Qm ^ ^'1^ 0%, 3MAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 LI !.25 ilia iiiM 1.6 1.4 o 01 V. e-J C^J c*l '^: "> ^^# .1h^^ ^ ^A*" *^.!!i" o rf W Photographic Sciences Corporation A, -^ L f\ ^ ^' (meaning "CON- TINUED "), or the symbol V (meaning "END "), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols -'^> signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Le3 cartes, picnches, tableaux, etc., pauvent dtre film6& d des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorscjue le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, cl est i\\m6 d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, ot de haut en bas, en pronant lo nombh<) d'images ndcessaire. Les diaorammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 u t,-^ ^ '■^' ' R E P O R T ■OK — 1 D. M. GKEENE, C. E., \o niK Watei\ Works Pommittee OK HIE COlU'OR.VnON OF THE Gin fVlTAWA, REPORT -OF- D. M. GREENE, C.E., TO THE Watei\^ Works Committee, OF THE CORPORATION OF THE CITY OF OTTAWA. OTTAWA 1871. KKPORT. W. JVIOSOBOVE, yiSQ., Chaiitnan of Water Works Committee, City of Ottaioa, Onta/rio, Sir,— The various plans pi-oposed for supplying your city with water having been submitted to me for a decision as to which in my opinion is the " best method," have been carefully considei-ed, and I now have the honor to submit the following: RE PORT. Immediately upon my arrival in your city, on the 3rd ultimo, in response to the invitation contained in your lett*^r of the 22nd June, I was furnished with copies of the Eeports of Messrs. Keefcr and Perry, and access was furnished to the map accompanying the former, showing at a glance the different i-outes proposed — excepting the Little Chaudiere — together with the system of distribution recommended by Mi'. Keefer. In company v/ith City Engineer Perry, I made a tour of the city, for the purpose of acquainting and familiarizing myself with its topography; and afterward, in company with several members of the City Council, I visited and examined the several routes from the source of supply — the Ottawa — to the proposed sites for the location of the Pumping Machinery, and for the commencement of the Distributing System. These examinations were repeated, and continued from day to day, as occasion seemed to require ; and I also gladly availed myself of such information and such suggestions, from whatever sources, as I was able to obtain. The Members of the City Council, and the citizens, so far as I mot them, uniformly manifested a desire to do all in their power, to put me in full possession of all the information thus far accumulatetl, which could, in any wise, be of assistance to me in the proper discharge of the delicate and responsible duty imposed upon mo. Gentlemen have, at my request, freely presented what, in their opinions, constituted the advantages and disadvantages of T the KOvei*al plans ; but I am happy to be able to say, in no instance has any gentleman sought to unduly or improperly urge the merits of any particular locality or system. While there was a great diversity of opinion among those whom it was my pleasure to meet, and each haosses8ion of such wo 'ks ? In a word — wiH they pay ? For the purpose of answering these questions, in a general way, we naturally turn to the experience of other cities. The following table shows — 1. The total cost to January, 1868, of over f/iventy of the |>rincipal City Water Works of the United States. 2. The cost for each individual of the population supplied 50 gallons daily — the population being assumed to be such that 50 gallons per capita per diem would just equal the supply furnished. 3. The cost per annum, of supplying ejich individual 50 gallons per day. 4. The annual receipts for each individual so supplied. The table has been compiled from official reports, and the information which it furnishes may, therefore, be relied upon ; except, perhaps, in the case of the Philadelphia Works, some of the elements of cost and supply for the several branches of which have been estimated. STATISTICS OF WATER SUPPLY. Nami or Works. Fair Mouat Schuylkill I^tilaware 24th Ward Works Qerraantown Total Croton Brooklyn Chicago Cincinnati Jersey City Hartford Cambridge Detroit Burlington Buffalo Cleveland Louisville* Louisvillef Albany, 1859.... .. Troy, " Boston, '« Mobile, " New OrleanH, 18.59. Pittsburg, «« . Richmono mnuller. These ronmrks rohite Himply to the quef*tion of firHtcost; other, and entirely obviou.s coHHiderationH, render il essential that provision be made at the outset, for furnishing the hir^jjor supply. In this connection, it may not be out of place to intrmluce some statistical information in ref^aitl to the capacity of, and cost of constructing, the City Water Works of New Hedfoiil. MasM. These Works, recently con.ploted, were constructetl under the direction of the Hon. Wm. J. McAlpine, as consult- ing Engineer. The j)opulation of the City, in 1870, was 21,320 ; or a little less than the present population of the City of Ottawa. The capacity of the Pumpin;^ Kngine is 2,000,000 gallorjs in 10 hours, or 4,800,000 gallons in 24 hours. This capacity of