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DELITERED BEFO^C TU|t lalifa^ iottnj i;cn's €\m\m Issctiation, ON TUESDAY EVENING, MARCH 16, 1858, BY J. W. MARRIOTT, P^sc^. HALIFAX : rRINTHI) AT THE WESLEYAN CONFEKENCE 8TRAM PKKBft, 18 5 8, -U. mff^msmw^im ;^'j-6i Mm Mi its llutiui). A LECTURE. Mr. Chaiuman, Ladies and Gentlemen,— India was always a great name. To the ancient world, it stood for a land of mystery and inaccessible seclusion ; but still to their superstitious minds it was a name of enchant^ ment, rich in the reputation of majesty, opulence, wisdom, and power. From the earliest times it inspired the imagination with dreams of beauty, and excited the cupidity of strangers with its unfabled wealth. In an age more recent, it was the glorious haven of the mariner's hope, always far distant and so long unfound. Under that aspect it became the unconscious cause of a most magnificent discovery, for it induced those daring efforts to explore the trackless deep, which at once brought two worlds together, and gave to the art of xXavigation its first and greatest triumphs. For it was the shores of India that drew out of their harbors the original pilots of the ocean» ^it was the shores of India that allured the tiny fleet ot Columbus across the unmeasured wastes of the Atlantic, and onticed the adventurous bark of Vasco de Gama round the (^ape of Good Hope; and it was the scientific faith of the (Genoese captain in the Westward road to India that first led the European to this vast continent, and the isles of America were the gems that first rose from the ocean t» give t» that great captain's faith its justification and rewaxd. ^^^MHttiifiii fcPWi i p.ii i n_jf|i m -^ M liiiiyMiiii I l3ut again. It is India that has fired the ambition of tliB faiightiest conquerors, from Alexander to Napoleon— that bafl paid the largest tributes of life and treasure almost without resistance, filling the sacks of all her spoilers with rubies, pearls and gold, and feeding with countless victims from her vassal races the insatiable vultures of barbaric war — so that >f she has beckoned to her coasts the crowding keels of com- merce, she has also stood with helpless hands to tempt tho destroying visits of the invader. If India has been the rich- est marlcct for the merchant, it has been also the fattest field for the soldier. If you are able now to picture the racing crafts that have been scudding across the ocean to receive the wealthy burden of her products since England has ruled her regions, you may also see, though the mists of time may a little cloud the vision, the hurrying hosts of Macedon, Tar tary, and Arabia, sweeping to their easiest and most splendid prey. Then viewing India in a religious light, we see that she haa been, as some would say, the softest cradle for heathen idol- atry ; or, if you like it l)otter— and I prefer to use tho expres- tiion — she has been the darkest den of cruel superstition. I have been sorry to see that a portion of the English press has gone out of its way to bespeak forbearance for what it calls her venerable faith. Let me askj How is it venerable ? If age alone creates the title to veneration, then truly Brah* minism may be old enough to claim the homage of all other existing superstition. The greyest garb of antiquity may rest upon its shrivelled shoulders, and if our eyes were covered witli the film of vulgar credulity we might be ready to bow before her haggard form. But we must view tho waated figure of this dying deity in the effulgent light of Christian revelation. We have to regard the influence of her perishing power with reference to the earthly welfare, as well as the immortal destiny, of the millions she infatuates. Wo J \ "must tG.it lier title to reverence by soarcliing for the bleKsiii^^s nhQ spreads or tlio miseries slie propagates, — we must weigli lier claims to tolerance or encoiiragenieut in the scale of human rights, and we shall, I am sure, come instantly to the conclu- sion that she has had fi-om England far too much of each — - i\\r too much for England's honor, and far too much for Asia'H Welfare. She Iir/s heen encouraged and supported, but most surely her day of favor is past. She has drawn upon herself the scrutinizing gaze of all Christian nations, and it is imj)0s- siblo tliat anytliing like tlie old alliance can ever be revived. While we must, and while we ouglit, to tolerate in all her iniserable adorers the profession of tlioir gloomy creed, we dare not any longer tolerate its disgusting obscenities and >an2:uinarv devotions. No one has ever yet found fault witli the few interferences that England has already made with the leliglon of India : they are, in fact, the redeeming features of our policy, and the wliole world acknowledges that w>' never assumed an authority that was more justifiable, and never performed a duty that was more imperative, tlian when we stopped those gliastly outrages on human nature, of w!i:c!i the temples, the funeral altars, and the rivers of her land, had l)een the frequent and the saddening scene. Wei!, then, if our country was, as is univerally acknowledged, more than exonerated when it rescued the Indian widow I'rom th<' ilames of the suttee, broke up the murderiiig association of the Thugs, and compelled the gods of their id(»latry to forego their human sacrifices, she will not now be niorely justified, but by a sterner sense of duty compelled, to use that hand f [)ower which God has given her to efface all other public defilements from the scenes of its mis-named religious service. By all means tolerate mere idolatry : it is the wisest and most neces- sary course. As the great cham[);on of liberty of conscience, Knsrhmd could not do otherwise. The shield of Brittamiia jiHist be a shelter to the human mind — the banner of England p-h^,-im"^t'^^ %' ^ft il-^' 'T^Sa'^ iV^V-^ :7^r^^ ^J "^B ■rJ^ i 6 i}it<5^ enfranchise all over whom it waves ; but never let iiti- morality sneak under that flag of freedom — never allow that to be the exercise of liberty of conscience which violates tho first laws of our existence, or the first principles of our common morality. Let the heath on set up his Dagons or Dianas, or whatever other stumps he will, but never per- mit them to be robed in the rags of indecency, or