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1 2 3
1
2
3
4
5
6
GUIDE
TO THE GENERA AND CLASSIFICATION
OF THE
NOETH AMERICAN ORTHOPTEEA
FOUND NORTH OF MEXICO
BY
SAMUEL HUBBARD SCUDDER
CAMBRIDGE
EDWARD W. WHEELER
1897
^t .., %
ENT0M6y)6lCAL 8rAW6H .
DEPARTMENT OF AGRiCUL JURE
OttAWA - - CANADA
The poetry of earth is never dead:
When all the birds are faint with the hot sun,
And hide in cooling trees, a voice will run
From hedge to hedge about the new-mown mead ;
That is the Grasshopper's — he takes the lead
In summer luxury, — he has never done
With his delights; for when tired out with fun
lie rests at ease beneath some pleasant weed.
The poetry of earth is ceasing never:
On a lone wintar evening, when the frost
Has wrought a silence, from the stove there shrills
The Cricket's song, in warmth increasing ever,
And seems to one in drowsiness half lost,
The Grasshopper's among some grassy hills.
Keats.
(oO
PREFACE.
The following Tables and Bibliographies are published, not as
a finality, but for temporary use by students of Orthoptera in this
country, who have few means for working up their collections.
The author contemplates a general work on the classification of our
Orthoptera, of which this is merely a Prodromus and which may
serve its purpose until the material at hand has been more thor-
oughly studied. The frequent demands made for information
have prompted it. The greater number of the tables are based
upon those of Stal, Brunner and de Saussure, but these authors
are in no wa}'^ responsible for the form in which they here appear.
A great deal of work has yet to be done, especially in the
Saltatorial families, before even the genera of our fauna are
fairly known. What is given below includes only data already
published or about to be published. Nearly two hundred genera
are included in the tables.
Cambbidoe, Mass., April 13, 1897.
CONTENTS.
Preface
Table of the families of Orthoptera
Table of Forficulidae
Tables of Blattidae
Tables of Mantidae
Tables of Phasmidae
Tables of Acridiidae
Tables of Locustidae
Tables of Gryllidae
Bibliographical Notes : General
Forficulidae
Blattidae
Mantidae
Phasmidae
Acridiidae
Locustidae
Gryllidae
List of the Literature
Index
PA (IK
8
11
12
16
19
22
51
62
67
67
68
70
71
72
77
80
88
88
OTTAWA ^'' ^^^'CULTURE
UTTAWA - . CANADA
GUIDE TO THE
GENERA AND CLASSIFICATION
OF NORTH AMERICAN ORTHOPTERA.
All the seven families of Orthoptera are found in the United
States, but only ^Jie saltatorial families in any considerable vari-
ety, unless we maj except the Blattidae. In the subfamilies how-
ever the case is different, for less than half of them occur within
our boundaries at all and a number that do occur are represented
only by a single (often introduced) species. The following list
will show the proportion that occur in the different families.
Forficulidae 1 subfamily represented out of 1 recognized.
Blattidae
6 subfamilies
((
((
11
a
Mantidae
((
u
6
u
Phasmidae
3
((
u
12
((
Acridiidae
4
((
u
9
u
Locustidae
6
({
u
15
n
Gryllidae
G
((
u
6
u
28 " « « 60 «
It will be seen that even in the saltatorial families scarcely
more than half of the subfamilies occur, notwithstanding that all
the subfamilies of GrylUdae have representatives. The repre-
sentation is shown also to be very unequally distributed.
The families of Orthoptera may be distinguished by the table
given on the next three pages.
I*
8
GUIDE TO ORTHOI'TEHA
Families of Orthoptera.
A^. Non-Haltatorial and mute, llind femora cloHcly reHembling
tlioHc of the other legs, and scarcely if at all stouter or longer
than the middle femora; organs of flight in a normal position
when immature ; ovipositor concealed by the suhgcnital plate.
6'. Mouth anterior; tarsi with not more than Oirce joints; anal
area of wings (when present) extending around the ajtex over
more than half the front border of the wings ; abdomen termin-
ated in both sexes by forcipate appendages. FouFi<aiLii)AK.
b^. Mouth posterior, inferior, or at most antero-inferior ; tarsi
five-jointed*; anal area of the wing never infringing on the
front border ; abdominal ajjpendages not distinctly forcipate.
c'. Hody oval, depressed, much broader than deep at the
posterior extremity of the prothorax ; liead nearly lior' ntal
and wholly or almosi wholly concealed beneath the i)ro-
notum, the mouth posterior or infero-posterior when at rest ;
ocelli generally two in number ; pronotum clypeate, generally
transverse ; legs depressed. Insects of rapid movement.
Blattidae-
t^. Body elongate, generally narrow, even when depressed or
expanded generally but little broader than deep at the poste-
rior extremity of the prothorax ; head free, often separated
from the protaorax by a deep constriction ; ocelli three or
wanting ; pronotum never transverse, except occasionally by
laminate expansions; legs rarely depressed. Insects of
delibei-ative movement.
d^. Head oblique, generally trigonal ; mouth inferior or
infero-posterior ; ocelli three ; antennae rarely as long as the
body, generally slender; pronotum generally longer than
any other segment ; fore-legs raptorial, terminating in a
single claw, which with the tarsi is placed beneath the
spinous tibiae when at rest; anal cerci articulated.
Mantidae.
« Occasionally a joint is absent, probably by accidental loss of the leg in early life,
since in the reproduction of lost limbs one tarsal joint always disappears.
CHembling
or longer
il position
:,al plate.
>iiitH; anal
apex over
en terniin-
'rior ; tarni
ng on the
rcipate.
3ep at the
hor* -ntal
I the pro-
en at rest ;
, generally
cnient.
LATTIDAE-
spresseil or
, the postc-
separated
three or
donally by
nsects of
inferior or
ong as the
nger than
ating in a
ncath the
ated.
[antidae.
; in early life,
FAMILIES OF OIlTIIOrrERA 9
iP. Head subhorizontal, generally (|uadrato or gibbous;
mouth antero-inferior ; ocelli often wanting; antennae
generally longer than the body and coarse ; pronotum
very short ; f(»re-legs constructed lik»; the others, termin-
ating in a pair of claws, the fore femora often arcuate at
the base ; anal corci inarticulate. . . Piiasmidae.
A^. Saltatorial and generally stri<lulating. Hind femora very
much stouter basally, or very much longer, or both, than the
middle femora ; organs of flight in a reversed position when im-
mature; head vertical; o-. i' >sitor, with few exceptions, free.
bK Antennae much shon i than the body (with few excep-
tions), filiform, clubbed or ensiform, but if the first scarcely
tapering, the joints C jnct, ofteii depressed; ocelli three; tarsi
three-jointed, similar in strvciure on all the legs ; stridulating
organs (when present) ^itiiated on the hind femora and costal
field of the tegmin a ; auditory organs (when present) on the
basal segment of the tibdomen ; ovi[(nsitor composed of a dis-
crete double pair of short arcuate plates, vertically diverg'iit
at tip. ........ ACEIDIIDAE.
b^. Antennae much longer than the body, setaceous, delicately
tapering ; ocelli often wanting ; tarsi three- or four- jointed ;
stridulating organs (when present) situated on the anal field of
the tegmina ; the auditory near the base of the fore tibiae (or
rarely on the prosternum) ; ovipositor usually prolonged Into a
compressed blade or needle, its parts compact.
c^ Ocelli generally wanting; tarsi four-jointed, nearly similar
in structure on all the legs*; fore coxae usually broader than
long t ; Diiddle field of tegmina in repose, like the costal field,
nearly or quite vertical ; base of male tegmina (when present)
furnished on dorsal surface with a tympanum limited to the
anal area, crossed by a ])rominent nervure formed by the
last branch of the anal vein, and as a whole narrower tha.i the
rest of thetegmen; ovipositor (unless, as rarely, concealed)
forming a strongly compressed, generally ensiform blade,
the inner valves almost always partially exposed the entire
length of the ovipositor, the tip not expanded. Locustidae.
* In Daihinia the fore and bind tarsi are tbree-jointed.
t Excepting in Stenopelmatinae and Gryllacrinae.
Il
10 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
c". Ocelli variable ; tarsi three-jointed, those of the fore legs
or else of the hind legs differing from the others in structure ;
fore coxae longer than broad; middle field of tegmina in
repose, like the anal field, nearly or quite horizontal * ; base
of male tegmina (when present) furnished on the dorsal
surface with a tympanum (rarely absent) extending across
both anal and median areas, crossed by a prominent nervure
formed by the main anal vein, and as a whole broader than
the rest of the tegmen (except in Gryltotalpinae) ; ovipos-
itor (unless, as rarely, concealed) forming a nearly cylin-
drical straight or occasionally upcurved needle, the inner
valves generally scarcely exposed except at the expanded tip.
Gbyllidae.
*The Asiatic Scliizodactylus is a curious example of a Locustid, with an enor-
mously developed and horizontal anal field, giving it the aspect of a Gryllid.
il
N
FORFICULIDAE
11
FORFICULIDAE.
This family has never been divided by systematists save into
genera, of which half a dozen occur in the United States, and
may be separated by the subjoined table. Somewhat more than
thuty genera are now recognized in the whole world. None of
our genera are restricted to our territory.
Genera of Forficulidae.
A^. Sixth antennal joint much shorter than the first.
bK First antennal joint as long as the fourth to sixth joints
inclusive.
cK Furnished with both tegmina and wings.
Lahidura Leach,
c^ Possessed of neither tegmina nor wind's.
Anisolabis Fieber.
h^. First antennal joint no longer than the fourth and fifth
joints together Spongophora ServUle.
A\ Sixth antennal joint as long or very nearly as long as the
first.
h^. Sixth antennal joint cylindrical, many times longer than
broad; second tarsal joint produced beneath the first,
ci. Forks of the male forceps dilate at base, contiguous.
Forficula Linn4.
c\ Forks of male forceps not dilate at base, separate.
Sphingolabis Bormans.
¥, Sixth antennal joint plainly obconic; second tarsal joint
simple, compressed Zahia Leach.
The first two genera are represented by single cosmopolitan
species, introduced along the Atlantic coast. Spongophora is
also known only by a single species, found in the Southern
States and southward. The other genera are better represented,
especially Forficula, but most of the species are confined to the
extreme south. Hardly more than a dozen species of the family
occur anywhere in the United States.
12
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
i >
BLATTIDAE.
Only about half the subfamilies of Blattidae occur in North
America north of Mexico, and half of those that do occur are
represented only by one or two commercially introduced species.
A single subfamily is fairly well represented by indigenous species,
and of all the genera only one is confined to the United States.
Many of the genera occur in both the Old and New Worlds.
Subfamilies of Blattidae.
A ^ All the femora, or at least the middle and hind pair spined
beneath.
b \ Last ventral segment of female abdomen relatively plane,
not compressed-rostrate, entire, not fissate; fore femora rarely
armed beneath on the inner margin with many distinct spines
next the genicular spines, and if so then the styles are unequal
or one is wanting.
c ^ Pronotum and tegmina glabrous ; tarsi without pulvilli ;
median vein of wings sending but few veinlets to the apex,
the radial many parallel, generally simple veinlets to the
costal margin. ...... Blattinae.
c ^ Pronotum and tegmina more or less pilose ; tarsi provided
with pulvilli ; median vein of wings with many branches, the
radial emitting relatively few and more or less irregular
veinlets to the costal margin. . . Nyctoborinae.
b '^. Last ventral segment of female abdomen compressed-ros-
trate, fissate so as to be bivalved ; fore femora armed beneath
with many spines on the inner margin, throughout nearly or
quite the whole length or at least in the middle ; styles of equal
length. ....... Periplanetinae,
A ^ The middle and hind femora, and usually all the femora,
without spines beneath.*
b ^ The supraanal plate more or less produced in both sexes,
its hind border emarginate.
c ^. A distinct arolium between the claws ; pronotum and
tegmina glabrous ; anal field of wings multiplicate when at
rest. ....... Panchlorinae.
* Bristles or hairs must not be mistaken for spines.
BLATTIDAE — BLATTINAE
13
c2. No arolium between the claws'; pronotum and tegmina
more or less pilose ; anal field of wings uniplicate when at
rest, or simply folded without plication beneath the anterior
■ft 1 vl
^ ^ • • • . Corydinae.
b . The supraanal plate short or rather short, the hind margin
straight or rounded, not emarginate.
c ^ A distinct arolium between the claws ; subgenital plate
of male more or less produced, furnished with one style ;
tegmina and wings present. . . . Plectopterinae.
No arolium between the claws ; subgenital plate of male
Patiesthinae.
minute, without styles ; apterous.
Blattinae.
Only half a dozen genera of this subfamily have been recog-
nized in the United States, although this is nearly half as many
as are known from Mexico and Central America and is a larger
number than appertain to any other of our subfamilies of Blat-
tidae, and the genera are represented by more species than in any
other subfamily.
Genera of Blattinae.
a\ Tegmina completely developed, or in the female rarely
abbreviate.
b \ Tegmina membranaceous or slightly coriaceous.
c K Antennae basally incrassate, densely but briefly pilose,
often particolored. . . . Thyrsocera Burmeister!
c'K Antennae setaceous, sparsely pilose, unicolorous.
t?^ Ulnar vein of wings emitting complete branches to
the apical margin and incomplete branches to the vena
dividens Ischnoptcra Burmeister.
d^. Ulnar vein of wings emitting no incomplete branches
to the vena dividens.
c ^ Ulnar vein of wings undivided or furcate.
Blatta Linn^.
e ^ Ulnar vein of wings ramose.
Phyllodromia ^qtyiWq.
w
14
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
b^. Tegmina corneous. . . Ceratinoptera Brunner.
a ^. Tegmina in both sexes abbreviate, corneous, exposing a por-
tion (generally a great portion) of the abdomen.
d \ Tegmina articulate ; wings present though minute.
I'enmopteryx Brunner.
b '\ Tegmina squamiform, lateral, not articulate ; wings wanting.
Loboptera Brunner.
All of these genera are found in the southern portion of the
United States, and only Ischnoptera, Blatta (introduced) and
Temnopteryx in the northernmost portions of the country. Thyr-
socera, Blatta, Ceratinoptera and Loboptera only occur in single
species, so far as is yet known. Ischnoptera (Platamodes Scud-
der) is the most prolific in foims. A careful study of our native
Blattinae is much to be desired.
Nyctobokinae.
Represented by only a single species of Nyctobora Burmeister
found in southernmost Texas.
Periplanetinae.
Four genera of this subfamily occur in the United States, only
one other genus occurring in North America south of our
boundaries.
Genera of Periplanetinae.
a^. First joint of hind tarsi shorter than the others together;
arolia rather large.
b^. Tegmina abbreviate and apically truncate, or wanting.
Eurycotis Stal.
b ^. Tegmina as long as but not surpassing the body.
Pebnatosilpha Dohrn.
« ^ First joint of hind tarsi as long as or longer than the others
together; arolia small.
b ^ Eyes at least as far apart as the antennal scrobes ; tegmina
more or less abbreviate, especially in the female.
Stylopyga Fischer de W.
BLATTIDAE — PANCHLORINAE |§
h *. Eyes less distant than the antennal scrobes ; tegmina fully
developed in both sexes. . . Periplaneta Burmeister.
Pelraatosilpha and Stylopyga have only a single representative
each ; the others have two or three species each. The species of
Stylopyga and Periplaneta are introduced foi-ms (from the Old
World or the American tropics) and now occur widely over the
United States. The others are found only in the extreme south.
Panchlorinak.
The two genera of this subfamily occurring in the United
States are each represented by a single introduced species, and
may be distinguished thus : —
Genera of Panchlorinae.
a^. First joint of hind tarsi densely biseriately setose beneath
through the greater part of its length, and furnished at tip with
a small naked plantula. . . . Panchlora Burmeister.
a '. First joint of hind tarsi bare or nearly bare of bristles beneath,
a naked plantula extending very narrowly over the whole joint.
Pycnoscelus Scudder.
CORYDINAE.
Represented in the region adjoining Mexico by Homoeogamia
Burmeister, of which we have probably more than one species.
Plectopterixae.
A single species or two of Chorisoneura Brunner occur in the
extreme southern states from Georgia to Texas.
Panesthinae.
The anomalous'genus Cryptocercus Scudder is represented by
a single species found from Virginia to California.
w
u
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
xMANTIDAE.
Only eleven genera of this family are found in the United
States and only two of the six subfamilies are recognized, and
one of these by but a single species, an interloper from further
south, as is the case also with some of the genera of Mantinae,
the subfamily to which the others belong. The species are all
confined to the southern half of the United States, and most of
them to the extreme southern margin. The family is notoriously
a tropical one.
/Subfamilies of Mantidae.
A ^ Upper surface of middle and hind femora and tibiae
rounded ; head unarmed. ..... Mantinae.
A^. Upper surface of middle and hind femora and tibiae
carinate ; middle of head with an erect process as long as the rest
of the head Vatinae.
Mantixae.
The larger development of this group in the United States
would be looked for from its preponderance further south. Most
or all of the genera occur also beyond the southern boundaries of
the United States, so that we have no endemic genera unless
Bactromantis be excepted.
Genera of Mantinae.
A ^ Inner margin of upper surface of fore coxae not conspicu-
ously dilated apicallv.
b ^ Pronotum but slightly longer than fore coxae ; eyes more
or less conical ; hind femora armed exteriorly with an apical
spine.
c ^ Eyes distinctly pointed (conico-acuminate) above ; hind
femora delicately incrassate basally, in the 9 nearly twice as
long as the pronotum; tegmina and wings abbreviate or
wanting in both sexes ; cerci long, distinctly surpassing the
infragenital plate. .... Yersinia Saussure.
MANTIDAE — MANTINAE
17
c'. Eyes trigonal, scarcely pointed above; hind femora
linear, in the $ but little longer than the pronotum ;
tegmina and wings fully developed in the ^ , abbreviate in
the 9 ; cerci short, scarcely or not surpassing the infragenital
plate. ..... Litaneutria Saussure.
h^. Pronotum much longer than fore coxae; eyes rotundate ;
hind femora with no apical spine,
c^ Antennae filiform.
d^. Broadest portion of pronotum far in advance of the
middle, the sides in front distinctly tapering ; outer margin
of fore femora armed with main spines only.
e^. Body of $ very elongate; anal membrane of
tegmina violet.
Phasmomantis Saussure.
e^. Body of i moderately elongate; anal membrane of
tegmina light colored.
f^. Anal and axillary veins of tegmina independent
and simple throughout. . . Callimantis Stal.
f^. Anal and axillary veins of tegmina apically
confluent. . . . Stagmomantis Saussure.
d'^. Broadest portion of pronotum hardly in advance of
the middle, the sides in front parallel or subparallel ; outer
margin of fore femora armed with numerous distinct spin-
ules between the main spines. . Gonatista Saussure.
c^. Antennae incrassate beyond the base and thereafter
tapering. ..... Brunneria Saussure.
A '^. Inner margin of upper surface of fore coxae abruptly and
considerably dilated at apex.
h 1. Fore tibiae longer than their apical claw.
e^. Fore and hind sections of pronotum subequal in length.
Oligonyx Saussure.
c^. Hind section of pronotum twice as long as fore section.
JBactromantis Scudder.
b^. Fore tibiae no longer than their apical claw.
l^hesprotia Stal.
Of these ten genera hardly one contains more than one or two
species and all are southern in their range. Litaneutria, how-
ever, found only in the west, has three or four species ; the other
GUIDE TO OIITHOPTERA
3
genera occur almost exclusively in the Gulf States and two, C'alli-
mantis and Bactromantis, are known only from Florida. Yer-
sinia has a single species in Eastern Colorado and neighborhood.
Nearly or quite all these genera are represented, often much
more fully, south of our border, including several of our species.
Vatinae.
This subfamily is represented in the United States by only a
single genus, Theoclytes Serville, a single species of which occurs
along our southern border.
PHASMIDAE
19
PHASMIDAE.
This family is very feebly represented in the United States,
only half a dozen different genera with from one to three species
each having been detected. These few species, however, repre-
sent three of the dozen recognized subfamilies. With the excep-
tion of Diapheromera which has a wide distribution, most of the
species are found only in the west or the extreme south. One
genus is confined to the United States.
