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CIHM/ICIVIH 
 
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA 
 
 ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, C. M. G., LL. D., F. R. S., DiuBnoH 
 
 PRELIMINARY REPORT 
 
 ON TirK 
 
 mim OF i MM OF CENIRAL ONTARIO 
 
 SITl'ATKl) IN THE 
 
 I'OyNTIES OF VICTORIA. I'ETEIIBOROL'GIl AND HASTINGS 
 
 TOOETHEK WITH THE UKSLLTS OK AN EXAMINATION OF 
 
 CERTAIN ORE DEPOSITS OCCURRING IN THE REGION 
 
 BY 
 
 FRANK D. ADAMS, M.Ap.Sc, Ph.D. 
 
 OTTAWA 
 
 PRINTED BY S K DAWSON, PRINTER TO THE QUEEN'S MOST 
 
 EXCELLENT MAJEriTY 
 
 1894 
 
1 1 "III , I.JI 
 
UKOLOGY OK A PORTION OF CKNTHAL ONTARIO 
 
 HITUATKIi IN TIIK 
 
 COUNTIES OF VICTOHIA. PETEIIIiOllOUfill AND IIASTINHS. 
 
 Tlie present report t-ontains a hrief suininiiry *>i the rt-sults of a pre- 
 liminary f^eological examination of that portion of Ontral Ontario 
 comprised in sheet 118 of the Ontario series of j,'eolo<;ical maps on a 
 scale of four miles to one inch, nosv in course of i)reparation, 
 together with the results of an examination of certain mineral deposits 
 to which attention has recently been attracted, and which lie 
 to the south of the above mentioned sheet in the townships of Dalton, 
 Digby, Lutterworth, Somerville and Galway. This pre'iminary ex- 
 amination was made in order to ascertain the genera] geological struc- 
 tui'c of the district in (juestion, thus laying a basis for its detailed 
 mapping and study which it is hoped will be commenced next summer. 
 
 Sheet iiumber 118 embraces about 3,G00 square miles and is situated Ana <les 
 to the north of Lake Oiitai-io and to the south of the River Ottawa, '^'■''"'''• 
 in the counties of Victoria, Peterborough and Hastings. In order to 
 de.scribe its position more accurately it may be stated that th(; four cor- 
 ners of the sheet lie in the townships of Digby, Finlayson, Hagarty and 
 Grimsthorpe, respectively. The district was, geologically speaking, al- 
 most a fprrn incognita, the only geological information extant concern- (j.Milonica'lv 
 ing it, being a few notes on the occurrence of crystalline limestone and ^/)!^,V'",'j.,'l„/^ 
 gneiss at various points, made by Mr. Alex. Murray in connection '"• 
 with two traverses which he carried through this district fis far back 
 as 1853, together with onr; or '. svo general references in scattered papers 
 by other authors. 
 
 The geology of the district comprised in sl.eet 118 may be briefly 
 summarized as follows : The district is a hilly one, which, leaving out 
 of consideration the superficial or drift deposits, is occupied exclusively 
 by the very ancient crystalline rocks of the Laurentian System with 
 the possible exception of the south-east cornei' of the area in Chando.s, 
 WoUiiston, Limerick, Cashel, Mayo and the adjacent townships, which 
 is underlaid in part by the Hastirgs series of Mr. Vennor, by him and 
 by Mr. Macfarlane in 1869, con.sidered to, in some respects, resemble 
 the Huronian,* and a small outlier of Silurian limestone which was 
 discovered in the township of Lynedoch, just beyond the eastern limit 
 
 * RejKirt of Progress, Geol. Survey of Can., 180!!, |i|i. ,'>-(). 
 
i J 
 
 n.NTAHIO. 
 
 of tin- slici't, liut wliieli is liclicvfd to extend over the Ijouiulary of 
 the sheet into th( township of Tiufjlfin. 
 
 Ill the sontliein iiud eastern portiitns of the shi-et tlie l^iurentiari 
 contains an abundance of crystalline liiuesttine and has ail the tharac. 
 ters of the (Srenville series of Sir William Lo^'aii, in which series as is 
 well known nearly all th(» mineral deposits of economic value occurring 
 in tlu' Laurentian in Queliee and Hastern Ontario aie found. In the 
 north-western portion of the area on the other hami our explorations 
 have so far failed to discover any crystalline limestone, the country 
 being apparently occupied by gneiss alone. As townships in which 
 this crystalline limestone is especially abundant, l^uttoiwdrlh, Minden, 
 Hnowdon, Dysart, (Jlamorgan, Monmout4i, C'ardill'and iJrudenell may 
 be mentioned, as well as the township of (Salway lying to the south 
 of the urea endjraced in sheet 118. 
 Occiinciuf of Xhe discovery of so large an area of the (Jrenville .series in this di.s- 
 sfrips. Lnct IS most encouraging, as indicating the probable occurrence in it 
 
 of large and valuable mineral deposits. 
 