Im madd the oracles of universal law. God forbid that I should say, or you should think, that our benign religion ought to bo thrnst upon their unwilling acceptance, lie can be but little of a Christian, for he quite mistakes the spirit of Christianity, who thinks that persecution or intolerance can under any cir- cumstances bo a fitting instrumentality for its propagation, — can ever throw upon its cliaracter the faintest shade of honor, or give to its fortunes the shortest period of success. But we may still denounce, and as far as we can wo must abolish, the foul excesses of a sava«^ paganism, —'we may denounce them in the name of religion alone, without refer- ence to a higher power. Blasphemy I would see stifled in the name of religion, but the torturing and lascivious priests of this heathen sacrifice ought to be inipeached in the name and interest of mankind. Therefore, it seems to me to be far from sufficient to cut the old connection between tho Government and the creed of Hindostan. It is not enough for the government simply to cancel its former disgraceful obligations ; — it is not enough for the government to withdraw from the most abominable mummeries that are i)ractised on earth, that support and coun- tenance which it has previously given, but it must also, if it is not afraid of the consequences, step into the area of these filthy ceremonials and completely cleanse them— I say, if they are not afraid of the consequences they must do this. And Burely they arc not afraid of what the Hindoo now can do. But it may bo that they dread a little the carping criticism ot' ■^JT" • >»j^3** «■ >'* \ - 'v^l** W-> s*-^^Bi luimo that loose liberality wliich at home decrjs all positive profes- sioDS, all settled formulas and distincti-^e names in the matior of relijrion— a liberality which often means total indifferenco to every thing but private interest. Yes, my Christian friends, there are yet nuii bers of our own people, who, if not actually despising religion, are professedly insensible to all its claima —men whose vaunted liberality would stop them from oppo- sition and persecution, but whose convictions, so they say, make them as friendly to one religion as another, and leavo them completely uninfluenced by all. These are the men tliat affect to pity the pious, and who smile rt future fears- men who put the worship of God on a level with the mainte- nance of a political opinion nid say, as Byron said among the ruins of the Parthenon, - " Even Gods nmst yicM— Religions take their tiim. 'Twas Jove's— 'ti^ Iviahaniat's ; and other creeds Will rise with other ycarSi" But let us hope that such sentiments are shared by a p that is too small to be powerful, and that no cry of liberty of conscience from that quarter will affect the British Govern- ment in discharging its high obligations to the natives of Hindostan. The settlement of such a question, and of all others in reference to India that approach it in imiwrtance, wiix give rise, probably, to immense discussion. How suddenly the current of national thought and feeling has been changed m it« course, anJ how swiftly it is flowing to that land, which, till very recently, it seemed purposely to disregard. Macaulay says in his life of Lord Clive that Engli^mien generally kno-.y more about the conq^'-sts of the Spaniards in Mexico and Ppru than they do of the tar greater achievements of their own countrymen in the peninsula of Hindostan. That waa true a few months ago, but it is not true now. But any ou« A H ■! 8 ran form a pretty good opiuiou of the oblivion into wliicli Indian afFaii-s liad sunk in England, from the fact that before the recent outbreak an Indian budget v.a.s the h.'ast interesting, indeed the most positively distasteful that could be brought before the British Legislature. The whole house would have assembled if Lord Palinerston had proposed to alter the sugai- duties, l)ut I think about fifty or sixty only came togethei- (>n the last occasion to hear the great Mr. A'cruon Smith recite the jmsition and prospects of our Indian Enspire. But now how wonderful is the change. India is the paramount topic, — the nanu! that every man and woman in England, I should think, has now often spoken, and will long continue to speak. Lt is the name that has made the bosom of the nation swell with tempestuous emotions, as it has called up the image of those wrongs unutterable, which almost madden the mind, while thoy fi'ccze all the gentler feelhigs of the heart. And how hi-:- will this passion last? Shall we ever Im able to think uf India as we have thought of her before ? I expect that many a brave dcjed, many an act of blessed christian constancy, many a touching talc of woman's heroism or of some 1 toy's dauntless dying defiance, many of such passages, which have marked this Eastern tragedy as the onset of cow- ardly villany upon unoffending innocence and unprepared yet all-sufficient courage, may ,soon in future years be for<^otten. Ill - V J Q Jiut as long as India lives in the memories of ourselves and (»ur posterity it ivlll be t'.i:' name of a country darkened by the shadows of a most awful grave,— that grave into which the mangled .lul dishonourctl ifmains of more than two hundred English victims, the bodies of tlie father and the husband, the mother and tlie ch;ld were, without shroud or coffin, without the mourner's tcai s or the minister's Bcrvice, insultingly thrown. We liave naught to do with vengeance : it is not ours. But if the blood of Alol cried to heaven from the ground, \s\\\ not that fountain uf biood from the well of wm 1. . a^^^i- '*■-*' 'w- I 9 Cawnpore call down the wrath of God ? But how I bless the Bpirit of my nation, which, instead of resting in that solemn satisfaction, has sought the sweeter solace of charity and faith, —which, instead of imprecating the Divine wrath upon thd murderers, has sought to appease it, — which, instead of rais* ing round the mouth of that well tlie memorials of crime and the symbols of revengeful retribution, determines to sanctify the spot by building on it a temple to the Most High ; — and think, when that is done, how oft the injured will meet toge* ther there, and finding the passions of their memory hushed within its sacred walls, be able to breathe the prayer of Jesus on the cross, " Father-, forgive tlicm, for they know not what they do I " But I have not to speak of future feelings — my references must be to the present and the past, and to show how mighty a shock these recent events have given to the sympathizing heart of mankind, — it is enough to say, that this India, which erewhile could not claim the attention of its masters, has now awakened the excited interest of the world. Having so far sought to draw your attention to the land, the history, and the religion, I must come, in the next placc^ tt) the subject of the Mutiny. I am not going to attempt it!