All of our species are apterous, and though, on occasion, the
males may run with some rapidity, they are all generally sluggish
in movement, and depend for their protection largely on their
resemblance to twigs and on the action of their prothoracic
glands, which may emit an offensive fluid or spray when the
insect is alarmed. Their eggs are dropped loosely and singly on
the ground ; they are of very varied structure, covered with an
exceedingly hard and often strikingly sculptured shell, and so far
as we know continue through the winter, sometimes through a
second, before hatching. Our commonest species feeds upon the
tough leaves of the oak.
Subfamilies of Phasraidae.
A 1. Tibiae not furnished at apex with a sunken areola to receive
the base of the tarsi when bent upon them. (The antennae are
much longer than the anterior femora and furnished with at least
thirty joints, and the median segment is much shorter than the
metanotum.) Bacunculinae.
A ^. Tibiae furnished at apex beneath with a sunken areola to
receive the base of the tarsi when bent upon them.
6 1. Antennae many jointed, longer than the fore femora;
median segment shorter than the metanotum ; without spines
on head, thorax or legs ; anterior segments of abdomen trans-
verse, at least in the $ . . . . Anisomorphinae.
b^. Antennae with less than twenty joints, shorter than the
fore femora ; anterior segments of abdomen much longer than
broad. BacilUnae.
1.
20
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
Bacunoumnae.
This is an American group and of the eleven genera recog-
nized we have three, which may be distinguished by the folio whig
table : —
Genera of BacuncuUnae.
(f ^ Hind femora armed beneath on the median line near apex
with one or more distinct spines. . Diapheromera Gray.
a ^. Hind femora unarmed beneath next apex.
h^. Head, especially in the 9, furnished in front between the
eyes with a pair of tubercles or longitudinal rugae, sometimes
highly developed; hind femora of $ hardly extending beyond
the middle of the fourth abdominal segment, relatively stout ;
first joint of hind tarsi of 9 shorter than the other joints
together . Sermyle Stal.
b ^. Head unarmed in both sexes ; hind femora of 9 reaching
the end of the fourth abdominal segment, relatively slender ;
first joint of hind tarsi of 9 about equal to the other joints
together. ..... JBacunculus Burmeister.
The genera have been but little studied in this country. Dia-
pheroma is represented nearly everywhere and has sever '\1 species,
probably including some as yet undescribed. The othei genera
occurs only in the Gulf States, with one or two species each.
Anisomorphinae.
This also is an American group, with about half a dozen known
genera of which we possess two.
ii
II r
I) ^
Genera of Anisomorphinae.
^. Mesothorax twice as long as the prothorax ; basal joint of
antennae but little longer and little stouter than the second.
Atiisomorpha Gray.
a ^ Mesothorax no longer than prothorax ; basal joint of antennae
fully twice as long and, especially on apical half, twice as stout
as the second joint Timema Scudder.
a
PHASMIDAE — BACILLINAE
Several nominal species of Anisomorpha occur in the extreme
south and especially the southeast, but they have not yet been
carefully compared. Timema occurs in central California, with a
single species, and is not otherwise known.
Bacillixae.
This small subfamily of only four recognized genera is repre-
sented by a single genus. Bacillus Latreille, two species of which
are known from Colorado and Arizona.
■t.i
f
m
■■*
22
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
ACRIDIIDAE.
Only four of the nine subfamilies of Acridiidae are represented
in the United States, although three others occur in more
southern portions of America. Yet on the whole this family is
better developed in our district than is any other and contains
some genera, especially Melanoplus, of very great extent.
iSnhfamiliea of Acridiidae.
A^. Claws without arolium; pronotum extending over the
abdomen ; tegraina lobiform. .... Tettiginae.
A ". Claws furnished with an arolium ; pronotum extending at
most over the extreme base of the abdomen ; tegmina generally
well developed, but sometimes abbreviate, lobiform or wanting.
b^. Presternum without marked prominence (sometimes with
an obtuse tubercle); arolium usually small or rather small.
c '. Face retreating and angulate at meeting with vertex ;
foveolae generally well developed ; fastigium usually but
little declivent ; eyes generally longer than the infraocular
portion of the genae ; mediastinal and scapular fields of
tegmina generally regularly reticulate by transverse veins.
Tryxalinae*
c^. Face nearly or quite vertical, and rounded at meeting
with vertex ; foveolae generally obscure ; fastigium usually
strongly declivent; eyes 'jfenerally shorter than the infra-
ocular portion of the genae ; mediastinal and scapular fields
of tegraina generally very irregularly reticulate.
Oedipodinae*
h^. Prosternura armed anteriorlv with a distinct conical or
cylindrical spine. ...... Acridiinae.
♦ These two subfamilies are occasionally difficult to distinguish, and I accordingly
give here, in an English form, the detailed distinctions laid down by Stal (Rec.
Orthopt., i, 6-7).
Fastigium of vertex not or slightly, rarely strongly, declivent ; front trending more
or less, generally strongly and obliquely, backward ; eyes generally longer than the
infraocular portion of the genae, rarely shorter or of equal length, and in these cases
the front is very oblique ; antennae sometimes ensiform, inserted between the middle
or below the middle (inter medium vel pone medium) of the eyes. M etazona rarely
longer, generally shorter than the prozona, the hind margin rarely rectangulate or
ACRIDIDAE — TETTIGINAE
23
Tkttioinak.
Of the seven larger groups into which Bolivar divides this
subfamily, we possess only two neighboring ones, though two
otliers occur directly south of us.
i,i
Groitjys of l^ettiginae.
a ^ Anterior femora more or less compressed, carinate above ;
antennae with 12-14 joints. .... Tettigiae.
a '. Anterior femora distinctly and broadly sulcate above ; anten-
nae with 16-22 joints JJatrachidcae.
' (■
subrectangulate, generaUy obtuse, the median carina not cristate ; sulci of tlie pro-
zona either obUterated or interrupted on the disk, the posterior of these not or but
very slightly recurved, never confluent with the principal sulcus [i. e., that separat-
ing the prozona and metazona] ; lateral lobes generally narrowed in passing down-
ward, rarely longer than deep, with parallel anterior and posterior margins ; tegmina
generally lacking the intercalary vein, the anal and axillary veins generally united at
a greater or less distance from the base ; arolia generally of medium size or large ;
metasternal lobes not or but slightly separated Tryxalinas.
Fastigium of vertex generally strongly declivent, slightly or very slightly prom-
inent ; front not or very slightly oblique, generally vertical or subvertical ; eyes
generally small or rather nmall, rarely a little longer than the inf raocular portion of
the genae; antennae linear or sublinear, generally inserted above the middle of the
eyes, sometimes al nost above the eyes themselves (plerumque ante medium, inter dum
fere ante oculos). Fronotum furnished with a median carina often wholly or partly
cristate, the metazona typically longer than the prozona, the hind margin generally
rectangulate or 8iibrectar„'ulate, the sulci of the prozona either interrupted, or the
anterior sulcus alone continuous and bisecting the carina or crest, rarely both con-
tinuous, the posterior sulcus recurved and frequently confluent with the principal
sulcus; lateral lobes transverse [i. e., longer than deep] or subtrans verse, the front
and hind margins parallel or subparallel ; tegmina generally furnished with an inter-
calary vein, the anal and axillary veins frequently running free to the margin ; hind
femora generally broad, aM above nrd below compressed; arolia small; metasternal
lobes generally somewhat distant Oedipodinae.
To this may be added the following from Hrunner (R^v. syst. Orthopt., 102, note) :—
Tlie distinction between the Tryxalinae and Oedipodinae is somewhat arbitrary and
rests on individual perception (I'estimation personelle). When, however, the rel tive
position of the front and the vertex [on which he rests his tabular distinction] 1 ,aves
one in doubt, the presence or absence of foveolae may guide one, Tryxalinae having
in this case very distinct foveolae, while in the Oedipodinae they are effaced. More-
over the species here taken with consideration, when they are Tryxalinae, have the
mediastinal and scapular areas of the tegmina regularly reticulate by transverse
veinlets ; while, if they are Oedipodinae, these areas are always very irregularly
reticulated.
See also McNeill's paper on Tryxalinae (pp. 181-182) for a tabulation of differences
between the Tr^ JLalinae and Oedipodinae.
I'l
P
: S
\i
I!
24
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
Tettig-iae.
We possess representatives of half the known genera of this
group, the other genera belonging mostly to the Old World.
t ;
■' i
Genera of Tettigiae.
rt V Median carina of pronotum cristiform; superior lateral sinus
(at insertion of tegniina) shallow, not nearly so deep as the
inferior sinus. Nomotettix Morse.
rt*. Median carina of pronotum low; superior lateral sinus of
same nearly as deep as the inferior sinus.
b \ Vertex of f astigium generally broader than the eyes, pro-
jecting beyond them, generally angulate anteriorly.
Tettix Charpentier.
b ^. Vertex of fastigium narrower than the eyes and not pro-
jecting beyond them, usually truncate anteriorly.
Paratettix Bolivar.
All these genera are widely distributed in our country, Tettix
being the most numerous in species, followed by Paratettix.
Monotettix is confined to North America.
Batrachideae.
Only two of the seven known genera of this group occur in the
United States, though three others are found in America.
I
Genera of Batrachideae.
a^. Body plump; dorsum of pronotum tumid, smooth or slightly
punctate, with no antehumeral lateral carinae. Paxilla Bolivar.
«^. Body more slender; dorsum of pronotum more or less
concave between the carinae, marked with longitudinal rugae and
with conspicuous antehumeral lateral carinae.
Tettigidea Scudder.
1 Paxilla is monotypic and known only from Georgia ; Tettigidea
is wide spread, extending also to Central and South America, and
has several species in the United States.
u
< !
ACRIDIIDAE — TRYXALINAE
25
Tryxalinae.
This subfamily has a varied development in the United States,
where at least thirty-five genera occur, none of them very rich in
species, though most of the genera are endemic.
The following table to separate them is copied from McNeill's
just pubHshed Revision of our Tryxalinae, excepting as it is
altered to correct some slight clerical errors, to change some
generic names, to include the genera purposely omitted by him,
which seem to me (contrary to an opinion formerly expressed —
Psyche, v, 431 seq.) to belong here, and to omit one genus
belonging elsewhere. The order and alliance of genera in this
table (especially as here altered) leave much to be desired, but
the construction of a substitute would too long delay the publica-
tion of this Guide, which has been awaiting the appearance of
Professor McNeill's paper for its completion.
Genera of Truxalinae,
a ^ Head distinctly longer than the pronotum ; eyes very oblique,
nearly horizontal ; metasternal lobes contiguous.
h^. Tegmina very much shorter than the abdomen; spines of
posterior tibiae minute and numerous, about twenty-five.
Rhadinotatum McNeill.
b ^. Tegmina exceeding the abdomen ; spines of posterior
tibiae less numerous, about sixteen. Achurum Saussure.
a \ Head 3ometimes equalling, never exceeding, the pronotum
in length.
b^. Head ascending, more or less conical, the occiput elevated
considerably above, or inclined upward at a distinct angle with,
the pronotum.
c^. Head as viewed laterally strongly ascending or greatly
raised above the pronotum.
d^. Upper half of head markedly conical; face below
fronto-vertical process subperpendicular ; antennae more
than half as long as tegmina.
e '. Metazona much longer than prozona, with an ele-
vated crest. . . . Acrolophitus Thomas.
26
GUIDE TO ORTHOrXERA
■
& '■!
e '^. Metazona barely longer than prozona, only slightly
carinate. .... Acrocara Scudder.
d^. Upper half of head only feebly conical, more or less
tumid; face below fronto- vertical process distinctly
oblique ; antennae less than half as long as tegmina.
e^. Vertex of the head forming an acute angle with
the face ; tempora nearly plane triangular spaces.
Bootettix Bruner.
e ■^. Vertex of the head forming an obtuse angle with
the face ; tempora impressed, trapezoidal.
Ligurotettix McNeill,
c ^. Head as viewed laterally less, though distinctly, ascend-
ing.
d^. Antennae much longer than the face ; lower margui
of lateral lobes anteriorly excised, broadly exposing the
pleura. .... Pedioscirtetes Thomas.
d'^. Antennae shorter than the face; lower margin of lat-
eral lobes nearly horizontal throughout, scarcely exposing
the pleura. .... Gymnes Scudder.
b '^. Head elevated above the pronotum at most only by the
feeble tumescence of the occiput, and not otherwise forming
any angle with the pronotum,
c^. Mesosternal lobes separated by a space almost linear in
its narrowest part; metasternal lobes approximate in both
male and female. .... Mermiria Stal.
c '^. Mesosternal lobes separated by a space never much longer
than broad, generally broader than long ; metasternal lobes
rarely approximate in tlie male, very rarely in the female.
d ^ Antennae triquetrous, or strongly depressed at the base
and distinctly acuminate ; pronotum with the lateral lobes
vertical and straight and the lateral carinae not at all
sinuate ; median carina of the pronotum generally cut
much behind the middle ; the disk plain and unstriped.
e ^ Tegmina exceeding the abdomen considerably in
both sexes (in some large females but little); lateral
carinae of the pronotum quite as distinct as the median ;
spurs at the apex of the posterior tibiae on the inner
side about equal. . . . Tryxalis Fabricius.
ACRIDIIDAE - TRYXALINAE
27
e\ Tegmina not exceeding the abdomen even in the
male.
f\ Lateral foveolae of the vertex linear and distinct ;
tegmina quite unspotted ; inner spurs of posterior
tibiae equal. . . . ^Tapaia McNeUl.
/ \ Lateral foveolae less distinct and subtriangular or
obsolete ; tegmina more or less distinctly spotted as
well as the face and pronotum ; inner tibia' spurs
very unequal, the longer but little shorter than the
first tarsal joint. . . . Qpeia McNeUl
d\ Antennae never triquetrous, sometimes plainly de-
pressed basally and acuminate, most commonly filiform,
rarely clavate; pronotum with the lateral lobes less dis-
tinctly vertical, with the lateral carinae very rarely quite
straight, but gently or strongly sinuate near the middle;
median carina of the pronotum generally cut in or not far
behind the middle.
e \ Tempora either foveolate or plane, not visible from
above.
/^ Scutellum of the vertex with a distinct median
carina, which is usually a coarse raised line stronger
anteriorly.
ff\ Spurs on the inner side of posterior tibiae very
unequal, the apical spur being twice as long as the
other.
h\ Antennae depressed basally and distinctly
acuminate; no supplementary carinae present
either upon the head or disk of the pronotum.
Pedeticum McNeill.
h 2. Antennae depressed apically and somewhat
clavate; supplementary carinae accompanying
the median carina upon either the head or the
disk of the pronotum. . Eritettix Bruner.
g ^. Spurs of the inner side of the posterior tibiae
about equal in length.
h \ Spines on the exterior margin of the pos-
terior tibiae 19-21. . . Syrbida Stal.
28
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
iiti
h 2. Spines on the exterior margin of the posterior
tibiae not exceeding 15.
»^. Median carina of the pronotura cut in the
middle by the principal sulcus.
J^. Color striped distinctly or obscurely;
scapular area of the tegmina broader than
the mediastinal area.
k ^. Lateral carinae of the pronotum obso-
lete ; median carina accompanied by a
supplementaiy pair upon the disk.
Amphitomus McNeill.
k ^. Lateral carinae of the pronotum pres-
ent; median carina not accompanied by
supplementary carinae on the disk.
Acentetus McNeill.
J ^. Color plain ; scapular area of the tegmina
not broader than the mediastinal area.
Amblytropidia Stal.
* '^. Median carina of the pronotum cut much
behind the middle by the principal sulcus.
Chloealtis Harris.
/^ Scutellum of the vertex with no distinct median
carina.
g^. Median carina of the pronotum cut much
behind the middle by the principal sulcus.
h^. Posterior margin of the metazona angulate ;
tegmina usually much shorter than the abdomen,
with the ulnar area not very much wider than the
discoidal area. . Dlchromorpha Morse.
h"^. Posterior margin of the metazona rounded
or not distinctly angulate ; tegmina not much
shorter than the abdomen, with the ulnar area
very wide and several times as broad as the dis-
coidal area. . . Cliiiocephalus Morse.
g"^. Median carina cut near the middle by the
principal sulcus.
!:i
ACRIDIIDAE — TR YXALINAE
Orphiila Stal.
h ^ Hind tibiae never red.
h ^. Hind tibiae red.
i^. Antennae depressed basally, long and
acuminate ; face strongly oblique.
Alpha Brunner.
i ^. Antennae filiform ; face moderately oblique
in the male, subperpendicular in the female.
Phlihostroma Scudder.
e^. Tempora plain or foveolate, visible from above (in
Mecostethus small or minute, tiiangular and basal ; in
this case the intercalary vein is very strong) .
/^ The vertex is not bounded in front by a raised
line and, viewed from the side, does not form an
angle with the face; the tempora are very faintly
impressed spaces, which are strongly declivent ; inter-
calary vein of tegmina wanting.
g \ Tegmina plain ; lateral carinae of the pronotum
very little sinuate. . . Bo<ypedon Thomas.
g^. Tegmina distinctly spotted; lateral carinae of
the pronotum strongly sinuate.
PUctrotettix McNeill.
p. Vertex bounded in front by a raised line ; viewed
from the side it forms a more or less distinct angle
with the face, or it is not at all angulate.
g ^ Median carina of the pronotum high and sharp,
cut by the principal sulcus m or plainly in front of,
the middle; intercalary vein very strong; apical
spurs on inner side of posterior tibiae subequal.
Mecostethus Fieber.
g'^. Median carina of the pronotum rarely cut
plainly in front of the middle, and in this case it is
not high and sharp, or the intercalary vein is not
strong. (In Stirapleura and Psoloessa the inter-
calary vein is present but not very strong and the
inner apical spurs of the posterior tibiae are very
unequal).
mi
30
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
h^. Temporae longate, narrow, from two to four
times as long as broad ; apical spur on inner side
of posterior tibiae much less than twice as long
as the one beside it.
i\ Antennae filiform.
j^. Median carina of the pronotum cut in
the middle ; posterior margin of the prono-
tum plainly more angulate than the anterior.
Stenobothrus Fischer.
j^. Median carina of the pronotum cut
plainly behind the middle ; posterior margin
of the pronotum not more angulate than the
anterior. . . Jiruneria McNeill.
i\ Antennae clavate.
Gomphocerus Thunberg.
h 2, Tempora short, little longer than broad or,
when twice as long as broad, the apical spur on
the inner side of the posterior tibiae is twice as
long as the one beside it.
I ^. Posterior margin of the metazona straight
or just perceptibly angulate ; pronotum shorter
than the head, which is very large.
Etipnigodes McNeill.
i ^. Posterior margin of the metazona distinctly
or strongly angulate ; pronotum never shorter
than the head, generally plainly longer (viewed
from above).
j \ Median carina of the pronotum cut by
principal sulcus behind the middle ; vertex
of the head destitute of a median carina;
posterior margin of the metazona generally
veiy obtusely angulate or rounded.
k^. Generally larger forms. Median
carina of prozona cut by the transverse
sulci; foveolae of male vertex triangular
hind tibiae blue ; lower
or subtrianorular
I* •
"J
an
%
-se '
lar I
'■er i
r
5
i
~
■"
ACRIDIIDAE — TRYXALINAE
apical spur of inner side of same much
less than half as long again as upper spur.
Aulocara Scudder.
k"^. Generally smaller forms. Median
carina of prozona not cut by the trans-
verse sulci ; foveolae of male vertex sub-
equal, rhomboidal ; hind tibiae red ; lower
apical spur of inner side of same fully half
as long again as upper spur.
Ageneotettix McNeill.
J^. Median carina of the pronotum cut by
principal sulcus more or less plainly in front
of the middle, never behind ; summit of the
head furnished with a more or less distinct
median carina, which sometimes extends
nearly or quite to the tip of the vertex, and
is most distinct on the posterior part of the
scutellum; posterior part of the metazona
strongly angulate.
k ^. Lateral lobes of the pronotum fur-
nished with a single or double series of
short, irregular, and sometimes indistinct
carinae which extend from about the
middle of the anterior margin toward or
to the upper posterior angle ; also with a
second more distinct, low, broad, light-
colored carina which extends from the
middle of each lobe toward the lower
posterior angle; sometimes this carina is
distinct only at the anterior end; face
nearly perpendicular, rarely very mod-
erately inclined ; frontal costa sulcate
throughout, acuminate at the vertex and
regularly divergent below.
