^. ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 5? /> ■tt 122 12.2 2.0 I.I u 14.0 IL25 III 1.4 II ■ L8 11.6 Hiotographic Sdences Corporalion 23 WBT MAIN STRUT WIUTIR.N.Y. 14SM (716)t73.4S03 CIHM/ICMH Microfeche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notas/Notas tachniquas at biblicgraphiquas Tha Instituta has attamptad to obtain tha bast original copy availabia for filming. Faaturas of this copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua, which may altar any of tha imagas in tha raproduction. or which may significantly changa tha usual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. □ Colourad covars/ Couvartura da coulaur |~n Covars damagad/ D Couvartura andommagia Covars rastorad and/or iaminatad/ Couvartura rastaurAa at/ou palliculAa I I Covar titia missing/ La titra da couvartura manqua [TyK Colourad maps/ D Cartas g6ographiquas an coulaur Colourad ink (i.a. othar than blua or black)/ Encra da coulaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira) I I Colourad platas and/or illustrations/ n D D Pl6nchas at/ou illustrations 9n coulaur Bound with othar material/ Raiii avac d'autras documents Tight binding may causa shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liura serrie peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion la long de la marge intArieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutias lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans la texte, mais, lorsque cela Atait possibk, ces pages n'ont pas M filmtas. Additional comments:/ Commentairas supplb.'rsntairas; This item is filmed at tha reduction ratio checked below/ L'institut a microfilm* la maiileur exemplaire qu'il lui a M possible de se procurer. Las details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du |2 jint da vue bibliographiqua, qui peuvent modifier una image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m6thode normale de filmage sont indiqute ci-dassous. I I Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endomnr qgies The c toth( □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurdas at/ou pelliculies 0^1 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages dicoior^es. tachaties ou piqu^es The I possi of thi filmii Origii begin theli sion, othor first I sion, or illi □ Pages detached/ Pages ditachies r~~l/Showthrough/ U^ Transparence I I Quality of print varies/ Quality inigale de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprand du material suppl^mantaira Only edition available/ Seule Mition disponible D Pages wholly or partially obscured b<' errata slips, tissues, etc.. have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalament ou partiallement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelura. etc., ont At* filmtes A nouveau de fapon i obtenir la meilleure image possible. The I shall TiNU whici Mapi diffei entin begir right requi meth ue oc 10X »cum ent e St Til me a 14X u tau X 09 reou ction 18X mail ^ue c i-oes sous 22X 26X 30X • 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed hero hoe boon reproduced thenke to the generosity of: Librsry of the Public Archives of Csneds L'exempleire film* fut reproduit grAce A le gAnArositt de: La bibliothdque des Archives publiques du Canada The images appeering here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specif ications. Original copies in printed paper covers ere filmed beginning with the front cover end ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All othor original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printecj or illustrated impression. Les images suivantes ont 4t4 reproduites avec ie plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition at de la nettetA de rexemplaire film*, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exempleires originaux dont la couverture en papier est ImprimAe sent filmAs en commen^ant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exempleires originaux sent filmte en commen^ant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shell contain the symbol — ^> (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols -^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols ▼ signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les certes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre film#s A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, 11 est film6 A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 6 e lot! •1 1 SECOND Revised edition. THE PRAIRIE LANDS OF CANADA; PRESENTED TO THE WORLD AS A NEW AND INVITING FIELD OF ENTERPRISE VOR THK C-A-PrPA-LIST, AND NEW SUPERIOR ATTRACTIONS AND ADVANTAGES AS A HOME FOR IMMIGRANTS COMPARED WITH THE WESTERN PRAIRIES OF THE UNITED THE ELEMENTS OF OUR Fl TURE GREATNESS AND PROSPERITY. COITTENTS : Introduotory.— Wkat Capital can do. —What Pluek and Muscle may do — Geographical Position •nd Extent. — Canadian Paoifio Railway.— Beauty and Fertility of the Country. — Official and BoientlficTeatimony.— Comparison with the Western States.— Salubrity of Climate and adaption to Agriculture.— The Soil and its Agricultural Capacities.— Frosts.— Induce- ' ments offered by our Prairie Lands to Settlers.- Building Timber, Fuel and Fencing.— iBformiiiion on Tree Culture.— Coal and Peat.— Mineral Resources. Wheat Growing.— Stock Raising, Sheep and Wool Growing.— Dairy Farming.— Utilizing the Buffalo.— Fruits.— Flax.— Hemp.— Bees.— Game. — Fish. —Principal Rivers, and Points best suited for Primary Settlement.— The Colony System of EraigratinF.— Outfit and Prices. —Routop. — Private Lands. — Oon- cluaion. — Provisions respecting Public I^nds. — ' Homestead and Tree Planting. BY THOMAS SPBNCE, OltlBK or TMK L'K0IS:.ATIVK ASSKMRLY of MANITOVA. i^ontrcal: rilNTED AT THE GAZETTE PHINTINO HOUSE. iseo. "•m. T A ( AFiq ai-iT BKQISmUD ACCinBOIKO TO ACT CV PABLIaIiKNT Of CAJTASA, A. D. 18Tf). BY THOMAS SPENCB. IX THTi OFrtm cp THB MivisreR or aoriculturk at Ottawa. A^iy.o ) ^fj'fcli' i«3i3 -^T f-»if ff n'^ o*--ftf?W— .•i'.'H-^^W'ufw 1 ■ iW,. ,1;- /^^mpr;i^, • ■.. ■ > -, ' 'A iI^TWi&^A 1 aa H;-i^ 3- •■•/MOrpfiqO -■iO /■■•AX'aM HHT .'Sitf. t$o the K:9ht W6not(able Sir JOHN A. MACDONALD, K.C.B., &c., &c., iD«mbet{ of l$ei{ Pliiajesitj'a $$lo«t |ionoj{ab)e 3pipvy <^Ottii«\ PREMIER AJTD MINISTER of the INTERIOR St- BoNiFACK, Mawftoba, January, 1&79. •r TBI DOMINION OF CANADA. .-.. 1 Bueit Amor Patriae. I ' • ■ :C' (. 5^ «'iii;vifUiJ»,i'- 1 1 1 i I /^ ,;i '\n fr. -t -<«•» 'ftr THB OPINIONS OF THE PRESS ON PREVIOUS ESSAYS. SASKATCHEWAN AND THE NORTH-WEST OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA, &c., &c. VROm TBI OmOAOO INTKR-OCIAN. Mr. Spence has shown himself an admirable Bp<;ciul pleader on behalf uC that vast portion of Canada, and we must admit, although he does draw comparisoDK somewhat. unfavorable to the Western States and Territorius of the Union, that he is ready, with chapter and verse, for every fact which he puts forth. Canada's maxim now is : Build railways, and the country will soon bo settled. She is now building her Canadian Pacific Railway, which will run for a thousand miles through that rich and beautiful country. This is a very shrewd dodge upon the part vf our slow, but sure, neighlwur across the line, and we do not doubt that, by the disseminr.- tion of such pamphlets as this of Mr. Spence, the hopes of i he projectors will, in process of time, be realized. He gees minutely into a description of the entire fertile country, and, besides, gives a vast amount of information valuable and necessary fpr intending emigrants. — Chicago Inter-Ocean, June 16, 1877. M.'^NITOBA AND THE NORTH-WEST— ITS RESOURCES, &c., &c. . BV THOM.AS SPENCK. The atithor throws himself heartily into his subject, and, from his several ycaro residence in the North-West and general information, htus qualified himself to handls it effectively. All who take an interest ill our now region should procure and study it. We can endorse the compliment paid to it by the late Lieutenant-Govenior, Mr. Archibald, as follows : " I have read Mr. Spence's pa^aphlet, entitled ' Manitoba and the North-West,' with much interest. Ii, J^aws tje comparison with much force and discrimination and altogether the pamphlet is a valuable contribution on the subject of the North. West, and of particular value to the intending emigrant." — Ottawa Times, 1874. MANITOBA AKD ITS RRaOUUCSS, AC, &C. This, with the result of personal experience and observation, is by far the nM)st valuable publication upon Manitoba, and most practical, as well as the most reliable means of conveying information for the guidance of the immigrant. It has received the highest enconiams from the late Sir George Cartier and others. — Ottawa Free Pretty May, 1874. jt.v.U - : ' THE PRAIRIE LANDS OF CANADA,.^ , jji .H:,mv>;)a t>. By Thomas Spknce, Clerk Legislativo A»sembly of Manitoba. * The Prairie Lamls of Canada." — A pamphlet with this title, from the pen ft Mr. Thomas Spence, Clerk of the Legislative Assembly, Manitoba, will shortly bo issued. The known ability of this gentleman for compiling and making attractive the facts, which a long residence in Our West and keen powers of observation present to him, are a guarantee that this work will be as valuable and popular as all his former efforts in the same direction have been. Since the publication of " Manitoba and its R-isources," by Mr. Spence, the circumstances of the establish- ment of a Government in the great uncircumscribed North-West, and the increasing activitieg of emigration ever Westward, have enlarged the field of observation for writers on the subject, and the present work proves how fully capable the author is of doing justice to the task. The former treatise referred to received the com- mendation of all the public men o." the country, as the best book that had appeared on the subject, and became the accepted book of reference on Manitoba with the public. We are confident that the success of the present work will even outrun that of the earlier, and we predict that it must become the standard book of reference on the (Subject. Every one who has anything of national spirit should have a copy. — Montreal Gazette. 1 ail f ;. TO TIIE INTENDINO EMIGiLVNT, T4 " The time having arrived when Canada may fairly invite imraigra- tiiA from all parts of the Old World, to her vast and magnificent I'xCirie Xanda of the North-West ; presenting a new and vast field for prosperous settlement and commercial enterprise j within twelve to fourteen days' travel of Liverpool and as many minutes communica- tion by telegraph from nearly all parts of the world, to the heart of this rich country. Already that great civilizer of this century, the locomotive, is rapidly pushing forward the completion of our great national work, the Canadian Pacific Railway, and now connects the Commercial centre of Manitoba with the whole Railway system of the ^fxtii No longer will the Prairie Lands of the United States occupy the attention of the whole world. Canada can now cry aloud in every language to millions: Every one that wants a farm, cojnc and take one, where you, may enjoy health, happiness and freedom under the flag "that's braved a thousand years," and where the industrious will soon attain that end tp which all men aspire, independence. The ancient maxim has been "Settle up the country, and the people will build railways if they want them;-' Canada's new and better maxim is now " Build railways and the cotihtry will aoon bo settled," and she is now building a railway from the Atlantic to the Pacific one thousand miles of which will run through the centre of this fertile prairie country. ■ ' :^ '-'c jjm! • No longer need the unwary emigrant be led astray by t!io in- flwcncos of glowing advertisements and floods of pamphlets in every language, and the kind offer of Tree railway passages, to induce him to invest his little all, in almost valueless railway lands in the far West, ern States and Territories of America — this guide is offered to the in- tending emigrant that he may pause and consider well, before dei'iding that momentous question in his life, where shall I emigrate to ? for his own and his family's best future interests. It will be sent to any address, on application to the Government Immigration Agents of Canadi> in Europe, named at the e;id. The information which it em- braces will be also found generally useful and valuable to the immi' gran*, "^fter his ari'ival in the new home. ■('•■! 6 The future citizen of the Noi-th-West of Canada will have Norse, Celtic and Saxon blood in his veins. His countenance, in ihepure, dry, electi-ic air, will be as fresh as the morning. His muscles will bo iron, his nerves steel. Vigor will characterise his very action ; for climate gives quality to the blood, strength to the muscles, power to the brain. Indolence is chai-acteristic of people living in the tropics, and energy of those in temperate Eones. '** To the emigrant from the Old World the crossing of the Ocean is an act of emancipation ; but it fires him with now hopes and aspira- tions. '••.it ,^%igiuw-- " Here the free spirit of mankind at length Thrown its. lost fetters off, and who shall place A limit to the giant's unchained strength, Or club his swiftness in the forward race ?" ,,*>'*^i'V/ l«i;t>fJttn ■'■■•■'• ';y - '' VPi' H*^'^ j:^-ij...i::v, .r .., .jjtf>?> hii'>-s(¥fu QUiO The humble, but practical purpose of this publication will have" been secnred if it shall help to inliko the vast fertile prairies of the North-Westof the Dominion, better known, both at home and abroadL Situated where the great str^^im of human life will pour ite mightiest flood, beneflciently endowed with nature's riches, aztd illumed by such a light, there will b« no portion of all earth's domaiB Burpassing in glory andi gra»deiir the ftiture of Ocmada's North-Wost. .4'*.«^ ^T. Boniface, Manitoba, January Manitoba,) tjv/ '?;>(4fTr 1879,:, .^..^. j^4i4;. ia,:^i,4ll.ia'l . U ^lijkf T.S. iHyiWf r.'i 1 ■>iJ-- •?;i::f*|?i»# o'liyhJ ,*!ow>;'^|;;>rtd9 hahjmm^ii^tn 'd tittle ;'f^''^f:.m'}^^-^me' \ ^m0:^:i»^i <^i-^ilpul^ htmMUmi ■^ijlsi'f^uvi: htmk iy:"i. ^d- Uhr' m')K':d now it is Manj situi and ID i( St T.S. , •)j-;',-{jn *.,-A > Hi IV. ■..iiwii.i : »,.. r>^ •ih--:?! INTRODUCTORY^^ UJ^iMil'l jo.-iUl^. ■:..l j» i- .<»•,, «< Let US depart I the unlTersal sun - Confines not to one land his blessed beamH ; Nor is man rooted like a tree, whose seed The winds on some ungcnial soil have cast There where it cannot prosper." !>vT) SOUTHEY. . ^' It may be confidently stated to-day, that no where is to be found 80 inviting a field for Immigration as that of the vast and magnificent Pj^tiiHos of the North West of the Dominion of Canada, none v/ith greater undeveloped wealth, or with such prospect of rapid development, now presented to the intending emigrant or the capitalist who desires to reap the reward of industry and enterprise ; one, which in cora- paiuHon with the Western States of America, or the more distant colonies of Australia and New Zealand, has many superior attractions , and advantages. ■,r':hi:tnf^h.^i'^M--''-'i^^^^^^ A celebrated missionary who ci-o&sed the Eockv Mc mtains from . British Columbia, eastward to the head watera of the south branch of . the Saskatchewan Eiver, and passed along the eastera base of the mountains to Edmonton, characterizes the country as an ocean of - " prairies," and thus wrote his reflections : — ^j^t1^'•^/ '^ Are these vast and innumerable rich fields of hay for ever destined to be con- sumed by fire or perish in the autumnal snows 7 Can it be that they are doomed to remain for ever inactivu ? ^ot bo. The day will como when some laboring hand • will give them value. A strong, active, and enterprising people are destined to fill tl>te spacious void. The wild beasts will, ere long, give place to our flomestic animals; flocks and herds will graze in the beautiful meadows that border the numberless mountains, hills, valleys, and plains of this extensive region." Happily, the dream and earnest wish of this good missionary is now at last a realized fact. The commencement of the construction of the Canadian Pacific . Railway, now being vigorously prosecuted to connect the Atlantic and Pacific through British Territory, a branch of which, lately completed, gives us direct communication by rail with all parts of the continent. Canada can, therefore, now claim her rank as among the fii*st of com- petitors for the hardy and enterprising emigrants of all nations, offering to them free, and happy homes, health and prosperity. To illustrate the rapidity of the development of this new country, it is only necessary to state that the City of Winnipeg, the capital of Manitoba, and the gateway to the Prairie Lands of the North- West, situated immediately opposite the Railway Terminus at St. Boniface, and which but seven years ago was a mere hamlet, already contains a population of over 8,000, with elegant and substantial public buildings, churches, places of business, &c., and with St. Boniface rapidly following in its footsteps, it may well have surprised an American gentleman in S^. Paul; Minnesota, who two years since visited this country and who 8 was somewhat surprised to find the amount of British go-aheadism in c land he had previously heard of only as a wilderness, thus writes fxt his old home in the East to remove the erroneous impression, that St Paul, in Minnesota, is the extreme corner of habitable creation. He says : « No better grain growing coantry exists than extendlB from 600 miles Nortli and 600 miles Wert, while 1500 miles North- West from this city streams are open and pasturage is green a full month earlier than here. Nor is this vnst North- West of Canada unapproachable. You can to-day take rail from here to the Northern Pacific crossing of the Red River, and there talie your choice of seren steamboats, of from 300 to 600 tons each, to Port Garry, Manitoba. At Fort Oarry take a lake propeller (like those on Lake Eiie and other Eastern lak good jwlgajtentis req^lr,Gd to cause i«al estate or any active business to yield ,m^itbe, proud possessor of a valuable farm, which has cost him IvttlA .b»t ^ho Hweat of his brow. >'yii»i QEOQBAPHICAL POSITION AND ESTAtX. , '^ , That magnificent portion of the North- West known as the .Fqiiiile Belt, the highway of the Caaadian Pacific Railway, being of primary importance for the extension of settlement and comm^ce,. inay be briefly described as bounded on the South by the line of latitude ^9 ® Noi*th — the Northern boundary of the United States ; on the "WTe^t by the crests of the Rocky Mountains, which divide it from the Province of British Columbia ; on the North by the parallel of latitude 55 *^ North, and on the East by the Province of Manitoba and lakes Win- nipeg and Manitoba. Its length from its Eastera boundary Westward to the sources of the Saskatchewan is eight hundred miles, more or loss. Its breadth Northward from latitude 49 ® to 65 ® is four hundred Jind sixty miles. It contains an area of about two hundred and eighty thousand squai-e miles — that is to say, an ai'ca equal t6 that of France and Germany, or about six times that of the State of New York. It is ti mmm t t g'i mt * v >'^ f'i " 11 il rate of 3 agreed be latter lorigago. oent and vlnce of JO 50 per • Wnor [ bc*4one. <)quiring qi;iir,e4t0; • peturna hit. ::>v;* 1. — It establishes the present route through our rich valleys as a physical necessity. ,..