^ history, — that task is too long and difficult. for me. I don't want even to pick out its most brilliant passages ; — they require a power of language to do them justice which is far above the utmost efforts that I could make. I desire simply tA} enquire into the catise of it, — to show that it was unpro- voked, — and then to draw those congratulations from its sup- pression, in which, as countrymen of the conquerors, we may fairly indulge. I speak of it as vanquislied ; and so it is, although all the fighting may not yet be over. In fact, thia colossal eruption has been as brief as it was sudden. It won't have lasted a year. Wlien you were listetiing to the last course of lectures in this place it was not dreamed of. We 10 the lists against a powerful adversary ant .v^^king raiHcd round lu ko) and 01 3, 1 ^^^^^ European relationslups wlucli the ^ai nau . 1 ,t tl silence of peace was l^keu l.fore «e Im. ielt ll.c ^,*ui:i.npreJn. A heathen would Vfj^ ,l,„t oW Janus v-as angry, because the gate ..f ". tcmpk lton,e,Uon,ove on ru.ty hinge., ha,! heen datume.! 2 tly. At any vutc, if it ha,l heon Bhut w,.h «m«po 1 LL. it waJoiK.nea with still more --F- .^^t". „,i„ation. A celestial han.l-if yon w,ll pomut a plnase «n i: ftom Canton-first wrenehcl the door a,,ar, and .he . '^Wle we were mastering a lillipntiun force to p«»h ,t Wl^^ i;, thi» Indian ann of violence hurst it wide open and the X" I through the portals all the fnries in a emwd, o dash Ttv h cup of tranquil enjoyment which the angel of poaeo W P a el in our hands,-to tear the face of lunnan natur,, Uo S; n,ost awfnl disagnren,cnt,-and especially U, wo^d t heart of Old England with tl.o deepest agony and remor««. I J jA iuu*,ii.iU'WI,ipf :r J' I tit 11 /A ;v Now in the natural order of cnr[uu7 we must, in the first ^)lace, look for the cause of this convulsion. The honor of our country is more concerned in this investigation than ia any other to which the painful subject can lead us- For the uppermost question in a sensitive and candid mind tmtst be, and will be till it gets an uncontestible answer, " Have we as a people done any thing to deserve the chastisement?" Have we been cruel to the helpless and insulting to the subdued 'i Was our government of the soft Bengalee so imperious, arro- gant and oppressive as to be at last unbearable ? Were our exactions so extortionable, and our contempt for their religion so undisguised that they could be borne no longer ? As the worm is said to turn on the foot that treads it, so in history we may find examples of the meekest raxjes and the most abject creatures being roused into resistance when the last of their slender privileges has been invaded, or some crownmg aet of insult has been offered to their faith. And such crimes have been laid to the charge of England by the Ultramontane journals of France and Belgium. This was their very taunt, that we had been treading upon what we took to be a worm, and found, as we deserved to find, that it liad a scorpion's sting. The writers in those infamous papers scarcely looked with pity upon those poor creatures that fell among the thieves and murderers. Thoy liave learnt a lesson, I suppose, from tlie parable of the (Jood Samaritan. They remember, no doubt, tlitit it was the priest and the levite that left the bleed- ing traveller to die, and as the champions of sacerdotal dignity they are still careful to disclaim for their party the heretical honors which such sympathy and relief are supposed to win. They were too indignant with wicked England to feel a pang of pity or to utter a single note of lamentation over that scene of lust and murder, which, whatever the cause, however great the provocation, has in this nineteenth century stained the human character with an infamy that never was surpassed, ii! ^ 12 and which, therefore, the true men of all races should join to denounce, with the severest expressions of abhorrence, while at the same tune they cannot but bring the feeling of bitter grief to the mention of sufferings so excessive and pathetic, and pay with generous impulse the homage of their admira- tion to the fortitude and piety with which those sufferings were endured. But those disciples of Hildebrand, slaves to the labor of establishing an impossible despotism, can see nothing in this dire calamity but the punishment of heresy and a pointed retribution for the wrongs we have heaped upon the head of India. English pride, insolence, heresy, cruelty and extortion have filled up the cup of our iniquity, and. justice, yes, justice, has called for an atonement, and taken it in the blood of women and children. But every word from the rebellion itself gives the lie to their accusation. Every word that the wretched insurgents have put forward to justify their insurrection and their wrath, proves that the accusations of our European enemies have their origin in incredible delu- sions, or else are envenomed falsehood. We need scarcely wait for posterity to give its verdict upon the main points of the case. There is happily no confusing prolixity in the counts of the indictment— no mysterious contradictions in the evidence. We are charged with having done foul wrong to the people of India, and it is asserted that, tlierefore-, India has rebelled. But we need not ask for the particulars of tho wrong. The general charge is refuted in a general answer. The people of India have been, and still are, our subjects and our friends. The rebels of India are the pampered soldiers of Bengal, and the desperate rufiians that were let loose from its prisons. The adherents of the puppet King of Delhi were those military assassins that we paid too li))erally and indulged far