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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 I fa: IN CANADA if 'ml^ OE. m IN THE BACK WOODS, BY FRANK LYNN, F.R.C.S., RECENTLY FROM CANADA. n^IOE T"S7^0T>E3SrOE- EDITED BY ELLEN BAELEE, Author of*'' Our Homelem Poor" ^c. \ Published by GORDON & GOTCH, Australian and American News- agents, 121, HoLBORN Hill ; S. W. PARTRIDGE & Co., 9, Patebnostbk Row. \ 5 %e undermentioned Emigration Pamphlets can also he obtained of the same Publishers: — IOWA, United States, By Lieut.-Col. W. T. BAKER, late Bengal StafF Corps. ONTARIO, Canada. By the Rev. H. BARTLETT, Incumbent of St. Paul's Princeton, Ontario. QUEENSLAND, Australia. By CHARLES HAYNES BAELEE, Esq., of Clavering, Kedron Brook, Brisbane. VICTORIA, Australia Is in the Press, and -will Shortly be Ready. can also gal Staff it of St. EMIGRATION PAPERS FOR THE WORKING CLASSES:- Being a description of the Climate, Soilj Product^ Population^ Wages, and General Inducements Offered to different classes of Emigrants hy the various Fields open to colonization. FARMING IN CANADA; OR, LIFE IN THE BACK WOODS. BY ^ C iPia-A^isric liirisrisr, iF.ia.c.s., ralia. Esq., of 2 a teady. EECENTLY FROM CANADA. PRICE TWOPENCE. EDITED BY ELLEN BARLEE, Author of " Our Homeless Poor" " Friendless and EeJj^less,'^ '• Individual Exertion^'" etc., etc. S. W. PARTRIDGE & Co., 9, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.G. PUBLISHERS : GORDON & GOTCH, > Australian & American News- agents, 121, HolbornHill. T'Soo'S I PEINTED BY JAMES WAKEHAM, 4, SESFOBD lEBBACE, CHUBCH SIIlEETi XENsnroioK. PREFACE. — ♦- EsiiQRATioN has become one of the leading features of the day, having been forced on the attention of all classes alike, from the necessity to provide some outlet for the thousands of unemployed artizans and Laborers who cannot secure work at Home. A large class, however, among our Working Classes, have very mistaken ideas of Colonial Life, they look on Emigration as little short of Transportation, and only accept a passage across the water, provided by the charity of the public, as a last resource against starvation. Others, again, remain at Home, wearing out existence in a hopeless effort to secure their daily bread, seeing no prospect of advancement for themselves or their children, and no asylum for their old age, save the Workhouse. This state of things arises simply from ignorance, and non-appreciation of the value of their own Labour and acquirements, which, if carried to a Colonial market, would ensure, not only independence, but such collateral advantages as in this ovsrcrowded country can never be obtained. Knowledge is Power, and, doubtless, had the body of our Working Classes a knowledge of the resources, supplies, and wants of our Colonial dependencies, each alike demanding labour as the staple source of its advancement, mauy intelligent craftsmen who now swell the ranks of pauperism, would ere this have crossed the water at their own expense and become already independent members of Society. It is desirable, if possible, that Eiiigration should become more of an independent movement than at preb'snt, and that the element of «' Charity " should gradually no longer be needed. Many a man, when work fails, instead of at ouce resolving to seek it abroad, will live for a time on the sale of his effects, till all being gone, he is reduced to pauper- ism, while had he " realised " at first, he might have transported himself and family to Canada or elsewhere, and still been in possession of a few pounds on his arrival, thus taking a far higher position than the pauper emigrant, who lands often without a shilling. Others, when in work, might, %vithout even feeling the loss, put by a iSmall sum weekly, to enable one or more of their children to enter on Colonial life, training them, during their youth, to a knowledge of its requirements, thus founding a home for others to follow. Again the allowances often paid by Trades Unions to their members when on strike, or out of work, would pay their passages to other lands at a permanent benefit to the recipients. In furtherance of this step, " Knowledge" again " is Power," and I therefore propose to edit, for circulation, a few Pamphlets, written by persons well acquainted with the various places of enterprise open to Emigrants, and containing such information as may enable those who cannot find employment in England, to adapt their talents and means to the varied resources which other countries offer towards inde- pendence, pointing out how they should set out on their travels, and to whom to apply to for further advice, if required. In Emigration, as in every other path to prosperity, it will however, be well to remember that there is no roy.il road to success, and that happiness can alone be ensured in that well tried path, the Fear of God, which engenders obedience to His Commandments. Hitherto the Colonies have had sorely to complain of the many idle, incapable hands, which are yearly landed on their shores. Helpless at home, these men are ten times more so in a new country, where every man must be able to shift for himself, and where industry and perseverance are the essential elements of independence. Such a class had far better remain where they are. It is those that feel within themselves the power and strength to follow God's Command, " Go forth, Replenish the Earth, and subdue it," to whom Emigration recommends itself, but even they must recognize in such an enterprise, that the hill has to be climbed ere the summit is reached, and they must bring, not only energy and sobriety, but patience to their toil. Then, indeed, their work will not fail of its reward. One word more. In every land alike the Creator's blessing or condemnation follows man's steps, according as he wastes or improves the opportunities set before him. Let every emigrant, then, as a pioneer of (Civilization, be also that of a true Christian Faith, ever remembering the promise : " Them that honour Me, I will honour, and they that despise Me ■hall be lightly esteemed.'