Engine was providotl to obviate the necessity of pumping at night, and to provide lor an}' necessary stoppage for repairs. The Distributing System, at the close of 1870. embraced 17^ miles of pipe, which has since been increased to 20 miles. About 10 per cent of the pipe is laid in I'ock.. The Works comprise, a Storing Eeservoir ; a Brick Con- duit about 5^ miles long; a Eeceiving Heservoir, near the Pumping Station ; a Pump House, with the requisite Steam Machinery ; a Eising Main, 1960 feet long ; a Distributing Reservoir, and the necessary Distributing Pipes. The Cost of th^jso Works, to Decemoer 1870, was us follows: Conduit .' $170,541 42 Dam 18,845 24 Disiributing Eeservoir 59,591 58 Distribt on, including services '164,097 50 Engine - 'iouse 32,156 69 Engine 37,456 33 Eunning Engine - 3,789 95 Engineering = 23,511 88 Storing Eeservoir 45,556 72 Eeceiving Eeservoir 26,448 81 Inspectors 5,570 39 Engine House Lot 16,055 70 Salaries 9,225 00 Incidentals.... 7,843 18 Carried forwaixl #620,700 39 8 Brought forward $620,700 39 Pump-Well and Culvert... 16.56141 Homestead of A. White 4,000 00 PeckhamEoad 512 00 $641,773 80 Preliminar^'^ outlay 2,605 34 Discount on Bonds sold 5,000 00 Whole amount expended $649,379 14 915,05 per capita, for double the present population, would amount to $641,732 00 This example, selected as a basis of comparison, onlv for the rea«on that the Works are of recent construction, ana are intended for the supply of a City of about the same size as the City of Ottawa, is, it will iie observed, is a fair representative. as to cost, of the average of Works in the United States. If we deduct 25 per cent, as the average difference in cost of labor and materials, between the United Stat«s and Canatla, the reasonable cost of City Water Works, in Canada, with capacity sufficient to supply 50,000 peoplo, will be $562,500. Youi* Works may he considered cheap, just in proportion as their cost shall fall below the above sum. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. In any efficient V^ater Works System the following con- ditions must be satisfied : — ii^rst, — There must be an available source of supply. Second, — There must be an abundant and permanent sup- ply of pure and wholesome water. When these are provided it is the province of the Engineer to point out the bes^; and most efficient mode of collecting and distributing the supply, and this involves the design and con- struction of uitable, substantial and permanent works. The first two conditions are satisfied by the magnifieont river which runs at your foet, with water and power enough to supply a hundred cities like yours. The character of the Ottawa River is peculiar, nuide u]> as it is of a regularly alternating series of lakes end rapids — the former serving most effectually to insure the dejwsit of all earthy matters brought dow^ in mechanical suspension by the tributaries, and the latter providing for che thorough purifica- tion fiom a- y organic matter at present existing, or which may in the future find its way into the river "bove the city. 1 '■th 9 Wo cun readily understand whj a chemical analysiHi h' >uld show, as that of Dr. Hunt has shown, that the purity of the Ottawa water, oven at its junction with the 8t. Law- rence, is scarcely- equalled by that of any clt}- supply on the cf)ntinent. Nature having thus provided settling ponds and other moans of purification on a large scale, and t!iere bein^ also very frequent changes of water from the rapid circulation, there will be no occasion for the expensive and i/ften indispen- sable auxiliaries of settling anil filtering reservoirs ; and hence the water may be taken at once ffom the river and transferred, by such means as may be provided, to the points of consnmp- tion in the citv. THK WORKS. The topographical features of the city are such as to pre- clude the possibility' of availing yourselves of the many and im})orlant advantages of, a Distributing Reservoir; among which may be mentioned the facility which it affords for storing ii|) and keeping constantly on hand a large supply of water, which may be drawn from in case of accident to the Pumping Machinery, requiring a temporary suspension of its ojy^rations for repairs ; and also for storing the surplus water at such times as the consumption may fail below the uniform normal i-apacity of the pumps, and k'ccping up the supply whenever the consuuiption exceeds that capacity — in other words, swving as a sort of balance-wheel for the system. J u the absence of a site sufficient!