IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 |50 2.5 1.4 IIIIM |||m 1.6 V (? o e). •c^l /}. % '^J: ^^' '/ ///. f f Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y 14580 (7J61 872-4503 V «?. s ^^ i/j CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m^thode normale de filmage sont indiquds ci-dessous. D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur □ Covers damaged/ Couverture endommag^e □ Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde et/ou pellicul^e D D D D n D D Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes g^ographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli§ avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intdrieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout6es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filmdes. Additional comments:/ Commeniaires suppl^mentaires; n n D \7[ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurdes et/ou pelliculdes Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d6color6es, tachetdes ou piqu^es Pages detached/ Pages ddtachdes Showthrough/ Transparence I I Quality of print varies/ Quality indgale de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel supplementaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 film6es d nouveau de fapon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiqu^ ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X 7 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X :ails du >difjer une nage The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: National Library of Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmud beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. L'exemplaire filmd f ut reproduit grdce d la q6n6rosit6 de: Bibliothdque nationale du Canada Los images suivantas ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet6 de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimde sont film^s en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film^s en commandant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^- (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END "). whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — i^signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les ccrtes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent §tre filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour §tre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd A partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. rrata to pelure, n d D 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 fACQIES fAKTl! i •vsj-^ ff. Of RiOYAGESWCANAJ* \ AM liSSAY 'I HIRAM U. SHfHf:^:s, n.c.L, MONTUEAl. W. a8YS*>ALE & CO., POBLISUERS i$i BT. JAMES STREET JACQUES CARTIER AND HIS FOUR VOYAGES TO CANADA AN ESSAY WITH HISTORICAL, EXPLANATORY AND PHILOLOGICAL NOTES BY HIRAM B. STEPHENS, B.C.L. MONTREAL : W. DRYSDALE & CO., PUBLISHERS 233 ST. JAMES STREET '^% ,-1^ [Entered nccording to Act of Parlinment of Cnnndn , in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety, by VV. Dhyspalk ct Co., in the Office of the Department of Agriculture.] OAZBTTR PRINTING COHPANTi HONTRRAI.. "'^ A CONTENTS, Preface by Georpe Murray j-xji Introductory— Cartier's Birth, Marriage, Early Life, Prefa- ratory Notes 1 The Manoir of Jacques ('artier— Cartier's Home, Antiquity of Buildings, Present Appear- ance Y First Voyage.—Autliorities- Sir Charles de Mouy of La Mailleraye— Departure from St. Malo— Arrival off New- foundlanil— The Island of Birds— Descripi inn of the New Land from Cape Race to Cape Degrad— St. Catherine Island— Course along west coast of Newfoundland— De- scription of other Islands— Meeting with Savages— Their Customs, Food and Dress— Traffic with Indians— F'urther Explorations— Homeward Bound— Notes n Second Voyage. — Authorities — Preparations — Officers and Ships— Severe Storm— Landing at Bird Island— Harbor of St. Nicholas— Anticosti— The Sail towards Canada— Isle aux Coudres— Indians again— Exchange of Civilities— The Indians try to dissuade Cartier from going further inland— The Stratagem fails— Arrival at Hochelaga- Reception— Visit to the Village— Its situation deecribed- Reception at the Village-Presents- Visit of the Chief- Manners and Customs of the People— Description of River— Severe Illness among the Crew— The cure de- scribed—Erection of the Holy Cross— Canada formally taken possession of for King of France- Seizure of Chiefs —Return to St. Malo— Notes 41 Third Voyage.— Authorities— Cartier again commissioned- Roberval— The Five Ships set Sail-Arrival off New- foundland— Arrival at Stadacona— Meeting with Agona —Winter quarters — Two vessels despatched back to France-Cartier goes to Hochelaga-The Indians appear -r7"t- CONTENTS. I'AOB Hostile— Preparations for Defence— Tlie narrative ab- ruptly concludes — Voyage of Roberval to Canada— Saguenay— Hochelaga— The Fort of France-Roy and that which was done there— Manners of the Savages— Voyage from Canada into Saguenay, 5th Juno, 1543— The Voyage as described by Jean Alphonse Xanctoigne 99 Fourth Voyage.— Cartier sent back to get Roberval— This Voyage called in question— Cartier returns- Probably ennobled— Undergoes Examination before the Admiralty —Fully acquitted of all charges — Probable date of death— Letters 127 Notes to First Voyage 133 Second " 137 Third " 142 f !( T '.V!if '^1 ■rf-.->K t ^ '. 'Ill r-^'^ •'. ;/r' i«*V ,:?«' •f- v";!!-; 4rhi rrs i crutr^^ y" > ^ s '^. A ismnj w.„,.- PREFACE. i j ! It is a happy omen for the future of any country when its people take a pride in its history, and delight in studying even its earliest annals. Of late years this patriotic spirit has been notably developed m Canada, and the result has affected its literature in a marked degree. No possible reason can be assigned why an educated Canadian should neglect to acquire a full knowledge of the history of Canada. In the emphatic words of the late Hon. T. D. McGee :— " No Province of any ancient or modern power— not even Gaul when it was a Province of Rome— has had nobler imperial names interwoven with its local events. Under the French kings Canada was the theatre of action for a whole series of men of first- rate reputation— men eminent for their energy, their fortitude, their courage and their accomplishments- for all that constitutes and adorns civil and military reputations. Under our English sovereigns— from the days of Wolfe to those of the lamented Earl of Elgin, our great names are connected with some of the best and highest passages in the annals of the empire. We have not, therefore, a history simply provincial, interesting only to the provincials them- selves ; but a history which forms an inseparable and conspicuous part in the annals of the best ages of the i ih, ,. . - took hiw HH - -^j^,; ,. ,,. . his mariliiiK- .'it^. titlo of *'.^i<-ur d'' 1, ,r;M iiinf on the ii''j?j \.-v ,., ,. . . Thihi «l('nie.snt' ui |. t» ,>. the parislio li '■tf*.'? snnd metres alnnp ■'^ . tit>n, estabhshtHl, ; = ». minatiiig point .i avvay on oiio side to >/> i ocean. From th.>i«' ,<- > 8tar. which hm] i^uirliu- t-, - of Ontiada, ('arte r , e,li(i.M,, ma. Vol iii., paw* V3r>. -■^.'>.t« un«,.rthwpa«te t'arjj^s cnllc^d Nwwe Fruis... i. '^^' !'!yt a.loi)t«dtiusini.is*',iit;unofi.ino.i,nJH ;, ^ ' ■' !■. nnkerfon ntul Miurrliil! in t\mr v-.>v.;*c-f.s ^.--MnHUjue. Huriiola^je, l,nhrR,i.,r. „t pay, ,,.,.,, ^_, >- : 'rtn.-„, uven lurticiiliere.s nvmrs. IhmuM'p «« v - '^"-iiftav. .Ikiilie. Knnen, 1598. rj.*-/ liaphac. is, f - ■ v^-^a->f, edition J«I^. L,lv. iii.. . h;i{, - j,,i,,,> ■ .;. . -'■unmik ii.iidils Hur Jur.jiii^ rartior K ),, i >.» .^k f - -S' ::^>. |.ar II. Mjcheluut ot A. Rii..„\ a-ru!in'.w> .^ - |t:.. Xirks fie MoHi/ of La Maiiler '/?;/*• -itf'} ''mi d i il 18 were about the iiiiddle of the gulf, wo perceived it to be the mainland, and there was a tape here which was double, one above the other, for which reason we named it Cape Double. At the beginning of the gulf we took a sounding, and found a hundred fathoms on all sides. From Port Brest to Cape Double the distance is about twenty leagues, and live or six leagues from there we took another sounding and found forty fathoms. This land looks northeast-southwest. Next day, the sixteenth, we sailed along the t^oast southwest-a-quarter-south, thirty-five leagues from Cape Double, and found very high and rocky mountains, amongst which we saw some small huts (cabnnnes), so we called them Hut Mountains ; the other lands and mountains are very irregular and broken, and b(»tween them and the sea the land is low. The day previous, owing to the fog and dimness, we had seen no land, but in the evening we perceived an opening in the land which appeared to be the mouth of a river, amongst these Hut Mountains ; and to the southwest of its, about three leagues, was a cape without any peak or point all round the top of it, but jutting out into a point at its base ; it received the name of Cape Pointed. North of this cape is a flat island, and as we wished to explore this entrance {embouchure) to see if there was a good harbor, we lo weired sails to pass the night here. Next day, the seventeenth, we had wind from the northwest, and were obliged to leave the cape and make our way southwest till Thursday morning, sailing about thirty-seven leagues, and found ourselves among several islands shaped like pigeon-houses (dove-cots), so they were named Pigeon-house Islands. Hi ^i! 19 Lescarbot hero has tho following interpolation : — GuirSt. Julii'u is distant scvt-n loaguos I'rom Capo Royal, which is siinatcd to the south-ono-quartor southwest. South-southwest ol" this capo is another cape, all cleft uudtiruoath and round in shape on the summit. On tho north is a small island half a league distant, and this capo was called Milk Capo. Between these two capes there are certain low lands which appear to have streams. Two leagues from Cape Royal tho depth of water is twenty fathoms, and there is excellent cod fishing hero ; wo took more than a hundred in less than an hour, while waiting. 0/ somr idancls between Cape Royal and Cape Milk. Next day, the eighteenth, the wind became so contrary and violent that we felt obliged to return towards Capo Royal, thinking to find a safe harbor ; and with our boats wo went to see what there was between Cape Royal and Cape Milk. Beyond the low lands was a very deep gulf, in which there are several islands ; this gulf is shut in ou the south side. The low lands form one side of the entrance and Cape Royal is ou the other side, and tho low lands rnn out into tho sea more than half a league. Tho district is Hat and sterile (bad laud) ; in the middle of the entrance is an island. This gulf is in latitude 48 J°, and in longitude =^ * Wo found no harbor this day, and on account of nightfall returned out to sea, turning the cape to tho west. Of the Island St. John. From this day to the twenty-fourth of the mouth, the feast of St. John, we were tempost-tossed, and i i II r ^a I : il • ) r » 1 20 had such bud winds and dark weather that we saw no hind till St. John's d;iy, vvhfn we discovered a cape lying' to the soutliwest ol" Capo Ttoyal, distant thirty-Uvt' leagues ; but the mist was so heavy and the weather so bad this day that we could not land. And us this was the day ol' St. John, the capo was named St. John. Of the isUimls callrd the Mauds of Manjau/x ; the birds and ani- mals found thrrc. Of the Island Brim and Capr Dauphin. Next day, the twenty-lil'th, the weather was still very unfavorable ; we sailed part ol" the day to the west and northwest, and in the evening we went across up to the time of the second watch since wo had left, and then we ascertained by our quadrant that we were heading northwest-a-quarter-west, distant seven leagues and a half from Cape St. John ; and when we wished to sail on, the wind changed to the northwest, so that we ran to the south iil'teeu leagues, and came to three islands, of which two had coasts perpendicular like a w^all, so that it was impossible to ascend them ; ])('tween them is a small reef These islands were more completely filled (covered) with birds than a field is with grass, which birds nest here. On the largest island was a large number of birds that we called margaulx, which are white and larger than a goose (gosling) ; these fre- quent one portion of the island, and on the other portion were the kind called godetz ; but on the banks w^ere the godetz and large apporrath, resem- bling those mentioned before. We went on the lower side of the smallest island, and gathered more than a thousand godetz and apporrath, and loaded our boats with as many as we wished, and could iPi t« 21 havo filled thirty boatH in an hour. Those islands received (ho nume ol' Miir!>anlx Islands. Five leai>ues to the west from here is another island, two Icasues long and two wide; here we stopped lor the night to procure wood and water. It is surrounded with sand, and there is a depth of six or seven fathoms. Thes(^ islands w«ire of tho best soil we had yet seen ; in I'aot. one field here is worth the whole of Newfoundland. Full of large trees are these islands ; of lields of wild wht-at, and of peas as fine as in Brittany, which seemed to have been sown by hand ; there were also barberries, strawberries, red roses, grapes, and many sweet 'lowers and grasses. There ar(i large animals about this island, as large as an ox, having tusks like an elephant, and which live in the sea. We saw one sleeping on the water's edge, and went towards it with our boat, thinking to secure it, but as soon as it heard us it threw itself in the water. We saw bears and wolves also. This island was named Isle of Brion ; around it on the southeast and northwest are large marshes. I think, from what I could make out, that there is a channel between the New Land and the Island of Brion. If this should be so, it would shorten the time and jour- ney, provided it could be done by this route. Four leagues west-southwest from this island is the main- land, which resembles an island surrounded with small islands of sand. There there is a fine cape, which we named Cape Dauphin, because it is the commencement of good lands. The twenty-seventh of June we made a circuit of the lands lying west- southwest, which appear from a distance to be hills or mountains of sand, though they are low lands and of little depth. We could not approach them, much IIP % ^ ■{ti ) 22 less eflfect a landing, on account of the contrary wind. This day we made fifteen leagues. Of the island called Alezay and Cape St. Peter. The next day we coasted along these shores ten leagues to a cape of red earth, which is rough and indented, through an opening or cleft in which may be seen a low country to the north ; and there is a lowland between a sheet of water and the ocean. From this cape and sheet of water to another cape is about fourteen leagues, and is shaped in a semicircle, consisting of sand like a ditch, over which can be seen marshes and sheets of water as far as the eye can see. Before arriving at the first cape there are two islands quite near shore. Five leagues from the second cape is an island to the southwest which is A'ery high and peaked ; this latter we named Alezay ; the former cape we named Cape St. Peter, as it was on his day we arrived there. Of the Cape Orleans. Of the Canoe River (barques). Of Cape of the Savages ; the nature and temperature of the eountry. From Brion island to this place there is a good sandy bottom, and having taken soundings also to the southwest up to five leagues of the land, we found twenty-five fathoms ; a league nearer, twelve fathoms ; and near shore six fathoms, more or less, and good bottom. But as we wished to have more knowledge of these rocky bottoms, full of stones, we lowered the sails. Next day, the last but one of the month, the wind came from the south-one-quarter- southwest ; we sailed west until Tuesday morning, the last of the month, without discovering any other 23 land, with the exception that in the evening we saw some land, apparently forming- two islands, lying behind us nine or ten leagues to the west and south, west. This day, till sunrise next morning, we made about forty leagues We thought the land appear- ing like two islands was the mainland, situated to the southwest and north-northeast, up to a beautiful cape called Cape Orleans. All this land is low and Hat, and as fine as one can se»' anywhere, full of fine trees and prairies ; but we could find no harbor, as there is nothing but reefs and sand-bars. We went several times with our boats, and, amongst other places, we entered a fine stream of little d(>pth, for which reason it was named Canoe River. We saw several canoes with savages crossing the Tb'c:, but held no intercourse with them, bec-aiise the wind came from the sea and blew on shore, so that we returned to the ships. We sailed northeast till sun- rise next day, the first of July, when a violent tem- pest arose, so that we had to lower the sails till about two hours before noon, when it cleared off, and we perceived Cape Orleans and another seven leagues distant to the north-a-quarter-northeast, which was named Cape of the Savages. Northeast of this cape about half a league there is a very dan- gerous rocky reef While near this cape w«' per- ceived a man who ran behind our boats as we coasted along, and made signs to us that we ought to return to the cape. Seeing his signs, we began to go towards him, when, seeing us come, he took llight. Landing, we pla«ed before him a knife and a woollen waistband on a stick. Wci returned to our ships. This day we went along this coast, turn- ing and winding nine or ten leagues, without find- l- ' r ^11 m 11 1» ~rr r 24 t: .:i • ' ! I? - i - ■ r *' m 1^1 : I m ing a good harbor, as all this country is low and full of reefs and sand bars. Notwithstanding which, this day wo went on shore in four places to see the trees, which are beautiful here and very odorous; there arc cedars, yews, pine, white elms, ash, wil- lows, and others unknown to us, but all without fruit. The land, where there are no trees, is very fertile and full of peas, of white and red barberries, of strawberries, of wild wheat, like rye, which seems to have been sown and cultivated. And the tempera- ture hero is as favorable as one could wish, and very warm ; there are many thrushes, wood-pigeons and other birds ; in fact, nothing is lacking except good harbors. Of Gulf St. Lunaire and other noteworthy gulfs and capes; the nature and fertility of the soil. Next day, the second of July, wo came to and expijred the land of the north coast opposite us, which joins that already spoken of; having made the circuit, we found that it contained ^ * * of width and the same diameter. We named it Grulf St. Lunaire. We went to the cape on the north with our boats, and found the land so low that for a league there was not more than a fathom of water. Seven or eight leagues northeast of this cape is an- other cape to the north, between which is a triangular gulf (bay), very deep and running far up into the land; it lies to the northeast. This gulf is sur- rounded with bars and shallows for ten leagues; there are not more than two fathoms of water. It is fifteen leagues between the two capos. Eeyond these we saw a land and a cape, which lies north- a-quarter-northeast as lar as we could see. All ■. I Iff 25 night it was stormy and wild ; so much so that we were obliged to carry reefed sails till next morning, the third of July, when the wind blew from the west, and we were carried north, and discovered the land which was north-northeast of the low lands. Between these low lands and the high lands is a large gulf and opening, of fifty- five fathoms in many places and about fifteen leagues wide. On account of the depth, size and character of the land here, we had hopes of finding a passage similar to that of Castle Gulf. This gulf looks east-northeast, west- southwest. The soil on the south side is good enough and cultivable, and full of as fine prairies as we had seen, level as a lake ; on the north side are high mountains, covered with trees of various kinds, amongst others fine cedars and firs fit to make masts for vessels of three hundred tons ; and we saw no part here that was not covered with these woods, except two places where it was low ; these were fine prairies, with two beautiful lakes. The centre of this gulf is in latitude 47|°. Of Cape Hope. Of Bay (staria) St. Martin ; how seven canoes of the sarages came to our boat, and being unwilling to go away, ice frightened them by firing small cannon, so that they fied in great haste. The cape of this land to the south was named Cape Hope, by reason of the hope we had of finding a passage. The fourth of July we went along this coast northwards to find a harbor, and went into a small place exposed to the south wind, which wo thought it worth while to name St. Martin, and we stayed here from the fourth till the twelfth. While here we went with one of our boats on Monday, the ; i i i ' 1 1. 1 hw'r 26 sixth, the Feast of the Mass, after Hearing Mass, to explore a cape and point of land seven or eight leagues from the west coast ; to see also which way the land lies. Having come within about a half league of the point, we perceived two groups (bands) of canoes of savages going from one side to the other ; and there were more than forty or fifty canoes, of which a portion reached the point and jumped ashore, with a great deal of noise, making signs to us to land, showing us skins on pieces of wood. But as we had only one boat, we were unwilling to do so, and went towards the others who were on the water. The others, seeing us fleeing, ordered two of their largest canoes to follow us, with which were gathered five of those coming from the ocean, and the seven approached our boat, making signs of joy and showing a desire for friendship, saying in their language, " Napen lomlameu assurtah,^^ and other unintelligible words. But as has been said we had only one boat and did not care to trust in their signs, and made them signs to go away from us, which they would not do, and came with great ado to us, so that our boat was soon surrounded with their seven canoes. And because our signs to them to retire had no etfect, we fired oti" two small cannons over them ; this astonishing them, they went back towards the point, stayed there awhile, then again began to come near us as before ; so that, when near our l)oat, we shot two of our darts amongst them, which frightened them so much that they fled in great haste and were not willing to return. 1 ;[ 2t Our traffic with the savages. The next day some of the savages came in their canoes to the point and mouth of the bay whence our ships had gone. Knowing of their having come, we went with our boat where they were, but as soon as they saw us coming they lied, making signs they had come to trade with us, showing the skins of little value, which they wore. We like- wise made them signs that we wished them no harm ; and two of our men went ashore to go to them, taking knives and other iron tools, also a red cap to present to their captain. Seeing this, they landed and brought skins and began trading, show- ing great excitement and joy at possessing the knives and iron tools, dancing and performing antics, such as throwing themselves in the water on their heads with their hands. They gave us all they had, re- taining nothing ; so that they were obliged to go away periectiy naked. They made signs to us they would return next day, bringing other skins. ( How some of the men went ashore with articles of trade and three hundred savages came, loho were overjoyed : of the nature of the country, its products and the gulf called the Gulf (Bay) of Clialeur. Thursday, the eighth of the month, as the wind was not favorable for us to go out with our ships, we got ready our boats to explore the gulf and made about twenty-five leagues this day. Next day, having good weather, we sailed till noon, when we had explored the greater part of the gulf and saw that beyond the low lands there was a high moun- tainous district. But, as we perceived there was no c 28 pit if m r'lf passage, we coasted along, and as we sailed saw some savages on the shores of a lake in the low lands, making several fires. We went ther(» and found there was a channel from the sea into the lake, and we placed our boats on one of the banks of the channel. The savages approached us and brought us pieces of cooked seal, which tht^y placed on pieces of wood and then retired, giving us to understand that they gave them to us. We sent men ashore with hatchets, knives, chaplets, and other articles, in whici the savages took great dt'light, and they came all at once in their canoes to the shore where we were, bringing skins and other things they had to exchange for our articles, and there were more than three hundred of them — men, women and children. A number of the women had stopped, remaining in the water to their knees, dancing and singing. Others, who had come to where W(i were, came familiarly rubbing our arms with their hands, then raised towards heaven and danced and made signs of joy ; and had so much confidence, that finally they ex- changed everything they had ; so that they found themselves stark naked, as they had given up all they had, which was of little value. We perceived that these people could be easily converted to our Faith. They go from one place to another, living by hshing ; their country is warmer than Spain, as line a country as one would wish to see, level and smooth, and there is no part too small for trees, even if sandy, or where there is no wild wheat, which has an ear like that of rye and the grains like oats ; there are peas as thick as if sown and cultivated, red and white barberries, strawberries, red and white roses, and other flowers of sweet and delightful perfume. There 29 are also fine prairies, fine grasses and lakos filled with salmon. They call a hatchet in their languajre "cochi," and a knii'e "bacon." We named this gulf the Gull" oi" Chaleur. Of another tribe (natione) of savages, their customs, food and dress. Being certain there was no passage by way of this gulf, we set sail from St. Martin on Sunday, the 12th, to explore further. We went eastward along the coast about eighteen leagues as far as Capo di Prato, where we found it shallow and a very high tide, very rough water, so that we went towards laud between the cape and an island to the east about a league from the cape, and there we anchored for the night. Next morning w^e set sail to follow along this coast, which runs north-northeast, but a furious gale sprang up and we had to return to our anchoring place, where we stayed till next day, when we again set sail and came to a river five or six leagues from Capo di Prato ; having crossed the river, the wind again became violent, and there was such a heavy fog that we had to go within the river on Wednesday, the 14th, and we stayed here till the 16th awaiting favorable weather. On Friday, the 16th, the wind blew such a gale that one of the ships lost an anchor, and we were obliged to go seven or eight leagues to a harbor with good bottom, which we had dis- covered with our boats, and the bad weather kept us here till the 25th. Meanwhile we saw a large number of savages, who were mackerel fishing, which are very plentiful ; there were about forty canoes of them, and more than two hundred men, women and children, who, after meeting us on shore, tTt^ 30 i I ' i; V ' '^;1 came familiarly (freely) to our ships with their canoes. We gave them knives, glass ohaplets (beads), combs and other articles of little value, which greatly pleased them ; they lifted their hands to heaven as they sang and danced in their canoes. They can with truth be called savages, as there are no people poorer than these in the world, and I believe they do not possess anything to the value of live pennies, apart from their canoes and nets. Their whole clothing consists of a small skin, with which they cover their loins (le parti vergognose) ; they also put other old skins above and across their bodies. They have not the same nature (character, disposition), nor language as the first ones we had seen. They have their heads completely shaven, except a lock of hair on the top of the head which they allow to grow as long as a horse's tail ; they tie it to their heads with small leather cords. Their dwellings are their canoes, which they turn upside down and lie down under them on the bare ground. They eat their meat almost raw, merely warming it over coals ; the same with fish. We went, the Day of the Magdalen, with our boats where they were, and landed freely amongst them, which lileased them, and all the men danced and sang in two or three bauds (groups), making great signs of joy at our coming. They had sent away into the forest all the young women except two or three who had remained with them, to each one of whom we gave a comb and a tin bell, which pleased them, and they rubbed the arms and chest of our captain, as they thanked him. The savages, noticing we had given presents to the women who