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PltlNTED FOR TIIK. i>UTlfpii.;'".'--" ' And Sold By HENRY STEy,ENS:'.Ji •.^05r,**39" fiRMi'jiivsstLL Street, Over uyaimt'the British Museum.' MDCCCXCI. .. . , ■■--Jr"««»M(i*^v-,rf % %' CONTENTS. Title Imprint Contents Dedication ... description of the Powder Horn "The River Ocean "—Sonnet Chapiek I. Discovery and exploration in America to the end of the Sixteenth Century Chapter II. Settlement Chapier III. The Native Races and the Fur Trade Chapter IV. Wars and rumours of War, 1685— 1755 Chaiter V. Campaign of 1755 CuArrER VI. Montcalm at Oswego, 1756 Chaiter VII. Fort William Henry, 1757 Chapter VIII. Louisbourg and Forts Duquesne and Frontenac, 1758 Chapter IX. Niagara, Ticonderoga and Quebec, 1759 X. Montreal, 1760 ; Treaty of Paris, 1763 XI. Tabula Cornea Section I. Early Cartography of America, &c. ... II. Now York to Chambly „ III. Albany to Niagara ,. IV. Montreal to Oswego ... NOTES. Pre-Columbian voyages Fifty years of discovery and exploration in America (1492—1542) Further discoveries and explorations in America, and Settlements on the Northern Continent (1550—1748) Anglo-French wars in America to the Treaty of Paris, 1763 The Treaty of Paris Possessions of European Nations in America after the Treaty of Paris Chapter Chafikr A. B. C. D. E. F. I'AdK i ii iii 1 3 4 5 22 30 3!) 49 57 64 68 78 85 !)() 90 !)8 IK) 121 129 130 137 142 145 156 iv CONTENTS- Continued. G. List of Atjthorities Books Maps Index Nominum „ Locorum PLATES. 1. — Woodcut of the Horn 2. — Map on Horn 3. — Key Map 4. — Siege of Quebec 5. — Now York 6.— The Hudson— New York to Chambly 7. — The Hudson — Albany to Corlear Bay 8. -The Mohawk — Albany to Oswego ... 9. — Montreal 10. — The St. Lawrence PAoa 159 167 177 193 ... Frontispiece At end of Volume >» >j .. To fare p. 84 102 104 114 120 124 126 Sltth cvev tfavfiina, numbev of tnu ^0pijew» anb pieces, anil to ®«xrtain of tij^ir &onUtnp0vavUB, (iC^esi; btrtj bones of a fcenb t»a«t (a;i}e«vfttUti >ebicate. DESCRII'TIOX OK TllK I'OWDKR HORN. An ordinary Imllodc's liDrii, 14 iiiclios in .^tniij:,lit k'ngtli ; l!)i iiiclips niL'USured round tho longest cnrvo ; the point cut down to tiio dark Iiorn below tlio yellow surface ; the point pierced ; the base stopped with a i»hiin piece of dark wood. It bears upon the yellow surface, a map, cut with tho point of a knife nib that of the Continent of Ai ca now lornung tne greater pan oi me modern Maie oi jNcw loric, wiin the a(Mi- tiou of a small porticm of the dominion of Canada containing ^fontreal. The artist topograi)her was evhlcnlly a man of imperfect education, the spelling is faulty ; the topography is generally correct, even to ndnute details, thcnigh there are two or three errors. His ingenuity, in compressing the map on to the inconveniently shaped surface of the horn, was great. The horn is not dated. There is however internal evidence that it is not earlier than 17;')!) nor later than llSli. The prolialiility seems to be that it was made during the Seven years' war, practically in 17')!) or 17(50. The bordered space, evidently intended for an inscription of the owner's name, is blank ; this suggests that the horn was probably one of several of the same kind. The regimental snntt" mull belonging to th(> 2nd (Queen's) Regiment, is nuide from a horn, bearing a similar, but not identical, map. The following notes, which nuiy i)erhaps ai)pear somewluit too discursive. are intended to show, lirst, which were the European nations who clainu'd the ground shown ou the map, and why; secondly, how Hugland and France came into collision in that region; thirdly, where and how they fought, and with what results. In order to do this, it has been necessary to travel considerably out of the field of the ma|). An ex[)lanatory mai» showing the state of New York, with its surroundings, from a modern survey, with the prcnuinent places referred to in the notes marked upon it, is a(hled. The Treaty of Paris in 17(53, is taken as the limit in time of the notes and a list of the books drawn upon in their prej)aration is ap|>ended. A drawing of the horn is given as a Frontispiece, and a full-sized facsimile copy of the map upon it will be found at the end of these notes. b2 '•icmi taiiglit tliiit America was (liscovcird hy Columlms a.d. 1492, and the Ii..i!..i- „f tlie discovoiy is goiicrally accorded to him. Tlicio arc, Iiowcvcr, accounts, some of tlicm supported Uy weighty evidence, (»tliers merely traditionary, of earlier voyages to the transatlantic continent, and it may he wortli while to glance at these before admitting the daim of the brave and learned (Genoese navigator. Plat.., in his Dialogiu's Critias and TimuMis, tells how Sohm, when visiting Hgypt about jhO b.c, rc.-eived from the priests a circumstantial account of an ishnnl, larger than Libya (Africa) and Asia put together, lyiu- across the sea west of Calpe and Abyla, the J»illars of Hercules, and how he learnt that in the division of the whole earth between the gods, this island fell to the lot ..f Poseidon; how there dwelt np(»n it "one ..f those men begotten fn.m the ground in the beginning," named Esen..r, and Leucippe his wife whose daughter Cleito, Poseidon took to wife ; how the island was p<.pulate.i and governc'd ; what were its size, physical features, temples, citi(«s. canals ami pubhc w(u-ks; how, about !),00() years before, its inhabitants had S(;, and Leif Eiriksen, a.d. 1000. and of the Scandinavian settlements in Ilcliuland (Newfoundland) ; Markland (Nova Scotia) ; Vinland (Massachusetts) ; Huitranumnaland (Virginia and North Carolina); and at Kjalarnes (Cape ('od)* ; and to the stories derived from other sources, of the Bishop Eric, A.D. 1101, and of Icelandic priests, a.d. 1285, to Yinlaml. and of a Scandinavian voyage from (rreenland to .Markland, a.d. 1;}47. There is no doulit that, though the passages in thelleimskringhi are interpolated and not written by Snorre, they were actually in writing as early as i;iS7-l.'{!)5. the date of the '• Flateyar Annall " in which they appear, i.e. nearly a century before Columl)Us visited Iceland in search of nautical information, with a view to the voyage which he luj.de in 1402. T'he supposed discovery of lluitranmnnaland by Irishnu'u before .\.d. 1000, rests up<»n very slender foundations, viz., rei»(»rts of the Skra'lingei* (Es(punuiux) to the NorthnuMi in A'inland. and philological speculations. * HvUuliiml— SiDiii'tiiml ; Miiikliinil — Wiinillaiiil : N'iiilaiul— Wiiiulaiid : Hiiitrumuinialiiiiil — I^uiul of the wliitu mi'ti : Kjalaini'S— Kci'liit'ss. or t api' \\iv\. '^3 I '■■m Discovery nud Kxplornt'mii. 7 Wo now come to ii cloiuly account of the t'onnation ol" a colony on the Atlantic Coast of America by ^Fadix- Guynctli, a Welsh adventurer, in 1170. (Jii the death of his fathei- Owen (ruyneth. Kinland far north, came to an unknown land whert^ he saw many strange things, and on his return to Wales, induced many men and women to emigrate with him to the *' fair and large country " which '"lie had seen without inhal)itants." This account ohtained at one time some credence. In a curious little liook called '' Atlas ]\Iiuimus by John f^eller, Hydrographer to the King and sold at his "house at the Hermitage; in AVa})piug," the foHowing text appears upon the general luap of America : '• .Vmerica is divided into two great I'cninsulas, the Xttrthorumost is '* Mexicana, and the Southernmost is i*eruana. The lirst is divided int(> '•■ Several] Provinces, the principal! of whi<'h doth Homage to (Jreat l?ritain's " Monarch, this I'art was to the Honour of onr Nation Mist discovcreil liy "Madoc, Son to Owen Ciruined, and aftei'ward liv Sehastiii ('al)ot at the ■charge of Kiuir Henrv the 7th. Th iiook is not dated, but the title Ix'ars the monttgram of Charles H., and. in the copy before us. is a MS. date 1084. The claim (»f Madoc is now geuerallv foruotten. and Humboldt savs of it, ''The deepest ol)scurity still sliniuds everything connected with the "voyage of the (nu'lic Chief Ma(h)c." The vovaii'cs of the brothers Vivaldi, who started t(» reach India itv way of the Atlantic were directed not, as has been alleged, towards the west, but south and east round the .\frican coast. Next we lind the story (drawn from the travels of the Venetian brothers Nicolo and Antonio Zeno) of the Frisland (Iceland) lisherman, who, in the XlVtli century, spent thirteen years in a eannii)al country, supposed to have l)een America, and only saved himself from being eaten, as most of his companicms were, by teaching the natives to catch lish in large ipiantities, with nets. There is almndant evidence that the iuhaititants of North America were, even in the XAllith century, caiuiibals. One principal r(>sult of the voyages of the brothers Zeni was tlu' production of a very incorrect map, which served to mislead and confuse navigators '2(M) years later. in 1431 (Ton9alo Velho Cabral was sent by Don Henry (the navigator) H Ap]>t'}i(Ii(nlce IIisfuric(e. sou of John I. of Porlujrnl, to explore the Athiutie in search of a western land, hut he got no further than the Azores. In 14015 Joao Yas Cortereal, a Portuguese, is fabled to have discovered Newfoundland, hut though the story found credence for a time, its authenticity has Ijccn disjjroved. In 147(j Jean Szkolny, a Pole, in the service of Christian II. is said to have passed Noi'way, Greenland, and the Frisland of the Zeiii, and to have reached the coasts of Labrador, but there are circumstances whicli render this account more than doubtful, and it is unsupported. Tliere is also a class of stories of which the following is a type. Garcillasso de la Vega, writing in 1(509, relates circumstantially lutw, about tiie year 1484, Alonzo Sanchez de Huelva, a famous pilot, who traded from Spain to the Canary Islands, thence to Madeira, and thence back to Spain, upon one of his custonuiry voyages was driven westward by a gale and obliged to run l)eforc it for twenty-nine days ; exhausted by exposure, and want of food and sleep, he and his companions found themselves, when at last the gale abated, near an island, which the nari-ator l)elieved to have been that known later as San Domingo. Tiiere the involuntary explorers landed, took in wood and water, wrote up the log book, and then set sail for home. Of seventeen who sailed only live survived their hardships long enough to reach Terceira (Azores), and these lodged there in the house of the hospitable (V)lumbus. In spite of his care, they all died, after having imparted to him all they had learnt on their voyage. '"And this" says De la Yega "was the origin and beginning of the discovery of the New World." Similai" stf)ries are told in the French interest. In 1488, Cousin, a sailor t>f Dieppe, was I>lown off the African Coast westward, until he saw the nu)uth of a great river. One of his crew named Pinzon, dismissed on his return for nmtinous conduct during the voyage, went to Spain, told Columbus of the discovery and accompanied him on his voyage in 1492. A similar story is told of a French i)ilot of S. ^o"^y de Luz, who is also said to have communicated his experiences to Col in whose house he died. (Muirles IX. of France, in IMH, lom the Spanish Ambassador that the coast of North America had been discovered by French subjects more than a hundre(l years before. Tiiere 's no doubt that the Breton and Basque I'lshermeii freipu'uted the Newf uudland cod lianks in the beginning of the XYIth century, and perhaps earlier. Tiiese stories would be scarcely worth rcl'erring to, were it not that claims 5ts Discorery and Exploration. 9 of o\viiorslii|) l»y rii!,lit of diseovory, liiivo in later times boon iKirtly Intscd upon siic'Ii. Tiicy c'oncliulo the list ol' iiioi-e or less viij;-iie and mythical tales of discovery, and brinjj us to the iirmer ground of the last deciide of the XYth eeutuiy. The XlVth and XVlh centuries were marked by a zeal among maritime nations for voyages of discovery in parts of the world then nuknown. The riches of India, Persia, Cathay and Zipangu, had l)een disclose(l i»y the adventurous travels of the Vu'uetians Xicolo, Maffeo and Marco Polo in the Xlllth century. Their accounts had been confirmed by the glowing stories of Sir John ^[auudeville coiu'crniug what he had seen during his twenty-tbur years' wanderings, l)etweeu i:>22 and i;)4(i, and by reports of Xicolo Conti's twenty-live years' travels in Asia itefore 1444. Hnterprising pco|)le promised themselves great riches, as the reward of the risk of penetrating unknown seas and lands; l)nt there were tw(» lbrmidal»le oi)stacles in the way of the successful lU'oseeution of such enterprises, distinct, but closely connected. The first was the backwardness of Kuropeans in the knowledge of nautical instrunuMits. The use of the magnetic needle for the purposes of navigation is said ♦■ ve been known to the Chinese as eai'ly as 1 11.") n.c, and it was certi' ..jmmon in the far Mast, sonu- centuries lu'fore it ol)tained in Kurope. Humliohlt thought it prol»ai)le that we owe our knowledge of its directing powers to the Chinese, through tlu' Aralts. lie (piotes the earliest mention of it inChristian Hurope in a politico-satirical poem called •• La IJiiile" by Guyot, of Provence, in 1 !!)(>, and in the description of Palestine, l)y .Jacobus, of Vitry, between 12(14 and 121."». Its invention is generally ascribed to Flavia Gioja, of Anmlfi, who first suspended the needle, al)out i:i02. The second obstacle was the superstition of the age, which restraiiu'd those most eager for light from venturing to improve their scientific know- ledge. The properties of the magnet were known to and pointed out by Friar Bacon in the Xlllth century, l)ut no one dared to use it lest he should be considered a magician ; noi'. had a captain lieen so liold as to accept that risk, wouM he have found sailors who would venture to sea under (Uie who took for his guide such an a[>parently dialtolical instrument. Aristotle had taught that the world was round, and it was oi'thtxlox to accept this fact because the Psalmist speaks of the nmnd world. Hut to believe in Anti- podes or in America, was heretical and damnal)le, for neither is mentioned 10 Appcndivuhe Historic^. in Holy Writ. Then it wiis said tiiat (liongli it niijilit W easy c'liniijrli to sail into the other liemisphere, it would he inipossiltle to get Iniek ajiain, Iteeause, in order to do so, it would be neeessary to sail up hill, a feat which the most favoriiiir nales would not enaltle a ship to perform. Saint Anuustine was ut as to the falile that there are .Antipodes — that is to say, men on " the opposite side of the earth, where the sun rises when it sets to us — "that is on no m-onnd eredil)le." And after saviu IM. Dincoirrij and Exphralion. 11 cl(»U(l ol' stiiKTstitioii, Itoni of igiionmci' and lostcrcd liy pricstcrari. caiiiiot ovoii now have Ik'ou altogctlicr (lispellcd, while ciiltivattMl and wcll-iiicaiiiiig persons show the weakness of tlieir own faith, l)y persisting that science is a foe to religion. The eonii»ass card, contrived h\ Fiavia (Jioja. was toIei'al)Iy etl'eetive; the secret of its construction was fairly well liept l»y the Italians for some lifty years, bnt, from that time, the magnet gniontent to be a mi'rc sailor, lu' diligently collected, both from oral and wi'itlen sources, all the information he could iind bearing upon the practice of his chosen profession. He sailed to all places then aecessiltle. and talke(l with leariu'd people, layman aud ecclesiastic, Latins, (Jreeks, Indians, Moors, and nuinv others of dilferent nations, who, he thought, coidd increase his knowledii He was skilful in navigation, astronomv, geometrv and mathematics, and was a good cartographer. Instructed in these subjects, and iire(l l»y the measui'e of success of Diaz in his endeavour to Iind a sea route to India round the soutliern point of .M'rica (an endeavour in which Vasco Da (Jama succeedi'd in I4!t7), ('oluud)us determined to carry out his own idea of linding a shorter sea route l»y sailing westward across '• La .Mer Tenehreuse." lie said, -The Lord has sensibly opened my mind in order 12 A ppr II (Hi ' nhe Historhue. "tliut F iiiny sail IVoin here to the Indies, and has niad(> \\w cxtirnu'lv anxious " to do s(»." Jlc was niisk'd, by sonu" niiscalcnlatioiis of Marinus (a (rivok gi'oura|tli(M'. A.I). LIO), ty education, inclination, and by virtue (d' his indomital)le courage ami perseverance, he was well littod for his solf-imposed task. Kncourage(l l»y the active interest shown Ity King .lolin II. of Portugal in voyages of discovery, f\»lumlMis applied to that monarch to lit out an expedition to enable him to test the truth of his l»elief. The King declined, but availed himself of the information he was able to extract from roluml)Us as to his scheme, to send a secret expeclition of his own, which failed; ('olumlius then sent his brother Bartolomeo to Henry VII. of Hngland, l»ut without su<'coss. Areanwhile Columbus applied in iterscm to Ferdinand and Isaliella of (.'astile, and, after many rebulfs. succeeded in gaining the ear of the Queen, and his object, lie sailed from I'alos, on Friday, August .'ird. Itii'i. Jlis lleet consisted of his ship the Santa Maria, and two caravels La IMiita and La Nina, comniandeil by the lirothers .Martin and Vicente Pin/on. In spite of the disatTection of the crews, who wanted to turn Itack, and even threatened to throw the admiral overl)oard when he refused, he held on, and on Fi'idav, ()ctol)er I'ith, o.s. filled an island which he named San Salva(h>r. Had he not yielded to the advice of Vicente Pinzon (who was inllnenced by the sight of a Hight of parrots), and altered his course to the South-west, Columbus would have icachod the coast of Florida, and dis- covered the conlinent on his lirst voyage. There has been much dilference of opinion as to the identity of the island iii'st seen. It was one of the Liu'ayos, called l>y the natives (luanahani, which l)e la Vega calls (Juantianico. Munoz believed it to be Watliiig Island ; Navarette, (Iraud Turk Island ; Tlumltoldt and Irving, Cat Island; and the last opinion was luitil recently generally accepted, but further encpiiry has shown that it nnist have been Watliu"' Island, which has now received the official name of San Salvador, After visiti siiudl islands, Columbus reached Cuba on the 28th some October, and believing it to be part of the continent of Asia, actually sent an Mgf ft|- •-•" Discovery and Kxploration. 13 oml)assy from liis sliips to the (xniud Klmii ol" (';itlmy (('liiii;i) iit (Jiiisay, direct iiiji' liis I'liiissarics to ivtiiru in six days, 'riioiiuli tlicy I'aiU'd to liud tlio Khan, or tlu; city, they made a most important di>covci'y, tiuis dcscrilicd by Las f 'asas '• Til tic of l)Otll licy met upon tlicir jonniey .uTcat niiml»ci\s oi people oi hotn sexes '' tlie men always witli a lireltrand in their lumds and certain hei-l>s lor " smoking. 'I'hcsc! were dry and were placed in a dry leaf after the manner '• of those paper tultes whicli the l)oys in Spain nse at Whitsnntide. ijijihting ''one end. they drew the smoke l»y siickin.u' at the other. 'I'his causes '* (h'owsiness, and a kind of intoxication, and, according to the statement of " the natives, relieves them from the i'eeling of fatigue. These tnlies lliey '"call liy the name of tahacos." On the Kith .January, 140;!, ('(»luml)us, liaving seen nothing lint islands, set sail for Spain, made the Azores on the Kith Feltrnary and reache(| the Tagus on March 4tli. 'I'hiis it will Ite seen that on his first voyage ("olninl»ns did not discover the Continent of Anu'rica. It was not until the 1st August, 14!)cS, when on his third voyage, that he saw the Continent, and nanu'd the land " Gracia," now called Vene/uela. IJut it was he who led the way for later exphirers, anil, though not the actual discoverer, deserves all credit for the liolduess which solved the problem of the western sea, and made the tliscovery of the Contiiu'nt certain. Xo sooner had Coliimlius estal)lislied the fact that there was transatlantic territory, than other Kuropean Powers, l)Osides Spain, began to scramiile for a share of the plunder, and Hngland, Franco and IVu'tngal (piickly foUowed, Sweden and the Netherlands somewhat later. John Cabot, a Venetian merchant rosidint!; in Bristol, with lu> uties, to sail with live shi]>s of any Imrden, under the liauners, Hags and ensigns of England, at their own proper expense and charges to all parts, regions and gulfs of the eastern, western and northern seas, in order to seek, discover and explore whatever islands, countries, regions or provinces of the heathen and of the inlidels. in what- ever ])art of the world they were situate, which were then unknown to all Christians ; to aflix the banners of Hngland in any city, island, or continent, u A /ifteiHlinihc Hi.storica'. tliiit tlicy iniulit liiid ; iiml, ;is viissnls of tlic Kiijilisli Crown, lo |»(issess ami occupy (lie tcrriforii's tliat iniiiiil lie iliscovcic(|. They were strictly Itoiiiid to liuid at the port of IJristol, and to pay to the Kin!>. He was a skilled navigator, but was never employed on any voyage excei)t in a sul)ordinate position. The sole evidence of his alleged voyage is a letter written liy him and tlated 4th September, I.")(t4. In it he says that, having l»een connnissioiu'd liythe King and (^ueen of Spain to assist in a voyage of discovery, he sailed from Cadiz on the 10th May, 1407, and returned to that port on the 15th Uctolier, 14!)8 (Valori). Jlylacomylus Discoreri/ otti/ KvplarntioH. 15 gives the .late iistlu- iStli OHuImt, |.|!»!». llclosmlKvs H,,. h„„| of l.aml.and its ni,tiv..s: fhislnii.l Iims I..tii i.lriitirM.,| with V,.,ir/.,i,.l:,. wiii.-l, he altcnvanls visihMl. Thciv is IK, „tluM- c.iKiMiiiM.niry ivroni ..fins vuvii-c ; iiciliuT ^""""'' """■'>^'' 'f'x' "l' ^^■'•'■"''•' '■•■'•••anise it. ILMTcra a,r..s.s Vcspncri of .l,.lih,,.at.-!y -'"■ - '"' •^'••'•y ='"•1 •••'i.rusii.o-tluMJat.'s. in onlor te gain tli. cnMlit nf !.,.•»- tht" disc..v,.r.T of tl... Anicncan C.ntinont; l{ol„.,ison snnis np a"-ainst l.ini and HuniLoldt, in l.is Kx; n ('riti.,m.. Vol. IV., ,„,,v i„, ..ai.l to have domohslu'd the daini. If Vcspncd's arconnt ha the newly fou.ul .•.,ntin,.nt. Vespn.vi's accounts of the disn-very were the first to he puhlishe.l. The nam.. .,f An...riea was sug-g.-st,.,! hy the ge..grapher Wahlseemuller (Marlinus IIyh.e.,mylu,s), of Fr,ihurg, in lireisgau. in his " Cosm..o,,,phi,c Intr i.-ti., ni^.q.er .ptatuor Ainerh-i V.-spneii Navigationes," puhlish,.! at St. Die, \i 150/. ' A similar .jonfusi.m as t.Mlat,' exists with reganl t.. th.. s.r.m.l ; ...1 v.)yago of V(.si,ueei, sai.l t., have e..mmen China mid n.ha the ostensible primary .n..tiv,. h,.ing t.. persua.le th.. Asiatic harharians to embrace Christianity. With reference to the snbsi.ii tlir Itli May, ll!i:J, (liat most iiit'niiKJiis (»r I^ojH's aiial, was the cause of various S(iual»l)les between them, l»nt has lu'cn iniiured l»y the other European Powers. In I.IOO, Kunnanuel of Portujial, reuretting- that his predecess(n' had not taken Colnmhns by the hand, despatched (Jaspard Cortereal on a voyage on his behalf. Cortereal reached Labrador, freighted his ships with natives, whom he sold as slaves (»n his return to J'ortngal. lie soon after sailed westward again, and was, happily, never heard of more. ''The name of Laltrador," says lianeroft, " transferred to a more northern coast, is, prolmbly, a " memorial of his crime, and 's, perhaps, the oidy permanent trace of " rortnguese adventure within the limits of North America." We have seen that before the end of the XVth or durinfi' the llrst few years of tiie XVltli century, at the latest, the lishermen of Hrittany antl Normandy had reached the Newfoundland Codl)aiday of Xew ^'ork and the mouth of the lliidson River, which he calh'd La (iraiide Riviere. Of Verrazzaiio, Ramusio asserts that on a siii>se(pieiit voya.iic he was killed and eaten by savaji'es, but later aii4, and went up the CJulf of S. Lawieiice as far as Aiiticosti. Winter and want of provisions drove him Iwoiie again, with tW(» young Indians, treacherously snared, as the fruits of his enterprise. The most Christian king, in defiance of the papal bull which had given all North America to the Spaniards, sent ('artier olf again. He sailed with three vessels on tlii' UUli .May. I. ").■>.'), and a.scended the S. Lawrence to the Indian island village of Hoclielaga. The Indians, with an instinctive appre- ciation of the French character, did their iK'st to deter him by stories of demons and devils, and succeedi'd in frightening the e.\[ilorer's companions. I>ut ('artier, made of sterner stulf, asserted that no Indian devil could hurt those who believed in Christ, and reached his goal. The site of this Hoclielaga is proltaltly indicated l»y remains discoveri'il below Sherlirooke Street and between Manslield and Met<'alf Streets in moiU'rii Montreal. The nioilern Hoclielaga, a mere ineiiiorial iiaiuoj is on the main land east of the 1) I 18 AppcncUcuhc Histoikue. S. LawnMifo. CartuT asccndi'd tho liill iii»)ii tlio island and called it Monti-eal, which name it still boars, and claimed the region for France. He wintered near Quebec, and returned to S. Malo in 'hdy, lulJG. In 1541 Jean Francois de la Eoijue, Sieur do Roberval, a nobleman of Picardy, was apixiinted by Francis I. "Lord of Xorumbcua, Viceroy and '• Lieutenant-! rcnend in Canada, Iloelielajiii, Sagueuay, Xewi'oundland, Belle " Isle, Carpnut, Labrador, (he (Jrcat Bay. and IJaccalaos," and Cartier was made his Captain-General. The king, writing of this expedition, speaks of '• the lands of Canada and Ilochelaga. which form the extremity of Asia '' towards the west." Cartier sailed from S. .Maio, in advance of Uo'oerval, on the 'i.'Ird -May, 1")41, reached Cap Hoiige, a littk' l)t'low (Quebec, built two forts and called the place •" Charlcsbourg Royal." Leaving the Viconite de Bcauprc in command, Cartier went up the river aliove llochelaga, and returning late in the autumn wintered at Charlesbourg. Roberval not arriving. Cartiei- broke up the colony and sailed for France in June, 1542. Roiicrval had sail^'d from S. Malo on the Kith April in that year, and was considcral)ly disturlied at meeting Cartier in the harbour of .'^. John, home- ward bound. In delianceof c((mmands to turn ))ack, Cartier gave Roberval the slip in the night and returned to France. Roberval went on and reached Cap Rouge, where he began a settlement which he called France-Roy. Under his severe and arbitrary rule the colony soon went to [)ieces, and, l)r()bably in ir)43, the King sent Cartier to bring Roberval home again. No permanent settlement was then effected. In 1541 Ferdinand de Sot(/, a former governor of Cuba, a friend and companion of Pizarro, in search of gohl and glory, chanced upon the Mississippi. The natives were everywhere hostile. De Soto, after posing for a while as a divinity, died like other mortals, ami his body was sunk .secretly by night, in midstream, liy his followers, to conceal the fact of his death from the Indians. The remnant of his party was glad to escai)e from this disastrous expedition, l)ut only about oiu'-third of those who started reached the River Ranuco. Thus to Sjiain lielongs the credit of the discovery of the Father of Waters. During the early years of the XVIth century Spain had established a lirm footing in Mexico, through the savage contpiest of that region, by IIernan(h» C(U'tes. She had attempted to do the same in Florida, and Ponce de Leon (I5l;{), AyUon (1520), Gomez (1525), Narvaez (1520), de Discovvry (ind KxplnnitUni . 19 rioto (1541), his l?aziir('s (IjkjO), and Villntiini' (l')")l) lunl in turn attcuiptt'd to t'on(iuor and t'olonisi', and failed. In 15()2 .loan Ril»ant, a Freuelinian, l)uilt fliarlcs Fort on the Uivor Clianoncoaii, |)rol)ahly the modern Archers Creek, as the niiek'us of a Huguenot eolony, )tut tlie enterprise ended in disaster in the fodowinii' year. In 1")(!4 lieiie (h' Laudonnicre, assisted l)y Colijiiiy, with a hiru'er followino', aseeiKk'd tlu' River of May and l)uilt Fort Caroline. In conseiinence (»f douhle-dealinji' with the Indians, and improvident negleet of the eultivation of the soil, the little colony was soon reduced t(t desperate straits, and was only relieved from actual starvation hy the chance arrival of Sir .John Hawkins, who, after a successful slavinji' voyajic. i)ut into the Hiver of May for water. Sympathising with the French in their hatred of the I'ope and his myrmidons, and of the Spaniards, he supplied the distressed colonists with pi'o\isions, and sold them a ship at their own price, viz.. the <'annon and other articles Avhich they intended to ahandon. I5ut while the French waited for a fair wind. Jean Ribaut arrived with seven ships. .''OO men and ample stores. This was on the 2Sth August, loti'). A week after came the unwelcouH! Spaniards under I'edro Menendez ical Spaniard of the XVIth century, had come to that country by command of Philip II.. of Spain, as he told the French at their first encounter. '• to hang ami behead "all Lutherans whom I shall llud by land or sea. and these commands \ "shall fullil, as you will see." He kept his word. With vile treachery, and the kmlest cruelty, he massacred the unhappy French in cold iilood. to the number of some hundreds, anil took possession of Fort ('ar<»line. which he re-named San ^Fateo. This monster was rewarded by his King for his crimes, and, while I'rovidence was napping, died in his bed. The bigot. Charles IX., and his mother. Papists first and French afterwards, made but a feeble and insincere protest, and the crime would have gone unavenged but for a gallant Frenchman, Domiiiiciue de (xourgues, who. at his own cost and risk, undertook the task of vengeance, whii'li he performed very I) 2 11 20 Appcmliritlce Historhte. tlidfoiiulilv and siitisliictorily. Those cvoiits were not witluiut tlicir ctfoct on the (lostinics of Xurtli Aiiu'rica. Tho nitissacrc (»f tlio Ilujiiicnot (-olonists oxciti'd urcat indignation in I'l-otostant Knuiand, and diivctod attention totiic sciMK' of lilt' trajicdy. any to found iv colony at Roanoke. Viruinia. iJirlianl Lane was left as governor, hut he was not suited to the task, and in l."),S(t the colonists were fain to lieg a passage home of Sir Francis Drake, who had called to see how his frietid's enterprise was pros|K'ring. A few days later, (Irenville, with supplies and reinforcements, returned, to find the colony vanished, lie loft a force of fifteen men to hold the continent of North America for Kngland. When a fresh exiK'ditioii sent hy Haleigh in l.lST reached Roanoke, nothing remainetl of the garrison l)ut dry l>oiies ; the Indians had exterminated it. The new arrivals, umh-r (lovernor .lolin White, came with instructions to found the city of lialeigh on Chesapeake Bay, l>nt the refusal of Feruamh), the naval commander, to explore the coast, forced White to lay the founda- tions on the ill-omened Roanoke. There White's tlanghter. Kleanor Dare, l)ore the lirst child of Knglish parents on the soil of the I'nited States, Virginia Dare. Again trouldes ensued, and the governor was pers\ia(h'd to go home to press for reinforcements and supplies. His return to l{oanok(; was uniortunately delayed, the Armada threatened the mother country, and her sons could not lie spared to succour the nnhap|>y colonists. Five times afterwards did Raleigh, impoverished as he was, send expeditions to seek his colony, but Roanoke was a wilderness, and no traces of its English inhabitants were ever found. Disastrous as the results of Raleigh's attempts had Iteeu, they did not (piench the desii-es which had b(>cn aroused in Knglish hearts to possess North .Vnu'rica. Since the failure of the .schemes of ('artier and lloberval, in i.VH-2, no public support had been granted to French colonisation. Now, in liJ!>8, the .Manpiis de la Roche agreed with the French King to cohmise New France, in return for a monopoly of the trade and various titles, inchiding Lieutenant- Uovernor of Canada, llochelaga, Newfoundland, Labrador, and the adjacent ccen l(»st and won. (^alais had Iteen taken and thi! Spanish Arnuula destroyed. In England, that magniiicent ruffian Henry A' 1 1 1., had defied the Pope and suppressed the monasteries (two good deeds which charity l»ids us recall), Bloody Mary had justified her name, and the Virgin Queen, with not too gentle hand, had upheld the honour of her country, and given it a leading place in Europe. In France, Francis of Angouleme had shone like a rocket and come down like the stick ; the nu'an and superstitious Charles IX., and his fiendish mother, amongst other crimes too ntunerous to mention, had massacred the Huguenots, and Henry of Navarre, who began to give to his sultjects something like peace and good governnuMit, had pnl)lished the Edict of Nantes. In Spain the sun of Charles had risen, and set in the lurid night of the reign of the bigot IMiilip II.. who i)rought his country well nigh to moral and material ruin. The Netherlands had passed through the purgatory of Spanish rule, under the invincil)le Alva, and the hupiisition. Under eight Popes, the holy ollice had dragged through blood and lire the Settlement and Colonization 23 gospol of peace, and douo in the name of Christ tlio work of ilevils. In Sweden (rustavas Vasa had IVeeil his eonutiy from the Danisli yoke, and left it in a sonnd and prosperons condition. Yet, amid tliis tiinndt of war. and turnioil of religions hatred and pei'seeution, the arts of i)eaee liad lionrishe(l too. In no one centniT will l)e fonnd so long a list of notable names as in this XVlth century. It saw Thomas More, Wyatt, Surrey, Spenser, Philip Sidney, Shakesi)eare, and Marlowe; Ariosto. Ralielais, Camoens, ^Fontaijine and Cervantes ; Erasmus, Tyndale, Luther, Cranmer, Loyola, Knox and Calvin; Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler; Leonardo da Vinci. Diirer, .Michael .Vngelo, Titian, Itiiphael and lloll»ein ; Cellini and l*alissy, and many others whose names will endure as long as the world lasts. Never had men loved so well, hated so well, painted so well, or sung or fought so well, as during this period. The s|)ring-ti[any were impoverished hy war or persecution; many, who knew no trade l)ut war, were now fain to seek more peaceful employment. After the wild carouse of the passions it was necessary, both for nations and individuals, to solicr down and look to (h)nu'stic affairs. Drake had drawn the teeth and pared the claws of Spain, and Hngland was m')re at leisure ti» resiune her schemes for trade and colonisation, in the east aiul in the west, in both of which regions France and the Xetherlands were to be her rivals. The first charter was granted to the English East India (^)mpany Ity (^ueen Elizalteth in 1000. In KtO'i, Bartholomew (Josnohl, with Raleigh's concurrence sailed to the Hay of Massachusetts, and thence, south to Cape Co(|. whei'c he lantlcd. •• Cape Cod was the lirst spot in New England ever trod l)y Englishmen" (Hancroft). (losnold l)uilt a fort on one of the Elizal)eth Islands (Cuttyhunk), and ditl some trade with the natives on the niaiidand ; but, in view of danger from the Indians, and want of provisions, (U'termined not to winter there. Encouraged l>y Crosuold's favonraltle reports of the country, the merchants nf Bristol, still supported l>y Raleigh, in the following year, fitted out an e.\peditiou under Martin Rriiig, which sailed a few days after Elizabeth's miserable and rennu'sefnl death, which oc(!nrred 24tli March, I(!0.'!. i'ring 24 AppcndlcuUc. Historicce. nuulc a succcssfiil voyage tiud ex|»l(»rod the coasts of New IIami>sliirt' and Massaelmsotts. His confiriiuitiou of (losiiold's glowiiiji' accounts led to many other enterprises for discovery. Bartlioloniew (iillK'rt made a last and unavailing atteni[)t to trace llaleigh's lost colony; the Karl of Southampton and Lord Arundel of Wardour seut (Jeorge Waymouth. who explored the coast of Maine, and on his returu succeeded in interesting Sir Ferdinand Gorges in the new held for money making. The error of supposing America to lie the eastern i)arts of Asia was then discovered, and its only traces now appear in the misnomers '• Indians " still apjdied to the native races, and "West Indies" to the islands, of the New World. The hope of gathering great masses of gold, as Cortes had done, was passing away ; the advantages of ctmimerce over conciuest and plunder, as a means of amassing wealtli, had l»egun to l)e appreciated, and the two great motives of colonisation were now, the spread of the Christian religion and the extension of trade, to which was soon to be added a third, namely, a desire to escape from religious persecution. In KJOO, dames I. of England, urgeti liy Gorges and his friends, granted to a company of merchants of Lon(h>n, a charter empitwering them to coh)nise North America from 04" to .'>S° N. Lat., and to a similar company of Plymouth merchaids, like rights l»etween 41° and 45' N. Lat., the intermediate region lietween ;iS° and AV lieing open to com}ietition of either company, under certain restrictions; these charters, afterwards modilied. were the hrst steps towaids the c.stal)lisliment of the present Repulilic of the United States. It will lie noticed that the territ Ishi'id, and claimed a territory, comprising parts of the modern -'v,A: ..', N' V "S'oi-k. New dersey, and Pennsylvania, which they called the A Settlement and Cohnizution. 05 Now XctlRTla.i.ls. lu Kil.-, thoy built :, IWrtivss, dose t.. the in.MlnT, Alhi.i.y. ..II the lliidson, a little south uf tho luouth of the .Mohawk [u the sauie year Captain Smith oxploml the ,-.«i,.t of New i-noh.u.l an.l .-ave .t Its name. Colonisati.m now fairly starteut, alter a stormy voyage of si.xty-three days, and a narrow escai.e fr..m' wreck, they were glad to tak,- refuge, where the winds and waves ha.l orced them, on the coast of Massachusetts, ami th,>re was New I'lvmouth iMIllt. In l(i22 Sir William Alexander ol.tained a patent for all the terrif.rv oast of the liiver St. Troix and south of the St. Lawrence, a tract alrc-a-h", at least as early as KiOo, iuHmled in the French IVovinces of Acadia ami Nc'w France under De Monts and Poutrincourt. AlexamhM- made a futile a tempt to form a S.-otch settlement, but though th,> patent was renewe.l in lt)J.». the project was not proceeded with. In l(il>7 (Justavus A.lolphus authorised the plantin- of Swedish Colonies ". America. Xo actual attempt appears to have been made till 1(;;{7 alter the triumphant death of (Justavus at Lutxen.and. in l''.t-..ore f fonmlan Hnglish Itoman Catholic Colonv, Maryland was s('|.arated Irom Virginia under the secon.l Lord P.altimore " Apj)(inUniUc Ilistoriifc. iK 4 III Kl.'KMlic Valley of tlic rniiiu'cticiit was jiraiitt'd to tlu' Hail nf Warwick l»y tlic ('(tiiiicil of New Kiiiilaiul, and al'torwards to Lord Save and Sole, Lord lirookt'. .lolui irampdcii and otiicrs ; Itiit lict'oic any colony conld be cstali- lislicd l»y tlicin. tlic Dutcli had liiiilt, at Hartlonl, tlio Honsc of (Jood Hope, and ciiiiurants froiii Xcw Plymouth and Hoston had also coninicnccd settle- ments ill the territory. In l(i.')."5 the yoiiiiu'cr Winthrop, actinii' lor the proprietor, erected a fort at the iiioiitli of the Connecticut River, ami in Ki.'JG a Governnient was orji'anised. The IVtiuot Fiidians u'ave some troiiltle. lint soon learnt the terrihle power of Huroi>eaii weapons, and. as a nation, were wiped oil' the lace of the earth. In 1 (!."»(!. kou'cr Williams, a Puritan minister, haviuji' lied to America from persecution in lOiiuland, lironjiht hiiiiscH' into collision with the narrow and bigoted authorities of Massachusetts hy his l)old claim for liiierty of con- .seience, of which he may he said to have lieeii the first champion of that age. lie was expell(M| from ^lassachusetts. and founded Provi(h'iice, the capital of Rhode Island. In l(t:>S .rohn Davenport settled New Haven. Connecticut. Meanwhile the Frenchman Champlain had explored the Ottawa and Lake Xipissing, [lassed chiwii the Trent river, crossed Lake Ontario, fought a battle with the lro(|uois near Lake Oneida, explored the River Richelieu, and Jjake Champlain as far as the future site of Crown Point, and fought a battle there also. Me had concluded treaties with the Ilurons ami other tribes, aiul, unfortunately tor his nation in later times, «|uarrelled with the Irotjnois (the Five Nations). The Jesuits, starting from (^iieliec, had, with extraordinary self-devotion, braved all the dangers from savages, privation and hardship, in their emh'avours to spread the (lospel according to their views of it. In I(i42 Montreal was foniKh'd. and connected with its origin is a curious tale so characteristic of the spirit of the times that a short statement of it will not be out of place. The annual " Relations," sent home yearly by the Jesuits from the head-cpiarters of their mission at Quebec (t^tadacone) for publication in France, which contained graphic accounts of the deadly struggle between Christ, the Virgin and the angels, and their earthly agents, the priests, on the one side, and the (h'vil and his tools, the h'oquois, on the other, were exciting great interest and enthusiasm in the religions world. About l(i3() Jerome le Rover (h^ hi Danversiere, a collector of taxes of La Fleche, in Anjou, a mystic, an enthusiast, who scourged himself with small Hettlement and (Joluuizatiuii. 27 clmiiir?, wore a bolt with more than 1,200 slmrp points, anil inihiltii'd in ntiicr sufli religions hixurios lor tiic fonilort of his soul, luul a irvclation. Wliilo at his devotions, an inward voicr coniniandcd him to louud a ni'W (trdcr of hospital nuns, and U) establish, on the island ealled Moutreiii, in Canada, a hospital to l)e conducted by them. About the same time .Iae(|Ues Olier, a j'ounu' priest, afterwards the founder of the seminary of S. Sulpice. was told, ii' a similar manner and iiutler like circumstances, that he was destined to be a light to the Gentiles, and, further, that he was to form a society of priests and establish it on an island in Canada, called Montreal. 'Plic two men were entire strangers to one another, and neither liad any know- ledge of Canadian geography ; luit they iu'cann- miraculously ac(|uaintcd with uU the details of the situation and surroundings of Montreal, ami as soon as they met. apparently Ity chance, each immediately recognised the other ami knew the design in his mind. Montreal was a wiliU'rness without inlialtitants, so that it would have seemed to an ordinary mind that a hospital there was a superlluity. Nevertheless, Olier found some money, more was obtained from the faithfid, arrangements were made with Lauson. the nondnal owner of tile island and lisheries. and an expedition of forty nu'U. comnuinded by the devout and valiant Paul de Chomedey. Sieur de ^laisoimcuvc, was despatched to take possession. .Vnother miraculous introduction had provided Mdlle. .leanne .Mauce, an lionouralilc lady on the shady side of thirty, to accMunpauy tiu' adventurers as nurse and housekeeper, in s|>ite of dilliculties thrown in its way by the governor ami .lesuit community of (Quebec, the little itand reached the island, and in l(i42. just 100 years after Cartier's last visit, laid the foundations of Villemarie de Montreal. For some time the infant town escaped the notice of the hostile Iroipiois. and when they at last found it. it was so far strongly fortilied as to allord security to those within it. in l(l'>4 the Swedish (}overnor of iA)rt Christina i>n the Delaware, between surprise and treachery, captiu-ed the Dutch Foit Casimir. on the site of New- castle, on the sanu' river. In the following year Stnyvcsant (I'eter the head- strong), the third and last Dutch (loveruor of New .Vmsterdam. recaptured Vi)v{ Casimir, reduccil Fort Christina, and annexed New Sweden to the New Netherlands. 'Pen years later New Amsterdam and the New Nether- lands, were in their turn annexed l»y England, and New .Vmsterdam lu'came New Vork. and Orange. .Ml)any. e2 2S , 1 ppi'mlinila: Hintoricrtt. .A III 1(!(!.') tlic province ul' Ciiroliiia. cxtciHliii.ir tr<»iii •>(>° X. Liit. In tlif River Siiii ^Fiitlico. was toriiKMl iiiid ('liirciidon, tlic Duke of Alltt'iimrlt'. Lord < 'raven, Ashley Cooper, (the I'litiiiT Ivirl of Slial'teslMii-y), and others, were made its proprietors and riders. A eonstitiition was drawn up. l>y .loiin Loeke. on the l)roa(h'st and most lilieral lines with rejrard to relijiious tolera- tion and liberty of eoiiseieiiee. The oriii'inal jrrant covered the space lietweeii ;}r and 'M'{ X. Lat. IVoin the .Ulantie and the Tacilic, and included the <'onntries afterwards known as South Carolina and (Jeorf^ia.and many others. In l .ni.