>:,.,,..■.•. ,^, ^,. i,,u^^^._,,,,^.^„_.,,.u^,^.i,,J^i' , 12 JM '^'' '2. — ^It will conoenti'ate the entire olpansiye movement of pops- lation on this Continent in the same direction. > The Pacific Railroad of the United States Central r6ute, and the Northern Pacific, westward froBi its pi*e8ent terminus at the croeeing of the Missouri Eiver, pass for a distance of neaHy 2,000 miles over a country possessing little or no elements of self-Si^stentation — without a single navigable river on their lines, without the means of sustaining population, without way-traffic — and resting solely as commeroiiil schemes on their extremities. On the other hand, the Canadian Pacific Railway passes a thousand miles through a country which throws its solitary ai*cn of verdui*e over the Vast gulf of continental deserts. We have now seen how this circumstance combines with the geographical facts in the structure of this Continent; with the laws and tendencies of commercial movement throughout the world, to pour the whole stream of the world's com- merce through these new North-Western valleys of Canada, and in this lies one of the elements of our futui^e greatness. ;. ■^^f^*':l ' -M'li,;;-!; BEAUTY AND FEBTILITT. ,.*/. .Throughout our Prairie Lands is found not the illimitable level treeless prairies which distinguish Illinois, but a charming alternation of woods and prairie, upland and meadow, characterize the topography of the country. The general suiface is undulating, well witored and ample building timber oh the main stream^. The prairie is fi'equently interspersed with groves of poplar, and Oak openings, in many parts numerous lakes, presenting a pleasing and enliveuii^g appeai'ance, more i'lilly described ii^ another part. • r,It w;ould be absuixi to expect any couMry of this vast extent to be all equally fit to receive the plough *tt once. If only one-thi^"d is here pointed out as" awaiting the industrious band of man to eiisure him independence, the other two-thii'ds are pai*ts requiring draining or partial cfoaripgi It would also be absui-d to suppose it ail ec^ually fertile, as there is a considerable difference between the deep beds of black vegetable mould which generally prevail, and of course there are occasional bad spots and poor sandy ground, which must be found in all countries ; but prominent among the questions proposed by the emigrant or capitalist seeking a new home in a new country are those concerning the climate, its temperature, adaptation to the culture of the grand staples of food, and its hcalthfulness. Therefore, in pi-oof of our assertion that the Prairie Lands of Canada, offer the finest and most inviting field for Emigration, the following is submitted as *, * ^ OFFICIAL AND SCIENTIFIC TESTIMONY. v^ftwlri H In 1858 Captain Palliser was requested by the Under Secretary of State for the Colonies to state his opinion on the country he was en- gaged in exploring, and he describes the region drained by the Saskat- chewan in tne following words : — '' The extent of surface drained by the Saskatchewan and other tributarieit i of popm- 3. and the crossing les over a — without sustaining ommeroial i thousand rdui'e over how this «ructure of movement )rld's com- ia, and in itable level ttlternation Qpography Stored and frequently many parts I'ance, more it extend* itb one-thi^*d iS n to oiisure draining or all eijually eep beds of ourae there LSt bo found osed by the •y are those culture of re, in proof B finest and >d as . . Jocretary of he was en- tho Saskat- «r tributttrieit - as -■■■ to, I^ke Wmi^peg,, whjch. we had m\ . q^iipciiiumty of examininj;, amoimts. in round numbers to one hundred and fifty thoiuiand square. mileSi/ Tbu regioi),iS'bouiKl«d to the North by what is known pt the strong woods, or the Southern lim,it of the great circnm«artie Bond;. of forest whieh (>ccapies these latitudes in the Nbrthem ; Hemisphere. This line, which is indicated on the inap, sweeps to the North- West fropi the sbore pf Lake Winnipeg .and peaches its most Northerly limit i.',,frt)m where it again passes to the Soutb-West,. meeting : - the Bpcky Moiiotains inlqititu^e 615 N, and 115 ^W. Between this line of tike strong woods and the Northern limit of the true prairie country t^eve is a belt of land varying in width, Which at one period must have been Governed by an' extension of the Northern forests, but which has been gradually cleared by successive flres. «Ii is now a partially wooded country, abounding in lakes and rich natural pasturage, in some parts rivalling the finest park scenery of our own Country. Throughout this regjon of country the climate seems to possess the same charaeter, although it passes through very different latitudes, its form brang doubtless deter- mined by the curves of the isothermal line. Its superficial extent embraces about sixty-five thousand square miles, (whether geographical or statute he does not state }. if the former, it would be about eighty-five thousand statute), of which more than on«-^Ajri may be considered as at once available for the purposes of the agricul- turist. Its elevation increases from seven hundred to four thousand fee-t as we approach the Rocky Mountains at Edmonton, which has an altitude of .3,000 feet. Wheat is cultivated with success. The least valuable portion of the Prairie Country has an extent of about eighty thousand square miles, and is that lying along the Southern branch of the Saskatchewan, Southward from thence to the boundary line, while its Northern limit is known in the Indian languages as the < edge of the woodn,' the original line of the woo4s being invaded by fire. *' It is a phy$ical realiiy of the^hiff hist importance to the interetts of British North America that this continuous bell can be settled and eullivated from a few miles West qf Lake of Vm Woods to the passes qf the Rocky Mountains, and any line of communication^ whether by wagon or railroad, passing through if, toiU eventually enjoy the great advantage ;'rJ rraCed. The within the itf. Coal of nrv and other J be worked Js of almost H-eeds. The in England, Hi ..■Y,v....*j- wiied Loi-d y, near the hlrty to fifty e never seen usly. Flax, well; plums, :he pruirid is ■ hard work, [en resemble ned adrift at over-worked them in the we built oiir finest loam. e summer is exception of rere and un- I themselves plored the iwj-a'itf,, i^>caking of ' : ' We now Fhe country ) continent.' Laramie to world, and mimrison to While they s out when om East to [chest grass, avelling, as ' * 'VF' i-mpcrature ttMQghoitt tke whdla ragioi^ fii appMW^^^com thie ttnfwjing drnxu/^tai of its natui)»l pioducCions. Spring fl^wera.wer^ ^HU^d on ttw plitbui April Uth, and the fro« croaking the aam^ evenUtf. J)i|iing 20 jeairs fn Ontti^o, he fievef dboerted our flr^ spring flower (Hepatica frTlok) ok daily «• < That the most hardy could not ei^ct to survive this climate fifteen years^ We came to the " Sunny South," where the warm zephyrs ever blow, we find cattle freeze to death in every locality. We came to find a great fruit country : we find our peach trees dead to the ground. We came to find a bracing air :' we have found it so that we have to brace ourselves at an angle of forty-five degrees to make headway against the wind. We came here to escape the oppression of the rich, and the high taxes : our taxes range from 2.05 to 10 per cent on real estate, and does not pay anything. We came to find homes for the homeless, and land for the landless : we have got homes, very poor ones, and the land we would be glad to get shut of at half price. In short, we have got the land, and it has got us in the very worst way, and everyone is dissatisfied, unhappy, discouraged, and wants to get out of the conn- try. We came to the country that was said to flow with milk and honey : we find it flowing with poverty and complaint. We find we must go where money is plenty, where labour is needed, and a market for our produce. We live where every quarter section of land has been settled by good, energetic people, who have made every effort and universally failed ; those who Lave done the most, and spent the most, are the most completely floored. Such is our experience, after a fair, faithful trial of Southern Kansas. If you, Mr. Editor, can help us out in any way by advice or otherwise, you will c>jlige three farmers. We have man7 friends East, und there are many coming West, we earnestly hope will see these few lines. We do not wish to see our friends made paupers by doing as we have done, neither ought any more capital to bo wasted in this desert of a country. We can substantiate all we have subscribed our names to by more positive proof if needed, and ask that this whole article may be published for the sake of truth. ai»!v«:-^. if-ir Address, — ? .i!:^"" • V ' u>'- •\ r-.iij-TO'U'e* J. S. Calmer./ ' -'t t •Jil'.! »'*,^i-'vsy -W'^'ti •^LiS' M. G. A\'EH1LL. ' ..■^ n;_j ;•.!;'' - H ■■■'. -.iJU:-} tfrj;; J. T. DOCGI-ASS. .>)• • ' 18 ^:^'--^. ;/■;■' ■■•:■/■;:..•:,■;:'(; The foregoing is clipped from a Kansas newspaper, and however terrible the description, bears upon its face the honest truth. The following is still more important, being extracts /r<7m an official report by General W. B. Hazen, U. S A., an officer of high standing, and which was published in the Nem York Tribune. The raport speaks for itself, and as the Northern Pacific Railway referred to has been constructed so far mainly with British capital. It is to be hoped the attention of English capitalists may in the future be diverted to this portion of the Dominion of Canada as a safer and more reliable ^nd inviting field for investment. This distinguished officer, in the first place speaking of the lands of the Northern Pacific Railway, says: — '• For two yean I hare been an observer of the efforts upon the part of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company to make the world believe this section to be a valuable agricultural one, and with many others I have kept silent, although knowing the falsity of their representations, while they have pretty fully carried their point in establishing a popular belief fiivorable to their wishes. '■ When reading such statements of its fertility as appear in the article entitled Poetry and Philosophy of Indian Summer,' in that most estimable periodical, IJarper't Monthly of December, 1873 — in which are repeated most of the shameless falsehoods so lavishly published in the last two years, as advertisements in the interests of that company, and perhaps written by the same pen — a feeling of shame and indignation arises that a xy of our countrymen, especially when so highly favored with the popular good-will i.ad benefits, should deliberately indulge in such wicked deceptions. The theoretical isothermals of Captains Maury and Blodgett, which ^ave given rise to so much speculation, and are used so extravagantly by those who lave a use for them, although true along the Pacific coast, are not found to have been true by actual experience and observations, in this middle region. " The past season, as seen by the meteorlogical report, has been exceptionally rainy and favorable for agriculture here, and the post has, with great care, and by utilizing all ths available season, made an extensive garden with the following results : The garden is situated immediately on the river bank, about two feet above high water. Potatoes, native corn, cabbage, early-sown turnips, early peas, early beans, beets, carrotis, parsnips, salsify, cucumbers, lettuce, radishes and asparagus have grown abundantly and have matured; melons, pumpkins and squashes have not matured ; tomatoes did not turn red ; American corn (early) reached roasting ears ; onions, with wheat and oats, matured at Fort Bethold, D. T., one hundred and fifty miles below, in the Missouri River. I am told by those who have been here a long time that this may be taken as a standard for what may be expected the most favourable seasons in the immediate bottoms of the streams. The native com matures in about ten weeks from planting. It puts out its ears from six to eight inches from the ground, and has a soft white grain without any flinty portion, and weighs about two-thirds as much as other corn. " My own quartets are situated on the second bench of the banks of the Missouri, at about fifty feet above that stream, and six hundred yards away from it. And to raise a flower-garden ten feet by forty, the past two years, has required a daily sprinkling of three barrels of water, for which we were repaid by about thr^e weeks of flowers. " The site of this garden is supposed to be exceptionally fruitful, but I have before mo a letter Irom Mr. Joseph Anderson, of St. Paul, Minn., wlio was hay contractor at this post in 1872. His letter states that in order to find places to cut the hay required by his contract that season, some nine hundred tons, he was com- pelled to search over a space of country on the North side of the river, twenty-five miles in extent in each direction from the post, or some four hundred square miles, and that there was none thick enough to be cut for as great a distance beyond. Beepeoting the agricultuml value of this country, after leaving the excellent wheat- \ id however m an official h standing, port speaks has been may in the la as a safer the lands of le part of tho lection to be a ent, although fully carried rticle entitled )le periodical, the shameless ements in the eling of shame highly favored n such wicked lodgett, which ' by those who found to have L exceptionally it care, and by the following kbout two feet ps, early peas, radishes and )umpkin8 and n corn (early) Bethold, D. T., 1 by those who ►r what may be ►f the streams, it its ears from lOUt any flinty )f the Missouri, m it. And to (quired a daily lut thrfte weeks iful, but I have who was hay d places to cut IS, he was com- irer, twenty-flve d square miles, stance beyond, icellent wheat- 19 in-owing valley of the Red River of the North, following Westward one thousand miles to the Sierras, excepting the very limited bottoms of the small streams, as well as those of the Missouri and Yellowstone, from a few yards in breadth to an occa- sional water-%va8hed valley of one or two miles, and the narrow valleys of the streams of Montana, already settled, and a small area of timbered country in North- West Idaho (probably one-fifteenth of the whole), tills country will not produce the fruita and cereals of the last, fbr want of moisture, and can in no way be artificially irrigated, and will not, in onr day and generation, sell for one penny an acre, except through fraud and ignorance ; and most of the here excepted will have to be irrigated artificially. I write this, knowing fall well it will meet with contradiction, but the contradiction will be a falsehood. The country between the one hundredth meridi an and the Bierxas— the Rio Grande to the British possessions — ^will never devek p into populous States because of its want of moisture. Its counterpart is found n the plains of Northern Asia and in Western Europe. We look in vain for those t xpected agricultural settlements along the Kansas and Union Pacific Rail- roads, between these two lines, and 2^ years hence the search will be quite a» fruitless. We have in Nevada and New Mexico ftiir samples of what these popula- tions will be. M/ statement is made ftom vhe practical experience and observation of eighteen years of military service as an officer of the army, much of which has been upon the frontier, and having passed the remainder of my life a farmer. For confirmation for what I have here said, I respectfully refer the reader to General G. E. Warran, of the Engineer Corps of the Army, who made a scientific exploration of this country, extending through several years, and has given us onr only accurate map of it ; or to Prof. Hayden, for the past several years engaged upon a similar work. The testimony of Governor Stephens, General Fremont, and Lieut Mullans, is that of enthusiastic travellers and discoverers, whose descriptions are not fully borne out by more prolonged and intimate knowledge of the country. " H'irr Hass, the agent of the Berlin and Vienna banks, sent out to examine the country, could easily say the country is good so long as he advised his people to invest no money in it ; and it is doubtful if that remark was based upon a sufficiently authoritative investigation of the country to merit the credence given it. Certainly it is incorrect ; and especially valueless is the testimony of men of distiiKstion of our own country who are not practical agriculturists, bui) have taken journeys in the fruitful months of the year to the Red River of the North, to the rich valleys of Montana, or to the enchanting scenery of Puget Sound, except upon those particular points. <' I am prepared to substantiate all I have here said, so far as such matters are susceptible of proof, but, from their nature, many things herein referred to must, to many people, wait the action of the great solvent — Time." , In a later report, covering a gi'eater extent of country, he quotes the testimony of persons who have examined the country as " Con- firming my repeated statement that the country lying between 100 West longitude and the Sierra Nevada Mountains, all the way fi*om Mexico to the British possessions in the North, is, in an agricultural sense, practically valueless, except in a few exceptional cases, where water can be used for irrigation; and that, even with this process, not much more than one acre in many thousands upon the average, can be made available on account of the scarcity of water." . . . .