 The relation of the (irenville series, in this district, to the rest of 
 the Laurentian which is free from limestone, has not as yet been de- 
 finitely determin'^d, although the limestones and their associated gneiss 
 seem in certain cases to partially inclose areas which contain no lime- 
 stone. Another noteworthy fact is that throughout the area occupied by 
 the.se Laurentian rocks, the d p is uniformly in an easterly direction 
 usually at moderate angles. Only at one or two points have westerly 
 dips been observed and these are (juite local. 
 Hawtiiiffs The relation of the Masting series, occurring in the south-eastcorner of 
 
 the sheet, to the Laurentian above de.scribed, is also as yet uncertain. 
 Like the relations of the subdivisions of the Laurentian to one another 
 this can be determined only as the area is mapped in detail. One of the 
 most markefl characters of the Hastings series in this district is the 
 great development in it of pyroxenic and horiiblendic rocks, many of 
 which are without doubt of eruptive origin, and which serve to obscure 
 the relation which it beais to the Grenville series. The rocks of the 
 two series as seen in this area are otherwise not very unlike petrogra- 
 phically, but it must be noted that the portion of the Hastings series 
 included in this sheet was supposed by Mr. Vennor to represent only 
 its lower horizons, while the upper portions containing the conglom- 
 erates, shales, &c., which are well developed furt' er south, are here 
 absent. In this south-east corner there are also several large intrusive 
 masses of granite, probably of the same age as those which occur im- 
 mediately to the south. These occurrences augur well for the discovery 
 of gold in this district ; since, as Mr. Coste has shown, the gold deposits 
 
ADAMS, 
 
 J VICTOKI A. l'i;Ti:i{H<>Hnlt(;i| Wli (I ASIIM.N. ft J 
 
 of tlu' Hiistinjjs (listiift an> nil iiitiiuiitf'ly assofiattMl willi tlicsc soutli- 
 erii j,'r)initos. 
 
 Til ii(l(litii)ii to tlicsc ;;rciit iiitiusioMs of pyroxciiic r<i<'k.s anil of 
 j^fuiiitc. a \t>ry cxti'iisisc and iiinsi rt'iiiaikalilc mass ut" ii<'|iiu'liiu' syc- LaiK'- nit'ii "f 
 nitp was discuvfrcd in tin tnwnsliips of Karatlav hikI |)uii''aiiiioii. Tho "''',' "IJ"" 
 exact (listril)utii»n of this has not as yot l»«'cn winked out, luit it has 
 boeji ti'ared for a distaiici' rf over si'vi-n iiiilrs in an a))|iioxiiiialfly east 
 and west diirction, fiuiii tlii' ^'o^k |{i\fr. aliuiit the iiiidilli' of tin- towii- 
 Hhip of Dimfjaiiiiiiii, across tiic I liistiiit,'s road to a point some distanci; 
 west of the village of Hanri'oft. in the tuwnsliip of Kaiadav. This is a 
 rare rock, found in l>ut few places in the world and never liefore dis- 
 covered in our Laiirciitian System. The licplieline is very al)undaiit, form- 
 ing in many places an ulmost pure iiejilieline rock. Tlie mass is Hanked 
 on the south aionn a cmisiderahle part of its course l>y crystalline lime- 
 stone and it is also intiiMiitely associated with a fine grained Iilish 
 rock resemhiiiiu: aplite. ft is of a prevailing gray colour and 
 often lias a distinct foliation coinciding with that of the associated 
 rocks. Tile rock in ]>laces Itecomes exceedingly coarse ingrain, indivi- 
 duals of neplu'line as much as two feet and a half in diameter having 
 been observed by the York Kiver on Range XI. of hungannon. near 
 the side line of lots li'and l.'i. Altliougli this mineral is niie which 
 has no great economic \alue, masses such as those referi'cd to would 
 .sell for considerable prices as mineral .specimens. In this nejiheline 
 syenite, in the form of veins and irregular masses, the beautiful blue 
 mineral sodaiite was found in a number of places. A good specimen 
 of it from lot 21). range XTIF. of hungannon. is on exhibition in the 
 museum of the (icological Survey in < )tta\va. On lot 2."), r;<nge XIV. 
 of Dungannon, however, on the property of .Mr. .John Bowers, these 
 veins and masses attain a very onsiderable si/.e and are .somewhat 
 numerous. Some of these, consisting of bright blue sodaiite, ten by ten 
 bv four inches in size were observed, and ])robably larger specimens 
 could l>e obtained by blasting. This mineral could be employed as a sub- 
 .stitute for Lajiis Lmn/i in the manufacture of various ornamental 
 objects, and such large mas.ses would also have a very considerable 
 value as mineral specimens. A specimen of it which was cut and 
 polished for jne l)y INIr. K. Foi'syth of Montreal, shows that the 
 mineral would present a handsome appearance when .so prepared. Heing 
 a surface specimen however, it was found to be tiaver.sed by minute 
 cracks which caused it to crumble .somewhat readily; these would how- 
 ever in all probability not occur in the unweathered specimens obtained 
 some distance below the surface. The occurrence of certain otliei' 
 interesting minerals has also been noted in this rock and a special paper 
 on it is being prepared. 
 
ti J ((NTAIMO. 
 
