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 LIFE OF CICERO. 
 
 I. 
 
 Marcus Tullius Cicero, the greatest name Birth. 
 in Roman literature, was born near Arpinum, a town ^ 
 of Latium, January 3rd, B.C. 106. His father, a 
 man of large views and liberal culture, belonged to 
 the equitesy and possessed an hereditary estate in the 
 neighbourhood of the town. To give his sons, Mar- 
 cus and Quintus, that education which could not be 
 obtained at a provincial school, he removed to Rome, Removes to 
 where the young Ciceros were placed under the best ^^^^gg 
 teachers of the day. From Aelius they learned 
 philosophy ; from Archias, the mechanism of verse, Early 
 though not the inspiration of poetry. A translation ^««''''*»'«. 
 of the Phaenomena and Prognostics of Aratus, and a Early works. 
 mythological poem on the fable of Pontius Glaucus 
 were the first fniits of Cicero's genius. On assuming Assumes the 
 the torn viri/is, B.C. 89, Cicero attached himself to ^«^^ J:*"^" 
 the jurist Scaevola, who was then in the zenith of his 
 fame. In the following year he served a brief cam- Serves his 
 paign in the Social War under On. Pompeius Strabo, •^'''?.^'""^* 
 the father of Pompey the Great. Philosophical B.C. 88. 
 studies had, however, more attractions for him than 
 arms. Under Philo, the Academic, and Diodotus, studies 
 the Stoic, he laid the foundation of that Eclecticism ^''''''**'^''^' 
 which is so observable in his philosophical works. 
 At the age of 25 he pleaded his first cause, and in Pioaih hU 
 the following year he defended Sextus Roscius of «Po''SiS<?o. 
 Ameria, who had been accused of parricide by Chry- 
 sogonus, one of Sylla's favourites. In this cause he 
 
3 
 
 LIFE OF CIOEKO. 
 
 Goes to 
 
 Athens, 
 A»ia, and 
 Hhodes. 
 
 Jteturns 
 home. 
 
 Elected 
 HUiiAmtor of 
 Sicily 
 75 B.C. 
 
 Indicts 
 Verres, 
 B.C. 70. 
 
 Elected 
 aedile, 
 69 B.C. 
 
 Praetor, 
 66 B.C. 
 
 Hiafirat 
 
 pulitivul 
 speech. 
 Pro lege 
 Manilia, 
 65 B.C. 
 
 63 B.C. 
 
 Unpopw- 
 larity of 
 Cicero. 
 
 Causes of 
 Exile. 
 
 Deserted by 
 
 the 
 
 Triumvirs. 
 
 acquireu the acquittal of his client, but incurred the 
 enmity of the dictator. With the ostensible object 
 of lejjaininy; his health he went to Athens, where he 
 studied philosophy under Antiochus, the Academic, 
 and under Zeno and Phaedrus, both Epicureans. 
 From Athens he tiavellod through Asia Minor and 
 finally settled for a short time at Rhodes, attending 
 there the lectures of Molo, the rhetorican. Return- 
 ing home, he at once entered on that political career 
 to which his commanding ability destined him, and 
 was elected quaestor of Sicily. During his term of 
 office he so endeared himself to the inhabitants of the 
 island by his integrity that they selected him as their 
 patron at Rome. In their behalf he subsequently 
 conducted the prosecution against Verres, who was 
 charged with extortion. His success in this cause, 
 and his consequent popularity, procured him the 
 office of curule aedile. After the usual interval he 
 was chosen yraetor, and, while holding this office, 
 delivered the first of his political harangues, in de- 
 fence of the bill proposed by C. Manilius to invest 
 Pompey with supreme command in the Mithradatic 
 War. Two years afterwards he gained the consul- 
 ship, the goal of his ambition. His consulate is 
 memorable for the bold attempt of Catiline to sub- 
 vert the government — an attempt which was frus- 
 trated by the patriotic zeal of the consul. Cicero had 
 quickly soared to the pinnacle of fame : as quickly 
 did he fall. In crashing the conspiracy of Catiline 
 questionable means had been employed. Clodius, 
 his implacable enemy, revived a law exiling all who 
 had been guilty of putting to death Roman citizens 
 without a formal trial before the people. The 
 Triumvirs, too, were disgusted with the vanity of the 
 man who was constantly reminding the people that 
 hew."' the "Saviour of Italy" and the *• Father o| 
 
LIFE OF CICERO. i 
 
 His Country." Deserted by his friends, and exposed 
 to the hatred of his foes, Cicero went to Thessalonica 
 into voluntary exile. The wanton destruction of his Goen into 
 villas and the insults offered to his wife and children 5^ y/c 
 soon, however, produced a feeling of sympathy for 
 the exiled orator. His return to Rome was attended JiMalL 
 with all the pomp and circumstance of a triumphant * . 
 
 general. Henceforth his voice was little heard in the 
 Senate. After his return he was appointed to a seat FAecU'A 
 in the College of Augurs. In obtaining this office he 5^ ^^(5| 
 had placed himself under obligations to both Pompey 
 and Caesar, and this may account for his neutrality 
 in the civil struggles of the time. He was subse- 
 quently appointed, much against his will, proconsul Proconsul, 
 of Cilicia, where his administration was marked by* 
 the same integrity as he had displayed in Sicily. 
 Cicero arrived in Italy from Cilicia on the 4th of 
 January, B.C. 49, just after the breaking out of the 
 civil war between Pompey and Caesar. After some 
 hesitation he decided to take the part of Pompey, SUtt with 
 but his suppoft was never cordial : it was a source of ''^''^^* 
 weakness rather than of strength. When the battle 
 of Pharsalia decided the fate of the Roman world, he Pharsalia, 
 returned to Brundisium to await the arrival of the^'^'^" 
 victorious Caesar, who generously extended a full 
 and frank pardon to the vacillating orator. Cicero Pardoned 
 from this time withdrew from active public life and ^ "**"*'* 
 devoted himself to philosophy, except during the 
 period immediately preceding his death. The loss of 
 his daughter Tullia, the divorce of his wife Terentia, 
 and the unhappy marriage with Publilia darkened 
 the gloom which settled on his declining years. His Gloom. 
 high exultation on the assassination of Caesar was of 
 only momentary duration, and was succeeded by dark 
 forebodings of Marc Anthony's designs. As soon as 
 the plans of the scheming triumvir were evident, 
 
LIFK OF CICERO. 
 
 Pkiliftpic 
 OraUona. 
 
 Antony, 
 Oetavianvs, 
 and Lepidu$ 
 form tM 
 uecond 
 triumvirate. 
 
 Killed at 
 Cuieta, 
 B.C. kS. 
 
 Worki. 
 
 Cicero attacked Antony's character with all his 
 powers of invective. Again he was the idol of 
 the people and the champion of senatorial rights, 
 but his popularity was only the last gasp of the 
 dying liberties of Rome. The second triumvirate 
 was formed, and each member of it sacrificed his 
 friends to glut the vengeance of his colleagues ; and 
 to appease the brutal Antony, Cicero was sacrificed 
 by Octavianus. Refusing to seek refuge in exile, he 
 determined to die in the land he had saved, and was 
 slain at Caieta by the emissaries of the bloodthirsty 
 triumvir. 
 
 The works of Circero are : — 
 
 (i) Oraiioits : Of the eighty speeches' composed by 
 him we possess, either entire or in part, fifty-nine. 
 
 (2) Philosophical vtorks. 
 
 (3) Correspondence: Comprising thirty-six books, 
 sixteen of which are addressed to Athens, three to his 
 brother Quintus, one to Brutus, and sixteen to his 
 different friends. 
 
 (4) Poems : Consisting of the heroic poems, Al- 
 cyones^ Marcus, Elegy of TamelastiSt and Transla- 
 tions of Homer and Aratus. 
 
 II. 
 LIFE OF CATILINE. 
 
 L. Sergius Catilina was a Roman patrician. 
 Birth. bom about 108 B.C. From his father he inherited 
 
 nothing but a noble name. In the turbulent scenes 
 of the Sullan rule, Catiline played a conspicuous 
 pari, to which his undoubted ability, his undamnted 
 courage, his iron constitution, his depraved morals, 
 and excessive cruelty notoriously fitted him. He 
 
LIFK OF CATILINE. 
 
 commenced his career by slaying, wilh his own hand, lUscriwei 
 Q. Caccilius, his own brother-in-law, and by torturing 
 to death M. Marius Gratidianus, a kinsman of Cicero. 
 Though his youth was spent in open debauchery, and 
 reckless extravagance, though he made away with 
 his first wife and his son to marry the worthless and 
 profligate Aurelia Orestilla, the guilty crimes of 
 Catiline do not seem to have been any barrier to his 
 advancement to political honors. He obtained the 
 praetorship B.C. 68, and in the following year was OJHces held. 
 propraetor of Africa. He returned to Rome B.C. 6b 
 to press his suit for the consulship. The two consuls 
 who had the highest votes were P. Autronius Paetus 
 and P. Cornelius Sulla, both of whom were convicted 
 of bribery, and their election was declared void. 
 IMieir places were filled by L. Aurelius Cotta and L. 
 Manlius Torquatus. Catiline was prevented from 
 being a candidate in consequence of an impeachment 
 brought against him for mal-administration of his 
 province of Africa by P. Clodius Pulcher, afterwards 
 the implacable enemy of Cicero. Autronius and 
 Catiline, exasperated by their disappointment, formed 
 a league with Cn. Calpurnius Piso to murder the 
 consuls on the first of January, to seize the fasces, First 
 and to occupy Spain. The plan leaked out, and was '"**^*' "''^' 
 postponed till the fifth of February. The scheme, 
 however, failed in consequence of Catiline giving the 
 signal too soon. Resolutions were passed by the 
 Senate condemning the conspiracy, but these were 
 quashed by the intercession of a tribune. Some say 
 that both Caesar and Crassus were involved in this ,.»,'• 
 
 First Conspiracy of Catiline. About this time, 
 Catiline was acquitted of extortion (res repetundae)^ 
 but the trial rendered him penniless. About the 
 beginning of June, 64 B.C., he began to plot more 
 systematically to carry out his plans for a general 
 
6 
 
 LIFE OP CATILINE. 
 
 revolution. A meeting was called for all those 
 interested in the conspiracy. To this convention, 
 eleven senators, four knights, and many of the noted 
 men from the pro'incial towns assembled to hear the 
 PrSpMoto ^°^^ designs of the conspirator. Catiline proposed 
 that all debts should be cancelled (novae tabulae)^ 
 that the wealthy citizens should be proscribed, that 
 offices of honor and emolument should be divided 
 among his friends, and that the leaders of the con- 
 spiracy should raise armies in Spain and in Mauretania. 
 Again he was a candidate for the consulship, and 
 again he was doomed to disappointment. Cicero and 
 Antonius were chosen, the latter, however, by only 
 a few centuries over Catiline. This defeat embittered 
 the animosity, between the tWo parties. The con- 
 spirator raised large sums of money on his own 
 security and on the credit of his friends, sent arms to 
 various parts of Italy, levied troops in Etruria, and 
 sent Manlius a veteran of Sulla to take command of 
 the newly raised forces. The slaves were to be 
 armed, the buildings of the city set on fire, the 
 citizens indiscriminately massacred, and a reign of 
 terror and bloodshed was to be inaugurated. In 
 the midst of all these schemes, Catiline stood 
 again for the consulship (63 B.C.), and was thwarted 
 by the wariness and exertions of Cicero, who check- 
 mated his schemes at every turn. One of the con- 
 spirators was Q. Curius, a man weak and vacil- 
 lating. This man had a mistress, Fulvia, who was 
 the repository of all his secrets. Alarmed at the 
 audacious designs of the conspirators, she imparted 
 her secrets to some of her acquaintances, and through 
 her confidants the matter was betrayed to Cicero. 
 After securing his personal safety, and withdrawing 
 Antonius from the side of Catiline, the consul defer- 
 red the consular elections to lay before the Senate the 
 
 TlUCon- 
 
 tpirocv 
 
LIFE OF CATILINE. T 
 
 whole conspiracy. At a meeting of the Senate, First Speeth 
 October 2ist, 63, he told the Senators the danger gjjjjj^ 
 that threatened the state. Many of those complicated 
 in the conspiracy fled. By virtue of a decretum 
 uliimum, which formula (consules videant^ ne quid 
 detrimenti respublica capiat) gave the consuls absolute 
 civil and military power, Catiline was in danger of 
 losing his life. Catiline, who was again a candidate 
 for the consulship for 62 B.C., was rejected. An 
 impeachment of sedition was also brought against 
 him by L. Aemilius Paulus. On the 6th November, 
 Catiline summoned the conspirators to the house of 
 M. Porcius Laeca, and after accusing them of inac- 
 tivity, he laid before him his plans. Cicero was to 
 be removed, and L. Vargunteius, a senator, nr C 
 "Cornelius, a knight, were despatched to carrj ih 
 scheme, but were frustrated. Cicero called the ^ - ^le 
 on November 8th, and delivered his first speech 
 against Catiline, who, though overwhelmed with 
 guilt, had still the audacity to appear among the 
 senators. 
 
 Altogether four speeches were delivered against 
 Catiline. In the final debate as to the sentence, it 
 was decided to put the apprehended conspirators to 
 death. This sentence was carried out against some. 
 Catiline and most fell, however, in the field at Pistoria 
 (62 B.C.), fighting with a valour worthy of a better 
 cause. 
 
8 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 in. 
 
 CHRONOLOGY OF THE CONSPIRACY OF 
 
 CATILINE. 
 
 Datk. 
 
 Consuls. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 68 
 
 C7 
 66 
 
 65 
 
 64 
 
 { 
 
 L. Caecilius Metellus 
 P. Marcus Rex 
 
 /Calpumius Piso 
 \ M. Acilius Glabrio 
 
 { 
 
 L. Volcatius Tullus 
 M. Aemilius Lepidus 
 
 { 
 
 L. ManliusTorquatus 
 L. Aurelius Cotta 
 
 'L. Julius Caesar 
 ^C. Marcus Figulus 
 
 68 
 
 \l< 
 
 /M. 
 \C. 
 
 TuUius Cicero 
 Antonius Hybrida 
 
 LiFB OF Catiline. 
 
 Catiline praetor 
 
 Catiline propraetor of 
 Africa 
 
 Catiline canvasses for 
 the consulship : is 
 accused of extortion 
 by P. Clodius. Cati- 
 line defeated in su- 
 ing for consulship : 
 forms a league with 
 Autrouius and Piso. 
 First conspiracy. 
 
 Catiline determines to 
 slay the new con- 
 suls on the kalends 
 of January : plan 
 discovered and de- 
 ferred to February : 
 Catiline gives signal 
 too soon and his 
 plahs frustrated. 
 
 On the kalends of 
 June, Catiline con- 
 venes his associates 
 for a second con- 
 spirac}'. Eleven 
 senators, four 
 knights, and many 
 distinguished men 
 assemble. Catiline 
 again defeated for 
 consulship. 
 
 Catiline accused by 
 LucuIIus of murder. 
 Catiline again can- 
 didate for consul- 
 ship and defeated. 
 
 Life op Cicero. 
 
 Cicero convenes 
 Senate, Oct. 20 : 
 lays plans of con- 
 spirators before 
 Senate : elections 
 for consuls, which 
 should take place 
 Oct. 21st,def erred. 
 
CUllONOLOQT. 
 
 CHRONOLOGY, Scc—fCon/iuuedJ. 
 
 Datb. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Consuls. 
 
 Life of CATiiiiNB. 
 
 Oct. 23rd : Catiline ac- 
 cused under Lex 
 Plautia de vi by Lu- 
 cius Paulus. 
 
 Oct. 27th : Manlius 
 takes up arms in 
 Etruria. 
 
 Oct. 28th : Day ap- 
 pointed by Catiline 
 for the murder of 
 the leading senators. 
 (Cat. I., 3). 
 
 Nov. 1 : Catiline en- 
 deavors to take 
 Praeneste by a night 
 attack. 
 
 Nov. 6th : Catiline as- 
 sembles his friends 
 at house of Laeca. 
 
 Nov. 7th : Vargun- 
 teius and Cornelius 
 attempt to assassi- 
 nate Cicero. 
 
 Nov. 8th : Catiline 
 leaves Rome. 
 
 LiFB OF ClCBRO. 
 
 Nov. 20th : A decret) 
 passed declaring 
 Catiline and Manlius 
 public enemies- 
 Dec. 2nd : The ambas- 
 sadors of the Alio- 
 broges are seized 
 with documents 
 proving conspiracy. 
 
 Oct. 21st: Letters 
 brought by Cras- 
 sus, threatening 
 danger to the 
 State : the Senate 
 convened in the 
 temple of Con- 
 cord. The Senate 
 passes decretum 
 ultimum. On 
 22nd Oct. L. Lici- 
 nius Murena and 
 D. Junius Silanus 
 elected consuls. 
 
 Nov. 8: Cicero in- 
 vokes the Senate 
 in the temple of 
 Juppiter Stator. 
 First Catilinarian 
 oration delivered. 
 
 
 The geeond Catili- 
 TMrian oration 
 delivered from 
 the rostra to the 
 people, Nov. 9th. 
 
 Dec. Srd : The third 
 Catiliiiarian orU' 
 tion delivered 
 r?i>m the rostra to 
 the people. Re- 
 wards offered to 
 all who would 
 give information 
 as to the conspi- 
 nay. 
 
10 
 
 CfiRONOLOGT. 
 
 CHRONOLOGY, 8iC,—( Continued), 
 
 Datb. 
 
 C!0N8nLB. 
 
 Life of CATiLmB. 
 
 Ltfb op Oiotro. 
 
 B.O. 
 
 % 
 
 
 Dec. 5th : Fourth 
 Catilinarian ora- 
 tion delivered in 
 the temple of 
 Concord. The 
 Senate decrees 
 that the death 
 penalty should be 
 inflicted on the 
 conspirators. Five 
 conspirators put 
 to death. 
 
 62 
 
 ( D. Junius Silanus 
 \ L. Licinius Murena 
 
 Jan. 5th : Rattle of 
 
 Many Senators 
 
 Pistoria: defeat and 
 
 tried under the 
 
 
 
 death of Catiline. 
 
 law Lex Plautia 
 de vi and exiled. 
 
 IV. 
 
 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 I. (§1 — §3.) Cicero, in the introduction of this ora- 
 tion, congratulates the Roman ptople that Catiline 
 has left the city, and consequently can do it no more 
 injury. 
 
 II* (§3 — §I7«) He vindicates himself from a double 
 charge. The loyal citizens (dont cives) complained 
 that the Consul had been remiss in suffering Catiline to 
 escape unpunished, while the friends of Catiline com- 
 plained that he had been too severely dealt with by the 
 Consul. 
 
 To the first complaint, Cicero replied by setting 
 forth the grounds for his course of action, viz., that 
 the conspiracy had not yet been fully discovered, that 
 the execution ot Catiline would have rendered him 
 
ANALYSIS OP ORATIOK. 
 
 11 
 
 B 
 
 odious, and would have prevented the pvnishment 
 of the other conspirators, and, in fine, that the absent 
 enemy with his army is less to be feared than his ad- 
 herents who have been left behind in Rome. 
 
 The second reproach he meets by explaining the 
 action which the Senate had taken in regard to the con- 
 spiracy and by showing from several circumstances that 
 Catiline had previously determined to go, not to Man- 
 lius, but to his army in Etruria. In thus defending 
 himself against the censure of the disaffected he gives 
 
 III. (§17— §26.) A classification of the conspirators 
 and of the Romans who favored the conspiracy, and 
 divides them into six classes, from whom, however, 
 the State had not much to fear, especially since the best 
 measures have been taken for its security and welfare. 
 
 IV. (§26 — End.) The conspirators who remain in 
 the city, he warns to leave Rome without delay, or at 
 least, to keep quiet, since the disturbers of the public 
 security will be most severely punished. He closes his 
 address to the loyal citizens, in which he assures them, 
 that, without resort to arms on their part, the civil war 
 will be ended, and, at the same time, calls upon them 
 to supplicate the gods for the perservation of the state. 
 
M. 
 
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 au( 
 
 ter 
 
 ex 
 
 vei 
 
 Ni 
 
 bui 
 
 uni 
 
 mi] 
 
 tur 
 
 int 
 
 tus 
 
 ho 
 
 pel 
 
 ex 
 
 2. 
 
 qu 
 
 exi 
 
 rel 
 
 pr( 
 
 se 
 
 oc 
 
 bu 
 
 qu 
 
M.TULLII CICERONIS IN CATILINAM 
 ORATIO SECUNDA 
 
 HABITA AD POPULUM. 
 
 I. I. Tandem aliquando, Quirites, L. Catilinam furentem 
 audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie molien- 
 tem, vobis atque huic Urbi ferro flammaque 'minitantem 
 ex Urbe vel ejecimus, vel emisimus, vel ipsum egredientem 
 verbis prosequi sumus. Abiit, excessit, evasit, crupit. 
 Nulla jam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio moeni- 
 bus ipsis intra moenia comparabitur. Atque hunc quidem 
 unum hujus belli domestici ducem sine controversia vici- 
 mus. Non enim jam inter latera nostra sica ilia versabi- 
 tur : non in campo, non in foro, non in curia, non denique 
 intra domesticos parietes perhorrescemus. Loco ille mo- 
 tus est, quum est ex Urbe depulsus. Palam jam cum 
 hoste, nullo impediente, bellum geremus. Sine dubio 
 perdidimus hominem, magnificeque vicimus, quum ilium 
 ex occultis insidiis in apertum latrocinium conjecimus. 
 2. Quod vero non cruenmm mucronem, ut voluit, extulit, 
 quod vivis nobis egressui; est, quod ei ferrum e manibus 
 extorsimus, quod incolumes cives, quod stantem Urbem 
 reliquit; quanto tandem ilium maerore afflictum esse et 
 profligatum putatis? Jacet ille nunc prostratusque, et 
 se perculsum atque abjectum esse sentit, et retorquet 
 oculos profecto saepe ad banc urbem, quam e suis fauci- 
 bus ereptam esse luget: quae quidem laetari mihi videtur, 
 quod tantam pestem evomuerit forasque projecerit. 
 
u 
 
 M. TULLII CIOERONIS. 
 
 II. 3. Ac si quis est talis, quales esse omnes oportebat, 
 qui in hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio mea, 
 me vehementer accuset, quod tam capitalem hostem 
 non comprehenderim potius, quam emiserim ; non est 
 ista mea culpa, sed temporum. Interfectum esse L. 
 Catilinam et gravissimo supplicio affectum jam pridem 
 oportebat, idque a me et mos majorum et hujus imperii 
 severitas et respublica postulabat. Sed quam multos fuisse 
 putatis, qui, quae ego deferrem, non crederent? quam 
 multos, qui etiam defenderent ? Ac si, sublato illo depelli 
 a vobis omne periculum judicarem, jam pridem ego L. Ca- 
 tilinam non modo invidiae meae, verum etiam vitae periculo 
 sustulissem. 4. Sed cum viderem, ne vobis quidem omni- 
 bus re etiam tum probata, si ilium, ut erat meritus, morte 
 multassem, fore, ut ejus socios invidia oppressus persequi 
 non possem, rem hue deduxi, ut tum palam pugnare pos- 
 setis, quum hostem aperte videretis : quem quidem ego 
 hostem, Quiiites, quam vehementer foris esse timendum 
 putem, licet hinc intellegatis, quod illud etiam moleste fero 
 quod ex Urbe parum comitatus exierit. Utinam ille 
 omnes secum suas copias eduxisset? Tongilium mihi 
 eduxit, quem amare in praetexta coeperat : Publicium et 
 Munatium, quod aes alienum, contractum in popina, nul- 
 lum reipubiicae motum afferre poterat : reliquit quos viros I 
 quanto aere alieno ! quam valentes ! quamnobiles! III. 5. 
 Itaque ego ilium exercitum prae Gallicanis legionibus et hoc 
 delectu, quem in agro Piceno et Gallico Q. Metellus habuit 
 et his copiis, quae a nohlz cotidie comparantur, mac^no 
 opere contemno, coUectum ex senibus desperatis, ex 
 agresti luxuria, ex rusticis decoctoribus, ex iis, qui vadi- 
 monia deserere quam ilium exercitum maluerunt : quibus 
 ego non modo si aciem exercitus nosth, verum etiam si 
 
OBATIO SBCUNDA IN L. CATILINABf. 
 
 15 
 
 edictum praetoris ostendero, concident. Hos, quos video 
 volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam, quos etiam in sen- 
 atum venire, qui nite^.; unguentis, qui fulgent purpura 
 mallem secum suos milites eduxisset : qui si hie perman- 
 ent, mementote, non tam exercitum ilium esse nobis, quam 
 hos, qui exercitum deseruerunt, pertimescendos. Atque 
 hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, quod, quid cogitent, me 
 scire sentiunt, neque tamen permoventur. 6. Video, cui 
 sit Apulia attributa, quis habeat Etruriam, quis agrum Pi- 
 cenum, quis Gallicum, quis sibi has urbanas insidias cssdis 
 atque incendiorum depoposcerit. Omnia superioris noctis 
 consilia ad me delata esse sentiunt : patefeci in senatu 
 hestemo die : Catilina ipse pertimuit, profugit : hi quid 
 exspectant? Ne iUi vehementer errant, si illam meam 
 pristinam lenitatem perpetuam sperant futuram. 
 
 IV. Quod exspectavi, jam sum adsecutus, ut vos omnes 
 factam esse aperte conjurationem contra rem publicam 
 videretis : nisi vero si quis est, qui Catilinae similes cum 
 Catilina sentire non putet. Non est jam lenitati locus : 
 severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum etiam nunc conce- 
 dam: exeant, proficiscantur, ne patiantur desiderio sui 
 Catilinam miserum tabescere. Demonstrabo iter : Aurelia 
 via profectus est : si accelerare volent, ad vesperam conse- 
 quentur. 7. O fortunatam rem publicam, si quidem hanc 
 sentinam hujus urbis ejecerit ! Uno mehercule Catilina 
 exhausto, relevata mihi et recreata respublica videtur. 
 Quid enim mail aut secleris fingi aut cogitari potest, quod 
 non ille conceperit? Quis tota Italia veneficus, quis 
 gladiator, quis latro, quis sicarius, quis parricida, quis 
 testamentorum subjector, quis circumscriptor, quis ganeo, 
 quis nepos, quis adulter, quse mulier infamis, quis corrup- 
 tor juventutis, quis corruptus, quis perditus inveniri potest, 
 
IG 
 
 M. TULLII C/CEKONIS. 
 
 qui se cum Catilina non familiarissime vixisse fateatur? 
 Quae caides per hosce annos sine illo facta est ? quod nefari- 
 um stuprum non per ilium ? 8. Jam vero quae tanta unquam 
 in ullo homine juventutis illecebra fuit, quanta in illo ? 
 qui alios amabat ipse turpissime, aliorum amori flagitiossi- 
 sime serviebat : aliis fructum libidinum, aliis mortem pa- 
 rentum non modo impellendo, verum etiam adjuvando po- 
 llicebatur. Nunc vero quam subito, non solum ex Urbe, ve- 
 rum etiam ex agris, ingentem numerum perditorum homi- 
 num collegerat ! Nemo non modo Romae, sed ne ullo qui- 
 dem in angulo totius Italite oppressus aere alieno fuit, quem 
 non ad hoc incredibile sceleris foedus adsciverit. V. 9. At- 
 nue ut ejus diversa studia in dissimili ratione perspicere 
 possitis ; nemo est in ludo gladiatorio paullo ad facinus au- 
 dacior, qui se non intimum Catilinae, nemo in scena levior 
 et nequior, qui se non ejusdem prope sodalem fuisse com 
 memoret. Atque idem tamen, stuprorum et scelerum 
 exercitatione adsuefactus, frigore et fame et siti ac vigiliis 
 perferendis, fortis ab istis praedicabatur, quum industrije 
 subsidia atque instrumenta virtutis in libidine audaciaque 
 consumeret. 10. Hunc vero si secuti erunt sui comites, 
 si ex Urbe exierint desperatorum hominum flagitiosi 
 greges, O nos beatos, O rempublicam fortunatam, O prae- 
 claram laudem consulatus mei ! Non cnim jam sunt 
 mediocres hominum libidines, non humanae ac toleranda? 
 audaciae : nihil cogitant, nisi caedes, nisi incendia, nisi 
 rapinas : patrimonia sua profuderunt ; fortunas suas obli- 
 gaverunt ; res eos jampridem, fides nuper deficere coepit; 
 eadem tamen ilia, quae erat in abundantia, libido manet. 
 Quod si in vino et alea comissationes solum et scbrta 
 quaererent, essent illi quidem desperandi, sed tamen essent 
 ferendi. Hoc vero quis ferre possit, inertes homines for- 
 
ORATIO SEOITNDA IN L. CATILINAM. 
 
 It 
 
 tissimis viris insidiari, stultissimos prudentissimis, ebriosos 
 sobriis, dormientes vigilantibus? qui mihi accubantcs in 
 con'.I/iis, complexi mulieres impudicas, vino languidi, con- 
 ferti cibo, sei-tis redimiti, unguentis obliti, debilitati stupris, 
 eructant sermonibus suis caedem bonorum atque Urbis in- 
 cendia. ii. Quibus ego confido impendere fatiim aliquod, 
 et poenani jamdiu improbitati, ncquitiae, sceleri, libidini 
 debitam aut instare jam plane aut certe appropinquare. 
 Quos si mens consulatus, quoniam sanare non potest, 
 sustulerit) non breve nescio quod tempus, sed multa saecula 
 propagarit reipublicae. Nulla est enim natio, quam perti- 
 mescamus, nullus rex, qui bellum populo Romano facere 
 poisit ; omnia sunt exteira unius virtute terra manque 
 pacata ; domesticum bellum manet : intus insidiae sunt : 
 intus inclusum periculum est : intus est hostis : cum luxu- 
 ria nobis, cum amentia, cum scelere certandum est. Huic 
 ego me bello ducem profiteer, Quirites : suscipio inimi- 
 citias hominum perditorum. Quae sanari poterunt, qua- 
 cumque ratione sanabo : quae resecanda erunt, non patiar 
 ad pemiciem c^vitatis manere. Proinde aut exeant aut 
 quiescant, aut, si et in Urbe et in eadem mente permanent, 
 ea qusn merentur, exspectent. 
 
 VI. 12. At etiam sunt qui dicant, Quirites, a me in ex- 
 silium ejectum esse Catilinam. Quod ego si verbo adsequi 
 possem, istos ipsos ejicerem, qui haec loquuntur. Homo 
 enim videlicet timidus aut etiam permodestus vocem con- 
 sulis ferre non potuit ; simul atque ire in exsilium jussus 
 est, paruit atque ivit. Hestemo die, cum domi meae paene 
 interfectus essem, senatum in aedem Jovis Statoris vocavi, 
 rem omnem ad patres conscriptos detuli. Quo cum 
 Catilina venisset, quis eum senator appellavit? quis salu- 
 tavit ? quis denique ita aspexit ut perditum civem, ac non 
 
18 
 
 M. TULLII CICKRONIS. 
 
 
 potius ut importunissimum hostem ? Quin etiam principes 
 ejus ordinis partem illam subselliorum, ad quam ille ac- 
 cesserat, nudum atque inanem reliquerunt. Hie ego 
 vehemens ille consul, qui verbo civcs in exilium ejicio, 
 quaesivi a Catilina, in nocturno conventu apud M. Laecam 
 fuisset, necne. I 1 3. Cum ille, homo audacissimus, consci- 
 entia convictus, primo reticuisset, patefeci cetera : quid 
 ea nocte egisset, quid in proximam constituisset, que- 
 madmodum esset ei ratio totius belli descripta, edocui. 
 Cum haesitaret, cum teneretur, quaesivi, quid dubitaret pro- 
 ficisci eo quo jampridem pararct : cum arma, cum secures, 
 cum fasces, cum tubas, cum signa militaria, cum aquilam 
 illam argenteam, cui ille etiam sacrarium domi suae fe- 
 cerat, scirem esse praemissam. 14. In exilium ejicie< 
 bam, quem jam ingressum esse in bellum videbam? 
 Etenim, credo, Manlius iste centurio, qui in agro Faesulano 
 castra posuit, bellum populo Romano suo nomine indixit, 
 et ilia castra nunc non Catilinam ducem expectant, et ille 
 ejectus in exilium se Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in haec 
 castra conferet. 
 
 VII. O condicionem rniseram non modo administrandae 
 verum etiam conservandae reipublicae ! Nunc si L. Cati- 
 lina consiliis, laboribus, periculis meis circumclusus ac 
 debilitatus subito pertimuerit, sententiam mutaverit, de- 
 seruerit suos, consilium belli faciundi abjecerit, ex hoc 
 cursu sceleris et belli iter ad fugam atque in exilium con- 
 verterit, non ille a me spoliatus armis audaciae, non 
 obstupefactus ac perterritus mea diligentia, non de spe 
 cmatuque depulsus, sed indemnatus, innocens, in exilium 
 ejectus a consule vi et minis esse dicetur, et erunt qui ili- 
 um, si hoc fecerit, non improbum, sed miserum, me non 
 diligentissimum consulem, sed crudelissimum tyrannum 
 
OUATIO 8ECUNDA IN L. CATILINAM. 
 
 19 
 
 existimari velint. 1 5. Est mihi tanti, Quirites, hujus in- 
 vidiae faiss atque iniqusc tempestatem subire, dummodo a 
 vobis hujus horribilis belli ac nefarii periculum depellatur. 
 Dicatur sane ejectus esse a me, dummodo eat in ex- 
 ilium ; sed, mihi credite, non est iturus. Numquam ego 
 a diis immortalibus optabo, Quirites, invidise meae levandae 
 causa, ut L. Catilinam ducere exercitum hostium atque in 
 armis volitare audiatis, sed triduo tamen audietis : multo- 
 que magis illud timeo, ne mihi sit invidiosum aliquando, 
 quod ilium emiserim potius quam quod ejecerim. Sed 
 cum sint homines, qui ilium, cum profectus sit, ejectum 
 esse dicant, iidem, si interfectus esset, quid dicerent? 16. 
 Quamquam isti, qui Catilinam Massiliam ire dictitant, non 
 tarn hoc queruntur quam verentur. Nemo est istorum 
 tam misericors, qui ilium jion ad Manlium, quam ad Mas- 
 silienses ire malit : ille autem, si mehercule hoc quod 
 agit, nunquam ante cogitasset, tamen latrocinantem se 
 interfici mallet, quam exsulem vivere. Nunc vero, quum 
 ei nihil adhuc praeter ipsius voluntatem cogitationemque 
 accident, nisi quod vivis nobis Roma profectus est, opte- 
 mus potius, ut eat in exilium, quam queramur. - 
 
 VIII. 17. Sed cur tamdiu de uno hoste loquimur, 
 et de eo hoste, qui jam fatetur se esse hostem, et quia, 
 quod semper volui, murus interest, non timeo ; de his, 
 qui dissimulant, qui Komae remanent, qui nobiscum sunt, 
 nihil dicimus ? Quos quidem ego, si ullo modo fieri possit, 
 non tam ulcisci studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare 
 reipublicae, neque id quare fieri non possit, si me audire 
 volunt, intellego. Exponam enim vobis, Quirites, ex qui- 
 bus generibus hominum istae copiae comparentur ; deinde 
 singulis medicinam consilii atque orationis meae, si quam 
 potero, afferam. 18. Unum genus est eorum, qui magno 
 
20 
 
 M. TULLTI CICERONIS. 
 
 in aere alieno majores etifim possessiones habent, quarum 
 amore adducti dissolvi nullo modo possunt. Horum homi- 
 num species est honestissima ; sunt enim locupletes : 
 voluntas vero et causa impudentissima. Tu agris, tu 
 aedificiis, tu argento, tu familia, tu rebus omnibus or- 
 natus et copiosus sis, et dubites de possessione detra- 
 here, acquirere ad fidem ? Quid enim exspectas ? Bellum ? 
 Quid ? Ergo in vastatione omnium tuas possessiones sac- 
 rosanctas futuras putas ? An tabulas novas ? Errant qui 
 istas a Catilina exspectant. Meo beneficio tabulae novas 
 proferentur, verum auctionariae. Neque enim isti, qui 
 possessiones habent, alia ratione ulla salvi esse possunt. 
 Quod si maturius facere voluissent, neque, id quod stulti- 
 ssimum est, certare cum usuris fructibus praediorum, et 
 locupletioribus his et melioribus civibus uteremur. Sed 
 hosce homines minime puto pertimescendos, quod aut 
 deduci de sententia possunt, aut, si permanebunt, magis 
 mihi videntur vula facturi contra rempublicam, quam arma 
 laturi. 
 