|. onjiTi.ved upou tlie horn, lay with respiMit to the F-lni-lish and' F.rnel, colonies ill 17-,;-,. at the Leginninj.' of the Seven years' war, and Ik.w its sitnation marked it as a I,atth"lield hetween the eontending nations. I5nt a modern map, with its clearly marked lH,nndaries of Canada and the States, gives n(. idea ..f the n.nfnsion then existing. The western lM,nn(hiries of tlie"Kn..|ish cohmios wero ill-delined, .,r not delined at all. i?oth conntries claimed" the whole .■(.ntinent l,y right of disc.,very. They weir cpiallv land.rol,lK>rs as regarded the Indians; l,nt the pr.,verl, that "when tliieves fall out "honest men come l,y their (,wn," has l.een falsilied in America. so A />/)t >i(/iiiif(f Historhur. ('iiAiTi;i; III. TIIH XATIVK RACKS AND THH FUR TRADK. ^ '■piIH 12th OctoldT, 14!)'-'. WHS ;iii iiiiluiitpy diiy lor the llicii iiihaliitaiits of -^ AiiK'cifii tiud the Islands, 'riio pcact'lul natives of flispaniola, for oxaiiiplc, wore in liftci'ii years reduced in nuinlters IVoin at least l,(IO(),()()0 to tJO.OOO ; they were workecl to death, starved, tortnreil. and driven to snieiile l)y tlie revoltinu' ernelty of the Spaniards. 'I'lie eoncjuests of Mexieo and Pern are proverldal examples of tiie worst kinds (tf treaehery and .sanguinary ferocity on the part of ('ompiemrs. Rut the Spaniards were not singular in their evil doings. Many of the early voyagers seem to have kidnappeil the natives as a matter of course, either to sell them or to keep them in slavery. Colnndms, llojeda, Cortereal. Ovanih), Ayllon, ('artier and Waymonth did it. There is a wonderful unanimity in the earlier accounts of the natives with respect to their peaceful and friendly demeanour towards the white man, but wind wonder that, when the chaiacter of these eastern Inirltarians was dis- covered by the westt'rn savage, friendly sentiments cea.sed. and exploration became possii)le only for armed men. But, notwithstanding this unfortunate beginning of intercourse, lioth the French and the English in later years, succeeded in forming valuable alliances with nuiny of the northern tribes. Tlu^ two nati(cctinii :iimI sii|t|H»rt iiiiuinst their riviils tlic lluruiis. In 171") tin' cniircdcriition \v;is joined l>y the Tiiseaninis. iiikI Wiis al'tefwiinls kiinwii iis •• Tlie Six XatiiMis." Tlie li'()(|n(»is, undoiililedly the stroii,u<'st aiiioiiii' Indian nations, lieeanie an ini|M)itant laetor in shapinii' tlie history of Indian inllnence in North America. As we have seen, ('liain|>lain in 1(> and the iollo\vin|Lr years, had sneeeeded in alienatinriests and .Jesuits found the terrors ol' hell more etfective as means of conversion than the joys of an idle and insi|)id paradise. '• You do good to your friends and you l»urn your enemies. Clod does the same," was the teaching of Le .Jeune. and it suited (he Indian mind exactly. Pictures were largely used for the jiurposes <(f religious instruction. " I'auois desire »|neltpU's portraits de renter et de Tame damnee; on '" nous en a enuoye (piehpu's vns en papier, mais cela est trop confus. Les " (lial)les soiit tellenient meslez anec les hommes, (pi'on n'y pent rieu " recoignoistre, (prauec vne particuliere attention, (^ui depeindroit trois '" on ([uatre on cinq demons, tourmentans vne ame de diners snpplices, I'vn "■ luy ajiplicpiaut des feux, Tantre des serpens, Tautrc la tenaillaut. I'autre '• li' tenant litie anec des chaisnes, cela anroit vn bon etVel. notamuient si " tout estoit bien distingue, et tiiii' la rage et la tristesse parussenl liien en " la face de oettc amc desesperee," is a ret|uest sent home to France l>y a The jS'dfire Jlaccs and fin Fm- Tnttle. 33 ^|.tlKTSui,om„.(RHntions, l(i;!7). A.mtl.or prirst wriu-s 1,0,,.. In,- „|h,(v of IHctnros .,r (I„> t..nM..nts of hell, In.t ..„„s,M,.rs that ono ..f tl„. i',v. .'.r |n.n,.liso will sutti,.,.. Pk-tuivs of tl.,- Virgin, virgin saints, an.l nf ri.ris, ^^■•"•'' l-l'"';"-; ImtJn asking. Co. tlu- latt.-r. ll,,. .vvnvn.l lath,.. in.li,.ionsh- sns.-'>on.l nu. a pirturc- of ('hrist uitl.nnt a i.^ani;' knowinu^ that tl.',. Amonoan ..ativos luul a p.viu-licv against iM.anls. Laving non. tlH-n.sHn.s an, .ardully ,.n,.li,.ating any l,ai,-s wl.iH, n.igl.t H.an.v to ,..• n,.,; ""> Jau's. Ilus ,s an nistan.r. n..t <.nly of ll,,. jnvjudi.vs orti,,. In.lians. '•"t ••ftluM.a.vlnl way in whirl, the F.rnd. niissiomn-ii-s took .-aivt.. himm tlKMti, oven in small details. ni' H' .Jcsnits seen, hanlly t.. have , a-HMU tne ie,|„,.t. (;,nnain and Le Lontr... tliongh nselnl to th.-ir nation •'"' """•^' '">••". than good to their Indian tools ami allies, and little ere.lit to th(.ir holy Orders. TIm' stern and sond.r.. doetrine of the new Kngland misshmaries was |es. iureplai.le.and more ine.Hnprehensihle to th(> Indian mind, than that of the Hon.an Catholies. ()„tward forms he ....nhl .-opv. ..lahorat.. ritnal and .U'orgeons <.rnanu.nts he eonld -. ire. relies and synd'.ols were like theeharn.s "'..1 totems to whieh IH. had l.e.m nsed. The Puritan lea,.Iiino. did not nn.ke ;"".Hi pr..gress. John Kliol. who translaf.d tl,,. I'.ii.le into the .Vk-nnmin Imignag... was the most sneeesslnl missionarv. I.nt it was the .^nshin-. 34 . [ppindiruhe Historiac. (lefcat of the IVcjuots that did most to iR'rsuadc the Indians that the p]nglish God "was a most dreaody to the fork, in one piece. It was greatly valued as "Ijig medicine." The body of a hirsute Kuroi>ean was a "-sweet boon"' ti> the scalper. IJoth the French and Mnglish were guilty, as the Americans Imvelteenin this centnrv, of the altominaltle practice of olferinu' monev liounties for Indian scalps, whether of men or women. Thus in 17(1 1 the (lovernor of Pennsylvania, urged hy the colonists who were smarting under the Indian l»order raids, offered by proclanuition, l.")0 Spanish dollars for every male Indian prisoner above ten years old, orlof dollars for his scalp; aiid V'A) (h)llars for everv fenude prisoner aliove ten rears old. or ."»0 dollars for her scalp. The prices have fallen, for the Idaho legislature not lifty years ago resolved " that for every linck scalp lie paiil KM) dollars; for every sipiaw "• aO dollars, and 2.j dollars for everything in the sluipe of an Iiidi;in under " ten years of age, that each .scalp shall have the curl of the head, etc." (see Dodge's •• Hunting (jrounds of the Far West"). .\ similar \)\\\\\ was adopted by the New Mexicans against the .Vpaches, liut it was soon found that the olfered reward l»ronght in the scalps of as many friends as foes. A notable arti(deof Indian manufacture was wampum. It consisted(tf small shell beads cut with great laltour. and generally l»lack. red. purple oi' white. Near the coast, whole shells of dentalium. a widely distributed m;irine shell, resendiling a tiny elephant's tusk, were used instead of the hand-made beads. In later times the shell beads were manufactured by Huropeans, and when glass and porcelain lieads liegan to Ite importe(l (hey were largely adoptr'd as a sulislitule for shell, and known as •• White man's wampnm." Wampum was used for ornament, and as cnrrency, evi'ry liead having its known v;ilue. I5ut it also served instead of pen and ink and paper. It was woven into belts for public purposes, inipirtiug messages of w;ir. records of treaties, credentials of messengers, &C. The patterns, devices and colors, F 2 .3(1 A])j)e)i(JlniJ(f Hisforircc. hiul tlu' si^'uilioaiKM' of wi'iliiiu' to tlio liidiaii mind. A Itclt was ilclivcird l)y an orator tor oacli important i-lansc of liis s|u,'Ofli,and tlicso belts were stored up as pnltlic records, and interpreted in tlie future U\ the ??aeliems. A l»elt sunimoninji' to war was always hlaek and red ; in a licit siunifyiui!' jieaee. white predoniinateil ; and a niessaii'e ot" mourninji' or condolence was conveyed liy a Itlack lielt. .Mention onjilit to lie made of the extremely lieautifnl endiroidery in stained porcupine t|uills, w liieli deserves to rank as one of the high arts of the American alioriuine. in a country where the rivei-s were the high roads, it is not surprising that the Indians should have contrived a caiioe which was, and is, a master- piece. The liirch liark canoes of the Hurons and Algoncpiins are scarcely to bo surpassed for lightness, a great desideratum where the canoes have to lie carried over portages from stream to sticaui; the iroipiois, for want of better material, were forced to make theirs of (dm bark, which is somewhat heavier. There were several Indian modes of constructing rough fortilieatitius. one by uu'ans of palisadoes with earth heaped against them; another by telling trees and laying them as a fence with the boughs outward. The introduction of Knglish rum and whiskey and French bramly. at first used for purposes of conciliation, and afterwards for trailing, had a lamentable effect upon the American native, as it has nuiforndy had u|ion savage races all over the world. When (iovern(!, the priniitive weapons ol' the Indians were pitteil au'ainst Kni'oiiean lirearnis. Asa result when seventy-seven Englishmen attackeda stron.ii' Indian loi't near Htonington, li'arrisoucd Ity 700 Peqiiots, (i!)") of the Indians wei'e slain, without loss to the Knjiiish. At the time of King' I'hilip's war, in Massachusetts and (,'onnecticut (1(174). the Indians had ae(|nir<'d Kuropean weapons and some knowledu'c of their use. So when ON.") Knulish. under Winslow. st(»rnH'd an Indian swamp I'ortress, they only succeeded in killing' 1,000 Indians, and that with heavy loss to themselves. That victory, however. l»roke the power of the Indians in New Kuiiiand. In Pontiae's wai' — 170.'! and I7()4 — the Indians got very decidedly the liest of it. and destroyed every outlying iMig'lish fort, except that at Detroit, which they liesieged for lifteen months. We must l»e content with such an •• Impressionist " sketch as the aliovt; of the Intlians with whom the white man had to trade if he coidd. and to light if he were oldiu'cd. The Indian commodities wei'c furs and tol»acco, the trade in the former of which olfered the fai- more lucrative business. Kvery year a fleet of canoes hulen with furs came down the Ottawa to Les Trois Uiviere.-- the French trading station iK'tweeii Montreal and (^Mu'l)ec. T'he shores of Lake Ontario and the rivers Illinois and .Mississip|ti olfered to the French great facilities for the fur trade. The Huglish, though they possessed the coast, were not in such favonralile circumstances lor the Indian trade; and the aim of the French was not only to prevent them from increasing their oppoi'tunities of trading, hut U\ deprive them of thosi' which they already pos.sessed. The trade in furs was exceedingly lucrative, as the following list of prices, paid l>y the French Canada Company in 1712. will show: — A pound of shot, two lish hooks, three flints, < •. a bill hook A pound eaver skins. Twelve l)t'aver skins 'i^ 38 Aj)peti(Hii(l(C llintoricte. I All oil (»!' coarso doth X gun Fit'tirii iK'iivt'i' skins. ... Twi'iitv licavcr skins. And all tlu'sc |iii(TS arc ivckoiu'd to have vicldi'd a |H'()iit of 2,00(( piT cent. The other princiiuil furs were : f()X, of several kinds; marten; sable; ermine; otter; liear, white, brown and Ijlack ; wild eat ; lynx; wolf; S(juirrel; opossum ; and musk rat, the latter animal l)eiiig valuable also for its musk, as the li avoi ; its eastoreum ; buttalo and seals. For leather, the skins of elk, ('arrii)oo and other deer, goats and wolves. The New England ?>tates were prineipally valuable for their produee in furs and timber, and the fisheries olf the eoasts ; the Virginian States for tobaceo, although they also produced furs. It is not wonderful t",': '^ ■• jwolitablc fur trade should have been the ol)jeet of competition b'.t\ve< ; F Tce \>[\u Kngland, aii seven t.-ied, refused to take th(> oaths to the new g,.vernment and with those of the clergy who followe.l their exau.ple, are kmnvn as •• tlu' Aonjun,rs. .lames sought the assistance of Louis XIV., who assisted him to ...vade Ireland. Willia.n defeate.l .lanies's troops at the battle of the lioyne, and the selfish rule ..f th.. St.m.l dynasty has vexed Knuland no more. The depositi.m of the French hireling James, had set the two nations bv tlio ears aga.n, ami open hostilities at once broke out l)etween their represent- atives HI North America; jealous and watchful of each other they had been before. Major Afc (Iregory in 1(187, venturing to tra.le with the In.lians on the Huron, was peremptorily warned <.ff by the French. Denonville the 10 Appciidiiiilu' llisforirn'. ■^ ^ ^1 (JovcriKtr of ("iiimihi. in llic sniiic yciir, l»iiilt w t'mi iit Xia.iriini on the ruins of La Siillc's fort, with a view to ciittinu' utV the Kn,iilisli trade with the Inilians. This. Donpin. (Jovcrnoi' \)^ New York, with suinc reason, eon- siih'red an ('nerna<'hnient upon his Soverei^iiii's tefi'itnry. and remonstrated, witli diphtmatie eoui'tesy. l»ut with so nineli lirniness. that Denoiivilk' was nlilig-fd to al»an(h)n liis pet project, and deniolisli his own I'ort in the I'ollowiiiff vcur. liut when, in KiSi). the news of the aeeession of AVilliain and Marv reached Canahnua,ua or I'rayinu' Indians, retaliated by massacring; the inhaltitants of the outlyinu- town of Schenectady in the foll»»win,<>' year. Sir William I'hip|>s reduced Acadia, and continual raids and counter-raids vexed the land of .Vpalacha until, in l()!)7 (Septendier lOth), the treaty of Ryswick terminated the war. Fraiu-e aeknowledjicd AVilliant as Kinii' of Hngland, and Anne as his successor, and agreed to withdraw her assistance from James. In New Vork city itself, the clianii'c of Sovcreiuns liroujiht about a snutll reltellion. Colonel Dongan, the (Joveriior. appointed 1>\- .lames while still Dnke of York, was an estimal)le man and a good (rovernor, but he was a Roman Catholic. A numlier of his co-religionists were encouraged to settle in the town, much to the discontent and alarm of the Protestant population. Uumours of the designs in Hngland, in favour of the I'rince of Orange, reached New York, and roused the hopes of the malcontents. Sof)n after the fact of the lauding of the I'rince in Hngland was known in lioston, the population had risen and deposed the tyrant .Vndros, and no sooner had lu'ws of this spread to New York, than its citi/';ens desired to emidate the example of the IJostonians. Jacob Leisler, with other militia otlicers, and one Milbourne. an FiUgiishman and Leisler's son-in-law, surprised and seized the garrison in New Y(U'k. Having taken |)ossession of the fort, Leisler sent a loyal address to William and .Mary as soon as he heard of their actual accession. He acted as (iovei'UiU-, and, later on. assumed the title, as well as the authority, of Lieutenant-droveruor, anh a com- plaint, carried to England by Leisler's son, received the reply that his father and brother-in-law had been tried and executed according to law, provision was made for their families, their estates were restored, their i)odies were exhumed and re-interred in the principal Dutch church in Xew York with great pom|), and their memories were honoured l)y the best Dutch families as those of sufferers for lil)erty. That •• treaties are made to be broken " has become a proverb, and the Treaty of Uyswick was no exception to the rule. After a hollow peace of live years, the war of the Spanish succession l>roke out. 'i'he •• Partition Treaties" (Kills and 1700) had been designed to settle the ownership of tiie dominions of Charles II. of Spain. In breach of them, Louis XIV. amongst other acts of bad faith, had, at the death of James (Kith September, 1701), acknowledged the Pretender, James Francis Kdward, as successor to the Knglish Crown. On March 8th, 1702, William III. died, and, immediately on the accession of Anne, war was declared. .V desperate struggle terminated in the discom- fiture of the French, and the Treaty of Utrecht was signed in .Marcii, 17l;{. .\s l»etween Kngiand and France its terms were — that the Protestant suc- cession through the House of Hanover should l)e secured; the I'retender was to lie compelled to leave France ; a permanent severance of the crowns of France and Spain was promised; Newfoundland. Acadia (Xova Scotia and New Brunswick) and the Hudson's IJay 'ferritory, were ceiled to England, while Cape Mreton and the islands in the Kiver and (iulf (»f St. Lawrence were assured to France. In 171(1, the French erected a fort at Onondaga, in the Irocpiois country, and, therefore, according to the treaty, upon Knglish territory; Colonel Schuyler immediately destroyed this fort. Spotswootl, then (Jovernor of Virginia, strongly urged the erection of a line of Knglish forts in the Valley of the Ohio, but his wise counsel met with no attention. In 1721, tiie French further encroached l)y re-erecting the fort at Niagara, which had been destroyed by Dcnonville in 1 088, ami in 172(1 they enlarged and greatly strengthened it. In 172"), Governor Burnet founded an Hnslish trading station at Oswego. •w 42 A/)/it'Hf/t'('i(f(C Hisforictc. I Til 17.^1. the French Imilt F<»H Frederick* (frown Point), on liiikcdiamphiin. a,» Mt.,»^fe \ [Vars ;-*"<'viTiii)r from the death of I.a .lonquicre, on the Cth .March, I'oL". till the arrival of DiKiuesue atioiit Midsummer. Vr 2 4t . I piteinliciihf //ixftiriiw. II unity <»r their interests wns not reiiise(l, iind tliere was no working totretlier lor their (Mtmninn weal. Kiiiiiaiul possessed hut a narrow strip of «'oast, fi'infred on the west liy outlyinji' setth^nieuts the very existence of wliieli (h'pended upon the continued jioodwill of tlie Six Nations. ('anaihi,oii the other hand, was controUed l»y a military p)vernnient centred at (^ueliec, with a delinite purpose, and practically (h'spotic |»ower. Franco, l)y concilia- tory treatment of the Imliaus, had Iteen aide to estaltlish and to maintain, with the assent of their hosts, mission and tradinji stati(»ns, which had yradnally become military posts, on the (Jreat liakes and in the heart of the Indian country, and had carefullv fostered the ancient enmitv between her savage allies and the Iroipiois. In April. 17r>,'{. certain young men of the Six Nations saw a large war party of French and Indians marching towards Ontario, and straightway bore the news to Onondaga, whence it was forwarded to the nearest Hnglish post. On the l!)th April, the friendly Indians presented .lohnson with the belt of warning; the French passed down Lake Ontario to Niagara, intending to occui»y the Ohio valley, and the Indians determined to stay them. A first caution, delivero*! by them to the French at Niagara being unheeded, Tanacharissoii, the half King, proceeded himself to the harbour of Frio (Pres fo 175,'j. 4.') F*iissinj>: V('iiiiii.uo, Wiisliiiiutoii roinxi St. V'wvw, the Firiicli CoimiuiiKU'r, at Fort Lc Hociif. 'I'lio envoy wiis received with tiie jiiciilest ediirtesy, liiit the reply whieh he ()l)tiiine(l was iiii iivowal l»y St. Pierre of his intention to obey his orders with exactness and resolntion ; to seize every Knj^dishnuin in the Valley of the Ohio; and a statement that France was resolved to pos- sess the vast territory discovered liy her missionaries and travellers. With this unsntisfactory answer, Washington hastened homeward. It was the depth of winter, and travelling; was l»oth painful and perilous. At Venango, finding his horses too weak to do their work, Washington and IJist started alone, on foot, for Williamsl)iirg. A French Indian fired at Washington from a distance of (»nly lifteen yards, and, missing his aim. was taken pri.«oner. Gist wonhl have killed him, Init Washington forbade, and let the captive go. Arrived at the Alleghany the adveiitunais pair, with great toil, built a raft, which was car.ght by the ice, Washingtcm being thrown into the river, and with difliculty escaping with his life. On receipt of Washiuuion's report, theerectionof a fort at the Fork lictween the AUeghany ami .>fon(.nghela, was at once determined upon, and Captain Trent was despatched with thirty-two men to carry out the work. IJut hardly had they l)egun. when the French, under Coutrecceur. came down Hlion them fnmi ^'enango, anii,c'laiiiR'(l prot'cdent'e over Washington, a nuM'i' militiaman, and wliilo tlio hittor with ids Virgiidans hdumrod at the t'(»nsti-ni'ti(>n of a road t(» Gist's sottlemcid, near Laurel Hill, on the Yonghiogvny, the Carolinians, striking for extra pay which Washington could not give, lay idle at (ilreat Meadows. Meanwhile, the nundiers of the French were consideraltly increased, and on the 1st July, Washington was compelled to fall back on Fort Necessity. Here he was attacked, on the 3rd July, l)y (iOO French and 10(1 Indians. The Fnglish, greatly outnund)ered and occupying an inferior i)osition, made so stubborn a defence that the French commander, De Yilliers, a brother of the slain .lumonville, propo.sed a parley, with the result that the Fnglisli, with all their effects, withdrew from the valley of the Ohio, across the Alleghanies, to Wills Creek. This defeat had a disastrous elfect on the morale of the Indian allies of the FiUglish, and, on the renewal of hostilities in the foHowing year, most of the western tribes turned their tomahawks against the Fnglish border settlers. In order to estimate the chances of obtaining men and nniney, the pro- ceedings of the liritish Home (Joveriiment and the Provincial Assemblies must be glanced at. The Home Government, though desirous of keeping back the French, was not anxious that the English colonies shoidd unite too closely, and dreaded the formation of an effective military .system by them. The danger that after learning their strength by union against the common foe. they should use it to throw off the yoke of England was apparent to more than one far-seeing man on both sides of the Atlantic* Dut the same objection did not apply to joint treaties with the Indians. The ties between the Iroquois and the English weic loosened, jjartly on account of ill-succe.ss against the French, and partly IxM-ausc the Frenchmen. Joncaire and I'ic(|net, were, with some success, cndeavourinu,' to gain the adherence of the * Thus the Swi-dUh iravelliT Kiiliii. writing in 174^. snys : — " U is however of great udvantugi' to tlio crown "of A'ny/uni/ tliut the Sorth Amfrmin colonii's iire iifiir ii coiiiitiy, uiuliT tlio {joveniiiieiit of the French like " Canada, There is reiisoii to lielii've that the kiiij; never was earnest in liis atleni|it!i to expel the French from " their possessions there : thongli it niiftlit have heen done with little dillieully. Kor the Kn;ilish eolonies in this " part of the world have increased so nincli in their nunilitr of inhahilants, and in their liehes, that thej almost " vie with Old Kn({iand. Now in order to keep up the authority and trade of their mother country, and to ■' answer several other purposes, they are forliid to eslalilish new nninufactures, which would turn to the dis- " advantage of the llritish eoninierce : they are not aUoweil to dig for any gold or silver, unless they send them "to A,'/iy/iiH'/ immediately ; thev have not the lilierty of trading to any parts that do not helong to the Uritiih "dominions. e.\cepting some settled places, and foreign traders are not allowed to send their ships to them. " These and some other restrictions occasion the inhahitants of the Fnylish iidonies to grow less tender for their ■' mother country, 'rhis cohlm'ss is kept up hy the many foreigners sneh as (jennani, Dutch and French settled m I Wars and liiiinoiirs of War. 1085 to 1750. 47 Senecas and Oiioudagas to tlu- FrciiL-li cau.sc, and the Dntcli at AUniny wore alienating the A[(>lia\vks l>y aitpropriating their hinds. The view of Hen(h'iek, the ^[oliawk eiiief, was a fair one : *' Tlie ( Jovernor of Virginia " and (lie Governor t)f Canada are »iuarrelling about lauds which belong to " us, and their (luarrel may end in our destruction." Xevertheless. under the inliuence of Johnson, he renewed his treaty with the English. The Virginia Governor, Dinwiddie, after nincii trouble, had |irocured from his Asseml)lv a vote of £20,000. IViuisvlvania was more restive, tiie majority of the people was opposed to war on principle, and the Assenilily took advantage of the wording of instructions from Inune, directing the various governors to call on their provinces for means to repel any invasion *' within the undoul)ted limits of His Majesty's d(»minion," t(» avoid granting any supplies at all, on the ground that they could not decide what were the " undoubted limits of Jlis Majesty's (hnninions." Further pressed, they made several grants, l»nt always hampered l)y such conditions as could not be accepted bv the (xoverncu-, and iinallv told him " that tliev would rather " be concpiered by the French than give up their privileges." The New York Asseml)ly, said, at first, that there was no evidence of any invasion of His Majesty's colonies; Imt, after Washington's defeat, they voted ,£"),000 to help Virginia. Maryland, after some demur, gave .t'(i,000. New .Jersey, deeming herself protected Ity the other colonies, refused to contrilmte. New Fnglaiid, and especially Massachusetts, had felt the sting of the French, and were willing to light. Shirley, governor of Massachusetts, sent ISOO men under \Vinshtw to build two forts on the KennelK'c. The Southern coloiiii's, cngag;'d in internal sqiuiliblcs, would scarcely view the idea itorivosterous ligure than the Duke of New- '• castle never .stood at the head of a great nation. He had a feverish " craving for place and power, joined to a total unlitiiess for both. He was •• an adept in personal politics, and was so busied with the arts of winning '• and keeping otlice that he had n(» leisure, even if he had the ability, for " higher government. He was restless, (piick in movement, rapid and con- '• fused in speech, lavish of worthless promises, always in a hurry, and at '' once headlong, timid and rash." "A fantastic i»olitical.jobl»er," is Park- man's descriptive summary. The riding power in France was Madame de Pompadour. Her appoiutuicnts or recommendations. |>ractically synonymous terms, were made not because the recipient was fitted for the post,l)iit because he plea.-ossible that they should make any impression." Ami so, on the IDth June, with a light heart, he left Dunbar with his main body at Fort Cumberland, and with Washington, (Jatcs, (}age, (all after- n 60 i\pj)enfliculce Historictc. ill wards fuiuous,*) Sir Puter Ilalket, young Shirley and others, and 1,200 troops, he pushed forward. On the 8th July, after a toilsome march, he readied the confluenec of the Mononghela and Youghiogeny rivers, within twelve miles of Fort Du(iuesne. The French were dispirited; their Indians at lirst refused to light, but the gallant lieaujeu said, "I shall go, and will you sntfer your father to go alone? I am sure we shall concpier," when, inspired by his eonlidence, the Indians departed to lay the ambuscade which had l)eeu determined on l)y the French. On the nth Jidy, Ilraihlock forded the ^lononghela, and fell into the ambush prepared for him. The enemy was invisible, the English were exposed to a murderous lire, the regulars were driven together in a confused mass. Some of the provincial troops, wiser than IJraddock, attempted to retrieve the fortunes of the day by adopting the forest mode of warfare and taking to cover. This shocked Braddoek's jiarade-ground prejudices ; he swore at the men as cowards, threatened to turn his own guns upon them, and comi)elled them to form again in the open. The result was disastrous. Braddock and his officers exposed themselves fearlessly. The general had live horses shot under him, and at last received a mortal wound; Washington had tw(» horses killetl under him, and four bullets through his ch>thes, but he was mitouched, being reserved for a greater work. Gates and Gage were wounded, and out of eighty-six officers, twenty-six were killed, amongst them Sir Peter Halket. Young Shirley, the general's secretary, was also killed. The Virginian troops suffered severely, of three companies only about thirty men were left; of the regulars, 714 were killed or woun*', Ifeing then in command of the Southern Army, Gates was totally defeated by t'ornwallis, at Camden. S. Car., and took no further part in the war. (iage succeeded Amherst In I7(>:t as commander of the Uritish forces in America, and in 1774 was appointed (ieneral- in-Chief. He was also Governor of Massachusetts. In April, 1775, he sent an ex|)editioQ to seize colonial stores at Concord, which brought about the llattle of Lexington, the first of the war of Itevolutinn. He was sent home in the same year. Campaign of 175o. Braddock and Johnsou. 51 11 ^ and Hetl. iiniddoi-k had lived only loiij:; oii()ii<>:li to reach the camp, and was bnried near Fort Necessity. Braddock's expected victory had been discounted both at home and in the British American j)rovinces, and the news of his utter rout was received with dismay. But it woke up the Asseml»Iy of Pennsylvania, which im- mediately vote4 to take charge of a large tract of land belonging to his uncle, Sir iVter Warren. He built himself two fortified houses in the Mohawk Valley, .lohnson Castle and Johnson Hall. The latter still stands in the modern Johnstown. Here, by his personal (pialities, anil his scrupulously fair dealings with the Indians, ho tiuicklyac(|uired an extraordinary inlluence over them, and was soon appointed superintendent of Indian affairs. Tall anower over the Indians to the areat advantage of his countrv. Picuuet and Joncaire, ahvavs intriguing with the natives in the interest of Krance, had no more dangerous antagonist than Johnson, lie was ap|iointed Major-General on the Incaking <»nt of hostilities in 17.)'). Johnson's force consisted of some ;),400 men, comp<»sed of New Hngland militia and some Indians. Early in August, Lyman, in conimand of the New England contingent, had built Fort Lynnin (afterwards re-named Fort Edward l>y Johnson, in compliment to one of the King's grandsons) on the Hudson, at the .southern end of the |»ortage of twelve or fourteen miles between that river and Lake Champlain. At the end of the same month, .l(»hnson led his forces across the portage and began to form a camp on the southern shores of Lake Saiiite Sacremente. to which he gave the name of Lake (Jeorge.* ♦Apropos of the liorn, whii-li fonns the tuxt of this iioti-. Piirkmun's di'scriptioii of .lohnsoirs provincials is intcri'sling : " The sohliiTs wen' no soUliers, but fiirnieis and farmers' sons, wlio hiul volunteered for the " summer's campaign. One of the corps had u Idue uuiform faced with red. The rc't wore their liail) clothing. 11 2 % 52 Appencfirnhe Histof'um. ^[c'nnwliilo Diosktiu, who luul liecii aliout to advance against Oswego, was ordered to oppose .Fohnson instead. Tie soon had under his e(»nnnand, at Fort Crown Point, 700 reguUirs, 1,000 Canadians, and 700 Indians. Eager to distinguish himself, Dieskau, taking witli him 200 regulars, 000 Canadians and (100 Indians, passed up Lake Champlain, intending to attack Fort Edward by night. Jiut his guides lost their way, and when four miles from tlie Fort on tlie road t(t Lake George, tlie Indians, always independent and claiming their share in the councils of war, refused to attack the Fort, hut declared themselves ready to attack the army on Lake George. On the 7th September news of Dieskan's movements reached Johnson's camp, and Ephraim Williams, with a thousand i)rovincials and 200 Indians, was sent l)ack to relieve Fort Edward. The party fell into an ambuscade, and was compelled to retreat. Williams was killed, as was also Hendrick, the Mohawk chief, who l»y reason of his great bulk was comi)elled to ride, and who was the only man «m horseback. Johnson's camp was still witlumt intrenchments, and Dieskau had reckoned upon rushing it, and entering with the fugitives. But his Indians baulked, and the Canadians hesitated. Dieskau advanced with the regulars, still ho|)ing l»y example to imliice the laggards to s\ipport him. But both Indians and Canadians hid themselves, and the French regulars had all the glory to themselves. The New England men, believing that their all depended ujion their success in the expedition, fought with enthusiasm. The^' were excellent nmrksmen, and under their deadly fire almost all the French regulars fell. Dieskau was wounded in three places by the American fire, and, as his men turned to flee, received an incurable wound from the l)ullet of a renegade Frenchman. He was taken l)risoner, and it re(piired all Johnson's authority and influence to protect him from the scalping knives of the exultant Iroiiuois. He was sent prisoner to England, afterwards exchanged, and died in Paris a few years later, never having recoveren. His design was to go to Oswego, thence to Niagara, which he was to take, and there await tlur victorious IJraddock. His Ibrces mustered at Albany; at Schenectady he embarked with about two hundred of his men, and ascended the ^fohawk to the great carrying place between the Hudson and Wood Creek, which flows into LakeOneida.* In twentydays after leaving Schenectady, the force reached the i)altry little fort at Oswego. By this time the disheartening news of Braddock's defeat had reached Shirley, and many of his boatmen and waggoners had deserted on hearing it. Under the altered circumstances Shirley was comiielled to change his plan. He dared iu)t i)roceed to Niagara, lest the Frencli should cross Ontario from Fort Frontenac in his absenc<' and take Oswego, thus cutting him off from liis l)ase. Not wanting in courage, he i)roposed to risk attacking Niagara, with (100 troops and some Indians, leaving the rest to defend Oswego in case of attack. But the weather was stormy, and the boats, l)esi(les being insutticient in number, were not litted to encounter rough water on the lake. Taking counsel with his officers, lie reluctantly agreed with them that the enterprize must be abandoned for tiie time, and that all that could be done was to strengthen Oswego, and build more vessels, so as to be ready by the following spring. At the end of Octol»er, Shirley returned to Albany, leaving 700 men at Oswego under Mercer. The unfortunate General had lost two scms in the camiujign ; one *This Wood Creek must not bo coufoundeil with the stream of the same name on the portage between the Hudson and Luke ChamphiiL. 54 Append U'hUc Historirec. ■i ■\ kiIlo' of a fcvor contracted at Oswo<>;o. Thus three out of the four expeditious luid ended in practical fiuhire. The fourtii expedition was that intended to reduce Acadia, according to the Knglisii notions of the l)ouudaries of that province. Since the treaty of Utrecht in 1713, Acadia had belonged to Enghnid, except Cape lircton which had l)een taken by the English in 1745, l)ut restored to France l>y the treaty of Aix-hi-Chapelle in 1748. The Acadians, a sinii)le, agricultural po])uIation, wouhl have been happy and contented eiu)Ugh, but for their pseudo friends, the })riests. These ministers of the Gospel of peace and order, taught, urged, and, l)y threats of murder and pillage by the Indians in this world, and purgatory and hell in the next, comi)elled the unfortunate rustics to rebel against British authority, and to refuse to take the oath of allegiance. Many of the Acadians had been induced to leave tlieir fertile fields and cross the boundary of British Acadia, to live in misery and semi-starvation on French ground. The Hnglish had done all they couM to conciliate and promote the prosperity of a peaceful and industrious population. But the French Government and its agents, dis- regarding treaty obligations, perlidiously strove to make the Acadians dis- loyal, with heartless disregard to their true interests. The savage and pitiless missiomiry, Le Loutre, was now the princii)al agent in fomenting reliellion and discontent. The French ardently desired to recover Acadia. The unhappy inhabitants, afraid of the English, yet more afraid of Le Loutre with his Indians and demons, were between two lires, but inclined to assist the French if necessary, though what they really desired was to be left ahtne. There is no doubt that the French contemi>lated an invasion of Acadia, and reckoned on the co-operation of the Acadians. When this l)ecame known to Lawrence, the Governor of Nova Scotia, he wrote to Sliirley, who ordered .lohii Winsh)W to raise 2,000 vohinteers, which he did. The command was given to Lieutemuit-Colonel Moncktoii. The men mustered at IJostctn, and, after some delay, end)arked on the 22nd .May, reached Annapolis on the 2()th, and on the 1st June the .^hips anchored within live miles of the French fort Beausejour. Monckton landrd, encamped his nu'ii outside Fort Lawrence, within sight of the French fort, and. being joined by the regulars forming tiie garrison of Fort Lawrence, (»n the 4th of .June, advanced to tlus attack. On i Campaign of 17o'>. Brnihlock and Johnson. ;>;) the l()tli,ii (jhauce shell falliiif? through a bonilt-prooi' and killiiifr several men, created such a panic in Fort Beausejour that Vergor, the roiiniiaiulant, was compelled to surrender, lieing permitted the honours (»f\var. LeLoutre escaped, but was afterwards taken when on his way to France, and kept, out of mischief, a pi'isouer in Jersey for eight years. Fort Gaspereau, twelve miles from Beausejour, answered a summons to surrender l>y instant compliance, and Winslow took possession of it. There remained but the French fort at the mouth of the St. John. On the 30tli June, C'aptain Rous advanced to attack it, whereupon the French set (ire to and abandoned it. Then followed the sad incident of the deportation and dispersion of the malcontent Acadians, upon which so much false sentiment has been lavished in prose and verse. The measure was a necessary one, and was rendered so by the obstinacy and ingratitude of the misguided peasants. After the taking of ik'ausejour and the other forts, they had ample opportunity of redeeming their errors, and might have remained where they had made their homes, on the easy terms of giving a simple j)lcdge of fidelity and allegiance to the King of Fngland and his successors. They refused to do this, without reser- vations which were inadmissible. They preferred to remain subjects of the French Jving, after being fairly warned of the conscipienccs and given ample time to consider their reply. There was no alternative but to remove them, and disperse them amongst more loyal subjects. This distasteful and melan- choly task was carried out with firmness, l»ut without unnecessary severity, the ]>rincipal avoidable hardship being inflicted by the delay in providing transports for their conve^'ance. The Acadians might have lieen Acadians still, but for the nmlign efforts of the French (Tovernment and priests. The .sad conse(iuences unhappily fell upon the ignorant dupes, and not upon the real offenders. So ended the four English enterprises which combined to make the campaign of 17")"), and which were to have broken the power of France in America. Of the four expeditions the only one resulting in ai»precial)le success was that against the French forts in Acadia, .\gainst this trilling gain were to be set the failure of the attempts on Niagara, Frontenac, and Crown Point, and the defeat of Braddock. The latter had wretched seipiehc. The sufferings of the colonists on the western borders of Pennsylvania, Marylan< ClIAI'TEK VI. MONTCALM AT OSWEGO. U.-Jf;. OIX(M<:thoeaptuIv..^lR.^Vll(.l,sl,ipstlK'••Lys'^,,^l•^^l,•Hl,..•'l,vAv(m1 iiptlii' Jludsuii to Ilalfmooii. IUtc tlu-ri' were rapids, and tlic advance was l»y n»ad to Stillwater, thence liy river to Saratojra. thence by road to Upper Kails (Fort Miller), tlienee l)y Itoat t(t Fort Kdwanl. and thenco across tlie |KM"tajre to Fort William lleniy, where the army was to emimrk. on Lake (ie(»rj5e, lor Tieonderoj^a. While Winslow was Imsy with his preparations, Sir William .lohnson was employed in eounlcracting the intrijfiies of the French with the Indians friendly to the Kn^lish. and the more dangerons etVects of tiie tricks and dishonesty of the Knglish and Dutch rasi-als, who plundered and deceived the natives, and inclined them to join the more speeions French. After much troulde. exnherant verliosity on both sides, great expenditnre of wampiun. and a considerable consumption of ruin, Johnson was entirely suecessfid. and Picipiet and the rest of the French intriguers were checkmated. -Meanwhile, Shirley from his head-tpuirters at Alltany, was directing the preparations for the expetlition to Ontario, and impatiently tlesiring the assemi)ling of the Five Xati(»ns at the latter |dace. He organised a liody of armed boatmen, under ('(»lonel IJradstreet, to carry his stores and provisions to his posts on the .Mohawk, and the Oneida |tortage. Vaudreuil had sent de Villiers with 1. 1 00 men to cut olf the eommunieati(»n between Oswego and .\ll»any, but IJradstreet successfully took a convoy to Oswego. On his return, when about nine miles from the fort, tie Villiers fell upon him. in the sudden auinuer characteristic of i)ackwoo(|s warfare. After a temporary iliscomlituro, IJradstreet rallied his men and put the French to rout. He was prevented l>y heavy rains fntm following up his success, and returned to .Vlliany with two prisoners, eighty French muskets, and a numl»er of knapsacks, having lost between (iO and 70 of his own nu'ii. During the winter the unfortunate garrison at Oswego had suffered severely from hunger and disease, and a large nund)er died. IVpiierell's regiment, the 51st, (juartered in Fort Ontario on the opposite side of the river, sutfered less. Letters fnuu .Mackellar, the engineer, declared the Forts to be incapable (»f defence. There was a third fort, Xew Oswego, nieknanied Fort llascal, a miseralile affair. These things made Shirlev verv anxious. On the arrival of Weblt and Ai»ercrombie at .\lbany with reinforcenu'uts, at the end of . I une, Shirley resigned his command, and was sent to Xew York to await the Karl of Loudon's coming, and to report to him how things stood. I 2 60 A])j)iii(firid(c Ilisforitue. % M The report ineering was yet nnliorn, and there was much sickness of body, and accordiiif^ to the chaplains, ^' nothing l»nt a hurry and confusion of vice and wickedness." The vices were principally '■ cnrsein a hasty rampart with pork l>arrels, and to shift their guns to that sianic ensued. The women, of whom there were 10(1 in the fort, liegged that it might Itc sMrren prisoners were tt»mahawke,00(> of whom were at Fort William Henry, uny the French with varying success ; and the English, under Colonel Armstrong, a settler of ('nmlierlaml, surprised and destroyed the Delaware t(»wn of Kistanning. between Venaiig(» anil Fort Ducpiesne, the centre frctni which many of the Indian liorder raids starti'il. killed .lacol»s, a chief who had been the tcrr(»r of the English borders, and released eleven English captives. .Many Indian war parties were sent out from Ticonderoga t(» harass the English. On tin- return of one of them victorious. Uougainvilh' writes: — ••The very recital of the cruelties they committed on the liattlelield is horrilile. The ferocity and insolence of these lilack-souled l»arl>arians make one siiuddcr. It is an al»ominai)le kind of war." Tlu' English retaliated from Forts William Henry and Edward. S(»mc of (heir expeditions showed jrreat audacitv. One Lieutenant Kennedv, with live followers, passed all the Frrmh posts, ttiok some prisoners. Iiurned a store of provisions between Montreal ami Si. .lohn. and returned to Fort William Henry safe, but nearly starved. Israel INitnam. with six followers, deseended Lake George, and made I i MoHtnilm at Oswetjo. 1750'. 63 a ('(niiplotc r('(M mini issa nee «»f Ti('uiiai()0 cannon, and that the garris(»n consisted of 7,000 men. Lonislmrg was a very strong fortress, and London, despairing of snccess, took his troops liack to New Ytn'k. leaving llollionrne to go to Louisbnrg to endeavonr to tempt the Frem-h .Vdnnral. I^a .M(»tte, witii his fleet to come ont and light him. Bnt this wily (Janl knew when he was well oft", ■uid Holbonriu' "'■ had his tronltlc for his pains." Thns this costly ex|tcdilinii, damned liy needless delay, ended in a miserable liasco. The watchfid Montcalm did not fail to take advantage of the altsence of London with most of his troops, and determined to make a descent npon Lake George, and strike a l)low for France and St. Denis. lie assembled his force »»f 7.