remained, caused the others to come out of the forest, so that they might 81 ih! I also receive some as well as the others. There were about twenty women who threw themselves in a heap on our captain, touching and stroking him, their method of caressing. He gave each of them a tin bell of little value, and they immediately began to dance, singing several songs. We found here a large quantity of mackerel that they had caught near this shore with nets made expressly for tht' purpose of the libre of hemp, which grows in the district where they usually live : they do not go to sea except when it is favorable for fishing, as I have been in- formed. Likewise there grows also in the same district a kind of grain large as peas, similar to what grows in Spain ; this they eat in place of bread ; they have an abundance of it ; they call it in their language Kapnige. They have also plums, which they dry as we do for the winter ; they call them lloneski. They have figs also, nuts, apples and oth(>r fruits, and beans which they call Salm ; the nuts, Cnhehya ; figs. * * * ; apples, * * =f= If we showed them an article they did not have and did not know what it was, shaking their heads, they would reply Nohda, which means they have none and do not know what it is. They showed us by signs how they prepared the things (foods, etc.), they have and how they grow. They will not eat anything that is salted ; are great thieves and steal all they can. How we erected a larye cross on the point at the entrance to the harbor, and the chief of the savages made a long speech. Our captain secured two of the chief 's sons to go with us. On the twenty- foxirth we made a large cross, thirty feet high ; this was made in the presence of some of the savages at the point at the entrance of the II it. . I I I t: I I w ¥'■ v, i ' r I' il II 32 harbor, on the iiiiddh^ of which cross we put a shield (escutcheon) in reliel' with three Heur-de-lys, above whicli was cut in large letters , "VIVE LE UOY DE FRANCE," and we ereidt^d it in their pn'sence on the point, and they looked at it keenly, both when we were making it and while erecting it. Having erected it we all joined hands and knelt down in adoration ol* it before their eyes, and we made signs to them, look- ing and pointing to heaven, that in this was our salvation. This astonished them greatly ; they turned to each other and looked at the cross. Hav- ing gone back to our ships, their captain (chief) came to us in a canoe, wearing an old black bear- skin, with his three daughters and his brother; they did not come as close as usual. The chief made a long speech, pointing to the cross and making a representation of it with his two fingers. Then he pointed to the distritt round us, as if to say it was all his, and that we should not have erected the cross without his permission. Having finished we sho'.yed hiiii a ring uv hatchet (manam), as if we wished to exchange it for his bearskin, which attracted him, and he gradually (;ame close to our ships. One of our sailors who was in the ship's boat laid his hand on the canoe, and instantly jumped into it with two or three more, and obliged them to go on board ship, at which they were much astonished. But our captain at once assured them they would receive no hurt, making signs of friend- ship to them, welcoming them to eat and drink. After this, we gave them to understand by signs that the cross was placed there as a guide and mark ii ■I 88 to enter the Imrbor, and that W(^ wished to return hen^ shortly and that vve would brinj^iroii tools and other things, and that wci wished to tak«^ with us two of his sons and that we would return again to this harbor. And we dressed each of the sons in a siiiit, a «-oIored saek (waist), and a rod capo, and we placed a brass chain around the neck of each, which pleased them immensely. They gave their old clotJies (?) to those who returned. We gave a hatchet and some knives to each one of the three we sent back ; these having reached shore and re- lated what had passed to the others, a1)out noon- time six of their canoes, with five or six men in each, came to the ships, bringing fish to the «;hief 's daugh- ters and bid thtun adieu, and said some words to them w^hich we could not understand. They made signs that they would not remove the cross. How we left the harbor, making our way ahead, and leaving this coast behind us, we set out for a land west-northwest. Next day, the twenty-fifth, there was a good wind, and we left the above harbor. 13eing outside, we sailed to east-northeast, seeing that near the estuary of this river, land is round in shape and forms a gulf in the shape of a half-circle ; so that from our ships we saw the whole coast, leavin'g which behind us we set out for a land to the west-northwest ; there was another gulf (bay) twenty leagues from the river we had just left. Of Capes St. Louis and Montmorenci (Memoransi) and some other lands ; and how one of our boats struck a reef and stopped us from going further. Monday, the twenty-seventh, at sunset we coasted along this land, which lies southeast and northwest, 3 ii 111 tr- i| lii 84 ami oil W»'diifs(l;iy we 8iivv another cape whore tlio land lu'gins to turn castwiinl. Wo coaslud iil'tcen Icayiu'K, and hero Iht^ lanil turns towards the north; at three leaj'-ues from the -ape there is a depth of twenty-lour fathoms. These lands here are Hat, and with less wood thaJJ any we had yet seen. There are line green prairies and stretches of country. This cape was named St. Louis, heing the day of that saint ; it is in latitude 40^" and longitude * * This day (Wednesday), in the morning, we were east of the <'ape, and we went northwest to ap- proach the laud, at nightfall, and found that it looked north and south. Betw^een Cape St. Louis ' and another named Montmorenci, lilteen leagues distant, the land begins to tiirn to the northwest. We wished to take soundii'gs three leagues from this cape, and could not lind bottom with one hundred and fifty fathoms. We sailed about ten leagues further along this coast to latitude 50 . The Saturday following, the first of August, at sunrise, we came to other lands on the north and northeast, which were high and serrated, apparently mountains, between which there were other low lands with woods and rivers. We sailed about these lands, hc^ading north- west, to see if there was a gulf or passage, till the fifth of the month. The distance between these lands is fifteen leagues, and the centre of them is in latitude 50° 20', and we had great difficulty to make more than five leagues, by reason of the st'oug tides and violent winds prevalent there. We did not go further than five leagues, whence we could see the land on one side and the other, and here it begins to widen. But as we were at the mercy of the wind, we went south, endeavoring to reach a cape to the south, 85 whh'h was the furtht'Ht out in the Hca of auy wo roultl iind, and distant IVoni ns about lil'tct'ii leagiu-s. Hut having come near it we lound it Id be rocks, reels and bars, which we had nol I'ound in [)art.s to the south, IVoni Cape 8t. John; the tide tarried us to the westward against the wind, so that, Ibllowing the coast one of our boats stuck on a reef and could go no further, so we had to get out to float it oil". IlauliKj consulted toijcther as to the most advisable thiny to do, we (they) def ermine to turn ; of the straits called St. Pierre and Cape Ticnnot. Having proceeded along the coast about two hours, the tide became so strong that we could make no headway against it with thirteen oars, further than a stone's throw. So that we got out of our boats, leaving some to watch them, and ten or twelve of us proceeded on shore to the cape, where we found that the land turns to the southw^est. Having seen this, we returned to our boats, went back to the ships, which had sails set with the hope of proceed- ing further ; but they had been beaten back by the wind four leagues from where we had left them. Having reached them, we held a council of the cap- tains, sailors, mates and the rest to decide what was most expedient for us to do. After each one had spoken, we saw that the east winds were becoming very violent and that the sea was running so high that we were beaten back, and that it was impos- sible to accomplish anything ; also that tempests (storms) are frequent at this season in Newfound- land ; that we were in a distant country, did not know the risks and dangers of the return voyage, and also that we had either to return at once or hi i 1! I h f p fif III if 86 remain the rest of the year. Besides which it was stated that il" the wiud changed to the north we would be unable to leave at all. Having considered these points, we made up our minds to return And as it was on St. Peter's day we came into this strait, we named it St. Peter's Straits (Belle Isle). We took soundings in several parts of it and found one hun- dred fathoms, and one hundred and fifty fathoms, and near shore sixty fathoms. From this day till Wednesday we had a favoring wind, and wo coasted north, east-southeast, west and northwest, for such is its configuration, except along a cape of some low land which turns more to the south, distant about twenty-five leagues from the straits. Here we saw smoke caused by the people of the country above the cai>e, but as the wind was not favorable to go inshore, we did not do so. Seeing that we did not approach them, twelve of them came to us in two canoes, and came alongside as freely as if they had been of our own people, telling us they came from the Grand Gulf, and that their captain (chief) was named Tiennot ; the latter was on the cape making signs to them to return to their country (which we had left). They had a large quantity of fish. We named it Cape Tiennot. Beyond this cape all the land lies south-southeast, west-northwest ; it is low, fertile, surrounded with sand near the sea; there are marshes and shallows for about twenty leagues along here, after which the land turns from the west to the east and northeast, and is completely surrounded with islands two or three leagues from shore. And it appeared to us that tiiere were several dangerous reefs four or five leagues from laud. B1 How on the ninth of August we came tvithin Blanc Sablon, and the fifth Se^itember arrived at St. Malo. From Wednesday till Saturday we had a stroiio- wind from the southwest, which made us point oast- northeast, on which latter day we reached the district in the eastern part of New Land between Hut Moun- tains and Cape Double. Here an oast wind l)low with great viohmce ; thereiore, we put the capo northeast by north, to approach the north coast which is, as has been said, completely surrounded with islands. Being near these, the wind changed to the south and took as into the gulf so quickly that by the grace ot G^od we came next day, the ninth of August, within Blanc 8ablon, which is all we have discovered. The fifteenth of August, the feast of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, alter hearing Mass, we departed from Blanc Sablon, and happily reached mid-ocean between New Laud and Brittnny ; and for three days had most wretched weather and an east wind, which, with God's help, we endured. Alter this we had good weather, so that on the fifth September of the same year we arrived at St. Malo whence we had sailed. r r III i ! ^^^"j^^.^ ! Ii It 88 Language of the Land Newly Discovered Called New France. This is as given in Ramusio, following the Prima Relatione. God The snn The stars The sky Day Night Water Sand Sail The head The throat The nose The teeth The nails The feet The legs Dead The skin Vergognose He Hatchet Mullet Figs Gold The forehead w [Compare these with those given at the end of the second voyage.] The account which Cartier gave of his First Voyage was so well received that it was certain that another would be soon made. During the interval which elapsed between the conclusion of the First Voyage and the setting out of the second expedition, Cartier was evidently of some use to the community of St. Malo. In the Archives of St. Malo, B.B., 4-83, mention is made of a meeting, on the 22nd February, of bourgeois, and A ffiather yeo casmogau isnez The moon fnrve The land conda camet The wind cannt The rain onnoscon aigla Bread cacacomy ame A man undo c^tosraz The hair hochosco agani>^ The eyes ygata aganoze The mouth heche conguedo The ears hontasco hehongiiesto The arms agoscu hesangue A woman enrasesco agestascu Sick alondeche ochedasco The shoes atta anondasco Red cloth cahoneta aniocdaza A knife agoheda aionasca Mackerel agedoneta ouscozon uondico AValnuts caheya yea Apples honesta asogne Beans fahe gadogoursere A sword achesco anougaza A branch cacta asconda Green trees haveda henyosco The sea amet ansce A ship casaomy 39 amono-st other names c,'iven is that of Cartier. This meeting was called to consider a " collision" between the employes of the procnreur and the "gcntils hommos " of the " gaiTison." Cartier was also present at another held on the 27th February, regarding an epidemic. In the Archives of St. Malo, Delibera- tions 1534-1535, it appears that on Wednesday, third day of March, 1535, a meeting was held, whereat it was stated that Cartier had stopped vessels, saying he had the right to choose sailors to go with him to the New Land. Some gave their consent, and it would appear that Cartit'r chose the galleon of Etienne Richomme. These are the only records of his name at this period (Longrais' " Jacques Cartier," p. 24). The following is the account of the Second Voyage. I i' itl > n I It ! ' ill ; 1' \\ if! < ijt 1 ■ t i. f ' ■»-Marf*^. ii L 1^: III 1 f. ' li 4f} _4Ji 4. it= i ^'. "'f'/x'fra/ Mi ! : III if^ w I i '. ■ !■ SECOND VOYAGE. In Rainnsio, edition 1650. Vol. iii., page 441. In Lescarbot, edition lfil2. fiib. iii., cliap. vii., el ge(jiiihir. This is interpolated with oxtracta from ('hainplain. Also in a reprint of an edition published in Paris in 1545, in 8vo., 48 pages, of whidi only one copy is known in Euroixt. Three niannscripta in the Bibliolliiqiio Imi/sriale at Paris, com- pared with the "Brief Recit" of 1545, in the reprint mentioned above, which is a copy of the only " r another dangerous reef; and likewise between Cape St. Crermain and the St. Martha Isl;mds there is a reef, about two leagues distant, ovt'r which there are only four fathoms, and on account of the dan- geroas nature of the coast we lowered sails for tin' night. Next day, the last of July, we ranged along the coast, which lies east and west, a quarter south- west, full of islands and dangerous reefs, for a dis- tanci^ of seventeen and a half leagues from Cap St. Germain. After the islands are passed, there is a fine fertile district, full of large and high trees. This coast is sandy, without any harbors, up to Cap«' Tiennot, which is situated about seven leagues to the northwest of the islands spoken of. Tins cape we recognized from our former voyage. We sailed all night west-northwest till morning, when, the wind changing, we anchored in a good little harbor about seven leagues and a half from Cape Ti«'nnot, which harbor is between four islands jutting out into the sea. We named the harbor St. Nicholas, and on the nearest island we erected {planfdmes) a wooden cross as a mark. It is nei^essary (in sailing) to have the cross to the northeast; then turn to it and have it to the right. The depth of water is six fathoms, four ftithoms inside ; it is necessary to look out for two reefs which are on each side, about half a league outside. All this coast is very dan- W 44 gorous, lull of roofs ; though seeming to ^possoss several good harbors, thorc are only re(>fs and shal- lows. "Wo rem.ainod in St. Nicholas harbor until Sunday, seventh of August, on which day wo sot sail for thi; land towards Capo Uapast, distant twenty leagues north-northwest. Next day the wind was contrary, and as we found no anchoring placo on this south coast, we sailed to th(> north about ion leagues, whore wo reached a large and beautiful bay, lull of islands and good channels and protection from any wind that can blow, and as a landmark of this bay there is u largo Lsland, like a promontory {ra/i re we had seized them in our voyage, the year previous, to Canada. They also told us that two days' journey from the said cape and island commenced the coun- try and kingdom of Saguenay, on the land to the north leading to Canada. Beyond the cape, about three leagues, there are a hundred fathoms and more of water ; and wo nov(»r saw so many whales as we did this day in tht? vicinity of the cape spoken of. Next day, the fifteenth of August (we passed through the straits the night before), we saw land to the south, having very high mountains. "We 15 named the above island AsKuruption Island. From the cape ol' IhiK island lo a rape oi' tiic hij^li lands to the south, lying- east-northeast and west-south- west, the distance is twenty-five leaj^ues. And we perceived the land to the north lo be higher than that on the south, I'or more than thirty leagues. We sailed along the south coast till Tui'sday noon, when wi' had a west wind; we put the cape to the north to explore (visit) the high lands, and arriving there we lound a low coast dose to the ocean, I he hiirh mountains running east and west, a quarter west. And I'rom our two savages we learnt'd that this was the beginning of the 8aguenay district, and that it was habitable. Here they obtained copper {euivn: ron^e), which they (all caifj;net daze. The distanci; between the northern and southern l)anks is about thirty leagues ; there are more than two hundn-d fathoms of water. Our savagt's informed us that this was the river and commencement of the grand " Sileune de Ilochelaga " and river of Canada ; which river grows narrower going towards Canada, where it was fresh, and came from so far olF that no one had ever reached its source that our savages had ever heard tell of; and, of course, only boats could be used as a means of passage. In consequence of their saying this, and as they declared there was no other channel, our captain did not wish to go furtlier until we had visited the remaining portions of the coast and land to the north, which he had omitted to visit, as we had left the Bay of St. Lawrence to ffo to the south in search of another channel. K^ ! 1 1 i 1 , 1 ' ' ; i i ■ ( 46 !!.i Hou' our Captain brought our ships about, in order to gain a knowledge of the Hog of St. Lawrmce, so as to know whether there iras a ehnnnd towards the north. Wi'cliu'sdiiy, thi' eij^liU'cnth of August, our i.aptain brouyhl. tho ships about, having' tho cape ou the other sid*', \Vc followed tlie coast lying northeast and southwest, making a half arc — very high land, unlike that to the south. Thursday following we came to several very high islands, naming them Round Islands (Ish-x Rondes), distant about forty leagues from the southern, coast and three or four leagues from thi' northern, beyond which there is a level district full of beautiful trees, along which district we sailed on Friday. Near this are several dangerous sandbanks, uui.'overed at high water, and just beyond this district, ten leagues in extent, there is a river of fresh water (this is the Chischedec, most probably), which runs into the sea (so strongly) so that the water is as fresh as spring water for a league distant. We went into our boats to this river and found only d fathom and a half of water. There are in this river several kinds of fish shaped like a horse, which go to the land diiring the night and stay in the water during the day — so we were told by our two savages, — and we saw a large number of these fish. Next day, the twenty-first, at daybreak, we set sail and followed the northern coast to explore it further, and also the Island of Assumption (Anticosti) ; and when we had become certain there was no channel, we returned to our ships, which were at the seven islands spoken of before, where there is a good harbor, sandy bottom, and twenty fathoms of water. AVe were obliged to remain here till the twenty-fourth, on account of ^mf^\ 41 storms and oontrary winds, when wo wont to a harbor on the southern banks eighty lt'ii£;ues distant. There are three Hat ishmds here in niidsireiuii, i.nd nortliwards, between these ishvnds and the harbor, there is a very hirge river between high and low lands, whi second of Si'pti'mbi'r, wi'k'l't this river to continue our journey to Canada, finding the eddies very swii't and dan- gerous, l)ecause to the south ol" the river there an- two ishmds, around which ibr about three h'agues there arc but two fathoms of water, Ulled with rocks as hirge as casks and hogsheads. We very nearly lost our galleon, only saving it by means of oiir boats. After passing the Hagueiuiy and these islands, about live leagues southwest, there is an- other island to the north, very high ; beyond this we tried to anchor and found no bottom with one hundred and twenty fathoms of line, a short dis- tance from shore, so were ol)ligrd to try this side of the island, wht're vvc^ anchored in thirty-Jiv(\ fathoms and a good bottom. Next morning we set sail and passed out and found a six'cies of lish, never before heard of or seen by us ; these lish are as large as a cod, and have a good l)ody and head like a greyhound ; are as white as snow, without any mark, and there are a large number in this river; tliey live in salt and fresh water; the savages call them " adhothuys." We w»-r(> told that they were excellent eating, and that they were found only in this river. The sixth September, with good winds, we made lifteen leagues \\\) the river and came to an island near the south bank, forming a small ))ay, on and about which there is an immense number of turtles and also adhothuys. There is a swift tide here, as at Bordeaux. The island is about three leagues long and two wide, good soil, numerous line trees, walnut trees (ha/el nuts) fillrd with nuts as large and better tasting than ones in France, but a little harder ; therefore, we named the island Isle •^l^Wt^ f 49 aux Coudres. Tho scvi'iith SfpU'inbcr, alter Inuring Muss, we prociH'dcd on our way up tlit; river and came lo IburtiH'Ji islands, si'vcn <»r oii;lil l<'a«j;u»'S from Islo aux. Coudres; lliis is I he beginniuu' ol' Canada. One ol" these islands is ten KMi«'ues loiii-- and live wide, on wliitli live people who catch all kinds ol' lish, actiording' to the season. Anchorin<^- betvveeu this island and the uorth hank, we went ashore, lakini'' with us the two savag-es we had secured the preceding voyage. We lound there several savages (i;v//,s i//i /mi/s), who look to llight and \\i uld not conu' lu-ar us until our two begiui to talk to them, telling them they were Taignoagny and Donuigaya. As soon as they wore satislied ol' thi- thi'y sh(»wed llu'ir joy, dancing aud perlbrmiuii- antii's, and came to speak to us at the boats, b''ing- ing eels aud other lish, with two or three loads ol' large grain (corn), whii^h is lh<.' bn'ad on which they live, and several i rgc nielons (sic, pumpkins probably.) The siinie dr. . ',eral canoes ol' savages, male aud I'emale, came to i,' ships to see aud wel- (^ome our two savages, all ol' whom were well received by our < aptain, wh<. feasted Ihi-m as well as he could, and gave them s» me trilling presents, which pleased them greatly. Ne tday theseigneiar of Canada, his name being Donn oiui and his title Agouhanna, came with twelve ci loes, and, lenving ten behind as he came lU'ar the hips, approached us with only two, accompanied by ixteeu men, and made a speech according to the fas ion, contorting the body and limbs in a remarkabi way — n cere- mony of joy aud welcome. This wat- done near the smallest of our ships, and when he canae to the Grande Hermiue, where were our Cap ain-Geiu'ral. IT m^ 50 Tiiignoaj^ny and his comnidf, ho spoke to them and thoy t(» him, toliiug him what thi-y had seen in France and the i^ood tivalment they liad received. He was deeply pleased and asked our captain to open his arms Tor an embrace — their method oi" wel- coming. Then our captain went into the canoe of Uonnacsona and ordered In'ead and wine lor him and his savages, which were brought, and they wi're much gratiiied. N other presents were given. Then they separated and Donna»'ona returned. Our captain borrowed some of their canoes to go further in search of a safe harbor for the ships, and we left with the inllowing tide. Wt made about ten leagues, following the coast line of this island, and came to a very line and pleasant bay. There is a little river here and a safe harbor with three fathoms. We named this St. Croix, on account of the day we arriv«'d. Around this place there is a people (tril)e) whose chief is Donnacona, and his domicili> or place of living {devieiintuce), Stadat.'ona is here. Fertile soil and very fruitful, numerous line trees, as in France ; oak, elm, ash, walnut, yews, cedars, vines, and hawthorns, which produce fruit as large as a damson, and other trees. There also grows as line hemp as in France, without any sowing or cultivation. After visiting, and being much pleased with this place, our captain and Ihe rest returned io Ihe canoi's, io go back on board ship. And as we enme out of the river we met one of the chiefs of Stndiuona, uccouipnnied by several men, women and children ; whieh ehief made a si>eech, according to tlieiv (nanner ;ind custom, of joy and welcome, and the w could perceive them singing, dancing and showing joy at our coming. How our captain went back on hoard .shiji und (hen went to see (he island, its size and nature, and then browjht t/ie shiijs to River St. Croix. Ai'ter we had arrived with our canoes at the ships and returned from the River St. Croix, tht; (^aptaiu gave orders to borrow the canoes to go and land on the island to see the beautiful trees and the nature oi" the island, which was done, and we found it full of beaiitiful trees, the same as ours (in France). And we also found a very large numl)er of vines, such as we had never bi'fore seen ; therel'ore, we called it the Isle of Bacchus. It is twelve leagues long, covered with trees, no cultivated land ; but there are some small dwellings (wigwams) belong- ing to those engaged in iishing, as we have already spoken of. Next day we sot out with our ships to take them to the St. Croix river, where we arrived the fourleenth of the mouth. And there tame to us Donnacona, Taiguoagny and Doinagiiya, with twenty-live canoes tilled with savagi's coming from the place we had just left and were going to Stada- cona, their home {demeurance), and they all cauir to our ships with signs of joy, except our two savages, Taignoagny and Domagaya, who wcrf chiingt'd in some manner and had no courage; would not come on board our shii>s, though entreat I'd to do so several times ; for which reason we distrusted them. The captain asked them if they were williu;.; to go to !m i \\Tf- -■1 H 52 Hocholaga with him, as Ihi'y had agreod ; they answered yes, and that they were determined to go ; then all withdrew. Next day, the lilteenth, our captain went ashore to place bnoys to t'usure the safety ol' our ships, to which place (;ame several savages, amongst others Donnacoua, our two sav- ages, and their band, but these all kept aj^art from us on a point on the border of a stream, none of them ai)proaching us, while those not of their band came to wa. When the captain was informed that they were there, he ordered a number of his own men to acc'ompany him and went over to the point to IJon- nacoiui, Taignoagny, Doniagaya, and the others. The captain went amongst them and Taignoagny came forward and said Donnacoua was grieved for the reason that the <'aptain and his men carried so many weapons of war, while they for their })art carried none. To which the captain replied that it was the custom in France, and that he (Taignoagny) knew it well, and in spite of thes*' words, Donnacoua and our captain were vi'ry friendly together. \Vt' there- fore perceived that whal Taignongny said originated with him and his comrade. Before separating, our captain aiul Donnacoua gave mutual assurances of strong frit'udship, aiul allof Donnacona's i)eople gave three shouts in a loud voice — hcu'rible to hear — and we took our leave and went on board for that day and the next (me- The sixteenth we placed our two largest ships williin the buy aiul river, where there is at full tide three fathoms of water, and at low tide half a fathom, and we kept the other boat (galleon), llie lilmerillon, to take us t(t Hochelaga. And imuu'diately (as soon as) that oiu- ships were in the harbor and anchored, Donnacoua, Taignoagny, w^ 58 and Domagaya, and more than fivo hundrod mon. women and children came, and Donnacona, with ten or twelve of the chiefs, came on board and were feasted by the captain and were given some trilling priisents. Taiguoayny said Donnacona was grievi^d biM-ause he (T.) was going to Hochelaga, and thai he (D.) said the river was of no value {i.e., dangerotis), to which our captain made reply that he was going if it were at all possible, because he had the orders of his master, the