 IX. 19. Alterum genus est eorum, qui, quamquam pre- 
 muntur aere alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant, rerum 
 poriri volunt, honores, quos quieta republica desperant, 
 perturbata consequi se posse arbitrantur. Quibus hoc 
 praecipiendum videtur, unum scilicet et idem, quod reli- 
 quis omnibus, ut desperent se id quod conantur consequi 
 posse ; primum omnium me ipsum vigilare, ades.c, pro- 
 videre reipublicae ; deinde magnos animos esse in bonis 
 viris« magnam concordiam, maximam multitudinem, mag- 
 nas praeterca copias militum ; deos denique immortales 
 huic invicto populo, clarissimo imperio, pulcherrimae urbi 
 contra tantam vim sceleiis praesentes auxilium esse laturos. 
 Quod si jam sint id, quod summo furore cupiunt £^- 
 
OIIATIO SECUNDA IN L. OATILINAM. 
 
 n 
 
 depti, num illi in cinere Urbis et in sanguine civium, 
 quae mente scelerata ac nefaria concupierunt, se consules 
 aut dictatores aut etiam reges sperant futures? Non 
 vident id se cupere, quod si adepti sint, fugitive aut 
 gladiatori concedi sit necesse ? 20. Tertium genus est 
 aetate jam affectum, sed tamen exercitatione robustum, 
 quo ex genere est ipse Manlms, cui nunc Catilina succedit. 
 sunt homines ex iis coloniis, quas Sulla constituit : quas 
 ego universas civium esse optimorum et fortissimorum viro- 
 rum sentio, sed tamen ii sunt coloni, qui se in insperatis 
 ac repentinis pecuniis sumptuosius insolentiusque jacta- 
 runt. Hi dum jiedificant tamquam beati, dum praediis, 
 lecticis, familiis magnis, conviviis apparatis delectantur, in 
 tantum aes alienum inciderunt, ut si salvi esse velint, Sulla 
 sit iis ab inferis excitandus ; qui etiam nonnullos agrestes, 
 homines tenues atque egentes, in eamdem illam spem 
 rapinarum veterum impulerunt. Quos ego, Quirites, in 
 eodem genere prsedatorum direptorumque pono, sed eos 
 hoc moneo : desinant furere et proscriptiones ac dictaturas 
 cogitare. Tantus enim illorum temporum dolor inustus 
 est civitati, ut jam ista non modo homines, sed ne pecudes 
 quidem mihi passurae esse videantur. 
 
 X. 21. Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et 
 turbulentum : qui jam pridem premuntur, qui numquam 
 emergunt, qui partim inertia, partim male gerendo negotio, 
 partim etiam sumptibus in vetere aere alieno vacillant, qui 
 vadimoniis, judiciis, proscriptionibus bonorum defatigati, 
 permulti et ex urbe et ex agris se in ilia castra conferre 
 dicuntur. Hosce ego non tam milites acres quam infitia- 
 tores lentos esse arbitror. Qui homines quam primum, si 
 stare non possunt, corruant : sed ita, ut non modo civitas, 
 sed ne vicini quidem proximi sentiant. Nam illud non 
 
22 
 
 TULLII CICERONIS. 
 
 <A^ 
 
 intellego, quamobrem, si vivere honeste non possunt, 
 perire turpiter velint ; aut cur minore dolore perituros se 
 cum multis, quam si soli pereant, arbitrentur. 22. Quin- 
 tum genus est parricidarum, sicariorum, denique omnium 
 facinorosorum : quos ego a Catilina non revoco. Nam 
 neque divelli ab eo possunt, et pereant sane in latrocinio, 
 quoniam sunt ita multi, ut eos career capere non possit. 
 Postremum autem genus est, non solum numero, verum 
 etiam genere ipso atque vita, quod proprium Catilinse est, 
 de ejus delectu, immo vero de complexu ejus ac sinu, quos 
 pexo capillo iiitidos, aut imberbes, aut bene barbatos 
 videtis, manicatis et talaribus tunicis, velis. amictds, non 
 togis, quorum omnis industria vitae et vigilandi labor in 
 antelucai.ls coenis expromitur. 23. In his gregibus omnes 
 aleatores, omnes impuri impudicique versantur. Hi pueri 
 tam lep'di ac delicati non solum amare et amari, neque 
 cantare et saltare, sed etiam sicas vibrare et spargere 
 venena didicerunt : qui nisi exeunt, nisi pereunt, etiamsi 
 Catilina perierit, scitote hoc in republica seminarium Cati- 
 linarum futurum. Verumtamen quid sibi isti miseri 
 volunt? Num suas secum mulierculas sunt in castra 
 ducturi ? Quem ad modum autem illis carere potuerunt, 
 his praesertim jam noctibus? Quo autem pacto illi 
 Apenninum atque illas pruinas ac nives perferent ? Nisi 
 idcirco se facilius hiemem toleraturos putant, quod nudi 
 in conviviis saltare didicerunt. 
 
 XI. 24. O belium magno opere pertimescendum, quum 
 hanc sit habiturus Catilina scortorum cohortem praetoriam 1 
 Instruiienunc, Quirites, contra has tam praeclaras Catilinae 
 copias vestra praesidia vestrosque exercitus : et primum 
 gladiatori illi confecto et saucio consules imperatoresque 
 
ORATIO SECUNDA IN L. CATILINAM 
 
 23 
 
 vestros opponite : deinde contra illam naufragorum ejec- 
 tam ac debilitatam manum florem tot: us Italiae ac robur 
 educite. Jam vero urbes coloniarum ac municipiorum 
 respondebunt Catilinae tumulis silvestribus. Neque ego 
 ceteras copias, ornamenta, praesidia vestra cum illius 
 latronis inopia atque egestate conferre debeo. - 25. Sed si 
 omissis his rebus, quibus nos suppeditamus, eget ille, 
 senatu, equitibus Romanis. Urbe, aerario, vectigali- 
 bus, cuncta Italia, provinciis omnibus, exteris nationi- 
 bus, si his rebus omissis ipsas causas, quae inter se con- 
 fligunt, contendere velimus, ex eo ipso, quam valde illi 
 jaceant, intellegere possimus. Ex hac enim parte pudor 
 pugnat, illinc petulantia ; hinc pudicitia, illinc stuprum ; 
 hinc fides, illinc fraudatio ; hinc pietas, illinc scelus ; hinc 
 constantia illinc furor ; hinc honestas, illinc turpitudo : 
 hinc continentia, illinc libido ; denique aequitas, temper- 
 antia, fortitudo, prudentia, virtutes omnes certant cum 
 i dquitate, luxuria, ignavia, temeritate, cum omnibus vitiis ; 
 postremo copia cum egestate, bona ratio cum perdita, 
 mens sana cum amentia, bona denique spes cum omnium 
 rerum desperatione confligit. In ejus modo certamine ac 
 proelio nonne, etiam si hominium studia deficiant, di ipsi 
 immortales cogant ab his praeclarissimis virtutibus tot et 
 tanta vitia superari ? 
 
 XII. 26. Quae cum ita sint, Quirites, vos, quem ad 
 modum jam antea dixi, vestra tecta vigiliis custodiisque 
 defendite : mihi, ut Urbi sine vestro motu ac sine uUo 
 tumultu satis esset praesidii, consultum atque provisum est. 
 Coi. jni omnes municipesque vestri certiores a me facti de 
 hac nocturna excursione Catilinae facile urbes suas fines- 
 que defendent. Gladiatores, quam sibi ille manum certiss- 
 imam fore putavit, quamquam animo meliore sunt quam 
 
24 
 
 M. TULLIl CICERONIS. 
 
 pars patriciorum, potestate tamen noptra continebuntur. 
 Q. Metellus, quern ego hoc prospiciens in agruni Gallicum 
 Picenumque praemisi, aiit opprimet hominem aut omnes 
 ejus motus conatusque prohibebit. Reliquis autem de re- 
 bus constituendis, maturandis, agendis jam ad senatum 
 referemus, quern vocari videtis. 27. Nunc illos, qui in 
 Urbe remanserunt atque adeo qui contra Urbis salutem 
 omniumque nostrum in Urbe a Catilina relicti sunt, quam- 
 quam sunt hostes, tamen, quia sunt cives, monitos etiam 
 atque etiam volo. Mea lenitas adhuc si cui solutior visa 
 est, hoc expectavit, ut id quod latebat erumperet. ^Quod 
 reliquum est, jam non possum oblivisci, meam hanc esse 
 patriam, me horum esse consulem, mihi aut cum his vi- 
 vendum aut pro his esse moriendum. NuUus est portis 
 custos, nuUus insidiator viae ; si qui exire volunt, conivere 
 possum ; qui vero se in Urbe commoverit, cujus ego non 
 modo factum, sed inceptum ullum conatumve contra pa- 
 triam deprehendero, sentiet in hac urbe esse consules vi- 
 gilantes, esse magistratus egregios, esse fortem senatum, 
 esse arma, esse carcerem quem vindicem nefariorum ac 
 manifestorum scelerum majores nostri esse voluerunt. 
 
 XIII. 28. Atque hasc omnia sic agentur, Quirites, ut 
 maximae res minimo motu, pericula summa nuUo tumuitu, 
 bellum intestinum ac domesticum post hominum memo- 
 nam crudelissimum et maximum me uno togato duce et 
 imperatore sedetur. Quod ego sic administrabo, Quirites, 
 ut, si ullo modo fieri potuerit, ne improbus quidem quis- 
 quam in hac urbe pcenam sui sceleris sufferat. Sed si vis 
 mainifestae audaciae, si impendens patriae periculum me 
 necessario de hac animi lenitate deduxerit illud profecto 
 perficiam, quod in tanto et tam insidioso belle vix optan- 
 
ORATIO SECUNDA IN L. CATILINAM. 
 
 25 
 
 dum videtur, ut neque bonus quisquam intereat paucorum- 
 que poena vos jam omnes salvi esse possitis. 29. Quae 
 quidem ego neque mea prudentia neque humanis consiliis 
 fretus poUiceor vobis, Quirites, sed multis et non dubiis 
 deonim immortalium significationibus, quibus ego ducibus 
 in banc spem sententiamque sum ingressus : qui jam non 
 procul, ut quondam solebant, ab externo hoste atque lon- 
 ginquo, sed hie praesentes suo numine atque auxilio sua 
 temple atque urbis tecta defendent. Quos vos, Quirites, 
 precari, venerari, implorare debetis, ut, quam urbem pu- 
 cherrimam florentissimamque esse voluerunt, banc omni- 
 bus hostium copiis terra marique superatis a perditissi- 
 morum civium nefario scelepe defendant 
 
ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 a, or act active. 
 
 abl ablative. 
 
 adj .... adjective. 
 
 adv adverb. 
 
 conj conjunction. 
 
 dem. demonstr demonstrative. 
 
 dep deponent. 
 
 £ng English. 
 
 f feminine. 
 
 fr from. 
 
 Goth Gothic. 
 
 Gr • • . . oreeK. 
 
 ind. or indie . . indicative. 
 
 indecl indeclinable. 
 
 indef. indefinite. 
 
 inf. or infin. . . infinitive. 
 
 m 
 
 n. or neut. 
 O. H. G... 
 
 part 
 
 prep 
 
 pres 
 
 rel 
 
 semi-dep... 
 subj ....... 
 
 sup 
 
 V. a 
 
 V. dep 
 
 V. n 
 
 voc 
 
 masctiline. 
 
 neuter. 
 
 Old High German. 
 
 participle. 
 
 preposition^ 
 
 present. 
 
 relative. 
 
 semi-deponent. 
 
 subjunctive. 
 
 superlative; supine. 
 
 verb active. 
 
 verb deponent. 
 
 verb neuter. 
 
 vocative. 
 
 equal to. 
 
 N.B, — ^The figures before v. a., v. dep., and v. n., denote the 
 conjugation <A the verb. 
 
 Where the etymolc^ is not given, the word is of very 
 uncertain or unknown origin. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 § I. tandem aliqiiando : ** finally, at last." These words ex- 
 press joy at the accomplishment of a long desired object. Com- 
 pare the opening of the first oration : quo usque tandem. For 
 the expression torufem a/i$u4in(2o : cp. Cic. Cat. 1.7. i8: vi tan- 
 dem cUiquando tamen desinam : Epist. ad. Fani. 16.9.4: tan- 
 dem aliquando mthi a te exspectatiasimas liUeras reddidit. Oc- 
 casionally we find the order aliquando tandem : Ter. Hec. 
 4.4.61 : aliquando tandem hue animum ut adducaa tuum. We 
 find also aliquando jam with the same meaning : cp. Cic. ad 
 Atticum. 1.4. 
 
 Quiritea=eive8 t "citizens." DistinguiA .RoT/Mini, a general 
 term applied to the whole Roman people whether citizens or 
 not J and Quirites, a political term by which the Roman people 
 were in Rome designated collectively as free citizens. The root 
 isKUR: "powerfiil:" Sanscrit, 9Aras=Lat. /or^M; Sanscrit, 
 9ilrata=Lat. fortitudo : cp. Kvpog, *' Cyrus j" Kovpog, **a boy ; " 
 Kipiog, "a lord;" icotpavog, "a ruler;" Kvp6o, •* 1 ratify:" 
 Lat. quiria, **a spear;" quercus, "an oak," lit. "the sturdy 
 tree; curia, **a town hall," lit. "the place where the strong 
 assemble." Livy (1. 13) derives the origin of the word from Cures, 
 a town of Etruria, and says that the word was given to the Sa- 
 bines after their union with the Romans. Like many other de- 
 rivations this is now exploded. 
 
 L. Catilinam—sumua: "we have either driven out A the 
 city, or permitted to escape, or escorted with our valedictions, 
 L. Catiline, voluntarily departing, intoxicated with boldness, 
 breathing forth crime, wickedly plotting the ruin of his native 
 land, again and again threatening you and this city with fire 
 and sword " — scelus anhelanem : for the case see H. 371, 
 III.; cp. Horn. II. 2.536, /^^wa 'kveIovteq x "breathing forth 
 spirit;" cp. Acts Apost. IX. i. 2at)Aof In iunv^oiv cnrEikijg koX 
 ^6vovi "Saul yet breathing out threatening and slaughter;" 
 aiihtlarei an (=Greek avd, from the notion throughout, comes 
 
28 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 that oirepetition ; cp. avayiyv^aKid)^ '* again and again," and ?ialo, 
 " to breathe " — Distinguish scelus, ** an oF'^nce against others, a- 
 gainst the rights of individuals, or the peace of society by robbery, 
 murder, and particularly by sedition, by a display, in short, of 
 malice ; nefas is an offence against the gods, or against nature, 
 by blasphemy, sacrilege, murder of kindred, betrayal of one's 
 country : /acinus, a crime which, in addition to an evil intent, 
 excites astonishment and alarm from the extraordinary degree of 
 daring requisite thereto ; Jlafjltium is a crime against oneself, as 
 gluttony, licentiousness, cowardice."— t/erro^ammo^o* minitan- 
 tern. The regular construction with minor, minitor ' as fol- 
 lows: (i) urbi Jiammam minor : lit. '* I threaten flames to the 
 city ;" or (2) urhemjlammd minor : "I threaten the city with 
 flames." Occasionally we find, as in this passage, a dat. of the 
 person or thing threatened, and an abl. instrument of thing : cp. 
 Cic. Phil. 11.14.37: hnic urhi ferro ignique minantur ; Phil. 
 13.21.47 : pntrhie igni ferroqae minatur. Note the force of the 
 frequentative. Explain what you mean by inceptivef desidera- 
 tive, diminutive and frequentative verbs, and show how each class 
 is form»^d: K. 336-339. — urhi, "the city," i.e., Rome : cf. dffrv, 
 applied to Athens. — vel — vel — vel ; distinguish aut, indicating a 
 difference of the object and vel, a difference of expression. Cicero, 
 in hesitating between the expressions ejicere, emittere, verbis 
 prosequi, expresses himself with reserve for fear of creating 
 any ill feeling among the people : thinking that ejicere too strong 
 a word, which expression would harmonize with his consular au- 
 thority, he uses emittere, and finally a still milder expression, W/'ftis 
 prosequi. — ipsum=sud nponte : cf. avrog in Greek for avrd/xaTog : 
 Cic. de Off. 1.22: delapsa arma ipsa ceciderunt, — verbis prose- 
 qui ; we often find the ablative after prosequi ; Cic. Tusc. 2.25 : 
 aliquem honorijicis verbis : Cic. Phil. 10.4 : memoriam cvjus- 
 piam clamore et plausu. The expression seems to refer to the 
 words at the end of the First Oration : i.§ 33. It was usual to 
 escort to the gates of the city distinguished citizens when leaving 
 the city on any important mission. Others take the expression to 
 mean " we have accompanied with our maledictions," but Cicero 
 purposely uses the colorless word verbis. Note the ante-climan 
 in ejecimus, emisimus, prosecuti sumus, 
 
 abiit — erupit : it is common for Cicero to accumulate words 
 with little ditVerence of meaning for the sake of emphasis. Some 
 see in these words a climax couched in terms borrowed from 
 the chase. Abiit applies to a wild beast when "he has left" his 
 
NOTES. 
 
 29 
 
 usual haunts and retired to another pxrt of the forest ; excessit, 
 when, after being tracked out he leaves the spot before the nets 
 can be prepared for him ; eixtfiit, when he has been surrounded 
 by the toils, but escapes by springini; forth ; and erupit when he 
 bursts his way through every intervening obstacle. 
 
 nnl/a — comparah'dnr : "and no longer shall destruction be 
 planned against the city itself within the city by that well-known 
 monster and unnatural being."— ^*am: combined with a negative 
 word, answers to our "longer," e.g., nihil jam spero, "I no 
 longer hope for anything : " Brutus Mutitme vixjam sudimlmt : 
 "Brutus could scarcely maintain himself anylonger at Mutina." — 
 monntro : distinguish in meaning, inondrum, (from moneo), any- 
 thing contrary to the course of nature, foreboding ill : a monster ; 
 prodiginm, {pro, root DIG : cp. dUj-itus, "a finger: " SeiKvvfii, 
 " I point out" ) any marvellous circumslance, whether indicative 
 of good or evil : odentum, {ontendo), a marvellous circumstance : 
 often of good ovnen; portentnm : {por-tcndo—pro-tendo), a por- 
 tent, usually, of an alarming nature. — moenia : distinguish, 
 moenia, (root MUN : "to defend : " cp. ufivveiv), " the defensive 
 walls of a city ; " mums, ( — mun-rus : root MUN, "to defend,") 
 " any walls whatever: " paries (root par, " to separate,") " the 
 partition walls of a house: " maceria (r«)Ot mar, "to divide)," 
 "a garden wall." 
 
 atque —vicimus : "and this one, undoubtedly, we have con- 
 quered who is preeminently the leader in the civil war." Unum 
 = unicum : cp. use of elg with words used as .superlatives or in 
 the sense of the superlatives : cp. elf apiaTog. — sine controversia 
 = sine duhio. 
 
 non — versahitur : "for no longer shall that dagger of his ply 
 its task in aiming at our sides : " cp. Cat. i, 6 § i6 : quotien>> 
 tibi jam extorta est sica ista de manihus ? Why is ista, in the 
 one passage, and ilia, in the other, applied to sica ? 
 
 non — lion — non — non : bring out the emphatic po^^ition of non 
 in translating. — campo, soil, Martio: cp. Cat., i. § ii. The 
 campus Martins was a plain between the Pincian, Quirinal, and 
 Capitoline hills, and the Tiber. In this place the assemblies of 
 the people and the elections were held. The reference is to the 
 murderous designs of Catiline when unable to obtain the consul- 
 ship. —/o»'o : under the republic the forum, called also forum 
 Bomanum, vetus, vel magnum, was f. large, oblong space, be- 
 tween the Capitoline and Palatine hills, where the assemblies of 
 the people were held, where justice was administered and where 
 
30 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 public business was transacted. It was in«;tituted by Romulus, 
 nndsurroui ded with porticos, shops and buil(liny;s, liy Tarquinius 
 Priscus. Under Julius Cresar a second was added, under Au- 
 gustus a third, and under Nerva a fourth. The word was also 
 applied to n market place where certain commodities were sold ; 
 thus forum boarium, forum Huarium,, forum piscnrium, foriim 
 otitorium. The word forum was also applied to rural towns 
 where markets were held and justice was administered as forum 
 Aurelium. 
 
 curia : the place where the senate met was called curia : (for 
 the derivation of the word see note supra on Quirites). The 
 meeting of the senate could not be held but in a temple, that is, 
 in a place consecrated by an augur, that the deliberations 
 might be rendered more solemn. Anciently there were tJiree 
 places where the senate could be held : two within the city, and 
 the temple of Bellona, without it. Afterwards there were more 
 places as the temples of Jupiter Stator, (where the senate was 
 convened where the^rs^ oration against Catiline was del' /ered), 
 of Apollo, of Mars, of Vulcan, of Tellus, of Virtue, of Faith, 
 of Concord ; also the Curia Hostifia, Julia, Octavia, Pompeia, . 
 which last was shut up after the death of Caesar because he was 
 slain in it. 
 
 loco — expulsus: "he was driven fio:ii his vantage-cjround, the 
 moment he was expelled from the city. "—-/oco: abl. o^neparation : 
 H. 413. The phrase movere loco is a grammatical expression for 
 which we also find movere atatu. — cum. est depulsus : when does 
 cum take the indicative ? H. 521, il. I. When, the subjunctive ? 
 H. 521, II. 2. 
 
 palam — geremiis : ** openly, then, shall we carry on a regular 
 war without any one hindering us.'' Some editions have bellum, 
 justum: i.e., a regular, formal, open war oppressed to occultae 
 insidiae. 
 
 sine — conjecimus: "we have undoubtedly crushed the man 
 and we have gained a glorious victory the moment we drove him 
 from his secret plots into open war. " Compare magnifice. 
 
 §2. quod — putatiat "with what grief, pray, do you suppose 
 he was crushed and prostrated, that, indeed, he did not carry 
 away his blood stained dagger, as he wished, that he went away, 
 and we yet alive, that we wrested the dagger from his hands, 
 that he left the citizens safe and the city undemolished. " — Ex- 
 tuUt, sell, ex urbe: so also egressus est^ scil, ex urbe. — vivis nobis : 
 
NOTES. 
 
 31 
 
 abl. abso.ute. — tandem: cp. ^jfra. — maeror : distinguish maeror, 
 •maeji/Uia, grief in the soul : tristitia, grief as expressed by the 
 face. 
 
 jam se — sentit : ** and he feels himself discomfitted and 
 scorned." 
 
 et — lufjet : "and he often, indeed, casts a backward glance to 
 this city, and he mourns that it has been snatched from his iaws." 
 Catiline is compaied to some savage beast looking wistfully 
 backward at the prey that has just been snatched from its grasp. 
 
 qiiae—projecerit : "while it, on the contrary, seems tome to 
 rejoice that it has disgorged and cast forth so dangerous a pest." 
 quae=et ea, scil. twbs. — (/uidem is here adversative. — evomuerit 
 — projf.cerit : the subjunctive shows that this opinion is shared in 
 by others than the speaker : H. 516. II.— /oras : used with verbs 
 of motion : /oris, with verbs of rest. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 § 3. si quis : Note that quis is the usual form, not aliquis, 
 after si, nisi, num, ne, quo, qiianto. 
 
 in Jioc ipso: '* in this very matter." 
 
 qui — acciiset : for the subjunctive : H. 500, 1. 
 
 quod — emiserim, : '* that I did not arrest so deadly a foe in- 
 stead of allowing him to escape." The subjunctives show that 
 these were objections of the detractors of Cicero : H. 516, II. 
 
 isUi — culpa: "that fault urged by my opponents : " for the 
 force of ista, see H. 450, I. 
 
 interfecium — postulahat: " long ago ought L. Catiline to have 
 been put to death, and to have received the severest punishment, 
 and this both the custom of our ancestors, and the strict discharge 
 of the duties of this otifice I hold, and the interests of the state 
 demanded at my hands." interfecium esse : explain fully the 
 construction o( oportet : H. 537 & 532. What is the rule with re- 
 gard to jam pridem, jam diu, dun?., with respect to tenses ? H. 
 467.2. — id: i.e. gravi9simum supplicium. — imperii^ scil. con- 
 sularis : the reference here is to the unlimited power put into the 
 hands of the consul by the decree (decretum uUimum) ; consulea 
 darent opcram ne quid detrimenti res publica caperet. 
 
 sed — crederent: *' but how many do you suppose there were 
 who would not believe the charges which I brought against 
 
32 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 him?" The imperfect subjunctive is used here, and in the fol- 
 lowing clause to state the probability in {jeneral terms without any 
 strict reference to the time at which i\ actually existed. Z. 331. 
 — Note the emphatic use ol ff/o. IFe refers to the information 
 obtained through Fulviaand communicated to the Senate. 
 
 de/erre aliijnem, v<4 nomen was a technical term, to accuse a 
 ]t€rnon, or brimj a chnrye fn'/ovxi the jn'Oitor ; (cp. delatorctt, de- 
 latio), and different from aecumre, which properly sijjnifies to 
 substantiate or prove the chari^e. 
 
 qui — de/enderent : ** who would even try to justify him." 
 
 ac — simtitlisHem : '* and, further, if I had supposed that all 
 dangers would be warded off from you in case he were taken off, 
 long ago should I have taken off Catiline at the risk, not only 
 of stirring up enmity against myself, but also of losing my life." 
 — Hi — judicarcin—8U8tulinsem : Note the condition contrary to 
 fact in the prolaniji. When the imperfect subjunctive is used 
 when we should use the pluperfect^ it denotes, not an action 
 that is terminated before that denoted by the verb in the 
 other clause, but viewed as ijoind on simultaneously with it. 
 Here the words imply, at non Hustuli L. Catilinam, qui non 
 judicarem. — illo suhlato : abj. abs. : here the phrase is equival- 
 ent to a c'.nditional clause=-s» ille sublatus esset. Note that sub- 
 lata is a euphemism for interfecto. — depelli a vobia : is the prepo- 
 sition necessary here ? H. 414. — invidiam mem : the possessive 
 pronoun has here the force of the objective genitive. What 
 ambiguity in the following expressions ijidncia tua, amicitia tua^ 
 8pe8 tua, odium tuum. — periclo : abl. of manner. Would cum 
 periclo be correct? Z. 472. Note i. 
 
 §4. sed — videretis : "but when I saw, before the fact that 
 a conspiracy existed was fully proved, (that) if I punished him 
 with death, as he deserved, the result would be that, over- 
 whelmed with unpopularity, I should be unable to prosecute his 
 confederates, I brought the matter to this pass that you might 
 then openly engage in war when you plainly saw your enemy." 
 — viderem : why subjunctive : H. 521, II. 2. — re^=conjuratione : 
 abl. absolute. —fore=-futvrum esse : when is fore^ or futurum 
 esse ut necessary to express an inf. of future time? H. 537.3. 
 — palam (opposed to c^m : from root PAD, "to spread;" cp. 
 pando), openly, not shunning observation : aperte (opposed 
 occuke) wiiliout concealment. 
 
N0TK3. 
 
 33 
 
 le a 
 
 \de' 
 to 
 
 » 
 
 quern — exlerit: "and how much I, for my part, tlaiik 4e 
 should be dreaded as an enemy, now that he is away, you may 
 learn from this fact that I am even annoyed at this that he has 
 left (the city) with so small a retinue." — quem=€t euin.—foriH 
 used with verbs of rest ; foras, with verbs of motion. — puUm : 
 dependent question : H. 529. — licet scil. vohia ut : H. 515, III. 
 — 'W\ih 7nol('f>te fero : cp. ;^;a^cn'wf qjipu. — paruin—coinUatUH : 
 Sallust : Cat. c. 32 : nocte intempesta cum paucis m Manli- 
 ana castra prof ectui eat. Plutarch says Catiline set out with 300 
 followers. — parum generally has, as here, the meaning: "not 
 enough :" parum diu viscit : "he did not live long enough : " 
 parum mutti nunt de/ensorea nohilitatia : " The champions of 
 nobility are not numerous enough." For the passive force of the 
 deponent perfect participle: cp. adcptus, commentatua, com- 
 plexus, con/enaua, demenaus, emenaua, ejf'atua, ementituHf emeritua, 
 i'xpertua, execratiia, intrrpretatua, meditatua, metatua, modera- 
 tu8,opiuatua, pactua, partitua, per/unctaa, periclitatua, populatua, 
 depopulatua, atipulaiua, teatatua, conteatatua, deteataiua. 
 
 utinam — eduxiaaet ! Explain the difference between : utinam 
 educeret copiaa^ utinam eduxiaaet copiaa, utinam educat copiaa, 
 utinam eduxerit copiaa '. H. 483.2. — aecum : to what words is 
 CMw similarly attached ? H. 184.6. — copiaa: what words have 
 different meanings in the singular and plural? H. 132. 
 
 mihi : "my dear friend : " ethical dative, said in bitter irony. 
 We knew nothing of Tongilius, Publicius, and Munatius, except 
 what is stated here, but we may be sure they were infamous 
 characters, and bosom friends of Catiline. 
 
 in praettxta, scil. toga : " while yet wearing the fringed gown." 
 The Roman youth till the age of seventeen wore a gown bordered 
 with purple (toga praetextajy after which they wore the manly 
 gown (toga virilia). Describe fully a Roman toga, (See Diet, 
 of Antiquities) and explain fully : togaalha, atra, Candida, libera, 
 palmata, picta, pulla, trahea, virilia. (See Dictionary. ) 
 
 quorum — poterai : " whose debts contracted in a tavern could 
 not produce any commotion in the state." — aea alienum: properly, 
 "money belonging to another," therefore, "debt." — popina = 
 coquina {X>y labialiam) \ from coquo, *' I cook,^* therefore, "an 
 eating house ; " cp. equua, "nirog. 
 
 refiquit — nobilea : reference is made here to the three classes 
 of men left behind ; these overwhelmed with debt and who had, 
 
34 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 therefore, nothing to lose by a revolution : those who were 
 Dowerful by their influence, and those who were well known 
 nom their family connections. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 §5, itaque — coneident: "therefore, I greatly despise that 
 army when I compare it to the legions stationed in Gaul, and to 
 this levy which Q. Metellus has raised in the Picenian and 
 Gallic territory, and to these forces, which are being daily mus- 
 tered by us, (an army, I may say) composed of old desperadoes, 
 of rustic debauchees, of bankrupt farmers, of those who preferred 
 to forfeit their recognizances rather than to desert that army. " — 
 ilium: literally, "that of his :" so iste, "that of yours." — prae 
 Oallicanis legionebus : many commentators omit 2^raf>, then le- 
 gionibua, delectu, copiis are in the ablative absolui'a. Owing 
 to the absence in Latin of the participle of esse in current use, an 
 fcdjective alone must sometimes supply tiie place of the parti- 
 ciple : Z. 645. With prae omitted the ablative absolute may be 
 said to be equivalent to a causal cl&ufie=quum legiones Oalli- 
 canae, hie delect^is, has copiae sint nobis : "since we have their 
 legions stationed in Gaul, this levy, these forces." — Distinguish 
 legiones Oallicanae, " Roman legions stationed in Oallia Cisal- 
 pina ; " and legiones Oallicae, "legions composed of Gauls." — 
 delectum habere : the regular expression among the writers of the 
 age of Augustus, "to levy troops;" among the post-Augustan 
 writers the phrase was delectum agere, or conficere. — cotidie : dis- 
 tinguish cotidie, "daily," said of things repeated from day to 
 day, and in dies, or m dies singidos, said of things that increase or 
 diminish daily. Translate : he goes to school every day ; he 
 daily grows better. — magna opere : sometimes written as a sin- 
 gle word : magnopere. — Compare this adverb. — senibus despera- 
 tis: cp. Sallust Cat. chap. 16 (speaking of them): — largins suo 
 usi rapinarum et victorias veteris memores civile bellum exop- 
 tabant. — agresti luxuria^=agrestibus luxuriosis: the abstract is 
 here put for the concrete, the quality for the person whose char- 
 acter it describes. — decoctoribus : decoqture and decoctor are 
 said of those who arrange matters with their creditors by an as- 
 signment of goods (cessio bonorum) without a compulsory sale 
 (venditio bonorum) ; the person thus bankrupt did not lose his 
 civil rights. — vadimonia. When the praetor had granted an ac- 
 tion the plaintiff required tl^e defendent to give security for his 
 appearance before the praetor on a day nam^. The defendant, 
 
NOTES. 
 
 on finding security was said oadimonium promittere or faeere. 
 If the defendant appeared on the day appointed, he was said 
 vadimonium sistere : if he did not appear, he was said vadim- 
 onium deserere and the praetor gives \o the plaintiff the hono- 
 rum cesaio. 
 
 quibus — concident: "and if I shah shov^ to them not merely the 
 array of our army, but if I shall show even the order of the 
 praetor, they will fall powerless." — quibu8=et eis. — Distinguish 
 acies, "an army drawn up in battle array;" exerdtv^, "a 
 trained, disciplined, army: " agmen, "an army on the march : " 
 copiaef "forces," in general. — edictum praetoris : t.^., vhe order 
 or writ of execution issued by the praetor on the gooiis of the 
 defendant : cp. Ulpian (Frag. 2) : praetor, in bona ejus, qui 
 judicio sistendi causa fide-jv^aorum dedit : si neque potestatem 
 faciat, neque defendentur, irejubebo. — concident: cp. Cic. Phil., 
 2, § 107 : qiM re tibi nurUiata — concidiati : on this passage Mayor 
 remarks that concidere is often used of the collapse, prostra- 
 tion, consternation, produced by a sudden shock : just as we say 
 " you dropped to the ground as if shot." The vulgar phrase 
 "struck all of a heap," gives the exact force of the preposition. 
 — quo8 video volitare : verbs of perception especially verbs of 
 hearing and e-Teing take the infinitive or participle after them. 
 The infinite expresses the fact that a person did a particular 
 thing : audivi t-e canere ; " I heard that you sang : " the parti- 
 ciple is used when the thing is described, or perceived in a par- 
 ticular state : atuiivi te canentem ; " I heard you (when you were) 
 singing : " audivi te quum canerea : would refer to a particular 
 portion of the song. Cicero prefers the infinitive, unless a pic- 
 ture is to be presented ; later writers, as Tacitus, prefer the par- 
 ticiple. — volitare : this word is often associated with notion of 
 impudence and presumption — insolent assurance. 
 