Stirapleura Scudder.
k". Lateral lobes of the pronotum desti-
tute of carinae ; face distinctly and con-
i
r,
li
I I
I
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
siderably oblique ; frontal costa not
sharply acuminate above and scarcely
sulcate at any point. Paoloessa Scudder.
Excepting Mermiria, the first thirteen of these genera, as 'w ell
as Acentetus, Amblytropidia, Clinocephalus, I^Mibostroma, Plec-
trotettix and Bruneria, or more than half the total, are only
known in our country by single species ; the others have from
two to six each, and Orphula probably more than that. Orphula
appears to be the only genus spread over the entire country ; some
are so far known only from a single state, as Rhadinotatum
and Pedeticum from Florida, Acentetus from Colorado, Acrocara
from Idaho and Pedioscirtetes from Nevada. Clinocephalus is
confined to the Atlantic States, Tryxalis (Metaleptea Brunner)
to the region east of the Great Plains ; Psoloessa is known only
from the extreme south, from Texas westward, Achurum and
Bootettix in the extreme southwest. The great plains east of
the Rocky Mts. are characterized by Opeia, Phlibostroma (Beta
Brunner), Boopedon and Acrolophitus, while they share with
the region to the west of them, as far as the Sierras or even
the coast, the genera Stirapleura (Pseudostauronotus Brunner),
Alpha, Amphitornus, Mermiria, Aulocara (Oedocara Scudder,
Coloradella Brunner) and Ageneotettix (Eremnus McNeill).
Gomphocerus is found in the same region, but only in its northern
portions. Chloealtis, Dichromorpha, Mecostethus and Steno-
bothrus are also found in the northern half of our country (and
in Canada) from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mts. or even to the
Sierras, while an equivalent southern district is inhabited by
Amblytropidia, Syrbula and Eritettix. Finally, the genera Liguro-
tettix, Gymnes, Napaia, Plectrotettix (Plectrophorus McNeill),
Bruneria (Brunneria McNeill) and Eupnigodes (Pnigodes Mc-
Neill) are confined to the Pacific coast.
Oedipodixae.
This is one of the prevailing groups of Acridiidae in the United
States, and especially in the western half of the continent. Two
of the tribes occur, the Thrincini being unknown. Our genera
are in large part indigenous.
ACRIDIIDAE — OEDIPODINAi:
33
fV^'
Tribes of Oedipodinae.
a 1. Outer margin of hind tibiae with no apical spine next the
sP'irs Oedlpodini.
a\ Outer margin of hind tibiae with an apical spine next the
sP^rs Eremobiini,
Oedlpodini.
This tribe is very varied in type, no less than twenty-three
genera occurring in the United States, out of the sixty odd
recorded by Saussure from the whole world. All our genera are
neogeic and in large part confined to the United States or shared
only with Mexico.
Genera of Oedipodmi.
A ^ Interspace between the metasternal foramina linear, or dis-
tinctly longer than broad in the male, narrower than the inter-
space between the mesosternal l6bes in the female.
b ^ ^e^ina subcoriaceous, densely and irregularly reticulate,
only at the apex remotely (but scarcely regularly) areolate ;
the intercalary vein nearer the median than the ulnar vein}
wings brightly colored, red or yellow at base ; none of the
veins incrassate and no costal stigma; ulnar area not notice-
ably dilated Arphia Stal.
b^. Nearly the whole apical half of the tegmina, at least in the
discoidal field, membranaceous, traversed by straight veinlets ;
the intercalary distant from the median vein ; wings with
dihite coloring, nebulous ; the veins next the costal margin and
frequently, in the male, the median vein incrassate ; costa with
a dusky stigma ; ulnar area dilated, with remotely scalariform
venation.
c\ The intercalary vein of the tegmina running midway
between the median and ulnar veins, only apically a little
approximating the former; veins of the wings slightly or
scarcely incrassate. . . Chortophaga Saussure.
c ^. The intercalary vein of the tegmina distinctly nearer the
ulnar than the median vein ; the veins of the wings referred
to (under ¥ ) distmctly incrassate in the male.
i
34
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA.
iP. Antennae very short, stout; head compressed, the
fastighim prominent, angulate. Chimarocephala Scudder.
d^. Antennae rather long, slender; head subtumid, rotun- - ,
date, the fastigium in the female anteriorly obtuse.
Encoptolophus Scudder.
A '^. Interspace between the metasternal foramina rather broad,
in the male quadrate, in the female transverse.
b^. Lateral canthi of the metazona traversing the principal |.,,iv'^'
sulcus (where they are frequently cristulate or rugose), not
intersected by that sulcus (or only in individual cases); princi-
pal sulcus more or less obsolete or delicate in the lateral lobes.
c 1. Carina of pronotum conspicuous ; tegmina with moder-
ately dense reticulation, at least the apical third remotely and
quadrately reticulated.
(U. Smaller forms. Pronotum not rugose; wings sub-
vitreous, the area of the median forks obscurely divided or
with only one row of areoles. . . Camnula Stal.
d'^. Larger forms. Pronotum rugose ; wings colored, the
area of the median forks divided for the larger part by a
spurious vein, and so biareolate. Hippiscus Saussure.
c ^. Carina of pronotum very slight ; nearly the whole of the
tegmina densely reticulate and coriaceous, only membrana-
ceous or subvitreous at extreme tip.
d^. Less stout ; mesosternum only a little broader than the
head ; tegmina extending well beyond tip of abdomen, the
intercalary vein distinct throughout and everywhere very
much nearer the median than the ulnar vein; transverse
fascia of wings with no subcostal taenia ; posterior process
of pronotum acutangulate. . . Leprus Saussure.
d^. Exceptionally stout; mesosternum fully half as broad
again as head ; tegmina leaving tip of abdomen exposed,
the intercalary vein more or less obscure proximally and
only a little nearer the median than the ulnar vein ; trans-
verse fascia of wings with distinct subcostal taenia;
posterior process of pronotum rectangulate.
Agymnastus Scudder.
ACRIDIIDAE — OEDIPODINAE
35
not
b . Lateral canthi of the metazona typically intersected by the
pnncipal sulcus, often vanishing anterior to that; principal
sulcus distinctly developed on the lateral lobes.
c 1. Pronotal carina entire or intersected by but one sulcus.
clK Pronotum with a very high foliaceous crest.
Tropiclolophus Thomas.
d^. Pronotum crested or carinate, but not excessively.
e K Body slender, compressed ; lateral foveolae of the
head trigonal, short.
f\ The whole of the apical third of the tegmina,
even next the costal margin, membranaceous.
g ^ The intercalary vein of the tegmina very dis-
tinct, retroarcuate, rather remote from the median
vein, nearly intermediate between it and the ulnar ;
the anterior intercalary area, therefore, rather broad ;
wings conspicuously marked, but not banded.
Dissosteira Scudder.
g \ The intercalary vein of the tegmina more or
less distinct, hardly arcuate, nearer the median
than the ulnar vein ; the anterior intercalary area,
therefore, nan-ow, densely coriaceous ; wings with a
fuscous arcuate median band.
Ai. Tegmina rather broad, the intercalary vein
more or less flexuous ; pronotal crest anteriorly
elevated, profoundly intersected, arcuate on the
metazona as seen laterally.
Spharagemon Scudder.
h ^ Tegmina very narrow, the intercalary vein
straight, subobsolete ; pronotal crest low, straight
as seen laterally, not deeply intersected.
Scirtettica Saussure.
/2. The apical membranaceous portion of the tegmina
' oblique, the costal margin coriaceous.
Lactista Saussure.
Body rather stout; lateral foveolae of the head
lanceolate.
Tomonotus Saussure.
36
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
li
rr
c'^. Pronotum or pronotal carina twice intersected by trans-
verse sulci.
d^. Pronotal carina percurrent, not obliterated between
the sulci.
e ^ Pronotum cristate anteriorly ; tegmina generally
membranaceous over most of the apical half.
/^. Lateral lobes of the pronotum posteriorly rec-
tangulate or obtusangulate, the posterior margin
descending obliquely forward ; their metazonal por-
tion, posterior to the typical sulcus, thereby narrowed
inferiorly ; prozona posteriorly acutellate on disk ;
vertex of head with a transverse cannula on either
side next the eyes. . . Derotmema Scudder.
/'*. Posterior portion of the lateral lobes of the pro-
notum of equal width throughout.
g 1. Inferior margin of lateral lobes oblique, the pos-
terior angle thereby acute or posteriorly produced.
h ^ Lateral canthi of the metazona terminating
at the principal sulcus, or, if continued, it is in a
different course ; prozona posteriorly scutellate on
disk ; inferior margin of lateral lobes straight, the
posterior concave ; tegmina fasciate or maculate ;
head tumid, the frontal costa moderately con-
stricted. . . . Mestobregma Scudder.
h '■^. Lc'.teral canthi of the metazona acute, passing
in the sa^ue course beyond the principal sulcus.
i ' . Disk of prozona not posteriorly scutellate ;
inferior margin of the lateral lobes straight
or arcuate, the posterior concave, the angle
slightly produced posteriorly ; frontal costa of
head very strongly compressed ; proximal half
of tegmina densely coriaceous. Psinidia Stal.
i^. Disk of prozona more or less distinctly
scutellate posteriorly ; lower margin of the
lateral lobes straight and oblique, the posterior
margin nearly straight, the angle produced
\^
■»»
ACRIDIIDAE — OEDIPODINAK
37
^/^
y
inferiorly ; head narrow, its frontal costa mod-
erately constricted ; tegmina densely reticulate,
fasciate on the costal margin, onlj'^ the distal
third membranaceous. Conozoa Saussure.
// ^. Inferior margin of lateral lobes horizontal, but
anteriorly oblique, the posterior angle rounded rec-
tangulate ; disk of prozona scarcely or not scutel-
late posteriorly, the distal third of the tegmina
membranaceous.
/i\ Radiate veins of anal field of wings normal.
Trimerotropis Stal.
•'" h^. Radiate veins of anal field of wings dis-
tinctly incrassate. . Circotettix Scudder
e^. Pronotum delicately carinulate; tegmina densely
coriaceo-reticulate, only the distal fourth membrana-
ceous. .... Iladrotettix Scudder.
d^. Pronotal carina obliterated between the sulci.
e \ Only the proximal third of tegmina densely reticu-
late and coriaceous ; intercalary vein distinctly devel-
oped. ..... Anconia Scudder.
c*. Fully the proximal two-thirds of tegmina densely
reticulate and coriaceous; intercalary vein lacking or
indistinct. .... Meliastus Saussure.
The richest of these genera are Hippiscus with nearly forty
species, Arphia and Trimerotropis, each with about twenty, Mes-
tobregma (Trachyrachys Scudder) with eight or ten, and Sphara-
gemon with nearly as many ; all these genera occur everywhere,
excepting Mestobregma, which is found only in the west, where
the others are also more numerous in species. Circotettix with
about half a dozen species occurs only in the north, but from
Atlantic to Pacific. Other genera which range over the whole
country or nearly so are Chortophaga and Dissosteira with two
or three species each. Chimarocephala, Agymnastus and Lac-
tista, each with about two species, are confined to California ;
Encoptolophus, Scirtettica and Psinidia, with two or three species
each, to the eastern half of the continent ; Cammula with a single
w
38
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
I
species ranges across the continent near the northern boundary of
the United States ; Leprus with two species occurs in California,
Texas and Colorado ; Tomonotus with two species in Texas ;
Anconia and Heliastus, with two or three species each, in Cali-
fornia, Arizona, southern Utah and New Mexico. The other
genera, with from one to four species each but ordinarily with
only one or two, are confined to the high plateau region of the
western Cordilleras. Nearly half of oui' genera occur also in
Mexico, often with more numerous species. Other uncharacter-
ized genera also occur in our territory.
Eremobiini.
Three only out of the fourteen known genera of this tribe
occur in the United States, and only one of these is peculiar to it.
Genera of Eremohiini.
a ^ Body stout but subcylindric, more compressed than depressed,
normal or subnormal ; hind femora normally elongate, much more
than half as long as the body, above smooth, simply carinate.
b ^. Intraocular space more than twice the breadth of the eyes
as seen from above ; pronotum rather gently narrowing from
behind forward, sharply carinate, posteriorly truncate, the lat-
eral lobes rapidly and greatly narrowdng inferiorly ; tegmina
lobif orra, lateral ; wings rudimentary ; hind legs excessively
stout, the femora scarcely compressed ; arolia very large.
Brachystola Scudder.
h ^. Intraocular space narrower than the width of the eyes as
seen from above ; pronotum rapidly narrowing from behind for-
ward, feebly carinulate, with blunt lateral rugae, the lateral lobes
subequal in width throughout ; tegmina and wings fully devel-
oped ; hind legs normal ; arolia minute. Tytthotyle Scudder.
a ^ Body gross, short, subfusiform, more depressed than com-
pressed ; hind femora exceptionally broad and only half as long
as the body, compressed, above tuberculate and laminato-carinate.
Ilaldemanella Saussure,
Th^se genera are western and particularly southwestern, and
have one or two species each, in our territory.
ACRIDIIDAE — ACRIDIINAE
ACKIDIINAE.
39
This subfamily is richly represented in the United States as
compared for instance with Europe, but poorly endowed as com-
pared with other parts of the world. The groups found with us
appear in the following table : —
Groups of Acridiinae.
A\ Hind tibiae furnished above with an apical spine on both
sides.
bK Hind tibiae armed with strong spines, those on the inner
margin much longer than those on the outer. TropidonoH
b,\ Hmd tibiae armed with moderate spines, of similar length
on the inner and outer margins.
c\ Fastigium of vertex subtriangularly acuminate; frontal
costa compressed.
d\ Pronotum tectiform, the front margin subtriangularly
produced, the median carina elevated throughout.
Taeniopodae.
d . Pronotum plane above, the front margin truncate or
emarginate, the median carina lacking on the prozona, but
httle elevated on the metazona. . . RhomaUae.
c . Fastigmm of vcitex obtuse ; frontal costa neither com-
pressed nor sulcate Tropidacres.
/f . Hihd tibiae with no apical spine on the outer side.
b \ Face very oblique ; fastigium of vertex prominent, more or
less acuminate.
-^ Hind tibiae not expanded apically, the outer margins
rounded.
Mesopes.
c\ Hind tibiae expand d apically, the outer margins acute*
Leptysmae.
b . Face nearly verticil ; fastigium of vertex not prolonged,
apically obtuse.
c \ Mesosternal lobes longer than broad, the inner margin
«*^^^g^^- Acridia.
c 2. Mesostern, i lobes transverse or equally long and broad,
the inner m Vi-gin usually rounded.
II ■■■
40 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
<P. Hind tibiae armed on exterior margin with at least
nine spines *...... MelanopU.
(P. Hind tibiae witJi six to eight spines only on the
exterior margin. ..... Dactyloti.
Tropidonoti.
Our only representative of this group is the genus Dracotettix
Bruner, with a superficial resemblance to the Pyrgomorphinae,
and of which two species occur in the southern portion of our
Pacific coast in California and Arizona.
Taeniopodae.
Dictyophorus Thunberg is our only genus, the ivfo .aiown
species of which occur in our extreme southern states.
Rhomaleae.
A single species of Rhoraalea Burmeister, a tropical genus,
occurs in Texas.
Tropidacres.
Of the gigantic forms in this group, Tropidacris Scudder is the
only one which extends north into our territory; a single speoios
is found in Texas and has even been reported as far north s.s
Nebraska.
Mesopes.
Our only representative of this small group is Pseudopomala
Morse, with two or three species in the northern half of our
country east of the Rocky Mountains.
Leptysmae.
This is an ^Vraerican group, consisting of only two genera,
tinguished below.
(,:s-
Pi
•There are occasional individual exceptions to this, -where ashy accidental it
were, only eight spines are present on one or both V':''c-.u
¥
ACRIDIIDAE - ACRIDIINAE
41
Genera of Leptysmae,
a^ Head slightly shorter than the pronotum ; fastigium of
moderate size, with margins less compressed than in the alternate
category.
a . Head as long as or longer than the pronotum, strongly
exserted; fastigmm large, horizontal, noticeably narrowed anterl-
orly, the margins compressed, at least before the middle.
rp, . Leptysma Stal.
These genera occur in the extreme southern states along the
Gulf of Mexico and haye one or two species each.
Acridia.
The only recognized genus is Sohistocerca Stal, with numerous
species widely spread oyer the United States. The species need
careful reyision.
Melanopli.
This group has its highest deyelopment in America and espe-
mlly m North America; its single Old World genus occurs in
the north temperate region of Europe and Asia and is not pecu-
har to It but shared with North America, the half dozen genera
not found m our territory being exclusively Central and South
American.
Genera of Melanopli.
A\ Lateral margins of subgenital plate (last ventral segment)
of male, as seen laterally, straight throughout or yery slightly
convex, never at all abruptly ampliate at the base.
b \ Body exceptionally slender ; mesosternal lobes subattin-
gent in both sexes ; prozona three times as long as metazona.
Gymnoscirtetes Bruner.
b . Body not exceptionally slender ; mesosternal lobes in both
sexes so widely separated that the interspace between them is
at most twice as long as broad ; prozona not more than twice
as long as metazona.
c 1. Interspace between mesosternal lobes of female decidedly
transverse, sometimes twice as broad as long ; of male some-
42
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
times transverse, sometimes quadrate or subquadrate ; teg-
mina lobiform, linear, or wanting.
(P. Apical tubercle of subgenital plate small, extending
but a short distance beyond the supraanal plate ; cerci of
male abruptly narrowed before the middle by excision of
the inferior margin, the apical half narrow ; lateral carinae
of pronotum wholly wanting. Phaedrotettix Scudder.
d'^. Nearly the whole subgenital plate forming a blunt
conical tubercle projecting some distance beyond the
tnpraanal plate ; cerci of male forming broad, apically
c zed, subfalcate laminae ; lateral carinae of pronotum
mo or less distinct. . . Conalcaca Scudder.
c . Interspace between mesosternal lobes of female gener-
ally longer than broad, sometimes quadrate, rarely feebly
transverse ; of male never at all transverse ; tegmina
variable.
d^. Tegmina never fully developed, rarely as long as the
pronotum, lateral and ovate or linear, or wholly wanting ;
hind margin of pronotum distinctly truncate ; fore and
middle femora of male distinctly more gibbous than in the
female.
e ^ Furcula of male wanting, or forming a pair of
brief lobes, at most no longer than broad.
f^. Tegmina lobiform ; subgenital plate of male pro-
truding beyond the tip of the supraanal plate by less
than half the length of the latter ; cerci of male com-
pressed, subequal, the tip broad.
Mhabdotettix Scudder.
f'^. Tegmina linear; subgenital plate of male pro-
truding beyond the tip of the supraanal plate by
much more than half the length of the latter; cerci
of male tapering from the base, the tip acuminate.
Cyclocercus Scudder.
c^. Furcula of male consisting of a pair of parallel,
attingent, cylindrical processes, generally at least twice
as long as broad. . . Paraidemona Brunner.
ACRIDIIDAE — ACRIDIINAE
43
d'^. Tegmina fully developed or abbreviate, never much
if any shorter than the pronotum ; hind margin of pro-
notum distinctly angulate ; fore and middle femora scarcely
more gibbous in the male than in the female (except in
some species of Campylacantha) .
e^. Head not prominent, the summit very slightly
arched longitudinally ; prosternal spine erect ; furcula
of male composed of projecting cylindrical fingers ; sur-
face of bodj"^ very feebly pilose. ITi/pochlora Brunner.
e^ . Head prominent, the summit strongly arched longi-
tudinally ; prosternal spine more or less retrorse ; fm--
cula of male reduced to slight scarcely projecting lobes ;
surface of the body rather densely pilose.
Campylacantha Scudder.
