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Tt PC of fil Oi be th si( ot fir si( or Th sh Til wl Ml dif en be rig re( m( This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqu* ci-dessous 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X y 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X i The copy filmed here hos been reproduced thenks to the generosity of: Entomology RMsarch Library Agriculture Canada L'exempleire film* fut reproduit grAce k le gtnArosit* de: BibliotMqua de recherche entomologique Agriculture Canada The imeges appeering here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and In keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies In printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or ..lustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. 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Un des symboles suivants apparattra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmto A des taux de reduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul cllchA, il est f limA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A drolte, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 GUIDE TO THE GENERA AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE NOETH AMERICAN ORTHOPTEEA FOUND NORTH OF MEXICO BY SAMUEL HUBBARD SCUDDER CAMBRIDGE EDWARD W. WHEELER 1897 ^t .., % ENT0M6y)6lCAL 8rAW6H . DEPARTMENT OF AGRiCUL JURE OttAWA - - CANADA The poetry of earth is never dead: When all the birds are faint with the hot sun, And hide in cooling trees, a voice will run From hedge to hedge about the new-mown mead ; That is the Grasshopper's — he takes the lead In summer luxury, — he has never done With his delights; for when tired out with fun lie rests at ease beneath some pleasant weed. The poetry of earth is ceasing never: On a lone wintar evening, when the frost Has wrought a silence, from the stove there shrills The Cricket's song, in warmth increasing ever, And seems to one in drowsiness half lost, The Grasshopper's among some grassy hills. Keats. (oO PREFACE. The following Tables and Bibliographies are published, not as a finality, but for temporary use by students of Orthoptera in this country, who have few means for working up their collections. The author contemplates a general work on the classification of our Orthoptera, of which this is merely a Prodromus and which may serve its purpose until the material at hand has been more thor- oughly studied. The frequent demands made for information have prompted it. The greater number of the tables are based upon those of Stal, Brunner and de Saussure, but these authors are in no wa}'^ responsible for the form in which they here appear. A great deal of work has yet to be done, especially in the Saltatorial families, before even the genera of our fauna are fairly known. What is given below includes only data already published or about to be published. Nearly two hundred genera are included in the tables. Cambbidoe, Mass., April 13, 1897. CONTENTS. Preface Table of the families of Orthoptera Table of Forficulidae Tables of Blattidae Tables of Mantidae Tables of Phasmidae Tables of Acridiidae Tables of Locustidae Tables of Gryllidae Bibliographical Notes : General Forficulidae Blattidae Mantidae Phasmidae Acridiidae Locustidae Gryllidae List of the Literature Index PA (IK 8 11 12 16 19 22 51 62 67 67 68 70 71 72 77 80 88 88 OTTAWA ^'' ^^^'CULTURE UTTAWA - . CANADA GUIDE TO THE GENERA AND CLASSIFICATION OF NORTH AMERICAN ORTHOPTERA. All the seven families of Orthoptera are found in the United States, but only ^Jie saltatorial families in any considerable vari- ety, unless we maj except the Blattidae. In the subfamilies how- ever the case is different, for less than half of them occur within our boundaries at all and a number that do occur are represented only by a single (often introduced) species. The following list will show the proportion that occur in the different families. Forficulidae 1 subfamily represented out of 1 recognized. Blattidae 6 subfamilies (( (( 11 a Mantidae (( u 6 u Phasmidae 3 (( u 12 (( Acridiidae 4 (( u 9 u Locustidae 6 ({ u 15 n Gryllidae G (( u 6 u 28 " « « 60 « It will be seen that even in the saltatorial families scarcely more than half of the subfamilies occur, notwithstanding that all the subfamilies of GrylUdae have representatives. The repre- sentation is shown also to be very unequally distributed. The families of Orthoptera may be distinguished by the table given on the next three pages. I* 8 GUIDE TO ORTHOI'TEHA Families of Orthoptera. A^. Non-Haltatorial and mute, llind femora cloHcly reHembling tlioHc of the other legs, and scarcely if at all stouter or longer than the middle femora; organs of flight in a normal position when immature ; ovipositor concealed by the suhgcnital plate. 6'. Mouth anterior; tarsi with not more than Oirce joints; anal area of wings (when present) extending around the ajtex over more than half the front border of the wings ; abdomen termin- ated in both sexes by forcipate appendages. FouFiiiitH; anal apex over en terniin- 'rior ; tarni ng on the rcipate. 3ep at the hor* -ntal I the pro- en at rest ; , generally cnient. LATTIDAE- spresseil or , the postc- separated three or donally by nsects of inferior or ong as the nger than ating in a ncath the ated. [antidae. ; in early life, FAMILIES OF OIlTIIOrrERA 9 iP. Head subhorizontal, generally (|uadrato or gibbous; mouth antero-inferior ; ocelli often wanting; antennae generally longer than the body and coarse ; pronotum very short ; f(»re-legs constructed lik»; the others, termin- ating in a pair of claws, the fore femora often arcuate at the base ; anal corci inarticulate. . . Piiasmidae. A^. Saltatorial and generally strisitor, with few exceptions, free. bK Antennae much shon i than the body (with few excep- tions), filiform, clubbed or ensiform, but if the first scarcely tapering, the joints C jnct, ofteii depressed; ocelli three; tarsi three-jointed, similar in strvciure on all the legs ; stridulating organs (when present) ^itiiated on the hind femora and costal field of the tegmin a ; auditory organs (when present) on the basal segment of the tibdomen ; ovi[(nsitor composed of a dis- crete double pair of short arcuate plates, vertically diverg'iit at tip. ........ ACEIDIIDAE. b^. Antennae much longer than the body, setaceous, delicately tapering ; ocelli often wanting ; tarsi three- or four- jointed ; stridulating organs (when present) situated on the anal field of the tegmina ; the auditory near the base of the fore tibiae (or rarely on the prosternum) ; ovipositor usually prolonged Into a compressed blade or needle, its parts compact. c^ Ocelli generally wanting; tarsi four-jointed, nearly similar in structure on all the legs*; fore coxae usually broader than long t ; Diiddle field of tegmina in repose, like the costal field, nearly or quite vertical ; base of male tegmina (when present) furnished on dorsal surface with a tympanum limited to the anal area, crossed by a ])rominent nervure formed by the last branch of the anal vein, and as a whole narrower tha.i the rest of thetegmen; ovipositor (unless, as rarely, concealed) forming a strongly compressed, generally ensiform blade, the inner valves almost always partially exposed the entire length of the ovipositor, the tip not expanded. Locustidae. * In Daihinia the fore and bind tarsi are tbree-jointed. t Excepting in Stenopelmatinae and Gryllacrinae. Il 10 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA c". Ocelli variable ; tarsi three-jointed, those of the fore legs or else of the hind legs differing from the others in structure ; fore coxae longer than broad; middle field of tegmina in repose, like the anal field, nearly or quite horizontal * ; base of male tegmina (when present) furnished on the dorsal surface with a tympanum (rarely absent) extending across both anal and median areas, crossed by a prominent nervure formed by the main anal vein, and as a whole broader than the rest of the tegmen (except in Gryltotalpinae) ; ovipos- itor (unless, as rarely, concealed) forming a nearly cylin- drical straight or occasionally upcurved needle, the inner valves generally scarcely exposed except at the expanded tip. Gbyllidae. *The Asiatic Scliizodactylus is a curious example of a Locustid, with an enor- mously developed and horizontal anal field, giving it the aspect of a Gryllid. il N FORFICULIDAE 11 FORFICULIDAE. This family has never been divided by systematists save into genera, of which half a dozen occur in the United States, and may be separated by the subjoined table. Somewhat more than thuty genera are now recognized in the whole world. None of our genera are restricted to our territory. Genera of Forficulidae. A^. Sixth antennal joint much shorter than the first. bK First antennal joint as long as the fourth to sixth joints inclusive. cK Furnished with both tegmina and wings. Lahidura Leach, c^ Possessed of neither tegmina nor wind's. Anisolabis Fieber. h^. First antennal joint no longer than the fourth and fifth joints together Spongophora ServUle. A\ Sixth antennal joint as long or very nearly as long as the first. h^. Sixth antennal joint cylindrical, many times longer than broad; second tarsal joint produced beneath the first, ci. Forks of the male forceps dilate at base, contiguous. Forficula Linn4. c\ Forks of male forceps not dilate at base, separate. Sphingolabis Bormans. ¥, Sixth antennal joint plainly obconic; second tarsal joint simple, compressed Zahia Leach. The first two genera are represented by single cosmopolitan species, introduced along the Atlantic coast. Spongophora is also known only by a single species, found in the Southern States and southward. The other genera are better represented, especially Forficula, but most of the species are confined to the extreme south. Hardly more than a dozen species of the family occur anywhere in the United States. 12 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA i > BLATTIDAE. Only about half the subfamilies of Blattidae occur in North America north of Mexico, and half of those that do occur are represented only by one or two commercially introduced species. A single subfamily is fairly well represented by indigenous species, and of all the genera only one is confined to the United States. Many of the genera occur in both the Old and New Worlds. Subfamilies of Blattidae. A ^ All the femora, or at least the middle and hind pair spined beneath. b \ Last ventral segment of female abdomen relatively plane, not compressed-rostrate, entire, not fissate; fore femora rarely armed beneath on the inner margin with many distinct spines next the genicular spines, and if so then the styles are unequal or one is wanting. c ^ Pronotum and tegmina glabrous ; tarsi without pulvilli ; median vein of wings sending but few veinlets to the apex, the radial many parallel, generally simple veinlets to the costal margin. ...... Blattinae. c ^ Pronotum and tegmina more or less pilose ; tarsi provided with pulvilli ; median vein of wings with many branches, the radial emitting relatively few and more or less irregular veinlets to the costal margin. . . Nyctoborinae. b '^. Last ventral segment of female abdomen compressed-ros- trate, fissate so as to be bivalved ; fore femora armed beneath with many spines on the inner margin, throughout nearly or quite the whole length or at least in the middle ; styles of equal length. ....... Periplanetinae, A ^ The middle and hind femora, and usually all the femora, without spines beneath.* b ^ The supraanal plate more or less produced in both sexes, its hind border emarginate. c ^. A distinct arolium between the claws ; pronotum and tegmina glabrous ; anal field of wings multiplicate when at rest. ....... Panchlorinae. * Bristles or hairs must not be mistaken for spines. BLATTIDAE — BLATTINAE 13 c2. No arolium between the claws'; pronotum and tegmina more or less pilose ; anal field of wings uniplicate when at rest, or simply folded without plication beneath the anterior ■ft 1 vl ^ ^ • • • . Corydinae. b . The supraanal plate short or rather short, the hind margin straight or rounded, not emarginate. c ^ A distinct arolium between the claws ; subgenital plate of male more or less produced, furnished with one style ; tegmina and wings present. . . . Plectopterinae. No arolium between the claws ; subgenital plate of male Patiesthinae. minute, without styles ; apterous. Blattinae. Only half a dozen genera of this subfamily have been recog- nized in the United States, although this is nearly half as many as are known from Mexico and Central America and is a larger number than appertain to any other of our subfamilies of Blat- tidae, and the genera are represented by more species than in any other subfamily. Genera of Blattinae. a\ Tegmina completely developed, or in the female rarely abbreviate. b \ Tegmina membranaceous or slightly coriaceous. c K Antennae basally incrassate, densely but briefly pilose, often particolored. . . . Thyrsocera Burmeister! c'K Antennae setaceous, sparsely pilose, unicolorous. t?