* ELLEN BAELEB, Author of " Homeless Poor," « Friendless, Helpless," " Individual Exertion," &c. OSS, put by a Ircn to enter )wlcdge of its V. Again the len on strike, a permanent ower," and I s, written by prise open to )le those who s and means )wards inde- avels, and to • however, be lat happiness J'eav of God, ) the Colonies ds, which are men are ten t be able to the essential in where they I strength to I subdue it," recognize in the summit Jobriety, but )t fail of its 3 blessing or improves the a pioneer of mbering the t despise Me rtion," &c. EMIGRATION. Although I am a believer in the advantages which certain clasHcs may gain by emigration to a new country like Canada, and hfive advocated, in no inconsiderable degree, the adoption of such a course, yet I am strongly opposed to the circulation of fanciful and exaggerated descriptions of any country, written merely for the purpose of inducing people of any class or description to go out there, and either ignoring facts alto- gether, or describing them in such a way that the country itself would hardly recognise its own likeness. There are certain classes here, such as labourers, small tenant farmers, &c., who would do well to emigrate to America; and I others, shopmen, clerks, and men who have been brought up ' exclusively to indoor pursuits, who could find but little employ- ment of a congenial nature amid the roughness of a prairie or backwoods life. Yet even this distinction does not always hold good — and the personal character of a man is often of far greater importance to his success than his habits or trade. For instance, a strong and sturdy man, fit to all appearance to face and grapple with the preliminary diflBculties of settler life — may, in disposition, be of a nature to prefer the menial but pampered life of a flunkey at home to the hardy but healthy independence of a farmer on his own freehold in Canada — and such a character would do but little good abroad ; he was made for a serving man and had better not try to be anything else. Whilst on the other hand I have met and conversed with a man in the back country of Canada who had originally been a watchmaker of Clerkenwell, — a business not likely to develope his muscular qualities — yet the natural energy of his mind was such that it made up for all deficiencies, and he was, at the time I speak of one of the most prosperous farmers in the place. Some men have a natural horror of all out door pursuits — dislike the rain — ^hate the cold — are afraid of a storm and are utterly miserable if they do not get all their meals provided for them at the appointed time ; whilst others will go through any amount of hardship and difficulty for the sake of a good day's sport with dog aiid gun — the former would complain bitterly and wish to be back {.^^rain in England the first day his feet got a little wet, or that things didn't turn out exactly as he had expected ; the latter would revel in an existence so congenial to his taste as the wild but joyous life of an American backwoodsman. As so much depends upon a man's own disposition — and as he himself is the only person who can form a judgment upon what that disposition really is — it is not my intention to try to persuade anyone, either to go or not to go to Canada ; but simply to chronicle a few facts which may be useful as a guide to those who have already decided, and to point out some of the difficulties, as well as the advantages, which would await them on the other side. Of course an English tenant farmer is sufficiently alive to the fact that it would be better to farm his own land than to pay rent to a landlord ; but he is too sagacious to suppose that there are no difficulties in the way of his taking up the 100 or 200 acres of land so liberally offered by the Canadian govern- ment, or that he would find them ready ploughed to his hand, with everything requisite to work with, provided on the spot. Yet although much has to be gone through to bring the qualities of the wild land into play, still each day adds to its value — and it is something in the eyes of every Englishman to be the possessor of a tract of land of any de- scription whatever. • I shall begin with a few hints about the choice and settle- ment of lands in the back country — taken chiefly from my own experience whilst travelling through that portion of Canada— and which will be mainly interesting to such as may contem- plate farming ; and in the latter part will be found lists of wages taken from some special returns just sent to rae by the wardens and reeves of the country. The conclusion of the pamphlet will give the route and rates of passage. Selection of Location. The first thing which demands the emigrant's care (and too much cai'e cannot be exercised on this point) is the selection of a location. The back country is a good deal varied in its character, being in some places sandy and unproductive, and T 11 tl \i 01 ako of a good )uld complain the first day rn out exactly I existence so : an American lition — and as dgment upon iention to try to Canada; •e useful as a )int out some L would await 3ntly alive to land than to suppose that p the 100 or dian govern- to his hand, •n the spot, bo bring the day adds !s of every of any de- and settle- om my own f Canada— lay contem- nd lists of me by the ion of the •e (and too e selection iried in its ictive, and in others rocky and barren. The first is generally known by the prevailing timber consisting of pine and hemlock; the latter is betrayed by the ground being strewn with the wrecks of trees blown down by the wind, and turning up their flat and matted roots like the foot of a wine glass, showing that the soil is shallow, and the rock not far below the surface. Land of this description is to be avoided ; but where the timber is chiefly hard wood, as oak, maple, elm, &c., of a moderately large growth, straight, and the very few windfallen trees turning up roots with a deep hold upon the earth, the proba- bility is that the soil is rich, and that it will make a good location for a farm. The forest itself exhibits a considerable variety in its appearance. I have passed for miles through fine undulating tracts, where the timber grew straight and clean, with no underbrush to impede my steps, and then again from that into thickets, where the brush and fallen timber were so mingled and dense as to render travelling through it laborious to the last degree. The clean timbered land is, I need hardly say, the easiest to clear, as well as generally the best in quality, and is preferred by the native Canadians themselves. It is better for a man to go farther back to se- cure land of this kind which will repay his labour, than to linger near the towns where the best has all been taken up. He need not fear the distance from the front on account of a market for his produce. All ho can grow will be bought up at his own door by the numbers of men employed through these forests in getting out the merchantable timber, and who will give him a higher price for wheat and fodder than he could obtain even in Toronto. It is usual for a Canadian settler to select and secure hia allotment during the autumn. He clears a little and