-n General Hazen proceeds : '* The past season has been one of unusual and somewhat remarkable rains in Dakota, as well as in many other parts of the world. This has given fair crops of Toots, vegetables and other grains, without irrigation, and has given the far struggling farmers about Bismarck great hopes for the future ; but the officers of the land office told me in November that they are selling very little land, and that, even if the crops of the last very exceptionably favorable year could be taken as a criterion, general 4igriculture could not be made profitable in that region, remembering the BufFering of :;i' 20 i ihoie who hate souffht homes to the Westward of the limit of sufficient rainlUIs. The great needof correat infonnation upon the subject to enable Congress to dispose intelligently of qnestions inrolving the capabilities of this country, the building up of new and populous Strtes, such as Wisconsin, Iowa and Missouri, will no longer be seen on our present domain, and all calculations based upon such a tQing are &lse, while all extraneous influences brought to bear upon emigration, to carry it West of the one hundredth meridian, excepting in a very few restricted localities, ore wicked beyond expression and fraught with misery and £ulure." Prof. Henry, of the Smithsonian Institute, Washington, speaking of the explorations, under the auspices of the U. S. Government, of the region between the Hississippi and the Bocky Mountains, reveals to us the startling facts : '< That the weatem progreu of its population, has nearly reached the extreme teeetern limit of the areas available for settlement ; and that the whole space west of the ninety-eighth parallel, embracing one-half of the entire surface of the United States, is an arid and detolate wcute, with the exception of a narrow belt of rich laud along the Pacific coast." The importance of these official statements cannot be over-estimated in drawing public attention to our undevolopod resources, and shoiild not fail to carry conviction to the most obtuse intellect, that as we have already stated, the entire expansive movement of population on the American continent will be concentrated in the direction of our vast fertile valleys, and under the wise policy of this great Confederacy of Canada, the future destiny of the Noi-th-Wost will be a great and glorious one ; fortunate, therefore, will bo the descendants of those who may obtain a foothold within its gigantic bordei*8, posseesing all the true elements of future greatness and prosperity, its rapid growth will be unparalleled. SALUBRITY OP CLIMATE AND ADAPTION TO AGRICULTURE. Of paramount importance to the emigrant is the healthfuluess of the locality which is to be the scene of his future labours, and the home for himself and family. "What to him are fair fields, flowering meadows, buried in the luxuriant growth of fertile soils and tropical suns, if they generate fever-producing miasma and vapour? — what are soft and per- nimod breezes, if they waft the seeds of pestilence and death ? — ^What are bountiful harvests of golden grain, rich and mellow fruits, and all the wealth the earth can yield, if disease must annually visit his dwel- ling, and death take away, one by one, the loved and the young ? It is well known that some of the fairest portions of the Western States are so fruitful of the causes of disease as almost to preclude settlement." And thousands have left their comparatively healthy Canadian and European homes to find untimely graves in the prairie soil of Indiana, Illinois, Iowa and Missouri. And even in the sections of these States deemed most healthy, the climate has an enervating effect upon those accustomed to the bracing air of Northern Europe and oar Eastern Provinces. The dryness of the air, the character of the soil, which retains no stagnant pools to send forth poisonous exhalations, and the almost total absence of fog or mist, the brilliancy of its sunlight, the ploMing 21 lieat niolUI*. nreM to dispose be building up will no longer ;h a tlVng are ion, to carry it i localities, are )n, speaking imoni, of the reveals to us extrenu wciUrn ce west of the United States, ich laud along er-eatimatfcd , and should, t as we have ition on the of our vast nfederacy of ft great and 3f those who 3sing all the growth will TUBE. lihfuluess of tid the home ig meadows, suns, if they soft andper- ith ?— What lilts, and all sit his dwel- oung ? It is ■n States are settlement.' inadian and of Indiana, these States i; upon those oar Eastern h retains no the almost the pleasing pucoession of its seasons, all conspire to make this a climate of unri- valled salubrity and the homo of u joyoup, healthy, prosperous people, Htrong in physical, intellectual and moral capabilities. Therefore, the assertion that the climate of our North-West is one of the healthiest in the world may bo I'oadly and v^onfidently made, sustained by the ex- perience of its inhabitants. Same of the hardiest and strongest men the writer has ever seen are Europeans and Canadians, who came to this country at an early date, and finally became settlers. Agriculture, therefore, cannot suffer from unheal thinoss of climate. Its distinguishing features in relation to husbandry. The melon growing in open air, and arriving at perfect maturity in August and September, may be briefly explained oy reference to the amount of sunlight received during our growing seasons, viz: whilst at New Orleans in July they have fourteen hours of sunlight, we have sixteen, with much longer twilight than they, cousequontly our vegetation grows more rapidly than theirs, and matures much sooner. This is a beautiful law in compensation, as what wo lack in heat is made up in sunlight during our summers. Changes in our temperature, it must bo admitted, are sometimes sudden and violent. We are about half way to the North Pole, and subject to either extremes. This instead of being a disadvantage is rather in our favour, it gives variety, a thing desii'able at times. Then again these changes are, for the reasons already given, seldom pernicious. Plants and animals are armed with the proper implements for resistance. I would not infer that we are subject to hurricanes, or other violent commotions of the atmosphere, any more or as much as other places. But we have a touch at times of both extremes, a vibratory movement of the climates of the torrid and frigid zones. The seasons follow each other in pleasing succession. As the sun approaches its northern altitude, winter relaxes its grasp, streams and hikes are unbound, prairie uowers spring up, as if by the touch of some magic wand, and gradually spring is merged into the bright beautiful June, with its long warm days, and short, but cool and refreshing nights. The harvest months follow in rapid succession, till the golden Indian Summer of early November, fojetells the approach of cold and snow; and again wintei*, with its short days of clear bright sky and bracing air, and its long nights of cloudless beauty, complete the cirele. The average fall of snow is about six inches per month. The snow falls in small quantities, at diiferent times, and is rarely blown into drifts so as to impede travelling. With the new year commences the extreme cold of our winter, when, for a few days, the mercury ranges from 15 to 35 degrees below zero, falling sometimes even below that. Yet the severity of these days is much softened by the brilliancy of the sun, and the stillness of the air. Thus, while in lower latitudes, they are being drenched by the cold rain storms, or buried beneath huge drifte of wintry snow, we enjoy a dry atmosphere, with bright cloud- less days, and serene starlight nights ; and when the moon turns her full orbed wee towards the earth, the night scene is one of peerless grand«ar. , p t The baAkloee have wintered in mvnad»on the nutritions grMse» of the prairies, np to as high a latitade tia Lake Arthabaska ; and the Half-breeds and Indians camp out in the operi plains during the whole of the winter, with no shelter but a buffalo akm tent and robes, and horses of the settlers run at large and grow fat on the grasses which theypiok up in the woods and bottoms. Th? following table will serve for comparison between our summer temperatures, with the agricultural climates South of us : Jura. JOLY. AU0D8T. ^ SUMMIR MHAM. B^ 'River 69 10 7116 63 03 G7 7G Chicago 62 7 70 08 86 06 67 03 Iowa 66 4 70 06 63 09 68 06 WiBConsin 61 7 68 06 65 07 65 03 New York 64 2 68 06 66 07 66 05 Ontario 59 93 67 95 64 It will thus be seen that the summer climate is warmer than that of Noi-thern Illinois, "Western Wisconsin, Northern New York, or On- tario. The fall plunges into winter almost as rapidly as the spring emerges from it. In relation to agriculture, the intensity of winter cold is of comparatively little moment, and its effects upon the physical comfort is mitigated by a clear dry atmosphere, such as makes the winters of our Eastern Provinces the season of animal and social, enjoyment. Here no chilly winds from the Atlantic are sowing broadcast the ■eeds of that terrible disease, pulmonary consumption ; if such clainut its victim, the cause is to be sought elsewhere. SSASONS. , The natural division of the seasons is as follows : Spring. — April and May. Summer. — ^June, July, August and part of September. Autumn. — ^Part of September and October. Winter. — November and December, Janriary, Pebruaiy and March. Frequently the weather is warm, the atmosphere hazy and calm till late in November, and the early and rapid advancement of temper- ature in May is strikingly represented. THE SOIL AND ITS AGBIOULTUBAL CAPACITY. The soil is generally an alluvial black ai'gillaceous mould, rich in organic deposit, and resting for a depth of eighteen inohes to four feet, on a tenacious clay. Scientific analysis developes the presence in due proportion of elements of extraordinary fertility, comparing favorably with the most celebrated soils of the world. This theoretic excellence is amply confirmed by the practical results of agriculture, a^.isjhewn hereafter. ,,?'C",^f ''r' The following impoi-tant analysis of a- sample of the prairie soil of this country, was made at the instigation of some gentlemen of capital,, nraotical laYorablj The Ohemiati that to tl which hfl nowhere Moiiture . . Orgauic mi Saline mat Phosp Carboi Oarboi Alkali Oxide SilicioiiB n Band t Aliimi The I of the sail An i materiali mellow, j Witl of fertili this regi soil, is al and hum wheat cc duce tw€ the yield Bloc W^nnipe tinent, a As ingredio sous. I essential m gnuusM ; and the ^be whole obes, and leB which r Bummer WR MMAN. 7 7G 7 03 B 06 5 03 6 05 than that k, or On- le spring jf winter ) physical lakee the nd social idcast the ch clainiH nd March, and calm ►f temper- d, rich in four feet, ice in due faTorably excellence ^ isphewn ■r, -■■■■-' ;- •■• irie sou of of capital,, V 20 pnuDtioal farmers in Scotland, who visited the country, and became so laYorably impressed as to invest largely in lands. The analysis is by Dr. Macadam, the well-known lecturer on Ohemiitry, in the University of Edinburgh, and proves beyond doubt that to the farmer who desires to select lor his future home a country which has the most productive soil, and promises the richest harvest, nowhere in the world are greater attractions offered : Analytical Labo>'xatort, Sitroiok'b Hau, Kdixbcbih, UM December, 1876. ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE OP MANITOBA SOIL. Moisture Organic matter containing nitrogen equal to ammonia, 23° Saline matter : PhcsphateB 0. 472 Carbonate of lime 1 . 763 Carbonate of magnesia . 937 Alkaline Baits 1.273 ' Oxide of iron 3.116 SiliciouB matter : Band and silica 51.721 Alumina 8.132 21.304 11.223 7.560 59.833 100.000 The above soil is rery rich in organic matter, and contains the full amount of the saline fertilizing matt«rs found in all soils of a good bearing quality. (Signed), Stephbnbom Macadam, H. D., Lecturer on ChtmUtry, ;!<^''>»t *^ • idicated •n State -.HIHItii '« I plants ch they known uices of neglect of the» seed. Corn-maize, for example, rises 30 feet high in the West Indies ; but it produces only a few grains at the bottom of a spongy cob, too coarse for human food The cool, late springs of Northern climates restrain the undue luxuriance of the stem or leaf, and throw the chief development of the plant into the ripening period. This remark applies equally to all the cereals, esculent roots and vegetables. In regard to 4|fSi r.' ^iunjtyi'i it. \^u-m^sm^4%m FROSTS, '-"i'- ,^Jr-';'c\> V experience has shown that the liability to d isastrous frosts in the scfMson of growth, and which so intimately concerns thv^ interoHts of husbandry, is not any worse in this country than elsewhere, when the thermometer has occasionally fallen to 30 ® in the latter end of August ; vegetation did not suffer ; in fact the injury was scarcely noticeable, which may bo accounted for from the following reasons : l.~The dryness of the atmo.sphero (which is a peculiarity of this region), allows a much lower range of temperature without injury to vegetation, than in moister climates ; and in addition to the heat, gives greater vigour to the plants, they grow I'apidly but with firm texture, and are consequently able to resist much cold. On account of their excessive vitality, the same as a person who has dined heartily on rich food, is better able to bear the cold of winter. 2. — The sudden change of temperature, which is often the case in this region, — one extreme following another in rapid succession, is less deleterious to vigorous plants, than a gradual lowering of temperature. The earth and plants still retain the heat previously absorbed, and are thus enabled to bear an atmosphere at 20 ® much better than at 35 ® , after their latent heat has been given off. The soil of the prairie is in general dry, and is rapidly warmed by the rays of the sun in Spring. .