 . qui—ungu^ntUi: " who are shining with unguents." With the 
 Greeks and Romans perfumes were unguents, not oils as with us. 
 It was regarded as a mark of effeminacy to perfume the hair or 
 person : cp. Chapter 10, § 22 : pexo capillo nitidoa, 
 
 qui— purpura : " who are arrayed in purple." The allusion 
 is to the Senators and the Knights (equitea) who were in the con- 
 spiracy. The toga of the former was distinguished by a broad 
 stripe {kUus elavua), that of the latter by a narrow stripe (angus- 
 tua elavua) of purple, ia front of the breast. 
 
 mallem — eduxiaset : " (then, I say,) I would like that he had 
 tf^ken out with him his soldiers." The confuitction is : mallen^ 
 
S6 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 I : 
 
 nt — eduxi88€t\ for the construction of mallem: H. 498.1. 
 What constructions may mato have? H. 535, II. — suosmilHea, 
 i.e., his own body guard : cp. Chapter 2., § 4: tUinam ille 
 omnes secum copias suos eduxisaet. 
 
 qui — pertimescendoH : ** and if they remain here, remember that 
 that army of his is not so much to be dreaded by us as those who 
 have deserted that army." — qui=et ei. -mementote: give the 
 other imperative form. — nobis, what case? H. 388. Cicero 
 does not dread the army of Catiline in the leid, but he dreads 
 those who remain at Rome plotting against the safety of the 
 state, and the lives of the citizens: Cic. Pro MurenUf 37:39. 
 
 atque — permoventur : "and dreaded they ought to be still 
 more for the following reason, because they are aware that I know 
 what plots they are laying, and yet they are not alarmed."— Aoc, 
 abl. means : H. 420. — magis : give the other degrees of compari- 
 son. — quod — sentiunt : when does </Mod take the indicative, and 
 when the subjunctive ? — cogitent : Explain the subjunctive, H. 
 529. I- 
 
 § 6. cui — 8it attrihvta — habeat — depoposcerit : for subjunc- 
 tives : H. 529, I ; cp. Sallust Cat., Chap. 27 : G. Manlium 
 Faemlas atque in earn partem Etruriue, Septimium quendam 
 Camertem in agrum Picenum, Caium Julium in Apuikan dimieit. 
 
 caedis atque incendiorum : cp. Sallust Cat., Chrip, 43 : »ed 
 ea divisa hoc modo dicebantur : Statilius et Oabinkci v.ti cum 
 magna manu duodeclm »imul opportuna loca urbis incfnderent 
 quo tumuitu facilior aditus ad consulem, ceterosque, quibus in- 
 sidiae parabantur, Jieret ; Cethegua Ciceroni januam obaideret, 
 eum vi adgrederelur. According to Cicero, Cat. 3.6, § 14 ; 4.6, 
 § 13, Cassius was to fire the city, and Cethegus and Gabinius to 
 carry out the massacre. 
 
 superioria noctis : called also in Oration i § I : nox superior : 
 § 8. nox prior : the night between the 6th and 7th of November. 
 —delata : '* were reported" through Curius and Fulvia. 
 
 hesterno die: the first oration was delivered November 8th : 
 the second, November 9th. 
 
 n« ; also written nae : Greek vai : usually joined only to pro- 
 nouns. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 37 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 V08 omnes : would it be admissible to say vcdrnm onines ? 
 
 nisi vero, as well as nisi fcr'<\ and nisi alone are joined to 
 the indicative when they introduce a correction of the sentence 
 preceding, very often a case as an exception and improbable 
 There is an ironical meaning here : " unless you suppose." 
 
 quis : used rather than aliquis after .si, nisi, num, we, quo, 
 qiianto. 
 
 Catilinae: What case is this? H. 391, II. 4. 
 
 sentire non putet : with verbs o( thinlcing, seeming, etc., non i- 
 prefixed to the finite verb rather than to the infinitive: cp: Cic. 
 (le Off: I, 13, 39: captivos redden dos in senatu non censuit: 
 Cic. pro Leg. Man. : 23, 67 : ad unum deferenda omnia esse 
 non arhitrantur. In English the negative does not belong to 
 the verb in the principal proposition : Tr ; *' unless you suppose 
 there is any one who imagines that those like Catiline, do not 
 entertain the same opinions as Catiline." 
 
 extant — projiciscantur sell, concedum ut. The subjunctives 
 are not imperative subjunctives, but subjunctives of purpose : 
 H. 484, III. 
 
 desiderio sui: "through rei^ret for their absence ; ior the 
 objective genitive in sui : see note on invidiae meue : § 3. 
 
 Aurelia via: the Aurelian road ran along the west coast ot 
 Etruria to Pisa : cp. Cic. Phil., 12, 22 ; tres viae sunt ad 
 Mutlnam, a supero mari Flaminia, ah infero Aurelia, media 
 Cassia. Name the principal Roman roads. 
 
 ad vesperam : ** at nightfall." Another reading is vesperum : 
 for the two forms see Dictionary. 
 
 § 7. — rempublicam : for accusative o( exclamation : H. 381. 
 
 si quidem — ejecerit : "if only it shall have cast this foul pol- 
 lution from this city." — si quidem : a reason is implied in a con- 
 cession which has been made. — sentinam : properly the hold of 
 a ship where the bilge water settle's : cp. Greek avrTiog ; cp. Cic. 
 De Off., 1. 14. 43: setitina reipublicae est quae residet in repiib- 
 lica tanquam in navi. — ejecerit : explain the force of the future 
 perfect here : H. 473. 2. 
 
 una — videtur: ** if, indeed, Catiline is removed, it seems to 
 me that the state has been lightened and hasregainetl herself," — 
 uno exhausto : the metaphor is kept up in this clause. — "xhau 
 
 
38 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 rire sentinam : cp. avrlelv, said of drawing off the bilge-water in 
 the hold of a vessel: cp. Cic. Cat. 1.5. 12: exJtaurietur — tuorum 
 comitum — senl'ma rd puhllcae. — me Hercnle: me before the 
 names of gods in oaths may be explained by an elipsis : (l) ito 
 me Hercules juvet \ {2) ita me, Hercule, juvea. 
 
 quill — conceperit : "for what wickedness or crime can be 
 either conceived or devised which he has not planned ? " — mali- 
 sceleris, partitive genitives, H. 397.3. — Distinguish malum a.nd 
 scelvA : see note§ I. — conceperit: subjunctive with indefinite 
 relative: H. 5CX), I. 
 
 tola Italia : note th^t the prepositions are often omitted 
 when toti/8 qualifies the name of the country. — venejicua : secret 
 poisoning was so common in Rome that Sulla considered it ne- 
 cessary to pass special enactments against it : see Lex Cornelia 
 de Venejicis. 
 
 teaiamentcrum aubjector : "forger of wills;'* a man was 
 said testamentuw subjicere who substituted a false will for a 
 genuine one, or who inserted a false clause in a genuine will. 
 For aubjicere, cp. vTro^aXXeadat. The punishment ibr this was 
 exile {deportatio) with loss of property. Such offenders were 
 called by Cicero (De Off. 3.17; Pro Sest. 17), testamentarii. 
 The law against them was also passed by Sulla : see Lex Cor- 
 nelia Teatamentaria. 
 
 circum^criptor : "professional cheat." The term was ap- 
 plied to one who under cover of the law defrauds another by any 
 artfully worded document, and especially, to those who attempted 
 to overreach youthful waids (pupilli) : Cp. Cic. De Off. 3.15 : 
 iate dolua malua legibua erat vindicattia, ut circumacriptia adole- 
 acentium lege Laetoria. The law mentioned was called lex Lae- 
 toria contra circumscriptores adoleacentium, and passed B.C. 
 264. It ordained that no one under 25 years of age could make 
 a legal bargain, and thereby fixed the limit of minority at this 
 age. 
 
 ganeOy " a jlutton" : from root GAV, ** to delight in" : cp. 
 yaU\ yavpog, ydvvfii : gaudeo. 
 
 nepoa: properly, " a grandson," but hy deterioration of mean- 
 ing, a "spendthrift." 
 
 qui-/ateatur : " who does not confess that he lived on the most 
 intimate terms with Catiline." Note vivere cum aliquo, "to 
 live with one," not as a contemporary, but on terms of fami- 
 liarity. For the subjunctive : H. 500, 1, 
 
KOTUS. 
 
 89 
 
 quae-illum : *' what assassination has been committed during 
 these later years without his participation, what unhallowed 
 lewdness without his instigation ? " hosce anno8 : see Life of 
 Catiline. Give force of the demonstrative suifix, — ce. — nefarium 
 stuprum : Plutarch mentions the report that Catiline, in addition 
 to committing incest with the vestal virgin, Fabia, lived in illicit 
 intercourse with his own daughter. — per ilium : ah illo would 
 express the immediate agent: pe.r i/^<A»i, the person through 
 whose instigation, asi^istance, instrumentality, etc., an act was 
 done. 
 
 § 8. jam — illo : " nay, too, what power to allure youths was 
 ever so great in the case of any man as in this one?" — jam vero: 
 often marks a transition: likewise, moreover, besides.— juvenlutis: 
 objective genitive : H. 396, III. 
 
 qui — ^ollicebatur : **who personally lusted after some with 
 the basest of motives, who was the vilest slave to the lusts of 
 others, who promised to some a means of gratifying their 
 lewd passions, to others the death of parents, while he at the 
 same time not merely urged them (on to the deed), but even aid- 
 ed (in its execution)." — impellendo — adjuvando : not instru- 
 mental ablatives. Probably in is omitted. 
 
 nemo — adsciverit : *' there was no one overwhelmed with debt, 
 not only at Rome, but not even in a single corner of Italy, whom 
 he did not unite in this incredible alliance of crime. " Decline 
 nemo.—foedus : root, fid, " to trust" : cp. Jides, fdo, hence " a 
 league." 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 § 9, atqut — posaitis : ** and that you may be able to see his 
 different pursuits '^pursuits developed in different directions) in a 
 totally unlile department." Cicero here means that the charac- 
 ter of Catiliue is made up of contrasts. He is at one time a toil- 
 worn veteran noted for his patient endurance of labour, a bold 
 and daring man, an effeminate trifler and a lewd libertine. 
 
 nemo — comm£moret: "there is nobody in the school of gladi- 
 ators at all bold in carrying out some daring deed, who does not 
 acknowledge himselt a bosom friend of CatiUne ; no stage player, 
 more worthless and wicked (than ordinary), who does not acknow- 
 ledge himself almost a boon comj^vmion of this same one." — 
 ludo yloiliatorio : slaves destined for gladiators were instructed 
 in their arts under the care of a trainer called a lanista. — Ca4i- 
 
10 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 
 linae intimum : it is a matter of indifference whether Catilinae is 
 a genitive or dative. A number of words like amicus, inimicm, 
 vkinvs and intimus may be nouns or adjectives ; as nouns, they 
 govern the genitive, as adjectives they govern the dative : Z. 410. 
 — in scena : actors (histriones) were either fieedmen, slaves or 
 strangers, and were held in great contempt by the better class of 
 citizens : (see Antiquities, under Histrio. ) The word scena : 
 Gk. aKTjvrj, originally meant 'a covered (root SKU, * to cover') 
 place ;" hence ** a tent ; " then "the stage," as the place where 
 the actors occupied was the only covered part of the theatre. It 
 is worthy of notice that the word scene in Shakespeare and Milton 
 always carries with it some hint of its primary meaning, ** the 
 stage," or " the scenery : " cp. Shak., Julius Caesar, Act III., 
 Sc. I.: "How many ages hence Shall this our lofty scene be 
 acted o'er In states unborn a^id accents yet unknown." 
 
 nequior ; give the degrees of comparison of this word, — soda- 
 lem : is stronger than intiimira as it implies the obligation im- 
 posed on all those who belonged to the sami sodnfitas or 
 ** guild : " for these obligations see sodalitas in Antiquities. 
 
 atque — consumeret: "and yet this same man, inured by 
 the practice of lewdness and crime (by a lustful and criminal 
 course of life) was openly boasted of as brave by those, in con- 
 sequence of his ability to endure cold, hunger, thirst, and want 
 of sleep, though the powers of his energy and the foundations 
 of his manhood he was wasting in lustful passions and daring 
 schemes." There is another reading /rigrori et /ami : datives go- 
 verned by culsuefactus, with the reading in the text the ablatives 
 are ablatives of cause : the expression being equivalent to prop- 
 terea quod frigus et famem et sitim et vigilias perferret. Distin- 
 guish in meaning : praedico : praedico. — consumeret : another 
 reading is consumerentur. For the statement : cp. Sail. Cat. , 
 § 5 : corpus patiens inedide, vigiUae, algoris, supra quam credi- 
 bile est. * 
 
 § 10. nos — rempublicam — laudem : H. 381 The exclaraa- 
 tory form is stronger than the simple apodosis. 
 
 lihidines — audaciae: "impure desires, daring practices." 
 The plural of abstract nouns often denotes repetition of the same 
 thing or existence in different objects. 
 
 obligaverunt : " have mortgaged." Another reading is ab- 
 ligurierunt: "have wasted in luxury." — fortunas : here espe- 
 cially of landed property. 
 
N0TB8. 
 
 4t 
 
 ae IS 
 
 km, 
 they 
 410. 
 es or 
 iss of 
 ena : 
 ver') 
 Inhere 
 It 
 ilton 
 the 
 III., 
 le be 
 
 " properly. "- 
 
 -^des : * * credit, ' ' — in 
 
 by 
 
 
 rP8, scil. domestica ; 
 abundantia : ''in days of affluence." 
 
 alea : at a feast the Romans often played dice (alea), of which 
 there were two kinds, the tesserae and tali : the tesserae had six 
 sides marked I, If, III, IV, V, VI, like our dice. The luli had 
 Jour sides lengthwise, for the two ends were not marked : one 
 side was marked with an ace (unioj, opposite to this was six 
 (senio), the other sides were three and four (ternio, quaternio). 
 After shaken in a box (fritulus) they were cast on the gaining 
 table (forus). The highest throw ( Venus, jactvs Venereus, or 
 hasUicus) was of the tesserae, three sixes : of the tali when all 
 came out in dilTerent numbers. The lowest throw (cants) was, 
 of the tesserae, three aces, and of the tali, when they were all the 
 same. All games of chance were called alea, and were forbidden 
 by the Cornelian, Publician and Titian laws, except in the month 
 of December. These laws, however, were not strictly observed. 
 
 comissationes : "levellings :" from Kibfiog, "a moving band 
 of revellers :" (cp. Ku/ad^o) : Theocritus. 3. 1 : fuofidaSo) iron 
 rdv ' A/iapv?,Xida) ; connected with KUfii/y **a village," hence like 
 KO)fi(f)Sia, " a village song." 
 
 inertes: here "cowardly:" the derivation in, ars, points to 
 root AR in dper^, "bravery." 
 
 qui—incendia : '* and these, lolling at banquets, encircling un- 
 chaste women with their arms, enervated with wine, surfeited 
 with food, crowned with garlands, besmeared with unguents, en- 
 feebled with debauchery, talk when drunk of the murder of loyal 
 citizens and the burning of the city."— accuhantea : referring to 
 the Roman mode of "reclining" at banquets. On each couch 
 there were usually three. They lay with the upper part of the 
 body reclined on the left aim, the head a little raised, and the 
 back supported by cushions. — conviviis : cp. Greek avfnrdaiov. — 
 sertis redimiti : it was usual for the guests at such carousals to 
 wear garlands of myrtle, ivy, lillies, roses, etc., and to perfume 
 themselves with fragrant oils. Distingui'^h : ohlUi, oblUi. — 
 eructant: properly "belch forth," "hiccup up." 
 
 §11. quibus—appropinquare: "over these, I trust, some 
 doom is impending, and the penalty long due to disloyalty, to 
 profligacy, to guilt, to lust, is either now manifestly hanging over, 
 or, at least, approaching them." Explain the construction of 
 quibus : H. 386. — confido : give parts of: what verbs are semi- 
 deponcnl? H. 268.3; ^^3- — c^rtei distinguish certe^ which 
 
42 
 
 KOTES. 
 
 II ! 
 
 means "at least," or "certainly," in the phrase eerie »eio and 
 certo : " for a certainty." 
 
 gwos — rei puhUcae : '* and if my consulship, since now it can- 
 not heal them, shall cut them off, it will add not some brief 
 period or other, but m'any ages to the state." — quos=:et eo8. — 
 ifHoniam = qunm jam. — nescio quod: belongs to breve and 
 = allquod. Translate nescio quia hoe dixit: nescio quis hoc 
 dixerit. — propa(jdrit : literally, "it will secure for the state the 
 continuation of many ages." It would be more idomatic to ex- 
 press thus : non in breve nescio quod tempus, sed in multa 
 saecula propmjarit rem publicam. Propagare is properly used 
 of plants, "to extend by layers pegged down," and hence is 
 used of extension in space rather than of extension in time : 
 root PAG, " to pin :" cp. irijyvvjii, ir&aaaKog, pango, pax. Why 
 is propagate not the proper English word for propagare ? 
 
 pertimescamus — possit : for the subjunctive after the indefinite 
 relative : H. $00!.— populo Romano : dat. o( disadvantage : H. 
 
 385- 
 
 omnia — pacata : here refers to the fact that Pompeiua Magnus 
 had cleared the Mediterranean sea (mare) of pirates by his 
 signal victory at Ooracesiurn in Cilicia, 67 B.C., and had defeat- 
 ed Mithradates at Tigranocerta. Mithradates after this defeat 
 was treacherously poisoned by his son Pharnaces. 
 
 intus — intus — intus : note the repetition at the beginning of 
 several successive clauses (epizeiixisj, and the emphatic position : 
 "in our midst." 
 
 cum luxuria, cum amentia, cum scelere : note the abstract 
 for the concrete. 
 
 quacumque ratione, scil. Jieri potest. : Z. 706. 
 
 proinde: "consequently," implies an exhortation: cp. pro- 
 indefac magno animo sis: " consequently be of good courage 1" 
 
 et in urbe et in eadem mente permanent : to the one clause the 
 verb stands'in a literal, to the other, in a figurative sense {syllepsis): 
 cp. Cic. pro Sulla : § 33 : erigite mentes auresque ; Tacit. Ann. 
 2.29: manus ac supplices voces ad Tiberium tendens. This 
 figure is used in English chiefly in intentional burlesque, as in 
 Food's " And then he left his second leg And his forty-second 
 f »ot ; " Dickens' " Miss Boles went home in a flood of tears and 
 a sedan chair j" "Mr. Weller took his hat and his leave," 
 
MOTES. 
 
 43 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 dicant : for the subjunctive : H. 500, I. 
 
 exilium : meant banishment from Italy for an indefinite period, 
 since the Senate mij;ht recall the person so exiled, with or without 
 the loss of civil rights : deportatio, perpetual banishment to a 
 certain place with the loss of civil rights : relegatio, either tem- 
 porary or perpetual banishment of a person to a certain place 
 with deprivation of any civil rights. 
 
 quod — loquuntur: " and were I able to accomplish this by a 
 single word I would expel the very men who make these state- 
 ments." — quod : beginning a clause is often equivalent to et hoc, 
 the hoc in this case = ut ^icerem, 
 
 videlicet : both videlicet and scilicet introduce an explanation, 
 and generally in sucli a manner that videlicet indicates the true, 
 and scilicet a wrong explanation, the latter being introduced only 
 for the purpose of making a refutation of it: Cic. Pro Mil. 
 § 21. Cur igitureoa manumiait ? metuebat scilicet, fie indicarent : 
 but he was not afraid, as is shown afterwards. Sometimes the 
 meanings hre reversed, as in this passage, videlicet, being used in 
 an ironical sense: "forsooth:" and scilicet, often introduces a 
 real reason without any irony. 
 
 aimul atque : Note that ac or atque after adjectives and ad- 
 verbs of ** similarity " and ** dissimilarity" has the force of " as :" 
 cp. similia ac i atque ae. For simul atque, simul may be used 
 alone. 
 
 hestemo die : this statement is irreconcilable with that in 
 Cat. : I, I, 9, 10, from which we naturally infer that the First 
 Speech was delivered on November 8th ; whereas from the 
 present passage it would appear to be delivered on the 7 th. 
 Druman s opinion is that the First Speech was delivered on the 
 7th November, and the Second Speech on the 8th, to which 
 opinion also Madvig inclines. Muretus, who foresaw this dif- 
 ficulty, joins hestemo die and convocavi : ** yesterday I convened 
 the Senate, seeing that I had previously been nearly murdered 
 at my home." — cum — interfectus essem : when does cum take the 
 subjunctive? when the indicative? H. 521, i. I. i. — domi : ex- 
 
 flain the construction : H. 426.2. — in — Statoris : the temple of 
 upiter Stator was built at the foot of the Palatine Hill. The 
 surname was given from the fact that when the Romans were at 
 one time hard pressed by the Sabines, and had turned in flight, 
 Jupiter caused the Romans to make a stand (stare fecU) at this 
 
41 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 spot. Distinguish the meaning of afden sing. ; aedes pi. In the 
 sing, the word is regularly qualified by an adjective expressed, 
 or by the genitive of the deity whose temple is mentioned. If more 
 temples than one are spoken of, the adjective or dependent 
 genitive determines the sense : sacra aedes, aedea deorum. 
 
 comcriptos : in consequence of a number of Senators having 
 been slain in the wars that followed the expulsion of the Tar- 
 quins, new Senators were chosen into the Senate to supply the 
 place of those slain. The new Senators were called conscripti, 
 I.e., enrolled together with the old Senators. Hence the old and 
 the new Senators were addressed by the titles patres [et) con- 
 arripti.—detuli : referre is the proper word to express, to lay a 
 matter before the Senate (referre ad Sena turn) for debate by the 
 consul or other presiding officer : deferre expresses, to mention 
 or announce anything', placere is the usual term to express the 
 decision of the Senate. 
 
 quo=et to. 
 
 ita : is correlative with ut, while we are accustomed to use the 
 relative corresponding to vl alone. The full construction would 
 be, quis denique eum ita aspexit ut aspicimus pcrdilum 
 civem ac quis non potiu^ eum a>spexi^ vi aspicimus importunis- 
 simum civem. 
 
 quinetiami "nay, too." Distinguish gufn with indict (i) 
 " nay ;" quin hoc agitis : ** nay, you are doing this ;" or (2) 
 ** why not ?" quin hoc agitis ? " why do you not do this?" In 
 the latter case, quin has its original force=r^M» ne. Witli imper. 
 =nay ; quin hoc agite : "nay, do this." With subjunctive after 
 negative verba of doubting : ** but that." 
 
 partem illam subselliorum : inOrat. i. Chap. 7, § 16. Cicero 
 says : partem istam subselliorum. What is the distinction be- 
 tween iUe and iste ? H. 450 — subselliorum : the seats of the Sen- 
 ators were called subsellia, being beneath the seat of the Consul 
 {sella curulis). — nvdam atque inanem: nudus and inanw ex- 
 press usually the same meaning, both meaning bare or emptied. 
 The doubling of synonymous words is common in Cicero to ex- 
 press simply a stronger meaning as here, '• completely bare." 
 
 Hio—Caiilina : "at this juncture, I, that violent' consul who 
 drove citizens into exile by a word, asked Catiline." — Distin- 
 guish in meaning hie, htc. — qmiesivi a Catilina : it may be 
 noted that while posco, reposco, flagito, oro, rogo, interrogo, per- 
 conctor take two accusatives in the active, one of the person and 
 
 
 
NOTES. 
 
 
 another of the thing, many verbs of demanding and entreating 
 rftso take an ablative of the person with the preposition ab, and 
 those of enquiring may take the ablative of the thing with de. 
 Ptlo, postufo and quaero never take two accusatives, but the first 
 two have also the ablative of the person with a6, and ^ptaerOf 
 with aft, de or ex. 
 
 an — necne : Madvig and Klotz read in for an for this reason 
 that an in Cicero can be used only in a second or opposite ques- 
 tion.— Distinguish annon, necne. In what different ways may 
 double questions be asked ? H. 353. 
 
 §13. conscientia convictus : "conscience stricken." 
 
 cifiaset — conatilimset — eattet descripta : for the subjunctives, H. 
 529.1. Halm says deacrihere is '* to write down," hence "to 
 compose," while discribere is equivalent to distribtiere, dividere, 
 dixponcre : translate : " how the plan of the whole war had been 
 marked out by him." — ei : for what does ei stand ? H. 388.2. 
 
 cum — pararet : " when he was faltering, when he was con- 
 victed, I asked him why he hesitated to set out to a place to 
 which he had long been designnig to proceed." — haeaitaret : ex- 
 plain the subjunctive. Explain the mode of formation of haeaito, 
 and tell what kind of verb it is. — teneretur : teneri often used of 
 those who are delected in some crime: cp. Cic. Verr. 11.73: 
 manifestia in rebus hominem teneri videbitis. The metaphor 
 may be taken from the animals captured in the chase. — dubitaret 
 — prqficisci: when dubito means "to doubt," now dubito is pro- 
 perly construed with quin and subjunctive, rarely with infinitive. 
 Dut when dubito has the meaning of "to scruple," "to hesitate," 
 and the infinitive following contains the same subject as the main 
 verb, non dubito is generally construed with the infinitive. Z. 
 $41.— pararet : in oratio recta it would be quid dubitaa eo pro- 
 ficiacl, quo jamdudum paraa ? 
 
 cum —praemiaaam : the securea and faac « were the badges of 
 military authority. Catiline intended by assuming these to 
 make it appear that he was legally commander : cp. Sail. Cat. 
 36 : quum fascibua atque aliia im])€7'ii inaignibus in caatra ad 
 Manlium contendit. These were carried by the lictora^ who 
 attended the praetora, consula and dictator. — aquilam illam 
 argenteum : the same silver eagle that Marius had in the 
 Cimbric war : cp. Sail. Cat., chap. 59: g-wnm bello Cim- 
 brico C. Marina in exercitu Jiabuiase dkebatur. Explain what 
 were the different ai^na militaria. — aacrarium : was a shrine 
 where dedicated offerings were treasured. So Catiline at his 
 
46 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 own house had established a shrine for the Eagle of the Le- 
 gion, and invoked it as the tutelary deity of bloodshed and 
 rapine. 
 
 § 14. in — videbam? "was I attempting to drive into exile a 
 man who I saw had already began an open war ?"— ^'icfcfiant : 
 aeonalive impeifect. 
 
 credo: often used ironically as here: "I suppose:" cp. 
 
 o'tofitti. — itite : " that of yours. Explain the duties of impcr- 
 
 ator, kijatus, tribumui mititumf ceiUurio, yraefectua equitum, 
 decurio. (See Antiquities). 
 
 qui—posuit: cp. Cic. Cat., i, § 5 in fauctbus Etruriae : 
 Faesulae (modern Fieaole) lies on a .« '>f the western slope of 
 the A pennines. Near this town was fc ..» the battle of Piatoria, 
 that decided the fate of Catiline and of the rest of the conspir- 
 ators. With ponere contra : cp. locare caatra, communirt castra. 
 
 Masailiam : now Maraeillea. It is said (Sail. Cat., chap. 
 34) that Catiline, after settir 7 out from Rome, wrote to several 
 people saying that he was going as a voluntary exile to Massilia. 
 
 aiunt : conjugate the verb fully. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 — miaeram : *' O, wretched task : " for ace. of exclamation : 
 H. 381. The word condicio means primarily " an agreement : " 
 hence (a) proposal of agreement, proposition ; (6) terms of agree- 
 ment ; (c) demands arising from a compact, a task. The root is 
 con-Dic. 
 
 nunc — converterit : ** if now L. Catiline hemmed in and crip- 
 pled by the plans I have formed, by the energy I have displayed, 
 by the risk I have run, shall suddenly become dismayed, shall 
 change his determination, shall leave his followers, shall aban- 
 don his design of carrying on war, shall turn aside his steps from 
 this career of guilt and war to flight, and especially to voluntary 
 exile." Note the asyndeton in the protasis. Explain the future 
 perfect in the protasis : H. 473.2. — ad fugam — in exilium : 
 note the change of prepositions. 
 
 non — non — non : note the epizeuxia, 
 
 indemnatus: "v^ithout a formal trial ;" cp. Greek &KpiToc, ^^tv 
 Kpiaeug. The full force of this was afterwards felt by Cicero 
 when Clodiusy the tribune of the plebs, brought in his bill that 
 
NOTES. 
 
 47 
 
 whoever had condemned unheard a Roman citizen should be sent 
 into exile. 
 
 8i~fecerit = si iter in exilium converterit : the Lat. facerc, tht 
 Greek ttoieIv^ the English (lo are often used as substitutes for 
 other verbs. 
 
 Velint : for the subjunctive after the indefinite relative : 11. 
 500 I. 
 
 § 15. est—depellatur : "it is worth while for me, O Romans, 
 to encounter the storm of this unmerited and unjust enmity, pro- 
 vided the danger of this dreadful and wicked war is averted from 
 you." — tanti : foi the genitive of value : H. 405. — tempestatem 
 suhire : what prepositions compounded with intransitive verbs 
 of motion render these verbs transitive ? H. 372. — depellatur : 
 explain the subjun(Jlive : H. 513, I. — a vobis : the ablative ol 
 separation : H. 413 : and not the ablative o^ agent : H. 415. 
 
 non — iturus : "he has no intention of going." 
 
 nunquam — atidiatis : "never shall I wish from the immortal 
 gods, O Romans, that, for the sake of lessening reproach against 
 me, you may hear that L. Catiline is leading the army of the 
 enemy, and is moving to and fro in arms." — optaho — ut : H. 
 498, I. — invidiae meae : (or the objective force of meaCf see 395, 
 III. — triduo : the ablative often expressed the time within which 
 an act is done : H. 492.2. In what other ways may this be ex- 
 pressed ? 
 
 muUoque — ^ecerim : " and this much more do I fear, that I 
 may some time or other be reproached with allowing; him to es- 
 cape rather than with compelling him to depart." — magis: give 
 the other decrees of comparison. — illud, " the following : " gen- 
 erally used in the sense of this : Madvig, 485, b. Distinguish 
 timeo ut veniat, timeo ne, veniat. 
 
 quod — emiseriin--ej€cerim i explain these subjunctives: H. 
 
 523. n 
 
 potiua : give the other degrees of comparison. 
 
 sed — dicerent: "but since there are men who assert that he 
 has been driven out, seeing that he has gone out what would the 
 same men say if he had been put to death ? " Explain fully the 
 subjunctive in this clause.' sirit: H. 521, II. 2; dicant: H. 
 500, I.; interfectua e8set : H.510; dicerent: H. 523, II. 
 
 quamquam — verentur : "although these persons who assert 
 again and again that Catiline is going to Massilia do not so 
 
48 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 much complain of this as dread it." Distinjjiiish quamquam intro- 
 ducing a supposition as a fact and, therefore, con-'trued with the 
 indicative in good writers, and qicamvis, introducing a case 
 viewed as a mere supposition, and construed in good writers 
 with the subjunctive. — Masailiam : cp. Sail. Cat. Chap. 34. 
 — dictitant : give the force of the frequentative verb. — verentur. 
 Their real wish was that Catiline would quickl)' return to Rome 
 at the head of an army. 
 
 tarn. — misericora ; if Catilinf''s party felt genuine sympathy 
 for their leader they would not wish him to go to Manlius, which 
 would inevitably bring about his ruin, but would rather wish him 
 to go into voluntary exile to Massilia. 
 
 mehercule : see note § 7, Chap. IV. — hoc quod agit : Catiline's 
 making war on his country. 
 
 nunc — queramnr : "but now, if nothing has hitherto befallen 
 him contrary to his wishes and designs, unless this, that he has 
 set out from Rome while we were still alive ; let us wish that he 
 may go into banishment rather than complain of his having done 
 so. — praeter the idea of contrary to, again nt, from the gene- 
 ral idea of exclusion. It orij,mally signified "beyond" or 
 "abovf;.*" — acciderit : distinguish accidit, said of any unexpected 
 event ; contingit, of what occurs by the gift of fortune, generally 
 implying something favourable : evenit, of what tm'ns out lucky 
 or unlucky. — vivia nobis : abl. absolute. — Jionw, : give rules for 
 the names of towns expressing (i) to a place ; (2) from a place j 
 (3) at a. place. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 § 17. qui — hostem : by his leaving Rome and going to the 
 camp of Manlius. 
 
 et — timeo : supply quern from the preceding qui. It may be 
 noticed that several successive words beginning with q produced 
 no disagreeable sensation to a Roman ear: cp. Oc. Acad., 1.2.6 : 
 qtioniam quibusnam quisquam : ad Fam : 12.2.2: qui quia 
 quae. — quia and quod differ in this that the former indicates a 
 logical reason of the speaker, and the latter either of the .speaker 
 or some one else: corresponding to the French parceque: quo- 
 ntam indicates a motive : cp. French, puisque. 
 
 disaimulant : " who conceal their real intentions." Distinguish 
 simulare, " to pretend what does not exist : " dissimularef " to 
 conceal what does exist. " 
 
 ] 
 
NOTES. 
 
 49 
 
 qnos—intellego: ** and these at least I do not so much seek to 
 punish as, if it were in any way posible, to reclaim and individu- 
 ally reconcile to the state ; nor do I see why this cannot be 
 possible, if only they will be willing to listen to me." — quoa^el 
 €os. — quidem : to what part of speech is this word generally 
 joined? — possit : Klotz reads posset, what would this clause then 
 imply ? — sanare sibi ipsos : distinguish sanare, " to heal " with 
 reference to the efficacy of the medicine, as a means of restoring 
 health : mederi, ** to heal " as regards the skill, attention, and 
 judgment of the doctor. — sibi is dat. of advantage. — placare : 
 distinguish in meaning: jdcere, jitcSre : pendere, pend^re- 
 albclre, albere : fHfjdre, fwjSre : pldcdre, pl&cere : s&lcire, aS^derc. 
 — volent : another reading is volant. 
 
 exponam : scil primum, to correspond with the deinde in the 
 clause following the next. — medicinam consitli : the genitive is 
 used to explain (epaxegetical genitive) what the medicine is, and 
 is merely equiv.dent to an appositive word. — si — potero : scil, 
 afferre. 
 