too much ; united in fitting fellowship with tho emptyings of tlie dungeon and the scum of the JMahomedar^ citiQB, But tho peo^)le of India, the tribes of Nepaul and I Ji. ould join to rence, while ing of bitter nd pathetic, beir admira- e sufferings id, slaves to 3m, can see it of heresy heaped upon resy, cruelty aiquity, and and taken it ■y word from ;ion. Every ard to justify B accusations redible delu- leed scarcely lain points of lixity in the ictions in the foul wi'ong to re/ore-, India iculars of tho icral answer. ' subjects and icrcd soldiers let loose from ing of Delhi lil>erally and ship with tho ; JMahomcdar^ f Ncpaul and IS the Punjaub, and the armies of Madras and Bombay have, in tlie midst of the strongest temptations, been nobly loyal. Wherever the people of India were not overawed by the threats and presence of the armed miscreants, they have relieved tlie destitution of our poor refugees, and hidden them from the search of the murderer. That kind assistance, rendered when no other earthly help was near, has been tho salvation of many from outrage and death. It is also to bo taken as a strong evidence that our rule had been just and merciful, and was well appreciated by the people who enjoyed its advantages. It helps to show that our calamities were to a great extent undeserved, and that the rage of our enemiea was not influenced by those provocations of cruelty, tyranny and insult, which writers who have had every means of knowing better, have laid to our charge. The whole subject, it is true, has yet to be sifted ; but I don't believe that our present impresriions will bo materially altered by any futur* discoveries. When the scene and the story of this tragedy are examined in the light of fuller information and with the power of calmer reason than we can yet command, I have no fear that they will reveal anything that the ablest defenders of the Sepoys would dare to call a justification of their mutiny, much less of their ineflfable brutality. When our soldiers have put out tho last spark of this lurid conflagration,— have taken down tho gibbets and cleared from the field of slaughter all tho relics of this avenging war— then it will be well to invito tlio criticisms and the accusations of those who have said that we provoked this contest, by our own iniquity raised up that spirit of disgusting violence in the land, and therefore have deserved all tho calamities by which we wore at first over- taken. For such accusers will have to show how a population of one hundred and fifty millions, galled by oppression, and swayed by fanaticism, yet let tho hour of revenge go by. Wo don't want to know why they have borne our yoke so 2 M 14 Bubmisslvoly for one Imndred years. But we do want to kuow wliy, if our rule was huteful to them in consequence (►f its severity and injurstloe, they did not seize the enticing opportunity, wliieh is now passed for ever, to repay our exac- tions with spoliation and our cruelty witli toiiure. Look at the treasures tlierc were to sack — -the Iiouk's that were unde- fended — the fugitives that were liolploss — the fortresses, magazines and arsenals that had in the first moment been «natched from the foreigner — the gr.'at districts that had been sv/ept of his presence. Look at the marshalled hosts of their countrymen and the paltry numbers of the perishing foe. Look at the flag of England torn to tatters and trodden in the dust, while the crescent of Mahomet was rising in the heavens and the ancient throne of Delhi was remounted by the victorious Mogul. Look, I say, at these rich fruits of insurrection — these rapid successes presaging triumphs yet more complete — and then let our hard judges show why the natives of llindostan and the anuies of the lower Presiden- mes were unmoved against us. Their loyalty or their indif' ference, which you will, is our unanswerable defence. I am not going to say that we are altogether guiltless — that we have done no wrong— that our administration of justice was always without fault, or that our wisdom could never bo impeached : what masters can say so V liut I contend that no conquerors ever showed such mercy, ever rose to such niagnauimity in arranging the conditions of subjection, or, I must also confess, ever stooped to such unworthy coiidescen- pion in their toleration of a false or savage faith. Yes, if we are to blame it is for our indulgence and not for our bigotry. We have neither insulted their religion nor coerced their consciences. We have done nothino; as a Chris- tian people to offend them, but we have done much to oftl'nd God. We have guarded with jealous care the rites and privi- leges of heathen worship, — we have helped to preserve itn with th undisgu the moi doini' i'. I m wmM u tomples from decay and its sacrod society from intrusion ; but we have spoken tlii name of CiuasT with trembling lips, and been afraid to tell those undeserving objects of our scrupu- losity how supremely we valued His favor — how strong our trust was in His power and love. As a Government, we seemed to smile upon a profligate idolatry, and in whispers to wish it sviccess, while we said to tlie devoted Missionary of Christ, You must stand in the shade and keep your heavenly message unuttered, lest the ear of the heathen should take ■ offence. We strove faithfully to improve their temporal con- dition by abolishing the worst of their sanguinary ceremonies, by spending vast sums for the commercial improvement of their country, and for the instruction of their minds in an unsanctitied learning ; but the richest gem of all our treasures, the Pearl of great price, we would not give them, — not because we were unable to afford it, for that is a gift we can bestow and yet find ourselves the richer, but because wo thought the conscience of India might be wounded, and the power which ruled at Calcutta thereby subjectt^d to incon- venience, and perhaps to danger < But what abject fear was this ! What a dishonorable compronnse of a duty that is iu all eases uncompromising 1 I believe the people of England did not know it. That is not an excuse, but it is the only explanation that can meet my own astonishment. I did not ■ know that penalties were attached to the profession of Cluris-' tianity in India, though I ought to have known it. We