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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. by errata ted to ent jne pelure, apon d 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 • • •\ ■:s*' I i i 1 i\ / ^'^l^^ 6/^0 '-1 THE MINERAL SPRINGS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, WITH ANALYSES AND NOTES ON TUK PROMINENT SPAS OF EUROPE, AMD A LIBT OF SEA-SIDE RESORTS. I r;: GEORGE E. WALTON", M. D., "^-«....;=5p^' Member of tho 8ocl6t6 Franjaise D'IIygI6ne, Paris; ex-President of the Academy of Medicine, Cincinnati ; Member of tho Ohio State Medical Society ; formerly Profossor of tho Principles and Practice of Medicine in the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery; Author of "Euroi)ean and American Climatic Besorts Comporod," etc., etc. THIRD EDITION, REVISED AND MUCH ENLARGED. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 1, 8, AND 5 BOND STREET. 1883. X Springs^ Sea-Baths ^ EASTERN states' AND CANADA, 81I0WIN0 TUC Mineral Springs and Railroad Lines. Entered, according to Act of CoEgross, in the year 1871, by GEO. E. WALTON, M. D., In the Office of tlie LibrarUn of Congress, at Washington. Entere-i, acmdlng to Act of Congress, In the year 1888, by GEO. E. WALTON M. D., In the Office of the Librarian ( f Congress, at Ww hingnn. TO THE MEMORY OP MY DEAE WIFE, MARION YOUNG, or PITT8BIHOH, PA., ffWs toorft (s affcctfonatels (nscrtben. PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION. Ten years have passed since the first edition of this book was published. During that time there has been an immense increase in the use of mineral waters as medici- nal agents, both by tt'^ profession and the public. The present edition of this work contains the analysis, prop- erties, and description of nearly one hundred mineral springs which have been developed or analyzed since the first edition was published. Yet each year adds to the number of new springs, some of which are of positive value and an addition to the resources of medical art ; others are ephemeral in their fame. The author desires to state that he is indebted to the valuable work of Dr. Charles Denison, of Denver, on "Rocky Mountain Health Resorts," for much of the in- formation concerning the springs of Colorado ; and to Hon. Columbus Drew, Sr., of Jacksonville, Florida, for much assistance and considerable manuscript relative to the springs of Florida. 224 Laubkl Stkbkt, CurcuiNATi, June, 18S3. PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. TuE author desires to return his thanks for the very favorable reception accorded the first edition, both by the profession and the public. He hopes he has been able, in some measure, to systematize a subject previously in a cha- otic condition. But much remains to be done in the way of investigation of the special action — the individuality — of each spring, and he requests his professional brethren to assist by studying closely the waters under their immediate supervi- sion and recording the results. The prer3nt edition contains an Appendix, in which will be found analj'ses of a number of springs not analyzed when the first edition was issued, and notices of some not hereto- fore mentioned. 224 Laurel Stbeet, CufOiNNATi, June 6, 1874. PEEFACE. For many years the author has desired to know whetlicr there arc any medicinal virtues in mineral waters. He has been accustomed to hear mineral springs mentioned with a smile by the majority of the members of the medical profes- sion in the United States, while, on the other hand, patients are continually seeking springs without consulting their phy- sician. Occasionally he has known medical gentlemen admit that patients afflicted with inveterate chronic diseases havo resorted to mineral springs, and much to their surprise re- turned cured. Between this incredulity of the profession, and credulity of the public, he has thought there may be a medium of truth. He knew that medical men of experience abroad frequently recommended their patients to visit certain spas for the relief of their maladies. That very eminent French physician. Trousseau, devoted much time to writing a work, in company with Las^que, entitled " fitudes Th^rapeutiques sur les Eaux Min^rales des Bords du Rhin," and, throughout . his clinical work, as well as the able work of Prof. Niemeyer, mineral waters are assigned an important place in the treat- ment of many chronic diseases. With impressions derived from such facts, the author sought libraries and book-stores PREFACE. for information concerning tbc mineral springs of the United States, but found little or none. In this volume the author has endeavored to arrange all the kiiown facts concerning mineral waters, in such manner '.Iiat they shall be readily accessible. For this purpose he has consulted the best European authors, their conclusions being drawn from hundreds of years of laborious investiga- tion of the spas of Germany, Franco, Switzerland, and Italy. It has been interesting in the course of this study to note how closely the ccnclusions drawn by them, concerning the action of different classes of waters, agree with the observa- tions made at springs in this country independent of any knowledge of foreign research. Tlie portion relating to the springs of the United States is the result of a selection of credible evidence regarding them, gained by correspondence and personal observation. Acknowledgment should here be made to Stephen Powers, Esq., of California, who has so greatly aided in procuring information concerning the springs of that State. To facilitate comparison, the analyses of all the springs have been reduced to the wine pint, the original analyses from which they are taken being based on the wine gallon, the imperial gallon, the litre, a thousand parts, etc. Wher- ever the alkaline carbonates were estimated as hicarhoJiates in the original analysis, they have been reduced to carbonates. The carbonate of iron is always understood to be the carbon- ate of the protoxide. In two or three of the analyses the uncombincd elements were given, but the acids and bases have been combined according to approved methods, and the resultant salts appear. In some instances the springs were anal} :;ed many years ago, previous to important discoveries PREFACE. XI in chemical science, and tlie water should be reanalyzed; for, although the analysis of .v water does not indicate its absolute medical value, nevertheless, in many instances, it is an ex- ceedingly important guide to its use. All waters of value should be thoroughly analyzed j and, though we cannot then account for their action, let us not close our eyes or ignore their efficacy, if such there be, but continue the search for the unknown quantities that elude our vision. Although this country does not seem to present a com- plete list of the various classes of waters, still, for the treat- ment of many diseases, we have waters equal to any in the world, and one potent subdivision, the aluminous chalybeates (alum-waters), are found nowhere but in America of equal strength. However, when the waters of the Pacific coast shall be thoroughly analyzed, doubtless we shall find some of them equal the celebrated alkaline thermals of Vichy, and the . muriated-alkaline thermals of Ems. Tlie list of springs is thought to be complete, but a few omissions may have occurred. The author will consider him- self under obligations to any one who will favor him with information of springs not mentioned, however remote, pro- vided they have been improved for public resort. No. 224 Lattrel Strebt, CiHciNNATi, December, 18T2. ^ lu Ih Imi CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. HI8T0BI0AL. Mineral Bprings of Ancient Greece— Of Ancient Italy — Roman Baths— Baths of Caracalla— Method of Bathing — Perfumes- Laws regulating tho Baths — Baiie — ^Modifflval Baths — Description of Baden, In 8\ritzcrland, in 1420 and 15T0 — Description of Bath, England in 16G3 — Modern Baths— Leuk, In Switzerland — Gambling at Baden-Baden . Page 1 CHAPTER II MINEBAL WATEBS. Definition of Mineral Water— Pure Water — River Water— Analyses of Rivers — Schuylkill— Croton — Charles — St. Lawrence— Origin of Springs — Due to Meteoric Water — Solvent Power of Water on Rocks — Formation of Springs — Saratoga — Tuscan Springs — Ascend- ing Springs — Descending Springs — Inteimittont Springs— Physical Characteristics of Water — Color— Odor — Taste— Texture — ^Temperature— Electricity — Magnetism . 14 CHAPTER III. OL ABSIFIOATION. ItA Necessity- Different ^.lotnods — Chitnical Classification— The German — The French- Difficulties of Application— The Classification adopted 88 CHAPTER IV. AOTIOir OF MINERAL WATERS. Many visit Springs for Recreation alone — Quacklsh Advertising of Springs — Influence of Change of Air — Cliange of Scene — Objections on account of Uncertainty of Composition — ^Artificial Preparations not considered — Action of Ordinary Water — Necessity of Wa- ter In the Organism— Absorption— DlUBetic Action — Cold Water Increases Peristaltic Action of the Intestines — Immediate Action of Mineral Waters-^Stimulant, Sedative,, Eliminant, Remote Action — Alterative — Theory of Alterative Action — Alterative Actio?i of each Mineral Water differs — Bath Fever— Action of Thermal Waters- Bath Erup- tions — Quotation from Trousseau 86 CHAPTER V. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, Impropriety of ignoring the Chemical Constituent* of Mineral Waters — Demonstration by titruve that Waters are Impregnated from the Constituents of Rocks — The Coiutita- XIV CONTENTS. ents of Mineral Winters usually invariable — Peculiar Variation of the Springs of Saxon Switzerland — fcudden Changes from Earthquakes — Deposits from Mineral Waters — Constituents: Carbonates and Bicarbonates ot Soda, Potassa, Magnesia, Lime, Lithia, Bti ontia, Iron, Manganese ; Chlorides of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Iron, Caesium, Kubldium ; Sulphates of Soda, Magnesia, Lime, Potassa, Iron, Alumina; Jodkles of Potassium, Sodium — Bromides — Phosphates— Silicates— Boracic Acid— Bo- rate of Soda — Fluorides— Nitrates — Arsenic — Crenic and Apocrenic Acid — Organic Sub- stances : Bar6gine, Olairine, Sulfurlno, Microscopic Algae — Carbonic Acid— Sulphuretted Hydrogen — Carburotted Hydrogen — Oxygen and Nitrogen .... Paub 48 CHAPTER VL THEEAPEUTI0 9. Mineral Waters only applicable to Chronic Diseases —Appropriate Stage of Disease for using Waters— Eheumatisui — Gout — Syphilis— Metallic Poisoning — Diabetes Mellitus — Inter- mittent Fever — Chronic Dysentery — Anasarca — Cancer — Scrofula — Chlorosis — Hemi- plegia — Paraplegia — Locomotor Ataxia — Neuralgia — Hysteria — Hypochondria — Chronic Laryngitis — Chronic Pharyngitis — Chronic Bronchitis— Asthma — Consumption — Dys- pepsia — Gastritis — Gastric Ulcer — Gastralgla — Constipation — Haemorrhoids — Engorged Liver— Gall-Stones— Fatty Li\ r— Jaundice — Gravel— Calculus — Vesical Catarrh— Al- buminuria — Chronic Metritis — Amenorrhoea — DysmenorrhoDa — Leucorrhflea — Sterility — Eczema — Lichen — Psoriasis — Pityriasis — Scrofulides — Syphilides — Anchylosis— Con- tractions — Uydrarthrosifl — Coxalgia — Caries — Ulcers — Old Wounds ... 66 CHAPITER Vn. SUGaESTIONS. Prescription of Mineral Waters — Choice of a Resort — The Season — Bottled Waters— Ex- tracts of Waters — Amusements — Time for dilnking the Waters— Quantity— Prepar- atory Treatment— Bolleau's Experience in 14S7 — Temperance in Diet— Duration of Treatment— Impropriety of changing from Spring to Spring— Resident Physician to be consulted— Time for Baths — Alibert's Advice— The Whey-Cure — The Grapo-Cure 111 CHAPTER Vin. THE SKIN. Anatomy— True Skin — Epidermis — Sweat-Glands- Sebaceous Glands— Functions of the Skin — Absorption»— Transpiration 120 CHAPTER IX BATHS. Cold Bath— Temperate Baths— Tepid Bath— Warm Bath— Hot Bath— Vapor-Bath— Rus- sian Bath— Hot- Air Bath — Turkish Bath— Douches : Descending, Ascending, Fan, Ring, Universal— Spout- Bath— Sltz-Bath—Foot-Bath— Mineral Mud-Bath— Medicated Baths-Carbouic-Acld Bath 127 CHAPTER X. ALKALINE WATERB. Prominent Constituents — Action— Diseases to which they are applicable — Springs : Bla- don. Congress, California; California Seltzer, Perry, Versailles, St. Louis, Michigan; Lower Soda, Oregon ; Sheldon, Central, Vermont, Mlssisquoi, Middletown, Welden, Bockbrldge Baths, Capon 144 CONTENTS. XV OUAPTEE XL SALINE WATSZB. ProminentConstttucnta— Action— Diseases to which they are applicable— Brines — Springt: Bt. Catharines, Caledonia, Plantagenet, Lansing, Spring Lake, Fruit Port, St. Louis, Missouri ; Saratoga, Ballaton, Albany, Wilhoits, Charleston . . . Pagc 160 CHAPTER XII. BULPHUB-WATER8. ProminentConstitaents- Action— Diseases to which they are applicable — Springa : Blount, Sandwich, Caledonia, Chariotsville, Piedmont, White Sulphur, California ; Vallejo White Sulphur., Green-Cove, Indian, Georgia *, French Ldck, West Baden, Indian, Indiana ; Lafayette, Lodi, Trinity, Upper Blue Lick, Lower Blue Lick, Paroquet, Big Bone, Olympian, Estill, Louisville, Drennon, Bedford, White Sulphur and Tar, White Sulphur, Louisiana ; De Soto, Alpena, Sharon, Masscna, Chittcnango, Kichfleld, Avon, Clifton, Cherry Valley, Columbia, Dryden, White Sulphur, New York; Longmulrs, Shocco, Warren, White Sulphiu-, North Carolina ; White Sulphur, Ohio ; Minnequa, York, Car- lisle, Glenn, Sitka, Alburg, Highgate, Newbury, Jordans, Yellow, Virginia; Buffalo, Stribling, Coyncrs, Egglestons, Botetourt, Cold White, Montgomery White, Fauquier White, lloanoke Red, Huguenot, Burner's, Daggar's, Grayson, Greenbrier White, Salt, Bed, Blue, 180 CHAPTER XIII. OHALYBEATB WATEB8. Prominent Constituents — Action— Diseases to which they are applicable — Springs : Bailey, Fry, Stafford, Catoosa, Madison, Greencastle, Knightatown, Schuyler County, Illinois ; Estill, llopkinton, Owosso, Cooper's Well, Ocean, Oak Orchard, Sharon, Schooley's Mountain, Mineral Springs, New Jersey; Adams County, Ohio; Cresson, Blossburg, Fayette, Montvale, Beersheba, Rawley, Sweet Chalybeate, Rockbridge Alum, Bath Alum, Stribling, Bedford Alum, Virguila; Church Hill Alum, Pulaski Alum, Va- riety 286 CHAPTER XrV. PUSOATIVK WATBBS. Prominent Constituents — Action — ^Diseases to which they are ap^Wcahlo— Springs : Crab- Orchard, Harrodsburg, Estill, Midland, Beer, Bedford, Virginia; Elgin 261 CHAPTER XV. OALOIO WATBBS. Prominent Constituents— Action — Diseases to which they are applicable- iSfprinc^ .• Eaton Eapida, Butterworth, Hubbardston, Leslie, Yellow, Gettysburg, Clarendon, Alleghany, Holsion, Berkeley, Sweet, Bethesda 268 CHAPTER XVI. THEBMAL WATERS. Prominent Characteristics — Action— Diseases to which they are applicable — Spring» : Hot, Arkansas ; Callstoga, Geysers, California; Paso Roblcs, Santa Barbara, Warner's Ranch, San Bernardino, Skagg's, Gilroy, Lake Tahoe, Idaho, Middle Park, Warm, Georgia ; Warm, North Carolina ; Agua Callente, New Mexico ; Lebanon, Piiebla, Volcano, Dei Chutes, Salt Lake, Hot, Virginia; Warm, Virginia ; Healing, American Geysers . 264 xvi CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVII. UNOLABBiriED WATEBB. Springs : Summit Soda, Alabaster, Vlchj, Tuscan, Bartlett, Adams, California ; Napa Soda, Ilarblnes, San Rafael, Ci^stal, Pocky Mountain, St Leon, Yaronnos, Orange, ButLesda, Georgia ; Latonla, Togus, Berkshire Soda, Grand Ledge, Flints, Birch-Dale, Abena.}uis, Amherst, Bradford, Vallonia, Piedmont, Elgin, Cappers, Orkney, Slue Ridge, Tarkers- burg, Bhannondale Paqe 881 CHAPTER XVIIL BVBOPEAN S?AB. Alkaline Waters : Vichy, Ems, Fachingen — Saline Waters : Homburg, Kisslngen, Wies- baden, Baden-Baden, Bourbonne, Solters — Brine-Baths: Kreuznach, Nauhoim— /Sm^- phwr- Waters : Aix-la-Chapello, Aix-lcs-Boins, Bar6ges, Pon^res-do-Luchon, Nonndorl^ ideinherg-~C/iali/beate Waters: Schwa.l>ach, Pyrmont, Spa, St.-Moritz — Pwgatvoe Waters: PuL'r.a, Friedrlchiihall, Sedlitz, Carlsbad, Marienbad, Franzensbad — fatefo Waters: Coiitrexville, Bagn6res-de-Bigorre, Leuk, 'Wildungen— ^'Acmiai Waters: Gastoin, Toplitz, Schlangenbad, Plombidres 841 CHAPTER XIX. BBA-BIDE BSBOBTB. The Sea — Sea-Air — Analysis of Sea- Water— Phosphorescence— '.""emperature- -Sea-Bath — Resuscitation from TiToynAng— Resorts : Cashlng's Island, Rye, Hampton, Swampscott, Nahant, Chelsea, Newport, Narragansett Pier, Long Branch, Coney Island, Rockaway, Cape May, Atlantic City 873 Appihdiz, . Gknebal Index, « • • . 460 ■in^" y MINEEAL SPBIIirGS. CHAPTER I. HISTOEICAL. The pages of ancient authors ^equently contain records of resorts where the sick bathed in healing waters or drank of medicinal fountains. In Greece the temples of ^scula- pius were frequently erected near springs reputed to possess curative power. The ancient Athenians, during the summer months, sought the thermal — saline — sulphur baths of -^dipsus in the island of Euboea, about sixty miles by sea from Athens. They have been known from remotest antiquity, and are a favorite resort at the present day. During the Mithridatio war, Sylla sought them, and Strabo tells us (book i., chap, iii., Proleg.) that, following an earthquake, these waters dis- appeared for three days, and reappeared at several diflferent points. On the opposite side of the channel from ^dipsus, on the main-land, is the celebrated pass of Thermopylae, so named from the hot sulphur-springs in the vicinity. They flow from the base of Mount CEta, and fall into the sea. Springs formed a favorite site for the establishment of tem- ples. Near the Temple of Jupiter Ammon was an intermit- tent spring (Herodotus iv., 181). Delphi had its Foimtain of Casotis (Pausanius x., 24, § V), and these waters, now known as St. Nicholas, rise south of Lesche, and flow beneath the Temple of Apollo. Tn the pages of Latin writers we frequently meet with allu- S MINERAL SPRINGS. sions to niedicinal bprings, testifying the esteem in which they were held by the Romans. Horace, in describing the ficti- tious fanie tha« the cold-water cure obtained at Rome, under the influence of a charlatan named Musa, speaks thus : " Of Vella and Salemuin tell me, pray, The ilimatc and the natives, and the way ; For Baise now is lost on me, and I, Once its stanch friend, am now its enemy, Through Musa's fault, who maces me undergo His cold-bath treatment, spite of frost and snow Good sooth, the town is filled with spleen to see Its steamy baths attract no company ; To find its sulphur-wells, which found out pain From joint and sinew, treated with disdain By chests and heads, now grown so bold They brave cold water in the depth of cold ; And finding down at Glusium what they want. Or Gabbi, say, make that their winter haunt." (Epist. i., 16. Conington's Translation of Horace.) Unfortunately for Musa, the ill success of his mode of treat- ment soon caused a return to the mineral waters of Baiae, which continued to be sought by multitudes, and are resorted to at the present day. Pliny tells us in his Natural History (book xyxi., § 1) that all waters are gifts of the earth. He says : " They spring wholesome from the earth on every side and iu a thousand lands; the cold, the hot, the hot and cold together, as at Tarbellum (Dax) in Aquitania, or in the Pyrenees, where they are separated only by a small interval, or yet the warm and tepid, announcing relief to the sick, and flowing from the earth only for man, of all living things. Under various names they add to the number of divinities, and establish villages." He also names the diseases for which certain waters were considered beneficial — the springs of Sineusa for sterility; those of ^naria (Ischia, of to-day) for cpIcuIous affections. Of the latter, it is said by a late writer : " The attractions of this country and its waters are sufficient to merit with us the P fi tl fr^ HISTORICAL. 