^ Ulnar vein of wings emitting complete branches to the apical margin and incomplete branches to the vena dividens Ischnoptcra Burmeister. d^. Ulnar vein of wings emitting no incomplete branches to the vena dividens. c ^ Ulnar vein of wings undivided or furcate. Blatta Linn^. e ^ Ulnar vein of wings ramose. Phyllodromia ^qtyiWq. w 14 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA b^. Tegmina corneous. . . Ceratinoptera Brunner. a ^. Tegmina in both sexes abbreviate, corneous, exposing a por- tion (generally a great portion) of the abdomen. d \ Tegmina articulate ; wings present though minute. I'enmopteryx Brunner. b '\ Tegmina squamiform, lateral, not articulate ; wings wanting. Loboptera Brunner. All of these genera are found in the southern portion of the United States, and only Ischnoptera, Blatta (introduced) and Temnopteryx in the northernmost portions of the country. Thyr- socera, Blatta, Ceratinoptera and Loboptera only occur in single species, so far as is yet known. Ischnoptera (Platamodes Scud- der) is the most prolific in foims. A careful study of our native Blattinae is much to be desired. Nyctobokinae. Represented by only a single species of Nyctobora Burmeister found in southernmost Texas. Periplanetinae. Four genera of this subfamily occur in the United States, only one other genus occurring in North America south of our boundaries. Genera of Periplanetinae. a^. First joint of hind tarsi shorter than the others together; arolia rather large. b^. Tegmina abbreviate and apically truncate, or wanting. Eurycotis Stal. b ^. Tegmina as long as but not surpassing the body. Pebnatosilpha Dohrn. « ^ First joint of hind tarsi as long as or longer than the others together; arolia small. b ^ Eyes at least as far apart as the antennal scrobes ; tegmina more or less abbreviate, especially in the female. Stylopyga Fischer de W. BLATTIDAE — PANCHLORINAE |§ h *. Eyes less distant than the antennal scrobes ; tegmina fully developed in both sexes. . . Periplaneta Burmeister. Pelraatosilpha and Stylopyga have only a single representative each ; the others have two or three species each. The species of Stylopyga and Periplaneta are introduced foi-ms (from the Old World or the American tropics) and now occur widely over the United States. The others are found only in the extreme south. Panchlorinak. The two genera of this subfamily occurring in the United States are each represented by a single introduced species, and may be distinguished thus : — Genera of Panchlorinae. a^. First joint of hind tarsi densely biseriately setose beneath through the greater part of its length, and furnished at tip with a small naked plantula. . . . Panchlora Burmeister. a '. First joint of hind tarsi bare or nearly bare of bristles beneath, a naked plantula extending very narrowly over the whole joint. Pycnoscelus Scudder. CORYDINAE. Represented in the region adjoining Mexico by Homoeogamia Burmeister, of which we have probably more than one species. Plectopterixae. A single species or two of Chorisoneura Brunner occur in the extreme southern states from Georgia to Texas. Panesthinae. The anomalous'genus Cryptocercus Scudder is represented by a single species found from Virginia to California. w u GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA xMANTIDAE. Only eleven genera of this family are found in the United States and only two of the six subfamilies are recognized, and one of these by but a single species, an interloper from further south, as is the case also with some of the genera of Mantinae, the subfamily to which the others belong. The species are all confined to the southern half of the United States, and most of them to the extreme southern margin. The family is notoriously a tropical one. /Subfamilies of Mantidae. A ^ Upper surface of middle and hind femora and tibiae rounded ; head unarmed. ..... Mantinae. A^. Upper surface of middle and hind femora and tibiae carinate ; middle of head with an erect process as long as the rest of the head Vatinae. Mantixae. The larger development of this group in the United States would be looked for from its preponderance further south. Most or all of the genera occur also beyond the southern boundaries of the United States, so that we have no endemic genera unless Bactromantis be excepted. Genera of Mantinae. A ^ Inner margin of upper surface of fore coxae not conspicu- ously dilated apicallv. b ^ Pronotum but slightly longer than fore coxae ; eyes more or less conical ; hind femora armed exteriorly with an apical spine. c ^ Eyes distinctly pointed (conico-acuminate) above ; hind femora delicately incrassate basally, in the 9 nearly twice as long as the pronotum; tegmina and wings abbreviate or wanting in both sexes ; cerci long, distinctly surpassing the infragenital plate. .... Yersinia Saussure. MANTIDAE — MANTINAE 17 c'. Eyes trigonal, scarcely pointed above; hind femora linear, in the $ but little longer than the pronotum ; tegmina and wings fully developed in the ^ , abbreviate in the 9 ; cerci short, scarcely or not surpassing the infragenital plate. ..... Litaneutria Saussure. h^. Pronotum much longer than fore coxae; eyes rotundate ; hind femora with no apical spine, c^ Antennae filiform. d^. Broadest portion of pronotum far in advance of the middle, the sides in front distinctly tapering ; outer margin of fore femora armed with main spines only. e^. Body of $ very elongate; anal membrane of tegmina violet. Phasmomantis Saussure. e^. Body of i moderately elongate; anal membrane of tegmina light colored. f^. Anal and axillary veins of tegmina independent and simple throughout. . . Callimantis Stal. f^. Anal and axillary veins of tegmina apically confluent. . . . Stagmomantis Saussure. d'^. Broadest portion of pronotum hardly in advance of the middle, the sides in front parallel or subparallel ; outer margin of fore femora armed with numerous distinct spin- ules between the main spines. . Gonatista Saussure. c^. Antennae incrassate beyond the base and thereafter tapering. ..... Brunneria Saussure. A '^. Inner margin of upper surface of fore coxae abruptly and considerably dilated at apex. h 1. Fore tibiae longer than their apical claw. e^. Fore and hind sections of pronotum subequal in length. Oligonyx Saussure. c^. Hind section of pronotum twice as long as fore section. JBactromantis