Kin a', to go as far as he could ; but if Taignoagny was willing to go as he had promised, a present would be given him, with which lie would be highly pleased, and that they would only <><> to Hochelaga and then return. To which Taignoagny made answer he would not go at all. Then they withdrew to their wigwams (muisous). The next day, the seventeenth, Donnacona and oHku's came, bringing eds and other fish in quantities, of which there are .1 large number caught in tlxis river, as will be told hereafter. Wln'U they had thanked the chief lor these presents. Th- 11 1 :_ agny told the laptain that the girl was tb^ Saam^mur of the cliief's sistcT and one of the boy^ Tiras li^ I 54 brother of him who spoko (Taignoagny). And those wero given with the hope that w<^ would not go to Hochelaya. To which onr captain made reply that if they were given with the hope that ho would not go to Ho('helaga, they would have to take thorn back, and that he would not take anything to deter him from going, as he had his orders to do so. On which words, Domagaya, companion of Taignoagny, told th«» captain ihe presents had been made through affection and as a pledge of friendship, and that he was ])leased to go to Hochelaga with him, lor which reason Domagaya and Taignoagny had bitter words together. Therefrom we saw that the latt(»r was unreliable (worthless), that he was traitorous and malicious, as we had previously thought, on account of evil actions we had seen him do. Our captain placed the young savages on board ship and caused to be brought t\vo swords, a large wide brass basin and a wash basin, and gave them to Donnacona, who was nun'h pleased and thanked our captain, and he gav<' orders to all his people to dance and sing and entreated our captain to have a cannon discharged, of which Taignoagny and Domagaya had told him, and which he had never seen or heard. The ca))tain consented and gav«' orders to lire a dozen with their shot through thcr woods beyond the savages. At which they vven^ so astonished, they thought the heavens had fallen upon them, and took to howliny so terribly that it seemed to b»! the case that hell was empty. l]efor(( they withdrew, Taig- noagny sent word that those on the Emerillon, which was out in the channel, had killed two of their men l)y the shot; on heariuii- which all retired in ureat haste, as if we had wished to kill them also. 55 Tho story was not truo, as no shot had hcfu fired Irom the Emcrillon. \\\ t Jloir Itonnarom, Taiiinoaijmj and others devineda cunnlmjpUm and dis(juisn as devils with horns as lonii' as the iirni, and they were covered with the skins of l>la('k and white do<>s. Their faces wer«' painted Vjlack as coal, and they were placed in a concealed i-anoe. The band cann- to us as usual, the others waiting in the woods without api>earinu' lor nhout <\vo hours i'or the time and tide for the arrival ol" Ihe abovi' canoe ; at w^hich time they all (;ame oui oi' the forest and showtnl th»>mselves helbre our ships without approachintj' any nearer. A(M'ordinii' to their plan, Taiunoau'iiy saluted our captain, who asked if he wanted our boat ; the former replied not for the present, but that by-aud-by he would come on board, and imme- diately the canoe, w^ith the three disyuised as devils with lonii' horns on their head arrived, and the one in the centre made a straiiLfe si)eech as they ap- proached. They passed alonu' by our sliips in their canoe without turninu' their eyes upon us, and con- tinued till they struck hard upon the shore with their canoe ; then immediately DonnaiMjna and his people took the canoe and the three men who lay in \\\o canoe as if dead aiul carried uU into the woods, alumt a stone's throw distant, and not a sinyle savaii'e w^as lell in front of our ships, b'nnn within the w^oods they began a talking- and a preaching nrF ! i) 56 whiili wt> could hear on tho ships, and Uiis went on lor about hall' an hour; after which Tiii<>noai'ny and l)oinai>;aya iiamc forth, walkinji' towards tis, hands joined, their hats under their arms, and altractini>' much attention ; and Taii»noagny bej^an to talk, uttering three times "/csw.s. Jesus, ./c.sv/.s'," and iirtini>hiH eyes towards heaven, and then Domaii'ayii be<»-an to say ''Jesus Maria.'' .Tac(jui's ('artier looked towards heaven also. He, noting their behavior and actions, asked them what was the matter and what was new. They rei)lied they had sad news, saying, "Nenny is it good"' {i.e., it is not good). The ca])taiii rei)eated his (juestion and they replied that their uod called Cudragny had spoken at llochelaga, and that the three men (devils) had come I'rom liim with the information tiiat there was so much snow and ice tlu^re that all would die. On hearing these words we all laughed and told them that their god Cudragny was but a fool, did not know what he said, — to tell his messengers so, and that Jesus would preserve them from cold if they would believe iji llim. Then Taignoaguy asked the captain if he had spoken to Jesus, who an.swered that the priests had, and that we should luive line weather. They thanked the captain and returned into the forest to inform the others, who immediately canu' oiit of the woods, pretend. ng to be pleased with the Avords of the captain. To prove it,they<'ame at once before the ships and together gave three cries or yells — their sign of joy, danced and sang: but in contradiction Taignoaguy and Domagaya told our captain that Donnacona was unwilling that any of them should go with the captain to llochelaga. The captain told them that / iC they hiul not dt'ttTininod to <>o with him witli j^ood ht'iiri, they could mnain hcliind, and Ihat he would not bi^ prevented IVoni j^oiws- How our captain and all the. nohti's {ijentilti hommcs), irithjift;/ sailors, ilepartidfrom Canaila uit/i the yalleon {Kmcrillon) ami the tiro boats, to ijn to llochilacja, and irhat was done III/ them on l/ir riorr. N<'xt day, tht' ninctoonth of S<'pt«'ml>or, \vo set sail with the j^allcon and two lioatw to ««•<» up th»' river with the ti- on both hanks as line lands as ono could hope to sec. 8])rin<>s of water and beautiful trees, and so many vines loaded with es alon<>- the river that it appeared as if they had been planted ])y man rather than otherwise, but they are neither cultivated nor pruned; the i^Tapes are neither so lari>'e nor sweet as ours, AVe iimnd numerous huts (niaisons) on the banks, in which live those who fish, and these savau'cs came to us in as n'reat friendlin(>ss as if we belontted to the country, bringing- us numbers of lish ; and for what we gave them extending their hands to heaven and making manifestations of joy. AV^e reached a place about twenty-live leagues from Canada, «'alled Ochelay, which is a strait with a strong and dan- gerous current and full of rocks. Aujongst others cam<' a grand chief, who made a great speech in (doming alongside, telling lis by siji'iis with his hands and other certnnonie.s ihat the river was very dangerous a iittu^ i litth in adv lUce ol us, and warning us to take care. He presented to our captain two of his children, of whom the cajjtain took the little girl, seven or eight years old, and refusing to take the boy, aged two or three years, as '■ :i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I M 2.2 ii' m m 10 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ■• 6" ► <^ m. w /2 /y '^1 0^ /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN SVAEET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSBO (716) 873-4503 L waters that they are more than three fathoms deep. These rivers sur- 59 !r round five or six protty islands, forming the end (upper) of this lake. About fifteen leagues further up they form one river. This day we were on one of these islands and met live savages who were trap- ping wild animals, and they came to our boats as familiarly as if they had seen us all their lives, showing no fear ; and our boats coming to shore, one of the savages took our captain in his arms and car- ried him ashore as easily as if he were a child of five years, so large and strong was this man. AVe found a large number of wild rats, which live in the water and are good to eat. They gave some io our captain, who gave them knives and beads in return. We asked th<'m by means of signs if this was the way to Hochelaga. They rc^plied yes, and that we had still three days' journey. Hoxv the captain fitted up the boats, in order to go to Horhelaga, and left the EmeriUon on account of the diffiniltv of the passage ; how ice reached Hochelaga and the reception given us on our arrival. Next day, the tw ot th«> two other ships under the captain, to go up the river as far as we could ; and we voyaged with good i '\l i 4 \i 00 'f woiithor till the second of October, when wo arrived at Ilochelaga, distant from the place where we had Ifft our galleon (Emerillon) forty-five leagues. While on the journey we were given fish by the savages, also other edibles ; thev showed much joy at our coming. To attract them to us and hold their friendship our captain gave them knives, beads and other trilles, pleasing them greatly. On our arrival at Hochelaga more than a thousand savages gathered before us, men, women and chil- dren ; they received us as well as a parent does a child, showing great joy. The men danced in a group together, the women in another, and the chil- dren in another, and after this they brought us a great number of fish and much of th(ur bread, made with large grain (corn), which they threw inlo our boats in such quantities that it seemed to be falling from the air. Our captain, seeing this, went ashore with several others. As soon as he had landed, they all gather«^d round him and the others, w»»lcoming them warmly ; and they brought thinr children in their arms to touch the captain and others, making an occasion of joy which lasted more than half an hour. Our captain, seeing their good-will, caused the women to sit down in rows and gave them tin bells and such trilles, and to some of the men he gave knives. Then he returned to the boats to sup and pass the night. All night the savages remained on the shore near our boats making fires, dan«Mug and crying out " Aguyaze,'" which is their word of welcome and joy. 61 How the captain and the others, with ticentij well armed sailors, went to the town of Jlochekvja ; the situation of the village. Next clay, early, the captain put on his regimentals and put his men in proper order to go and see the town and dwelling place oi this (people) tribe, and the mountain adjacent to the town. With the captain went the {guntils himmes) nobles and twenty sailors ; he lei't the rest to guard the boats, and took three men oi' the said town of Hochelaga to lead the way to it. We found the road a well beaten one and as line a soil as one could wish to see, lilled with oaks as line as in the forests of France, the ground underneath which trees was covered with acorns. Having walked about a league and a half, we met one of the chiefs of the town, accompanied by several savages, which chief made us stop at a lire he had made on the road, which wo did, and then he made a long speech, as is their custom of showing joy and friendship, and greeted our captain and his associates warmly. The captain gave him a couple of axes, knives and a crucilix, which he made him kiss and hang it round his neck ; for which the captain was thanked. We marched further, and about half a league further from there, we began to see ploughed land and large fields of their wheat, which is like the grain of Brazil, as large or larger than a pea. on which iln-y live, as we do, on wheat, and amidst these fields is situated the town of Hochelaga, near to and touching a moun- tain, which is around it, very fertile and cultivated, from the summit of which one can see far ofl". We ailed this mountain " le Mont Royal." The town is round in shape and enclosed with three rows of ! I m I ' : M t:i ^w 62 timbers (stakes) in the shape of a pyramid, crossed on top, having the middle stakes perpendicular, and the othi'rs at an an^le on each side, well joined and fastened [vonsii) in their fashion. It is of the height of two lances and there is only one entrance to the town through a gate (door) which can be barred. At several points within the enclosure there are stages (platforms) and ladders to get up on them, which stages are provided with rocks and stones as a means of defence. There were in the town about hfty huts or houses, each fifty steps or more in length and twelve or fifteen wide, all made of wood covered with bark and strips of wood as large as a table, sewn well together artificially in their way ; within there were several rooms. In the centre of the town there was a large space used as a fireplace, where they eat in common, each man retiring after- wards to his rooms with his wife and children. Likewise they have lofts or granaries in their houses, where they store their corn, out of which they make their bread, which they call "Carra- conny." The following is their method of making it : They have mortars of wood similar to those used for making hemp, and they pound the corn into flour {en j/onldre), then gather it into dough, make it into cakes, which they place upon a large hot rock, then cover it with hot stones ; and thus they bake their bread instead of an oven. They make also much soup with this lorn and beans and peas, of which they have a plenty ; also large cucumbers and other fruits. They have large vessels in their houses, like casks, in which they place their fish, which they smoke during the sum- mer and eat during the winter ; and of these they 68 lay in big stores, as wo know by oxperionce. All their food is oaten without a taste of salt. They sleep on bark, spread ou the ground with vvrotohed skins of animals, of whieh they also make tlieir clothes, such as squirrels, beavers, martens, foxes, lynxes, deer and others ; but the greater part of the savages go almoat naked. The most j)rooious article to them is " Esurgny," which is white as snow, and which they secure in the river in the following manner: — When a man has merited death, or when they have taken any of their enemies prisoners, they kill them and make incisions in the thighs, shoul- ders, etc. ; let the body down to the bottom of the river, leave it there ten or twelve hours, bring it up and find in the incisions the said shellfish (cormbotz), out of which they make b.^ads, and make use of these as we do of silver or gold, and consider them the most precious of all things in the world. These will stop blooding at thi' nose, as we proved in our own experience. All this tribe live by ploughing and fishing alone, as they do not esteem the goods of this world, having no knowledge of them, and never leave their coiintry, and are not nomadic {amhiJaiaires) like those of Canada and the Saguenay, notwithstanding which the Canadians are subject to them, as are eight or nine other tribes living on the banks of this river. Hoiv ice arrived nl (he town and the reception accorded us ; lioio the captain gave presents, and other matters ivhivh loill be seen in this chapter. . After we had arrived near th' tlie, isiu'ii oi' the cross over the sick, prayed to (lod to give them knovvlediie ol" our lioly laitli, and grace to receive Christianity and Baptism. Then the captain, ibr a couphi oi" hours, read to Ihem the Passion ol' our Saviour ; and, although they i-ould not understand, they paid great attention, looking up to heaven and making motions as they saw us do ; after which the cai)tain put all the men on one side, the wouKUi on another, and the children ou another, and gave to the leaders hatchets, knives to others, beads to the women, and then he threw among the young people small rings and tin images of the Agnus Dei, with which they were much pleased. Then the captain ordered the trumpets and other musical instruments to be sounded, at which they were astounded. Then, taking our leave, we went out, and the women came before us bringing us fish, soup, beans and other things to feast us ; but as their food was not to our taste, having no flavor (salt), we thanked them, making signs to them that we were not hungry. After we were outside the town, several men and women came to lead us up the mountain, which we had named Mont Royal, distant about a quarter of a league. Having reached the summit, we could see more than thirty leagues round about. Towards the north, a range of mountains, lying east and west, and also one to the south. Between these ranges the soil is fertile, level, and easy of cultivation, and in the middle of the plain we could see the river ill ! fi ill I ■' :l! Of; ("iirtht'r than ilio pbuui wlierc our bouts were ; also a rapid ais inipi'tuous as possibK', impossible ol' ascent by lis. thoum'h we saw it was large and dee^) beyond this, going- towards the southwest, and passing iliree jjeautilul round mountains, which we could see, and estimated to l)e distant about lii'teen leagues I'roni us. Those wlio had guided us made signs that there were three rapids in the river, but we could not make out how iar distant, as we could not speak to them. AVe made out, howi'ver, that alter passing these rapids here near us, one could navigate lor more than three months up the river ; aud beyond they showed us a large river llowiug near the mountains to the north, which comes i'rom the west like our river (St. Lawrence). We thought it to be the river that passed by the country ol' the Saguenay. Without our asking any question or making any sign, one of the savages took the chain oi" the captain's silver whistle and the case for a dagger, made of metal yellow^ like gold, which he hung on the side of one of our sailors, and told us they could gai that up that river, and that there were Agouiandas there, meaning ferocious people, armed to their finger-ends, showing us the shape of their arms {armures), which are made out of cord aud wood, tied and woven together, and we were given to understand that these Agouiandas carried on war continually, tribe against tribe, but we could not make out how far it was to their country. Our captain showed them some copper {cnivre rouge), w^hich they call " caignet daze," and pointing towards the country spoken of, asked them by signs if any came from there, and they shook their heads, meaning no ; and they made signs that it came from 91 Sagucnay. Ilaviiii? soon and heard thesis thiiiu-s vvo returned to our bouts, attoiidcd hy a liiri,^i^ iiuinl>Dr of theso pt3ople, and part ol" tlioiu, sooiuir our ineu wore weary, made horses of thi'insolves and larrii-d us. HtMK-hiu^' our boats, we went to our i^-alleoii (ICiuer- illou) to make sure it was all right. Our departure eaus.'d theso people great regret ; they followed us as loug as thi'y (;ould aloug the river. We reached our ICrnerillou on Monday, the fourth day of October. On Tuesday we set sail to return to the Province of Canada, to the River St. Croix (St. CMiarles), where our ships were. On the seventh we came to the mouth of a river which comes from the north, run- ning into the river (St. Lawrence), at the mouth of which are four small islands full of trees. We called this river the River of Faith ; and as one of the islands juts out in advance of the others, and can be seen from a distance, the captain erected a large cross on the point. He gave orders to get the boats ready to go up this river with the tide, to know its character (nature), which was done, and we rowed all day up the river, and as we discovered nothing, we returned and resumed our journey. How we arrived at the St. Croix ; the condition in which we found our ships ; how tlie chief of the countrij came to see our captain ; how our captain loent to see him ; and a custom of this tribe. Monday, the eleventh October, we arrived at the river St Croix, where were our ships, and found our mates and sailors who had remained behind. They had made a fort in front of the ships out of large pieces of timber placed perpendicularly side by side, guns at all points, and were in a good condition of , '! ) if ! ■ li ■ : 1- :■{ ■ ■ ! ' w 68 dt'fi'iiir ayaiiist I ho power of the vvli(»l»' country. As soon as (he chid' was tohl olOur arrival, ho camo the iiL'xi- day, the IwcU'th, with Taiuiioa«>'ny, Doni- ai^aya and otlicrs ; a >^r;[ nd frle was I'ivcn to our captain, and all were joyous at our return. Tiie cai)tain received them well, though they had not deserved it. Doiiuacona entreated the captain to j^o next day and visit Canada, whicli he promised to do. Next day, the thivti'enth, the captain, with the uohles and iil'ty sailors in proper order, went to see Doniiacona aiul his peoph', distant I'roni our ships a league. They call their village {ilemeiiranre) "Slada- cona." On reaching it, the peopk' came i'roni their houses about a stone's throw, and there gathered together, sat down in their usual way and fashion, the men on one side and the women on *he other, dancing and singing continually. Our welcome and greetings over, the captain gave the men knives and other articles of little value, and causing the women and girls to pass before him. he gave each one a ring of tin. They thanked the captain, who was then led by Donuacona and Taignoagny, to see their houses, all lille^ with provisions for the winter, and Donnacona showed us the scalps of live men's heads, spread out on a board, like the skin of an animal. Donnacona told us these had been taken olf the " Tondamaus " to the south, at war with them continually. He told us that two yec. ^ i>reviously these Tondamaus came even to the river to attack them, at an island opposite^ Saguenay, when- they (Dounacona's men) were passing- the night waiting to go to Honguedo to make war, with about two hundred men, women and children. They were surprised during the night in the ibrt they had built, !' f 69 which Ihi' Toiulaiiiims sci on lire on all sides, und as tht'v tanii' ont all rxccpl livi- wciv killed, who oscapiid, and they wt'iv very ])itt('r ovit (hissi'Vt'ro loss, avorriug that they would hi- n-vcn^vd. We then returned lo our ships. y If* IJoir Ihr /)f'n/ilr of fln'x amnfn/ Hvf ; their rnn(fi/iint, hrlief and riiKtnmif. This people have no belief in God, Cor the reason thoy belieA'e in one thoy call ' (Uidr!i'r''y," and they say he ol'ten speaks lo them and tolls ili.'m what to do. They say also that when h(> i- provoked he throws dirt in their eyes. They iso Ixlieve t.liat when they die they oo to the siars and jt^o down below the h()ri/:ou like thcnn, and they ^ro away to pretty fields lull ol" line trees, lioweis and delicious fruits. After thoy had told us all, wo showed them tlieir error and told thc>m ('udraj^ny was a bad spirit who misuses them. We told th. m there was only one God, who lived in Ileavou, who j^rives us all we need, and is creator of all, and in Him only ought wo to believe, and that it was a)>solutoly ue. essary to bo baptisced or else go to hell, and we told thorn other points of our belief. Those they ea.sily acicepted, and called their Cudraguy, Agouianda (malicious). Thoy several times entreated the captain to baptize them, and Donnacona, Tai^nioagny, Domagaya, and all the tribe came, but not knowing their wish and that th<^y had only taken the faith for a time, the captain mad(> excuses to thf>m. Ho tfdd Taiuiioagny and Domagaya that he would explain it to them, and that he would return in another voyage and would bring with us priests aud chrism (holy oil), giviu"- 1 .; Si .1 .f \ .i •70 as an excuse that baptism could not be effected with- out the chrism, which they believed, as several youug people had witnessed the ceremony in Brit- tany ; and they were very joyous at our promise to return. This people (tribe) live in community of goods {communaute de biens) like the Brazilians ; cover themselves but scantily with the skins of wild animals. In winter they wear stockings and shoes (moccasins) made of skins, and in summer they go barefoot. They believe in the order of marriage, but havi two or three wives ; if the husband dies, none of the wives remarry, and remain in mourninj]^ all their lives. They paint their faces with charcoal and grease to the thickness of the back of a knive blade, and are thereby known as widows. They have one vicious custom r(;garding their young women, who, as soon as they reach a certain age, are pvit into a house free to all men who wish to go, until they make a choice of a husband. And these affairs we saw ourselves ; we saw the houses as full of young women as the boys' schools in France are of boys. And furthermore, these houses are used for gambling purposes, where they hazard all, even the skins covering their persons. They do not work hard ; plough their land with little sticks, half as large as a little sword, where they sow their corn, which thoy call "Osizy." This^is as large as a pea, and the same as grows in Brazil. They have likewise great quan- tities of large melons (pumpkins), cucumbers and gourds, p(>as and beans of all colors, unlike ours (in France). They have a grass (plant) of which they gather a large quantity for the winter's use, which is held in great favor and used by the men only and in the following manner : — They dry it in the sun 71 and carry it iu a little pouch of skin avouud their necks, with a horu (cornet) of stone or wood (a pipe); they make this grass into powder and put it into one of the ends of the horn, then i)hue a hot coal on the top of it and suck at the other end, lilling their bodies with smoke so that it comes out from their mouths and nostrils like from the pipe of a chimney ; they say this keeps them healthy and warm, and they never go anywhere without havini>' these articles. We tried this smoking, putting some of the smoke in our mouths, which was as hot as pepper. The women work far more than the men at the iish- ing, which is important, as well as other labors. And all — men, women and children — endure cold better even than the wild animals ; for in the greatest cold we ( xperienced, w^hich was very severe, th(i majority of them came naked over the snow and ice daily to the ships, which we would hardly have believed if we had not seen it. They catch, during the time of snow and i(;e, numbers of moose (i), deer, bears, hares, martens, foxes and others. They eat their meat raw% after drying it iu smoke, and in the same way their fish. "With what we had s(>(>n and could make out of this tribe, it seems to me it would be easy to tame (civilize) them. May Clod in His mercy bring this about. Amen. How the .svnv/ije.s broni>-}d fish and other food daili/ to our aliipx ; and koto, ii/ll.ufr?.red. hi/ T(Ui>-tioai>'it// mid Dom- ogai/n, tliMj ceased coming and held no talk irilh ns. From day to day the people ('avno to our ships, bringing large quantities of eels and other lish in exchange I'or our goods, such as knives, beads and other trifles which pleased them very much ; but wq ■ :l . , f ; i i m «:f M m •\m Iff •72 perceived that Taignoaguy and Domagaya were evil disposed and gave them to iinderstand that our goods were of no value, and that they ought to receive hatchets instead, notwithstanding that the captain gave them numerous presents which they kept ask- ing for. The captain was warned by a chief of the village of Hogauchenda to beware of Donnacona, Taignoagny and Domagaya, as they were traitors. Others of Canada also warned us, and we also saw that, out of malice, they wished to obtain from us the three children that Donnacona had given the captain, and they managed to keep many of the people away from the ships. In consequence of this the captain was on his guard ; and through the influence* of Taignoagny and Domagaya, the savages kept away from us four or five days, except a few who came, however, in great fear and trembling. Ilmo the captain, fearing' treaclieri/, lilrengthened the fort ; how thei/ held a talking, and the return to ua of the girt vho had fled. Seeing their unfriendliness and fearing treachery, and that they might come in a large body against us, the captain had the fort str(>ngthencd with large and deep ditches, with a drawbridge and more timbers. Orders were given lo have the night-watch in the future consist ol'fil'ty men for the four wati;hes, and at each watch trumpets were blown ; and Donnacona, Taignoagny and Domagaya, noticing the strengthen- ing of the fort and the good watc^h kept, were grieved to be in the bad graces of the captain, and sent men several tim(>s, pretending they were else- where, to see if we would show displeasure ; but we paid no attention whatever and gave no sign. Dou- m i 78 nacona, Taignoagny and Domagaya came several times to speak to the captain, the river being botvvei'U th«>ra, asking the captain it' he was angry, and why he did not go to Canada to see them. The captain told them they were traitors and malicious, as he had })een informed, and as hi; had pcu'ceived in several ways, su(;h as their not keeping their promise to go to Hochelaga, and also their taking away the girl they had given him, and other falseness which he spoke of; Imt, in spite of all, if they wished to act right and forget