 Miliinaii 'p|„, ,,ntlier nt' Silmiiin limcstonf i.i the townshit) <if Lviu'diwli is of 
 
 ciiitliir. ■ 
 
 innfli interest as [niiviiij;, what was Im/nre cnnjeftured, iiamoly, that 
 
 tlie flat Siliiiiaii luiiestones of tiie phiins ot' central Canada were once 
 
 continuous .ivei the uiij^h and hilly liaurontian country to th« north, 
 
 lit least as far hark is the Pend)roke Imsin, where an isolatoci area ut" 
 
 thcsi 'ocks has l(tnf.' heen known to exisi. 
 
 Viiliiiil'li hejMisits of ii'iHi ore, mica, apatite and other valuahle minerals wei-e 
 
 liiiluTal". .,.,,.. , I'll 1 11 
 
 touml in t lie district liMliriicctl m the shci:t, hut as a detuiU'd examin- 
 ation of these and report upon them will lie iniido later on as the 
 maiipin;,' of the area pioyi'esses. they will not here he further referred to. 
 
 To the south ot the area emliracod in sheet I lf<, there is a narrow 
 strip of Ij)iuientiaii country lyinjj lietween tlie southern limit of IDS 
 and the flat Silurian limestones ahove mentioned. 'Phis striji is under- 
 laid Ity gneisses whicii in many places are associateil with crystal'ine 
 limestones and forms a southerly continuation of thedistrict above des- 
 cribed as occupying sheet lis. [n the western part of this strij) in 
 the county of Victoria the existence of certain mineral deposits sup- 
 posed to be of economic im[>ortance haviiifi; been reported, 1 was in- 
 structeil to examine these with a view to ilet^-rmine their character 
 and value. As this district lies outside of the sheet assigned to ine for 
 Liuii.iitiiui mapping, it will not be included in any subsecjuent report and I have 
 of sii.'ii lis. Ilicrerore considered it liest to state the results ot my examination or 
 these deposits in this place. The assays of the ores I collected 
 have in all cases been made in the laboratory of the Geological Survey 
 under Mr. (J. (". Ilotrmann, the chemist to the Survey, and may there- 
 t\»re be relied upon as of undoubted accuracy. The consideration of 
 the.se de}Josits may be best taken uji niidei' the heads of the several 
 townships in which they occur. 
 
 Dalfon. -This township is underlaid by reddish orthoclase gneiss with 
 «lark micaceous or hornblendic bands ; it is excellently exposed over 
 a large part of the township, but no crystalline limestone was seen 
 nor could the existence of any be ascertained by incjuiry. Cutting 
 through the gneiss there are a great number of coarse grained granite 
 veins, composed of quartz ami felspar, with black mica or magnetic 
 iron ore or sometimes both. The veins are in some places very abund- 
 ant and of considerable size. They vary somewhat in size of grain 
 and wli.'ii very coarsely crystalline the black mica or magnetite is 
 often in masses of considerable size. The former is not of a colour or 
 size to be of economic importance, but in a number of places the latter 
 has attracted considerable attention. From some of these veins excel- 
 lent hand specimens of iron ore can occasionally 1)6 obtained, but they 
 do not contain ore in anything like sutlicient quantity to be of economic 
 
«*»••] VICTORIA, PETERnOROUC II AN l» lIAHTINng. 7.1 
 
 value, nor fan they be considered iw imlieatiiig the pre.senco of heavier 
 (lop )sits in this vicinity. Sniiill tiumitities of iitui on* woro <»l),s«'rvpcl 
 iu jx'ilmp.s a huiulred ditlwitnl piactrs in the township ; hut al\vny« 
 occurring in this way. Asa locality whore these masscH of iron ore are 
 larger than usual, attaining a diameter of stnoral inches, lot '26 of 
 range XTT. may he cited. 
 
 On lot •_'') i»f the same range, gold was reported to have been dis- 
 covtu-ed. ( )n visiting this locality the opening was found to he 
 situated on one of the granite veins above mentioned. The vein was a 
 foot wide and was composed of ({uartz, felspar and black mica, with a 
 little magnetite, chlorite, iron pyrites and allanite. It cuts orthodaso 
 gn«'iss with dark hornblende bands, one of these latter forming the 
 *'oot wall in tlie opening. A .series of specinu ns were taken represent- Allamu-. 
 ing the average of the vein as exposed in the opening. These were 
 assayed in the lal)oratory of the Survey, Ijut were found to contain 
 neither gold nor silver. Tin; small yellow grains of iron pyrite may 
 have been mistaken for gold. The occurienci! of the 8(jmewhat rare 
 mineral allanite in this vein, although in small (juantity, is of interest. 
 This mineral was found last summei at three places in the district 
 examined, and was formerly known to occur in but three localities in 
 the Dominion. It is black in colour, po.ssesses a lustre like jiitch, and 
 contains sevei-al I'are elements. 
 