3 popularity they enjoyed with the ancients, and which is testi- fied by numerous Latin inscriptions." When the seat of the Roman Empire was transferred to the East, the well-known baths of Brusa, about sixty miles from Constantinople, were developed ; and at this day they are the most celebrated baths in the Orient. Wherever the Ro- mans penetrated the then Western wilds of Europe, they sought out the mineral nprings of the country, and we find re- mains of their baths at Aix in Savoy, Aix in Provence ; Ba- gnSres" de Bigorre and Bagn^res de Luchon in the Pyrenees, Alhama and Caldas in Spain, Wiesbaden, Baden in Switzer- land, and at Bath, or Aqua Solis, in England. The Latin word aquay changed into Acqui, Aigues, Aix, Ax, and Dax, as applied to modern towns, remains to tell of their early celebrity as watering-places. If there were historic records of the barbarous tribes oi Germania, Gallia, and Hispania, we would doubtless learn that the same fountains were held in esteem by them which were •subsequently resorted to by the Romans. In the brilliant days of imperial Rome, bathing formed a chief enjoyment of patrician and plebeian. The luxury of warm bathing was indulged in to such excess that at one time eight hundred thermae could be counted within the city, and several of these would accommodate three thousand bathers at one time. Many of these structures covered entire squares, and were adorned with every architectural beauty. An ap- proach to them showed beautiful marble porticos supported by many-fluted columns, and entering and passing out might be seen orators, poets, senators, and sometimes the emperor. Within was a labyrinth of marble halls and colonnades deco- rated with statu.iry and mosaics by the masters, and in vari- ous spacious chambers scholars discoursed to an attentive auditory. Other apartments were devoted to athletic exer- cise, which was usually taken before entering the bath. After the bath, those who had leisure might pass an hour in the well- arranged library^ or saunter in the gardens of rare flowers and exotic plants within the enclosure. The grandeur of these 4 MINERAL SPRINGS. Btruotures may be imagined when we are told that the baths of Diocletian were the repository of the famous Ulpian Libra- ry; that one of the halls of '' . '>aths forms the present ma^ficent Church of the Carti^u^x^ns ; and that the baths of Agrippa had for a vestibule that relic of antiquity so well de- scribed by Byron : " Simple, orcct, severe, austere, sublime — Shriae of all saints and temple of all gods, From Jove to Jesus — spared and blest by time, Looking tranquillity, while falls or nods. Arch, empire, each thing round thee, and man plods His way through thorns to ashes — glorious dome I Shalt thou not last ? Time's scythe and tyrants' rods Shiver upon thee — sanctuary and home Of art and piety — ^Pantheon ! pride of Rome I " Many traces of the Roman baths still remain, but the most familiar ruins are those of the baths of Caracalla. They were commenced by Antoninus Caracalla about the year a. d. 212. Subsequently they were enlarged by Elagabulus, and com- pleted by Alexander Severus. They occupy an area nearly a mile in circuit, including the enclosure, and the bath-structure covered a space seven hundred and twenty feet long and three hundred and seventy-five feet wide. Within the enclosure were porticos, gardens, a stadium, and a large reservoir into which the Antonine Aqueduct emptied, and in front ran the Via Novo, one of the most magnificent streets in Rome dur- ing the time of the Antonines. On page 5 we insert one-half of the ground-plan taken from Bell's work on baths, Dr. Bell having borrowed it from Cam- eron's " Baths of the Romans." The other half of the build- ing corresponds to this in every particular. Outside the bath-building, and within the enclosure, was a pavilion for spectators, whence they could see the exercises in the open air, apartments for those who had care of the baths, exedrae where gymnastic exercises were taught, retir- ing-chambers foi those who exercised in the stadium, atrias to HISTORICAL. HALF OF Tm PLAIT OF Tint BATHS OF OASAOAllA. THS BIDB IN TOE LINE Y X FACIlfO THi VIA novo; tub opposits bide oPEimta upon the aABoiNS. A. Vestibule on entering the thermae, on each side of which were libraries. B. Vostlbule for spectators and the clothes of those who were bathing. C. Piscina, or large reservoir for swimming. D. Peristyle, having a piscina in the middle for warm bathing. E. Ephebium, or place for exercise. F F. Rooms where the athletae prepared for their »»Tercisc8. G G. Various halls or recesses for the use of thoso who fivqnonted the baths. II. Xystum, or portico for the athletaj to exercise j ider in Dad weather. K. Exedne, or large recesses for the uso of philosophers. L. Rooms for conversation. M. Apodyterium, or undressing-room. N. Colla Solaris, one hundred and eleven feet in diameter, in which were the labra of tho baths for ordinary bathL g. Spartianns says this apartment could not bo equalleiaz7as for the masters to walk in, and covered baths for those who did not choose to exercise in tho zystus. It would appear from this description that the baths were divided into the warm-water baths — those apartments in which the piscinas are located — and the hot-aii' and vapor-baths com- prising the laconicura and the caldariura, which were heated to from 110° to 160° Fahr. Many bathes seldom entered tliesc apartments. Those who frequented the baths disrobed in the contiguous vestibules, and placed their clothing in charge of servants, who received small sums of money for keeping guard. They then went to the elaeosthesium and anointed the entire body with a cheap kind of oil, and after- ward repaired to one of the many spaces devoted to gymnas- tic exercises. After exercising a suflScient time, they entered an adjoining warm-bath. Here numbers might be seen seated on the marble steps of the bath, which were just below the surface o^ the vater. After ablution, they seated themselves on these steps and scraped the entire body with the strigil^ a blunt instrument similar in shape to a small sickle, and made of bone, iron, bronze, or silver — most frequently of bronze. The wealthy had the operation performed by an attendant slave. It is said that it was not an agreeable proceeding, and that the Emperor Augustus was a suflferer by having it per- formed too roughly. Afterward the bather was washed by vases of water poured over him, and then thoroughly dried with cotton and linen cloths, and covered with a light shaggy mantle called gausape. Fastidious persons of wealth, in ad- dition to the process described, had slaves go over their bodies with tweezers and pluck out every hair ; the nails of feet and hands were then trimmed ; and, finally, highly-perfumed oils in vases of alabaster or bronze were brought from the elaeosthe- sium, and the entire body, not omitting the soles of the feet, was anointed. The clothing was then resumed, and they passed into the tepidarium, where they remained some time, so as not to be too suddenly chilled on going from the warm bath into the external air. The tepidarium in these baths, it niSTORICAL. seems, was only used for this purpose ; water being employed only as a convenient method of regulating the tcmperuturo of the chamber. In smaller therma?, however, and in provin- cial cities, this apartment was undoubtedly used for bathing. In this description of bathing the laconicum and caldarium are omitted. They were sought by those who desired, for the purpose of producing excessive perspiration in a similar way to the Turkish and Russian baths. A word may be said concerning the oils and perfumes. They were of great variety, and universally employed, both by men and women. The rhodinium, extracted from roses, lirinium from the lily, myrrhinum from myrrh, baccarinum from foxglove, and cyprinum from the flowers of the privet- tree, were favorites. Also, cinnamomium, very costly, made from cinnamon, irinum, an oil made from the iris, balaninum, the oil of the nuts of the ben-tree found in India and Arabia, serpyillinum from wild-thyme, sysymbrium from water-mint, amaracinum from sweet-marjoram, nardinum from lavender. These scents and oils were used by preference for different parts of the body, some being considered best adapted to the head, face, and neck, others to the muscles and extremities. A story of Hadrian, quoted by most writers on ancient baths, is told by Spartianus : " The Emperor Hadrian, who went to the public baths and bathed with the common peo- ple, seeing one day a veteran, whom he had known among the Roman troops, rubbing his back and other parts of his body against the marble, asked him why he did so. The veteran answered that he had no slave to rub him, whereupon the emperor gave him two slaves and wherewithal to maintain them. Another day,, several old men, enticed by the good for- tune of the veteran, rubbed themselves also against the mar- ble before the emperor, believing by this means to excite the liberality of Hadrian, who, perceiving their drift, caused them to be told to rub each other." In addition to the large number of public baths, there were many private baths in the residences of wealthy citizens. Seneca, when contrasting the luxuries of his own day with MINERAL SPRINGS. the simplicity of the republic, describes them thus: "That person is now held to be poor and sordid whose walls shine not with a profusion of the most costly materials, the marbles of Egypt inlaid with those of Numidia ; unless the walls are set with mosaics in imitation of painting ; unless the cham- bers are covered with glass ; unless the Thracian stone, for- merly a rare sight even in temples, smrounds those capacious basins into which we cast our bodies, weakened by immoder- ate sweats. And the water is conveyed through silver pipes. As yet, I speak only of plebeian baths ; what shall I say when I come to those of freedmen ? What a profusion of columns do I see supporting nothing, but placed as an ornament, merely on account of the expense! What quantities of water murmuring down steps I We are come to that pitch of luxury that we disdain to tread on any thing but precious stones." When the thermae first became public institutions, laws were passed regulating their use. They were placed in charge of the officials, called aediles, whose duty it was to see that the rules concerning the baths were enforced. The hours of bathing were from two o'clock in the afternoon till dusk, be- tween two and three being the hour most favorable. Notice was given that the baths were ready by ringing a bell, the warm water being then drawn into the various piscinae. Hadrian forbade that any should bathe before two o'clock, and any who bathed after four o'clock were charged a hun- dred quadrantes, about equivalent to thirty cents of our cur- rency. The usual price of a bath was one-third of a cent. Subsequently, to ingratiate themselves with the populace, the emperors permitted the baths to be opened earlier and closed later ; and, under Alexander Severus, they were not only per- mitted to be opened before daybreak, but oil was furnished for lighting at the public expense. The baths were a place of general resort, and on public holidays it was customary to keep them open the entire day. They were then thronged by the lower class(!S. The emperors amused the people with baths, that their own derelictions might be forgotten. HISTORICAL. There were separate thermae for females, those most cele- biated being the baths of Agrippina. However, with the de- generacy of public morals, it became necessary to pass most stringent laws forbidding women, under the severest penal- ties, from bathing with men, and, on the contrary, punishing those men wHh death who should be found in baths devoted to females. It is difficult for us, living in this busy age, to understand how the people of Rome found time every day to frequent thfj baths. A bath, with all the accessories, must have occupied from one to two hours ; and yet we read of citizens of distinc- tion who bathed four and five times each day. Can we won- der that the degeneracy of public moralii which permitted such excesses, was followed by effeminacy of the people, and finally by the downfall of Rome ? During the summer months the Romans resorted to Baiae, ten miles from Naples, on the gulf. It was not only the won- derful mineral springs of hot and cold water, and the phe- nomena of extinct volcanoes, that were attractive.- The sur- rounding country was charmingly beautiful, and was asso- ciated with the earliest epoch of Roman history. Near by was the most ancient city of Cumoe, with its sibyl ; the Lake of Avernus, with its entrance to hell ; the Forum Vulcani, the promontory of Misenum, the Phlegraean fields, and the Elysian plains. Amid these scenes the wealthy Romans erected elaborate villas and pursued the luxurious pleasures of the capital. A lively description of those baths is given by Seneca in Epistles 51 and 66 : " He tells us that, while at BaifE, he lived near the great bath-house, and was continually annoyed by the noise. Early in the morning the splashing of bathers greeted his ears, for they bathed at all hours. He was disturbed by the excited cries of those playing atb II, and by the deep-drawn sighs of those who swung heavy weiglits. Here one was trying his voice in song, there an- other was engaged in loud dispute, or perhaps a cry was raised at the detection of a thief caught stealing clothes of one of the bathers, no unusual occurrence. Then there were 10 MINERAL SPRINGS. • '! the shrill cries of the venders of eatables, especially the libum, or sweet-cake, long popular with bathers, and a remnant of which is still found in some of the German baths. He also tells us that it was common to see tipsy people wandering along the sea-shore, and to hear the shores of the Lucrine Lake re- sounding with the songs of pleasure-parties of men and women who skimmed about in gayly-painted boats of every variety of shape and color, decked out with crowns and chaplets of roses. All ancient writers describe these aquatic excursions as scenes of voluptuous pleasure ; there was also abundance of gambling ; and, on the whole, Seneca described Baia3 as a sort of vortex of luxury and harbor of vice." * Passing over a period of a thousand years, during which we have no record of Lathing-resorts, we come to the follow- ing description of Baden, in Switzerland, canton of Aargau, by Poggio Bracciolini, 1420 : " Baden, though offering no great natural beauty, and nothing in the way of agreeable relaxa- tion, presented such other pleasures that you might imagine Venus with her troop had deserted Cyprus and come to live at the baths. There were two public and about twonty-eight private baths attached to the hotels. In the public bath men and women bathe together in a state of entire nudity. In the private baths the men and women used at least partial cloth- ing, and there was a partition between the men's and women's baths, with openings, however, which made it easy for them to talk to each other. People upod often to bathe three or four times a day ; indeed, to spend a great part of their time in the baths, to ask their friends to come and spend the day with them ; they played at cards, and had their meals sup- plied to them on floating tables, and there was no lack of good eating and drinking." The description of the same baths by Montaigne, one hun- dred and fifty years later, shows a decided change. He says : " Those who have ladies under their charge will do well to bring them here, where every lady has a bath to herself hand- somely fitted up with a dressing-room, light and airy, with ' Ixyndon Quarterly, July, 1870. " Boths." HISTORICAL. 