builds his shanty, and then leaves it to continue his ordinary avoca- tions oil his father's farm, or as a hired labourer, only returning at intervals when out of work, or at his own convenience, to renew his clearing operations, until he has got his place into something like a habitable shape. This plan might be adopted with advantage by English emigrants of the labourer or work- ing farmer class ; or even by those who were possessed of a small capital, for they could always hire themselves out during the greater portion of the year, and they would learn the ways of the country at the same time that they were saving or increasing •8 their little capital, and accustoming themselves by degrees to forest life. A man, however, possessed of as much as two or three hundred pounds would be considered a capitalist in the Canadian back country, and it would be advisable for him to expend a small portion of his money in the purchase of a good lot near a backwoods village (he could not hope to get one free, as such lots are the first to be taken up) and to devote his whole time, at once, to the business of clearing and cul- tivating his farm. He would, in such a situation, have enough of social intercourse bo prevent his feeling the oppression of loneliness, and his capital would enable him to prepare and stock his land, and to live till the autumn came and the harvest repaid him for his labour. The winter is thq, season when clearing operations are con- ducted. In the spring the cleared land is roughly tilled and sown, and the following autumn crop should be sufficient to cover all the year's expenditure. Still, a poor emigrant should remember that he has to keep himself for a year till tbat season comes round, and he must either have some capital or else hire himselt out in order to obtain enough to go on with. GOVERWMEISTT T^REE GRANTS OF LAND. " Free grants of 100 acres of wild land are given in certain districts (viz. Parry Sound and Muskoka),of the back country of Ontario to any man over 18 years of age Who may apply, on certain conditions of settlement. In cases where the land thus granted is of poorer quality, or where the applicant's family is numerous, a location of 200 acres would be allowed. " The Crown lands agent at Parry Sound is Mr. N. P. Wake- field, to whom applications for locations in the townships of M'Dougall, Foley, Humphrey, and Cardwell may be made. Parry Sound is on the north shore of the Georgian Bay, less than a huudred miles from Coliingwood, and may be reached from that place once a week by steamer. From Parry Sound the townships in question are reached by roads. Two of the townships are adjacent to the village of Parry Sound, while the others are not very distant. The other free grant lands are to be applied for at the office of Mr. Lount, Crown lands agent at Bracebridge, on the Muskoka River. The townships of which he has charge are Watt, Stephenson, Brunei, Macau- 9 )y degrees to ivo or three Jist in the 3 for him to ise of a good 3 to get one nd to devote ing and cul- have enough )ppression of prepare and I the harvest ons are con- ly tilled and sufficient to 2^rant should 1 that season or else hire 1. AND. 3n in certain )ack country may apply, ere the land s applicant's be allowed. N. P. Wake- :ownships of y be made, an Bay, less J be reached i'arry Sound Two of the lound, while grant lands >own lands le townships inel, Macau- lay, M'Loan, Muskoka, and Draper. The route to Bracebridge ^ is from Toronto to Barrie by the Northern Railway, fare 8s. 4d. ; from thence to Washaga on the River Severn by steamer, fare 6s. ; from Washaga to Gravenhurst on Lake Muskoka, by stage, fare 6s. ; and from Gravenhurst to Brace- bridge (in the heart of the free grant district), by steamer, fare 2s. 6d. " From Bracebridge to any of the respective townships by the Muskoka, Peterson, or Parry Sound roads. The distance from Barrie to Bracebridge is about 70 miles. " The settlement duties that the Government require to be performed by the applicant for a free grant, consist of his re- siding on the laud, clearing and cultivating at least two acres €Tery year, and not less than fifteen acres in five years ; during that time he must also erect a house at least twenty feet by sixteen feet square, and must not be absent more than six months out of each year from his location. " At the end of the five years, if the settler has complied with the above terms, the land becomes entirely his own in freehold to do as he pleases with, and he has, moreover, pro- tection extended to him to prevent his land being seized for debt, for twenty years after location." The above is a summary of the Act relating to free grants as passed by the Legislature of Ontario. Now it mus^ "( b be supposed that a settler has only to go to Braceb'"'dge oi Parry- Sound in order to obtain 100 or 200 acres of g^, . d land within a short distance of a town or even a village. Bracebridge itself is at present a very small place, and it would be necessary to go into the woods to a very considerable distance from Bracebridge in order to obtain an unoccupied lot of really good land, as the settlers who have been attracted into the district by the opportunity of getting land for nothing, already have, as a matter of course, selected all the best land within reach of the village. Too much care cannot be exercised in the choice of a lot. It is of no use going to all the expense and trouble of clearing off the timber and brushif you find, after all, that the land is too rocky or sandy to pay for cultivation. If you secure a free grant of land at some distance from the immediate settlement, your life will, for some time, be lonely and monotonous, although after a few years, when fresh settlers have arrived and located themselves around you, the 10 I cheerfulness of the place rapidly increases, and you don't regret your past dullness and toi^ on account )f the present and the future. The Purchase of Land. Of course, in a country where land is given away free in certain districts, although coupled with a necessity of living a hermit's life, for a time, in the forest, the gfreat bulk of the native Canadians, who care little about the latter drawback, will flock in numbers into such districts. Consequently, there is less competition for land, which has to be purchased, even although the purchase money may be only a few shillings an acre. A man, therefore, who possesses sufficient means to pay such a price, and who would prefer the neighbourhood of a village, where he could have the benefit of some little society to begin with, would have little difficulty in effecting his purpose