 § 1 8. qui — habent : ** who, though plunged in great debt, have 
 sti I greater possessions." With in suo aere alieno, cp. in suin 
 nummis exse. — etiam or vel is added to comparatives in the best 
 of writers : mlhuc occurs only in later prose in this sense. 
 
 dissolvi : some say ** to be freed from debt" by selling their 
 possessions : others, '* to l)e torn away " from these estates even 
 though these estates are heavily burdened with debt. The verb 
 is in the middle voice and is equivalent to se ab illis praediis 
 dtssoWre : cp. Cic. pro Sulla, 20, 59 : illul erat genus hominum 
 horrihile et pertimescendum, qui tanto amove suas pos8essione,s 
 amplexi tenebant, ut ab iis membra divelli citius ac distrahi posse 
 diceres. 
 
 species est honestissima : "the appearance is most respectable:" 
 their rank and mode of living gives them the appearance of 
 respectability. 
 
 voluntas — inipudentlHsima : *• their intention, however, and 
 the cause they have espoused are most shameless." — impuden- 
 tissima : because they might have paid off all their debt^ before 
 the depreciation of property caused by the conspiracy, but would 
 not. 
 
 tu—Jidem : " are you furnished with, and rich in lands, 
 houses, plate, retinue of slaves, in all kinds of wealth : and do 
 you hesitate to suffer a los.i tp gain credit ? " — tu : note the 
 
50 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 emphatic repetition of the pronoun at the beginning of several 
 successive clauses. Such repetition of pronouns is common in 
 questions that indicate disapprobation, or surprise, or indigna- 
 tion. —q,rgento, sell : caelato, ' * plate ; " generally said of chased 
 articles for the table: cp. Hor. Od. 4. 1 1. 6: ridei argento 
 domaa.—familia : here applied to the household servants of a 
 master: from /amulm=fac-muhis : properly ** the one who 
 works" ifacio). — sis—dubites : for the subjunctive of deliberative 
 or doubtful questions : H. 484, V. Note that such subjunctives 
 are only used when negative answers are expected. — de posses- 
 sione — ad fidem : note the -Jhiaftmus : cp. Goldsmith's Deserted 
 Villagg : Processions fori.ied for piety or love^ A mistress or 
 a saint in every grove. 
 
 ergo — putas f '* do you then think that in the general confisca- 
 tion your estates will be regarded as inviolate ? " — sacrosanctas : 
 properly anything consecrated by religious ceremony, 
 
 an — novas? scil putas futuras esse : **do you '^pcct there 
 will be an abolition of debts?" The expression nt^cee tabti/ae 
 meant ih a political connection (i) a reduction of the amount 
 due to the creditor by the debtor as in the case of the Lex Valeria, 
 the capitalists had to be content with 25 per cent, of the capital, 
 or (2) a compile cancelling of debts, the object at which Cati- 
 line steadily aimed. Cp. Sail. Cat. : chap. 21 : turn CatUina 
 polliceri tabulas novas, proscriptiones locupleHum, ma^gistra^us, 
 sacerdotia, rapinas, aUa omnia quae bellum eUqu^e libido victorum 
 fert 
 
 meo — auctionariae : " by my good services fresh bills shall be 
 proposed, but they shall be the bills of sale." Cicero plays upon 
 the term tabulae novae. Here it is used to express a fresh hill 
 given by the debtor to the creditor who accepted a portion of the 
 property of the debtor to satisfy his claim. 
 
 quod — uteremur : **and if they had been willing^ to do this 
 sqpner, and not struggle to meet the interest (demanded by their 
 creditors) with the incomes deiived from their estates, a policy 
 most foolish, we would find them both wealthier and better 
 citizens. " — Explain voluissent in protcuiis, and uteremur in apo- 
 dosis : H. 510, Note i. — id quod: H. 445.7. — certore— proedi- 
 orum : Cicero says that their best policy would be to sell a 
 portion of the estate and pay off all their debts at once and not 
 adopt tke plan of borrowing without stint till all their property 
 was encumbered.— ^»(;i&iM: what verbs govern tke ablative? 
 H. 421. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 61 
 
 sed — laturi : ** but these men I have spoken of, I think, by no 
 means should be* excessively dreaded, because they can either be 
 made to give up their determination or if they will persist (in 
 their determination), it seems to me that they are more likely to 
 entertain vows than to carry arms against the str'.te." — minime: 
 compare this adverb. — quod — possunt : when does quod take the 
 indicative? when, the subjunc ive ? H. 516, I. II. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 § 19. quamqitam : note that in Cicero quamquam takes 
 always the indicative expressing a concession viewed as a fact, 
 quamvia takes the subjunctive since the concession is viewed not 
 as a fact but as a conception. In the poets, however, and occasion- 
 ally in Livy and Tacitus, quamquam takes the subjuncUve bein<^ 
 then equivalent to quamvis. — reruin potiri : " to become masters 
 of the government : " so also potiri regni, imperu. What other 
 case may this verb take ? H. 410, V. 3 ; 421, I. 
 
 fuUnta — posse : ** to these the following piece of warning seems 
 proper to be given, I need hardly say, one and the same warning 
 as to all the rest, to despair of being able to attain that which 
 they are attempting. " 
 
 quibua: dat. not of agent, but of remote object : H. 388. — 
 q^tod — omnibus, scil,praecipiendum esse videtur. — quodconantur: 
 the indicative because a purely explanatory clause : H 516, I. 
 
 primum — reipuolicae : soil, hoc praecipiendum videtur : ( 'the 
 following piece of warning seems proper to be given), first of all, 
 that I myself am on the alert, that I am attentive, that I am 
 watchful after the interests of th tate." — reipubliccui : H. 385, i. 
 Distinguish, provideo, caveo, m^uo, iimeo, prospiciOf conmilo, 
 with the dative and with the a'*cusative : H. 385.1. 
 
 deinde — viris : " secondly, that great courage is in loyal men." 
 
 eorUra — laturos: "will propitiously bring aid to stem so 
 great a tide of wickedness.*' The gods were as if present before 
 our eyes, in visible presence, or rather propitious : cp. Cic. Tusc • 
 1. 12. § 28 : Herew.es tarUus et tarn praesens habetur deus. 
 
 quod — adepti: "but supposing that they have really once 
 gained that which they desire to obtain with the greatest eager- 
 ness." 
 
 num—/tUuro» ? " do they expect amid the ashes of this city 
 and amid the blood of the citizens that the ' will be either 
 
52 
 
 N0TE8. 
 
 dictators or even l<ings, a state of things which they have eagerly 
 longed for in their wicked and unhallowed imaginations ? " — 
 fuiuroa: explain the future infinitive: H. 537. — reges : the 
 term rex was offensive to the Romans. Cicero purposely adds 
 this term to make this class particularly odious in the eyes of the 
 Romans. 
 
 nan — nccense : **do they not see that they are aiming ar this, 
 (a power) which, if they once obtain, mu>t of necessity be 
 yield -d up to some fugitive slave or gladiator?" — id, scil, im- 
 periuni. —adepti sirU : for the subjunctive: II. 506. — necexsfi 
 sU : for the subjunctive : II. 500, I. Cicero means that if the 
 conspiracy were successful, the better class who joined Catiline 
 would be supplanted by being compelled to yield to the worst 
 elements of the revolutionary party : cp. Sail. Cat. 39.4 ; qmrhi 
 primo proelio Cat'dina superior — descessisset, profecto magna 
 clades atque calamitas rem puh/icam obrepsisset, neque ilUs, qui 
 victoriam adepti forent, diutius ea uti licuisHet, quin defessis et 
 exsangnihus qui plus posseni imperium atque libertattm extor- 
 queret. 
 
 §20. tertium — succedit : *Uhere is a third class already ad- 
 vanced in years, but still effective in consequence of their train- 
 ing : and of this class is that miscreant Manlius whom now 
 Catiline succeeds." — aetate — affectum = aetate provectum. An- 
 other reading is confectum, perhaps too strong. Of these old 
 soldiers of Sulla, Sallust, Cat. chap. 16, says : largius suo M.si 
 rapinarum ft victoriae veteris memores cioVe helium exoptabant. 
 
 quos — constituit : according to Appian (De bello civili, 1. 104) 
 Sulla divided land among 120,000 of his soldiers. These 
 colonies were chiefly in Etruria. 
 
 quos — ja^tarunt: "these (colonies) on the whole I know to 
 consist of the most loyal citizens and most valiant men ; but yet 
 these colonists are men who after they have attained unexpected 
 and sudden wealth made too expensive and too lavish displays." — 
 universas : many adjectives in Latin have an adverbial force : 
 H 443. — in — pecuiiiis = quum insperatas et repenfinas jjecunias 
 adepti esxent. The preposition in denotes rather the continu- 
 ance of a state, the ablative alone would express the cause or 
 reason. 
 
 beati: "well to do:" cp. Cic. Verr. 4, § 126 : nostrum 
 unusquisque qui tarn hcati, qiiuin iste est, non sumus, tarn, dell' 
 rati ease noti posHumus. So also Varro L. L. 4. 17 ; bcatus, qui 
 matta bona possldet. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 53 
 
 \er\y 
 
 the 
 
 idds 
 
 the 
 
 lectkis : the lectica was a mark of opulence. It was a kind of 
 sedan or litter supported on the shoulders of slaves (/ectarii). 
 The use of it is said to have come from Bithynia : cp. Verr. 5. 1 1 : 
 ut vnos fuit Bithyn'tae regihus, lectica octophoro ferehatur^ in 
 quo pulvimis erat perlucidus, Militensi rosa farctus. In place 
 of lecticis, some read lectis, others iatis, joined to praediis. 
 
 familiis : "households of slaves." 
 
 conviviis apparcUis — conviviis splendid^ : with reference both 
 to the number and delicacy of the dishes, and to the splendor of 
 the dining room: cp. Pliny, Ep. 1.15 : poles npparatius coenare 
 apud rnidtos : nunquam hilarius. 
 
 salvi: "saved from ruin." — >ulta — excitandua : they hoped 
 under Catiline for a revival of the old rule of spoliation and 
 murder that was in vogue under Sulla. 
 
 tenues atque egentes : " indigent and needy : " the former 
 adjective refers to the small amount of their property, the latter 
 to the fact that they have squandered even that. 
 
 eos hoc : H. 374.2. — proscriptiones — dictatm^s : as in the days 
 of Sulla's rule. 
 
 tantus — videantur : "for such deep indignation at the excesses 
 of these times has been impressed on the state, that now, I do 
 not say human beings, but not eveii brutes, seem disposed any 
 longer to brook (ihe repetition of) these (enormities)."- inuatva'. 
 expresses strongly the violence and duration of the suffering. — 
 Distinguish pecus^ pecudis, fem. : " a head of cattle," and pecus^ 
 pecoris, neut. : "a herd of cattle." 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 §21. quartum — turbulentum: "the fourth class is, indeed, a 
 motley, mixed, and mongrel medley." As has been observed 
 before, Cicero often multiplies synonyms for the sake of effect. 
 turbulentum does not mean " turbulent : " cp. Cic. de Fin. 
 I § 20 : ilia atomorum turbulenta concursio hunc mundi ornatum 
 efficere nan poterit. 
 
 qui — premuntur, scil, a^re alieno : " who now for a long time 
 have been burdened with debt." — jampridem w'th a present tpnse 
 has the force of a perfect : H. 467.4. 
 
 qui — vacillant : "who, partly by their shiftlessness, partly by 
 the bad management of their private business, partly, too, by 
 their extravagant habits stagger under the load of their old debt." 
 
54 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 —inertia: {in, neg. prefix, and ar», "skill,") " shiftlessness.** — 
 neffotio : the regular phrase, ** to carry on business " is negotium 
 gerere: cp. negotiatores, "men of business," called in Cic. pro 
 Sestio, § 97, negotii gerentes. — vacillant : the word means 
 properly "to veaddle like a cow (vacca)." 
 
 qui — dicuntur: "very many of whom wearied with giving 
 bail, executions, with confiscations of property are said to be 
 resorting to that camp both from the country and from the 
 city." — vadimoniis—judiciis — proscriptionihus : the exact order 
 of legal procedure is here observed : (i) the debtor is summoned 
 {voeare) by the prosecutor to give bail {dare vadimonium): (2) 
 the case comes on and judgment {jiidicldm) is given by the pre- 
 siding judge {judex) against the debtor: (3) if the debtor has 
 not discharged his obligations (judicatum solvere) before a certain 
 day, then the creditor is put m possession of the goods, and, 
 after 30 days the goods .^re sold and the debt paid from it. 
 
 Jiosce — arhitror : " these men I consider not so much acti-^'C 
 soldiers as indolent shirkers." — infituUwes lentos, properly, 
 " lardy refusers," men who are always ready with an excuse for 
 not paying a debt or to get quit of an obligation, but as the con- 
 trast here is with milites acres, Cicero seems to intimate they 
 will act in battle as in debt and find excuses for inactivity. There 
 is then a double meaning, in the expression. 
 
 quam — primum: "as soon as possible." Others read qui 
 homines primum which would make an anacoluthon, since we 
 have no deinde to balance primum. To get rid of the anacolu- 
 thon, they read corruent. — fied ita, sell, corruani. 
 
 nam — arhitrentur : " for I do not understand this, why, if 
 they cannot live with honor, they are willing to die in disgrace ; 
 or why they think they will perish with less pain if they perish in 
 company with many than if they perish alone." — honeste : in con- 
 sequence of their debts. 
 
 §22. denique : "in short," — quos — revoco : "and these I do 
 not seek to recall from the side of Catiline : " for the concUive 
 present revoco : H. 467.6. 
 
 nam^possU : "for they cannot be torn away from his side, 
 and (since this is the case), let them perish in their career of 
 robbery, since they are so many that a prison cannot contain 
 them. Propositions, one of which is negative and the other 
 affirmative, are often formed hy,et — neque {nee), or neqtie {nee) — et, 
 and sometimes nee {fieque) —que. — After et supply si develli ah eo 
 
NOTES. 
 
 55 
 
 nm possirU. — career ; there was only one prison at Rome at this 
 time : one cell of this was called rohiir Tullianum, or simply 
 TuUianunif being built by Servius TuUius. In it all Jeath pen- 
 alties were paid. The other was for detention or temporary cus- 
 tody until judgment was pronounced. Distinguish in meaning 
 career^ and carceres. 
 
 poatremum : as Cicero afterwards explains, in a double sense, 
 ** the last and worst." 
 
 qttod — 8inu: ** which is peculiarly Catiline's crew, (composed) 
 of his own select friends, nay, indeed, of friends most intimate 
 and dear." — propriam CatUliiae, his cohora praetorla, § 24. — 
 de complexu — sinu : there is aside allusion to his impure lusts. 
 
 quos—v'idetis : '* these you see with hair carefully trimmed, 
 shining with unguents, either beardless or with beards carefully 
 trimmed." With the reading in the text pexo capillo is ablative 
 of description. Others remove the comma after capillo and join 
 the words with nitidos. — imberbes : refers to the youthful follow- 
 ers of Catiline, of dissolute and luxurious habits. — benebarbatoa : 
 generally the Romans kept the beard closely shaven, but occasion- 
 ally, especially in times of mourning, they allowed it to grow. 
 These men with "foppish little beards " are mentioned in Cic. 
 Kp. Att., 1.14: cum dies venisaet I'ogationi ex S. C. ferendae^ 
 concuraabout barbatuli juvtnea, totua ille (jrex Catilinae. 
 
 manicatia — tunicis : to a Roman it was a mark of effeminacy 
 to wear togas with long sleeves (manicalae) and reaching down 
 to the feet (tahres) : cp. Gellius, Noct. Att., 7.12 : Hor. Sat., 
 1.2.25. Explain the ablative : H. 418. 
 
 velis-togis: "clothed with veils, not with togas." A closely 
 fitting toga was the mark of a person of strict morals, while a toga 
 loosely fitting and of so transparent a texture as to resemble veils 
 was a mark of an effeminate or of a dissolute person : hence 
 the saying of Sulla to the optimates who interceded for the life 
 of Julius Caesar : ut male praecinctum puerum caverent, ** to be 
 on their guard against that loosely girt boy." Hence the words 
 cinctua, praecincttis, auccinctus, are put for induatriua, expeditua^ 
 gnavua, and discinctua for inera, mollia, ignavua. 
 
 quorum-exprimitur : " whose whole active life and (whose) 
 toilsome vigilance are expended on feasts lasting till the dawn." 
 induatria vitae^ndmtria vito, so also vigVandi labor=vigilia 
 laborioaa ; what figure : H. 636. IV. — In-cenis- banquets carried 
 
56 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 on all through the night till the day broke : cp. &»&ere, cenare in 
 lucem. 
 
 § 23. gregihua : contemptuously : cp. chap. 5, § 10 : fiagitioei 
 greges. 
 
 neque cantare et saltare : supply Mrith neque, solum from the 
 preceding. Another reading is psallere for saltare.— carUare, 
 properly said of vocal music ; psallere, of instrumental music, 
 on strin,ijed instruments, accompanied with the voice. 
 
 acitote : note that this is the regular form of the imperative and 
 pi. of the verb scir€f to avoid the possible confusion with scite, 
 the adverb, which means "skilfully." 
 
 seminarium Catilinarum : **a nursery of (-'atilines : " others 
 read seminarium Catilinariumf which some condemn on the 
 ground that it may mean *'a nursery established by Catiline :" 
 but cp. Cat. de Re Rustica, 48 : pomariumy seminarium atque 
 oleagineum. 
 
 «6i — volufU : " mean :" for the ethical dative : H. 389. 
 
 num — dttcturi, scil. aunt: ** do they intend to take with them 
 their mistresses to the camp ?" — num : explain the force of WMWi, 
 nonnCf and, we in direct questions. H. 353. — mulierculaa : wiliat 
 is the force here of the diminutive ? Explain fully the formation 
 of diminutives. 
 
 his — noctihus: Cicero delivered this speech on the '8th 
 November, but this date is in accordance with the Roman 
 calendar before its correction by Julius (Jsesar (B. C. 46). Ac- 
 cord!) g to some the real date of the speech, seeing that the civil 
 year different 2}^ months from the <:olar year was I2tb January, 
 62 B.C. 
 
 quo—pacto — perferenif "in what way will these endure 
 (the cold of) the Apennine (mountains), and the hoar-frosts and 
 snows there. " — With Apenninumf scil, montem : derived from 
 Celtic, PEN, or BEN, ** a hill " or "a height : " cp. Ben Nevis^ 
 Ben Lomond, Pennine Range. 
 
 nisi — didicerint : nisi, nisi verc, nisi fortSf are often joined 
 with the indicative when they introduce a correction of a sentence 
 preceding, or are used in an ironical sense : ** unless, it may be, 
 that they imagine tliey will endure the cold more easily on this 
 account that they have learned to dance naked at banquets." — 
 idcirco: also ideo, ** for this reason," may refer either to a pre- 
 ceding, or to a succeeding statement as here. The succeeding 
 
 St 
 
 01 
 
NOTES. 
 
 57 
 
 statement is often introduced by quodt quia, or quoniam, and the 
 order may be inverted. Sometimes Ukircc, ideo refer al-o to a 
 purpose introduced by ut, quo (with a comparative), ne, or tU ne. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 § 24. bellum—pertimeacendum : highly ironical. — Compare 
 maguopere. 
 
 cum — praetoriam : "since Catiline is to have this body guard 
 of infamous wretches." — Explain cum, with the Subjunctive : H. 
 521, II. 2. — cohortem praetoriam; in the days of the Republic the 
 general was usually attended by a select band {cohors praetoria) 
 composed of soldiers of tried bravery : cp. Livy, 11.20: dictator 
 Poathumitis cohorti mae, quam delectam manum pra^sldii causa 
 circa ae habebat dat aignum. According to Max Miiller (Science 
 of Language) Vol. II., p. 277, the Latin word cohora or coi , 
 meant ** a hurdle, an enclosure, a cattle-yard." Then cohora 
 meant so many soldiers constituting a pen or a court. In Medi- 
 aeval Latin the form was curtia and used like the German Hqf 
 of the farms and castles built by the Roman settlers in the 
 province of the Empire : cp. Agincom',, Chaincourt, Magni- 
 eourt. Lastly, from being a fortified place, curtis rose to the 
 dignity of royal residence. Derive palace, 
 
 praeaidia I ** defences" or "defensive forces." 
 
 gladiatori — aaucio : " this worn-out and wounded gladiator : " 
 what case? H. 386. 
 
 contra — i.uinum : ** a;][ainst that stranded and weakened band 
 of shipwrecked wretch' -,.'' 
 
 e^ce7<. is often said of one who is shipwrecked and cast on 
 shore : cp. Vergil, iEn. i. 578 : ai quibua pectus ailvia aut 
 urbibiia errat. 
 
 jam — ailveatribua : " now, indeed, the cities of the colonies and 
 of the towns will counterbalance the woodland heights of Cati> 
 line." Distinguish coloniae, cities or lands which Roman citizens 
 were sent to inhabit : these had laws prescribed to them by the 
 Romans, and were governed as Roman cities were, by duumviri : 
 municipia were foreign towns which obtained the rights of 
 Roman citizenship with various privileges, and which might or 
 might not, according to their own option, adopt the Roman 
 laws : praefecturae were towns to which prefects sent from Rome 
 ^nually administered justice : these neither enjoyed the rights 
 
58 
 
 M0T1B8. 
 
 of the eoloniae nor of the municipkt, and differed little from the 
 provinces in government. — colooniarum and municipiorum : not 
 genitives of specification^ but partitive genitives. For wrhe», 
 some read vires. 
 
 respondebunt : " will be a match for." The notion is that of 
 drawing up one line of soldiers opposite to another so that one 
 answers or corresponds to another of the enemy's line : cp. Cic. 
 Pro. Flacco : 40. : Asiaticcut jurisdictioni urbana jurtsdictio 
 respondebit. — tumulis sU'vestribus : referring to the "heights'* of 
 Etruria which CatUine occupied for carrying on a guerilla war- 
 fare: so also said of Hannibal : Livy. ^27. 20: tumulus erat 
 silvettris, quern Hannibal insidiis quern con^ris aptiorem esse 
 crediderat. Others read for tumulis, cumulis : " these bands 
 from the woodlands. " 
 
 cetera^ — vestra : ** your plentiful resources, your stately equip- 
 ment, and your defensive forces." 
 
 § 25. his rebus : further explained by the ablatives from senatu 
 to nationibus. 
 
 vectigalibus — "public revenues." — Exteris: distinguish ex- 
 teruSf expresses an intrinsic relation, and is applied to persons 
 onl^, as exteraa nationes is a political expression for foreign 
 nations ; externus denotes a mere local relation, and is applica- 
 ble to persons or things ; exlemae nationes^ is a geographical ex< 
 pression for nations outside of a certain limit. 
 
 causas : " principles :" the word is derived from SKU or KU, 
 "to protect : and originally meant "a position defended in a 
 court of law." It is the same origin as German haus ; English 
 h)use. 
 
 qaam^aceant : "how very much inferior they are:" with 
 this meaning of jacet : cp. Ovid. Fasti, 1.128: pauper ubique 
 jacet : for the subjunctive, H. 529. I. 
 
 ex hOiC enim parte — conHigit : this long antithetical sentence is 
 quite according to the genius of the Latin Language — pudor : 
 ** modesty," a sense of shame.— pHulantia : "effrontery." — 
 pietaSt scil, erga patriam : " patriotism :" pietas is used of a 
 due discharge of all the duties towards (i) the gods, (2) one's 
 native land, (3) parents. — h^neetas: "high character," never 
 our "honesty," which is probitas or ifitef/ritas.—aequitas, 
 temperantia, fortUudo, prud^ntia : the four cardinal virtues of 
 the Socratic school corresponding to the Giejk diKaioavvri, au(ppo-> 
 aOvti avSpeia, ^pdutjaig, — (Unique : note denique — postremo—deni' 
 
VOTES. 
 
 69 
 
 que. — bona ratio eum perdita, scil, ratione: "judgment with 
 lolly." — cum — desperatione : ** with absolute despair." 
 
 in — superari t " in a strife and conflict of such a kind will nol 
 the immortal gods, even though the zealous efforts of men fail, 
 compel so many and so lla^'rant vices to be put down by such 
 preeminent virtues as these ? " Distinguished certainen : a con- 
 test of words, weapons or principles as here : proeliuin, a techni- 
 cal military expression. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 § 26. quae — sint : often used to sum up an argument. 
 
 jam — dixi : some strike out dixi, as such an expression does 
 not occur in the speech. We may liave supposed that Cicero was 
 guilty of an oversight when committing tl»e speech to writing. , 
 
 custodiae : properly " watches " on the rampart of a camp : 
 here ** clay watches : " vigiliae : " night watches." 
 
 mihi — est : "I have carefully taken precautions and made 
 provision for your city being sufficiently defended without any 
 commotion and without any disturbance on your part." — mihi: 
 with passive verbs, the dative is sometimes used alone instead of 
 ab with the ablative : cp. Cic. pro Lege Manilia, chap. 24 : 
 quidquid in hoc causa mihi susceptum ent, Quiriten, id omne me 
 ret publicae causa suscepisse con/inno. 
 
 de — excusione : referring to the departure of Catiline on the 
 previous night. 
 
 quamquam — continebuntur : '* though they are, in fact, better 
 disposed towaids the state than some of the nobles, still they will 
 be kept in check by our power." Distinguish quumquam and 
 quamvis : H. 519, I. III. 
 
 m^liore animo : ablative of characteristic : H. 419, II. 
 
 aut — prohibebit : ** will either keep in check the n^an or will 
 frustrate all his movements and attempts." — horninem is per- 
 haps used contemptuously here. 
 
 reliqws — videtis : " moreover, as regards the arrangement, "the 
 .speedy execution and the accomplishment of the other matters 
 we shall presently lay these before the senate which you now see 
 is assembling." — re/erre ad senatiint is the regular expression, 
 **to bring up a matter before the senate." — vocari : by the 
 pra^cones who had been sent out. 
 
 § 27. utque adeo — voto : ** or rather who have been left behind 
 by Catiline to the detriment o^ the city and of us all, although they 
 
60 
 
 MOTES. 
 
 are enemies, still, because they are citizens bom, I would have 
 them again and again reminded." — atque adeo : here=veZ potu 
 us.— monitos — volo : the perfect infinitive passive is often joined 
 with volo, to express the zeal and rapidity with which a tning is 
 done : cp. Cic. Pro Leg. Man. chap. $ : legati quod erant 
 appellati superhius, Corinthum patres vestri tothu Chraedae 
 lumen extinctum esse voluerunt. 
 
 mea Unitaa — erumperet : ** my leniency, if so fiir it has 
 appeared to any one too remiss, vaited but for this, that the 
 treachery which was concealed might develop itself," — eui : when 
 is qui8=aliquis^ See note chapter 2, § 3. . — adhuc: rdates 
 to time, " up to this time : " ** hitherto," ** as yet." 
 
 quod reliquum est: " as to what remains : " « for the time to 
 
 come," " in future." 
 
 eonivere possum 
 eonmtlere. 
 
 ' I can wink at it : " another reading is 
 
 tSbi possunt : " they may take measures for their own safety." 
 
 rum modo—sed: after 7^on modo, aed follows without eiiam 
 when the second i the stronger statement. — dqcyrehendero : " I 
 shall detect." 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 § 28. atque — sedetur : " and all these things will be so done, O 
 Romans, that the greatest disorders shall be quelled with the 
 least possible disturbance, the most imminent dangers without 
 any alarm ; an internal and civil war, the most atrocious and 
 extensive within the memory of men (shall be quelled) by me, its 
 sole conductor and general, wearing the robe of peace. — me — 
 imperatore : abl. absolute : when the consuls set out on any 
 military expedition, they changed their toga for the militanr 
 cloak tagum. Hence, togatus expresses a consul in a civil 
 capacity, sagcUua, one in the field. 
 
 deduxerit — perficiam : — Explain the tenses : H. 508.2. 
 
 § 29. prudentia — conailiia fretvA : what adjectives govem the 
 ablative ? 
 
 «tgmt/Sca<»ont&i/«=omin»6u«, />roc^>^M : " warnings**' 
 
 q^ihusdudhua'. " under whose guidance." 
 
 praesentes : "in visible presence." 
 
 precari — venerari — implorare : note the elimax in these 
 words. 
 
PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Apennlni, scil, monies : the Apennines, a range of mountains 
 branching off from the Maritime Alps in the neighborhood of 
 Genoa, and rising to the Adriatic. The word is derived from 
 the Celtic, PEN, ** a height." 
 
 ApiUia, ae : noun, fern : a district of Southeastern Italy, on 
 the Adriatic coast. 
 
 Aurelia Via : A Roman road, which followed the whole 
 lent»th of the Etrurian and Ligurian coasts, and led into Gaul by 
 the AlpeH Maritimae. It was made by the consul Aurelius, 
 B.C. 149, and named after him. At first it extended from Rome 
 to Pisa, from which point it was subsequently continued under 
 the name of the Via Aemilia by the consul Aemilius Scaurus, 
 as far as Vada Sabata : here it left the coast and led as far as Der- 
 tona (now Tortona). At a later period, it was carried along the 
 coast to the Maritime Alps and even beyond them into Gaul as 
 far as Arelate (now Aries). 
 
 C. 
 
 CdtUlnay a£ : noun masc : Catiline : see Introduction. 
 
 E. 
 
 EtruHa, ae : noun, fem : Etruria : a district of Central Italy 
 on the Mediterranean, 
 
 F. - 
 
 Fa^mldniLS ager : the district around the town of Faesu/ae 
 (the modern Fiesole), in Etruria. Near Fuesula^ was Piatoria 
 where Catiline "fighting foremost fell." 
 
 6. 
 
 OalllcAnua, a, um: adjective : stationed in 6?a?Zia, i.e. Oallia 
 Ciaalpina. 
 
 QalVicu8f a, um : adjective : belonging to Oallia Cinalpina. 
 
62 
 
 PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Itdlta, ae. : noun, fern : Italy, a country of Southern Europe. 
 The word is derived from IraXoq^ Lat. vitulus^ " a bull," from its 
 excellent breed of cattle. 
 
 Laeca^ ne : Marcus Porcius 1 ,aeca, an accomplice of Catiline's 
 who at midnight convened the leaders of the conspiracy at his 
 own house, just before the discovery of the plot. 
 
 Manlim, i : noun, masc : Caius Manlius, one of the accom- 
 plices of Catiline, whom the latter sent into Etruria to levy 
 uoops and adopt whatever measures he might deem necessary 
 for the success of the plot. He commanded the right wing of 
 Catiline's army at Pistoria and fell fighting with desperate valour. 
 
 Masidllay ae : noun, fem : Mass^lia (now Maraeillea), a cele- 
 brated Greek settlement in Southern Gaul, on the Mediterranean. 
 It was noted for its extensive commerce and for its literary 
 activity. After the fall of Karthage it was a leading commer- 
 cial town of the Mediterranean, and in the days of Augustus 
 rivalled Athens as a seat of science. 
 
 McMMienseSf ium : noun, pi. : the inhabitants of Massilia. 
 
 MetelluSf i : noun, masc : Quintus Metellus Celer, praetor 63 
 B.C., was despatched by the senate to the Picenian territory to 
 check the conspiracy there. 
 
 MundHiut, i : noun, masc : Titus Munatius, one of the asso- 
 ciates of Catiline, of dissolute habits and deeply involved in 
 debt. 
 
 P. 
 
 Picintim, i : noun, neuter ; a district of Italy, east and south- 
 east of Umbria. 
 
 PublictiiSf i : noun, masc ; one of the dissolute companions 
 of Catilinq. 
 
PROPER NAMES. 
 
 63 
 
 R. 
 
 Bdma, ae : noun, fem : Rome, a celebrated city of Italy, on 
 the Tiber. . 
 
 Homdnm, a, um : adjective : of, or belonging to Roirw^ 
 Roman. 
 
 Sulkiy ae : noun, masc : Lucius Cornelius Sulla, a celebrated 
 Roman who, after serving under Marius, finally supplanted his 
 old commander. (For the career of Sulla, see Schmitz, Ancient 
 History). 
 
 t. 
 
 Tongiltus, i : noun, masc : one of the dissolute accomplices 
 of Catiline. 
 
 I 
 
1 
 
 Gi 
 
 I 
 [al 
 
 to 
 
 K 
 
 th 
 
 te 
 
 fr 
 
 01 
 
 aJ 
 
 u 
 
 II 
 
 h 
 
 o 
 
 t 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 &b (a, abs), prep, with abl.: 
 From, away from. To denote the 
 a^ent: By, bv means of [akin to 
 Gr. aird]. 
 
 abduco, ere, duxi, ductum, tr. 
 [ab, " away ; " duco, " to lead "] To 
 lead aside, remove. 
 
 &bdo, Ire, Ivi, Itum, intr. [ab, 
 " away ;" eo, " to go "] Togo away, 
 to depart. 
 
 abjicio, fire, jed, jectum. tr. [ab, 
 "from or away;" jacio, "to 
 throw"] To prostrate, to throw 
 away, to lay aside, to humble. 
 
 absum, esse, fOi, intr. [ab, 
 •• from ; " 8U! . " to be "] To be ab- 
 sent, away fi n; to stand aloof 
 from, to be wanting. 
 
 abundantia, », f. [ab, "from 
 or above ; " unda, " to wave ; " hence, 
 *• overftowing "] Plenty, fullness, 
 abundance. 
 
 ac. See atque. 
 
 accedo, ere, oessi, cessum, intr. 
 [ad, " to ; '' cedo, " to go "J To go 
 to, or up, to be near ; to approach. 
 
 accdldro, &re, avi, atum, tr. [ad, 
 intensive ; celero, " to hasten "] To 
 hasten, accelerate, to viake hubte. 
 
 accido, ere, cidi, int. [ad, "to ;" 
 cado, "t« fall"] To fall down, to 
 come upon, to befall, to happen. 
 
 ac-ciibo, cabare, oQboi, otlbl- 
 turn, [ad, "to or near ;" cubo, "to 
 lie "] To lie or recline. 
 
 accuso, ftre, avi, atum, tr. [ad, 
 ** against ; " causa, " a cause "] To 
 MottM, to arraign, to censure. 
 
 &cer, aoris, acre [for ac-cer ; rt 
 Ao, " sharp ; " root of axn, aKuKij, 
 aKfiri ; acus, aouo, acies] Sharp, se- 
 vere ; fierce, vehement ; active, spir- 
 ited (acrior, acerrimus). 
 
 ftcles, ei, f. [see aoer] Edge, point; 
 order of battle, battle-array. 
 
 acquiro, ere, quisivi, quisitum, 
 tr. [ad, "to;" <^uaero, "to gain") 
 To gain, to acquire. 
 