 Di(fl)i/. The western portion of this towtishij) m.iy be consirlered TownHhip o< 
 geologically as an eastward extension of the township of Dalton, while 
 in the eastern portion some crystalline limestone appears, causing it in 
 this way rather to resemble the adjacent part of the township of 
 Lutterworth. Granite veins akso occur here in great abundance, 
 holding small quantities of iron ore as in Dalton. A number of locali- 
 ties from which iion ore was reported were visited. Among these may 
 be mentioned one about half a mile .south of .Smudge Lake, where a 
 gianite vein eight leet wide was found, in which magnetic iron oi-e 
 occurs sparingly in strings and patches, the largest of which measuies 
 only seven by two inches. Small ([uantities of iron or(; were also 
 found on lot 15 of range VIII. scattered through the gneiss. This 
 ore contains titanic acid. 
 
 On lot 1(5 of V'Ji. asmall sti'ingor \ein of moly))denite was ob.served .Nlolylidpni* 
 in the gneiss. It was live inches long and one inch and a half wide, 
 and coincided in direction with the strike of the gn^! s. It was pure 
 and of good quality, and although this vein is not sufficiently large to 
 be worked with profit, yet its occurrence in this district indicates that 
 larger deposits may be discovered on careful .search for them. Molylxle- 
 nite when pure is worth about Hfty cents a pound. 
 
8 .1 ONTAKIO. 
 
 TiiwiiHliiiM.f Ijiitti-t'ivorth. — III tluN tnwnsliin tli(M"f is hii abuiiclaiicf of cxcHlk'iit 
 
 crv.stalliii*' Imicstoiu', csiM'cially mi that part ot it whK'h lies to the oast 
 of (lull liakf. Mucli of this is very |im»' ami ronstitutcs a veritulilc 
 iiiai'l)!*', as on lots I'J of ian;,'('s I\'. and \'.. and on lot liO of V'., 
 while t'lst'whi're it contains j,'rains of hornbl«Midi', mica, sorpeniini' and 
 other iniiu'rals scattt'ivd through it. This limestone would yi(Od oxcel- 
 Icnt lime, and could also be employed for buildin;,' pur|ios('s if sutHci- 
 (Mitly acit'ssililc. It is, Iiowcvcm", rather coais" i,'iaiiied for viM-y fine 
 work or for statuary. 
 
 There is a local tradition that silvei- was formerly mined at Minor's 
 Bay <m the east shore of (iull Like. No workinjjs are known to exist, 
 however, and no ore is ever knov, n to have l)een disi'o';ered in the 
 vicinity. A little molyl)denite in flakes and crystals was found in 
 the ^'iieiss at tliis locality. Tiiis may, on account of its .silvery aj)- 
 pearance, have been mistaken for an ore of silver. 
 
 Molybdenite dissemintited through crystalline liinestone also occurs 
 on lot 2.'} of ran;.;H V. 
 
 .Mi)Iyl)(k'iiiti' (iraiihite was observed in sniall ([Uantities ir, the Ljnoiss and lime- 
 gr.vpiii. ^tone at several localities. I am informed that it occurs more abund- 
 antly on lot 15 of ranjfe IV. 
 
 A dtjiositof iron ore on lot ."i in the northern part of ranf,'e V. and 
 the s(nithern part of ran;;e VI. of this town.sliip, was at one ti»re 
 worked (piite extensively, sevc^-al hundred tons of ore were e.xtrac. ( 
 and shipped, but work was discontinued seven or eij^ht years aj^o. 
 Two laif^e openinj^s and several sn: '|1 holes have been excavated in 
 the deposit, but are now for the most part tilled with water. The 
 country rock is a reddish f^neiss interstiatified with many small am- 
 phibolite bands as well as with a small baud of crystalline limestone. 
 
 Iruiiijif. The ore body conforms to Mie .strike of the gneiss, but is irregular in 
 
 width. In one of the main openings it is thirty-five feet wide. Thi.s, 
 however, is not all iron ore, since — as is the case with so many of the iron 
 
 ' ore deposits in the.se Lanrentian locks — the ore it.self is mixed with a 
 
 large (piantityof various black ferruginous silicates such as hornblende, 
 pyroxene and garnet. The ore body is also cut by many reticulating 
 veins holding tjuartz, ttalcite, (jrthocla.se, pyroxene, scapolite, allanite 
 and other minerals. The ore is almost free from pyrite and other 
 ' sulphides, and specimens .selected by me and examined in the labora- 
 
 tory of the Survey were found to be free from titanium, but as above 
 stated, it contains a large proportion of various silicates amounting in 
 the case of a sample examined by Professor Chapman to 23-80 per 
 cent, while other samples would give cftnsiderably higher percentages. 
 The presence of these silicates, however, while lowering the percentage 
 
 
«i>A»i. ] VirTdlUA, l'K.TRHHOIIOL'«lll AVI) IIAHTINflH. 9 .1 
 
 of iron, iiioduoos an orp wliicli is civsily siiu-ltcd iind which chtsoly re- 
 Hemblt'H the so-oallfd sfif-tluxinj^ oroH of Swcddi. Tlif tollowin;,' 
 iinalysis of the uvcnijjc ort' fn»iii this " Paxton Mine " i8 j;ivcn l)y Mr. 
 Hamilton Mcriitt : 
 
 Oxi.lf i.f iron IIT'TT I Mitnllic iiitn 4H-(I4). 
 