« 3. — The dryness of the air is accounted for from the fact that the moisture conveyed in the air has a tendency to soften the delicate covering of the plants, and thus render them more sensitive to cold. 4. — The heat retaining character of the soil. For these and several other reasons that might be mentioned, the climate of Manitoba is loss Hubjoct to killing frosts, than might at first be supposed, on account of its high latitude., \ -H.'V«:J'> INDUCEMENTS OFFERED BY PRAIRIE LANDS TO SETTLERJl. The chief peculiar advantage of the Prairie Country as a field for nettlement lies in the combination it offers of prairie and wood lands ; the full advantage of which can bo appreciated only by those who have had practical experience of the great and continued labour required to clear off and cultivate anew farm in a wooded country, and the obstruction it presents to the making of the roads necessary tor the formation of new settlements. Much is said of the advantage of the superioi* supply of wood for fuel and fencing affoixled by wooded countries ; but these are indefinitely over-estimated by many in comparing the facilities for settlement 26 offerei(l Ik^ prairie lands and wooded countries respectively. Such a comparison can be best appreciated by reducing the matter to figures as far as possible. For the benefit of those not fiimiliar with the labor of making a farm in the back-woods of the older Provinces, it may be men- tioned : The fii*8t and most obvious cause of expense, in money or labor is the necessity of clearing off the wood, before the land can be even imperfectly cultivated, the average cost of which is three pounds five shillings an acre ; but, as the stumps still remain, an outlay of twenty-five shilling an acre may be set diwn as to be incurred after- wards, in getting rid of them. When the stumps are of pine or the land stony, the cost will be much greater. In general, pine stumps, if removed at all, will cost at least five shillings a piece, and some will cost twenty-five shillings. We have here as one item, at least four pounds ton shillings an acre, of expense to be incurred, on account of the wood, before the land can bo brought thoroughly under the plough. This is the cost of those who can afford to pay for the labor of skilled back-woodsmen, accustomed to the us^ of the axe, who can do twice as much of that kind of work as the immigrant from Europe, even though accustomed to other kind of hard labor To the tenant farmer or farm laborer from Great, Britain, whose time and industry, if applied to the cultivation of our rich prairie land, would be even more valuable than that of the back-woodsman, the cost of clearing wood land in money's worth of his labour will be twice as much. If he be very young he may learn the use of the axe perfectly, if not, he will never learn to use it so as to be able to do as much work with it as the native back-woodsman. As by far the greater part of the immigrants who settle in the woods have to cleai* their farms by their own unskilled labor, admitting even that they become gradually more proficient, the cost to them in their own labor, of clearing their farms, and removing the stumps, may, on a low estimate, be set, down at five pounds ten shillings an acre. We do not speak here of the value which their labor in clearing would command. No one would give their« such a price for it. Wo are speaking of the value of the labor unavoidably lost by them on account of the woods. Here we have, then, to a family clearing, a farm of a hundred acres in ten or fifteen years, a loss of five hundred and fifty pounds on account of the woods. The settler expends all this and ten or fifteen years of the beat of his life, in toilsome struggles to convert his farm into such proportions of open and wooded land as the settler on our partly wooded prairie lends finds his when he first goes on it ; in other words, he actually receives from the Government the free gift of a ready-made farm of the richest kind. He can put as much land under the plough and reap the frui figures making bo men- or labor be even mds five utlay of ed after- e or the stumps,. nd some east four account ndev the labor of who can Europe, , whose trie land,, , the cost twice as erfectly, ch work e in the Imitting to them stumps, llings an clearing it. We iiem on. ed acres ccount of St of his •tions of •ie lands receives richest fruit of fifteen years of crushing toil in clearing land, which necessarily consumer much time which he would gladly devote to more extensive cultivation and raising larger crops when the woods ai'e not an obstruction to his- doing so. Besides this relief from heavy toil and time lost in clearing, there is another advantage of prairie land that operates strongly in th& settler's favor, the full value of which can only be appreciated by a man who has made a beginning in the unbroken forest, an advantage which tells immediately to the personal comfort and benefit of the settler and his family — that is, the infinite abundance of the rich grass for summer and winter food for cattle, with which he is suri'ounded. The new settler on our prairie land can keep as many cows for the supply of his family with milk and butter and cheese for sale as it may suit his means to purchase from the first day of his settlement ; for his pasture and meadows are already in abundance before him, and in most places the cattle can find the chief part of their winter food for themselves, and be fat in spring. It is not surprising, therefore, that so many Em*opean imm grants have hitherto passed through Canada to seek the prairie land of the United States. Even old and successful settlers in Canada have been tempted; and found it to their advantage to do so, although they had nothing like the advantages in point of climate and agricultural capacity which the North-West of Canada can now offer to millions ; that wonder- fully rapid development which the United States experienced within the last quarter of a century has ceased, its vast expanses of fertile prairie land is nearly all absorbed ; what little is left in private hands and railway corporations can only be purchashed at enormous prices, while we are now able to offer better land free to immigi*ants than tb • United States, or any of its railway companies can offer. The grooves worti smooth by the millions tramping westward will hereafter change in the direction of Canada's boundless prairie lands. The forest lands have the advantage in the more abundant supply of timber for fencing and fuel, to a certain degree, over the mixed prairie and wood lands, but it is to be borne in mind, that gi'eat districts of our Prairie Lands in the West, have in them immense beds of lignite coal, a supply of ftiel for ever, which will place them in a far better position tnan some of the old settlements of the Eastern Provinces, where wood for fViel is already deficient, and is rapidly becoming more so. I . ;/, i.f* ;. BUILDING TIMBER, FUEJi AND FENCING. ,' Nearly all the rivers and streams are skirted with belts of timber fit for building and fuel, principally oak, ash, whitehood and poplar, in some parts tamnrac and spruce, with extensive forest tracts. Poplar for fencing will generally also be found in small groves on the prairie, and if the bark is peeled off, makes a good and lasting fence, small ash, oak, or tamarac being used for the pickets, when it can be conveniently found. Legislation has already liberally provided for the encouragement of the growth of timber, as well as for the prevention of its destruction by prairie fires. Poplar is very rapid in 28 its growth, also soft mapl^ (a beautiful shade tree) which frv:,,'A«, As it is a matter of importance that every immigrant in the North West should endeavor to increase instead of decrease the wood bo may have on his farm, as it is a fixed fact in Physical Geography that the more the land is clothed with trees, the greater the rainfall. In Pales- tine and Northern Africa, what were the most fruitful countries in the woi'ld 2000 yeai-s ago are now barren wastes. The cause is well known : the trees were cut down, none were planted in their place, the sun evaporated the rain before it had time to permeate the soil, and in • course of time the land was given up to perpetual baiTenness. it' . l.icrij•, At the same time it may be well to remark that with us the long I'ich grass which clothes the prairies must act as a gi'eat preventive . against the sun's power. The agent which has caused the destniction of forests that once occupied many parts of the prairies is undoubtedly fire, occasioned by the carelessness of travellers and Indians camping, and the same swift and effectual destroyer prevents the new growth from acquiring • dimensions, which would enable it to check their annual progress. This, however, will soon be arrested with the advance of settlement and governmental care. In the State of Minnesota, forests have sprung Tip with wonderful rapidity on the prairies, as the country became .'Settled so as to resist and subdue the encroachment of annual fires. In view of the importance of the subject the following practical hints are oflfered, and will be found of value to the immigrant, espe- ' cially as the law passed by the Dominion Parliament aflTords liberal encouragement to persons taking up homestead claims, by allowing them to secure an additional quarter section, without any other pay- ment than an office fee often dollars, upon the simple condition of their planting thirty-two acres, by successive annual instalments. Here is the experience of an extensive farmer in the State of Minnesota ; his example can be equally well followed in any part of our prairie lands : In spring ho covered seventy-two acres with cuttings of cotton, wood, poplar and white willow, which have flourished finely, and, after two years, were from ten to fourteen feet high. At the same time he planted several biisJiels of seed, including two elder, oak, white and red elm, hard and soft maple and bass wood, and the sprouts from this seed in two years were three to five feet high. DIRECTIONS PROM EXPERIENCE. PREPARATION OF TflE SOIti' >^ '(' f A proper and thorough cultivation of the soil is an indisputable pre-requisite to success ; without this thorough preparation, failure and disappointment are inevitable. To secure the best results the ground must have been previously i broken and the sod thoroughly decomposed ; then, with a common stir- m fr<).ra the lift il'>/)i!f ho North [ bo may that tho In Pales- ies in the I known : the sun 1, and in tho long reventive bhat once ioned by ime swift icquiring ress. )ttlement © sprung r became fires, .i* practical mt, espe- Is liberal allowing ther pay- n of their I State of !irt of our of cotton, and, after 9 time he and red this seed om"'"* "■' isputable lilure and roviouply mon stir- ring plough, the gi-ound to be planted should be given a thorough, ploughing to the depth often inches, after which it should be thoroughly harrowed until the ground is completely pulverized. It is recommended that the ground for a single row for a fence or for a hedge should be prepared in the above manner, in a strip eight feet wide, in the centre of which the cuttings should be set in, leaving a margin for cultivation four feet wide on each side of the cuttings. |,^^rf,f,^ ^.; METHOD OF PLANTING. 'fj'ift Stretch a small rope of suitable length over the exact place wher& it is desirable to plant the cuttings, each end of the rope to be staked firmly to the ground. The ground immediately beneath the rope should bo smoothed off with a small iron rake. The planter should then take up as many cuttings as he can conveniently carry under one arm and proceed to stick them in the ground close up to the rope. They should be stuck deep, leaving not more in any case than two buds out of tho ground. If stuck in tho full length it is just as well. It is advised that they should be stuck in standing, say at the angle of from 30 to 4& degrees and invariably butt end first. For a live fence or hedge, they should bo stuck as nearly as possible one foot apart, 5280 cuttings will plant a mile of such fence. Two good hands can plant this mile in a day if tho ground is partly prepared for them. ,„ METHOD OP CULTIVATION. As soon after planting as the weeds and grass show themselves^ hoeing should be commencod ; every cutting should be carefully hoed. All of the four feet margin on each side of the row should be hoed thoroughly, as soon afterwards as the cuttings have started, so that the TOW may be distinctly seen, the grass and weeds killed, leaving all of the four feet on each side of the row perfectly mellow. This process should be repeated two or three times during the season, as not a weed or a bunch of grass should be allowed to go to seed. Great cai*© should be exercised in hoeing not to disturb the cutting of the young tree. After harvest all the weeds and grass found within the four feet margin should be gathered and burned. r' i Jjook out for prairie fires, and, if tho plantation is in danger, bum round it. It cannot be sufficiently impressed upon the tree planter that thorough cultivation tho first season will ensure the success of the plan- tation. The second year the plants will do with half the cultivation, and tho third year no further cultivation will be required. By pursuing this treatment the cuttings will bo grown in five years to a size and height which will form an impenetrable barrier to horses and cattle, as well as a valuable windbreak. Ten acres planted in this way in rows eight foot apart will in that period (5 years) not only furnish all the fuel and fencing necessary to support a farm, but will also bring a handsome income from the fence poles which may be spared to loss fortunate neighbors, i'ltiw •fm-iJ"j^vi)r(;ir^Ai<}i^:'.:': ;,.',-)7. rro.rWwija ufrr > 80 - The earlier the cuttings are planted after the frost is out of the ground the better, but the planting may be continued to the Ist of June with success. Cuttings set in spring ploughing time should have the cai'th pressed on each side of them as fast as the planting progresses. The cuttings may be procured from the neai'est natural groves or belts of woods on the margin of streams or the river sides. YOUNG TREES AND SEEDS. Young aspen and poplar, one or two years old, may be gathered in waggon loads on the prairie in the vicinity of groves which fires have not run over. The seeds of the ash-leaved maple, the ash, and the elm (very pretty and suitable for protection round the house and stables) may be found iu abundance from these trees along the margins of the streams, and should be gathered as soon as ripe. Soft maple and «Im, ripens in June, and should bo planted before the seeds are dried, •or they fail to come up ; the seed snould be planted in drills in small furrows previously made by the hoc, and should be liberally sown, then covered with a small iron rake to a depth of from one to two inches. Seed necessary to be kept throughout the winter should be kept in moist sand, in boxes or barrels, two parts of sand to one of seed, and where they will be kept cool, and at about their natural moisture. Cfj COAL AND PEAT. The route of the Canadian Pacific Eailway (which, under the vigorous policy of a new Goverament, its construction will be rapidly pushed westward), is indicated as the natural pathway of commerce by the vast and inexhaustible coal beds through which it runs for over two hundred miles. From Geological reports, and the Engineer's surveys, the district through which it passes possesses one of the largest coal fields in the world. i Between the 59th parallel and the North Sea, it has been calcu- lated that there cannot be much less than 500,000 square miles that are underlaid by true coal. The average breadth of this belt is about 280 mies. In iiddition to the coal, this country contains rich deposits of iron ore. On the North Saskatchewan River, coal prevails with little inter- ruption in beds two and two-and-a-half feet thick on the bank of the river, from a little below Edmonton, upwards for two hundred miles. On the Pembina Eiver, TO miles to the West, there is a seam ten feet thick, of a very superior quality. On the Battle River it is also noted, and in the Red Deer Branch of the South Saskatchewan, 170 miles from its mouth, are extensive deposits of coal, and at 100 miles farther up it is there in beds so close, that, of 20 feet of strata exposed, 12 feet are coal. Specimens of coal from various sections of the Saskatchewan country were recently foi'warded for analysis to Professor Haanel, of Victoria College, Ontario, with the following result. He saj'^s : « The specimens were the out> ■ '■ '" ■■ '>-c. b'j-i i»«f,ik &>/»'< ^si-fl»>'v'.ftA^:\/'j iMii r jf i' ■ ">i i'.fj ■■-. ■y« it> ts rapid sation. ilitios 0|f id excel- urposes. ages in it out in rly, and "turf" is exton- ed, so as invented he same ) used in enable le Grand scess and and iar lufacturo r an criti- s process He says : 8, or both ) disintej^- Et will be, shed, the irough, BO bju jtcd to nd utilize m by fan- te peat too , brief the I engine, hey can A build- idth, by n $4,000 i cost of e and a B sold at referred istance* ment of Pacific Gold — Ts found on the numerous sand-bai's of the North Saskat- chewan Eiver, paying from $5 to $10 per day, with limited appliances for mining and washing. As the country settles up, and supplies become cheaper and more easily obtained, no doub- enterprising proprietore will yet make valuable discoveries in the numerous streams running from the Eastei>n slope of the Eocky Mountains. But the richest mines of wealth belong to our productive soil. There is a mine on every farm of 160 acres, and it requires no capital to work it, except industiy. ^ :m. .l.r'iir,-,^- .^.il';. Limestone. — A fine quality is found in many portions of the country, and affords ample material for the manufacture of lime. Clay. — A kind of blue clay, underlying the soil, makes brick of a good quality. White marl occurs in large beds ; it is used for pottery- making, and also makes a hard, durable brick, similar to the famous " Milwaukee brick." Salt Springs — Are numerous— some of them very pure, yielding upwards of a bushel of salt to thirty or forty gallons of brine, the writer having himself made salt from the brine of that strength as obtained on the surface without boring, and of as good a quality as American or English production. With the development of the country, this source of wealth must yet be an important one. T "" ., '^"' "" „«. ■M iif*i'^«iydHv^.'«' WHEAT-GROWING. ''^'**'» >iff>wi '■*i*oVrr-i»f: Wheat-growing has been termed the " back-bone of agi'icuHure." When the vital importance of maintaining and increasing the production of a grain so essential to civilized man is considered, it cannot be assigned a less place in agricultural anatomy. Wheat is pre-eminently the food of civilized nations ; and perhaps there can be no surer measure of their civilization than the culture and consumption of that cereal. History affirms its agency in shaping the power and character of nations. They have grown sturdy and progressive in their ratio of wheat consumption by all classes. Scientific analysis confirms the indications of History. Anatomy and Chemistry show that food to be best, which gives toughness to muscular fibre, and tone to the brain. England, who has long since been the conceded mistress of the seas, and whose dependencies will nigh encircle the globe, has so stimulated and enlarged her capacity for wheat-gi'owing, that her annual avei*age is twenty-eight bushels per acre; but her consumption so far outruns her production, that she lays the world under contribution for her supplies of bread. The grave significance of the question rnvolved is not susceptible of concealment, when the fact is considered that while the consumption of wheat, as the 'hoice food of the human race, is rapidly extending, the capacity or "nrheat-growing regions for its production is rapidly diminishing. We are told that in New England, U. S., the entire wheat product of a year is barely sufficient to feed her own people for three weeks, and the State of New York for six months. In the ten years ending in 1860, the wheat crop of only four States decreased 6,500,000 bushels. In the light of these facts it is not difficult to foresee that the Noi'th-West of the Dominion of t I 84 Canada must yet assume a proud pre-eminenoy in wheat-growing, The following facts are demonstrated : Ji^rat.