11 rich wiudows, painted wainscoting and ceiling, and polished floors, and provided with small tables on which you may read or play while in the bath. . . . Tho people of this part of the country when they bathe usually have themselves so unmer- cifully cupped and bled that I have sometimes seen the two public baths almost full of blood. The houses are very hand- some, and kept up on a grand scale. In that where we lodged there have been in one day three hundred mouths to provide for." Some one hundred years later, in 1648, we have a descrip- tion of the round of life at Bath, England, by the quaint court gossip, Pepys. It runs thus : " Up at four o'clock, being by appointment called up to the Cross bath, where we were car- ried one after another, myself and wife, and Betty Turner, Willet, and W. Hewer. And by-and-by, though we de- signed to have done before company came, much company came , very fine ladies ; and the manners pretty enough ; only methinks it cannot be clean to go so many bodies together in the same water. Good conversation among those that are acquainted here and stay together ; but strange to sec, when women and men here that live all the season in these waters, cannot but be parboiled and look like creatures of the bath. Carried away — wrapped in a sheet and in a chair, home ; and then, one after another thus carried, I staying about two hours in the water, home to bed, sweating for an hour, and by-and-by conges music to play to me, extraordinary good as ever I heard at London almost, or anywhere, 5s. In the afternoon I went to make boys dive in the King's bath, Is." The only baths of the present day which resemljle those of the middle ages are those of Leuk, in the valley of the Rhone, Switzerland. They are situated in a little mountain- nook, at the base of the perpendicular ascent of the Gemini Pass. Here several hot springs, of large volume, issue from the earth, the waters of which are conducted to the various public baths. In the bath-houses there are several pools be- neath the same roof, each of which is capable of accommodat- ing between thirty and forty persons. On either side of each 12 MINERAL SPRINGS. (I pool are dressing-rooms. From the "Guide Pratique" of Constantin James we translate as follows : " It is between four and five o'clock in the morning that they repair to the bath. The patients first dress in a long woollen tunic, then descend into the pool by a sort of i»clined plane, in a stooping atti- tude, until they arrive at the desired depth. The basin is thus peopled with new arrivals, and is soon full. Let us pene- trate for a moment in a bath-building, where the piscina is filled. What a singular sight 1 Imagine young girls, cliil- dien, old men, priests, soldiers, sisters — what shall I say ? — in fine, all conditions and all ages, assembled pell-mell in the same pool. Some sing, some read, others work or read ; it is a crowded house, joyous with pleasantry and anecdote. Each bather has a floating table, a kind of little boat where he places his handkerchief, his snufi'-box, or his luncheon. But what of the shipwrecks upon this little ocean ? To see this multitude of heads agitating the surface of the water, we would call it a reunion of Trit ^ns." The method of bathing at Leuk is only tolerated at this day because of the number of hours required for the bath-cure. It is the custom to pass three or four hours of the morning, and one or two of the afternoon, in the water. Suoh a long time, alone, in a bath would indeed be irksome. We will not lengthen this chapter by describing the baths of any of the celebrated spas of Europe ; they are such as are met with at our American resorts, though usually far more elegant in accessories. In addition to amusements of '"very type, they are often the centre of gambling establishments of colossal dimensions. Those of Baden-Baden are well known to travellers. The Conversation-House, as it is politely termed, is of b(>autiful projiortions, in the Grecian style of architect- ure, and built of solid stone. Within is a magnificent con- cert-room, ornate with frescoes and glittering with gilding, whence float strains of delicious music enticing the passer-by. Opening out from this saloon, on either side, are grand saloons, replete with elegant and luxurious appointments. These saloons are devoted to the fascinations of roulette and rouge- HISTORICAL. 13 et-noir. Around the tables may be seen the young, the beau- tiful, the middle-aged, and the gray-haired, the peasant and the nobleman, the countess and the count, the thoughtless and the statesman, each casting his five-franc piece or his thous- ands upon the table, and watching with intense interest the deft fingers of the dealer, as he rapidly shuffles the cards and throws forth the numbers that tell of the winning and losing of fortunes. CHAPTER I MINERAL WATERS. A MINERAL Avatcr, in the medical acceptation of the term, is one which by virtue of its ingredients, whether mineral, organic, gaseous, or the principle of heat, is especially appli- cable to tV.e treatment of disease. Water, as found in Nature, is never an unalloyed combina- tion of its chemical constituents, hydrogen and oxygen. Pure water is a refinement of the laboratory, produced and retained with considerable difficulty. It is a colorless, inodorous, and tasteless fluid, nauseous when drank. Its solvent powers are unequalled by any known fluid. As water falls from the clouds in the form of rain, it ab- sorbs various gases, so that when obtained in this purest nat- ural form it contains nitrogen, oxygen, carbonic acid, and sometimes traces of carburetted hydrogen, nitric acid, or am- monia. Having fallen upon the earth, its solvent power causes it to take up various salts and organic substances from the soil, so that when taken from rivers it frequently contains sev- eral grains of solid constituents to the gallon, or as much as a grain in a pint. The table (p. 15) shows the amount and number of these constituents to the pint in four rivers of this continent, and is interesting when compared with the analyses of mineral springs. The origin of springs has been a subject of inquiry by philosophers of all ages. Aristotle taught that large caverns in the interior of the earth were filled with air which at the roofs was condensed to water by the cold, and thence made way to the surface of the earth by various outlets. Through the middle ages this was the received explanation, though MIXEitAL WATERS. 18 Oua Pint contain*— Solids. Carbonate of soda " inaf:ne.sla " manganese " lime Chloride of potassium " sodiuni " niiignesium " aluminum " calcium Bulpliatc of soda ■' magnesia " limo Phospbato of alumina Silica Oxides of iron and manganese . . Alumina — phosphoric acid Salts of soda with the nitric and organic acids Total OAS. Carbonic acid Schuvlklll. Croton. Charles. b. SilUman, Jr. B. SUUman, Jr. B. SiUiinan, Jr. Oraln*. Graint. Grain*. '6.'044 ' 0.083 traces. * 0.665 0.234 0.2(i7 0.020 0.018 ' O.O'ii * 0.61*9 O.UOl "o".02i 0.047 0.005 0.019 0.048 0.007 0.029 Q.m 0.104 0.012 0.010 0.009 traces. 0.206 0.283 0.066 0,520 0.S33 0.203 .06 cubic in. 2.18 cubic in. O.OOG cub. In. St. Lktvrenco. T. Sterry Hunt. Grains. 0.007 0.026 0.084 O.OttQ 0.003 0.013 0.038 traces, traces. 0.178 not estimated. Vitruvius believed springs to be due to rain and snow which penetrated the earth and accumulated in subterranean reser- voirs. In the early part of the seventeenth century, Descartes, who always impugned theories that possessed only the merit of being old, proposed a new explanation of the phenomena of springs. He imagined caverns to exist in the depths of the earth, into which water flowed from the sea. There the interior fires of the earth converted the water into vapor, which ascended to the upper part of the cavern, and by the low temperature was condensed to water ; ihence the water was forced upward through crevices in the rocks and escaped as springs. Subsequently Mariotte and Halley demonstrated that the rainfall, including snow and dew, is sufficient to supply all the water that flows from rivers and springs. This view was promulgated by each of these philosophers about the same time, neither being aware of the observations and conclusions of the other. Mariotte estimated the mean fall of rain in the vicinity of Paris. He then compared this total with the quan- tity of water flowing away by the river Seine, and found it to 16 MINERAL SPRINGS. be six times greater. From liis experiments he concluded that all springs are due to meteoric water falling in the form of rain, snow, and dew, which permeates the earth till an impas- sable layer is met ; it then courses along this layer till it es- capes from a convenient outlet, or is forced upward by hydro- static pressure. Halley's conclusions were the same, though obtained in an altogether different manner. When making astronomical ob- servations oa the hills of St. Helena, 2,400 feet above the sea, his instruments became so wet with moisture, even under a clear sky, that he could use them with difficulty, and paper became so damp that the ink would blot. This phenomenon led him to experiment on the quantity of moisture exhaled from the sea. He procured a pan eight inches in diameter and four inches deep, which he filled with water salted to the same degree of salinity as sea-water. It was also heated to the temperature of the sea in summer. Having exposed the wa- ter to the open air, he found that in one hour's time the vessel lost 233 grains in weight, and at this rate there would be a loss of twelve ounces in twenty-four hours. He then esti- mated the surface of the Mediterranean Sea, and found it to be 160 degrees. If evaporation proceeded in the same manner over this entire surface as in the salted water of the pan, the loss in one day would be 5,280,000,000 tons. He next com- pared this quantity with the discharge of the rivers into the sea. The principal ones are the Ebro, the Rhone, the Dnies- ter, the Danube, the Tiber, the Po, the Borysthenes, the Tanais, and the Nile, the remainder being small. He esti- mated that each of these rivers discharges ten times as much water into the sea in a day as the Thames, and the discharge of this river at Kingston Bridge he found to be 20,300,000 tons. Ten times this amount would give 203,000,000 tons as the discharge of each of the nine rivers named, and 1,827,- 000,000 tons as the total discharge of them all. But this enormous amount is only about one-third the quantity evapo- rated from the surface of the Mediterranean in a single day, leaving a remainder of 3,453,000,000 tons unaccounted for — MINERAL WATERS. 17 amply suffijient to supply all the springs for many miles from the coast. It is, then, clearly established that the fall of water in the form of rain, snow, and dew, is large enough to supply all rivers and springs. We cannot, however, resist the impres- sion that there is some truth in the theory of Descartes, and that certain springs derive their flow from the waters of the ocean. We know that volcanoes and earthquakes occur in its depths, and if large volumes of water are thus suddenly en- chasmed, or if they slowly pass to the interior of the earth by devious channels, it is certainly probable that when super- heated they may be forced to the eartli's surface in the form of thermal waters or saline springs.* But many of these springs contain ingredients in large quantities not found in rain-water or sea-water. Whence and how do they obtain these constituents ? It has already been stated that pure water possesses a solvent power unequalled by other fluids. No rocks, however dense, can resist its continued action. Even the glass vessels which we use are dissolved by it in minute proportions. And when, in addition, water contains large quantities of carbonic- acid gas, its solvent power on many substances is exceedingly increased. Every fissure of the earth is permeated by this solvent. It collects in the depths of mines, or drips from the roofs of caves. The railroad-tunnel through Mont Cenis — a mass of solid rock so dense that it soon turned the hardest steel — was so filled with water that a canal was dug through the centre to drain it away. When water has thus passed through thousands of feet of dense rock, and in the passage occupied years or centuries, it is not surprising that it fre- quently contains a large amount of ingredients. And when a stream of water thus impregnated becomes imprisoned be- tween almost impermeable strata, it flows onward till a fissure 1 Humboldt tells us : " When In Sopteinber, 175'J, Jorullo was suddenly elevated into a mountain 1.1S3 feet above the level of the surroundinj; plain, two small rivers, the liio do Ouitimba and Rio do San Pedro, disappeared, and some time afterward burst forth again, during violent shocks of an earthquake, as hot springs, whose temperature I found in 1808 to bo ISC' .4 Fahr." ("Cosmos," Bohn's EngUsh edition, vol. L, p. 210.) 18 MINERAL SPRINfJS. in the overlying strata is encountered, when by hydrostatie pressure it is forced upward and bursts from the earth as a niinerul spring. Or, if an artesian well be sunk, and such a str(;am is penetrated, there is an outflow of water sometimes so strong as to be projectiid several feet above the earth. An excellent illustration of the conditions under which mineral springs occur is found in Saratoga County, New York. The geological strata of this county from above dijwnward are as follows : 1. Hudson River and Utica shales and slates. 2. Trenton limestone. 3. Calciferous sand-rock. 4. Potsdam sandstone. 5. Laurcntian formation, of unknown thickness. Saratona OKOLOOrOAL SEOTlOy AT SARATOGA SPUTNOS. ! :i The strata dip southward — elevated ranges of Laurontian rocks appearing in the northern portion of the coimty, and the superincumbent strata cropping out at intervals to the south, and running in parallel lines across the county : first, the Potsdam sandstone ; next, calciferous sand-rock ; then, the Trenton limestone ; and lastly, in the soutliern half, the Hud- son Riv(!r and Utica slates and shales. However, at the vil- lage of Saratoga Springs, an unusual disarrangement of the strata has occurred. Doubtless by volcanic upheaval, the strata above the Laurentian rocks have been entirely fissured MINERAL WATERS. 10 throu*?h ; the southern section being considerably elevated, and the Potsdam sandstone on one side of the fissure correspond- in"" with the calciferous sand-rock on the opposite. This con- dition is technically termed a fault. It is well illustrated by the accompanying plate/ on page 18. The Laurcntian rocks are composed of highly-crystalline gneiss, granite, and syenite, and are almost impervious to water, while the Potsdam sandstone and calciferous sand- rock, immediately overlying, permit it to pass freely. All the rain falling in the county north of the fissure, or fault, ex- cept that which passes oflf as surface-water, permeates the dilFerent strata till it meets the Laurcntian rocks ; thence it passes over t!ie surface of these rocks till the fissure is reached, where it comes in contact with the uplifted ledge of rocks and accumulates. From the fissure in the Laurcntian rocks, which penetrates to an unknown depth, carbonic acid doubtless arises, and thus, in addition to its mineral ingredients, the water becomes highly charged with this gas. The continual accessions of water and the pressure of the gas, together, force the water to the surface, where it breaks forth in the various springs of the Saratoga Valley. In one instance — the geyser spring or artesian well — the imprisoned water has been artifi- cially liberated at a point where it is under great hydrostatic pressure, and it escapes with such force as to be projected twenty feet above the surface of the earth. The slightly dif- ferent composition of the springs depends on accidental varia- tions in the composition of the strata through which the wa- ter of each spring passes. These springs are a well-marked example of ascending springs^ or those in which the water is elevated from a point below by hydrostatic pressure. The Tuscan springs of California are another example of ascending springs, the water isGoing from an interval between strata that have been upheaved liy ^'^olcanic action. The dia- gram below illustrates the position of the strata on eitlicr side \:m ' The plato is kindly loaned by Prof. C. F. Chandler, New York, from whose article In the American Chemist, December, 1871, the geological facta concerning Saratoga are taken. f '' 20 MINERAL SPRINGS. t I of the spring.* The waters evolve a large quantity of carbu- retted hydrogen, which is purified and utilized for heating the water of the steam-baths. . SECTION OF TC8CAN SmiNGS, CALIFOKXIA. a, a. Basaltic lava. 6, b, Volconic ashos. S. Springs. c, c. Conglomerate. Letter to Sura, Epist iv., 80. W. ii III! P 22 MINERAL SPRINGS. water, which is very cool, you see it gradually rise and fall. If you place a ring, or any thing else, at the bottom, when it is dry, the stream reaches it by degrees till it is entirely cov- ered, and then again gently retires from it ; and this you may see it do three times successively." Near Colmars, in France, is another spring of this kind. It flows every seven minutes. After the earthquake of Lisbon, in 1755, it lost this peculiarity, but it was restored by the eaiihquake of 17G3. But, the most remarkable intermittent springs are those which are the result of the tension of hot vapor. The most wonderful of these are the Geysers of Iceland, and those of Wyoming Territory. The outlet of these springs is the mouth of a silicioits tube, reaching down some forty to sixty feet in the eai'th. This tube being full of water, the pressure exercised on the water at the bottom of the tube raises its boiling-point ; that is, while water boils in the open air at 212° Fahr., the degree to which it must be elevated, under a pressure equal to that at the bottom of a tube sixty feet long, is 251° Fahr. When a layer of water at the bottom of the tube is elevated to this temperature, it evolves steam ; but, as soon as tlie bub- bles pass to the cooler layers above, they are condensed. When the succeeding layer above is hc^ated to the boiling- point, the escaping steam-bubbles are condensed in turn in the superincumbent la3'crs. After a time, however, the entire column of water to the surface reaches the boiling-point, when much of the water tliroughout tlie entire tube suddenly be- comes steam, and the explosion immediately occurs. This is the explanation given by Prof. Bunsen, and that it is the cor- rect one has been demonstrated by Prof. Tyndall, who con- structed an iron tube, with a bowl surrounding the upper opening and an iron bulb at the lower end, in which all the condiiions named were fulfilled, and on heating the water in the bulb ho obtained tlie result indicated — a miniature geyser jetted steam and water into tlie air. The physical characteristics of mineral waters differ in many respects from ordinary water. Color. — Mineral waters, when examined in a glass, are usu- MINERAL WATERS. 