 &d, prep, with aoo.: To, up to ; 
 at, on ; towards, ; in the direc- 
 tion of ; in addition to ; accordinff 
 to, after ; in reply to, unto. 
 
 adduco, ere, xi, ctum, tr. [ad, 
 " to ; " duco, " to lead "] To lead, 
 bring, conduct to ; to lead on, in- 
 duce, persuade. 
 
 &d66, adv. [prob. for. &d-eom; fr. 
 ad, " to or up to ; " eom=eum, old 
 ace. of is] Up to there, to sxush a de- 
 cree, so much, even, therefore, ac- 
 cordingly. 
 
 adf icio, flcSre, feci, tectum, v. 
 act. [ad, "to;" facio, "to do"] To 
 do something to a person; to honour, 
 reward. 
 
 adfligo, fllgSre, flixi, flictum, v. 
 act. [ad, " to ; " fligo, " to dash "] 
 To dash to the grourui. 
 
 ddbuc, adv. [ad, " to or up to :" 
 hue, old form of hoc, " this "] Hith- 
 erto, thus far ; a» yet, still, even, 
 yet. 
 
 &diplscor, Ipisoi, adeptus sum, 
 dep. [for ad-apisoor] To reach, get, 
 attain, acquire. 
 
 adjiivo.are, JOvi, jlituni, tr. [ad, 
 intensive ; juvo, " to help "J To 
 help, aid, assist. 
 
 
66 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 "to 
 in 
 in 
 
 admlnistro, &re, avl, atum, tr. 
 [ad, without force ; ministro, " to 
 manage "] To manage, accomplish. 
 
 adprdpinq^o, <ire, avi, atum, 
 V. [ad, " to :" propinciuo, " to draw 
 near"] To draw near to. 
 
 adscisco, Sre, sclvi, scTtuni, v. 
 [ad, •• to ; " scisco, " to adopt "] To 
 add to, to unite to. 
 
 adsdquor, suqui, sequutus sum, 
 V. [ad, "to ; " aequor, '* to follow "J 
 To attain, gain. 
 
 adsum, esse, fni, irr. int. [ad, 
 •• to." or " near ; " sum, " to be "1. 
 To he on hand, to be present; to aid, 
 assist ; to come, he near. 
 
 ftdulter, 6ri, m. An adulterer. 
 
 aedM. lfl( f. [root ARP, 
 bum ;" op. aiOu, aestas, aestiis] 
 sinjr., hotue, but gen. a temple ; 
 the plural, temples, houses. 
 
 aedfflclum, ii, n. [aedes, "a 
 house," originally "«i hearth ;"facio, 
 " to make"] A houae. 
 
 aedlflco, &re, Svi, atum. tr. 
 [aedes, "ahouse;" facio, "to make"] 
 to huiid, erect. 
 
 aegue, adv. [root ik, " to make 
 even j" cp. aequor ; Qk. ei»ca>]. 
 EqttaUy, just as. 
 
 aeqi:dtas, <1tis, f. (aequus), even- 
 ness, conformity, justice, equity 
 
 aequus, a, um, adj. [see aeque] 
 level, 8m4)oth, even, hence just. 
 
 aerarium, li, n. [aes, " brass or 
 money ;" arium, " place where any- 
 thing is kept"]. The public trea- 
 sury (in the temple of Saturn), the 
 puiflic money. 
 
 aes, ris, n. [akin to the German, 
 Eisin; English, iron] : Bronze, 
 copper. 
 
 aet§>S, tltis, f . [for ae(vi)tas : cp. 
 aevum, aeternus (=ae(vi)tei'nu8 : 
 Uk. aiSiv ; from root aiv, a len<;th- 
 ened form of i, " to go"], age, titne 
 of life ', life-time. 
 
 aeternus, a, um, adj. >eeae- 
 tas]. Eternal, everlastinj, im- 
 mortal^ §ndurin^. 
 
 affectus, a, um. Worn out. 
 
 affero, ferre, adtuli (attuli), ad- 
 latum, (alhitum) ; verb [ad, " to ; " 
 fero, "to bring"] To brin^ to, cause. 
 
 agrer, agri, m. [root ao, "to 
 drive ;" hence, when cattle are 
 driven : cp. (jerman, trift, "pastur- 
 age ;" from treiben, "to drive;" 
 Enjflish, acre] : Afield; the country; 
 a district. 
 
 d.gro, Cre. Cgi, actum [root ao, 
 " to set in motion ;" see ager]. To 
 drive, lead, direct, conduct ; to do, 
 transact. 
 
 agrestis, e, adj [see ager]. 
 Rural, pertaining to the country. 
 
 aio, ais, ait, defec. verb [from 
 root AQH, " to say "]. To say, speak. 
 
 alda, ae, f. [prob. for as-lea ; 
 from the Sanscrit root, as, "to cast, 
 or throw "] A die, a gavM at dice ; 
 a chan-e, hazard, accident. 
 
 aldator, oris, m al&i). A player 
 with dice, a gambler, gamester. 
 
 &lienus. a, um. [alius, "another"]. 
 Foreign, inconsistent with, foreign 
 to, unfavorable; hostile. 
 
 dliquando, adv. [alius, "an- 
 other ; quando, " when :"] Some- 
 times, soma time, formerly, here- 
 after, at length, now, at last. 
 
 d.liquis, qu&, quod and quid, 
 indef. pro. [alius, " another ;" quis, 
 " who ;" " another be it who it 
 may"] Some one, anybody, some, 
 any, something, anything. 
 
 &lius, a, ud, adj [root al, " ap* 
 other ;" op. aAAov, alter ; Eng. else] 
 Other, another, different. 
 
 alter, era, erum, adj. [akin to 
 alixis, " another ; " with compar- 
 ative suffix 'ter ; op. -repos, in Qk. 
 comparatives] One of two, the other. 
 
 amentia, as, f. [a, negative pre- 
 fix, " without ; " mens, " mind or 
 reason") The want of reason mad- 
 ness, folly. 
 
 &micio. Ire, IcOi, ictum, tr. [am 
 =:ambi, Or. ift-iin., " on both sides ;" 
 and jacio, "to throw"] Throw 
 aroundf vxrap a6ou(, clothe, wrap. 
 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 ^7 
 
 AO, 
 
 To 
 do, 
 
 &mo> are, IyI, atum, V. [for cam- 
 are, root OAM, " to love "] To love. 
 
 amor. Oris, m. [see amo] Love. 
 
 amplector, ecti, exus sum, dep. 
 tr. [ain=ambi=Or. a/Li<^i, " on both 
 sides;" pleoto, "to embrace"] To 
 embrace, circle, clasp, love, cling to. 
 
 &n, oonj.: Not translated indirect 
 questions ; in indirect whether ; an 
 ... an, whether . . .or. 
 
 ansrCUus^ i, m. [root akk, " to 
 bend, op> aYKwi', ayxvpa; an^iiis, 
 anoora] A comer, a lurkinfj place. 
 
 &nlielo, fire, avi, atum, [for an- 
 halo ; fr. av=apa, "up;" halo, "to 
 breathe"] To draw up, breathe, 
 pant, breathe out or forth. 
 
 Animus, i. m. [an. "to breathe"] 
 The inindf soul ; the unit, desire, 
 disposition, courage. 
 
 annus, i, m. [for amnus, " that 
 which ffoes round;" root ah, 
 "around;" cp. Ok. ivvot, ei/iavrds; 
 annulus] A year. 
 
 antd : prep, with aoa: Over, 
 c^ainst, before, beyond, in advance} 
 superior to. 
 
 antd, adv : Fomu .iy, before pre- 
 viously ; pTior,forward, in advance. 
 
 antdai adv.: [prob. fr. ante, is 
 (aca), earn] Btfore, formerly, pre- 
 viously. 
 
 antdltlc&nus, a, um, adj. [ante, 
 "before;" lux. "light"] That 
 which is htfore the dawn of day. 
 
 &perte, adv. [ab, denoting " re- 
 versal ; " root par, " to cover "] 
 Openly, clearly, publicly. 
 
 &pertus, a, um, adj. [see aperte] 
 Uncovered, flree,<^en, unmolested. 
 
 appftratus, a, um, adj. [ad, 
 intens.; paratus, "prepared"] Well 
 ^prepared, costly. 
 
 appello, are, avi, atum [ad, "to;* 
 pello, " to bring"] To eaU, address, 
 appeal, invoke; in pass.: To be 
 called or named. 
 
 aptUB, a, um, adj. [root, ap, " to 
 binoT;" cp. apex}. Fitted, suitable. 
 At, adapted. 
 
 &qull&, ae, f. [root, ao, "sharp," 
 fr< Q it6 sharp talons, or ao, "swift:" 
 from its flight]. An eagle, the prin- 
 cipal standard of the Roman legion. 
 
 arbitror, ari, atus sum, v. [ad, 
 "to;" bito. "to go"]. Tu think, 
 judge, believe. 
 
 artfentum, i, n. [root, aro, " to 
 bijun ;" cp. dpyvpoi, ardco]. Silver, 
 money, plate. 
 
 argrentdus, a, um, adj. (argen- 
 tnm). Of silver, silver, silvery. 
 
 arm&, drum, n. [root, ar, "to 
 fit ;" op. aput dpOpov ; Latin, artus, 
 armus]. Arms. 
 
 aspicio, 6re, exi, ectum, [ad, 
 " to f' specio, " to look "] To look 
 at, to behold. 
 
 assuefacio, facgre, feci, fac- 
 tum: V [ad, "to;" suesco, "to ac- 
 custom:" facio, "to make"]. To 
 make accustomed to. 
 
 &t, conj. [akin to Or. dr-ap, b\U]. 
 But, but yet. It often introduces 
 objection of supposed opponent. 
 
 &tque, conj. [for adque ; from 
 ad, "in addition;" que, "and"]. 
 And, also. 
 
 attiibiio, tiere, td, atum, [ad, 
 " to ;" tribuo, " to assign"]. To at- 
 tribute, assign, bestow, add. 
 
 auctlonariiis, a, um, adj. : 
 Pertaining to an auction. 
 
 auctor, oris, m. [augeo, "to in- 
 orease"]. Author, contriver, ad- 
 viser, proposer, approver. 
 
 auctdritas, tatis, f. [from auc- 
 tor, " a producer"]. Reputation, 
 authority, influence, dominion, 
 majesty. 
 
 audad[&, ae, f. [audaxj. Bold, 
 presumption, courage. 
 
 audaz, aois, adj. Bold, pre- 
 sumptuous. 
 
 auddo, ere, ausus sum. semi, 
 dep. [root, au, " to desire ;" cp. 
 avidus, •'.veo (=avideo)]. To dare, 
 venture, attempt. 
 
68 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 audio, Ire, Ivi, itum, v. [au, "to 
 hear;" op. auris, aim]. To hear, 
 listen, eta 
 
 auris, is, f. [see audio]. The ear. 
 
 aurum, i, n. [root, ush, "to 
 sliine;" op. uro], Oold. 
 
 ausplcivun, ii, n. [fr. au-spex ; 
 from avis and speoio, the oMerv- 
 aiion of birds bred for auspices]. An 
 at^ury, omen ; auspices. 
 
 aut, conj. [akin to Or. aS, aS9i, 
 eta], or ; aut— aut, either— or ; non 
 —aut, neither, nor. 
 
 autem, conj. [akin to Or. dvrap]. 
 But, on the other hand, moreover. 
 
 aua^ia, orum, n. [augeo, "to 
 increase"]. pL, auxiliary troops, 
 auxiliaries. 
 
 au^lium, ii. [prob. from obsol. 
 adj. auxilis (=au]filis, for augeo)=: 
 increasing] Help, aid, assistance. 
 
 aversus, a, um, adj. [for avert- 
 sus ; and part from averto, ere, tl, 
 sum], Averted, turned from, alien- 
 ated. 
 
 av6co, fire, fivi, fitum, [ab. 
 " from ;" vooo, " to call "]. To call 
 avmy. 
 
 &vCls, i, m. A grandfather. 
 
 B. 
 
 barbatus, a, um : adj. [barba]. 
 Bearded. 
 
 bdate : adv. [beatus] : Happily, 
 fortunately, prosperously. 
 
 bdatus, a, um, adj. : [be(a)o : 
 "to make happy"]. Happy, pros- 
 perous, fortunate, lich. 
 
 bellum, i, n. [old form du-ellum; 
 from duo, " two ;" henoe a contest 
 between two]. A war. 
 
 bdnd, adv., oomp. melius, supl. 
 optime. WeU, happily, prosperouely. 
 
 bdndncium,ii,n. [bene, "well;" 
 faoio, " to do"]. Kindness, benefit, 
 favor, distinction. 
 
 bdnum, i, n. A good, benefit, 
 blessing; bona, orum, goods, pro- 
 ] erty, advantages. 
 
 b6nu8, a, um, adj.: [old,diioiiUB]: 
 oomp. mSlior, sup. optimus. Good, 
 'worthy, brave. 
 
 brdvls, is, e, adj. [root, vbao. 
 "to break"]. SAort, 6ri</; brevi 
 [sa tempore]=in short timet *hortly. 
 
 brdviter.adv.fr.brevis. BrUffiy, 
 shortly. 
 
 O. 
 
 caedes, is. f. [caedo, "toslay"]. 
 Slaughter, carnage, murder. 
 
 caedo, ere, ceoldi, oaesum : To 
 cut dovm,fell; to slay, kill, beat. 
 
 c&l&m!tas, ntis, f. [perhaps for 
 cadamitas, from cado, "to fall"]. 
 Calamity, mi^ortune, disaster. 
 
 campus, i, m. [root SOAP, " to 
 dig :" cp. Kfjiros]. Campus MaiiduSt 
 the^eM of Mars, where the Comitia 
 were held; it was also used for 
 games, etc. 
 
 c&pillus, 1 m. [fr. caput. Or. 
 Kc^oA^]. The hair of the head. 
 
 capio, Sre, oepi, captum: y. a. 
 To take, get, obtain, receive. 
 
 o&pitalis, e, adj. [caput, "the 
 head^]. Capital, deadly. 
 
 carcdr, eris, m. [root, a&c, " to 
 enclose :" cp. arx, elpyw]. A prison. 
 
 castr&, drum, n. pi. : [perhaps 
 for soad-trum : root, bkad, "V> 
 cover :" op. casa=8kadsa : Oerman, 
 schatten : Eng. s?iad-ow]. A camp. 
 
 caus&, ae, f. [root, sku, " to de- 
 fend :" hence " a suit defended "] 
 A cause, reason, ground ; mativet 
 cause, or process cf law. 
 
 C&v6o, ere, c&vi, oautum, tr. 
 and intr. To take care, to be on one's 
 guard; avoid, to guard against; 
 cavOre aliquem, to ward off some one; 
 cavCre alloQi, to care for some one. 
 
 centurio, Onis : m : [from oen- 
 turia, " a hundred men "]. A com- 
 mander of a hundred men ; a cen- 
 turion. 
 
 certamen, Inis, n. [oerto, " to 
 contend "] A contest, struggle. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 60 
 
 certd, adv. [oertus, "certain"] 
 At leant, assuredly, for certain. 
 
 certo, are, avi, atum. v. (root 
 CBE, "to decide"] To contend. 
 
 certus. a, um, adj. [same root 
 ■8 certo] Certain, fixed. 
 
 cetSrus, a uni, adj. [akin to 
 cTcpos nom. sing. masc. not in use ; 
 sing, rare.] The other, the rest, the 
 remainder of. 
 
 CibUS, i, m. Food, provision. 
 
 cinis, eris, m. froot can, "to be 
 white;" cp. oandidus] A sites, embers: 
 ndn. 
 
 circa, prep, and adv. [root kur, 
 •• to bend ; " cp. curvus, icv«eAo«| 
 Around, round abotU. 
 
 circum, prep, and adv. [see 
 circa] In a circle, and henoe,around, 
 round about, about, near. 
 
 circumcludo, ere, clusi, clu- 
 sum [circum, "around;" chiudo, 
 " to shut "J To shut in, cndose. 
 
 circum scriptor, oris, m. [cir- 
 cum, "around; ' scribo, "I write"] 
 A cheat, a de/rauder. 
 
 civis, la, m. [root ici, "to dwell") 
 A citizen. 
 
 Civitas, atis, f. [see civis] Citi- 
 zenship, date, commomveuUh, the 
 state or body politic. 
 
 Clarus, a, um, adj. [for c(a)la- 
 rus; root kal, "to shout," or kli;, 
 "to hear"] Loud, distinct, mani- 
 fest, illustrious, famous. 
 
 coena, ae : f : [for ced-na: root, 
 KHAU, "to eat"]. A feast. 
 
 coepio, ere and isse, i, ptnm, 
 intr. i contr. for co-apio ; con, "to- 
 
 fether;" apio, "to tie"] To lai/ 
 old of, to begin, 
 
 coerceo, ere, tti, Itum, tr. [con, 
 "tORether;" arcco, "to confine". 
 To confine, keep in check, restrain. 
 
 Cdgrito, are, ftvi, atum, [con, " to- 
 gether ;" agito, "to put in motion" 
 To think, to ponder, to intend. 
 
 COgO, ire, cdegi, cOactum [con, 
 "together;" ago, "to drive") To 
 
 collect, assemble, force, compel ; to 
 induce, prevail on. 
 
 cdhors, tis, f [cors, cohors ; 
 Xopros, " enclosure "] A cohort, the 
 tenth part of a leijion. 
 
 ColISgro, Cre, egi, eotum, tr. [con, 
 "together;" lego, "to gather") 
 To collect, to assemble, to acquire. 
 
 coldnus, i, m. [oolo, " to till "] 
 A colonibt, settler, farmer 
 
 comds, Itis, m. [con, "together;" 
 t, "to go"] An associate, a com- 
 panion. 
 
 comissatio, dnis, f. 'comissor 
 —Kittikdiiu] Revel, revelling, carous- 
 ing. 
 
 Cdmitor, ari, atus sum, v, dep. 
 [see comes j To accompany. 
 
 comm^moro, are, avi, iitum 
 [con, intens.; memor, "mindful"] 
 To remind, mention, relate. 
 
 commendo, are. avi, atum 
 [con, intens.; manus. "the hand;" 
 do, "to give "J Commit thoroughly, 
 recommend; entrust to. 
 
 committo, ere, isi, issum [con, 
 "together;" mitto, "to send'*] 
 To unite ; to commit ; to begin. 
 
 commoveo, ere, movi, mutum, 
 V. [con, " to-fi'ther ; " moveo, " to 
 move "] To influence. 
 
 comp&ro, are, avi, atum. [con, 
 " together :" paro, " to get ready"]. 
 To procure, furnish ; establish, pre- 
 pare. 
 
 complector, i, exus sum. [con, 
 "together;" plecto, "to clasp "J. 
 To clasp, embrace. 
 
 complexus, us, m. [com-plect- 
 or]. Ernbrace. 
 
 comprdhendo, cre,*di, sum. 
 [com, " together :" prehendo, " to 
 seize"]. To seize, grasp, understand. 
 
 conatus, us, m. [conor, " to at- 
 tempt "]. An attempt, effort, under- 
 taking. 
 
 concede, ere, essi, essum. [con, 
 iiit<.'n»ive: codo, "to yield"], lo 
 
 u 
 
 '■■ M 
 
n 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 m 
 
 grant, concede; to yield; to f/ive 
 place. 
 
 concido, Sre, Idi. fcon, inten 
 ■Ive : cado, ' to fall"]. To/all dtnon 
 gink, decay, perish. 
 
 conciplo, C>re, cCpi, ceptum. 
 foon, " together:" capio, "to take"]. 
 To take, conceive, comprehend, 
 imagine. 
 
 COncito, are, avl, atum.tr. [con- 
 oito, intens. of cl-eo]. To stir up, ex- 
 cite, arouse, incite. 
 
 Concordia, ae, f. [con, "to- 
 gether:" cor, "heart"]. Concord, 
 amity, unanimity. 
 
 conciipisco, 6re, cttplvi : v. 
 [con, "together:" cupio, "tode- 
 rire"]. To desire etmestly ; to covet. 
 
 condicio, onis, f. [con, " to- 
 gether:" dico, "to speak"]. An 
 agreement, contract, stipulation, 
 terms, state, condition. 
 
 confercio, we, feral, fertura, tr. 
 (con, "together :" farcio, "tostufif "] 
 To stuff or cram together ; a am ; 
 surfeit. 
 
 confdro, ferre, contOll, colia- 
 tum. [oon, "together:" fero, "to 
 bring"]. To bring or carry, con- 
 tribute, collect, gather ; to compare; 
 to confer, direct. 
 
 conficio, 6re, f6ci, fectuni. [con» 
 "together:" facio, "to make "I. To 
 make, effect, prepare, accomplisn, 
 waste ; to lay the charge to. 
 
 confido, Sre, fiaus, sum. [con, 
 " together :" fldo, " to trust "]. To 
 confide in, to trust to, torely upon. 
 
 confligro, Sre, xi, otum. [con, 
 intensive : fligo, " to strike " i. To 
 strike or, dash together, to contend ; 
 to conflict. 
 
 cox^jldo. fire, led, Jeotum. [con, 
 "together:"' Jaoio, "to throw"]. 
 To put together, throw, force, con- 
 jecture. 
 
 conjuratto, onis, f. [con. " to- 
 gether:" juro, "to swear"]. A 
 sv>earing together, conspiracy, plot. 
 
 Conive6, ere, nivi, or nixl. [con, 
 intensive : niveo. " to wink "]. To 
 connive at, wink at, overlook. 
 
 consclentia, ae, f. [con, "to- 
 gether:" scio, "to know"]. Joint 
 ^•^nowledge, conscioiisness, conscience, 
 jfUilty conscience. 
 
 conscriptus, a, um adj. [and 
 part., consoribtus of conscribo], 
 conscript ; as a noun, conscriptus, 
 i. ni., a senator. Patres conscripti 
 was ori<,'inally patres et conscripti, 
 the old stnators, and those after- 
 wards enrolled to complete the 
 number. 
 
 consdquor. 1, secQtus, sum, 
 den. [con, "together:" sequor, "to 
 follow "]. To Jollow thoroughly, to 
 attend, follow, pursViS, obtain, at- 
 tain to 
 
 conservo, are, avi, atum. [con, 
 "together:" servo, "to keep"]. To 
 serve, keep, protect. 
 
 consilium, ii, n. [con, "to- 
 gether:" sedeo, "to sit"]. Deliber- 
 ation, counsel, plan, purpose, arti- 
 fice. 
 
 constantia, ae, f. [oon, "to- 
 gether:" sto, "to stand""]. Con' 
 stancy, firmnesSf steadiness, con- 
 sistency. 
 
 COnstittLo, Sre, stltai, stltQtum: 
 V. [oon, "together:" statuo, "to 
 set up '"]. To determine. 
 
 consto, are, stiti, statum. [oon, 
 " together :" sto, " to stand "]. To 
 stand together, stand firm, corres- 
 pond. 
 
 consiU. aiis, m. [oon, "to- 
 gether ;" SBD, " to sit"]. A consul, 
 
 constUatus, flu. m. [consul]. 
 The consulship, consiUate. 
 
 consiUo, ere, fllni, ultum. [con. 
 " together ;" sbd, ' 'to sit "]. To de- 
 liberate, take counsel. 
 
 consumo, ere, sumpsi, sump- 
 tum. [con, "together;" sumo, "to 
 take'"]. To consunUf watte, trnnd, 
 squMndsr, 
 
VOCABULART. 
 
 n 
 
 ■"J. To 
 
 , "to. 
 
 Joint 
 
 Science. 
 
 contemno, 9re, mpsi, mptum. 
 
 fcoi), *• toirethe* ;" temno, "to des- 
 pise " . To contemn, despise. 
 
 contendo, ere, di, turn, [con, 
 Intensive ; teiido, " to stretch "]. To 
 strain, atrive, endeavour ; to atrug- 
 gle, contend. 
 
 continentia, ae, f. [con, "to- 
 gether;" teneo, "to hold"]. A 
 checking, moderation, temperance. 
 
 contlndo, ere, Hi tentum. [con, 
 " tojrether ;" teneo, " to hold "]. To 
 hold or keep together, hold, contain, 
 bound. 
 
 contingro, ere, tlf^i, tactuni. 
 [con, " tojf ether ;" tango, " to 
 touch "]. To touch, reach ; to be- 
 Jail, to fall to the lot of{mthjdat.) 
 
 contra, prep, with ace. [prob. 
 abl. of old aaj. conterus]. 4[iuinst, 
 contrary to, in reply to. In com- 
 position, contro. 
 
 contra, adv. [On ttie other hand, 
 on the contrary, in the opposite di- 
 rection. 
 
 COntr&ho, ere, xi, ctum [con, 
 "together;" traho, "to draw 'I. 
 To draw together, to collect, causi, 
 impose, diminish. 
 
 controversla, », f. [contra, 
 •• against ; " verto, " to turn "J 
 Controversy, dispute. 
 
 conventus, us, m [con, "to- 
 gether ; " venio, " to come "] An 
 assembly. 
 
 convince, 6re, vici, victum 
 [con. " together ;" vinco, "to con- 
 quer"! To convict, convince, prove 
 dearly, demonstrate. 
 
 convivium, it, n. [con-vivo, "a 
 living together"] A feast, banquet. 
 
 convdco, ftre, ftvi, fttum, tr. 
 [con, " together; " vooo, " to call "] 
 ToeaXL together, assemble, convoke. 
 
 Odpla, B, (• [contr. for co-op-ia ; 
 fr. co; opis] Plenty, abundance, 
 itore, means. Oopis (pi.) Troops, 
 forces. 
 
 Cdpldsus, a, um, adj. [oopia] 
 AltowMinmint rich. 
 
 cdtidle: [quot, "as many as;" 
 dies, " u day"] Daily. 
 
 credo, ere, didi, ditum : To be- 
 lieve, think, aiippoxe, trust, rely on. 
 
 cresco, 9re, evi, ctum ; To in- 
 crease, extend, spread, i/row. 
 
 crimen, Inis, n. [root cbr, " to 
 decide "J A charge, accusation ; a 
 crime, offence. 
 
 crudelis, e, adj. [root cru, 
 "hard;" cp. <tpu<rTaAAos. cruor.j 
 Cruel, savage, inhuman. 
 
 cum, prep, with ahl. orig. form, 
 com ; akin to Hans, sum ; Qr. $vi; 
 aw] With ; written after personal 
 pronouns ; e.g., seoum. 
 
 cAmCilds, i, ra. [root cir, "to 
 swell "] 7'/ie swollen thing ; an in- 
 crease, stimmit. 
 
 cCipio, ere, li or Ivi. Itum [root 
 CUP, "to desire"] To desire, to long 
 for favour. 
 
 cur, adv. [contr. from, qua re or 
 cui rei] For what reason ; tvhy ; 
 wherefore, [anciently quo-r]. 
 
 cur&, SB, f. [for coer-a ; froivi co- 
 ero, old form of quaere] Care.anxi- 
 ety, attention ; a charge. 
 
 CUlia, SB, f : A curia or ward, 
 a curia ; one of the thirty parts into 
 which Romulus divided the Roman 
 people; the senate-house. 
 
 custddTa, SB, f. [sKu, " to cover 
 or guard "] A custody, watch, guard; 
 a guard-watch. 
 
 custda, ddis, m. and t. [see cus- 
 todia] A keeper, watch, guardian, 
 preserver. 
 
 D. 
 
 de, prep : with abl.: of, from, out 
 of; urith respect to; dbotU; concern- 
 ing. 
 
 debdo. ere, fli, Itum, v. [de, 
 "from ; " habeo, " to have ; " hence, 
 " to have or hold from one. "] To ovfe, 
 ought. 
 
 debilis, e. adj. [contracted for 
 dehabilis; de, weakened force: h»- 
 
72 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 bilia, "handy.") crippled, toeak, 
 
 enfeebled. 
 
 debillto, Are, &vi, &tuni, v (See 
 debilis.] To cripple, weaken, debili- 
 taU. 
 
 decedO. Cre, oeasi, essum, v. [de, 
 "from;" cwlo, "to jfo.'] To de- 
 part, retreat, withdraw, yield. 
 
 dScoctor, Oris, m. (de, weak- 
 ened force; coquo, "to boil."] A 
 gjtendthri/t, bankrupt. 
 
 decretum, I. n. (de, intensive ; 
 oenio, "to desire."] Deer statute. 
 
 deduco, Cre, y', ctum, v. [de, 
 " from : " duco, " t< lead."] To lead 
 or bring down, jtrolonij, conduct. 
 
 defendo, fire, di, sum, v. [de, 
 "from:" obs. fendo. "to beat or 
 strike."] To ward off, defend, pro- 
 tect. 
 
 def(§ro, ferre, tflli, Ifiium, v. [de, 
 "from;" root fkr, "to carry."] To 
 hear or cairy away; bring doum; '. 
 offer, give ; produce. 
 
 deflcio, £re, feci, fectum, v. [de, 
 "away from;" facio, "to make."] 
 To fail, be wanting. 
 
 ddindd, adv. [de, " from ;" inde, 
 •' tnenoe. "[ Then, afterwards, next 
 in order. 
 
 delectus, us, m. [de, "from;" 
 ICgo, " to chose. ''] A Ic vy, choosing^ 
 choice. 
 
 del6o, 6re, 6vi, etuni. [de, in- 
 tensive; root Liv, "to blot."] To 
 bV t oui, efface, expunge, destroy over- 
 tl row. 
 
 de^icatus, a, um, adj. [de 
 "awAy;" root lac, "to allm-e."] 
 T:..uier, delicate, effeminate. 
 
 demonstro, <ire, avi, &tum, 
 ▼. [de, intensive ; moustro, " to 
 show. "] To point o ut. 
 
 demiun, adv. [akin to Gr. 5q.] 
 At length, at last. 
 
 deniaue, adv. [prob. for dein- 
 que.] A-nd thereupon; and then, 
 infm, alt last. \ 
 
 ddpello, Cre, pttH, pulsum. [de, 
 "down;" pello, "to drive," I /o 
 drive down, ovi, or away ; expel, 
 repel. 
 
 depono, fire, pflsfli, pflsltum. 
 [de, ''' down ; " pono, " to place."] 
 To lay or put down ; to throw aside, 
 abandon, give up. 
 
 deposco, Sre, pOposci. [de, 
 " from ;" posoo, " to demand."] To 
 demand, require, request. 
 
 depr6hendo, Cre, di, smn. [de, 
 intensive ; prehendo, " to seize."] 
 To seize, catch, detect, discover. 
 
 describo, 6re, ipsi, iptum. [de, 
 " dense ;" seribo, "to write."] To 
 copy off, transcribe, distribute, as- 
 sign. 
 
 des6r6, ere, Qi, tum. [de, nejjfa- 
 tive force; sero, "to join."] To 
 forsake, to desert, abandon, forsake. 
 
 desidSrium, i,; n. [de, inten- 
 sive; root HID. (cp. eI6u),)"to look 
 at."] A longing, evident desire. 
 
 desino, Cre, sivi, sltum. [de, in- 
 tensive ; siuo, ' • to leave "]. To leave 
 off, desist, end. 
 
 desperatio, Onis, f. [de, nega- 
 tive; spero, "to hope"]. JJes2>air, 
 hopelessness. 
 
 despero, an, avi, atum. [de, 
 negative ; spero, " to hope "]. To 
 despair, to have no hope. 
 
 d6us, i, m. [uiv, " to be bright"]. 
 A god, deity. 
 
 diCO, Ore, xi, ctum. [root, dik, 
 "to point out "J. To speak, tell, ap 
 point, name. 
 
 dies, Ci, m. and f. |root, div, "to 
 be bright ;" op. Slo^]. A day ; time. 
 
 dignitas, litis, f. [root, uik, "to 
 point out "J. Merit, worth ; dignity, 
 Ktanding, office. 
 
 digrnuB, a, um, adj. (with abl.) 
 (rook, MK, " to point out "]. Fitting, 
 worthy, becoming. 
 
 diripio, ere, ripfli, rejitum. [for 
 disrapio ; dis, "apart;" rapio, "to 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 73 
 
 [de, 
 To 
 
 a». 
 
 cany off ;" root, rap]. To nnatch 
 or tt'ar asutnler ; tn plu nder, pillage. 
 
 dlBsIm lis, e.adj. fdls, nesrative; 
 BiniiliM. •' like "J. Unlike, different. 
 
 dlssimCilo, are, avi, fttuin, v. 
 [see (iiusiin lis]. To pretend, 
 
 diasolvo, ire, solvi, solutum, 
 I'lis, "avmrt;" solvo, "to loosen "J. 
 7V) iliMnvlve, dissipate, abolish, des- 
 troy. 
 
 distribCio. 6re, ni, utum, v. 
 U\\y "apart;" tribuo, "toirive"]. 
 J'v n stribute, allot. 
 
 di versus, a, um, adj. [for di- 
 veitsuB ; di or dis, ' in different di- 
 rect ons ;" verto, "to turn "J. Turn- 
 ed in different ways ; diverge ; sepa- 
 rate. 
 
 do, dilre, dedi, d&tuni. [root, da, 
 "to jfive "J. To give, afford, offer, 
 occasion. 
 
 dcmesticus, a, um, adj. [do- 
 nius, " a house "). Domestic ; per- 
 taining to the house. 
 
 dormlo, ire, ivi, itum [root dor, 
 "to sleep ;" cp. hapdavia] To sleep, 
 tpend in sleep. 
 
 diibitatio, dnis, f. [for duhabi- 
 tatii) ; dtw, " two ;" habeo, " to 
 have;" hence "doubt 'J. J)oubt,in- 
 decision, uncertainty. 
 
 diiblto, ftre, avi, atum. [seedu- 
 bitatio]. Doubt, hesitate, waver. 
 
 dCibium, li, n. [see dubito] 
 Doubt, fiesitittion. 
 
 duco, ore, xi, ctum, r. [dvc, " to 
 draw "] To lead, condwit ; protract; 
 asciiiie. 
 
 dulcis, e, adj. [usually com- 
 pared with yAuicus] Sweet, pleasant, 
 deli/ht/ul. 
 
 dum, adv. and conj. [from diu, 
 old ablative of dies, " a day "J While, 
 as long as, provided. 
 
 diio, 03, o, adj. [akin to Or. Svo] 
 Two. 
 
 dux, duels, m. and t. [duco] A 
 leader, guide, conductor, general. 
 
 e or ex, prep, with abl.: From, 
 of, out of, on arcoiint uj, at, in con- 
 fomiity With. 
 
 edictum, i, n. [e, " out ;" dico, 
 " to speak "J A prortamal 'm, or- 
 dinance, edict. 
 
 eddcdo, ere, Qi, ctum, [e, "out;" 
 doceo, " to teach "J To in/omt. ap- 
 prise. 
 
 educo, ire, xi, otum[e,ex,"out;" 
 duco, " to lead "J To lead forth, to 
 draw out, to bring. 
 
 effdro, efferre, extflli, datum, 
 LUX, "out;" fero, to carry"] To 
 bnvq or carry out; to produce; 
 publish. 
 
 efficio, fire, feci, fectum [ex, 
 " out ;" facio, " to make "J To bring 
 to jiass, effect, execute ; perform ; 
 to rtuder. 
 