their unfriendliness, he would forgive them and th(^y could come on board and be welcomed as before. For these words they thanked the captain and promised to bring back the girl who had lied, within three days. The fourth of November Dom- agaya and six others came to the ships to tell the captain that Donnacona had gone into the country in search of the girl, and that he w^ould bring her th»> following day. He said, further, Taignoagny was very sick and asked the captain to send him a little salt and bread, which the captain did, and sent word to Taignoagny that it was Jesus who was angry with him on account of the evil tricks he wished to play us. Next day, Donnccona, Taignoagny, Domagaya and others came, bringing the girl, giving her back to the captain, who ])aid no attention, and said he did not want her, and for them t(» take h(U' l)ack again. To which they replied, making the excuse that they had not told her to run away, but that she had done so because she had been beaten, and they renewed their request to the captain to take her, and brought her themselves to the ship, after which the captain ordered bread and win*^ to be brought and treated them ; they then took tlieir leave, after which J :i: i M Pf l;i h IP 5 I 'i 74 we continued to exchange visits in as friendly a manner as previously. Of the depth and length of the river, the animals, birds, fish and other things we saw, and the position of the places. The river (St. Law^reuce) begins after Assumption Island, Honguedo and the Seven Islands are passed. The distance across is between thirty-five and forty leagues, with over two hundred fathoms in depth in places. The safest navigation is on the southern side ; to the north, about seven leagues distant from the Seven Islands, are two large rivers which come from the mountains of Saguenay and make several very dangerous bars in the river. At the mouths of these rivers we saw several whales and sea-horses. Beyond these islands there is a small river which forms marshes for three or four leagu.es, in which are an extraordinary number of birds. From the mouth of the river to Hochelaga it is more than three hundred leagues. The commencement is at that river that comes from Saguenay, w^hich latter comes out from between high mountains on the north and enters before the district of Canada is reached, and is very deep, straight, and of dangerous navigation. After passing this river, the district of Canada is reached, where there are several peoples (tribes) in villages not stockaded. There are several .small and largt; islands, amongst them one more than ten leagues long, full of beautiful high trees and many vines. There is a channel on both sides, the better one beino- on the south side. On the west side is a line, safe harbor for ships, where then^ is also a narrow and deep strait with a strong current. But 76 it is only a third of a league in length, boyoud which there is high land, all cultivated — as fine soil as can be seen anywhere, and this is the village and home of Donnacona and of the two savages we had taken on our first voyage. It is called Stadacona, and before coming to this place there are the homes {(lemeurunce) of four tribes, namely, Arasle, Staruatau, Tailla, which is on a mountain, and Satadiu, then Stadacona, under which high place to th(! north is the river and bay of St. Croix, where wc; stayed from the fifteenth of September up to the sixth of May, 1536. Our ships had been left here, as has been mentioned. Beyond this is the village and tribe of Tequenondabi, which is on a mountain, and Iloche- lay, which latter is a level country. The land on both banks of the river up to Hochelaga and bi'youd is as fertile and level as can be seen any- where. There are some mountains a distance from the river (St. L.), from which mountains ilow several rivers into the (main) river. All this country is well covered with trees of various kinds and vines, exiiept around the villages which have been cleared to ))uild their houses and for cultivation. Then^ are large numbers of deer, bears and other animals. We saw the tracks of an animal with only two feet, which tracks we followed a long distance over sand and mud, its feet are larger than the palm of the hand ; hares, martens, foxes, squirrels, very large rats (musk), b(^avers, wolves, rabbits, and others. The savages cov-f| il ; so thtit a tree, as lavjL^i' as an oiik in Fniiifc, was consumi'd in six (lays, whitli protluicd an I'lU'ct ihat had all the doctors ol" Lourain and MonlpcUyer been present, with all the drui^s oi" Alexiindria. they could not have allocated as much in a year as this tree did in six days, I'or ii was so ])ene- lieial that all those who were willing- to nse it were cured and recovered their health, thanks be to God. lldw ( 'hicf JJmnacona, Tai'i/noth/ni/ and others irenf deer hunt- iiKj ; did not return for two montlt^ ; and on their return they hrouyht with them a larije number of people we were not accustomed to see. While sickness and death reigned in our ships, Donnacona, Taignoagny and others went to hunt de»'r and slags {daims), which they (;all in their lan- guage aiou.nesta and asquenondo, i'or the ice had disappeared i'rnm th*^ river channel so they could navigate it. Domagaya and others told us they would be absent about iit'teen days, which we believed, but they did not return I'or two months, which made us suspect that they had gone to get together a large number of i)eople to give us trouble, as they had perceived our weakened state ; although we had put allairs in such good shape that, if all the people of the country had bei'u there, they could have done nothing more than look at us. While they wert' away, large numbers camt' daily to our ships as usual, bringing the fresh meat of deer and stags, and fresh fish of all kinds, which they sold us at a high price, or else preferred to take it away, as they needed them themselves, the winter had been so long. !■'! I \\\ 83 How Donnncona returns to Stivliwona with a Inn/r. mimlier of peop/e ; pliiiis sick to avoid oominij to see the luiptitln, thinkiiKj the mjitiun would other side of the river ; the majority of them crossed with- out difficulty in their canoes, except Doiinacona, who was unwilling- to do so, and Taignoagny and Domagaya talked together for more than an hour before they agreed to cross. Finally they cam(> to speak to the captain, and Taiguoagny entreated the captain to take the chief (Agouhanna) to France. He refused, saying the King had forbidden him to bring man or woman to France, but he could take back two or three childrtMi to learn the languagt^ ; how- ever, he would take the chief to Newfoundland and leave him on an island. The captain siiid this lo reassure them and to secure Donnacona, who had remained on the watcn-. These words pleased Taio-- noagny greatly, who was very anxious never to go back to France, lie promised to come the next day, that of the Holy Cross, with Donnacona and the other saA^ages of Stadacona. ITow, on the daj/ of thr. Holy Gross, the Captain erected a eross In our fort : how Chief Ihmnae.ona, Taignoa, the captain had a cross ere(;t,ed, about thirty-live feet high, under th(> cross bar of which there was a shield (escutcheon) of wood, of the arms of France, and on it Avas writt(>n in Atti»; letters : FRANniSnUS PRTMUS DET OTUTIA FIlANOOllUM REdNAT. About noon came men, women and children of 86 Stadacona telling- xis that Dounacona, Taiguoagny, Domagaya and others were coming, which gave us much satisfaction, as we hoped to seize them. They came about two o'clock ; and when they had come down to the ships, our captain went to greet Don- nacona, who warmly received him, but kept his eye on the forest and was in great fear. Then came Taignoagny, who told Donnacona not to enter the fort. One of the savages brought lire from the fort, and a lire was lit by the chief The captain invited him to come and eat on board ship, as customar5^ He likewise asked Taignoagny, who said he would go by and by. They entered the fort. Previous to this the captain was informed by Domajgaya that Taignoagny had spoken badly (suspiciously), and had told the chief not to go on board the ships. Our captain seeing this, went outside the enclosure and saw the women departiiig by advice (warning) from Taignoagny, so that a large number of men only remained. Then the captain ordered his men to seize Taignoagny, Domagaya, and tAVO other leaders he pointed out, after the others went away. Soon the chief came into the fort with the captain, but immediately Taignoagny came in to bring him out. Our captain seeing there was no other way, gave the order to seize them, when his men came out and seized the chief and the others, as had been designed. The Canadians (savages) seeing the capture^ began to run and flee like sheep before the wolf, some across the river, others into the forest, each one look- ing out for his own safety. The capture effected, and the others having lied, the captives were put in a secure place. :i 87 !':• How the Canadians (savages) came during the night dovn to the ships, seeking their people, during which night they yelled and hoirled like wolves ; the discussion and nemand made next day ; their i resents to our captain. As soon as it was night, they came down to the ships in hirge nvimbers, howling all night ceaselessly like wolves, " Agouhanna ! Agouhanna!" thinking to speak to him ; but the captain would not have it for the time being, nor till up to noon next day, for which reason they thought we had killed and hanged them. About noon thcty returned in about as large a uuml)er as we had sn of thtMn tou\'ther at one time during the voyage ; keeping themselves hid in the woods, except some who cried out at the top of their voices for Donnacona. Then our (!ai)tain gave orders to piit the chief iu an elevatcnl position that he might speak to his people. The captain told him he would be well treated, and that after he had related to the Kiug of Frantx; what he had seen in the Sagueuay and other places, he could return in ten or twelve months, and that the King would make him a grand present ; all which pleased Don- nacoua greatly, and he told his people, who gave three wonderful cries, in token of joy. Donnacona and his people madi' speeches to each other, which we could not understand, as we did not know the languag«v Our captain told Donnacona to have some of his people com(> on board, as they could talk ))t>tter together, and that they would be '•afe. Doniuicona did so, and a boat load of them cann' on board. They nniewed their talks, praising our captain, aiul presented him with twenty-four strings or necklaces (colliers) of esuruny, which is their most precious possession, valuing it more than gold or silver. 88 HaviiiGf talked onough, and seeing there was no escape for their chi«^f, and that h(> was obliiied to iro to France, he ordered them to bring him food for his voyage. Our captain presented Douuacona with two brass fry pans or buckets, hatchets, knives, lieads and other trifles which pl»>ased him. Ke sent thorn to his wives and children. The captain also irave presents to those who had come to talk with Doii- nacona, for which they were grateful. They then left and went back to their homes {togis). How next d. They came alongside to speak to him, aiitl he told them he would return in twelve moons ; that he was treated well hj the captain and the rest, for which they all with one voic(» thanked the captain, and gave Donnacona three packages of beaver and seal skins, also a large knife of coppin-, which is found in Sagu»Miay, and other articles. They gave the captain also a colh'er of esurgny, in return for which the captain gave them ten or twelve hatchets, with which they wer(> over- joyed, and thanked the captain. The channel on the north side of this island is safer than the southern, which is full of rocks, reefs and bars. The sixteenth of May we set sail from Isle aux Coudres and anchored near an island fifteen leagues further down ; this island is about five leagues in length. We stayed here all night, hoping to pass through the dangers of Saguenay the next day, which are great. In the evening we saw a large number of hares, and named the island Hare Island. During the night tho wind became so violent and unfavorable that wo thought it expedient to return to the Isle aux Coudres. which we had left, because there was no other channel between the islands ; and we were here till the twenty-first, when we had a good wind and went as far as Honguedo, which channel had not been discovered before. And we ran across the C!ape di 1 ,j'M';tfl| -fm 90 Prato (Cape Farillou), which is the commencement of the Bay of Chaleurs ; and as the wind was favor- able, we carried sail day and night. And next day we came to the Island of Brion, which we wished to do to shorten our voyage. These two lands lie south- east and northwest, a quarter east and west ; the distance between them is fifty 'oagues. The Island of Brion is in latitude 4*7|". Thursday, the twenty- sixth, f6te of the Ascension of our Saviour, we came to a country of low sandy ridges, eight leagues south- west of the Isle of Brion, above which aiC large lands full of trees, and there is an enclosed sea, into which we could not discover any channel or entry. Friday, the twenty-seventh, on account of the wind blowing on shore, we returned to the Isle of Brion, where we stayed till the 1st of June, and visited a high land to the southwest, apparently an island, along whif'h we coasted twenty-two leagues and a-half, during which we discovered three islands near the sandy ridges, which are islands, and the said high and level land (above them) is the main- land and points northwest ; after which we returned to the cape of the said land, which cape has three peaks (points) of great height. There is a great depth of water, and such a swift tide that it could not be more so. We arrived this day at Cape Lor- raine, which is in latitude 46J°, to the south of which cape is a low lying land, apparently the mouth of a river, but possessing no good harbour ; beyond which, to the south, we saw another cape, which we named Cape St. Paul, in latitude 4*7^°. On Sunday, the fourth of June, the f6te of the Pentecost, we came to the coast east-southeast of Newfoundland, about twenty-two leagues distant J^ 91 from Cape St. Paul. As the wind was unfavorable, we stopped at a harbour, which we named the Bay of the Holy Ghost, until Tuesday, when we coasted along to the St. Pierre Islands. During this journey we saw several islands and very dangerous reefs lying in the route, east-southeast and west and north- west, two, three and four leagues out in the sea. While we were at the St. Pierre Islands, we met with several ships from France and Brittany. Wo. remained here from the eleventh of June, the fete of St. Barnabe, till the sixteenth, when we set sail, reached Cape Race, and entered a harbour named Rouguouse, where we took in water and wood ior our voyage, and left there one of our boats. From here we set sail on the nineteenth. With the favoring winds we had, we reaiOied, on the Gth day of July, 153G, the harbour of St Malo, by the grace of God, whom we beseech, having finished our voyage, to grant us His mercy and paradise to come. Aukmi. LaNOUAOK of the DlSTRinTS AND KlN(mOMS OF HOCHELAGA AND CaNAD.\, ()THP:rwI.SE NAMED BY US New France. 1. Se^ada. 2. Tiffneny. 3. Haaelie. (Asclie). 4. Hounacon. (Hannaion) 5. Oui.scon. 6. Indaliir. 7. 8. 9. 0. Ayajxa Addewue Madellnn. As.se in. (Aiasra). (Addigue). (These Indian words are as given in the reprint and in Ramusio, also those which follow.) I ,11 II 'If! ,5 'in 92 The names given to the various parts of the human body : — Tlie head, The forehead, Tlie eyes, The ears, Tlie inoiitli. The teeth, The tonjiiie, Tlie throat, The chin, The face, The hair. The arms. The armpits. The riha. The stf)mai!h. The helly, The thi};ha, The knees. The legs, The feet, The liaiids. The hngers, The nails. The genital organ (man) " " (woman) A man, A woman, A boy, A girl, An infant, A dress, A waistcoat, Socks, Shoes, Shirts, A hat. Corn, Bread, Water, Flesh, Aggourzy, IletgnoYiyascon, Ilegata, Ahontascon, Escahe, Eagoii;,My, Osuache, Agonhon, Ilehehin, Hogoiias(!on, Aganiscon, Aiayascon, Iletnanda, Aiasonne, Aggruscon, Kschehouda, Iletnegrailascon, Agochinegoilascoii, Agonguenehonde, Ohchidascon, Aignoaseon, Agenoga, Agedascon, Aynoasrjn, , Castaigne, Agnohan, Agrneste, Addegasta, Agnyaqnesta, Fixiasta, Cabata, Coioza, Henondoua Atha, Anigona, Castnea, Osizy, Carraconny, A me, Quaheriascon, (Aggonzy). (Ilergenmascon). (higata). (ahontascon). (esahe). (osgongai). (osnache). (agouhon). (hehelim). (hegoua-scon). (aaiayascon). (Agiiehnm). (Agrueste). (caioza). (hemondoha). (auigona). 98 Fish, Plums, Grapes, Nuts, A hen, Lamprey, A sahuon, A whale. An eel, A Hijuirrel, A snake, Turtles, Wood, Leaves, Their deity, Give uie a drink. Give nie a lunch, Give me supiwr, Let us go to hed. Good day, Let U8 play, Come and speak to me, Look at me, Be quiet, Let us go to the boat, Give me a knife, A hatchet, A bow, An arrow. Let us go and hunt, A deer. Stags (moose?) A hare, A dog. Geese, 'J'he road , Cu ! The m(X)n, Tlie stars, Tlie wind, Tlie Kea, The waves of the sea, An island, A mountain, Ice, Snow, Cold, NV'artn, l'"ire, Sujoke, House, Beans, Town (villaf^e), My livtlier, My mother. My brother, My sister, 94 assomnha, si^nehoiiam, cahoha, atio^asy, (•(Kla, coiiena, cahem, ogacha. honnesca, eanisa, athan, otlazan, azista, (juea, canoclia, (canoca) Sahe, Canada, addathy, adanahoe, (addugnin) camsa. (odazani)(oflayari) (quanocha). (addagrim). adhoasseue, Those of Canada say that in a country a month's journey distant from Hocholaga, can be bad cinnamon and cloves. They call cin- namon, ailhotatbny ; cloves, canonotha. In the mauuscripts of this Second Voyage are given additional words, the principal ones being : — That is worthle^'S, Adieu (jiood-by), Sing, Laugh, Cry, Dance, Freshwater, My friend, Kun, The smoke hurts my eyes, Some one is dead, The title of Donnacona as 1 Chief is j Bad, wicked. Ugly, What they smoke, salianty quahonquey, hedgaguehanygo, thegueboaca, cahezem, agguenda, tbegoaca, aine, agnaise, thedoathady, (luea quanoagiie eguta, Camedane, Agoubanna, agojuda, aggousay, quiecta, 05 Grass, ItatH, large as rabl)it8 and Miiellini; of musk, Too old to walk, My cousin, My nepliew. My wife, My cliild) Walk, Where do you come from ' Give it to some one. Keep it for me, Wliere is lie gone ? Shut the door. Go and get water, Go and find somebody, High, Small, Large, Hail, Evening, Night, Day, When they make an excla- mation, they say, hanneda, llioutthe, agoudusta, hegay, ynadiu, ysaa, aguo, quedaciue, ' Canada undagneny, ta(iuenondo, sodanadoga mosganiy, quanehoesnon, asnotlyau, sagethemme, achodascone, estahezy, estahagza, honganda, hocquehin, angau, aubena, adeyalion, > aggondec. As is related in the actouut of the Second Voyage, Cartier took back with him to France several Indians, and an eflbrt was made to instruct them, so that they might act as interpreters. They were bap- tized on the 25th March, 1538. The change of climate and living proved unhealthy for them, and all died except one young girl, before any service could be had of them. A new expedition was determined iipon under Fran9ois de la Roqne, Sieur de Roberval, whom the King, by letters of the 15th January, 1540, and 7th February, registered at Paris, the 26th, named as his lieutenant-go:ieral in the " new lands of Canada, Hochelaga and Saguenay, and there- abouts," to establish " la foi chretienne." On Febru- ii|. > i-;:'^^ i:rii , Bi a 96 ary 6th he took the oath iu prcscuco ol Cardinal do Toiiriioii. On February 27th, Paul d'Ani^i'lhon, known as Sainterrc, waK appointed liis lieutenant, and, on March !tlh, lio])orval was authorized to impress eriniinals i'or his expedition. Royal letters, given at St. Trix, the I7lh October loUowing, and signed l>y Henry the Dauphin, on the 20th, appointed Jacques Cartier " Captain-General and Master Pilot" ol" all the ships and vessels sent on this expedition. [The sending out of this expedition had been de- layi'd by troubles in France ; the Emperor Charles had invaded Provence, and the city ol'Marseilles was in a state ol' seige. He had troops also in Picardy. Thi> Spaniards also were hostile. Francis, however, concluded a truce ol' ten years with the Emperor on the 18th June, 1588.] On November 3rd, orders were given I'orfil'ty addi- tional criminals to be impressed for the expedition, and on December 12th, it is to be noted that th(; King complains of delay iu the starting out of the expedition. At present we have no record of any- thing of interest till the 19th of May, 1541, when certain criminals arrive at St. Malo for the " voyage to Canada." Amongst them was one young fiancee of eighteen years, guilty of no crime, who followed a brutal criminal. And on this day Jacques Cartier made his will, which is to be found in two placet > iu the register of the sheriff (Greffe d'office) of vSt. Alalo, dated 12th November, 1541, and in the Arflii-es d'Ho-et-Vilaine, under date l7th November. And on the day following, the 20th, Cartier ap- pears as a witness in a suit concerning a common brawl, in which he had no active i^art. et Then' was some trou1)le bftwi'^u UoImtvuI, who was iinporioiis, and ('arliiT, I he parliiulurs of which an- as yot unknown. Rol)orvul was at St. Male about i\u' time of Carticr's tleparturi', if not on tlie (lay itself, and it is probable he made loans at this time in Cartier's name, for the non-payimnit of vvhieh Cartier aud his relatives were afterwards reproached. Five vessels, totalling" about four hundred tons, having been i^ot ready, Cartier set out from St. Malo on the 2.'Jrd May, 1541, leavini'- Jvoberval in France; the lattt-r was to follow him with the balanei^ of this material for the founding' of the pro- jected colony. ()u July 10th, it is recorded that the King thought it strange Roberval had not left. On August 18th, Roberval writes i'rom Honfleur he will leave in four days. This is according to Gosseliu, and that he sailed from Honlleur on August 22ud, 1541. Other authorities state ho sailed from La Ilochelle. Cartier, after a long and stormy voyage, reached Ste. Croix, the St. Charles, on the 22nd or 23rd of August, but preferred to winter his vessels four leagues further, at the mouth of a river near Cap Rouge, where he built a fort, giving it the namc^ of Charh'sbourg Royal, in honor of Charles, Dukt^ of Orleans. He sent back to France two of his vessels, under command of Mace Jalobert, his brother-in-law, aud Etienno Noel, his nephew. These left on the 2nd September with letters for the King. These were met at St. John by Roberval. Cartier himself went up the river the *7th Septem- ber, above Hochelaga, to explore the rapids and falls 7 98 vvhicli impede navigation, returning and wintering at the Ibrt. During the iall of 1541, Roberval sent Sainterre ])aek to Frau«;e, and the latter was sent back by the King on January 26th, 1542, with provisions. In the meantimi', .Talobert and Noel had arrived in France with news of the death of La Bouille, Cartier's right-hand man. Cartier, having no news of E-oberval at the end of May, 1542, set sail for France, and, it is claimed, met lioberval with three ships and two hundred men at St. John, who had arrived on the 17th June, 1542, having left France on the 16th April. This is in accordance with one account. Cartier refused to return with him and, setting sail during the night, reached St. Malo and paid off his men. The other account of lloberval is, as stated above, he set sail from France August 22nd, 1541, and win- tering somewhere, receiving provisions from the King, during the summer of 1542, built France Roy. On September 9, 1542, he pardons Sainterre for mutiny, and, after wintering, is brought back by Cartier in the summer of 1543. The writer is not inclined to accept this account, believing rather that he left France on the 16th April, 1542. Still the accounts are so incomplete as yet, and there yet remain registers to be gone over, that no decided opinion can be given as yet. The following is the account of the Third Voyage : — 13.; '( lii 111 hi- rillKO VOVAUE. Ill Hakliiyt, Vi..!. ii;, i>a^n> •_':*-'. wl. liMH). fii I'inkeitonVi Voyauv.". Vut. mi., / ('uf.f < -iliaU, ii.i-+il, ■'II,,, , nr <: i.'unttirs "f f.lllUI lil , . 'ind SiJi/i)<:)uiii. I. •vC. )i ' I . r King Francis the First, having hoard ih- (.-ajitain (■artier, his Pilot-Cfeiu-ral, in his < \^ < voyaijvs of iJiHcovcry. ;i.s well bv writina- t,- . of mouth, tovuliin;; that whiv'h hf^ had 1 » seen iii the vve.storn parts discovenMl by ! ' i parts of Oanadii and llochflaga, and havioi; ^.^ and talkt^d with ilu p^oplo, which th*- ■^i.'' » had brought out of tlii'.-,(> . '-^ * *> was advertised by saiil Cartitn* of thi' d i dfcea^f oi all ih.' peoph' which were !■ by him (whi( h were 10 in number), .s;»\ , ..., .<• . > n.'