— That there exists a constantly and inevitably increasing foreign demand for breadstufls, with a constantly increasing demand for domestic consumption. \f! Second— Th&t therefore the value of wheat, as a commercial staple, is advancing in a compound ratio. * Third.— Th&t, within this zone, the climate and other causes tenu to concentrate the growth of wheat in the best districts. >". Fmirth.— The prairie lands of Canada are the best of these wheat districts, having the largest average yield, the most certain crops, and the best and healthiest grains. 4JJ V' OATS, BARLEY, RYE, POTATOES, ETC. The whole group of subordinate cereals follow wheat, tmd arc less restricted in their range, growing five degrees bevond wheat, in the I^ackenzie Elver Valley to the Arctic Circle. Barley is a favourite alternative of wheat in Manitoba, and yields enormous returns, with a weight per bushel of from 50 to 55 pounds. Oats also thrive well. Potatoes — the best known principle established by climatologists, that " cultivated plants yield their greatest and best products near the northern-most limits of their growth," applies with peculiar force to the production of potatoes with us. The mealy quality, the snowy whiteness, the farinaceous properties, and the exquisite flavor which distinguish the best article, reach perfection only in high latitudes. The petal jes grown in Manitoba are well known to be unsui-passed in all the qualities named, while their prolific yield is not less remark- able. Turnips, parsnips, carrots, beets, and nearly all bulbous plants, do equally as well as potatoes. ^-ii^- f>^-ii STOCK RAISING. noun's^: ir-f uri^ '>vm{ '(pift 1 • I 1 . The experience of many years shows that no physical impediment, arising from climate or soil, exists to prevent the prairies of our North- West becoming one of the best grazing countries in the world, and with the introduction of immigration, in few years, the beautiful prairies of the North-West will be enlivened by numerous flocks and herds, and the cattle trade, already springing into importance, will rapidlj- increase, or, without much difficulty, be diverted into u southern channel. For raising cattle and horses, this country is equal to the State of Illinois, and for sheep-raising it is fur superior. The quality of the beef and mutton raised upon our northern grasses, has been pronounced of superior excellence. Among the peculiar advantages of Manitoba for stock-raising and wool growing, the most prominent arc — 1st. The richness and luxuriance of the native grasses. The grass is mainly cut on the swamps and meadows, which chequer the prairie.':', or IKnge the streams and lakes. 2nd. The great extent of unoccupied land, affording for many years to come, a wide range of free pasturage. ■3rd. The remarkable dryness and healthfulness of the winter. Tho ?» ng. creasing demand il staple, Lse^ tend JO wheat ops, and I arc I6s's b, in the favonrito 8, with a ivo well, tologists, near the force to snowy pr which tudes, lu'passed 1 remark- is plants, , -V iiij-nii ■. odiment, ir North- and with rairies oi' erds, and ra]>idl}' southern al to the c quality ha.s been mlaffcrt of ont arc — grass is prairie;?, loccupic'l astiirnge. Ler. Tho ccld dry air fiharpons tho a})])etito, and promotes a rapid becretiou of fat, and a vigorous muscular dovolopnient. All i)oint to stock-raibing as Olio of the most important and promising of tho diversified channoU into which the industry of tho immigj-ant and capitalist in to be directed. ^Notwithstanding tho ex];ensive:jess and ditltculty of stocking farms in a now country like this, wliei'e animals must be procured at a distance of hundreds of miles, tho progress ah'oady made in this direction affords a gratifying proof of the rapid growth of this important interest. «.«.«. wvr ..^....»l_.. SHEEP AND WOOL GROWINO. There is not room in this guide to give the subject of wool growing the attention which its imporiauco deserves. Tho experience of forty years, and of some who have been engaged in the business in Australia, establishes beyond a reasonable doubt the following conclusions : 'i/if 1. — That from tho nature of our climate, and the general undulating character of the prairies, the richness of the grasbos, and the purity of the waters, this country is adapted in an eminent degree to tho LeaUhful and profitable breeding of sheep. rutuuv; ^itWirii -JftOi^i -AM ni s»Hj'i.f 2. — That sheep are entirely free fi'om tho diseases which cut them off, so largely in more southern climates. 3. — That tho characteristic dryness of our winters, not only protects them from tlic casualties to which they are exposed in moister winter climates, but stimulates them to a more healthy and vigorous growtli^ 4. — That the naturalization of sheep imported from Illinois, Ohio, and other middle States of America, improves the quaLi.tyof theifwool. 5. — That it is hyfar the most profitable branch of industry in which the settler with capital ccm engage^ especially in connection with stock- raisinir. Prolific as is the soil, it is far from the Eastern markets, and the bulky and weighty products of the field largely odnsume themselves in tho cost of transit. Wheat which is bought here for 60 cents, sells for 90 cents or $1.00 in Montreal or New York, costing the farmer 30 to 40 eents for transportation. A few years, it is true, will complete a grciit system of internal improvement by means of the Canadian Pacific liailway. But even then, it will be far more profitable to grow avoo! ; the best information on this subject shews that it costs about 1.'3 cents to j)roduce a pound of wool, which sells here for 30 cents, yielding a nett profit of 15 cents per pound, and mutton at present coirmands from 12^ to 15 cents per pound. The cost of producing a bushel of wheat varies with the yield, the average cost being about $6.50 per acre, or about 32 cents per bushel for an average yield of 20 bushels to the acre. Tho average product of wool is not subject to fluctuation, and the price also is far ste.'Kiier than that of breadstuffs. Well-fed ewes produce fleeces from 3 to 3^ pounds. Wethei'S produce fleeces from to 8 jjounds, the wool being of a good quality. All breeds stand the winter cold well, but the Cots wold the best. An instance came to the Icnowledge of the writer, Avhere a flock of about twenty strayed away in t!:o beginning of winter and wore found in the spring fat, smd nono ir.isfc.ing, but an addition to the ;lpck in lambs. An oxpericricod settle^ 36 V lii vvritee as followB : " I believe this to bo equal to any country for sheep growing. I prefer the Cotswokl breed to any other for this country, as they are good shearers, prolific brocdorn, and good for mutton. My sheep have been troubled with no dinease, but the dogs have killed and wounded some. I believe that in this branch of husbandry this country has few equals, and no superiors in any country on the globe." DAIRY FARMINQ It is Must also become in a few years an important source of wealth, now conducted on a very large scale m the other Provinces, in con- nection with cheese and butter factories for European consumption. In the Province of Ontario alone no less than 200 cheese factories being in operation, that Province deriving an income of nearly two millions of dollars a year from this single article of produce, and the quality esteemed almost as hihgly as the best English cheese. With the progress of improved communications what a vast field is presented for the development of that branch of agricultural enter- prise in this great grazing country. r , .m UTILIZING THE BUFFALO. In connection with stock raising on the Saskatchewan, the atten- tion of the brteder of horned stock is drawn to the opportunities offered of rearing a clear stock whose qualities may become famous. in Nebraska to-day, and other parts of the West, the Buffalo is being utilized for breeding purpose, with an encouraging degree of success. A western American paper asserts that buffalo cows have been crossed with short-horn bulls, and that the progeny possess superior dairy qualities. Buffalo bulls are also used for crossing native cows. The male produce 6^ this cross make excellent bulls, and, when crossed with good milkers of any of the milch families, t».v heifers yield largely of a rich quality of milk from which the finif:'^! The culture of fruit, especially the apple, has been almost entirely neglected heretofore in this region ; probably on account of there generally being such an abundance of wild fruits, or the difficulty of procuring cuttings. For this and other reasons an erroneous impres- sion has prevailed that we could not raise fruit or apple orchards — an extraordinary inference, when we consider that many fonas of wild fruit are indigenous to the country, abounding in the woodlands, and unsurpassed in flavour, size and productiveness — the principal of which are strawberries, whortleberries, saskatoon, and marsh and high bush cranberries, therefore immigrants are not likely to suffer for want of fruit. In Minnesota the wild plum improves so much by being trans- planted and cultivated a« to equal any of the garden varieties. The high-bush cranberry also improves by transplanting, and makes a beautiful ornament to the grounds about the prairie farmer's house. ;! 88 I The celebrated and delicious apple peculiar to the neighborhood of Montre£ ^ known as the " Fameuse," will no doubt be BuccessfuUy raised here ; although we are nearly five degrees further north than Montreal, yet we are twenty-six degrees further west. Some young trees imported fi-om Monti*eal are doing well ; as also a variety from nurseries in Minnesota ; the fruit raised from these cuttings having been exhibited at the last local Agricultural Exhibition. The ^^Fameuse" is a rich and beautiful apple, peculiar to the climate and soil of the Island of Montreal, a rich loam with a heavy clay subsoil, which retains the rooting, and prevents the growth of the tree pushing ahead too rapidly for the severe frosts of that latitude. It should be borne in mind that it is not the severity of the winter that kills the young apple tree, but the alternate jfJiawing and freezing of the south side of 'the tree in the spring, whii,ut. u..., ■^..i,M,.-u-/i .l}'n fn^y\ '-.l* ;'■/;. PLAX AND HEMPj^'. n't.- ,?f; >. n-. ,,-.;? , TT The ciiltivation of these important crops was carried on to a considerable extent by old settlers many years .ago, the product being of excellent quality, but tlie universal complaint at that time was the want of a market, or of machinery to work up the I'aw material, and this led them to discontinue tliis important branch of husbandry. Its cultivjition is again renewed extensively by the Russian Mennonite settlers, of whom there are now between 8,000 and 10,000 in this country, who, within only three to four years, are, by their untiring in- dustry, rapidly gaining the roacl to wealth. It is well known that flax and hemp come only to perfection in a cool country ; their bark in Southern climates is harsh and brittle, because the plant is forced into maturity so rapidly, that the lint does not acquire either consistenciy or tenacity. No doubt, the North-We.>it of Canada will prove equal for flax and hemp grOAvth to Northern Europe ^ n^^-'O : i,,' *!i jl^;; .j.ii ^_.:,i;i;;.<|„, ,.,*/,P,,,, i.ii^iiii . ,,,,^ Thrive well in the North-West, as they require a clear dry atmosphere, and a rich harvest of flowers ; if the air is damp, or the weather cloudy, they will not work so well. Another reason why they work less in a warm climate is, that the honey gathered remains too fluid for sealing a longer time, and, if gathered faster than it thickens, it sours and snoils. Our clear, bright skies, dry air and rich flora, are well adapted to the bee culture, and, since the process of burying bees during the winter has been introduced succeMsfully in Minnesota, and generally ad: opted in the North- Western States, the length and coldness of our winter ceases to be an obstacle. In fact, experience in Minnesota proves that bees succeed hotter there, consume less honey during the winter, and the colony comes out much stronger than in wai'mer climates a sui 810 rosul Davl M-- '•^T :iv> 39 IIH ' GAME. '^"'" The prairies and forests abound in great variety of wild animals, among which are deer, bears, wolves, foxes, wild-cats, raccoons, and rabbits. Otter, mink, beaver and muskrat are the principal aquatic animals that frequent the water-courses. Buffalo in the Western prairies. Pigeons, grouse, partridges and prairie chickens are among the feathered game. In the Fall and Spring ducks and geese are found in immense numbers. ... ; f>iij p,ti:".o)>,iii;iif<-. ill FISH. II? •' . The larger lakes abound in white fish, a delicious article of food, weigning from four to five pounds. The fisheries of the lakes, when properly developed, will form an important source of revenue. The rivers and streams abound in pickerel, pike, catfish, sturgeon, gold-eyes, j&G., and trout in the mountain streams. iyQ.\lliitiiti jmwAis^ ;ai*1 oorlT' > ^"^ RIVEKS. ,rid^.rid.iii^,i-^^\)^-^ui(^m\-. 'i. ♦< 1649 " « " " Thames; Yfiifi^' -And only 376 miles shorter than the Nile. In considering the character of the country, drained by the Sas- katchewan it will be advisable to limit this guide to a brief description of the best localities suitable for pioneer settlement. Ascending from its mouth, at Lake Winnipeg, there are over two miles of 8ttt)ng cur- rent up to the Grand Eapids, which ai-e nearly three miles in length, with a descent of 43| feet. The country in the vicinity of the Grand Eaj)ids has a considerable depth of good soil ; the banks of the river are high ; there is also abundance of timber for fud and buiklitt^, and game of all kinds, and between this point and the Lake would be very favorable for the establishment of fisheries. The Pas mission, situated at the mouth of the Pasquia Eiver, is abotit 86 miles in a dirdat line from Lake Winnipeg; the banks here ar«:ten or twelve feet high at low water, and the soil a rich dark mould over a drift cl»y. At this place there is at present a small but prosperous settlement, and a Church of England missiou has been established for many years; nirv/.ii The next most favorable section for agricultui-e commences at a point about 140 miles above this, the soil being rich and the timber of a fair quality. The soil consists of a rich alluvial deposit, ten feet in thickness above the wiater on both sides of the river, and well wooded with largo poplar, balsam, spruce and birch, some of the poplars measuring 2^ teet in diameter. This character of country continues till approaching Fort k la Corne, about 150 miles, and is well watered imd drained by many fine creeks. A few miles West of this is the new and flourishing settlement of Pbincb Albert, situated on the South side of the North branch of the Saskatchewan, about 45 miles below Carleton and about 500 miles by the travelled road west of the City of Winnipeg. This settlement extends for about 30 miles along the Sas- katchewan, the farms fronting on the river and extending back two miles. Tho sottlore, though principally Scotch, are composed of Eng- lish, Irish, German, Norwegians, Americans and Canadians. This set- tlement has increased rapidly, especially within tho last two years, and now numbers about 600 souls, and the people are beginning to fhrm extensively. AVheat sells there at $1.40 to $1.50 per bushel; barley, $1.00; oats, $1.00; potatoes, $1.00; and butter, 31q. per fb., much higher prices than can be obtained at Winnipeg. Several of the settlors have commenced stock-raising on a large scale, and the fkcilities for this branch of industry are of no ordinary kind, inasmuch as there is abundance of hay and pasture. As an evidence of tho prosperity of the settlement, it may be mentioned that good horses, waggons, light waggons, and buggies are found everywhere. The settlers have also thejttiost approved agricultural implements, mo wei-s, reapers, threshing rreat Saska^l being for go I North! Edmo/ a detal beautif abund/ chewal streani forty a neclil oight will total 'iftt';'"".! Sas- iption r from g cur- ength, Gri-and 1 river g, and e very ituated idt line ligh at it this and a I. ■''!" 