93 le and fall. )m, when it ntirely cov- lis you may , in France, !n minutes, peculiarity, i are those The most id those of the mouth ixty feet in *e exercised iling-point ; ' Fahr., the 3sure equal 251° Fahr. lis elevated as the bub- condensed, le boiling- in turn in the entire oint, when denly be- This is is the cor- who con- he uppor jh all the 3 water in re gej'ser r in many are usu- ^ i ally clear and transparent. But when we look down upon theni in the spring, or as they are accumulated in reservoirs, they frequently present a green hue, an optical effect depend- ing on their density. In some instances, however, they pre- sent other colors, due to substances which they contain in impalpable division. The whitish color frequently observed in sulphur-water is caused by the precipitation of sulphur, the yellow by the change of a monosul[)huret into a polysulphuret. A pure white color is often due to precipitation of carbonate of lime, while a blue color arises from the suspension of slate or clay in the water in minute subdivision. A red color is frequently scon in chalybeate waters, and results from the pre- cipitation of the red oxide of iron. In some instances, how- ever, a red color may be due to microscopic algae of that color. Odor. — Mineral w iters, as a rule, possess a more or less marked odor. In sulphur-waters a characteristic odor is always present, that of sulphuretted h3'drogcn. When waters are highly charged with this gas, the odor is perceptible for a consider- able distance from the spring. However, in sulphur- waters containing the monosulphuret of sodium, the odor is but feeble. Calcic waters, containing a large proportion of sulphate of lime, frequently disengage sulphuretted hydrogen by decom- position of the sulphate in presence of organic compounds. Other waters emit odors depending on the soil through which they have passed. 'fmte. — The diameter of a mineral water can seldom be determined by ite taste, for this frecpiently depcnids on con- ditions which beai* no relaticm to its medical properties. Of the vario' III I I ■ ! 26 MINERAL SPRINGS of the well. This arises from the fact that water flowing froiii the bottom of the well may intermingle with colder water from the strata above, producing a lower temperature than would be expected ; or the vein of water supplying the well may arise from a much greater depth, giving an unusually high temperature, as is probably the case in the Charleston well. It is worthy of note that the theory of hot springs now accepted was advanced as early as the third century by St. Patricus, probably Bishop of Pertusa. He was asked the cause of boiling water flowing from the earth, and replied : " Fire is nourished in the clouds and in the interior of the earth, as Etna and other mountains near Naples may teach you. The subterranean v, u,ters rise as if through siphons. The cause of hot springs is this : waters which are more remote from the subterranean fires are colder, while those which rise nearer the fire are heated by it, and bring with them to the surfdce which we inhabit an insupportable degree of heat." * Having explained the origin of springs from meteoric water, it is needless to consider minutely the slight variations in the temperature of cold springs. They depend on the source oi the water, whel ■ . from melting glaciers or summer showers, whether flowing superficially through alluvial earth, or deeply through Icflc^es of limestone or masses of granite. JElectricUy. — In seeking for an explanation of the remedial action of thermal mineral waters, it has been claimed that their efficacy is due to some mysterious electrical action. That hot water, and water containing a large proportion of saline in- gredients, conducts electricity more readily than pure water has been clearly demonstrated by Prof. Kastner. According to Keller and Baumgartner, the mineral water of Gastein acts more powerfully on the magnetized needle of a multiplier than distilled or ordinary water." Baumgartner and Roller state that the decomposition of Gastein water by the electrical cur- rent gives unusual results : while ordinary water separates into two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen, this > Humboldt's "Cosmos," Rohn's odltion, vol. i., p. 221. a Althaus'B "Spas of Europe,'" London, 1862, p. 66. MINERAL WATERS. 27 water yields three volumes of hydrogen to one of oxygen.* This result, however, is probably due to the salts contained in the water, and not to any peculiarity of the water itself. Per- fectly pure water, in a vessel of pure gold, suffers hardly any decomposition under the action of a powerful battery ; but, if a salt or acid be introduced, the separation takes place imme- diately. Griffin thinks that the salt forms the decomposing agent, not by increasing the conducting power of the water, but by being acted upon.' He further states t^at, " in certain cases, depending on the kind of salt that is submitted to elec- trolysis, and upon the concentration of the solution, there is found to be a deficiency in the quantity of oxygen. The rea- son of this deficiency is, that part of the water escapes com- plete decomposition. H,HO is converted into H and HO. The latter is the peroxide of hydrogen." * It is probable that this is the explanation of the peculiar decomposition of Gas- tein water (if any such peculiarity there be), and that, in- stead of an excess of hydrogen, there is really a deficiency of oxygen.* Electricity in excessively minute proportions may be de- veloped by the falling of a spout of hot-springs water on the surface of the body ; but only to be detected hy a wonderfully sensitive multiplier, one which would show electricity to be developed by every vito-chemical change that occurs in the human organism. Until something more definite can be dis- covered, it is necessary to reject all hypotheses attributing cures to the electrical action of waters. Magnetism. — Witl i the past three years a number of ar- tesian wells have been bored in Michigan, which are claimed by the proprietors to be magnetic, that is, the water is sup- posed to be impregnated with magnetism. A careful inves- tigation of the question, however, reveals the fact that there ' Durand-Fardd's " Dlctlonnalre des Eaux ^lineralcf," Paris, 1860, t. i., p. 591, « " Chomistry of Non-MetalUc Elements," London, 18G0, p. 284. « Op. city p. 23(5. ' Althaus's " Bpns of Europe," p. Sft, says ; " Tho assertion of Messrs. Baumpartiicr and IIcssltT has been shown, by numcroua subsequent analyses, to bo without any foundation whaterer." |;i I 28 MINERAL SPRINGS. M II i ' i is no fixed magnetism in the water, but that the iron tubing of the well is highly magnetic. It is probable, however, that iron placed in a perpendicular position becomes more readily magnetic in Michigan than in many other portions of the earth, and the fact is worthy of investigation. An observation made by the author in August, 1871, at the Geyser Spring, Saratoga, an artesian well, 140 feet deep, showed no such evi- dence of magnetism as was found at St. Louis, Michigan. The wells which first attracted attention as magnetic were St. Louis, Eaton Rapids, Alpena, and Spring Lake. The claim of magnetism for these waters was received with mingled credulity and incredulity. Thousands sufiering with paralytic complaints journeyed hundreds of miles at great inconvenience, frequently to be disapp .nted. Some, however, improved and readily gave certificates of cure by the waters, the result be- ing always attributed to «iagnetism. During September, 1871, the author visited the famed St. Louis well. When thirty miles away, persons were readily found who would testify to the magnetism of the water, for they had magnetized knife-blades in their pockets that would pick up a pin, caused by holding the knife-blade for fifteen minutes in the flowing magnetic water, irrived at the well, there were large numbers who would swear to the magnetism of the water. The following experiments were made : Observation 1. — I took my penknife and tested a blade with a compass, to discover whether it was magnetic. Placed on either side the north or south pole of a compass, it attracted the needle 1^° ; it would not attract a needle. I then held it one-half hour, by the watch, in the water, as it flows from a horizontal tube attached to the main tube of the well. At the expiration of the time I tested it with the compass and needle, but found no perceptible change in its conditions. Result of this experiment, 7iegative. Observation II. — Descended a flight of steps, about six feet, to the point where the main tube of the well emerges from the ground. Here the joining of the tube is not perfect, and there is an overflow of water between the lower or en- MINERAL WATERS. 29 kwer or en- casing portion and the upper. Placed the same blade in this overllowing water, at a distance of four inches from the main tube, and let it remain for half an hour, the blade being in a horizontal position. At the end of that time tested it with the compass. It slightly repelled the north end of the com- pass-needle, and attracted the south end — moved it about 3°. Result favors magnetism of the water, if the tube itself is not magnetic; but, the tube being magnetic, the result is still negative^ as it is well known that a strongly-magnetic body will cause magnetism by induction in steel, when placed in close proximity for that length of time. Observation III. — Rubbed the same knife-blade on the main tubing for ten minutes. It was then powerfully mag- netic, repelling the north end of the compass-needle, driving it half-way around the dial, and attracting the south end so that by a slight manoBuvre the compass-needle would rotate in a circle. The conclusion is, that the tube is magnetic in a high degree. Observation IV. — Took a quart-bottle of water fresh from the spring ; removed it beyond the influence of the tube, where the compass-needle settled to the north. Then tested it with the compass on every side, but the needle was not perceptibly afTected — I should have had a very sensitive needle. ITie in- ference, nevertheless, is that the water is not magnetic. Observation V. — Placed the compass in different positions about the well, at the distance of seven feet, ana found the north end sensibly deflected to the well ; while, at a radius of three feet, the norti* end is powerfully deflected to the well in wlatever position it is placed. When elevated above it, the north end of the needle dips downward. The inference is, that this effect is due to the magnetism oftne tube. The above experiments are not of tliemselves conclusive, but a report on the mineral springs of Michigan, by a coui- mittee of tlu; State Medical Society, is exceedingly satisfactory. The committee consisted of Dr. H. O. Hitchcock, Prof. S. C. Duflield, and Prof. R. C. Kedzie. The duty of investigating the magnetism of the wells was assigned to Prof. Kedzie. In f ■ 30 MINERAL SPRINGS. his report he first calls attention to the fact that water is a diamagnetic body. All substances have been divided by in- vestigators into magnetic, or those susceptible of magnetishi, and diamagnetic, or those possessed of a resistance to mag- netism. Edmond Becquerel has found that if we represent the magnetic power of iron as 1,000,000, the diamagnetic power of water is 3 ; that is, it has a force 300,000 times less than iron, and thus one of resistatice to magnetism. To determine whether water flowing through a magnetic tube may carry magnetic force with it. Prof. Kedzie made the following experiment : He first magnetized an iron tube, by applying it to a strong horseshoe magnet. Through this tube he caused a stream of water to flow, and thence through a porcelain tube in which a steel bar was placed. The water flowed in this way, through a magnetized tube over a steel bar, for one hour, without developing any magnetic condition in the bar. It was, however, objected that the water of these springs contains iron in solution, which may have an influence in pro- ducing a magnetic condition of the water, while the water, in the test made, contained no iron. To obviate this objection Prof. Kedzie repeated the experiment, substituting water con- taining four ounces of sulphate of iron to the gallon, and, in- stead of a single horseshoe magnet, he used a combination of horseshoe magnets known as a magnetic battery. In this way the iron tube was so strongly magnetized that iron filings, sifted over it, arranged themselves over the surface, standing out like stiflf bristles; "yet, on passing the solution of sul- phate of iron through a tube thus magnetized, and over a steel bar in a glass tube, for an hour, no development of magnetism in the steel bar could be detected." Having reached the conclusion that the magnetism of the Michigan wells is confined to the iron tubing. Prof. Kedzie sums up the matter as follows : " The question now arises, Doco this magnetic property of these tubes arise from any magnetic quality or other pecu- liarity in the water flowing through these tubes ? I answer, MINERAL WATERS. 81 it water is a vided by in- magnetishi, nee to mug- re represent diamagnetio )0 times less I. a magnetic sie made the ron tube, by igh this tube )e through a The water over a steel tic condition hese springs lence in pro- lie water, in lis objection g water con- Ion, and, in- iibination of n this way iron filings, CO, standing ition of sul- over a steel magnetism No I Iron tubes of the same dimension, placed in a vertical position, whether sunk in the ground, or erected in the air, or suspended in water, would exhibit the same phenomena. Water, flowing through them or not, would have no appre- ciable influence in this magnetism. This is well shown by the attempted artesian well at Charlotte^ which has not reached flowing water, but is only a vertical tube sunk in the soil; yet, it is magnetic Just the same as the flowing wells.'''' * The latter portion of the report is devoted to combating the statements in favor of magnetism of the waters made by other writers. The conclusion is, that these waters are not magnetic, are not susceptible of magnetism, and cannot pro- duce magnetism. The phenomena of magnetism observed at the wells are entirely due to induction, caused by the highly- magnetic condition of the tube ; and the magnetism of the tube is only a usual result of terrestrial magnetism. These conclusions should not, however, detract from the actual value of the w^ells of Michigan. Many of the waters are strongly impregnated with active medicinal salts, and are ex- ceedingly valuable therapeutic agents. 1 "Transactions of tb« State Medical Society of Michigan," 1871, p. 40. jtism of the lof. Kedzie property of other pecu- I answer, Ill I CHAPTER III. CLASSIFICATION. In tbe study of mineral waters a classification becomes necessary, in order that their application to the treatment of disease may be systematically considered. Several methods have been proposed. They have been classified according to their geological origin, their geographical location, their therapeutic action, and their chemical constitution. For med- ical purposes the geological or geographical classification is almost valueless, and the knowledge of the action of mineral waters is not so far advanced that they can be reliably grouped according to their therapeutic action. The chemical classification has met with most favor. Of this system there are two prominent ones, the German and the French. We give them below : The German Classification^ ( 1. Simple carbonated. I. Alkaline •< 3. Alkaline. ( 3. Alkali and common salt. II. Glauber salt. 1. Pure. in. Iron -^3. Alkaline and saline. 3. Earthy and saline. 1. Simple. IV. Common salt .... -^ 3. Concentrated. 3. With bromine, or iodine. V. Epsom salt. ' Macpherson's "Baths and Wells of Europe," London, 1869, p. 94 CLASSIFICATION. 33 VI. Sulphur. VII. Earthy and calcareous. VIII. IndifFcrcut. The French Classification^ Sulphur waters j With salts of sodium. ( With salts of lime. 5 Simple. With bicarbonates. Sulphuretted. ! Bicarbonate of soda. Bicarbonate of lime. Mixed bicarbonates. Sulphated waters, Sulphate of soda. Sulphate of lime. Sulphate of magnesia. Mixed sulphates. ( Bicarbonated. Ferruginous waters •< Sulphated. ( With salts of manganese. A chemical classification, however, does not convey a def- inite idea of the medical action of a water. In the French classification, under sulphated w^aters, the sulphate of soda, sulphate of magnesia, and sulphate of lime waters, arc grouped together, the first two being pu-gative in action, while the latter is not. The thermal waters, as a class, are ignored. In the German classification therapeutic requirements are more perfectly fulfilled, though there is the objection that the Glau- ber salt and Epsom salt waters are separated into distinct classes, whereas their action is almost identical — they are both purgative waters. The indifferent waters are all thermal. In the classification arranged for this work I have endeav- ored to obviate these objections. It partakes both of the > "Dictlonnaire des Eaux Min^rales," Paris, ISCO, 1. 1., p. 468. 3 f !' 34 MINERAL SPRINCS. chcmiciil system and the therapeutic system. Tlic waters of each class have a similar action, varied howovcr by minor dif- ferences, which are to a considerable degree indicated by the subdivisions. In the application of this or any other classi- fication, it is sometimes difficult to determine to which class a spring should be assigned, from the fact that none of its in- grodients may especially predominate. Waters included under the subdivision Pure are only comparatively so, the ingre- dients, other than those distinctive of the class, existing in minute proportions. Thus a pure alkaline water may contain large quantities of the alkaline carbonates, but it can contain only very small proportions of chloride of sodium or other salts. The class Thermal waters may embrace waters which, as to their chemical constituents, belong to one of the other classes. The action of such waters, aside from their ther- mality, is indicated by the subdivisions to which they belong. It is rare, however, for thermal waters to contain a large pro- portion of mineral ingredients. Classification. ( 1. Pure. L Alkaline waters. . •< 2. Acidulous (carbonic acid). ( 3. Muriated (chloride of sodium). II. Saline waters ^^'^.'t^^' (chloride of sodium) j ^' Alkaline. \ 3. lodo-bromated. ( 1. Alkaline. III. Sulphur waters. . . •< 2. Saline (chloride of sodium), ( 3. Calcic, 1. Pure. 2. Alkaline. IV. Chalybeate waters I 3. Saline (chloride of sodium). 4. Calcic. 5. Aluminous. CLASSIFICATION. 30 1. Epsom salt (sulphatcof ruajjncsia). V. Purgative waters . -j 2. Glauijcr salt (sulphate of soda). 3. Alkaline. VI. Calcic waters. . . . P* Limestone (carbonate of lime). ( 2. Gypsum (sulphate of lime), '1. Pure. 2. Alkaline. •I 3. Saline (chloride of sodium) 4. Sulphur. 