- THIRD VOYAGE. In Hakluyt, Vol. iii., page 282, ed. 1600. In Pinkertou's Voyages. Vol. xii., 005, 1812. Voyages de Descouvort au Canada. Qiiohoi;, 1843. Hakluyt was reprinted in 1809. ChurchiU's Voyages also con- tain Cartier's Voyages. r ' 'I ■■ I The Third Voijage of Discovery made by Captain James Cartier, 1540, imto the Countries of Canada, Ifochelaga, and Saguenay. King Francis the First, having heard the report of Captain Cartier, his Pilot-Greneral, in his two former voyages of discovery, as well by writing as by word of mouth, touching that which he had found and seen in the western parts discovered by him in the parts of Canada and Hochelaga, and having also seen and talked with the people, which the said Cartier had brought out of these countries, whose name Donnacona, and others ; which after that they had been a long time in France and Britain (?); were bap- tized at their own desire and request, and died in the said country of Britain (?), and albeit His Majesty was advertised by said Cartier of the death and decease of all the x>eople which were brought over by him (which were 10 in number), saving one little i 100 :• W girl about ten years old, yet he resolved to send Cartier, his pilot, thither again, with John Franeis de la Koche, Kniglit, Lord oi' lioberval, whom he appointed his lieutenant and governor in the coun- tries of Canada and Hochelaga, and the said Cartier captain-general and leader of the shii)s, that they might discover more than was done before in the former voyages, and attain (if it were possible) unto the knowledge of the country of the Saguenay, whereof the people brought by Cartier, as is declared, made mention unto the King that there were great riches and very good countries, and the King caused u certain sum of money to be delivered to furnish out the said voyage with five ships, which thing was performed by the said Monsieur Roberval and Car- tier. After that they had agreed together to rig the said five ships . t St. "Malo and Brittany, where the two former voyages hud been prepared and set forth- And the said Monsieur Roberval sent Cartier thither for the same purpose. And after that Cartier had caused the said live ships to be built and fur- nished and set in good order, Monsieur lioberval came down to St. Malo and found the ships fallen down to the road, with their yards across, full ready to depart and set sail, staying for nothing else but the coming of the Greneral, and the payment of the furniture (equipment). And because Mon- sieur Roberval, the King's lieutenant, had not as yet his artillery, powder and munitions and other things necessary come down, which he had provided for the voyage in the countries of Champaigne and Normandy, and because the said things were very necessary, and that he was loth to depart without them, he determined to deport from St. Malo to Roan (Rouen) and to prepare a ship or two at Houfleur, i,»A,.. rirm 101 whither he thought his things were come. Aud that th'e said Cavtier should depart with the said live ships which he had lurnished, and should go bel'ore, Considering also that the said Cartier had received haters from the King, whereby he did expressly charge him to depart, and set sail immediately upon the sight and receipt thereof, on pain of incurring his displeasure, and to lay all the fault upon him. And after the conclusion of these things, and the said lioborval had taken muster and view of the gentle- men, soldiers and mariners which were retained and chosen for the porformance of th(^ said voyag(\ he gave unto Cartier full authority to depart and go before, and to govern all things as if h(^ had bei'n there in person; and himself departed i'rom ilonlleur to make his further preparation. After these things thus despatched, the wind com- ing fair, the foresaid live ships set sail togetbn-, well furnished and victualled for two years, the 23rd May, 1540. And we sailed so long with contrary winds and continual torments, which fell out by reason of our late departure, that we were on the sea with our said five ships full three months before we could arrive at the haven and port of Canada, without ever having in all that time thirty hours of good wind to serve us to keep our right course ; so that our live ships through those storms lost company one of another, all sav(^ two that kept together, to wit, that wherein th(! Captain was, and the other wherein went the Viscount of Beaupre, until at length, at the end of one month, we met altogether at the haven of Carpont in Newfoundland. But the length oFiime woMrere :r. paa^ing botwe»\n Britainy aud Newfoundland was the cause that we ii ■•■ ?J# ::il i, i Ai il I; ■•; 102 stood in great need of water, because of the cattle, as well as goats, hogs, as other beasts, which we carried lor breed in the country, which we were constrained to water with cyder and other drink. Now, therefore, because we were the space of three months sailing on the sea and staying in Newfound- land, waiting for Monsieur Roberval, and taking in of fresh water, and other things necessary, we arrived not before the haven of Sante Croix in Can- ada (where in the former voyage we had remained eight months) until the 23rd day of August, in which place the people of the country came to our ships, making show of joy for our arrival ; and namely he came thither which had the rule and government of the country of Canada, named Agona, which was appointed king there by Donnacona, when in the former voyage we carried him into France ; and he came to the captain's ship with six or seven boats and with men, women and children. And after the said Agona had enquired of the captain where Donnacona and the rest were, the captain answered that Donnacona was dead in France, and that his body rested in the earth, and that the rpfif Rtayofl there as great lords, and were married, and would not return back unto their country. The said Agona made no show of anger at all these speeches, and I think he took it so well because he remained lord and governor of the country by the death of the said Donnacona. After which confer- ence the said Agona took a piece of tanned leather of a yellow skin, edged about with esnogny (which is their riches, and the thing which they esteem most precious, as we esteem gold), which was upon his head instead of a crown, and he put the same upon 103 ff^ the head of our Captain, and took from his wrists two bracelets of esnogny, and put them upon the Captain's arms, coiling him about the neck, and shewing unto him great signs of joy, which was all dissimulation, as afterwards it well appeared. The Captain took his said crown of leather and put it again upou his head, and gave him and his wives certain small presents, signifying unto him that he had brought certain new things, which afterwards he would bestow upon him for which the said Agona thanked the Captain. And after that he had made him and his company eat and drink, they departed and returned to the shore with their boats. After which things the said Captain went, with two of his boats, up the river beyond Canada and the port of Sainte Croix, to view a haven and a small river which is about four leagues higher, which he found better and more commodious to ride in and lay his ships than the former. And, therefore, he returned and caused all his ships to be before the said river, and at a low water he caused his ordnance to be planted to place his ships in more safety, which he meant to keep and stay in the country, which were three ; which he did the day following, and the rest remained in the road in the midst of the river (in which place the victuals and other furni- ture were discharged which they had brought) from the 2Gth August until the 2nd September, what time they departed to return to St. Malo, in which ships he sent back Mace .Taloberte, his broth(»r-in-law, and Stephen Noel, his nephew, skillful and excellent pilots, with letters unto the King, and to advise him what had been done and found, and how Monsieur de lioberval was not yet come, and that he feared r 104 ii that by occasion of contrary winds and tempests ho was driven back again into France. The said river is small, not past fifty paces broad, and ships drawing three fathoms water may enter in at full sea; and at a low water there is nothing but a channel of a foot deep or thereabout. On both sides of the said river there are very good and fair grounds, full of as fair and mighty trees as any be in the world, and divers sorts which are about ten fathoms higher than the rest, and there is one kind of tree abov(! three fathoms, al)out which they in the country call Hauneda, which has the most excellent virtue of all the trees in the world, where- of I will make mention hereafter. Moreover, there are great store of oaks, the most excellent that ever I saw in my life, which where so laden with mast that they cracked again ; besides this there are fairer arables (maples V), cedars, beeches and other trees, than grow in France ; and hard unto this wood, on the sovith side, the ground is all covered with vines, which we found laden with grapes as black as mul- berries, but they be not so kind as those of France, because the vines l)e not tilled, and because they grow of their own accord. Moreover, there are many white thorns, which ])ear leaves as big as oaken leaves and fruit like unto medlars. To be short, it is as good a country to plough and manure as a man should find and desire. We sow^ed seeds her(> of our country, as cabbagt^s, turnips, lettuc(^s, and others, which grew and sprung up out of the ground in eight days. The mouth of the river is towards the south, and it windeth northward like unto a snake ; and at the mouth of it, towards the east, there is a high and 111 106 steep cliff, where we made a way in maimer of a pair of stairs, and aloi't wo made a fort to keep the nether fort and the ships, and all things that might pass as well by the great as by this small river. Moreover, a man may behold a groat extension of ground apt for tillage, straight and handsomer and somewhat inclining towards the south, as easy to be brought to tillage as I would desire, and very well replenished with fair oaks and other trees of great beauty, no thicker than the forests of France. Here we set twenty men to work, which in one day had laboured (worked) about an acre and a half of the said ground, and sowed it, part with turnips, which at the end of eight days, as I said before, sprang out of the earth ; and upon that high cliff we found a fair fountain (spring), very near the said fort ; adjoining whereunto we found good store of stones, which we esteemed (thought) to be diamonds. On the other side of the said mountain and at the foot thereof, which is towards the great river, is all along a goodly mine of the best iron in the world, and it reacheth even hard unto our fort, and the land which we tread on is perfect refined mine (ore), ready to be put into the furnace ; and on the water's side we found certain leaves of fine gold, as thick as a man's nail. And westward of the said river there are, as hath been said, many fair trees, and toward the water, a goodly meadow full of as fair and good- ly grass as ever I saw in any meadow in France ; and between the said meadow and t))i '^rood are great store of vines ; and beyond the saiu v ines the land groweth full of hemp, which groweth of itself, II 1 I if! 106 which is as good as may possibly bo seen, and as strong. And at the end of the said meadow, within 100 paces, there is a rising ground which is of a kind of shite-stone, black and thick, wherein are veins of mineral matter, which shew lik«> gold and silver ; and throughout all that stone, there are great grains of the said mine. And in some places we have found stones like diamonds, the most fair, polished, and excellently cut that it is possible for a man to see ; when the sun shineth upon them, they glitter as it were sparkles of fire. The said Captain, having dispatched two ships to return to carry news accordiug as h«^ had in charge from the King, and that the fort was begun to be builded, for preservation of their victuals and other things, determined, with the Viscount of Beaupre and other gentlemen, masters and pilots chosen for counsel, to make a voyage with two boats furnished with men and victuals, to go as far as Hochelaga, of purpose to view and understand the fashion of the saults of water, which are to be passed to go to Saguenay, that he might be readier in the spring to pass farther, and in the winter time to make all things needful in a readiness for their business. The aforesaid boats being made ready, the captain and Martin de Paiupont, with other gentlemen and the remnant of the mariners, departed from the said place of Charlesbourg Royal the 7th September, in the year aforesaid 1540. And the Viscount de Beau- pre staid behind for the guarding and governing all things in the fort. And as they went up the river, the Captain went to see the Lord of TTochelay, v/hich dwelleth bet- ween Canada and Hochelaga ; which, in the former 107 voyago, had jjiveii unto tho said Captain a littlo girl, and had oftentimes informed of the treaeons whith Taignoagny and JJomagaia (whom the captain in his former voyage had carried into France) would have wrought against him ; in regard of which his cour- tesy the said Captain would not pass by without visiting of him ; and to let him understand that the Captain thought himself beholden unto him, he gave unto him two young boys, and left them with him to learn their language, and bestowed upon him a cloak of Paris red, which cloak was set with white and yellow '>uttons of tin, and small bells, and with all he gave him two basins of laton (brass), and cer- tain hatchets and knives. Whereat the said lord seemed greatly to rejoice, and thanked the Captain. This done, the Captain and his company departi'd from that place. And we sailed with so prosperous a wind, that we arrived the eleventh day of the month at the first sault of water, which is two leagues distant from the town of Tutonaguy. And after we were arrived there, we determined to go and pass as far up as possible with one of the boats, and that the other should stay there till it returned, and we double manned her to row up against the course or stream of the said sault. And after w^e had passed some part of the way from our other boat, wo found bad ground and great rocks, and so great a current that we could not possibly pass any farther with our boat ; and the Captain resolved to go by land to see the nature and fashion of the sault. And after that we were come on shore, we found hard by the waterside a way aud beaten path, going ■ ;l I t' ! ^ i ■'i 108 towards the said saults, by which we cook our way. And on the said way, and soon after, we found an habitation of people, which made us great cheei, and entertained us very friendly. And after that we had signified unto them, that we we going towards the saults, and that we desired to go to Saguenay, four young men went along with us to show us the way, and they brought us so far that we came to .another village or habitatio?? of good people, whit^h dwell ov<'r against the st^cond sault ; which came and brought us of their victuals, as pottage and fish, and offered us of the same. After that the captain had enquired of them, as well by signs as words, how many more saults we had to pass to go to Saguenay, and what distance and way it was thither, this people showed us, and gave us to understand, that we were at the second sault, and that there was but one more to pass, that the river was not navigable to go to Saguenay, and that the said sault was but a third farther than we had travelled, shewing us the same with certain little sticks, which they had laid upon the ground in a certain distance, and afterwards laid other small branches between them both, representing th(» saults ; and by the said mark, if their saying be true, it can be Imt six leagues by land to pass the siiid saults. After that wo had been advertised by the said people of the things above mentioned, both because the day was far spent, and we had neither drank nor eaten the sam(> di<.y, we concluded to return unto our boats, aiul we came thither, where we foiind great store of peopl(\ to the number of 400 persons or thereabout, which seemed to give us very good 109 ^mmTrn, entertainment, and to rejoice of cur corning ; and, therefore, our Captain j^ave each of them certain small trifles, as combs, brooches of tin and copper, and other small toys ; and unto the chief men, every one his little hatchet and hook, whereat they made certain cries and ceremonies of joy. But a man must not trust them for all their fair ceremonies and signs of joy, for if they had thought they had been too strong for us, then they would have done their best to have killed us, as we under- stood afterwards. This being done, we returned with our boats, and passed by the dwelling of the Lord of Hochelay, with whom the Captain had left the two youths as he came up the river, thinking to have fov:ifl him ; but he could l:nd nobody save one of his sons, who told the Captain he was gone to Maisouna, as our boys also told us, saying, that it was two days since he departed. But in truth he was gone to Can- ada, to conclude with Agona what they should do against v\i. And when we were arrived at our fort, we un- derstood by our peeple that the savages of the coun- try came not any more about our forts as they were accustomed, to bring us lish, and that they were in a wonderful doubt and fear of us. Wherefore our captain having been advertised by some of our men which had been at Stadacona to visit them, that there was a wonderful number of the country peojde assembled together, caused all things in our fortress to be set in good order, etc. [The rest is wanting.] i ' ' t'l 11 :i i:: 1 110 The voyage of John Francois de la Roche, Knight, Lord of Robcrval, to the countries of Canada, Saguenay and Hochelaya, with three tall ships and two hundred persons, both men, woman and children, begun «n April, 1542, in which parts he remained the same summer, and all the next winter. Sir John Francis de la Roche, Knight, Lord of Ro- berval, appointed by the King as his lieutenant- general in the countries of Canada, Saguenay, and Hochelaga, furnished three tall shii)8, chiefly at the King's cost, and having in his fleet 200 persons, as well men as women, accompanied with divers gen- tlemen of quality, as namely, with Monsieur Saine- terre, his lieutenant, I'Espiney, his ensign, Captain Gruinecourt, Monsieur Noir Fontaine, Dieu Lamont, Frote, la Brosse, Francis de Moire, la Salle, and Royeze, and John Alphonse of Xanctoinge, an ex- cellent pilot, set sail from Rochel, the 16th April 1542. The same day, about noon, we came athwart of C'lef de Boys, where we were enforced to stay the night following. On Monday, the l*7th of the said month, we departed from Chef de Boys. The wind served us notably for a time, but within a few days it came quite contrary, which hindered our journey for a long space, for we were suddenly enforced to turn back, and to seek harbour in Belle Isle on the coast of Bretaigne, where we stayed so long and had such contrary weather by the way, that we could not reach Newfoundland until the 7th of June. The 8th of this month we entered into the Road of St. John, where we found seventeen ships of fishers. While we made somewhat long abode here, Jaques Carthier and his company, returning from Canada, whither he was sent with five sails the Ill year before, arrived in the very same harbour. "Who after he had done his duty to our General, told him , V •hf. gold ore, which M'as found in the country ; which ore the Sunday next ensuing was tried in a furnace and found to be good. Farthermore, he informed our General that he could not with his small company withstand the savages, which went about daily to annoy him, and this was the cause c '' his return into France. Nev- ertheless, he and his company commended the coun- try to be very rich and fruitful. But when our Gen- eral, being furnished with sufficient forces, com- manded him to go back again with him, he and his company, moved as it seemed with ambition, because they would have all the glory of the discovery of those parts themselves, stole privily away the next night from us, and without taking their leaves, departed home for Bretaigne. "We spent the greatest part of June in the harbour of St. John, partly in furnishing ourselves with fresh water, whereof we stood in very great need by the way, and partly in composing and taking up a quar- rel between some of our countrymen and certain Fortugals. At length, about the last of the aforesaid month, we departed hence and entered into the Grand Bay, and passed by the Isle of Ascension (Anticosti), and finally arrived four leagues west- ward of the Isle of Orleans. In this place we found a convenient harbor for our shipping, where we cast anchor, went ashore with our people and chose out a convenient place ' 1 > i ■ 112 July, we brought our victuals and other munitions and provisions on shore, and began to travail in fortifying ourselves. Of the Fort of France-Hoy, and that which was done there. Having described the beginning, the midst, and the end of the voyage made by Monsieur Eoberval in the countries of Canada, Hochelaga, Saguenay, and other countries in the west parts, he sailed so far (as is declared in other books) that he arrived in the said country, accompanied with 200 persons, sol- diers, mariners and common people, with all furni- ture necessary for a fleet. The said general at his first arrival built a fair fort, near and somewhat westward above Canada, which is very beautiful to behold, and of great force, situated upon an high mountain, wherein there were two courts of build- ings, a great tower, and another of 40 or 50 feet long, wherein there were divers chambers, an hall, a kitchen, houses of office, cellars high and low^, and near unto it were an oven and mills, and a stove to warm men in, and a well before the house. And the building was situate upon the great river of Canada, called France Prime, by Monsieur Roberval. There was also at the foot of the mountain anothi^r lodging, part whereof was a great tower of two stories high, two courts of good building, where at the first all our victuals, and whatsoever was brought with us was sent to be kept ; and near unto that tower there is another small river. In these two places, above and beneath, all the meaner sort was lodged. And in the month of August, and in the begin- ning of September, every man was occupied in such work as each one was able to do. But the 14th of 118 September our aforesaid general sent back into France two ships which had brought his iurniture, and be nnnninftvl for Mflmivil Mn"';i..iiv '1 > ^..;.... terre, and the other captain was Monsieur Guiue- court, to carry news unto the King, and to come back unto him the year next ensuing, furnished with victuals and other things, as it should please the King; and also to bring news out of France how the King accepted certain diamonds which were sent him, and were found in this country. After these two ships were departed, consideration was had how they should do and how they might pass out the winter in this place. First they took a view of the victuals, and it was found they fell out short; and they were scanted so that iu each mess they had but two loaves weighing a pound a-piece, and half a pound of beef. They ate bacon at dinner with half a pound of butter ; and beef at supper and about two handfuls of beans without butter. On the Wednesday, Friday and Saturday, they did eat dry cod, and sometimes they did eat it green at dinner with butter, and they ate of porpoises and beans at supper About that time the savages brought us great stores ofaloses (shad, or salmon trout), which is a fish somewhat red like a salmon, to get knives and other small trilles for them. In the end many of our people fell sick of a cer- tain disease in their legs, veins and stomach, so that they seemed to be deprived of all their limbs, and there died thereof about fifty. Note, that the ice began to break up in April. Monsieur Koberval used very good justice, and 8 ' punished every man according to his offence. One, whose name was Michael Gaillon, was hanged for his theft. John of Nantes was laid in irons and kept x^i'isoner for his olFenoe, and others also were put in irons, and divers were whipped, as well men as women ; by which means they lived in quiet. The Manners of Hie Savages. To declare unto you the state of the savages. They a'"e people of a goodly stature and well made, they are very white, but they are all naked ; and if they were apparelled as the French are, they would be as white and as fair ; but they paint themselves for fear of heat and sunburning. Instead of apparel they wear skins upon them like mantles, and they have a small pair of breeches, wherewith they cover their privities, as well men as women. They have hoseu and shoes of leather, ex- cellently made; and they have no sliirts, neither cover they the head, but their hair is trussed up above the crown of their heads and plaited or braid- ed. Touching their victuals they eat good meat but all unsalted, but they dry it, and afterwards they boil it, as well fish as flesh. They have no certain dwelling-place, and they go from place to place, as they think they may best find food, as aloses in one place, and other fish, salmons, sturgeons, mullets, furmuUets, barz, carps, eels, pimpermeaux, and other fresh water fish, and store of porpoises. They feed also of stags, wild boars, bugles, porkespines, and store of other wild beasts ; and there is as great store of fowls as they can desire. Touching their bread, they make very good ; and ■«PIII T-T? 115 it is of great mill ; and they live very well ; lor Ihey take care lor nothing else. They drink seal oil, but this at their great leasts. They have a king in every country, and are won- derful obedient unto him ; and they do him honour according to their manner and fashion. And when they travel from place to place, they carry all their goods with them in their boats. The women nurse the children with the breast, and they sit continually, and are wrapped about the bellies with skins of fur. The voyage of Monsieur Roherval from his fort in Canada into Saguenaij, the ^th June, 1543. Monsieur Roberval, the King's lieutenant in the countries of Canada, Sagueuay and Hochelaga, de- parted toward the said province of Saguenay on the Tuesday, the 5th day of June, 1543, after supper ; and he with all his furniture was embarked to make the said voyage But upon a certain occasion they lay in the road over against the place before men- tioned ; but on the "Wednesday, about six o clock in the morning, they set sail, and sailed against the stream, in which voyage their whole furniture was of eight barks, as well great as small, and to the number of three score and ten persons, with the aforesaid general. The general left behind him in the aforesaid place and fort thirty persons to remain there until his re- turn from Saguenay, which he appointed to be the first of July, or else they should return into France. And he left there behind him but two barks to carry the said thirty persons, and the furniture which was there, while he staid still in the country. And for r, :! 1 f i| eflectviatiug horeol', ho lel't as his lioutenaut a gentle- man named Monsieur de Koyeze, to whom he gave eommission, and (iharged all men to obey him, and to ])e at the commandraeut of the said lieutenant. The victuals which were lei't I'or their maintenance until the said first day oi' July were received by the said Lieutenant Koyeze. On Thursday, the 14th June, Monsieur I'lilsinuey, La Brosse, Monsieur Frete, Monsieur Longeval and others, returned i'rom the general, from the voyage ol' Saguenay. And note, that eight men and one bark were drowned and lost, amongst whom was Monsieur de Noire Fontaine, and one named La Vasseur of Con- stance. On Tuesday, the 19th of June aforesaid, there came from the general, Monsieur de Villeneuf, Tale- bot, and three others, which brought six score pounds weight of their corn, and letters to stay yet until Magdalen-tide, which is the 22nd day of July. [The rest of this voyage is wanting.] mr r- it : i H '' • ■ h . L Jlerc foUoiceth the course from Belle Isle, Carpont, and the Grand Bay, in Ncwfoxmdland, iip the river of Canada, for the space of 230 leaijms, obserced by Jean Alphonse of A'aincioiyne, chief pilot to Monsieur Itoberval, 1542. Belles Isles are in 51 degrees and 40 min. ; Belles Isles and Carpont are N.N.W. and S.S E. and they are ten leaguers distant ; Carpont is in 52 deg. ; Car- pont and Belle Isle, from the Grand Bay, are N.E. and S.W., and the distance from Belle Isle to the Grand Bay is seven leagues. The midst of the Grand Bay is in 52 deg. and a half, and on the north side m 111 thereof there is a rock ; half a league from^the islo, over against Carpout, toward the east, there is a small liat island, and on the side towards the N.E. there is a Hat rock. And when thou coniest out of the harl)or of Carpout, thou must leavi; this roc-k on the starboard side, and also on the larboard siilc there are two or three small isles ; and when thnu comest out of the N.E. side, ranging along tlic shore towards the west, about two pikes lengths in the midway, there is a shoal which lyeth on the star- board side ; and sail there by the north coast, and leave two parts of the Grand Bay towards the south, l)eeause there is a rock which runneth two or three leagues into the sea. And when thou art come athwart the haven of Butes, run along the north shore about one league or nn half otf, for the coast is without all danger. Belle Isle, in the mouth of the Grand Bay, and the Isles of Blanc Sablon, which are within the Grand Bay, near unto the north shore, lie N.E., "W., and S. "W., and the distance is 80 leagues. The Grand Bay at the entrance is but seven leagues broiid from land to land, until it come over against the Bay des Chasteaux, and from thenceforward it hath not past five leagues in breadth ; and against Blanc Sablon it is eight leagues broad from land to land. And the land on the south shore is all low land along the sea coast ; the north shore is reason- able high laud. Blanc Sablon is in 51 deg. 40 miu. The Isles of Blanc Sablon and the Isles de la De- moiselle are N.E., W.S.W. and take a little of the "VV.S.W. and they are distant 3G leagues. These isles are in 50 deg 45 min., and there is a good haven, and you may enter by an high cape w hich lyeth along toward the N.E., and within th(^ distance of a pike ,j; ;! > 1 i ■' » I il I • It 118 and a halt', because^ of a rock which lyeth on your lar])oard side, and you may anchor in ten fathom water over against a little nook ; and from the irreat headland unto the plac(! where thou doest an- chor, there is not above the length of two cables. And if thou wouklst go out by the west side, thou must sail near the isle by the starboard, and give room unto I he isle upon the larboard at the coming forth, and when thou art not past a (table's length oul thou must sail hard by the isles on the larboard side, by reason of a sunkK of Damoiselle unto Newfoundland, the sea is not in breadth above 30 leagues, because that Newfoundland, even unto Cape Breton, runneth not but N.N.K. and S.S.W.). Between the Isles de la Demoiselle and the Isles of Blanc Sablon, there be many isles and good har- bors ; and on this coast there are falcons and hawks, and certnin fov.is which seem to be pheasants. The Isles de la Demoiselle and Cape Tienot are N.E. and S.S.W. and take a little of the N.E. and S.W., and they ar(> distant 18 leagues. Cape Tienot is in 50 deg. 15 min., and there the sea is broadest. And it may be to the end of Newfoundland, which is at the entrance of Cape Briton, TO leagues, which is the greatest breadth of this sea. And there are six or seven isles, between the Isles de la Demoiselle, and Cape Tienot. Cape Tienot hath in the sea, five or six leagues distant from it, a sunken island, dangerous for ships. 119 rm The Cape Tiouot iind the midst ol" the Island of As- cousion are N.E. and S.S.W., and they are 22 leagues distant ; the midst of the Island of Ascension is in 4!> deg. and a hali". The said isle lyeth N.W. and S.E., the N.W. end is in .>0 deg. of latitude, and the S.E. end is in 48 deg. and a half, and is about 25 leagues long, and lour or five h-agues broad ; and from the N.W. end of the isle unto the iirm land of the north side, the sea is not above seven leagues broad, and unto the firm land on the south side are about 15 leagues. Cape Tienot and the Isle of As- cension toward the S.E. are NM and 8 W., and are distant 30 leagues. The said Cape of Tienot and the N.W. end of the Isl(! of Ascension are east and west, and take a little of the N.E. and S.W., and they are distant 34 leagues. The Isle of Ascension is a goodly isle and a good champaigne laud, without any hills, standing all upon white rocks and alabaster, all covered with trees unto the sea shore, and there are all sorts of trees as there be in France, and there be wild beasts, as bears, luserns, porkespicks. And from the S.E. end of the Isle of Ascension unto thi; entrance of Cape Breton is but 50 leagues. The N.W. end of the isle and the Cape des Monts nostre Dame, which is on the main land towards the south, are N.E. and W.S.W., and the distance between them is 15 leagues. The Cape is in 40 degrees, which is a very high land. The Cape end of the Isle of Ascension towards th«; S.E. are E. and W., and there is 15 leagues distance between them. The Bay of Molues or Gaspay is in 48 degrees, and the coast lyeth north and south, and taketh a quarti^ of the N.E. and S.W. unto the Bay of Heate ; and I m •?'" 