at a trifling outlay. for my own part, I think this to be the wiser course for a man from the old country to adopt, as, should he rush at once into too great a change from the life he had been accustomed to, the chances are, that he would speedily become disgusted with the very extremity of the dijGference. Wild land can be purchased within a mile or two of a village at prices ranging from 4«. to 6s. an acre. It has all the advan- tages of the proximity of good roads, and all the more necessary appliances of civilization. In the neighbourhood of Richmond, a town some forty or fifty miles from Quebec, it can be had, I believe, for even less — but then it is chiefly suited for grazing; north of Peterboro* land can be had for 4s. or 5s. an acre, which is well suited for grain crops — in the district between lakes Huron and Erie, where the country is well intersected with railways, and is well settled all through, land, even though wild, could only be purchased at prices ranging from 21. to ev«n 4Z. an acre. This will shew the tendency in Canadian landed property to rise in value — ^for probably the sam'> land might have been bought five years ago for half or a third of the price. Clearing Land, After a lot of land has positively been selected and secured — the next thing the settler has to do, is to get a portion of it cleared of the timber whicl^ covers it. 1 11 you don't he present ay free in )f living a ilk of the rback, will lich has to ly be only possesses prefer the benefit of flBculty in >urse for a sh at once ccustomed disgusted •f a village ;he advan- ! necessary Elichmond, be had, I r grazing ; ere, which 'j between ntersected and, even ^ing from roperty to have been secured — tion of it It is customary for the poorer settler to run up, with the assistance of his neighbours, a rough shanty for a dwelling place, and to clear by degrees the land around him, with his own hands. A single man in this way will clear several acres in the course of a winter — but the work of course is very laborious. The cost of getting land cleared by means of hired labour is from 2,1. 10s. to 3Z. 10*. per acre. A settler possessing some little capital, would hire a few choppers to do the work for him. September or October is the usual time for the commencement of these operations. A rough shanty would have to be run up, and provisions provided in the first instance for the accommodation and sustenance of the settler and his workmen. After that all hands would be employed in underbrushing — that is, cutting down all bushes, saplings, and small trees to the diameter of four inches, and pHing them in heaps, at the same time cutting up all fallen and dead logs and timber, that may be lying on the ground. These and the brush heaps are piled together in the most con- venient places, and as soon as the party has underbrushed as much as will be likely to be chopped during the ensuing winter, they proceed to chopping. Chopping is cutting down all the larger trees ; each tree is felled by itself, leaving the stumps about three feet high; the heads of the trees are thrown together as much as possible into what is called jam-heaps ; as each tree is thrown with its head of brush on the heaps, the choppers cut down the branches (or, as they say, " nick them down "), so as to make everything lie compactly; then other trees are felled in a similar manner, until all within reach of the heap have been cut. Meantime the stem of each tree is cut up into such lengths that a yoke of oxen can haul them, or rather haul one end of them round ; the larger ones are selected to form the middle of the log heaps, and as little time is expended in the chopping as is compatible with the power of moving the logs in the futi^re part of the operation. The chopping continues in this mannCx during the whole winter ; the snow forms no obstruction to the men's work, or rather is not allowed to be an obstruction. When any merchantable timber is found, it is cut into lengths suitable for its future market, and it remains on the ground amongst the other cut timber, but is not burned. These operations are continued until the spring is advanced, and the proper time comes for burning. Fire is then set to the 'i ! 12 brush, and if a good time ia selected (and more judgment is required here than in any other part of the operation), the entire brush will be burned, together with all dead leaves, twigs, and the whole surface of the soil, the large bodies of the trees being alone left. Now commences the logging — a Bee, as it is termed in Canada, must be formed amongst the sur- rounding neighbours, who will come with their horses and cattle to the assistance of the settler in order to help him get the heavier half-burned logs entirely destroyed, — the only re- turn expected for this help being that he should act in a similar way when his assistance is in turn required. With the aid of oxen and rollers the logs are rolled into heapL and burned as fast as the work proceeds. The ashes are carefully collected and stored either in a small shanty or other- wise out of reach of the wet until wanted for making into potash. All such timber as is calculated for splitting into fence rails, or other useful purpose, is left unburned, and piled for future use. As soon as the burning is completed part of the land should be roughly sown wilh timothy and clover for the feed- ing of cattle : potatoes safficient for immediate use, and Indian corn shoulc' also be planted. These two articles are fit for use in three months after planting, and save much future expense, both as feed for men and cattle. By the end of August a large piece will be cleared, and all this may be sown for fall wheat. If the settler is far enough into the forest to be secure from the inroads of cattle, but little or no fencing is required until the following spring. If there are cattle in the woods, the fenc- ing-in must proceed with the sowing. If the land for fall wheat is properly selected and the seed got in in time, a crop may be relied on, and the results have always been considered to equal the outlay in clearing the land. Meantime, the pot- ash-making will have progressed, and the results will be ready to take to market the next winter, so that during the second winter the first return from the land (which is the results of the potash) will be had. The potash may be reckoned on to produce from 8s. to 12s. per acre, accordiner to the quality of the timber, and often far more, if care and skill have been used. The next winter's operations will be similar, and in this way the future estate is cleared up and brought into cultivation. 