5. Calcic. VII. Thermal waters . . Jllil !i I CHAPTER IV. ! i •|i 5 A.CTION OF MINERAL WATERS. Mant, and, in this country, perliaps the majority of vis- itors at springs journey thither, not because of any specific malady wi'' which they are afflicted, but to obtain relief and rest from the harassing cares of business, or the not less ex- acting Temands of society. They go there for diversion ; they wish to leave for a time the dusty and travelled highway of life, and wander in the shaded bj'-paths. After a month or two passed at the springs they return home refreshed and re- cuperated, possessed of a vigor they may not have known for years. Have the mineral waters produced this effect ? No. The same renewal of life would have resulted had they so- journed anyn!iero amid pure air, beautiful scenery, and cheer- ful society. The influences which thus prove restorative to those who are not the subject of disease, also contribute to the cure of those who are really sick. But, from acknowledging that change of air, scene, and exercise, take part in the salutary result in disease, we are apt to overleap this legitimate con- clusion, and deny that spring-water has had any agency in benefits that have accrued. Nothing could be more unwise, and nothing more inconsistent with facte and the testimony of those who are regarded as the best authority in the practice of medicine. Tlie history of batlung-rcsorts, in the first chapter of this book, shows that mineral waters have been held in high esteem as remedies both by the civilized and uncivilized of every age. Are we to regard this as a mere whim of humanity, and affirm that in all past time they have but ptu'sued a phantom ? No. A.CTION OF MINERAL WATERS. 87 inl(mi ? No. Il is our duty to investigate the question. Undoubtedly tliere is an atmosphere of quackery surrounding springs in this coun- try, which is exceedingly repulsive to the scientific physiciaiu The " cure-all " style of advertisement, pursued by many })ro- prietors of springs, has contributed largely to bring odium upon mineral waters. Hopeless invalids have been induced to take long journeys to springs in no way adapted to their disease. Our obligations, however, are only increased by these abuses, and we should be prepared to give the sick reliable information. In the study of mineral waters it is difficult to eliminate the causes which contribute to the cure of the patient. Change of air has a most remarkable effect in many diseases. The well-known disease, asthma, is an illustration of this fact. A physician,, vvho is the subject of this harassing complaint, tells us that when he leaves the city he is relieved of the opprtc sion which he continually expci iences, but, on his return, it again fixes itself upon him. If atmospheric conditions have so great an influence in a disease which forms so clear an index, how many diseases are there, not so manifestly affected by these changes, but which are nevertheless in a great degree under their influence ! We do not speak of pure and impure air as usually considered, but also of the many shades of dif- ference produced by various kinds of vegetation, by exhala- tions from forests, by vapors from rivers and seas, and by the tenuity of the atmosphere at different heights above the suifaco of the earth. The extent to which vegetative exhalations per- vade the atmosphere are clearly appreciated as we near the shores of America, in spring-time, after a transatlantic voyage. Long before land is in sight, the fragrance of woods and flowers is so strong that we can imagine ourselv^es within the precinct of a well-kept garden in full bloom. On the other hand, as we approach the sea-shore from inland, we can i)hiinly delect th{! odor of salt-water long before the ocean is in view. The influence of mountain air in disease has never been closely studied. That it is peculiarly tonic and bracing, and purer than the air at lower levels is undoubted ; but, at the limited ;1L mi :*,i1 It '':i% 38 MINERAL SPRINGS. f I i! i 'it! elevation of resorts in this country, the difference in density can have no appreciable effect. In Europe there is a tendency to regard great altitudes as favorable for consamptives, and persons affected with this disease are recommended to choose winter residences at elevations from two to five thousand feet above the level of the sea, care being taken, however, that tlic climate of such places is dry, and the sky briglit and cheerful. They doubtless attain in this way the same object which we do in sending consumptives, in the early stages, to Minnesota. Change of scene is another agency in the cure of certain diseases, which renders it dithcult to estimate the actual in- fluence of mineral waters. Those who are well experience a lightness and buoyancy of spirit, a positive rest and recreation, when they exchange the monotonous routine of business for the always varying views of a pleasure-tour. Plow far the diseases of the hypochondriacal, the melancholic, and the overtasked, are favorably influenced by the journey to a summer resort, and the mirthful society congregated there, it is impossible to determine. But these auxiliaries of mineral-water treatment will never modify or eradicate the gouty or rheuma.tic diathesis, they will not ar- rest the formation of gall-stones, they will not cure catarrh of the bladder, or reUeve diabetes, all of which the waters them- selves will do. It is objected by some that, when a mineral water is ad- vised, we do not know exactly what was prescribed. In reply, it is only necessary to refer to the fact that all our remedies — of organic origin — are compound drugs of multiple ingredients, many of the constituents being unknown. Especially is this true, at the present day, of assafcetida, castor, and valerian ; and yet we employ these medicines without hesitation. Pre- vious to the prasent century the active principle of no vege- table drug was known, and yet many of them were used as skilfully as to-day. Opium was introduced into practice, and its value defined, by men who knew nothhig of morphia, nar- cotino, codeia, thebaine, narceine, mcconine, and meconic acid, its principal chemical constituents. Far be it from me to ACTION OF MINERAL WATERS. 99 decry the value of these discoveries ; let it only be remembered that there was a time when medical men knew nothing of them, and yet the virtue of the drug was the same as to-day. So, in the case of mineral waters, we may not be able to dis- cover their exact ingredients, or decide the action of so many chemicals in one solution ; but we slfould not, on this account, refuse to employ them if reliable evidence of their efficacy can be adduced. In the study of mineral waters artificial preparations will not be considered. They may serve a good purpose in some instances, but, as a rule, they bear little resemblance to the natural waters. They are usually pleasant carbonated drinks, with a proportion of alkalies, iron, or Epsom salts, according as these ingredients may predominate in the water of the spring which they are supposed to represent. Chemists do not claim absolute accuracy for their analyses of waters ; the combina- tion of the elements is always empirical. How, then, even when the most scrupulous adhesion to details is observed (which seldom or never occurs), can manufacturers of these preparations produce an imitation identical in action with the spring-water ? Water is the most important inorganic constituent of the bodv.^ It forms two-thirds of its substance, and is in more or loss intimate combination with every organ, bone, or tissue. Chemically speaking, we are only so much water in combina- tion with varied proportions of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, chloride of sodium, phosphate of lime, carbonate of lime, carbonate of soda, etc. , It is, however, an exceedingly mobile constituent ; it is continually discharged from the body, and continually renewed, so that, while any given tissue or organ of the body maintains about the same proportion, k docs not for any length of time retain the same particles of w liter. A\'hcn water is taken into the stomacjh it enters the circu- lation innnediately. It is first absorbed by the gastric veins, and thence passes directly to the [)ortal vein, and this blood- > Fliut'8 " PbysiolofeTT of Man," p. 80. 40 MINERAL SPRINGS. ' I vessel usually contains more water than any other. Certain conditions of the water, however, regulate the rapidity of this absorption. If an immoderate quantity is taken at once, a sensation of weight is produced, the absorbents are gorged by the excess of water, endosraosis is almost prevented, and the process proceeds but alowly. Again, the temperature of water influences its digestion. Water much warmer, or consider- ably cooler, than the "► 'ood readily penetrat ^ the absorbents, while, if exactly the same temperatiu'e, it produces nausea and is frequently rejected. If, however, the temperature verges on the extreme in either direction the water is not tolerated, for then the vitality of the mucous membrane is imperJUed. When water entering the stomach is highly charged with xuin- eral salts, it is absorbed but slowly. When ordinary drinking-water is taken in large quantities, h acts principally as a diuretic. It largely increases the amount of urine discharged, and the quantity of urea, phos- phates, sulphates, and chlorides, is also augmented.* If the temperature of the air is somewhat elevated, the water also acts as a diaphoretic. It seldom passes off by the intes- tines. These effects pertain to all kinds of water taken in large quantities, and are not peculiar to mineral waters, as is often imagined. Prof. Liebig tells us : " If a tumbler of about four ounces of ordinary water, which is poorer in salines than the blood, is taken every ten minutes before breakfast, a quan- tity of colored urine will be discharged after the second tum- bler, which nearly corresponds to the quantity of water taken in the first tumbler ; and, if twenty tumblers are taken one after another, there may be nineteen discharges of urine, which, at last, becomes almost colorless, and then contains hardly more salines than the water which was drunk.'* A familiar illustration of the rapidity of the absorption and elimination of water is found in the tippler's ready method of sobering himself, after taking too much wine. He goes to the nearest fountain, and drinks one or two quarts of water. It enters the b!ood immediately, dilutes the alcohol there, and » Althaus's "Spaa of Europe," p. 160. !L. ACTION OF MINERAL WATERS. 41 passes olT ireely by the kidneys, rcmov^ing the alcohol with it, so that in ten minutes the man is perfectly sober. It has been ob='"rved by Dr. Genth that, if large quantities of water are taken in twenty-four hours (four thousand cubic centimetres), the temperature of the body falls, the pulse be- comes slower, and the number of inspirations per minute are diminished.^ The temperature of water drank also bears a relation to its action on the system as well as its absorption ; thus, cold water increases the peristaltic motion of the stomach and in- testines, while hot water does not produce this eflfect. For this reason certahi mineral waters mry purge when taken cold, but w ill not do so when hot. Hosier," who instituted a series of experiments relative to the action of "water, found a difference of action at different ages. The eiTects were more decided and lasting in children than in adult.'i. If water was administered for a considerable tine, the metamorphosis of tissue proceeded much more rap- idly in persons of feeble constitution than in t'le vigorous. He also found that in those instances in which the appetite was indulgf>d (for it was usually increased), the waste of tissue was compensated, and the person did not lose in weight. In some cases the action of the water was more diaphoretic than diuretic. The action of mineral waters may be divided into the m- iiiediate and the remote. The immediate action is that which results within twenty- fotir hours after it is taken. It may present as a stimulant^ scd'ffhe, or eliminant^ according to the constitution of the watfir. The first impression of a mineral water is that which is exorcised upon the stomach. Waters cold in temperature, cx:)ntaining considerable carbonic-acid gas and alkaline in con- st ituiion, will prove sedative, both to ihat organ and the arte- riid system, while hot waters and those highly charged with I ?! I'M r > AllLttus'8 "Spas of Europe," p. ICl. '■' " U ntcisiicliungon ul)or den ElufluBB des luoorlichf u GcbrnuehoB," otc. lWi7. Quotjd from AlthauB. OuttioKen. 42 MINERAL SPRINGS. ? 'I :i II"' sul|jhurctted hydrogen will prove stimulant. Certain sulphur- vvaterSj containing considerable organic matter, are decidedly sedative in action, reducing the frequency of the pulse. The eliminant action results from the effect of the waters on tlie intestines, kidneys, and skin. Waters containing chloride of sodium, sulphate of soda, or sulphate of magnesia, in large proportion, act readily on the intestines. The alkali.ie and calcic waters prove diuretic, some of them stimulating the kid- neys in a marked manner. Certain waters are cathartic or diuretic, according to the mode of administration. Tiius, a water containing a comparatively small amount of purgative salts, with other constituents, Huch ns sulphate of lime and carbonates, will prove actively cathartic if taken in doses of two or three glasses before breakfast ; but, if the same quan- tity be equally distributed through the day in small portions, it will produce a copious flow of urine, while the intestines will be unaffected. Although pure water when taken in large quantities tends to produce diaphoresis, yet there are some mineral waters that affect the integumentary excrctories in a marked degree. Such are the sulphur-waters. Tliip, action is promoted if the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere is high, and atarded if it is low. Mineral waters also produce stimulation or sedation when applied externally. The results obtained in this way dejDend more on the temperature of the water than any action it pos- sesses as a medicated agent. However, it is undoubted that water containing a large proportion of carbonic-acid gas is thereby rendered directly stimulant to the skin, and waters highly impregnated with organic constituents — those that are unctuous or oleaginous in texture — prove sedative. T'e remote action of a mineral water is its alterative effect. And tliis, in the majority of diseases, is by fjir the most impor- tant quality. Alteratives are medicines which, in appropriate doses, mod- ify the nutrition of the body without producing any antece- dent phenomena.' This is precisely the result obtained by the ' StlUo's "TherapeuticB and Materia Mcdlca," 1964, vol. 11., p. 629. ACTION OF MINERAL WATERS. 43 Ionf'--continucd use of mineral waters in moderate doses, liow tliis occurs is readily understood when we consider the consti- tution of the body. As has been before stated, we are only so much water in combination with varied proportions of car- bon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, chloride of sodium, phos- phate of lime, carbonate of lime, carbonate of soda, etc. The water thus combined may be termed the water of constittition, answering the same purpose in maintaining the body in form that the water of crystallization does in continuing a crystal in its integrity. But, although the amount of water in the body is about the same, it is continually being replaced, a por- tion being discharged and a corresponding portion received. For the ordinary purposes of quenching thirst we imbibe waters containing a very minute quantity of mineral ingredients ; but when we repair to a mineral fountain for the cure of disease we drink freely of water containing double, treble, quadruple, and even a hundred times, the quantity and number of chemi- cal constituents. The water thus introduced, slowly and regu- larly, penetrates every blood-vessel, capillary, and tissue of tlie bodily structure, gradually replacing the water of consti- tution, and by its different chemical affinities changing the molecular organism. It is not maintained that all of the con- stituents of the mineral water are retained ; doubtless an al- most infinitesimal quantity is incorporated each day ; but in the course of weeks there is a decided and radical result — an alterative effect — manifested by increased metamorphosis of tissue, by elimination of poisonous elements, by the cure of disease. If too long continued, however, a cachectic state will result similar to that produced by the prolonged administra- tion of other alterative agents after the full effect has been produced. All mineral waters produce an alterative action. Is there any difference in this action as it results from various waters ? We answer, unhesitatingly, Yes. The alterative effect of dif- ferent classes of waters varies, just as the alterative action of iodine, arsenic, or mercury. Each acts on diverse portions of tlie blood and tissues. The alterative effect of alkaline waters 44 MINERAL SPRINGS. i lii'i exhibits itself in a reduction of the fibrinous element of the blood — in a modification of the processes which produce Mtliic acid. Saline waters exert their influence most decidedly on the glan- dular system. Sulphur-waters tend to the skin. Chalybeate waters affect the red globules of the blood. In like manner we may expect variations in the alterative action of the sub- divisions of the different classes. And, although our knowl- edge in this direction is not as specific as desirable, still there is sufficient to amply establish, the varied alterative action of mineral waters. When mineral waters are taken in excessive quantities for some time, there is a kind of revolt of the system known as the bad sturm, or bath-fever. There is diminished appetite, a sense of excessive fatigue, excitement of the pulse, heat of the skin, and riometimes giddiness. While this feverish condition testifies the constitutional action of the water, it is in no way necessary or desirable in the treatment of disease. It corre- sponds to the ptyalism produced by hydrargyrum ; the nausea drjmess of the throat, and irritation of the eyelids, caused by arsenious acid, and the pustular eruption resulting from iodine. When this Irritant action of a mineral water shows itself, it is necessary to diminish the quantity taken, or entirely suspend it for several days. The action of thermal waters containing but a small propor- tion of mineral constituents is undoubtedly due to stimulation of the excretory function of the skin. A consideration of the process followed at these establishments enables us to under- stand how cures are produced in this way. In many of them the following or a similar routine is followed : The patient first enters a warm or hot bath, where he remains for some minutes until the capillaries of the skin are thoroughly congested. While there he places any painful or contracted joint or neu- ralgic portion of the body under a spout of hot water. From the warm bath he proceeds to the vapor-room, wher-? he is surrounded with hot vapor of high temperature. During his stay in this apartment he drinks freely of hot wat«r, and per- spiration pours from the integument. Thence he passes to a ACTION OF MINERAL WATERS. 