120 U I thore are three isles, one great one and two small. From the Ray of Ilcale until you pass the Monts nosire Dame all the land is high and good ground, all eovered with trees. Oguedoc is a good bay and lyeth N.N.W. and S.S.lil., and it is a good harbour; and you must sail along the shor(> on the north sidc^, by reason of the low point at the entrance thereof, and when you are past the point bring yourself to an anchor in 15 or 20 fathoms of water towards the south shore ; and hero within this haven are two rivers, on(> which goeth toward the N.W. and the other to the S.W. And on this coast there is great fishing lor cods and other fish, where there is more store than is in Newfoundland, and better fish. And here is great store of river fowl, as mallards, wild geese, and others ; and h<>re are all sorts of trees, rose trees, raspberries, filbert trees, apple trees, pear trees, and it is hotter herc^ in summer than in France. The Isle of Ascension and the Seven Isles which lie on the north shore lie S.E. and W.S.W. and are distant 24 leagues. The Cape of Oguedoc and the Seven Isles are N.N.W. and S.S.E. and are distant 35 leagues. The Cap(> of Monts nostre Dame and the Seven Islands are north and south, and the cut from one over to the other is 26 leagues, and this is the breadth of this sea and from theniH^ upward it be- ginneth to w^ax narrower and narrower. The Seven Islands are in 50 di^grees and a half. The Sev(Mi Islands and the Point of Ongear lie N.E. and S.W., and the distance between th(?m is 15 leagues, and between them are certain small islands. And the point of Ongear and the Mountains nosire Dame which are on the south side of the entrance of' river, are north and south, and the cut over fr 121 the ono to the other is ten leagues, and this is here the breadth ol' the sea. The Point ot'Oiigcar nud the river of Caen lie east and west, and they are distant ^- leaj^uOB. And all llu' coabi I'lom Ihe Isle of As- cension hither is very good ground, wherein grow all sorts of trees that are in France, and some fruits. The Point of Ongear is 49 deg. and 15 uiin., and the River of Caen and the Isle of Kaquelle lie N.E. and S.W., and they are distant 12 leagues. The Isle of liaquelle is in 48 deg. and 40 min. In this River of Caen there is great store of iish ; and here the sea is not past eight league broad. The Isle of Raqvielle is a very low isle, which is near unto the south shore, hard by a high cape, which is called the Cape of Marble. There is no danger there at all, and between liaquelle and the Cape of Marble, ships may pass ; anil there is not from the isle to the south shore above one league, and from the isle to the north shore about lour leagiTes. The Isle of Raquelle and the entrance of Saguenay are N.E. and W.S.W., and arc distant 14 leagues, and there are between them two small islands near the north shore. The entrance of Sague- nay is in 48 deg. and 20 min., and the entrance hath not past a quarter of a league in breadth, and it is dangerous toward the S.W., and two or three leagues within the entrance it beginneth to wax wider and wider, and it seemeth to be as it were an arm of th(! sea ; and I think that the same runneth into the sea of Cathay, for it sendeth forth there a great (current, and there doth run in that place a terrible race or tide. And hen^ the river from the north shore is not past four leagues in breadth, and it is a dangerous !■..■-■ m I i ill i! 122 passage between both the lauds, because there lie banks of rocks iu the river. The Isle of Raquelle and the Isle of Hares lie N.E. aud S.W., and take a quarter of the east and west, and they are distant 18 leagues. The entrance of Saguenay and the Isle of Hares lie N.N.E. and S.S.W., and are distant five leagues. The entrance of Saguenay and the Isle of Raquelle are N.N.W. and S.S.W., and are distant three leagues. The Isle of Hares is in 48 deg. 4 min. From the Mountains of notre Dame unto Canada and unto Ilochelaga, all the land on the south coast is fair, a low land and goodly charapaigne, all covered with trees unto the bank of the river. And the land on the north side is higher, and in some places there are high mountains. And from the Isle of Hares unto the Isle of Orleans the river is not past four or five leagues broad. Between the Isle of Hares and the high land on the north side the sea is not past a league and a half broad, and it is very deep, for it is above 100 fathoms deep in the midst. To the east of the Isle of Hares and the Isle of Filberts lie N.E., W., and S.W., and they are distant 12 leagues. And you must always run along the high land on the north shore, for on the other shore there is nothing but rocks ; and you must pass by the side of the Isle of Filberts, and the River there is not past a qxiarter of a league broad, and you must sail iu tha midst of the channel, and in the midst runneth the best passage either at an high or low water, because the sea runneth there strongly, and there are great dangers of rocks, and you had need of good anchor and cable. The Isle of Filberts is a small isle, about one league long, and half a league broad, but they arc all bauks of sand. 128 The Isle of Filberts stands in 47 deg. 45 min. The Isle of Filberts and the Isle of Orleans lie N.E. and S.W., and they are distant ten leagues, and thou must pass by the high land on the north side, about a quarter of a league, because that in the midst of the river there is nothing but shoals and rocks. And when thou shalt be over against a round cape, thou must take over to the south shore S.W. 1 S , and thou shalt sail in five, six, and seven fathoms; and there the river of Canada beginneth to be fresh, and the salt watev endeth. And when thou shalt be athwart the point of the Isle of Orleans, where the river beginneth to be fresh, thou shalt sail in the midst of the river, and thou shalt leave the isle on the starboard, which is on the riglit hand ; and here the river is not past a quarter of a league broad, and hath 20 and 30 fathoms water. And toward the south shore there is a ledge of isles all covered with trees, and they end over against the point of the Isle of Orleans. And the point of the Isle of Orleans toward the N.E. is in 47 deg. 20 min. And the Isle of Orleans is a fair isle, all covered with trees even unto the river side ; and it is about five leagues long and a league and a half broad. And on the north shore there is another river, which falleth into the main river at the end of the island ; and ships may very well pass there. From the midst of the isle unto Canada the river runneth west, and from the place of Canada unto France Roy the river runneth W.S.W., and from the west end of the isle to Canada is but one league, and unto France Koy four leagues ; and wh»Mi thou art come to the end of the isle, thou shalt see a great river which falleth 15 or 20 fathoms down from a i in ;!H 124 rock, and maketh a terrible noise. The fort of France Eoy is in 47 deg, 10 min. The extension of all those lands, upon just occa- sion, is called New France, for it is as good and as temperate as Franco, and in the same latitudi;. And the reason wherefore it is colder in winter is hocause (he fresh river is naturally more cold than the sea; and it is also broad and deep ; and in some places it is half a league and above in breadth ; and also bo- cause the land is not tilled nor full of people ; and it is all full of woods, which is the cause of cold, because there is not store of fire nor cattle. And the sun hath its meridian as high as the meridian at Rochel, and it is noon here, when the sun is at S.S.W. at liochel. And here the north star by th(> compass standeth N.N.E,, and when at Rochel it is noon, it is but half an hour past nine at Franco Roy. From the said place unto the ocean sea and coast of New France is not above 50 leagues' distance, and from the entrance of Norumboga unto Florida are 300 leagues : and from this place of Franco Roy to Hochelaga are about 80 leagues, and unto the isle of Rasus 30 leagues. And I doubt not but Norumboga entereth into the rivor of Canada, and unto the soa of Saguenay. And from the fort of France Roy until a man come forth of the Grand Bay is not above 230 leagues: and the course is N.E. and W.S.W., not above five dog. and 20 min. difference, and reckon 10 leagues and a half to a degree. TJy the nature of the climat(> the lands towards Hochelaga are still better and better, and more fruit- ful ; and this land is fit ibr figs and pears ; and I think that gold and silver will bo found here, 125 according as the people of the covintry say. These lands lie over against Tartary, and I doubt not but they stretch toward Asia, according to the roundness ol' the world. And, therefore, it were good to have a small ship of 70 tons to discover the coast of New France on the back side of Florida ; for I have been at a bay as far as 42 degrt^es between Norumbega and Florida, and I have not searched the end thereof, and 1 know not whether it pass through. And in all these countries there are oaks, and bortz, ashes, elm, arables, trees of life, pines, prusse trees, cedars, great v, alnut trees, and wild nuts, hazel trees, wild pear trees, wild grapes, and there have been found red plums. And very fair corn grovveth there, and peason grow of their own accord, gooseberries and strawberries. And there are goodly forests wherein men may hunt; anr* there are great store of stags, deer, porkepicks, and the savages say there be uni- corns. Fowl there are in abundance, as bustards, wild geese, cranes, turtle doves, ravens, crows, and many other birds. All things which an' sown there are not past two or three days in coming up out of the ground. I have told in one ear of corn 120 grains, like the corn of France. And you need not to sow your wheat until March, and it will be ripe in the midst of August. The waters are better and perfect«'r than in France, and if the country were tilled and ri'plenished with people, it would be as hot as Rochel. And the reason why it snoweth ofteni'r there than in France is because it raineth there but seldom ; for the rain is converted into snows. All things above mentioned are true, John Alphouse made this voyage with Monsieur Uoberval. i: M I w ■4 -. f !'^1 'l.::'!-l w mi ^m^.. y^y nte rp riiK Ko (Mrrii V{)\ \nF Some. Uvu: aftrr March 2">, 154.'), Oartier -la,^ f •»« --w. .<• ' . ,■ I'ah, rcaL irlii'h he di'f, rcLurninij al tht m.i .- ♦ >^.» ,;;:»^ ;>(. [Soe i*N''arl».t, <•'!. it'll', pai:«i ■) It; : "Ciirjci, ■ » ..as- ' •■i'~--:f.;.. till (lit, Qn'artier tjU";; otiiiil(i\a liuil moiha 1 iUi'»* , ' ' :i. ' * v js i ir (l<< Traiisacti' - never hreii juadc. aud tho most rw'!'«i ufij -rny •<»« Ciirtier (Lougrai.s!, is of thin oj>iiii<>ij .:' \h^a - an bi; iSaid al ])Te,scu{ is thiii it is a m:iu» t . ■ yiHh*n Al'ter h'' bad retired from the h«,.', ^.- > uj'*-- i during the wiuter, in the towu ol' Si S4.*u« , * hirst?** situated "ni'xt 8; Thomujj' lIoHpUaV ; >vhj. fj nothiiiii: now remains. Thern is o? as^ ♦ ?iir^i-! . 8t. Mah>, aamed ai'tev bim During ; t'= -jiuim.';' h wilhdrew lo the xeigns'VJiil domaw o» f-ftnifWlfi^. j the viliaire of the SHine name. Tu ;»i: A t f*i th»^ Chapitre oISi M;.!'>. o! the 29fh St^iUt-rnheT, I;i4:» l„- was made ^ieur dwdea u<-b>i An * the retur'i «5 Kober^'ai. hi- ha-' w, uiub-rsro tut e^jVia iuation a^? to the exp<>!,Hliiure i! nKm«*v' V-'* s**- aeqiiitted ou all rbargv*. bv thf- sentulit ♦•#; ,>f t^n vr bnnal of the Admimltv ttu tbv 21st Jvuu*, !;':«44 > I ! ff 'f~ „ 'i-2.-i : .tS' — rVTfIS , •^bS*' "■"^tSAwsw-*' -lai.. ," ^5»i; :(;:}. THE FOURTH VOYAGE. Some time after March 25, 1543, Cartier teas sent back to get Roberval, which he did, returnimj at the end of eight mont/is. [See I^scarbot, ed. 1612, pajre 410 : " Car je trouve par le coinpte du dit Quartier qu'il eniploya huit niois H Taller qutjrir aprcs y avoir deineure dix-sept mois" See Transactions Quebec Literary and Historical Society, 1862, p, 93.] This voyage has of late been hold by some to have never been made, and the most recent authority on Cartier (Loiigrais), is of this opinion. All that can be said at present is that it is a matter of opinion. After he had retired from the sea, he occupied during the winter, in the town of St. Malo, a house situated "next St. Thomas' Hospital," of which nothing now remains. There is or was a street in St.' Malo, named after him. During the summer he withdrew to the seignorial domain of Limoilou, at the village of the same name. In an Act of the Chapitre of St. Malo, of the 29th September, 1549, he was made Sieur do Limoilou, and it is claimed, on the 5th February following, was made a noble. After the return of Roberval, he had to undergo an exam- ination as to the expenditure of money. He was acquitted on all charges by the sentences of the tri- bunal of the Admiralty on the 21st June, 1544. r; !; iff ill: ilit. TV I J 128 On tho 21st October, 1542, Cartier was present at a baptism in St. Malo, of the daughter of the Gover- nor. He was also at a baptism on the 25th March, 1543, Easter ; on the Oth August, 1544 ; 2lih April, 1547 ; 8th December, 1547 ; 20th December, 154H ; and others, the last one recorded being- on tho 17th November, 1555. On the 10th April, 1543, Cartier was chosen inter- preter oi' Portuguese, another evidence that he had been in the I'ortuguese employ. On the 17th De- cember, 1544, he is called upon to give testimony in a marine enquiry instituted by order oi' the King. In 1545 he gives evidence in small cases beibre a magistrate, and also during the years 154G and 1548. On April 3, 1544, he and Koberval are summoned to appear before the King, with the result as stated above. According to I'Abbe Manet, on the 20th November, 1549, Cartier and his wile founded an obit in the Cathedral of St. Malo ; and Lougrais has discovered the book of obits of the cathedral, in which Cartier and his wife are inscribed for a simple obit of three masses on the 16th of October of each year. It may be of interest to state that the account runs that Roberval made a voyage in 1549 and never came back. The proof is to the effect that he was assas- sinated in Paris. On Sunday, 17th of September, 1553, " a savage of the countries of the New Land " was baptized, but Cartier did not act as godfather. The fact shows that voyages were kept up. On Tuesday, the 5th of June, 1555, Cartier appears as a' bond-giver in a tutelle. On the IGth June, 1556, Car tier's name appears as a witness, and also on ii'i i 'I 12!) Friday, lh<^ ITlli olJuly, and a^aiii on I lie 27ih No- vcmlx'V, in .small rases. And now th«^ end appl•<)a(;ht^s ; Ihn great navigator is going on thi; eternal voyage, and on the Isl Sc])- teinher, 1-">57, he set sail lor the celestial world. On the margin of one of the precious registers of SI. Malo, only recently come to light, his passing away is thus recorded : " Ce diet mercredy au matin environ cinq heures deeeda Jacques Carti<>r." " On the said Wedn<'sday, about five o'clock in the morning, died Jacques Cartier." A plague or epidemic was raging in the district, and Cartier probably fell a victim. And he had no son to follow in his work, so that his manthj fell on Champlaiu half a century later. There are two portraits of Cartier, one in the city hall of St. Malo, and one in the National Library at Paris. The former is familiar to many, as there are many copies and prints of it, one of which is to bo found in the first volume of " Histoire de la Colonic Fran9aise," by Faillon. A rcprodu<'tion of the other is to be found on the title page of " Note sur Ic Manoir de Jacques Cartier, par M. Alfred Rame," Paris, 1867. [Ilakliiyt, in the third vohime, gives the two following ltittiT.s. They are to bo found immediately after the third voyage of Cartier.] A Letter ivrittcn to M. .John Growte, student in Paris, by Jaques Nod, of S. Malo, the nephew of Jaques Cartier, touching the foresaid discooenj. Master Growte, your brother-in-law, Griles Walter, shewed me this morning a map printed at Paris, de- dicated to one M. Hakluyt, an English gentleman, wherein all the West Indies, the kingdom of New Mexico, and the countries of Canada, Hochelaga and 9 r i ■I H' 'ii . S 130 i! SaiTucnay ore (ontiiincd, I hold that thf river of Canada, which is described in thai map, is not marked a8 it is ill my book, which is agreeable to the book of .Tacqixes Cartier ; and that the said chart doth not murk or set down The Great T.ake, which is above the saults, according as th«! savages have advertised us, which dwell at the said sanlts. In the foresaid chart, which you sent me hither, the (Jreat Lake is plaijed too mxich toward the north. The saults or falls of the river stand in 44 degrees of latitude ; it is not so hard a matter to pass them as it is thought. The water falleth not down from any high place, it is nothing else but that in the midst of the river there is bad ground. It were best to build boats above the saults ; and it is easy to march or travel by laud to the end of the three saults ; it is not above five leagues' journey. I have been upon the top of a mountain, which is at the foot of the saults. where I have seen the said river beyond the said saults, which shewed unto us to be broader than it was wher<^ we passed it. The people of the country advertised us that there arc ten days' journey from the sault into this great lake. We know not how many leagues they make to a day's journey. At this present I cannot write unto you more at large, because the messenger can stay no longer. Here, therefore, for the present I will end, saluting you with my hearty commendations, praying God to give you your heart's desire. From S. Malo, in haste, this 19th day of June, ISSt. Your loving friend, Jaques Noel. 131 Cousin, I pmy you do mv so much pleasurt* as to send me ii book of thc! distovory of Now Mexico, and one of those new mai)s of I he West Indies deditatt'd to M. Hakluyt, the English yentleman, which you sent lo your hrother-in-hiw, Giles Walter. I will not fail to inform myself if there be any mean to find out those descriptions which Captain (dirtier made after his two last voyages into Canada. Underneath thc. aforesaid imperfect relation that irhich fotloireth is urittcn in another Letter sint to M. John (iroirte, studml in Paris, from Jaques Noel of S. Malo, the Grand- Nepheio of Jaques Cartier. I can writ(^ nothing else unto you of anything that I ran r«'cover of the writings of Captain Jaques Cartier, my uncle, deceased, although I have made search in all places that I possibly could in this town ; saving of a certain book made in manner of a sea-chart, which was drawn by the hand of my said uncle, which is in the possession of Master Cremeur, which book is passing well marked and drawn, for all the river of Canada, whereof I am w<'ll assured, because I myself have knowledge tntreof, as far as to the saults, where I have been ; the height of which sault is in 44 degrees. I found in the said chart, beyond the place where the river is divid<^d in twain, in the midst of both the branches of the said river, somewhat nearest that area which runneth toward the N.W., these words following, written in the hand of Jaques Cartier : — " By the people of Canada it was said, that here is the land of Saguenay, which is rich and wealthy in precioiis stones." And about one hundred leagues under the same, I found written these two lines following in the said card, I ! rn ■M 182 c I iucliniug- ioward the S. W. : " Here iu this couniry are cinnamon and cloves, which they call in their language, Cauodeta " Toiiching the cft'ect ol" my book, whereof I spakt! unto you, it is made after the, manner of a sen-chart, which 1 have delivered unto ray two sons, Mi«hael and John, which at this present are in Canada. If, at their return, which will be, Grod willing, about Magdalentide, they have learned any new thing worthy the writing, I will not fail to advertise you thereof. Your loving friend, .Taques Noel. i. ; 1 I f' NOISES. FIRST VoYA(iE. I'l'lie (lati's j.'iv(Mi iini in tlio " old Htylo" ciC reckoiiintr. In Franco ilio " old style " i)rfvaile(l until ir)S2, in Enirland till 1751'. | air((, published at Paris, l")7(). Da XoumiH Moiuh, Choit- retoti, pa;:e 141, Geneva, 157!' SinijiUaritf dr la Framr Antarliijii,; Tlicirl. Cabot made a map oi the.se coasts, Labrador, whore be first touched, and further north, lie >;ave names to points in Hudson's Hay. It must not bo tor^otteu that, by tiie right of dis.overy, i f lit 134 America belonged to the Enplisli nation, for Cabot saw the conti- nent fourteen months before Columbus. Savajres bronjjht from the " Newfound Hand" were shown in En^i- land in 1502. (Funhaa, >)age 915, ed. Itil7.) See additional note. Cape de Bonne'icue. — Capo di Huona Vista. liiuumio. Honavista. Qiilfe *'/. Z«»i'itr(.— Lescarbot says this is Tregatc. Lovgihidt: * * * * — Rumusio docs not give it In those days longitude was reckoned from Ferro, supposed to bo tlie most wes- tern {)art of the world, and " proceeded first over the old world and thus nuide Its journey of 1500 degrees." Leagiw. — Kiiinii to about 3.05L* statute miles. Inland of Birds. — Funk Island. ApjiDTratli, — Lescarbot lius Apjionath. "The Acadians call them Uarricadieres. ' " Xcir/oundldnd.-' In an oaie Vorte, Labrathir. /'or/ (/<« /idAnia'A—l'orio delio ballanze. Kamu.^io. Baie Hoyal, Labrador. UUtiic-iSahloii. — ihanco Sal)bione. liauni.siti. JkU- d, lin.H. — Isiif an Bui.s, Labrador. 7-(M //(7<<;v. -L'Isolette. Uamusio. " Havre ilc Labrador." Ink ile.i Oisanu. — Isle Verto, Labrador. 135 Longitude * * *.— Not given by Ilamusio. Ditck'sEggs.— "These are tlie eggs of a bird called Moignac, by the voi/agcurs of Jjabrador." Port Brent, Suhtt .s>rm)(.— Breton names of places; now Bale du Vioux Fort, and Rockj- Bay. Port Jacqne» CartuT.— Sliecatica Bay. River St. Tamt/i.- Bay of Nepetepick. St- j4»(/onit'.— L()b8tor Bay, or Baio des Ilomarda. Or«n.— Forno, Kamiisid. Foiirnean, l.escarbot. Bovl nl\ delle grange. Ramusio. Montagnes des cabannes, south of Bay Ingumacboix, on th(\ west coast .^ Nova Scotia. As ( 'artier was marrioJ to ( 'atherino des Grandies. tiie mountains were in all probability, naiiKMl thus, and the name givtin by Ramu- sio is an error. Lascarbot. Pigeon //oiwt'/v/(inr. Koid, in his Dincim-rn of Maim-, (p. 326), to bo Prince Edwa ■! Island. G'oow.— ( )che. Ramusio. Oysons. Lescarbot (Goslings.) Islands of Margaiu:—\)a, Ci 'ta says these aro the Bird Islands. I think there it a channel, etc. -There is some doubt as Uj the cor- rectness of this toxt. Tlw fi, ttion original) tiwoted !)y I "a Costa, says: "Between the new land an thelaml of the Bretons." Loscarimt says at page L'74, ed. It)12, speaki \; of .laccjues ( 'artier, " iie sachant pas an \ ray tiu'il y out passage |)i le Cajj-Brototi," /./■., not knowing the fact that then* was a channel v way of ( 'mm Breton. Sne last chapter of Second N'oyago. (lulfSt. ,/iUieu. —Bonne Bale. Capi lioi/ot ('ape Nord de la Bai<^ les Isles. ('apt Milk.— i'o\i\ti^ Slid de la Bale n s Isles. Alezay.— Thin is pr(«innnd to be wi it is now known as Prince Kdward b^land ; or, it muy bo ou(( of tl > Magdalen Islantls. j-. 186 f'liiioi Rill i; Jiiriirr linnituK, — Fiuine tlello bardie. Karimsio. Now Miramiclii river. Capr St. Pi'Ur. — A cajK? of one of t)ie IMapdalen l«laiuls. * * * q/'7(i'f/ay of Chalenr) being 4S.I" cannot be so warm, in that country at lea.st. The Indian name was Mowebaktabfifik, or the Biggest Bay. Wild irlual. — N'etches jxirhaps. C(7(0 (/i /'(v/^o.— Cap du Pre. bescarbot. Now Caix) Farillon. It may simply mean ("ajie Meaounno begato Angliic" The date is " apud le P>aya Saint .loban in Tcrris Novis die X .\ugusti Ifj'JT. b'evr. Patr. vest, humilis, servus Albertns de Prate" lie was probably Canon of St. Paul's. Those interested may lind this letter in Piirchas (vol. iii., p. HO!t), tf)gether with one froni .lolin Hut. One writer, l»'Avezac, claims that this Albert de Prato wns the ;l/(m(>»l^(l.« nnissai'red by the savages, wluireas there is nnich stronger reason for lielieving that this pilot piemontaiK was none other than \errazani. (See note " De Prato.) Consult Mittunr of Cohot, pp. 273, 27>S. Al'ovi uiiil iicronx llwir Iio;e. ) -E 13t Kapaigc — Lestarbot iiotos tliat tlie language lias dianged sinco tlio time of Cartier. Twenlii-fout'th,—\,eBca,Tbol lius it, first of August. Fifteen lenguen. — Ijescarbot has it, sixteen. SlrailitSt. Pierre. — Between Antieosti and Gasj)e. J>a <'osta says, they were between Antieosti and Labrador (an error.) Cape Tietmot.— Cape Montjoli ; near here is tlie river Xatachqiioui. rith Se])temher. — Da Costa says tlie Ist, but gives no authority. SECOND VOYACiE. The l)i8hoj» wlio Idessed them on leaving was " le vtMu'ralilo I »enis liriconnet." Fourleen leagues from mainland. — iinniusiii has it ftirty-fonr. Eight o'clock in the evening. — lianiudio lias it, till half-past one. Ifurre St. A'/W/o/(M.— Mingan. Cape Tiennot. — Capo Mountjoli. Two reefs — Lescarbot has it, four. Seventh of Avgusl. — Lescarbot haw 8th ; two manuscripts 8th, ame 7th ; IJumasio, 7th. Hay of iSt. hturevce. — .St- John river (on tho Labrador cuastV) ; tlie name afterwards givsn to the present Gulf and river. (Joniara, writing in L")55, sayw : '• It has been navigated two hundred loaguos up, on which account many call it the Straits of 1 lie. Three Hrothers. Here the water forms a square <>ulf, which extends from San Tioren(,'o to the point of Baccallaos, more than two lunidred leuguof. ' Tvrlflh of Aui/unt. — lianiuMio 12th, two niunuHcripIs l.'ith. no 1 Itii; l.escarl)ot 14th. Asmunjition Inland. — Antieosti at present. Indian nanio, Natiscofe<\ •lean Allefonce jjersists in calling it Ascension Island. High Landn. — (lasix'; old name (iaclunW"'. Silevne de Iforhelaga. — " Fiunie " in liamnsio; fleuve in Ijoscarbol. Shaped like a hotne. — I.escarhol calls them, '■ hipjwpotuniuor river horsef." St. John hlandn. — l.oscarbot calls them, Lt Pie. Bic Islands. Canada. — The origin of this word is, and jirohahly ever will be, a matter of dispute. Dean Trench has sailyeth beyond comparison ; they gather three hundred measures for one. It yecldeth more bloud, but more grosse than our wheate. Thoy makedrinke thereof also, wherewith thoy will be exceedingly drunke; they lirst steep and after boyle it to that end. In some places they lirst cause it to bee chami)ed with maids, in some places with olde women, and then make a leaven thereof, which they boyle and make this mebriating drinke. The canes and leaves serve for their mules to eat They boyle and drinke it also for paine in the backe. The buds of mays servo instead of butter and oyle." Purclias, page iUl, edition 1617, liDudon. .S(. CVou.— This is undoubtedly the River St. Charles. Efforts have been made to prove that Cartier wintered at the river now uauied after him, but without success at all. Throughout the first and second voyages the writer has given this name in his transla- tion—a whim perhaps, but it is a pity that tiio name of Ht, Croix had not been retained. (See additional note, "Whero Cartier wintered.") After ve had returned, t'aw8on'8 paper in CanadtVm Nnturalui. (See nuto, " The site of Ilochelaga," in this volume. When Champlain visited the locality in 160!?, the village and its dusky inhabitants had dis- a|>peared. This renders diflicult credence in the theory that the relics found since 1860, near Sherbrooko ctreet, were those of (he 1 lochelagaus. Huts or houses. — Usually the "houses of savages * * * were nothing but poles set round and meeting in the top, ten foot broad, the fire in the middest, covered with deeres-skins." Purchas, 930, ed. 1617. "The savages dwell in houses made of fir trees, bound together in the top and .set around like a dove-bouse, this * * * at the entry to the (iulf of St l.iiwreni'e." Esurgny. — Other names given are Enogny, Esuogny, and Esnogny. Lescarbot, speaking of this word (page 732, ed. 1612), says he had great ditliculty in understanding it, and tliat Belle-forest did not understand it at all. To-day (he continues) they have none, or have lost the method of making (finding! it. Tliey adorn themselves with trinkets from France, that is the women ; they call these trinkels Muluchmz. At Port Royal, Newfoundland and Tadousac, they make use of the quills of the i)orcupine, which they dye black, white and red, etc. Sir William Dawson has tried to explain " esurgny." Some miiKlenj. — That is to givn a historical representatiim or reli- gious ceremony. These mysterien were probably fre(iuent in I'rance where ('artier had evidently seen them ; they were given on special oica.sions, and the connection betweim them, miracle plays, and the stage, is a close one. < 'onsult any good history of English literature, and consult the "Abbot," liy .'