68 at a nber of feet in wooded poplars mtinues watered the new le South IB below , City of the Sa»- ack two of Eng- rhis set- Bars, and to ftirm barley, nuich 3 wettloi'H lities for there is iperity of 3n8, light \ave also threshing machines, &C'. There arc mills and stores and two schools in the set- tlement, one in connection with the Presbyterian Church, of which there are two, and the other in connection with the Episcopal Church. Tlie North and South Saskatchewan run in a North-easterly direction for about 120 miles before they unite. The channels are almost paral- lel, and with an average distance of 20 to 25 miles apart. The land between the rivers is all good. Along the South side of the South branch the land also is good and fertile. The seasons are much the same as in Manitoba, winter begins about the middle of November, and breaks up about the 10th April. The rivers are generally open about the 20th of April. Snow falls to the depth of about two feet, and continues all winter. The climate is exceedingly healthy, and, owing to the rolling char- acter of the prairie and the loamy nature of the soil, ploughing can be commenced whenever the snow is off the ground, and especially on land cultivated for any length of time. Summer frost never injures any- thing. The wheat, barley, oats, roots and vegetables raised at this settlement could scarcely be excelled in any part of the world. The country drained by the North bi-anch of the Saskatchewan from Prince Albert up to Edmonton — a distance of over five hundred miles by the river— as well as that by its extensive tributary, the Battle river, (near the mouth of which the town of Battleford, the new capital and seat of the North-West Territorial Government, is located,) is of a general uniform character, more or less interspersed with woods, and with the forests westward, suflScient for many years to come, to supply the wants of a large population. His Grace Archbishop Tach6, in his valuable work on the ^orth-West, speaks of the coal region of the Saskatchewan, in the following flattering terms : « The coal fields which cross the difCerent branches of the Saskatchewim are a great source of wealth, and form the settlement of the valley in which nature has multiplied picturesque scenery that challenges comparison with the most remarkable of its kind in the world." Edmonton and its neighboring country presents, without doubt, a freat field for colonization and commercial enterprise, and must ecome one of the most important stations of the Canadian Pacific Eailway. Gold miners, or wa8hei*8, range up and down the North Saskatchewan, for about one hundi*ed and thirty miles, Edmonton being the central point of this distance. Those men who wash its bars for gold, make on an average four dollars per day. About thirty miles North of Edmonton, and 20 miles by the course of the river below Fort Edmonton, is a French Canadian settlement named Fort Jarvis where a detachment of the Mounted Police is quartered. This settlement is beautifully situated, the soil generally very rich, wood and water in abundance. It is pretty well settled along the banks of the SaBkat- chewan to Fort Edmonton, as also along the banks of a beautiful stream known as Sturgeon Creek, \vhic'h runs nearly parallel for about forty to fifty miles, where St. Albert near its head, is reached, forming a nock of land, with an average width between the two rivers of about eight miles. Crossing this neck from Fort Edmontofi, in a N^orth- S; ? Westerly direction, is rather an extensive lake which bears the name of Grand Lac, on the shores of which is situated St. Albert, a very pros- perous French Canadian and Half-breed settlement. Here, is a fine Eoman Catholic church, and a convent with several Sisters of Charity. This settlement is presided over by a Mission of French Boman Catholic clergymen of the order of Oblats, and the See of a Bishopric, headed by Bishop Grondin, of the same order and nationality, and a gentleman of culture and high mental excellence. Attached to this mission is a large good school, which is at present attended by about eighty children of the settlement, and was established in 1861 by the celebrated author of several valuable works on the Indian languages of the North-West, the Eev. Father LaCombe, St. Albert, the beautiful site for the mistion, having been selected by His Grace Archbishop Tach6, and named after the Patron Saint of the former zealous missionary. After ascending the Sturgeon Creek, forty-five miles, is met the beautiful and extensive Lake Ste. Anno. This lake is one of the most lovely in the North-West. and abounding in white fish of the best and largest quality. There arc numerous settlei-s round the lake, principally French Half-breeds, and on the North end of the lake is situated another Roman Catholic Mission, established in 1844 by the Rev. Mr. Thibault. The land is equally good hero, but for several miles from the lake heavily timbered. ft'bsjfr - • THE PORKS OP THE NORTH AND SOUTH BRANCH. .; '• i"' ^^' ' Immediately above the Forks, the south branch of the Saskatchewan is only one hundred and eighty yai-ds in width, but the current is swift, and the average depth seven feet and a half; there it is less in volume and hot half the width that it is two hundred and twenty miles further up. This important point has every prospect of becoming a large comfiiercial and manufacturing centre, the surrounding country being of unsurpassed fertility, and commanding valuable natural resources, through the immense system of navigation which centres there. Looking Northward, the country beyond the North branch of the Saskatchewan is densely covered with an unusually large growth of spruce, tamarac, birch and poplar timber, in sufficient quantities to supply a settlement of almost any extent for many years, after which tlio extensive forests at the base of the Rocky Mountains, manufactured into lumber and floated down the same river, will be available for its needs in building, and the unrivalled coal beds of the Upper Saskatchewan will furnish abundance of cheap fuel. To the South and West spreads the beautiful ** Park Country," which has given the Saskatchewan farmers natural fields of generally the richest land, dotted with lakes and groves. In 18*74, an English gentleman on a hunting tour, attracted by the advantages oifered by this location, established, at great cost, in the settlement of Prince Albert, a steam saw and grist mill, the first in the Saskatchewan country. Such enterprises and such men are the mile- stones of a country's progresfe towards settlement and empire. Hereafter many mills will be established on the fertile banks of the Saslcaichewan, through the entei-priso of other capitalists to follow. About GO miles by the river, above its junction with the North branch, is another good imeof pro8- a fine larity. itholic leadod leraan )n is a lildren autliov i-West, listioii, d after ing the :o Lake 3st. and ere arc , and on liliBsion, eq^ually tcliewan is swift, volume 3 further a harge ly being esources, Looking xtchewan tamarac, 3ttlement vo forests mber and building, 11 furnish beautiful ■s natural •ovos. In by the )8t, 'in the irst in the ! the mile- Ilereaftcr catchewan, it GO miles other good settlement called St. Laurent, and here the main high road crossa-* the river. The two branches nm nearly parallel, forming a neck of hind about 20 miles in width, the land being of the verj' best quality, prettily wooded and dotted with numerous small and pretty lakes. All this neck will rapidly fill up with settlers, presenting, as it does, unusual inducements. The present population is also principally French Half- breeds, numbering about 400. A Eoman Catholic mission is established here, with two resident priests, and a school. About twenty miles West, following the main highway, is Duck Lake, one of the numerous small lakes above referred to. There is the nucleus of a very flourishing settlement here, which will, no doubt, rapidly increase. An enter- prising and wealthy English fiinn have an extensive store and trading- post established at this point. The character of the country around i^ very similar to that described at St. Laurent. For about 130 miles up its cou^-se, or 100 miles in direct distance, its valley pi-eserves the sumo character as that of the main river betvreen the Forks and Fort k la Corne, the banks varying from 100 to 40 feet in height, exposing sandstone cliffs, where, cut by the bends of the river, the country on each side having a rich soil, with abundant woods in clumps and gi-ovos for a great part of the way. Above this it becomes gradually less wooded. Seventy miles further up, or nearly 100 miles by its course, the " Moose Woods" are reached — a rich alluvial expansion of the low valley of the river, partly wooded %vith rich glades between. It is 25 miles in length and 6 or 8 miles in breadth, and well adapted for stock- raising. Thirty-five miles above this the South branch approaches the Cypress Hills, which extend one hundred and sixty miles. This section is also well adapted for stock-raising, being covered with fine timber, abounding in excellent grasf^, and well watered. Battle River entere the North branch of the Saskatchewan, about one hundred and seventy miles above the Main Forksi It drains a large part of the country between the Noi'th and South branches. It has its source about 10 miles from the North branch, 30 miles above Edmonton, but they are 130 miles apart at the middle of its coui-se, and between them the pasturage is very rich. Coal presents itself there in the banks of the stream, 250 miles from its mouth. The rich prairie country which covers tho course of the Battle River and the Northerly part of Red Deer River, and includes the North branch from the Forks up to 30 miles above Edmonton, has a breadth of about 100 miles at the Forks ; TO miles at tho mouth of Battle River ; 150 miles at its middle course, and about TO at its source, beyond which the belt of fertile prairie becomes gradually narrower, and, turning to the Southward up the course of tho Red Deer River, becomes merged in the fertile region on the skirt of the mountains below Bow Fort on the South branch. It is bounded on the North by the line of the Thick woods, which sweep Northerly parallel to the course of the North branch, at the distance of 40 to 20 miles beyond it, then coursing to the Southward, crosses it about 30 miles above I^Mmonton, and, continuing in that direction, strikes the mountains near Bow Fort, making a circuit from the Forks of about TOO miles. The climate of this section is decidedly milder M il ' n than that of Manitoba. Battle River runs, from ita junction, nearly parallel with the North branch of the Saskatchewan for about eight miles, making a tongue of land between, and on this tongue or point is the new town of Battleford, distant about YOO mile^ by the travelled road West of the city of Winnipeg, the site of the new capital and seat of Government, and is also headquarters of the Mounted Police. At this point the Canadian Pacific Railway will cross the river, touching the Saskatchewan again near Edmonton, about 200 miles West. From this, there is direct communication by telegraph to all pai'ts of the world. Public buildings, stores and dwellings are in rapid progress, a newspaper is published fortnightly at present, and it has every prospect of becoming an important commercial centre. Yet, wonderful to relate, three yeara ago Battleford was a place without a name or even a sign of civilization. Canada may indeed now say a great future beckons us, as a people, onward. The fii-st message by telegraph from this hitherto unKnown region to inform the outer world of its existence was despatched oathe 6th. day of April, 1876. ""f;; ,. 1 1.'^t " iT'r^T Tliere is a fortnightly express, carrying Her Majesty's mail and passengers between Winnipeg, Battleford, and Edmonton. Several pioneers have already taken up ^laims along the routes betw^qiji the two latter points. . .^ . . ^. ^ . .!, y .. r,.^ , Bed Dee?', ^mo, and Betty Rivers are tributaries of the SoutH branch of the Saskatchewan, having their source in the Bastera slope of the Rocky Mountains, between parallel 5Q ® and 52 ® K., and drain a beautiful and most fertile region, eight times greater in extent than the present Province of Manitoba, and already settlers are flocking into this inviting country. Fort Calgairy, a station of the Mounted Police, on the Bow Biver, is situated at the junction of Bqw and Elbow liivers, on a beautiful flat, as level as a cricket ground|'knd of immense extent. Buffalo in great abundance, and the rivers filled witk fine mountain trout of great size, and the climate much milder than in Manitoba or the North Saskatchewan, and, if not quite equal for farming in gvain raising, will, from its vast extent of rich nutritious grasses, become the great stock-raising country of the North- West. At Fort McLeod, a few miles further South on the Belly River, whore two troops of the Mounted Police are stationed, they have a theatre and billiard-table, which proves how civilization is gradually stealing over the " Great Lone Land." There are many other tributaries of the Saskatchewan, but the limits of this guide will not permit of describing more than the main rivei*8 of primary importance for pioneer settlement. ,,^<>f ,. ,,,,,., The Assiniboine. — This river, with its rich and beautiful valleys, by Its very winding course, is over 600 miles in length. For 220 miles in direct distance from its mouth, its course is nearly West, and above that its course for upwards of 200 miles in direct distance is north- westerly, lying nearly parallel to Lal^e Winnipeg, at a distance of 240 miles West of it. At 220 miles West from its raouth, whei*e it turns northward, it receives its tributiuy, th,^ river Qu'Appelle, which con- view to his I and fr This ij from the Autur the sui in coiT distanl for sef of the! numej counti Aft* nearly , eight oint in avellecl id seat A.t thia ing the in this, world, rspaper commg le years ization. people, oknown i on the nail and Several thei two branch )e of the drain a than the into this (W Biver, beautiful Juffalo in trout of the North 1 raising, the gi'eat Dd, a few ps of the iard-table, le " Great II, but the 1 the main al valleys, • 220 miles and above e is north- nce of 240 ii-e it turns which con- tinues directly westward 250 miles further, having its source near the elbow of the South branch of the Saskatchewan, 470 miles directly westward from the mouth of the A&siniboine, at the city of Winnipeg, in Manitoba. Ascending the Assiniboine fi-om its mouth, for upwards of 70 miles, to the Sand Hills, the country through which it flows within the Province of Manitoba is of the same rich alluvial character as the Red River. Beyond that is a sandy tract, 50 miles in length westwai-d. Then for about 100 miles further West, to where it turn* northward at the mouth of the Qu'Appelle, and for nearly 50 miles North of that, the Assiniboine may bo considered the boundary line between the rich prairie region and the inferior and light sandy soil South and West of it. vu(\ Between the Sand Hills and the Qu'Appelle, the Assiniboine receives on the North side five considerable tributaries, from fifty to one hundred and fifty miles in length. Their couraes being through a veiy fertile region, one of them, the Bapid River, or Little Saskatche- wan, indicates their general character. This stream is beautiful and j-apid, navigable for one hundred miles for canoes and bateaux, flowing through a beautiful valley, large open flats frequently occurring on both sides of the river, where the richness of the grass and the beauly of the various flowers prove the great fertility of the soil — places marked out by nature to be cultivated and inhabited by man. This section is now thickly settled, and for some distance westward to its junction with the Assiniboine on the outskirts of the present limits of the Province of Manitoba, there is abundance of good-sized poplar and balsam spruce, sufficiently large for building and farming purposes. The main high road to the Saskatchewan crosses this river at a point about twenty miles, by its course, from its confluence with the Assiniboine, and from thence westward continues through a beautiful and fertile country, dotted with numerous small lakes, the principal one being .Shoal Lake, situated about thirty-five miles Westward and half way to Fort EUice. .Prom the Little Saskat- chewan, where the road crosses the Assiniboine, this lake is distant about one hundred and seventy-five miles from the city of Winnipeg. On reaching it the eye of the traveller is suddenly caught with the view of a magnificent sheet of pure, crystal-like water stretching away to his right some four miles, surrounded by gravelly aad sandy shores, and fringed here and there with thick belts of timber, mostly poplar. This is said to be only one of a succession of beautiful lalces stretching from the Riding Mountains, some twenty-five miles to the North, to the Assiniboine River, about thirty miles to the South. In Spring and Autumn especially, myriads of wild fowl are to be seen popping over the surface of these waters, which also abound with fish. All of this, in connection with deer hunting, (which can be had within easy distance), affords excellent pastime for the sportsman. The advantages for settlement, particularly for stock raising, although the excellence of the soil for agricultural purposes cannot be doubted, are not only numerous, but strongly inviting. The picturesque and undulating country for many miles around, thickly dotted with bluffs of poplar. •,u,- \1 \ V: "i'.M >< •■ 1 V »■; A wit'a oc'CMsioDiil largo marsshca inton'oning, aiford abuiidanoo of both Tdol :md hay tor tho settlor. There is also a post office antl mail atutiou o^tubiiHliediioro ill connection with the mail line between Winnipeg and Edmonton. It is also a station of tho Mounted Polico, and will no doubt become xevy soon a place of some importance. Tho large increasing immigration continually moving westward, will create an excellent market at this point. The upper affluent of tho Assiniboino, known as the Qu'Appelle or Callinj River, from its mouth at Fort Ellice runs througli a delightful valley, and of which the expansion forms eight lakes, where the best kind of white fish abounds, and, although somewhat sparsely wooded, is well titted Ibr settlement. Tho