(100 men. consisting of Canadians, regulars, and an Indian * Lord Williniii Hiiy mus put iiihUt iirrest for |uililicl\ ilescriliiiig lliesc ililatory I'XcrpiiM'R ns " Kci-pinp tln' " ooiiriige of llisi Jliijrsivs soliliiMs at Imy. nnil cxpiiuliiiji llir iialidu's wealth in iiiakiii(> sliam fiftlits anil •■ plantinf; caliliugcs, «licn the) iinglit tii liavi' Ihth tl(;litiiif.' the iiii'iiiics iil' tlicir King ami iMiiiiitr\ in ivalily." In ITT)'.' Ill' iIcuihiiiKmI a nuirt martial, and was tiit'il in Kundiin, but died l«'ti)ie the proceedings were closed. Fort William Henri/. 1757. 65 coiitiiif-cnt, in wliifli forty-out' tril)cs were rcproscutcd, at Ticnmlcroaii, and, leavinf,^ u ilctaclimcut to hold tho fort, and sondinii' licvis with 2.r)(»(» men l»v huid, ho cnilKiriaHl with the ivniaindor of his force, and, passing (h)\vu Lake George, joined Levis Itoforc Fort William Henry. The Fort stood close to the Lake on low ground, and, a litth' to the Fast, across a marsh was an entrenelied cauiit on a higher level, on the spot where Fort Ueorge was erected two years later. Colonel .Monro of the .'{.Jth regiment, a Scotehiimn, was in command. He had with him in the fort barely aOO men, and in the camp were 1.7(H) more. The fort mounted seventeen cannon and several mortars and swivels, and there were si.x guns in the camp. Montcalm, who luul taken prisoners some of an Fnglish recoiuioitring part3% was well informed of the position and weakness of .Monro's force. Jle sent a summons to surrender, which received for answer a message of defiance. Thereupon Montcalm commi'uced his siege works on the west side of the Lake, and sent La Corne to hold the road to Fort Fdwanl and cut off Monro's communications with that post. Wcl)lt was at Fori Hdward, with 1,(;0() men according to Parkman, though Bancroft says 4,00(1. and ^^onro sent several messengers to him asking for aid. IJut it was the same Weill* who had retreated in such a S. G9 infliioiicc, like a true patriot, to promote tlic wcll-lKMiiir of his couiitiy. Tlio first tliiiijr essential, to his iiiiiul. was to ernsh Fraiiee. iiii.vwliere iiiid every- where. l)iit especially in Aiuerioa, iind to this end he directed his policy. Hated l»y the Kinjr, and envied Ity the iiristocracy. he feared neither; adored l)y the people and rendered stronf? Iiy their snpport. he acted with assuranee. He was a man with a clear head, a lirm will, ami a deliiiite purpose, and from the moment that he held the reins of power. Knulaml's prospects i:rew liriuhter. and hei- hope and confnlenee revivetl. Three tasks Pitt set himself in America ; tirst. to take liOuislKMir"' and afterwards Quel)ec; secondly, to destr(»y Ticondero^a and Crown Toint ; and, thirdly, to take Fort Dnquesne ; to whiidi must lie added a fourth scheme, long contemplated l>y Hradstreet, for the capture <»f Fort Frontenac on Lake Ontario. He entrusted ('oUtnel.leU'eryAndierst (afterwards Lord Andierst)then serviuir in the German war, with the execution of the lirst task, and made him a Major-( Jeneral ; he recalled Loudon and put Aliercromliie, of whom he had no irrcat opiniiui, in command of the expedition ajrainst Ticonderoe the real lei.i'er ; the reduction of Fort l)\i((uesne he assiguetl to Brigadier John Fori>t ■. A lleet under Admiral IJoscawcn was despatclieil from Fngland for [iouisliourg early in the year. Andierst following, while another lleet nnder .Vdmiral OsUorii was charged to keep the Straits of Gibraltar and prevent the French lleet nnder Admiral La ("lue, which had been littetl at 'i'onlon for America, from leaving the Mediterranean. (Isliorn perlormed his task, while Sir Ivlward ilawke intercepted and liroki' up a French stpiadron and u lleet of transports, which were about to sail from Uochefort. I'arkman describes Louisiiourg as the stnmgest fortress in French or British America. It was garrisoueil by upwards of ;),00() troops, and as many more men manneil the live line-of-battle ships ami seven frigates lying in the harliour. Against these fon-es IJoscawen liavll gave sanctuary to a iimrderLT, not knowing tliat the ifictini was a near kinsman of hii own . Though told of this by the pursuers who foUowed hot foot, he still thought himself hound to conceal the fugi- tive. The ghost of the murileri'd man appearing to Campbell that night adjured him not to shield the murderer, but this only induced him to urge his guest to flee. The ghost came twice more, and the last time left, saying. ■' Farewell Inverawe, till we meet at Ticonderoga." Campbell had never heard of the place but remembered the strange name, and when some years after he was ordered to attack the place, recalled the vision and the warning. His comrades, who knew his story, tried to deceive him as to the locality, but the night Iwfore the battle the ghost appeared again, and in the morning Campbell said, " 1 have seen him ! Vou have deceived me ! He came to my tent last night ! This is Ticonderoga ! I shall die to-day ! "—See Parkman's " Montcalm and Wolfe," Appendix li, where it appears that the story has been told in l.fi/endary Talet of the llighlinds, \iy Sir Thomas Dick Lauder : in the" Atlantic Monthly." 1H84, by Misstiordon Cumming; in "an English Magazine." not specified by Parknian. A metrical version of the same story, with " Cameron " for " Campbell," by U. L. Stevenson, is in Seribner'i Magazine for Decemlier, l«b7. Louislmury and Forts IhiqutHne and Frontenac. 1758. 71 lako jnst al)nvo tlio narrows, and on the niarcli towards Ticondcro^ra in four columns. Lany dint of severe labour to form a fortiiication with felled trees, in a zigzag line along the top of a ridge which ran across the neck of the peninsula, a defence well nigh impregnable t(» musketry. Aiu'rcromlne's artillery lay at the landing place, and he had force enough to bring it up, and, with it, knock the wooden breastwork int<) si>linters. lie left the guns where they lay. lie might have attempted the diflicult and dangerous, but still feasilde, plan of oulllanking the Freucli Ity passiug along the l(tw ground y sharpeiu'd lioujihs of trees pro- vided to that end ity the French ciijiincers. At last they fell hai-k. (h'clariiig the phiee imprcjinaliie. Ahercroiubio, safe at the saw mills, a mile and a-half awav. ordered a fresh attack. The soldiers oltcved. and fouiiht liallaiitlv, tierccly. for their l»l(Mid was up, hut vainly. At live o'clock a fresh attack was nuide l»y two Fnglish columns condtincd. So desperate was it that for u time Arontcalm's defences were in dauucr. Attack after attack was repulsed, to he aa'ain renewed ; the lliuhlanders, a force (U'ganized l»y IMtt. fouuht. as they always have dcme, splendidly ; here, their nuijor. Campltell of luverawe, found theuhostly warninu' justilied. and received his dealli wouiul. Captain ('ampl»ell and a few (»f his men succeeded in surmounting the l)reast- work. and were at once hayoneted by the French. The attack still continued, aiul. at six o'clock, another supreuu' ell'ort was made with as little success as the former one>. The Hnjilish loss in killed, wounded, and missinji' was LllH; that of the French, exclusive of Langy's detaclMuent, .'577. On the Dth duly, with IIJ.OKO men. still more than three to one of the French, and with cannon which he had not attempted to u.se, Ahercnmdiie re-endiarked his trocips and lied. Though at the place of oinharkation [lanic seems to have seized the IJritish troops, wh<» left hehiml a verombv." What a contrast was the cani|> on Lake (Jeorge uow, to the same but a few days belore. Then the troops were lull of hope and c(»nlident of victory ; now, they were depressed and disgusted, and cursed their wretched coin- &;*fe aM » w fc*wn!r»w" [^ Lonhftoimf and Forts DiK/uesnf' tind FroHtenac. 17.'j8. niaiitlcr, uikI with ri'iison. Here tlic rivalry iK'twccn tlic n-friilar aixl |>rn- viii»;ial ofliccrs and mon luul time l<> liiMl vent ; llic I'nriiicr treated tlie latter with iiet ; llie pniviiicials lielievliijr, witli sniiie reason, that they were at least as jrodd soldiers as the others, jri'^'sitly re- sented this treatment. " The ileporlnient of Ilritish otiieers in the seven years' war," writes I'arknian, •• no doiiUt had some part in hastening the revolntion." The regnlars in eanip were employed in destroying the siege works erceted by Montealm before Fort William Henry in il'u, the strictest diseipline was observed, and pnnisliments were fre(pient. Kever and dysentery broke ont, owing to l>ad food and negleet of sanitary nieasnres. and ilid its fatal work freely. Afany of the troops had been sent to the rear, and the English force on Lake George was eonsideraltly diminished. MeanwhileMontealm.atTieonderoga.was stidiigly reinforeed.antl 'et about strengthening his defences. He sentfriMpient war parlies to Imrassthe English, generally with success. Al»ercrond»ie ordered Jiogers, with his rangers, to retaliate. He did s(», i)ut falling into anandnish near Fort Anne, lost 49 men killed, and i'utnam and several others fell into the hands of the enemy. On the other hand, l{ogers' party killed more than 100 of the French and Indians. This all'air spoiled, if it did not altogether destroy, the appetite of the French war parties for lighting. But fortune was nnu-e favoiiralde to Hnglaml in other directions and under more able eommanth'rs. Mradstreel had long contem|)lated a descent upon Fort Frontenac (the modern Kingston), which lay dose to the point where the St. Lawrence flows out of I^ake Ontario, and woidd l»e, if marked on the map (m the horn, nearly under the left foot of the dccrslaycr dejticted thereon. The scheme was approved by Lcnidon and warndy sup|iorted l»y Ijord Howe, but Al)ercr()ndiie at first threw cold water upon it. At last however, he yielded, and gave llradstrcct 3,000 men to enable him to make the attempt. Bradstreet ascended the Mohawk from Albany and reached Oswego, which he found a wilderiu'ss. There, on the "J-nd August, he emi»arked his forces with the addition of some Onei(his, whom he persuaded with difficulty to join him, so much was their confuh'nce shaken by the Fnglish defeat at Ticon- dcroga, an(l at Uaystown (now Bedforch. Washington, who had Ix'en Iiusy in attempting in vain to protect the Iron- -er settlers from the French Indians, was now at Fort Cumberland, ami the question arose whether the advance should be by way of Fort Cumberland and ahing Uraihlock's old road, or whether a lu'w road sliouhl be nuide in a more direct way, further north through Pennsylvania. Washington was for the old road ; Forbes. Bouqui't, and Sir John Sinclair, the Quarter-nuister (ieneral, a foul-mouthee. Promises, lies. Ilaltcry. and cajolery were freely used bylioth sides, and there was a vast expenditure of the mysterious wampum. The English, by the exertions of Sir William Johnson and the Moravian Missionary, ("hristian Frederic Post, a brave and sim|)le-minded man, wh^» had great inlluence with the Uelawares, were suc- jH'ssful in the end.* * I'lMt, with lifritir ciiuruxi-. i-iitcrvd the liniiH' Ufii like aimthiT Duiiit-l, ('iii-i')it that hia uctioii hub voluntary. Whilt' with thi- Iniliiiiiii nt I'urt Duiiiicsnc the Krciioh ilciiiuiiili'd that hr iihouhl he givi'ii ii|i ti> them, aud, lu'iiift ri'fiiscd, cilfiTcil hirjte Towards for hiit sralji. Hi' |K'rtiiriiH'd u daiiniMnUB Sfrvico, iht- valiii' of which to Ihi* Kiigliih at that tiiiu-, can siir '•ly U' exaKgcratitl. I Louishoim/ mid FortK Duqnenne imd FroHtinac. 1758. t'xi Forltcs, wlio was wrctflictlly ill, ilies deserihes the <'(»uiilry as ••an iiniueiise iniiMhaliited wilderness, overjrrown everywhere with trees and iinishwood, so that nowhere can one see twenty yards." Uontpiet linilt Fort IJedlord at Itaystown, and advanced some forty miles to lioyalhannon Creek, where he formed another th-pot. In September .Major (Jrant, havinjr olttained the permission i>f l?on(|net, advanced with ahont Slid men, to strike a l»low which he hoped wonid dishearten the French. Marly in the niorniiiir of the I Ith. he was within a mile and a half of Fort Dntpiesne. and sent .Major Lewis with half the men to make a feij^ned attack, hopinir to draw the French onl of thelort. ami lead them int(»an aniluiscade which he had laid for them. lUit Lewis lost his way in lliedark and retnrned. Theidow had miscarried. (Jrant, iindcreslinialiMj? the French force, then sent a f(!W llijrhlanders to laini a Itnildinir . until the IliLdilaiidcrs were seized with a panic, ami rclrcatcil in disurdrr. Lewis, hearinir llic firiiiir, relnnu-d to aid (Jrant, Imt tonk a wroujr road and passed him. Rnllittand his Virs:iiii;His made a stout defence until two-lliirds of them were killed, and Ihereliy saved (Irant's force from massacre. (Jrant, Lewis, and some of their men were taken prisoners, and llic MiiLdish loss in killed, wouiiiled, and prisoners was 'll'.\ out of a total of .sl.'l. The rcmaiii- injj: "» It) reached Loyallianiion. This disastrous attempt had lieen matle without Forlie-;' knowiedj^e. and. Ihoujrh distressed, he bore the reverse bravely. The I'Veiicli followed jo Loyalhannoii, l»nt were iieatcn olF. They were in an awkward position. The destiiictioii of h'drt Fronlenac, and of the stores there, had left them in 76 AppenrlicuUe Historirte. want. Tiic liouisiaiia militia ai"l many of the Indian allies went their scvt'ral ways. Ligncris. comniantling at Fort Du(|nosni'. was ohligcd to send away most of his f(»r('i'S lu'caiisc lit' conld not fci'tl thom,and remained to hold the fort with a small garrison. The English were hardly better off. Had weather and heavy rains had reduced the ?iewroad to a deplorable eondition, their dnniglit eattle were half-starved and rapidly failing, and they had no means of bringing up fresh supplies when those at Fort Bedford and LoyaU hannon were eonsumed. Forbes lay, still siek, at Fort Bedford ; in the iK'ginning of November he was carried to Loyalhanuon. On the I8th November, 2,500 ehoseu men marehed upon Fort Ducpiesne, to within a day's march of which Washington and Armstrong had pushed a road. .U midnight, a heavy explosion was heard in the English camp from the direction of Fort Dminesne. It was Ligneris bh)wing up his defences. When the British force, advancing with caution, reached the place next day they found the enemy gone, the fort destroyed, and the barracks any General Stanwi.x in the following year. Captain West, a brother of Benjamin West, the artist, with a party of men went in search of the renuiins of Braddock's men, suc- ceeded in his ghastly (juest. and gave decent Iturial. in a common grave, to what was left of the victims of Bradihx'k's l>ravc pigheadedness. Lieutenant- Cohmel .Nh'rccr, with '20(» proviiu'ials, was left to protect Pittsburg. A stronger garrison was not possiI)le on account of the scarcity of provisions. The coniliict of this expedition rellccts the greatest credit tm F(trbcs. Wretchedly ill as he was,* his foresight, his successful dealing with the Indians, his Judicious delay, all proved him tc be a capable general, and his success was ,vell dcserv<'d. The niishaj) to Grant's party, was through no fault of his, as iic was ignorant of the plan, until its failure was reported to him. But as soon as his task was accomplished, his health rapidly became worse, and he died in Philadelphia in the foUowiug March. * "So far I had vrou- yiiii the 2i»l severe i)f all ilisteiiiiM'ra. I I'liiild proewil no further ; » « » 1 shall leave this "atMHiu a* 1 amuMe ti> stuiiil ; hut tioU kuownwheu.or if ever 1 reiicii I'hilailelphia." — Korhes's Letter refiortiug th-.- t-'aptiire of Kurt Du(|uesue. Louishourg and Forts DHquesni ami Front, nm\ 1758. 77 The campaign of 1758, coiuluctcd uiidn- the Miispiccs of l»itt, was tlic first hringiiis any success to the British arms in America. Of the four expeditions which constituted it, throe had heeu siu-ccssful ; Louishourg. Frontenuc, and Fort Duciuesne had fallen, and France was .lispossessed of Cy strongest fortress, of the key to Lake Ontario, and th,. con.n.and of the Ohio Valley. Stdl she held Ticonderoga on Lake rhamplain,an.l Niagara m Lake Ontario, with the smaller forts I»res(,u'isle, Le IJo,uf, and Venango. The wheel of Cortune was turning, and carrying England uj.ward. i 78 Appendictilte Historkue. ClIAI'TKK IX. NIAfJAKA, TlCOXDHKOdA AND QrKliKC. 17'.!». XX April. 17.'»!t. tlic Kiijrlisli jrarrisoiis in Armlin wen- clicrnMl Ity the news (if iiii irit('ii(l(Ml ('X|K'tliiinii ajrninst (^in'licc. I'itt, a ;r<»t>(l jiidjfc of nicii, luiil rliMscn •Inincs Wolfe to coiniiiaiKl, aixl had made liiiii a MaJoMitMicral. T' ,'('t, iiiidt'i' Admiral Saiimlors. sailed IVoiii Spithead on llie ITtli Kelinian. 17."»!l; twenty-two ships of the line, with IVijrates, sloops of war and many transports. The force nnder Wolfe, iiiclnding the American ron- tinjjients. amonnted t<» abont !).(Ml(l men. rather less than more, and, for various reasons, only three-fonrths of the nnmlter orijiinally contemplated. TnaltU' at first to enter lionislxinru- Harl»oiM\ which was liloekcd with ice, the licet took refuge at Halifax; Imt in May the whole force, except ten ships nnder Admiral Dnrell, which had ;ronc to the St. liawrence to cnt (tlV slii[is expected to arrive from France, was assemiiled at Louisltonrjr. and on the ni from Lake Ontario. Fvcry alilc- liodied man, every lioy strong enough to lift a gun to his shoulder, was called out. None vcrc to l»e left at home Imt the old, the sick, the women ami ehililrcn. The IJishop ( xhorted, repiovcd and warncil the people, uiid onh-rcd nuisses, prayers an enemy the braggart Vandreuil became subdued. Montcalm was supreme. He determined to remain in his strong position, and take no needless risks. Wolfe's best hope was in .Vndiersl. who was advancing against Ticnndernga, anplay, at an enormows cost. Wolfe, unable to draw the astute .Montcalm from behind his fortilications. seized the heights of Point Levi, opposite (^ia'l)ec, and established iiatierie.-> I 1 80 Appendicuhc Hisforiva, there. A force was sent by Moiitcalm to dislodge liiin, Imt (lie Kreiieh beeaiiK! demoralized Itelcn'e they were within striking distaiiee, ami returned ignoniiniously to (Quebec, having done no cxeeution exee|)t by three times in their trepidation firing <»n parties of their own friends. Wolfe's bombard- ment did great |>(»site Mt»ntcalni's fortified camp. On the 18th .luly, the Jtritish frigate "Sutherland," saih'd past the town and safely reached the river al»ove it, compelling Montcalm to send troo|»s from lieanport to guard the shore newly threatened. The " .Sutherland " was soon Joined by a licet of boats carried over Point Levi, and launched al)ove the town. On the 28tli, Vaiidreiiil sent a huge lire raft down the river, but the Knglish sailor.s grappled it and towed it ashore, where it burnt out harmlessly. On the ."Usl .Inly, Wolfe attacked .Montcalin's cam|» f»n the .Montmoreuei, but a premature rush l»y the (Jreiiadiers, who in their eagerness did not wait for orders, resulted in the repnlso of the Kiiglish with heavy loss. Wolfe retired, and the gallic cock cniwed and clappeil his wings, also prematurely. Wolfe, brave and determined as he was, began to despond. Tlis health, never strong, was i)reaking d(»wn under the strain tif an.viety, anil hope deferred. With a force too small for the gigantic task assigned to him, and which from the exigencies of the case he had to divide into al least four sections, he lay lielore the citadel, waiting and Imping in vain for help from .Vinhersl. from .lime t- • beginning of September. I bit while Wolle was thus eluifnig with impaticnc<> licfore t^biebec. the [•liiglish wen- bii.sy in otln ipi;irlers. I'illsbiirg was to be niiironed and vielnalled; ( >s\v«-!ro wa- In be reiiuill. Niagara to l»e liiken, and an adsance to be made into t wiuda, l»y way of Tjedntleroga and Lake <'liani|>laiM. Amherst, the ( .>mmandcr-iii-hief. himself tonk the coiidutl of llie last expedition. With 11, <)()(> men he reached Lake (ieorgc at the end of .IniU'. and began to biiihl Ki>rt tirorge on the site (»r the eiitreiiehed eaiiip outside the ill-fated Korl Willinm Henry. On the "Jlsl .Inly he eniliaiked l.>r 'rieonderogn. I5iiiiilama(|iie. the Kreiieli commany seizing (Jswego, to cut (»lf I'ridcanx. lint he was re|»uiscd. Prideaux i cached Niagara, which was comman(U'd l)y Pouchot, while another fort called Little Niagara, a l»out a mile and a half higher up the river, was heltl by .loncaire-Chaliert. a half-breed. Joncaire l)urned his fort and Joined i'ouchoi in Fort Niagara. Prideaux opened the siege in form, and was almost immediatelv killed by tiie accidental bursting of one of his own iruns. .lolin- son succeeded to the command, and vigorously Itomltarded the French fort. .\ul»ry and ijigneris, with L.'t(K) men, were on their way from Prcstprislc to succour Pouchot. Put the Knglish met them on the way, routed them, and cut them to pieces. The survivors lied, burned Pn's<|n'isl('. Le Pccnf. and Venango, and retreated to Detroit. .\s soon as Powclioi liatl salislied liimsrlf of the full extent ol this disaster, he surren cvai'iiiilcil till' fiii'ti'css, Ik' rlial');iMl all till' iiiiMtai'S. ^iiiis iiiiiiiki'ts. i( i'.. up li> ■■ till' vi'iv iiiiizzlc)!. with powilci' and slml. fixing |Kir; I'nsrcs to llirir vi'iit>, ami tlicii si'ltiiijr liii' Ii> tlicliiiililiiigs •• of till' fort, left it : which iimili' it illl|lll^^illll■ li. appn ." Ii It witlunit (zreat iluiipi r : Imt a siTjioaiil nf rcjiiilurs "iU'>iri'ii till' tii'Ui'ial's iK'riiii»«iiiii to iiit tlowii thi' ooionrn. wliioh wnrthi'ti tljiiin amoiinst thi'Haiiii's. ami tuiiij: ' iHTiiiittt'il. hi- hroiight thoiii oftnafi'. for wliii'h lit' wuh n'wunliil with li>ii giiiiit'us. "-('oiiipU'ti' UiMory of tin- War. I7il». M 82 Apptnd'u'.alte Hintorieie. descend the St. liawrciicc niul attack the Krciicli |m»sIs oii tliat river. IJut Oafje |»niilciitly cuiisidcrcil the |»nijcct iiii|iracticalilc and so rcportctl. I^)ni-|ania*ine was an.xionsly expecting an attack troni .Vndierst, at tlio Isle anx N'oix. liut the wcallu'r had ln'oken, and wlien Ainlierst at hist eni- l)arked. he was driven to take shelter in Liji'onicr Uay, and successive storms luid severe frosts deterniiMcd iiim not to persist in Ins advance, .\ndierst luid lieen succcssl'id so tar as he had might have at once followed \ip the retreating French. i>ut he was dilatory, and, when Fortune luid favoured his arms, he was not reaily to take the further gifts she olVered. .Major Rogers, with his rangers, was sent in Septemlicr against the .MuMiakisat St. Francis, .\rriving safely at the north end of Lake Champlain he idd his iioats anti marched for St. Francis. His lioats were discovered l>y the enemy, and a party of MM) French started in pursuit of him. He iletermincd to push on, and outstripping his pursuers, surprised St. Francis, slew 2(10 hulians, took sonii' prisoners, and l)urncil the town. Unt the French were hard on his heels. .Many of the hlnglish were killed nr taken, others died of luiuger and exhaustion, and the rest, in<'ludiug Uogers, with great (llllieulty. reached the Fuglish settlenu-nts. Wolfe meanwhile, weary of wailing and fearing tiu' eU'ects of the winter, had Iteen cudgi'lling his Urains for a plan of attack olVering a hope of success. With his own eyes In' had niarkeil a cove, still known as Wolfe's Cove, on the river aliove the town, at the foot of the Heights of .Mirahani. iVom which a zigzag, narrow path <;limlH'd the precipitous dill". He couM see thai there was a snudi French post at the head of the path, lait il(>termined that this shoulil lie his road. He hail now a small Meet under Admiral Holmes aliove the town, and [{oiigainville. with l..'»()(l men had Iteen delaelieil i>y .Mont- <'alm to watch the shores. Wolfe c:irrie(| out his desperate plan with patient caution. He used every nu'ans to deceive the enemy as to his real purp(»se, and on the night of the I'ith Se|(temlier all was in readiness. His inteidion was, with less than .1. ()()() nu'U, to elindi the Heights of .Miraham. to defend which Montcalm could luing twice the nundter. Foi'tune favours the liohl. ami this was eertiiinly so ii, Wolle's case. Bougainville aliove the town had Iteen led to ex|»ect an attack Aitit/tira, Tiron(/iro(/(i iind iiutlnv. 17''>0, 83 upon liiinsrlt'; Ailiniral Saiiiidcrs Ih'Iuw tlic (own ilcccivcd .Mniitciiliii liy u tt'i<^tUMl:ittii<'lv oil lU'iiupurt. X(» FrcnchinaiHlrcaiiu'il of the real point ainiccl at. TIk' night was dark, ami Wolfe's lioats. tlrit'tinir without sail or oar down th(> river with the tide, wore, if seen at all, niistak<'n \\\ the Kreneli lor their own liuats, whieh ol'toa used to hring down supplies in this silent and seeret manner. Vergor, in eoininany Levis, from Mniitrcal. and at his iiistiec. which followed the letters in a few days. • .Miintciilm's cpitapli in \hv Church of the Au);iis|invs in »,>iiel)fo i-oiu'liidis thii« : — ■ Mf IVII in iln- tiril •• rank, in tin.' first nnsi't. «itli tlinsi' Iiii|h>s iit' rilittion which hi- liuci alwa>s chfrishi'il. to ihc inrx|iri>viMi' luss of '• liis i)«n arniv. ami nut wilhdiit ri'pri't (if Ihr rncniy's, ,\1V. Sc|itcinlH'r, .\.l>. .M|)C('M\.. "f liis wfv Xl.Vill. " Ili» ni'i'pin); oouiitrynii'n cl>'|) eampaijin •■ which renniins, shall he employed las far as I am able' for the honour of his Majesty, and the interest of the •' nation. " Jtc— Wolfe to I'itt. Sept. 2. I'.iy. t IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) <° C*'^ 1.0 I.I IM 111^ 111^ I: 1^0 1 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 < 6" — ► % m % '<3 r ^T ^V o> '/ /A Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 h. 'i?.r C/u (/f. ^ I i AVO raiNCIEAX, SKCRBTARY OF STATE ks DErENCKJt of 'Ql'EBEC Jiatleriurt N?ttf Oufl-. Afori A. The ^i/aM y c b. n/ iJfr^y en Jiar6e£tt. . Hd . J C . SajJorr fe/ip . . . ' - / ■ ■'^ \>.The BiHipitat . . «.- .*> \\. A Xtjv fiat6E»y it/er //U jt^y poinicd thrv 7>h,i^ ""TI i*^- '^^^' "*■ '''"^ '*'*^<"^«'vvin *! -^^ - -^■-y«^.^"'2Y-%-y^ i\ % ^sl '■■■■>i «ai "t \\^ Ap))ethdwjJ,T Jlisfnr-icfv I'lnf/i W Paitofthe Ifp/ierRiver of STLaurf.k'ce 1760, Montreal. 17G3, Treaty of Paris. 85 Chaptek X. 1760, MONTREAL. 1763, TREATY OF PARIS. gRIGADIER MURRAY was left in command of the ruined Quebec. The British fleet sailed away while it might, Ijefore the winter should seal the waters of the St. Lawrence. Murray established fortified posts at Old Lorette on the St. Charles River, and at Sainte Foy, on the north bank of the St. Lawrence. The remainder of the troops were withdraNvn from their camps to the shelter of the walls, for the winter. In November the French ships whicli had gone up the St. Lawrence out of reach of the British to Batiscan, and otLer places above Que))ec, attempted to escape by descending the river. Seven or eight succeeded and four failed. The French harassed the English outposts and there were fre(iueiit skirmishes at Lorette, Point Levi, Calvaire, near St. Augustine and other places, in which the English were uniformly successful. Rumours that Levis was coming to retake Quebec had been heard ever since the English had been in possession of It, and, m fact, that capable officer was making great preparations at Montreal to that end. On the 27th of April, 17• la Galctta," '' Fort Frontenac," "Frontignac Lake" (L. Ontario), Niagara and the great Fall.* The Hudson is strangely misdrawn, and the ^fohawk is not shown at all. There is a notable " :Map of the IJritish Empire in Anu'rica, with the French and Spanish Settlements adjacent thereto," by Henry Poi»ple, 1733. It is on a large scale, in 20 sheets. M. Bellin, in an introductory chapter on his own maps, prefixed to the 3rd vol. of Charlevoix, 1744, says of this map, ' Comme cette Carte est a plus grand point et plus detaillee, " qu'aucune autre ; beaucoup des personnes I'ont regardee ccmme un bon " Ouvrage, auquel on pourroit avoir (lueliiue confiance ; mais il s'en faut " bien, que cela soit ainsi, et je la i)rouvcrai dans la suite." It was this M. N. Bellin, marine engineer and hydrographer, who pre- pared the numerous maps for Charlevoix's History of New France, 1744, in which work they will be found. They are in considerable detail. He put)- lished a new set in 1745, the first set l)eing considered by the French King too favourable to the British claims. When Shirley, at the Boundary Con- ference at Paris in 1750, taxed Bellin with the alterations, the latter did not * There is an inset view of '• The CtUaract of Xiagara, some make Ihit waterfall to be half a league, others reckon it not more than a hundred fathom.i," This is combined with "A view of y' Industry of y Jieavers of Canada in making Dams, .jc," whicli is very droll ; the heavers, which must have been of a kind certainly now extinct, mostly walk erect on their hind legs, some of them using their circular tails like hods to carry huge cakes of clay, others bearing timber on their shoulders as men might do. The artist had however, no intention of being comic. The map also contains a note as to the I'ostal arrangements of the day, " The Western Post setts out from Philadelphia every Frydag, leaving letters at liui lington and Perth Ambog, and arrives at New York on Sun,iag night ; y' distance, between Philadelphia and New York being lOG mile-i. The post goes out eastward every Monday morning from New York, and arrives at Seabrook, Thursday noon, being 150 miles, where the post from Boston setts out at the same time; the New York Post returning with the eastern letters, and y Jioaton Post with the western, ^c." 94 AppendiculiB Historicie. M h attempt to defend them, but only said, smiling, " We in France must follow the commands of the Monarch." liellin devotes the chapter above quoted principally to the glorification of his own maps, and the depreciation of Popple's ; he treats more gently the errors in De L'isle's map of 1722, and acknowledges his obligations to the English survey of Hudson's Bay made by Middleton in 1741 ; aiul, referring to the information derived from Charlevoix, says that that Reverend Father travelled " partout la boussole a la main." In 1755, one Lewis Evans, a veritalde Chevey Slyme, pul)lishe(l a pam- phlet and a mop, which were fiercely attacked in the public press as unduly favouring tlie French pretensions. The attack produced a second pamphlet, in a great measure directed against li^hirley, and a second nuip, in 1756. These incidents are only mentioned as instances of the jealousy with which the publication of maps was watched at the time, and the jjolitical uses attempted to be made of them. The map was republished several times, and last in 177(i, with considerable additions l)y Grovcrnor Pownall. This edition was accompanied by an important toi»ographical description of the parts included in the map, by Pownall.* "The extent of British claims is best shown on two maps of the time, Mitchell's ' Map of the British and French Dominions in North America,' and Huske's 'New and accurate Map of North America^" writes Parknum. Dr. John ^ntchell's map is dated in 1755. It is larger and more in detail than Moll's nmp, and contains a note throwing scorn on the latter, and attributing to it the serious errors in '' our many new mai)s, copyed from a newmapof^o\'A'^(:o\\'A,copyedfrom Popple and D'Anville." Mitchell acknowledges his obligations to Chabertf and Bellin, and winds up thus : — " In short we do not find a single spot hardly Justly laid down in these our " new maps of Nova Scotia, although they were rightly laid down formerly " by De L'Isle and others. We are so far from improving then in the * Evans published his first map in 1749. The map of 1755, bore a fulsome dedication to Thomas Pownall, for which, his enemies said, he paid handsomely. Pownall was at this time a pushing young man of some ability, and great ambition. Shirley was the first to give him a helping hand, which kindness was requited by the most hitter enmity on Pownall's part as soon as he was able to stand alone. Evans was his tool and toady, and, in his second pamphlet, attacked Shirley in a scurrilous way. By the judicious and unscrupulous appropriation of other men's labours, and his own application. Pownall achieved success, attaining to the Governorships of Siass. and New Jersey. The map and topographical account published in 1776, are most valuable. t Chabert's surveys used by Mitchell, were made in 175l>. Tabula Cornea. 95 " Geography of America that we see it made tvorse and worse, i>fc " In a note to Hiuith's - History of Now York," 2a(l Ed., is the followin..- - " Among the English (maps) Dr. Mitcliell's is the only autheiitie one exh.nt. "None of the rest, concerning America, have passed under the examination "or received the sanction of any public board; and for this reason ought " not to be construed to our prejudice. Add, that they generally copy from " the French." Many of the places on the Horn Map, are shown on Mitchell's map. Fort Edward appears as " Fort Lyman," the River Oswc^at- clue IS called also - Chouagatchi." That part of the St. Lawrence UoUvovn Montreal and Lake Ontario or Cataracpii, is called the "River of the Inupiois or Catarakui," a name then recently altered in French maps of the time, for political reas(Mis, to River St. Lawrence. Lake Erie has the alternative name of " Lake Okswego " ; the French Forts at I>res(,u'isle, Le Heeuf, Venango, Duiiuesne and Sandusky are shown and describe,; as "the Forts' lately usurped by the French."* The scale is rather less than 30 miles to the inch. The claims of England westward as far as the Pacific are, as in most Enolish maps of the i)eri()d, asserted in this. John Huskef in his pamphlet entitled • "The present state of North America," 2nd Ed., 1U5, after referring to the French geographers, writes :—" However, to i)oint out the Mistakes, or "rather designed Ei-roachmcnts, of the Maps of America pui)lished in " France, of late years, by Authority, would be almost to copy the whole of " them. Therefore it must give every Briton great pleasure to see our "countryman, Dr. Mitchel, F.R.S., detecting their Mistakes and designed " Encroachments, and almost wholly restoring us to our just Rights and Pos- " sessions, as fur as paper will admit of it, in his 'most daborate and "excellent map of AWth America .just published, which deserves the " warmest thanks and countenance from every good si-bjcct in His Majesty's " Dominions." Huske's map, which appears in Douglass's Summary of North America, 2nd Edit., 1700, has a scale of 135 miles to the inch, and is dated 1755. It is entitled " A new and accurate :\rap of North America (wherein the ernu-s * After •■ C. or Pt. nich." on the ccuit of Newfoumlland is the followbg quaint Edition, •• ,vluch i, t^„t nf all the tale French Map, a, if there uws no meh place, secminyly became it U (he JJounds of their I'riri/eae of Fi,hina .chich extends, from hence A'lh. round to C. Bonavista." This is in allusion to clauseXIII.of the Treaty of Utrecht t This pamphlet is attributed by Drake to LUis Huske, the father of John lluske. I }^a^,^ followed Sabin. ]\ ■ .;■ i niii {)G AppendicultB HistoriccB. " of all |)reccding British, French and Dutch Maps, respecting the rights of " Great Britain, France and Spain, and the Limits of each of His Majesty's " Provinces, are corrected)," and it is inscribed to the Hon. Charles Towns- hend. It includes within the province of New York, the five great lakes and all the country west of them between the parallels 40' ani 49' N. lat. The British Provinces are distinguished by colors, and certain uncolored spaces within their boundaries denote the French encroachments. The larger terri- tories claimed by the French are included between red lines. A note states that " the Limits of the Massachusetts P?*o?;i»ce with New York, Connecticut " with New Y''ork, New York with New .fersey, and Pennsylvania with " Maryland are not yet finally determined owing to some ambiguity in the " description of the territory of y' several grants, and to the tedious and " expensive progress such disputes are always attended with." The first edition of "Douglass's Summary," published in 1755, was furnished with a map by D'Anville. Huske, in his pamphlet (luoted above, speaking of the assistance rendered to the su|)port of the French claims by erroneous books written and maps drawn by British subjects, says of Douglass, " and with "respect to limits between us and the French in general, and oi Nova Scotia " in particular, he is very erroneous." The criticism appears to have been so far effective that Douglass employed the critic himself to prepare the map for the second edition. The important map of " Canada Louisiane et Terres Angloises " by Le Sieur D'Anville is also dated in 1755. It is upon this survey that many of the subsequent English maps are avowedly founded. The scale is about 45 miles to an inch. It gives to Albany the alternative name of " Orange," and the memoir which accompanies the map explains that " Co lieu " d'Albani conserve parmi nous le nom d'Orange, tpie lui avoieut donn^ les " Hollandois, dans le tems qu'ils occupoient ce pays sous le nom de Nieuw- " Nederland, on de Nouveau Pays Bas, &c." Wood Creek (Champlain) is called " R. d'Orange." The St. Lawrence between Ontario and Montreal is called " Fl. S. Laurent." The itolitical significance attached to the names used is shown by the following extract from Shirley's address to the Grand Council of War convened at New York for settling the operations for 1750, " that the Lake Ontario was only accessible to the Canadians, thro' the river " Cadaracqui, formerly called l)y the French Fleuve Iroquois ; but in their " late maps, calculated to countenance their exorbitant claims, distinguished ^^hphmiip Tabula Cornea. 97 "by the name of St. Lawrence." Lake Oneida is called " Lac Techeroguon," and the river flowing from it to Oswego is " Choueglien R." The Genessoe is the " Casconchiagon R." The French forts south of Lake Erie appear. There is a large scale inset map of the St. Lawrence, a reduction of which will be found on Plate X. The "Carte des Possessions Angloises et Frangoises du Continent de L'Amerique Septentrionale," 1755, fr.iiu " L'Atlas Methodiiiue," on a scale of about 100 miles to the inch, shows very clearly, by colors, the English and French colonies and the territories in dispute lietween them. According to this map, the French claimed everything south of the St. Lawrence, which lay north and west of an irregular line, starting from the eastern shore of Lake Ontario, a few miles north of Oswego, and running eastward south of Lake George nearly as far as the Connecticut River, then running north-east to about 45° 30" N. Lat., then east again to May A\'rte in Nova Scotia. An English map pul»lished in 1755, entitled "Anew and accurate .Map of "the English Empire in North America representing their rightful claim as "confirmed by charters, and the formal surrender of their Indian friends. "Likewise the encroachments of the French and the several Forts tiiey have '^' unjustly erected therein, Ry a Society of Anti-(;allicans," my copy ofwiiich is printed on silk, is identical as to scale and outline with the last, and only differs from it in its colouring, and language, and, slightly, as to its western extent. According to " A AFap of the Rritish and French settlements in Nortli America," undated, but obviously of this period, the English regarded as French encroachments tlieir possession of anything south of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa, and East of Lake Michigan, the Illinois River and the Mississippi. On Governor Pownall's map of the province of New York, 177(1, in Jeftery's American Atlas, the triangular tract between the Mohawk, Lake Ontario and the St. Lawreiu-e, anortion of this map is given on Plate VIII. I*' Tabula Cornea. Sectiox II. NEW YORK TO CHAMBLY. (Plates V., VI. & VII.) New York (Plate V.) is built on Manhattan Island*, which is about fourteen miles long by two broad. As to the derivation of the name " Man- hattan " there has been much disinite. Schoolcraft and others derive it from the Indian expression Mon-a-tou which is supposed to refer to the whirlpool of Ilellgate. Weise thinks it a corruption of the French " Manant " = " such a one as dwels where he was borne " (Cotgrave, 1G50). There are al)out fifty wrys of spelling the word. The Dutch were the first to trade to Manhattan in IGIO. In 1G13 they had built a lew hnts there. In November of the same year, Captain Argal of Virginia, returning from his descent on St. Sauveur, Maine, visited Manhattan, and forced Corstiaeusen, the Dutch Superintendent, to acknow- ledge the King of England and the Governor of Virginia as his deputy, and to agree to pay tribute. Whether only " post hoc," or also " propter hoc," o!i the 27th March, 1U14, ''the Assembly of the High and Mighty Lords States General of the United Netherlands " issued an Edict, giving to those who might discover new lands, the exclusive privilege of nuddng six voyages thither. Encouraged by this, some merchants of Amsterda-^ ' Hoorn'fitted out five ships, commanded by skii^pers Jande Witt, Thuys V - aen, Adriaen Block, Ilendrick Corstiaeusen, and Cornells Jacobsen Mey, to explore the " Gr^ at River of the Manhattans." The three latter are the more notable of the l"'ve skipners named. The result of the expeditio i was the formation of * a tlistincti.m is nmilc by the moilein .Muiihuttuiiuse heiwixn • Miinliattau Island " and "tlie Island of .^lanhatfin." The fonuer term applies only to a small distriet near Corlaer's Hook; the latter to the whole Is'uud Tabula Cornea. 99 " tlie United New Notherlands roni])any." The Fort on Manlmttan and a stockaded trading house at the head of the navigation of the Hudson, on an island just below the site of Modern Allmny, were erected by the Company. This Company's privilege exi)ired on the 1st June, ICIS, and they tried in vain to get it renewed. In IGIC Captain Coriielis Hendricksen, employed l>y the Comjjany, delivered to the Coinijany and to the States General a report, whicli was accompanied )>y the map of which a facsimile is given by O'Callaghan, as stated elsewhere. In 1(J18 Ilemlrick Eelkins, Adriaen Jans Kngel and other members of the N.X. Company obtained permission to make a voyage. About this time the English nonconformists, driven l)y persecution to take refuge in Holland, )>ut not contented with the soil or climate, cast their eyes towards America, and intinntted to the (\)mpany the desire of some of them to go there. The Company put the i)roposition before tlie States General, i»ointing out its advantages, in the way of spreading the true and pure Christian religion and of forestalling the English occu])ation of the country, and the great importance of the territory, on account of the (puintity of tindter there f' iii)buil(ling and other purposes, '-when the AVest India Comi)any • .. oc formed." The States General refused to entertain the i)etition. The first enduring Charter was that granted to the Dutch West India Company .'h-d June, 1621. In 1024 Peter Minuits was appointed Director (.f the New Xetherlands. In 1()25 the Company bought the Islaml of .Manhattan from the "wild men" for sixty guilders (about £5), and on the (itii June in that year the first child of Eurojiean parentage, Sarah de Kappelje, was born in the Colony. In 10;i;{, IVter :\Iinuits was succeeded l)y AVouter Van Twiller, with the title of Director General ; AVilliam Kieft followed in 1()37, and, in 1(J47, the last and best of the Dutch Governors, the sturdy Peter Stuyvesant, took the post and liehl it till the arrival of the English in 1G()4. The Dutch carried on a lucrative trade, principally in furs and tobacco, and, greatly appreciating the Indian art of smoking, consoled themselves for their expatriation by its constant use. Few incidents of note occurred to disturb the (luietude of their existence. One of these was a ])rutal and treacherous massacre of Algonipun Indians by order of Governor Kieft, a wanton crime whicli utterly discredited him in the eyes of his people ; o2 ! RiRS«^ii9en"Pavi«PiP«wi«ai 100 Appenclicuhe HistoriccB. aiiotlier was the surprise and eapture of the Dutch Fort Casimir ou the Dehiware (South River), by the Groveruor of the Swedish Fort Christiua, a few miles above it on the same river, in 1754. In the following year Stuy- vesant re-captured Fort Casimir, reduced Fort Christina and annexed New Sweden to the Dutch Colony. The Dutch had gone to North America, in disregard of the protest of the English King, and while they were phlegnmtically smoking their pipes and minding their own business in contented security, the restless New Eng- landers were pushing forward their frontiers and encroaching on the lands which the Dutchmen claimed as their own. When the danger became too a])parent to be any longer ignored, Stuyvesant endeavoured by remonstrance to induce the English to retire, or at all events to come no further, but with- out avail. Ag we have seen, the English had never abandoned their claim to the territory. James I. had included it in his grant to the London (\)mpany in iUOG, called it New Albion, and actually appointed Edward Langford Governor, but the Dutch settlement, nevertheless, was made by his tacit permission. Troubles in England caused the Dutch to be left practically undisturbed until after the Restoration, when, in 1G64, Charles II. made a grant of a large tract of North America, including the New Netherlands, to his brother, the Duke of York and Albany, and gave effect to it by sending Sir Robert Carr and Colonel Richard NicoUs to take possession. When the English fleet lay off the t(»wn, Stuyvesant gallantly used every endeavour tt) rouse his countrymen to fight in defence of their own. But the Dutchmen would not be roused, and in spite of their Governor, surrendered New Amsterdam on the 27th August, 1GG4, and it became New York. Most of the Dutch Burghers stayed (piietly on and accepted the change of masters with philosophy. The brave Stuyvesant retired into the country, and sulked with dignity for the remainder of his days. After the capture of New York by the Dutch in 1673, during the Governor- ship of Lovelace, and its restoration to England in 1G74, Charles made a new grant to the Duke of York by letters patent, dated 1G74. The town was incorporated under Col. Dongan's Governorship in 1G8G. A second and more ample charter under Lord Cornliury's Governorship was granted in 1708, and a third and final one, under Governor Montgomery in 1730. Before the Revolution the Commander-in-chief had been only Lieutenant- i ./ Tabula Cornea. 