don't deserve dominion if we don't concern and acquaint ourselvoa with the policy that upholds it. The facts were clear and undisguised, — they ought then to have been notorious. It ia the most shameful passage in our modern history. It was doin" as a Kovernment what we never could have done ad individuals. It was an unforced retreat before an enemy, and from a sacred field. It was furling our best banner before a foe that reviled it. When we discountenanced Gospel Mi)l» 16 »iohs in tndia, and put the Word of God in that country undef contraband distinctions, we falsified our loudest professions, and fatally injured the immortal interests of those benighted millions that we sought to please. It was a trsacherous crime to salute that sinking star of Romphan, and to ask no corresponding homage for the bright ascending star of Beth- lehem. In this mournful matter we must say, as David said in prayer to God, "Against Thee only have I sinned." This we know and acknowledge,-^we don't wait for foes or rivals to bring the charge. We admit at once — and real contrition must go with this avowal — ^that England has in India dishon- ored her Christian name. I think, however, I can see the process of thought in the mind of those who inaugurated that unchristian policy, and the way in which public opinion acqui* esced in it or passed it over. We hold that personal liberty ia the birthright of all races, and that freedom of opinion and religious worship are salutary privileges which it is wise to grant to all. Now, if these doctrines were taught at home, and set at naught when we came to compose a scheme of government for a conquered kingdom, the world might well upbraid our selfishness and properly detest our hypocrisy. I should expect, then, that an extreme sensitiveness to the risk of this obloquy would influence the administration of our power over subjects that differed from ourselves in color and creed. As interference would look like intolerance, and as intolerance was the charge most dreaded, it is easy to see how the impurities and cruelties of Hindooism would bo left unno- ticed, and how the strongest precautions might be taken to prevent all attempts at conversion. And what condemnation did such policy receive at home '? Little, if any. Absorbed in what it took to be greater questions, the Parliament and people of England passed the annual reports on India with the most superficial examination and undisguised indifforenoo. Tho Queen's Government heard complaints from Christian I i1 Missionaries : it ascribed those complaints to prejudice — ^it accused the acjcuser of a want of enlightened liberality, — which is always, it seems, to show itself in respecting the opinions of others, however low and en-oneous they may be, and in suffering any horrible practice when it is done in reli- gion's sacred name. And so the national conscience was untouched, or its slight qualms tranquilized, till it was pierced by the discovery that it had not been merely tolerating idol- atry, but supporting it, — not n^.orcly refraining fioni persecu* tion, but conniving at licentiousness, — not merely allowing liberty to the pagan, but estalilishing his superiority over his Christian brother. Tlius, while in all our churches the n ' - ters were proving that to help in spreading the gospel is a constant duty from which no Christian can disengage himself or be relieved, — while tlie churcl 'S were cordially acknow- ledging that duty, and meeting with liberality the appeals that were being founded upon it, — we find that tlie same people, in the capacity of Indian mlers, were placing the most determined obstacles in the path of the Christian Missionary, and were meeting with frowning looks or heavy j»enalties those endeavours to diffuse the Word of Life which, even under such discouragements, the unquenchable zeal of t:(tme devoted ChriHtians impelled them to attempt. But to return to the 3Iutiny. If, instead of provoking it, We are charged with this guilty indulgence of their vicious system of religious orders and ceremonies, at the expense of our own Christian honor, it then becomes an impf)rtant ques* tion to ask, who were its crafty authors? It is easy enough to say who took part in its commencement, but that does not linswer the question ; who befVn-e the outbreak projected it ? Who conceived the scheme of the conspiracy ? Who, in fact, were the principals, and who were the tools V No doubt remaint^ but that the army of Bengal was tlie author of its own disaf- fection. It needed no tampering from Russian agents; I T wm zr Fiiii^i^i^;^... 18 believe it was subjected to none. Nor docs it scorn possible" that it was tesnpted, much less corrupted, by any class of the populace, for nouj seem to have had sufficient cuiiSdence in its rebellions fortunes to come forward and join it when in the Btrength of its monientary success it seemed irresistible.. If the B-Migal army was dekulod, I believe it deluded its<-lf'. But the* Bengal army was composed of the followers of Maliv)mGt and the worship[)ors of Brahma, an I as these reli* gions have all along stood in deadly hostility to eaeh other it is almost impor-siblc to suppose that on tills occasion they coalesced by accident and not by consp'r:'/!y. It is mucli more prubable that the evil thought has been, lun^ ]jro:rdin_v!'( n wo interfered to preserve the jTolitioal independ- f»nco ri its sovereign staie, — I mean Turkey. But while looking at the imi^tence of the bmly wo iurgot the unchange- able di.xposition of the mind. These Indian atnwities are said to bo unparalleled. But it \s doubtful that they aro go. Living Qvidcnco from cyc-witnc8»e» iN attainable that io thai unprofital 1829, th( mitie?", th and chile what thei i have jus I Islamism absurdity it is an . U) its den fur Boldie ir temptei iomething I think ai untutored tiiMi. Sh iun inflict ?