13 judgment is )eratioii), the dead leaves, bodies of the ^ing—a Bee, igst the sur- horses and lelp him get the only re- t in a similar rolled into he ashes are ty or other- aaking into nee rails, or for future 3f the land or the feed- and Indian 3 fit for use re expense, ?ust a large fall wheat, re from the I until the 3, the fenc- id for fall ime, a crop considered e, the pot- II be ready ho second results of >ned on to quality of aave been r, and in ught into i I Winter Life in Halliburton, a Backwood Village. To give a detailed ascount of my stay at this retired wood- land village would take too much of the limited space at my command. It was passed amongst the rural and healthy, if occasionally, somewhat rough pursuits and pastimes of the hos- pitable settlers One day for instance was famous for a logging bee, when all the inhabitants far and near came with their teams to the assistance of a man who was going to draw his timber from the forest for building purposes. In the evening, the man so aided gave a feast and dancing, which was kept up with unflagging spirit, only terminated with the morning beams. The writer of this pamphlet created much amusement, and will be remembered to this day, from his performance in shoe packs, of various strange and unknown dances. A shoe pack is a long untanned leather case for the foot and leg — shaped something like a fisherman's boot, but neither sole nor heel, and is used for travellmg through soft snow. To dance a Scotch reel or Circassian circle in a pair of machines of this description requires no ordinary skill and dexterity, and I doubt if a Scotchman would have recognised the strange hieroglyphics which I made in them as intended for a representation of his favourite and national dance. The next day I had promised to go out with a gentleman resident in the village, on a partridge hunt — my friend had also been to the dance, or prinkum, as it was termed by one of the young ladies of the place — and although we were both tolerable sportsmen and had plenty of opporti^^ities of killing our birds as they sat roosting in the trees, yet i am sorry to say we re- turned with empty game bags. Another day was devoted to tracking the deer, an amusement which was joined in by several of the villagers, who in spite of their rough and hardy toil, can always find time for a hunting or fishing excursion. The deer were always pretty plentiful in the neighbourhood, and we seldom failed of a supply of good venison during the season. One morning I was startled from my breakfast by a cry that a deer was coming ovdr the ice on the lake, just opposite the village ; of course everybody turned out with their tire arms, and the poor buck was saluted with a perfect fusillade, — but although he staggered once as though ! I 1! U he had been touched, yet he managed to escape into the wood again, leaving the disappointed marksmen to return to their avocation. Another morning, I started in company with a young fellow as a guide, and a sleigh, and pair of horses, to try and reach a place called Eagle Lake, some twelve or fourteen miles from the village, and which I had been told was a good place to form a new settlement ; we followed the road for several miles till we were as near the lake as it would take us — and then un- harnessing and tying t p our horses — we left them to themselves for a time, and pushed into the woods on foot. Over hill and down valley, sometimes along the margin of those little woodland lakes and beaver ponds — the loveliness of whose wild scenery baffles all description, we continued our way for some miles, until at last, the broad and beautiful sheet of water we were in search of met our view. The only appearance of a dwelling of any kind, was a deserted fishing shanty on the margin. The surface of the lake was frozen, and, we walked around and over it, and gazed on the forest hills, sleeping in the deep and silent tranquility of solitude around us, with feelings of solemn yet pleasurable awe, which even now — spite of the uncongenial bustle of a London life, rise up within me, filling my he«rt at times with an undescribable longing to gaze upon the majestic loveliness of such scenes once more. I have during the summer season seen a lake, similar to the one I have been describing, when not a ripple broke the calm placidity of its repose — its bosom reflecting the unclouded azure above, and the leafy depth of the forest which girdled it so perfectl}^ that the reflection seemed but another world re- versed — when every rocklet, washed by the limpid wave, was crested with a bloom of flowers ; and the islands dotted here and there were fringed with the different kinds of foliage which drooped their delicate tracery into the water's edge, seemed more fitted for the abode of spirits than of mortal men. When nature is left to herself she seems to burst forth into an endless extravagance of luxuriance and loveliness — and, lost in contemplation of the beauty of the scenery, no less beautiful now though "in winter garb, I forgot how quickly time was passing until the first grey shadows were already beginning to gather in the valleys. I was aroused by my companion who asked me to stop and 15 ito the wood urn to their roung fellow y and reach I miles from ood place to leveral miles and then un- :o themselves le margin of loveliness of Dntinued our mtiful sheet dnd, was a •face of the it, and gazed 3 tranquility pleasurable a.1 bustle of b times with c loveliness tnilar to the ke the calm unclouded girdled it jr world re- wave, was otted here of foliage iter's edge, aortal men, b forth into — and, lost s beautiful time waa beginning stop and listen for a minute. I did so ; and in a short time the sound which had attracted his attention rose plaintively from a thicket on the opposite side of the lake. It was the cry of a wolf; and, remembering the unprotected condition of our horses, to say nothing of my regard for my own personal security, I at once gave the signal for retreat. Shouldering our guns, a steady trot brought us, in an hour or so, back to the place from whence we started, just as the shades of evening were beginning to deepen into night ; and it was no small relief to me to find that the horses were safe where we had left them, the more especially as, on our road home, we discovered the tracks of our predatory neighbours crossing over the road, not very far from where tho horses had been tied up. Many were the funny incidents which diversified the time during my stay. Once I was invited to spend the evening in the house of a farmer some few miles in the woods, and on my arrival there, we were