101 Governor, the Duke of York being the principal Governor by patent ; but after the abdication of James 11., the property and government reverted to the Crown, which was directly represented by the Governor, whose title became " Captain-General and Governor-in-chief in and over the province " or Colony of New York and territories thereon depending, and Vice- " Admiral of the same." Denton, writing in 1G70, says : " Tliat tract of land formerly called The " New Netherlands, doth contain all that land which lieth in the North parts " of America, betwixt New-England and Mary-land in Virginia, the length " of which Northward into the Countrey, as it hath not been fully discovered. " so it is not certainly known. The bredth -)f it is about two hundred miles." " New York," he adds " is built mo.' t of lirick and Stone and covered with " red and black Tile, and the Land being high, it gives at the distance a " pleasing Aspect to the Spectators." The Eev. John Miller, describing the town (as distinguished from the province) of New Y^ork, in lG9o, says the part within the fortifications "is " not in length or breadth above two furlongs, and in circumference a mile." " The form of it is triangular, having for the sides thereof the west and north " lines, and east and south for its arched basis. The chief place of strengtli " it boasts is its fort situated on the .south-west angle, which is reasonably " strong and well provided with ammunition, having in it about ;]8 gnus. " Mounted on the basis likewise, in convenient places, are three batteries of " great guns, one of 15 called Whitehall Battery, one of o l)y the Stadthouse. " and the third of 10 by the Burgher's Path. On the north-east angle is a " strong blockhouse and half moon, wherein are six or seven guns ; this part "buts on the river, and Is all along fctrtilied with a sufficient liank of earth. " On the north side are two large stone points, and therein about 8 guns. " some mounted and some unmounted. On the northwest angle is a block- " house, and on the west side two hornworks which are furnished with some "guns () or 7 in number. This side buts upon Hudson's River, has a bank " in some places 20 fathoms high from tiie water, by reason whereof, and a * The cliaitiM- liiiiils of the city now iiiclmle, k'sides Alanhuttan, Governor's, Beilloe's, and Kills Islaiiiis in New York Hay, Blackwells. Ward's and Uandall's Islands in the East Itiver. and a considerable ilistrict on the mainland, an aggregate area of ahout •.'li,riiMj acres, of which about H.tKMi are on Manhattan and Vim) on the mainland, 'J'he county of N.Y. is co-extensive with the city. Itedloe's Island which formerly stood Fort Wood, is now occupied by Bartholdi's colossal statue of Liberty.'' —^i—— 102 AppcniHculce Historicee. " stockado strengthened with a bank of earth on the inside, which also is on " the north side to the landward, it is not easily assailable." ■Speaking of the province the same writer says: "The nnndier of in- " haltitants in this province arealiout 13,000 families whereof almost one-half " are natnrally Dnteli, a great part English and the rest French." Of these about 850 were in New York, 300 in Kingston and Ulster connty, of winch Kingston was the chief town, and 400 to 500 in Albany. ^[iller gives a plan of New York* showing the chapel in the fort, the Dntch Calviuist, Dntch Lntheran, and French Cluirches, the Jews Synagogue, iinil "the ground proper for l)uilding an English Church," on which Trinity Church was built in 1rincipal exports were, all the various kinds of skins, sugar, logwo(.d anart separated by a " stockado from the rest, and strengthened with a I dock-house and a horn- " work, wherein are about six guns." Dr. Miller also gives a plan of the town and fortifications. Albany. — Hudson, in the '' Half-moon," exi)lored the Hudson nearly as far as the site of Albany, in 1()09.* In 1014 the Dutch Company erected a fort on Castle Island, a little below the present city, but this being destroyed or greatly damaged by a freshet in 1(518, they removed further south, and built a fort on a hill, called by the Indians Tawassgunshee, on the banks of Tawalsontha Creek (Norman's Kill). In 1G23 Fort Orange was erected on * Smith, referring to Stitli, Douglass, Oldniixoii and other English writers, and contradicting Charlevoix, }?ives the date of Hudson's voyage as 1608. Hut O'Callaghan, after noticing that Hudson was engaged in 16(17 and 1608 in seeking a north-west passage, gives the date of his sailing from the Texel as the 6th April, I60a, and of his anchoring off Sandyhook as 4 Sept., 160!». Montanus also says the voyage was made in 1609. ll Tabula Cornea, 107 the left bank of the Hudson, a few miles further north, and close to the site of Albany. In 1630 several tracts of land on both sides of the Hudson, extending from Haver Island, at the mouth of the Mohawk, to below Fort Orange, were bought of the native proprietors for Kiliaen van Rensselaer ; the land purchased was twenty-four miles long by forty-eight wide. An associa- tion, with Van Rensselaer as patroon, was formed for the administration of Rensselaerswyck. In 1633, Captain Trevor, in the English ship " William," having on board as supercargo Jacob Jacobs Eelkins, who had formerly been for four years in command of the Dutch fort on Castle Island, arrived at New Amsterdam, intending to proceed up the Hudson to trade with the Indians. Van Twiller refused permission. The English Captain, claiming that the country belonged to his King, went without leave. Arrived at Fort Orange, he began to trade, but the Dutch destroyed the English camp, weighed the "William's " anchor, and, with three Dutch ships, escorted her to Manhattan. This was the fn-st English ship which saileil up the Hudson as far as the site of Albany.* Meanwhile the Dutch Company had riuarrelled with its patroons on the subject of the fur trade, and this domestic dissension was increased by an open difference between the Director General and the clergyman at New Amsterdam. Besides these difficulties, tiiere was also trouble with the Indians. The New Netherlands was beginning to get into hot water. " Thirteen days after the surrender ol" New Amsterdam, a detachment "was sent under Col. Nicholls to reduce Orange Fort, which he easily " accomplished, and called it New Albany, from the Duke of York's Scotch " title, and so the whole country fell into the hands of the English." (Oldmixon in Notes to Dentim.) Denton's mention of New Albany has been already cpioted. Dr. Miller writes :— " As this city (New York) is the chief place of defence " against t hose enemies who come by sea, so Albany is of principal con- *Iii the same year .lacol. Corlacr purchased a tract of land about sixty square miles in extent, on the Connecticnt, near Hartford, from the Indians, for '• one piece of duffels, twenty-seven ells lonjr, six axes, six kettles, "eighteen knives, one swordblade, one shears, and some toys," and erected there a fortified trading post, which he called " The House of (iood Hope," This was of course, from the English point of view, an encroachment on nritish territory. The Governor of Itoston notified to Van Twiller tliut the territory had been granteil by the King of (ireat Itritain to sundry of his subjects. Meanwhile, some of the New I'lymouth colonists had ascended the Connecticut, passed the Dutch fort, aiul formed a settlement above it. 'l"he Dutch protested, but without avail, and a force sent by them to dislodge the English, l)eing met by a determined front, retire«l without fighting, p2 108 Appencliculce Historicte. P " sidenition against those who come by land, the French and Indians of " Canada. It is distant from New York 150 miles, and lies up Hudson's " River on the west side on the descent of a hill from the west to the eastward. " It is in circumference about 6 furlongs, and hath therein about 200 houses, " a fourth part of what there is reckoned to be in New York. The form of it " is sei)tangular, and the longest line that which buts upon the river running " from the north to the south. On the west angle is the fort ; quadrangular, " strongly stockadoed and ditched round, having in it 21 pieces of ordnance " nionntod. (3n the north-west side are two block-houses, and on the south-west " as many : on the south-east angle stands one block-house ; in the middle " of the line from thence northward is a horned work, and on the north-east " angle a mount. The whole city is well stockadoea round, and in the several " fortifications named are about 30 guns. Dependent on this city, and " about 20 miles to the northward from it, is the Fort of Scanectade, quad- " rangnlar, with a treble stoekado, a new block-house at every angle, and in " each block-house two great guns ; and Nestigayuna, and the Half-moon ; " l)laces formcrl}' of some account, l)ut now deserted. On this city also '* depends the Fort at the Flats, four miles from Albany, belonging to the " River Indians." He gives plans of Albany and of the forts at Scanectade (Schenectady) and the Flats. Kalm gives a long account of Albany, and amongst other things, mentions that from half a Ijushel of maize sown there, they reaped 100 bushels ; that from one bushel of wheat they got twelve, and, " if the soil be good," twenty bushels ;* that the wheat flour from Albany was reckoned the best in all North America, excei)t that from Sopus or King's Town, and that, at New York, Albany flour fetched several shillings per cwt. more than that from other places. The water was no better than that at New York, and Kalm found * In a note to O'Callaghim. it appears that, about 1 fi4(l, wheat was raised off one 6elil in Rensselaerswjck eleven years in succession. The land was ploughed twelve times during that period ; twice the first and once every succeeding year, when the stubble was ploughed and the wheat sown and harrowed under. Morse, writing in 171)1!. says that N.Y. was at least half-a-century behind her neighbours in New Kngl.. N..(. and I'a.. in [mint of improvement in agriculture and manufactures, and gives as reasons, among others, the want of enterprise of the inhabitants, and the cheapness nut! i-»".:::;isiicc of land. " So long," he writes, " as the farmer in N.Y. can have " fill acres of land to raise 1 ,IM),I I isfieJs of wheat, he will never trouble himself to fiud out how he can raise the "same quantity upon half th' 'm.'. . Thij p^ipears to tic the great reason why the lands on the Uela- * ware aiul Connectic't ! ■ ) .-, ! o thi fnrnier twice as much clear profit, as lands in equal quantity and •• of the same quality '■'. ; >U oi." Tabula Cornea. 109 it full of living organisms. He and his servant snffered from drinking it ; but the Albanians said the}' did not feel the least inconvenience from it. It does not appear whether it was their staple drink.* Albany was situated on the declivity of a hill, close to the river. There were two churches in it, a Dutch and an English, the Dutch church had a steeple, the English had neither steeple, service, nor minister, at the time of Kalm's visit ; but as all the people, except the garrison, understood Dutch, it mattered little. The other steeple shown on the Horn Map is accounted for by the Town Hall, a fine stone building, three stories high, with a steeple, bell, and a gilt ball, and a vane at the top. Some of the houses were built of stone, and roofed with white pine shingles, or Dutch tiles ; the native clay not being fit for tiles. Most of the houses were built with the gables towards the street, a great many having only the street end of bricks, and all the other walls of planks. The front door was in the middle of the house, with benches on both sides, and on fine evenings the greater i)art of the poinilation sat out, " which is rather troublesome, as those who pass by are obliged to " greet everyone, unless they will shock the politeness of the inhabitants." The fort lay higher than any other building and was a great building of stone, in a bad situation, being commanded by several high hills on its western side. " There is not a place in all the British colonies, the Hudson's Bay settle- " ments excepted, where such quantities of skins and furs are bought of the " Indians, as at Albany. Most of the merchants of this town send a clerk or " agent to Oswego, an English trading town upon the lake Ontario, to which " the Indians resort with their furs." Besides this, furs were smuggled from Canada, as has been mentioned. Kalm gives the inhabitants (with some few exceptions) a very bad character for meanness, dishonesty and rapacity, and conjectures that the origin of the Albanians was a pack of vagabonds sent by the Dutch Govern- ment to the frontiers of the colony to be out of the way, leavened only by a *A good water supply is now obtaiiii'd from Patroon's Crivk, by works leading it from a reservoir 5 miles tlistant, and a large supplementary supply is pumped from the Hudson to two reservoirs 301 and 245 feet high, respeetivc'y. American water generally seems to have acquired a bad reputation, to judge from the following passage in a General Order of May 2-', ITIS •■ Experience having discovered, that ginger and sugar, mixed • with the water of America, prevent the ill elfects of it ; and preserve the men from fevers and fluxes I)etter "than anything else, yet found out, lirigadier-General Lawrence does, therefore, in the strongest manner '■ recommend the use of this discovery to the tvom^s."— Knox's Journal. ^ no Appendiculce Historica, % few honest families, who were persuaded to accompany them in the interests of order. He speaks highly of the other inhabitants of Lower New York of Dutch origin. A definite charge against the Albanians was that, though professing to stand neutral during the war between France and England (1744 — 1748), they not only bought of the French Indians the plate, &c., stolen from the New Englanders whom the Indians had murdered, but encouraged them to get more plunder in the same way, promising to pay well for it. This conduct greatly incensed all the British colonists, and especially the New Englanders, against the Albanians, and, though the New Englanders did not carry out their threat of burning Albany, they and the other British colonists, grudged any help to Albany and its dependencies when it was threatened by the French or Indians in the ensuing war. " The " hatred which the English bear against the people of Albany is very great, " but that of the Albanians against the English is carried to a ten times " higher degree." It is only fair to say that from the " Memoirs of an American Lady," which relate to a period about ten years later, a much more favourable idea of the Albanians is derived. The lady was resident in the family of Col. Schuyler, one of the best and most cultivated in America. "We find, how- ever, even in this work the charge of corrupting the Indians by supplying excessive quantities of the forbidden " scaura " or rum, and cheating them whilst under its malign influence, brought against " the most avaricious and unprincipled of the traders," and a chapter is devoted to a description, in the form of dialogue, of the way in which the swindling was effected. In the same book the following short and graphic account of Albany at the very date assigned to the Horn Map, occurs. " The City of Albany " stretched along the banks of Hudson ; one very wide and long street lay " parallel to the river, the intermediate space between it and the shore being '* occupied by gardens. A small, but steep hill rose above the centre of the " town, on which stood a fort, intended (but very ill adapted) for the defence " of the place and of the neighbouring country. From the foot of this hill, " another street was built sloping pretty rapidly down till it joined the one '• before mentioned that ran along the river. This street was still wider than '• the other ; it was only paved on each side, the middle being occupied by " public edifices. These consisted of a market place or guard house, a town " hall, and the English and Dutch Churches. The English Church, belonging Tabula Cornea. Ill " to the Episcopal persuasion, and in the diocese of the Bishop of London, " stood at the foot of the hill at the upper end of the street. The Dutch " Church was situated at the bottom of the descent where the street terminated; " two irregular streets, not so broad, but equally long, ran parallel to these, " sind a few even ones opened between them. The town, in proportion to " its population occupied a great space of ground. This city, in short, was " a sort of semi-rur".l establishment, every house had its garden, well, and a " little green behind ; before every door a tree was planted * * * of the kind which the owner thought " would afford the most agreeable " shade to the open portico at his door, which was surrounded by seats, and '' ascended by a few steps. It was in these that each domestic group was " seated in summer evenings to enjoy the balmy twilight or the serenely " clear moonlight." Albany was incorporated by Col. Dongan in 1686. It is now the capital town of the state of New York, and has about 60 churches and 100,000 inhabitants. Half Moon is a small place about ten miles above Albany, in the northern angle formed by the Hudson and the Mohawk. This is pro- bably the place of that name mentioned by Dr. Miller as one of the depend- encies of Albany. There is still a village of the same name there. A little above this a small stream, Hosack Creek, shown, but not named, on the Horn Map, flows into the Hudson from the East. F. Stillwater " receives its name," says Weld, " from the uncommon stillness of the river opposite to it." It was one of the forts erected in the war concluded by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713.* The modern town of Stillwater 23 miles above Albany, has about 900 inhabitants. Fort Saratoga! 34 miles from Albany, was a wooden fort, built early in the XVIIIth century, to defend the English colonists thereabouts from the attacks of the French Indians, and to protect Albany. Being found untenable, even against the Indians, it was abandoned and burnt by the Knglish in 1747, but, afterwards repaired, it formed one of the chain of * On the 7th October. 1777, the liattle of Stillwater between (iates and Durgoyne was fought, followed by the retreat of the latter to Saratoga, q.v. t Saratoga is celebrated as the place where General Burgoyne, hemmed in by Gates in the War of Inde- |iendence, surrendered with all his army of 0.042 men, his stores, ammunition and guns, on the lUth OctolK'r, 1777. In 179C Weld found scarcely any remains of the works thrown up by the liritish and American armies, the trenches having been mostly levelled by the plough. 112 Appeudiculte Historic^. Si posts betwoon Albany anil Fort Edward in the Seven Years' War. Schuy. lersville now stands near its site. The modern Saratoga springs are some 12 miles to the west of the Hudson and 5 miles from Lake Saratoga. Fort Miler, Fort Miller, Fort Nieholson, or Lydius, on the east bank of the Hudson 47 miles N. of Albany. The original fort was built in 1709, and named after General Nicholson. In 1711, on the failure of Nicholson's attempt against Canada, it was burnt by the English. Colonel Lydius afterwards resided there till war broke out again in 1744. It was used as a military post during the Seven Years' War. The artist of the Horn Map has placed it on the wrong side of the river, but he has taken a similar liberty with several other places.* The modern village of Fort Miller has about 125 inhabitants. Fort Edward, 55 miles N. of Albany, an important fort, built in 1755. Its importance both for strategical purposes and as a protection to the English trade with the Indians, will be understood from the following quotation from Smith's " History of New York," 1757. " There are three routes from Crown Point to Hudson's River ; one " through Lake George; another through a branch of Lake Champlain, bearing " a southern course, and terminating in a basin several miles east of Lake " George, called the ' South Bay ' ; the third by ascending Wood Creek, a " shallow stream about 100 feet broad, which comes from the south-west and " empties itself into the soutix branch of Lake Champlain. The place where " these three routes meet on the Hudson River is called the carrying place. " Here Fort Lyman, since called Fort Edward, is built ; but Fort William " Henry, having a much stronger garrison, was ei-ected at the south end of " Lake George after the repulse of the French forces under the command of " Baron Dieskau, 8th September, 1755." Fort Edward was the frontier fort of the English in 1755, though they claimed the territory as far as the north end of Lake Champlain. It should be observed that on the Horn Map the Cross of St. George flies over the fort, as this seems to have some bearing on the probable date of the Horn. The fort stood near the river on the east bank. It was dismantled prior to the War of Independence, and there was no lighting there, though the * Before Fort Edward was built the routa was from Fort Jliller to Fort Anne, on Wood Creek, was built by Micholson in 1709, and burnt by him in 1711, at the same time as Fort Miller. Fort Anne Tabula Cornea, 113 hostile armies n.et in tiie neighbourhood, .^chiiyler retired past it heforc^ Burgojne, wlio followed to his fate. In 1796 there was a village of the same name containing about twenty houses. The modern town has°ui)wards of 3,000 inhabitants. The distance over the portage from Fort Edward to Lake (leorrre wa>< from 12 to 14 miles. It was near the middle of this portage that Dieskau was defeated in 1755. In 175!) Amherst erected a fort, which was named after him, about half-way across. This is n..t shown on the Horn Map. Crossing the iK)rtage we come to — Fort George. This is (iS miles from Albany and was built in 1759 on the site of the cantonments outside the ill-fated Fort William Henry * the story of which has been told above {nde Chapter VII.), and which mav also be read in Carver's travels, Father Roubaud's acc<.unt, Bancroft's and Parkman's histories, and in Fenimore (Jooper's Romance "The Lt.st of the M.,hicans." The Seven Years' War was i.racticallv over in America when Fort George was built, and it was never used for militarv puri.oses though much valuable time was waste 1 in its erection. The modern town ot Lake George with about 350 inhabitants stands on the site. The fort is now a pictures(iue ruin. W^e have now passed the last English fort, and the next we shall meet will be French. But first we come to Lake George, discovered by the devoted and ill-fated French Mission- ary Isaac Jogues in 1642, and by him named Lake "Saint Sacrement" ; the Indian name was " Andiarocte." At the north eii.l it is united to Lake Cham- phun by a rapid river about four miles long, which falls in that .listancc 15 < feet. The Lake is celebrated for its fine scenerv. The Horn Map is very incorrect here, and reference should be made^ to the accompanyii,..- reductions from Sauthier's Hudso-'s River an.l Captain Carver's map" (Plates VI. and VH.) to see how the two lakes lie with regard to om^ another. Lake Champlaint was first so called by the French after Champlain's I f '!-T?""!'' ^'I.""'" """"^ '" '""""'"'*' "PP"'"* '° ^^''' ^'^-''K" *" •""P' «f l««'-"- d-'tc than 1759. OetoJer ,7-r '" T'""^' '"'"' """' "'^' '''''""''' "'"'''""''^ '•""■"• "-"l »»"'•' Western shore; in October, 17,r, an engagement between the Hritish and American fleets between Isle Valicour and the Western esLcTtf : •-f/""'"'-;V'"^ '^■■'~' ""'"'^^™'"'' '-0 ..urnt the fleet off Crown Toint, S n !^. . r. T"' . T"'"'" P-^-'-'of ">• General Carleton; in September, 1814. Captain McDonough defeated and captured a British flotilla on this Lake near Platteburg, Cumberland Bay. Q n ^B^^ mmmim 114 Appendicuhe Historicee. \ victory over tlu' Irnquois nojir the site of Crown l*oint in KJOH. It was also ailliMl Corliicrs [iakc, iiftor tlu' Dutch Joimdor of ."^clicnoctady (see p. 117), who was (h'owiu'd in it wlion on Iiis voyage to Canada in l(!(!r) or KUU!. Tlie Dutch calh'd it " Ilct incor vand Irocoison." Powindl says its Indian name was"('aniad — eri {iuaruntc," e.e., the mouth or (h»or of tlic country. It is aliout 120 miles in length, including S(mth IJay,* and varies in breadth from one to eighteen miles. It lies in the hoHow lietween the Adinmdaeks and the Oreen Mountains, and contains a great numher of islands, the largest of which, formerly called (Irande Isle, and afterwards South Hero, is lifteen miles loi'i; by four broad. The depth of the lake is, in places, as much as 100 fathoms. The shores arc rocky. It begins in the south where Wood Creek unites with South Bay, near the modern Whitehall, and terminates on the north in the River Richelieu. The western shore is generally mountainous; on the east is a low-lying tract with mountains beyond. The scenery is very beautiful. When Kalm travelled from Fort Anne, by way of South Ray, to Mon- treal, in 1749, he found Wood Creek and the narrower parts of Lake Champlain much obstructed by trees lying across the water; some had fallen in the conrse of nature, others had been felled by the beavers, others l)y the French during the then recent war, to impede any English advance by that route against Canada. TiCOnderoga.t H^gM Ticontroga on the Horn Maj) (Cheonderoga, * South Hay and South lliver are treated by Kalm, Anburey and others, as part of Wood Creek, and are so called by them. t The two forts Crown Point and Ticonderoga appear again in the history of the War of Independence. Ticonderoga was the first place taken from the English by the relwls, after the liattle of Lexington. On the loth .May, 177ii, it was surprised by the (ireen Mountain Hoys, under Kthan Allen and Seth Warner. With the fort were taken nearly "ill prisoners, more than liHi pieces of cannon, one 13-inch mortar, a number of swivels, and stores and small arms. Fort Crown Point, with its garrison of 12 men. immediately surrendered to a detachment under Seth Warner. The new born Congress liesitated to keep what had lieeii taken, as there was, at first, considerable reluctance to sever all ties with England, and hopes were entertained that a satis- factory settlement might still be effected. The actual captors however protested. The JIassachusetts Congress remonstrated, and Connecticut sent l,0()Omento defend the fortresses. The Knglish contemplated their re- capture, but the Americans were beforehand with them with their invasion of Canada. Starting from Crown Point, Allen made u rash attempt to surprise Montreal, and was captured and sent a prisoner to England. On the 18th October, 1775, after a siege of a day and a-half, the Americans took Fort Chambly. with the colouis of the 7th Kegiment, 108 prisoners, 17 cannon, and fl tons of powder. On the 12th November, Jlontgomery took possession of ^lontreal, and marched thence to (Quebec, which he besieged. There he was killed and his forces were repulsed ; they retreated from Canada, evacuated Montreal in June. 1770, and retired to Crown Point. In 1777 the Americans abandoned Crown Point, Ticonderoga, and Forts George and Edward on Uurgoyne's advance. In the war of |S12 General Dearborn led an expedition against Canada by the Champlain route, but was defeated by the English at the liiver )a Colle. i f Dnma <* i r I i! ! \ 1 Tabula Cornea. 115 or Three Rivers), was first fortified by Dicskau on his advance to meet Johnson in 1755. The French fort was called by them Fort CariIIo!i, and was placed on the promontory just north of the river which unites Lakes Champlain and George. The two attacks during tiie Seven Years' War have been mentioned above. When Weld passed through in 1790, the only dwelling there was a tavern. The old fort and barracks were quite in ruins, but even these were not those of the French fortifications, but of the batteries and forts added by the Americans during the War of Independence. The modern town of Ticonderoga which has a population of about 1,800, is two or three miles from the old fort. Fort Crown Point, or Fort St. Frederick, was about 8 miles further north on a promontory on the west side of Lake Champlain. The Indians called the i)lace"Tek-ya-dough-nigarigee," that is,"tlie twopointsimmediately opposite to each other." The Fort was built on a rock of black limestone ; It was nearly quadrangular with high, tiiick walls of the same stone. It had a bombproof tower in which the governor lived, a church and stone houses for the garrison. Near it, and in a more commanding position, was a wind- mill, which served as a look-out place, and carried five or six small cannon. The country was inhabited, at the time of Kalm's visit, for abcut a French mile above the fort, after that there was nothing l)ut forest till about ten miles south of Fort St. John, which was forty-one French miles fn^m Crown Point. The modern town is called Crown Point or Hammond's Corners. Kalm mentions that there was formerly a wooden fort (probably Fort Ste. Thc^rfese built by Sorel about 1U05) on the east of the lake, abandoned ami overgrown in his time. This part of the countrv hn.l l)een often harried by the English and their Indian allies. The Kiver liichelieu, also called li. Cluimph.in, R. of the Innpiois, R. Chainbly, R. St. John and R. Sorel, Hows from Lake Champlain mto the St. Lawrence at the phice called Sorel. In the river, a few miles from the lake, lies the Isle aux Noix, to which the French retreated after the capture of Crown Point and Ticoudei'oga by the English in 1759. Higher up was the French Fort St. John, which is not shown on the Horn Alap. It was a wooden fort, built in 1748, to protect the intemied French settlements around it and to serve as a magazine to Fort Crown Point. A good road, eighteen miles long, was made from here to Prairie de la Madeleine on the St. Lawrence, by which .Montreal was within a day's journey and Quebec q2 no Appendiculte Historiccc. \ \- within seven days. Just below Fort St. John there were shallows, impassable except by canoes or bateaux, which are now avoided by the Chambly Canal, which has a rise of 79 feet. Fort Chambly, or Chamblan (built by aCaptain Chambly in 1665), was four miles lower down the river. From this point an older and more devious road than that from St. John's led to Prairie de la Madeleine. The fort stood close to the rapids on the Sorel River. Charlevoix writes: "Unedes " principales ddfenses de Montreal contre les Iroquois et Nouvelle York est " le Fort de Chambly." It was originally built of wood, but afterwards re-constructed of stone, and stnmgly armed and garrisoned. It was not however defended by the French in 1760. In 1796 it was in good repair and well garrisoned. The modern town of Chambly, Canada, has about 1,500 inhabitants. Tabula Cornea. Skction III. ALBANY TO NIAGARA. (Plate VIII.) The Mohawki shewn but not named on the Horn Map, flows into the Hudson from the west about ten miles above Albany. It is 140 miles in length. Three miles from its mouth, where it is 300 yards wide, the river falls over an almost perpendicular wall of rock seventy-five feet high. This is the Cohoes Fall, and it ettectually prevents continuous navigation of the river. Colden in his memorial* to Governor Burnet in 1724, before quoted, thus describes the trade route by this river : — " From Albany the Indian 7V«y (lovcriior (-osl»y alumt 17r)0. In the *' Momoirs of an Anu'rican Lady," written by the (hmgliter of an otlioer in till' r»5tli ilt'ginicnt stationed at Oswejjjo, and wlio aeeoin|tanied him from All)any to (lie former place in 17(11, the writer deserihesSeheneetady as "a little town, sitnated in a rich and heaidM'i'' si>o(, and partly snpported by (he Indian tra(h'." In IT;")? it had v iari»e Jiiteh (Jhnrcli with a steeple. The hind aronnd was very ferdle, and commonly sold at that time for £-45 per acre. It is now a considerable (own, wi(li a popniation of 14,000. The Mohawk was fordalile there, e.veept in time of hea\y (lood. Johnston (the modern .lohns(own). is hv'Ai on l^iyadntta (^rek, a li((le stream whi(!h (h)ws into the .Mohawk . cii I: the north, a few miles above Schenectady. Here Johnson, afteiwanls '■ ^^•''iliiaia Johnson (see p. ill) bnilt Johnson Hall, one of his fortified u mse.N, • IhaMti'.nlly sitnated in a plain by the river ; " the other, ' 'ohnsoi Cas'lc, a i>. •. »r;!i's fnrtlier np. made a most respectable appearance ,.ii a co.uinai 'iny - ■! i uc(> at some distance." Fort Hunter was one of the wooden for(s bniU to protect the setders from ;lie Indians. I( lav on (he south bank of the Mohawk, at the month of the Sciioharie, alioiit ;H) miles west of Albany, and is now represented by a village with abont 230 inhabitants, liearing- the old name. Fort Henry. I have been unal)le (o (iiul a fort so called on any map to which I have had access, or any mention of it e.xcept the following in the " Memoirs " several times (pioted before, •• The next day we embarked (a( '• Schenectaily) and proceeded 14) the river with six bateaux, and came early '• in the eveniug to one of the most charming scenes imaginable, where For( "llendrick was built; so called in compliment (o the principal Sachem, or " King of the Mohawks. The castle of this primitive monarch stood at a little '• distance on a rising ground snrnmnded by palisades." The situation of Fort Henry seems to correspond with that of the modern Fort Plain. Ston Raby (Stone Arabia) lies on the River Caroge on the north side of the .Mohawk. It is shown on the Horn ^lap as having a church with a steeple. I( is now represented by a village with about 120 inhabitants. Fort Harkiman (Herkimer) on (he south side of (lie river where the old Fort actually stood. I have no information as to the date or occasion of its erection; but it was existing in 17.")? (I'arkman). The modern town of h Tabula Cornea. Ill) 1 Herkimer witli ii |>(>i)iiliiti(>ii ol" 2,500 sstiuids on the north lumk of the river on the west side of tlio month of West ('iiiuuhi Creek. Fort Stanwix was l»nilt l»y liri<;;iulier Stanwix, npon the liead waters of the Moliawk, dnring the eainpaign of 1758, to |»rote(^t tlie great earrying phice between that river and Wood Creek, Oneida. Tlie portage used to l»e four miles, and eight when the weather was dry, to the jtoint where Canada Creek and Wood Creek joined, but Shirley-, in 175(>, reduced the distance to one mile by having Wood ('reek cleared out, and further shortened the voyage by water by cutting passages from l)end to bend of the creek, and erecting dams to keep up a sufficient supi)ly of water. This useful work was undone by Webb, who also destroyed all the remaining forts, of which several had been built, on this carrying place, on his strategic movement to the rear in 175(1. Wood Creek. — The distance between the portage and Lake Oneida, ahmg Wood Creek, was aliout 28 miles, and until Shirley's improvements the navigatitm was very ditlicudt. Canada Creek runs into Wood Creek from the north. There is another Canada Creek, now called West Canada (^reek, which flows into the Mohawk by the City of Ilerkinier. Royal Blok House.* This stands at the mouth of Wood Creek, at the east end of Lake Oneida on the south shore, it was prol)ably one of the forts erected l)y IJradstrcet, in 1758, to maintain communication with the Lakes. * " A Itloi'k House is a liiiiUlinp; whosi- walls aro foniifil i)f thick s(iiinre pieces of timber. It is usually " built two stories liigli, in wliioli case the upper story is made to project about two or three feet lieyoml the walls •' of the lower oue, aiul loopholes are left in the fliun- rouuil the edjie of it, so that if uu attempt were nunle to " storm the house the (larrison could tire etween the timlK'rs in every part. A block-house built on the most approved plan is so constructed, that •' if oiu'-httif of it were shot away the other half would stand firm. Kach piece of timber on tlie roof and walls " is jointed in such a manner as to be independent of the next wall, and the roof is in a great measure independent "of all of them, so that, if u piece ofartillery were played npon the house, that bit of timlK'r alone against which •• the ball struck woidd 1h' displaced, and every other would reuniin uninjured. A block-house is proof against • the heaviest fire of nmsquetry. As these houses nuiy be erected in a very short time, and as there is such an ■' abundance of timber in every part of the cimntry wherewith to build fheni, they are met with in North • America at almost every military outpost, and indeed in almost every fortress throughotit the c luntry."— Weld's Travels. i' 120 Appendiculie Historicte. I Lake Oneida is about 22 miles long and 4 miles wide. Its waters flow out to the west by the Oneida river, formerly called also the Onondago River, a little to the west of Fort Bruinton (also spelt Brereton, Bruerton, and Brewinton), which is referred to in the " Memoirs of an American Lady," lies at the west end of Lake Oneida, and is now represented by the modern town of Brewerton, with between 300 and 400 inhabitants. A few miles to the west, at the place marked The Three Revers, the Oneida River joins the Seneca, which comes from the South, and the two together form the Oswego River, also called the Onondago, which descends rapidly towards Lake Ontario, making a considerable fall (lU feet) about 12 miles cast of Oswego. Shirley, in 1756, ordered the erection of a fort at these falls, but there were not men enough to carry out the work, which was therefore left undone. Another fall in the river of 34 feet within the limits of the city of Oswego gives immense hydraulic power. Fort Ontario. On Shirley's arrival at Oswego on August 18, 1755, he found the old fort, though strengthened by Captain Bradstreet, in a vcr^' weak condition, mounted only by five three or four-pound guns, and consist- ing of a stone wall, G05 feet in circumference and 3J feet thick, so badly built as to be incapable of withstanding the tire of 4-pounders. It was on a slight eminence, but was commanded on the north-east by a high point on the opposite side of the river, 450 yards distant, and by another height to the west 540 yards distant. Shirley, therefore, ordered the erection of Fort Ontario on the height on the east of the river. It was to be 800 feet in circumference, built of logs 20 to 30 inches in diameter, the outer wall 14 feet high, and around it a ditch 14 feet wide and 10 deep ; within, a log-house and barracks for 300 men. It was to mount 16 guns. He also directed the erection of another fort on the height to the west. This was to be 170 feet square, with bastions, a rampart of masonry and earth, 20 feet thick and 12 high, and a ditch 14 feet wide and 10 deep; within were to be barracks for 200 men, and the fort was to mount eight guns. These were the three forts surrendered to Montcalm by Colonel Littlehales, who succeeded to the command on the death of Mercer, in the following year, 1756. (See Chapter VI.) The modern Oswego is a centre of the flour and timber trade, and has a population of nearly 25,000. Passing westward along the southern shore of Lake Ontario, leaving Sodus Bay and the mouth PoHTOKntOXTSirAC r rjiAaRAn if ki' I' I I IpncruisciJm Ilu:!o'-utp ."l/itr VJl V'W"' tw •■'Ok: : AiBtXx -i' ^ - -J 'J'lihulu i'onien. 121 f of the Geut'sseo on the loft, Niagara woiikl \w ivached at a distaiUT of sonio 12") miles from Oswego. Niagara (rngluara orJugam). Iii 17;')') the French Fort here, built partly of stone, l»ut chielly of logs, was in a weak and ruinous comlition, its garrison eonsisting «tf (10 French and 100 Indians. It depeniU'd lor its support principally upon Fort Frontenac, hut partly on Fort I)u(|nesne and the other French Fort.s to the south of Lake Krie. It was the key to the four (ireat Western Lakes, and was recognized as such by both the English and French. CVmseqnently the French greatly strengtiiened it, and when Trideanx besieged and took it in IT.lli. it was a strong Fort and garris(»ned by (iOO men. A modern fort stands upon its site on a point of land washed by the river on one side and the lake on the other. The Niagara River, which is sometimes reckoned as part of the St. Lawrence, Hows from the south out of Lake Krie nearly due north with a course of about :!;") miles. AI)out LS miles from its mouth are the remarkai)le Niagara Falls, 1,!)00 feet wide with a sheer fail of 1(17 feet. The modern Town of Niagara, called successively Newark, Lenox, Nassau and Niagara, is on the Canadian bank of the river and contains about 1,800 iidial»ilants. Lake Ontario (Cataraqni or FrontigniK) is the smallest and most easterly of the live great lakes. It is about 1!M) miles hnig and j') wide. Its area is comi)uted at 7,().")4 .s(pmre miles. ' < surface is \V.\X feet lielow that of Lake Erie, and 2;{0 above the tide water in the t?t. Lawrence. The French had upon this lake Forts Frontenac, Toronto, and Niagara, the last of which only is shown upon the Horn .Map. The command of this lake was a vital object in the struggle l)etween the French and English as it meant the possession of the Indian Trade fnjm the great west. The English had, until the capture of Niagara from the French, oidy the fortified trading place of Oswego on this lake. Tabula C'oknea. Section IV. MONTREAL TO OSWEGO. (Plates IX. and X.) The St. Lawrence (see Plate X.) carries the waters of the live great lakes, Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie and Ontario, and of their basons m 122 Appendicuhp. HLsforicte. down to the sea, and drains an area of f) .0,000 stiuaro miles. It is only that portion north of Lake Ontario with wl.ieh we have to do* and particu- larly that l»ctween Montreal and Lake Ontario. Colden, in the memorial l)efore referred to. writing in 1724, and com- paring the English and French trade routes to Lake Ontario, avowedly to the disparagement of the latter, thus descriltes the St. Lawrence: — " The mouth of the River of ISt. l^an-nnce and more especially the Jiay " of St. L To La Valterie ... ... ... ... lo To .Montreal ... ... ... ... ... ,'!0 To Lake St. Louis ... ... ... ... (> Lake St. Louis ... ... ... ... 12 To Lake ."^t. Krancis ... ... ... ... 25 Lake St. franeis ... ... ... ... 20 To the Lake of 1,1 HID Isles ... ... ... 90 Lake of a Thousand Isles ... ... ... 