^ir Walter Scott. Three months. — The uuvnuscripts have " leagues." fiescarbot and Kamusio have " months " (lurws.) 141 rpllierirrr. — licsoarbot lijw tin interpolation followinii! tliiH : — "Anil I romember that Konnacona, chief i if the Canadians, told ns lio had visited a country, a uionih's journey distant from ( anada, in winch ^jrow cloves anlta\vu, back of tho island of Montreal. Agouiundas. — Agajoudas, i-escarbot; agouiondas, Itamusio. Caign€t-daze.—V&\gne(iiV£&, Ijescarbot. Rirer of Fuith-—'!>t. Maurice. Chaniplain gave it it« i)roscnt name. How the saragen, etc. — This chapter and the following one are not in Uaniusio nor Lescarbot, but are in the three manuscripts. One more than ten leagws long. — Orleans. Adhothui/.i. — This has been asserted to be the Bdugn Catadon, or white whale, of which bones have lx»en found in tJie [wst^pliooene clay of the St. Tiawrence. i^«*/i-Ma<«r «fa.— Lake St. John '.' Notre Dome de lioijiiemndo. — Ijescarbot, page o70, says : — " ( )r to call it more correctly, to lloque ainadon, that is to say, of lovers. It is a liovrg of Querci, visited by many pilgrims." Ameda. — Annedo, TiCScarbot. , This remedy was made of the leaves and hark of Pipimlte hldnche. StagK—( Damn) Moose or Caribou. Aiouncslu. — Ajounesta, I iOscarbot. Leave one of our skips. — Parts of this, it is claimed, were discoveroil in 1843, and some of them sent to the Museum at St. Malo. (See note, Kemains of La Petite Ilermine. ) Charles Quyot. — In liamusio, and the reprint, .lehan I'oullet is mentioned as going with him. Agouhanna. — Agona, Lescarljot; Agonna, Raniusio. White »(«>(.— This is probably untrue. It might be referred to the I'^kimcs. i'/c'/wwij/dTiA— I'icqueniaux, Lescarbot; I'icfiuemjans, Uumusio and manuscript's. I,ica(/i»i.— Stadin in twvi manuscripts; Litadin in one manuscript; Stadln in lescarbot: Lidaten in Ramusio. The bottont of the ship. — How docs this agree with the finding of certain j)ortions of it in the year 1843 '.' i 1? mn S49 rv»n(»(iian(t.— Thi8 occiira " iarm" in lopriut, probably the first timo ill (irint of this word. Uamusio his Cnnadinni aiui Omidiani. Collvrn. — I^scarbot calla tlieni rrkarpen, Hcarfs. These collierx were a favorite ornament of dress of Indiann. In recent times those of tlie Rocky Mountains made them of the teeth of the grizzly bear, killed by the wearer, such mUierii being considered an evidence of bravery and skill. Casnou. — Cnmoiii, Ramiisio; cttHtcini, liOscarlKtt. T)iynti/-tno liaifvex ami a-half. — Ramiisio and reprint nay two loaRues and a half 461°.— Ramualo has ATyX". liaij of the Holy Qho»l — Port aux Basques. Tivo, time and four league* out in the ma. — Ramusiu and the reprint say twenty-three leagues. Cap Torrame. — Cap Nord, Cape Breton. Rognotue- — Baie des Tr<''pas8^'S. Ii>le» St. Pierre. — St. Pierre de Mi(}UeIon. Cape St. Paul. — This name Hpi)ears on the map of Maijolla, 1527, and on that of Viegas, drawn in 153Ij. Now Cap d'.Vspe. (ith July. — Da ('osta states the date to have been the Ist July. THIRD VOVAUK. It ii ! ' ! The savages brought back on the second voyage by Cartier wore Donnacona, Taiguragny, Doinagaya, and seven others. The King ordered them to bo religiously in.structe(l, which was done in Bre- tiigne. (y'artier was godfathor to one. Donnacona received the name of Francois. They lived for about four years, all dying except a little girl ten years old. The date of departure of Cartior on uis third voyage is given in Ilakluyt and the l^iiebec Historical and Literary Society's volume, " Voyages et decouverten, etc., Quebec, 1843," as the 23rd May, 1540. As ('artier only received his letters patent on the 17th October, 1540, this is a mistake for 1541. Roberval's account is that he him- self set sail on the Kith April, 1542, and that Cartier had been font the year previous, that is, in 1541. Faillon, in his Hiitoire de la Colonic I <^ /2 e. a. ^m ew/ 9 "J; %. / V /A Photographic Sciences Corporation ^^^' SJ 4 wm o ^^ i- # 23 WEST MAIN STREfiT WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 o^ i ? .<" c. .* .<> WJ- C/JL ^ \ \ v\ >^ *i.^ // •rr-n \:l I \ s >n 02 a Z otri S,riJz .0 3,C > => iii J n t i T!,.. K. '. rt rtirr, j- ■-.,■ VVijigov, stis' ''K i KJf ■ , ^ .i r , 'i ..n.io n ermmfi >';. .- .. . r> (., Vi »rtii:ii . •-',■;;• - •■;.<,.! iJKit i !.(-■■ latU M -(i-iuill!'' ' t iieice ■■■ 1..^ .,f (*.» fj'- > 1^" 'see < tn'-ii iHJ.' ti.i- ; =>M of lif».- J<»». /» naif ttikeji J- -.1 to U'rant -Is !«, i=, »i)i!ioi of Ihe essay <>'i )■ i*,-*. wilt-: ti!!i' on his tlurii v.«i»-r'i Hi" . it iji i!!»,t^,, •«•> * .i.iiifff*' v-ith 'n*r .-M Ms'sr*' fJt( 'lit- Miap, JMii.'wI'l*.! Hi lilis Vol ;. ^■'; r i..i'. ^Ulr« vi'„v;. iu;- j^rus .ifter u; ii iisliin'4 vc^sa.;. i iiu st,(>ry «it.a Ur.-i l«.lM lit tlsi! I Hi,i'ini\ f'' anil.' iii, iilpr-t •. Ti ntii. I'ooro f'>i < n-kc roll St-- of Cjsji.iT is. ■ is sr.}>j«is«)/. I'arki!. : a t/uiiC' U: 1i '•! \lll:.i <'hiiw>U'T, :» - toriivv! an..' ' tht 'mi fvoii •• wit). The i. ifiiii- '.**■< //or- .-. an ■*• lljf< . 'fltnoron of ^«.!ri,;u»>nte Iw^A^-'^ii^ty (;nt/ 'rift- '■''I, vol. iv , .juj't' (56; aud .' rAr!»»?i''t!f>ns iv ' viti i. i., |)u;zo '!!!). MfKlern wnH "t* imTfi viswil Um 1 liiink, Fro<'lr Ih" '""'M^'*'* n '»■ >%f?v«it N |i, , aif-t ('"ti iimdt* ?'> N. B.»l!'n..ih*. fii^jj^niitk^'.f an - 'til his iiiaj'.'s Of iliis mssj. ij! 4i'i.«'v\»'' .'' .; . ilCH n»' ;!!• f>'!!0\V.~'.- " rSni ttp-ji !* !.U i-n? if ivmtitisi •■•.}:■■!« ;/iuMi I. y i\n- M' ii.«* 'UjBk>,> t'ly, in wii- ■>«: libntry it lu.iw Is. 'Vhr- '.■•■.-■ , iMiali, and. i» isiy -.[.jju'-ii), o'' ' »..• ■< - on tlio ''Uif ■,'.•>*!(. ,'< I'.f li-f !it)W Hifurtrytf. r " 1 send ;■'' !! '-^ Si,v, iiig of thp<,'Hft: iris. )'". V\h% w^^. ' rav.r*' i'tlV i-: f?-'!..ii-yl'H Primxj^ i>f thi» Vi' ijc ' .' I'uptain \U r- \ .'III " i'reti..- tn t'f . birtfv sini- bot>. bla"*.- the', fb' hv thr :■$ '.•■■'. J i'liritU'^i'^, ii a>< i\>lhjWi» If!*' ■■<(»!)! ill M •! ' 'iVituii(»" unti • '^ ' - . I -■:* \l:t, ! :- ; ,> • j'rU Ht« i •■ ^ -■ ! •* awKjS*-"' *•«-!!;# - a HtP H.iiJie by the sftf itStW" :. ■!, « ^^'"':"n^I X*-! :V ^ ■i.-'^ 'T .->■ •>^. i!s&5^ ;^ ?" ■.f^- '^^''-ii •H. fv.^ S %^7 'f? V %^ •-'I ..■^^^ 143 The Rev. B !•'. Da Costa, D. 1>., author of the essay on .Tac(iues C'artler, in the Nurraiire Histonj of Amrricu, edited by .lustin Winsor, states that Cartier took with him on his tliird voyage the " Grande Hermine" and the " Emerillon." In the commission given to Cartier (see note " Sieur de Holjerval") it is distinctly stated that the latter vessel was old, and permission was granted to dismantle her, in order to aid in the equipment of the other vessels. Thevet, in his Comnngniphie I'nivcrsclle (Paris, 1575), jJiiblishes a story of Roberval's neice being put ashore with her old nurse on the " Isle of Demons" (see Gastalde's map, published in this vol.), for becoming the victim of her lover. The latter was allowed to join them. Her nurse and her lover died. More than two years after she was taken home to France in a fishing vessel. The story was first told in the Heptameron of Marguerite {see Nuirative and Criti- cal History of America, vol. iv., page 66 ; and Transactions Royal Society of Canada, vol. i., page 40). Modern writers have used the incident, among them, I think, Frechette. Cartiir's Eoute. — Among the copies made by the late Ben Perley I'oore for Parkman is a map of the St. Lawrence Gulf, with the route of Cartier in 1534 pricked out. The map is signed N. B., and is supposed to have been made by N. Bellin, the map-maker who supplied Charlevoix with his maps. Of this map, m answer to a query, ]Mr. J'arkman writes me as follows : — " The map is in one of a collection of volumes of manuscripts given by me to the ^lassa- chusetts Historical Society, in whose library it now is. The map is a colored sketch, very small, and, in my opinion, of little value as authority. The points on the Gulf visited by Cartier in his first voyage are indicated on it, but it gives no new information." In another letter he says : " I send you a tracing of the Cartier * * '- * the facsimile was made for me from the original in the Depot des Carles de la Marine, Paris. F. Pahkman." Captain Hore. — At page 517 of Hakluyt's Principall Nai-igations, ed. 1589, is an account of the voyage of Captain Hore, which is brief but very interesting. I condense it as follows : In the year Ib'Mi Master Hore, with two ships, the " Trinitie" and " Minion," .'■et sail from Gravesend about the end of April. He had six score persons with him " whereof 30 were gentlemen." They reached Cape Breton in two months, and mention is made of the great number of birds, similarly to Cartier's account. They sow " stores of beares, both blacke and white." Coming to a fire made by the savages they found " the side of a beare on a wooden spit left at the same by the savages that were fledde. There in the same place they III 1 1 ■1 11; ; :. '. ■ ■■ ; ■ ■■ i 1:: 1? 144 founde a boote of leathor, t^arijiHlied on tlio otter side of tlie calt'o with certaine brave trailes, as it were of raw siike, and alao foinul a certaine great warm mitten." Tiie query is, to wbom the " bnote' belonged. Tlie account speaks of tlio famine tliey sull'ered, as tlieir supplies gave out, and "they found small reliefe, more than that they had from the nest ofunospreyi that brought hourly to her young great plentee of divers sorts of fishes." They had tu subsist upon roots and herbs, but tlieir famine increased and their hunger became such that " the fellowe killed his mate while bee stouped to take up a roote for his relief, and cutting out pieces of bis body * * * * broyled the same on the coles and greedily devoured them." This continuing, " tbecompany decreased," till the captain heard of the cannibalism, upon which be made a " notable oration," saying, among other things, that it was better to have perished in body, and to have everlasting life, than to have lived "for a poore time" and been doomed to the uniiuenchable tire of hell. He exhorted them to pray to God for relief. "And such was the mercie of God that the same night there arrived a French shippe in that port, well furnished with vittaile, and such was the policie of the English, that they became masters of the same, and, changing ships and vitailing them, they set sail to come into England." They reached St. Ives, in Cornwall, about the end of October. De Prato. — Hakluyt's Principall NavigalioriH, ed. 1589, page 517, has a short account entitled " The voiage of the two ships, whereof one was called the ' Dominus Yobisciim,' set out the -Oth day of May, in the 29 yeere of King Henry the Eight, and in the yeere of Our Lord God 1527, for the discovery of the north partes." The following sentence occurs in the account : " And it hath been told inee by Sir INIartin Frobisher and Master Richard Allen, a Knight of the Sepulchre, that a Canon of S. I'aul in London, which was a great mathematician and a man indued with wealth, did much advaunce the action, and went therein himselfe in person, but what his name was, I cannot learne of any." This voyage was made under " Master Robert Thome of Bristoll." Tlic Bretons. — llerrera (ed. 1728, dec. iii., 1. x. cap. 9) says that in 152(5 the Breton, Nicholas JJon, pursued the fisheries at Baccalaos. I'urchas in liis Pilgrimages says that Rut reports that in 1527 eleven sail of Normans and one of Bretons were at St John. Lescarbot says (Nouvelle France, 1612, page 22) that Baron de L^ry landed cattle on the Isle of Sable in 1528. Hamusio (in Raccolta, 1556, iii., 424) says : " Li Brettoni & Normandi, per la qual i ansa ti chiamata questa terra il capo delli Brettoni," i. e., the Bretons and Normans, for which reason the land waa named Cape Breton. The " dis- 146 corso," from which the above is taken, is tliat of tlio Gran Cuinhmo Francese, of 1539, lield by some writers to be Joan I'armentier of I'iopiie. This "discordo" states tliat the Bretons and Normans visited tiie.so coasts thirty-five years previously, tliat is in 1501; also that Jean Denys, of Honfleur, and the pilot Caniarto (Gainort), of Rouen, sailed to this Cape Breton in 1506, and, in 150S, " nii navilio di Dieppa detto la ' I'ensee' " (a ship of Dieppe, the ' Pensee'), carried thither " Thomas Aubort" Gosselin {Documents uuthenti'iiics et inMUs, etc., Rouen, 1876i says the following ships sailed to NewfounUand in 1508: "Bonne- Aventure," "Sibille," "Michel," and " Marie de Bonne Nouvelles." Mr. George Dextor, writing of this period in an article on " Cor- tereal, Verrazano, Gomez, Thovet," has the following concise para- graph : "The consolidation of France into one great kingdom may be said to date from 1524, when tlie death of Claude, the wife of Francis I., vested the hereditary right to the succession of Brittany in the crown of France. The marriage of Charles VIII. with Anne. Claude's mother, in 1491, had brought the last of the feudal chiefs into subjection, but it reiiuired many years to make the inhabitants of these provinces Frenchmen, and the rulers at Paris exorcised little authority over the towns and princij)alities of the interior. The coasts of Normandy and Brittany were peoi)led by a race of adventurous mariners, some of them exercising considerable power as, for instance, the Angos of Dieppe, one of whom (Jean) was ennobled and created Viscount and Captain of that town. Such places as Dieppe^ Honfleur, St. Malo and others had already fur- nished men and leaders for voyages of exploration and discovery. These had made expeditions to the Canaries and the African coast and the fishing population of the French provinces were not unused to voyages of considerablo length. They were not slow, then, in seeking a share in the advantages oftered by the new countries discovered by Cabot and Cortereal, and they speedily became skilful and powerful in the American fisheries. The fishermen of the ports of Brittany are known to have reached the Newfoundland shores as early as 1504. They have left there an enduring trace in the name of Cape Breton, which, in one form or another, is found upon very early maps. Two years afterward .foan Denys, who was from HonHeur, is said to have visited the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and to have made a chart of it ; but what now passes for sucli a chart is clearly of a later origin." There is a copy of this map in the Parliament Library at Ottawa, but it is claimed that it is " absolument apocryphe," and a search in the French Archives discloses no original. The "Jean Angos" mentioned by Mr. Dexter is thus spoken of by ^w 140 Hamus'io (Raccolta Hi., 424, ed. 1556) : "Giovan Ango, Padre dol Monsignor lo Capltano & Visconte di Dieppa." Tlie Maps. — The map of Canada, as given by Kamusio in his Nangationi, iii, 425, is stated to have l)een drawn by Gastaldi. The map of llochelaga is at page 446, ed. 1556. Tlie Cabot mappemonde (1544) contains tlie first recognition in a printed map of tlie Cartier voyages. The original is now in the jxissession of the French (toy- ernment. Photographs of it are in several American libraries. It is said there were four editions of this map, " of which a single copy of one edition is now known." It was discovered in (iermany, in 1843. It is described by D'Avezac in Bulletin de la Socicti de Geo- graphie, 4 ser. xiv. 268-70, 1857. To new a haven and small river. — See Hawkins' Picture of Quebeo page 62, quoted by LeMoine in Picturesque Qwbec, page ;!99, et .leij. If, as is claimed, Eoberval wintered liere also, it is strange that no mention is made of the fort erected by Cartier. The claim that Cartier wintered here in 1541-42, is probably true, but that Eoberval wintered here the following season (154;>-44) admits of much doubt for reasons stated elsewhere. And certain Portugalg. — A thorough search in the Spanish and Portuguese archives may yet give more particulars of Cartier and his times. Me of Ascension. — This is Anticosti, called by the Indians then Natiscotec. Isle of Orleans. — There is an historical brochure on this i.iland writ- ten by Turcotte. Michael Gaillon ivas hanged. — Probably the first case of hanging in Canada. Paint themselve-t for fear of heat, etc. — It is said the Moitontots rubbed themselves with grease and oil for the same purpose. iVith April, 1542. — See life of Cartier at commencement of this book. France Boy. — See preceding note. Over against Tartanj, etc. — The wish was father to the (bought. All the early exiieditions thought to reach the Easit Indies. Jaqucs Noel.— Of him Lescarbot says (ed. 1612, page 418): "Thus, in the year 1588, Sieur de la launaye Chaton and Jaques Noijl, nephews and heirs of the said Cartier, ****** So that they were obliged to seek aid from the King, to whom they presented a petition to have a commission granted them similar to that which had formerly been given to their uncle Cartier, in con- I ! I ! U1 h •! sideration of his services, ami that in the voyage of 1640, he had 1180(1 tlie aum of IG08 livres more than ho had recieived, which had never been returned to him. As Kin^', in addition, also, for the pur- pose of forming a Vrench colony, a monopoly (privUeije) for twelve years of the trade witli the savajjes in those lands, especially in furs, all the subjects of the Kinj; to be forbidden to engaj^e in this trade, nor interfere in any way (for the twelve years) witii thom in tlie enjoyment of this privilege, and of several mines which thoy discovered. liOtters patent and the commiesion were granted the 14th January, 1588." Owing, however, to tlie jealousy and machin- ations of the merchants of St. Malo, who, " as soon as thoy hoard of the commission and tlie monopoly, straightway presented a petition to the Privy Council of the King to have it annulled. And their request was carried out the 5th May following." Cartkr's Men (second voyage.) — Jacciues Cartier's oHicers and crew as in the archives of Saint -Malo, France : — Jacques Cartier, Capne. Eustache Cirossin. Thomas Fourmont, Me. de lanef. (niiilme Allierte. Guille, Le Breton Bastil'e, capne. et pilote du tlaiion. Jacq. INlaingar me du Gal ion. Marc Jalobert, capne. et pilote du Couilien. Guille de IMaric, me do Courlien. Laurent Boulain. Estienne Nouel rierre Esmery dect Talbot. Michel Hern6. Estienne Keumevel. Michel Audiepore. Bertrande Samboste. Richard I^ebay, Faucamps. Lucas Pere Sr. ou Lucas Jacq. Sr. Fammys. Francois (iuiteault, afKitecaire. ( feorges Mabille. (ruillme Lequart, charpentier. Ivobin Lo Fort. Samson Ripault, barbier. Franyoys Guillot. Guille Esnault, charpentier. Jehan 1 )abin, charpentier. Jehan Duvert .lehan Ravy. Pierres Marcpiier, tromjjet. (ruille Legentilhomme. Raoullet Maingard. Francois Duault. Heme Henry. Yvon Legal. Antoine Alierte. .Tehan < 'olas. Jacq. Pouisauh. Dom ( ruille Le Breton. Dom Antoine. Philiipe Thomas, chari)ontior. Jacq. Duboys. Julien Planternet. Jehan (fo. .Tehan Legentilhomme. Michel 1 )ouquais, char[)entier. Jehan Aisuiery, cliar{)entier. Pierre Maugart. Lucas Clauier, Gaulset Rion. Jehan Jacq. de Morbihan. Pierre Nyel. Legendre Estienne Leblanc. !■■' I • III \\ :ffe 148 Jelian PiorrcH. .lelian rommuyreH. Antlioine DeHgriiuclies. Louys Dunuyror. Pierre Conpeaulx. Pierros .Ionch<;e. Michel Eon. Jean Anthoine. Michel Maingartl- P>t'rtrand Apurie. Criios Staflin. Julian Golet. Thomas Bonlain. Michel Philipot Jehan Ilamol. Jehan Fleury. Guille Guilbert. Colas Barbe. Laurens Gaillot. Guille Bochier. Jelian Margen. Geoflrey Ollivier. Guille de Guerneze. These are the names },'iven in the lii^le d'lqttipagii preserved at Saint Malo. The following additional names should be added : — Jean Gonyon. Claudo de Pontlirians. Charles Gaillot Charles de la Pommeraye. Jean Poullet. Philippe Rougomont. De Goyelle. Labrador.— T\\\B name was given to this district, according to a paper in the Transactions of the Quebec L. and 11. Society for 1843, as a Basque whaler of this name visited the coast in the latter part of the 15th century. Sir William Dawson says the Breton sailor here stood in the presence of the eciuivalont of the flint folk of his own country. Jacques Quariier, tin: Pilot. — "Gerald, eleventh Earl of Kildare was born on the 2Gth February, 1525. He was ten years of age at the time of his brother's arrest, and then lying ill with the small- pox at Donore, in the County Kildare. He was committed to the care of his tutor, Thomas Leverons, who conveyed him in a large basket into Olt'aly to his sister. Lady Mary O'Connor. There he remain d until he was perfectly recovered. The misfortunes of his family had excited great sympathy for the boy over the whole of Ireland. TIuh made the Government anxious to have him in their power, and they endeavored accordingly to induce O'Brien to surrender him to them. About the 5th March, 1540, Lady Eleanor O'Donnel, suspecting that it was the intention of her husband to surrender Gerald to the English Government, resolved to send him away. She engaged a merchant vessel of St. ISIalo, which hai>- pened to be in Donegal Bay, to convey a small party to the coast of Brittany. Bartholomew Warner, an agent of the English Govern- ment, sends the following account of this transaction to Sir John Wallop, the English ambassador in Franco :— " After ther depart- ing from Yrlande they arryved at Murles (Morlaix) wher, as he 149 wiiM well recyvyd of tlio eaptayno, wliiche leailde liiin tlirouglio the towne by the hnndo, whor he tarryed 3 or 4 days and strayght- wayos tho caiitayiu) sent word to Monsieur de f'hattebriando od' Iher arrivying ther. * * * • And from thons they ranio in tho saydo shippe to Saynt Malo, whor he was also well roceyvyd of thoin of the town, and Hi)ecially of .Tacciues Qnartier, the pilot, which your Lordship sfwke off at my being at Uouene." The Earls of KiliUiTi' and their AnccHlors, from lOiu to \1T.\, by tho iSfariiuis of Kildare ; .'h-d edition, pp. 17!», 106. ('artier was called " el corsario .lacques ( 'artier" by tho Spanish ambassador in France, making a report of C'artior and Koberval's oxjiedition. (Navarrette Biblio- thcca maritima, vol. i., page 396. Mr. .1. M. LeMoine, in " Picturesque (iuobec," 1882, page 428, thus writes of Ringfield, a country seat in the environs of Quebec : "Close to tho iJorchoater Bridge to the west, on the Charlenburg road, there was once an extensive e.state known as Smithville. * * * * Some hundred acres, comprising tho land on tho west of the ruisseau Lairet, known as Fi.rmc dcs Anfjex, wore detached from it and now form Ringfield. * * * * In rear it is bounded to tho west by the little stream called Lairet, with the ruisseau St. Micliel in view ; to the south its boundary is the meandering Cahire Coubat. (Cahire Coubat, expressive of wind- ings according to Lagard, called by .Jacques Cartier the River Ste. Croix, and afterwards denominated the River St. Charles in com- pliment, says La Potherle, to Cliarles de Boues, Grand Vicar of Pontoise, founder of the first mission of the RecoUets in New France.) ***** The precise spot in the St. Charles where Cartier moored his vessels, and where his people built the fort in which they wintered, may have been, for aught that could bo advanced to tho contrary, where the French Government in 1759 built the hornwork or earth redoubt, so plainly visible to this day near the J^airet stream. It may also have been at the mouth of the St. Michel stream which here empties itself into the St. Charles, on the Jesuits' farm. ***** Jacques Cartier's fort, we know to a certainty, must have been on the north bank of the river. * " * * * (Writers seem to agree that Cartier win- tered in the St. Charles on the Jesuits' property." " The exact spot in the River St. Charles where Cartier moored his vessel, is supposed, on good authority, to have been the site of the old bridge (a little higher up than tho present) called Dorchester Bridge, where there i.s a ford at low water, (ilose to the Marine Hospital. That it was on the oast bank, not far from the former residence of Chas. Smith, Esq., is evident from the river having Ill lii: 150 been fi'o(|nontly croHsoil by tlio natives romin^ from Sfadacona to visit tbeir " Froncb quests." (Ilawiiins' Picture of Quehic, p. 47.) Till' liinr SI. VharliK. — Tiio rivnr Si. Ciiarins, ar of the assumed fate of Vera/.zano. (See note, "Where (Jartior win- tereii." ) Tlie litiiKi'nis of the " Petilv Hiriniiie." — The city surveyor of t^ue- bec, .Mr. .las. Haniol, called the attention of the Literary and Historical Society of (Quebec to the remains of a vessel lyinj; at the brook St. Michel, supposed to be the " I'otite Hermino." Lc (.'(iiiadiiv, of An^wst "5th, 184:>, hiw the following': "At th" invitation of -Mr. .los- Haniel, city surveyor, Hon. VVm. Sheppard, the president, and JNIr. Faribault, vice-i)re8id"nt, of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, went with him on Saturday, the 19th inst., to visit the place, and according to the position of the rfcWs of the vessel, tbe nature of the wood it is composed of, and the character of the stones (ballast) found at the bottom, tttey were satislled tbat all the probabilities are in favor of Mr. Hamel's hypothesis. On a report of this visit, the Council of the Literary and Historical Society assembled on Monday last and resolved on laying open the del'ris, leaving it to ^Ir. Faribault, the vice-presi- dent, to make, with Mr. Hamel, the necessary arrangements for tbe execution of this work. The members of the Council havinii no funds at tbeir disposal that they can legally apply to this pur- pose, have so far carried it on at their own expense. Some valuable evidence.s of the ancient existence of this vessel hav*ite of the old Dorchester l>ridge. They hio a little up the creek at about an aero fr in its mouth, and iheir position (where a sudden or short turn of the creek re 'idei'i it next to impossil)lo that she should be forced out of it by any rush of water in the spring or elloris of the ice) evinces at once the precaution and the judgment of the commander in his choice of the spot. l>ut small portions of her remaining timber are visible through the mud, but they are bituinonized and black as ebony, and after reposing in that spot 307 years seem, as far as, by chopping them with axes or spades and probing by iron rods or picks, can be ascertained, sound as the day they were brought thither. Xhe merit of the discovery belongs to our follow-townsman, ^Ir. Joseph Hamel, the city surveyor.' Tlie Quebec Gazette of August 30th, 1843, speaks of the above article as follows : — " In the last number of Lc Canadien, there is an article of deep interest to the Canadian antiquarian. The long agitated question as to the where or whereabouts Jacques Cartier, on his second voyage from France to this continent, spent the winter of 1535-153(), whether at the embouchure of the river beariiig his name, emptying into the St. Lawrence some ten or el6voii leagues a'oove (Ji'obec, or in the little river St. Charles to the north of and at the foot of the promontory on which Quebec is built, is now, it would seem, about to be solved and satisfactorily set at rest by the recent discovery of the remains of a vessel, m m.)