informed by his daughter of the total failure of the lamp oil. Ko more could by any pos- sibility be procured that night, and accordingly wo had to dine in darkness, or occasionally lighted up pieces of paper which gave a momentary blaze, whilst all scrambled, amid the mirth of the jovial and light hearted party of young people, to get what they wanted ere the light went out again ; and no other occupation being possible, the rest of the evening was devoted to the appropriate amusement of relating ghost stories. On a moonlight night somebody or other was sure to come round the village with a sleigh and pair of horses in order to collect a party for a sleigh ride. When ten or twelve merry individuals had seated themselves within the vehicle, away we went at full speed — up and down hill, through the forest tracks and over the sparkling snow, with a chorus of happy voices joining in the refrain of some favourite song. Such is the life led in these distant settlements, — yet, although I have described my real sentinients as those of enjoyment, it must be remembered that it does not follow that a life like this would have the same charm for those who might not share the same preferences as I have for outdoor recreations ; and I can only repeat here what I have stated at the commencement, that the disposition of a person should be one of the main things to be studied by himself before he undertakes a step like emigrating to the backwoods. Ili I Frice of Provisions and Cost of Living. Provisions, such as potatoes, flour, all I.inds of meat, eggs, butter, poultry, &c., are very cheap in Canada. Potatoes, during the autumn of 1868, were sold in Quebec at Is. per bushel; mutton varies from 2d. to 4d. per lb,, and beef from 3d. to 6d. per lb. Flour, during the autumn, ranges from about 23s. to 29s. per barrel of 200 lbs. Tea, sugar, and all articles imported from England, are necessarily a little dearer, as there is the cost of freight in taking them over, to be added on the price ; clothes are a little dearer also, but not so very much, as the Canadians manu- facture a great deal of cloth themselves, and it is very good and reasonable in price. The prices of provisions vary in different places, and they are always dearer in the spring than in the autumn. I have given below a list of the prices in two or three towns which I cut out of the newspapers during my stay in each, merely altering the dollars and cents of Canada into their equivalent of English money. Orillia Market (Lake Simcoe.) From the " Expositor," December 16th, 1868. 8. d. " per bushel per 200 lbs. per bushel Wheat Flour Oats Peas Barley Butter, fresh Eggs, dozen Potatoes bushel Pork per lb. Beef „ 3 9 18 9 2 1 2 11 3 4 10 11 1 10 3 2J 6. a. to 4 2 20 10 2 7 3 1 3 9 11 H Port Hope MarJcei. From the " British Canadian Newspaper," November 12th, 1868. Spring Wheat per bushel Fall Wheat » Barley Indian Com Peas II Oats 11 Potatoes II Hay Pork . Beef per ton per lb. It Mutton « Turkeys, each Butter, fresh Eggs per dozen 4 4 5 3 3 2 to to to to to to to 2 4 4 4 1 10 33 3 2^ to 3 to 2 2 to 11 to 5^ to 4 5 3 3 2 2 to 37 to 3 1 4 2 5 9 8 2 6 4 3 0' b S g t 6 o 17 meat, eggs, . Potatoes, 30 at Is. per I beef from >3s. to 29s. Inglaiid, are E freight in s are a little dians manu- sry good and IS, and they in. I have ms which I ach, merely ■ equivalent s. d. ;o 4 2 20 10 2 7 3 1 3 9 11 8^ 3 2th, 1868. 4 4 5 6 3 3 2 2 2 5 9 8 2 37 6 4 3 1 3 H 4 0* 6i Table of Wagei given in addition to Board and Lodging as shewn by Mr. LyniTLs special returns. Township or County. Farm iiabor- ers. ^ week Township, Osprey, Co. Grey „ McKillop County Victoria, N Riding | Township, Ellice County Lanark, N. Riding Township, N. Easthope ... „ Vespia „ Greenock. Co. Bruce „ Thurlow County GrenvilliB \ ,, Leeds Township, Longueuil „ Wallace ..| „ Normandy, Co. Grey „ West Gwillimbury ... „ Euphrasia „ South Gower, Co, Grenville ,, Kincardine :.-} 188. 12/. 14/. 14/6 8/. to 14/. 12/- to 14/6 8/. to 12/. 10/. 10/. 12/. to 15/. 12/. 10/. 12/. to 15/. 10/. 10/- Female Farm Ser- vants. Month. Black, smiths Week 12/. 10/. to 14/. 35s. 12/6 16/8 16/8 12/6 to 20A0 12/6 to 20/. 8/- to 17/- 12/6 12/6 16/8 16/8 12/6' to 20/. 12/6 16/8 16/8 to 20/. 12/6 19/. 16/8 to 25/. County Oxford Board and Lodging is allowed by Employers in addition to other wages. 26s. 15/. 14/. 26/- Car pentere Week 26s. 16/. 26/. 26/. 18/. 26/- 20/- 24/- 18/. 26/. Brick-: layers and Masons. Week Shoe, makerd Week 269. 20/. 39/- 20/- 20/- 24/- to 36/- 26/. 25/. to 40/- Week 15s. 2V- 26/. 25/. 24/. to 40/. 20s. * 12/. to 18/. t 28/. t * Weavers, t Lumberers. J T! u oiths. Fares hy Bail and Steamship^ ■ of Hotels, &c. The fare by rail from London to Liverpool is 12s. 6d., by the Great Northern, North Western, or Midland Railways. Should an emigrant be compelled to stop overnight in Liver- pool, he should go to Pease's Hotel, 17, Union Street, Old Hall Street ; the charge being Is. for bed, and Is. for each meal. An eniigrant is allowed to take 1 cwt, of baggage free by rail, and 10 cubic feet free by steamship. The steamships of the Allan Line leave Liverpool for Quebec twice a week, viz., every Tuesday and Thursday; the fare is 6Z. 6s. for grown people, 3Z. 3s. for children under eight years old, and 11. Is. for infants under one year old. The average length of voyage is 11 days. A certain number of things for 18 the voyage — such as blankets, tin plates and cups, &c. — have to be purchased by the emigrant ; and he can buy the whole lot in Liverpool at a cost of 6s. or 7s. The steamships land their passengers opposite Quebec, at Point Levi, where the trains of the Grand Trunk Railway are in waiting to carry them at once to their destination. An emigrant should not delay here. A port of lauding is always a bad place to obtain employment. The fares for emigrants by rail from Quebec are lower than the ordinary ones. £ s. d. Quebec to Kichmond • ta • •» ••• •t« 4 2 )i Montreal • •• • •• •«• ••• 4 2 •f Sherbrooke • If • *. •t* ••• 8 8 If Prescott • •. •*. ••• 12 8 n Brockville • *• • •» •*• ••• 12 8 )t Ottawa • •• • .. ••• ••• 15 9 )• Kingston •<• • «. ••• ••• 14 8 n Cobiirg ... ... •«• •t* 18 8 j» Port Hope ... ... •«• ••• 18 8 II Peterboro', change at Port Hope •«• ••• 3 10 II Lindsay- IJ » ••• •fl» 2 10 II Toronto ••• ••• ••• 8 )) Hamilton •#• •t« ••• 2 9 It Woodstock ••• ••• ••• 7 10 II London •#• ••• ••• 4 II Gait ••• ••• ••• 6 10 S) Stratford ••• ••• ••• 4 It Samia ... ••• ••• ••• 7 II Barrie, change at Toronto ••• •ff» 8 10 Hotel charges are extremely reasonable in Canada. You pay so much a day or week which includes bedroom, attendance, meals, &c. The Black Horse hotel, near the market place in Toronto, is a very good place where farmers usually stop. I think the charge is 12s. per week for board and lodging. In Lindsay, Veitch's Victoria Hotel, is a very good house. I was charged 2s. 6d. there for a hearty meat supper, good bed, and breakfast. In Peterborough the usual charge in hotels for passing visitors is Is. for each meal and Is. for bed. At Hali- burton, a pretty village in the back country, I was charged 12s. a week for board, &c. N.B. — Any further information may be obtained on applica- tion at the Emigration OflSce, 35, Great Saint Helen's, Bishops- gate Street ; through tickets at the regular rates to all places mentioned above, as well as to New York and the Western States, can also be obtained there. 