 &gO, niei, per. pron. Or. eyw) /; 
 eiromet, / myself. 
 
 egrddior, di, gressus sum [e or 
 ex, " out ; " gradior, " to go "J To 
 go out, depart, leave. 
 
 ejicio, ere, jeci, jectum, [e, 
 " out ;" jacio, " to throw "J To cast, 
 tli'i-ust or drive out ; expel, banish. 
 
 emitto, ere, misi, luissum, v. [e, 
 "out;" mitto, "to send "J To send 
 out or forth ; let go, discharge, buy, 
 
 6niin, conj Fo-, nou', truly, cer- 
 tainly ; at enim, out still, for in- 
 deed. 
 
 60, Ire, Ivi, Itum, v. [root i, " to 
 go "J 'To go, to proceed. 
 
 eo, adv. [prob. for eom=eum, 
 ace. of isj Then, thither, on that ae- 
 count. 
 
 eodezn, adv. [idem] On the same 
 place, thither, end. 
 
 Squ6s, Itis, m. [equus, "a 
 horse"] A horseman, a knight 
 
 GVfSa,, prep, with ace. [akin to 
 vergoj Towards, over against, oppo- 
 site to. 
 
 eripio, Cre, ripni, reptum [e, 
 " out ;" rapio, " to seize "J To snatch. 
 
 !!' 
 
74 
 
 VOOADULART. 
 
 or take a^vay violently, wrcut, ret- 
 CUP, free. 
 
 erro, are, .ivi, &tum, v.: To imn" 
 tier, to Htray, err, be mistaken. 
 
 dructo. ilre, avi, atiim :e, "out;" 
 ructo, •* to hiccup ; " akin to Or. 
 f-ptvyofiai] To bfleh OT hiceup forth. 
 
 erumpo, ere, rnpi, ruptiim [e, 
 " out ; " root Kvv, " to break "J To 
 burnt forth or f rein. 
 
 dt, oonj. (akin to Or. Sr-i] And, 
 even, nlno ; et ... et. both.. . .and, 
 
 6tdnim, conj. : For. 
 
 dtlam. adv. and conj. [akin to 
 et Or «'ti ; or, as aome, et-Jam] 
 And too, furthermore, also, besidea. 
 
 evado, ere, si, sum, v. [e, " out 
 of ;' vado, '* to go" \. To go out, e»- 
 vape ; turn out, hecume. 
 
 everto, Cre, ti, sum. v. [e, in- 
 tensive ; verto, "to turn"]. To over- 
 turn. 
 
 ev6mo, fire, fti, Itum. v. (e, 
 "out;" vomo, " to vomit ;" cp. Gk. 
 FcMcw]. To vomit forth, disgorge. 
 
 ex : see e. 
 
 ex&nlmo, ftre, ftvi, atuin. v. 
 [ex. "out ;" animo, " to breathe "]. 
 Kill, terrify, alartn, to be exhausted. 
 
 ezaudio, ire, Wi, itum. v. [ex, 
 intensive; audio, "to hear"]. To 
 hear distinctly, to hear at a distance. 
 
 ezcedo, fire, oessi, oessuin. v. 
 [ex, •' out of ;" cedo, " to go "J. To 
 go out, 
 
 exclpio, ere, cCpi, ceptmn, v. 
 [ex, without force; capio," to take"]. 
 To receive, take up, accept, succeed. 
 
 exdo, Ire, ivi, Itum, v. [ex, 
 "out;" root, i. "to go"]. Togo 
 oiU, depart ; to issue, escape. 
 
 exercdo. ere, tki, itum, v. [ex, 
 intensive ; root, ar, " to fit "J. To 
 exercise, employ, practise, prosecute, 
 evade. 
 
 exerc!t§.tio, finis,^ f. [see exer- 
 oeo]. Exercise, practice. 
 
 exercitus, us, m. [see exerceo]. 
 itnarmy. 
 
 exhaurlo, Tre, hausi, haustum. 
 [ex, extensive ; haurio, " to drain"]. 
 To draw out, exhaust, drain. 
 
 exilium, i. n. [ex, "out of;" 
 solum, "land"]. Exile, banishment. 
 
 exIgrCtUS, a, um, adj, [ex, inten* 
 sive ; egeo, " to need "j. Scanty, 
 short, poor. 
 
 exitlum, li, n, [ex, " away ,•" 
 root, I, " to f(0 "]. vestructton, 
 mischief, ruin. 
 
 exitus, tus, m. [we «xitium.] 
 Close, ismie, result 
 
 expello, ere, ptkli, pulsum. [ex, 
 " out of ." pello, " to drive "]. To 
 drive out, expel. 
 
 expdno, fire, pOsai, pdsltum. 
 [ex, •' out ;" pono, " to place "]. To 
 put out of, to disjday, to view. 
 
 exspecto, are, avi, atum. [ex, 
 " out ;" specto, " to look for "]. To 
 look for, wait for, expect. 
 
 exsul, ttlis, m. and f. [see exil* 
 ium]. One banished from his native 
 soil, exile. 
 
 exsulto, are, avi, atum. v. [ex, 
 "up;" salio, "to leap"]. To re- 
 joice, exult. 
 
 extermlno are, avi, atum. [ex, 
 " out of ;" terminus, " a boundary"]. 
 To drive out from the boundariee, 
 exile, remove. 
 
 extemilS, a, um, adj. [extra, 
 "out of"]. Outtoard, extemalt 
 foreign. 
 
 extorqudo, fire, torsi, tortum. 
 [ex, " out ;" torqueo, " to twist ;" 
 root, TORO, "to turn:" cp. rpcirw]. 
 To wrench frum^ tear away, wrest 
 from. 
 
 F. 
 
 f &cne, adv. [root, fao, " to do"]. 
 Basil]!, readily, toiihout difflcuUy. 
 
 f&cilis, e, adj. [faolo]. Eaty, 
 ready. 
 
 f&clnus, Oris, n. [root, fao. '* to 
 do"] Thing done, misdeed, enme. 
 
 f&cio, fire, feol, factum. [root,FAO^ 
 " to do or make "]. To make^ do^ 
 p$r/orm, ootu(i(u<», vakts. 
 
 fa 
 in 
 
 fr 
 tri 
 
VOCABULARY, 
 
 75 
 
 of;" 
 meni. 
 
 nten< 
 wity, 
 
 y' 
 
 mon, 
 
 lura.] 
 
 fex, 
 To 
 
 factum, i, n. (faclo), Deed, act, 
 fact. 
 
 f&oait&8, Atis, f. (f&cllis). Potver, 
 iiu'uiis, jrroperty. 
 
 falsus, a, iiin, adj. [for fall-sus, 
 from fallo, '* to deceive : " atfuxWu}.] 
 Falne, mintaken, untrue, t/roundlenn, 
 Umcherout. 
 
 famft, ae, f. [root ka. " to speak :" 
 op. fari. i^Tj/yit. I A report, rumor, 
 renown, in/amy. 
 
 f&mes, is, f. [root fhao, "to 
 eat:" cp. (^tjydc, <^aYcri<: ta^ruH.] 
 Hunffer, fame. 
 
 fl&min&, ae, f. [For /acniilia: 
 from facio, "todo:" hence •those 
 that work."] The slaveii helongini 
 to one person, 
 
 f&mlliaris, e, adi. (fainilia). De- 
 long to a family, intimate, friendly, 
 
 fascia, is, m. A fagot, bundle. 
 In plu., fasces ; a bundle of rodis, 
 with axe,carried by the lictors before 
 hvfher magistrates. 
 
 f&tdor, eri, fossiis. sum, v.; [root 
 FA, "to speak."] To confess, ac- 
 knowledge. 
 
 f&tum, i, n. [root pa, "to speak."] 
 Fate, prediction, destiny. 
 
 fauces, luni, f. pi. [Or. 4tayelv ; 
 
 root FHAO, " to eat J Outlet, throat 
 (upper part); jaws, defile. 
 
 fdro, ferre^ tali, Utum, v.: [root 
 FBR, " to carry."] / boar, carry 
 away, suffer, report, receive, acquire. 
 
 ferrum, i, n. Iron, the sword. 
 
 fKdeS, Si, f. [root BIIANOII, "to 
 
 Join ; " cp. ntiOut, ttio-tcs : fldo, 
 fldus, funis, fcedus ; German bitten, 
 (to pruy)] Faith, fidelity, honor, 
 credit, pledge, word; fides publica, 
 under a public pledge of sajety. 
 
 flnffo, Sre. flnxl, fictum. [root 
 no " to form."] To form, shape, con- 
 ceive, imagine. 
 
 finis, is, m. and f. [prob. for fld- 
 nis, fr. Undo.] Limit end; the pi. 
 terriUmM, lands, possessione. 
 
 9 
 
 flo. fieri, faotus, lum, v. (paw. of 
 fattlo.) To be done, happen, become, 
 be elected. 
 
 fl&firltldse, adv. [Seeflatfitiosu^i.] 
 Disgracefully. 
 
 fl&firiti03US, a. urn, adj. (root 
 BiiRAO, "to hum:" cp. flamma^ 
 flagma; 4t\iyu, <t>\6i.] Shameful, 
 disgraceful, infamous. 
 
 flagrlto. Are. avi, atuni. (root 
 BiiRAO, "to burn :" hence "to de- 
 mand earnestly . "J To demand, press, 
 importune, solicit. 
 
 flamma, ae. f. [for flagma, fr. 
 <^A«yw, "to bum"] The burning 
 thing ; hence, a flame, flre. Maze ; 
 ardor. 
 
 foedus, eris n. [See fides.] A 
 covetiant, a treaty league. 
 
 fdras, adv. [aki-.i to 0vpa, a door. J 
 To the door, out of doors. 
 
 fdris, adv. Out of doors. 
 
 formido, Inis, f. [formido. " to 
 dread.' ] Fear, terror, dread. 
 
 fortasse, adv. [for forte ; an ; 
 sit.] Perhaps, perchance, possibly. 
 
 fortis, e. adj. [akin to fero, Gr. 
 i^ipta. ] Brave, courageous. 
 
 fortltudo, Inis. f. [fortis.] Brav- 
 ery, fortitude, courage. 
 
 fortuna, ae, f. [fors, tis.] For- 
 tune, chance, JuoA;, good, or bad 
 fortune. 
 
 fortunatus, a. um, adj. (for 
 tuna.) Fortunate, luAsky, happy. 
 
 fdrum, i, n. [root pbr " through ;" 
 hence "a passage ^" cp. j'opot. | 
 
 Market-place. TKe Bomdn Forum , 
 where the people auembled to dt 
 business. 
 
 frangro, Sre, fr^, frMtum, v.: 
 [rootFRAO ; Fpriy-wiu^ "to break.", 
 To break, shatter. 
 
 ft*ater, tris, m. [akin to Gr. 
 ^pdrrip, of. Eng. brother.] A brother. 
 
 fl:aud&tIo, Onis, t A deceiving, 
 cheating, fraud. 
 
 ft>6quens, tis, adj. FrequmU, 
 in large numbers, crowded. 
 
76 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 fratus. a, iim, adj. [root fir, or 
 KKR, "to support;" cp, flrmus.] 
 Trustiivj in, relyiivj upon. 
 
 fiiffiis, Oris, II. [akin to piYctOi 
 with uiKaninia prefixed). Cold^ cool- 
 liens. 
 
 flrUCtUS, us, 111. [root KBU, "to 
 'jnjov."] Fruit, advantage, income, 
 n «tut. 
 
 friior, frrti, frQltua, and fniotus. 
 sum, dep. To enjoy, reap the fruits 
 
 Aniatra, ailv. [akin to fmudo,! 
 7/1 vain, to no purpotte, fruitlensly. 
 
 tdgB., ae, f. Ifufflo.! Flight, exile. 
 
 fQflrio, Cre, ffljri, fii(?Itum. [root 
 Fuo, " to flee.") To jlee, ru n, ewap", 
 shun, avoid. 
 
 fligritivus. a. um, adj. [fu^'io.l 
 Fa'jUixi, runaway. 
 
 tHro, 6re, fii. v. (akin to Suns, 
 bhur.) To rage, to he inad or furi- 
 ous. 
 
 fJiror, oris, in, (furo.) Fury, 
 rage, madness. 
 
 fUrtim, adv. [fur, "» thief."] 
 Dy stealth, secretly. 
 
 Q. 
 
 gando, onis, m. [Perhaps foir 
 <;ai)iieo, akin to Sans, root an as, "ti.'- 
 eiit."l A glutten, debauchee. 
 
 giner, eri, ni. [root tam or qjm. 
 ' ' to marry ; " cp. ya/ao?, y*^<*«». 1 ^ 
 i<on4n-latv. 
 
 ^ens, tis, f. [root OKN, "to be 
 born "] A clan, enibruuing several 
 families united together by a com- 
 mon name, lineage. 
 
 erdnus, Cris. n. [see gens] Birth, 
 ilescent, race, class, nation. 
 
 g6ro, fire, gessi, ^estuiii: To bear, 
 tarry on, show, perforin. 
 
 erl&dlator, oris, m. [gladlus, "a 
 sword;" hence, "one who fights 
 with a sr-ord "] A qladintor. 
 
 gl&dlatorius, a, lun, adj. 'see 
 gladiatorj Belonging to a gladiator. 
 
 GTloria, sa. f. [=:cluoria; rootKLtJ, 
 •'to hear"] Glory, reni-urn. 
 
 grrex, grCgis, m. [etym. dub.] A 
 flork. herd, crowd. 
 
 gCibematIo, onis, f. [fr. gub- 
 en 10, " to steer " ^ Qr. Kv^tpySt] Pi- 
 Ittiivg, management, direction. 
 
 H. 
 
 h&bdo, Sre. m, Itum, v. [root 
 AP, "to grasp ' ] To gntsp, to have, 
 hold, consider, esteem, reckon. 
 
 herc(Ue, interj.: By Hercules. 
 
 hestemus, a, um, adj. [akin to 
 
 >:tfe«] Of yesterday. 
 
 hie, hasc, hoc, demon, adj. pron. 
 This one, this man. stu-h, he, she. ''*. 
 
 hie, adv. Here in this place. 
 
 hlems. fimis. f. [root HIM, " to 
 snow ; " cp. xtlna, \ti.nii»y, Hima- 
 laya] Winter, snow-storm. 
 
 hinc, adv. [hio] Hence; from 
 this circumstance. 
 
 h6mo, Inis. m. [from humus, 
 'the ground;'' henoe "a son of 
 earth "] A man. 
 
 honestus, a, um, adj. [honor] 
 Honourable, honoured, worthy. 
 
 hdnororhonos,dris, m. [etym. 
 dub. J Honour, worth, public honour. 
 
 horrlbilis. e, adj. [horreo, " to 
 dread "1 Frightful, dreadful, horri- 
 ble. 
 
 hostis, is, m. and f . [prob. akin 
 to tians. root ohas, " to eat "] An 
 enemy. 
 
 hue, adv. [for hoc, adv. aoa of 
 hio] Here, hither, to this (person, 
 place, or thing) ; huo et illuo, this 
 way and that way. 
 
 humanus, a, um, adj. [tor horn* 
 inanus, from homo, hominis] Of 
 num, human, humane, polished. 
 
 humilis, e, adj. [humus] Hum- 
 ble, low, mean. 
 
 hi!linus, i, f. [akin to x'»t-ai'\ 
 The earth, ground ; humi, on the 
 ground ; hunio, from tlie ground. 
 
YOCABULART. 
 
 77 
 
 ft KWT, 
 
 i.J A 
 Pi. 
 
 Ibi. adv. [from pronominal root i 
 in is ; bi, a locative suffix] There, m 
 that place. 
 
 idcirco, conj. [id, neut aco. 
 sinir. of is, ** that ;" circa, "around:" 
 hence "about." "in respect to"] 
 For that reason, on that account, 
 therefore. 
 
 idem, eAdem, Idem, dem. adj. 
 pro. [pronominal root i with demon- 
 strative suffix -dem] The name. 
 
 ieritur, conJ. There/ore, accord- 
 infjly. 
 
 ifirnavia. sb, f. [in,"not;" grnavus 
 Bgnarus ; root ono. " to know ; cp. 
 yi-yvia-vKia, ffno-sco.] Sloth, lozi- 
 nens. tna- tinity. 
 
 ille, ilia, illnd, gen. illius, dem. 
 adj. pron. (for is-le ; from is, " that," 
 dem. suffix, -le] That person or 
 thing ; the former, he, she, it. 
 
 1116c6brft, 88, f. [in, " to ;" root 
 liAC, " to allure ;" op. liciae] An al- 
 lurement, lure, wile. 
 
 mine, adv. [from is. "that;" 
 li-ne, dem suffixes] That side. 
 
 imberbis, e, adj. [in, "not;" 
 barba, " a beard "] Beardless. 
 
 immortalis, e, adj. [in, " not ;" 
 mortalis, " mortal "] Immortal, un- 
 dyin-j, eternal. 
 
 imp6dIo, Ire, Ivi, Itum, tr. [in, 
 " into ; " pes, " foot "] To yet the 
 feet in, impede, hinder, jtrevent. 
 
 Impello, ere, pflli, pulsum, tr. 
 [in, " into ; '' pello, "to drive "] To 
 UTfje on or forward, to incite, impel. 
 
 impendSo, Sre, intr. [in, 
 "over;" ptndeo, "to hang"] To 
 han(j over, threaten. 
 
 imperator.oris, m. [see impero] 
 A commander, leader. 
 
 impdrium, ii, n. [see inipero] 
 Ci.mmiind, control, dominion, gov- 
 ernment, nway. 
 
 imp^ro, are, avi, atum, tr. [in, 
 
 'upon 
 
 parq, " to put ;" hence 
 
 *' to entrust "] To cornniaiiid, order, 
 asKngn. 
 
 impldro. are, avi, atum, tr. |in, 
 intensive; ploro, "to weep "J To 
 implore, beseech, entreat. 
 
 importunus, a, um, adj. [in, 
 " not ; " portus, " a harbour H Not 
 pertaininif to a harbour, unsuitable, 
 troublesome, harsh, cruel. 
 
 improbltas, tatis, f. [m, "not;" 
 
 {)rol)U8, "upright"] Badness, dis- 
 vone»ty, depravity. 
 
 improbus, a, um, adj [see im- 
 
 ?)robita8] Sot rhaste, wicked, shame- 
 ess, unprincipled. 
 
 imprudent!a, sb, f. [for im-pro- 
 
 vid-entia ; in, " not 
 
 pro. " be- 
 ] Want of 
 
 fore;" video, "to see 
 confidence or foresight. 
 
 impadens, tis, adj. [in, "not;" 
 pudet, "it shames"] Shameless. 
 
 impiidenter, adv. [impudens] 
 Shamelessly, irnptidently. 
 
 impiidentia, so, t. [id.] Shame- 
 lessness, imimdence. 
 
 impildicus, a, um, adj. I in, 
 "not;" pudet, "it shames"] 
 Shameless, unchaste. 
 
 impurus, a. um, adj. [in, "not;" 
 purus, " pure"] Unchajste, unholy. 
 
 in, i)rep. with ace. or abl. With 
 ace: in, to, into, towards, unto, 
 wiainst, for ; with abl.: in, on, 
 among, in midst, in the ease of. 
 
 inanis, e, adi. [etym. duh ] 
 Empty, void, wortnleas. 
 
 ineendium, u, n. [in, intensive; 
 cendo, " to burn ;" root can ; see 
 cinis] A conflagration, burning. 
 
 incido, Gre, di, casum, [in, 
 " into ; " cado, " to fall "] To jail 
 into or upon ; to happen, befall, oc- 
 cur. 
 
 includo, 6re, si, sum, tr. [in, 
 "into;" claado, "toshuc"] To 
 shut in or up, include, insert. 
 
 incoliimis, e, adj. : Safe. 
 
 incredibills. e, adj. [in, "not;" 
 credo, "to believe"] Incredible, 
 wonderful. 
 
 inde, adv. Of place: Thence; 
 of time : Thereupon, thereafter. 
 
 m 
 
 M 
 
 
 i 
 
* 78 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 iudemn&tUS, a, uin, adj. jin, 
 "not;" damno, "to oondemn"] 
 Uncondemned. 
 
 index, lois, m and t [torindios; 
 from indioo, "to inform"! A din- 
 doaer; %nformer. 
 
 indicium, ii, n. [indioo] Evi- 
 dence, proof. 
 
 indico, £re, dixi, dictum, [in, 
 "against;" dico, "to tell"] hence 
 To declare against. 
 
 industlia, », f. Dilligenee, ac- 
 tivity; de or ex industria : On pur- 
 pose, intentionally. 
 
 iners, tis, adj. [in, "not;" ars, 
 "gliill"] Slothful, indoUnt. 
 
 inertia, sb, f [in, " not ; " ars, 
 "skill"] inactivity, idleness, cow- 
 ardice. 
 
 infamis, w, adj. [in, "not;" 
 fama. "renown"] Infanutv^, dii- 
 reputable. 
 
 inf&ro, ferre, intnli, ill&tum, tr. 
 [in, " against ;" fero, " to oarry"] To 
 carry into, wage, furnish, introduce 
 
 infdrus. a, um. adj. Below, bC' 
 neath ; inferi : The totwr world; 
 the (ictd, shades : inferior, lower; 
 infliiiu8 or iinus : Lowest, basest, 
 meanest. 
 
 infitiator, oris, m. (in, " not ;" 
 fateor, "to confess"] One who de- 
 nies a debt, or refuses to resto e a 
 deposit; lentus infitiator, a bad 
 debtor. 
 
 infiti&tor, ari, &tu8 sum, dep. 
 To deny, disoivn. 
 
 ingrens, entia. adj. [in, "not;" 
 
 Eenus, "kind ;" hence " not of one's 
 ind "J Uiige, large, vast. 
 
 ingrddlor, di, gressus sum, tr. 
 in, "Tr '. ; " gradior. " to go "] To 
 go int.< , advance, to engage in, com- 
 mence. 
 
 inhum&nus, a, um, adi. [in, 
 '* not ; " humanus, " human ^'] In- 
 human, aavitqe, wicked 
 
 iniqultaa, tatis, f. [in, "not;" 
 wquus, " e(^ual "] Inequality, dis- 
 advaiUage, iniquity. 
 
 inimioltia, m, f. [in, "not;" 
 amicus, " a friend"] Enmity, hos- 
 tility. 
 
 iniquus, a, um, adj. [in, " not ;" 
 aequus, "equal") Not even,unjmt, 
 unfair, ■unfavourable. 
 
 iaudcena, tis, adj. [in, "not;" 
 nooeo, " to hurt"] Innocent, harm- 
 lesx, blameless, upright. 
 
 imptldicus, a, um, adj. [in, 
 " not ; " pudet, ' * it shames "] Un- 
 chaste. 
 
 Insidiae, . um, f pi. [in, " in ; " 
 sedeo, "to sit"] Ainimsh, artifice, 
 snares. 
 
 insi^ator, oris, m. [idem] One 
 lying in anU}ush, a plotter. 
 
 insidior, an, fttus, sum, dep. 
 [idem] To lie in ambush, plot 
 against 
 
 insididsiis, a, um, aJJ. [idem] 
 Insidious, cunning, deceitful, dan- 
 gerous. 
 
 insierne, 5s, n. [in, "on;" Big- 
 nam, " a mark "] A mark of d%s- 
 tinction, badge, honor. 
 
 insdlenter, adv. [in. "not;" 
 solet, "it is customary"] Exces- 
 sively, hau'jhtily, arrogantly. 
 
 insperatus, a um, adj. and part, 
 [in, " not ; " spero, " to hope"] Un- 
 looked for, unexpected. 
 
 insto, stare, stiti, intr: [in, 
 "on;" sto, " to stand "] With dat : 
 To press hard, to be close upon or 
 near. 
 
 instriio, ere, struxi, structum, 
 tr. [in, without force; struo, "to 
 build "] To draw up. 
 
 instrumentum, i, n. [in, with- 
 out force ; struo, " to build "] An 
 implement, means. 
 
 intelldfiro, Sre, lexi, lectum, tr. 
 [inter, "between; "lego, "toohoose"] 
 To understand, to comprehend, per- 
 ceive. 
 
 inter, prep, with aoo. : bettoeen, 
 among ; inter se, among themselves, 
 i.e., mutudlly. 
 
 m 
 
 i8l\ 
 
 WBm 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 79 
 
 fust, 
 
 interd&, adv. [inter-eun] Mean- 
 while, in the meantime. 
 
 interdo, ire, ivi, Itum, [inter, 
 " between; " eo, " to go "] To per- 
 ish, to die. 
 
 interndo, Sre, fed, feotum, 
 [inter, " between ; " faoio, " to do" 
 To kill, slay, murder. 
 
 in rsum, esse, ftli, irr. intr. 
 [inter, "between;" esse, "to be;"] 
 hence To be distant or different; in- 
 terest, impers. it concerns. 
 
 intimus, a, urn, adj. [intus, 
 " within "] Near^ intimate. 
 
 intestinus, a, um, adj.: Inter- 
 nal, eitfil, 
 
 intrft, prep, with aoo. and adv. 
 [contracted from interft so. parte] 
 Within, in, on the inside. 
 
 intvis. adv. [in "in"] WUhin, 
 on, to, or from within 
 
 inuro, Sre, ussi, ustum, tr. [in, 
 " into { " uro, " tobtmi"or " brand"] 
 Bum %n brand. 
 
 invdnXo, ire, vSni, ventum, tr. 
 [in, "into or upon;" venio, "to 
 come"] To find out, discover, 
 contrive, procure. 
 
 invictus, a, um, [in, "not;" 
 vinco, "to conquer"] uneonq^iered, 
 unconquerable. 
 
 ixiT^ddo, ere, vidi, visum [in, 
 "at;" video, "to loolt"] To look 
 at, to regardt envy, hate, 
 
 invldia, », f. [idem] lU-wiU, un- 
 popularity. 
 
 ia.vi616aua, adj. [idem] En- 
 vious. 
 
 invXdus, a lun, adj. [idem] En- 
 vUnu. 
 
 invitus, a,um, adj. [foi invic- 
 tus: in, "not;" vie, "to be will- 
 ing ] Against one's will, unudlling. 
 
 ipse, a, am, pro. dem. [for is-pse; 
 fr.ta, "this," •'^that;" with suffix- 
 •pse] Se{f, very. 
 
 is, ea, id, gen. ejus, dem. adj. 
 pron.: This, Uuit, the same ; he, she, 
 a ; id quod, tpikat. 
 
 iste, lata, istud, gen. istlus, dem. 
 adj. pron. of the second person : 
 That of yours, that you rtffer to ; 
 also he, she, it. 
 
 Tt&, adv. [connected with pro- 
 nominal root 1 in is] So, thue, in 
 stich a manner, to such a degree. 
 
 It&que, conj. [ita, que] And so, 
 therefore, then. 
 
 Item, adv. [connected with idem] 
 Just so, in like manner^ likewise 
 also. 
 
 itdr, ItlnSris. n. [root i, " to go "] 
 A journey, route, course. 
 
 itdrum, adv.: Again, a second 
 time, anew. 
 
 J. 
 
 J&oeo. ere, fll, Itum, intr. Takin 
 to jaoio] intr. To lie, to lie prostrate. 
 
 JftdlO, Sre, jed, jactum, tr. [akin 
 to root JA, " to go "] To throw, east, 
 hurl. 
 
 Jacto. ftre, ftvi, fttum, freq. [see 
 Jacio] To keep throwing forth, to 
 boast of. 
 
 Jam, adv. [prob.seam ; from is] 
 N&w, already, presently, according- 
 'y; jam non, no longer; jam turn, 
 iven then; jam pridem, jam du- 
 dura, long since, long ago. 
 
 J{Lbdo, ere, jussl, jussum : To 
 order, bid, conunana, approve, 
 ratify. 
 
 Judex, jQdIds, m. [=ju-deo-s; 
 from jus, "right;" dico, "to de- 
 clare '^J A judge. 
 
 Judicium, ii, n. gudex] A judg- 
 ment, decision, opinion, disomm- 
 ment. 
 
 Jus, jQris, n. [root jv, "to bind;" 
 "that which binds" morally] Law, 
 right, justness; jure, used adver- 
 bially, justly, rightly. 
 
 JueiltLrandum, i, n. (jus, 
 "right;" juro, "to swear"] An 
 oath. 
 
 Jtlventus, utis, f. [root jv, " to 
 help"] Youth, 
 
 mm 
 
^0 
 
 yOCABULAKY« 
 
 Iftbor, oris, m [root lab, "to 
 take hold of;" hence "to work"] 
 Labor, toil, hardship. 
 
 laetor, ftri, fttus sum, tr. dep. 
 (from Sanscrit root las, "to shine ] 
 To rejoice, be glad. 
 
 lansuidus, a, um, adj. [root 
 LAO, ''to he slack ; " cp. langueo, 
 "to he faint") Faint, lariguid, 
 dull, sluggard. 
 
 l&tdo, ere, Qi, int. [aldn to \a9, 
 root of Kavdavut] To lurk, hide, 
 skulk. 
 
 latro, Onis, m. [perhaps con- 
 nected with Aarpeia, " pay "J A 
 bandit, rohber. 
 
 l&troclnium. ii, n. [latrocinor] 
 A robbery, banditism. 
 
 latrocinor, ari, atus sum [la- 
 tron-clnor] To practise highway 
 robbery, a£t as a bundit. 
 
 l&tus, i'ris, n. [poss. akin to 
 irAaTUf, " wide "] A side. 
 
 l&tUS, a, um, adj. [Gr. irAarus] 
 Broad, wide. 
 
 laudo, are, ftvi, atuni, tr. [for 
 (o)laudo; rootcLU, "to hear "J Kxtol, 
 commend. 
 
 laus, dis, f. [for (c)lau(d)8 ; root 
 CLU, "to hear") Praise, glory re- 
 nown, merit. 
 
 lectica, sb, f. [lectus, a couch] 
 A litter or sedan. 
 
 lectulus, i, m. [dim of letttus] 
 A bed, couch, lounge. 
 
 leg^O, «')ni8, f. flCfjo, "to choose"] 
 A legion, coiiBistin^; of It) cohorts of 
 foot-soldiers and 8U0 cavalry ; or be- 
 tween 4,200 and 6,00(> men. 
 
 lenltas, tatis. f. [lenis, "gentle"] 
 Oentleness, mildncsx, leuitp. 
 
 lentus, a, um, adj. : Pliant, 
 Jlfxible, slugginh, slow. 
 
 ISvis, e, adj. (root liKOo^LKO. 
 " to flow, «>r move quickly "] Light, 
 quick, mild, gentle. 
 
 levitas, tAtis, f. : Lightness, 
 fickleness, levity. 
 
 ISvIter, adr. [levtaj Lightly, 
 softly, mildly. 
 
 Idvo, ftre, &vi, atum : Tolighten, 
 to raise, elevate, lessen. 
 
 libido, Inis, f.[libet, "it is pleas- 
 ing"] A pleasing, pleasure, cap- 
 rice, passion, last. 
 
 Hcentia, », f. n'^^e*. " »* is per- 
 mitted "] License, permission, li- 
 centUmsness. 
 
 licet, ere, lloflit and lloltum est, 
 impers. (etym. dub.l It U allowed, 
 it M allowable, one may. 
 
 Idcdples, ctis, adj. [Io<uus, "a 
 place ; " pleo, "to fill '^] Rich, weal- 
 thy, opulent. 
 
 locus, i, m. [old form stlocua; 
 root STA, " to stand "] A spot, a 
 place, an opportunity, room, time, 
 rank, family; pi. loca, n. and loci,m. 
 
 lonflrinquus, a, um, adj. [for 
 lonjf— hinc— VU8, from longus ; 
 hlnc] Long, remote, distant. 
 
 loquor, i, cutus sum, dep. [akin 
 to Sans root i.ap, dicere] To speak, 
 say, declare. 
 
 luctus, us, m. [for lug-tus ; fr. 
 lugeo] Grief, sorrow, monming. 
 
 ludub, i, m. [root Lu, " to sport"] 
 A game, sport, joke, school; ludi, 
 public games. 
 
 lufiTdo, ere, luxi, luotum, [root 
 LU, '*to sob"] 3'o lament, bewail, 
 sorrow. 
 
 lumen, Inis, n. [root luc, "to 
 shine"] Light, luminary, orna- 
 ment, glory. 
 
 lux, lucis, f. [LUC, "to shine"] 
 Light, daylight. 
 
 luxuria, », f. [luxus] Luxury, 
 excess, extravagance. 
 
 mafJi'O''^ oris, m.^ Ot'.'f, lamen- 
 tation, i>o,riiw. 
 
 md.gri&/ "i^^- 'Jiur.a'l. <axiine) 
 Store, rathe) . 
 
 magnlfice, e»f. Imagnifieus; 
 Magnificently, spl lulilly. 
 
 WMMMMniffTnmiMliiliWIIIIIW 
 
VOCABUliARY. 
 