A ". Lateral margins of subgenital plate of male suddenly ampliate
to a considerable degree at the base ; or if not to a considerable
degree, then the entire margin rather strongly convex or sinuate.
b^. Subgenital plate of male furnished with a distinct sub-
apical tubercle {i. e., one in which the apical margin does not
pass through and form a part of the summit of the tubercle,
but where it is distinctly separated from the summit) , but not
otherwise tumescent (see note under A^ b^).
c ^. Median carina of pronotum well developed and equally
developed throughout, accompanied' on the front of the pro-
zona by distinct lateral carinae ; prosternal spine sharply
acuminate ; tubercle of subgenital plate directed wholly
backward, occupying the middle of the terminal portion of
the plate ; furcula distinctly developed. £!otettix Scudder.
c •^. Median carina of pronotum feebly developed and gener-
ally much more feebly on the prozona than on the metazona,
accompanied by no lateral carinae whatever ; prosternal
spine bluntly acuminate ; tubercle of subgenital plate directed
upward, or upward and backward, occupying the upper
extremity of the terminal portion of the plate.
c?^ Body relatively slender and compressed, not much
enlarged at the metathorax, particularly in the male ; disk
44
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
[' !
\^'
!
i
< !
! \
of the pronotum tectiform,* the prozona not distinguished
from the metazona either by its plane or by any lack of a
median carina, which latter is generally marked in color ;
pronotum fully half as long again as broad ; hind femora
long and slender ; apical tubercle of male abdomen prom-
inent ; furcula present as distinctly projecting lobes ; ter-
minal segments of female abdomen not abbreviated, the
ovipositor fully exserted. . Jlesperotettix Scudder.
d *. Body relatively short and stout, considerably enlarged
at the metathorax even in the male; disk of pronotum
generally convex transversely ; the prozona slightly and
independently tumid with no median carina, thus dis-
tinguishing it from the metazona ; f hind femora relatively
short and stout ; apical tubercle of male abdomen not very
prominent ; furcula scarcely or not apparent ; terminal
segments of female abdomen abbreviated, the ovipositor
only partially exserted. . . Aeoloplus Scudder.
b ^. Subgenital plate of male with no distinct subapical tubercle,
but often apically prolonged or tumescent. +
c^. Meso- and metastethium together, in both sexes, no
longer or scarcely longer than broad ; metastethium naiTow-
ing but little posteriorly, so that the portion behind the
metasternal lobes is but little naj-rower than the rest, rarely
(in the male) less than three- fourths its width ; cerci of male
very simple, subconical, straight ; ovipositor half concealed.
Bradynotes Scudder.
c"^. Meso- and metastethium together, at least in the male
and nearly always in both sexes, distinctly longer than the
width of the metastethium ; the latter rapidly narrowing
posteriorly, so that the portion behind the metasternal lobes
is not, or is hardly more than, one half the greatest width of
the metastethium ; cerci of male variable ; ovipositor gen-
erally fully exserted.
* This feature is not so apparent in some species as in others.
t This feature is less marked in some species than in others-
} There is a minute subapical tubercle in some species of the flabellifer group of
Melanoplus, but in these the male cerci are exceptionally broad ; while in the species
of the alternate category (^2 j^i) they are very slender and tapering.
ACRIDIIDAE - ACRIDIINAE
45
cP. Interspace between mesosternal lobes of male dis-
tinctly transverse, * as broad or nearly as broad as the
lobes themselves; of the female distinctly or strongly
transverse, fully as broad as or (and generally) broader
than the lobes ; metasternal lobes of male generally dis-
tinctly distant, occasionally approximate ; of the female
generally more distant, the interspace in the latter gener-
ally as wide as or wider than the frontal costa ; tegmina
typically abbreviate.
e ^. Face almost vertical ; eyes small but prominent and
widely distant; pronotum constricted in the middle,
with deeply impressed transverse sulci, and the lateral
lobes not obliquely truncate apically in front ; distinct
lateral carinae. . . . Dendrotettix Riley.
e^. Face a little oblique; eyes rather large, not vt^ry
prominent and not very distant ; pronotum not, or but
feebly, constricted in the middle, with generally feebly
impressed transverse sulci, and the lateral lobes obliquely
truncate apically on the anterior section.
Podisma Latreille.
d^. Interspace between mesosternal lobes generally longer
or much longer than broad in the male, almost never in
the least broader than long even when the sides of the
interspace are posteriorly divergent ; generally quadrate
in the female, but more variable than in the other sex,
sometimes as narrow as there, more often subtransverse,
occasionally in some brachypterous forms distinctly trans-
verse ; in both sexes always distinctly, generally much,
narrower than the lobes (except in the females of the cases
just cited, where they are barely narrower); metasternal
lobes of male generally attirigent or subattingent, rarely
only approximate ; of the female less distant than in the
alternate category {A'^ b'^ c^ d^)^ generally approximate,
or subapproximate, the interspace generally narrower than
the frontal costa ; typically the tegmina are completely
developed. .
*In many cases the interspace is truncato-cuneiform or broadly clepsydral, in
which cases the breadth is to be measured in the middle.
u
.1\
46
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
t ff
[r
e\ Face almost vertical or a little oblique, its angle
with the fastigium rarely less than 75° ; eyes rounded
oval, never more (generally less) than half as long again
as broad ; portion of metasternum lying behind the lobes
transverse, more than twice as broad as long ; tegmina
normally present.
f^. Fastigium of vertex plane or convex ; eyes sepa-
rated widely, the space between them twice as broad
as the frontal costa ; pronotum furnished with distinct
percurrent lateral carinae ; tegmina abbreviate ; cerci
apically acuminate. . Paratylotropidia Brunner.
f^. Fastigium of vertex more or less depressed or
with elevated lateral margins ; eyes separated nar-
rowly, at most but little further apart than the width
of the frontal costa ; pronotum with indistinct * or no
lateral carinae ; tegmina fully developed or abbreviate ;
cerci variable, rarely acuminate apically.
g ^. Inferior genicular lobe of hind femora with at
least a darker basal spot or transverse band ; cerci
of male variable, often enlarging apically.
h ^ Dorsum of pronotum rarely or never twice
as long as the average breadth, generally only
half as long again, even in the male, generally
constricted more or less in the middle ; antennae
even when longest no longer than the bind
femora, and only twice as long as the pronotum
alone ; face rarely as declivent as in Paroxya ;
prozona usually a half longer than the metazona.
* ^. Head not large in proportion to pronotum,
nor prominent, but little longer than the pro-
zona, unless the latter is distinctly transverse ;
pronotum in no way subsellate, nor flaring in
front ; tegmina, when fully developed, narrow,
rarely rather broad, but then very distinctly
tapering, more or less tapering in distal half,
* In a few species tbey are tolerably distinct.
ACBIMIDAE — ACBIDIINAE
m
at a distance from the app?: equal to the
breadth of the teginina distinctly narrower
than the metazona, the intercalaries and cross-
veins of the discoidal area relatively numer-
ous, at least in the apical fourth and usually
throughout, the venation in general sharp and
clearly defined, the area intercalata distinctly
deP.,.ed by the adjustment of the veins at its
distal extremity, the humeral vein straight and
apically arcuate, nearly always terminating
either on the apical margin or but a short dis-
tance before it, running for some distance
almost exactly parallel to the costal margin or
merging insensibly into it; cerci of male very
variable, very rarely styliform, and then the
subgenital plate is either exceptionally broad
or only moderately narrow, and the apical
margin elevated. . . Melanoplus Stal.
i'\ Head large in proportion to pronotum,
nearly half as long again as the long prozona ;
pronotum faintly subsellate, feebly flaring in
front to receive the head ; tegmina, when fully
developed, broad and subequal, hardly tapering
in the distal half, at a distance from the apex
equal to the breadth of the tegmina as broad
as the metazona, the intercalaries and cross-
veins of the discoidal area everywhere few
the venation in general loose and ill defined,
the area intercalata not distinctly marked by
the adjustment of the veins at its distal ex-
tremity, the humeral vein broadly sinuous,
terminating on; the costal margin at least as far
before the apex as the breadth of the tegmina,
nowhere running closely parallel to that margin
nor merging into it ; cerci of male styliform,
the subgenital plate very narrow, the margin
not apically elevated. Phoetaliotes Scudder.
iV
1
' i
H»'i
1'
48
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
/* ^. Dorsum of pronotum twice as long is average
breadth, at least in the male, with no median con-
striction ; antennae, at least in the male, generally
lonjjer than the hind femora and much more than
twice as long as the pronotum, generally twice as
long as head and pronotum together ; face more
declivent than in Melanoplus ; prozona only about
a third longer than the metazona.
Paroxya Scudder.
g ^. Inferior genicular lobe of hind femora wholly
pallid, with no dark basal spot or transverse band ;
cerci of male conical or subconical or basally buUate,
always apically pointed.
h^. Subgenital plate of male terminating in a
pronounced tubercle ; prosternal spine slender.
Poecilotettix Scudder.
h ". Subgenital plate of male, even when apically
angulate, not furnished with an apical tubercle ;
prosternal spine stout.
i^. Relau.-'^ly heavy bodied; dorsal disk of
the prozona tumid independently of the meta-
zona ; pronotum distinctly angulate or convex
behind ; the portion of the metasternum lying
behind the lobes laterally extended, reaching
to the coxae ; tegmina fully developed or
abbreviate but overlapping, with many longi-
tudinal veins ; cerci of male very stout and
bullate on basal half or more ; abdomen of
female bluntly rounded apically, the posterior
segments much abbreviated ; ovipositor but
slightly exserted. Oedaleonotus Scudder.
i '^. Relativelv slender bodied : dorsal disk of
prozona not tumid independently of the meta-
zona; pronotum truncate posteriorly; portion
of metasternum lying behind the lobes laterally
abbreviated, much narrower than the width
ACIUDIIDAE — ACRIDIINAE
49
between coxae ; tegmina linear, lateral, distant,
with only a few longitudinal veins ; abdomen
of female tapering regularly to a pointed tip ;
ovipositor normally exserted.
Asemoplus Scudder.
e'^. Face rather strongly oblique, the angle it makes
with the fastigium varying about from 55° to 67° ; eyes
elongate, almost or quite twice as long as broad ; portion
of metasternum lying behind the lobes subtriangular,
not greatly broader than long; tegmina linear and
lateral or absent. . . Aptenopedes Scudder.
Of these genera Melanoplus is the dominant type and the most
prolific in species of any North American Orthoptera, having
within our borders alone one hundred and twenty species or
more. Podisma (Pezotettix Burmeister) is the most peculiar in
distribution, its eight species being confined to high altitudes or
latitudes and to two great districts, one in the west from Alberta
to New Mexico, one in the east from New York and Ontario to
Maine. The other well endowed genera belong mostly to the
western half of the continent, Aeoloplus with ten species being
found from the Yellowstone to Mexico ; Bradynotes with seven
species confined to the extreme northwest ; and Hesperotettix with
seven species having much the same range as Aeoloplus but wider,
one species being confined to the eastern half of the continent and
found indeed only on or near the Atlantic border. Of the genera
with two or three species each, Aptenopedes and Paroxya ai-e
confined to the Gulf or the Gulf ?. ^ .r? Atlantic States, Campylacan-
tha to the plains and prairie region from Nebraska to Texas,
Paraideraona to southern Texas and Poecilc ' rttix to the southern
part of the Pacific coast. Of the remaining genera with one
species only in the United States, Gymnoscirtetes and Eotettix
are confined to Florida ; Asemoplus to the extreme northwest ;
Hypochlora, Dendrotettix, Paratylotropidia and Phoetaliotes
range between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi from
various points northerly between Alberta and Texas ; Phaedro-
tettix, Rhabdotettix and Cyclocercus are found in southern Texas ;
60
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
and Oedaleonotus along the Pacific coast. Nine of these twenty-
one genera, viz. Phaedrotettix, Rhabdotettix, Cyclocercus,
Paraidemona, Campylacantha, Hesperotettix, Melanoplus, Phoe-
taliotes and Poecilotettix, range southward into Mexico. Podisma
is also found in the Old World, but the reraair *ve strictly
indigenous types. Dimorphism in respect of the length of the
organs of flight is common in many of the genera, but a number
of them are uniformly subapterous.
Dactyloti.
This is a Central American group of two or three genera, of
which only the genus Dactylotum Charpentier is represented, by
a single species, in our country, occurring from Dakota to Texas
along the eastern front of the Rocky Mountains.
LOCUSTIDAE
51
LOCUSTIDAE.
So far as variety of forms is concerned, this family is better
represented in the Old World than in the New. Only six of the
Mteen recognized subfamilies are known to occm- in the United
States, and only one other has been found anywhere else in
America. At the same time all the American subfamilies are
shared by the Old World. The six subfamilies found with us
may be distmguished by the following table.
Sahfamilies of Locustidae.
A \ Body generally winged ; tarsi more or less depressed.
h \ Fore tibiae furnished with foramina near the base ; male
tegmina, when present, furnished with a tympanum.
c^ First two joints of tarsi smooth laterally; hind tibiae
wrth an apical spine on each side. . Phaneropterinae.
' c . First two joints of tarsi longitudinally sulcate laterally •
hmd tibiae with an apical spine on outer side only or on
neither.
d^. Fore tibiae without apical spines.
e\ Fastigiura of vertex short, crowded by the prom-
inent antennal scrobes ; pronotum crossed by two dis-
tinct transverse sulci. . . Pseudophyllinae.
e\ Fastigium of vertex extended and free from the not
prominent antennal scrobes ; pronotum without, or with
only one, transverse sulcus. . Conocephalinae.
d\ Fore tibiae with an apical spine on the outer side
(Body generally subapterous). . . Decticinae.
b \ Fore tibiae without foramina near the base; male tegmina
without a tympanum Gryllacrinae.
A . Body apterous ; tarsi distinctly compressed.
StQnopelmatinae .
Phaneropterinae.
Brunner, in his latest monograph of this subfamily, divides it
into forty-three groups. Only five of these are known to occur
in the United States, the first standing at a wide distance from
52
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
h
the remainder. Many other groups occur in tropical America ;
none of ours are peculiar to the United States, and with a single
exception, where two genera occur, each of these groups is rep-
resented by a single genus.
Groups of Phaneropterinae.
^ Fore coxae unarmed. ...
Odonturae.
a
a ^. Fore coxae bearing a spine.
b ^ Fore and middle tibiae sulcate or plane above, but acutely
margined, the outer margin spinulose or unarmed.
c^ Fastigium of vertex scarcely deflexed, acuminate, no
broader than the first antennal joint.
d ^ . Tegmina narrow, the hind margin sinuate ; geniculai*
lobes of hind femora armed with a long pointed spine ;
pronotum subsellate Hormiliae.
d^. Tegmina broader, the hind margin straight or rounded ;
genicular lobes obtuse or armed with a short spine;
pronotum not at all sellate. . . Scudderiae.
c '^. Fastigium of vertex deflexed, obtuse, much broader than
the first antennal joint; metasternum truncate or with
rounded lobes. ..... Amblycoryphae.
h -. Fore and middle tibiae smooth above, without angular
margin, generally unarmed above ; metasternum with elon-
gated lobes. Microcentra.
Odonturae.
This group is represented by a single genus, Dichopetala Brun-
ner, one species of which occurs in Texas.
Hormiliae.
This group is also represented by a single genus, Arethaea
Stal (Aegipan Scudder) which has three or four species in the
extreme southern states from Georgia to Arizona.
Scudderiae.
Two of the six genera are represented in our fauna.
LOCUSTIDAE -PSEUDOPHYLLINAE
53
a
Genera of Scudderiae.
'. Fore and middle femora unarmed beneath ; the hind femora
unarmed beneath or .ith few spines. . ...^dj^^,
• ^;1 *^^ femora spmulose beneath. Symmetropleura Brunner
bcudderia has numerous species widely spread over the country
mostly east of the Rocky Mountains. Symmetrople.ra is known
only by a smgle species from Carolina.
Amblycoryphae.
Amblycorypha Stal is our only genus of this group, with half a
dozen species found in the eastern half of the continent.
Microcentra.
This group is represented by a single genus, Microcentrum
Scudder nch m species, most of which are tropical. Its range in
the United States is similar to that of Amblycorypha.
PSEUDOPH YLLINAE .
This subfamily is barely represented in the United States, as it
AmlricI ^ ''"^^' indigenous genus, shared with tropical
Genera of PseudophylUnae.
a K Body and tegmina testaceous, the latter of only moderate
breadth, its anterior ulnar vein terminating not very far before
the apex of the tegmina, the veinlets of the costal field distinctlv
obhque ; middle coxae with no basal tubercle. Bliastes Stal
a . Body and tegmina green, the latter of exceptional breadth,
Its anterior ulnar vein terminating very far before the apex of the
tegmina, the veinlets of the costal field transverse ; middle coxae
with a basal tubercle. . . Cyrtopkyllus Burmeister.
Bh-^-fas is not mdigenous and has occurred only in the orchid
house of iL^ Missouri Botanic Garden, where a single specimen
did much damage. Cyrtophyllus is the « Katydid " and is widely
spread over the United States east of the Rocky Mts., though
living at the north only in colonies. "^
pp
54
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
J
PI
CONOCEPH ALIN AE .
Two of the four tribes of this subfamily occur in the United
States, but are also found elsewhere, being widely distributed
over the globe.
Tribes of Conocephalinae.
a 1. Fore and middle femora spined he^ • th.
a ^. Fore and middle femora unarmed . neath.
Conocephalini.
Xiphidiini.
Conocephalini.
Redtenbacher recognizes twenty-five genera in this tribe, of
which only the four following occur in the United States, all
but one of them also found further south.
Genera of Conocephalini.
a ^ Prosternum unarmed. . . Copiophora Serville.
a ^. Prosternum armed with two spines.
b 1. Tegmina lobiform ; wings wanting. Belocephalus Scudder.
b ^. Tegmina and wings perfectly developed,
c 1. Fastigium of vertex triquetral, flat above.
Pyrgocorypha Stal.
c-^. Fastigium of vertex conical, convex above.
Conocephalus Thunberg.
Copiophora is not indigenous, but has been taken in the green-
houses at Washington, D. C. Belocephalus is a monotypic genus
only known from Florida. A single species of Pyrgocorypha is
known in eastern America, but of Conocephalus, a dominant
genus, our species are numerous and widely spread over the
country.
Xiphidiini.
Redtenbacher recognizes three genera in this tribe, with only
one, a cosmopolitan genus, occurring in the United States.
LOCUSTIDAE _ DECTICINAE
55
a
Genera of Xiphidiini.
Larger and stouter species. Ovipositor short, falcate.
/,3 Q^„i, , , , Orchelimum Serville.
a . Smaller and slenderer species. Ovipositor straight or
scarcely curved. . W/ •^- cf •„
m. „ ^ • . . . Aiphtdium Serville.
These two genera are united by Redtenbacher, the latest
monographer of the group. Both, but especially the latter are
represented by a considerable number of species from all par s of
tne country. ^
Decticinae.
This subfamily is fairly well represented in North America, all
the groups mto which it is divided by Brunner, with but one
foZT -^ 7^'t«^"t^d' -n<i nearly as many genera being
found here as m all other countries taken together. The species
of the.genera are, however, in no case numerous.
Ge7iera of Becticinae.
^^ Prosternum armed with two erect spines.
b 1. Four terminal spines on the lower side of the hind femora
two smaller ones between a larger pair. '
c*. Ovipositor straight.
dK Prosternal spines short, obtuse, mgoniaspis Bvxxun^v
d\ Prosternal spines long and slender, subacute.
^2 rk • -x Atlanticus Scudder
c\ Ovipositor arcuate. ^^uuuei,
d 1. Ovipositor curved downward.
e\ Tegmina longer than the body ; posterior process
ot pronotum brief; humeral sinus in posterior maro-in of
lateral lobes distinct. . . Capnobotes Scu'dder
e \ Tegmina shorter than pronotum ; posterior process
of pronotum long ; no humeral sinus in posterior maro-in
of lateral lobes. .... ^^o^, Scudd'er.
^- Ovipositor curved upward. Orchesticus ^ixumme
b . Two terminal spines only (the outer) on the lower side of
the hind femora. v^^.. • • r,
• • • . ^rojnzaspisBvmmQY.
['4'i"
Ill
56
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
A-'
Prosternum unarmed.
b ^ Fore tibiae spined above on both margins.
c ^ Large bulky insects. Tegmina of ^ almost completely
concealed beneath the pronotum ; eyes but little larger than
antennal scrobes. . . . Anabrus Haldeman.
c '^. Relatively small insects. Exposed portion of $ tegmina
half as large as pronotum; eyes fully twice as large as
antennal scrobes. . . Cacopteris Scudder p. p.
h '^. Fore tibiae armed above on outer margin only.
c ^ Fore tibiae with several spines above on outer margin.
d^. Fore tibiae with three spines above on outer margin.
e ^ Legs short, the hind femora scarcely or not extend-
ing beyond abdomen ; surface of pronotum granulate.