 Silicii H»;«» 
 
 AUuiiiim «*'24 
 
 I-iiii.' :»-8i 
 
 MiiHiio.siii .'MW 
 
 Sulphur <••(»:< 
 
 IMiDHphitrux Noiu'. 
 
 'riuiiiic lu'iil O'l.'i 
 
 I IK) lis 
 
 (lithnn/ (ii'itli till- iiiljiiri lit I'lirt nj Simifrrillr), Tliis towiisliip is ai- T<iwiiHlii|w <>t' 
 must ontiiflv oc'ciii)ic<l by crystalline limestone and t'HMU'fuliar "'neisses ""^^'i.v and 
 usually associated with it. As a Held for the discovery of mineral 
 deposits it is oiu' of the most promising townships in the whole area. 
 T had lieen especially dii'ected to examine ctMtain deposits, supposed 
 to contain nickel, in this district, and accor(lin;;lv devoted much atten- 
 tion to these, viaitih<{ almost every deposit in the townshij) supj)osed 
 to contain this metal. 
 
 These (hsposits, consi.sting as they do of pyirhotite with some pyrite, 
 are often conii)ared to the Sudhui'v nickel (h'posits ; an examination of 
 the district, however, sli(»ws that the j^eoloj^ical I'elations of the tw(» 
 sets of deposits are (|uite dilVerent. The ores in the Sudbury district 
 occur in ^'reatdiorite intru'^" ns near their co.itact with granite or with 
 the stratified rocks of the district, which are of Huronian age, while 
 iliose of the townships of (ialway and Sonierville occui' as inijiregna- 
 tions in bands of gneiss belonging to the (iren\ille series. Thc^ tN>>) 
 sets of deposits are <juite difl'erent therefore in mode of occurrence and 
 probably in age, and what has been proved to be true of the former 
 cannot by any means be regaided as indicating what may be expected 
 in the case of the latter. This conclusion, reached from a geologica' 
 examination of the two areas, is borne out by tin; results of Mr. liofi- 
 inann'a .assays. 
 
 Everywhere throughout the Laurentian System, as far as explora- 
 tions have been carried, where bands of crystalline limestone occur 
 these are accompanierl liy, or associated with bands of a very rusty 
 weathering gneiss. The gneiss oi\ a fresh fracture is light in colour, 
 often nearly white, the j)roi)erty of weathering with a rusty surface 
 being due in most cases to the dissemination through it in largei- oi- 
 smaller amount of sulphides of iron in the form of the yellow minerals 
 
10 .1 ONTARIO. 
 
 Pyiiliotitc known as pyrrhotite aiul pyrite, whicli i»n exposure to the weather de- 
 aml i>yrit<' HI , , , ., . . mi i i i- 
 
 tpiBiHu. compose into hydratea '>xku> or i ion or iron rust. These bands ot rusty 
 
 weathering,' f^neiss iirc <'S|iecially laii,'e and well dcfvclaped in tlie town- 
 ship ot' (ialway and it i.'. in them tliat opcniiif^s have been made in a 
 number of phiees in tlie expectation of fiiuhnj,' nickel or gold and silver. 
 The quantity of the sulphides above mentioned in some of tiie bands 
 is very large. At several p(»ints in the decomposed rusty material 
 (ioMHan hold- form in<' the " yossan "' surface of the bands, pockets of pale green 
 hydrous sulphate of iron or copperas, locally termed ''salt," and ktKJwn 
 to mineralogists as melanterite, often containing several pounds weight 
 of this material, were found. It is also derived from the decom- 
 position of these sulj)hides of iron, and when obtained in sufficient 
 quantity it is employeil in dyeing and tanning iis well as in the manu- 
 facture of ink and Prussian blue. The following are some of the 
 localities where these mineral deposits were examined : — 
 