\ § Hi: I f ^^ ; 152 doubtless of European construction, supposed to be those of ' La I'etite Herinine,' of about sixty tons burthen, one of the three (' La Grande Hermine,' 'La Petite Hermine' and ' L'Emerillon') with which, on tlie 19th May, 1535, that intrepid navigator left St. Malo." A certain portion of these relics were sent to the museum at St Malo, and urn desmibed by Dr. N. E. Dionne, Quebec, as follows : — " It is in the museum that the most interesting souvenir of Jacques Cartier is to be found. It is well known that during his second voyage to Canada, Cartier was forced to abandon one of his vessels, ' La Petite Hermine,' in the River St. Charles, at the mouth of the brook Lairet. Three hundred years later remains of this vessel were found, wliich were divided into two portions. One portion remained at Quebec, and was burned in the Parliament fire, and the other was sent t" St. Malo. A trophy in the form of a pyramid was made of them. At the apex was placed pulley blocks and bolts ; beneath are the remains of the ship knees and ribs. The body of the pyramid is made up of pieces of the timbers and irons, the following inscription has been placed on the largest piece : ' A LA MEMOIRE UK JACQUES CAKTIER ET 11ES BRAVES MARINS, SESCOMI'AGNONH,' and below this, ' Dibris du navire ' La Petite Hermine,' de St. Malo, ijuc Juc'jues Cartier Jul contrairil d'uhandonncr au Canada en avril, 1536.' ****** These remains of ' La Petite Hermine' were covered with five feet of mud when discovered after 300 years." In the same museum is a jxirtrait of Cartier, painted by Riss, which is about seven feet by live, and is probably the original of the prints known in Canada. (See Transactions 18()L*, Quo. Lit. »t His. Soc). Mr. I. M. Le Moine writes : * * * * 'The gentleman in our Ijiteraiy and Historical Society, G. B. laribault, who had given much time to the study of Cartier's Voyages, left this world, I regret to say, * * * many years ago. Under his superintendence, our Society published, in 1843, a version of .lacques Cartier's voyages, with notes and plates, Ramusio's, I think. * * * * * The remains of ' Petite Hermine,' deposited in our nuiseum by my old friends, Faribault and Hamel, were destroyed by fire in 1849, I think. * * * * * * It was Mr. Hovens who was Mayor of St. Malo when the late Theophile Hamel, the artist, procured the portrait we now have of Jacques Cartier; tlto original in oil, made by Hamel, is at the Laval, I think." ******** * A letter was received by the writer from the Rev. Thomas E. Hamel, Bibliothecain of Laval University, in answer to several queries at the time that the interesting and valuable collection of 153 portraita, etc., was being shown in the Natural History Rooms, Mont- real, under the auspices of the Montreal Numismatic and Antiquarian Society. The reverend gentleman states that the painting of the Ele- vation of the Cross, Jleurdelyde, by Cartier on the hanks of the St. Charles, was painted by a ( anadian artist, Mr. Hawksett ; at least it was done by hira at Quebec, '• under tiie inapiralioii of oui illiiSii ious antiquarian, Mr. Faribault, whose property it was, and who deeded it to Laval University. Mr. Hawksett visited the locality to catch the spirit of the scene." The reverend gentleman closes his kind letter with a few lines regretting his lack of time to devote himself more fully to the study of early Canadian history, in which he is very deeply interested, and which, by his talents he would certainly 1)6 able to throw some light upon in an interesting manner. In the catalogue of the "loan exhibition" referred to above the l)ainting of the Elevation of the Cross is attributed to Ilamel. Sarmjes from New France— At page 23, vol. vii., of the publications of the Hakluy t Society, is to be read : " A note of Sebastian Gabote's voyage, taken out of an old chronicle, written by Robert Fabian, some time alderman of London, which is in tlie custodie of John Stowe, citizen, etc." Then follows the "note," from which I make the following excerpt : "This yeere (in 1498) also were brought unto the King, three men taken in the new founde Hand, that before I spake of in William Purchas time, being Maior. These were clothed in beastes skinnes and ate rawe fleshe and spake such speech that no man coulde understande them, and in their demeanour like to brute beastes, whom the King kept a time after. Of the which upon two yeares past (1501) after 1 saw two apparelled after the niiinner of Englishmen, in Westminster pallace, which at that time I coulde not discerno from Englishemen till I was learned what they were. But as for speeche, I heard none of them utter one worde." This extract is reprinted from Ilakluyt's Divers Voyages, 1582. It also occurs in his JYmdpall Navigaliong, 1589, page 515. Before meeting with this passage I had the following line in my note book : " Savages brought from the Newfoundland were shown in England in 1502. (Purchas' Pilgrimages, page 915, ed, 1617.) In 1508 savages were brought to France by Captain Thomas Aubert, of Dieppe. Relation de la Nouwlle France, par le P. Biard, 1616. In the Eusehii Chronicon, Paris, 1512, ie an account of the visit of American savages to Rouen in 1509. There is a bas- relief over a tomb in the church of St. Jacques, of Dieppe, in which American natives are represented (Margry'.s Les NavimiHons Fran- ,:aim, appendix ii., 371 et seq). Cortereal's expedition brought savages to Lisbon on 11th October, 1501. w" I' iii. Hi r ipi: II ji ■ r' 154 Sieur de Rohcrvah — At page 410 of T,escarbot, edition 1612, is tlie following : — " After tiie discovery of the Grand River of Canada, made by Captain Quartier, in the manner we have related, the King in the year 1540 appointed as his Lieutenant-General in the new lands of Canada, Hochelaga and Saguenay and surrounding countries, Jean Francois de la Roijue, Sicuf de Roberval, a noble- man of Vimen in Picardy, to whom he caused to be delivered his commission the 15th January, the same year, to the effect that he should go and dwell in those lands, build forts there, and take settlers there- And in order that this might be done, His Majesty had given to him forty-five thousand livres by Jean Du Val, his treasurer. Jacques Quartier was named by His Majesty the Captain-General and Master Pilot over all tlie vessels to be engaged in the enterprise, nuniberinsr five, and of a tonnage of four hundred tons, as I find in the accounts of the monies rendered by the said Quartier, which were communicated to me by Sieur Samuel Georges Bonrgeoisde la Rochelle. Now, not having been able up to the present to see {rerouvri'r) Hoberval's commission (this may be found in the Actes de Belleval, notaire a Bourdeaux, 3rd avril,1541, quoted in part by Faillon, in Jlintoirc de la Colonie Fran^ai.".r, tome l,p. 40; see note ' Roberval s Commission'), I will satisfy myself with giving my readers that which shortly afterwards was given to Cartier, of which the following is the import: 'Francis, by the grace of God, King of France, to all to whom these presents miiy come; greeting: With the desire of having a wider and fuller knowledge of the several countries said to bo inhabited and in the possession of savage peoples, living without a knowledge of God, we have had, at much expense, several enterprises, under good pilots and under experienced and learned subjects, who have brought among us several savages, who have been for a long time in our kingdom, instructing them in the love and fear of God, of his St. Louis and Christian belief, with the intention of taking them back to those countries with quite a number of our own subjects willing to go, in order the more easily to lead other savages to a belief in our Holy Faith ; and, among others, we have sent our dear and well-beloved Jacques Cartier, who has discovered the large coun- tries of Canada and Hochelaga, making a part of Asia on the West ; which countries he has found (so he has reported to us) rich in several articles, the people healthy and well-formed, and well dis- posed, of whom he brought back a certain number whom we have had instructed in our Holy Faith. In consideration of which and of their good inclinations, we have determined to send Quartier back to Canada and Hochelaga as far as Saguenay (if he can reach there), with a good number of ships and various articles of = I 155 manufacture, etc., tliat he may make further discoveries, study the peoples more, and dwell with them (if necessary) in order to the bet- ter carrying out our plan and please God our Creator and Redeemer, in honor of His Holy name, and of our Holy Mother Catholic Church, of which we are called and named the first son. And as it is necessary for the better ordering and celerity of the said en- terprise to appoint and name a Captain-General and Master-Pilot to be in charge of the ships and men, be it knov/n that having full confidence in the said .Tacques Cartier, in his loyalty, experience, endurance and other good qualities, we have appointed, ordered and established him, and do hereby appoint, order and establish him by these presents Captain-General and ISIaster-Pilot of all the ships and other vessels we order to take part in this expedition, and he is to hold, have and enjoy these prerogatives, etc., so long as it may please us. And we have given, and do give him, author- ity to appoint to the ships such lieutenants and other ofticers as may be necessary, and as many as he may require for the expedi- tion. And we give orders to o'lr Admiral or Vi(;e-Admiral that the said Jacques Quartier he recognized as Captain-General and Master- Pilot, with all the prerogatives, rights, etc In addition to which he is permitted to take the small gallion, named " L'Eme- rillon," which he now has from us, which is now old, to serve to put in repair those vessels of which he has need, and of which he need not render us any account ; of which account we relieve him by these presents. P>y these also we command our provosts of Paris, bailiffs of Rouen, Caen, Orleans, Blois, Tours, our seneschals of Maine, Anjou, Guiene, and to all our other bailiflfs, seneschals, provosts and officers of justice, both of our kingdom and of Brit- tany, in charge of any prisoners accused or convicted of any crimes except treason, or uttering false money, to give them over to the said Quartier, his clerks or deputies, for service in this expedition, such prisoners as are judged suitable, to the number of fifty, whom Quartier may (ihoose ; to be chosen from those judged and sen- tenced for their crimes ; and if from those accused in civil matters, those interested to be satisfied; we do not wish Quaitier to be de- layed in hi.s work, however. Satisfaction is to be levied on their goods only. And the said giving up of the prisoners to Quartier, we wish to be done, for the purpose above mentioned, by our officers of justice in spite of any opposition, liowever made, and in the manner aforesaid. And in order that no more than fifty be taken, we wish that the delivery of each one made to Quartier be entered and written on the margin of these presents, and that par- ticulars in writing be sent to our beloved Chancellor, so as to 'I ! I'l m M I f ■ 166 know tho numl)er and quality of tliose given over. For such is our pleasure. In witness of which we have caused to be attached hereto our seal. Given at Saint Pris tiie soventeentii day of Octo- ber, 1540, and of our reign the twenty-sixth. Also signed on the fold : By the King, His Cliancellor, and others. De la Chesnaye. And sealed on the fold and sealed with a drop of yellow wax. Matters having thus been arranged, De Roberval and Quartier set sail for the New Lands, and intrenched themselves {ite forCifiereni) at Cajie Breton, where are still to be seen remains of their habita- tion. But relying too much on the generosity of the King, without seeking the means of subsistence in the country itself; and the King being occupied with weighty matters pressing upon France at that time, had not any way of sending a new stock of provisions to those who sliould have got their subsistence in the country, after having had such a generous start from His Majesty, and Roberval having been sent out to serve the King, as I find in tlie account given by Quartier, that ho look eight months to go and get him after he had remained there seventeen months. And I must think that tlie habilation of Cape Breton was not less disastrous {Juneste) than was that of St. Croix, made six years previously on the Grand River of Canada, whore Quartier wintered. For this coun- try being situated on the border of the lands and on the Gulf of Canada, which is always full of ice till the end of May, there is no doubt it is very cold and severe, and under an inclement sky. So that the failure of this expedition was due to tl>e severity of the climate. And this could easily have been avoided, as the country is so large that a place might have been selected more to the south than to tlie north," Carlier Himself.— Aiidrd Thevet, a native of Argentine, states in liis SinguiariUs de la France Antarcti()W, published in 1558, tliat Cartier himself related to him the particulars of the first voyage and of the one made the following year. Where Cdrticr wintered during the Second Voyage. — Champlain, in his early voyages, visited the small river fifteen leagues above Quebec, which he thought to be the site of Achelay, spoken of by < 'artier ; this river had been called by some the St. Croix, and thus it had been commonly concluded that here was where Cartier had wintered. Hence the river was named the Jacques Cartier, which name it bears to this day. Champlain, in the 1013 edition, page 191, demonstrates the falsity of this being the place where Cartier had wintered. This was overlooked by IjO Clercq, Cliarlevoix and others, and the error perpetuated till a later day- Champlain says in the 1640 edition, page 10, that the river which Cartier named m St. Croix was then called St. Charles. Champlain states further that the rains of a chimney were to l)e seen, pieces of square tim- ber and several cannon balls. Sagard, Lescarbot and de la I'othe- rie confirm Champlain's statement that Cartier wintered on the St. Charles. On Lescarbot's map, ed. 1612, Stadacon6 and Saint Croix are placed together at some distance above Quebec, which is of course an error. Faillon believes that Cartier ascended as far as the Lachine Rapids on his first visit to Hochelaga. Tlie Epidemic. — Charlevoix states that Hochelaga had three palisades surrounding it. He was evidently mistaken, as the map in Ramusio proves. Charlevoix also says that the epidemic among Cartier's followers was due to their cohabiting with the savages ; that the savages had never suft'ered from it, and that Cartier had been sick with the disease. The only account we have of the epidemic is that left in the second voyage of Cartier, so that these assertions of Charlevoix are mere assumptions- Another false statement made by Charlevoix is that one of Cartier's ships was lost by shipwreck during the second voyage ; this is disproved again by Cartier's statement that he had to leave one vessel behind and set sail in the other two, owing to loss of men through the epidemic. Probably the story is to be accounted for by the fact that lloberval some years later lost a barque, with its crew of eight, in the St. Lawrence, having left Charlebourg with eight barques and a crew of eight to explore "Saguenay." Were PrieMx With Cartier f— The Kevd. B. F. DaCosta, D.D., in an article on Cartier in the " Narrative History of America," edited by Justin Winsor, doubts that Cartier had priests with him, while by others it is maintained that Cartier had priests with him, and for the following reasons :— Francis I., tlie King of France, wished to spread the Roman Catholic religion ; and tliat they accompanied Cartier seems to be proved by the following expres- sions :—^jor^8 avoir out la mem- ***** Ze dimanche nom Jimes dire la messe. And during the epidemic, mass was celebrated before an image of the Virgin Mary placed against a tree -, la messe dit et chavtk devanl la dite image. And in the fourth chapter of the second voyage Cartier distinctly says " the priests " liad spoken to .Tesus. In the list of Cartier's olticers and crew (to be found on another page) are two names, Dom Guille. le Breton and Dom Anioine ; of these Faillon says in his HiHoire de la Colonir Fruncaif", 1st vol., page 510, that they were undoubtedly priests, probably of the order of St. Benoit, of which order all the priests had the prefix "Dom." The first time mass was said in Canada, m 168 m: III: si' ; ; ■ 1 i ) I < I i I i according to the second chapter of the second voyage, was on the 7th September, 1535. Mention is made in the second voyage of a request by the savages to be baptized. Cartier replied to this that he would bring priests with him on another voyage. Faillon takes this to mean that the priests with him were ignorant of the Indian language and could not therefore give the necessary instruction preceding the rite. During the epidemic, related in the 15th chap- ter of the second voyage, mention is made of the placing of a statue of the Virgin Mary on a tree outside the fort, and of the celebration of high mass and of a procession to the statue. This is certainly the first religious procession in Canada. In the archives of St. Malo (1538) is a record of the baptism of three savages brought there by Cartier {ATasmchwetts Archives, Documents Collected in France, 1, p. 367.) La Nouvelle France. — In the map to be found in the third volume ofEamusio edition, 1556, page 424, are to be seen the words "La Nuova Francia." Faillon states that Cartier himself gave the name of " New France." Histoire de la Colonic Francaise, vol. 1, page 512. In the Commerce de I'Amerique, tome 1, page 9, is the following: — " Nous avons m6me la carte de differents c6tes propres & faire la peche de la morue, publife en 1506." Charlevoix, in his " Fastes Chronologiques," mentions one published in 1.506 by Jean Denis de Honfieur. Whether the term " New France " is in it, the writer does not know. Did Cartier Write the Accounts of the Voyages Z — Faillon reasons, concerning the manuscript which he consulted in the Bibliothcque Imperiale, that it was written by Cartier himself, and that he also wrote the accounts of the first and third voyages (of which, how- ever, no manuscripts are known, though there are three of the second voyage). In the account the third person is used, but in the dedication the first person is used. In the account of the third voyage occurs : — " Le roi ayant oui ce gu'avait rapporti le Capitaine Cartier de ses deux premiers voyages tant par ses ccrits que verbalement." Here is adistinct statement that the King read Cartier's accounts and conversed with him concerning his two voyages. Jacques Noel, his nephew and heir, in a letter in 1587, attributes to him expressly the authorship of the voyages : — "Je nemawfucrai pas de m' informer par moi-milme, s'll y a moyen delrouver ces relations, que le Capitaine Jacques Cartier a icrites apris ses deux demiers voyages en Canada." Mr. J. Winter Jones, of the British Museum, in vol. vii. of the publications of the Hakluyt Society, says it does not appear that any of these journals were written by Cartier ; in fact, the presumption is the other way. He gives no reasons. ;^ ti 159 Tlie Uurons. — Tlie Indians Cartier oamo in contact with at Quebec were doubtless Huron-Irociuois. An elaborate note by Faillon in the first volume of Histoire de la Colonic Francaise, goes to prove this, and to overthrow tho argument of Sir William Dawson that they were Algonquins. iimoiYoM.— Limoilou is thus described by Dr. N. E. Dionne in a valuable paper on Cartier published in the Courrier du Canada 24th St;)tember, 1885 : "Limoilou is distant seven or eight miles from St. jNIalo. The residence of Jacques Cartier is quite large and in good preservation. In the tower to the right is a winding staircase giving access to each floor. The salon is on the fir.«t, and contains a superb fireplace of beautifully carved stone. On the wall is to be seen the coat of arms of the former master of the house (mallre de dans) supported by two kneeling female figures, Ihis has been injured considerably. The hand of the vandals of '93 has been here." A piece of the window from Limoilou was brought to Montreal several years ago and is in the possession of L'Union Allet of Mont- real. It certainly does not date back to the time of Cartier. The 350th Anniversary. -On the evening of the 23rd September, 1885, at (Quebec, the Cercle Catholique celebrated the 350th anni- versary of the arrival of Cartier at (Quebec, which took place on the 14th September, 1535. Our system of dating having been changed in 1582, it was held that the anniversary of the arrival is really the 24th September. The celebration was a great success, whether or not the 14th or 24th be held as the proper anniversary. Tlte Saragcs. — Elaborate notes have been given by numerous writers on the savages at the time of Cartier's visit, as to what tribes they belonged, etc. A volume would be necessary to discuss the question fully and intelligently, and it is to be hoped that some writer will take up the subject. As to their language, it is certain that those living in the districts about the fislieries had learned some Basque words from their intercourse with the Basques, such as bacaillos for codfish (their own word wsis apeye), which had begun years before Cartier's visit. In Verazzano's short account, to be found in the third volume of Kamusio, page 420, ed. 1556, the state- ment occurs that the savages were very susceptible to religious instruction. This was written at Dieppe on the 8th July, 1524. In Cartier's first voyage the trading of furs and the making of the sign of the cross with his fingcis by one of the savages proved they liad had intercourse with Europeans. An interesting note is given by Pcre Lalemant a century later ; he wrote from Quebec in 162« : — " Les sauvages de ce pays appellent le soleil J^sus et Ton tieut ici f!) 160 !''■■ \''. < ;■ I i h: f que lea Basques qui y ont ci-devaiit habits, sont les auteurs de ce denomination " (Relation de la Nouvellc trance, annee 1626, p. 4). Read Montaigne's essay " On Cannibals." Tfie Site of Iloclulaga. — In an article contributed by the writer to the Montreal Gazette the latter portion reads as follows: — " Now, to consider where Cartier landed and where Eochelaga was situated. In the narratiVe it is stated that the town is near a mouatain which is around it ; that the town was distant two leagues from the place where Cartier went ashore ; that the town was distant a quarter of a league from the mountain, and then is related what can be seen from the summit, as " in the middle of the plain we could see the river further up than our boats were, etc." It would appear from this that Cartier landed somewhere opposite Nun's Island, and the site of the town was either near the present village of C6te des Neiges or near Peel and Sherbrooke streets. The C6te des Neiges theory accords best with the statement surrounded by a mountain But in favor of the Peel street site is that it is about a quarter of a league from the mountain and that Indian relics have been found there; these are in the Natural History Society's collection, and are described by Sir J. AV. Dawson in the Canadian Naluralint, vol. v., page 430, and vol. vi., page 362. He is of the opinion that this was the ancient site of Hochelaga. The writer in 1868 and 1869 found pieces of Indian pottery in the same locality, that is, in the plot of land opposite the Prince of Wales terrace, which plot was at that time a vacant field. Francis I. — Francis I., Count d'Angouleme, ascended the throne of France on the first of January, 1515, being then twenty-one years of age. His reign is one of the most interesting chapters in the history of France. Roben'al's Cornmimon. — The first letters patent given Roberval were issued at Fontainebleau in the beginning of the year 1540 and created Roberval " lieutenant-general dans les terres neuves du Canada, etc," -with instructions to settle French families there and erect forts. On the 7th February, 1540, new letters patent were issued, registered at the Parliament of Paris on the 26th, authoriz- ing him to take from certain prisons criminals condemned to death who might be thought suitable for the expedition, providing they were not guilty of high treason or counterfeiting. It was a condi- tion that these men should maintain and support themselves during the two first years and should defray their own passages to New France. It was thought these prisoners would change from their evil ways. The King was anxious to teach the Indians religion, as the following excerpt from the commission shows :— " For the 161 spreading of our holy Christian faith and for the advantage of our holy mother church and otiier good and just reasons, we have appointed Franjois de la Roquo, sieur de Roberval, our lieutenant- general and leader of forces in Canada and other countries not in the possession of any Christian prince. As, in waiting to have the number of men and volunteers necessary to people that country, the voyage cannot be undertaken as soon as we desire, and as the peoples (criatures humaineg) live there without laws and without a knowledge of God and the holy Catholic faith, wiiich we greatly desire to glorify and extend ; and as if this design were not carried out we would deeply regret it ; and as we have planned this to the glory of God our Creator, and anxious to j)lease Him with all our heart, if it be His pleasure that the voyage have a successful termi- nation ; for all these reasons and desiring to exercise mercy towards certain prisoners and evil-doers, so that they may know God, render thanks to Him and lead new lives, we order our officers of justice to deliver the number of criminals our lieutenant or his agents {commig) may select to take to those countries." [Acten de Belleval, notaire k Bordeaux, 3 Avrll, 1541, quoted by Faillon.) Irancis I. gave ships three times to Verazzano, four times to Cartier and once to Roberval; in all about eighteen ships for expe- ditions to the New World. The Return of Cartier from the Third Voyage. — Roberval and Cartier are asserted by Hakluyt to have met at the harbor of St. John, and that Cartier set sail the following night secretly. It is claimed that this is not correct. Champlain states that Roberval made Cartier return to the Island of Orleans whore they made a ' settlement ( Voyages, part ii., page 290, ed. 1632). Lescarbot says Roberval and Cartier made a settlement in (Jape Breton (see note " Sieur de Roberval "). Roberval's own account states emphatically Cartier did not remain. Hakluyt says Roberval left Rochelle April 14th, 1542, reaching St. John on June 8th, and meeting Cartier here. DaCosta says in Narrative and Critical History of America, page §8, that Roberval must have been at this time in Canada, he having left Honfleur August 22, 1541, and not Rochelle on April 14th, 1542, as stated by Hakluyt. The ships met by Roberval at Newfound- land may have been those two despatched by Cartier to France under Jalobert and Noel during the previous autumn, or else Cartier on his way home met Sainterre. Thus Da Costa. It is hardly probable the ships of Jalobert and Noel were met. Faillon, in his Histoire de la Coloni£ Francaise, says that Cartier and Rober- val met on the 8th June, 1542, at the harbor of St. John, and that Cartier left secretly the following night Faillon states further that Roberval had left France 16th April, 1542, Da Costa making the 11 ii ' ' I ! i' :;.J|I 162 date of his departure about eigiit inonthH earlier. It iH pousible Roberval may have wintered on the Atlantic coaHt and thus met Cartier in tiie spring. What were Cartier's motives is now a matter for mere surmise. It was fortunate, according to the ex- perience of Roberval, that Cartior did not remain. The Expedition of 1541. — The Spaniards thought to interfere in this, aa Toiie Alexander VI., by his famous bull, gave all America to Spain. The latter was not in a position then to maintain this right. (See Hazard'w His. Collections I., 3-6 ; Chalmer's Political Annals, 10 ; Herrora I., 2-10 ; Irving's Columbus I., 1K5-200 ; Pres- cott's Ferdinand and Isabella II., 11«, 174, 181 ; Tliorne in Hak- luyt's Divers Voyages). Jean Alkfonece, the Pilot of Roberval. — " He was born at Saintonge, a village of Cognac. « * * Wag mortally wounded in a naval combat near the Harbor of liochelle, having followed the sea during a period of forty-one years. He appears to have been engaged in two special explorations. * * * Of the first — that connected with tiie Sagnenay or vicinity, we have no account in the narrative which covers the voyage of Hoberval." Father Ledercq says : — " The Sire Roberval writes that he undertook some considerable voyages to tlie Sagnenay and several other rivers, eta" {Pnmifr HuhluKement de la foy duriK la Sounlle France, I'uris, 1691). His Conmograpliie in ^fS. is in tlie Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. A copy of a portion of it was made for the Revd. B. F. Da Costa, D.D. Bacmllaon. — This word first occurs in Peter Martyr, 1516, as applied to the codfish. Dates of the Third Voyage. — Da I'osta epitomizes the third voyage as follows, and the writer has verified the authorities in nearly every case: — Jan. 15, 1540 — Roberval appointed Lieutenant-Governor [Harrisse, Notis,etr.,24^ to 253]. Feby. 6, 1540 — Roberval took the oath [Harrisse, Noten, etc., 243 to 253]. Feby. 7, 1540— Roberval receives the letters patent [ Harrisse, iVb, p. 6]. Augt. 18, 1541 — Roberval writes from Honfleur he will leave in four days [Gosselin's Norelles Glanes, p. 0]. Augt. 22, 1541— Roberval sailed from Honfleur [Gosselin's Nouvelles Olanen, p. 6]. Autumn, 1541— Roberval meets Jalobert and Noel at St. Johns [ditto and Hakluyt iii., 240]. Autumn, 1541— Roberval sends Sainterre to France [Hakluyt iii. 240]. Jany 26, 1542— Francis I. sends Sainterre back with supplies [Har- risse, Notes, p. 272]. Summer, 1542— Roberval builds France Roy [Cosmographie of Alle- fonsce ; Hakluyt iii., 2411. Sept. 9, 1542— Roberval pardons Sainterre for mutiny [Hakluy iii., 241]. Oct. 21, 1542— Cartier is at St. Male [Quebec L. and H. S. Transac- tions, 1862, p. 93]. 1542-1543— Roberval winters at France Roy [Hakluyt iii., 241]. March 25, 1543— Cartier present at a baptism in St. Malo [Quebec Trans., 1862, p. 90]. Summer, 1543— Cartier brings Roberval back [Lescarbot and Que. Trans., p. 93]. April 3, 1544— Cartier and Roberval summoned to appear before the King within eighteen days [Que. L. and H. S. Trans., 1862, p. 94].