Scudder. b^. Fore tibiae no longer than their apical claw. l^hesprotia Stal. Of these ten genera hardly one contains more than one or two species and all are southern in their range. Litaneutria, how- ever, found only in the west, has three or four species ; the other GUIDE TO OIITHOPTERA 3 genera occur almost exclusively in the Gulf States and two, C'alli- mantis and Bactromantis, are known only from Florida. Yer- sinia has a single species in Eastern Colorado and neighborhood. Nearly or quite all these genera are represented, often much more fully, south of our border, including several of our species. Vatinae. This subfamily is represented in the United States by only a single genus, Theoclytes Serville, a single species of which occurs along our southern border. PHASMIDAE 19 PHASMIDAE. This family is very feebly represented in the United States, only half a dozen different genera with from one to three species each having been detected. These few species, however, repre- sent three of the dozen recognized subfamilies. With the excep- tion of Diapheromera which has a wide distribution, most of the species are found only in the west or the extreme south. One genus is confined to the United States. All of our species are apterous, and though, on occasion, the males may run with some rapidity, they are all generally sluggish in movement, and depend for their protection largely on their resemblance to twigs and on the action of their prothoracic glands, which may emit an offensive fluid or spray when the insect is alarmed. Their eggs are dropped loosely and singly on the ground ; they are of very varied structure, covered with an exceedingly hard and often strikingly sculptured shell, and so far as we know continue through the winter, sometimes through a second, before hatching. Our commonest species feeds upon the tough leaves of the oak. Subfamilies of Phasraidae. A 1. Tibiae not furnished at apex with a sunken areola to receive the base of the tarsi when bent upon them. (The antennae are much longer than the anterior femora and furnished with at least thirty joints, and the median segment is much shorter than the metanotum.) Bacunculinae. A ^. Tibiae furnished at apex beneath with a sunken areola to receive the base of the tarsi when bent upon them. 6 1. Antennae many jointed, longer than the fore femora; median segment shorter than the metanotum ; without spines on head, thorax or legs ; anterior segments of abdomen trans- verse, at least in the $ . . . . Anisomorphinae. b^. Antennae with less than twenty joints, shorter than the fore femora ; anterior segments of abdomen much longer than broad. BacilUnae. 1. 20 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA Bacunoumnae. This is an American group and of the eleven genera recog- nized we have three, which may be distinguished by the folio whig table : — Genera of BacuncuUnae. (f ^ Hind femora armed beneath on the median line near apex with one or more distinct spines. . Diapheromera Gray. a ^. Hind femora unarmed beneath next apex. h^. Head, especially in the 9, furnished in front between the eyes with a pair of tubercles or longitudinal rugae, sometimes highly developed; hind femora of $ hardly extending beyond the middle of the fourth abdominal segment, relatively stout ; first joint of hind tarsi of 9 shorter than the other joints together . Sermyle Stal. b ^. Head unarmed in both sexes ; hind femora of 9 reaching the end of the fourth abdominal segment, relatively slender ; first joint of hind tarsi of 9 about equal to the other joints together. ..... JBacunculus Burmeister. The genera have been but little studied in this country. Dia- pheroma is represented nearly everywhere and has sever '\1 species, probably including some as yet undescribed. The othei genera occurs only in the Gulf States, with one or two species each. Anisomorphinae. This also is an American group, with about half a dozen known genera of which we possess two. ii II r I) ^ Genera of Anisomorphinae. ^. Mesothorax twice as long as the prothorax ; basal joint of antennae but little longer and little stouter than the second. Atiisomorpha Gray. a ^ Mesothorax no longer than prothorax ; basal joint of antennae fully twice as long and, especially on apical half, twice as stout as the second joint Timema Scudder. a PHASMIDAE — BACILLINAE Several nominal species of Anisomorpha occur in the extreme south and especially the southeast, but they have not yet been carefully compared. Timema occurs in central California, with a single species, and is not otherwise known. Bacillixae. This small subfamily of only four recognized genera is repre- sented by a single genus. Bacillus Latreille, two species of which are known from Colorado and Arizona. ■t.i f m ■■* 22 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA ACRIDIIDAE. Only four of the nine subfamilies of Acridiidae are represented in the United States, although three others occur in more southern portions of America. Yet on the whole this family is better developed in our district than is any other and contains some genera, especially Melanoplus, of very great extent. iSnhfamiliea of Acridiidae. A^. Claws without arolium; pronotum extending over the abdomen ; tegraina lobiform. .... Tettiginae. A ". Claws furnished with an arolium ; pronotum extending at most over the extreme base of the abdomen ; tegmina generally well developed, but sometimes abbreviate, lobiform or wanting. b^. Presternum without marked prominence (sometimes with an obtuse tubercle); arolium usually small or rather small. c '. Face retreating and angulate at meeting with vertex ; foveolae generally well developed ; fastigium usually but little declivent ; eyes generally longer than the infraocular portion of the genae ; mediastinal and scapular fields of tegmina generally regularly reticulate by transverse veins. Tryxalinae* c^. Face nearly or quite vertical, and rounded at meeting with vertex ; foveolae generally obscure ; fastigium usually strongly declivent; eyes 'jfenerally shorter than the infra- ocular portion of the genae ; mediastinal and scapular fields of tegraina generally very irregularly reticulate. Oedipodinae* h^. Prosternura armed anteriorlv with a distinct conical or cylindrical spine. ...... Acridiinae. ♦ These two subfamilies are occasionally difficult to distinguish, and I accordingly give here, in an English form, the detailed distinctions laid down by Stal (Rec. Orthopt., i, 6-7). Fastigium of vertex not or