}' elovateil and of sufK- chsnt extent for such a reservoir, the t)enetits naturally flowing ' fi-om it must be forborne, and recourse must be had to the *' High Pressure System," of which the so-calied " Holly System " is the American representative. This system has its advaniages as well as its disae effected; while among the latter may be mentioneil the greater cost of opei'ation in consequence of the exceedingly variable character of the speed and power to be developed by the machinery, the greater stress upon the pipes and house jjlumbing during the maintenance of lire pressure, i"equiring greater thickness, weight and cost in the former and greater care in executing the latter ; the greater liability tx) acx'idont at the precise time il 10 when an accident might prove most disastrous in its conse quences ; and the absolute necessity of duplicating the machi- nery, not only for the purpose of guarding, as far as practicar ble, against those consequences, but to insure at all times the requisite supply of water. You have, however, no alternative, and it is therefore absolutely necessary that not only the pumping machineiy but the entire works shall be of abundant capacity, and of the most permanent aud substantial character. QUANTITY OP WATER, The mode usually adopted by Engineers in the United States, ibr determining the daily capacity of works designed to supply young and growing cities with water, is to estimate at the rate of 60 U. S. gallons per capita per diem, for double the existing population. The experience of the past few years has clearly demonstrated tie necessity of providing thus liber- ally, not only for the present but for the future wants of cities. The necessity for extension and enlargement, in a large majority of cases, presents itself much earlier than was origin- ally anticipated ; as the Water Works histories of the cities of New York, Boston, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Albany, Troy^ TJtica, Syracuse, Buffalo, Cleveland, Chicago and Watertown have clearly shown. As showing the rate of increase in the consumption of water, the following figures ai*e presented. They are taken from the OflBcial Eeports of the cities of Brooklyn, N. Y., and Louisville, Ky., for uie years 1870 and 1869, respectively ; and show the absolute average daily consumption for eaoh year, from 1861 to 1870, inclusive : — Brooklyn. LonisTille. Gallons, Gallons. 1861 640,627 1862 5,021,250 1,012,811 1863 6,490,750 948,646 1864 7,932,850 1,241,170 1865 ...,, 9,233,350 1,706,835 1866 10,905,450 1,849,123 1867 12,348,100 1,878,547 1868 15,T10,700 2,055,325 1869 17,630,400 2.475,910 1870 18,682,219 The increase in population from 1860 to 1870, as shown by the census returns of the two cities, was as follows : — Brooklyn 50 per cent. Louisville 48 « 11 In both cases the consumption was about quadrupled in ten years. Much of the increase was undoubtedly duo to the extension of the pipes to localities previously settled but unsupplied with water ; nevertheless the inci-eased demand due to increase of population is sufficiently obvious, as the length of distribution pipe was only dtJ)led in each city in the inter- val between 1860 and 1870. Estimating then upon the proposed basis, — i-emeitibering that the Imperial gallon which constitutes your st&ndai'd is about 20 per cent, larger than the IT. S. standard — and taking the present population of the City of Ottawa at 25,000 souls, provision must be made for supplying 50,000 people with 50 Imperial gallons jjer diem each ; or an aggi'egate of 2,500,010 gallons per diem, POWER REQUIRED. In estimating the power which will be requii*ed, iwovision must be made, not alone for raising the daily supply at a uuiform rate, but to meet an exti*aordinary demand for the extinguishment of fires, which may occur at the precise hour of maximum consumption for other purposes. While the demand must of necessity vary between wide 'limits, even at the outset, it is desirable, in order to insure the gi-eatest efficiency in the pumping machinery, that those limits be narrowed to the greatest possible extent. In accomplishing this, the size and location of the pumping main will exert a powerful influence as will presently appear. For the ordinarj?^ i-equirements of the works, water will have to be raided about 200 feet above low water in the Bay above the Chaudiere. To raise 2,500,000 gallons of 10 pounds, 200 feet, at a uniform rate, in 24 hours, there will be required an expendi- ture ( r 105.2 horses-power, etfective ; to which should be added, for friction in the pipes, say 10 horses power ; making a total of 115 horses, eft'ective; or, taking the efficiency of the motor at 70 ])er cent, the gross power required will be about 164 horses. In order that frictional head in the pipes may be kept within practicable limits, the average velocity of the ascending current, in the mains, should not much exceed ? feet per second ; and it is this consideration which, together with the quantity of water to be pumped, should determine the size of the Pumping Main. Two million five hundred thousand gallons i-epresent 400,000 cubic feet: the average quantity per second will, 1? therefore, be 4.63 cubic I'eet. W the velocity be fixed at 2 feet per second, the requisite sectional area of the main will be 2.31 Hquare feet, and it« diameter about 21 inches. A pipe ) 8 Inches in diametei' — the largest yet rocomraonded — would require a velocity of current equal to 2.G2 feet per second. This, in view of the fact that the distance will be short from the proba- ble location of the pumping station to the points where branch mains will load otf from the principal main, reducing the (juantity