lakes and ponds of this country abound with ducks andgypse; tho hillsides of tho valley are deeply ravined and wooded. The Tvild hop grows very luxuriously on the bolt of woods on tho South side of tho lakes, till the fourth lake is reached, when the prairie becomes absolutely treeless. Tho Soiiris or Mouse Riuer enters tho Assiniboino from tho South in the midst of a very lovely undulating country, near where the Rapid River enters. It was in following up the Souris Kivor for a part of its course that the early explorers of Eed River also discovered the head of the great Missouri Kiver, and thence they j)iished their exploration to the; Rocky Mountains befoi-o 'any civili/eii man hud seen their western slopes, at least in that latitude. For many miles from its mouth it flows through a beautiful undulatin<>; countiy, und vast piuirie of a dark rich green, and well wooded. The valley is narrow, but rich and beautiful ; above that. West waixJ, and .South, whore it enters the United States, it in a great measure may be considered generally of a valueless character, lying on the edge of the great American desert. Tho Samn River enters a bay on the North end of Lake Winnipe- goos, and is about two hundred niilos in length by its coursej Neai* its month there are some very valuable salt springs, as also on Luke Winnipogoos, tho brine of which, taken from the surface, is as strong as any oi' tho celebrated salt works in the United States. Tho brine is very pure, yielding upwards of a bushel of salt fd'om 30 to 40 gallons of water from the surface, proved by the praotical-experienco of the writei'. These springs will prove a valuable source of wealth, when with the I'apid development of the country, extensive fisheries are estfiblished and communications improved. Ascending the river from Swan Lake, which is aboiit six miles from its mouth, for two miles or so the banks are rather low; in the succeeding ten miles they gradually attain a heiv,lit of nearly one hundred foot, where landslips occur in many places ; the banks expose an alluvial soil of great depth, resting on dritt clay. About thirty miles above Swan Lake the prairie region fairly commences. There the river winds about in a beautiful valley, tho banks of which rise to the height of eighty or one hundred feet. Beyond this an apparently unbi'oken level extends on one side for a distance of fifteen or twenty miles to the Porcupine Hills, and for an equal distance on the other, to the high table land called the Duck Mountain. Fi'om this South-Westward to Thunder Mountain/" a t:';;.cller says : '* The country is the finest I h>ioe ever seen in a state of high {ft -a'i most via Sai by Mi RailwJ ments^l Paul al the tot and b'5 rates parties of the I York miles , I where I aud Li f both tutioii rill uo a"* '^ U,i. ,:.■■' bward, )elle or ghtful 10 best Kied, is ibound aviued 'woods ion the OlltOl'd ulating ing up of Red thence .i"0 *uny atitude. ulating i. The iixl, and may be e of the rinnipe- Neai' its in Lake strong 10 brine I gallons of the ih, when irics are ver from miles or ;radually occur in I, resting ie region 111 valley, Ired feet, side for a ,nd for an the Duck mfciiin/'' a a atate of nature ; the prospect is bounded by the blue outline of the hills named in the plain, alternate wood and prairie present an appearance more pleasing than if either entirely prevailed ; it seeniod us if it wanlod but the presence of human habitations to give it the au})earance of a highly cultivated country." The line of the Canadian racific Railway erosscs the Swan River in this region. Ht THE OOLONY SYSTllM. 5>n« sititci'f ^1 frrfii f The system of emigrating in small colonies will be foun'd very advantageous to the pioneers, as well as economical ; neigh boi-s in the old land may be neighbors in the new ; friends may settle near each other, form communitiog and the nucleus of new settlements and towns, establish schools and, in short, avoid many of the traditional hai-dships which have usually attended pioneer life. The colony system \s also calculated to supply the needs of all members of the com«nunity, and to furnish employment to every industry. Whenever a coloiiy is established there will soon be near its centre the store- keeper, blacksmith, carpenter, etc., post office, school hoiwe and church, and, with the progress of the Canadian Pacific Railway and Steamboat navigation, a market. Until then an ample market, com- manding high prices, is created in the interior by the influx of following settlers and the rapidly increasing trade. The attention of the capitalist intending to emigrate is drawn to the importance and mutual advantage of this system, in which capital, directed by sagacity and enterprise, possesses such unquestionable advantages, united with industry and a plucky purpose, and in no place under the sun could it reap better rewards than under the bright akies and healthful atmosphere of this fair land. _ ^ .jH» al /» \iimiiX (iiii.imii .ii'irH ROUTE, ETC. ■ ^ ^miimts-.%iii\-iiyiki,'.ai.li:.a}t(i ., iTie immigrant from Europe, on arrival at Quebec, may travel direct through l)y railway to St. Boniface in about four days' travelling time. St. Boniface is the terminus in Manitoba, and situated imme- diately opposite the City of Winnipeg, the commercial centre ; the most direct route being as follows : Quebec, by Grand Trunk Railway, via Sarnia and Port Hui'on to Detroit, in the State of Michigan ; thence by Michigan Central to Chicago — Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway — on the Chicago, St. Paul and Minneapolis Line, (see advertise- ments), to St. Paul, in Minnesota; St. Paul to St. Boniface, by the St. Paul and Pacific, and Pembina Branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway, the totid distance being about 2,000 miles, first-class fare being $51.85, and by immigrant cars, which are comfortably fitted up, ^34. Special rates are made for colonists or immigrants going through in large parties together ; information regarding which may be had from any of the Government Immigration Agents. The rates through to New York or Boston are about the same as from Quebec. If the lake route is preferred, it is as follows : Quobcc to Toronto. 505 miles; thence by Northern railway to CoUingwood, on Luke liuroii, where you embark on' board one of the fine steamers of theCollingv'(>()d and Lake Superior Lino to Duluth ; thence by railway to Manilubn. ! t m ler route is from Sarnia to Duluth by the North-West Transport- Company's steamers. The time by lake route, Quebec to Another ation Manitoba, is from about eight days. First-class rates the same as the all-rail route ; second-class, $27.50. OUTFIT, PRICES, AC. Immigrants and others can purchase agricultural implements, stoves, iron, and tin ware, groceries, in fact all necessary outfit in Manitoba, nearly as cheap as in the Eastei*n pai't of Canada, and save all risk and trouble and expense of extra baggage, &c. A necessary and important item in the outfit, is a good tent with poles, for the Journey after leaving Winnipeg, as well as for accomodation until a small house can be built. A good supply of bedding with a large sized water-proof, or India rubber blanket, which will be found of great value to lay next the ground, and thereby always keep the bedding dry and comfortable; each family should also be possessed of a small assortment of the usual aperient meilicines. Pain Killer, &c., in case »f accidents. In order to get a fair start, a family should have on entering their land at least means for the purchase of a year's provisiohH fur a family of five, say. . .$200 00 One Yoke of Oxen, say t ^ 130 00 One Cow 30 00 One Waggon 90 00 Breaking Plough and Harrow 30 00 Chains, Shovel, Tools, Ac, say 20 00 Cook btove, with furniture 26 00 Seeds, Ac 10 00 Building contingencies, say 30 00 In all '. ......:............. $565 00 equal in sterling money to about £113. With this, the family by oi-dinary industry will find themselves after the first yeai*, with a com- fortable home, independent, and increasing in value and number of acres. Bach member of the family at the age of 16 years adding to the estate. The above estimate of necessaries is merely oflPered as a guide, and may be increased according to the desire, intentions and means at the family's disposal, by several forming themselves into a small colony, and taking np land adjoining each other, great economy and mutual assistance can be effected, as already referred to, under the head (rf " The Colony System." To the less fortunate immigrant, who may not have sufficient means left after his arrival in the country, to go direct on his land, the extensive public works, in the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, fortunately offer immediate employment to the able and willing, until he has saved sufficient means to enable him to commence farming on a small scale as his own master. And this will continue lor years until the completion of the work across the continent. The following is added as a detailed list of present prices at Win- nipeg :— Waggons, complete $90 00 I " without box 70 00 , . Extra prairie breaking plough . 27 00 '. r ■ ■ • « . Iron, 7 '< " In building material : — ■,',.,,. Window sashes from ...... .\ ., . $1 50 to f 3 00 ' '1 " frames 1 25 to 2 00 '■-'''' Door frames, inside 1 00 -,.,.. «• « outside 2 00 Panel doors 1 80 to 2 50 If the immigrant reaches his land by the middle of June, ho is too late to produce most crops the same season, but he is yet in time for corn, (maize) potatoe and turnips. For the first, let him turn over the virgin sod, chop holes therein, with an axe, and drop in the seed. The second may be dropped into the furrow, and covered by the plough with the tough sod ; while turnip seed may be sown on the freshly turned sod, and will grow through. This make shift to start with, will produce a tolerable crop. ' , The abundance of unoccupied land affords a wide range of free pasturage for his stock, and relieves him from the necessity of imme- diate fencing. If the settler be provided with considerable means, and aims aL larger operalious and quicker results, he may to considerable advantage invest in ,, / ". ' .. PRIVATE LANDS. Unimproved lands of the best description, in the hands of private owners, and within a few miles of city or village, can be purchased at from $2 to SIO per acre, partially upon credit. Lands of the best quality are offered at $5 to $20 per acre, within three to six miles of the rapidly-growing city of Winnipeg, where high prices are eagerly paid for all gaixlon and dairy products, and where manure is gladly ^iven to farmers who will haul it away. Farms of various degrees of improvement are frequently offered for sale at from $5 to $15 per acre, such price being often less than the cost of the buildings and fences. These cases occur not from the undesirabJ -^ character of the property, so much as from the restlessness and love of change, characteristic of the people of the countiy. •_ ; ; y ^^j c? .. . • ,,;; PUBLIC LANDS. ' Under the provisions of the Dominion Public Lands' Act (for which, see official notice at end), a vast area of land abounding in all the elements of health, beauty, and fertility, of much greater extent than many of the principalities of Europe, is open for the landless of all nations of the earth, to enter upon and possess, who may be the head of a family, male or female, ; who has attained the age of eighteen years, may become the ownjr of a farm of 160 acres without paying for it, by simply cultivating and residing upon the land for three years, and tho land thus acquired without cost (with the exception of 4 w i ! I 'I the oBLce fee for entry, of $10), is exempt by law from liAbilities for all debts previously contracted, thereby showing that we have no limitation as to the value of the farm or residence thus secured to the family; whatever its value may becr/me, it remains the shelter, the castle, the home of the family, to cluster round in the hour of gloom and disaster, as securely as they were wont to do in the sunshine of prosperity. Such an exemption law will bo found a blessing to thousands of worthy men, women and children. Here every man may enjoy the reward of his labor, and become an independent land proprietor. However poor, he may possess equal rights, and equal political opportunities, with the rich and prosperous. All information as to the nature of particular localities, whera the immigrant may desire to settle, will be afforded him for his guidance bj the officers of the Dominion Lands Branch of the Department of Interior at Winnipeg, or any of the district offices. IN CONCLUSION. ■ We would again repeat the North-West of Canada invites the honest aad industrious, however friendless, to make themselves free homes, in a country blessed with British constitutional laws, ample protection to life and property, a healthy climate, and a fertile soil. The object of this guide is to present the facts to the world as brief j as possible, relative to this portion of the Dominion of Canada, to those who desire to know them, in such a shape, as may be worthy of careful perusal, and desirable to keep for reference, taking conscientious care to willingly deceive no one. (>uel is the wi'iter who draws immigi*ant& to any country by gross misrepresentations. Changing one's home is to all a serious event. Shiftless discontent transforms many a man into a piomeer, who, finding a new country not a Paradise, send back evil reports of the land. No matter how milk and honey may abound, no matter how large and luacious are the grapes of Eschol, they are nothing to some tall sons of Anak, who becoming, in the face of difficulties, as " grasshoppers in their own sight," soon desii'e to return into Egypt. \. On the contrary, nearly all of those who count the cost before starting, and who convince themselves they are able to overcome those tall sons of Anak, succeed in subduing the land and enter into possession of the milk and honey. All intending emigrants should remember that a new country like this is not the idler's pai-adise, that all it& mines of wealth are surrounded by bustling difficulties. Its great superiority is that it is a land of opportunities. Here as in no other portions of this continent are openings to-day that yield their wealth to brains, energy,, pluck, whether with or without capital, more than is actually necessary to start with fairly ; and if a man wants to work honestly for what he has,- he can do it as well here as in any land beneath the sun. In a few shoil years our yet undeveloped wealth will astonish the world, when our coal and iron mines ai*e laid bare, when our vast plains and hills are covered with flocks and herds, when our valleys supply grain to Europe and the j^st, and the great Canadian Pacific Eailway links England, Canada, JapaOj and China, in one great belt of commerce and mutual prosperity. ^*; .' THE- INDr :-,.', f . - '' Ji: ies for ive no to the Bi*, th« gloom UDO of ling to ome an equal )eroue. era the uidance nent of Q honest omee, in )ction to 3 briefly to those f careful IS care to migi'anta home iB man into jack evil lound, no 9 nothing lulties, as Egypt. »8t before tme those KMSsession emember lat all its Its great igs to-day )r without ; and if a well here 8 our yet and iron ered with L the ]@ast, ia, Japan, rity. Mjnk^% '.».l ill. . = i,-.;. ; ,. ;. ',^. •„ ., •una »K <. «;f lufl •♦«}^ jiHii/: ;. ■,H0-U' Affl ■ili,! * Respecting the Disposal of certain Public Lands for the purposes of the Canadian Pacific Rail^vay. 'I'-i, - 1' 7/ .1) •->..>1 '',:t 'lUiS ■■r'-> 1'* DePARTMINT 07 THl TNl^ililOB, Ottawa, October 14, 1879. Public notice is hereby given that the following proTisionR, which ahall be held to apply to the lands in the Province of Manitoba, and in the Territories to the west ^, and north-west thereof, are subtstituted for the Regulations, dated the 9th July last, governing the mode of disposing of the Public Lands situate within 110 (one hun- dred and ten) miles on each side of the line of the Canadian Pacific Kailway, which said Regulations are hereby susperseded : 1. "Until further and final survey of the said railway has been made west of the Red River, and for the purposes of thetie provisions, the line of the said railway shall be assumed to be on the fourth base westerly to the intersection of the said base by the line between ranges 21 lud 22 west of the first principal meridian, and .^ thence in a direct line to the couljuence of the Shell River with the Biver Assini- ^; .boine. . ... ... <..- ' t - ■ . • ■' • .>»Mi* 2. " The country lying on each side of the line of railway shall be respectively ,, divided into belts, as follows: ^,, „ , , > » < # i> " (1) A belt of five miles on either side of the railway, and immediately adjoin- !<• teg the same, to be called Belt A : " (2) A belt of fifteen miles on either side of the railway, adjoining Belt A, to be * called Belt B ; 'I' ** (3) A belt of twenty miles on either side of the railway, adjoining Belt B, to ""be called Belt C ; ■ - - . • ■ -■ ■■.-■^■.■^'^jui-tfit^tinr: ^Mi--u iiisiv " (*) ^ ^®^'' ^^ t'^enty miles on either side of the railway, aldjoining Belt C, to ^^ ie called Belt D ; and 'J " (5) A belt of fifty miles on either side of the railway, adjoining Belt D, to be u called Belt £. i 3. "The even-numbered sections in each township thronghout the several V. belts above described, shall be open for entry as homesteads and pre-emptions ol 160 acres each, respectively. . ■■-.■..i i\.> • •■ ..;i.. f ii.<.e;;i?' •' -■^.^^.■:!J , ; .