglican Church, the more incumbent is it upon us not to hold aloof from the general life of the State, but to co-operate with it so far as we possibly can, and to seek to mould the influences which sway the action of the Government. Now, in the case of education, we have seen how reasonable was the action of the Government in creating a State University, as the apex of the State system of education ; we have seen how im- possible it is for the State officially to recognise religion in any effective way ; and we have seen how willing it is to go as far as possible to meet the requirements of the religious bodies amongst us. Surely then the truly Church-like action would be to meet the State in the Spirit in which it meets us, to cordially co-operate with her in the great work of building up an University which is already in the front rank of North American Universities. But we have further seen that the great majority of the students of our own Church go to the Provincial University, and that judg- ing from recent statistics there appears to be no prospect that their numbers will grow less; we have seen that the endowments of Trinity are quite insufficient to fenable her efficiently to do the work of an University ; we have seen that as a consequence the teaching staff is manifestly inadequate to the burden laid upon it ; we know that these are the chief reasons why the Church Students do not, nay cannot, come to the Church University. Therefore, not only are we regardless of the interests of the State, but also blind to our own. We voluntarily cut ourselves off from the rank and file of the members of our Church who seek to find a living by the avenues of Higher Education. There can be little doubt that the union of our forces with those of the Provincial University would greatly tend to promote their mutual interests. Trinity, beyond all question, has the power of making a contribution peculiarly her own to this cause. She shares in the prestige which belongs to the Church of the mother country. She has a certain method of education based upon old country ideals by no means exploded, but which she alone of Canadian Colleges fully understands. She has certain privileges conduces to the he State asks her orporate capacity undly affected by lews taken of the ; incumbent is it if the State, but to to seek to mould ernment. ow reasonable was ate University, as have seen how im- se religion in any is to go as far as us bodies amongst would be to meet ordially co-operate Jniversity which is diversities, rity of the students lity, and that judg- prospect that their le endowments of iciently to do the a consequence the irden laid upon it ; e Church Students ersity. Therefore, the State, but also s off from the rank ek to find a living ir forces with those d to promote their , has the power of this cause. She irch of the mother jn based upon old lich she alone of i certain privileges 17 of culture and refinement, which are the heritage of centuries, but here as elsewhere privileges entail services. By mingling with the broad stream of the education of the Province, Trinity has not only something to take, but also something to give. By holding aloof in selfish isolation, she deprives herself of those good things which others possess, and buries her own talent in the ground. I earnestly appeal to the authorities of Trinity University, and to the members and associate members of Convocation, to give serious attention to these considerations, which are certainly deserving of it, and to see whether without any compromise of principle or of dignity, a step cannot be taken which would greatly elevate the Church in the estimation of all thoughtful men, and would be for the common weal. In treating of the positive advantages of Federation from the (a) That of the in- point of view of Church education, it will be necessary to refer education, again to one or two points already touched upon. In the first place, in Federation the Church would at once be brought within reach of her own children. I have quoted the statement of one of our own graduates and a distinguished High School master, that it is impossible as a rule to recommend Church students to go up to Trinity. I have also the strongly expressed opinion of another graduate, the head master of one of our most important Collegiate Institutes, that under Federation, Trinity would eventu- ally became the most influential College of the University. And this seems a most reasonable conclusion. The greatest difficulties in the way of Church students entering Trinity, especially of those who desire to study science or of that considerable body who intend to be school masters would be obviated. The influence of ' Trinity would almost at once be felt in every High School in the Province, her clergy would take the liveliest interest in the pro- ceedings of these institutions, each of which with its hundreds of students, occupies a far more important position than is generally recognized. Churchmen, too, who are now positively hostile, or as in the majority of cases are indifferent, because of their sympathies with the State education, (they have sons and daughters at the High School, they are themselves school trustees, &c.) would now take a warm interest in the welfare of their own College, and would be far more likely than at present to support it. ^ And although all these results might not follow at once, although a number of students should continue to enter University College, 1 Trinity's di<' education. tages and for obviating the disadvantages arising from the vast scope of University teaching in the nineteenth century. Variety, , the free play of individuality, the adoption of those methods of ediication and training which each College best understands, and can most successfully operate, will be secured, whilst the mingling of the Colleges will prevent the narrowness and conceit likely to be engendered and fostered by the isolation of a small society. Thus it would appear that the endeavor to prognosticate the future, basing one's estimate upon the main principles of Uni- versity education predominant in our day, not only in America, but also in England, justifies the unpleasant conviction that Trinity, as a University, must continue to fall proportionately farther and farther below the level of the great Universities of Canada, of the United States, and of England, and that, in num- bers of students, in quality of degrees, in efficiency of equipment, and in influence both in Church and State. On the other hand, by adopting the policy of Federation, without the sacrifice of any 26 principle, Trinity jhrows herself into line with the educational aspirations of the Province ; she adopts a sure and swift means of becoming the natural home of Church students, instead of almost compelling many of them to be Iter antagonists ; she resigr s her degree-conferring power, but she does not adopt a position of inferiority, she simply becomes one of many, and, as we may confidently hope, would in due time be primus inter pares. I have throughout the foregoing pages, endeavoured to avoid any attempt to employ the arts of rhetoric, and to approach the subject from all points of view, in the white light of reason, but I should he sorry if on any mind the impression was left that I was at bottom indifferent to the issue, or that heart and head were not at one. In a matter of this kind, anticipating considerable opposition to the views offered, it seemed to me essential to give in the first place a reason for the faith that is in me, and herein at least, I trust I have not been altogether unsuccessful. And if this be so, then I may in my last lines venture to profess that reasoned faith is united to earnest affection. I have ever loved Trinity, I have ever striven' to serve her, and I trust under the circumstances I may venture to add, sometimes at the sacrifice of my own desires and interests. Others have worked longer and done more I do not doubt. As a fellow-worker I would ask them to hesitate ere they censgre an honest opinion and an honest attempt. It was held by Selden that all opinions, even errors, "known, read, and collated," are of service towards the attainment of Truth. I trust that such errors, whether of opinion or of reasoning, as are contained in this little pamphlet may ultimately prove of service to that supreme mistress of sincere minds. ^ ■i -^ \