flowing in it, and consequently reducing the velocitj^ of the current ; and in view also of the fact that the above velocity is that due to the ultimate supply now contemplated, is large enough. Wo have to consider further, however, that the oixiinary consumption of water will be by no means uniform. During the night, for instance, the consumption will naturally fall very much below the average rate ; while, on the contraiy, on cer- tain days, and at certain hours of the day, the consumption will very largely exceed the average rate. I shall assume that the maximum rate of consumption for ordinary purposes will be double the average rate; in other words, thai; there will be times when, with the present popula- tion, the rs.te of consumption for ordinary purposes will reach 2,500,000 gallons per day. To this must be added the maxi- mum jyrobo,ble requirement for tire purposes — for an extensive conflagration is liable to occur at the instant when the max- imum consumption for dortiestic purposes is taking place. To fully provide for such a contingency, lot it, be assumed that a Are may occur in the Parliamentary or Departmental Buildings requiring Jive one-inch strewrm to bo thrown to a height of 90 feet above the gi*ound in front of the buildings. In order to reach a height of 90 feet, the pressure head at the |X)int of discharge must be about 135 feet, so that the corresponding aggregate discharge would k>e ^ 144 = / 2.013, — say 2 cubic feet per second ; or at the rate of 1,080,000 Imperial gallons in 24 hours. It appears, then, that the niaximum present requirement may reach (4.6 3-f-2) (k63 cubic feet per second ; or at the raU'. of 3,580,000 gallons ])er day. When the population of the City shall have reached 50,000 souls, the maximum probable rate of supply, determined as above, will reach (2x4,63 + 2=) 11.26 c.f.s. ; or at the rate of 6,080,000 gallons per day. Of course it is not expected that the necessity will ever exist, at least while the population is less than 50,000, for pumping 6,080,000 gallons in any one day ; but it is not unreasonable to suppose m that such a rale of consumption may be reached. Should the demand equal this rate, if for no longer than 30 minutes, the power, and water, must be at hand to supply it. We are now prepared V estimate the ultimate power required, and for which provision must of course be made. As a preliminary step in this determination, the two routes pro- ])08ed for the Pumping Main must be considered, with the view of reaching a decision as to which should be adopted. If the main be laid along Maria and Theodore Streets, with an 8 inch branch, extending to the Government Buildings, as proposed by Mr. Perry, and we take the quantities of water following through 6,350 feet of 18 inch main and through 1700 feet of 8 inch pipe at 7 c.f s. and 3 c.f.s. respectively, as the maximum probable requirements for domestic and tire pur- poses eombmed, we shall find that the frictional Jj ids in the two pipes will be as follows : — In the 18 in. main 7. 30 ft In the 8 in. pipe 70" Total frictional head, .:: 100 Add height of ground in front of Parliament Buildings, say 118 " . And pressure head at delivery 135 " Total , 353 ", Again, if the 18 inch main be laid in Wellington street, and a short 8 inch branch be run up to the Parliament Build- ings, the heads representing the frictional resistances would stand as follows : In 18 in. main 30 ft. In 8 in. pipe 17" Total frictional head 47 " Add, as before, 118 ^ And, 135 " Total 300 " Thus, it appears, that in this view the Wellington streot route for the Pumping Main, at least as far as the Government Buildings, is decidedly preferable. Again, by the Wellington street route, the pressure to b® sustained by the mainwould be less than that by the Maria street route, by the pPlssuro due to the difference of level of the two streets plwB the pressure due to the difference in 14 frictional heads, amountinjf'j in the aggregate to about 40 pounds per square inch, and permitting a saving in weight and cost of pipe which would alone compensate for the extr", cost of laying the main in roclc. By locating the main in Wellington street, therefore, we have a clean saving of the difference in power required to pump against heads of 353 leet and 300 feet respectively. It may be said that, as there is an abundance of watei* power, this last consideration should have little weight in deci- ding as between the two proposed routes for the Pumping Main ; but it should be remembered that the greater the power used, the greater the expense of constructing the conduit to convey the water to the machinery, and the greater the expense of the machinery itself It would be clearly unwise in developing a Water Works Scheme to neglect or ignore those considerations which are essential to the economical and efficient accomplishment of the deired object, simply because we have an abundant water power at our command. The power to be prOvidw must then be capable of raising 6,080,000 gallons, 300 feet high, in 24 hours, and hence must I • 1 .. * /e.OSO.OOOx 10x300 \ .