 Somervil/e, Lot I, Rtinge XI.'-0\\ this lot which abuts (m the 
 township f)f Galway a very rusty weathering baml of gneiss cros.ses 
 the Bobcaygeon road. Ft is about l.")0 yards wide, striking about 
 N. 10 W. with an east dip and is tlanked on either side by crystalline 
 limestone. Two shallow pits have been opened in it, exposing the rock 
 for a few feet below the surfact;. This is seen to contain pyrite dis- 
 .seminated through it in stiings and in some places to be rich in garnet. 
 The amount of j)yrite contained in th" lUck must be very considerai)le 
 and the strings in which it occurs are often of large size. The rock 
 weathers to a loose porous very rusty mass containing in places, in 
 pockets of considerable size, the hydiated sulphate of iron above refer- 
 red to as a decomposition product of the pyrite. This rock was stated 
 to have been assayed and found to contain a large amount of gold 
 with some nickel. It had also as usual beiMi examined with 
 satisfactory results by a mineral rod man. A number of samples were 
 accordingly taken, those containing as much pyrite as possible being 
 selected, since these would contain the maximum amount of the metals 
 in question. These were assayed in the laboratory of the Survey and 
 'ound to contain : — 
 
 < iolil None. 
 
 Silver None. 
 
 Nickel Faint trace. 
 
 Galivay, Lot. l^lidngi' X. Here a hole fourteenfeetdeep has been sunk 
 in a quartz vein in gneiss. The vein was about two feet thick at the 
 surface and contains some calcite and pyrite with a small amount of 
 pyrrhotite. I was informed by the owner of the property that the ore 
 had been assayed by Professor Chapman of Toronto, who found that 
 
»D*M9. ] VKTOItIA, PKTKHnOUUlIllll AMI I! ASTINfiS. 11 .1 
 
 it fontaiiH'd nothing of value, l)Ut that an aasayer in Oregon had 
 returned it as eontaiiiing .30 o/. of gold to the ton in addition to silvei", 
 nickel and eopfiei'. Seveial specimens were aceoi'dingly selected con- 
 taining more than an average amount of the metallic constituents and 
 these were assayed iti the laboratory of the Sui\ey. Mr. Jtoffmann 
 reports that they contain : — 
 
 (iold None. 
 
 Silver None. 
 
 The proportion <if the metallic constituents in the vein was on an 
 average so small that it was not considered worth while to incur the 
 trouble and expense of assaying it for nickel. 
 
 (liihrny, Lot li>, Range XV. (north e/tc?^. — Hei'e a pit eight feet 
 deep has been sunk in a tliick band of very rusty weathering gneiss 
 which appears to strike- a little to the east of north and dips to the 
 east at an angle of about 'W. As usual this gneiss is associated with 
 eiystalline limestone which occupies the greater pait of the lot. In 
 this icneiss thei'e are some bands containin<' a yood ileal of garnet as 
 well as some composed of <iuai'tzite. All contain both pyritti and 
 pyrrhcjtite. often in large amount. Masse.s of these sulphides, especially 
 of the latter as much as seven by twelve inches in size, ai'e seen on the 
 walls of the pit. As the band is so liirge and the amount of the sul- 
 phides present so gi-eat, the deposit is well worthy of a thorough 
 exploratory examination. In order to ascertaii- its proiiable value a 
 lai'ge nund)er of fragments wei'e broken from various places on the 
 walls and N)ttom of the pit, selected so as to i-epresent as nearly as 
 pos.sJblt an average of the whole as here exposed. These contained l).|i.).sits of 
 a large amount of both pyrite and pyrrhotite and were assayed in the .',';T,7 "v''t*. i 
 laboratory of the Survey with the following result: gneiss. 
 
 ( iold None. 
 
 Silver None. 
 
 Niokel Fiiint truce. 
 
 (I'ohntij, Lot Itl, Rdm/c XIV. (.wut/i eml ). A f)it of about the same 
 
 depth as in the case of the last depo.sit has here been sunk on the lino of 
 
 contact between the crystalline limestone and the rusty weathering 
 
 gneiss. The laiter, which where perfectly fresh is light grayi.sh in 
 
 colour, contains a considerable amount of pyrrhotite, with some pyrite, 
 
 in strings often .several inches wide. If these minerals contained any 
 
 valual)le metal in considerable amount, this deposit would also be 
 
 worthy of a thorough exploratory examination. Some of the pure 
 
 pyrrhotite wiis accordingly selected and was as.sayed in the laboi-atorj 
 
 of the Survey. Mr. Hofl'mann reports it to contain : 
 
 ( i<)l(l None. 
 
 Silver None. 
 
 Nickel (w itii sonie cobalt T 'Oi" p.e. 
 
I'i.t 
 
 ONTARIO. 
 
 'I'his percenta^'e ol' nickel is of foursc tar tun .mmuII to ;,'ivt' t\\v min- 
 eral any value as an ore. 
 
 Galivaij, Lot IS, R<tnge IV. (" Ueyiiold's Mine.') This (Ifjiosit was 
 examined by niy assistant, Mr. A. A. Cole, H.A., wlio reports that a 
 pit forty by eij,'ht and twenty three feet dee[i iias been sunk on a bed 
 or vein of wliite (|iiartz. from four to six feet thick, wliich is inter- 
 stratified with fine ijrained dioi-itie <j;neiss. Pyrrhotite mixed with 
 pyrite occurs in bands in the (|uartz. The laryest of these apj)earin<; at 
 the surface is four inches wide, but expands in places .so as to form 
 pockets, wliile elsewhere the metallic niinei-als occur finely di.sseminated 
 throuj,di the (|uartz. A .specimen of the pyrite and pyrrhotite, nearly 
 free from jfanjfue, was assayed in the laljoratory of the Survey, with 
 the foUowinj^ results : - 
 
 ( iold Xoiic. 
 