2t) To Kingston on Lake Ontario ... ... ... lo 75!! la) This Island is 25 miles in length and •> in hrcadth ; the river on each side is alH)nt 2 miles wide. ^6) Thus far 400 miles from its mouth, it is navigable for ships of the line vith safety. (O To this place. 5(io miles, it is navigable with perfect safety for ships drawing 1 4 feet of water. Vessels of a much largv(>nil cluiirlios, tlic prinripal l»'iii,<>' tlioso lu'loiiiiiiiii- to tlic Siilpitinn friars, tlio Jesuits itiid the Franciscans. To cacli of tlicsc a collctrc or scniinarv was attaclictl. Tlicrc was also a nnnnery and a hospital for sick soldiers l)uilt by the King. The winters were, and still arc, very severe. Kalni was told Ity some of the friars that the winters were shorter and the summers longer since the country had been cultivat(Hl. Montreal was to the French, in respect of the fur trade, what Albanj' was to the English. It took away from Trois Rivieres most <»f the trade which used to lie carried on through the latter town, which dwindled into com- parative insignilicance between its two great neighbours, Montreal and (^ut'liec. The rapids Just above Montreal are so strong as to impede the navigation to such an extent that bateaux going up the river were always laden at La Chine, which stands on the isle of Montreal, about nine miles higher up, on a line gravelly beach at the head of a little bay at the lower end of Jiuke St. Louis. The origin of its name is said to have been an accident wliich stopped La Salle here when seeking, as so man}' of his contemporaries and predecessors did, a western way to Ciiina. "lie talked of nothing at that time but his new short way to China," and, as he failed on that occasion to get any nearer to that empire, the place got its name by way of Joke. Lake St. Louis is about twelve miles long by four wide. At its upper end it receives the whole body of water in the St. Lawrence and a portion of that flowing from the Ottawa. The two rivers bring a good deal of mud and silt into the lake and render the upper portion shallow. There is a great and dangenais tumult of waters where the two rivers rush int(t the lake. Immediately above, on the St. Lawrence, was* the '' Saut du Trou." It was imp(tssible to get even empty bateaux up against stream, and the boats had to be nidaden and carried overland, until a canal, onl\' lifty yards long, was cut, which rendered that labour unnecessary. Altove this was a succession of rapids, the first of which was so strong that it was necessary to lighten the bateaux in order to pass it, and the lightened liateanx had to be towed ♦ The pu8t ti-iisc is usimI ir this ili'seription (whicli is iliawu IVdiii Weill's aecimiiti tieeuiise, even iu Weill's time, some nf the rapiils hiid lieeii eiiTuniveiiteil by the " imvipatois.' anil at the present time there are at least six lanals with an appregale length iit' Inrty-rive miles, whieli have reinlereil the asrent nf the river (•nni|>uratively easy. jThi-et in Capt Carver'.s "Map r-' tJie Pruvuice cf Quebec accordui^ to thf Royal Procianhalutn. of 7*' October '/76.'i" published 177ti AilVi-'-^Ucid:: .7. -7. /"-■■ zx Tabula Cornea. 125 from the shore. The cargoes were taken in carts over a portage of a mile and u half. After passing the " Rapide de Coteau des Cedres," a few miles of quiet water were met with, and then the " Rapides du Coteau du Lac St. Frau9ois," which were several miles long, had to be encountered, and these, though not the most dangerous, were the most tremendous in api)ear. ance of any in the whole river. Boats were carried down stream at rates estimated at between fourteen and twenty miles an hour. There was a short canal here in Weld's time. Lake 8t. Francois is about twenty-live miles long and live wide Vt the upper end of the lake are a number of islands, the largest being as much as ten nules long. From this f..r forty miles the current was very strong and numerous rapids were to be met with ; notable among then, for its .langers and difficulties was - Le Long Saut," about thirty miles above Lake M. Francis. It took six men to tow a single bateau against this current and there was a canal here also in Weld's time, cut in onler to av.»id a point which <.oul.l not be passed except by the laborious process of making a portage. Some miles higher up the " RapiMe Plat" had to be IKissed, and half a day's journey further the rapids bv La (Jalet, the hist to bi' met with on the ascent. ^ Lile au Galot on the Horn Map, is probably intended for "L'isle (jralet. Swegage, chosen by Father I»icloi& X Miiiiitfi tif y..aifvnE AC tn.tMFt.At.s LE FiEVVK SAINT Laurent lit'.prr.'\nte film en Jetatl tfut iLms I'tUmiiic de la Cnrfr t.an.iLh {ii^.i.tni/'lMit'vf/cii-hi'iHf,- Ihtu-j Mtaviis. Je m* .m My/r' J i! Tdhiila Cornea. 127 Nearly all the birch bark canoes of the Algomiiiins in use on the St. Lawrence ami (Utawa Rivers were made at Trois Hivieres, the birch tree liciiig plentiful there, The making of these canoes is descrihed by Weld thus : — The ribs consisting of thick tingle rods are first bound together ; then the birch bark is sewn on in as large pieces as possible, and a thick coat of pitch is laid over the seams between the different pieces. To prevent the bark being injured by the cargo and to make the canoe stronger, its inside is lined with two layers of thin pieces of pine. Iai--^. to Labrador. Newfoundland as ..Iv s , n , TfiT"" ''^'';'7-,'-' ^-1-n.ed .he c.d banks of IxHvever, that Xlu- itrc'ton and I ■..«.. . *■"'"'""'' *""■ ""■''" '''''""''• ■^'''"•^' '« "" Jo-'-t. i.ro.,ab.; inii'Li'rd:^;^:^,'^;!::!;'"" '- -" "-^ -" '--"^ -^-^ "■ «■- xva... ana s 130 Ap/)eii(Iicule Hojeda (fourth voyage) and Juan de la Cosa, sail from Hayti, 11th November, for Uraba, where Hojeda had been aj)pointed Governor of New Andalusia. In a fight with Indians, near Carthagena, de la Cosa is killed. Hojeda founds S. Sebastian in Darieii (the first town on the mainland), returns to Hayti, 1509, and dies there poor and forgotten, about 1515. 1511. DiEoo Velas«iez conquers Cuba. 1512. Juan Ponce oe IjEox, Spanish Governor of Horriquen (Porto Rico), in search of tlie fountain of liiniini, wliicli was reputed to renew youth, sails from Porto Rico, 3rd March ; on 27ti) March, Easter Sunday (Pascua Florida), sees an island, and the mainland (if Florida (Cautio) 2nd April; doubles the Cape of Florida, Htli ^lay ; Martyr's Islaml, and Northward eight days to N. Georgia, retiu'ns in September or October, 1512. 1513. Vaso) Nunez de Balhoa, then alcade of Santa Maria de la Antigua do Darien, crosses the Isthmus of Darien, and discovers the Pacific (Mar del Sur), of which he takes jiossession, fur Ferdinand of Spain, returns to S. M. tie Antigua, 19th January, 1514. 1615. Gasi'ar Morales and Fkancisuo I'izakro cross the isthmus, and visit the Isla Rica. 1515. Juan Dl\z de Soi.is sails from Lepe, Spain, 8th October, sights Capo San Roque, coasts southward to tlie Rio de Li Plata (Mar Dulcc), while exploring which he is killed and eaten by the natives. Notes and References. 133 1516. Vasco Nunez dk Balboa trans|)orts materials for two brigantines across the isthmus ; cruises about Isla Rica ; on liis return is put into irons by Pedro Arias de Avila ; tried on false charges and beheaded in 1517. 1517. Francisco Heknando de Cokimiha (with Hernal Diaz del Castillo, afterwards regidor of Guatemala, and the historian of the Conquest of New Spain) sails from San Cristobal, Cuba, February, to N.E. Yucatan (El Gran Cairo), Campeachy, Champoton and Cotoche. 1518. Baron de Lery (French), makes an abortive attempt to found a Settlement on Sable Island, Nova Scotia. 1518. JrAN DK Grmai.va, with Pedro de Alvarado and Bernal Diaz del Castillo, from Santiago, Cuba, 1st May ; coast from Yucatan to the River Panuco. Gold obtained from the natives, value about £40,000, and brought to Diego Velasques, then Governor of Cuba. This leads to the fitting out of the two expeditions uiider Cortes and Pineda, hereafter nientioned. 1518. SEHAsriAN DK OiAMPo sails round Cuba, and first establishes the fact that it is an island. 1518. Diwio Coi.iiMiars, son of Christopher Columbus, appointed Spanish Viceroy (hi place of Ovando, who is recalled), and the rights originally granted to the father restored to the son. 1519. IIkrnamk) Cortks, commissioned by Velasquez, with eleven ships and between (iOO and TOO men. Muster at Island of Cozumel, E. of Yucatan ; camp at St. Juan de Ulloa, where Cortes receives Montezuma's messengers ; Cortes sails north, and begins Villa Rica de Vera Cruz, dispatches thence news to Charles V., burnt his remaining sliips and niarchcs for the city of Mexico (about 175 miles) ; relations witli Montezuma still outwardly friendly. Montezuma forbids Cortes to ontci' tity iif Mexico. Cortes insists, and is received with great pomp, kindness, and rich gifts, I9th November, 151!(. Pamphilo de Narvaez is dispatched by Velasquez to bring back Cortes by I'orci'. Cortes meets and (h't'eats him at Zempoala 1520, and returns to Mexico. Cortes falls out with the Moxicans, and iin till' l;}tb August, 1521, takes the city of Mexi(!o after a siege of ninety-three day<. Destroys the city and niass;icres the inhabitants. The historian of this expedition is IJernal Diaz del Castillo, who accompanied it. 1519. Ai.oNso Ai.VAUKz DK Pineda (dispatched by Francisco de (iaray, Governor ,1' Jamaica and Governor elect of the provinces bordering on Rivers San Pedro and San Pablo and of all the countries be should discover) with three vessels and 210 men lands in Apiialachicola Bay, I'lorida, but the natives repulse him. Coasts west- Wiiid to the Panuco; Pineda, and bis soldiers and horses nuissacred by the natives, and his vessels burnt, except one under Comargo, which reaches Villa Segura. 134 Appeiidivuhp Historiac. 1519. Feknam 1)e Magalhakxs (Magellan), a Portuguese, on behalf of Charles V., from Seville 10th August (Antonio Pigafetta, who accompanied, is the historian of the voyage), by Sierra Leone, to Terra de Verzino (Land of Redwood). Enters Rio de Janeiro 1 3th December, coasts to the La Plata and reaches Port St. Julian, 49^ 30 S. Lat. May 1520 ; Strait of Eleven Thousand Virgins, 52° S. Lat. 21st October; passes through the Straits of Magellan and emerges into the Mar del Sur, to which he gives the name of " the Pacific," 28th of November, 1520, passes the Ladrone Isles and Philippine Isles, where Magellan is killed by the natives in the Island of Zubu, 27th April, 1521. Ships sight the Moluccas or Spice Islands 6th, and roach Tadore 8th November, 1521. Thence, Juan Sebastian del Cano, in command of the l^idoria (the otdy remaining ship of five which sailed) sails 21st December, 1521, and reaches Seville 8th September, 1522. This is the first recorded circumnavigation of the globe. Estevan Gomez, a pilot, deserted with one ship from the straits of Magellan and reached Spain 6th May, 1521. 1520. Lucas Vas«i:ez de Ayllon, from La Plata, Ilayti, to kidnap slaves. Through the liahaiuiis, along the coasts of Florida and Georgia to Cape S. Helena and the R. Jordan (probably the Santcc R., South Carolina.) 1521. Juan Ponce de Leon, appointed ^'ovcrnor of Rimini and Florida, siiils to take [Kjssession, repulsed by the natives, wounded — dies in Cuba soon after. 1523. Giovanni Vekkazano, a Florentine (2nd voyage), (m behalf of Francis I. of France. Sails from Dieppe late in the year. Madeira 17th January, 1524 ; coast of North Carolina about Cape Fear, 10th March, O.S. ; coasts northward, passing Chesapeake Bay in the night, crosses Peninsula of Virginia and thinks Chesapeake Bay a strait leading to China ; enters Bay of New York, anchors in Nnrragansett Bay and coasts north to Nova Scotia, returns to France July, 1524. 1523. Francisco Gaiiay, appointed governor of the province of Panuco, sails from Jamaica, in June, to take posses-sion of his territory, fails, and dies in the city of Jlexieo, December, 1523. 1525. Estevan Gomez (who deserted Magalhaens), in search of a northern route to India, explores coiists to New York and New England. 1526. LicAs VAs(jrEZ de Ayi.lon, apjx)inted, in 1523, governor of nmny islands and provinces between 35° and 37*^ N. Lat., sails July, 1526, from lli'-ianiolu, with six shii)s and 500 men, to take possession, lands in Florida, is ati vcd by the natives, and defeated. Lucas, with 150 survivors, returns to San Domingo, and dies there, 18th October, 1526. 1526. Seiiasiian Cahoi, then in the employ of Charles V., sails to the Rio dc la Plata. Noten and lieferenves. 135 1526. 1526. 1528. ' Garcia > i separated 1530. 1531. 1634. 1534. 1535. 1535. 1535. 1636. 1540. 1540. 1540. Franciscx) dk H(x:e.s, in command of a ship undej from the squadron, and discovers Cape Horn. Fkancisco Pizarro, at (iuito ; returns to Spain. Pamphtlo he Narva ez, appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Florida by Charles V., lands in Tampa Iky, marches into the country, is repulsed by the natives, embarks in crazy boats in the Gulf of Florida, and is lost. Alva Cabe^-a de Vaca, his only surviving officer, with three companions, after eight years' captivity, wanders across the Mississippi and Rio Grande del Norte, and arrives at Compostella, on the Gulf of California ; returns to Spain, 15;i7. Nunez de Guzman founds Compostella and Guadalaxara, and New Galicia. Francisco Pizarro, with Diego de Almagro and Hernam.o Luque, leads an expedition to Peru. Civil war in progress between rival kings Huascar and Atahualpa. Pizarro pretends an alliance with the latter, and so gets into the country, takes Atahualpa prisoner by treachery, exacts an enormous ransom, has him tried for pretended conspiracy, condemns him to be burnt, kindly permitting him to be first strangled, in consideration of his becoming a Christian. Pizarro founds Lima loGo, reigns despotically for six years, puts Almagro to death, 1538, and is assassinated 26th June, 1.541. Hernamx) Cortes sends several exploring expeditions, one of which, probably that under Grijalva, discovers the Peninsula of California ; returns to Spain 1540, and dies there 2nd December, 1547, neglected and forgotten. Jacques Cartier, for Francis I. of France, St. Male; 20th March, 1534; Newfoundland 10th May ; explores coast of Labrador, Straits of Belle Isle, and part of Gulf of St. Lawrence; returns to St. Malo 5th September. Jacques Cartier explores the St. Lawrence as far as the Island of Hochelaga, names the mountain there Montreal ; returns to St. Malo 6th July. Garcia Hurtaik) de Mknixjza founds Buenos Ayres. Juan de Grijalva (equipped by Cortes) in California. The Younger Ai.magro, from Peru, invades Chili, but is rccaUed by a revolt of the Inca, Manco Capac. Pedko de Vai.divia invades Chili and founds St. lago. Francisco de Fi,i.oa explores the coast of Chili and reaches California. Francesoi Vasquez Coronado, Governor of New Galicia, in search of the seven cities of Cibola, reaches Taos (New Mexico) Red Fork of the Arkansas River, crosses Little Colorado and finds Big Colorado River ; goes round head of Gulf of California, and down the Peninsula to the south of 30° N. Lat. 'f' 136 Appendicuhe Historictr. 1540. GoNzALo PizARRo cTOSses the Andes from Peru and reaches the Coca or Napo, one of the head waters of the Amazon. 1541. Francisco Oreli.ana, an officer in command of Pizarro's only boat, and fifty men, deserts (February 14th), descends the Amazon, reaches its mouth August 26th, and arrives safely at Cubagua. 1541. Ferdinand ue Soto lands in Tampa Bay, penetrates Florida, Georgia, to the Savannah River, and the modern States of Alabama, Mississippi, Missouri, and Arkansas ; meets great opposition from the natives ; dies and is buried in the river. Moscoso leads the wreck of the expedition down the river to its mouth and thence to Panuco. 1541. Jacques Cartier (3rd voyage), as Captain-General under Roberval, sails 23rd May, 1541, from S. Malo up the St. Lawrence to River of Cape Rouge ; builds a fort there — Oharlesbourg Royal ; abandons enterprize and sails for France, May, 1542. At the harbour of St. John (8th June) meets Roberval; Cartier leaves him in the night and returns t(J France. 1542. Jean FRAN901S de i,a Roque, Sieur de Roberval, appointed Lord of Norumboga, Viceroy and Lieutcnant-Geiiernl iu Canada, Hochelaga, Sagucnay, Newfoundland, IJelle Isle, Carpunt, Labrador, the Great Bay and liaccalaos ; sails from La Rochello 16th April, 1542, to meet Cartier, his Captain-General. Deserted by the latter at St. John ; Roberval proceeds to Cape Rouge and begins a colony, which he calls France Roy. The colony goes to pieces under Roberval's mismanagement, and the King of France sends Cartier to fetch the Governor home in 1543. 1642. RoDRiQUEZ Cabrii,!/) (Portuguese) reaches California north of the modern Monterey, 30° 36 N. Lat. ; dies ; his pilot, Bartolomiuos Ferreto, takes the expedition on to 43'' N. Lat. above Cape Orford. Note. — Tlu' I'laiiiis nf Spuiu to Auicrioa hitc t'lmiidiHl dii the iloiilile titli' nf tlio discovfru's of Oolumlms, ami the (til'l 1)} tlu' Papal liiill of Ali-xaiuliT VI. in I4H4 ; those of linnlaiul on the disoovwii'S hy llio Cahots ; those of Kranoe on the eaily freiiuentatiou of the Newfoundhinil oodlianks l)y lireton and liasiiue Ksheriiien, an. 1564. 15(55. 1565. 1567. NoTK. — 1567. NiiTi: 1576. 1577. 1577. FURTHlill DISCOVEIIIKS AND EXPLORATIONS IX AMERICA AND SETTLKMENTS ON THE NORTHERN COxNTINENT. (1550 to 1748.) auulodola Bazares (Span.) makes u„ abortive, attempt to form a settlement in 1' londa. Angel do la ViUafafie (Span.) the like. JmnRibaut (a French Huguenot, supported by Admiral Colij^ny) builds Charles- fort on the River Chanonceau, probably the 3Iod...rn Archers' Creek, Florida, but IS obliged to abandon the attempt to form a colony. Re,.ede b Laudonniere (French Huguenot) buihls Fort Caroline on S.John's River (R. of May), Florida. Is on the point of abandoning it Nvith the help of Sir John Hawkins ; when Jean Ribaut arrives with supplies and reinforcements. Pe.lro Mencnde. (Span.) founds St. Augustine, the oldest town in the United States a few miles south of Fort Caroline; massacres the French Huguenots, and tak.>s Port Caroline, which he calls Fort Mateo. Dominic de Gourgues (Freneli), a private adventurer, avenges the n.as.acre, takes *ort Mateo, and retires. •TI,o i,u.i,le,.ts„f .heformatbn ,.f this II„.u.,„„ ,y, au,l ,1... ..,,1,11, l..,l atronty whi.l, ,„„ an ..,,,1 Sir John Hawkins, previously engaged for some years in the African-American Slavelradem this year was badly beaten by the Spaniards, near .San Juan de t lloa. Sir F raiicis Drake was with him. Tl... n>a>,y y.,ya,..s „nia,vkins. Drake. (Mvuvill... Ux.„l„.,„, a,„l . •av..n,Iisl,. „..ro prinnpallv ,lir..et,..l Martin Frubisher, with two ships each of l>5 tons, in search of North West passage explores coast of Greenland; discovers the strait leading to Hudson's Bay, and North as far as 63^ 45 N. Lat. Frobisher sails thither again in search of gold ; and in the following year 1578 makes an abortive attempt to found a settlement. Sir l^.n,cis Drake passes through Straits of Magellan ; plunders the Spanish towns in Chill and Peru; sails north to 48"^ N. Lat. in search of a passage to the Atlantic; returns to San Francisco ; thence to the Moluccas, round the Cape of Good Hope, reaching England in 157<». This is the second recorded circum- navigation of till' world. T 188 Appfmlicnlu' Historicie. 1679. Sir Humphrey Gillirrt, witl; his hnlf-brothor, Sir Wultcr Ralri};li, umli r w patent from (iueun Kh'znbeth, uttcnipts to form a settlement in Newfouiidhind ; returns unsuccessful. 1583. Sir Humphrey Gilbert repeats his attempt to colonize Newfoundland. His largest ship is wrecked, and he, on his homeward voyape, is lost in "The S(|uirrel," a Iniat of only ten tons;. "The Hind," f^omewhat larfjer, reaches Kngland. 1584. Sir Widter Raleigh attem])ts to colonize Koaimke, in the country which he names Virginia, probably accompanying the expc^iition himself Fails. 1585. Sir Hiehard Grenville, in command of an expidition furnished by Raleigh, renews the Virginia attempt and leaves the colonists under Governor Lane. They arc taken home by Uiaki'. 1585 to 15S7. Jiihn Davis in seardi of a North- West pa.«sage, makes three voyages, and sails up Hatlin's Ray as far as 72 li N. Lat. 158(j. Thomas (Javeiulish i)asses tlinmgb Straits of Magellan, harries the Spaniards (m coasts of Chili and Reru, crosses Pacific, and returns to England round Cape of G(H)d Hope. The third circumnavigatitni of the globe. 1587. Raleigh makes a fresh attempt to colonize Virginia under Governor White, who goes to Kngliind for supplies and icinforcernents. No trace of the colony found on his return, or ever after. 1593. Juan de Fuca (a Cepbalonian employed by S|(ain), readies west coast as far north as the Straits of his name, between the continent and Vancouver's Island. 159. 17o7. 1758. French eomnuTtv on initrxt of tluir I'nenmi'hmt'nts in Amorici. Kii;;lish iiluii of four siniultuncoiis attiicks on Acudiii (Novii Scdtiii), Fort Crown Point (liitko Chumj)luin), Fort Niiif,'iirii (I, amnumition, provisiiiiis, and three chests of niimcy taken by the h'reiicli. 'I'hi' Imt razed. Webb, in coninnind of the supports. Hies to Albany. Montcalm besitgcs and takts l'"iirt William Henry, defended by Colonel Monro. Webb, at Fort Fdward, refuses succour and advises surrender. Monro, after despeiate defence, surrenders witli honours of war. Treacherous nnt.ssacre of Fnglish iiy French-Indian allies, which ^Montcalm endeavours to prevent. Pitt (afterwards Farl of (Jhatham), n(pw Prime ^[inister, fits out proper expedition uiuler Sir Jeffrey (afterwards Lord Amherst). (".) Amherst takes Louislmrg in Cape IJretoii Island. Wolfe, the captor iif (Juebec, fakes an active part in the attack. (Iti ll 114 Ap/Miiidiiiilit lli.storirti . (A.) Oi'iicrul Forb"y udvuiici's iigiiinst Fort DiKiui'siio, wliitth, on his iipproncli, is ovtu'uiitoJ ami blown u|) Ity tho Frt'iicli. ('•.) Rnidstnt't from Oswi'p), (toskcs Ontario und destroys Fort Fronti'mie (Jtitli Aiijj;.) and Froiuli vi'ssols; Uradstnvt loaves 1.000 men at Fort StiHiwix, then \wm^ erecttvl. ((/.) Abererombie attacks Moiitoalm at Tieonderopin with IH.OOOnion; Ijord ITowe killed in preliminary skirmish. Abercrombie del'eati' ; Montcalm and WoUc both killed. ITOO. Amlierst descends the St. Lawrence from ()swep>, Col. Ilavilaiid descends Lake Champlain and Uivcr Richelieu (Sirel), Murray a.scciids the St. Lawrence IVom QuebiHj; Montreal surrendered by Vandrcuil, and (Canada with it, Mth Sept., 17(50. I7t)3. Treaty of Paris, (^nutda cciIimI to Kngland ; leavinfj France oidy a right of tisbing and drying tish (E.) TREATY OF I'AIUS, Till Ihfiiii/irr Tniilji of Piiuf tiiiil Fririuhliip lulwrni lii^ ISrit:innick Maji'sty, llii' Moat riiii>tiiiii Kiii^. '(«(/ tilt' King ii/'Simiii. Coiirlwlrd nt Paris, ///»• 111/// (/:t [Hitcnl I'riiit'i'. (Jt'or;,'!' tlif Si'oind, \\\ tlii' i^rai'i' of (iod, Kiiii; ot |>ro'4ri'ss, fniiiiminii atcd ilsiit to Spain and I'ortiijjal ; ('iinsr(|iu'nlly, t!;i' most simiiu' and most potent I'rinee, ( ienr^'e llie 'I'liird, liy the jirace utfiod, Kiiii^ol' (iiiiit-Hritain, l''raiiee, and Ireland, Miike nt Kninswiek and l.uneiihnin'f;, .\ri'li-Treas'.irer, and Kleetnr, nt tli<' llnly ikninan Kinpiie ; the ninst (ten lie and iimst potent Prime, Lewis the l''ilti eiilli, hy the ^r:i. > nt (ind, .Mns; ( 'luistiaii Kiiii; ; and the most serene and nmsl poleni I'rinee, ( 'haries ili. 'I'liird, hy l!ii' f;r,iee nl ( iml, Kilij; ot Spain and ot tlie Indies, alter havini; laid ihi' tmindalinns ,<{ peae.- in the I'li lim- iniiries, signed at P'onlaineiileau the third n|' Nnveinler last ; and the ninst sn-ene and innst |ltitelil I'rinee, 1*011 .Insepli the l'"i|st, iiy (lie Ljraee nl (iml, Kiii;„' nt l'oiliii;a! 'id nt the Alf,'arves, ;il'ier ha\iiii,' aei'i'did thereto, deleriiiiiied tn ennipieat, w ith'iiit delay, iliis u'reat and impnrtant wurk, l''nr this purpose, ilie lii;^h cniiti .letin^' pirtiis have named ami appointed their iesp(iti\c .\nihassadnrs l',\traniii!nar\ and .Ministeis I'h nipnteiiliaiy, \i/. : his Saered Majesty tiie Kiiii; of ( ireat l!iit:iiii, the most illiistri iiis and ninst e\eelleiit l.nrd, .lohii hake and I'larl *ti Hedlnnl, Maripiess nf TavistneK. i^e. his Minister ot State, Lieiileiian' (ieiieial nt his .\raiies. Keeper ot hi< I'rivv ,^ d, Kni:;litotllie iiMst Nnhje Drilerntthe ( laiter, and his Aniiiassador I'lvtraordinary and .Ministir rieiiipntentiary to his most Cliristiaii Maje.sty ; his Saered Majesty the nmst rhristian Kin_', the ninst illiistrinas aii'i most ext't'lieiit Lord, Ca-sar (i.iliriel 'le rimi ,al, lliike ot Pra-ilin, I'ei r n| Kraiiie, Knight nt Ids OnU-rs, Lienleiianl (ieiieril nl his Armies an> I ot the prn\iM it IJrittaiiv, < 'niiiisellnr in all his ('niin"ils, anil Minister ami Seeretary it Stale, and nt hi-' ('ominaiids and l''inaiiie.s ; his Saereil .Maje>ly the Catlinlie Kiiiu', th< ninsi illustrious :md most iNtielli III Lord, lion tleroine (irimaldi, NLiripiis de (iriinaldi. Kiii;;lit nt tlie must ('hristiaii Kin^j's ( trih is. (Jentleinaii ot his ( 'athnliek .Majesty's |l(d-('lianilitr in Ktnploy- nieiit.and lii-i Anihassadnr Lxtraordinury to his most Cliristian Miijisty; his Saered .Maje.sty I ! uc Ai>i>tmHiulti !Ii.stoiit(i . tliL' most I-'iiitlii'iil Kiiii,', tlic iiKi.st illii>tiii)ii8 ami most cxwllt'tit Lord, Martin do Mello and arti(-s shall give the ^,'ri'atest attention to maintain between tliemselves, ami their saiil dominions and suhjects, this reciprocal friendshi|) and correspondence, without pcrmittinj^, on either side, any kind of hostilitits, hy sea or hy land, to he cimnnitted from lu'iiceforth, for any cause, or inider any p.'etence whatsoever, and every thin).^ shall he care- tully avoided, which mii;ht, herealter, prejudice the union happily rc-estahlisheiimeguen of Ui7S, and Hi?!*; of Uyswyck of 1(11)7 ; those of peace and of commerce of Utrciht of 171'J; that of n.idni of 1711; tbe treaty of tbe triple alliance of tbe Hague of 1717; that tif the ipiad- niple alliance of London of 171S; the treaty of peace of \'ienna of 17-'t8; the ilefinitive treaty of Aix la (!bapelle of 17 IS; and that of Mailrid, between the crowns of ral, which subsisted httween tlu high contracting parties before the war, as if they were inserted here word for wiud, so that they are to he exactly observed, for the future, in their whole tenor, and religiously I'xecuted on all sides, in all tiieir points, which shall not be derogated from by tbe present treaty, notwitlistaialing all that may haw been stipuhiteil to the contrary by any of the bigli <'oiitracting parties : and all thi' said parties di'clare, tUat they will not sutler any privilege, favour, or indidgence to subsist, contrary to the treaties above continued, except what shall have been agreed and stijailated by the present treaty. ^\t>/f.\ null III l) fl Hfl S. 1 17 III. All till' prisoners luiidi', on all sides, as wrll liy laml as hy sea, and the hostaf^of carried away, or jj;iveii dnring the war, and to this day, sliall he ri'stored, without ransom, six weeks, at latest, to he eoniimteil tVotn the day of tlie exehanf,'e of the ratitieation of the present treaty, each crown respectivily payinj; the advances, whieh shall have heen made tor the suhsistanco and inaintenunee of their iiri--oiiers, hy the Soverei};n of the enuiitry wiiere they shall have heen det lined, accordinj^ to tlie attested re<'eipts and estinmtes, and other authentic vouchers, which shall he fin-nished on one side and the other. And securities shall he reciprocally };iven for the payment nf tlie deiits which the ]irisoners shall have contracted in the countries, where they have licru detained, until tlieir entire lilierty. And all the ships of war and nu'rchant ve-;sels, whieh .• ami carf^oiN : and the exei'utiim of this article shall hi priiceeded upon immediately idter the cxehan;;!' id' the ratitications of this treaty. W . His most ("iiristian -Majesty rciiuinircs ail pretensions, whieh he has heretofore fiirmed, or miirht have formed, to .Nova Scotia, or Acadia, in ail its parts, and ;,niiiranties till' whole of it, an I with ail its clrpiiidencies, to tlie Kiiii,' of (ireat liritain : .Moreover, his mo>t (.'liristian Majesty cedes, and guaranties to his said llritanuick .Majesty, in fidl rii;iit. Canada, witli all its d'i»endencies, as will as the Island of ('ape Hreton, ami all tlie othei Islands and Coasts, in the gulph and river of St. Laurence, and in general, every thiuj,' that depends on the said Countries, F.aiids, Islands, and Cmists, with tlir sovi reiynty, jiropirty, possosioii, and all ri;;hts ai'i|uirecl liy treaty, or otherwise, wliicli the most Christian Kiiij;. and the Clown of j-'ranee, liavi' had, till now, over the said Countries, Islands, Lands. I'laets, Coa>t«, and tlieir inhahitants, so that the most (Christian Kin;;- cedes and makes o\er the whole to the said Kill};, and to llii' clown ol' < ireat lliiluiii, aini that in the most ail. pie iiiaiinei and form, without lestriction, and witliiiiit any liiierty to ili pait fmni the said cession and i;naranty, under any pretence, or to distinh (ireat llritaiii in the possessions ahove-meii'ioiied. His Itritaniiick .Majesty, on his side, a^'l•ees to ;;rant tlie iilierty of tin Catholick re!i;iion to the inhahitants of Canada ; lie will, in consivpu'iice, give the nmst pncise and most etfectual orders, that his new Roman Catholiek suhjeets m ly profess the worship of their relit;ion, according:; to tlh' rites of the Romish Church, as far as the law- ol (ireat Uritain permit lli> Rritaimick .Maj.siy fuilher a^'ieei-, that tlw l''ri iicli inhahitants, or others who had lieeti suhjeets of the most Christian Kiiiu in Canada, may ntire, with all safety and free lom, wherever they shall think proper, and may sell their estates, ]irovided it he to the suhjectsof his nritannie Maji sty, and hrin« iiway theirellects, as wi II as their pirsoiis, without heiiif; restrainecl in t'leir einij^ratioii, under any [iretence whatsoever, exc' pt thai of dehts, or of criminal prosecutions ; The tiiin, limited for this eliii^'latioii, shall he fixed to the space of t ijjhteen nioiilhs, to he computed from the day id the excliiin;^e ol tlie ratification of the piesent treaty. V. Tile suhjeets of France shall have the lil.erty of lishinn and dryiliJ.', on a part of tlie coasts of the island of Ni wlouiidlaiid, such as it is speeitied in the XHIlli article of the i: U ts . 1 lipintJivuhc llisforird: treaty of Utrwiht ;* whioli article is renewed anil confirmed by the present treaty, (except what relates to the Island (if Cape Breton, as well as to the other Islands and Coasts, in the mouth and in the ^\\\\A\ of St. liaurenee :) And his IJritanick Majesty consents ttt leave to the suhjeuts of the nmst Christian Kin;,', the liherty of fishing' in the gulph St. Laurence, on condition that the suhjects of Fni' not exercise the said fishery, hut at the distance of three leaj^ues from all the coasts lielongin}; to Great Ikitain, as well those of the continent, as those of the Islands situated in the said fiulph St. Laurence. And as to what relates to the fishery on the coasts of the Island of Cape Hnton, out of the said gulph, the suhjects of the most Christian King shall not he permitted to exercise the said fishery, hut at the distance (ff fifteen leagues from the coasts of tlii' Island of Ca]ie Breton; and the fishery on the coasts of Nova Scotia or Acadia, and every where else out of the said Gidph shall remain on tiio foot of former treaties. VI. The King of Great Britain cedes the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, in full right, to his most Christian Majesty, to servo as a shelter to the French fishermen ; and his said most Christian Majesty engages not to fortify the said islands; to erect no huildings upon tlinn, hut merely for the cimvenieney of the fishery ; and to keep upon them a guard of fifty men oidy for the police. VII. In order to re-estahli.sh peace on solid and durahle foundations, and to remove for ever all suhjeet of dispute with regard to the limits of the British and French territories on the continent of America; it is agreed, that, for the future, the confines between the dominions of his Britannick Majesty, and those of his most Christian Majesty, in that jiart of the world, shall be fixeil irrevocably by a line drawn along the middle of the River Jlississippi, from its source, to the River Iberville, ami from thtnce, by a line drawn ahaig the middle of this River, and t le Lakes Maurepas and J'ontchartraiti, to the sea ; and for this jmrpose, the most Christian King cedes in full right, and guaranties to his Rritannick Majrsty, the River and Port of the Mobile, and every thing which he possesses, or ought to possess, on the left si Kritaiii, and ti> that end the ■ ' • • ■ ■' ■ ■• • ■ eh, !•■ ui'. "■iii>>i.~*iiiiiiiii>iiiii.'^ ■■<>■>• itii i iii\ ■(tiiiii<>ii.~><'i iiit.i«iit>i*.or ' Koiiiicr. if possihU', hy the iiinvi rhrlKtliiii King, tii thiiM' who hiivt* ii I'nniniUsion truiii tlu- <,iiie>-ii iif tinal " Willi inc aii.iiiri'iii iMaiiiis. snail irnin tins tiiiii' liiruanl. iichiiif; oi r\)iM wii"> itritain, anil Ii> tliat end til ■' tiiwii uiLiI rnrlnss ss('8.sii>ii of the !• rciudi •shall lit' xit'ldrd and nivrii up. \>iihiii sivi'ii iiKiiiths iriiin the I'xchanni' id' the ratiliiatiiins of this tri'aly. n " Koiincr. if possihlc, liy the ninvi rjirlKtiun King, tii thoM' who havt* u I'liniiiiission truiii tin- <,iiie>-ii iif tinai " llrilaiii. tor that piirpuM'. N'or Khali thi'innst Christian Kin;;. Iiih hell's and sueeessnis. or any of their suhjeets, " at anv time hrreal'ter, lay rhiiiii to any ri^ht to the said islaml or islainls.or to any part ol it. or them. .More. ■ over it shall not lie lawful for lli" snhjeels of I'ranee lo fortify any plaee ill the said Island of Newf oiiidlaiid " or lo ereet any hnililiiigs there. Iiesiiles stages made id' hoards, and lints necessary and usual for drying of llsh "or to i'«rl to the said Island, Ixyond Ihetimeneeissaiy for lishing. alld liable to abuses, if precautiims were not taken to prevent them; it has been expresly agrcvd between bis Hritaniiick .Aiajesty and his most Christian Majesty, that the number of Fnglish vessels, which shall have leave to go to the said islands and places restored to France, shall be limited, as well as the number of tons of each one; that they shall go in ballast ; shall set sail at a fixed time ; and shall make one voyage only, all the effects, belonging to the l-!nglisli, luing to be embarked at the same time. It has been further agreed, that his mo.st Christian Majesty shall cause the necessary passpurts to be given to the said vessels ; that, for the greater security, it shall be allowed to place two French Clerks, or G minis, in each of the said vessels, which .shall be visited in the landing phages, and ports of the said islands, and places, restored to France, and that the niercban- di/.e, which shall be found therein, shall be confiscated. IX. The most Christian King cedes and guaranties to his Hritannick Majesty, in full •ight, the islands of Grenada, a!id the Grenadines, with the same stipulations in favour of the iidnibitants ctf this Colony, inserted in the IVth article for those of Canaila : And the partition of the islands called neutral, is agreed and fixed, so that those of St. Vincent, Dominico, and Tubago, shall renuiin in full right to Great Britain, and that of ,St. Lucia n 150 Ajt/tuniUrultc llistorii-d'. shall 111' (li'livtTrd to Franco, to enjoy tbi- sami' likewise in full right : and the high eon- traeling imrties guaranty the partition so stipulated. X. Ilis Britannick Majesty shall restore to France the island of Goree in the condition it was in when conquered ; and his most Christian Majesty cedes in full right, and guaranties to the King of Great llritaiii the lliver Senegal, with the forts and factories of St. Lewis, Podor, and Galani, and with all the rights and dependencii's of the said lliver Senegal. XI. In the Kast Indies, Great Britain shall restore to France, in the condition they ar(> now in, tlie diiferent factories, which that Crown possessed, as well as on the coast of Coromandel, and Orixa, as on that of Jlalahar, as also in Bengal, at tlie heginning of tlie year 1710. And his most Christian Majesty renounces all pretension to (lie acpiisitions which he has inadeoii the coast of Cuiomaudel and Orixa, since the said heginning of the year 171!). His most Ciiristian Majesty shall restore, on his side, all that he may [have] con- ([uered from (ireat Britain, in the East Indies, during the present war; and will expressly cause Xatlal and TapanouUy, in the island of Suiuatia, to lie restored ; he engages further, lint to erect fortifications, or to keep troops in any part of the doniinions of the Suhah of Bciigai. .Vnd in order to preserve future peace on the Coast of Coromandel andOri.'ca, the English and French shall ackn, for the wholesitmene.ss ol' the air, unui ttir tlie health ><\ llie inhahitants, hy -oine nthei means, to the satisfaction of the Kinu of Great llritain. .\1V. France shall restore all the countrii > I'einnging to the Electorate of Hanover, til the Landgrave of Hesse, to the Duke nf Brunswick, and t" the (,'ount of La Lippi Buckehoing, whicJ! are, or shall he (iccujiied iiy his most Christian Majesty's arms; the lortnsses of these different countries shall In; restored in the sum,' condition they were in, when coiKiuered hy the Freinh Arms ; ana the pieces uf artillery, which -shall hiive lieen carried elsewhere, .shall be replaced by the itame numlnr, of tlu' same bore, weight, aud metal. 1 Nofts tin(f liifrreucrs. 151 XV. Ill ciiso tlic stiiniliitiims, (•untiiincil in flic XTIItli iirticlc of tlii' iinliiniiiinics, should not lie t'i)iiil)lt'iiti(l Ht tlio tiniiMif the si^imtiirL' of tlu' iircsciit treaty, as w-'U with regnni to the fvaeuiitions to 'nr made hy tlic artiiics of Franco of the fortresses of Cleve.s, Wc/cl, (iu(>ldirs, and of all tlie countries lieloiifjiiij; to the King of Prussia, as with regard to the evacuations to he made hy the IJritish and Krencli armies of the countries which they occupy in Wistjihalia, Lower Saxony, on tlie Lower Rhine, the Upper IJhine, and in all the Knipire ; and to the retreat of tlie troii|is into the dominions of the respective Sovereigns: their Hritannick, and most Cliri-tiaii Jlaje>ties iiromise to proceed, himd fiilc, with all the dispatch the case will ])erniit of, to tlie said evacuations, tlie entire completion wlwreof they stipulate hef()re the loth of >Lirch next, or sooiut if it can be done; and their Britanniek and most Christian ^lajesties further engage, and promise to each other, not to furnish any succours, of any kind, to their lespective allits, who shall continue engaged in the war in (ieiinany. XVL The decision of the jjii/cs made, in time of |ieace, liy the suhjects of Oreat Britain, on the Spaniards, shall he referred to the Courts of .liistice of the Admiralty of Great IJiitain, conii rma'ijy to the riiKs I'stahlislied among all nations, so that the validity of till said prizes, hetwi en the IJriiish anil S]ianisli nations. >hall lie decided and judged, according to the law of nations, and according to treaties, in the Courts of Ju.stice of the nation, who shall have made the cajiture. XVIL His Britanniek Majesty shall cau.oe to he demolished all the fortifications which his suliject.- shall have erected in the Bay of Hoiidura.-, and other places of the territory of Spain in that ]iart of the world, four months after the latilication of the present treaty: and his Cutholick JIajcsty shall init permit his Britanniek Majesty's suhjects, cu' their work- men, to lie disfurlied, or ■iiolested, under any pretence whatsoever, in the said places, in their occupation of cutting, loading, ami carrying away Logwood ; and for this purpose they may huild without hindrance, and ocrujjy, without interruption, the houses uinl maga/iiies, necessnry liu' them, for their (amilies, and for their effects: and his (Jatholick .Majesty assures to them, ly this article, the full enjoyment of those advantages, and powers, on the Spanish coasts and territories, as aliove stipulated, immediately alter the nititication of the lireseiit treaty. -Will. His Catholiik MajeMy desi.sts, as well flir himself, as for his successors, from all pretension, which he may have t'oinieil. in favour of the (Jiiipuscoaiis, and other his suhjects, to the right of tlNliing in the in ighhoiiihood ol the Island of Newfoundland. XL\. The King of Oreat Britain shall restore to Spain all the territory which he has coiKpiered in the island of Cuha, with the fortress of the Havana ; and this fortress, as well ns all the other firtrcs.ses of the said island, shall he restored in the same condition they were in when coinpiered hy his niitaimick M ijesty's arm-* ; provided, that his Britanniek Majesty's suhjects, who shall have settled in the .said island, restored to Spain hy the present treaty, or tlio.se who shall have nny commeroiai attiiirs to settle there, shall have liherty to 1 .Vi Apftfiiiliinlti llistorii'te. stll their lands, iiiid their estates, to settle their attiiirs, to recover their (lel)t8, and to hring away their effects, as well as their persons, on hoard vessels which they shall he jiernutted to send to the said island restored as above, and which shall serve for that use only, without being restrained on account of their religion, or under any other pretence whatso- ever, except that of debts, or of criminal prosecutions : And for this purpose, the term of eighteen months is allowed to his Hritannick Majesty's suiijects, to he computed from the day of the exchange of the ratitications of the present treaty : but as the liberty, granted to his liritannick Majesty's subjects, to bring away their persons, and their effects, in vessels of their nation, may be liable to abuses, if precautions were not taken to prevent them ; it has been expresly agreetl, between his Hritannick Majesty and his Ciitholick Maj(>sty, that the number of English vessels, which shall h:ive leave to go to the suiil island restored to bpain, shall be limited, as well as the number of tons of each one; that tliey shall go in ballast ; shall set sail at a fixed time ; and shall make one voyage only ; all the effects belonging to the English being to be embarknl at the same time: it has been further agreed, that bis Catholick Majesty shall cause the necessary pass|)ort9 to be given to the said vessi'ls ; that, for the greater security, it shall be allowed to place two Spanish clerks, or guards, in each of the saitl vessels, which shall be visitetl in the landing places, and ports of the said island M'storeij tu Spain, and that the mercliaiidi/e, which shall be founo till rein, shall he confiscated. XX. In conse([iieiice of the lestitiitinii stipulatetl in the preceding article, his Catholick Majesty cedes anil giiaraiitirs, ia full right, to bis Hritannick Majesty, Florida, with Fort St. Augustin, and the Hay of Pensacola, as well as all that Spain jiosse-ises on the continent of Nortli America, to the Fast, or to the South-Fast of the river .Missi-sippi. And, in general, every thing that depends on thi' said eouiitrii s ami lands, with the suvereignty, pnipeity, po>se,-siipn, and all rights, acipiired by treaties or otherwise, wbidi the Catlmlick King, and tile crown nf Spain, have had till now, over the said countries, lands, places, and their inhabitants ; so that the (Jatlmlick King cedes and makes over the wlude to the said King, and to the (Jrown of (ireat Hritain, and that in the most ample manner and form. His Hiitaiiniek Majesty agrees, on his side, to grant to the inhabitants nf the countries above CI (led, the lilierly of the Ciltbnlii- rtiij;ion : 111' will con'-ei|Uilltly givi the most express and the most elfectiial nrilirs, that hi-^ new Uoman Catholic suljiets may profess the woisbiji nf their reliirion aecording to the rights nf the llomisb cluirch, as far as the laws of (jireat Hiitain permit. His Hritannick .Majesty faitlier agrees, that the Spanish inbabifants, or others who had been subjects of the ('atholiik King in the said countries, may retire, with all safety and freedom, wherever they think prn|Hr ; and may sell tlnir i states, pm- vided it be to his Hritannick .Majesty's siibjicts, and bring away tlnir i Ificts, as well as their prisons, without bring n strained, in tlnir iinigratinn, under any pretence whatsoever, except that of debts, nr of criminal prosecutions : the term, limited fnr this (migration, being fixed to the space of eighteen months, to be c(miputed from the day of the exchange 111 ihe ratifications of the piisent treaty. It is moreover stipulated, that bi> Catlmliik iV«A'.v tiinl /{ef'rrt:in'n.s. l.