__ , „ ,. be equivalent to \ ' oonAh- i ^ih^— / ^^^ horses effective, or t CO to (-Q^=) "^^O horses gross. This power, it is to be understood, will only be required in a remote but possible contingency, and when the population of the City shall have reached 50,000 souls. For the present, however, and for a term of years, one-half this power will doubtless be ample ; so that while the canal or conduit should be constructed oithe full capacity indicated ; and while provision should be made for ultimately setting wheels to furnish the above power, the present and immediate future wants of the city will be satisfied by erecting; machinery sufficient to devolope a power of 400 horses, gioss, or 280 horses eftective. For this purpose there will be required two wheels o( approved construction, 5 feet in, diameter, and making about 80 revolutions per minute, under a heiul of 20 feet, that being the uniformly available head at most of the proposed sites for the Pumping Machinery. In case a site should be selected where the available head is only seven feet, wiwe wheek of the 8am^|izewill be required for present supply, while for the maxim™ powm"^ estimated eighteen wheels will be required. *3^* 15 or THE PUMPS. These, as recommended by Mr. Keefer, and for the reasons stated by him, should be of the plunger type, single acting, and in gangs of three to each wheel. In my opinion, however, these pumps should be set with their axis vertical, — ' ) prevent friction, wear and consequent leakage; should be connected with cranks, dispersed at angular intervals of 120° about the shaft to insure uniform action, and should be so arranged that either of the gangs, or all of them, may be operat^ at the same tin^a by any of the wheels, as may be desirable or necessary. 1 recommend that the diameters of the pump cylinders be made 18 inches, that their stroke be 3 feet, and that the maximum speed of plunger be fixed at 120 feet per minute — corresponding to 20 revolutions per min^it^. Slight modifica- tions may be required in these speed? an*.' dimensions when- over the details come to bo finally arranged. One gang of pumps will tnus suffice to mtet the maximum j)re8ent requirements of the city, leaving the second gang as a reserve, and making provision for repairs when necessary. A spacious air chamber should also be provided, — with means for constantly replenishing its supply of air, for the purpose of relieving the pumps and pipes from the injurious shocks which would be experienced in its absence. The third and fourth gangs of pumps may be supplied with the wheels to drive them as the increasing demands of the city may reouire. The cast of },umps, pumping machinery, and pump house, for present purposes, I estimate as follows : — 2 gangs Pumps ...'tri « 6,000 00 2 Turbine Water Wheels 3,000 00 Pump House 20,000 00 Total ^29,000 00 QUANTITY OF WATER FOR POWER. With a clear head of 20 feet the quantity of water required to furnish a gross power of 800 horseft will, be ^ 62 5x20 60 ~ ^ 352 cubic feet per second. With a head of jL/eet, the quantity required would be ( —^ — =) 1006 cul^ feet per second, or about one twenty- seventh of the entire flow of the river at low water. /'■ 16 \ TIIK CONDUIT. Having determined the maximiiia power required, iind the quantity of water necessary to supply that power, under the heads stated, we preparetl to estimate the size ol' the conduit which will convey this water. For the purpose of reducing, as far as practicable the size and cost of the conduit, I adopt a mean velocity of current of 4 feet per second. With this velocity, the sectional area of the conduit which will convey 352 cf.s. of water, must be (-^-=)88 square feet; or, starting at 10 feet below low water in the Bay, and providing for a depth of 10 feet in the conduit, itw width must be 8 . 8 feet. For safety, and to insure convenience in making the oxcavation, I fix the width of the conduit at 12 feet, and the inclination of its bed at . — corresponding to a fall of 2 feet per mile ; which will be sufficient to induce a mean velocity of 2 feet per second in a conduit of the size stated. With the depth of 6 fe^ot, and a mean velocity of 4 feet per ftecond, the requisite width of a flume or conduit capable of conveying 1006 cf.s, would bo about 42 feet. It will be observed that by thus providing for an increased velocity of current, in the conduit, we are aulo to rtduce its tiize one-half, and its cost in nearly the same proportion. DISTRIBUTION, In regard to the details of the distribution, I need say but little, as they seem to have been very thoroughly considered in the Eoports of Messrs. Keefer and Perry. Great care fihould be observed in the disposition of the 2 in. and 3 in. pipes; and it is, indeed, questionable, whether any pipes of so Hmall calibre should be admitted in the system. They should only be employed, — if employed at all, — in short lengths, and in the lower districts of the City, whei'c head may, in some degree compensate for small size. According to the best authorities, the thickness of the 18 in. Pumping Main, in the vicinity of the Pumping Station, ahould be l^ inch