slightly, rarely strongly, declivent ; front trending more or less, generally strongly and obliquely, backward ; eyes generally longer than the infraocular portion of the genae, rarely shorter or of equal length, and in these cases the front is very oblique ; antennae sometimes ensiform, inserted between the middle or below the middle (inter medium vel pone medium) of the eyes. M etazona rarely longer, generally shorter than the prozona, the hind margin rarely rectangulate or ACRIDIDAE — TETTIGINAE 23 Tkttioinak. Of the seven larger groups into which Bolivar divides this subfamily, we possess only two neighboring ones, though two otliers occur directly south of us. i,i Groitjys of l^ettiginae. a ^ Anterior femora more or less compressed, carinate above ; antennae with 12-14 joints. .... Tettigiae. a '. Anterior femora distinctly and broadly sulcate above ; anten- nae with 16-22 joints JJatrachidcae. ' (■ subrectangulate, generaUy obtuse, the median carina not cristate ; sulci of tlie pro- zona either obUterated or interrupted on the disk, the posterior of these not or but very slightly recurved, never confluent with the principal sulcus [i. e., that separat- ing the prozona and metazona] ; lateral lobes generally narrowed in passing down- ward, rarely longer than deep, with parallel anterior and posterior margins ; tegmina generally lacking the intercalary vein, the anal and axillary veins generally united at a greater or less distance from the base ; arolia generally of medium size or large ; metasternal lobes not or but slightly separated Tryxalinas. Fastigium of vertex generally strongly declivent, slightly or very slightly prom- inent ; front not or very slightly oblique, generally vertical or subvertical ; eyes generally small or rather nmall, rarely a little longer than the inf raocular portion of the genae; antennae linear or sublinear, generally inserted above the middle of the eyes, sometimes al nost above the eyes themselves (plerumque ante medium, inter dum fere ante oculos). Fronotum furnished with a median carina often wholly or partly cristate, the metazona typically longer than the prozona, the hind margin generally rectangulate or 8iibrectar„'ulate, the sulci of the prozona either interrupted, or the anterior sulcus alone continuous and bisecting the carina or crest, rarely both con- tinuous, the posterior sulcus recurved and frequently confluent with the principal sulcus; lateral lobes transverse [i. e., longer than deep] or subtrans verse, the front and hind margins parallel or subparallel ; tegmina generally furnished with an inter- calary vein, the anal and axillary veins frequently running free to the margin ; hind femora generally broad, aM above nrd below compressed; arolia small; metasternal lobes generally somewhat distant Oedipodinae. To this may be added the following from Hrunner (R^v. syst. Orthopt., 102, note) :— Tlie distinction between the Tryxalinae and Oedipodinae is somewhat arbitrary and rests on individual perception (I'estimation personelle). When, however, the rel tive position of the front and the vertex [on which he rests his tabular distinction] 1 ,aves one in doubt, the presence or absence of foveolae may guide one, Tryxalinae having in this case very distinct foveolae, while in the Oedipodinae they are effaced. More- over the species here taken with consideration, when they are Tryxalinae, have the mediastinal and scapular areas of the tegmina regularly reticulate by transverse veinlets ; while, if they are Oedipodinae, these areas are always very irregularly reticulated. See also McNeill's paper on Tryxalinae (pp. 181-182) for a tabulation of differences between the Tr^ JLalinae and Oedipodinae. I'l P : S \i I! 24 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA Tettig-iae. We possess representatives of half the known genera of this group, the other genera belonging mostly to the Old World. t ; ■' i Genera of Tettigiae. rt V Median carina of pronotum cristiform; superior lateral sinus (at insertion of tegniina) shallow, not nearly so deep as the inferior sinus. Nomotettix Morse. rt*. Median carina of pronotum low; superior lateral sinus of same nearly as deep as the inferior sinus. b \ Vertex of f astigium generally broader than the eyes, pro- jecting beyond them, generally angulate anteriorly. Tettix Charpentier. b ^. Vertex of fastigium narrower than the eyes and not pro- jecting beyond them, usually truncate anteriorly. Paratettix Bolivar. All these genera are widely distributed in our country, Tettix being the most numerous in species, followed by Paratettix. Monotettix is confined to North America. Batrachideae. Only two of the seven known genera of this group occur in the United States, though three others are found in America. I Genera of Batrachideae. a^. Body plump; dorsum of pronotum tumid, smooth or slightly punctate, with no antehumeral lateral carinae. Paxilla Bolivar. «^. Body more slender; dorsum of pronotum more or less concave between the carinae, marked with longitudinal rugae and with conspicuous antehumeral lateral carinae. Tettigidea Scudder. 1 Paxilla is monotypic and known only from Georgia ; Tettigidea is wide spread, extending also to Central and South America, and has several species in the United States. u < ! ACRIDIIDAE — TRYXALINAE 25 Tryxalinae. This subfamily has a varied development in the United States, where at least thirty-five genera occur, none of them very rich in species, though most of the genera are endemic. The following table to separate them is copied from McNeill's just pubHshed Revision of our Tryxalinae, excepting as it is altered to correct some slight clerical errors, to change some generic names, to include the genera purposely omitted by him, which seem to me (contrary to an opinion formerly expressed — Psyche, v, 431 seq.) to belong here, and to omit one genus belonging elsewhere. The order and alliance of genera in this table (especially as here altered) leave much to be desired, but the construction of a substitute would too long delay the publica- tion of this Guide, which has been awaiting the appearance of Professor McNeill's paper for its completion. Genera of Truxalinae, a ^ Head distinctly longer than the pronotum ; eyes very oblique, nearly horizontal ; metasternal lobes contiguous. h^. Tegmina very much shorter than the abdomen; spines of posterior tibiae minute and numerous, about twenty-five. Rhadinotatum McNeill. b ^. Tegmina exceeding the abdomen ; spines of posterior tibiae less numerous, about sixteen. Achurum Saussure. a \ Head 3ometimes equalling, never exceeding, the pronotum in length. b^. Head ascending, more or less conical, the occiput elevated considerably above, or inclined upward at a distinct angle with, the pronotum. c^. Head as viewed laterally strongly ascending or greatly raised above the pronotum. d^. Upper half of head markedly conical; face below fronto-vertical process subperpendicular ; antennae more than half as long as tegmina. e '. Metazona much longer than prozona, with an ele- vated crest. . . . Acrolophitus Thomas. 