-i.f Majesty slmll liiivc power to enuso nil the i-fFccts, tlint may lu'loiij!; to him, to bo linnij^lit away, wht'tlier it bo artillery or iitlicr things. XXI. Tht' French and Spanish troops phnll evacuate all tlie territories, lands, towns, places, and castles, of his most faithful Majesty, in Kurope, witbimt any reserve, whieh shall have ix-en coni|uered by the armies of France and Spain, and shidi restiire tlieni in the same condition they were in when conquered, with the saiiif iirtiilery, and ammunition, wiiieh were found there : And with refjard to the I'ortujjuesf (/'uionies in .Vmrrieii, Africa, or in the Kaat Indies, if any chatij^e shall have happejied there, all thin>;s shall be restored on the same liiotin^ they were in, and eniif prmably to tlie preeediu(? treaties which subsisted betweiii the Courts of France, Spain, and Portugal, before tin; pri'sciit war. XXII. All the papers, letters, documents, and archives, which were found in the countries, territories, towns, and places, that are restored, and those belonging to the countries ceded, shall be, respectively and lioiiii jiilr, delivere(l, or finiiisbed at the samo tinie, if possible, that possession is t :i, or, at latest, four months after the exchange of the ratilii'iitions of the present treaty, in whatever places the said papers or documents may be fouml. -V.XIII. All the couritries and territtu'ies, which nmy have been compicred, in whatso- ever part (pf the world, by the arms of their Hritannick and most Faithful M ijrstics, as Weil as Ijv those of their most Christian and Catliolick .Majesties, which are not included in the present treaty, eitbei- inider the title of cessions, or under the title of restitutions, shall be restored without diiliculty, ami without rupiiring any compensations. XXIV. ,Vs it is necessary to assi!j;n a fixed epoch for the re>titutions, and tin' evacuii- tions, to be made by each of tlie iiigh contracting pintles, it is agreed, that the Itriti^b ami French troops shall <'onipleat, before the LOth of -March next, all that shall remain to be executed of the XII tb and -Xlllth articles of the ]>reliminaries, signed the Mrd day of November hist, with reganl to the evacuation to be iiade in tlie iMnpire, or elsewiiere. The island of IJelleisle sliall be evacuated six weeks alter the exchange of the ratifications of the pre>ent treaty, or mioik r if it ciiii be ilone. (iuadaloupe, Dtsirade, -Marie galante, Martinico, and St. Lucia, three months after tie- exchange of the ratitications of the present treaty, or sooner if it can be done. Great iiritain shall like\\i,-e, at the end of three months after the exchange of the ratitications of the present treaty, or sjoner if it c;m be doni', enter into possession of the river and port of the .Mohile, and of all that is to form the limits of the territory of Uieat Kritain, on the side of the JIississi|ipi, as they are specified in the Vllth article. The island of Uone shall be evacuated by (ireat Iiritain, tiuee montle' after the exchange of tin; ratitications of the present treaty ; and the islaiul of .Minorca, by France, at the same epoch, or sooner if it can be done : And according to the conditic>ns of the Vlth article, I'Vance sliall likewise enter into possession of the islands !il St. I'etrr, at'd of Miipicloii, at the end of three 'noiilhs after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty. The Factories in the Kast Indies II X, 164 AftprnilnnUe llistoricte. shall 1)0 restored six months iiltir tlu' I'xchiintjc of the ratifications of the jiri'sont tri'iity, or sooniT if it can he (iont . Thi- fortress of the Hiiviina, with all that has heen coiiquenHl in tlu- islami of Giiha, shall be restored thrtr months after the cxfhanjje of the ratitieations of the present treaty, or sooner if it ean be done : And, at th»' same time, (ireat IJritniti shall enter into |)ossession of the country c«'ded by Spain according to the XXth article. All the places and countries of his most Faithful Majesty, in Kurope, shall be restored iniiuety ill (lermaiiy, are included and guarantied by the present treaty of peace. XXV!. Tbeii .-aeiid ISritaiiiiiek, most Christian, ('atholiek, and most taithful Majesties, proniist> to observe, sincerely and //m/,/ fnli , all the artiele-i contained and scttleil in the present treaty ; and they will not suffer the same to be infriii(;eil, din ctly or indirectly, by their respective sulijects ; and the said high eontraeting parties, generally anil reciprocally, guaranty to each other all the stipulations of tlu' present treaty. X.W'Il. The soieinn ratitications of the jjresent treaty, expedited in good and due form, shall lie exchaiigeil in this ('ity of Paris, between the high contracting partit's, in the space of a iiioniii, <teiitiary, have signed with our band, in their name, and in virtue of our full powers, have signed the present detinitive treaty, and have caused the se;d of our arms to be put thereto. |)nne at Paris the tenth day of February, V~iV.\. B,ilf»r,l, (J. P. .S. (L. S.) Cliiii.Mnly Due (If Pnixllii. Kl Mnrq. ilr Oriinnhli. (L. 8.) SKPAliATK AllTICLKS. ]. Some of the titles made u.so of by the contracting [lowers, either in tho full jMiwers, and other acts, during the course of tho negotiation, or in the preamble of the present treaty, not being generally ackiiowli.'dged ; it has been agreed that no prejudice shall ever result T Xofis tni(/ llrf'trrmcs. .»:> II therefrom to uny of tho said contracting ])artii>8, and that thu titles, taken or omitted, on cither KJde, on occositm of the .said negotiation, and of the (iresent treaty, sliall not be cited, or ((noted as u precedent. II. It has been agreed and determined ; that tlic French Iiiiiguiij;f, niiidi' ii.se of in all the cipies of the present treaty, shall not become an (-xaniple, wliich may be alleged, or made a precedent of, or prejudice, in any manner, any of the contracting powers ; and that they shall cimform themselves, for the future, to what has been observed, and ought to be observed, with regard to, and on the part of powers, who are used, and have a right, to give and to receive copies of like treaties in another language than French ; the present treaty having still the same force and effect, as if the aforesaid custom had been tlierein observed. III, Though tho King of Portugal biw not signec I the present ilefinitive treaty, their Britanniek, most Christian, and Catholick .Majesties, acknowledge, nevertheless, that his most Faithful Majesty is formally included therein as a contracting narty, and as if he had expresiy sit;ned the said treaty : Con.seijuently, their Hritannick, most Christian, and Catholick Maji-sties, respectively and conjointly, promise to his most Faithful Majesty, in the most ("tpross and mnst binding manner, the execution of all and mvry the clauses, contained in the said treaty, cm his act of accession. The |)resent Separate Articles shall havi- the same force us if they were inserted in the treaty. In witness wherwf, We the under-written Ambas.sadors Kxtraordiimry, and Ministers Plenipotentiary of their Hritunniek, most Christian, and Catholick Majesties, have signinl the present Separate Articles, and have caused the seal of our arms to be put thereto. Done at Paris, the 10th of February, 1763. Bi'lfonl, C. P. S. OhoUrul, Due ^%^ 'o WsS. "i H 156 Appendiculcc Historicw. (P.) POSSESSIONS OF EUROPEAN NATIONS IN AMERICA AFTER THE TREATY OF PARIS, 1763. {Frmn Sayers' Map, 1772.) On the Continent GREAT BRITAIN had :— 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The Countries adjoining on the East and West sides of Baffin's and Hudson's Bays. Labrador or New Britain. Canada. Acadia or Nova Scotia. New England. New York. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Now Jersey. Pennsylvania. Maryland. Virginia. North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia. Florida. With a right of cutting logwood in the Bay of Honduras. Islands GREAT BRITAIN had; 1. The Islands in Hudson's and Baffin's Bays ^^ 2. Newfoundland 3. Cape Breton 4. St. Johns 5. Anticosti 6. Sable Island 7. Bermudas 8. Long Island with a great number of small Islands on the coast of the British Dominions 9. The Bahama Islands 10. Jamaica 11. Virgin Islands 12. Sombrero 13. Anguilla 14. St. Christopher, vufyo St. Kitts 15. Barbuda 16. Nevis 17. Montscrrat 18. Antigua 19. Dominica 20. St. Vincent 21. Tobago 22. Grenada and the Grenadines 23. Barbadocs To the north of the Tropic of Cancer. In the West Indies. The English possess also the Falkland Islands near the straits of Magellan in South America. Notes and References. 157 On the Continent FRANCE had :— 1. Part of the province of Guiana in South America in which is the Colony of Cayenne. Islands FRANCE had :— 1. Miqueton {tic. ) 2. St. Pierre 3. Part of the Isle of St. Martin 4. St. Bartholomew 5. Martinico 6. Guadaloupe 7. Desirade 8. Marie Galante 9. St. Lucia 10. The east part of St. Domingo On the coast of Newfoundland. In the West Indies. w On the Continent SPAIN had :— 1. Mexico or New Spain 2. New Mexico 3. Louisiana 4. Terra Firma 5. The Country of Amazons 6. Peru 7. Chili 8. Terra Mng^lianica 9. Paraguay 10. Tujuman !■■ North America. ) In South America. Islands SPAIN had :— 1. Cuha 2. Porto Rico 3. The West Part of St. Domingo 4. Trinidad 6. Margarita 6. Cubngua In the West Indies. i i 1 And a great number of Islands on theirCoast. .^i! 158 Appendiculoi Historic^. On the Continent the DUTOH had :— 1. Part of the Province of Guiana in which is the Colony of Surinam. Islands the DUTCH had :— 1 . Part of the Isle of St. Martin 2. Eustatia 3. Aves 4 Buenayre ) In the West Indies. 5. Cura9ao 6. Aruba On the Continent PORTUGAL had :— 1. Brazil, in which are many Captainships ) 2. Part of the Province of Guiana [ ^^ South America. And a great number of Islands on the Coast of Brazil. i!') 1. St. Thomas <}. Santa Cruz Islands DENMARK had :— \ In the West Indies. 1 r — ^J T Notes and References. 159 (G.)-LIST OF PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES. BOOKS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER. " Utrumque vHium esf, tf, omnibus credere et nulli." Sen. Las Casas. Narratio Regionum Indicarum pcrHispanos quosdam devastatarum verissima ; prius quidem per Episcopum BartholomrDum Casaum, natione Hispanum Hispanico conscripta, & anno 1551, Hispali, Hispanice, anno vero hoc 1598 Latine excusa. Francofurti. Sumptibus Theodori do Bry & Johannis Saurii typis. Anno M.D.XCVIII. {Plates.) MiRoiR OosT & West-Indical, Auquel sont descriptes les deux Derniercs Navigations, faictcs OS Annees 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617 & 1618, I'une par le renomme Gucrrier de Mer, Gkorge de Spilhekgen, par le Destroict de Magellan, ct ainsi tout autour de toute la terre . . . L'autro faicto par Jacob le Maike, lequel au Coste du Zud du Destroict de Magellan, a descouvcrt un uouvcau Destroict &c. A. Amstelredam, Chez Jan Jansz, sur I'oau, a la Pas-carte, I'an 1621. {Maps and Plates.) John Spked. A Prospect of the Most Famovs Parts of the World, viz., Asia, Affrica, Europe, America, with These Kingdomes therein contained &c. . . . Performed by John Speed. London. Printed by John Dawson for George Humble, and arc to be sold at his Shop in Popes-head Pallacc. 1627. {Maps.) Roberts, Lewes. The Merchants Mappo of Commerce ; wherein the Universal .Manner and Matter of Trade, is compendeously handled, &c. . . . necessary for all such as shall be employed in 'he publique affaires of Princes in forreigne parti; for all gentlemen and others that travell abroad for delight or pleasure ; and for all Merchants or their Factors that exercise the art of Merchandising in any parts of the habitable world. At London. Printed by R. O. for Ralph Mabb, 1638. {Portrait and Maps.) Gage, Thomas. The English- American, his Travail by Sea and Land, or a New Survey of the West Indias, Ac, &c., by the true and painfull endeavours of Thomas Gage now Preacher of the Word of God at Acris in the county of Kent. Anno Dom' 1648. Folio. Denton. Daniel. A Brief Description of New York, formerly called New Netherlands, with the places thereunto adjoyning, Together with the Manner of its Scituation' Fertility of the Soyle, Healthfulness of the Climate, and the Commodities thence produced. Also Some Directions and Advice to such as shall go thither. An Account ^■il ■■■tip Ml ■■ IGO Appendiculce Historic^. of what Commodities they shall take with them ; the Profit and Pleasure that may accrue to them thereby. Likewise a brief Relation of the Customs of the Indians there. London. Printed for John Hancock at the first shop in Popes-head-Alley in Cornhil, at the three Bibles, and William Bradley at the three Bibles in the Minories. 1670. (Reprint, New York, 1846.) MoNTANus. De Nieuwc on Onbokende Weereld : of Beschryving van America en 't Zuid- land, &c. . . . Verciert met Af-becldfels na't leven in America gemackt, en bcschreevcndoor Arnoldus Montanus, t'Amsterdam. By Jacob Meurs Book-vorkooper on Plaet-snyder, op de Kaisars-graft, schuin over de Wester-markt, en de Stad Meurs Anno 1671. Met Privilegie. {Maps and Plates,) Cluvek. Philippi Gluveri Introductionis in Universam Geographiam, tam veterem quam novam. Libri VI. Tabulis scneis illustrati & gemino indicc aucti, &c. Amstolajdami, apud Jansonnio Waesrergios, Anno M.D.CLXXVI. {Maps.) Atlas Minimus or A Book of Geography Shewing all the Empires, Monarchies, King- domes, Regions, Dominions, Principalities, and Countries in the whole World. By John Seller Hydrographr. to the King and are sold at his House at the Hermitage in Wapping. Licensed R. L'Estrangc. No printed date, but monogram of Charles II. and MS. date 1684, in my copy. Blome. The English Empire in America ; or a Prospect of his Majesties Dominions in the West-Indies. Namely Newfoundland, New-England, New-York, Pensylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, &c. By R. B. Author of England's Monarchs &c., Admirable Curiosities in England &c. &c. London. Printed for Nath. Crouch at the Bell in the Poultry, Cheapside, 1685. {Two Maps, incredibfij incorrect, and two Plates.) Miller, Rev. John. "New Y'ork Considered." A Description of the Province and City of New York with plans of the City and several Forts as they existed in the year 1695. Printed from the original MS. London 1843. {Plans of New York, cj^c). JouTEL. Journal Historique Du dernier voyage que feu M, de la Sale fit dans lo Golfe de Mexique, pour trouver rombouchure, & le cours de la Riviere do Missicipi, nominee a present la Riviere de Saint Loiiis, qui traverse la Louisiane . . . Par Monsieur JouTEL, I'un des Compagnons de ce Voyage, redige et mis en ordre par Monsieur De Michel. A Paris, Chez Estienne Robinot, Libraire, Qua^ & Attenant la Porte des Grands Augustins, ii I'Ange Gardien. 1713. {Map with vieio of Niagara.) La Vega. Histoire des Yncas Rois du Perou, &c. Traduite de I'Espagnol de I'Ynca Garcillasso de la Vega. Amsterdam, 1737. {Map and Plates.) La Vega. Histoire de la Conqucte de la Floride. Same place and date. {Map and Plates.) Hennei'ix. Nouvelle decouverte d'un pays plus grand que L'Europe situe dans L'Amerique. Same place and date. {Maj) and Plates.) =^' IT Notes and References. 161 De Soms, Antonio. History of the Couquest of Mexico by tl.c Spaniards (Conquista de Mejico. 1684.) Translated by Thomas Townsend, and revised by Nathaniel Hooke. 2 vols., London, 1738. Charlevoix. Histoire et Description Generale de la Nouvelle France, avcc Le Journal Historique d'un Voyage fait par ordre du Roi dans rAmerique Soptentrionale. Par le P. De Charlevoix, de la Compagnie de Jesus. Tome Premier, a Paris chez Pierre- Fran9ois Giflfart, rue Sainte Jacques, a Sainte Therese. 1744. Tome Second chez Didot, Quai des Augustins, a la Bible D'or. 1744. Tome Troisieme, same as T. 1. {Maps by HelUn, and botanical plates.) CoLDEN. The History of the Five Indian Nations of Canada, which are dependent on the Province of New York in America, and arc the Barrier between the English and French in that part of the World, with &c. By the Honorable Cadwallader Golden, Esq., one of his Majesty's Counsel, and Surveyor-Gcneral of New York. A work highly entertaining to all, and particularly usefn.l to the Persons who have any Trade or Concern in that Part of the World. London, 1747. (Mnp.) [HusKE, John.] The Present State of Nortli America, &c. Part I. (all publislied). The second edition, with emendations. London, 17u5. 4to. Anon. State of the British and French Colonies in N.)rth America, with respect to num- ber of people. Forces, Forts, Indians, Trade and other advantages. . . . In two letters to a friend. London, 1755. Anon. An account of Conferences held, and Treaties made, between Major-General Sir William Johnson, Bart., and the chief Sachems and Warriours of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas. Senokas, Tuskaroras (and eight other) Indian Nations in North America at their meetings on different occasions at Fort Johnson, in the County of Albany, in the Colony of New York in the years 1755 and 1750. With &c. London, 1756. [Livingstone.] A Review of the Military Operations in North America from the com- mencement of the French Hostilities on the Frontiers of Virginia in 1753, to the Surrender of Oswego, on the 14th of August, 1756. Interspersed with various observ- ations. Characters, and Anecdotes, necessary to give Light into the conduct of American Transactions in General ; and more especially into the Political Management of Affairs m New York. In a letter to a Nobleman. London, 1757. 4to. Smith, William. The History of the Province of New York from the first discovery to the year 1732. First edition, 1767. Second edition, 1792. Anon. The conduct of Major-Gen. Shirley, late General and Commander-in-Chief of his Majesty's Forces in North America. Briefly stated. London, printed for R. and J Dodsley, in Pall Mall ; and sold by M. Cooper, at the Globe, in Paternoster Row, 1758. Y 1 .■, ; I 162 Appendicnloi Historicw. Post, C. F. The second Journal of Christian Frederick Post, on a message from the Governor of Pensilvania to the Indians of the Ohio, London, printed for J. Wilkie, at the Bible and Sun, in St. Paul's Church- Yard, 1759. Douglass. A Summary Historical and Political of the First Planting, Progressive Improve- ments ; and Present State of the British Settlements in North Amei ica. By William Douglass, M.D. London, 1760. (This, the second edition, contains Hiiske's Map. The Ist ed. publ. 1755 contains a map by D'Anville.) Mesioire Histokique sur la Negooiation de la France & de I'Angleterre, depuis le 26 Mars 1761, jusqu'au 20 Septembre de la meme annee; avec les pieces justificatives. Imprimee selon L'Edition publiee & Paris, par L'Autorito. k Londres, 1761. DoBSON. Chronological Annals of the War ; from its beginning to the present time In two parts. Part I. containing from April 2, 1755, to the end of 1760. Part II. from the beginning of 1761 to the signing of the Preliminaries of the Peace. By Mr. Dobson, Oxford, at the Clarendon Press. 1763. Anon. An Impartial History of the late War. Deduced from the committing of Hosti- lities in 1749, to the signing of the Definitive Treaty of Peace in 1763. London. 1763. {Portraits and Plates.) Anon. A Complete History of the Origin and Progress of the Late War, from its com- mencement to the exchange of the Ratifications of Peace between Great-Britain, France and Spain ; on the lOtb of February, 1763, and to the signing of the Treaty of Hubertsberg, between the King of Prussia, the Empress- Queen, and the Elector of Saxony on the 15th of the same month. In two volumes. London. 1764. Anon. An Impartial History of the late Glorious War from its commencement to its conclusion, &c. London. 1764. Anon.* A Compleat History of the late War, or Annual Register of its Rise, Progress, and Events, in Europe, Asia, Africa and America, and exhibiting the state of the Belli- gerent Powers at the commencement of the War ; their Interests and Objects in its continuance ; interspersed with the characters of the able and disinterested Statesmen, to whose wisdom and integrity, and of the Heroes, to whose courage and conduct we are indebted for that Naval and Military success, which is not to be equalled in the annals of any other Nation. The Fourth Edition, Illustrated with a Variety of Heads, Plans, Maps and Charts. Dublin. Printed by John Exshaw at the Bible in Dame Street. 1766. *NoTE. — This Title-page is printed in full, not because of the importance of the book, but as n fair specimen of the minpled Toadyism and Bombast of which authors of the Georgian era were guilty, and which in this Victorian age has descended to the columns of the daily press, and the speeches of platform orators. h Notes aufi References. 163 Knox, Capt. John. An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North America tbr the years 1757, 1758, 1759 and 1760, &c. 2 vols. 4to. London. 1769. {Portraits and Map.) Wynne. A General History of the British Empire in Ameriua : containing an Historical, Political and Commercial view of the English Settlements ; including all the countries in North America and the West Indies, coded by the Treaty of Paris. In Two Volumes. By Mr. Wynne, London. 1770. {Maps, Plans and Platfs.) Kalm.* Travels into North America ; containing its Natural History, and a circumstantial account of its plantations and agriculture in general, with the Civil, Ecclesiastical and Commercial state of the country, the manners of the inhabitants and several curious and important remarks on various subjects. By Peter Kalm, Professor of (Economy in the University of Aobo in Swedish Finland, and Member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences. Translated into English by John Reiiihold Forster, F.A.S. Enriched with a map, several cuts for the Illustration of Natural History, and some additional Notes. 3 vols., 8vo. Warrington. 1770. Anon. A Collection of All tne Treaties of peace, alliance, and commerce, between Great Britain and other Powers, from the Revolution in 1688 to the present Time. In two volumes. London. 1772. (The Supplement, m the second volume, carries the Treaties back to a much earlier date than 1688.) Anon. The History of the British Dominions in North- America ; irom the first discovery of that vast continent by Sebastian Cabot in 1497, to its present glorious establishment as confirmed by the late Treaty of Peace in 1763. In Fourteen Books. London : printed for W. Strahan and T. Beckett & Co., in the Strand. 1773. {ilap tnj Peter bell. 1772.) PowNAU.. A Topographical Description of such parts of America as are contained in the (annexed) map of the Middle British Colonies, &c., in North America. By T. Pownall, M.P., late Gov'- &c. of H.M.'s Provinces of Mass. Bay and S. C. and Lieut.- Gov. ofN, J. London. 1776. {See under Maps.) Ramsay, Military Memoirs of Great Britain, or a History of the War, 1755-1763. With elegant copper-plates. By David Ramsay. Edinburgli. Printed for the author and sold by the principal Booksellers in Great Britain. 1779. Robertson. The History of America. By William Robertson, D.D., Principal of the University of Edinburgh. Historiographer to his Majesty for Scotland, and Member of the Royal Academy of History at Madrid. 2 vols. 4to. 2nd Edition. London, 1778. {Maps by Kitchm.) * Note,— This translation is not from the Swedish, l)ut from a Uerman translation by the two Murrays, both of wlioni were Swedes. Y 2 164 Appnidirnhf Huforica'. Carveu. Trnvols tlirouRli tho Interior jjiirts of North-America, in the years 1766, 1767, and 1768. By J(onathan) Carver, Esq., Captain of a Company of Provincial troops durin;? the liite war with France. Illustrated with copper plates, coloured. 3rd Edit. London, 1781. {Maps.) Aniuirby. Travels through the Interior parts of America, in a series of letters. By an officer. [Thomas Anburcy.] 2 vols. London, 1789. {Maps and Plates.) Morse. The American Geography or a view of the present situation of the United States of America. 2nd Ed. London, 1792. (Two Maps.) Weld. Travels through the States of North America, and the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada during the years 1795, 1796, and 1797. By Isaac Weld, junior. 2 vols. 3rd Edition. London, 1800. (Maps ami Plates.) [Mrs. Grant.] Memoirs of an American Lady (Mrs. Schuyler) with sketches of manners and scenery in America, as they existed previous to the Revolution. 2 vols. 2nd Ed. London, 1809. (Covers the period of the Seven Years' War.) Irving, Washington. A History of New York from the beginning of the World to the end of the Dutch Dynasty ... By Diedrich Knickerbocker. London, 1820. Bancroft, George. History of the United States from the Discovery of the American Continent to the Declaration of Independence. Humboldt. Examen Critique de I'Histoire de la Geographic du Nouveau Continent et des progres de I'astronomie nautique aux Quinzieme et Seizieme Siecles. Par Alex- andre de Humboldt. 5 sections in 2 vols. Paris Librairie de Gide 1836-7 (contains facsimiles of parts of Juan de la Oosa's and Ruysrh's Maps.) Humboldt. Examen Critique, another edition (same text.) Paris, Legrand, Pomey et Crouzet. n.d. (Oontains physical maps of Amerira by Viiillemin under the direction of J. A. Barrat.) Catlin, George. Letters and notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians. London, 1841. (Map and Illustrations.) O'Callaghan. History of New Netherland; or, New York under the Dutch. By E. B. O'Callaghan, corresponding member of the New York Historical Society. New York and Philadelphia, 1846. (Facsimile Maps.) Mallet, Paul Henri. "Introduction a I'Histoire de Danemark." Translated into English by Bishop Percy, under the title of " Northern Antiquities " and published in 1770. Bohn's Edition, by Blackwell. London, 1847. Humboldt. Cosmos : A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe. By Alexander von Humboldt. Translated from the German by E. C. Otte. 2 vols. H. G. Bohn. London, 1849. .'*■."' Notes (Old References. 105 AsHER, G. M. A List of the maps and charts of New Netherland, and of the views of New Amsterdam, heinp a supplement to his Bibliographical Essay on New Nether- land, Amsterdam and New York, 1855. (Facsimile Maps and Views.) Schoolcraft. Indian Tribes of North America. Philadelphia, 1853-1856. 5 vols. 4to. {Mails and Plates.) Kohl, J. G. Descriptive Catalogue of those maps, charts, and surveys relating to America which art- mentioned in Vol. III. of Hakluyt's Great Work. Washington 1857. ' Relations des Jesuites contenant ce qui s'est passe de plus remarquables dans les missions des Peres de la Compagnie de Jesus dans la Nouvelle France. Ouvrago public sous les auspices du Gouvernement Canadien. 3 vols. 8vo. Quebec. 1858. {A reprint of the rare Relations for 1611, 1626, 1632—1672.) NICH0LI5, J. F. (City Librarian, Bristol). The Remarkable Life, Adventures and Discoveries of Sebastian Cabot of Bristol. London. 1869. Stevens, Henry. Historical and Geographical Notes between 1453 and 1551. New Haven, Connecticut, and London, 1869. (Facsimile Maps. See list of maps.) Parkman, Francis. Pioneers of France. The Jesuits in North America— La Salle and the discovery of the Great West-The Old Regime-Count Frontenac— Montcalm and Wolfe— The Conspiracy of Pontiac— v. d. ( Maps and Plates). Harrisse, Henri. Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima. A description of works relating to America, published between 1492 and 1551. Paris. 1872. The Original Lists of Persons of Quality; Emigrants; Religious Exiles; Political Rebels; Serving Men sold for a term of years; Apprentices; Children stolen; Maidens pressed ; and others who went from Great Britain to the American Plan- tations, 1600-1700. From MSS. preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office, England. Edited by J. C. Hotten. London. 1874. DonoE, JoL. Richard Irving. The Hunting Grounds of the Great West, with Intro- daction by William Blackmorc. London. 1877. (Plates.) BuNBURY, E. H. A History of Ancient Geography among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages till the fall of the Roman Empire. Two vols. London. 1879. (Maps.) Keith Johnston. A Physical, historical, political and descriptive Geography. By Keith Johnston, F.R.G.S. London. 1880. (Maps and Illustrations.) Hayden and Selwyn. North America. In Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel. London. 1883. (Maps and Plates.) Seeley. The Expansion of England. Two Courses of Lectures. By J. R. Seeley, M.A., Regius Professor of Modern History in the Univ. of Cambridge, &c. London.' 1883.' N II ICC Appendiculw Historicw. Weise. The Discoveries of America to the year 1525. By Arthur James Weise, M.A. London. 1884. {Facsimile Maps.) WiNsoR, JrsTiN. Bibliography of Ptolemy's Geography. Cambridge (Mass.) University Press. 1884. Eames, WiLHERFOKCE. A Hst of Editions of Ptolemy's Geography, 1475-1730. New York. 1886. Labberton, B. H. New nistorical Atlas and General History. By Robert H. Labberton. London. 1887. Lucas, C. P. Introduction to a Historical Geography of the British Colonies. London. 1887. {Maps.) SruRLAsoN, Snorre. The Heimskringla ; or Sagas of the Norse Kings, by Snorre Sturlason ; translated from the Icelandic by Samuel Laing. London. 1887. {Maps.) ScHoNER, JoHANN. Profcssor of Muthematics at Nuremberg. A Reproduction of his Globe of 1523 long lost, his dedicatory letter to Reymer von Streytperck, and the " De Moluccis " of Maximilianus Transylvanus, with new translations and notes on the Globe. By Henry Stevens of Vermont, &c. Ed. with an Introduction and Bibliography by C. H. Coote, Dep. of Printed Books, Brit. Mus. &c. &c. London. 1888. {Facsimiles of globes and maps.) FiSKE, John. The Beginnings of New England, or the Puritan Theocracy in its relations to Civil and Religious Liberty. London. 1889. (Map.) Markham, Clements. A Life of John Davis, the Navigator, 1550-1605. Discoverer of Davis' Straits. By Clements R. Markham, C.B., F,R.S. London. 1889. {Maps and Plates.) Greswell. History of the Dominion of Canada. By the Rev. William Parr Greswell, M.A., F.R.C.I., &c. &c. Under the Auspices of the Royal Colonial Institute. Oxford Clarendon Press. 1890. {Maps.) Dictionaries. Biographical. Allen (Amer.), 1857 ; Hole, 1865 ; Drake (Amer.), 1872 ; Cates, 1881 ; RussoU, N. D. Burke's Peerages. Ohronological. Nichol's Tables, 1884 ; Haydn's Diet, of Dates, 19th Ed. 1889. Classical Geography. Dr. William Smith. Geographical. Index Geographicus. 1864. Lippincott's Gazetteer, 1883. Bibliographical. Sabin. (Amer.). Historical. Low and Pulling. 1884. General. Encycl Brit. 8th and 9th Edd. Globe Cyclopa3dia. U^ Notes and Jiefereiiccs. 1«7 KARLY MAPS OF WHICH FACSIMILES APPEAR IN BOOKS ABOVE MEN- TIONED (EXCEPT RIBERO'S, WHICH IS PUBLISHED SEPARATELY) IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER. 1380. Zeno. (A small copy of this map in Clements Markham's " John Davis " showing Estotiland and Droges, Engronelimd, Islanda, Frislaiid, Scoeia, Norvegia, &c.) 1500. Juan de la Cosa's map. Discovered by Walckeniier, and identified by Humboldt in 1832. Scale 15 Spanish leagues to a degree. Original preserved in Royal Library at Madrid. Facsimile of the whole by Jomard, and, of portions, in Humboldt's " Examen Critique," 183G, Stevens's Notes, 1869, and Weise's Discoveries of Amer. 1884. 1502. The Cantino Map. " Carta da Nauigar per le Isole nouam*" tr (ovate) in Ic parte de r India." Discovered in 1875, and therefore unknown to Humboldt. Original in the Bib. Estense at Modena. Facsimiles of western portion in Harrisse's " liCS Corte-Real " 1883, and of a section in Coote and Stevens' Schoner, 1888. 1506 — 7. The Hunt-Lenox Globe. Copper, 4J inches diam. Original in the Lenox Library, New York. Facsimiles of projection in piano, in Coote's Stevens's " Schoner," 1883, and Encyclo. Brit., Vol. X., 9th Ed,, 1879, and pirated copies in several American publications. 1508.* Ruysch. " Universalior Cognite Orbis Tabula." The first engraved map showing any part of America, appears in the Ptolemy publ. at Rome in 1508. Facsimiles of portions in Humboldt's " Examen Critique," 1836. Stevens's Notes, 18f)9, and Weise's Discoveries, 1884. 1510. Peter Martyr's Map, published in his First Decade, 1511. Facsimile of portion in Steven's Notes, 1869, and Weise's Discoveries, 1884. The most accurate printed map of the coast from C. St. Roque to Honduras, according to Stevens, of any which have come down to us printed before 1534. 1511. JlaioUo, Vesconte de. Map in a Portolano now in a private library in Madrid. Various other portolanos by the same hand, between this date and 1549, are extant. A facsimile of a portion of one of the maps, dated 1527, is given in Weise's Dis- coveries. 1884. *NoTE. — The following siibsequvnt editions of I'tolemy, publislied in the XVIth cent., contain nmpsshowing America, viz.- — Venice, 1511 (Sylvanus) — Cracow, 1512 (Stobnie/a) — .'^trasbiirg, 1512 (Waldseeninller) — IStrasburg, 1520 — Strasburg, 1522 (Lawrence Frisius) — Strasburg, 1525— titrasburg, 1532 — Lyons. 15.15 (iServetus) — Uasle, 1540 (Sebastian Mllnster) — Vienna, 1541 (Servetus) — liasle, 1541 (re-issue of 1540; — Basle, 1542 ami 1545 — Venice, 154(5 and 1548 (Italian transl.) — liasle, 1552 and 1555— Venice, 15C1 (Ital.)— Venice, 15ii2 i Latin) — Venice, 1504 and 1574 — Vienna. 1578 (Mereatoi), several editions, only one of wbiub contains American maps — Venice, l.'sgO — Arnheini, 15"J7 — Louvain, 159(' (the It) maps relate exclusively to Americai — Vienna, 1597 — Louvain. 15'J.S — Venice, l.VJSand 15U'J. Other editions are referred to by Karnes and by Winsor. but details as to the maps are not given by them. i:^ ^■ip mmmm i4. -L-tll*!. 168 AppoiflicHh' Historiece. 1513. Waldscomiillor (Hylacomylus) in the Strasburg Ptolemy, 1513, has 20 maps. One of those is " Orbis typus universalis juxta hydrographorum traditionem." Another, " Tabula tcrre nove," is known as " The Admiral's Map," some holding that it was drawn by Columbus. Facsimiles of portions of the latter in Stevens' Notes and Weiso's Discoveries. Waldseemiiller's maps are supposed to have been prepared in 1507. 1514 (?) Part of a Portuguese Portolano. Facsimile of Kuntzman's facsimile of the original at Munich, is in Stevens' notes. 1514. The Boulonger Globe. " Universalis Cosmographie descriptio tam in solido quern piano," in 12 gores, found in 1881. Now in the Kalbfleisch Library, New York. " America Noviter Reperta " is shown as a large island shaped like a boomerang, about one-third of it being North of the Equator. Facsimile by Pilinski, reproduced in Coote's Stevens' " Schoner." Said to be the earliest map on which the name " America " appears. 1515. Schiiner's First Globe, preserved at Frankfort. The name America is applied to the southern portion, which appears as an island. Tlie northern portion, also an island called "Parias," reaches to within 5 degrees of " Zipangri" (Japan). The mythical Great Southern Continent is shown as "Briisilie Regio." Facsimile projection of Western Hemisphere, reproduced from Wieser's " Magalhaes-Strasse," in Coote's Stevens' " Schoner." 1515. " Typus Universalis Terrae " in Reisch's " Margarita Philosophica " apparently taken from the Ptolemy of 1513, with some alteration. Facsimile of portion in Stevens' Notes. North America is marked " Zoana Meta," and S. America, " Paria seu Prisilia." 1520. Schciner's Second Globe, made at Bamberg, corresponds, with some variations, mth his first globe. The northern island is called "Terra do Cuba," and there is a distinct suggestion of the promontory of Florida, Isabella (Cuba), and Hispaniola are shown as separate islands. " Terra Corterealis " (Labrador), appears as an island far to the N.E. of Terra de Cuba. The Southern Island is " America sive Brasilia vel PapagaUi," while the great Southern Continent becomes " Brasilia Inferior." The original globe is at Nuremberg. Facsimile outline of Western halfl reproduced from Wieser's " Magalhaes-Strasso," in Coote's Stevens' " Schoner." 1520. Cortes' Chart of the Gulf ot Mexico, sent to Charles V. in 1520, and printed at Augsburg in 1524. Facsimile in Stevens' Notes. 1523. Schtiners' Third Globe. A great improvement on the two former ones. North and South America are united by an Isthmus marked " Darienus." On the North- East is the name " Baccalaos." "La Florida " is shown and named. Therou;eof Magellan and del Cano is indicated by a line marked "Hoc navigationis itinere Notes and References. 169 egrcssi sunt," and "Hoc itinere revorsi sunt." The Alexandrian Hne is marked " Lmea divisionis Castollanorum ct Portugalleusium." Facsimiles of the gores of this globe and of the dedicatory letter sent with it by Schonor to Roymer von Streytpergk, Canon of Bamberg, are given in Coote's Stevens's Schoner. 1529. Ribero. "Carta universal en que Se contiene todo lo ,iue del mundo Se ha " descubiorto fasta agora, hizola Diogo Ribero cosmographo do su Magestad : anno "do 15-29 en Sevilla: Lii qual so devido on dos partes conforme a la capitulaciou que " hizieroii los catholicos Reyes do Espafia y el Rey Don Juan de Portogual en Tordes- " iUas, anno de 1494." A tolerably complete map of the world up t.. date The original is in the museum of the Propaganda in Rome, and was lent by Pope Loo XIII. f,°the Indian and Colimial Exhibition in London, 1887. Facsimile, slightly reduced, by W. Griggs, London. (Quaritch.) 1531. Orontius Fine. "Nova et Integra Universi Orbis Descriptio-gemina cordis humani formula in piano coextensam." On this appears the "Terra Australia recontcr inventa sod nondum plono cognita." The double-hearted shape is not con- venient and Mr. Brevoort's reduction of this globe to Mercator's projection is of great assistance, and shows the utter confusion existing in the minds of the best geographers and mathematicians of the day, who are said to have agreed with Orontiu" Thus " Cathay » appears in Mexico, and the East Coast of North America is joined to India, the coast line nowhere rising above 20° N. Lat. The original globe appears in the "Novus Orbis," Paris, 15;j2, and a facsimile of it and of the reduction to Mercator's projection in Stevens' Notes. 1532. Sebastian Miinstcr. Map in the " Novus Orbis " of Grynajus, 1532. As incorrect as any of the earlier maps, and far more so than some. North America is an island called " Terra de Cuba." South America, also an island, is named " America Terra Nova." A facsimile of a portion in Stevens ' Notes, 1534. "La Carta universale della terra ferma et Isole dello Indie occidentali, cio e del " mondo nuouo fatta per dichiaratione delli libri delle Indie, cauata da due carte da " nauicarc fatte in Sibilia da li piloti della Maiesta Cesarea." Stevens thinks the pilots referred to are Ferdinand Columbus and Diego Ribero. The East Coast line of both North and South America is fairly mapped, from Labrador to the "Stretto de Magallanes." Florida is shown as a peninsula, but Yucatan appears as an island. A reduced facsimile is in Stevens' Notes. 1542. Honter's Globe. Universalis Cosmographia. Shows North and South America a.^ two islands, named respectively " Parias " and " America." Facsimile in Stevens- Notes. 1544. Sebastian Cabot. Mapa Mundi. The original is in the National Library in Paris. A facsimile of a portion of Jomard's facsimUe of the original appears in f -r ! I 170 Appendicnliv Historicw. Stevens' notes, and of a smaller portion in Weise's Discoveries of America. The "Tierra prima Vista " marked on this map appears to correspond with Nova Scotia, or perhaps Cape Breton Island, and is placed in North Lat. 48^ 40", the Latitude of Cape North, the northern point of C. Breton Island, being 47" 8" N. Lat. 1556. Ramusio. " Universale delle parte del Mondo Nvovamente Ritrovata." From the Ramusio of 1556. America represented fairly well. Tierra del Fuego forms part of a great Southern Continent. Reduced facsimile in Stevens' Notes. 1556. Giacomo de Gastaldi. Map of part of North America (" La Nvova Francia," " Terra deNurumbega,"&c.), in Ramusio, 1556. Facsimile in Weise's Discoveries of America. 1569. Gerard Mercator (New France, the St. Lawrence, &c., to Florida). Map made in Duisburg in 1569. Facsimile of portion of Jomard's facsimile, is in Weise's Discoveries of America. 1570. Ortelius. Copy of the Arctic map from the Atlas of Ortelius, 1570, is in Markham's " John Davis." The same places are marked in it as in the Zeno map, 1380, besides others. 1570. Sigurd Stephanus. Terrarum Hyperborearum Delineatio. Shows the parts of N. America named by the Scandinavian discoverers. Facsimile of portion in Weise's Discoveries of America. 1575. Andre Thevet. Map in "La Cosmographio Universelle," Paris, 1575. Reduced facsimile of a portion in Weise's Discoveries of America. 1676. Porcacchi. Map of the World. Enlarged facsimile in Stevens' Notes. The great Southern Continent is shown in great detail. 1587. Map of the Western Hemisphere, by, F.G. Dedicated to Hakluyt, and appears in his edition of Peter Martyr's Decades. Paris, 1587. The longitudes are reckoned from Toledo. Facsimile in Stevens' Notes. 1616. Old Parchment Map annexed to a Memorial, presented by the Directors of the N.N. Company to the States-General, 18th Aug., 1616, purporting to shew the dis- coveries of Captain Comelis Hendricxsen in the " Onrust " (The Restless), 16 tons. It includes from 37' 50 ' to 49' 40" N. Lat., and from the west part of Nova Scotia on the east, to the Delaware on the west. The original is preserved at the Hague. A facsimile is given in O'Callaghan's " New Nethcrland." 1630. Map of Renssolaerswyck, by Qillis van Schcndcl. A facsimile of a copy of the original is given in O'Callaghan's " New Netherland." 1728. James Lyne. Map of the City of New York. Facsimile of part in Weise's Dis- coveries of America. *VlJi- m'miegm»m»*i3nw'«!ejv Notes and References. 171 ORIGINAL MAPS NOT CONTAINED IN THE BOOKS ABOVE MENTIONED IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER. c. 1650-1660* Vis-scHER. Novi Belgii novccque Anglia3 nee non pavtis Virginifc Tabula multis in locis emendata a Nicolao Joannis Visschero. Contains an inset view of " Nfeuw Amsterdam op t eylant Manhattans," the second earliest known. c. 1690. A later edition of the same map, on which Philadelphia is shown, " per Nicolaum Visscher." Seixer. Atlas Terrcstris; or, a Book of JIapps of all the Empires, Monarchies, Kingdomcs, Regions, Dominions, Principalities, and Countreys in the Whole World, &c. By John Seller, flydrographcr to the King's most Excellent Majestic. London, N. D. (Contains 48 maps dated from 1G50 to 1064, among them the 1st Edition of Visscher's New Belgium and Now England.) 1671. Ogilby v a map of Now England and Now York, sold by Thos. ]$askut and Ricbd. Chiswcll. F. Lamb, Sculp. (A reduction of Visscher's nmp.) Seller. Atlas Maritimus, or the Sea Atlas, being a Book of Maritime Charts describing the Sea Coast, Capes, Headlands, Shoals, Rocks and Dangers, the Bays, Roads, Harbors, Rivers and Ports in most of the known i)arts of the world. By John Seller, Hydrographer to the King. London. M.DC.LXXV. (Contains 40 maps.) 1715. Moll. A New and Exact Map of the Dominions of the King of Great Britain on yc Continent of North America. By Hermann Moll, Geographer. 17Lj. 1733. Popple. " A map of the British Empire in America, with the French and Spanish Settlements adjacent thereto." London. 1755. Jekfervs. North America from the French of ilr. D'Anviile. Improved with tlie back Settlements of Virginia and course of Ohio. Ilhistrated with Geographical and Historical remarks. 1755. A New and Accurate ilap of the English Empire in North America, representing their rightful claim as confirmed by Charters, and the formal Surrender of their Indian Friends, Likewise the Encroaclimcnts of the French with the several Forts they have unjustly erected therein. By a Society of Anti-Gallicans. '■N'oTi:. -Ashor gives a list of L'j oarly maps iif tin. Xow Xetlierlan.l or parts of it; of tlicse 14 are iJentical. except sonietinius in size, with this map, but which, if any, of them is the original from which the otliers were taken, he .Iocs not determine. The It maps are:-N. ,1. Visscher's- Van .ler Donck's-llngo Allaid's Ist-Schenk and Valk's 2ml, Ifllio-Mcmtanus' lUTl— Ogilhj's, h;71— llus" Allard's 2ml, l(!7:l-Nie. Vissdier's, KiUO—Carolus Alhird's Ist-Carolus Allard's 2nd— Joachin Ottens— Heinier and ,)osua Otteus'- Danckers— Letter's copied from Danckcrs' and Allard's. The earlier maps he mentions are l>e l.acfs, l()3o, l(i3;! and IGIO—Janson and Ilondins', l(!3S-,lansonnius' Novus Atlas, l(i.