thick. This thickness may, however, be reduced to l^ in., at an elevation of 33 feet; and to 1 in., at an elevation, of 66 feet. At points more remote from the pumps, the pressure due to the frictional head being reduced, in con- sequence of the smaller quantity and velocity of water, u thickness of 1 inch will suffice, even though the elevation bo loss than 66 feet above the pumps. Taking the estimate of Mr. Perry as to the weighf of pipe IT 5on- , a required, &» probably a close approximation to tiio truth, and estimating the cost of the pipes, together with lead for joints, delivered at the trench, at 2 cents per pound (the cost in (llas- gow is from 1 to 1^ cents), the cost of the pipes will bo — $112 387 9fi Add for Stop Cocks 10,000 00 " Hydrants 18,000 00 " Laying pipe 60,000 00 » House Service 60,000 00 Total «260,387 96 Sat/, 3260,000 ; which 1 consider a liberal estimate — probably HO! \ewb \' in excess of what the actual cost will prove to be. In 18f>9, the actual cost of abQut 26 miles of distribution, for the City of Louisville, Ky., was $273,320 62. At that time the cost of labour and materials, in the United States, did not materially differ from the present jjrices which obtain in Canada. In ;New Bedford, MasS; the cost of 17 J miles of distri- bution — a large part of which was of cement lined pipe, which with us is about 20 per cent, cheaper than iron — was 3164,097 50. Here, however, the portion of the house service sssumed by the city, embraced only that portion of the pipe lying within the street lines. The average cost of distribution j>er mile, in each of the iibove cases, was — Louisville 310,512 33 New Bedford 9,377 00 Ottawa (estimated) , 9,629 62 Mean :*r. 3 9,839 65 Those figures may be taken as an indication of the adequacy of oar estimate. CANAL BOUTKS ANI» SITES FOK THE PCMPINO MACHISKRY. The selection of a Canal or Conduit rente, and a site for the Pumping Station, will be controlled by the following; eonsidei'utions, viz.: — l:st. The water power must be permanent and entirely reliable. 2iid. The Pumping Station should be iaidated, as far as praetioable, from surrounding buildings, especially from nianufaeturing estdblish- nients, where, from the character of the materials employeil, lires are liable to occur. 3rd. The point from which water Is to be taken for the T>ower. and for the city supply, should be in deep and comparatively still c 18 water, »o m to avoid, as far as practicable, the tendency to drair anchor-ice from the rapid current in the main channel ; and it should also be located above the more objectionable sources of contaiutnation, and where not onlj the water itself but the entire canal route may be wholly ami absolutely within the control of the city. 4th. The location ot the Conduit &hould be such that its construc- tion will not interfere with street transit, or with any of the legitimate or proper nses of streets, such as the laying of gas and water pipes and the construction of drains and sewers. 5th. The location must be snch as will admit of the oonstruotion of iuh»tantial, permanent works, ti the end that an abundant and uninterrupted snpifly of water, both for power and for the city supply, may be assured. The sites proposed, and from among which a selection is to be made, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Tli are — Victoria Island. Amelia Island. Oregon Street. Queen Street. The Gully. Little Chaudiere. tT'.t -• V lUkUittt 'U- I uiid Aiueiiu iHiaiwi scjbemes may be considered together. These and any other plans which contemplate drawing their supply from the Government Slide Channel have like advantages and are open to the same objections. Among the former may be men- tioned, as most prominent, the cheapness of construction ; while among the latter it. is to be observed that the sites are confined, that the adoption of either of them — with the exception perhaps of that on Amelia Island — would involve the occupation of valuable space now used by the mill owners, and which can only be acquired at large expense for damage to present owners and occupants, whose facilities tor conducting their extensive business is already limited ; and that it is by no means certain that the Government will permit the City to erect its machinery upon and draw its water from the Slide Channel. This work is of great importance to the lumbering and timber interest of the Dominion ; and as it yields a considerable revenue, the Govern- ment could not — consistently with its own interests and the interests of citizens engaged in the timber trade — permit any use of it which could, by any possibility, interfere in any wise with the full and eflS- oient performance of its legitimate functions. The work is built largely of perishable material, requiring frequent repairs and occasional renewal ; and for this reason alone it is, in my opinion, unfitted to serve as an important element in a Water Works System, especially where, as in the ease of the City of Ottawa, it will be of the utmost importance that the works be not iuterrupted in their operations even for a single hour. Again, there would be great risk of obstruction from anchor-ice — a risk too great, in my opinion, to be accepted, in view of the serious consequences which might follow a stoppage of the mAchinery ironx this or any other cause. 