26 GUIDE TO ORTHOrXERA ■ & '■! e '^. Metazona barely longer than prozona, only slightly carinate. .... Acrocara Scudder. d^. Upper half of head only feebly conical, more or less tumid; face below fronto- vertical process distinctly oblique ; antennae less than half as long as tegmina. e^. Vertex of the head forming an acute angle with the face ; tempora nearly plane triangular spaces. Bootettix Bruner. e ■^. Vertex of the head forming an obtuse angle with the face ; tempora impressed, trapezoidal. Ligurotettix McNeill, c ^. Head as viewed laterally less, though distinctly, ascend- ing. d^. Antennae much longer than the face ; lower margui of lateral lobes anteriorly excised, broadly exposing the pleura. .... Pedioscirtetes Thomas. d'^. Antennae shorter than the face; lower margin of lat- eral lobes nearly horizontal throughout, scarcely exposing the pleura. .... Gymnes Scudder. b '^. Head elevated above the pronotum at most only by the feeble tumescence of the occiput, and not otherwise forming any angle with the pronotum, c^. Mesosternal lobes separated by a space almost linear in its narrowest part; metasternal lobes approximate in both male and female. .... Mermiria Stal. c '^. Mesosternal lobes separated by a space never much longer than broad, generally broader than long ; metasternal lobes rarely approximate in tlie male, very rarely in the female. d ^ Antennae triquetrous, or strongly depressed at the base and distinctly acuminate ; pronotum with the lateral lobes vertical and straight and the lateral carinae not at all sinuate ; median carina of the pronotum generally cut much behind the middle ; the disk plain and unstriped. e ^ Tegmina exceeding the abdomen considerably in both sexes (in some large females but little); lateral carinae of the pronotum quite as distinct as the median ; spurs at the apex of the posterior tibiae on the inner side about equal. . . . Tryxalis Fabricius. ACRIDIIDAE - TRYXALINAE 27 e\ Tegmina not exceeding the abdomen even in the male. f\ Lateral foveolae of the vertex linear and distinct ; tegmina quite unspotted ; inner spurs of posterior tibiae equal. . . . ^Tapaia McNeUl. / \ Lateral foveolae less distinct and subtriangular or obsolete ; tegmina more or less distinctly spotted as well as the face and pronotum ; inner tibia' spurs very unequal, the longer but little shorter than the first tarsal joint. . . . Qpeia McNeUl d\ Antennae never triquetrous, sometimes plainly de- pressed basally and acuminate, most commonly filiform, rarely clavate; pronotum with the lateral lobes less dis- tinctly vertical, with the lateral carinae very rarely quite straight, but gently or strongly sinuate near the middle; median carina of the pronotum generally cut in or not far behind the middle. e \ Tempora either foveolate or plane, not visible from above. /^ Scutellum of the vertex with a distinct median carina, which is usually a coarse raised line stronger anteriorly. ff\ Spurs on the inner side of posterior tibiae very unequal, the apical spur being twice as long as the other. h\ Antennae depressed basally and distinctly acuminate; no supplementary carinae present either upon the head or disk of the pronotum. Pedeticum McNeill. h 2. Antennae depressed apically and somewhat clavate; supplementary carinae accompanying the median carina upon either the head or the disk of the pronotum. . Eritettix Bruner. g ^. Spurs of the inner side of the posterior tibiae about equal in length. h \ Spines on the exterior margin of the pos- terior tibiae 19-21. . . Syrbida Stal. 28 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA iiti h 2. Spines on the exterior margin of the posterior tibiae not exceeding 15. »^. Median carina of the pronotura cut in the middle by the principal sulcus. J^. Color striped distinctly or obscurely; scapular area of the tegmina broader than the mediastinal area. k ^. Lateral carinae of the pronotum obso- lete ; median carina accompanied by a supplementaiy pair upon the disk. Amphitomus McNeill. k ^. Lateral carinae of the pronotum pres- ent; median carina not accompanied by supplementary carinae on the disk. Acentetus McNeill. J ^. Color plain ; scapular area of the tegmina not broader than the mediastinal area. Amblytropidia Stal. * '^. Median carina of the pronotum cut much behind the middle by the principal sulcus. Chloealtis Harris. /^ Scutellum of the vertex with no distinct median carina. g^. Median carina of the pronotum cut much behind the middle by the principal sulcus. h^. Posterior margin of the metazona angulate ; tegmina usually much shorter than the abdomen, with the ulnar area not very much wider than the discoidal area. . Dlchromorpha Morse. h"^. Posterior margin of the metazona rounded or not distinctly angulate ; tegmina not much shorter than the abdomen, with the ulnar area very wide and several times as broad as the dis- coidal area. . . Cliiiocephalus Morse. g"^. Median carina cut near the middle by the principal sulcus. !:i ACRIDIIDAE — TR YXALINAE Orphiila Stal. h ^ Hind tibiae never red. h ^. Hind tibiae red. i^. Antennae depressed basally, long and acuminate ; face strongly oblique. Alpha Brunner. i ^. Antennae filiform ; face moderately oblique in the male, subperpendicular in the female. Phlihostroma Scudder. e^. Tempora plain or foveolate, visible from above (in Mecostethus small or minute, tiiangular and basal ; in this case the intercalary vein is very strong) . /^ The vertex is not bounded in front by a raised line and, viewed from the side, does not form an angle with the face; the tempora are very faintly impressed spaces, which are strongly declivent ; inter- calary vein of tegmina wanting. g \ Tegmina plain ; lateral carinae of the pronotum very little sinuate. . . BottT^ ™"- Tegmina of male ■i.e those of the female wituf t^Tpl':- Orochari. ranj^ ^^^^ ZlTZir^^lt^''^ ^ known from eaat of the Rocky Mountls ^ ''' ""'^ if BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 67 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. The modern system of Orthoptera was first laid down in general treatises by Burmeister and Serville (quoted below), but these works are now of relatively small value, since the study of each family has been much more fully developed independently by various later writers, to whom, when American groups are treated reference is made farther on. The latest general system of Orthoptera — a sketch only — is to be found in Brunner's Revi- sion du syst^me des Orthopt^res (1893). Other general works that may be consulted for North American Orthoptera are Scudder's Catalogue of the earlier described species (1868) and Glovers' Illustrations (1872). For tables for the determination of the famiUes of Orthoptera, see Burmeister's Handbuch der entomologie, ii, 468 (1838)1 Serville's Orthopt^res (Suites k Euffon), 9,293 (1839); Fieber's Synopsis der europaischen Orthopteren, 2-3 (1853); Fischer's Orthoptera europaea, 4-5 (1853); Scudder, in Bost. journ. nat. hist, vii, 413 (1862), and in Psyche, i, 169-70 (1876); Thomas' Key to Illinois Orthoptera, 1 (1875), and the same in Rep. ins. Ill, IX, 82 (1880); Brunner's Prodromus der europaischen Orthop- teren, 1 (1882); Comstock's Introduction to entomology, 89-90 (1888); Fernald's Orthoptera of New England, 12 (1888); Fmot's Insectes Orthopt^res, 59 (1890); Sharp, in the Cambridge natural history, v, 201 (1895); and Comstock's Manual for the study of insects, 105 (1895). FORFICULIDAE. Besides the treatment of this family in the general works on Orthoptera, some of the principal of which are mentioned above, see ServiUe, Rev. m^th. Orthopt., 2-3 (1831); de Haan, Bijdr! kenn. Orthopt., 238-39 (1842); Dohrn, Monogr. Dermapt. (Stett. ent. zeit., xxiv, 35-66, 309-322; xxv, 285-96, 417-29; xxvi, 68-99; xxviii, 341-43 -1863-67); numerous papers by de' l: m GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA Bonnans, and especially his Etude sur quelques Forficulaires (Ann. soc. ent. Belg., xxvii, 59-90, 1893), where a table of genera is added ; and his treatment of these insects in the Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 1-12 (1893); Brunner, Prodr. eur. Orthopt., 4, for a table of the European genera (1882); Scudder, Proc. Bost. soc. nat. hist., xviii, 287-332 (1876); also his Synoptical table of U. S. Forficulariae (Psyche, i, 177-78 — 1876); and his Synopsis of the North American species (Bull. U. S. geol. surv. ten*., ii, 249-60, 1876); and finally Kirby's Revision of the Forficulidae (Journ. Linn. soc. Lond., Zool., xxiii, 502-31, 1890), which also contains a table of the genera. Anisolabis. — (Table of species) Scudder, Bull. U. S. geol. surv. terr., ii, 251 (1876). Sphongophora. — (Table of species) Scudder, Bull. U. S. geol. surv. terr., ii, 252 (1876). Labia. — (Tables of species) Scudder, Psyche, i, 178 (1876); Id., Bull. U. S. geol. surv. terr., ii, 257 (1876). Forficula. — (Tables of American species) Scudder, Psyche, i, 177 (1876); Id., Bull. U. S. geol. siu-v. terr., ii, 254 (1876). BLATTIDAE. For the general treatment of this family and tables for its sub- division, to which special reference is made, see, in chronological order and with special reference to North American forms, Bur- nieister's Ilandb. ent., ii, 481-82 (1838) ; Serville's Orthopt^res, 66 (1839) ; de Ilaan, Bijdr. kenn. Orthopt., 48 (1842) ; Fieber, Syn. eur. Orthopt., 4-6 (1853) ; Fischer, Orthopt. eur., 91 (1853) ; Scudder, Bost. journ. nat. hist., vii, 413 — for New England genera (1862) ; Saussure, Orthopt. Am6r. moy., 46, 47-49, 145, 219 (1864-65) ; Brunner, Syst. Blatt., 46-50 (1865) ; Saussure, M61. orthopt., i (1869) ; his Miss, scient. Mex., Orthopt. (1870) ; Stal, Kech. syst. Blatt. 6-7 (1874) ; Thomas, Key 111. Orthopt., (1875) ; Brunner, Prodr. eur. Orthopt., 29-30 — for the European genera (1882) ; Fernald, Orthopt. N. Engl, 50 — N. Engl, gen- era only (1888) ; Brunner, R6v. syst. Orthopt., 10-12 (1893) ; BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES - MANTIDAE 69 ^rficulaires ' of genera ►iol. centr. rthopt., 4, *roc. Bost. il table of ' Synopsis ^. terr., ii, >rficulidae hich also S. geol. • S. geol. (1876); *8yche, i, 5). its sub- ological 18, Bur- Dptdres, Fieber, 1853) ; Ingland 9, 145, ussure, 1870) ; thopt,, I'opean 1. gen- 893) ; Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 14-15 (1893) • and Sharp, Cambr. nat. hist., v, 240-41 (1895). Blattinae.— (Tables of genera) Brunner, Syst. Blatt., 46-47 (1865); Id., My. syst. Orthopt., 13-14 (1893); Saussure-Zehnt- ner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 30-31 (1893). Thi/rsocera. — (Tables of species) Brunner, Syst. Blatt., 116-17 (1865); Saussure, Miss, scient. Mex., Orthopt., 48 (1870) ; Brunner, li^v. syst. Orthopt., 21 (1893). Ischnoptera.— {Tables of species) Brunner, Syst. Blatt., 128-29 (1865) ; Saussure, Miss, scient. Mex., Orthopt., 53 (1870) • Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr, amer., Orthopt., 35-36 (1893). J'hyllodromia. — (Tables of species) Saussure, Orthopt. Am^r moy., 93-94 (1864-65); Brunner, Syst. Blatt., 89-90 (1865)- Saussure, Miss, scient. Mex., Orthopt., 27 (1870) ; Brunner, R^v' syst. Orthopt., 14-15 (1893) ; Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr amer., Orthopt., 41-42 (1893). Ceratmoptera.— (Tables of species) Brunner, Syst. Blatt., 76 (1865); Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., ' 48 (loyd). T€m7iopteryx.~ (Tables of species) Brunner, Syst. Blatt., 84 (1865); Saussure, Miss, scient. Mex., Orthopt., 23 (1870); Saus- sure-Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 50-52 (1893). ' Zoboptera.— (Table of species) Brunner, Syst. Blatt., SO (1865). Nyctoboeinae. — No table of genera has ever been published. JVi/ctobora.~ (Tables of species) Brunner, Syst. Blatt., 144 (1865); Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt, 55 (1893). Periplanetinae.— (Tables of genera) Brunner, Syst. Blatt 48,202-3(1865); Stal, Kech. syst. Blatt., 12-14(1874); Brun- ner, R^v. syst. Orthopt., 33-35 (1893); Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt,, 69-70 (1893). Murycotis. —(Table of species) Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 70 (1893). Pelmatosilpha.— (Table of species) Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 72 (1893). 