-,S, copied from De I-act— Schenk and Valks— llartgers and Ulaeu's, 1C42, 1()58, 1«(;2. z 2 ..« 172 Appendiculw Historic w. 1755. Carte des Possessions Angloises et Fran9oises du Continent de L'Amerique Septentrionalo, 1755. From L' Atlas Methodique. . . The Longitudes are given both from London and Ferro. 1755. D'Anville, Canada Louisiane et Torres Angloises. Paris. 1755. (See Plate X., which is a reduction of the inset map of the St. Lawrence). This map is accompanied by a " Memoire " in 4to. 1755. Mitchell. Map of the British and French Dominions in North America. 1758. Plan of the Town and Fortifications of Montreal or Ville Marie in Canada. Publ. by Jefferys. Jan. 1758. 1758. Gridley. " A Plan of the City and Fortifications of Louisburg, from a survey " made by Richard Gridley, Lieut.-Col. of the train of artillery in 1745. With a short " account of its capture in 1745 by Pcporell and Warren, and of its restoration to " France by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapel {sic) ; " on the same sheet is " A Plan of the " City and Harbour of Louisburg, with the French Batteries that defended it, and those " of the Englisli, showing that part of Gabarus ,Bay in which they landed and the " ground on which they encamped during the siege in 1758." Also " A map of " Gabarus Bay adjoyning to Louisburg. N.B. — This Bay is so extensive that the " whole British Navy may ride in it with safety." Publ. by JefFerys, Oct. 1758. 1759. [Oakley.] A Plan of Quebec, with a description and two insets, viz. : — "The Port and Environs of Quebec as it was when attack'd by the English," and " A Draught of Part of the River St. Laurence." N. D. Jefferys. A correct plan of the Environs of Quebec and of the Battle fought on the 13th September, 1759 ; together with a particular detail of the French lines and Batteries, and also of the Encampments, Batteries, and Attacks of the British Army, and the Investiture of that city under the command of Vice- Admiral Saunders, Major- Gcneral Wolfe, Brigadier-Gcneral Monckton, and Brigadier-General Townshend. Drawn from the original surveys taken by the Engineers of the Army. Engraved by Thomas Jefferys, Geographer to His Majesty. A portion of overlay. N. D. c. 1759. An Authentic Plan of the River St. Lawrence, «S.c. with the operations of the Siege of Quebec, *.c. (Plate IV. is a reduction of the whole of this plan.) 17G0. Jefferys. A PI a City of Quebec, the capital of Canada as it surrendered 18th September, 17u^, lo the British Fleet and Army. Publ. by Jefferys. Jany. 17(J0. 1768. Montresor. Map of Nova Scotia or Acadia, with the Islands of Cape Breton and St. John's, fro r. actual Surveys by Capt"- Montresor, Engi'- 1768, Printed sold by A, Duiy. In Jefferys' American Atlas. 1771, Jefferys. An exact chart of the River St. Lawrence from Fort Frontenac to the 4. ., Notes and References. 173 Island of Anticosti, showing the soundings, rocks, shoals, &c. with views of the lands and all necessary instructions for navigating that River to Quebec. (From D'Anvillo's map of 1755.; In JefFerys' Amer. Atlas. 1771. Lewis Evans. A general map of the Middle British Colonies in North America &c.. originally published in 175(). This edition is similar to the original, but is from' a different plate with a few alterations. 1772.^ BowEN and Gibson. An accurate map of North America, describing and dis- tinguishing the British and Spanish Dominions on this Great Continent ; according to the Definitive Treaty concluded at Paris, 10th Feb. 17G3. Also, &c. The whole laid down according to the latest and most authentick improvements by Eman. Bowen, Geogr. to His Majesty, and John Gibson, Engraver. Published by Robt. Sayer', 1772. (The articles of the Treaty relating to America are printed on the map.) 1772 Savers. A map of the whole Continent of America divided into North and South, and West Indies, with a copious table fully showing the several possessions of each European Prince and State as settled by the Definitive Treaty concluded at Paris, Feb. 10th, 1763, the clauses of which relative thereto are inserted. Compiled from' Mr. D'Anville's maps of that Continent, 1772. Publ. by Robt. Sayer at the Golden Buck, near Serjeants' Inn, Fleet Street, 1st April, 1772. (The table is printed above, see note F.) 1775. Jefferys. A new map of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island with the adjacent parts of New England and Canada, composed from a great number of actual surveys and other materials, regulated by many new Astronomical Observations of the Longi- tude as well as Latitude. By Thomas JefFerys, Geographer to the King. Publ. by Sayer and Bennett, June, 1775. (In JefF;rys' American Atlas.) 1775. North America from the French of Mr. D'Anville. Improved with the English Surveys made since the Peace. Publ. by Sayer and Bennett, 1775. (In JefFerys' Amer. Atlas.) 1775. JEFFERYS. A map of the most inhabited part of New England, containing the Provinces of Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire, with the Provinces of Conec'ticut {sic) and Rhode Island, &c , &c. Publ. by Thos. JefFerys, Geographer to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. November, 1774. (Plate VII. is a reduction of a portion of this Map, which is in Jefferys' Amer. Atlas.) 1775. Holland. The Provinces of New York and New Jersey with part of Pensilvania {sic) and the governments of Trois Rivieres and Montreal. Drawn by Capt. Holland, engraved by Thomas JefFerys. Publ. by Sayer and JefFerys. June, 1775. (Plate VIIL is a reduction of a portion of this Map, which is in Jeff'erys' Amor. Atlas.) 1776. Scull. A Map of Pennsylvania, exhibiting not only the improved parts of that Province, but also its extensive Frontiers ; laid down from actual surveys, and chiefly A ^f^amt^mmmmmmmm 174 Appendicular Historicce. from the late map of W. Scull, published in 1770 ; and humbly inscribed to the Honourable Thomas Penn and Richard Peun, Esquires, true and absolute Proprietaries and Governors of the Province of Pennsylvania and the Territories thereunto belonging. Publ. by Sayer and Bennett, June, 1775. (In Jefferys' Amer. Atlas.) 1775. Fky and Jei-fkusox. A Map of the most inhabited part of Virginia containing the whole Province of Maryland, with part of Pensilvania (iiV), New Jersey and North Carolina. Drawn by Joshua Fry and Peter Jefferson in 1775. Publ. by Sayer and Jefferys. (In Jefferys' Amer. Atlas.) 1776. A Map of the Middle British Colonies in North America. First published by Mr. Lewis Evans, of Philadelphia 1755 ; and since corrected and improved as also extended, with the addition of New England and bordering parts of Canada ; from actual surveys now lying at the Board of Trade. By T. Pownall, M.P., with a Topog. Dcscrip. &c. Tiondon, 1776. (See under Books.) 1776. Holland and Pownall. The provinces of New York and New Jersey, with part of Pensilvania {sk) and the Province of Quebec. Drawn by Major Holland, Surveyor- General of the Northern District in America. Corrected and improved from the Original Materials by Governor Pownall, Member of Parliament, 1776. Publ. by Sayer and Bennett. (Plate V. is taken from the inset " Chart of the Mouth of Hudson's River from Sandy Hook to New York." There are two other insets, viz. : — " A plan of the City of New York " and " a plan of Amboy.") In Jefferys' Amer. Atlas. 1776. Carver. A new map of the Province of Quebec, according to the Royal Procla- mation of the 7th Oct. 1763, from the French Surveys connected with those made after the War. By Captain Carver and other officers in His Majesty's service. Publ. by Sayer and Bennett. Feby., 1776. (Plate IX. is a reproduction of the inset " Particular Survey of the Isles of Montreal." There are three other insets, viz. : — " A plan of Montreal or Villemarie," " The City of Quebec," and " Course of the River St. Lawrence, from La Valterie to Quebec," (In Jefferys' American Atlas.) 1776. Brassier. A Survey of Lake Champlain, including Lake George, Crown Point, and St. John. Surveyed by order of His Excellency Maj-Gen. Sir Jeffrey Amherst, Knight of the most Honble. Order of the Bath, Commander-in-Chief of His Majesty's Forces in North America (now Lord Amher..i,y. By William Brassier, Draughtsman. 1762. Publ. by Sayer and Bennett, August, 1776. (In Jefferys' Amer. Atlas.) 1776. Sauthier. A Topographical map of Hudson's River, &c. (Plate VI. is a reduction of the whole of this map.) 1777. Sauthier. A map of the inhabited part of Canada, from the French Surveys with the Frontiers of New York and New England, from the large Survey by Claude Joseph Sauthier. Engraved by Wm. Faden, 1777. (In Jefferys' Amer. Atlas.) 1783. Sayer and Benneit. The United States of America with the British possessions %^^ Notes and Rejerences. 175 of Canada, Nova Scotia, and of Newfoundland, divided with the French ; and the Spanish Territories of Louisiana and Florida according to the Preliminary Articles of Peace signed at Versailles the 20th of Jan., 1783. Publ. by Sayer and Bennett, Feb., 1783. (In JefiFerys' Amer. Atlas.) 1783. PowNALL. A New Map of North America with the West India Islands, divided according to the preliminary Articles of Peace. Signed at Versailles, 20 Jan., 1783, wherein are particularly distinguished the United States and the several Provinces, Governments, &c., which compose the British Dominions, laid down according to the latest Surveys and corrected from the original materials of Gover Pownall, Mem'" of Parlia"" 1783. (In Jefferys' Amer. Atlas.) 1825. Tani^er, H. S. American Atlas. Improved to 1825. Philadelphia. 1833. David H. Burr. Map of the State of New York, and Map of the city of New York. Publ. by Colton and Co. New York. 1834. Amos Lay. Map of the United States, compiled from the latest and most accurate Surveys. New York. 1861. Keith Johnston and Rogers. Map of the United States and Mexico, with Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and New England, and parts of Central America and the West Indies. Constructed from State Documents and unpublished materials, by Professor Rogers, of Boston, U.S., and A. Keith Johnston, F.R.S.E., Geographer to the Queen. With additions to 1875. Stanford. (The outlines of Plate III. are taken from this Map, the Towns and Forts being filled in from the earlier maps above mentioned.) 1882. Stanford's London Atlas of Universal Geography. ADDITIONAL AUTHORITIES. Zeno. Dello Scoprimento dell' Isole Frislanda, Eslanda, Engronelanda, Estotilanda and Icaria, fatto sotto il Polo Artico da due fratelli Zeni, M. Nicolo il K. e M. Antonio. LiBRo UNO. Con un Disegno particolare di tutti le dette parte di Tramontane da lor scoperte. Venice 1558. (The Map is entitled " Carta da Navegar de Nicolo et Antonio Zeni furono in Tramontana lano MCCCLXXX.") Lahontan. New Voyages to North America, containing An Account of the Several Nations of that Vast Continent, their customs, commerce and way of navigation upon the lakes and rivers ; the several attempts of the English and French to dispossess one another, with the reasons for the miscarriage of the former, and the various adventures between the French and the Iroquese confederates of England from 1G83 to 1(594. A geographical description of Canada, &c. t&c. Written in French by the Baron Lahontan, Lord Lieutenant of the French Colony at Placentia in Newfoundland, now in England. Done into English. London 1703. (Mapps and Cutts.) i S\\ i^^fTP'- 'i wmssmmmBmm^_ 176 Appendiculw Historicw. \ A Memorial containing a summary view of Facts, with their authorities in answer to the observations sent by the English Ministry to the Courts of Europe. Translated from the French. New York : Gaine. 1757. (Some of the authorities, as Washington's Journal, Braddock's and Dinwiddie's Letters, were " found in General Braddock's cabinet after the engagement which cost him his life.") Rogers. Journals of Major Robert Rogers: containing an account of the several Excursions he made under the Generals who commanded upon the continent of North America during the late "War. From which may be collected the most material circumstances of every Campaign upon that Continent, from the commence- ment to the conclusion of the War. London. 1765. Drake, Samuel G. A Particular History of the Five Years' French and Indian War in New England and parts adjacent, from its declaration by the K. of France, March 15, 1744 ; to the Treaty with the Eastern Indians, Oct. 16, 1749, sometimes called Governor Shirley's war. With a memoir of Major-General Shirley. Boston. 1870. TABTiLA COFiNEA being a projecUon in piano of MAP ENGI^VED ON A POWDER HORN Circa 17B9-60. in th,e po6\sn,'Mi,ori o/' Fred. W.Lucas. AppendiailcB HiMmnT pt 11 -^ ..J* \ r h itt m f 4 r Ta caer *? - * rrs:',\z v*" m A INDEX NOMINUM, The dates within hrcukets are those of birth mui death ; c == about ; a = before ; p = . after ■ v = lived. Albkaiarle, George Monk, Duke of (1608— 1(J70). 28. Albemarle George Keppel. Earl of, served at'lumteiioy 1745; Culloden 1746- succ. 1.54 ; Lieut.-Gen. and Corn.-in-Chicf at Havannah 176- (1724-1?72, 89 Alexan'dek VI, Kodrigo Lexzuoli Borgia. Pope 1492-1503 (1430-1503) 16 03" Alexander, Sir William, created Earl of Stirling in 1633 (1580-1640) 25 140 ^ ' Allen, Ethan, Brigadier-General (1737—1789). 114. Almagro, Diego de, the Elder (1464—1538). 135. Almagro, Diego de, the Younger (c. 1520—1542). 135. Alva, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of (1508—1582). 22. Alvarado, Pedro DE ( — 1541). 133. Amherst, Sm Jeffrey; Ensign 1731 ; Col. 1756; Maj.-Gcn. 1758; Commander- 7"7fi r" Amenca_1760-1763; Governor of Virginia 1763 ; Baron Amherst y u'at^T'^'?!^'^'^''-'"-^'^''-'^ "f ^"Klish Army 1778-1782 and 1793-1795 Field-Marshal 1796 (1717-1797). 69, 70, 73, 7^, 82, 86,87. 89. Til, 143 144 174' Anburey, Capi'ain Thomas, with Burgoyno, and taken prisoner at Saratoga 1777 164 " Angelo di Buonauoiti, Michael, see Michael Angclo Anne, Queen of England 1702-1714 (1664—1714). 40, 41. Argal, Samuel ; Dep.-Gov. of Virginia 1617-19; Knighted 1623 (1572-1639) 98, 139 Arias, Pedro, de Amla (v. 1516). 133. y > ■ Ariosto, Ludovico (1474—1533). 23. Aristotle, the Stagirito (b.c. 384—322). 9. Armstrong, Colonel George (v. 1756). 62, 76. Arundel, Thomas, 1st Lord Arundel of Wardour 1605 (e. 1540—1639). 24. AsHER, G. M., Bibliographer (XIX century). 91, 165. Atahualpa, or Atabaupa, the last Inca of Peru, assassinated by Pizarro 1533 135 AuBERT, Thomas (v. 1508). 17, 132. Aui.RY, Capt., Kt. of St Louis (d. 1770). 81. Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo 496 (354—430). 10. Austria, Empress of, see Maria Theresa. Ayllon, Li;cas Vasquez oe (d. 1526). 18, 30, 134. AA I ^ rsn BiWL..™_ rTsvf:i «rr 178 Appendiculd'. Historicee. Bacon, Roger, Fiiar, "The Admirable Doctor" (1214—1292). 9. Balboa, Vasco NufCKz vv. (c. 1475—1517). 131, 133. Baltimore, 1st Lord, see Calvert, Sir George. 25. Baltimore, Cecil Calvekt, 2nd Lord (d. 1676). 25, 140. Bancroft, George, LL.D., Living Historian and Politician (b. 1800). 14, 16, 23, 49, 65, 113. Bastidas, Rodrigo be (v. 1500). 131. Bavaria, Maximilian Joseph L Elector of, 1745—1777 (d. 1777). 89. Bazarks, Guido he las* (v. lij.jO). 19, 137. Beaujeu, Hyacinthk Marie L. de (1711 — 1755). 50. Beauprr, Vicomte 1)e. 18. Bkllin, Jacqi'es Nicolas; French Ilydrographer and Engineer of the Marine (1703 — 1772). !);$, 94. Benzoni, Gekonimo, (c. 1520—?) 15. BiARXE IIekiulfsen. (v. 986). 6, 129. Bigot, Francois, Intendant of Canada c. 1749 — 1759. 70. Block, Adriaen. 98. Bohadilla, Francis(;o de (d. 1502). 130. Boxai'arte, Napolkon, First Consul 1799; Emp. of the French 1804—1814 (1769— 1821). 144. BoscAAVEx, Rt. Hon. EnwARi), Admiral (1711—1761). 48, 57, 69, 142. Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, Barrister, Mathematician, Secy, of Embassy, F.R.S., Soldier, Navigator, Xavsil Commander, Memb. of Inst, and Senator (1729 — 1814). 58, 61, 62,78, 82, 86, 87. Bouquet, Henri ; a Swiss officer commanding the Royal Americans in 1758 ; Lieut.-Col. 1756 ; Brigadier-Gen. 1765 (1719—1766). 74, 75. Bourla:maque, Chevalier oe, third in command under Montcalm. 78, 82, 86, 87. Brahdock, EmvARi) (d. 1 755). 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 61, 74, 76, 143. Bradi-ori), William, 2nd Gov. of New Plymouth, 1621, and Historian of the Colony (1590—1657). 140. Bradstkeet, John, Lieut.-Col. of Provincials at Louisburg 1745 ; Capt. of Regulars 1745 ; Lieut.-Gov. of S. John's, Newfoundland 1746; Col. in Amer. 1758; Col. 1762; Maj.-Gen 1772 (1711—1774). 59, 60, 69, 70, 73, 119, 120, 144. Breheuf, Guill-vume i)k (1593—1649). 33. Brooke, Robert Gkeville, Lord (1608—1643). 26, 140. Bruxswkk-Luneiiui!g, Karl Wilhelai Feroinand, Duke of. Succ. 1780. (1735 — 1807). 150. BuLLirr, Thomas, Capt. of Virginian Militia, present at Braddock's defeat in 1755. 75. BuRGOYNE, John ; General and Dramatist. Commander of English Army in War of Lidependence, 1777 (1730—1792). 113, 143. Burnet Whj.iaai ; Gov. of New York and New Jersey, 1720 ; Gov. of Massachusetts, 1728 (1688—1729). 41, 104, 116, 143. Bute, John Stuari, Earl of (1713—1792). 88, 89. Byng, AmuRAL John (1704—1757). 68. ^WK" ma msssm Index Nomimun. 179 Cabe5A de Vaca, Alva (v. 1537). l;5.3. Cabot, John. V6, 14, 15, 20, 22, 130. Cabot, Sebastian (1477— 1o57). 7, 13, 14. 15, 22, 130, 134, 109. Cahral, G0X9AL0 Velho, (v. 1431). 7, 120. Cabkal, or Cabraua, Pedro Alvarez (d. c. 1526). 131. Cabrillo, Rodriquez (d. 1542). 13G. Cadet, Joseph ; Commissary-Gen. of Canada under Vaudrouil and Bigot, 1756—1759. 79. Calvert, Cecil, see Baltimore, 2nd Lord. Calvert, Sir George, 1st Lord Baltimore, 1624 (1580—1632). 25. Calvin, John (1509—1564). 23. Camoens, LtJiz i)E (1524—1579). 23. Campuell, Major Duncan, of Invcrawe (d. 1758). 70, 72. Campbell Capt. Johx, of the 42nd Highlanders ; killed at Ticonderoga, 1758. (According to JJrake s Diet, of Amer. Biog., an offieer of the same name and llegt. was wounded at liconderoga, and survived to surrender Pcnsaeola to the Spaniards 1781 • became a Genl. 1797, and d. 1806). 72. 1 . " , Cano, Juan Sehastiax del (v. 1521). 134. Cartier, Jacques (1494— p. 1-543). 17, 18, 21, 22, 27, 30, 135, 136. Carver, John ; Gov. of New riymouth, 1620 (d. 1621). 36, 140. Carver, Jonathan ; Soldier, Explorer and Author ; died of want in London (1732—1780) 60, 113, 164, 174. ■'■ Casas, Bartholomew ue las; Bishop of Cliiapa (1474—1566). 13, 15, 159. Castillo, Bernal Diaz ue ; Author of History of the Conquest of New Spain (c. 1500— p. looo). 133. Catherine ue Meuicis (1519—1589). 19, 22. Cavendish, or Candish, Thomas (1564—1593). 17, 20, 137, 138, Cellini, Benvenuio (1500—1570). 23. Cervantes, Miguel (1547—1616). 23. CHABERT.^JosEPH^^liERNARD, Marquis DE ; Navigator, Astronomer and Geographer, Chabot, Philippe, Oomte de Charni, Amiral do Briou (d. 1543). 17. Chambly, M. de; Capt in Regt of Carignan-Salieres ; built F. Chambly 1665; Gov. of Acadia 1680 ; aft. Gov. of Grenada. IKi. Champlain, Samuel de (1570—1635). 24, 25, 26, 31, 113, 138, 1.39, 140. Charles II. K. of England, 1649—1685 (1630—1685). 7, 141. ' Charles II. K. of Spain, 1665—1700 (1661—1700). 41. ' Charles IIL K. of Naples, 1734 ; K of Spain, 1759 (1716—1788). 88, 14-5. Charles V. K of Spiiin 1516 ; Emp. of Germany 1519 ; resigned 1555 (1500—1558). 22. ItJl), lOiJ, l()0, ' Charles VI. Emp. of Germany 1711 (1685—1740). 42. Charles IX. K. of France 1560 (1550—1574). 8, 19, 22. AA 2 rsmrsKCSWomi 180 Appendicuhc Historiae. 'B if Chaulevoix, PiERiiE FiiAK^ois Xavier i)E ; Jesuit Missionary and Author (1682 — 1761). 0;3, H IK), 101. Chatham, Eaul of. See Pitt, William. Chauvin, Capt. in French Navy (d. 1603). 24. l;J8. Chei'dhotel, a Norman Pilot (v. 1603). 138. Chomedey, Paul dk, Siour de Maison-nouvo (v. 1642). 27, 140. Clauexdox, EnwARD IIyde, 1st Earl of, 1661 (1608—1674). 28, 140. Ci.ivE, Rodeut, Lord and Baron of Plassy, 1758 (1725—1774). (18, 88. CuivEii, Phh^ip, Geographer (1580—1623). 0, 16 n., 160. COELHO, GON/.AI.O (v. 1504). 132. CoLT)EN, Cadwai.i.adek, Lieut.-(Jov. of N. York 1761 — 1776. Physician, Author and Politician (1688— 1776). 104,116,122,161. CouGXY, Gasi'aiu) pe. Admiral (1517 — 1572). 19, 137. CoLt'Jiiius, Bartholomew (1437 — 1514). 12. CoLiiMiius, Christopher (1435:-'— 1506). 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 22, 30, 130, 131, 133. CoLUMiius, Diego, Viceroy of Xew Spain, 1518 (1472 — 1526). 133. Comargo, Officer under Pineda (v. 1519). 133. CoNTREcfEiR, succ. St. Pierro as Com at F. Duquesne, 1755 ; succ. by Dumas, Kt. of S. Louis. 45. Cook, James, Capt. at Quebec 1759 (1728—1779). 80. Cooi'Ei!, AxTHoxY Asiii.EY, Earl of Shaftesbury 1672 (1621—1683). 28, 140. Cooper, James Feximorh, Novelist (c. 1789 — 1851). 113. CoPEitxicus, Nicholas Koperxik (1473 — 1543). 23. CoiiDoiiA, Fraxcisco IIerxaxdo de (d. 1518). 133. CoRLAER, Jacoi), founder of Schenectady, drowned in L. Champlain,c. 1665. 114, 117. CORONABO, Fraxc'esco Vasqt'ez DE (d. 1542). 135. CoRsriAExsEN, IIexi>uick. OS. CORTEREAL, Gaspard (d. 1501). 10, 30, 131. CORTERKAL, JoAO Yas (v. 1463). 8, 129, 167. CoRTERiCAL, Miguel (d. 1502). 131, 1()7. Cortes, IIer.naxdo (1485—1554;. 18, 2t, 133, 135, 168. CosA, JuAX DE LA (d. 1509). 130, 132, 167. Cosiiv, William, Gov. of N. Y. 1731—1730 (d. 1736). 118. CoTGUAVE, IIaxdle; Lexicographer (XVII. cent.). 98. Cousix, of Dieppe, sailor (1488). 8. CuAXMini, Thomas, Archbp. of Canterbury, 1533—55 (1489—1556). 23. CitAVEX. William, Knt. 1626 ; Baron Craven 1626 ; Earl Craven 1663 (1608—1697). 28, 140. CuMiMRLAXi), William Augustus, Duke of, third son of George II. (1721 — 1765). 68. Cummixos Col., Commander at Fort William Henry, 1758. 72. Daxversiche, Jerome le Royer de la (v. 1030). 26. I ! ■l'/i%/< Index Nominnm. 181 D'Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourquignon, geographer (1697—1782). 94, 90, 171, 173. Dare, Virginia, first child of Eng. parents in America (b. Aug., 1587). 21. Davenport, John (1597—1670). 26, 140. Davis, John (c. 1550—1605). 11, 20, 21, l;38, 166, 167, 170. Dearborn, Generai, Henry (1751—1829). 114. De la Warr Thomas West, 3rd Lord; Gov. of Virginia, 1610-11, succ. to title 1602 {(X. loloj. 4i, i.6\). 1)e L'Isle, Guili.aume; Fr. Geographer (1675—1726). !)3, 94. De Monts Pierre du Gvast, Sieur de, Viceroy of Acadie, 1603—1606 (d. p. 1613) 24, 25, 139, 140. ^ '' Denis, Jean (v. ] 506). 16. Denonville, Jacques Rene de Brisay, Marquis; Gov. of Canada, 1685-1689. oy, 4U, 41, 142. De Noyan, French Commandant at F. Frontenac, 1758. 73. Denton, Daniel, settled on Long Island, 1644; author of "A Brief Descrin of A'Y" London. 1670. 101, 107, 159. ^ " ' De SdLis, Juan Diaz (d. 1515). 132, 161. De Solis y RijiANDENEiRA Antonio HE ; Spanish Dramatist and Historian. (Connuista do Mojico l6cS4.) 1610— lOSO. 161. De Vaudreuil see Vaudreuil. De Villiers, Coulon. See Villiers. De Witt, Jan. 98. Diaz, Bartolojieo (d. 1500). 11. DiESKAU, LunwiG August, Bauon von (1701—1767). 48, 52, 112, 113, 115, 142, 143. DiNwiDDiE, KonERT, Gov. of Virginia, 1752—1758 (c. 1690—1770). 44, 47,142.' DioDORus SicuLUs (1st Cent. n.c). 2. Dodge, Col. Richard Living, Living Author. 35, 38 n., 165. DoNGAN, Col. Thomas, Gov. of New York, 1684—1688. 40, 100, 111, 142. Drake, Sir Francis (1545—1596). 17, 20, 21, 23, 137, 13S. DiiucouR, CiiEVALiEit, Gov. of Louisburg, 1758. 69, 70. Dumas CAi.T.,suLx;Contrcco3ur as Com. at F. Duquosne, 1755; at Quebec, 1759; at Montreal, 1 < 60. 86. ' Dunbar, Col. Thomas, served under Braddock, 1755. 49, 50, 143. DuQUESNE DE Mennevillk, :Marquis, Gov. of New France, 1752—1755. 43, 48. DuRELL, Admiral. 78, 79. Di RER, Albert (1471—1528). 23. Eelkixs, IIendrick, Member of Xcw Nctherland Coy., 1618. 107. Eelkins, Jacob J.wobs, Commander of Dutch fort on Castle Island, 1614— 1G18 ; Super- cargo of Engl ship " William," 1633. 99. EiRiKSKN, Leif, son of Eric the Red (v. 1000). 6, 129. Eliot, John, " the Apostle of the Lidians " (1604—1690). 33. *fT- 182 Apj)endiculcc Historicie. Elizaueth, Q. of England, 1558—1603 (1533—1603). 20, 22, 23. 28. Elizabeth Petrovna, Emp. of Russia, 1741—62 (1709—1762). 88. Endicoit, John, Gov. of Mass., 1644 (1589—1665). 140. Engel, Adriaex, !)!). Ekasmus, Desiderius (1467 — 1536). 23. Erk; Ursi, first Bishop of Greenland (v. 1100). 6. Evans, Lewis, Geographer and Engineer (c. 1700 — 175C). 04, 172, 173. Eyre, Major commandant at Fort William Henry 1756. 63. Ferdinand II., of Arragon, 1479 ; V. of Castile and Leon, 1500. " The Catholic " (1452 -1516). 12, 14, 130. Ferdinand VI., K. of Spain, 1746—1759 (1713—1759 s. p.) 88. FoRHEs, Brigadier John, Lieut.-Col. 1745, Col. 71st Foot ; Quarter-M.-G. under D. of Cumherland; Brigadier-Gen. 1757 (1710—1759) 69, 74, 7(1, 144. Francis I., K. of France, 1515—1547 (1494—1547). 17, 18, 23. Franklin, Benjamin (1706—1790). 47, 49. Frederick II. (The Great), King of Prussia, 1740 (1712—1786) 68, 88. Frobisiier, Sir Martin (d. 1594). 20, 137. Fry, Col. Joshua (d. 1754). 45. Frye, Col., at Fort William Henry, 1757. 66. Fuca, Juan de (v. 1593). 138. Gage, Thomas, Lieut.-Col. 44th Foot 1750 ; with Braddock 1755 ; at Ticonderoga 1759 ; Maj.-Genl. and Gov. of Montreal 1761 ; succ. Amherst in com. in Amer. 1763 ; Lieut.-Gcn. 1770; Gov. of Mass. Bay 1774; sent cxped. to Concord, which led to the battle of Lexington and opening of War of Indep., 1775 ; resigned com. same year (c. 1720—1787). 49, 50 n., 70, 81, 82, 143. Galilei, Galileo (1564—1642). 23. Gama, Vasco da (1469—1525). 11. Garay, Francisco de. Governor of Jamaica, 1519. 133, 134. Gates, Horatio, with Braddock in 1755, at Martinico 1762, Maj. 60th Royal Americans, 1764 ; Brigad. and Adjt.-Gen. of Revolutionary Army, 1775 ; Maj.-Genl. and Com.-in-Chief of Northern Army, 1776 ; superseded by Schuyler, resumed com. oi' N. Army, 1777 ; again superseded by Schuyler, resumed com. again in Aug., 1777 ; captured Burgoyne and his army at Saratoga, 16th Oct., 1777 ; Com.-in-Chief of Southern Districts, 1780 ; defeated by Cornwallis at Camden, removed but reinstated, 1782 (1728—1806). 49, 50 n., 143. George II. (George Augustus), King of England and Elector of Hanover, 1727 — 1760 (1683—1760). 47, 88, 145. George III. (George William Frederick), K. of England, 1760—1820; Elector of Hanover, 1760—1814 ; K. of Hanover, 1814—1820 (1738—1820). 88, 89, 145. Gilbert, Bartholomew, 24. Gilbert, John, 20. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey (1539—1583). 6, 20, 138. ^ Index Nominui.i. 183 GiojA, Flavia, of Amalfi (v. 1302). 9, 11. Gist, Christophek, Washington's guide, 1753. 44, 45, 46. GoMARA, Francisco Lopes de, author of " Cronica do la Nueva Espana," 1553 (1510— lt>DU), lo, Gomez, Estevax, pilot under Magellan, 1519. 18, 1;{4, GoN9ALVEs, Andrr(v. IJOI). 131. Gordon, Thomas F., Historical and legal writer (1787—1860). Gorges, Sir Ferdinando (d. 1047). 24, J 39. GosNOLi), Bartholomew (d. 1607). 23, 24, l.'iS. GouRGUEs, Dominique de (1530—1593). 19, l;i7. Grant, James. Mnjor of Montgomery Highlanders, 1757 ; Gov. of East Florida and Lieut.- Col 40th Foot, 1760 ; Col. 1772 ; Maj.-Gen. 1777 ; Lieut.-Gen. 1782 ; Gen. 1796; had a command under Howe in the War of Independence (1720—1806). 75, 76. Gkenvii.le, Sir Richard (1540—1591). 20, 21, 137, 138. Grijalva, Juan de (d. 1527). 135. GuERRA, Cristoval (v. 1500). l;U. Gustavus, AiKiLPHUs, or Gustavus II., K. of Sweden, 1611—1632 (1594—1632). 25, 140. GusTAvrs Vasa, King of Sweden, 1523—1560 (1490—1560). 23. Guzman, Nuxez de (v. 1530). 135. Haldimand, Sir Frederick, K.B., Licut.-Col. R. Araer. Reg. 1756 ; Col 1762 • Mai - Gcnl. in Amcr and Col. of 60th, 1772; Gen. in Amcr. 1776; Lieut.-Gen. 'in the Army, 1/ , 7 ; Lieut.-Gov. of Quebec, 1778—1784 (1718—1791). SI. Halket Sir Peter, M.P. for Dumferline, 1734 ; Lieut.-Col. of 44th, 1745 ; Col., 1751 (d. l(5o). ijO. Hampden, John (1594—1643). 26, 140. Hanover, Elector of, George Augustus, 1727—1760. See George IL of England. Hanover Elector of, George William Fkederuk 1760-1814, King of°Hanover, 1814 — 1820. See George III. of England. Haviland, Lieut -Col., 1757; Brig.-Gen., 1760; served at Martinique and Havannah ; Lieut.-Gen., 1772; Gen., 1783 (1718—1784). 86, 87, 144. Hawke, Admiral Sir Edward, Lord Hawke, 1776 (1715—1781). 69. Hawkin-s Sir John (1520—1595). 17, 19, 20, 137. Hendrkk, Mohawk chief (d. 1755). 47, 52. Hendricxsex, Cornklis, junr. of Jlonnichendam, explored coast from 3S°-40° N Lat and Delaware as far as Schuylkill, 1614-15. 99, 104, 170. ' ' Hennepin, Father Louis, Traveller and Author (c. 1640— p 1697). 28, 160. Henry IV., K. of Navarre, 1572 ; of France, 1589 (1553—1610). 22, 138. Henry VIL, K. of England, 1485—1509 (1457—1509). 7, 12, 13, 130. Henry VIIL, K. of England, 1509—1547 (1491—1547). 22. Henry, Don, the. Navigator, son of John I. of Portugal (1394—1463). 7. Heriulfsen, Biarne (v. 986). 6, 129. IIerrera y Tordesillas, Antonio de (1549—1625). 15. <1 ^-— =- 184 AppeHclicuhe Historicce. Ill HocES, Francisco (v. 1526). i;J5. HojEDA, or Ojeda, Ai,onso a& (c. 1465— p 1508). 14, 30, IJJO, V&i. Holbein, Hans (1498—1543). 23. HoLBouRNE, Admiral Francis, Capt. R.N., 1740 ; Commodore in W. Indies, 1760 ; Adm., 1755 ; Rear-Adm. and Lord of Admty., 1770 (d. 1771). 48, 64. Holmes, Admiral, 8J, Howe, George Augustus, Brigadier, 3rd Lord, sue. 1735 ; Col. of 60th (Roy. Americans), 1757 (c. 1724—1758). (ii», 70, 71, 73, 144. Hudson, Henkv, or Hendrik (d. 1611), 24, 104, 10(i, 130. Humboldt, Frederic Henry Alexander, Baron von (1769 — 1859). 7, 9, 12, 15, 130, 132, l(i4, 1()7. HusKE, Ellis ; Councillor of N.H., 1733—1755 (d. 1755). !»4. Huske, John, son of preceding, M.P. for Maiden, Essex, England, 1764, " For his share in bringing about the Stainj) Act his effigy WuS hung with Grenvillc's in the Liberty Tree, Boston, 1 Nov. 1765 " (c. 1721—1773). 95, 90, Kil. Hylatomylus, Martinus ( WaldseeinuUor) (c. 1470 — p. 1522). 14, 15. Irving, Washington (1783—1859). 12, l(i4. Isabella, Q. of Castile, 1474 (1451—1504). 12, 14, 130. Jacobs, Indian Chief (d. 1756). 62. James I., K. of England, 1603-1625 ; VI. of Scotland, 1567 (1556—1625). 24, 100, 139. James II., K. of England and VII. of Scotland, 1685-1688 (1633—1701). 39, 40, 41, 101, 141. James Francis Edward Stuart, the Old Pretender (1688—1765). 41. Janson, Cartographer (XVII. cent.) 91. JoGUFS, Father Isaac (1607—1646). 33, 113. John II., K. of Portugal, 1481—1495 (1455—1495). 11, 12. Johnson, Sir William (c 1715—1774). 44, 47, 49, 51—53, 57, 59, 74, 81, 87, 115, 118,143, 144, Kil. JoLiET, Prre Louis (1645—1730). 28, 141. Joncairi-.-Chabert (c. 1708— p. 1760). 46, 51, 81. JoNQUiiiRi;, Ja( ques Pierre de Taffanel, Baron de la. Governor of Canada, 1749 — 1752 (1686—1752). 43 n. Joutel, an officer who accompanied lia Salle on his last voyage and wrote an account of it, pub. 1713. 28, 100. Jumonville, Coulon de, brother of Villicrs, q.v. (c. 1725—1753). 45, 40, 142. Kalm, Peter (1715—1779). 46 n. 102, 103, 105, 100, 108, 109, 114, 115, 123, 103. Kennedy, Lieut, (d. 1757). 62. Kepler, John (1571—1630). 23. KiEFT, William, Governor of N. Netherland, 1637—1647. 99. Kirke, the Brothers; Sir David Kirke, Admiral, and Louis Kirke, Captured Quebec, 1628. 25, 140. Knox, John (1505—1572). 23. ^ Index Noininum. 186 La Ci.ue, French Admiral. 6!). La Cokne, Chevamer Pierre Saint Lrc de. Oo, 00, 78, 70, 81, 80. LAcrrANTius, Lucius Caxius Firmianus (III. cent.— c. a25), 10. Laet, Johannes tie, or Jan Van, Director of N. N. Company, 1638 ; Dcscript. of West Indies, 1640 (d. c. 1650). !»1. ' Lam.emant, Prhe Gabriel (d. 1649). His two uncles P. Charles and P. Jerome were also notable Jesuit missionaries in Canada. 133, La JIoTiE, Emmanuel Auguste dk CAHinEuo, Comte du Bois he; French Admiral (1683—1764). 64, LANnoHAvE OF Hesse. 100. Lane, Ralph, Sir. Gov. of Roanoke. 1585 ; served against Portugal, 1589 ; in Ireland. 1591 ; Knighted, 1593 (1530—1604), 21, 138. Lanoy, Com. of Fr. outposts at Ticonderoga, 1758. 71. La Salle, Roiiert, Cavalier he (1035—1687). 28, 40, 124, 141, 142, 160, 105. La Saussaye (v. 1613). 139. LAunoNNiKRE, Rrnr Goulaine i)e (v. 1565). 19, 137. Lawrence, Brigadier, Governor of Nova Scotia, 1756 (d. 1760). 49, 54. Leif Eikiksen v. Eiriksen. Leisler, Jacoh, Col., usurped Govt, of N. Y., 1689 (d. 1691). 40, 41. Le Jeune, Father Paul (1592—1664). 32. Le Loutre, J()seph Louis, Vicar-General of Acadia, sent to Canada, 1737 (d. p. 170')). 33, 54, 55. Lemaire, Jacob (d. 1616). 139, 159. Leon, Juan Ponce ue, see Ponce de Leon. Leonarix) da Vinci (1452—1520). 23. Lei'e, Diego ue (v. 1499). 131. LfiRY, Baron ue (v. 1518). 17. Lkry, French engineer officer (v. 1755). 57. Lfivis, Fr \N901s, Chevalier, second in command under Montcalm, Marshal of France 1783, and Duke 1784 (1720—1787). 58, 60, 64, 05. 00, 71, 84—87. Lewis, Andrew, Maj. 1755, Brig.-Gen. 1774. Served under Washington in War of Indep. (1730—1780). 75. LiGNERis, Caft., Kt. of S. Louis, at F. Duquesnc 1755, at Venango 1758. 70, 81. LirxxEHALEs, Col., succ. Mercer in command at Oswego, and surrendered that ulace to Montcalm in 1756. 120. ' LoAYSA, Garcia ue (v. 1526). 135. Locke, John (1632—1704). 28, 140. LoNGUEiL, Paul Joseph, Baron de, Gov. of Montreal 1749, acting Gov. of Canada 1752, served on the British side in War of Independence 1775 (d. 1778). 43. LouuoN, John Campbell, Fourth Earl of, Commander-in-Chief in America 1757-1768 Lieut-Gen. 1758, Gen. 1770, succ. 1731 (1720—1782). 58, 59, 60, 62, 64, (>!), 73.' Louis XIV., K. of France, 1643—1715 (1638—1715). 39, 41. U15 1^^ [ i. I I: 18(! Appendiculte HLstoricce. Lov()i,.\, Igxaiius, origiiinlly Ddu Ifiigo Lopez dc lleciildo (1491 — 1556). 2U. LuTHKR, Mahiin (1483—1546). 2:?. Lydius, Cm,, (v. 1749). 112. Lymax, Ma,i.-Gk\, Phinkas (1716—1775). 51, 60. Macdoxai,!), Capt. (d. 1758). 7-'). Macki'.i.i.au, Engineer at Oswego, 17o5. 69. MacKi;x/,ii;, Cait. 7"). Mai)()c Gwynkdd, or GuYXKrH.son of Owen Gwynedd, King of N. Wales (XII. cent.). 7, 120. MAr.r,T,i,AN or Magalhakns, Fi;hnam)o (c. 1470 — 1521). ];J4. Maisoxxkuvi;, sec Chomedey. Mallet, Paul Hexim, Swiss Historian (1750 — 1870). Mance, Jkaxxe (B.C. 160()). 27. Mauia Thi:iu>a, Q. of Hungary and Bohemia, Archduchess of Austria and Empress, 1740 marrii'd in 1736 Duke Francis Steplien of Lorraine whom she declared joint ruler. He became Grand iJuke of Tuscany 1737, and was elected E'np. of Germany 1745 ; he died 1765 (1717-1780). S!>. Mauixus, of Tyre, GLo;,'rapher (c. 150 a.d.). 12. Marlowe, Chuisioi'hek (1564 — 1593). 23. Makquette, Fahiek Jacques (1637—1675). 28, 141. Mautyk, Peiek, ue AxGHiEKA, Italian scholar, statesman, and historian (1455 — 152(i). 15, 167, 170. Maky L Q. of Enghmd, 1553—1558 (1516—1558). 22. Mauy II , wife of William III., 1677, Q. of England 1689 (1662—1694). 39. Mary Stuart, daughter of Charles I. of England and mother of William of Orange (1631—1660.) 39. Mason, John (1600—1672). 25, 140. Mauxdeville, Sir JoFiN, traveller, whose stories are now discredited (1300 — 1372). 9. Mc Gregory, Major (v. 1687). 39, 142. Meech, Lieut., at Quebec, 1759. 79. Mexdoza, Garcl\ Hurtado de (v. 1535). 135. Mexexdez he Avii.Es, Pedro (1519—1574). 19, 137. Mercer, Col. (killed at Oswego, 1755). 53, 60, 61, 143. Mercer, Hugh, Assist. Surg, at Culloden, 1746, Capt. 1755, Lieut.-Col. 1758, Col. and 15rig.-Gen. 1776 on the Amer. side in War of Indep. (c. 1721 — 1777). 76. Meurs, de, or Meursius, see Montanus. Mey, Corxei^is Jacohsex. 98. Michael Axgelo Buoxarotti (1474 — 1564). 23. Milbourxe, Jacob (d. 1691). 40, 41. Miller, Rev. Johx, Chaplain to H.M's. Forces in N. York, 1692 — 1695 ; describes the place and Province as in 1095. 101—103, 106, 107, 117, 160. ' Index Nonnnnm. 187 MiNUirs, Tkikii, First Director of the New Nethcrlnmls, 1024—1633. 00. MiKKi'oix, CiiAKi.Ks PiKUKK Gasion FiiANeois DK Lkvis, Duc de, French Ambassador to London m 17o4 (1<)99— 1758). 48 n. Mrrcni'.i.i,, John, M.D., F.R.S., Author and Cartosraplier (d. 17«8). !)4, i»;j, 171. Moi.L, HijiMAN, Geographer (v. 1715). d'i, !t4, 171. MoNCKTON, RoiiKKT, Lieut.-Col. 1750, Gov. of Annaiiolis 1754, Lieut.-Gov. N. Scotia 1750, Jaout.-Col. OOtli, 1757, IJrig.-Gen. 17o!), Col. 17tli Ili^gt., Mnjor-Gen. 17(11, lii('ut.-(ien. 1770, Com. at Martinique 17(i-', Gov. of Xrw York 1702 (d. 1782). JloNuo, Coi,., 35th Regt., Com. at Fort William Henry 1757. 05, 143. Montaiom;, Michakl dk (1533—1593). 23. Mo.NTANUs, (Jacobus Mkuhsius, or ni; Mkuhs), I'rof. of Greel< at Loydcn 1611, aft. Ilistoriograidior to K. of Denmark (1579—103^). 91, 92, 100. MoNTCAr.M DK (St. Veiian, Louis Joskimi, Marquis de, French Commander in America, 1750—59 (1712—1759). 57, 5H, 60, 01, 02, 04, 05—07, 71-7;), 7S-,^ -•, j-JO, 143, 144, l(i5. MoMiy.uMA XL, last Aztec Emperor of ilexico, elected 1502 (c. 1470—1520). Morales, Gasi'au (v. 1515). 132. Moke, Sir Thomas (1480—1535). 23. MuNoz, Juan- Hautista, Spanish historian (1745—1799). 12. MuitKAY, 15ui(;ai)IEU James, Lieut.-Col. 15th Foot 1751, Col. in Ainer. 1758, Gov. of (iuebec 1759, Col. 60th, 1759, Maj.-Gen. 1762, Gov. of (iuebec 1703-0(i, Col 13th 1767, Lieut.-Gen. 1772, Gen. 1783, Col. of 21st 1789 (d. 1794). S5— ,S7, 14 L Nadhyckombie, Mus., SCO Aberckombie. Napoleon, see Bonavakj e. Nakvaez, Pami'hieo de (d. 1527). 18, 133, 135. Navakette, IMaktin Fernandez de. Historian and Geographer (1765—1844). 12. Newcastle, Thomas I'klham, Duke of, created D. 1715, Secy, of State 1724, Premier 1754-56, and 1757-62 (1693—1768). 48, 08. Nichols or Nicx)LLs, Col. Richard, Gov. of N. Y. and N. J. 1604—1666, of N. Y. 1067 100, 107. Nicholson, General Siu Francis, Lieut.-Gov. N. Y. umlcr Andros, 1687—9; Guv of Va. 10(19—2 and 1699—1705; Gov. of Md. 1694—9 ; Com. at Capture of Port Royal 1710, and of Abortive Exped. 1711; Gov. of N. S. 1712— J7; Knighted 1720 ; Gov. of S. C. 1721—5 ; Licut.-Gen. 1725 (d. 1728). 112. Nino, Pedro Alonzo, "El Negro" (1408— c. 1505). 131. North, Frederick, Lord, Earl of Guildford, 1790 (1733—1792). 89. O'Callaohan, Edmund B., M.D., LL.D., Historian (Living). 92, 29, 164, 170. OcAMTO, Sebastian de (v. 1518). 133. Oglethorpe, General James Edward, founder of Georgia (1698—1785). 29, 141. Ojeda, see Hojeda. Oldmixon, John (c. 1673—1742), Author of "The British Empire in America," 1741. 107. ]5H li 188 AppcncHculcB Historicie. ■ r i ;. Olieh, Jean Jacques (1608—1657), 27. O.NONTio, The Grea i, Indian name for tho K. of France. 32. O.NONiio, Indian name for French Governor of Canada. 32. Orellana, Fkancisco (d. 1550). L'5G. OsiioRN, Admiral. CD. OvANix), Nicolas, Governor of Ilispaniola, 1501—1508 (c. 1460—1518). 30. OviELH) Y Valde-*, Go.\9alo Fekxandez, de, Spanish Historian (1478 — 1557). 15. Oxenham, John. 137. Palissy, Uernard (c. 1506—1590). 23. Pakkman, Fkancis, Historian (1823~still Hving). 10, 33, 48, 05, GO, 09, 73, 83, 04, 113, 118, 165. Pedrarias. See Arijis, Pedro. Penn-, AimiRAi, Sir Wh.liam (1621—1670). 28. Penn, William, "the Quaker." (1644—1718). 28, 141. Peperkll, Ji^ir Willia:*i. Com. at Louisburg, 1745, Kart. 1746, Col. in Brit. Army, 1749, Maj. Gen. 1755, Lieut.-Gen. 1759 (1696—1759). 30, 61, 143. Percy, Thomas, Bishop of Dromore, 1782 (1728— ISll). Peter III. (Feodorovitch), Emp. of Russia, Jany. to July, 1762 (1728—1762). 88. Philip II., K. of Spain, 1555—98 (1527—1598). 19, 22. Philip, Kinj; of the Wampanoags (d. 1676). 37. Phivps, Sir William (1651—1695). 40, 143. Picquet', or Pkhiet, Abbe, founded La Presentation, 1749 ; in Canada till 1760. 33, 42, 43, 46, 51, 50, 61, 87, 125, 142. PlGAFETTA, A.NTO.MO (c. 1492—?). 134. Pineda, Alo.nso .^Xlvarez de (v. 1519). 133. Pixzox, Martin Alonzo (d. 1493). 12. 130. PiNZON, Vicente Yanez (d. 1523). 12. 130-132. PiNZON ? 8. Pnr, William, M.P. 1735, Premier 1757, Secy, for War and Foreign affairs 1757 — 1761, Premier and Earl of Chatham 1766 (1708—1778). 68, 69, 72, 77, 78, 84, 88, 89, 143. PiZARRO, Francisco, Conqueror of Peru, 1633 (1475—1541). 18, 132, 135. PizARRo, GoNZALo, Gov. of Quito, 1540 (1506—1548). 13(). Plaio (B.C. 428—347). 5, 6. PococKE, Sir George. 89. Polo, Maffeo, uncle of Marco Polo. 9. Polo, Marco (1256—1323). 9. Polo, Nia)i.o, uncle of Marco Polo. 9. Pomi'aih)ur, Jeanne Anioinette Poisson, Marquise de (1722 — 1764). 48. Ponce de Leon, Juan (d. c. 1521). 18, 130, 132, 134. Index Nominum. 189 PoxTGRAVi; (d. aft. 1615). 24, 1;J8. PoviiAC, an Ottawa Chief (c. 1712—1769). 37, 165. PopiiAM, Sir John-, Chief Justico (1531— c. 1607). 139. Popple, Hkxuy, Geographer (v. 1733). 93. PORTXEUF (v. 1749). 43. P(Kr, Christivn Fkkdkric, Moravian Missiimary. (v. 17-58.) 74, 162. Pouciior, G\rr. M., French engineer officer and historian of the war 1755—1760 (1712 1769). SI, S7. PouiRiNcouKr, Barox j)k (c. 1557—1615). 24, 25, 138, 139, 140. Prideaux, John, Brigadier-Genl., Capt. 1745, Col. 1758; Brig.-Genl. 1759 (1718— 1759). 81, 121, 144. Pring, MARrix (V. 1603). 23, 138. PuTXAM, IsRAKL, Maj. 1757 ; Liout.-Col. 1760 ; at Havannah, 1762 ; Col. in Pontiac's ^VTis ^^-' ■^^"■'•"P''- I'i.War of Indep. 1775; at Bunker's Hill, Com. at N.Y. Rahki.ats, Fkaxcois (1495—1553). 23. Rai.kigii, Sir Walter (1552—1618). 20, 21, 23, 24, 137, 138, 139. Rami-^vy, Chevalier de ; Commandant of the Fortress of Quehec, 1759. 83, 84. Ramusio, GiAMiiAiTisiA (1485—1557). 16, 17, 170. Raphael d'Urbixo (1483—1520) 23. Rappelje, Saiiaii i)e, first child of European parents born on Long Island. !»!). Rensselaer, Kiliaex vax, one of the Founders and 1st Patroon of Rensselaerswyck (Albany). 107. RiRAur, Jean (1520—1565). 19, 137. RiDEKo, Diego, Geographer to the K. of Spain, 1529. 16, 169. RiCCIAKDI. 15. Richelieu, Armaxd Jeax Duplessis ; Cardinal, 1622; Secy, of State for War and Foreign affairs, 1616 ; First Minister, 1624 (1585—1642). 25. RiGAUi) HE Vaudreuil, brother of Gov. Vaudreuil. 60, (il, 64. Robertson, Dr. William (1721—1793). 15, Id:;. EonEiivAL, SiEUR i)E. See Roque, do la. Roche, Marquis he la (d. c. 1603). 21, 138. RoHNEY, George iBiiYDGEs, Rear-Admiral, 1759 ; Admiral, 1778 ; Baron Roduev. 1782 (1718—1792). 8S. ^ Rogers, Major Robert (c. 1730— c. 1800). 63, 70, 71, 73, 82. RocjuE, Jeax Frax(;()is de la, Sieur do Roberval (d. 1547). 18, 21, 136. RoswELL, Sir Henry (v. 1628). 25, 140. RoUllAUl), FaTHEK. ()(), 113. Rous, CvFr. JoHx ; com. "The Shirley" at Louisburg, 1745; Capt. R.N. 1745 ; com. in Bay of Fundy, 1755 ; com. " The Wincliilsea," at Louisburg, 1757 ; com. " The Sutherland," at Louisburg, 1758 ; at Quebec, 1759 (d. 1760). 55. m fi 1 1 190 . \pj>en(Iicnlce Historicce. St. I'lKiiiii:, JAcgriN I-ioaudkuk dk (1701 — 1755). 45. Salt.k, RoHKur Cavai.ikh dk i,v (lut.-Col. 1745, Col.-Com. Eoy. Americans 1756, Priii.-Gen. 1757, erected ]'"ort Stanwix, Oneida, 1758, Maj.-Gen. 1759, Lieut.- Gen. 1761 (lost at sea 1705). 74, 70, 119. Stuvvixant, PKrFR, Dutch Gov. of New Amsterdam 1047—1004 (c. 1602—1682). 27, 99, 100, 140. Surrey, Henry IFowauh, K\hl of (1515 — 1647). 23. SzKOi.NV, Jean, Polish iiavis;ator. 8, 129. TniAN, VErEi.Li (1477—1576). 23. Trent, Cut. (v. 1753). 23, 45, 142. Trevor, Cai'l. 107. TvxDAi.E, W^i.LLvM (1477—1536). 23. Ulloa, Franciscx) de, Span, Discoverer of Cahfornia (d. c. 1540). 135. K9B5B Index NoniinuDi. 191 Valdivia, Pedro de (c. 1510—1550). 1;}1. Valori. 15. Vaxder Doxck, Adriaex, Sheriff of Renssclaorswyck 1G 11; Historian of N. JST. Vi-2. Van Twii.i.er, Woutkr, Director-Gon. of N. Nethcrliind, 16;r3— 1637. f)!), 107. VACiUEUN, Com. French fleet above Qiiobco, 1760. 86. Vaudreuu, Pierre Frax9ois Rigaui., .ALakqiis „k, sue... 1748; Gov. of Canada 1755- ]'Jll ' 7^^:" ';:" "f ^^ihppe Kigau.i, .Maniuis de Vaudreiiil, Governor of Canada, 1 , 0.5-1 , 2o (1698-1764). 48, 67, 58, 5-,>, 64, 78, 81, 8:{, 84, Sd, 87, 144. Vaudreuh,, Rigaud i)e, brother of the above. See Rigaud. Vega, Garcii.easso de i,a, "The Inca " (1530— c. 1616). 8, 12, 160. Vei.vsouez, Diego, Gov. of Cuba, (c. 1460—1523). 132, 133. Vergaka, Juax de (v. 1502). 131. Vekgor^ r)uc„AMHON DE. Surrd. F. lieau.s.^-our, 1755, at Heights of Abraham, 1750. 55, Verkazzano, Giovanni (—1527). 17, 22, 132, 134. Vespucci, Amerigo (1451—1516). 14, 15, l:{()— 132. Vii.i.AiwXE, Angee j)e (v. 1551). 19, 137. Vii.LiERs, Coui.o.N DE (v. 1755). 46, 59, 60. VissciiER, (Piscator) Nicoi.aus, Dutch Cartographer, XVII. cent. 91, 93, 104. Viva 1,1)1, Tiie Brothers. 7. Voi.CKERSTEX, ThUVS. 98. Wai.dseemui.i.er, Martin, " Hylacomyhis " (c. 1470— p. 1522). 15, KIS. Waixkexaer, Bviiox. 1(J7. Wardour, Lord Arundel of (c. 1540—1639). 24. Warner, Seth, Revol. officer; Col. 1775; retired 1782 (1743—1734). 114. Warren, Admiral Sir Peter, Com. at capture of Louisburg, 1745 (1703—1752). 51. Warwick, Rokert Rich, Eari, oe, 1618 (—1658). 26, 140. Wash iNniON George, Adjt.