19 Finallj, at this point ttie water will have been ozpo»e(! to all tlie isauses of pollution which now exist, or which may hereafter be brought into action above, atiionfi; which may be mentioned tite deposit of aight-soil and otlier filth along the railway grounds, which, I am informed, has been practiced during the winter for many years, and which the city autliorities have thus far been unable to prevent. In regard to the Oi ^gon and Queen streets nnd the Qully rotites, the estimates of Mr. Pehrt show that tlie difference in cost — after ublic street — the travel over which must be wholly interrupted during the progress of the work — and for the remaining portion across valuable private property, already occu()ied, or required for iraportart improvements contempla- ted by the proprietors, are objections the iirnportance of wiiioh should not be overlooked. WJiat has been said with regard to the Oregon street route — except so far as relates to interference with the Slide Channel — applies with equal force to the Queen street route. In making the rock exca- vation on either of these routes, there would be serious danger of causing serious damage to persons and property, for which the city wonld of course be liable. Ordinary prudence suggests the avoidance of such danger wherever it is possible. The Gully route has many advantages over the others. By it the water will be taken from the river above Rochester's Mill, and above all the more objectionable sources of pollution ; and hence will be purer and better adapted to the wants of *h« City, than that obtained by either of the other routes. This route lies in a natural depression, extending from the Bay to Ih© proposed location of the Pumping Station at Pooley's Bridge, and 4 i f r 20 ill S i over land now for the inoNt part vnonnt, iiixl where the ooiiHtrnction uf the Conduit wonhl he attended with none of those tnconvenienoes or (langerH wliioh wonhl nooeiwarily be ex[>erienoed on either of the other ruutef). The Government ha« already grunted itn porinisHion to tlie Oity to draw it8 water from this point, both for power and for the Oity unpply ; iind will undoubtedly transfer to the Oity its reserve of one chain wide above high water, which will enable the City t() etToctnally control the river front above tl>.e head of the Conduit, and to adopt measures to prevent the deposit there of filth of all kinds. Should th« future growtlt of the Oity extend in thot direction, the sewerage may be brought down and deposited below the Pumping Station. By this means the future purity of the water may be iiHsured. The only objection to this route is the lengtli of Oondoit required, which, however, is largely compensated for by a smaller depth of cut- ting than will be required on either the Oregon or Queen street routes. To make the Gnlly ront»«railablo for the purposes contemplated, a Conduit about 8.6(»0 feet in length will i)ave to be constructed, extending from a ]»(>int in the Bay about 600 feet distant from the present water line — where a depth of 10 feet may be maintained at low water— to Fooley's llildgw, al which point a natural depression provides for the free escape of the tail water from the wheels. This Conduit will be principally in solid rock, and should, as before stated, be 10 feet deep, 12 feet wide, and should have an inclination or grade of two feet per mile. From a point near the Pumping Station to a point say 2,600 feet westerly therefrom, the Conduit shoi>ld be arched, for the purpose of keeping out surface drainage, and so that the ground may be restored and improved, and thus made available for other purposes. The necessity for bridging the structure will also be avoided. From the upper terminus of the arch, pier-walls slutuld be extended out into the Bay, to a depth of 10 feet at low water. Between these walls — which should extend about 5 feet above high water mark — a bulk-head, with suitable head-gates, would be required for the purpose of regulating and controlling the flow daring high water. My estimate of the cost of the works, in case this route should be adopted, is as follows: — Excavation for Conduit $ 20,000 00 Arch 15,000 00 Masonry at head of Conduit , 15.000 00 Coffer Dam 18,000 00 Right of way 80.000 00 Pump House and MacJ»inery 29,000 00 Distribution, including House Service 260,000 00 ^ $387,000 00 Add for contingencies 38,700 00 Total $425,700 00 »l Thin entitnate is for first cIuhs works, of nbnidant cftpaclty foj •applying the preHcnt and future wants of the city ; and which, ft^m tlieir permanent and Hul)BtantinI character wouhl he in a liigh defrrce croditabl© to tho intelligence and enterprU« of a city of no innch importance a^ tiiut of the Capital of the Dominion. Estimates of the cost of the Oregon and Queen street rentes are not intrwluced for the reason, already stated, that the re?aneH8 Qtf the site for the pumping , machinery, and the rigiit