70 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA t I'eriplaneta. — (Table of species) Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Ortliopt., 73-74 (1893). Pakchlorinae. — (Tables of genera) Brunner, Syst. Blatt., 48-49 (1865); Stal, Rech. syst. Blatt., 16-17 (1874); Saussure- Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 88-89 (1893). Panchlora. — (Tables of species) Saussure, Orthopt. Amer. moy., 187-202, passim (1864-65); Brunner, Syst. Blatt., 271- 72 (1865); Saussure, Miss, sclent. Mex., Orthopt., 101 (1870); Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 91-93 (1893). CoRYDixAE. — (Table of genera) Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 104-105 (1893). Homoeogamia. — (Table of species) Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 105-106 (1893). Plectopteeinae. — (Table of genera) Brunner, Syst. Blatt., 48 (1865). Chorisoneura. — (Table of species) Brunner, Syst. Blatc. 256 (1865). Panesthinae. — (Tables of genera) Brunner, Syst. Blatt., 50 (1865); Id., R^v. syst. Orthopt., 45-46 (1893); Saussure, Rev. Suisse zool, iii, 301-303 (1895). MANTIDAE. Tables for the determinations of the subfamilies (in some instances of the genera only) of Mantidae will be found in Bur- meister, Handb. ent., ii, 523-24 (1838); Serville, Orthopteres, 140 (1839); de Haan, Bijdr. kenn. Orthopt., 64-65 (1842); Fischer, Orthopt. eur., 123 (1853); Saussure, Miss, sclent. Mex., Orthopt., 229-30 (1870); Id., Ma orthopt., i, 157 (1870); Id., Mant. am^r., 7 (1871); Id., Mitth. schweiz. ent. gesellsch., iii, 51 (1872); Stal, Syst. Mant., 5-7 (1877); Brunner, R6v. syst. Orthopt., 57-58 (1893); Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 124 (1894) ; Sharp, Cambr. nat. hist., v, 259 (1895); and Scudder, Can. ent., xxviii, 207-209 (1896). For a general dis- cussion of the classific'ition, see also Stal, Rech. syst. Mant. (1873). Wi BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES - PHASMIDAE 71 Mantinae.- (Tables of genera and higher groups) Saussure, Ma orthopt., i, 175-77 (1870); Id., Mant. am^r., 27-30 (1871); Id., Miss, scient. Mex., Orthopt., 233-36 (1872); Id., Mitth! schweiz. ent. gesellsch., iii, 55-58, 224-27, 234-35 (1872); Id M^l. orthopt., ii, 19-21 (1872); Stal, Syst. Mant., 18-45 (1877)' Brunner, Prodr. eur. Orthopt., 57 — for European genera (1882);' Id., mv. syst. Orthopt., 60-64 (1893); Saussure-Zehntner, Biol centr. amer., Orthopt., 127-130, 162 (1894); Scudder, Can. ent xxviii, 207-209 (1896). I'hasmomatitis.— (Table of species) Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 149 (1894). Stagm.omantis.—(Tiihles of species) Saussure, Mant. am6r., 44 (1871); Id., Miss, scient. Mex., Orthopt., 243-44 (1872). Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 140-41 (1894)! £runneria. — {TaUe of species) Saussure, Mant. am^r., 133 (1871). 0%o/^2/a;.— (Tables of species) Saussure, Mant. am^r., 119 (1871); Id., Miss, scient. Mex., Orthopt., 273 (1872); Saussure- Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 172 (1894). Thesprotia. —(Table of species) Saussure-Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 170 (1894). Vatinae.— (Tables of genera) Saussure, Mant. am(5r., 156 (1871); Id., M^ orthopt., ii, 73 (1872); Id., Miss, scient. Mex. Orthopt. 286 (1872); Id., Mitth. schweiz. ent. gesellsch., iii, 53 (1872); Brunner, R^v. syst. Orthopt., 73-75 (1893); Saussure- Zehntner, Biol, centr, amer., Orthopt., 184 (1894). TAeoc^y^es. —(Tables of species) Saussure, Mant. am($r., 172 (1871); Id., Miss, scient. Mex., Orthopt., 292 (1872) ; Saussure- Zehntner, Biol, centr. amer., Orthopt., 190-91 (1894). PHASMIDAE. For the division of this family into subfamilies or genera, see Bm-meister, Handb. ent., ii., 560 (1838); ServiUe, Orthoptics, 220-222 (1839); de Haan, Bijdr. kenn. Orthopt., 107-108 (1842); Stal, Rech. syst. Phasm., 13-16 (1875); Id., Rec. Orthopt., iii^ I, I. Ill III 1 ■ f I 72 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA 4-62 (1875); Id., Obs. orthopt., i, 5-21 (1875); Brunner, R^v. syst. Orthopt., 79-81 (1893); Sharp, Cambr. nat. hist., v, 277-78 (1895); and Scudder, Can. ent., xxvii, 29-30 (1895), the last for the United States genera only. Bacunculinae. — (Table of genera) Brunner, R6v. syst. Orthopt., 82 (1893). Sermyle. — (Table of species) Stal, Rec. Orthopt., iii, 1^-11 (1875). Anisomorphinae. — (Table of genera) Brunner, Rev. Syst. Orthopt., 98 (1893). ACRIDIIDAE. Tables for the distribution of this family into subordinate groups will be found in Burmeister, Handb. ent., ii, 602-603 (1838); Serville, Orthopt^res, 565-70 (1839); de Haan, Bijdr. kenn. Orthopt., 144-46 (1842); Fieber, Syn. eur. Orthopt., 8-37, passim (1853); Fischer, Orthopt. eur., 295-98 - for European genera (1853); Scudder, Bost. journ. nat. hist., vii, 414 — N. Engl, genera (1862); Stal, Rec. Orthopt., i, 1-8 (1873); Thomas, Acrid. N. A., 49-51 (1873); Id., Key 111. Orthopt., 2-3— for Illinois genera (1875); Stal, Obs. orthopt., ii, 8-10 (1876); Thomas, Rep. ins. 111., ix, 83-92 — for Illinois genera (1880); Brunner, Prodr. eur. Orthopt., 83-87 — for European genera (1882); Oomstock, Intr. ent, 100-101 (1888); Fernald, Orthopt. N. Engl. 28— N. Engl, genera (1888); Brunner, R6v. syst. Orthopt., 102-103 (1893); Sharp, Cambr. nat. hist., v, 309-10 (1895); Morse, Psyche, vii, 325 — for N. Engl, groups only (1896); McNeill, Proc. Dav. acad. nat. sc, vi, 180 — Amer- ican subfamilies only (1897). Tettiginae. — (Table of species) de Haan, Bijdr. kenn. Orthopt., 166-67 (1842). (Tables of genera) Thomas, Acrid. N. A., 182 (1873); Stal, Obs. orthopt., ii, 47 (1876); Bolivar, Ess. Tettig., 17-22 (1887); Comstock, Intr. ent., 112 (1888); Fernald, Orthopt. N. Engl., 46 — N. E,, genera only (1888); Morse, Psyche, vii, 149 — for N. Engl, genera only (1894). inner, R^v. „ V, 277-78 the last for R6v. syst. , iii, 76-77 Rev. Syst. subordinate ii, 602-603 aan, Bijdr. '. Orthopt., j_98 - for t. hist., vii, 1-8 (1873); 1. Orthopt., >t., ii, 8-10 tiois genera r European ); Fernald, inner, R^v. ,t. hist., V, Qgl. groups iO — Araer- ijdr. kenn. Luas, Acrid. >); Bolivar, 12 (1888); y (1888); (1894). BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES -ACRIDIIDAE 73 Tettig-iae. — (Table of genera) Bolivar, Ess. Tettig., 21 (1887) /livf*'^'"^'^^^^''' ^^" 'P^''^^') ^^^^^^^' Ess. Tettig., 83-85 ^ ? LJ^rf."^' ^''^'P'- ^- ^"S^-' ^^-^- Engl, species (im) ^'^'^'' '"' '^^""^' ^"^^- ^P^^'^« «"^y Pam^em-a;. -(Tables of species) Bolivar, Ess. Tettig., 96-98 (1887). Batrachideae.- (Table of genera) Bolivar, Ess. Tettig., 21-22 (1887). re««^*