•( cause i that the s fcring, pn loss mind iodv, — a ttcrnal ji hM. II li<'t the s; pl(»yment Rot while I ii^Mii rtrii iiii^iii* rniOTiJils of hat will b.Q army, but reeonquest he passive •icious, and ng in innu- his fidelity truly been. ni[)ting, for 10 hundred ul faced by dier would uiijsuspect- thau a few that they thom,selvc3 speaking of ieulation of my and wt They had d foresight rni.sh. On invincible comparison id, if there I have been it their pas- was present •king on the at the pig'H d had been )ed of thoi»^ 23 ,stc, the most inestimable privilege they could hold on earth, Force, they wore told, was to succeed chicanery. The ancient religion was to be pulled up by the roots, and the creed of tho company was to be forced, by the power of new armies, upon every native in Hindostan. Then, if a further motive had been wanting to enlist them against us, was not this sufficient —this j^eeming betrayal of their confidence, and secret deter- mination to effect the overthrow of their faith ? So far suffici- ent that, if in their panic rebellion they had fouglit ag-ainst the JbAiropean like men, and had not followed the Mahometan panther to the child's cradle and the woman's sanctuary, — if Jthey had come any way near to the proud place of the war- rior, or been merely rebels or mutineers, or anything elSe 'than the unsparing beasts that made spoil of the life and ^onor of every captive that bore the christian name, I would fcave begged, though I am sure there would have been no |ieed to do so, that they might have found some mercy from #ttr soldiers in the hour of their triumph. As it is, tempted ♦r tempters no matter which, they have one and all deserved lomething far worse than the death of the dog. Not that f think any power on earth can give them their deserts. Let ntutored l^arbarians refine and prolong the agonies of execu- tion. Simple capital punishments are the highest penalties we i»an inflict. We take the life to secure society, and then only jKcauso Ood lias given us tho permission ; and after that it id that the soul with its infinite capacities for enjoyment or sut- ,^ering, passes to God's own triliunal, and judged by his faults ilcss mind receives the due reward of the deeds dene in the ^>dy, — a reward that is woiglied in the scales of perfect and internal justice which ndiie other iiian the hand of (lixl could •%old. Human vengeance is therefore as foolish as it is impious. vli«Jt the spirit of that bad passion seek to glut itself In the em- "^loyment of every tool of fortune, — can it be satisfied ? No. ,ot while it sees at the end of its savage carnival the tui- •»;.» 1.;); 24 touched soul shaking off the haggled remnants of its earthly clothing, and rising in scornful defiance beyond tlie reach ot human hands. Even from this forbidding topic we can ex- tract a thought of comfort. No torture has stained the honor of our civil administration in India-no indiscrimmate slaugh- ter has spoilt the gloi7 of our military success. Conspirators or rebel prisoners have been hanged or blown to pieces. Ouarter has been refused to those toad-spotted traitors that Bhowed no mercy to the mother and the babe. All that wa* religious rigor. But in the moment of their maddest excite- ment— in that deadly contention for the passo^sion of the streets of Delhi, where English wives and maidens had been sacrificed to the brutal lusts and malice of the rebel horde, not a single soldier of England sought retribution for such deeds, beyond the life of those that had the name but not the nature of men. When Delhi was taken, every child and woman was spared. In other sieges the boast would be nothing ; but spoken of the siege of Delhi it is an additional honor to the conquerors who sprang in to avenge the innocents, and a vast relief to the tears of us who were so far from the overpoweiv ing scene. I have no time now to notice the credulous confidencd which up to the last moment was by the English in India reiwsed in the Sepoy. It was censurable certainly, and it remahis surprising. There is nothing honourable in a suspi- cious temper, nor, on the other hand, can we do anything but blame the person who suffers liimself to be lulled into a stato of incautious security, from which n..)ithor wordo of warning nor the outward and visible signs of ripening .langer are abl.' to wake him up. But I mxui pass by tills and all other points of advei-i.e criticism, to notice in a singl.! glance all those features of the ;^ubject that arc likely to afford us some joy and cou>:olatiou. •MM tJ There is, then, in the meeting and vanqulshment of this mutiny, a theme on which we may, after our penitential con- fessions, freely and lawfully exult. There is in the spirit manifested by those on wliom the first fui-y of that eruption fell, and in the invai-iable invincibility of the small succourinj^ forces that flew to the hottest centres of the conflagration, examples of exalted qualities which fully establish the charac- ter we have in bygone trials won,— which add vastly to tlic argument that supports our claim to the premiership of nations, and will therefore I am afraid, thougli I scarcely regret it, foster in us that feeling of patriotic pride which friends and enemies alike seem to think is already excessive. The pity is, we have no time to go through the chapter. IJut those stories of breathless interest will not be left untold. Vou will glean thom from the public prints, you will possess thorn in extracts from private correspondence, and they will Ijc for a, long time to come the topics of conversation in all your social oiroles, from the firesido to the public assembly. AVe know already the typos of character that will fill those narratives with grace and glory. There are women that were martyrs, — men that were heroes, — and some soldiers that were saints. We shall in the record see the influence of that burning passion which carried a little band of aven- gers in trium})h through exertions that seem all but super- human ; and we shall see besides the traces of that softer tiro which changed the tender feelings and animated the fragile forms of delicate women, so tliat they could cahnly stand and do what they felt to be their duty in the midst of horrors that wo might have expected to prove insuffbruble and bewildering. All that I can do now is to point to these in(;idents, not to relate them, — to point to them as to a volume of authenti- cated evidence abounding in demonstrations of England's undegonerate character. Examined separately and weighed together, they prove nothing less, and they could be expected 3 n I > 26 to prove no moro, thun tliat the strength, soul and temper of the present generation are at least fully equal to the highest of i)receaing examples. For now in an instant see how the storm of rebellion was m'^t The clouds wore fearfully black— the blast had resist- h^^s <;treno-th; yet who shrank into his hiding-place, or st.