of way for the pumping main. The available head claimed is Keventiina- AmWAl. EXPENSES. The annual Interest upon the above sum, at 5 per cent, will be $26,250 00 Add for Sinking Fund, to cancel Debentures at end of 80 years 8,000 00 Add for Superintendence, Repairs, and Operating Expenses f ,000 00 Total Annual Expenses $4C,250 00 ANNUAL BEVENUK. Taking the present populttion to be supplied with water, at 26,000, and assuming the water rates to be so adjr sted as to be equiva- lent to the average rate of cost in the United States — 11 72 per capita per annum — the annual revenue will amount to the sum of $43,000 00; or $2,760 in excess of the annual cost of the Works. The average rate per house, per -ftonum, will be about $7 60 ; while the average cost, per thousand gallons furnished will be only about 9{, cents. It thus appears tha*; the works may be made self-sustaiaing from the outset ; that they may be constructed and maintained without increasing in the slightest degree, the prenent rate of taxation ; and that with the inevitable future increase trf population, the water rates may be gradually reduced; or, the works may be made a fruitful source of revenue to the city. FUTURE GROWTH OF THE OITT. The probable increase in the population of the city is a matter of much inter^fct in the present connection ; for upon it will depend the I)ossible future reduction of the water rates ; or, in the event of their being maintained al the proposed standard, will show the extent to whicli the works may become a source of net revenue to the city. An approximate estinnate may be made as follows : — The census returns of 1870 show that, of 65 cities in the United States, which in 1860 had populations exceeding 10,000, the increase . in 10 years was 69.7 per cent. The average annual rate, therefore, for a period of 10 years, was about 7 per cent. In 1851, the popula- tion of Ottawa is put at 7,760 ; in 1866, at 12,155 ; showing an increase, in 5 years, of 4,395 ; equal to about 57 per cent, or an average annual increase of 12.4 per cent. Taking the present population at 25,000, the increase has beei> 12,85K, in a period of 15 years, which is an average annual increase , tor this period of 7.1 per cent. There at)pears to bo no reason why the rate of increase in tlie City of Ottawa should be less in the future than it has been in the past, or less than the average of cities in the United States, tor the last decade. Should the rate continue, we may expect the population to be doubled in 15 years, and quadrupled in 30 years, so that the popula- tion will be — In 15 years 50,000 In 80 '' 100,000 // ^■n 1 S4 And the aniiual reveunc from the Water ^''^orks — In 15 years $86,000 00 In 30 " 172,000 00 In view of these result*, the fact that the constrnotion of the ivorks will prove to be a remunerative investment for the city, appears to be si.aisfactorily establislied, and the suooess of the enter- liriec woald fieam to be assured. THE aEIiEBAL DIBKCTION OF THE OONSTUUOTION ♦ THE WOKKS. AND MANAGEMENT OP Having been requested to state my views as to whotr. should be cliarged with the general direction of the construction of *he works, and with their management after completion, I have to say tliat, in my opinion, the entire management of the construction and main- tenance of the works should be vested in a Beard of Water Com- missioners. This Board should be composed of five gentlemen, who should be elected by the popular vote of the city. In case of any vacancy in the Board, caused by tlie death, resignation, or rem )val from the city of any member, such vacancy jhould be filled by a vote of the Olty Council. The Commissioners should hold their offices until removed by u two-third vote of the Council; and should serve without compensa- tion, except for such incidental expenses as may be incurred in the discharge of their duties. They should be authorized to employ such services, of whatever kind, as in their judgment may be necssary to insure the full and effi- cient execution of the trust reposed in them ; in a word, they should be put in possession of the means provided, and should be required, within a reasonable time, to provide the City with an efficient Water Works System. After the completion of the Works, the Commissioners should exer- cise a general supervision over them ; should establish and regulate water rates ; should direct repairs, and extensions, when necessary ; and should make all needful rul^s and regulations in regard to the use of water ; and to insure the efficient operation and the proper preservv, )n of the machinery and works generally. . The proposed Board, selected as it should be without leference to personal, local or sectional interests, but with reference toJittiMs only, invested with ample power and acting in the interest of the whole City, will be able to furnish that which is so much desired — and which more than anything else is now essential to the future growth, pros- perity, healtnfulness and safety of the City of Ottawa— an abundant supply of pare and wholesome water Respectfully submitted, D. M. GREENE, Gi'nil Engineer.