Peranahrus Scudder.
e 2. Legs long, the hind femoi'a extending far beyond
abdomen ; sm*face of pronotum smooth.
/'I. Pronotum without distinct lateral carinae, except
sometimes posteriorly ; a median carina rarely present
and then weak.
g^. Pronotum transversely arched as much on the
posterior as on the anterior half.
h ^ . Ovipositor straight. Cacopteris Scudder p. p.
h ^. Ovipositor arcuate. Ereniopedes Scudder.
g"^. Pronotum laterally subangulate posteriorly,
and often with a slight median carinula.
Idiostatus Pictet.
f^. Pronotum with distinct lateral and median carinae,
the latter sometimes weak.
g^. Lateral carinae of pronotum parallel or sub-
parallel. . . . Steiroxys Hermann.
g'^. Lateral carinae approximated in middle of
anterior half of pronotum, so as to narrow the
dorsum by nearly one half. Idiofiotus Scudder.
d^. Fore tibiae with four spines above on outer margin.
e^. Descending lobes of pronotum long, obliquely
declivent, the dorsum narrow. Clinopleura Scudder.
i
LOCUSTIDAE — STENOPELMATINAE
67
e^. Descending lobes of pronotum short, vertical, the
dorsum broad. . . . Plagiostira Scudder.
c^. Fore tibiae with only one spine above on outer margin,
situated at apex Atelophis Scudder.
About half these genera are represented by only one or two
species each ; the others have more, but none of them probably
much above a dozen. They are almost exclusively found west of
the Mississippi and particularly in the elevated plateau of the Cor-
dilleras, but Atlanticus has three species which are found only
east of the Mississippi and especially upon the Atlantic slope, and
a single species or two of Orchesticus, the most prolific of the
genera, occur on the Atlantic slope. Apote, Idiostatus, Idionotns
and Ateloplus are only known west of the Sierra Nevadas and
the same is the case with most of the species of Cacopteris.
None of our genera occur in the Old World.
Gryllacrinae.
This subfamily is represented by only a single apterous genus,
Neortus Brunner, one species of which occurs in Carolina.
Stenopelmatinae.
Brunner has divided this subfamily into two sections (unnamed),
which I have here regarded as tribes. Both of them occur with
us, but the former only by one of the twenty-four genera into
which the section is divided by Brunner, most of them being Old
World types.
IVibes of iStenopelmatinae.
a^. Tarsi provided with pulvilli; inserting angle of the hind
femora situated on the outer side. . . Stenopelmatini.
a '^. Tarsi without pulvilli ; inserting angle of the hind femora
situated on the inner side. . . . MhaphidophorinL
Stenopelmatini.
Represented only by the uncouth genus Stenopelmatus Bur-
meister, three species of which have been described from the
HI
\i
58
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
r
I
W
it
\J
Pacific coast; it ranges over the desert region eastward to the
Rocky Mts. ; a larger number of species occur south of our
border.
Bhaphidophorini.
Two of the foiu- groups into which this tribe may be divided
occur in North America, the other two belonging exclusively to
the Old World. One of our groups is peculiar to the United
States, and the other much more highly developed here than else-
where, though shared with South America and the Old World.
Groups of Mhaphidophorini.
«!. Hind tibiae supplied above and below with spines of one
grade only, on both outer and inner margins. TropicUschiae.
a ^. Hind tibiae furnished above with spines of two grades,
longer being interspersed with shorter spines (obscure in Gam-
marotettix) ; beneath nearly or quite unarmed, such spines as are
present occurring on the middle line only, . Ceuthophili.
Tropidischlae.
Its only known genus, Tropidiscjhia Scudder, is monotypic and
is found in California.
Ceuthophili.
This group, as developed in the United States, contains six of
the nine genera known to belong to it, and all of these are peculiar
to the United States, excepting as they may extend southward
into Mexico. It is the most representative group of temperate
North American Locustidae.
Genera of Ceuthophili.
«!. Last palpal joint cleft apically on the under side. Descend-
ing lobes of the mesonotum but little longer than those of the
pronotum ; sides of fore and middle coxae externally laminate, the
lamination elevated to a denticle or compressed spine either
LOCUSTIDAE — STENOPELMATINAE
59
mesially or (on middle legs) apically, occasionally (Hadenoecus)
wanting on middle legs. Fore tibiae not sulcate above; hind
tibiae with spines of two grades on both outer and inner margins
of upper surface. Outer valves of ovipositor unarmed above
before the apex.
b^. Palpi long. Hind tibiae usually considerably longer than
the hind femora. Third hind tarsal joint only half or less
than half as long as the second.
c^. Vertex obscurely bituberculate at apex. Last palpal
joint no longer or scarcely longer than the third, and cleft
beneath only apically. Middle coxae unarmed. Middle
femora with a feeble genicular spine on posterior margin.
Hind tibiae with more than four pairs of spurs. First hind
tarsal joint almost as long as the others together. Sub-
genital plate of male triangular and rather deeply and
narrowly emarginate. . . . Hadenoecus Scudder.
c^. Vertex not tuberculate. Last palpal joint distinctly
longer than the third, cleft beneath for almost its entire
length. Middle coxae spined mesially. Middle femora with
a distinct genicular spine on posterior margin. Hind tibiae
with only four pairs of spurs. First hind tarsal joint
generally a third shorter than the rest combined. Sub-
genital plate of male ample and broadly emarginate.
Ceuthophilus Scudder.
h ^. Palpi short. Hind tibiae shorter or at most but little longer
than the hind femora. Third hind tarsal joint hardly shorter
than the second, or (in Daihinia) wanting. (Lamination of
middle coxae produced inferiorly to the semblance of a spine.)
c 1. Third palpal joint as long as fifth, the ^inferior cleft of
the latter extending over only the apical half. Middle femora
unarmed at tip or with a very feeble spine. Hind tibiae
shorter or at least no longer than the hind femora, with few
spines of the second grade on the upper surface, those of the
first grade relatively numerous, at least in the $ , more or
less in'egularly placed and of unequal length ; the calcaria
three in number on each side, the uppermost generally a
ill
■
'■^ i
t '^ •'
'
\ II i
lil
nl
60 GUIDE TO OilTHOPTEKA
little the longest and unusually distant from the extreme
apex, so as to appear rather as an additional pair of spurs.
Subgenital plate of male greatly produced and apically
deeply fissured.
d^. Descending lobes of mesonotum slightly longer than
those of pronotum. Last tarsal joint very much shorter
than the remaining joints together, the third joint of hind
legs normal though but little shorter than the second.
Subgenital plate of male ample, rather deeply and broadly
emarginate, the sides extending backwards as slender
threads. .... Phrixocnemis Scudder.
d^. Descending lobes of mesonotum no longer than those
of pronotum. Last tarsal joint about as long as the rest
together ; third tarsal joint of hind legs wanting (as also
of fore legs). Subgenital plate of male immensely pro-
duced and so deeply fissured as to form two tapering
ribbons. .... Daihinia Haldeman.
t* ^. Third palpal joint shorter than the fifth, the inferior cleft
of the latter extending its whole length. Middle femora
with a genicular spine on posterior side. Hind tibiae slightly
longer than the hind femora, with numerous spines of the
second grade uniform in length and pretty regularly sepa-
rated ; calcaria three in number on each side, the middle one
much longer than the others. (First hind tarsal joint a third
shorter than the rest combined.) Subgenital plate of male
ample, apically bituberculate. . Udeopsylla Scudder.
a^. (Vertex bituberculate. Palpi short), the last joint apically
with no inferior cleft. Descending lobes of mesonotum consider-
ably longer than those of pronotum; sides of fore and middle
coxae neither carinate nor spined. (Fore and middle femora
unarmed.) Fore tibiae sulcate above ; hind tibiae (of the same
length as the hind femora) with only one grade * of spines above
on the lateral margins ; (calcaria two in number on each side,
subequal and not long. Third hind tarsal joint half as long as
* There are in reality two grades, but the alternating longer and shorter spines
are of such slight inequality as easily to be overlooked.
LOCUSTIDAE — STENOPELMATINAE
the second. Subgenital plate of male ample, apically broadly and
not deeply emarginate); outer valves of ovipositor serrate above
before the apex Gammarotettix Bvnnner.
The dommant genus is Ceuthophilus with about sixty species;
It IS found m every part of the United States and Canada and
extends mto Mexico (a few species are confined to northern
Mexico). The other genera contain each from one to three
species, and excepting Hadenoecus, known only from caves and
deep weUs east of the Mississippi River, occur west of this stream.
One species of Udeopsylla has been found a little further east, in
llhnois and Manitoba. Gammarotettix is confined to California
in
62
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
GRYLLIDAE.
All six of the subfamilies of Gryllidae occur in the United
States, since all are cosmopolitan ; no similar case occm-s among
the Orthoptera. Here also, more than in the other groups, may
be seen a nearer correspondence to the European fauna, many
more of the genera being identical than is usual in Orthoptera.
The following table distinguishes the subfamilies.
Subfamilies of Gryllidae.
A 1. Tarsi compressed, the second joint minute, compressed.
b ^. Fore legs fossorial ; female without ovipositor ; tympanum
of male tegmina (when present) without speculum.
Gryllotalpinae.
b ^. Fore legs gressorial ; female with ovipositor, though it is
sometimes rudimentary; tympanum of male tegmina (when
present) furnished with a speculum.
c ^ Hind tibiae biseriately serratulate but not spined, or, if
spined (Myrmecophila), then the body is subspherical and
the uiiid femora exceptionally gibbous. Myrrnecophilinae.
c2. Hind tibiae biseriately spined, the body always sub-
elongate, with relatively slender hind femora.
f?i. Hind tibiae rather stout, armed with stout spines, not
serrulate between them Gryllinae.
d 2. Hind tibiae slender, armed with delicate spines, and
seiTulate between them. . . . Oecanthinae.
A '^. Second joint distinct, depressed, cordiform.
b^. Hind tibiae biseriately spinose, not serrate, the apical
spurs two in number on the inner side. Trigonidiinae.
b^. Hind tibiae biseriately spinose and also serrate, the apical
spurs three in number on both sides. . Eneopterinae.
Gryllotalpinae.
Two of the three tribes of this subfamily are represented with
us, the third being an Australian type ; both these they share
with k,ne Old World, as well as with tropical America.
GRYLLIDAE - GRYLLOTALPINAE
68
Tribes of Gryllotalpinae.
ml'rJ^r^ T"^"^"^ :^'^ '^' ^'•'^^ ^^^"^' ^«^« ^^biae dUatecl,
jdnted ^""""'^ ''"'"'^^ saltatorial; tarsi 3-
dilate?, f"-. ^'•\'''''' small ocelli; fore tibiae scaLy
dilated 3-4 spmed apically ; hind femora strongly saltatoriaf-
tarsi uniarticulate or aborted. t • /T , .'
• • • • Iridactylmi.
Gryllotalpini.
Both the known genera of this tribe occur in the United States.
I 2
Genera of Gryllotalpini.
Anterior tibiae tetradactyle. . . Gryllotalpa Unr.^
a ^ Anterior tibiae bidactyle. . ^ea^/mc Jscudder
Scapteriscus occm-s only along the margin of the Gulf of
Mexico; GryUotalpa everywhere; and each is represented by
two or three species, ^
Tridactylini.
One of the two genera of this group, Tridactylus Olivier, is a
cosmopolitan genus which occm-s throughout our territory, repre-
sented by several species. ^ ^
Myemecophilinae .
.^!^'^^'?'^! ""^ ^^' ^^^"^"^ ^"^""^ ^"""^^ «f t^i« f^"^% occur in
the United States, two of them shared with Europe, one with trop-
ical America. ^
Genera of Myrmecophilinae.
a \ Antennae stout ; hind femora ovate ; hind tibiae dilated with
only three or four apical spurs. . MyrmecophUa Latreille
a . Antennae slender ; hind femora elongate ; hind tibiae slender'
with six apical spurs. '
h \ First joint of hind tarsi sulcate and serrate ; pronotum not
produced posteriorly, the metanotum expo^.ed.
Mogosiplistus Serville.
fr
64
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
b '*. First joint of hind tarsi neither sulcate nor serrate ; pro-
notum produced posteriorly, concealing the raetanotum.
Cycloptilum Scudder.
Myrmecophila is represented by several species and is widely
spread, probably occurring wherever there ar<5 ants' nests.
Cycloptilum is represented by one or two species along the
borders of the Gulf of Mexico ; and Mogosiplistus has just been
discovered under bark of trees at Biscayne Bay, Florida, by Mrs.
A. T. Slosson.
1 1
j \
Gbyllinae.
Only three of the nineteen acknowledged genera of this sub-
family occur in the United States, and these genera are all cos-
mopolitan, or at any rate widely distributed over the globe.
Genera of Gryllinae,
a 1. Hind tibiae furnished with long, mobile, pilose spines ; first
joint of hind tarsi unarmed above or with one row of serrations.
Nemobius Serville.
a 2. Hind tibiae armed with strong fixed spines ; first joint of
hind tarsi sulcate above, with two rows of serrations.
b ^. Fore tibiae provided with auditory foramina on both faces.
Oryllus Linne.
b ^ Fore tibiae with no auditory Toramen on inner face.
Gryllodes Saussure.
Neraobius and Gryllus occur everywhere, anr" have a consider-
able number of species, especially the former G lloucs occurs
only in the southern portions with two or +^ pecies at most.
Many of the species in these genera are dii aic as regai iS the
length of the organs of flight.
Oecanthinae.
This subfamily is represented in the United States by a single
genus, Oecanthus Serville, out of the twenty known, and this it
shares with the Old World and South America. We have half
a dozen or more species, spread over the whole country.
GRYLLIDAE — TRIGONIDIINAE
65
Trigonidiixae.
Half the known genera of this subfamily occur with us, two of
which are shared with tropical AmeriJa, while the third is
cosmopolitan.
Genera of I'rigonidiinae.
aK Last palpal joint infundibuliform, apically dilated; lower
margin of the facial scutellum transverse or arcuate ; basal joint
of antennae subdepressed, pretty large ; lateral lobes of pronotum
subquadrate, the lower margin subhorizontal, subexcised in the
middle.
b 1. Foramina of fore tibiae wanting or found on one side only.
Anaxiphiis Saussure.
h 2. Foramina of fore tibiae present on both sides.
Cyrtoxiphus Brunner.
a 2. Last palpal joint dilate, foliaceous ; lower margin of the
facial scutellum angularly excised in the middle ; basal joint of
antennae narrow, minute ; lateral lobes of pronotum narrowed
anteriorly, the lower margin not excised. Phylloscirtus Gu^rin.
These genera are represented by only one or two species each,
and these are almost entirely confined to the Southern States, and
to the region east of the Rocky Mountains.
Eneopteuuv/e.
Only four of the twenty-nine known genera o,*' this group occur
in the United States, and all are shared with tropical America.
Genera of Eneopterinae.
a^. Tegmina of male provided with a stridulatory tympanum.
b^. At least three or four oblique veins traverse the median
area of the tympanum of the male tegmina, reaching to its pos-
terior portion Paroecanthus Saussure.
b \ No more than two oblique veins traverse the median area
of the tympanum of the male tegmina, and are found in the
proximal portion only.
Ul
I
m
♦I fi
66
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
a
'. Fore tibiae with auditory foramen on the inner face only
0^. Fore tibiae with auditor foranuna on U>ttT^ ™"-
Tegmina of male ■i.e those of the female wituf t^Tpl':-
Orochari. ranj^ ^^^^ ZlTZir^^lt^''^ ^
known from eaat of the Rocky Mountls ^ ''' ""'^
if
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES
67
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES.
The modern system of Orthoptera was first laid down in general
treatises by Burmeister and Serville (quoted below), but these
works are now of relatively small value, since the study of each
family has been much more fully developed independently by
various later writers, to whom, when American groups are treated
reference is made farther on. The latest general system of
Orthoptera — a sketch only — is to be found in Brunner's Revi-
sion du syst^me des Orthopt^res (1893). Other general works
that may be consulted for North American Orthoptera are
Scudder's Catalogue of the earlier described species (1868) and
Glovers' Illustrations (1872).
For tables for the determination of the famiUes of Orthoptera,
see Burmeister's Handbuch der entomologie, ii, 468 (1838)1
Serville's Orthopt^res (Suites k Euffon), 9,293 (1839); Fieber's
Synopsis der europaischen Orthopteren, 2-3 (1853); Fischer's
Orthoptera europaea, 4-5 (1853); Scudder, in Bost. journ. nat.
hist, vii, 413 (1862), and in Psyche, i, 169-70 (1876); Thomas'
Key to Illinois Orthoptera, 1 (1875), and the same in Rep. ins.
Ill, IX, 82 (1880); Brunner's Prodromus der europaischen Orthop-
teren, 1 (1882); Comstock's Introduction to entomology, 89-90
(1888); Fernald's Orthoptera of New England, 12 (1888); Fmot's
Insectes Orthopt^res, 59 (1890); Sharp, in the Cambridge natural
history, v, 201 (1895); and Comstock's Manual for the study of
insects, 105 (1895).
FORFICULIDAE.
Besides the treatment of this family in the general works on
Orthoptera, some of the principal of which are mentioned above,
see ServiUe, Rev. m^th. Orthopt., 2-3 (1831); de Haan, Bijdr!
kenn. Orthopt., 238-39 (1842); Dohrn, Monogr. Dermapt.
(Stett. ent. zeit., xxiv, 35-66, 309-322; xxv, 285-96, 417-29;
xxvi, 68-99; xxviii, 341-43 -1863-67); numerous papers by de'
l:
m
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
Bonnans, and especially his Etude sur quelques Forficulaires
(Ann. soc. ent. Belg., xxvii, 59-90, 1893), where a table of genera
is added ; and his treatment of these insects in the Biol, centr.
amer., Orthopt., 1-12 (1893); Brunner, Prodr. eur. Orthopt., 4,
for a table of the European genera (1882); Scudder, Proc. Bost.
soc. nat. hist., xviii, 287-332 (1876); also his Synoptical table of
U. S. Forficulariae (Psyche, i, 177-78 — 1876); and his Synopsis
of the North American species (Bull. U. S. geol. surv. ten*., ii,
249-60, 1876); and finally Kirby's Revision of the Forficulidae
(Journ. Linn. soc. Lond., Zool., xxiii, 502-31, 1890), which also
contains a table of the genera.
Anisolabis. — (Table of species) Scudder, Bull. U. S. geol.
surv. terr., ii, 251 (1876).
Sphongophora. — (Table of species) Scudder, Bull. U. S. geol.
surv. terr., ii, 252 (1876).
Labia. — (Tables of species) Scudder, Psyche, i, 178 (1876);
Id., Bull. U. S. geol. surv. terr., ii, 257 (1876).
Forficula. — (Tables of American species) Scudder, Psyche, i,
177 (1876); Id., Bull. U. S. geol. siu-v. terr., ii, 254 (1876).
BLATTIDAE.
For the general treatment of this family and tables for its sub-
division, to which special reference is made, see, in chronological
order and with special reference to North American forms, Bur-
nieister's Ilandb. ent., ii, 481-82 (1838) ; Serville's Orthopt^res,
66 (1839) ; de Ilaan, Bijdr. kenn. Orthopt., 48 (1842) ; Fieber,
Syn. eur. Orthopt., 4-6 (1853) ; Fischer, Orthopt. eur., 91 (1853) ;
Scudder, Bost. journ. nat. hist., vii, 413 — for New England
genera (1862) ; Saussure, Orthopt. Am6r. moy., 46, 47-49, 145,
219 (1864-65) ; Brunner, Syst. Blatt., 46-50 (1865) ; Saussure,
M61. orthopt., i (1869) ; his Miss, scient. Mex., Orthopt. (1870) ;
Stal, Kech. syst. Blatt. 6-7 (1874) ; Thomas, Key 111. Orthopt.,
(1875) ; Brunner, Prodr. eur. Orthopt., 29-30 — for the European
genera (1882) ; Fernald, Orthopt. N. Engl, 50 — N. Engl, gen-
era only (1888) ; Brunner, R6v. syst. Orthopt., 10-12 (1893) ;
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES - MANTIDAE
69
^rficulaires
' of genera
►iol. centr.
rthopt., 4,
*roc. Bost.
il table of
' Synopsis
^. terr., ii,
>rficulidae
hich also
S. geol.
• S. geol.