-Gen. Va. Militia 1751; Lieat.-Col. 1754; vol. aide to Braddock 17;j5 ; delegate to First Congress 1774, and Second Congr. 1775 ; Com in Chief of Ainer. Army 1775 ; vict. ut Boston, def. at Brooklvn and Wliite Phiins yict. at Trenton and Princeton 1776; def. at PiraiKivwiiie and Germantown 1777; in conj. with ]>'rencli, Ciiptiired Cornwallis and arniv "at Yorktown, 1781 ; Resigned Com. 1783; Pres. of Conventi.m 1787; Ist PriMduit U.S.A. 1789; ret 1797 (1732-1799). 44—47, 49, 50, 56, 71, 7(1, 1 12, 1 13. Waymouth. GamGE (v. 1605). 24, 30, 139. Weiih, Coi.. Daxiel, succ. Shirley 1756; abandons Oswego, 1756; abandons F. AVilliam Henry, 1757. 58—61, 05, 119, 1 13. Weed, Isaac, Junior, Traveller and Autlior (1774—1856). Ill, 115, 125, 164. West, Benjamin, P.R.A. 1792 (1738-1820). 76. West, Cait., brother of Benj. West. 76. West, sent to settle 8. Car. 1670. 28. White, John, Gov. of Roanoke, 1587. 21. 138. 192 Appendiculoi Historical. WiLi.TAM III. or William Henry, K. of England, 1689—1702, married Mary, daur. of James II., 1677 (1650—1702). 39—41. Williams, Ephraim, Col., Founder of Williams' Coll. Mass. (1715—1755). 52. Williams, Roger, Founder of Rhode Island (1599—1683). 26, 140. WixsLow, John, Lieut.-Col. (1702—1774). 47, 54, 55, 58—60, 62, 143. WixsLow, JosiAH, first native born Gov. of Plymouth, 1673—1680, was a son of Edward Winslow, the 1st Gov. (1629—1680). '37. Winthrop, John, the Younger, F.R.S., Gov. of Connecticut, 1657—76 (1606—1676). 26. 140. Wolfe, Major-Gexeral Jamis (1726—1769). (i(>, (19, 70, 78, 84, 143, 144, 165, 172. Wyait, Sir Thomas, the Elder (1503—1542). 23. York axd Albany, Duke of (James II. of England). 28, 100, 101, 141, Zeno, Antonio (c. 1335—1407). 7, 8, 129, 167, 170. Zend, Nicolo (c. 1330—1385). 7, 8, 129, 107, 170. ■■■■■■1 mmmsmm^L^jm^ INDEX LOCORUM. ill ABBUEVIATIONS: Fla. = FfonV/a,- Mass. = il/a*»<,cA«se«« ; Ui\.--- Maryland; }i.C.^=North Carolma; ^.U.^ New Hampshire, SJ.^Ntw Jersey; S .'6. r Nova Scotia ; l&.Y.^Ncw York; Pa. =^ Pennsylvania; S.V. = South Carolina; Va..= Virginia. Acadia or Acadie the old French name for Nova Scotia; its boundaries wore never defaned, and though the name properly belonged, according to early French authors, to the peninsula formmg the modern province of N.S., it was extended, in Frenc'n maps of the middle of the 18th century, so as to cover the greater part of New 54, 55, 64, 78, 138. 141, 142, 143, 147, 148, 156, 172. AEs<)PU^,_^SoP^i.n*s OT^Sopus, on Aesopus Kill. Hudson R. near the modern Kingston (PI. vi.) '^^''"''^Statef ^ly"" "'' ^''''^^ '^"'^ signifying " a place of rest." One of the Southern Alaska Al-ay-ek-sa^ Great country. Discovered by Behring, a Russian, 1741. Sold by Russia to the U.S.A. m 1867 for 7,200,000 dollars in gold. 6. Albany Orange, Aurania, Beaver Wyck or Williamstadt, now cai). of State of N Y QQ in:; "V^^•^y;^^^.2•5^ 2~' '^^' '^^' 4~. ^y. 58, 59, eo, 61, 62, 73, 74, 90, 96, 97; 143, 161. ' ' ' ' ^^''^' ^^^' ^^^' ^^'' ^^^' ^^^•^^^' 1^^' Alexandkia. Va., on the Potomac, 7 miles below Washington. (PI. iii.) 49. Alleghany, or Appalachian Mountains : the first name is applied by some only to the portion of the chain, extending from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, which is in Pa, J»ia. and Va. 1 he orthography of the word is not settled. (PI. iii.) 46,75 Alleghany Rivek. Rises in Potter Co. Pa. At Pittsburg it unites with the Monon- gliela and the united streams become the Ohio. 45, 142. Amazon R. (Maraiion Orellana, or Solimoens). Rises in the Peruvian Andes and Hows into the Atlantic aitor a course of 4,000 miles. The largest river in volume in the 7. Bruixton. See Fort Brewinton. Buenos Ayres (good air) or Santissima Trinidad dc Buenos Ayres, Cap. of the Argentine Kep. on the west of the estuary of the La Plata, about loO miles from the sea 135 Cabo de Boa Esperan9a, Cajio Tormentoso. See Cape of Good Hope. Cadaracqui. See St. Lawrence River, Fort Frontenac and Ontario Lake. Cadiz, anc. Gades., on the Isle of Leon, off S.W. coast of Andalusia. 14, 130, 131, 132. Caghnuaga, on the St. Lawrence. 42. Cahotatka. Iroquois name for the Hudson R. q.v. Calicut, or Kolikod. Malabar District, Madras Presidency. Formerly Portu-'uose, but English since 1792. 131. " California, (the New Albion of Drake, 1578). One of the Pacific States of U.S.A. 135, 136. Calvaire, on the north bank of the St. Lawrence, close to St. Augustin, above Quebec, (PI. X.) 85. Camden. Capital of Kershaw Co., S.C, about a mile E. of the Watereo River. 50. Campeachy or Camveche. Mexico. Lat. 19° 50" N. ; Long 90'^ 35" West, on the Bay of the same name. 133. Canada. An Indian word, as to the meaning of which there has been much discussion. Cartier said that it signified " a town " ; Lcscarbot says it is a proper name "■ Belleforest and Thevet translate it " Terre " ; Charlevoix mentions both the above,' a,nd also a traditioti that the name was given through the error of certain Spanish companions of Cartier, who mistook the Indian reply to enquiries for mines,_ " Aca Nadu," i.e., " ici rion," for the name of the country. It included, according to Cartier, a district north of the S. Lawrence from the Isle aux Coudrcs to some distance above Quebec, having Saguenay below, and Hochclao-a above it._ The name of New France wa.s applied to Canada, Hocheluga and Siigucnay at the time of Champlain's visit inl61i9; 135 years later, in Cliarlevoix's time, " La Nouvclle France ou Canada," included the whole of North America north of the Illinois R. and the great lakes, with New England, Acadio and Labrador. The modern Dominion of Canada, includes all the British possessions in N. Amer. except Newfoundland, the W. Indian colonies and IJalize, and has an area of 3,406,000 square miles. 18, 21, 2-5, 27, 29, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 58, 63, 78, 79, 80, 81, 86, 87, 96, 106, 108, 109, 112, 114, 116, 122, 123, 136, 140, 142, 144, 147, 149, 156, 161, 164, 166, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175. Canada Cijeek, flowing from the N. into Wood Creek, Oneida. Distinguish from Canada Creek, now calk'd West Canada Creek flowing into tlie Mohawk at Herkimer (P1.S. i., ii. and viii.) 119. CC 2 196 Appendicuhe Historicte. ! ! Canary Islanhs, anc. Fortunattc Insulsc. Spanish since 1493. Seven principal Islands, viz., Lanzarotc, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Teneriffe, Gomera. Palma and Ferro. In many old maps the zero of longitude is taken in Ferro, as its meridian is the assumed line dividing the E. & W. Hemispheres. Its conventional meridian, 17" 40' W. of Greenwich, is not its true one, which is 18° 9 ' W. 8. Oaniad-eri guahunte. See Champlain Lake. Cap Bonavista, Newfoundland. The S.E. limit of the coast on which the French were permitted by the Treaty of Utrecht, confirmed by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, to dry Hsh during the season. See Cape Rich. 148. Cape Blanco. See C. Codera and C. Orford. Cape Breton- Island (Isle Royale). Separated from mainland of Nova Scotia by the Gut of Canso. Length, 100 miles; breadth, 80 miles. 14, 25, 41, 42, 54, 141, 143, 144, 147, 148, 156, 170, 172, 173, Cape Cod, Mass. Hudson, in 1600, under the impression that C. Cod was an island, called it " New Holland," and the Dutch afterwards named it " Staaten Hoeck," or States' Point. (PI. iii). (i, 23, 120, 138, 139. Cape Codera, or C. Blanco. On the Caraccas Coast, W.S.W. of Tortuga. 131. Cape Feak, N.C, is the southern point of Smith's Island at the mouth of Cape Fear River, and is also the most southern point of the State. 17, 134. Cape Horn (properly Hoorn). The most southern point of America, on the last of the Fuegian Islands. 55°, 58; 40', S. Lat.; 07°, 10', W. Long. 135, 139. Cape North. The N.E. extremity of Capo Breton Island. 170. Cape of Good Hope {Qaho Tormenioso, Diaz ; Oaho de Boa Esperan^a, K. John II. of Port). Near the southern extremity of Africa, 34^, 22', S. Lat.; 18° 29', E. Long. 11, 131, 137, 138. Cape Orford, or Cape Blanco. The most westerly point of Oregon. 42°, 50', N. Lat.; 124°, 32', W. Long. 136. Cape Race. The S.E. extremity of Newfoundland. 46° 40', N. Lat. ; 52°, 54', W. Lat. 48. Cape on Point Rich, Newfoundland. S.W. limit of French privileges. See Cap Bonavista. 148. Cap Rouge. On the north bank of the St. Lawrence, 9 miles above Quebec. There is another Cap Rouge on N. bank of the St. Lawrence, below the I. of Orleans. 18, 136. Cape St. Al'gustink {Santo Agosfinho, Port.) Brazil. The most eastern point of S. America. 8° 21' S. Lat. ; 34° 56' W. Long. 131. Cape S. Helena. Marked on Ribero's Map, 1529. Probably at the mouth of the modern S. Helena's Sound, S.C. 134. Cape San Roque. N.E. coast of Brazil, 5° 28' S. Lat. ; 35° 16' W. Long, 132, 167. Cape Verd (or Verde) Islands {Illias Verdas. Port.) In the Atlantic, 320 miles west of Cape Verd, the westernmost point of Africa. The group consists of Sal, Boavista, Mayo, Santiago, Fogo, Brava, Grande, Rombo, Sao Nicolao, Santa Luzia, Branco, Razo, Sao Vicente, and Santo Antonio, and several smaller islands. Belong to Portugal. 12, 16. Carlisle, Capital of Cumberland Co. Pa. (PI. iii.) 75. Index Locorum. 197 10°25'36"N,Lat. The Dutch built a fort here in Caroob. RivEK. flowing into the Mohawk on the north side, a little above Johnstown. Carouna (North and South.) 6. 17, 21, 28, 45, 129, 134. 140, 141, 156, 163, 173. Cabthagkna or Cartagena Cap. of Bolivar, U.S. of Colombia, /o" '<■' i- o»"^«- (h^. «. Foht Bkitixton. Sec Fort Brewinton. Fori' Bull. On Wood Creek, Oneida. 57. Fort Carii.i.ox. See Ticonderoga. Fort Caroline. On the R. of May, Florida. 19, 137 Fort Casimir. Dutch F.rt on the Delaware. 27, 100 140 '"""■'■ X'S:^., tl «tu": nt" ^- "'''"»">'• ^^*"«^" Co. N.Y. 62, (59, 74, 51, 52, 59, i I, m 200 AppendiculfC Historic, I , lU( . ' 204 AppendicnIiB Historica. I Idaho, a north-western territory of the U.S., lying upon the Pacific slope, and principally in the basin of the Columbia River. 35. Illinois Rivkr is formed bjr the junction of the Des Plaines and Kankakee Rivers. It flows into the Mississippi River about 18 miles above Alton. Length 350 miles. 28, 37, 97. Irocoisen, Mecr Vand. Lukes Champlain and George, qq.v. Irocoisensis or Iuoquois R. See Richelieu R., also St. Lawrence River. IsADELA Islam). See Saomete. IsAitELA. On the N. coast of Hayti, 36 miles W.N.W. of Santiago. 130, 168. IsLA HE GiGANTEs. See Cura9oa. Island of Orleans, in the River St. Lawrence, 4 miles N.E. of Quebec. Length, 20 miles; greatest breadth, 6 miles. 79, 91, 92. IsLA Rica. In the Pacific, off the Isthmus of Darien. 132, 133. IsLA Santa. Name given by Columbus to the part of America first seen by him. 130. Isle Cauchois. In the St. Lawrence, a little below Lake Ontario. 126. Isle avx Coidres (Hazel Island). In the St. Lawrence, 12 miles S.E. of St. Paul's Bay. 79. IsLK au Galot. At the north end of Lake Ontario (not Lile au Galot, q.v.). 126, Isle aux Noix. In the River Richelieu, near the southern boundary of Quebec. The French built a fort here in 1759 and called it Fort Isle aux Noix (Fort Lennox). 81, 82, 86, 115. Isle of Pines. See Evangelista. Isle Saime Theresk. In the St. Lawrence, at the foi)t of the Island of Montreal. 86. IsTHMi's OF Panama (Isthmus of Darien), the connecting link between North and South America, separating the Atlantic from the Pacific Ocean. 131. Ja( QUEs Caktier. On the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the Jacques Cartier River. 84,86. Jagaka. See Niagara. Jamaica (Yamaye). One of the Great Antilles, and the principal of the Er'tish West India Islands. 28, 130, 134, 156 James River, of Virginia, called by tlio Indians Powhatan, and named by the English in honor of James I. Formed by the juncture of Jackson's and Cowpasture Rivers, and flows into Cbosiipeako Bay. 24, 139. Jamrs Town, on the North bank of the James River. 24, 139. Johnson Castle. On the Mohawk. 51, 118. Johnson Hall. In the modern Johnstown, q.v. Johnstown or Johnston, capital nf Fulton Co. N.Y,, on Cayadutta Creek, 48 miles WN.W. of Albany. 51,118. Jordan River, probably tiie Santee River, S.C. (See Santee R.) 134. Kknnehkc River, Maim-. Rises in the Moosi'head Lake, runs southward and flows into the Atlantic about 14 miles soutii of Bath. Length about 200 miles. 47, 48. Kingston, Ontario. See Fort Fronteiuic. Kingston, Cap. of Ulster Co., N.Y., between the J^lsopus and Hudson rivers, and about 2 miles from the latter, 54 miles S. of Albany. (Pis. iii. and vi.) 102, 106, 108, 126. mmmmmm Index Locoriim. 205 KiCTANNmo, or Kiitanning, on the E. bank of the Alleghany river, Armstrong Co. Pa. Kjalarnes. Early Scandinavian settlement at Cape Cod. 6, 129. ^*""Xt LS^'Jto^T'fo'^ A peninsula on the E. coast of British North America, WCaW in MQr^H' ^f I'on-frojnSe-to 78" W. Labrador was discovered 130 131. lae! isVibVier ^ "" ^^^^- ^' ^*' ^^' ^^' ^^' ^''^^' La Chike, on the St. Lawrence, 9 miles above Montreal. (PI. ix.) 87, 124. Lac Techeroguen. See Oneida Lake. Lacus Irocoisiensis, or Meer de Irocoisen. Lakes Champlain and George, qq.v. 92. La Galette, on the river St. Lawrence, a little above Fort Levis. 87, 93. Lake Champlain. See Champlain L. Lake Erie One of the five great lakes drained by the St. Lawrence, forms part of the Lake George (Saint Sacrament, Andiarocte, sometimes erroneously called Horicon) a 725^8^9^-. 9?flt'lfrArHtr74.'^' ''' ''' ''' ''' ''' ''' '''''' ^"""^ atutTa mifes.^" iV* ""^ ^°"'«'^"«' ** ^he mouth of the Amite River. Length ^■""'' f,!^\T- 'X^^" -f'^f ^"* T °^ *^" ^" ^''^^ ''^'^^^^' ^""^ ™tirely included within tlio U.h. Mo miles long, and greatest breadth 88 miles. 28, 97, 121. Lake of a Thousan,, Isles, or Lac des Mille Isles, an expansion of the St. Lawrence near Lake Ontario, containing the group called " The Thousand Islands." 125 Lake Ontario. See Ontario Lake. Lake Pontciiartrain, Louisiana, about 6 miles N. of New Orleans, and 3 miles E of 25 milei^^'lSs!' '"' ' ' '* '' "'""'"''•^- ^'"^'^' ^^ '"""^ '' ^'"''^''^ ^''^'^^^' Lake St. Clair. Between the province of Ontario and the State of Michigan, also between Lakes Huron and Erie. Length, 30 miles ; greatest breadth, 24 miles. 28 Mnnt^ed^''''(Pl!^x")' %/'"''"?'"«)• ^" ''^P'^"^'"" "^ the St. Lawrence above Lakk St Louis, an expansion of the St. Lawrence, 9 miles S.W. of Montreal. Length, 20 miles; greatest breadth, 7 miles. (PI. x.) 124. Lake S^'- 1'iehhe (Lac St. Pierre). In the St. Lawrence, between Montreal and Quebec, bee also St. Peter's Lake. (P). x.) 92. *"t"<-i,. Lake St. Sacrament. See Lake George. La Plata (Porto Plata). On north coast of Ilayti. 134. La Plata, Kio de. See Rio de la Plata. ^'^ ^'" MontJeal!'' fos""'"'""" ^" ^^' '""''' '^""' '^ '^' ^^- ^"^^^"^^' ' ""^^ »• «*' Lauiah. Early name for Venezuela, according to Vespucci. 15. i 1 20G Appendiculte Historicee. L\ Vali'erie. On the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, 35 miles N.E. of Montreal. (PL x.) 174. Laurel Hill, Pennsylvania. 46. Lenox. See Niagara. Les Trois Rivieres (The Three Rivers), city of the province of Quebec, at the confluence of the Rivers St. Maurice and St. Lawrence, 90 miles from Quebec, and 90 miles from Montreal. One of the oldest towns in the province, having been founded in 1618. (See also Three Rivers), 37, 86, 123, 124. 127, 173. Lexingi'on, Middlesex Co., Mass., 11 miles W.N.W, of Boston. 50. Ligomer Bay, Lake Champlain. About 40 miles north of Crown Point. 82. LiLE AU Gaixjt. On the Horn Map; in the St. Lawrence, a little below Montreal. Not to be confounded with Isle au Galot, L. Ontario. 125, 126. Lima, capital of Peru, on the Rimac River. 135. LrriLE Niagara, a French Fort on Niagara River, about a mile and a half above Niagara. 81. Long Saut, Le. Rapids in the St. Lawrence about 30 miles above Lake St. Francis. (PI. X.) 125. LoRETTE. On the St. Charles, 8 miles N.W. of Quebec. (PI. x.) 85. Lot isBURG, or Louisbourg, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. On the S.E. shore of the island. 64, 69, 77, 78, 83, 143, 172. Louisiana. Now applied to one of the Gulf States of the American Union, but formerly embracing a huge indefinite tract of North America, chietly West and North of the Mississippi. 28, 76, 89, 96, 141, 144, 157, 160, 171, 174. LovALHANNON Creek, Pa., runs N.W. through Westmoreland Co., and unites with tlie Conemaugh River at Saltsburg. 75, 76. LrcAYos, OR Bahama Islands. Group of about 700 islands, belonging to Great Britain, lying N.E. of Cuba, and E. of the coast of Florida. One of these Islands was the first land sighted by Coluuibus in his voyage of 1492, and named by him San Salvador. Colonized by the English 1629, and subsequently changed masters repeatedly, but were finally ceded to the British in 1783. 12, 134. Maokira. Island in tlio Atlantic Ocean, belonging to Portugal, about 440 miles off the W. coast of M()roc(!o. iJiscovered by Don Joas Gonzales Zarco and Tristiio Vaz in 1420 ; the name Madeira wiis given from the magnificent forests of timber (in Portuguese, "madeira ") whicli then covered it. 8, 103, 134. M.\gellan, Straits of, divide the continent of S. America from the Islands of Tiurra del Fuego. They are upwards of 300 miles long. 134, 137, 138, 150, 169. Maine. One of the New England States of the American Union. 24, 98, 138, 139, 142. Manhate-s. Manhattan Ishind. q.r. Manhaitan Island. Situated at the mouth of the Hudson River. 24, 91, 92, 98, 107, 139. Manhaihans R. See Hudson R. JFanila. Capital of the Island of Luzon, and of all the PhiUppine Islands. 89. M \in'AAs Kill. See the .Moliawk River. Makanon, Rio. See River Amazon. M \\<. DuLuK. See Rio do la Plata. Index Locorum. 207 Mar del Sue or Zur (The Pacific), q.v. Margarita, Island of. Off the N. Coast of S. America. 131, 157, Marieoalante. 11, 130, 149, 153, 157. Markland. Early Scandinavian settlement in Nova Scotia. (J 129 ^^"^milel'^^lT' ""^ ''"'"'^ ^''"''* ^ ""'' °^ ^^' ^°''* °^ Mas^sachusetts. Length 21 Martyr's Island, off the extreme southern point of Florida 132 ^'"^^Xtes ^ Firff ^'''l ™.^^*S?f States, and one of the original thirteen United c£rt «u!\^ Tf }\Jf^* ^y ^"^""'^ ^'"''" Catholics under Leonard ^t9Utt^Jlo%^Tl7l: *'^ '-''''''' ^"' ^^^°P"^^-- ^^' ''• ''' ''' ^^'"""staSrof r A '^'.^^''t'''- "' ^r ^"S'""*^ S'^^tes, and one of the original thirteen S 620 8 Tr9^"9«-.7^^r-.l''"^'^°"'^'^ '^y the Pilgrim Fathers in the year 1620. 6, 23, 24, 25, 26, 47, 50, o3, 96, 129, 138, 139, 140, 142, 163 173 Maukitius or AIauritz River. See Hudson R. Mek TrnRbreuse, La. See Atlantic. Mexicana. North America. See also Peruana. 7. Mexico. ^F,,rmorly called New Spain ; in the southern part of N. America. 18, 30, 135. Mexico City of. Cajntal of Moxico. Formerly built on several islands in the Lake of 5~; St;'S::'jl!"l!nS;*^^ --^ ^•^^' -^ '^ "-> ---^ to various cau^^f MiQUELox, Island OK. Off the S. coast of Newfoundland. 148 l.-i3 157 '^^""''"j!!?";?' ^J"'''"; "J ^^■'^'''^- '^''5 '■^'•"'^^t and most imnortaut river of the U.S., ^^, t s,^s.i4^'i^'S9;tr{t i;;f ''" '^' ''-' -^ ^™ ''' Mississippi. One of the Gulf states .)f the American Union. 136. -AIissoiKi. A central state of the American Union. 136. .Mobile. Cap. '.'V^y'?-, ^n ' ^^''^^"»'"^' '"i the W. l.ank of the Mobile River, at its entrance into Mobile 15ay. 148, l-VJ. "vti, ,il us, M..ini.E River, Alabama, is f.nned by the junction „f the Alabama and Tombi-bee Rivers. Lmpties Itself into Mobile Hay. Length about 45 miles. 148 l5 " Mohawk R (Maquaas Kill.) Rises in Lewis Co., New York, and flows into ihe Hudson ?iT. llS!^n8, n'ri2.5!i27 ' '■'' ''• '■^' "^' '"' ^^' ''^' ''• '^' ''''^' '^' '^'^^^' .^louK AN. Mincees' name for the Hudson R. See Hudson River. MoNoNnHELA RivKK, a branch of the Ohio, is formed by the West Fork and Tygarfs Valley River. It is about loO miles long. 44, 45, 50, 142. •MoNTAKiNE R, See Hudson R. MoxTEiiEY, California, on Montoroy Hay, 91 miles S.E. of San Francisco 136 ■^^''"^''™ebec.^''8r' "'"'"' ''^'""' ^""""'""'^ """■' *''" '^'^ ^''''''''''' ^ ™"'-^^ ^-^^-''^ I 208 Appendiculte Historic^. li Montreal (Mount Royal). City of the province of Quebec, Canada. Cartier landed here in 1535, and found an Indian village called Hochelaga. He re-named the place " Mont Royal." First settled by Europeans in 1542, but abandoned the fullowins: year, and, one centurj^ afterwards, the spot destined for the city was named Ville Marie, a name which it retained for a long period. (Pis. ii., iii., ix., and X.) 17, 18, 26, 27, 28, 40, 68, 60, 62, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90, 92, 93, 95. 96, 104, 105, 114, 115, 116, 117, 121, 122, 123, 135, 140, 142, 144, 171, 173, 174. Mosquito Gulf, Nicaragua, Central America. 131. Mount Desert Isle. About a mile off the coast of Maine, 15 miles long and 12 miles wide. 139. Nahant, Essex Co., Mass. ; 12 miles N.E. of Boston. 138. Nanseit Harbour, on the east face of Cape Cod, Mass. 139. Nantucketi' Island, about 20 miles S.E. of the mainland of Massachusetts. About 15 miles long. 129, 138. Napo, or Coca River, Ecuador, rises on the N. side of Cotopaxi, and joins the Amazon after a course of about 800 miles. 136. Nakraganset Uay. Rhode Island, about 28 miles long, including the N. part called Providence Bay, width about 12 miles. 134. N.\ssAU. See Niagara. Nestigayuna. About 20 miles N. of Albany. 108. Netherlands, The, or the Low Countries, formerly comprising the whole of the present Kingdom of the Netherlands, together with that of Belgium. 13. 21, 22, 23, 91, 98. New Albany. See Albany. New Albion. The English name for that part of the country which was afterwards called by the Dutch New Netherlands. The same name had been previously applied by Sir Francis Drake to the part of the west coast of North America visited by him. 100. New Amsterdam. The early Dutch name for New York City. See New York. 24, 27, 92, 100, 107, 141, 165, 171. Nkw Axdah'sia. Early name for Spanish settlements in the Northern part ef South America. 132. Newark. Sec Niagara. New Britain. See Labrador. Nkw Brunswick. Province of the dominion of Canada, extending from Lat. 45° 5' to 48° 40' N.Lon., 63*^ 50' to 68' W. First settled by the French in 1639. 41, 175. Newcastlk. Capital of Newcastle, Co. Delaware. On the Delaware River. 27, 28, 141. Ne\v England (formerly North Virginia). A collective name for the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, in the N.E. of the U.S. 23, 25, 26, 31, 33, 37, 38, 43, 47, 51, 52, 58, 59, 65, 100, 101, 134, 139, 140, 156, 160, 166, 171, 173, 174, 175. Newfoundland (Bacealaos). 6, 8, 16, 17, 18,20,21,22,40,89.129,130,135—138, 141, 147, 151, 156, 157, 160, 174. Nkw France. Early French name for Canada. Sec Canada. 21, 22, 25, 93, 161, 1 65, 170. Nkw Gamcia. Former Spanish Province in N. America. 135. Xkw Hampshiiik. One of tlie New England States of the American Union. 24, 25, 29, 63, 140. 142, 173. Index Locoruiii, 200 Newhaven. Capital of Conn., at the head of New Haven Bay, 4 miles above its entrance into Long Island Sound. 26, 140, 165. New Jersey. One of the Atlantic States of the American Union. 24, 47, 53, C2, 96, 139, 156, 160, 163, 173, 174. New Netherlands or New Belgium. The early Dutch settlements in America. 25, 27, 91, 96, 99, 100, 104, 107, 118, 140, 141, 159, 165, 170. New Orleans. Cap. of Louisiana, on the Mississippi, about 100 miles above its delta. Founded in 1718. 43, 149. Nkw Oswego. See Fort Rascal. New Pl-vmouth, Massachuseits. The landin;^ place of the Pilgrim Fathers. 25, 2G, 36, 107, 140. New Sweden. The early Swedish settlement on the Delaware. 25, 27, 100, 140. New York. (New Amsterdam) 24, 27, 29, 40, 41, 42, 47, 57, 59, 62, 63, 04, 72, 81, 90, 91, 92, 95, 9(i, 97. 98, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, IKi, 134, 139, 141, 142, 156, 159, 160, 161, 164, 165, 168, 170, 171, 173, 174, 175. Nl^gara. French fort on Lake Ontario on the right bank of the Niagara River at its mouth. 40, 41, 43, 44, 49, 53, 55, 57, 58, 74, 77, 80, 81, 87, 90, 93, IKi, 121, 127, 142—144. Nl\gara (Lenox, Nassau or Newark) on Lake Ontario on the Canadian bank of the Niagara River. 121. Nl\gara, Unghiara or Jagara River which forms part of the boundary between New York and Ontario, issues from the eastern end of Lake Erie at Buffalo, runs nearly northward, and falls into Lake Ontario. Length about 35 miles. 31, 121. Nl\oure Bay (Sacketts Harbour). Lake Ontario, on the East side. (PI. viii.) 126. NipissiNG, Lake, Ontario, is situated N.E. of Lake Huron, nearly midway butwocii it and the Ottawa River. Discharges itself into Lake Huron by French River. Length 50 miles, breadth 35 miles. 26, 31. Noort R., or North Rivkr, the lower Hudson. See Hudson R. Norman's Kill. (Tawalsontha Creek) on the Hudson R. 106. NoRUMitEGA. Early name for a district about the Hudson. 18. Nova Savi ia, originally Acudie, now a province of die IJominiou of Canada, lying lietwoen 43° 25' and 47° N. Lat. and between 59^ 40' and 66^ 25' W. Lon. See Acadia. 6, 14, 41, 42, 49, 54, 94, 96, 97, 129, 130, l.i3, 134, 138, 141, 142, 147, 148, 156, 170, 172, 173, 174, 175. Ogdenshuug. See Swcgage. Ohio. A north-east central State of the American Union. Ohio River. An imimrtant affluent of the Mississippi, it Mononghela Rivers which unite at Pittsburg, Pa. Cairo. Length about 1,000 miles. Okswego, L. See Lake Erie. Old Loretie, on the river St. Charles. (PI. Old Oswego. See Fort Peperell. Oneida, Lake. New York. It is about 20 miles long, and its greatest width is 6 miles. (Pis. ii., iii. and viii.) 26, 53, 57, 58, 59, 81, 90, 92, 97, 117, 119, 120. i:io 141. formed Flows by the Alleghany and into the Mississippi at 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 49, 67, 77, 142, 162, 171. X.) 85. \ i* 210 Appendicuhe Historicte. Oneida Eiver, rises in the W. extremity of Lake Oneida, it is about 16 miles long, and unites with the Seneca River about 12 miles N.N.W. of Syracuse to form the Oswego River, formerly called also the Onondnga River. (Pis. ii., iii. and viii.) 120. Onondaga, an Indian village, formerly the rendezvous of the Iroquois, on Onondaga Creek, about 4 miles from the modern Syracuse. 41, 44. Onondaga, Lake. Onondaga Co., New York, about 2 miles N.W. of Syracuse. Length, 6 miles ; breadth, about a mile, (PI. iii.) Onondaga River. See Oneida River. Onxauio, Lake. Contenant, Cataracui or Frontignuc. (Pis. i., ii., iii, and viii.) 26, 28, 30, 31, 37, 43, 44, 53, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 07, 69, 73, 77, 78, 86, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 104. 109, 120, 121, 122, 125, 126, 142, 143. Ontario, Fort. On Lake Ontario, at the mouth of the Oswego River, on its right bank. (Pi. ii.) 59, 60, 61, 8(i, 144, Orange, See Albany, Orinow), River, South America. Rises in the Sierra Nevada of Venezuelan Guiana, and empties itself into the Atlantic Ocean. Length, 1,600 miles. 130. OswEGATCHiE. See Swegage. OswEGATCHiE (Chouagatciii) River, New York, rises near the N. border of Herkimer Co., and flows into the St. Lawrence at Ogdcnsburg. Length, 130 miles, 42, 95, 125. Oswego. On the S,E. shore of Lake Ontario, at the mouth of the Oswego River. (Pis, iii. and viii.) 41, 43, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 73, 74, 80, 81, 87, 90, 97, 109, 118, 120, 126, 142, 143, 144, 161, Oswego River, is formed by the junction of the Seneca and Oneida Rivers, and after a course of about 24 miles it enters Lake Ontario at the City of Oswego, Formerly also included in the Onondaga R. 120, 121. Ottawa River. A large river of Canada, rises near Lat. 48^ 30 ' N. and Lon, 80° W. Forms the boundary between Ontario and Quebec, and enters the St. Lawrence about 25 miles above Montreal. (Pis. iii. and x.) 26, 31, 37, 92, 97, 124, 127, Pacific. (Mar del Sur.) The largest division of water on the surface of the globe, extends from the Arctic to the Antarctic Circle, over 133 degrees of latitude, and from the W. coast of America to Australia, nearly 160 degrees of longitude. Area, 70,000,000 square miles. 95, 132, 134, 138. Palos. Seaport town of Spain. The starting point of Columbus in his voyage of discovery across the Atlantic. 12, 129, 131. Panama. See Isthmus of Panama, Panuco, or Montezuma River. A river flowing into the Gulf of Mexico. 18, 133, 134, 136. Paraguay. Republic on the E. coast of S. America, 157, Paria, Gui.f of. An inlet of the Caribbean Sea, between the Island of Trinidad, and the mainland. Length, 100 miles. 130, 131. Pennsylvania. One of the so-called Middle States of the American Union. (Pl. iii.) 24, 28, 35, 43, 47, 51, 55, 62, 74, 96, 141, 156, 160, 162, 173, 174. Penohscot River. Rises in Somerset Co. Maine, and flows into Penobscot Bay. Length about 300 miles. 139, 141. Index Locorum. 211 Pensacola Bay, Florida, extending from the Gulf of Mexico into Santa Rosa Co. 152. Peru. Republican State of South America. 30, 13-5, 136, 137, 138, 157, 160. Peruana. Early name for South America. See also Mexicana. 7. Philadelphia. Capital of Pennsylvania ; on the Delaware river. (PI. iii.) 63, 76, 102. 141, 165, 171, 173, 175. Philippine Isles. A large and important group of the Malay Archipelago, forming itsN. division. There are about 1,200 islands in all. They were discovered by Magellan in 1521. 89,134. Pillars of Hercules. Calpe (Ceuta) and Abyla (Gibraltar). 5. Pittsburg. Cap. of Alleghany Co., Pa. Originally Fort Duquesne, afterwards Fort Pitt. 44, 76, 80, 143. Point Levi, on the South shore of the St. Lawrence, opposite Quebec. (PI. iv.) 79, 80, 85. PoiNTE aux Trembles, on the N. shore of the St. Lawrence, 19 miles above Quebec. (PI. X.) 86. Port Royal. See Annapolis. Port St. Julian, on the East coast of Patagonia. 134. Porto Rioo. (Borriquen or S. Juan Baptistae.) One of the Spanish West India Islands. 90 miles long, and 36 miles broad. 132, 157. Porto Seguro, Brazil, at the mouth of the Buranhen River. 131. Powhatan, River. Indian name for James River. 24. Prairie be la Madeleine, on the East bank of the St. Lawrence, a little below Montreal. (Pis. ix. and x.) 115, 116. Presqu'isle. On south side of Lake Erie, opposite the city of Erie. 44, 76, 77, 81, 95, 142, 144. Providence. Capital of Rhode Island, situated round a small lake called " The Cove." (PI. iii.) 26, 140. Puerto del Pico, on the Gulf of Venezuela. 17. Quebec, City of, situated on the left bank of the St. Lawrence, about 400 miles from its mouth. First visited by Jacques Cartier in 1635. It then consisted of an Indian village called Stadacona. (Pis. iii., iv., and x.) 18, 24, 26, 27, 44, 48, 58, 64, 69, 70, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 91, 92, 115, 122, 123, 124, 139. 140. 142, 143, 144, 165, 172, 174. Quito. Capital of the Republic of Ecuador, South America. 135. Raleigh. Chesapeake Bay. 21. Rai'ide du Coteau dRS Cki)ri;s, between Lakes St. Louis and St, Francis on the St. Lawrence PI. x. 125. Rapide du Coteau de Lac St. Fran(;ois. On the St. Lawrence, at the outlet of Lake St. Fran5ois (PI. x). 125. Rapide Plat, in the St. Lawrence, a few miles below La Galotte. (PI. x). 125. Raystown (Bedford) Pennsylvania. On the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River (PI. iii.) 74, 75. Renssklaerswyck. Early Dutch settlement on the Hudson, extending from the mouth of the Mohawk to below Fort Orange. 92, 107. Repentigxy, on the St. Lawrence, 18 miles N.E. of Montreal. (PI. x.). 86. EE 2 212 Apptndicnke Historica:. Rhode Isi,\xd. One of the Now England States of the American Union. Takes its name from a small Island in Narragansett Bay. (PI. iii). 26, 140, 173. Richelieu, Iuoquois, Chambly, Sorel, or St John's River, Quebec, leaves Lake Champlain at its N. extremity, and enters the River St Lawrence at Lake St Peter; about 80 miles long. (Pis. iii., vi. and x). 26, 86, 92, 97, 114, 115, 116, 144. Rio 1)e Janeiko. Cap. of Brazil, now the largest and most important town of S, America. 134. Rio i)e La Plata (Silver River). Mar Dulce. One of the great rivers of S. America, formed by the junction of the Parana and Uruguay Rivers, empties itself into the Atlantic Ocean. 132, 134. Rio Grande del Norte, or, Rio Bravo del Norte, rises in the S.W. of Colorado, and enters the Gulf of Mexico at the S. extremity of Texas, about Lat. 26'' N. Length about 1,800 miles. 135. Rio Irocoisiexsi. See River Richelieu. 92. Rio Maraxon. See River Amazon. River oi- May (St John's River), Florida. 19, 137. River ok the Iroquois. Sec St. Lawrence River. River St John. See River Richelieu. RiviKRE Si' Croix. A river flowing into the Bay of Fundy. 25, 139, 140. RiviKRK d'Orange. See Wood Creek (Champlain). RiviKRE La Colle, flowing into the Richelieu River, at its outlet from Lake Champlain. (PI. vi.) 114. '■ RiviER Van Siccahanis. The Connecticut River. RiviKiiE Vanden Vorst Mauritius. See Hudson River. RoATAN. One of the Bay Islands, Caribbean Sea. 131. Roanoake, Virginia. 21, 138. Royal Blok House, Wood Creek, Oneida. (Pis. ii., iii., and viii.;. 119. Rynarivs. On the Mohawk River, eight miles west of Herkimer. 98. Sahle Island. Small island off Nova Scotia, lying 90 miles S.E. of Cape Canso. 17, 133, 138, 15G. Sackelt's Harhour (Niaoure Bay) L. Ontario, at the mouth of Black River. (PI. iii.). 60, 126. ^ Saguenay. a Province of New France. 18,136. Saguenay River. A tributary of the St. Lawrence, which it enters 120 miles X.E. of Quebec. Length, 100 miles. 91, 138. St. Augustine, near Quebec. 85. St. Augustine, Florida. See San Augustin. St. Charles River. Rises in Lake St. Charles, 12 miles N.N.W. of Quebec, and flows into the St. Lawrence at that city. (Pis. iv. and x.). 83, 85, 93. Sainte Foy. On the north bank of the St. Lawrence, 4 miles south west of Quebec. (PI. X.). 85. St. Eran(;is. On Lake St, Peter, at the mouth of the River St. Francis. 82. I Index Locorum. 213 St. John de Uixoa (San Juan de TJlloa). A little N.E. of Vera Cruz, Mexico. 133, 137. St. John's. Capital of Newfoundland, near the extremity of the eastermost of the penin- sulas, which project from the E. portion of the Island. 8!). St. John. On R. Richelieu. 27 miles S.E. of Montreal. (Pis. iii. and vi.). 62, 8(5, 174. Sr. John, Harbour of. On the Island of St. John in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, off the N.E. coast of Nova Scotia. 18, 136, 156, 172. St. John's River (River of May), Florida. 19, 137. St. John's River, Nova Scotia, Mowing into the Bay of Fundy. 55. St. Lawrence, (tulf of. 16, 17, 41, 132, 135, 148. St. Lawrence River. One of the largest rivers of North America, flows from Lake Ontario, in a N.E. direction, forming in a part of its course the boundary between New York and Canada, finally falls into the Gulf of St. Lawrence by a broad estuary. It has received different names in different parts of its course ; between Lakes Superior and Huron it is called the St. Mary ; between Lakes Huron and Erie, the St. Clair and Detroit ; between Lakes Erie and Ontario, the Niagara ; and from Lake Ontario to the sea, the St. Lawrence. Its length, including the chain of lakes, is estimated at 2,200 miles. 17, 18, 24, 25, 28, 30, 41, 42, 43, 58, 67, 73. 78, 81, 82, 85, 80, 87, 90, 91, 93, !)5, 96, 115, 121, 123, 124, 126, 127, 135, 136, 138, 140, 144, 147, 170, 171, 172, 174. S. Mai.o. Seaport of Illc-ct-Vilaiiie, France. Birtli-placo of Jacques Cartier. 17, 18, 135, 136, 139. St. Peter's Lake, or St. Pierre Lac, in the St. Lawrence, between ^luntreal and Quebec. (See also Lake St. Pierre.) (PI. x.) 93. St. Pierre, Island of, off the S. coast of Newfoundland, on which the French had certain rights. 148, 153, 157. St. Sauveur. On Mount Desert Isle, Maine. 98, 139. St. Vincent. One of the West India Islands, 100 miles W. of Barbadoes. Length 17 miles, breadth about 10 miles. 88, 149, 156. San AuGL'sriN \ Florida. On JIatanzas Sound, tw(j miles from the Atlantic Ocean. Saint Augustine j 19, 137, 152. San Domingo. Called Santo Domingo, Saint Domingo, or the Dominican Republic, a State of the West Indies, occupying the eastern and larger part of the island of Ilayti, it being more tliau twice as large as the republic of Ilayti. First settled by the Spaniards under Columbus in 1492, at a place called Isabela, and became an important Spanish colony. The Spanish yoke was thrown off in 1821. See Hispaniola. 8, 130, 134, 157. Sandusicv. On L. Erie and the Sandusky Uiver. 43, 95, 142. Sandy Hook. A narrow, sandy peninsula of Monmouth Co. N.Y., extending northward. About 16 miles S. of New York City. 174. .San Franciso). Capital of California, on the \V. shore of San Francisco Bay. 137. Sant Joan. A large island, first discovered by John Cabot in his voyage of 1497, probably Prince Edward Island. 14. San Juan Baptista. See I'orto Rico. San Juan de Ulloa. See St. John de Ulloa. I 214 Appendiculte Historicte. San Salvador (Watling Island). Name given by Columbus to one of the Bahamas, the first land seen by him in the New World. 12, 130. S. Sebastien (San Sobastien de los Reyes), Venezuela, 60 miles S.S.W. of Caracas. 132. Santa Lucia. One of the West India Islands, Windward Group. Length 27 miles, greatest breadth 14 miles. 88, 149, 153. Santa Maria de la Antigua de Dakien. On the Isthmus of Darien. 132. Santa Maria de Guadelupe. See Guadeloupe. Santa Maria de la Concepcion. See Conception. Santaty. Iroquois name for the Hudson River, q.v. Santee River, S.C, formed by the Congaree and Wateree Rivers, which unite at the S.E. extremity of Richmond Co., empties itself into the Atlantic, length about 150 miles. 134. Santiago de Chili. Capital of Chili, on the Mapocha River, 90 miles E.S.E. of Valparaiso 135. Santiago de Cuba, the second most important town on the Island, and formerly the capital ; on the Santiago River. 1 33. Saomete. Isabcla or Long Island, one of the Bahamas. 130. Saratoga, at the mouth of Fish Creek on the Hudson River, about 12 miles east of Saratoga Springs. 50, 59, 143. Saratoga Lake, N.Y., about 5 miles S.E. of Saratoga Springs. Length about 7 miles, breadth 2 miles. Its outlet is Fish Creek, which enters the Hudson River. 112. Saratoga Springs, Saratoga Co. N.Y. 112. Savt du Tbou. Rapids of the St. Lawrence, a little above Lake St. Louis. (PI. x.) 124. Savannah River, S.C, rises in the N. frontier of S.C, and enters the Atlantic A Savannah City. Length about 450 miles. 13G. S( henectady or Corlear, on the south bank of the Mohawk River, 17 miles N.W. of Albany. 40, 53, 92, 108, 114, 116, 117, 118, 142, 143. Schoharie River, N.Y., rises in the Catskill Mountains, and enters the Mohawk 5 miles E. of Fonda. Length about 100 miles. 118. ScHL'VLERsvn.LK, Saratoga Co. N.Y. on the Hudson River, at the mouth of Fish Creek, and 34 miles N.E. of Albany. 112. Seneca, Lake, New York, a long lake which extends from Watkins northward to Geneva. Length 30 miles, breadth 2 miles. (PI. iii.) 30. Seneca River, N.Y. is formed by the junction of the Clyde River, and the outlet of Cayuga Lake. TJuitus with the Oneida River to form the Oswego River. iV\. \\'') 120. Shatemuc. Mohican name for the Hudson R. ^.v. Shii'pexsburg, Cumberland Co. Pa. 22 miles W.S.W. of Car'' ' j. Siccahanis, Rivier Van. See Connecticut River. Sonus Bay, L. Ontario. Length about 5 miles. (PI. iii.) 4u 20, Sorus or Sopers. See Jisopus. Sduix. Village on the right bank of the Richelieu River, 45 miles - I '.. of Montreal. (PI. X.) 86, 115. Index Locorum. 215 SoREL RiVKR. See Richelieu River. South Bay, Lake Champlain. (Pis. vi,, vii. and viii.) 112, 114. Somii Hero (Grande Isle). An island in Lake Champlain, about 14 miles N W of Burlington. 114. South River. Sec Delaware R. Stadacone (Quebec). The Indian village discovered by Cartier, on the site f)f which Quebec now stands. 26. Staatenlani) or Staten Island. An island of Tierra del Fuego. Length 45 miles. 139. Stiixwater, Saratoga Co., N.Y., on the west bank of the Hudson River (Pis ii iii and vi.) 60, 59, 111. ' ^ • •. • Stone Arxbia, on the river Caroge, on the N. side of the Mohawk. (Pis ii iii and vni.) 118. ■' ■ Ston Rahy. See Stone Arabia. Straits OF Belle Isle. The most northern of the two channels which connect the Oult ot St. Lawrence with the Atlantic Ocean. It separates Labrador from Newfoundland, and is about 12 miles wide. 131, 135. Strait of Eleven Thousand Virgins, name first given to the Straits of Magellan. 134. Superior Lake, bounded on the N. and E. by Canada, on the S. by Michigan and Wisconsin and on the N.W. by Minnesota. It is the largest body of fresh water on the globe. Length 400 miles, greatest width 160 miles. 121. Swegage or La Presentation (now Ogdensburg) on the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the Oswcgatchio, 250 miles N.N.W. of Albany. (Pis. ii.,.iii.) 12, 87, 125, 142. Tadoussac At the East entrance of the Saguenay River, 5 miles above it's confluence with the St. Lawrence. One of the chief French fur trading posts. (PI. iii.) 43, 91, 138. Tawai^sontha Creek (Norman's Kill) Hudson R., a little below Albany. (PI. vi.) 106. Tawas.sgi;nshee, on the banks of Tawalsoiitha Creek (Norman's Kill) Hudson R the Dutch built a fort here, 1618. 106. '' Tkcheroquen, L. See Oneida L. TEK-YA-i)OUGn-NiGARiGEE=:two points opposite to One another. The Indian name for Crown Point. 115. Tkkra 1)e Verzino (Land of Redwood) Brazil. 134. Three Rivers, Oneida, at the conjunction of the rivers Oiioida and Seneca (PI ii iii and viii.) 120. • \ • ■> Three Rivers (Lcs Trois Rivieres), St. Lawrence. (Pis. iii. and x.) See Les Trois Rivieres. Three Rivers. See Ticonderoga. Tia)XDEROGA, TiaixiROGA or Cheo.vderoga (Three Rivers). On Lake Champlain, and a little north ol the river which unites Lake George to Lake Champlain. Called l7., '•■^'"^°*^'^ ^0'"* Carillon from the chiming sound of the flowing water thereby ^7 ~«" -Q"«'n'''«o"'ri/'J-] , ''^' ^^' ^"' ^^' ^^' ^'^' ^1' ^~' ^'^' '^5' 69. 70, 71, 73, tl, (8, <9, 80, 82, 114, 144. ToKON TO (at e-e time called York) capital of Ontario, on the N.W. shore of Lake Ontario. 43, 5 121, 126. Trinidad. mo of the West Indian Islands, Windward Group. Lcn-th 50 miles ave' JO breadth 30 miles. 130, 157. ' ) 11 2i(; AppendicuUc Historicic. Ur.siKii Co. S.E. part of New York State. Aren about 1,150 square miles. 102, 106. Uraii V, GuLK OF. Old name for the Gulf of Darien. 132. Uni.A. One of the Bay Islands, Carrlbbcan Sea. 131. Van(»iiveu's Island, off the W. Coast of Canada, province of British Columbia. Length 278 miles, greatest breadth 65 miles. 138. Vkxanoo (F. Maehault), on Venango or French Creek, Pa. 44, 45, 62, 76, 77, 81, 95, 142, 144. Venkzukla (Little Venice). Now a Republic occupying the North East portion of South America, between Lat. 1^ 8' and 12" 16 N. and Lon. 53" 15' and 73" 17' W. 13, 15, 131, 132. Vera Cruz, Villa Rica dk. On the S.W. shore of the Gulf of Mexico, 185 miles E. of Mexico. 133. Vkrmont. One of the New England States of the American Union. 29, 141. ViLLK Makie nE Montreal. See Montreal. ViNLAM). Early Scandinavian settlement in Massachusetts. 6, 129. ViREsniE llivKK. See Connecticut River. ViuGiNiA. An Atlantic State of the American Union, one of the original thirteen States. " The Old Dominion." 6, 21, 22, 24, 25, 38, 41, 43, 44, 47, 65, 62, 92, 98, 101, 129, 134, 138, 131) 140, 142, 156, 160, 161, 171, 173. AVatlino Island (Guit:;:ihani or San Salvador), one of the Bahamas. The first land in the New World seen by Columbus. 12, 130. Wksv Canada Cuekk, rises in Hainilton Cn. N.Y., and flows into the Mohawk at Herkimer. 119. Wkst Indies, Antilles, or Columbian Archipclann. An extensive system of Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, stretciiing from tlieN.E. iif Cape Fhirida, to the Gulf of Paria. 24, 88, 102, 154, 156, 167, 158, 159, 160, 163, 172, 174, 175. VVhitkhall, Washington Co. N.Y., at the head of Lake Ciiamplain, 76 miles N.E. of Albany. 114. WiLLiAMsiinui, Capital of James City Co., Va, and 3 miles N. of tiie James lliver. It was the seat of the Royal Government jiriur t<> the Revolution, and is the oldest incor[K)nited town in the State. (I'l. iii). 45. Wills Cufkk (Cumberland), Capital of Alleghany Co., Md. on the Potomac. (Pi. iii). 45, 46. WoLFi-.'s CoVK, on tlie River St. T.awrence, a little above the town of (iuebee, and at the foot of the Heights of Abraham. 82. Wood Creek, L. Chainplain, flows from the South West and empties itself into the South brands of the Lake. (Pis. vi., vii. and viii;. Oi, itli, 104, 112, 114. Wood Cuekk, li. Oneiuu. (PI. viii). 53, 57, 58, 60, 119. Yamavt. See Januiica. YouoiiuxiENY River, rises in Virginia, ami run^ northvard through Maryland into Pennsylvania, and flows into the Mononghela Ri\er after a course of about 150 miles. 46, 50. Yk.vian, sometimes called ileiida, a Peninsular State of Mexico. 132, 133, 169. Zn'ANCiV, old name for JapaiL 9, 68. /.rvDi' 11. See Del iware R (\^