19 c. — have to hole lot in Quebec, at ailway are ,tion. An is always ligrants by s. d. 4 2 4 2 8 8 12 8 12 8 15 9 14 8 18 8 18 8 3 10 2 10 8 2 9 7 10 4 5 10 4 7 8 10 ida. You ittendance, t place in y stop. I ging. In e. I was bed, and hotels for At Hali- arged 12s. )n applica- 3, Bishops- all places J Western Climate, Summer commences about the middle of May or early in June — it is generally somewhat tropical in its heat, and much inconvenience is experienced by a new settler from the flies and mosquitoes which are pretty numerous in places. The autumn is the finest portion of the year, being as fine but cooler than summer, although about November slight and tem- porary falls of snow occasionally take place. Winter sets in about December with heavy falls of snow, which continue without intermission for some days, covering the ground for a considerable depth. The weather then clears up, and is suc- ceeded by the sparkling brilliance of a keen frost, which is the general characteristic of the season. Although the thermometer often marks a very low tem- perature, yet from some quality in the atmosphere it affects the bodily feelings less than a raw December day in England. For myself I seldom felt the need of much more clothing than I usually wore in England, although I was constantly out of doors at all hours and in all weathers. The cold is much over- rated in England, and is thought but little of in the country itself. In conclusion, I would warn my readers against one great evil of the country, which is " whiskey." Wherever drink is as cheap as it is in Canada, as a rule it is better to avoid it altogether than to run the risk of being drawn on into being an habitual drunkard, a danger but too evident in the example furnished by hundreds of emigrants who not having been able to resist temptation have lost character, standing, respectability, and whose blighted hopes and ruined prospects are open warning to new comers, of the frightful results of intemperance. In man's own strength he can indeed do nothing, but when such temptation comes if he will but remember that he has a friend above, one whom as a Christian he acknowledges as his Creator and his God, a being present everywhere, whether at home or abroad, and whose ear is ever open to the prayers of His people, he may claim the promise that strength shall be given him according to his day, and in that strength overcome and prpsper. Again, if when dangers are around us we feel the need of God's protecting hand, let us not forget in safety and prosperity that it is the same Providence that has watched over us, and when diflBculties are surmounted, that gratitude is due for the past as well as prayer for the future. FRANK LYNN. fi li HINTS FOR EMIGRANTS. Sea SiCKNKss. — 1. Make every preparation at least twenty- four houiH before starting.— 2. Eat a hearty meal before going on board. — 3. Go to bed before the ship starts, having con- veniently arranged such articles as may be needed for a day or two (this rale is im.portant.) — 4. Eat regularly and heartily, but without raising the head for at least two days. — 5. Take some mild aperient the first night out. — 6. Never rise without first eating something. — 7. If the sea becomes rough go to bed before being sick. Tents. — Emigrants, "especially those likely to take up land, will save much expense by providing themselves with tents, as by this precaution they save rent till they can erect a homestead. The simplest and least expensive tents are made thus : liaise on any piece of Government land, or on that purchased, a frame- work of saplings to the size required, strain and nail over these a covering of unbleached calico ; then erect upon a second ridge pole supported by two forks, and rising about seven feet from the ground and four inches higher than the inner tent, an outer covering of the same material; this will secure the inmates from wet and render the habitation cool and comfortable. A trench should be dug round the tent to receive the rain from the roof, whilst the interior may be divided into rooms by means of partitions of calico. Mosquito Curtains. — These will be found, especiaUy in hot climates and in the country almost indispensable to comfort, and emigrants will do well to provide themselves with materials to make them, fine muslin or tarlatan is best. Ladies' cast off dresses of this description may be bought for a few pence of second-hand wardrobe sellers, and serve the purpose well. Mothers will save much anxiety and trouble by thus protecting their children's cots from the black flies and mosquitos. Beds. — Excellent beds may be made from the leaves of the beech tree ; these should be gathered in autumn and well dried. They do not harbour vermin and are very springy. Cooling Drink. — As an emigrant's success depends much on his abstinence from whiskey and strong drink, the following recipe for lemonade may be useful. One p and of brown sugar to five pints of boiling water, and one ounce of tartaric acid, add when cold sixpenny-worth of essence of lemon. A wineglass- ful of this mixture in a tumbler of water will be found the right proportion. Sun Bonnets. — Female emigrants are advised to provide them- selves with these articles, which are simply made in the form of a large cap with a full border and a long curtain falling behind. A yard of print makes one. Cure of Bites of Insects. — Tincture of arnica diluted in twelve times its own quantity of water. For Destroying Flies. — Infusion of quassia one pint, brown sugar four ounces, pepper two ounces, mix together and place in a shallow dish. Hi! five yea \ treatmc taking pletely Gent the Bale gradua wonder say thej They human expelle hopelest you thii sa-st twenty- )ct'oro going having con- for a day or heartily, but . Take somo without first ,0 bod before iko up land, iv'ith tents, as a homestead, lis : liaise on sed, a frnme- lil over these second ridge /en feet from :ent, an outer the inmates [ifortable. A jhe rain from Dma by means jciaFy in hot comfort, and L materials to idies' cast off few pence of Durpose ■well, us protecting litos. leaves of the id well dried. ends much on the following irow^n sugar to baric acid, add A wineglass- Dund the right provide them- in the form of 'ailing behind. ca diluted in » i ■ ne pint, brown her and place THE IBTAIN SOUND :iDf;* lst,~C!leanse the Stomach from all offensive accumula- tions, which so usually produce Functional Derange- ment, vitiating the food. 2ndly,— Purify the Blood from all acrid and corrupt humours, and you will remove the causes of the greatest mass of the diseases which aflSict so many of the human family. A REMEDY, proved by 30 years' experience to be capable of eflfecting such a desirable and important purpose, is still before the Public in WHELPTON'S VEGETABLE PURIFYIM PILLS The following statement at once shows the more than ordinary powers of this medicine :— GeHtlemen, ' March 1868. I, Richard Lewis, of Alfrick, Woroestershire, aft€i suffering for some time from a severe attack of Asthma and having derived no benefit from the use of several means advised me, purchased a box of your Purifying Pills of Mr. Pardoe, Pump Street, Worcester, having been told they wouTd be of benefit to me ; and in three days I was able to walk about, and was soon co upletely cured. I wish the above to be made known for the benefit of others wht') may be sin^larly afflicted. Mas. T. Hill has also derived great benefit from the use of your Purifying Pills, having been induced to take them ou my recommendation. Cure of FISTULA. To Messrs. Whelpton & Son. Dec'r. 1867. Mr. Chillikoworth, of 7, Constitution Hill, Birmingham, was for four cr five years afflicted with the above «oir]ilaint, and was for two years under medical treatment, but could obtain no relief, suffering constant and distressing pain. After taking two or three (Is. Hd.) boxes of "Whelpton's Purifying Pills" he was com- pletely cured and has never since had a return of it. Given to Mr. Tranter, 43, Union Passage, Birmingham. Gentlemen, Freeth Street, Oldbury, near Birmingham, April 1868. I have now been agent for t>e sale of your Pills for twenty years ; at first the sale was small, but the Fills soon obtained a good name, so that the sale has gradually increased, and very frequently I receive unsolicited statements of the wonderful effects produced; some declare they are worth their weight in gold, others say they could not live without them. They are found very efflcacious in shortness of breath and various impurities in the human system. I have heard of, and seen, some very striking cases of worms being expelled and some very excellent cures of bad legs &c. which had been considered hopeless. , I could give names if required. You are at liberty to make what use you think proper of the above. I am. yours respectfully, T. HARDY. fi*"" ■ill Testimonial from SHABDLOW. To Messrs. Whelptbn & Son. Shardlow, Jan'y 20th, 1866. Sirs,— I have oufiFered from severe indigestion for more ^han thirty vears. and have spent much money with the Doctors, but all in vain. I have lately tried your Pills and after taking one Is. lid. box 1 find my appetite quite restored • I sleep well and am quite free from pain or ill health. My husband has also been greatly benefited by taking a few doses, and I think everyone ought to know how excellent a medicine your Pills are. , . Your obedient servant, Maky Bates. OBSERVE-Pais under the name of Whelpton's offered for sale in Id., 2d., and 3d. boxes are all COUNTERFEITS. Tke ONIiT GENniNX: have the NAME of the FRO- FHIBTOII printed on the GOVERN- MENT STAMP in WHITE LET TERS on a RED GROUND as ordered by Her Majesty's Honourable Commissioners of Stamps, to protect the Fttb> lie from being deceived by SPURIOUS IMITATIONS. This famous medicine has proved its value in diseases of the H EAD, CHEST, BOWELS, LIVER, and DIGESTIVE ORGANS, KIDNEYS &c. ; also in ULCERS, SORES, and SKIN DISEASES, it being a direct PURIFIER of the BLOOD and other fluids of the human body. It is impossible, in a Hand-bill, to give a statement of the numerous Cvres effected by this Medicine : more than 700 Cures of Ulcerated Sores without either Salve or Ointment ! Only wash the wounds with warm milk and water, night and morning, to cleanse away the foul humour as the Pills purge it out of the blood. 18 of Scurvy and confirmed Scrofula, one of 20 years standing. 8 of Abscess after having been given up as incurable by eminent Medical Men. 35 of Inflammation, and obstructions in the Kidn^-ys, Bladder, &c. 1000 of Cough, StuflBng in the Chest, Difficult Breathing, Stomach Complaints, Indigestion, Bilious and Liver affections, and afflictions in the Head. 8 of Spasm in the Chest, two cases were of 20, and one of 24 years standing. A great many of Rheumatism, among whom are many highly respectable persons ; and Thousands of Worms have been expelled from both Children and Adults, which had occasioned great pain and weakness in the Stomach and Bowels. Thus the utility of these Pills as a Family Medicine must be apparent to all. Prepared and sold Wholesale and Retail in boxes, price 7id., Is. IJd., and 28. 9d., by G. WHELPTON &SON, S, Crane Court, Fleet Street, London; or sent post free to any part of the United Kingdom on receipt of 8, 14, or 33 stamps ; and may be had of ALL CHEMISTS AND MEDICINE VENDORS. as 20th, 1866. lirty years, and iteiy tried your istored •■ I sleep so been greatly ' bow excellent SdARY Bates. Vhelpton's 1 as ordered by Her Majesty's Honourable Commissioners of Stamps, to >rotect the Pub- lic from being deceived by sptrmous tMITATIONS. of the HEAD, S, KIDNEYS S, it being a } human body. the numerous nt ! Only wash ieanse away the r, t Medical Men. &c. lach Complaints, id. ars standing. A lectable persons ; Iren and Adults, d Bowels. Thus to all. ., Is. lid., and , London; or sent 83 stamps ; and INDOBS. GOEDON & GOTCH, News & Advertising Agents, 121, HOLBORN HILL, LONDON; And at 85, COLLINS STREET, MELBOURNE, Anl 281, GEORGE STREET, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA. Advertisements Inserted in Aus- tralian and American Newspapers. The Leading Colonial Journals on Sale and File. ( 1 A. LYNES & SON, CORNER OF HOLYWELL LANE, SHOREDITCH. LONDON. ^d^' o ^ o ^^^^ 2 GUINEA SUITS, ^,^ ^ 14s 6d. TROUSERS, O £1 Coats. o^* 3K aC/JL V-«V^Ai.o. ^\ "OUR J O TJ R ISr A. Ij " OF PATTERNS & FASHIONS SENT POST PKEE TO ANY PART. CORNER OF HOLYWELL LANE, SHOREDITCH; LONDON. A. LYNES & SON % ST, I. O ^' 9» KT. N