 Silvoi' None. 
 
 Xickcl (\\itli sonic colialt) "lO p.c. 
 
 Here again the nickel is entirely ton low for profitable workin:,'. 
 
 Openings have also been made in search of nickel at the following 
 localities : — 
 
 Gabva]!. Lof 1], Raugi' XVIJI. — An o])ening has been made at the 
 contact of rusty gneiss and ciystalline limestone ; both hold pyrrhotite 
 in small amount in the form of little grains and strin;,'s. 
 
 Gahmiij, Lot II, KarKje IV. — Hij,'hly ([uartzose gneis.s, often tjarniti- 
 ferous, containing small quantities of disseminated j)yrrhotite. 
 
 (laltvaij, Lot I'l, RatKje IV. Two small openings in rusty weathering 
 gneiss overlaid by crystalline limestone. A little pyrite and pyrrhotite 
 seen in places. 
 
 Oahvay, 1a>I i\ Jidiiiji' A. Two openings, one? in crystalline limestone, 
 carrying a .-^niall quantity of pyrrhotite, .and tlie otlx^r in a fine grained 
 gneiss, carrying .some pyrite and a little pyrrhotite. 
 
 Fn view of the aUsence of gold and silver and the very low percent- 
 tage of nickel present in the heavily impregnated deposits, it has not 
 been considered necessaiy to assay specimens from these last foui' 
 localities, where the deposits are similar in character, but poorer in 
 metallic minerals. 
 The d»'iK)Hits The examination of these deposits then>fore goes to show, that al- 
 i>t Smilmry. though in some cases the pyrrhotite and pyrite occur in sufficient abun- 
 dance to enable the deposits to be profitably worked if these minerals 
 were rich in nickel, that, unfortunately, unlike the pyrrhotite of the 
 .Sudbury (iistrict, they carry nickel only in very small amount. In this 
 connection it is extremely interesting to compare the jiyrrhotite depo- 
 
AMM8. 1 VICTORIA, I'KTKHBOROUtill AMI IIA8TIN(J8. 13 J 
 
 sits of Norway with those of Canafhi. In Norway, as is well known, 
 there are very large deposits of this mineral, associated with pyrite, 
 which art! rich in nickel and have for many years heen extensively 
 worked foi" this ni«'tal. These oc;cur intiniatcsiy associated with great 
 nia.ises f)f an intrusive rock belonging to the gabbro family, through 
 whicl) the pyrrhotite occurs disseminated, the workable de])osits being 
 apparently parts of the gabbro mass especially rich in this constituent. 
 
 These Norwegian deposits are the equivalents of the deposits of the 
 Sudbury district in Canada, where similar great pyrrhotite dejiosits, 
 rich in nickel, are related in ])recisely the same way to great intrusive 
 masses of a rock closely allied to the Norwegian gabbro and which in 
 Canmla is called diorite. 
 
 In Cana<la, as in I "way, the pyrrhotite deposits are pi()V)ably a ('aiuidian and 
 peculiar product of tin- diff'erentiation of the gabbro or diorite magma. ,'|,,,x)!^JtTronj- 
 
 In Norway there are also bands of gneiss, mica schist, <|uartzite and l"""'''^" 
 other similar rocks heavdy impregnated with pynhotite and f)ther sul- 
 phides. These are called " Kahlbands " and clos(,'ly r'esemble those just 
 described from Galway and Somerville. In the.se the pyrrhotite, al- 
 though often present in largi; (juantity, is so pooi- in nickel that it is 
 valueless. In both countries the geological formations and the mode of 
 occurrence of the two classes of deposits are the same and in each ca.se 
 the ores associattnl with the diorite or gabbro rock are rich in nickel, 
 ■while those impregnating the gnei.ss so far as they have been examined, 
 contain hardly any. I know of no case where the value of geological 
 study as a]iplied to ore deposits is bettc^r illustrat«'d or where the 
 knowledge ol>tained from the study of the ore deposits of one land is 
 seen to be of such practical value when applied to these of another 
 land where the geological conditions are the same. 
 