(1876);
*8yche, i,
5).
its sub-
ological
18, Bur-
Dptdres,
Fieber,
1853) ;
Ingland
9, 145,
ussure,
1870) ;
thopt,,
I'opean
1. gen-
893) ;
Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 14-15 (1893) •
and Sharp, Cambr. nat. hist., v, 240-41 (1895).
Blattinae.— (Tables of genera) Brunner, Syst. Blatt., 46-47
(1865); Id., My. syst. Orthopt., 13-14 (1893); Saussure-Zehnt-
ner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 30-31 (1893).
Thi/rsocera. — (Tables of species) Brunner, Syst. Blatt.,
116-17 (1865); Saussure, Miss, scient. Mex., Orthopt., 48
(1870) ; Brunner, li^v. syst. Orthopt., 21 (1893).
Ischnoptera.— {Tables of species) Brunner, Syst. Blatt.,
128-29 (1865) ; Saussure, Miss, scient. Mex., Orthopt., 53 (1870) •
Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr, amer., Orthopt., 35-36 (1893).
J'hyllodromia. — (Tables of species) Saussure, Orthopt. Am^r
moy., 93-94 (1864-65); Brunner, Syst. Blatt., 89-90 (1865)-
Saussure, Miss, scient. Mex., Orthopt., 27 (1870) ; Brunner, R^v'
syst. Orthopt., 14-15 (1893) ; Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr
amer., Orthopt., 41-42 (1893).
Ceratmoptera.— (Tables of species) Brunner, Syst. Blatt., 76
(1865); Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., ' 48
(loyd).
T€m7iopteryx.~ (Tables of species) Brunner, Syst. Blatt., 84
(1865); Saussure, Miss, scient. Mex., Orthopt., 23 (1870); Saus-
sure-Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 50-52 (1893). '
Zoboptera.— (Table of species) Brunner, Syst. Blatt., SO
(1865).
Nyctoboeinae. — No table of genera has ever been published.
JVi/ctobora.~ (Tables of species) Brunner, Syst. Blatt., 144
(1865); Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt, 55
(1893).
Periplanetinae.— (Tables of genera) Brunner, Syst. Blatt
48,202-3(1865); Stal, Kech. syst. Blatt., 12-14(1874); Brun-
ner, R^v. syst. Orthopt., 33-35 (1893); Saussure-Zehntner, Biol,
centr. amer., Orthopt,, 69-70 (1893).
Murycotis. —(Table of species) Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr.
amer., Orthopt., 70 (1893).
Pelmatosilpha.— (Table of species) Saussure-Zehntner, Biol,
centr. amer., Orthopt., 72 (1893).
70
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
t
I'eriplaneta. — (Table of species) Saussure-Zehntner, Biol,
centr. amer., Ortliopt., 73-74 (1893).
Pakchlorinae. — (Tables of genera) Brunner, Syst. Blatt.,
48-49 (1865); Stal, Rech. syst. Blatt., 16-17 (1874); Saussure-
Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 88-89 (1893).
Panchlora. — (Tables of species) Saussure, Orthopt. Amer.
moy., 187-202, passim (1864-65); Brunner, Syst. Blatt., 271-
72 (1865); Saussure, Miss, sclent. Mex., Orthopt., 101 (1870);
Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 91-93 (1893).
CoRYDixAE. — (Table of genera) Saussure-Zehntner, Biol,
centr. amer., Orthopt., 104-105 (1893).
Homoeogamia. — (Table of species) Saussure-Zehntner, Biol,
centr. amer., Orthopt., 105-106 (1893).
Plectopteeinae. — (Table of genera) Brunner, Syst. Blatt.,
48 (1865).
Chorisoneura. — (Table of species) Brunner, Syst. Blatc.
256 (1865).
Panesthinae. — (Tables of genera) Brunner, Syst. Blatt.,
50 (1865); Id., R^v. syst. Orthopt., 45-46 (1893); Saussure,
Rev. Suisse zool, iii, 301-303 (1895).
MANTIDAE.
Tables for the determinations of the subfamilies (in some
instances of the genera only) of Mantidae will be found in Bur-
meister, Handb. ent., ii, 523-24 (1838); Serville, Orthopteres,
140 (1839); de Haan, Bijdr. kenn. Orthopt., 64-65 (1842);
Fischer, Orthopt. eur., 123 (1853); Saussure, Miss, sclent. Mex.,
Orthopt., 229-30 (1870); Id., Ma orthopt., i, 157 (1870); Id.,
Mant. am^r., 7 (1871); Id., Mitth. schweiz. ent. gesellsch., iii, 51
(1872); Stal, Syst. Mant., 5-7 (1877); Brunner, R6v. syst.
Orthopt., 57-58 (1893); Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer.,
Orthopt., 124 (1894) ; Sharp, Cambr. nat. hist., v, 259 (1895); and
Scudder, Can. ent., xxviii, 207-209 (1896). For a general dis-
cussion of the classific'ition, see also Stal, Rech. syst. Mant.
(1873).
Wi
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES - PHASMIDAE
71
Mantinae.- (Tables of genera and higher groups) Saussure,
Ma orthopt., i, 175-77 (1870); Id., Mant. am^r., 27-30 (1871);
Id., Miss, scient. Mex., Orthopt., 233-36 (1872); Id., Mitth!
schweiz. ent. gesellsch., iii, 55-58, 224-27, 234-35 (1872); Id
M^l. orthopt., ii, 19-21 (1872); Stal, Syst. Mant., 18-45 (1877)'
Brunner, Prodr. eur. Orthopt., 57 — for European genera (1882);'
Id., mv. syst. Orthopt., 60-64 (1893); Saussure-Zehntner, Biol
centr. amer., Orthopt., 127-130, 162 (1894); Scudder, Can. ent
xxviii, 207-209 (1896).
I'hasmomatitis.— (Table of species) Saussure-Zehntner, Biol,
centr. amer., Orthopt., 149 (1894).
Stagm.omantis.—(Tiihles of species) Saussure, Mant. am6r.,
44 (1871); Id., Miss, scient. Mex., Orthopt., 243-44 (1872).
Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 140-41 (1894)!
£runneria. — {TaUe of species) Saussure, Mant. am^r., 133
(1871).
0%o/^2/a;.— (Tables of species) Saussure, Mant. am^r., 119
(1871); Id., Miss, scient. Mex., Orthopt., 273 (1872); Saussure-
Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 172 (1894).
Thesprotia. —(Table of species) Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr.
amer., Orthopt., 170 (1894).
Vatinae.— (Tables of genera) Saussure, Mant. am(5r., 156
(1871); Id., M^ orthopt., ii, 73 (1872); Id., Miss, scient. Mex.
Orthopt. 286 (1872); Id., Mitth. schweiz. ent. gesellsch., iii, 53
(1872); Brunner, R^v. syst. Orthopt., 73-75 (1893); Saussure-
Zehntner, Biol, centr, amer., Orthopt., 184 (1894).
TAeoc^y^es. —(Tables of species) Saussure, Mant. am($r., 172
(1871); Id., Miss, scient. Mex., Orthopt., 292 (1872) ; Saussure-
Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 190-91 (1894).
PHASMIDAE.
For the division of this family into subfamilies or genera, see
Bm-meister, Handb. ent., ii., 560 (1838); ServiUe, Orthoptics,
220-222 (1839); de Haan, Bijdr. kenn. Orthopt., 107-108 (1842);
Stal, Rech. syst. Phasm., 13-16 (1875); Id., Rec. Orthopt., iii^
I,
I.
Ill
III
1
■ f
I
72
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
4-62 (1875); Id., Obs. orthopt., i, 5-21 (1875); Brunner, R^v.
syst. Orthopt., 79-81 (1893); Sharp, Cambr. nat. hist., v, 277-78
(1895); and Scudder, Can. ent., xxvii, 29-30 (1895), the last for
the United States genera only.
Bacunculinae. — (Table of genera) Brunner, R6v. syst.
Orthopt., 82 (1893).
Sermyle. — (Table of species) Stal, Rec. Orthopt., iii, 1^-11
(1875).
Anisomorphinae. — (Table of genera) Brunner, Rev. Syst.
Orthopt., 98 (1893).
ACRIDIIDAE.
Tables for the distribution of this family into subordinate
groups will be found in Burmeister, Handb. ent., ii, 602-603
(1838); Serville, Orthopt^res, 565-70 (1839); de Haan, Bijdr.
kenn. Orthopt., 144-46 (1842); Fieber, Syn. eur. Orthopt.,
8-37, passim (1853); Fischer, Orthopt. eur., 295-98 - for
European genera (1853); Scudder, Bost. journ. nat. hist., vii,
414 — N. Engl, genera (1862); Stal, Rec. Orthopt., i, 1-8 (1873);
Thomas, Acrid. N. A., 49-51 (1873); Id., Key 111. Orthopt.,
2-3— for Illinois genera (1875); Stal, Obs. orthopt., ii, 8-10
(1876); Thomas, Rep. ins. 111., ix, 83-92 — for Illinois genera
(1880); Brunner, Prodr. eur. Orthopt., 83-87 — for European
genera (1882); Oomstock, Intr. ent, 100-101 (1888); Fernald,
Orthopt. N. Engl. 28— N. Engl, genera (1888); Brunner, R6v.
syst. Orthopt., 102-103 (1893); Sharp, Cambr. nat. hist., v,
309-10 (1895); Morse, Psyche, vii, 325 — for N. Engl, groups
only (1896); McNeill, Proc. Dav. acad. nat. sc, vi, 180 — Amer-
ican subfamilies only (1897).
Tettiginae. — (Table of species) de Haan, Bijdr. kenn.
Orthopt., 166-67 (1842). (Tables of genera) Thomas, Acrid.
N. A., 182 (1873); Stal, Obs. orthopt., ii, 47 (1876); Bolivar,
Ess. Tettig., 17-22 (1887); Comstock, Intr. ent., 112 (1888);
Fernald, Orthopt. N. Engl., 46 — N. E,, genera only (1888);
Morse, Psyche, vii, 149 — for N. Engl, genera only (1894).
inner, R^v.
„ V, 277-78
the last for
R6v. syst.
, iii, 76-77
Rev. Syst.
subordinate
ii, 602-603
aan, Bijdr.
'. Orthopt.,
j_98 - for
t. hist., vii,
1-8 (1873);
1. Orthopt.,
>t., ii, 8-10
tiois genera
r European
); Fernald,
inner, R^v.
,t. hist., V,
Qgl. groups
iO — Araer-
ijdr. kenn.
Luas, Acrid.
>); Bolivar,
12 (1888);
y (1888);
(1894).
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES -ACRIDIIDAE 73
Tettig-iae. — (Table of genera) Bolivar, Ess. Tettig., 21 (1887)
/livf*'^'"^'^^^^''' ^^" 'P^''^^') ^^^^^^^' Ess. Tettig., 83-85
^ ? LJ^rf."^' ^''^'P'- ^- ^"S^-' ^^-^- Engl, species
(im) ^'^'^'' '"' '^^""^' ^"^^- ^P^^'^« «"^y
Pam^em-a;. -(Tables of species) Bolivar, Ess. Tettig., 96-98
(1887).
Batrachideae.- (Table of genera) Bolivar, Ess. Tettig., 21-22
(1887).
re««^*<?ea. — (Tables of species) Bolivar, Ess. Tettig , 121-22
(1887) ; Fernald, Orthopt. N. Engl., 47 - N. Engl, species (1888) •
Morse, Psyche, vii, 149- N. Engl, species only (1894). '
Tryxalinae. — (Tables of genera) Thomas, Acrid. N. A., 57
••^fo^oo ^!o!: ^''' ^'^^^P^-' ^' ^^-^^ (1^^^)5 Id-' Obs. orthopt.,
11, 19-23 (1876); Id., ibid., 41-43 -N. A. genera only (1876)'
Fernald, Orthopt. N.Engl., 34 -N. Engl, genera only (1888 •
Brunner, R4v. syst. Orthopt.. 118-123 (1893); Morse, Psyche,
vu, 325-327 — N, Engl, species only (1896); McNeill, Proc
Dav. acad. nat. sc, vi, 195-198 (1897).
Achurum.~(Tahle of species) McNeill, Proc. Dav. acad. nat
sc, vi, 202 (1897).
^croc«m. — (Table of species) Scudder, Psyche v 437
(1890). ' J , , i
Mermiria. ~(T^hle of species) McNeill, Proc. Dav. acad. nat.
sc, vi, 204-205(1897).
£:ritemx. ~ (Table of species) McNeill, Proc. Dav. acad. nat
sc, vi, 218 (1897).
Si/rbula.-.(Tiih\e of species) McNeill, Proc. Dav. acad. nat
sc, vi, 221-222 (1897).
AmpMtor7ius. — (Table of species) McNeill, Proc Dav. acad
nat. sc, vi, 224 (1897).
AmUytropkUa. — (Table of species) McNeill, Proc. Dav. acad
nat. sc, vi, 226-227 (1897).
Chloealtis. — (Tables of species) Thomas, Acrid. N. A , 74
(1873); Fernald, Orthopt. N. Engl., 35 (1888); Morse, Psyche,
vii, 327 (1876); McNeill, Proc Dav.acad. nat. sc, vi, 228 (1897).
74
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
r)
■■; :;
H
ti
p'l
Dichromorpha. — (Table of species) McNeill, Proc. Day. acad,
nat. sc, vi, 231 (1897).
Orphula. — (Tables of species) Morse, Psyche, vii, 326-327 —
N. Engl, species only (1896); McNeill, Proc. Dav. acad. nat. sc,
vi, 234-236(1897).
Alpha. — (Table of species) McNeill, Proc. Dav. acad. nat. sc,
vi, 246 (1897).
Boopedon, — (Table of species) McNeill, Proc. Dav. acad. nat.
sc, vi, 250 (1897).
Plectrotettix. — (Table of species) McNeill, Proc. Dav. acad.
nat. sc, vi, 252 (1897).
Mecostethus. — (Tables of species) Morse, Psyche, vii, 327
(1896); McNeill, Proc Dav. acad. nat. sc, vi, 254 (1897).
Stenohothrus. — (Tables of species) Thomas, Acrid. N. A., 81
(1873); Id., Key 111. Orthopt., 3 — 111. species only (1875);
McNeill, Proc. Dav. acad. nat. sc, vi, 260 (1897).
Gomphocerus. — (Tables of species) Stal, Rec Orthopt., i,
108-111 (1873); Bolivar, Anal, orthopt., 3-7 (1878); McNeill,
Proc Dav. acad. nat. sc, vi, 265 (1897).
Ageneotettix. — (Table of species) McNeill, Proc. Dav. acad.
nat. sc, vi, 268 (1897).
Stirapleura. — (Table of species) McNeill, Proc. Dav. acad.
nat. sc, vi, 270-271 (1897).
Psoloessa. — (Table of species) McNeill, Proc Dav. acad. nat.
sc, vi, 273 (1897).
Oedipodinae. — (Table of species) de Haan, Bijdr. kenn.
Orthopt., 159-61 (1842). (Tables of genera and tribes)
Thomas, Acrid. N. A., 71-72 (1873); Stal, Rec Orthopt., i,
113-119 (1873); Id., Obs. orthopt., ii, 24-28, 43-47 (1873);
Thomas, Key 111. Orthopt., — Illinois genera only (1875);
Scudder, Rep. Wheeler's surv., 1876, 508 — Western genera
only (1877); Saussure, Prodr. Oedip., 41-63 (1884); Id., Add.
prodr. Oedip., 14 (1888); Comstock, Introd. ent, 103 — Eastern
genera only (1888); Fernald, Orthopt. N. Engl., 38-39 — N.
E. genera only (1888); Morse, Psyche, viii, 35-37 —N. Engl,
genera only (1897).
''•
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES -ACRIDIIDAE 75
Oedipodini. _ (Tables of genera) Saussure, Prodr Oedip
41-61, 154, 192 (1884); Id., Add. prodr. Oedi;., 14-24 (1888)"
^Arphia.-(T^Ue of species) Saussure, Prodr. Oedip, 65-66
Chonophaga. - (Tables of species) Scudder, Proc. Bost. soc
nat hist., xvn, 479 (1875); Saussure, Prodr. Oedip., 72 (1884)
75 ^ Jg^g4^"''^^^'^^- - ( Table of species) Saussure, Prodr. Oedip.,'
Encoptolophus.- (Tables of species) Shudder, Proc. Bost. soc.
nat. hist., xvii, 480 (1875); Saussure, Pi odr. Oedip., 77 (1884)
mppiscus.— (Tables of species) Saussure, Prodr. Oedb 82-
84, 89-90 (1884); Scudder, Psyche, vi, 266-74 (1892)
isf t57l'884r ^^^^' '^ '^'''''^ ^'''''''''' ^"''^"' ^'^'P"
Spharagemon.- (Tables of species) Scudder, Proc. Bost soc
nat. hist., xvii, 468 (1875); Saussure, Prodr. Oedip., 135 (1884v"
Fernald, Orthopt. K Engl. 43 _N. E. species (1888); Morse
Psyche, vii, 290, 292, 295 - N. Engl, species only (1895)
Scirtettica. — (Table of species) Saussure, Prodr. Oedip., 135
(1884).
Zactista. — {Tdihle of species) Saussure, Prodr. Oedin 142-4q
(1884). ^''
Tomonotus.— (Table of species) Saussure, Prodr. Oedip., 97
(1884).
Berotmema. — (Table of species) Saussure, Prodr. Oedin 155
(1884). ^■'
Mestobregma. — (Tables of species) Saussure, Prodr. Oedip
160-61 (1884); Id., Add. prodr. Oedip., 58-59 (1888) .
Conozoa. — (Tables of species) Saussure, Prodr. Oedip., 165
(1884); Id., Add. prodr. Oedip., 60-61 (1888).
Trimerotropis. — (Tables of species) Saussure, Prodr. Oedip.
167-68 (1884); Id., Add. prodr. Oedip., 63 (1888).
Circotettix.— (Table of species) Saussure, Prodr. Oedip, 175
(1884). ^''
Heliastus. — (Table of species) Saussure, Prodr. Oedip , 212-
13 (1884). ^
76
GUIDE TO ORTIIOPTERA
Eremobiini. — (Tables of genera) Saussure, Prodr. Oedip.,
61-63 (1884); Id., Add. prodr. Oedip., 122-24 (1888).
Brachystola. — (Table of species) Saussure, Prodr. Oedip., 163
(1884).
AcRiDiiNAE. — (Tables of genera and higher groups) Thomas,
Acrid. N. A., 144-45(1873); Stal, Rec. Orthopt., i, 26-44 (1873);
Id., Obs. orthopt., ii, 10-19 (1876); Id., ibid., ii, 37-41— N. A.
genera (1876); Id., Syst. Acrid., 5-53 (1878); Comstock, Introd.
ent., 106 — the commoner N. A. genera (1888) ; Fernald, Orthopt.
N. Engl., 18 — N. Engl, genera (1888); Brunner. R^v. syst.
Orthopt., 131-51 (1893).
Dictyophorus, — (List of species) Pictet-Saussure, Catal. Acrid.,
i, 17 (1887).
Mhomalea. — (Table and List of species) Pictet-Saussure,
Catal. Acrid., i, 18-20 (1887).
Tropiclacris. — (Tables and List of species) Stal, Rec. Orthopt.,
i, 48-49 (1873); Pictet-Saussure, Catal. Acrid., i, 28-29 (1887).
Schistocerca. — (Tables of species) Stal, Rec. Orthopt., i, 64-67
(1873); Thomas, Acrid. N. A., 169 (1873); Id., Key 111. Orthopt,
3 — Illinois species only (1875).
Melanopli. — (Tables of genera) Stal, Obs. orthopt., iii, 3-5
(1878); Brunner, R6v. syst. Orthopt., 144-47 (1893); Scudder,
Psyche, vii, 367-68 — N. E. genera only (1896); Id., Proc. amer.
acad. arts sc, xxxii, 195-204 (1897). A monograph on this
group, with tables and descriptions of all the N. A. genera and
species will shortly be published by the U. S. National Museum.