■; -.i.:;, 4. *' The odd-numbered sections in each of such townships shall not be open to ^ homestead or pre-emption, but shall be specially reserved and designated as Railway Lands. ^ 5. *< The Railway Lands within the several belts shall be sold at the following "jates, via: In Belt A, $5 (five dollars) per acre; in Belt B, $4 (four dollars) per acre ; in Belt C, |3 (three dollars) per acre ; la Belt D, |2 (two dollars) per acre ; 52 in Belt E, $1 (one dollar) per acre ; and the terms of sale of such lands shall be as follows, vis : One-tenth in cash at the time of purchase ; the balance in nine equal annual instalments, with interest at the rate of six per cent, per annum on the balance of purchase money from time to time remaining unpaid, to be paid with each instalment. 6. « The Pre-emption Lands within the several belts shall be sold for the prices and on the terms respectively as follows : In the Belts A, B, and C, at $2.50 (two dollars and fifty cents) per acre ; in Belt D, at $2 (two dollars) per aere ; and in Belt E, at $1 (one dollar) per acre. The terms of payment to be four-tenths of the purchase money, together with interest on the latter at the rote of siz per cent, per annum, to be paid at the end of three years from the date of entry ; the remainder to be paid in six equal instalments annually from and after the eaid date, with interest at the rate above mentioned on such portions of the purchase money as may remain unpaid, to be paid with each'instalment. 7. " All payments for Railway Lands, and also for Pre-emption I ttnds, within the several Belts, shall be in cash, and not in scrip or military or police boan^y -warrants. 8. <( All moneys received in payment of Pre-emption Lands shall inure to and form part of the fund for railway purposes, in a similar manner to the moneys received in payment of Railway Lands. 9. " These provisions shall be retroactive so inr as relates to any and all entries of Homcstc^ and Pre-emption Lands, or sales of Railway Lands obtained or made under the Regulations of the 9th of July, hereby superseded ; any payments made in excess of the rate hereby fixed shall be crsdited on account of salles of such lands. 10. "The Order-in-Council of the 9th November, 1877, relating to the settle- ment of the lands in Manitoba which had been previously withdrawn for Railway purposes, having been cancelled, all claims of persons who settled in good faith on lauds under the said Order-in-Council shall be dealt with under these provisions, as to price of Pre-emptions, according to the belt in which such lands may be situate. Where a person may -have taken up two quarter-sections under the said Order-ia- Oouncil, he may retain the quarter-section upon which he has settled, as a Home- stead, and the other quarter-section as a Pre-emption, under these provisions, irre- spective of whether such Homestead and Pre-emption may be found to be upon an even-numbered section or otherwise. Any moneys paid by such person on account of the lands entered by him under the said Order-in-Council, will be credited to him on account of his Pre-emption purchase, under these provisions. A person who m&y have taken up one quarter-section unde^ the Order-in -Council mentioned will be allowed to retain the same as a Homestead, and will be permitted to enter a second quarter-section as a Pre-emption, the money paid on account of the land previously entered to l-o credited to him on account of such Pre-emption. 11. "All env,, ,os of lands shall be subject to the foUomng provisions respecting the right of way of the Canadian Pacific Railway, or of any Qovernmeut colonization railway connected therewith, viz : a " In the case of the railway crossing land entered as a Homestead, the right of way thereon, and also any land which may be required fi.>r station purposes, shall be fre« to the GovcrDmcut. LINl ihall be in nine num on ud with le prices .50 (two ; and in B ot the :ent. per mainder ite, with J as may 8, within eboai^7 re to aad I moneys \\ entries I or made mts made E;h lands. e settle- Railwajr 1 faith on risions, as e situate. Order-ia- I a Home- ions, irre- e upon an n account ed to him who mxf ed will be r a second )reviou8ly respecting Ionization , the right loses, shall :; ^^ ■ .... 53 , ,,,,. , _ , ... ,. b "Where the railway crosses Pre-emptions or Bailway Lands, entered eubse- qnent to the date hereof, the Government may take possession of such portion thereof as may be required for right of way or for station grounds or ballast pits, and the owner shall only be entitled to claim payment for the land so taken, at the same rate per acre as he may have pai'^ the Government for the same. ». ^ S,,^!....^ ^ i\ c " In case, on the final location of the railway through lands unsurveyed, or surveyed but not entered for at the time, a person is found in occupation of land which it may be desirable in'the public interest to retain, the Government reserves the right to take possession of such land, paying the squatter the value ot any improvements he may have made thereon. r" 12. "Claims to Public Lands arising from settlement after the date hereof, in territory unsurveyed at the time of such settlement, and which may be embraced within the limits aifectbd by the above policy, or by the extension thereof in the future over additional territory, will be ultimately dealt with in accordance with the terms prescribed above for the lands in the particular belt in which such settle- , ment may be found to be situate, subject to the operation of sub-section e of section 11 of tuese provisions. . ■ \ii^i4 %Mii.,'niti)ot'>imiyjiit(m.nf\'lli^^i^^ 13. <■ All entries after the date hereof of unoccupied lands in the Saskatchewan. Agency, will be considered as provisional until the railway line through that part of the territories has been located, after which the same will be. finally disposed of in accordance with these provisions, as the same may apply to the particular belt in which euch lands may be found to be situated, subject, as above, to the operation of ub-sectioD c of section 11 of these provisions. i,v» ,r !f;«t^t .u ■pi'Mi ,iw*5?«- 14. '< With a view to encouraging settlement by cheapening the cost of building - material, the Govcrnraent reserves the right to \fant licenses, renewable yearly, • under Section 62 of the ' Dominion Lands Acty 18*78^ to cut merchantable timber on any lands situated within the several belts above described, and any settlement upon, CI sale of lands within, the territory covered by such licenses, shall for the time , being be subject to the operation of such licenses. .. , . .,., ,,4^ 16. «The above provisions, it will, of course, be understood will not affect sec-P tions 1 1 and 29, which are public school lands, or sections 8 and 26, Hudson's Bay ' Cotiipany's lands. " Any further information necessary may b«> ootained on application at the Dominion Lands Office, Ottawa, or from the Agent of Dominion Lands, Winnipeg,^ or from any of the local agents in Manitoba or the Territories." By order of the Mini^ ter of the Interior. V: A . t.i !ai oi af'-ktv iq .lev .■ ixtuil -^ '''I LINDSAT RUSSELL, Survoyor-Oeneral. Wm ''> ." • { J. S. DENNI8, " '" ■' Dkpctt of the Minister of the Interior •j^mV'uJ i.»K«:' '* mttyt^'AiUti) I m'^'i o-^i »i! 'b'-y ';■■:. l .i*!'.\T '««,•; •, .i..'« ■ail' lUa i.'":<'iS^ii->y^V-.t'/tiik-\ f' 'i" :!'<>.:. .'rt/::v. 'i'.'fj'niK -iivii « <>i\1 ^ .ilo'l^ il-rf* i'''V»i 'V'i^i iv) -fltt!-' f •■) h! hu-J- !f;cvd iulV ;>i } U'' 0'.'i»H .11. ■' <. '•' ...fi '(il V.i r .If-Il,(,' •..■'•■jt.' /.""•I.-. ■ ^v PROVISIONS RESPECTINa Dominion Public Lands and Homestead Rights. ALL PERSONS interested in obtaining HOMESTEAD GRANTS or parohasing DOMINION LANDS will give attention to the following provisions respecting the Public I^ands of the Dominion : Unappropriated Dominion Lands, the surreys of which hare been duly made and contlrmed, shall,^ except as otherwise hereinafter prorided, be open for purchase at th« rate of one dollar per acre ; bat no such purchase of more than a section, or six hun. dred and forty acres, shall he made by the same person, prorided that whenerer so ordered by the Minister of the Interior, such unoccupied lands as may be deemed expedient^rom time to time, may be withdrawn from ordinary sale or settlement and offered atjpublic sale (of which sale due and sufficient notice will be giren) at the upset price of one dollar per acre, and sold to the highest bidder. Payment for lands, purchased in the ordinary manner, shall be made in cash, except in the case of payment by scrip, or in military bounty warrants, as prorided bylaw. Any person, male or female, who is the sole head of a family, or any mail who has attained the age of eighteen years, shall be entitled to be entered for one-quarter section, or a less quantity, of unappropriated Dominion Lands, for the purpose of securing a Homestead Bight in respect thereof. The entry of a person for a homestead right shall eniiltle him to receire at the same time therewith any entry for an adjoining quarter section then unclaimed, and such entry shall entitle such person to take and hold possession of find cultirate such quarter sec^^ion in addition to his homestead, but not to cut wood thereon for sale or barter ; and at the expiration of a period of three years, ci upou the sooner obtaining a'patent for the homestead under the fifteenth sub-section of section thirty-three of "The Dominion Lands Act," shall entitle him to pre-emption of the said adjoining quarter section at the Qorernment price of one dollar per acre ; but the right to claim such pre-emption shall cease and be forfeited, together with all improrements on the land, upon any forfeiture of the homestead right under the Dominion Lands Act. When two or more persons hare settled on and seek to obtain a title to the same knd, the Homestead Right shall be in him who made the first settlement. Every person claiming a Homestead Flight on surveye>i land must, previous to settlement on such land, be duly entered therefor with the Local Agent within whose District such land may be situate ; but in the case of a claim from actual settlement in then unsurveyed lands, the claimant must file such application within three months after due notice has been received at the Local Office of such land having been surveyed, and the survey thereof confirmed ; and proof of settlement and im- provement shall be made to the Local Agent at the time of filing such application' -(".'i •hili pare! a Ju[ the par(| for Pat «ett ■■:■■--- - J A person applying for leavo to be entered for lands with a view of secnring a Homestead Right tbereir;, rau^t malce affidavit before the Local Agent (Form B, Dom- inion Lands Act), that he is over eighteen years of age, that he has not previooslj obtained a Homestead under the provisions of the Dominion Lands Act ; that the land in question belo igs to the class open for Homestead entry ; that there is no person residing or having improvements thereon ; and that his application is made for his «zclu8ive nse and benefit, and with the intention to reside upon and cultivate tb« \ ««id lands. Upon making this Affidavit and filing it with the Local A|;ent (and on payment ' to him of an office fee of ten dallart, for which he shall receive a receipt from the Agent) he shall be permitted to enter the land specified in the application. No patent shall be granted tor the land until the expiration of three yean from the time of entering into possession of it, except as herinafter provided. At the expiration of three years the settler or his widow, her heirs or devisees— A or, rf ihe settler leaves no widow, his heirs or devisees— upon proof to the satis-^ > faction of the Local Agent that he or his widow, or his or her representativet - as aforesaid, or some of them, have (except in the case of entry upon contiguous'^ lands as hereinbefore provided) vesided upon and cultivated the land for the ' tiiree years next after the fylingof the affidavit for entry, or, in the case of a settler' •n unsurveyed land,- who may, upon the same being surveyed, have fyled his applica- tion as provided in sub-section five, upon proof, as aforesaid, that he or his widow, or n bis or their representatives, as aforesaid, or some of them, have resided upon and oul- ii tivated the land for the three years next preceding the application for Patent, shall-} be entitled td a Patent for the land, provided such claimant is then a subject of Her Majesty by birth or naturalization. v. -,■:.- ^a ,j er. <• j.,. • k cun-i a.tm .; .. liwcu Provided always, that the right of the claimant to obtain a patent under the said «ub-8ection, as amended, shall be subject to the provisions of section fifteen, herein ' lastly quoted. Provided further, that in case of settlements being formed of immigrants in communities (such, for instance, as those of Mennonites or Icelanders), the Minister of the Interior may vary or waive, in his discretion, the foregoing requirements as to residetice and cultivation on each separate quarter-section entered as a Homestead. When both parents die, without having devised the land, and leaving a child or . •hildren under age, it shall be lawful for the executors (if any) of the last surviving parent, or the guardian or guardians of such child or children, with the approval of a Judge of a Sup.erior Court of the Province or Territory in which the lands lie, to sell the lands for the benefit of the infiant or infants, but for no other purposes, and the purchaser in such case shall receive a Patent for the lands so purchased. The title to lands shall remain in the Crown until the issue of the Patent there- for ; and such lands sball not be liable to be taken in execution before the issue of the Patent.''.. - -<■ w ■..,■■■■ ^ •- ,■ ' ^ ■.,■■,•....,_ . In case it is proved to the satisfeotion of the Minister of the Interior that th« «ettler has voluntarily relinquislied his claim, ox has been absent from the land entered '' '•».."' .1 '•' , ■i^ 66 by him for more than six months in any one year without leave of absence frum the Minister of the Interior, thtn the right to ..uch land shall be liable to forfviture, and may be cancelled by the said Miuititer; and the settltr so relinquishing or abandon- ing his claim shall not be permitted to make more than a second entry. Any person who has availed himself of the foregoing provisions may, before the expiration of the three years, obtain a patent for the land entered upon by him,, including the wood lot, if any, appertaining to tbe same as hereinafter provided, on> paying the Government price thereof, at the date of entry, and making proof of settle- ment and cultivation for not less than twelve months from tbe date of entry. Proof of actual settlement and cultivation shall be made by affidavit of the- claimant before the Local Agent, corroborated on oath by two credible witnesses. The Minister of the Interior may at any time order an inspection of any home> stead or homesteads in reference to which there may be reason to believe the fore- going provisions as regards settlement and cultivation, have not been or are not being^ carried out, and may, on a report of the facts cancel the entry of such Homestead or- Homesteads ; and in the case of a cancelled Homestead, with or without improve- ments thereon, the same shall not be considered as of right open for frebh entry, but may be held for sale of the land and of the improvements thereon, in connection witha fresh Homestead entry thereof, at the discretion of the Minister of the Interior^ All assignments and transfers of Homestead rights before the issue of the patent ■ball be null and void, but shall be deemed evidence of abandonment of the right ;. and the person so assigning or transferring shall not be permitted to make a second entry. ^ Any person who may have obtained a Homestead entry shall be considered, unless- mad ontil such entry be cancelled, as having an exclusive right to the land so entered as against any other person or persons whomsoever, and may bring and maintain action fbr trespass committed on the said land or any part thereof. The provisions relating to Homesteads shall only apply to agricultnral lands ; that is to say, they shall not be held to apply to lands set apart as timber limits, or as hay lands, or to lands valuable for stone or marble quarries, or to those having water-pow«r thereon which may be used for driving machinery. Any Homestead claimant who, previous to the issue of the patent, shall sell any of the timber on his claim or on the wood lot appertaining to his claim, to saw -mill proprietors or to any other than settlers for their own private use, shall be guilty of trespass, and may be prosecuted therefor before a Justice of the Peace ; and upoB: conviction thereof shall be subj.ct to a fine or imprisonment, or both ; and further, such person shall forfeit his claim absolutely. For further information, apply to AGEKT OF DOMUriON LANDS. WINNIPEG. ia * * The preceding advertisement regulating the disposal of Lands for 110 mile» on each side of the Canadian Pacific Railway, when the same may differ in any way from these proviiiona, mast b« held to govern within the belts mentioned. i-m ^V-'.U •-. ": »! t-'-3>- ♦*•• - JC^ ' ^Ift^fli. B " JMft^ JiCTWl till' ■^w\ "X- "T^C \ \ / ■A, ^ \ \ \, X. ~\ \ ^ _+ f^'-T \, \ \ V / \ \ \. ,.^' >-' \ \ ^ / A \ t \ ( 0(9 iaI.«< \ X V / ICJM>^\ fl""""' ,^ .Vfffn^ IKV"' 1 / ' »*»»•' ■ O \ \ \ itttni'*'y \ \ / / / ^V \ , \ r^^ \ / \ DOM IN Ton of . SHEWING THE EXTENT AND SITUATION OF ITS I PUBLIC LAMPS, \also its geographical relation to the I \ BHITISIl ISI.es. \ ■/,, l\il>lishe«l l»v oimUt ol" ,\v \ ■!■?«,*-? 1^ — -.f^ :>:!. Li'liiiiliiil, h',~l i;Ti /hint, CtiMrnriil' ,;il i^ itJ^^ ■\- x y A. x' 'It 5LRUHD LiTtlOG'^AMHiC '.ri Mt.N'-rif*,