 81 
 
 my, 
 
 Jhten, 
 
 I pleas. 
 P» cap. 
 
 lis per- 
 |o», li, 
 
 |me8t. 
 flowed, 
 
 M, "a 
 veal. 
 
 magrnitudo, Inis, f. [nmirnns] 
 Oreatiiess, tdze, magniUuie. 
 
 mafirndpdre, adv. [often writ- 
 ten magno opere ) Greatly, exceed- 
 ingly ; oomp. magis ; superl. inax- 
 irae. 
 
 magrnus, a, um, adj. [root mao, 
 "tobe ifreut"] Oreai, large, power- 
 ful, mifjhty, excellent ; conip. major; 
 8up1. maxnnus. 
 
 majdres, um, m. pi. [major] 
 Ancemorn, forefathers. 
 
 m&le, adv.: Badly; oomp. pejus: 
 sUperl. pessime. 
 
 malo, malle, mftlfti, irr. trans, 
 [matfis, voloj To he more vnlling, 
 prefer. 
 
 m&lU8, a, um. adj. [Gr. ^iXa.% ; 
 Sans, mala, dirty] Had, wicked, vi- 
 ciotiti, unfavourr, hie ; nialinn. v. ii., 
 an evil, mUfortanc ; conip. pCjor; 
 supl. pessinius. 
 
 m&ndo, Cre, si, sum, tr. and 
 intr. [root man, "to remain"] To 
 stay, remain, await, endure, con- 
 tinue. 
 
 m&nlcatus, a, um, [nianica,"a 
 sleeve "J Having long sleeves, 
 
 m&nifestus, a, um, adj [prob. 
 for mani-fcnd-tus , fr. manus ; (i) ; 
 obsolete fendo] Manifest, clear, 
 certain. 
 
 m&nus, us, f [root ma, " to mea- 
 sure ;" hence "the measurer"] A 
 hand, force. 
 
 m&re, is, n. [mar, " to die ; " 
 " that which kills," or mar, " to be 
 bright"] The sea. 
 
 mature, adv. : Early. 
 
 maturo, are, avi, atum: To 
 hasten. 
 
 m6d!cina, », f. [connected with 
 medeor, "to heal"] Medicine, 
 remedy. 
 
 mfidlocris, e, adj. : [medius, 
 *' middle"] Moderate. 
 
 ni6diu8, a, um, adj. [Or. /neaos] 
 Middle, in the midst. 
 
 mehercle, me heroule, mc her- 
 oules, by Hercules. See note. 
 
 m6mini, isse, tr. and intr. defeo. 
 [for menmen-i, reduplicated form of 
 root MAN, "to think"] To remem- 
 ber, recollect, mention. 
 
 memorifi,, lo, f. [memor] Memo- 
 ry reriillcction, remembrance. 
 
 mens, mentis, f. [root man, " to 
 thir)k " j The mind, uiulerstanding, 
 judgment, thought, disposition. 
 
 mSrdo. Ore, fii, Itum, tr. and 
 int. ; mC-reor, eri, Itus, sum, dep. 
 [root MAR, " to obtain by lot :" op. 
 /bieipo/xai] To deserve, m^rit. 
 
 mdrito, adv. [meritus] Justlv, 
 deservedly. 
 
 mdritum, i, n. [meritus] A re- 
 ward, kindness, favor ; merito abl., 
 deservedly, justly. 
 
 mdtus, us, m. Fear, dread, 
 terror, ajrprehension. 
 
 m6us, a, um, poss. adj. prou. 
 My, my own, mine. 
 
 mil6s, Itis, mas. [etym. dub.] 
 Soldier. 
 
 militaris, e, adj. [miles] Mili- 
 tary, warlike. 
 
 mMae, arum, f. [min, '• to over- 
 hang " cp. mona, mineo] Menaces, 
 threats. 
 
 minime, adj superl. of parum. 
 By no means, not at all. 
 
 minitor, ari atus sum, dep. 
 [minauj To menace, threaten. 
 
 m!ni!lo, tlere, fii, fitum, tr. ffrom 
 a root min, " to lessen ; " whence 
 ixivv9eiv] To make less, diminish, 
 impair. 
 
 miscSo, Cre, ai, mistum and 
 mixtiim, tr. [>ikin torootMio; whence 
 fiiayu), ixiy-vvixi] To mingle, mix, 
 confound, stir up. 
 
 miser, era, Crura, adj. Wretched, 
 m,iserable. 
 
 misdrandus, a, um, adj. [from 
 mi8t'r(a)orj To be pitied, pitiable, 
 lamentable. 
 
 
 ■t% 
 
 "Vsn 
 
82 
 
 VOCABULARY, 
 
 ndsdria, n, f. [miser] Misery, 
 tDretchedneta, aj^iction. 
 
 mXsdrlCOrcUa, k, t. [inisericore] 
 Pity, eoftnpasgion. 
 
 fyiTwArTftora, dig, adj. [for miser- 
 i-oord-8, fr. misfiruOv cor] Merciful, 
 compasnonate. 
 
 mitto, fire, mlsi, missum [etym. 
 dub.] To semi, dispatch, omit. 
 
 m6dd, adv. [etym. dub., prob. 
 modus] Only, if only, provided 
 that, recently, just now ; mo<io non, 
 aU but, almost, nearly ; non niodo, 
 not only ; si modo, if only ; dum 
 modo, provided that ; modo— -no- 
 do, at this time— at another. 
 
 mddus, i, m. [root ma, " to 
 measure "] A measure, moderation, 
 manner. 
 
 moenia, lum, n. plur. [root mun, 
 •• to defend "] Defensive walls, city 
 Vfolls, a city. 
 
 mdleete, adv.: With difficult)/. 
 
 m61Ior, Iri, Itus sum, dep. To 
 contrive, plot, prepare. 
 
 mdndOt ere, td, Itum, tr. [root 
 MAN, " to think "] To warn, aavitte, 
 counsd. 
 
 rnons, tis, m. [for mon(t)8 ; root 
 MIN, "to hang over"] A ivuntam. 
 
 monstrum, i, n. [moneo, "to 
 advise"] An evil omen, prodigy, 
 monster. 
 
 mdniimentum, i, n. [moneo] 
 Memorial, monument. 
 
 m6rl02', i, morttkus sum, dep. 
 int. [root MAB, ** to die "] To d&. 
 Mpire. 
 
 mors, tis, f. [morior] Death. 
 
 mos, ris, m. [prob. for me-os; 
 from meo, " to go "] Manner, cus- 
 tom, practice; mores, morals, char- 
 *eter. 
 
 mdtus. tto, m. [moveo] A mov- 
 ing, commotion, disturbance. 
 
 mdvdo, ere, mOvi, motum, tr 
 [etym. dub.] To move, excite, undf ■ 
 take. 
 
 mucro, finis, m. Sharp point, 
 nvord. 
 
 mAlier, eris, f. A woman. 
 
 xn<UIerc(Ua, ae, f. A little wo- 
 man. 
 
 multltudo, Tnia, f. [multus] A 
 multitude, crowd. 
 
 multo, adv. [multus] By m,uch, 
 
 multo, (for mulcto) are, avi, 
 atuni, tr. [from mul(o)ta, an old Sa- 
 bine word = fine] To fine, punish. 
 
 multum, adv.: Much, often, 
 greatly, in many respects; oomp. 
 plus ; 8uperl. plurlmum. 
 
 multus, a, um, adj. [for mol- 
 tus, prob. akin to iroAvs] Much, 
 great, frequent ; comp. plus ; supl. 
 plurlmus. 
 
 munlceps, olpis, m. and f. [for 
 municiips ; from nmnia, "duties;" 
 capio. '* to underUike "] A burgher, 
 an inhabitant of a free town. 
 
 municlpium, li, n. [munlceps] 
 A mimldiplum ; a town which pos- 
 sessed the rights of Roman citizen- 
 ship, but gencrfdly governed by its 
 own laws. 
 
 murus, 1, m. [formun-rus ; from 
 MUN, " to defend "] To encircle, a 
 wail. 
 
 ip^uto, Are, ftvi, atum, tr. and 
 intr. intens. [for mov-to: fr. mo- 
 veo] To change, alter, exchange. 
 
 N. 
 
 n&tio, Onis, f. [root ona, " to be 
 bom;" a root by metathesis syev; 
 op. gna-scor, yiyvoiian.] A race, na- 
 tion, people. 
 
 naufr&STUS, a, um, adj. [navis, 
 " a ship ;" frango, " to wreck "] 
 Shipwrecked, ruined. 
 
 ne, adv. and oonj. [akin to Sang, 
 ma ; Or. /m^] Sot, that not ; ue . . . 
 quideni, not even. 
 
 ne, adv. [Ok. vai] TrtUy. 
 
 n6, enclitic conj.: Whether; in 
 indirect questions ; no^ translated 
 in direct. 
 
 m 
 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 83 
 
 oint, 
 
 Wo- 
 
 A 
 
 uvi, 
 Sa- 
 
 ndc or ndoQe, oonj.: Neither, 
 
 nor, and not, out not ; nee nee, 
 
 n«.-t|ue neque, neither nor, 
 
 cither.... or. 
 
 ndcessHrio, adv. [neoessariu^] 
 Ncceg^arUy. 
 
 n6cess&rlu8, a, um, adj. [ace 
 necesse] Necesmry. 
 
 ndcesse, neut. adj., found onlv 
 ill noni. and ace. sing, [for ne-ced- 
 se ; from ne, cedo, *' not yielding," 
 hence] Necessary, of necessity; 
 iiredftU. 
 
 necnS, adv. [neo, ne] Or, not. 
 
 ndco, &re, avi, atuin, and nccni, 
 nectum [root nac, "to harm;" op. 
 vfKpot, nooeo, nox] To kill, slay, de- 
 stroy. 
 
 ndfiandus, a, um, adj. [ne, 
 "not;" fari, "to speak"] Not to 
 be spoken <tf\ impious, heinous. 
 
 ndfarle, adv.: Impiously. 
 
 nSfarius, a, um, adj. [rie,"not;" 
 fas, " divine right "] impious, exe- 
 crable. 
 
 ndfas, indecl. n. [ne, fas] Con- 
 trary to divine law, unlawful crime. 
 
 negrirgfO, £re, lexi, lectimi, trans, 
 [for nee-lego] To neylect, to pass by, 
 to give up. 
 
 ndgo, Are, Avi, atum, tr. [akin to 
 Sans, root ah, " to suy," whence 
 Lat. aio ; prefix ne] To say no, or to 
 say — that not, deny. 
 
 nSgrotium, li, n. [for nec-otium; 
 nee, "not;" otiuni, "leisure"] Not 
 leisure, a thing, buMness, duty. 
 
 nemo, Inis, m. and t. [for ne- 
 homo] No person, no one. 
 
 nSpos, otia, m. and t. [akin to 
 Sans, naptri or napta=novu8 filiusj 
 A nephew, 
 
 nequaxn, adj. indecl.: Worth- 
 less, good for nothing ; oomp. ne- 
 quior ; supl. nequissimus. 
 
 ndqiie, see neo. 
 
 nescio, Ire, ivi, itum, tr. [ne, 
 •• not ; " Bcio, " to know "] Not to 
 JfMW, to be ignorant qf. 
 
 nlhn, (by apocope for nihil um ; 
 also contracted nil) indec. n. [for ne- 
 fllum, "not a thread"] Nothing. 
 
 nisi, conj. [ne, si] Unless if not; 
 nisi si, except if ; nisi tamen, bul 
 yet. 
 
 nitdo, Are, tr. To shine. 
 
 nitldus, a, um, adj.: Shining. 
 
 nix, nivis, f. [vi\\i, cK^of] Snow. 
 
 nobilis, (gno) e, aflj. root oso, 
 " to know "J Knmvn, famous, re- 
 nowned, noble. 
 
 nocturnus, a, um, adj. [nox, 
 "night"] Mghtly. 
 
 nom^n. Inis, [noeco] Name, 
 reputation, jrretext. 
 
 nominatim, adv. [nomino] By 
 name, expressly. 
 
 non, adv. [for ne-unum] " not 
 one"] Not, no. 
 
 nonnA, adv. [non-j-ne] used in 
 interrogations : Not ; non nihil. 
 Something. 
 
 nonnulll, n, a, adi. [non, 
 " not ;" nuUus, " none "] Some. 
 
 noster, tra, trum, poss. adj. 
 pron.: Our, ours, our own. 
 
 nota, SB, f. [noioo] A mark, a 
 sign; infamy. 
 
 ndvem, num. adj. indeol. [akin 
 to Sans, navan] Nine. 
 
 ndvns, a, um, adj. [akin to vtos\ 
 New. 
 
 nox, ctis, f. [root noo, "to harm;" 
 Gr. fvf] Night. 
 
 nudus, a, um, adj. Bare, naked. 
 
 nullus, a, um, adj.: gen. nulllug 
 [ne ; uUus] No one, nobody, none, 
 or inter, particle. 
 
 num, conj. : Whether, in indirect 
 questions ; not translated in direct 
 questions. 
 
 numen, Inis, n. [nuo] A nod- 
 ding, divine vnll, duty. 
 
 nian&ruB, i, m. [root wum, " to 
 allot;" ep. vintiv] A number, 
 quantity, rank. 
 
u 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 nunc, ftdv. [akin to vvv, with 
 demonstrative suffix ce] Now, at 
 present. 
 
 nunquam, (num-), adv. [ne; 
 unquamj Never, at no time. 
 
 nuper, adv. [for nov-per, from 
 ndvus] Lately, recently. 
 
 nutus, Os, m. [nuo] Nod, teUl, 
 command, pleasure. 
 
 O. 
 
 obllflrOt ftre, &vi fttum, tr. [ob, 
 "before;" ligo, "to bind"] To 
 hitui, to pledge, to mortgage. 
 
 oblivlscor, oi, oblltus sum, dep. 
 (ob, "over;" li, "to smear"] To 
 forget. 
 
 obstapdf&clo, f&c£re, feci, fac- 
 tum, tr. [OD, without force; stupesco, 
 "to be amazed"] To astonish, 
 amaze, astound. 
 
 OCCUltUB, a, urn, adj. [ob, with- 
 out force ; root kal. " to hide ; " op. 
 KaXvwTio, oelo, cella] Hidden, se- 
 cret, concealed. 
 
 occurro, Cre, curri, oursum, 
 intr [ob ; ourro] To run up, to, to- 
 wards. 
 
 dcQliiB, i, m. [root ak, " to see ;" 
 by labialism the root is air, in Gk. : 
 op. oir-wir-a, o(/>0aA/[xof ] An eye. 
 
 ddium, u, n. [odi] Hatred, 
 grudge. 
 
 dmitto, Sre, misi, missum, tr. 
 [for ob-mitto] To let loone, omit, lay 
 aside. 
 
 omnia, e, adj. [etym. dub.] All 
 everjf, the whole. 
 
 dportet, ere, ftit, impera. It be- 
 hooves, it is fitting or right ; me 
 oiK)rtet, I must. 
 
 oppidum, i, n. [poss. akin to 
 iirtireooi', on the ground] A town. 
 
 oppdno, Cre, p68(\i, p()sltum, tr. 
 [ob ; pono] To place against or be 
 fore, pledge. 
 
 opprimo, fire, pressi, pressum, 
 tr. [ob; premo] To prexx or weigh 
 down, to overpower, crush. 
 
 ops-dpis, f. [the nom. sing, it 
 wanting; dat. sing, is found only 
 once ; prob. for aps. from root ap, 
 whence apisoor] the obtaining a 
 thing, hence: Power, might, 
 strength, assistance, aid ; pi. riches, 
 resources, wealth. 
 
 opto, &re, Avi, fttum, tr. [poss. 
 nkin to root ap, " to desire "J To 
 wish, un'sh for ; choose. 
 
 6pas, firis, n. Work, toU. 
 
 dratio, Onis, f. [oro] Language, 
 speech, oration. 
 
 orbis, is, m. [etym. dub. ; poss. 
 fr. obsolete, urbo or urvo = circ'um- 
 dare] A circle, ring ; orbis terrae 
 or terrarum, the earth, whole earth. 
 
 ordo, Inls, m. [An arranging; 
 hence, class, body of men ; rank. 
 
 ornamen'um, i, n. [orno] Or. 
 nanient, distinction. 
 
 orno, &re, ftvi, atum, tr. r« 
 adorn, fit, equip, embellish. 
 
 OS. dris, n. [not found in gent 
 1. : prob. for Sans. ac=a8 "theeat< 
 ng thing "] Mouth, face, counten- 
 ance. 
 
 OStendO, Sre, di, sum and turn, 
 tr [obs; tendo] To stretch out, 
 show, point out. 
 
 otlum, li, n. [etym. dub.] Ease, 
 leisure, idleness. 
 
 P. 
 
 p&CO, ftre, avi, fttum, tr. [root 
 PAO, " to fasten "] To quiet, to make 
 peaceful, subdue. 
 
 pactum, i, n. [see paco] An 
 agreement, covenant, pact, in abl., 
 means, method, way. 
 
 paene, adv. Nearly, almost. 
 
 p&lam, adv. [poss. contr. fr. pa- 
 tuiam, ace. fern, of patulus] Openly, 
 publicly. 
 
 p&rens, entis, m. and f. for 
 pariens, f r. parloj A parent, father, 
 
 mother. 
 
 p&rdo, ere, ni, Itum, int. [akin 
 to pario, ^oss. <<»epw] To appear, 
 obey, submit to. 
 
 i 
 
 dil 
 
 a\ 
 
 tr| 
 cu 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 85 
 
 ..fpoai. 
 J To 
 
 tnrae 
 ■ aarth. 
 
 r# 
 
 p&ries, fitis, f. [root TAH, " to 
 divide;" op. pars, partior, paroai>| 
 A tvall. 
 
 parrlclda, m, in. and f. (for \i^ 
 tri-caeda, from pitor, "a fudipr; 
 caedo, "to kill "J A imnicidtt 
 asmgdin. 
 
 pars, tin, f. [see parius) .4 J»ar(, 
 aside, jmrty, dii'i'iiion. 
 
 partial, adv. |pt\r«i| Partly, in 
 part. 
 
 p&rum, a«lv. Littln, t o little, 
 Ui!t einoutfh [conip. minus, tiupl. 
 niinime] 
 
 parvi!ilus, a. mn, adj. dim. |]iar- 
 vusj Very small, little, ynuny. 
 
 pAtSfAcio, Cre, fCoi, factum, tr. 
 [pateo, "to be open;" facio, "to 
 make "J To lay or throw open, din- 
 close, expose. 
 
 p&ter, pitris, m. [root pa, " to 
 feed ;" cp. narrip ; Eng. father ; Ger. 
 vater] A father. 
 
 pfttlor, i, passus sum, dep. [root 
 I'AT, "to cndiiie"! To sujfer, en- 
 duic, uiidcryo, allow. 
 
 pd,tria, a), f. [patrius] One's 
 country, fatherland. 
 
 pd.trlclus, a, um, adj. [jiater] 
 lielatiny to the patrician rank; pa- 
 trician ; patrloius, \i,m., a patri- 
 cian. 
 
 patrimonium, li, n. A patri- 
 mony, inherit a itce. 
 
 paucus, a, um, adj. [etym. dub.; 
 prob. akin to Qr. waO-pos] generally 
 used ill plural : A few, few. 
 
 paullo, pauluin, adv.: A little, 
 somewhat. 
 
 pax. p:lci8, f. [root I'AO, "to 
 bind," hence " the binding thing "] 
 Peace, quiet. 
 
 p6cunia, », .*. [uecus, "cattle," 
 as representing originally wealth, 
 hence] Money. 
 
 pdcus, PLCftdia, f. [root I'AO, ' to 
 bind "J A head qt mttle. 
 
 p6r, prep, with aeo. Throuyh, 
 for, by means of. 
 
 percello. Sre, otili, culsum, tr. 
 [per, ' completely : " root " kkl, 
 "to move ") To heat or throw down, 
 smil'\ destroy, dinfnnt. 
 
 perdltua, a, um, adj.: Muined, 
 
 dt'ntittj.i'd. 
 
 perdo, i'Vr, didi, «litum, tr. [akin 
 t> n»a0(uj To rain, dcsiroy, Imw, 
 ahiuidon. 
 
 perf(6ro. fdrre, tnli, L\tuin, tr. 
 [uer, " through ;" fero, ' to carry "] 
 To bear or carry through, undmjo, 
 rndure. 
 
 p6rfIcIO, fire, fCci, fectum, tr. 
 [per, facio) To finish, complete, bring 
 about, jjerfect. 
 
 perhorresco, Cre, Oi, tr. and 
 Intr. [uer, " completely ," horresco, 
 "to shudder"] / dread, shudder, 
 tremble greatly. 
 
 pSriciilum, li, n. [root pbr, 
 " througii ;" perior ; jreipa] A try- 
 ing, experiment, risk, danger, peril. 
 
 perinde, adv. [per+inde] In 
 the same manner, equally, just so. 
 
 pemid>n6o, ere, mansi, man- 
 sum, intr. [per, intensive ; maneo, 
 " to remain "] To hold out last, en- 
 dure, remain. 
 
 permitto, 6re, m-si, missum, tr. 
 [per, intensive ; niitto, " to allow "J 
 Permit, grant, entrust, allov). 
 
 permodestus, a, um, adj. [per, 
 " very ; " modestus, " modest "J 
 Very modest or moderate. 
 
 perm6v6o, Cre, movi, motum, 
 tr. I per, intensive; moveo, "to 
 move "] To arouse, move, greatly, 
 disturb, alarm. 
 
 permultus, a, um, adj. [per, 
 • » vtry ;" multus, " many "] Very 
 many. 
 
 pernicies, Ci, f. [for pemec-ies; 
 for per-neco] Destruction, ruin, dis- 
 aster, calamity. 
 
 perp^tiiiis, a, um, adj. [per, 
 "completely;" root pat, "to 
 sjiread "] Continuous, unbroken, 
 perpetual, uninterrupted. 
 
86 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 X>er8dQUOr. 1, oQtus sum, dep. 
 per, "completely;" gequor, "to 
 follow ; "1 7*0 follow after, accom- 
 plith, proaeeute, perform. 
 
 persplclo. are, exi, ectuni. tr. 
 (per, •* throutfh ; " specio " to look"] 
 To »ee or look through or into, ex- 
 amine, obterve, tee clearly. 
 
 pertorrdo, ere, til, Itum, tr. 
 [per, "completely;" terreo, "to 
 frighten " ] To frighten greatly, 
 alarm, teirify. 
 
 pertimesco, 6re, tU, int. [per, 
 "completely;" timeo, "to fear"] 
 To fear greatly, be greatly afraid. 
 
 perturbo. are, ftvi, fttum, tr. 
 [per, "completely;" turbo, "to 
 disturb "] To confuse, throw into 
 coiifusivn, disturb. 
 
 pervSnIO, ire, vfini, ventum, 
 inw. [per, " through ; " venio, " to 
 come 'J To come to, arrive at, at- 
 tain. 
 
 peatis, is, f. [prob. for perd-tiB, 
 from perd-o] A pest, plague, ruin, 
 bane. 
 
 pdto, Sre, Ivi or li, Itum [root 
 PUT, "to fall;" op. iriir(«)rwl To 
 fall upon, aim at, seek, make for, 
 attack. 
 
 pdtiilantia, », f. [for petulans, 
 from peto] Petulance, insolence. 
 
 pezus, a, um, adj. [root pbo, 
 " to comb "J Combed. 
 
 piStaa, tatis, f. [plus, "holy"] 
 Affection, duty, patriotism. 
 
 pinpruis, e, adj. [akin to niuv] 
 Corpulent, fat, gross, stupid, heavy. 
 
 placo, are, &vi, fttum, tr. [akin 
 to placeo, " to please"] To pacify, 
 reconcile. 
 
 plane, adv. [planus] Clearly, 
 wholly, entirely. 
 
 poen&, », f. [root pu, " to pu> 
 rify "1 Punishment, penalty. 
 
 pollic6or, eri, polllcitus sum, 
 dep. [for pot-lioeor ; pot, " much ; " 
 lioeor, "to bid at auction "] To 
 promise much, promise. 
 
 pOno, in, pfisfli, pOsTtam, tr. 
 [for pot-aino; pot, intensive; 
 sino, " to leave "] To place, to set, 
 arrange, conniitute, buxld, etc. 
 
 pons, tis, m. [for po(n)t8 ; root 
 POT, " to 8i>an "J A bridge. 
 
 ];>dplna. se f. [=coquina: from 
 coquo, "to cook"] A cook-shoj>, 
 eating house. 
 
 p6piiliis, i, m. [for pol-pol-us, a 
 reduplicated form ; from root pol ; 
 op. iroA-v«] the people. 
 
 poasesslo, Onis, f. [forpossed- 
 sio ; from pos = post, intensive ; 
 sedeo, " to sit"] A possession, prop- 
 perty, estate. 
 
 possum, posse, pAtOi, irr. intr. 
 [for pot-sum ; fr. pOtis. " able ;" 
 sum, "to be"] To be abU, can, 
 have power, avail. 
 
 post, prep, with aoo. and adv. 
 After, afterward, behind, i^ice; 
 post-quam, after, t^fter that. 
 
 postda, adv. [prob. for poat-eam] 
 Hereafter, afterwards. 
 
 postdrus, a, um, adj. hMst] 
 oomp. posterior ; superl. postremus 
 orpostQmus: Heaet, coming next, fol- 
 lowing; postfiri, orum, m.: Pos- 
 terity. 
 
 postiUOb fire, ftvi, fttum, tr. 
 [connected with posco = petesoo ; 
 from peto, "to seek"j To ask, de- 
 mand, request, arraign. 
 
 p6tens, lis, adj. [fr. poMum] 
 Able, potoerful, inJluMttieU, 
 
 pdtentia, », f. [potens] Power, 
 authority, influence. 
 
 pdtestas, t&tis, f. [possum] 
 Power, force, authority. 
 
 p6tIor, iri, potitus sum, dep. 
 To become master, take possession 
 of, acquire. 
 
 pdtius, adv.: Rather, pr^erdbly, 
 more. 
 
 prae, prep, with abl. [akin to 
 pro] Before, by reason qf, in com- 
 variton toith. 
 
 bailee 
 
 oapit] 
 
 cipito 
 
 pri 
 
 tr. ipl 
 antic 
 
 j j wmwn i 
 
 »iT mm w i . g^^-^sw 
 
YOOABULART. 
 
 87 
 
 root 
 
 I from 
 ihoj,, 
 
 praebdo, fire, ni, limn, tr. [prae, 
 haneo) Offer, thow, exhibit. 
 
 praeceps, Ipltls, adj. [for ))rae- 
 oapit-s; prae, •• forward ; " caput, 
 " a head ] Headlong, foretnoat, pre- 
 cipitate. 
 
 praeolpio, £re, cOpi, ceptmn, 
 tr. [prae, oapio] To seize bejurenanU, 
 anticipate, enjoin. 
 
 graecl&ru8, a, um, adi. [prae, 
 rislve ; olarus, "brijfht ) Very 
 bright, illiuttrious, diatingimhed, 
 
 praecurro, Cre, cQcurri or 
 curri, cursuiu, tr. and int.: To run 
 bejore, outstrip, excel. 
 
 praedator, oria, ni. [praeda( = 
 prae-hed-a), " booty "J A plunderer, 
 pillager. 
 
 praedico, fire, Avi, atum, tr. 
 [prae, *• before ; " dioo. " to <le- 
 clare"] To proclaim, praise, extol 
 
 pradiCO, ere, xi, ctuin, tr. [prae, 
 •• beforehand ;" di. o, " to tell •] To 
 enjoin, to say bt^forehand, premise, 
 foretell. 
 
 praecUum, Ii,n. [praes, praed-is] 
 A farm, estate. 
 
 praedo, On is, m. [praeda] A rob- 
 ber, plunderer. 
 
 praemitto, ere, misi, missum, 
 tr, [prae, " before ; " mitto, " to 
 send"] To send before, forward or 
 in advance. 
 
 pra.e8ertiin, adv. [prae, "be- 
 fore : " aero, " to Join "J Especially, 
 particularly. 
 
 praesXdIum, li, n. [prae, '• be- 
 fore ;" sedeo, " to sit "J A defence, 
 protection, guards. 
 
 praeter, preo. with ace. and 
 . [prae, with at 
 Past, by, beyond, more than, except. 
 
 aov. [prae, witli demons., sutflx ter; 
 
 contrary to. 
 
 praetdrda, adv. [for praeter- 
 eanij Besides, moreover, hereafter. 
 
 praetdrdo, ire, Ivi or li, Itum, 
 Irr. tr andintr. [uraeter, " beyond;" 
 eo, "to go"] fo pass over, omit. 
 
 go by; praeterlta, (n. 
 teritus), the past. 
 
 praetext&, m, f. 
 
 pi. of prae- 
 
 1 prue, 
 
 in 
 
 front ; " texo, " to weave ; " hence, 
 "a gown fringed in front "| The 
 outer garment, edged with purjUe, 
 worn by the highest vtagistrateM, 
 and also Inf free-btrm children. 
 Keal'.^' feni. tuij. agreeing with togu 
 
 praetextus, a, um, adj. [prae- 
 texta] Wearing the toga praetextn. 
 
 praetor, Oris, m. (for praei-tor, 
 [fr. prae eo, prae, " before ; " root i, 
 •'to go," one who goes before, hence] 
 A leader, praetor ; a Roman judi- 
 cial oJfUcr. 
 
 praetorius, a, um, adj. [prae- 
 tor] J'raetorian ; cohors praetoria, 
 praetorian cohort, the general's body- 
 guard. 
 
 pr6cor, .iri, atus sum. To pray, 
 bexeech, xupplicate. 
 
 prSmo, ere, prcssi, presaum, tr. 
 To press, weigh down, overwhelm, 
 crush. 
 
 prStlum, h, n. Price, worth; 
 
 pretium 
 while. 
 
 operae est, it xs worth 
 
 pridem. adv. [for prae-dem, fr. 
 prae ; sufflx, demj Long since, long 
 ago. See jam. 
 
 pridie, adv. [prior ; dies] Tht 
 day before. 
 
 primo, adv. [primus] In ti*e 
 first place, at first 
 
 primum, adv. Iprimus] In the 
 first place, for the first time ; quam 
 primum, as soon as possible ; cum 
 or ubi primum, tvhen first, as soon 
 as. 
 
 primus, a, um, adj. [superl. of 
 prior) The first, foremost; in pri- 
 miH, especially, abooe all. 
 
 princeps, Ipis, adj. [primus ; 
 capiol First, foi'cmost ; princeps, 
 Ipis, m., a leading man 
 
 principium, li, n. A beginning, 
 commencement ; principio, at first. 
 
 
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 VOCAB0LART. 
 
 pristinus, a um, adj. [obsol. 
 pna akin to prae, irpiv] Former, 
 early, jtrirnjitive. 
 
 pro, prep, with abl. [akin to Sans, 
 pra, TToo, Lat prae] Before, in front 
 of, according to, batting, instead 
 of, in return for, for, in favor of, 
 as, as if, in comparison vrith. 
 
 pro, interj. Alas. 
 
 probo, are, avi, atum, tr. [pro- 
 bus] To try, prove, examine ; pro- 
 batus, tried, proved, excellent, 
 
 Rrocella, sb, f. [pro, "forward ;" 
 a ; cp. »ceA-o/u.ai, " to urge "] 
 Storm, tempest. 
 
 prodlsrium, li, n. [pro, "open- 
 ly ;" Die, "to declare"] prodigy, 
 omen, portent. 
 
 proelium, ii, n. [etym. dub.; 
 according to some : pro; iA»/, "a file" 
 of soldiers] Battle, fight, contest. 
 
 profecto adv. [for pro-facto] 
 Truly, assuredly, indeed. 
 
 prof&ro, ferre tfili, latum, irr. 
 intr. [pro, "forward;" fero, "to 
 bring"] Reveal, put off, postpone, 
 bring forward, produce. 
 
 prof Icio, 6re, fSci, tectum, tr. 
 [pro, facio] To effect, bring about 
 accomj^lish; to be serviceable, ac- 
 complish. 
 
 proficiscor, i, fectus sum, dep. 
 To set out, proceed, arise. 
 
 prof it6or, eri, fessns sum [pro, 
 " openly ;" fateor, " to confess "] 
 To profess, declare openly, avow, 
 offer. 
 
 profliaratus, a, um, adj. [pro, 
 •' forward ; " fligo, " to cast, hence 
 "abject"] Profligate, corrupt, disso- 
 lute. 
 
 profjigflo, Sre, ffigi, fugftum, 
 tr. and intr. [pro, " forw ard ;" fugio, 
 " to flee "] To flee from, escape. 
 
 profundo, ere, fudi, fusura, tr. 
 [pro, "before;" fiindo, "to pour"] 
 To squander, waste. 
 
 pr6gfr6dior, gr^di, gressus sum, 
 dep. [pro, " forward ; " gradior,."to 
 go"] TO go forward, advance. 
 
 prohibfio, ere, ttl, Itum, tr. 
 [pro, " forward ;" habeo, " to hold"] 
 To hinder, prevent, prohibit, pro- 
 tect. 
 
 proinde, conj. and adv. [pro, 
 "forth ;" inde, "thence"] Just so, 
 in the same manner, therefore ; pr6- 
 inde quasi, just as if. 
 
 projicio, ere, jeci, jectum, tr. 
 [pro, "forward ;" jacio, "to throw"] 
 To throw or cast forth, banish^ re- 
 nounce. 
 
 propagro, are, &vi, atum, tr. 
 [pro, "forward"] pa(n)g, root of 
 pango, "to fasten"] To increase 
 by means of layers, propagate^ ex- 
 tend, prolong. 
 
 propiitus, a, um, adj. [akin to 
 prope] One's own, special, particu- 
 lar. 
 
 propter, adv. [prope] Near. 
 
 propter, prep, with ace. [prope] 
 Near, on account of, by reason of. 
 
 propterda, adv. [for propter- 
 eam] Therefore, for that reason. 
 
 proscriptio, onis, f. [for pro. 
 scrib-tio ; fr. pio-scribo] A proscrip- 
 tion, vjritten public notice of saUt 
 confiscation. 
 
 pr6s6quor, i, cutussum, dep. 
 [pro, " forward ; " sequor, " to fol- 
 low"] To follow, accompany, attend^ 
 pursue. 
 
 prospicio, fire, exi, ectum, tr. 
 and intr. [pro, "forward;" specie, 
 "to see "] To look forward or ovi 
 for, take care of, provide for. 
 
 proster' o, ere, stravi, stratum, 
 tr. [pro, "forward;" stemo, "to 
 scatter "] To prostrate, overthrow. 
 
 providentia, sb, [pro, "for- 
 ward ;" video, " to see "] Foresight, 
 forecast, forethought, precaution, 
 providence. 
 
 provMSo, ere, vidi, visum, tr. 
 [pro, "before;" video, "to see"] 
 To look forward, take care qf, pro- 
 vide for, prepare for. 
 
 provincia, sb, f. [some say from 
 pro, intensive; vinco, "to eon- 
 
 pr( 
 Tr 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 89 
 
 h it. 
 
 |»oId"j 
 pro- 
 
 quer ; " others say=providentia; 
 pro, " forward ; " video, " to see "] 
 A province, duty. 
 
 proximus, a, um, adj. [superl. 
 of propior] Nearest^ next, very 
 ivhmate; proximus, i, m., nearest 
 relative, intimate friend. 
 
 prudens, tis, adj. [forprovidens; 
 pro, " forward ; " video, ''to see "] 
 Prudent, judicious, experienced. 
 
 priidentia, x, f . [prudens] Pru- 
 dence, intelligence, discretion. 
 
 piiiina, ae, f. [some say from 
 pemrina ; per, intensive ; uro, " to 
 bum or parch "] Hoar-frost, rime. 
 
 psallo, fire, i, no sup., intr. 
 [t^oAAw] To play upon a stringed 
 instrument. 
 
 publicus, a, um, adj. ["see 
 populus "] Public. 
 
 piidicitir>, ae, f. froot pud, " to 
 feel shame ; " cp. pudet] Modesty, 
 virtue. 
 
 piidor, oris, see [idem] Shame, 
 sense of shame. 
 
 piler, i, m. [root pv, " to beget;" 
 cp. wais, iruKoi } puella ; Eng. foal] 
 A boy, child, servant. 
 
 pu^no, are, SLvi, fttnm, intr, 
 [puo, *' to strike ; " cp. Trvytirj] To 
 fight, contend, engage. 
 
 pulcher, chra, chrum, adj . [for 
 pKDlcer, fr. polio, to polish] Beau- 
 tifvl, handsome, glorious. 
 
 purpiira, », f. [7rop<^i)po] Pur- 
 ple-fish, purple. 
 
 purptlratus, a, um, adj. pur- 
 
 {)Ora] Clad in purple ; purpnratus, 
 , m. , a higher officer, so called be- 
 cause clad in purple. 
 
 puto, are, avi, atum, tr. [root 
 P'J, "to cleanse;" hence, properly 
 to lop off l)ranches of trees, \ines, 
 etc.] To consider, judge, believe, 
 iuppose, think. 
 