45 mse.'A to a retiring-room, where he reclines on a cot well wrapped in a blanket. ITiere he remains for fifteen or twenty minutes, most of the time in a bath of perspiration, and the process ic complete. A bath of this kind is repeated every day or e\c''y other day for weeks. Is it surprising that under these condi- tions the metamorphosis of tissue proceeds with excessive rapidity ; that changes are wrought in a few weeks which in the ordinary course would occupy years ? Tlie entire system is drenched with warm water; it is thoroughly washed out, and in these copious sweats uric acid, syphilitic poison, and other materials of disease, arc expelled. Profuse warm and hot bathing is sometimes followed by an eruption on the surface of the skin known as psydracla t/termalis, the bad friesel, or la j^oussee. It is accompanied with slight feverishness, fulness of the head, and other symp- toms similar to those described above in bath-fever. These eruptions also occur in some instances as a result of the inter- nal use of mineral waters. They were at one time thought necessary to the curative action of thermal waters* Experi- ence, however, has proved the fallacy of this idea, unless it be in some instances of inveterate skin-disease, when these bath eruptions seem to cure the original malady hy suhstitu- tio?i. We cannot close this chapter more appropriately than by quoting the words of the lamented Trousseau — a man pos- sessed of a ca^ .1, judicial and philosophic mind — distinguished for accurate knowledge in every department of medicine — the most brilliant practitioner of this century : " Whatever may be said of them, mineral waters are not simple medicaments ; whatever may be the predominant min- eralizing agent as demonstrated by analysis, it acts not jilone. Nature, in combining, w4th the more or less notable elements which chemistry may isolate, other exceedingly variable ingre- dients, and principles which have not yet been discovc red, has done for this mineralized agent that which we seek h) imitate each day in our proscrii)tions when we endeavor to reinforce or diminish the efl'ect of a medicinal substance by associating m ■\vv M I'll m 40 MINERAL SPRINGS. others with it. Tn making due allowance always for the par- ticular phenomena which may result from the action of such or such elements which enter into the composition of a mineral water f we should not attribute to a sini/lo principle^ however dominant it appears in the chemical analysis^ all the proper- ties of the watery and clinical experience only can permit us to judge.^ This is so exceedingly true that dyspepsias allied to a grave cachectic state — I do not now speak of paludal cachexia — are admirably modified by very diflferent waters, by those of Vichy or Pougues ; by those waters in which the mineralizing principle escapes, so to speak, chemical analysis ; such as the waters of Plombi^rcs and Bagn^res-de-Bigorrc. Although we range Plombieres in the class of sulphated soda- waters and Bigorre in that of sulphated calcic, they have a mineralization so feeble in appearance that the predominance of such or such of their elements is lost, and renders their classification, so to speak, artificial. In comparing them with the waters of the Seine taken at different points near Paris, with those of Arcueil or those of the artesian wells of Gre- nelle, we find the advantage with the latter, relatively at least, to the waters of Plombieres. But, considering the results of medical experience, we know that the waters of the Seine liave no other effect than to occasion a slight diarrhoea in some individuals not habituated to their use, and which we know not bow else to attribute than to the salts of soda, to tlie chlorides which they contain in very small quantity. They have never been, that I know of, inscribed in the very volumi- nous catalogue of mineral waters. In placing them thus in parallel with the waters of Plombieres, of Bagneres-de-Bi- gorre — I will add, with the waters of Neris or of Mont Dore, which are hardly more mineralized than they — far be it from my thought of forgetting for an instant the efficacy of these justly-celebrated thermals.* Plombieres and Bagneres-de- Bigona, in the particular disease which occupies us, in virtue of an action which escapes us and which I know not how to • The Italics are not in the original i* These waters are uaed internally in dyspepsias. ACTION OF MINERAL WATERS. 47 (;xplain, triumph over rebellious dyspepsias. Under their salutary influence the appetite revives, the constitution is re- organized; patients affected with dropsy, with visceral en- gorgement, arrive at PlombiOres or at Bigorre in a deplorable state, and depart, after a single season, in a condition notably ameliorated, and are often cured in a manner aHogcther un.. expected." ' I " Cllnlque Medlcalo," Paris, 18G5, L iU., pp. » Cfe. / CHAPTEK V. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. i! ;!| I ,f in Some vomers on mineral waters almost entirely ignore their chemical constituents, finding v^ the fact that, when analyzed, we cannot explain all of their efl'ccts — an argument against any consideration of this portion of the subject. Fortunately, those who would thus place a seal on investigation are but a small minority. Although it will readily be conceded that an analysis, however accurate, in the present state of science, will not always indicate the diseases to which the water is applica- ble, still, in the majority of instances, it forms an exceedingly valuable guide — one which cannot be overlooked. And, if we are ever thoroughly to comprehend the action of mineral waters, the discovery lies in this direction. Since the dis- covery of iodine and its virtue in scrofula, its salts have been detected in many mineral waters which had long been consid- ered valuable in that disease. It is nevertheless true that the combinations of the ele- ments, as shown in analyses, are altogether empirical. The chemist first determines the bases — the amount of magnesia, soda, potassa, lime, alumina ; then the acids and gases — the carbonic acid, sulphuric acid, silicic acid, chlorine, iodine ; and^ after each of these elements is separated, he combines them according to approved formulae, giving the result in so many grains of carbonate of magnesia, sulphate of potassa, chloride of sodium, iodide of sodium, etc. Yet, although the chemist may have performed his work most faithfully, still there are unknown quantities that elude his search, appearing in the analysis under the designations loss, organic matter, or extrac- tive matter. These facts, however, only show that chemical science is not perfect. Tlie process by which raiu-wuter dissolves salts from rocks CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. 40 in passiiif^ tlirou atillo's " Thcrnpeiitiea and Materia Medlca," vol. il., p. 788. CUEMICAL CONSTlTCENia 59 ent constit- ngs flowing a greenish and to the Examples, Ilia, and the «d with tlie ,ng1y soluble preparations 3nts, though ; in diseases chronic diar- only in small ve properties ;re long cele- .loffous affec- discovery of presence in lie eifects of iymptoms are ling good and he heart, de- In this ema- goitres have ,3 were fully im a sea-side ;er, but move [lie in certain ii-transparent bitter taste. |78t\ There is seldom more than a trace to be found in mineral wa- ters. This is the preparation most frequently employed for procuring the alterative eftects of iodine in various diseases, such as scrofula, chronic rheumatism, tertiary syphilis, goitre, etc., etc. Iodide of sodium is the form in which iodine is most frequently found in mineral waters. There is seldom as mucli as one-fifth of a grain of the salt to a pint of water ; but even this minute proportion is sufficient to produce the alterative cfFects of iodine. This salt in all its characteristics resembles the iodide of potassium above described, and is re cdial in the same diseases. BROMIDES. Tiiese salts exist in somewhat larger proportion than the iodides. The combination which is most frequently found is that of bromide of magnesium. This snlt occ s in strong saline waters. The bromides, when given in small doses and long continued, are alterative in their effect, and in some cases reduce enlargements of lymphatic glands, the spleen, liver, ovaries, and uterus, but are not equal to the iodides for this puqiose.* They are principally used to allay nervous irita- bility. niOSPHATES. These occur in minute proportion in many springs. The minerals from which they are derived are basalt, mica, granite, dolomite, slate, chalk, and many other formations. The phos- phates vary in action according to the base with which the phosphoric acid is combined : thus the phosphate of soda is a inild cathartic, possessing but little taste ; the phosphate of iron is a tonic, and the phosphate of lime is recommended in scrofulous affections. SILICATES. Silica is found in some proportion in almost all springs, but in much larger quantity in thermal than in cold springs. Silicates have been supposed to impart to certain waters the » 8tilJ6'9 "Therapeuttc8 and Materia Medica," vol. U., p. 759. 11 60 MINERAL SPRINGS. peculiar unctuous texture which they possess. The medical action of these salts has never been investigated. l.l! i h BOEACIC ACID. This acid is sometimes found in considerable quantity in springs rising in volcanic districts. In Southern California there is a lalco from which borax — borate of soda — may be obtained in unlimited quantity. Borate of soda is an alka- line salt used externally as a cosmetic ; internally it has proved decidedly emmenagogue and ecbolic. It has also been recom- mended for the purpose of dissolving lithic-acid gravel. FLUORIDES. Salts of lluohydric acid have been found in mineral springs in minute quantities. They are derived from mica, lepidolite, and hornblende. Their medicinal action is unknown. NITRATES. Occasionally, salts formed by nitric acid are found in min- eral waters. The nitrates of soda and potassa, in moderate doses, are diuretic in action ; in large doses, purgative. ! i ,11 ARSENIC. In a fcAv mineral: waters minute quantities of this substance are found. It may also be mentioned that traces of antimony^ zinc, copper, tin, lead, etc., are sometimes detected. Arsenic, in very minute doses, is an alterative medicine of decided value. It is efficacious in the treatment of chronic rheumatism, inter- mittent fever, and scaly diseases of the skin. ORGANIC ACIDS. In a number of mineral waters crenic and apocrenic acids are found. They contain no nitrogen, and are the product of the decomposition of humus. In some instances they form soluble compounds with soda, potassa, and iron. Their medici- nal action has not been studied. f CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. 61 ORQANIC SUBSTANCES. Ill the sulpluir-wiiters of the Pyrenees, in France, three peculiar organic substances have been discovered. Tiiey are interesting to us, from the fact that several springs iv this country of marked properties contain similar ingredients. They are described as follows : * Bar&jine, or Jlydrosbi^ of Laitihron. — If certain sulphur- waters be evaporated to dryness, a brownish-yellow residue is left which is blackened on the application of heat, and at the same time disengages a small quantity of ammonia. This substance is found to be an organic azotized matter, and is called harejjlne from the springs of Bareges, in which it was first detected. The name hydrosin is more appropriate, as disconnecting it from any particular spring or supposed qual- ity. A solution of it precipitates the salts of lead abundantly, and gives a white precipitate with nitrate of silver, which al- most immediately assumes a reddish tint. This substance corresponds to the sulfurhydrine of Cazin and the ^)yr^^ieiVir half an hour L to do so after lath.^ On leav- el exceedingly jtivity is decid- re said to walk Liently found in ngly important 3ver the action It frequently emi-active vol- decompositicn its presence is n the presence ^<>:en comes in lydrogen com- giving to the IS, quickly pro- (y. However, 3d, and in this mptoni of the poisonous action of the gas is a small and fe' ' ■ 4 m. CHAPTER VI. tiip:i{Ai»kutics. In pursuing this inosl important branch of our subject, -we will treat -separately of cmcIi disease in which mineral waters prove beneficial, and refer to the chisses of water adai)ted to them. A larf>;c number of maladies are immediately elimi- nated from consideration when we state, as a rule al\va3'S to be remembered, that mineral icaters are only applicahh to the treatment of chronic diseases. In the course of many chronic diseases there are times when the malady is in abeyance, and the patient is apparently well; while at other periods it manifests itself in all its severity. The well known disease, gout, is an illustration. During the paroxysms, it presents all the characteristics of an acute dis- ease ; but in the intervals the p(!rson seems to enjoy good health, though liable to be ovcrAvhelmed at any time with an attack. These intervals may be termed periods of inactivity. The appropriate time for iising a mineral water is during the inactivity of the disease, ILnvever, this rule will not ai)ply to all chronic diseases, for some of them present no intoT-v.ds of this kind. But it is always to be remembered that mineial waters should not be given when the patient is feverish and the pulse excited; these symptoms should first be allayed. are hill CONSTITUTIONAL AND C.ENEKAL DISEASES. Tinder this title are embraced cachectic diseases, de}»end- ing on a peculiar vice or condition of the fluids and solids of the body — diseases which are fre(iuently hereditary; and zy- motic diseases, due to a specific poison introduced into the blood fjom without, either by direct contact or by breathing :J| THERAPEUTICS. 67 ubject, we al waters (laptod to oly elinii- ahvays to '.ibh to the arc times pparently s severity, uriiig the icLite (lis- joy good 3 witli an iiactivity. iiruHj t/te not apply intOT-v.ils t riiiueral jrish and ayed. , depend- solids of , and zy- iiito the )reatliing an almosplierc charged with the infecting poison. Although they freciuently present local manifestations, they do not uni- formly ailect the same portions of the body ; and the person is in a conditicm in which it is impossible to say what part of the or"-anism will testify to the morbid state. lUieumatisin. — This is a disease so familiar to every one that little need be said concerning its peculiarities. It is well known ihat acute may eventuate in chronic rlieumatism, and that those who in early life have been afllicted with the former are very liable, as years advance, to become subjects of the latter. Of clironic rheumatism there are three varieties. That ordinarily met with is known as chronic articular rhGumatlsm. \.\\ this malady, one or more joints are the seat of more or less intense pain, for months or years ; a pain which is increased by motion or pressure. The joints may be swollen, but there is seldom heat or redness. After the disease has continued a long time, the joint may become stiffened — a result due not only to thickening of the adjoining structures, but also to want of motion. A second form of rheumatism is called deforming rheunia' tUiii^ tiie rhwnatlsme noueitx of French authors. It is sel- dom a result of acute rheumatism, and is more frequently o])servod in females than males. It usually attacks the joints of the hand and foot, invading them one by one. The joint attacked is the seat of almost continuous pain, though it is not often gevere. It becomes gradually enlarged, and, on close examination, it will be found that the extremity of the bone is increased in size, and, in some instances, a bony for- mation has occurred within the joint, uniting the opposite synovial surfaces. The fingers at the same time become per- manently flexed, and frequently a slight dislocation occurs, which, when the hand is considerably involved, gives a dis- torted and knotty appearance. The joints of the hand most frequently attack(Ml are those of the first, middle, and ring finger, wlule the thumb and litth; f iger are frequently un- touohed. In th<^ foot, the great-toe is especially the seat of L' 68 MINERAL SPRINGS. tliC disease. The disease is not, liowever, limited cftiiv-Jy to the iiand and foot. Sometimes the hip-joint is affected l>v preference. A peculiarity of the disease is, that it almost in- variably attacks the corresponding joints on the opposite sides of the body at the same time. This form of rheumatism should be distinguished from the enlargement of gout, with which it is often eonfounded. In malformation of the joint from gout there are chalky deposits of urates, while in this disease the appearance of the joint results from osseous enlargement of the extremity of liie bone. In gout the lo'*' ' extremities are chiefly affected, whiki in this disease it is the upper. Women are most frequently the subjects of this malady, while gout i:)rincipally occurs in men. A third form of chronic rheumatism may be nientio:ied, termed muscular rJieumatism. This form, as its name implies, aflects the muscles and sheaths. It is a nuicli milder form than either of those described, and seldom occasions perma- nent stiffness or contractions. The treatment applicable to the different forms of (jivonic rheumatism does not vary materially. In all, the thermal waters should be chosen. These waters act more l)y heat than by their constituents. The tempe"!