Podisma. — (Tables of species) Thomas, Acrid. N. A., 145-46
(1873); Id., Key 111. Orthopt., 3 — Illinois species only (1875);
Stal, Obs. orthopt., iii, 14-15 (1878).
Melanoplus. — (Tables of species) Thomas, Ann. rep. U. S.
geol. surv. terr., v, 449-50 (1872); Id., Acrid. N. A., 158 (1873);
Id., Key 111. Orthopt., 3 — Illinois species only (1875); Scudder,
Proc. Bost. soc. nat. hist., xix, 322-24 — N. Engl, species only
(1878); Id., ibid, 327-28 — Western species only (1878); Stal,
Obs. orthopt., iii, 13-14 (1878); Comstock, Introd. ent, 108,
commoner species only (1888); Fernald, Orthopt. N.Engl., 31 —
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES — LOCUSTIDAE
77
. Oedip.,
Bdip., 163
Thomas,
4 (1873);
— N. A.
<, Introd.
, Orthopt.
\^v. syst.
al. Acrid.,
Saussure,
Orthopt.,
) (1887).
., i, 64-67
Orthopt,
iii, 3-5
Scudder,
oc. amer.
I on this
snera and
Museum.
., 145-46
T (1875);
3p. U. S.
I (1873);
Scudder,
icies only
8); Stal,
3nt., 108,
gl.,31-
N. Engl, species only (1888); Scudder, Psyche, vii, 368-70 —
N. Engl, species only (1896); Scudder, Proc. amer. philos. soc,
xxxvi, (1897).
Tables of these and all the other genera of Melanopli having
more than one species will be found in the forthcoming memoir
referred to under Melanopli.
LOCUSTIDAE.
Tables more or less complete for determining the higher groups
of the genera will be found in Burmeister, Handb. ent., ii, 673-75
(1838); Serville, Orthopt^res, 376-83 (1839); de Haan, Bijdr.,
kenn. Orthopt., 180-82 (1842); Fieber, Syn. eur. Orthopt.
38-62, passim (1853); Fischer, Orthopt. eur., 197-99 (1853);
Scudder, Bost. journ. nat. hist., vii, 414 — N. Engl, genera only
(1862); Stal, Rec. Orthopt., ii, 1-4 (1874); Thomas, Key 111.
Orthopt., 2 — IlHnois genera only (1875); Brunner, Monogr.
Phaneropt., 10-12 (1878); Id., Prodr. eur, Orthopt., 245-49 —
European groups only (1882); Comstock, Jutrod. ent., 113 —
northeastern U. S. genera only (1888); Fernald, Orthopt. N.
Engl, 18 — N. Engl, genera only (1888); Brunner, R6v. syst.
Orthopt., 165-66 (1893); Sharp, Cambr. nat. hist., v, 328-29
(1895).
PHANEEorTERiNAE. — (Tables of genera and higher groups)
Stal, Ofv. vet. akah. forh., xxx, 39-42 (1873), Id., Rec. Orthopt ,
ii, 8-22 (1874); Brunner, Monogr. Phaneropt., 12-32(1878); Id.,
Add. monogr. Phaneropt., 3-24 (1891).
Odonturae. — (Tables of genera) Brunner, Monogr. Phaneropt.,
12-13 (1878); Id., Add. monogr. Phaneropt., 3-4 (1891).
Dichopetala. — (Table of species) Brunner, Monogr. Phan-
eropt, 76 (1878).
Hormiliae (Tables of genera) Brunner, Monogr. Phaneropt.,
24 (1878); Id., Add. monogr. Phaneropt., 16 (1891).
Arethaea. — (Table of species) Brunner, Monogr. Phaneropt.,
235(1878).
78
GUIDE TO ortmopteha
Ji
re
Scudderiae. — (Tables of genera) Brunner, Monogr. Phaneropt.,
25 (1878); Id., Add. monogr. Phaneropt., 16-17 (1891).
Scudderia. — (Table of species) Brunner, Monogr. Phaneropt.,
237-38 (1878).
iSymmetopleura. — (Table of species) Brunner, Monogr. Phan-
eropt., 245-46 (1878).
Amblycoryphae — (Tables of genera) Brunner, Monogr. Phan-
eropt., 26-27 (1878); Id., Add. monogr. Phaneropt., 19 (1891).
Ambhjcovypha. — (Table of species) Brunner, Monogr. Phan-
eropt, 265-66 (1878).
Microcentra. — (Tables of genera) Brunner, Monogr. Phan-
eropt., 29-31 (1878); Id., Add. monogr. Phaneropt., 22-23
(1891).
Microcentrum. — (Tables of species) Brunner, Monogr. Phan-
eropt., 334-35 (1878); Id., Add. monogr. Phaneropt., 179-80
(1891).
PsEUDOPHYLLiXAE. — (Tables of genera and higher groups)
Stal, Ofv. vet. akad. forh., xxx, 44-48 (1873); Id., Kec. Orthopt.,
ii, 48-67 (1874); Brunner, Monogr. Pseudoph., 9-22 (1895).
Bliastes. — (Table of species) Brunner, Monogr. Pseudoph.,
181-83 (1895).
Cyrtophyllus. — (Table of species) Brunner, Monogr. Pseud-
oph., 239 (1895).
CoNOCEPiiALiNAE. — (Tables of genera and higher groups)
Stal, Ofv. vet. akad. forh., xxx, 50 (1873); Id., Rec. Orthopt., ii,
96-104 (1874); Redtenbacher, Verb, zool.-bot. gesellsch. Wien,
xli, 327-33 (1891).
Conocephalini. — (Table of species) de Haan, Bijdr. kenn.
Orthopt., 211-12 (1842). (Table of genera) Redtenbacher,
Verb, zool.-bot. gesellsch. Wien, xli, 328-30 (1891).
Copiophora. — (Tables of species) Stal, Rec. Orthopt., ii, 104-
105 (1874); Redtenbacher, Verb, zool.-bot. gesellsch. Wien,
xli, 340 (1891).
Pyrgocorypha. — (Table of species) Redtenbacher, Verb, zool.-
bot. gesellsch. Wien, xli, 372 (1891).
Conocephalus. — (Tables of species) Stal, Rec. Orthopt. ii, 108-
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES - LOCUSTIDAE
79
110 (1874); Kedtenbacher, Verb, zool.-bot. gesellsch. Wein,
xli, 378-86 (1891).
XlphuUini. —(Tables of genera) Stal, Hec. Orthopt., ii, 111-13
(1874); Iledtenbaclier, Verb, zool.-bot. gesellscb. Wien, xli,
333 (1891). (Table of species) Fernakl, Ortbopt. N. Engl., 24
— N. Engl, species only (1888).
Orc/ielimitm. ~{Tnh\e of species) Redtenbaeber, Verb, zool.-
bot. gesellscb. Wien, xli, 494-95 (1891).
X^iphidium.— (Table of species) Redtenbacber, Verb, zool.-
bot. gesellscb. Wien, xli, 495-99 (1891).
Decticinae.— (Tables of genera) Hei-man, Verb, zool.-bot.
gesellscb. Wien, xxiv, 197-201 (1874); Brunner, Rev. syst.
Ortbopt., 185-88 (1893); Scudder, Can. ent., xxvi, 177-79
(1894).
Atlanticus. — (Table of species) Scudder, Can. ent., xxvi, 179-
80 (1894).
Capnobotes. — (Table of species) Scudder, Can. ent., xxix, 73-
74 (1897).
Steiromjs. — (Table of species) Scudder, Can. ent., xxvi, 182
(1894).
Stenopelmatinae. — (Tables of genera and bigber groups)
Stal, Obs. ortbopt., ii, 49-53 (1876); Brunner, Monogr. Stenop.,
9-13 (1888).
Stenopelraatini. — (Table of genera) Brunner, Monogr. Stenop.,
9 (1888).
Stenopelmatus. — (Table of species) Brunner, Monogr. Stenop.,
14-15 (1888).
Rhaphidophorini. — (Table of genera) Brunner, Monogr.
Stenop., 12-13 (1888).
Ceuthophili. — (Tables of genera) Brunner, Monogr. Stenop.,
12-13 (1888); Scudder, Proc. amer. acad. arts sc, xxx, 20-21
(1894).
Hadenoecus. — (Table of species) Scudder, Proc. amer. acad.
arts sc, xxx, 22 (1894).
Ceuthophilus, — (Tables of species) Brunner, Monogr. Stenop.,
61-62 (1888); Scudder, Proc. amer. acad. arts sc, xxx, 24-30
(1894).
I
80
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
Phrixocnemis. — (Table of species) Scudder, Proc. amer.
acad. arts sc, xxx, 103 (1894).
Daihinia. — (Table of species) Scudder, Proc. amer. acad. arts
sc, xxx, 108 (1894).
Udeopsylla. — (Table of species) Scudder, Proc. amer. acad.
artssc, xxx, 109 (1894).
GRYLLIDAE.
i
Tables of genera and higher groups will be found in Burmeister,
Handb. ent., ii, 729 (1838); Serville, Orthopt^res, 298-99 (1839);
de Haan, Bijdr. kenn. Orihopt., 227-28 (1842); Fieber, Syn.
eur. Orthopt, 62-69, passim — the European genera (1853);
Fischer, Orthopt. eur., 151-52 — European genera (1853);
Scudder, Bost. journ. nat. hist., vii, 413-14 — N. Engl, genera
only (1862); Saussure, Miss, sclent. Mex., Orthopt. 332 (1874);
Thomas, Key 111. Orthopt., 2, — Illinois genera (1875); Brunner,
Mitth. schweiz. ent. gesellsch., iv, 164-67 (1877); Saussure, M61.
orthopt., ii, 185 (1877); Brunner, Prodr. eur. Orthopt., 419-20
— European genera (1882); Comstock, Introd. ent. 120 —
common American genera (1888); Fernald, Orthopt. N. Engl.,
12 — N. Engl, genera (1888); Sharp, Cambr. nat. hist., v, 340
(1895); Saussure, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 198-99 (1894).
Gryllotalpixae. — (Tables of genera) Saussure, Miss, sclent.
Mex., Orthopt., 334 (1874); Id., M61. orthopt., ii, 187 (1877);
Brunner, Mitth. schweiz. ent. gesellsch., 166-67 (1877).
Gryllotalpa. — (Tables of species) de Haan, Bijdr. kenn.
Orthopt., 237 (1842); Scudder, Mem. Peab. acad. sc, i, 16
(1869); Saussure, Miss, sclent. Mex., Orthopt., 341 (1874); Id.,
Mel. orthopt., ii, 192-93 (1877).
ScapteriscHs. — (Tables of species) Scudder, Mem. Peab. acad.
sc, i, 7 (1869); Saussure, Miss, sclent. Mex., Orthopt., 337
(1874).
Tridactylus. — (Tables of species) de Haan, Bijdr. kenn.
Orthopt., 237-38 (1842); Saussure, Miss, sclent. Mex., Orthopt.,
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES — GRYLLIDAE
81
I
351 (1874); Id., Mel. orthopt., ii, 214-15 (1877); Id., Biol, centr.
amer., Orthopt., 204 (1896); Id., Rev. Suisse zool.,iv, 30 (1897).
Myrmecopiiilixae. — (Tables of genera) Saussure, Miss, scient.
Mex., Orthopt., 423 (1874); Id., M61. orthopt., ii, 450-57 (1877).
Brimner, Mitth. schweiz. eiit. gesellsch., iv, 107 (1877).
Cycloptihim. — (Table of species) Saussure, Miss, scient. Mex.,
Orthopt., 420 (1874).
Gryllinae. — (TaVios of genera) Saussure, Miss, scient, Mex.,
Orthopt, 380 (1874); id., M61. orthopt., ii, 231-33, 451 (1877);
Brunner, Mitth. schweiz. ent. gesellsch., iv, 166 (1877).
Nemohius. — (Tables of species) Saussure, Miss, scient. Mex.,
Orthopt., 382 (1874); Id., Mel. orthopt., ii, 240-42 (1877);
Scudder, Journ. N. Y. ent. soc, iv, 100-101 (1896); Id., Psyche,
vii, 431-33 (1896).
Gryllus. — (Tables of species) de Haan, Bijdr. kenn. Orthopt,,
229-30 (1842); Saussure, Miss, scient. Mex., Orthopt., 395-9;-
(1874); Id., M61. orthopt., ii, 314-16 (1877).
Gryllodes. — (Tables of species) Saussure, Miss, scient. Mex.,
Orthopt., 410-11 (1874) ; Id., M41. orthopt,, ii, 367-68 (1877).
Oecanthinae. — (Tables of genera) Saussure, Miss, scient.
Mex., Orthopt., 429-30 (1874); Brunner, Mitth. schweiz. ent.
gesellsch., iv, 454-55 (1877); Saussure, M61. orthopt., ii, 536-39
(irf.'S).
Oecdnt/ms. — (Tables of species) Saussure, Miss, scient. Mex.,
Orthopt., 458 (1874) ; Id., M41. orthopt., ii, 593 (1878) . (Distinc-
tions between N. A. species) Hart, Ent. news, iii, 33-34 (1892).
Teigonidiinae. — (Tables of genera) Saussure, Miss, scient.
Mex., Orthopt., 363 (1874); Brunner, Mitth. schweiz. ent.
gesellsch., iv, 455-56 (1877); Saussure, Mel. orthopt., ii, 601-602
(1878); Brunner, Rev. sys^ Orthopt., 207 (1893).
Anaxiphus. — (Table of species) Saussure, Miss, scient. Mex.,
Orthopt., 371 (1874).
Cyrtoxiphus. — (Tables of species) Saussure, Miss, scient. Mex,,
Orthopt., 373 (1874); Id., M61. orthopt., ii, 618 (1878).
Phylloscirtus. — (Tables of species) Gerstaecker, Stett. ent.
zeit., xxiv, 425-26 (1863); Saussure, Miss, scient. Mex., Orthopt.,
mk
82
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
365 (1874); Id., Ma orthopt., ii, 635-36 (1878); Burmeister,
Cephal. u. Phyllosc. 15-16 (1880).
Eneopterinae.— (Tables of genera) Saussure, Miss, scient.
Mex., Orthopt., 465-66 (1874); Brunner, Mitth. schweiz. eiit.
gesellsch., iv, 455 (1877); Saussure, M^l. orthopt., ii, 645-49
(1878).
I'aroecanthus.— (Tables of species) Saussure, Miss, scient.
Mex., Orthopt., 470 (1874); Id., M61. orthopt., ii, 735 (1878).
ApUhis. — (Tables of species) Saussure, Miss, scient. Mex
Orthopt., 488 (1874); Id., M^l. orthopt., ii, 744-45 (1878).
Orocharis. — (T&Ues of sj.ecies) Saussure, Miss, scient. Mex,
Orthopt., 494 (1874); Id., M61. orthopt., ii, 751 (1878).
Metrijpa. — (Tables of species) Saussure, Miss, scient. Mex.
Orthopt., 513 (1874); Id., M61. orthopt., ii, 812-13 (1878).
Other tables of genera and higher groups of Gryllidae wli
doubtless appear in Saussure's treatment of the family in the
Biologia centrali-americana, now in the course of publication.
LITERATURE
83
LIST OF THE LITERATURE
REFERRED TO IN THE PRECEDING BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES.
Bolivar, Ignacio. Analecta orthopterologica. 48 pp., 2 pi. [Madrid]
1878. 8*^. (Anal. soc. espan. hist, nat., vii, 423-470, pi. 4-5.)
Essai sur les Acridiens de la tribu des Tettigidae. 2 + 139 pp., 2 pi.
Gand, 1887. 8<^. (Ann. soc. ent. Belg. xxxi, 175-313, pi. 1-2.)
Bormans, August. ]fctude sur quelques Forficulaires nouveaux ou peu
connus, pr6c6d6e d'un tableau synoptique des genres de cette famille. 30
pp., 1 pi., 1 sheet, Bruxelles, 1883. 8°. (Ann. soc. ent. Belg., xxvii, 59-<J0,
pi. 2.)
Dermaptera. Godm.-Salv., Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 1-12, pi. 1-2-
London, 1893. 4°.
Brunner von Wattenwyl, Carl. Nouveau systeme des Blattaires. 420 pp.,
13 pi. Vienne, 1865. 8°.
Systeme des Gryllides. 8 pp. [Schaffhausen], 1877. 8°. (Mitth.
schweiz. ent. gesellsch., iv, 163-170.)
Monographic der Phaneropteriden. 2 -f 401 pp., 8 pi. Wien, 1878.
8*^. — Additamenta zur monogi-aphie der Phaneropteriden. 190 pp., 2 pi.
Wien, 1891. 8*^. (Verh. zool.-bot. gesellsch. Wien, xli, 1-190, pi. 1-2.)
Prodromus der europaischen Orthopteren. 32 + 400 pp., 12 pi.
Leipzig, 1882. 8^.
Monographic der Stenopelmatiden und Gryllacriden. 150 pp., 4 pi.
Wien, 1888. 8°. (Verh. zool.-bot. gesellsch. Wien, xxxviii, 247-394, pi.
5-8.)
Revision du systeme des Orthopteres, et description des especes rap-
portees par M. Leonardo Fea de Birmanie. 230 pp., pi. Genova, 1893.
8°. (Ann. mus. civ. stor. nat. Genova, (2), xiii, 1-2.30, pi. 1-0.)
Monographie der Pseudophylliden. 4 4-282 pp., 10 pi. Wien, 1895. Text
8°, plates 4^^.
Burmeister, Hermann Carl Conrad. Handbuch der entomologie. Bd. II,
abth. ii. 666 pp. Berlin, 1838. 8^.
Cephalocaema und Phylloscirtus, zwei merkwiirdige Orthopteren-
gattungen der fauna argentina. 20 pp., 1 pi. Halle, 1880. 4°. (Abh.
naturf. gesellsch. Halle, xv, 1-20, pi. 1.)
Comstock, John Henry. An introduction to entomology [Part i]. 4 -{- 234
pp. Ithaca, 1888. 8'^.
and Comstock, Anna Botsford. A manual for the study of insects.
12 4- 701 pp., pi. Ithaca, 1895. 8\
84
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
Bokrn, Wolfgang Ludwig Heinrich. Versuch einer monographie der Der-
niapteren. Stett. ent. zeit., xxiv-xxviii, passim. Stettin, 1803-67. 8*^.
Fernald, Cliarles Henry. Tiie Ortlioptera of New England ; designed for the
use of the students in the Massachusetts agricultural college and the farmers
of the state. 01 pp. Bo.ston, 1888. 8'^. (Ann. rep. Mass. agric. coll., xxv
[Pub. doc. 1888, 31], 89-145; Rep. sec. board agric. Mass., 1887, 421-481.)
Fieber, Franz Xavier. Synopsis der europaischen Orthopteren, mit
besonderer riicksicht auf die in Bohmen vorkommenden artoii. 4 -j- 79 pp.
Prag, 1854 [1853*]. (Lotos, iii, passim.)
Finot, Adrien. Faune de la France. Insectes OrthoptSres. Thysanoures
et Orthopteres proprement dits. 322 pp., 13 pi. Fontainebleau, 1890. 8°.
Fischer, Leopold Heinrich. Orthoptera europaea. 20 -}- 454 pp., 18 pi.
Lipsiae, 1853. 4°.
Gerstaecker, Carl Eduard Adolph. Scepastus und Phylloscirtus, zwei
kaferahnliche Grylloden-gattungen. Stett. ent. zeit., xxiv, 408-430. Stettin,
1863. 8°.
Glover, Townend. Illustrations of North American entomology (United
States and Canada). Orthoptera. 5-1-11 pp., 13 pi. Washington, 1872.
4=. Five additional plates, with MS. explanation, were afterward issued,
four in 1874, the last still later.
Ilaan, Willem de. Bijdragen tot de kennis der Orthoptera. Temminck,
Verh. nat. geschied. Nederl. overz. bezitt., 45-248, pi. 10-23. Leiden,
1842, fol.
Hart, Charles A. On the species of Oecanthus. Ent. news, iii, 33-34.
Philadelphia, 1892. 8°.
Herman, Otto. Die Decticiden der Brunner von Wattenwyl'schen samm-
lung; 1, genera. Verh. zool.-bot. gesellsch. Wien, xxiv, 191-210 pi. 3-6.
Wien, 1874. 8°.