«xl to be swept away in listless despair 'i I see not one. In the .addest scenes of ruin the men displayed a hopeless bwt Md)lime courage. Huch was the iwor fellow who, standing before his wife, kept a host at bay for a little while, tdl con- vinced that every chance of escape was closed against them, ho kissed her cheek and shot her, and hi an instant more ioUowed her into eternity. How many fathers au.l husban.l. tell ti.diting over tli<5 bodies of the sweet treasures tliey defcnd'ed but could not save ! How many officers rushed into the ranks of the murderers to expostulate with tluMr villainy, and to receive in that most hazardous act of duty the death they never deserved. The very first news from Delhi told us of young Wii.louoiiuy blowing up a crowd of the ve])el^ in the niaga/Znie, and then just managing to lay his M-orchcd and bhurkened botly in a neighboring village to die. Vnd tlie last dispatch from Deliii, announchig the successtul •issault, told us of the eipial heroism of Halkeld, IIomk, and others.'in laying and exploding the powder-bags at the Ajmere ( ;at(>. Jiut I need n.»t multiply examples, when every opera- T-on had its incident.^ of courage as noble, and every day brou^dit with it some deed of daring that only tlie most select of venturesome spirits miglit b«^ thought capable of attemptmg. Then observe how civilians became, like (.^uvk, their great forerunner, sohlicis on the instant, and fought with a skill „„d intrepidity that wudd have preserved Gibraltar or carried a f..rh)rn hope t.. ll,r top of the deadliest breach. J.ook at \V.\KK at Arrah, with tit'ty men holding out in a common iiouse against tlnee tlx.usind armed miscreants, till Kyre X- relieved him with a couple of hundred troops. T!ioh again, the force tliat went out of Agra five hundred strong to fight an anny of ten thousand, which tliey did till every round of tlie artillery ammunition was expended, was to a considerable extent composed of civilians. But it was of course by tlie regular army tlic greatest, wonders were accomplished. And if for administrative capacity, vigor of authority, and power in the organization of military forces, the palm be given, as without doubt it ouglit, to Sir John Lawrence in the Pun- jaub, — there can after that, I feel sure, be no question that for action in tlie field, the highest honors have been won by him who, in opposition to difficulties that seemed to many wise and bold men insuperable, lived to throw his little army of ndief into Lucknow, — lived to help in its defence till the final su(!cour came,— -and then, only six days afterwards, worn out in body by the prodigious labors he had forced himself to jior- form, he resigned liis unconquerable spirit to the call of his Father in Heaven. There is such an air of chivalry pervad- ing liis last services that wo are apt to overlook the generalship that made those servicer so successful ; yet that generalship was conspicuous in the celerity of his movements, — in his cautious but rai)id advances, — 'in the careful covering of his troojis, — in the irresistible inqietuosity which he threw into his charges, — in all that makes tlie real .soldier, — •! tliink wo do no wrong to the other great men who liave led tlie scanty fni-ces (»f l^ Ky faltcrinrx voices, some la broken sobbings, and some in ^peccii- loss silence sent up their gratitude to Heaven. 1 need not go on to the final relief in the middle of November, when there met in that eventful Residency Campbell, Ilavelock and In^di^. Sir Colin Campbell, the pride of Scotland, ami greatest victor in Ilindostan, Henry Ilavelock, (lie had u.. other title) the fondest )iame of one departed that Lno:^and has had to cherish since the death of xNelson, and Sir John InMis, who upheld and directed a defence that was never sur- passed either in spirit or success, and lives to receive tlio honor and glory of his achievements as the representative ot KnMand's Coh)nial Empire in tlie Indian war. In the city of Halifax tlie name of the last must be most precious, and joined to that of Williams appear the br.glit^st in your yet young liistory. There has b.^en a striking snmla- lity in the duties they have so signally discharged. A kin.l of dramatic unity in the congruous dUVu.dties that each was called upon to encounter. Children of an incxpenenced state, it was theirs to undertake the ta.k of ripened strength and virtue. It was each of theirs to ui.hold the drooping ^pirit of a garrhon. faint and exhaustcl by insuflicent toi.d. by freuuent assaults, and by more fre.iuent alarms by the .iecpless vigilance their dangers made them keep, by hopes deferred and by disappointments hast ."xpected. and therefore ,l„ubly cruel. It is in such extremitie ^ that the example ot a n.aster mind Ik most nocesn.ry a. ,ow..f«b Such a rmnd ,„„y know so well the .tret.gth of the enemy and the m<.reu>- i„;n.(-blenesH of his own remnant foreen an tu huvu Ut "I ,..ith in fortune himself, but ho n.ust ntill show « .mno and cheerful oau.lenaneu. fur \m men will \fo .laily look.ng into that fan- for liglit f. drivo ftway the (,v< ihang.ng ghx.ui. And if the connnander ^how. HgnM of ae^lH.ndency. uvory flakenag «„„,, of hope g.H.M out ftnd rt'HiMnneo eomes MuhU'idy to mi. ml Hut if \m own heurt in iuuuuveablu he < nn throw the I i I 1 83 s)iirit of dauntless cbnfidence and dcsporatc resistance into \i\i eye and voice, and it Will excite into ardor the life that is sinking, give strength to the famished body, and determina- tion to the irresolute mind. There is a contagious influence in the soul that is ulx)ve all paiiw and perils. It is an influx cncc that arms the invalid and makes the dying stand to join in the unsurrendcring shout. It is an influence tiiat has been the salvation of many a falling fortress, and I believe there was such an influen«;e in Jiucknow aniring nature. And as such are men of the rarest class, this province of Nova Seotia may well be j)rc)«id of thd purentagt> of the two diief examples in recent warfare which that chiss has furnishwl. V'ou liav<' lately tjikcn more tlun your share of military honors. I've no idea of the numlwr of natives that you send int(» the Mritish Army, but I think you can have sent but few. And yet from nmong th the Uussiun war. Hut eoming mj cl(>H4«ly U|M)ii eneh otlnT in thu time of their signal s<'rvi«'t»s, nnd r»>.'