> lure of the baths need not be high ; from 95" to 100° Fahr. '■ - ;•! thciently warm, when the rheumatism is of the ordinary cnronic articular kind. The duration of the bath shoidd be about fifteen minutes at first ; and the time may be gradually extended till, toward the ter- mination of the treatment, the patient may remain an hour or more. A course of baths usually consists of thirty in succes- sion ; and, if these are insufficient, it is best to suspend their use, to be again resumed a few months later.' A blanket- sweat after tlie bath is an exceedingly valuable auxiliary. Particular care is necessary that cold be not taken after the bath. In cases of deforming rheumatism and chronic articular rhci!tnatisn% complicated with stiffenuiy of the joints^ baths • Nleuicyer's " Tcit Book of Medicine,'' American edlUon,ToI. ii., p, 4SP. ^-' "t#:;„- TUEIiAPEUTlCS. C9 CI tJiv-Jy lo airecic'd l>y : almost iii- positc sides 3d from tlio unded. In ky deposits >f the joint lity of Liie )cted, while ; frequently Y occurs in nientiorieJ, rae implies, iiilder forin ions pcrma- of »■] ironic c tlicrmal heat than IS need not , when the hind. The es at first ; rd the ter- an hour or in succes- pend their \ blanket- auxiliary. ti after the c articular mts^ baths p. 4S9. of the tempei-ature mentioned should he used, but the use of the hot douche should be added. The temperature of this may vary from 106 ^ to 120^ Fahr., according to the case and the eflect produced. In deforming rheumatism. Trousseau also recommends douches of hot sand as efficacious in promot- ing resolution and subduing pain. He says : " We should have the patient plunge the allected part in hot sand, or let the sand ftdl upon it at as high a temperature as possible. Tiie patients complain of a painful sensation of burning; nev- ertheless we can always, by the aid of the thermometer, grad- uate the temperature according to the degree of heat tolerated by (;ach patient. This temperature may be from 140° to 158° Fahr. The douches, or local baths of hot sand, should be re- peated from two to three times per day, and during one or two hours. It is important that the sand be maintained at the Same degree of temperature — a condition easy to obtain, as the sand cools slowly, and is always easily replaced when it commences to cool. In following this rule in the usage of hot siuid, the patient soon obtains notable relief, and it is easy to perceive a rapid diminution in the articular engorgements." * One distinction may be made in the use of tJiermal waters in rheumatism. It is this : Rheumatics are divided into two classes — those of the lymphatic temperament and those of the nervous. In the former, w%aters rich in the sulphurets liave seemed to produce the best results, and baths of the higher temperature are usually indicated; while in the latter — ^the nervous temperament — waters containing but a small propor- tion of constituents, and of nnxlerate heat, are preferable. Gout is the maladv of hon-vivants, those who indulg-e largely in the pleasures of the table, and inherit a tendency to the affection. There are sevend forms of the ilisease. In ande (/out, the paroxj^sms are attended with excessive pain. In c}ironlc gout^ihc, attacks are accompanied with less pain and fever, but may continue for weeks and months, and several joints may be attacked at the sa'>ie time. This form, also, is frequently accompanied with cha y deposits of urat...s in the » " Cliniqae Mt'dfcaks" Trousf uu, tome li!., p. S-il. •^^»;^- J? !? ■ '; ii 1 H M : 70 MINERAL SPRINGS. joints. The anomalous or atonic form is one into wliich p(3rf;jns, previously the subjects of acute gout, full ; un enfee- bled condition, accompanied by muscular weakness, dyspepsia, excessive perspirations, and increased sensitiveness; and slight errors in diet, excitement, exposure to cold, or changes of vv(;ather, produce severe pains in one or more joints, resembling the b(;ginning of an acute attack of gout, but which is never fully developed. There may also be gout in the stomach, in the heart, in the brain, and other internal organs, but such compile;' tions are rare. \n attack of acute gout is one of the most painful affec- tions which the liuman body endures. " A person of full habit and easy circumstances, a free liver, complains for some ilays of diminished a})petite, of somnolence, and of inaptitude of the mind ; usually of jovial disposition, he becomes irasci- ble, and the urine is found to deposit a red or brick-dust sedi- ment. On the day of the attack, however, these precursory symptoriS subside. He retires at night and sleeps tranquilly ; but toward two or three o'clock in the morning he awakes with a sensation of pain in one of the great-toes. He changes the position of his foot, hoi)ing to obtain rt^lief, but no ameli- oratitMi follows ; the pain increases slowly but surely in se- verity, till, finally, the touch of the covering is unbearable, and the slightest j-ir of the room or bed aggravates the pain, which he comjjares to a nail being driven into the joint, to tearing asundc of the ligaments, to the clinching of a vice at the utmost pressure — in short, exhausts the vocabulary of painful comparisons. The skin is hot, the pulse bounding. Toward mornhiM' the pain moderates, and when day dawns he feels little or no pul.s,, and passes a comparatively easy day. The seat ot the pa-n Is red and swollen. Toward evening, how- ever, the pain recommences, and during the night the previous tortures arc repeated, again to subside in the morning. x\nd each night, for as many as eight nights it may be, these pains recur. »» In this disease there is always a condition known as the "uricMCid diathesis;" the blo:)d is charged with uric arid, but THERAPEUTICS. 71 3 into which 11 ; an enfce- ss, dyspepsia, ss; and sliglit r changes of :s, resemblin " CUiiiqiio Modicale," tome 111., p. 857. 11 ■ t i ■ 72 MINERAL SPKINGS. be guarded in this disease. Authorities agree on this point: Whoever i)ursues a course of alkaline waters, should be cau- tioned not to deluge the system with the water, but to drink with great moderation ; three ordinary glasses per day of the stronger waters being amj)ly suflicient. rro(|uently, one or two seasons of these waters will render a gouty subject com- paratively free from attacks, provided the person is exceed- ingly cautious in his table habits, eating meat but once a day, not partaking of wine or beer, and restricting his diet cliielly to vegetables and sou{)S. While taking alkaline waters, it is not iniusual for a moderate paroxysm of gout to be excited. In this, however, there is no cause for alarm, a temporary sus- pension of the water being all that is indicated. In regular gout the use of baths is contra-indicated as a rule. Durand-Fardel says : " The treatment of acute gout is altogether internal; however, baths maybe employed in the absence of all actual manifestations of gout, and provided there is no tendency to iiTcgular manifestations of the malady toward the head or chest. . . . The usage of douches is always to be dreaded." ' In chronic gout saline waters are indicated, those rich in chloride of sodium. And in this condition the same care in the ure. of waters is to be observed as in regular gout. The saline waters are especially useful in lymphatic temperaments. The favorable effects of the classes of waters named, in relieving gout, is supjDosed by Niemeyer to depend on the re- duction of plethora due to a misproportion between supply and demand in the body, " whether the plethora depend solely on hypertrophy of the blood, i. e., an increase of its cellular elements, and a certain density of the intercellular substance (the scrum of the blood), or on an accompanying absolute in- crease of the amount of blood contained in the body. It is verv interestine: to note that the beneficial effect of these nat- lU'al mineral waters on plethora, which has been long known, and which far exceeds that of ordinary water, agrees w itli the observations of C. Schmidt and Vogel, according to which the > " Dictlonnaire des Eaux Mlniniles," tome ii., p, 8P. THERAPEUTICS. 73 tlik point: )n]cl be cau- jiit to tlriiik r day ol" the litly, one or subject com- 1 is e.xeecd- once a day, diet chielly waters, it is • be excited, nporary sus- amount of albumen in the scrum of the blood is inversely pro- portional to the amount of salt." ' In cases of anomalous or atonic gout, those presenting general cachexia, the reducing course of treatment should be abandoned. The patient may take more freely of nutriment, and a little wine may be permitted. The waters then indi- cated are the chalybeates, or the chloride of sodium waters, containing considerable iron. The author just quoted says: " It is always better to let the patient use the ferruginous al- kaline-saline and alkaline-muriatic mineral waters, such as Eger, Kissingen, or Ilomburg, than to prescribe simple ferru- gnious waters or preparations of iron." H<' adds: "In the later stages of the disease, the akrato-thermal springs — Wild- bad, Gastein, Pfiiffers, etc. [hot waters, containing but a very small proportion of ingredients — W.], are very serviceable. We may have the patient drink of these waters and bathe in them ; perhaps the infarctions obstructing the tubules may be carried away by the former, and the kidneys washed out, as it were ; while the latter have the most beneficial effect on the in- flammation of the joints." ' In using these last-named waters in this stage of the disease, we should remember the tendency of the malady, when too much interfered with, to leave the joints and attack some more vital part, and their effects should therefore be closely scrutinized. With the precautions mentioned, thermal waters in the form of baths and douches may be employed with great bene- fit for the purpose of removing gouty deposits. Sf/phills. — For this frightful disease, the ravages of which are so much to be dreaded, there is no absolute cure. If men knew the perils of the disease, they would perhaps more care- fully guard against the contraction of a malady which often lenders old age a burden, and manifests its effects even to eliildren's children. We have said there is no absolute cure — no condition in which we can say the patient will never have symptoms of the virus which has penetrated his system ; nev- ertheless, under the use of proper remedies, the patient may, ' " Text- Book of Medicine," Aiiicrleau edition, vol. il., p. 5()4. ^ Ibid, vol. ii., p. 505. t ' ' ni m^ Hit; n ^am* J -i * 1 , 1 'i! , ( ,1 . ' 1 . 1 ill ■ 'ill '^ il illi! 74 MINERAL SPRINGS. to all external appearance, be entirely cured, and may suffer little inconvenience from the disease. What is the value of mineral waters in this disease ? Ri- cord has affirmed that mineral waters are insufficient by them- selves to arrest the progress of the syphilitic virus ; and this view is sanctioned by the most competent observers — Vidal, Sigmund, Michaelis, Constantin James, and Durand-Fardel. All, however, agree that in many instances they are a valuable auxiliary; that in certain cases the action of anti-syphilitic remedies is thereby rendered more reliable ; that while using mineral waters the system is much more tolerant of the action of these medicines; and that ill effects from the previous im- proper use of them are obviated. An additional value of mineral waters, especially the sulphur-waters, in this disease, is as a diagnostic criterion. While using them it frequently occurs that persons who considered themselves free from the disease, have observed with alarm the appearance of the old malady in the form of skin-disease. It seems that, however latent the disease, its manifestation is developed by sulphur- waters; and, as a rule, persons suspected of syphilis, who pursue a course of these waters without any symptoms super- vening, may be considered free from the disease. But in this, as in many medical problems, we do not arrive at mathemati- cal certainty. Ricord tells us there are instances of persons following a complete course of mineral-water treatment with- out any trace of the disease being manifested, and yet the following summer there has been a reappearance of the symp- toms. All classes of mineral waters have been used in the treat- ment of syphilis ; and, doubtless, they have proved useful, in greater or less degree, by their alterative action, in conjunc- tion with other medicines. Durand-Fardel says : "It appears beyond question that the association of mineral waters with specific medication is well adapted to overcome the resistance which the morbid constitution of some individuals oppose thereto. Most frequently tliis is a state of anaemia and gen- eral debility — a mingled consequence of the disease and the TIIEUAPEUTICS. 15 treatment, in fjico of which the mercurials and iodide of potas- sium are inactive or dan<^(!rou8. ... W c will with dirticulty lind a better combination of agencies capable of restorinj;^ the or^'-.inism enfeebled by the diathesis, or under the })rolonged iiithicnce of alteratives. The adjoinin*^ circumstances of alti- tude — air and sunli<2;ht — add to the I'emedial elFicacy of tlu; sit/phu)'02fs nud c/iluride oj' sodlton waters, already indicated. We a.lude neither the marine treatment; neither mother- waters (concentrated saline waters); neither the processes of hydrotherajiy. The internal use of chalybeate waters, and of those which, as Challes, Saxon, or Wildegg, are sensibly ioilurated, recommends itself in certain conditions."* The method of treatment which has received most favor in this country, when springs are resorted to, is that by hot baths. Tins manner of elimination, by exciting all the emunctories of the system in an unusual degree, highly commends itself. In this way changes of tissue are wrought in a few weeks that would otherwise require years ; and, along with the ilehri.'^^ the syphilitic poison is expelled. And, when sulphur and sa- line watcib are employed, the hot bath cannot well be dis- pensed with ; indeed, at all springs where this disease is treated, it is an important auxiliary. The various highly-min- eralized waters wdiicli are efficacious, probably act by the force that is imparted to specific medicines already absorbed in pre- vious courses of treatment. Metallic I*olsoim}g. — Workers in various metals are sub- ject to various symptoms, both, of the digestive and nervous systems, due to the slow absorption of the metal through the skin and lungs, producing a condition of chronic poisoning. Painter's colic is an ordinary form of this poisoning by lead, wliile that form of paralysis, known as " wrist-drop," is a fur- tiier development of the disease. We may also class certain cases of syphilis that have been ovcrtreated by mercurials un- der this head. The waters which prove most efficacious in these conditions are those of the sidj^hur class ; and, if they be thermal^ so that 1 Op. cit., tome ii., pp. &13, 811 M I!' -'11 ■ 1 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) k // // /^ r/. 1.0 I.I 11.25 ■ 22 lit Bi u US I lii |2.0 V2 o> Vi '\^ > ^>. Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STRIET WEKSTIR.N.Y. MStO (/I6) •72-4S03 r O 70 MINERAL SPRINGS. the elimination of the metal may be aided by hot baths, sa much the more are they appropriate. As a subsequent meas- ure in anaemic and debilitated patients, the chalybeate icaters will frequently prove beneficial. Diabetes Mellitus. — Not every case in which sugar is found in the urine is a true case of diabetes mellitus ; for there are sometimes healthy persons in whom a small proportion of su- gar in the urine is an occasional condition ; but they present none of the early characteristics of the disease — such as in- creased thirst, passage of immoderate quantities of urine, ex- aggeration of appetite, and feebleness of vision. When, however, we have to do with a clear case of sac- charine diabetes, what is the value of mineral waters in the treatment? We answer that, in many instances, they are un- equivocal, though, at the same time, it must be added that as far as observed they are but palliative. The waters which have given evidence of utility are the alkaline and calcic waters — those rich in carbonates of soda, magnesia, etc. The treatment by alkaline waters has been followed with much ad- vantage for many years at Vichy, in France, and Karlsbad, in Germany. Of the alkaline-saline thermals of Karlsbad, Nie- meyer says : " In our present state of knowledge, a course of waters at Karlsbad is the measure which should deserve the chief reliance as a remedy for diabetes mellitus." * During the use of these waters the quantity of sugar ex- creted Iz remarkably diminished, and all trace sometimes dis- appears; the inordinate thirst is also relieved, and the patient improves in strength. By successive seasons at these springs, together with proper attention to diet and exercise, the course of the malady has been stayed for years. Neither should bal- neary measures be omitted — a course of baths stimulating the functions of the skin proves a valuable adjunct. In this coun- try the same beneficial results have followed the use of alka- line and calcic waters ; and this has led proprietors of recently- discovered springs to exaggerate their efficacy in this disease. Fjct it be understood, however^ that positive relief may be ob- 1 "Text-Book of Modlclno," American edition, vol. 11., p. 769. THERAPEUTICS. 