 Q. 
 
 quaero, fire, slvi, sTtum, tr. [an- 
 other form of quaeso] To seek, look 
 for, to ask, ask^ have in view. 
 
 quaeso, fire, sivi, or li, tr. [old 
 form of quaero] To beg, pray, be- 
 seech, entreat. 
 
 qud.estuR, us, m. [quaero] Gain, 
 profit, business. 
 
 quails, e, adj. [akin toSans.ka-s. 
 who ?] Of what kind, of sucf^ kind 
 or sort, as. 
 
 quaxn, adv. and conj. [adverbial 
 ace. of quis] How, how muAsh as, as 
 much as, than, as ; tam — quam, so— 
 as ; quam prinium, as soon as pos- 
 sible ; quamdiu, how long, as long 
 as; antequam, before. 
 
 quamobrem, adv. [i.e., quam, 
 ob, rem., literally, "on account of 
 what thing "] Why, wherefore. 
 
 quamquam, conj. Although, 
 though, however. 
 
 quar'^Ws, adv. and conj. [quam- 
 vis from volo] As much as you w'll 
 or like, although. 
 
 quantus, a, um, adj. [akin to 
 Sans, root ka-s] How great, so m,uch, 
 as; quanto — tanto, by how or as 
 much — so much ; the the ; quanto, 
 abl., by how much, how much. 
 
 quapropter, adv. conj. [for 
 quam (so. rem.) propter] Why, 
 wherefore. 
 
 quare, adv. conj. [abl. fern, of 
 quia, abl. of res] For which reason, 
 why, wherefore. 
 
 quartus, a, um, num. adj. 
 [contr. fr. quatuor-tus] Fourth. 
 
 qu&si, conj. As if, just as if, as 
 it were. • 
 
 qud, enclitic conj. [akin to Gr. 
 re] And, also, both; que. . . .et ; et 
 que, both and. ■ 
 
 quSmadmodum, adv. and 
 conj. [quem, ad, modum] Jn what 
 manner, how ; as, just as. 
 
 qudror, i, (luestus, dep. [akin to 
 Sans. Qvas, " to sigh "] To complain. 
 
 qui, quae, quod, rel. pron. Who, 
 
 which, what; quo eo, in what 
 
 degree . . in that degree ; the . . the. 
 
 quid., conj. [old ace. pi. of qui, 
 like quod, aco. sing.] Becaiue. 
 
m 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 quicunque, quaecunque, qnwl- 
 cunque, rel. pron. Whoever, what- 
 ever, whaUoemr. 
 
 quidam, quaedam, quoddam or 
 quiddam, iiidef. pron. Some or a 
 certain, soine, certain. 
 
 quidem, adv. Indeed, truly, as- 
 suredly ; ne quidem not .... 
 
 even. 
 
 quies, etis, f. [akin to 6r.K6(-jLi.ai] 
 Bent, release. 
 
 quiesco, Cre, quTevi, quietum, 
 intr. inch, [quies To rest, repose, 
 keep quiet. 
 
 quietus, a, um, adj. [quiesco] 
 Qmet, tranquil, peaceful. 
 
 quin, [for qui-ne ; fr. qui, abl. 
 of rel ; ne = non] By which noi, but 
 that, that not ; quin etiam, more- 
 over, besides, nay, even. 
 
 Quirites, lum and um, m. pi. 
 Citizens of Rome. 
 
 quis, quae, quid, interr. and in- 
 def pron. Who ? which ? what ? 
 one, any one, some one ; quid (ace. 
 of specification) How, wherefore, 
 why ; si quis, if any one ; ne quis, 
 that no one, lest any one. 
 
 quisquam, quaequam, quid- 
 quam or quicquam, indef. pron. 
 [quis, quam] Any, any one, any 
 body, any thing. 
 
 quis-quis, quod-quod, or quic- 
 quid, or quid quid, indef. rel. Who- 
 ever, whatever, whosoever, whatso- 
 ever, any one who. 
 
 quo, adv. [qui] Whether, where, 
 to whick. 
 
 quoad, adv. conj. [for quo(m)= 
 quem, zA] Till as long as. 
 
 quoCTinque, adv. Whitherso- 
 ever, to whatever place. 
 
 quod, conj [ace. neut. from qui] 
 Because that, in tliat, since, because. 
 
 quondam, adv. [forquom ( = 
 quein), dam] Once, formerly, some- 
 times. 
 
 qudniam, conj. [for quom-iam; 
 fr. quom=quum, jam] Since now, 
 tince, as, because. 
 
 quoque, conj. [quo, que] Too, 
 also. 
 
 quum, c-onj. andadv. forquom, 
 old form of queni, fr qui] When, 
 while, though, although, as; since, 
 
 whereas, inasmuch as ; quum 
 
 tuDi, both.... and, not only but 
 
 li.JO 
 
 B. 
 
 rapina, sb, f [root rap, "to 
 carry oif "] Robbery, rapine, pillage. 
 
 rfi,pio, f re, Oi, tum, tr. [idem] To 
 seize, carry, snatch. 
 
 r&tio, onis, f. [root ra, root of 
 reor, '* to thinic "] Relation, consid- 
 eration, variety, means, plan, way, 
 tenor, sphere of life. 
 
 rScipiO, fire, cCpi, ceptum, tr. 
 [re, " baclt ; " capio, " to take "] To 
 take back, receive, promise, under- 
 take ; se recipiJre, to betake one's 
 self. 
 
 rScreo, are, avi, Htum, tr. [re, 
 " affain ; " creo, " to make "] To 
 make anew, renew, restore, invi- 
 gorate. 
 
 redSo, ire, ivi, li, Itum, iu, intr. 
 [re ; eo] To come back, return. 
 
 redimio, ire, ivi, li, itum, tr. 
 To bind around, crowned, ivreathe. 
 
 r6f(&ro, ferre, ttili, latum, tr. [re, 
 " back ; " fero, " to carry "] To 
 bring back, report, refer, lay before. 
 
 relSvo, are, avi, atum, tr. [re, 
 "ayain ;" levo, "to lighten"] To 
 lighten, ease, relieve. 
 
 relinquo, ere, liqui, lictum, [tr. 
 re, "agam;" linquo, "to leave"] 
 To leave behind, desert. 
 
 reliquus, a, um, adj. (idem] 
 The remaining, the rest, the rest of, 
 the other ; rcllquum est, it remains. 
 
 rSmdn§0, ere, nansi, mansum, 
 intr. [re, " again ; " maneo, " to 
 stay "] To remMin behind, stay, con- 
 tinue. 
 
 removfeo, ere, movi, motum, 
 tr. [re, " back;" nioveo, "to move"] 
 To remove, withdraw, take aivay, 
 to put aside. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 91 
 
 Too, 
 
 .but 
 
 "to 
 flnr/e. 
 
 i]To 
 
 rdpente, adv. of repens. Sud- 
 denly, all of a sudden. 
 
 rdpentinus, a, um, adj. [re- 
 pens j Sudden, unexpected. 
 
 rSpfirio, Ire, peri, and ppfiri, 
 pertum, tr. [re ; parlo] Find, dis- 
 cover, find out. 
 
 res, ei, f. akin to pfj-na, tr. pe-w, 
 that spoken of] A thing, matter, 
 object, circumstance, advantage, 
 event, property, etc. ; res-publica, 
 state, com,monwealth, common-weal. 
 
 rdsdco, are, ctii, sectum, tr. [re, 
 •hack;" seco, "to cut"] To cut 
 off or away, check. 
 
 r 68 is to. ere, stlti, intr. [re, 
 "ajfain-" sisto, "to stand"] To 
 stand against, withstand, resist, 
 remain. 
 
 rdsponddo, ere, di, sum, tr. 
 and intr. To answer, reply, be quite 
 a match for. 
 
 responsuxn, i, n. [for respond- 
 sum, fr. responded] Fesponse, an- 
 swer. 
 
 restiti&O, ere, tii, titnm, tr. [re ; 
 statuo] Restore, give back. 
 
 resto, Are, stlti, intr. [re ; sto, 
 vraut, Ivnini] To remain, be left. 
 
 rSticdO, ere, tli, tr. and intr. [re, 
 t&ceo] To be silent, to become silent, 
 conceal. 
 
 rdtorqudo, ere, torsi, tortum, 
 tr. [re, "back ;" toro, " to turn ;" 
 op. Tpeirw] To turn or ca*t back. 
 
 r6v6co, Are, ftvi, &tum, tr. [re, 
 " back ; " voco, " to call "] To call 
 back, recall, to seek, to recall. 
 
 rex, regis, m. [for teg-a, tr. reg-o] 
 A king. 
 
 rdbur, Oris, n. [prob. akin to Gr. 
 root pw in pw-vn;/uii, i.e., the strong 
 thing, hence] An oak, hence, 
 strength, power. 
 
 rdbustus, a, um, adi. [rdbur, 
 prob. akin to Gr. root pw in pw- 
 vvvni] Hardy, strong, robust. 
 
 rddis, e, adj. [etyoi. dub.] Rude, 
 raw, ignorant, 
 
 O 
 
 riiina, », f. (fr. ruo, prob. akin 
 to Sans, root sru, fluere] Pall, ruin, 
 downfall, destruction. 
 
 rustiCUS, i, m. [for rur-tfcus, f r. 
 rus, "the country"] A rustic, 
 countryman. 
 
 S. 
 
 sacrarium, li, [sag, "to wor- 
 ship ;" cp. sacer] A shrine, chapel. 
 
 sacrosanctus, a, um, adj. 
 [sacer, "holy;" sanctus, "conse- 
 crated "] Sacred, inviolable. 
 
 saectUum, (sec), i. n. Age. 
 
 saepe, adv. Often, frequently. 
 
 salto, Are, avi, atum, (intens), tr. 
 arid intr. [salio] To dance. 
 
 S&lus, Qtis, f. [for salv-t-s: fr 
 salveo] The being well, safety, pre 
 servation. 
 
 S^luto, 3.re, avi, fttum, tr. [saluuj 
 To c ^eet, salute. 
 
 salvus, &, um, [akin to Sans, 
 sarv-a, omnis ; Gr. oA-o? ] Safe, un- 
 hurt, sound, unimpaired. 
 
 sancio, Ire, xi, ctum^ tr. [root 
 SAO, " to worship " or " bmd " by a 
 religious rite ; cp. ayt'o^] Ordain, 
 decree, forbid by penalty. 
 
 sanctus, a, um, adj. [sancio] 
 Sacred, inviolable, august. 
 
 sane, adv. [sanus] Certainly, to 
 be sure, truly. 
 
 sangrtiis, Inis, m. [akin to Sans, 
 asan, " blood "] Blood, strength. 
 
 S&no, Are, avi, atum, tr. [sanus] 
 2*0 heal, cure, restore. 
 
 S&tis, adv. [akin to Gr. root a&, 
 whence aficw, " to satisfy"] Enough, 
 sufficiently, quite; comp. satius, 
 better. 
 
 sauclus, a, um, adj. [etym. 
 dub] Wou7ided,er\feebled. 
 
 SCdldr&tUS, a, um, adj. [sceler- 
 (a)o] Polluted, accursed, injtamous ; 
 sceleratus, i, m., wretch, miscreant. 
 
 SCdlus, Bceierls, n. [etym. dub] 
 A wicked deed, unckedness, crime, 
 villainy. 
 
02 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 scena, », f. [vkyivti, "the stage"! 
 The stage, scene. 
 
 sclentia, ae, f. [scio, " to know "] 
 Knowledge, skill, cxpertness. 
 
 scilicet, adv. [oontr. for scire- 
 Ucet] To be sure, of course, forsooth, 
 doubtless. 
 
 SCiO, Ire, Ivi or li, Hum, tr. [etym. 
 dub.] To know, understand. 
 
 scortum, i, n. Harlot, an in- 
 famous vrretch. 
 
 sdcuris, is, f. [SAC, "to cut;" 
 cp. seco] An axe ; secures, the 
 axes, as an emblem of authority. 
 
 add, conj. [old form, set = sine] 
 But, yet. 
 
 sedes, is, f. [sed-eo] A seat, 
 abode, habitation. 
 
 sedo, are, 9,vi, iltum, tr. [akin to 
 sSdeo] To allay, calm, settle, quiet. 
 
 sella, SB, f. [for sed-la, fr. sedeo, 
 " to sit "] A seat, a chair. 
 
 seminarium, li, n. [semen, 
 "seed "] A nursery, seminary. 
 
 semper, adv. [prob. akin to 
 .semel, "once"] Ever, always, at 
 all times. 
 
 sempltemus, a, um, adj. [sem- 
 ^r ; or poss. ae(i)ternus] Everlast- 
 ing, eternal. 
 
 Senator, oris, m. [senex, "old 
 man "] A senator. 
 
 sdnatus, us, m. [senex] A sen- 
 ate. 
 
 Sdliectus, tutis, f. [senex] Old 
 age. 
 
 sdnex, i8,adj. [sSn-eo] Old,aged; 
 senex, is, m. and f., old man, old 
 woman. 
 
 sententia, sb, f. [sentio, "to 
 ihink "] Opinion, decision. 
 
 sentina, sb, f. [etym. dub.] A 
 ■sink, bilge-water. 
 
 sentio, Ire, .sensi, sensum, tr. 
 (etym. dub.] To feel, perceive, 
 think. 
 
 sdquor, i, cQtus, sum, dep. [sec, 
 *• to follow : " op. eir-o/uiai] To fol- 
 low, aim at, remit, strive for. 
 
 sermo, onis, m. [perhaps from 
 sero, the connected thing, hence] 
 Speech, talk. 
 
 serpo, £re, si, tum, tr. [akin to 
 epjrw, repo] To creep, crawl. 
 
 serta, orum, n. pi. [sero] Gar- 
 lands, ureaths; sing.,sertum i. 
 
 servio, ire, Ivl, or li, itum, intr. 
 [servus] To serve, to be or becowe a 
 slave. 
 
 servitium, li, n. [servus] Sla- 
 very; servitia, pi., slaves. 
 
 sdveritas, atis, f. [severus, akin 
 to oe'/So/mat, " to venerate "] Severity, 
 sternness, strictness of duty. 
 
 sSverus, a, um, adj. [akin to 
 <reP-oiiai] Grave, harsh, severe. 
 
 si [orig. sei, conj. ei] If, whether. 
 
 Sica, SB, f. [perhaps for sec-a, 
 from seco, "to cut''] A cutting 
 thing, dagger, poniard. 
 
 sicarius, i, m. An assassin. 
 
 sicut, or sic&ti, adv. sic ; ut, 
 uti] So as, just as, as if, jiist as if. 
 
 Elrsniificaito, 6nis, f. [signum ; 
 facio] Intimation, sign. 
 
 signum, i, n. [prob. akin to 
 e'lKutv] A mark, sign, military stan- 
 dard. 
 
 silvestris, e, adj. [silva, -'a 
 wood "] Woody, tvild, rural. 
 
 similis, e, adj. [akin to Sans, 
 sam-a, Gr. a/ma, o^df, o/u-oio«] Like, 
 similar, with a gen. and dat. 
 
 similiter, adv. [similis] In like 
 manner, similarity. 
 
 Simul, adv. [Gr. oh6k afia. Sans, 
 sam-a] At the same time, together, 
 at once ; simul-ac (atque), as soon 
 as. 
 
 sine, prep, with abl.: Without 
 [primaty form as seen in composi- 
 tion, se or sed]. 
 
 sinus, us,m. [etym. dub.] Bosom. 
 
 Sitis, is, t. [akin to Gr. Sl^a] A 
 thirst. 
 
 Bive, or seu, conj. Or, or if; sive 
 . . sive ; seu seu, whether — or. 
 
 so 
 
 cbriv 
 
 .,-v,-5;^S;^rr^s 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 93 
 
 M from 
 I hence) 
 
 ^kin to 
 
 |] Gar. 
 i. 
 
 1. infr. 
 cou'ea 
 
 Sla- 
 
 3) akin 
 verify, 
 
 •a 
 
 sdbrhis, a, um, adj. [poss. se, 
 ebrius] Not drunk, sober, temperate. 
 
 sdcius, li, m. A companion, as- 
 sociate, ally. 
 
 sddalis, is, m. and f. [et^in. 
 dub. ; poss. akin to sedeo] An inti- 
 mate, boon companion, crony. 
 
 sol^o, Cre, Itus sum, semi-dei). 
 poss. root 80L=sed in sedeo] To sit 
 ihnon to a thing ; hence, to be wont, 
 accustomed, 
 
 solum, adv. [solus] Only, alone, 
 merely ; non solum .... sea etiam, 
 not only — but also. 
 
 solus, a, um, adj. (gent, sollus) 
 Alone, orUy, single. 
 
 sdlutus, a, um, adj. [and part 
 of solvo] Loose, lax, remiss, easy. 
 
 somnus, i, m. [akin to Sans, 
 svap-na; vtti'os] Sleep, drowsiness. 
 
 spargro, Cre, si, sum, tr. [root 
 ffirap, whence aireipw] To scatter, 
 cast about. 
 
 species, ei, f. [specie, akin to 
 Sans, root 8PAC=videre] Outward 
 appenraiux, exterior figure. 
 
 spero, are, avi, atum, tr. To 
 hope, trust, expect. 
 
 spes, ei, f. [for sper-s, fr. speroj 
 Hope, expectation, trust. 
 
 spdlio, are, avi, atum, tr. To 
 rob, despoil, plunder. 
 
 sto, are, stuti, statum, intr. 
 lakin toGr. o-raw, 'iiTTrjfjn] To stand, 
 cuatinue, endure. 
 
 stdddo, ere, tli, [akin to trnovt- 
 a^w, " to haste") To be eager, zeal- 
 ous, devoted to, apply one's self, 
 aim at. 
 
 SttLdium, K, n. fstudeo] Zeal, 
 ardor, eagerness, goodwill, pursuit, 
 study, iiiclination, effort. 
 
 Sttidiosua. a, um, adj. [studium] 
 Zealous, devoted or attached to, 
 fond of. 
 
 stultus, a, um, adj. [akin to 
 stoliduB ; sto, " to stand "] Foolish, 
 simple. 
 
 Stapnim, i, n. [etym. doubt] 
 Debauchery, lewdness, pollution. 
 
 sub, prep with ace. and abl. 
 [akin to Gr. vito] Under, near by, 
 towards, during. 
 
 Siibdo, Ire, Ivi or li, Itum, tr. and 
 intr. To come or go under, under- 
 go, endure, suffer. 
 
 Stibito, adv. [subitus] Suddenly, 
 unexpectedly. 
 
 subjector, oris, m. [for sub- 
 jactor, from subjacto, fr. subjicio] 
 A forger, substitutor. 
 
 subsellium. li, n. [sub, "un- 
 der ', " sella, " the seat" of the con- 
 sul] A bench, seat. 
 
 subsidlum, li, n. [subsldeo] Re- 
 serve, support. 
 
 succedo, ere, suceessi, succes- 
 sum, tr. and intr. [sub, " after ; " 
 cedo, " to come "] To come behirid, 
 follow after, succeed. 
 
 SUff(§ro, ferre, sustdli, sublatum, 
 tr [sub, " jinder ;" fero, " to bear"] 
 To bear, support ; to suffer, endure. 
 
 sCii, sibi, se, reflex pronoun : Of 
 himself, herself, itself; of them- 
 selves. 
 
 sum, esse, fill, irr. intr. [ctr-uis. 
 ci/nij To be, exist, continue. 
 
 sumpttiose, adv. [sumptuosng] 
 Expensively, sumptuously; comp. 
 sumptuosius. 
 
 SUmptiiS, us, m. [stimo] Ex- 
 pense, cost, charges. 
 
 Sniper, prep, with ace. or abl. 
 [Gr. vir«p] Above, over, beyond. 
 
 Siip6rior, oris, adj. [comp. of 
 superus] Upper, higher, superior. 
 
 stipSro, are, avi, atum, tr. and 
 int •. [super] Surmount, pass, sub- 
 due. 
 
 Btip&r\lB, a, um, adj. [super] 
 Above, upper, higher; comp. supe- 
 rior ; superl. supremus or summus. 
 
 SUppdditO, are, avi, atum, tr. 
 and mtr. [sub ; petoi To supply, 
 furnish ; to be m. hand. 
 
 '''is 
 
94 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 supplex, Ids, adj. [sub, "un- 
 der ; ^ plico, " to fold "] Suppliant: 
 eubst., a suppliant, 
 
 suppllcluzn, li, n. [supplex] 
 Supplication, punishment. 
 
 suppllcatio, 5ni8, f. Thanks- 
 giving. 
 
 8Uprd>i adv. [superus] Above, 
 be/ore, previously. 
 
 supremus, a, um, adj. [superl. 
 of superus] The highest, greatest, 
 supreme. 
 
 SursrOi Sre, surrexi, surrectum, 
 intr. [contr. fr. sur-rigo, for sur- 
 re|fo=8ub-rego] To rise, arise, get 
 out. 
 
 suscipio, Sre, ccpl, ceptuin, tr. 
 [sub ; oapio] To take, receive, as- 
 sume, incur. 
 
 bHvlb, a, uni , pron. adj. : His, her, 
 its, their, theirs, his oum, etc. 
 
 % 
 
 t&besco, ere, tti, intu TomM 
 away, toaste, languish, to ptne 
 away. 
 
 t&biUa, 88, f Iprob. akin to ra/u, 
 root of riii-vui] A tablet ; tabulae, 
 accounts; tabulae novae. New ac- 
 counts, abolition of debts. 
 
 talaris, e, adj. [talus, "the 
 ankle "] Reaching to the ankles. 
 
 talis, b, adj. Tperhaps fr. root to, 
 akin to Qi: article to] Su^, of su4:h 
 a kind. 
 
 tain, adv. [prob. aoc. form of 
 same root as talis] So, so much, so 
 very, so exceedingly. 
 
 tam-diu, adv. f tam, •' so ; " diu, 
 "long"] Soliyng. 
 
 t&men, adv. [perhaps length- 
 ened form of tarn] Nevertheless, 
 nK,twithstanding, yet, still, for ail 
 that, however. 
 
 t&metsi, conj. [contr. fortamen; 
 etsi] Though, although, hovoever. 
 
 tamquam, adv. [t«m, "so;" 
 quam, ''^as "] As, as \f,as it were, 
 so to speak. 
 
 tandem, adv. [tam] Jtut to far, 
 then , finally, pray. 
 
 tantum, adv. [tactus] To such 
 a degree, almost, alone, so greatly, 
 merely, only. 
 
 tantiis, a, um, adj. [akin to 
 Sans, tavant, so much) So great, 
 so much, sMch ; tan to, lyy so much; 
 tanto — quanto, the— the. 
 
 tarde, adv. of tardus. Slow, 
 tardily. 
 
 tarditas, atis, f. [tardus] Slow- 
 ness, tardiness. 
 
 tectum, i, n [teo, " to cover ; " 
 cp. tego] A covering, roof, abode, 
 dwelling. 
 
 tdmdrit&s, fttis, f. [temere, 
 " rashly "J Rashness, temerity. 
 
 tempdranti&, se, f. [temper, 
 " to regulate ; "] Temperance, mod- 
 eration. 
 
 tempestas, atis, f. [tempus, 
 "tune J Storm, tempest, commo- 
 tion. 
 
 templum, i, n. [root tem, " to 
 cut oflf ; " cp. rifjLvio] A piece cut 
 off, temple. 
 
 temptifl, Oris, n. [idem] Time, 
 occasion, season, opportunity. 
 
 tdndo, ere, Ai, turn, tr. To hold, 
 keep, defend, to convict. 
 
 tento, 9.re, ftvi, atum, tr. [teneo] 
 To attempt, try, sound. 
 
 tSntiis, e, adj. [akin to root rev, 
 " to stretch ; " whence reivu] Thin, 
 fine, poor, mean, indigent, humble. 
 
 terra, se, f. [root tbrs, " to dry,-" 
 cp. Tipvotiai] The earth. 
 
 terr6o, ere, tti, Itum, tr [Sans, 
 root TRAS, to make, tremble] To 
 terrify, dread, alarm. 
 
 tertius, a, um, num. adj. [ter} 
 Third, the third. 
 
 test&mentum, i, n. [testis, "a 
 witness "J A testament, will, 
 
 testis, is, m. and f. [etym. dob.! 
 A vntness. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 95 
 
 I/or, 
 
 ]9Uch 
 
 itly, 
 
 to 
 reat, 
 Inch; 
 
 floW' 
 
 Br;» 
 ode, 
 
 here, 
 
 )U8. 
 
 timdo, ere, til, tr. and intr. 
 [etyiD. dub.] To fear, to be afraid 
 of, dread. 
 
 timide, adv. [timidiis] Timidly, 
 fearfully. 
 
 tixx^dus, a, um, adj. [timeo] 
 Afraid, fearful, cowardly, faint- 
 hearted. 
 
 timor, 5ris, m. [tImeo] Fear, 
 dread, apprehension,. 
 
 tdfira, 8B, f. [for teg-a, fr. teg-o] 
 A covering, outer garment of a 
 Roman citizen in time of peace. 
 
 t6fir&tus, a, um, adj. Wearing 
 the toga; arrayed in the garb of 
 peace; Togatus, i, m., a Roman 
 citizen. 
 
 t6ldro, ftre, &vi, &tum, tr. [root 
 ToL, whence tollo and tuli] To en- 
 dure, bear, sustain. 
 
 tollo, Sre, susttlli, subl&tum, tr. 
 [root TOL, akin to Sans, root tul, 
 rAaw] To lift up, raise, elevate, 
 remove, h'U, destroy. 
 
 tdt, num adj. inded. So many. 
 
 tdties, adv. [tot] So often. 
 
 totus, a, um, (gen. totlus) adj. 
 [Sans, root TU, to increase] All, cul 
 the, the whole, the uhole of (denot- 
 ing a thing in its entirety). 
 
 tridtium, li, n. [for tri-divum ; 
 f r. tres, trium ; dies] Three days. 
 
 triumpho, are, avi, atum, tr. 
 [triumphus] To make a triumphal 
 procession, to triumph, to hold or 
 celebrate a triumph. 
 
 tu, ttti, pers. pro. [Gr. <rv, Doric 
 TV] Thou, you. 
 
 tuba, SB, [akin to tubus, "a pipe* 
 tube," of which etym. is dub.] A 
 trumpet (with straight tube). 
 
 turn, adv. [prob. same root as 
 tarn and talis, i.e. Or. to] Then, at 
 
 that time; turn or quum turn, 
 
 both and, or, and especially ; not 
 
 vnly....but also, or, bui especially. 
 
 ttimultus, us, m. [prob. akin 
 to tumeo] Commotion, disturbance. 
 
 tCLiniUus, i, m. [tumeo] A 
 mound, hillock. 
 
 tunc, adv. Then. 
 
 tCinIca, fn, f. [etym. dub.] An 
 undergarment worn by the Romans 
 of both sexes, a tunic. 
 
 turbtUentus, a, um, adj. [from 
 turba, " a crowd "] Motley, mixed. 
 
 turpls, e, adj. [etym. dub.] Base, 
 sham^ul, disgraceful, infamous. 
 
 turplter, adv. [turpis] Shame- 
 fully, oasely, disgracefwly. 
 
 turpitudo, Inis, f . [turpis] Base 
 ness, dishonour, infamy. 
 
 tCLUB. a, um, poss. adj. pron. 
 Thy, thine, thine oum, your, yours, 
 your own. 
 
 tyrannus, i, m. [rvpawoi] a 
 ruler, tyrant, despot. 
 
 U. 
 
 ulciscor, ci, ultus sum^ dep. 
 [etym. dub.] To avenge, punish. 
 
 vUluB, a, um, (gen. ulllus) adj. 
 [for un-lus; fr. unus] Any, any 
 one 
 
 unsruentuxn, i. n. [unguo, " to 
 anoint"] Ointment, unguent, per- 
 fume. 
 
 ui^versus, a, um, adj. [unus, 
 versus, " turned into one "] AU to- 
 gether, universal, whole, entire. 
 
 tinus. a, um, num. adj. [Gr, «U-, 
 iv-69] One, alone, sole, uniform. 
 
 urban\is, a, um, adj. [urbs] 0/ 
 or in the city, refined. 
 
 urbs, urbis [prob. fr. urbo=urvo. 
 " that marked out by a plough "] A 
 city, the city, Rome 
 
 usura, 8s, f. [utor] Interest, 
 usury. 
 
 at or ttti, oonj. [etym. dub.; prob. 
 same root as qui, quod] That, in 
 order that, so that, even, if, al- 
 though. 
 
 i^itinam, adv. conj. Oh thatt 
 would that J 1 wish thai I 
 
 
 K U 
 
 s 
 
 
 '■{• 
 
96 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 ator, fltl, U8UB sum, dep. [etym. 
 dub.] To vse, enjoy, employ, make 
 iuf '»/, have, exercrse (with abl.) 
 
 V. 
 
 vAcillo, are, ftvi, fttum, intr. 
 (vacca, " a cow "] To stagger, totter. 
 
 V&Ciius, a, um, adj. [vaco] 
 Empty, void, clear. 
 
 V&dlmonium, il, n. [va-?, "sure- 
 ty "] Bail, recognizance, bail-bond. 
 
 valde, adv. [contr. for valide ; 
 valid us] Strongly, exceedingly. 
 
 V&ldO, Cre, fii, intr. [prob. akin 
 to Sans, bala ; vis, robur] 2'o be 
 strong or vigorous ; to have power, 
 Jiave influence; to weigh, prevail, 
 be effectual. 
 
 V&rius, a, um, adj. [akin to Gr. 
 /3aAid«] Diverse, different, van'- 
 
 01M. 
 
 vastd,t!o, onis, (. [vasto] A lay- 
 ing loaste, devastation. 
 
 v6, enclitic conj. Or. 
 
 vectiffal, alis. n. [for vectis ; f r. 
 veho, "to carry''] A tax, impost, 
 reveniie. 
 
 vdhdmens, tis adj. [prob. 
 lenffthened form of ve-mens ; fr. ve; 
 mens] Vehemetit, impetuous, ar- 
 dent. 
 
 vdbdmenter, adv. Vehemently, 
 impetuously, strongly, greatly, vio- 
 lently. 
 
 vel, conj. [akin to vol-o] Or, eve ^.: 
 vel vel, either or. 
 
 velum, i, n. [etym. dub. prob. 
 veh-lum; fr. vehu] A sail; a cur- 
 tain; a veil. 
 
 v6n§ficus J.n.[for venen-facus] 
 A poisoner. 
 
 vdnenum. i, n. Poison. 
 
 v6n6ror, ari, atus sum, dep. 
 [akin to Sans, root VAN=colere] To 
 worship, venerate, adore, revere, 
 
 venio, ire. veni, ventum, intr. 
 To com£, arrive. 
 
 verbum, i,^n. [etym. dub. ; per- 
 haps akin to ctpw, tpS>; prifia] A 
 word, expression. 
 
 ydrdor, Cri, vCrltus sum, dep. 
 To fear, dread, be afraid of, appre- 
 hend. 
 
 vdrlt&s, fttis, f. [verus] Tr%ith. 
 
 vero, adv. [vCrus] In truth, in 
 fact, certainly, to be sure, surely. 
 
 varo, conj. But, however. 
 
 verso, Are, &vi, atum, tr. [for 
 vert-so, intens. fr. verto] To keep 
 turning, turn. 
 
 versor, ari, atus, sum, dep [ver- 
 so, for vert-so. intens. fr. verto] To 
 busy one's self, be engaged in, to be, 
 to hover. 
 
 veriim, conj. [vcrus] Hut, yet. 
 
 verumt&men, adv. neverthe- 
 less. 
 
 Vesp6ra, », f = Fianeta. The 
 evening, eventide. 
 
 ve3t3r, tra, trum adj [for vos- 
 ter, fr. vos] Your, yours, your own. 
 
 vdtdranas, a, um, adj. [vCtus, 
 eris] Veteran. 
 
 v6tus, eris adj. fprob. Firoi] 
 Ancient, old, aged, long contracted. 
 
 via, SB, f. [veha; from veho, "to 
 carry "] A road, road, way. 
 
 Vibro, are, avi, atum, tr. [akin to 
 Sans, root yep] To brandish, shake. 
 
 Vicinus, a, um, adj. [vious] 
 Near, neighboring. 
 
 videlicet, adv. [for videre licet] 
 It is easy to see ; of course, forsooth. 
 
 Vld6o, ere, vldi, visum, tr. [akin 
 to Sans, root viD, "to perceive;" 
 tfi-eii'] To perceive, observe, see. 
 
 viddor, eri, visus sum, pass, [of 
 video] and dep. To be seen, seem, 
 appear. 
 
 vlsrilld., », f. [vigil] A watching, 
 watch, guard. 
 
 vigrllo, are, avi, atum, intr. To 
 watch, be watchful, vigilant. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 07 
 
 vinco, tre, vTd, vichun, tr. (root 
 VIC but etym. dub.] To conquer, 
 defeat, subdue. 
 
 Vinculum, I, n. [vincto] Fetter, 
 chain ; in vincula, to prison.. 
 
 vlndex, Ms, m. and/. [ = vin- 
 deo-8 ; for vindics ; fr. vindico] An 
 avenger, punisher. 
 
 Vinum, i, n. cp. Folvoi] Wine. 
 
 vi6lO, are, avi, atu n, tr. [visl To 
 injure, dishonor, violate, nimtreat. 
 
 vir, i, m. [akin to Sans. vira= 
 her-os] A man, husband. 
 
 virtas, fltis, (. [vir] Manliness, 
 p<,wer, energy, merit. 
 
 Vis, (gen. and dat. sing, very rare) 
 f. [Gr. rii] Strength, power, force, 
 vigor, effort, meaning, import : pi. 
 vires, virium, strength, bodily 
 powers. 
 
 Vita, 8B, f. fforviv-ta; fr. vivo, 
 *' to live "1 Life. 
 
 Vitium, i, n. .1 fault. 
 vivo, tre.vixi, victum. intr. [root 
 VI, " to live ;" cp. pio?] To lice 
 
 ViVUS, a, nm, adj. [root vi, "to 
 Iva;" cp vivo, ^^os•l Living, lively. 
 
 v6co, are, avi, atum, tr. [root 
 voc, " to speak or call ; " cp. Fttto's] 
 To call. 
 
 volo, are, avi, atum, intr. To fly. 
 
 v6lo, velle, vOKii, intr. [root vol, 
 "to will;" cp. ^ovAo^iai] robe 
 willing. 
 
 volito, are. avi, .atum, intr. [see 
 volo, are) To iit abmt. 
 
 v6lunta8, atis, f. [volo, "to 
 will "] Will. 
 
 votum, i, n. [for vov-tum ; from 
 voveo, " to wish "J A wish. 
 
 VOX, vocis, f. [from voco, "to 
 oair'J Voice. 
 
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 By H. S. Mao Leak. 
 
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 HIGH SCHOOL WORD BOOK. 
 
 A Combined Orthoepist, Verbalist and Dictionary of Synonyms. 
 
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