 Concerning the.se Norwegian Fahlbamls, Prof. Vogt, of Christiana, in 
 a recent ])a])er* writes as follows, and it will be observed that his re- 
 marks might b(^ apj)lied almost word for word to the Canadian deposits : 
 
 "The Fahlbands aie bedded or apparently bedded deposits consist- 
 ing of pyritous impregnations in certain schists, as for example mica 
 schist, hornblende schist, quartz schist, garnetiferousgneis,s, hornblende 
 gneiss, etc., and occurring without any connection with gabbro I'ocks. 
 The schist containing the ore, which varies in amount from place to 
 
 *"Zeitschrift fiir praktisclie (icologit-,'' .Tan. 18!W, p. l.SO. This paper, whiuli is con- 
 tinned in tilt' .\|)iil and July niinilwrM of the same publication, contains an excellent 
 description of tlie Norwegian de|K)sits. A short paper entitled "The Nickel D<!ix>.sitH 
 of Scandinavia " l>y the same author, ilhistrated l)y cuts, showing the mode of occur- 
 rence of the nickel (jre, appeared in the "Canadian Record of Science " for April, 1892. 
 A somewhat extended resume of Prof. Volt's work i.s also given by the present writer 
 in a pajier entitled "On the Igneous Origin of certain Ore J)ei)osits," in the "Cana- 
 dian Mining Review," February, 18!)4. 
 
14 .1 DNTAHIO. 
 
 place, can often, filtliough <]uite thin, be traced for miles. The gcoio- 
 gioal (liflcrence between these and the nickel deposits assmiated with 
 
 the gabbro is evidcMit It must also be empiiasized that the pyrrhu- 
 
 tite and i)vrite of these Fahlbands are invarialjjy characterized by a 
 very small content of nickel and cobalt. Hundreds upon hutulreds of 
 analyses of these minerals from the Fahlbands have been niiide and a 
 very small amount of nickj'l and cobalt ranijjiiig from "1 to ■.") per (-(Mit 
 has always been found. So far' as 1 am aware no pyrrhotite is known 
 for these Norwegian Fahlbands which contains 1 per cent of these 
 metttls." 
 liHjn ore. Deposits of iron ore are also known to occur in Calway. One ,>f these 
 
 situated near Swamp Lak' on lot 'J.'J of range XII. was visited. The 
 country rock is a reddi'li gneiss, interstratiticd with a dark hornblende 
 gneiss, which latter rock in places, foi- a width of several feet, contains 
 grains and strings of red garnet, yellowish grt^n epidote and magnetic 
 iron ore. Although gocjd specimens of nuignetite can be obtained, 
 this minei'al is too scattered and not present in sutKcient amount at 
 this point to make an ore of much value. If, however, the deposit 
 were traced out on its strike the magnetite might .somewhere be found 
 to come in ni larger amount. A good specimen of iron ore from this 
 lot was analysed by Professor Chapman and found to contain : 
 
 Metiillic iron (WOO p.c. 
 
 Oxide Miangane.se I 27 " 
 
 Phosphonus 001 " 
 
 Siliceous rock matter I'2' IH " 
 
 Another deposit occurs on lot 27 of range XIV. of (Jalway. A sam- 
 ple from this was, some years ago, examined by Piofessor Chapman 
 and found to contain : 
 
 Metallic iron (5*2 ■ 87 p.e. 
 
 Siliceous rock matter l.S '27 " 
 
 A deposit of lead o.>e has been opened on lot "20, range A. of (Jal- 
 way. A shaft with lateral drifts has been sunk to a depth oi about 
 100 feet, but this at the time of my visit was tilled with v.'.iter. Neai' 
 it, however, a short tunnel is driven in the vein from a hill side. In this 
 the vein is seen to vary somewhat in width, but to be fourteen inches 
 wide at its widest part. The vein stone is barite with some calcite, 
 carrj'ing in the tunnel a few grains of iron pyrite, zinc blende and 
 galena. A consideral)le amount of galena has been taken from 
 the shaft where the vein is said to be somewhat wider and contains 
 the galena in pockets. I am informed that about thirty kegs of galena 
 have been shii)ped. A number of specimens of the galena and barite 
 as well as a few of calcite and zinc blende now lie about the mouth of 
 
 Iif>ad < 
 
♦o**"- ] VICTOUIA, ri:TKUHOROU(;H ANM) HASTINfiS. IT).! 
 
 the sluift. As the value ut' the <,'iikMiii \sf>ul(l (Ifpfiul lar^'ely on its 
 content of silver, which nictdl in almost iriv.inahly fi/UiuI in galena, 
 but is piesent in very variable (|uantity in the <,'aleMas from (liferent 
 localities, T selected some of the pure galena from the shaft and 
 handed it to Mr. Jlotlmann for examination. It was, however, found 
 to contain neither gold nor silver. Its value will therefore depend on 
 the hij,'h percentage of lead which it contains. The \uin cuts gneiss 
 which is interstratified with crystalline limesto.ie. A veii similar in 
 character to the one just (lescril)cd and Nshich is probably a cnntinua- 
 tion of it, is seen on lot 1 of range VII. of the adjacent t(»\vnship of 
 Somerviile. It is vertical in ixisition ; cuts a highly micaceous gneiss 
 and is exposed in two .shallow pits. It is from five to six inches wide 
 and is composed of barite with some cjdcite, carrying in places a little 
 galena.