*end»ling mvh tUlivr m minutely in the duties they had to |M«rform, il in vcrv liani to keep, in this place and oil thin «*eii' tiiovid by I 'I \~1 I 84 tlio mnc cause u? quum'l ]Jut Tnj^lis did more tl.an Wil- liuniH, in thut lu.s lorcos wero still more .lisproiKntKniiito t(» I host' of the l)osio|rcrH tliuu wan tlie cusc at Kars, wluh' it wa.s impossible to surrouml the Jlesidciicy with any'hni}.- like the drh'iiees that the wiciu-e (»f Williaii.H threw up aj^anist tlio llu^sinuH, In-'TiH, again, wan worse ott" tliun Iuh eomitryinan i„ that he was not hesie^.d hy trne soldiers, hut hy fcroc.ou. villains, that were arn.rd with tho soldier's weapons, and unite .1 hv the hest of n.ilitaiv diM-ipline. Williams was resisted l-V „' nallv nohle eiinny; Inglis was opposed to the most ex. - nahlo inonstevH that ever nltlieted the earth. M ilhan.s wattr.l tor eonvovs and ivlnfoivements with thr patu-mr ot a ^aln^ nn.l the 'eonran;.. of a martyr, and pnv»' ui to his advfisai v oulv ^vh.•n tho last houl of ri.-r wat.T. (iirir nnly nnunshm. ul. |,,,.i Ikh,, ,lmnU hvhi^ nnrumplainin« Inrks. llr h.st his citadel, hut he received and «leserve«l tlu- rewards ol a viei(»- rioUH .h'fenee. InjjrliK driv,.n to nearly e.pnd exti-nMy. save.l bin preeions .harp- from the horrors of a rapitulata.n, or lli«' t;,,HMl altrniativ.- of an entire saerifiee ot tlun,M.|veH tn u linid ixploMMi, One niotv iM.iut of diflnenee. ^^ dluniM had no I'.nulisli wona-n and .hildr.n to pre^eivo lioni Ih.- t„n.r. ..f nill.v pantlMTH. If he had hud mm h a inul. y u u,i«lil hax.- laard of tho dentin, ti-n, hut I Ik-Ik ve vou won Id n.-N.Mhav.. iMNiid of th. rapllulatioM of l\Mi>. And Ml tlw H.nlrarv if In^li- had not had in tliu Lueknow lU-.tdeiH-v (hat heVi''"" >'Ul HM red etieuiuhraneo. ho in.uhl Inne c ul In- wiiv thrunuh iho-o HIiMliinjr wivt.hc.. who. nurnhnmu ovrr m\- thousand, and ha^ina hla-fd a hr.-aeh in hin deteiiip wall, ononuh for n r.-^io.. o« tn pa.iHhroiiRh. X'l i»Hirln| U,o ...uraK.' tn Hiler it in «h "* «*'» »«»;'»^' d..reiid..fii. I won't pnteiMl Ul Miy mhat iluil gluriou- hllU' ; ' ♦"""' Uavi* dtine alone. Uw I lh»dv I ' •' ' ' - «»J «^' u.rl ah.l ditnilied m hh..^!. wm' )• '. «»»» """ H««^,n flr^t of all lh'»t lMd(.l»'-* ti«»»H'H mid ehddt^n ««;t<' lliHim|«iH.d )u ^iH !'>;' '' 1,11 ' if li« t at iiH o. tiM "" " ' nil Inni io ifi^« nihI it* gl< (iH'UKh «»ll»«'i Hi.iH ll»M nt*"!!* ' 1 * mmmmmJi 'l -1 imHliMlTiiiiiii 85 and all tlio future inluiMtiints of thin forhinato Province it Hurcly novor cati fade. I louvo iliin tlu'iuo with riductatKH'. For to-ni);r|»t I'vo dono with tho sultjcct. JJut it will bo a ehniiK! to thjH city if your toii^^ues grow niU'iit upon such a story, HO Hplcndid in its incidents, and ho li wtrahlo through ono who is yiMir brother to thin coluny and yours(iIv(»H. I f<|H'ak as ouo who is more of a stranger than an inhabitant. Hut I oonfeHH tliat if I wished to alisolvo the ties of birth thai I'hain nie to th(^ mother count ry. — and I won't ilcny my natnn? by sjiying that I do. — Itut if I did, I would deniri'* ill jHfjfer- cnco to all «»thorH. to link n»y ninnewith that dcjxwUnicy which g.'ive birth to the twin llerm's of Lm-know and Kars. lint 1 liave straywd lK»ye rtnMm in (In* re«ult of otn iait W(« ltiu«t Mcribti llie honor lo (}m> Utn! ,.( i)l piwiir and inlglit. lliat <4oii may In* all in all ( mn *utv Ho kivwi iitir linli-»h i but »l»oni be hnvH hq tihm , mm iif iIm* buiNW rm0, liy mUtng ftw iliiMdinl of ii' I^WiHi tm- * . i«l lliltiiNt' mmt ttm that L h i« aiiu ut.. () ii. >» ' til" »! urn m»i i(| ilmivlf it Htl ttft- I 86 If one man is ten times cleverer than another, God made ban BO. not himself. And if England has distanced all compe- titors in the race for preeminence, God has given her the disposition and qualities by which she has been enabled to do so. And history, universal history, teaches nothing more unmistakeable than this, that her greatness is only sate fnmi decline as her virtues are clear from corruption,— she is tree to perish at any moment. One throb of a v^lf »"«; ^ ^^J" of the ocean could upheave or sink her. And if that be not God's method of extinguishing empires, yet he has before seized mighty kingdoms and in an instant bound them to the victor's car. Egypt was strong and Canaan was vaUant a few hours before Miriam and Deb<^rab sang their songs ot triumph : and Belshazzar was the ruler of the world when he made for his wives and concubines drunken goblets of the golden vessels of Jerusalem, -but that very night was Bel- .hazzar slain, and Ularius the Mede took the kingdom. And if British rulers are ever again allowed \>y the neople the> represent t.) pander to idolatry in any land while they hampi'r the Christian Missionary with shameful and unnecessary disii- bilities, and confiscate the Word of God m the schools ot the natives, we shall then, I know, not only deserve to lose our power and shrink from our exaltatioin.but we may reasonably expect from (;od's past judgments on buckslulmg nations that Bimie swift messenger from Heaven will be sent to wntj., upon the scei-'u of our impiety the sentence ot our national ilestrm-- tion. and to guide tla^ iuHtrumental forces that he may w-lect for the oi»eralion, into the most vindictive course ot .nibju- ^""Tllen let us pray, that the sway (»f our beloved Qukkn may to tiio farthest rornerH of her empire be regulated tor tho i'uUire by an undeviating adherence to strictly i liri*t.an pnti- ,.l„lo8. 1 should like U^ sec the unm.uuceu.cnt made f. on. tUo Throne that the lumor of .Iksds Cuuist is to be the lirst e^ui- corn and last rndeavour of Bntisli Government, wherever it exerti* an intlueneo or exoreiHes an authority ; and tlieu wo might be pnmder than we have ever been of tl.u empire of wlueh we tfun, n part ; for then we shouhl nh, the hnislung nlmde of jrlory given to a constitution that wan alwuyn inagni- tieenl. and the last charm added to a name that was ulwayn IWHioal.— Uiu »\Ana, true, honest name ..f Vnm Oi.n Lnul.\nu. ^ 1 J ^. I ^ 1