Kirbij, William Forsell. A revision of the Forficulidae, with descriptions
of new species in the British museum. Journ. linn. soc. Lond., zool., xxiii,
502-531, pi. 12. London, 1890. 8".
McNeill, Jerome. Revision of the Truxalinae of North America. Proc.
Davenp. acad. nat. sc, vi, 179-274, pi. 1-0. Davenport, 1897. 8°.
Morse, Albert Pitts. Notes on the Acrididae of New England, i, Tetti-
ginae; ii, Tryxalinae; iii, Oedipodinae. Psyche vii-viii, passim. Cam-
bridge, 1894-1897. 4°.
Revision of the species of Spharagemon. Psyche, vii, 287-299. Cam-
bridge, 1895. 4°.
* The date on the title page is 1854, but the whole appeared bj' instalments in Lotos
in 18.53 — the last, in November, containing the Gryllidae; and Fieber in mentioning
this in Lotos (iv, 146, note) says of the separate issue " unrichtig mit der jahreszahl
1K;54." It is important, as it thus precedes Fischer's work, the pretace of which is
ix., dated, Cal. Nov. MDCCCLIIL"
LITERATURE
85
Pictet, Alphonse et Saussure, Henri de. Catalogue d'Acridiens. 46 pp.
Schaffhouse, 1887. 8°. (Bull. soc. eut. sulsse, vii, 331-376.)
Redtenbacher, Josef. Monographie der Conocephaliden. Verh. zool.-bot.
gesellsch. Wien, xli, 315-562, pi. 3-4. Wien, 1891. 8°.
Saussure, Henri de. Melanges orthopt6rologiques. Tomes i-ii. Geneve.
4°. T. i, 460 pp., 7 pi., 1863-71. T. ii, 834 pp., 19 pi., 1872-1878. (Extr.
Mdm. soc. phys. hist. nat. Geneve, xvii-xxv.)
Ortliopteres de I'Amerique moyenne. 279 pp., 2 pi. Geneve, 1864.
4°. (Sauss., M6m. hist. nat. Mex., I, iii-iv.)
Synopsis des Mantides americains. 184 pp., 2 pi. Gen5ve, 1871.
4°. (Sauss., M^m. hist. nat. Mex., II, i.)
Essai d'un systeme des Mantides. Mitth. schweiz. ent. gesellsch., iii,
49-73. Schaffhausen, 1872. 8°.
Additions au systeme des Mantides. Mitth. schweiz. ent. gesellsch., iii,
221-244. Schaffhausen, 1872. 8°.
^fetudes sur les insectes Orthopteres. 6 + 533 pp., 8 pL Paris, 1872
[1872-79]. fol. (Miss, scient. Mex. et Amdr. centr., Rech. zool.)
Prodromus Oedipodiorum, insectorum ex ordine Orthopterorum. 256
pp., 1 pi. Geneve, 1884. 4°. (Mdm. soc. phys. hist. nat. Geneve, xxviii,
No. 9.) — Additamenta ad prodromum Oedipodiorum. 182 pp., 1 pi. Geneve,
1888. 4"^. (M6m. soc. phys. hist. nat. Geneve, XXX, No 1.) These two were
subsequently connected, with a new title page : Prodrome des Oedipodiens,
insectes de I'ordre des Orthopteres. Geneve, 1888. 4°.
Revision de la tribu des Panesthiens et de celle des Epilampriens,
insectes Orthopteres de la famille des Blattides. Rev. suisse zool., iii,
299-364, pi. 9. Gen6ve, 1895. 8°.
R6vision du genre Tridactylus. Rev. suisse zool., iv, 407-419,
Geneve, 1897. 8°.
Orthoptera genuina : Gryllidae. Godm.-Salv., Biol, centr. Amer.,
Orthopt., 198- pi. 11- London, 1894. 4°. (In course of publication.)
et Zehntner, Leo. Orthoptera genuina : Blattidae, Mautidae. Godm.-
Salv., Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 13-197, pi. 1-10. London, 1893-94. 4.'^
Scudder, Samuel Hubbard. Materials for a monograph of the North
American Orthoptera, including a catalogue of the known New England
species. Bost. journ. nat. hist., vii, 409-480. Boston, 1862. 8^.
Catalogue of the Orthoptera of North America, described previous
to 1867. 20 + 89 pp. Washington, 1868. 8^.
Revision of the large, stylated, fossorial crickets. 28 pp., 1 pi.
Salem, 1869, 8^. (Mem. Peab. acad. sc, i.)
Spharagemon, a genus of Oedipodidae, with a revision of the species.
Proc. Bost. soc. nat. hist, xvii, 467-471 ; Ent. notes, iv, 66-70. Boston, 1875.
8°.
Revision of two American genera of Oedipodidae. Proc. Bost. soc,
nat. hist., xvii, 478-485 ; Ent. notes, iv, 77-84. Boston, 1875. 8 .
f
86
GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA
Scudder, Samuel Hubbard. Brief synopsis of North American earwigs,
with an appendix on the fossil species. Bull. U. S. geol. surv. terr., ii, 249-
200. Washington, 1876. 8°.
Synoptical tables for determining North American insects. Orthop-
tera. Psyche, i, 169-171. Cambridge, 1876. 8^^.
Synoptical tables for determining North American insects. Orthop-
tera — U. S. Forficulariae. Psyche, i, 177-178. Cambridge, 187G, 8^,
Critical and historical notes on Forficulariae ; including descriptions
of new generic forms and an alphabetical synonymic list of the described
species. Proc. Bost. soc. nat. hist., xviii, 287-332 ; Ent. notes, v, 27-72.
Boston, 1876. 8''\
Report on the Orthoptera collected by the U. S. geographical surveys
west of the 100th meridian, under the direction of Lt. George M. Wheeler,
during the season of 1875. Rep. chief eng., 1876, 498-515. Washington,
1877. 8°.
Remarks on Calliptenus and Melanoplus, with a notice of the species
found in New England. Proc. Bost. soc. nat. hist., xix, 281-286 ; Ent. notes,
vi, 40-45. Boston, 1878. 8°.
Brief notice of the American species of Melanoplus found west of the
one hundred and seventeenth meridian. Proc. Bost. soc. nat. hist., xix, 286-
200 ; Ent. notes, vi, 45-49. Boston, 1878. 8^.
Some genera of Oedipodidae rescued from the Tryxalidae. Psyche,
V, 431-442. Cambridge, 1890. 4^.
The Orthopteran genus Hippiscus. Psyche vi, passim. Cambridge,
1892. 4°.
A preliminary view of the North American Decticidae. Can. ent.,
xxvi, 177-184. London, 1894. 8°.
The North American Ceuthophili. Proc. Amer. acad. arts sc, xxx,
17-113. Boston, 1894. 8^\
Summary of the U. S. Phasmidae. Can. ent., xxvii, 29-30. London,
1895. 8^^.
The New England Melanopli. Psyche, vii, 367-370. Cambridge,
1896. 4°.
The North American species of Nemobius. Journ. N. Y. ent. soc, iv,
99-107. New York, 1896. 8°.
The species of Nemobius found in North America. Psyche, vii,
431-434. Cambridge, 1896. 4^^.
Index to the Mantidae of North America north of Mexico. Can. ent.,
xxviii, 207-215. London, 1896. 8 •.
The genera of North America Melanopli. Proc. amer. acad. arts
sc, xxxii, 192-206. Boston, 1897. 8^.
Synonymical and descriptive notes on North American Orthoptera.
Can. ent., xxix, 73-76. London, 1897. 8^^.
The species of the genus Melanoplus. Proc. amer. phil. soc, xxxvi.
Philadelphia, 1897. 8^.
LITERATURE
87
Serville, Jean Guillauroe Audinet. Revue mfithoclique des insectes de Tordre
des Orthopt^res. 101 pp. Paris, 1831. 8^. (Ann. sc. nat., xxii, passim).
Histoire natureile des insectes. Orthopteres. 18 -|- 777 pp., 14 pi.
Paris, 1839. 8^.
»S'^arp, David. Insecta. Cambr. nat. hist., v, 81-584. London, 1895. 8°.
o
Stal, Carl. Recensio Orthopterorum. Revue critique des OrthoptSres
dficrits par Linn6, de Geer et Thunberg. [3 parts.] Stockholm. 8"^.
i, 4 + 154 pp., 1873; ii, 4 + 121 pp., 1874; iii, 4 + 105 pp., 1875.
Recherches sur le systeme des Mantides. 26 pp. Stockholm, 1873.
8°. (Bih. svensk. vet. akad. handl., i, no. 10.)
Orthoptera nova. Ofv. vet. akad. forh., xxx, 39-53. Stockholm,
1873. 8°.
Recherches sur le systeme des Blattaires. 18 pp. Stockholm, 1874.
8°. (Bih. svensk. vet. akad. handl., ii, no. 13.)
Recherches sur le systeme des Phasmides. 19 pp. Stockholm, 1875.
8°. (Bih. svensk. vet. akad. handl, ii, no. 17.)
Obervations orthoptfirologiques. [i], 43 pp. Stockholm, 1875, 8'=.
(Bih. svensk. vet. akad. handl., iii, no. 14.); ii, 58 pp. 1876 (Bih., iv, no.
5.) ; iji 20 pp. 1878 (Bih., v, no. 9.).
Systema Mantodeorum. Essai d'une syst6raatisation nouvelle des
Mantod6es. 91 pp., 1 pi. Stockholm, 1877. 8°. (Bih. svensk. vet. akad.
handl., iv, no. 10).
Systema Acrideodeorum. Essai d'une systSmatisation des Acridio-
dfies, i. 100 pp. Stockholm, 1878. 8". (Bih. svensk. vet. akad. handl., v,
no. 4).
Thomas, Cyrus. Notes on the saltatorial Orthoptera of the Rocky
Mountain reg'ons. Ann. rep. U. S. geol. surv. terr., v, 423-466, pi. 1-2.
Washington. 1872. 8^.
Synopsis of the Acrididae of North America. 10+262 pp., 1 pi.
Washington, 1873. 4*^. (Rep. U. S. geol. surv. terr., v.)
Key to Illinois Orthoptera. 4 pp. [Carbondale, 1875. ?]. 8°.
The Acrididae of Illinois. Rep. ins. 111., ix, 73-140. Sprin^eld,
1880. 8°.
PRMHIPiimHQI
INDEX.
Numbers following 06 refer to the Bibliographies.
Acentetus, 28, 32.
Achurum, 25, 32, 73.
Acridia, 39, 41.
Acridiidae, 7, 9, 22, 72.
Acridiinae, 22, 39, 76.
Acrocara, 26, 32, 73.
Acroloph'itus, 25, 32.
Aegipan, 52.
Aeoloplus, 44, 49.
Ageneotettix, 31, 32, 74.
Agyinnastus, 34, 37.
Alpha, 29, 32, 74.
Amblycorypha, 53, 77.
Amblycoryjihae, 52, 53, 77.
Amblytropidia, 28, 32, 73.
Ampnitornus, 28, 32, 73.
Anabrus, 56.
Anaxiphus, 65, 81.
Anconia, 37, 38.
Anisolabis, 11,68.
Anisomorpha, 20, 21.
Ani8omorphinae,19, 20, 72.
Apithis, 66, 82.
Apote, 55, 57.
Aptenopedes, 49.
Arethaea, 52, 77.
Arnilia,41.
Arphia, 33, 37, 75.
Asemophis, 49.
Ateloplus, 57.
Atlanticus, 55, 57, 79.
Aulocara, 31, 32.
Bacillinae, 19, 21.
BaciUus, 21.
Bactromantis, 16, 17, 18.
Bacunculinae, 19, 20, 72.
Bacunculus, 20.
Batrachideae, 23, 24, 73.
Belocephalus, 54.
Beta, 32.
Blatta, 13, 14.
Blattidae, 7, 8, 12,68.
Blattinae, 12, 13. 69.
Bliastes, 53, 78.
Boopedon, 29, 32, 74.
Bootettix, 26, 32.
Brachystola, 38 76.
Bradyiiotes, 44, 49.
Bnin'eria, 30, 32.
Brunneria, 17,32, 71.
Cacopteris, 56, 57.
Callimantis, 17, 18.
Camnula, 34, 37.
Campylacantha, 43, 49, 50.
Capnobotes, 55, 79.
Ceratinoi)tera. 14, 69.
Ceuthophili, 58, 79.
Ceuthophilus, 59, 61, 79.
Chimarocephala, 34, 37, 75.
Chloealtis, 28, 32, 73.
Chorisoneiira, 15, 70.
Chortophaga, 33, 37, 75.
Circotettix, 37, 75.
Clinocephalus, 28, 32.
Clinopleura, 50.
Coloradella, 32.
Conalcaea, 42.
Conocephalinae, 51, ,54, 78.
Conocephalini, 54, 78.
Conocephalus, 54, 78.
Conozoa, 37, 75.
Copio^ihora, 54, 78.
Corydinae, 13, 15, 70.
Cryptocercus, 15.
Cyclocercus, 42, 49, 50.
Cycloptilum, 64, 81.
Cyrtoi)liyllus, 53, 78.
Cyrtoxiphus, 65, 81.
Dactyloti, 40, 50.
Dactylotum, 50.
Daihinia, 9, 59, 60, 80.
Decticinae, 51, 55, 79.
Dendrotettix, 45, 49.
Derotmema, 36, 75.
Diapheromera, 20.
Dichopetala, 52, 77.
Dichromorpha, 28, 32, 74.
Dictyophorus, 40, 76.
Dissosteira, 35, 37, 75.
Dracotettix, 40.
Encoptolophus, 34, 37, 75.
Eneopterinae, 62, 05, 82.
Engoniaspis, 55.
Eotettix, 43, 49.
Eremnus, 32.
Eremobiini, 33, 38, 76.
Ereinopedes, 56.
Eritettix, 27, 32, 73.
EupnigO(les,30, 32.
Eurycotis, 14, 09.
Forflcula, 11, 68.
Forflculidae, 7,8, 11, 07.
(rammarotettix, 61.
rromphocerus, 30, 32, 74.
Gonatista, 17.
Gryllacrinae, 9, 51, 57.
Gryllidae, 7, 10, 62, 80.
Gryllinae, 62, 64, 81.
Gryllodes, 64, 81.
Grvllotalpa, 63, 80.
Gryllotalpinae, 10,62, 63, 80.
Gryllotalpini, 63.
Gryllus, 64, 81.
Gymnes, 26, 32.
Gymnoscirtetes, 41, 49.
Hadenoecus, 59, 61, 79.
Hadrotettix, 37.
Haldemanella, 38.
Heliastus, 37, 38, 75.
Hesperotettix, 44, 49, 50.
Hippi8cus,34, 37,75.
Homoeogamia, 15, 70.
Hormiliae, 52, 77.
Hypochlora, 43, 49.
Idionotus, 56, 57.
Idiostatus, 50, 57.
Ischnoptei-a, 13, 14, 69.
Labia, 11, 68.
Labidura, 11.
Lactista, 35, 37, 75.
Lepru8, 34, 38.
Leptysma, 41.
Leptysmae, 39, 40, 41.
Ligurotettix, 26, 32.
Litaneutria, 17.
Loboi)tera, 14, 69.
Locustidae, 7, 9, 51, 77.
Mantidae, 7, 8, 16, 70.
Mantinae, 16, 71.
Mecostethus, 29, 32, 74.
Melanopli, 40, 41, 76.
Melanoplus 22, 44, 47, 48,
49, 50, 76.
Mermiria, 26, 32, 73.
Mesopes, 39,40.
Mestobregma, 36, 37, 75.
Metaleptea, 32.
Metrypa, 60, 82.
Microcentra, 52, 53, 78.
Microcentrum, 53,. 78.
Mogosiplistus, 63, 64.
Monotettix, 24.
Myrmecophila, 02,03,64.
Myrmecoi)hilinae, 62,63,81.
Napaia, 27, 32.
Nemobius, 64, 81.
Neortus, 57.
Nyctobora, 14,69.
Nyctoborinae, 12, 14, 69.
Odonturae, 52, 77.
Oecanthinae, 62, 64, 81.
Oecanthus, 64, 81.
Oedaleonotus, 48, 50.
Oedipodinae, 22, 23, 32, 33,
74.
Oedipodini, 33, 75.
Oedocara, 32.
Oligonyx, 17, 71.
Opeia, 27, 32.
Orchelimiira, 55, 79.
Orchesticus, 55, 57.
Orocharis, 66, 82.
Orphula, 29, 32, 74.
Panchlora. 15, 70.
Panchlorinae, 12, 15, 70.
Panesthinae, 13, 15, 70.
Paraidemona, 42, 49, 50.
Paratettix, 24, 73.
Paratylotropidia, 4C, 49.
Paroecantlius, 65, 82.
Paroxya, 46, 48, 49.
Paxilla, 24.
Pedeticum, 27, 32.
Pedioscirtetes, 26, 32.
Pelmatosilplia, 14. 15, 69.
Peranabrus, 56.
Pcriplaneta, 15, 70.
Periplanetinae, 12, 14, 69.
Pezotettix, 49.
Phaedrotettix, 42, 49, 50.
Phaneropterinae, 51, 52, 77.
Phasmidae, 7, 9, 19, 71.
Phasmomantis, 17, 71.
Phlibostroma, 29, 32.
PhoetalioteSj 47, 49, 50.
Plirixocnemis, 60, 80.
Phyllodromia, 13, 69.
PhyJloscirtus, 65, 81.
Plagiostira, 57.
Platamodes, 14.
Plectopterinae, 13, 15, 70.
Plectrophorus, 32.
Plectrotettix, 29, 32, 74.
I'nitiodes, 32.
Podisma, 45, 49, 50, 7(i.
Poec'ilotettix, 48, 49, 50.
Pseudophyllinae, 51, 53, 78.
Psendopomala, 40.
Pseudostauronotus, 32.
Psinidia, 36, 37.
Psoloessa, 29, 32, 74.
Pycnoacelus, 16.
Pyrgocorypha, 54, 78.
Pyrgomorphinae, 40.
Rhabdotettix, 42, 49, 50.
llhadinotatum, 25, 32.
Rhaphi(lopli()rini,57, 58, 79.
Rhomalea. 40, 76.
Rhomaleae, 39, 40.
Scapteriscus, 63, 80.
Scliistocerf^a, 41, 76.
Schizodactylus, 10.
Scirtettica, 35, 37, 75.
Scmlderia, 53, 78.
Scudderiae, 52, 53, 78.
Serinyle, 20, 72.
Spliaragemon, .35, 37, 75.
Spliingolabis, 11.
Spongophora^ 11, 68.
Stagmomantis, 17, 71.
Steiroxys, 56, 79.
Stenobothrus, 30, 32, 74.
Stenopelmatinae, 9, 51, 57,
79.
Stenopelmatini, 57, 79.
Stenopelmatus, 57, 79.
Stirapleura. 29, 31, 32, 74.
Stylopyga, 14, 15.
Syrametropleura, 53, 78.
Hyrbula, 27, 32, 73.
Taeniopodae, 39, 40.
Teinnoijtervx, 14, (i9.
Tettigiae, 23, 24, 73.
Tettigidea,24, 73.
Tettiginae. 22, 23, 72.
Tettix, 24, 73.
Theoclytes, 18. 71.
Thesprotia, 17, 71.
Thrinoini, 32.
Thyr.socera, 13, 14, 60.
Tiraeina, 20, 21.
Toinouotus, .35, 38, 75.
Trachyrachys, 37.
Trldactylini, 63.
Tridactyliis, ()3, 80.
Trigonidiinae, 62, 65, 81.
Trimerotropls, 37, 75.
Tropidacres, 39, 40.
Tropidacris, 40, 76.
Tropidischla, 58.
Tropidischiae, 58.
Troi)idol()i)hu,s, 35.
Tropidonoti, 39,40.
Trojiizaspis, 55.
Trvxalinae, 22, 23, 25, 73.
Tryxalis, 26, 32.
Tyttbotyle, 38.
Udeopsylla, 60, 01, 80.
Vatinae, 10, 18, 71.
Xiphidiini, .54, 55, 79.
Xiphidium, 55, 79.
Yersinia, 16, 18.
CORRECTIONS.
PAGE
30, line 1, read : Tenipora elongate.
42, line 13, for c read : d^.
45, last line but 3, read : {A^ U" & d').
84, last line of note, read : dated, ix. Cal. Nov. MDCCCLIII.
I