11 tained by alkaline waters more certainly than by any other remedy. But we should not forget that the administration of the alkaline remedies of the shops sometimes procures similar results, though not equally satisfactory. These waters are only to be resorted to in the first and second stages of the disease, before pulmonary phthisis or other profound lesions complicate the case. When these su- pervene, the malady is beyond the resource of medical art. Intermittent Fever. — There is no evidence showing that the paroxj'sms of intermittent fever can be arrested by the use of mineral waters. In cases of paludal cachexia, however, they may modify the general condition of the system, so that appro- priate remedies will readily yield the desired result. Under their use the chronic engorgements of the liver and spleen, produced by repeated paroxysms, are often entirely relieved. The waters most highly recommended are the alkaline — those strong in alkr.iine carbonates ' — and containing a certain propor- tion of iron. Saline waters also produce favorable results ; hot baths, in some instances, change an obstinate quartan or septan into a tertian, which readily yields to the usual treatment. Chronic Dysentery. — Probably no country has ever known more of this terrible disease than our own — a disease that, during the late war, decimated the forces by invalidism and death, and sent many home to linger through a life of anxiety and pain — some of whom are living at this day, continually liarassed by the malady. The disease in the army was due to exposure, fatigue, pal- udal miasm, and a diet devoid of fresh meat and vegetables. The effect of miasm and a scorbutic diet has been clearly de- monstrated. But, after the patient is entirely removed from the influence of these productive causes, there remains an ul- cerated, inflamed, and irritable condition of the colon, which continues almost indefinitely. This same irritable and ulcer- ated condition of the colon sometimes occurs in civil life as a sequel of acute dysentery. The milder forms, unaccompanied by ulceration, are known as chronic diarrhoea. » Troussenn'a " CHnlqno Mc'dlcale," tome HI., p. 5T. 78 MINERAL SPRINGS. ill U u The treatment of this disease has proved exceedingly un- satisfactory ; many drugs giving temporary relief, but a slight cold or error in diet bringing ii back with its former force. Tlie ulcerated and inflamed surfaces are in the condition of a chronic ulcer, externally, which may for a time be inactive, but does not heal. Many mineral waters in this country are claimed to be a remedy for this condition. Those, however, which possess the most unequivocal testimony in their favor are the so-called alum-waters of Virginia, which are well worthy of trial in a disease so diflicult of cure. Anasarca^ or dropsy, not being a disease, but a symptom of disease, it is not necessary to treat of it separately. It may be remedied, in some instances, by waters that relieve the con- dition on which it depends. Cancer. — There is no reliable record of cure of this dis- ease by mineral waters, though there are undoubted instances of considerable amelioration of symptoms. Cases of lupus and chronic ulcers have no doubt healed under their use, and hence has arisen the claim of cure for cancer. The waters which have attracted most attention in this disease are those of Sheldon, Vermont. Under the description of these waters this question is discussed. Scrofula. — In this malady, or class of maladies, tV.e best authorities bear uniform testimony in favor of the value of mineral waters. There arc two classes of scrofulous persons ; those of slender frame, with accelerated pulse and overactive nervous system, and those who are clumsy and thick-set, with enlargea nose and upper lip, and in whom the adipose tissue is strongly developed, the heart-action slow, and the nervous system obtuse. It is to this last class that mineral waters are best adapted. First among vraters for the relief of scrofula are the saline. Durand-Fardel says: "It is necessary to thoroughly under- stand the following rule of practice. Whenever we wish to remedy profound and confirmed scrofulous affections, such as show the constitutional dyscrasia in the most unmistakable manner, it is to waters strongly mineralized by chloride of I t TIIERAPEUTICS. 19 sodium that wc must resort." ' These waters are used botli internally and in the fomi of baths. The strong brine-bath, formed by concentration of saline waters, is especially useful. Speaking of these baths, after giving the indications for cod- liver oil, Niemeyer says : " It is far more difficult to furnich definite instructions for the use of the brine-baths, whose anti- SiM-ofulous virtues enjoy a reputation almost as great as that of cod-liver oil. We know too little about the action of these baths, and about the effect which they produce upon nutrition, and the advantages derived from the salt, iodine, and bromine, which they contain, to enable us to determine upon theoreti- cal principles where they are indicated, and where they are unlikely to do good. . . . Hence there is no resource but to send persons who have in vain tried cod-liver oil, and other anti-scrofukus remedies, to Kreutznach, Ischel, Kosen, or Wit- tckind, or some similar watering-place, in the hope that they may be among those to whom the baths will exhibit their anti- scrofulous virtues, which are by no means illusory." ' Sea-bathhig also enters appropriately into the treatment of certain conditions of scrofulous habit. Here the action is complex, for, adjoined to immersion in the saline waters of the ocean, we have the continuous inhalation of sea-air. Sea- baths seem best adapted to those conditions in which the scrofulous diathesis is not fully developed. When the dys- crasia is well marked, and inveterate local manifestations are exhibited, they do not answer so good a purpose. Salphur-watera are deemed especially applicable to those forms of scrofula accompanied by lesions of the skin, known as scrofulides. For these scrofulous diseases of the skin Hardy tells us, " in the form of baths mineral waters possess a happy influence ; the sulphur-waters, and, above all, those which are very rich in sulphur ; good success is also obtained by the bromo-iodatf d waters." * In tlus country, besides waters of the classes nameil, the • " DicUonnalre Q6n6ralo dos Eaiix Mincralcs," tome li., p. 749. ' "Toxt-Book of Medicine," American edition, vol. 11, p. 747. ' "Leyons «ur la Scrofulc et les ScroftiHdes," Paris, 1864, p, 91. 80 MINERAL SPRINGS. Rockbridge Alum and the He&ling Springs of Virginia enjoy considerable and well-deserved reputation in the treatment of scrofula. The last-named is especially adapted to those cases accompanied with ulceration of the skin or mucous membrane. In the cure of scrofula by mineral waters, a cure cannot be accomplished by a short season of two or three weeks. It is frequently necessary to remain at the springs for two or three months, and perhaps to return the succeeding season to com- plete the cure. Anmmia is the condition in which the red globules of the blood are diminished in quantity, and the other constituents are altered in character. It is not a disease in itself, but the result of many morbid conditions, especially such as prevail in numerous chronic diseases. Whenever the treatment of anne- mia is the prominent indication in the course of a chronic disease, chalyheate waters should be selected, choosing those which, because of the additional constituents besides the iron, are ap- plicable to the cure of the disease by which anajmia has been induced. Chlorosis. — This condition is to be distinguished from anaemia, associated with other diseases, such as phthisis pul- monalis, albuminuria, dyspepsia, syphilis, etc. The deficiency of the cellular elements of the blood — the red blood-globules — is the prominent characteristic, the number decreasing so that they may not amount to one-half the usual quantity, while the other elements of the blood remain normal. In anaemia, as a result of disease, not only is the number of globules reduced, but the constituents of the blood are altered in character and quantity. Chlorosis is essentially a disease of early woman- hood, and is in some unknown way connected with the pro- cess of development. The skin and mucous membranes are of a pallid hue, accompanied in some instances by a yellow- ish or greenish tint. The remedy above all others is iron, and, when it in desirable to send patients suffering from this disease to the springs, the chalyheate waters are to be chosen. The change of scene, and air and exercise, associated with a TUERAPEUTICS. 81 season at the springs, contribute largely to the effect of the waters. Sea-bathing is also of marked utility in these cases, DISEASES OF TUB NERVOUS SYSTEM. Hem iplegia, or paralysis of one side of the body from cere- bral apoplexy, is one of the most frequent forms of paralysis. The recovery in these cases is a work of Nature, md not of medicine, though by the proper use of mineral waters the pro- cess m«.y be aided in some instances. Aftei a'n apoplectic at- tack, not severe enough to destroy life, the communication between the brain and muscles is interrupted by the blood-clot pressing upon the intervening nervous filaments, or one side of the brain itself may be so pressed upon that impulse is not generated, and, as a consequence, we have entire suspension of motion of that portion of the body over which the impli- cated structures preside. Sensation is also abolished. Soon after the first effects of the apoplectic seizure have passed away, including the inflammatory fever, which is a result of the injury to the brain-substance, the condition of the patient begins slowly to improve, the more fluid portions of the clot are gradually absorbed, the pressure on the nerve-filaments is lessened, and, as a result, sensation is perhaps altogether restored, and motion partially. This process occupies months. At a certain point, however, the improvement ceases, the fluid portions of the clot have been absorbed, and there remains a shrunken nodule which is but slightly susceptible of absorjH tion. It is just at this point that mineral waters may prove useful. By promoting metamorphosis of tissue, they may still further advance the absorptive process. For this purpose saline waters are preferred, with common consent, for, while they promote the process of resolution, they do not stimulate the nerve-centres, as is the case with strong sulphur-waters.* Waters feebly mineralized, and of elevated temperature, also produce good results in hemiplegia. In commending these thermal waters^ Niemeyer says : " We must not hope that the destroyed filaments of the brain will be restored by the use > " Dicttonnalre G6ii6rale dcs Earn Mindrales " tomo ii., p. 498. 5 82 MINERAL SPRINGS. Ilfl III i I til i of these waters, but experience shows that, at these places (Wildbud, Gastein,PfaflFers),both cerebral and spinal paralysis often improve ; probably this improvement is due to the favor- able influence of the baths on the inflammation about the clot, and on that portion of the paralysis due to it." ' Mineral waters should not, then, be resorted to soon after an apoplectic seizure, but a certain length of time should elapse. As a general rule, about the fifth or sixth month after the attack is the most favorable time for the use of mineral waters.' In this disease waters are used both internally and externally. The nearer to the attack the stronger is the indi- cation for the internal use of waters, and more especially the laxative salines. In this manner it may be hoped that absorp- tion will be advanced. Later, however, when all that can be gained in this way has been obtained, warm douches should bo employed, expecting thereby to stimulate the peripheric nerves and arouse the inactive muscles. Nothing, however, is to be gained when the hemiplegic paralysis is of some years' standing, and the muscles will not respond to the stimulation of the electric current. Paraplegia.^ or loss of motion in the lower extremities, is due either to functional derangement or organic disease of the spinal cord, li is in the first form only that we are to expect ' favorable results from treatment by mineral waters. "When paraplegia is a result of rheumatism, syphilis, venereal excess, or chronic metallic poisoning, we may expect some s iccess from their use. In the paraplegia consecutive to accouche- ment. Prof. Siebold strongly recommends the wafers of TOp- litz, in Bohemia (thermal waters, from 100° to 130° Fahr.). The waters which have proved most efficacious in paraple- gia are those of the thermal class. They are used both as a l)ath and douche. The mode of employing the waters of Wildbad, in Austi'ia (91° to 100° Fahr.), in paraplegia, is thus described by Constantin James : " They first administer baths of from ten to fifteen minutes ; then tiiey augment tlie dura- > "Tex' Book of Medicine," vol. ii., p. 202. 3 " Guide aux Eaux Miin'i-ales," Constantin James, p. 410. ii. THERAPEUTICS. 83 tion so as finally to arrive at baths oi an hour, which, how- ever, they shorten or suspend altogether the moment symptoms of -eaction are manifest. It is usually between the first and second week that benefit commences to be experienced. At this period they sometimes begin the use of the douche, of wliich the volume and the fall should poss. ss but a very feeble den-ree of percussion. By the discreet application of the douche, the good effects of the waters are much aided." * In paraplegia due to syphilis, or chronic metallic poisoning, we iKuy appropriately apply those thermal waters which, be- sides heat, contain ingredients that act directly in eliminating the original cause of the disease. It is perhaps best to repeat that paraplegia is only bene- fited when there is no organic lesion of the spinal cord. If the muscles of a paraplegic do not respond on testing them with the electric current, and the limbs are diminished in size, we can hope for no remedial effect from mineral waters. Locomotor ataxia is characterized by an inability to prop- erly control the movements of the limbs in walking, though muscular force remains. It is due to organic changes in the posterior columns of the lower portion of the spinal cord, and is little influenced in its unfavorable course by treatment of any kind. Trousseau, however, recommends sulphur-hatha^ and Nieraeyer favors thermal waters^ not with expectation of cure, but as giving relief. Niemeyer says: ** There is no c!(jubt that tabes patients have been decidedly benefited by tlie treatment at these places (Wildbad^ Gastein, Ragaz, PfUf- fcis, Toplitz, etc.)." ' Keuralgia, — In the treatment of neuralgia we have fre- quently to do with what may be termed a neuralgic constitu- tion — one in which the nerves are in an irritable state, and r;\'idily impressed by external influences. This nervous condi- tion is almost invariably accompanied by an asthenic state of the system ; and, that we may relieve the neuralgias to which » "Guide aiix Eaux Min^irales," p. 244. * " CUnlque M6dlcale," tome U., p. 550 3 "Text-Book of Medicine,"' American edition, vol. 11., p. 2T«. ! SI i. !i 84 MINERAL SPRINGS. these persons are subject, we must address our remedies to the general condition. For this purpose, light, air, and exer- cise, are exceedingly important. And to these we may add the use of baths and mineral waters, by no moans second in im- portance. The thermal waters are those which most frequently produce favorable results ; not those of a high degree of heat, but such as are of moderate temperature, and where there are facilities for taking prolonged warm baths and douches of varying temperature. It should be added, however, that in some atonic cases most benefit is derived from a sudden and short immersion in a cold bath, or by the use of transition douches. Chalybeate waters are also valuable in anscmic cases. Sea-baths prove exceedingly efibctive in many instances. The various local neuralgias, such as facial, brachial, and sciatic, are often dependent on rheumatism, syphilis, or metal- lic poisoning. It is in rheumatismal cases that the best results are obtained ; and indeed it is the cure of these cases that has given to many thermal springs the great reputation they pos- sess in this disease. When the neuralgia is a result of syphilis, we treat this condition ; and when it arises from metallic poi- soning, the sulphur-waters are of decided benefit. A favorite and valuable method of treating sciatic neuralgia is by the warm or hot douche. Especially has this proved beneficial when there is chronic inflammation of the nerve or nerve- sheaths. HYSTERIA^ This disease is too often considered by the laity as a whim of a foolish woman, instead of a derangement of the nervous system, which it really is. Of the many kinds of treatment to which we are frequently compelled to resort, that of a sojourn at an appropriate watering-place afibrds hope of relief. If the patient be chlorotic, she should be recommended to chalybeate waters^ especially those where, by their elevated temperature, there are facilities for pursuing a course of baths. Sulphur waters also prove beneficial, by their reconstituent property, choosing those which are sedative in action and are or nerve- THERAPEUTIOS. |fl adapted for bathing. The prominent advantages of a life at the sea-side and sea-bathing should not be forgotten. HYrOCIIONDRIA. Those who have had occasion to treat this disease are well aware of the many dilemmas in which we are placed, in order to satisfy the craving of the patient for something new in the way of treatment, and at the same time to prescribe a remedy that may really tend toward removing the malady. Under such circumstances, we may recommend these prtients to certain mineral springs with the expectation that they will be benefited, temporarily, at least. The waters that prove most useful are the saline and purgative waters. They should be rich in carbonic acid, so that they agree with the stomach. Their efficacy depends on their favorable influence on engorged abdominal viscera, which frequently occupy a causative rela- tion to this disease. When dyspepsia forms a prominent feat- ure, the saline waters are to be preferred. Niemeyer says : "The benefit often derived from the springs of Karlsbad, Marienbad, and Kissingen [purgative and saline waters — W.], in the treatment of this affection, is no doubt mainly due to the beneficial effect exerted by these waters upon diseases of the gastric organs, which so frequently prove a source of hypochon- driasis." * DISEASES OF THE HEABT. This class is named only to remark that organic lesions or clianges of the heart are in no wise relieved by mineral wa- ters ; on the contrary, there is so much danger from their use that, as a rule, they should be avoided. Functional derange- ments, however, such as palpitation, are frequently relieved, not by any direct action upon the heart, but hy their favorable influence on the malady on which palpitation depends, as dys- pepsia, anajraia, chlorosis, etc. DISEASES OP THE RESriRATORY SYSTEM. Chronic Laryngitis. — ^This disease is otherwise known as » Op. oit^ vol IL, p. 898. ii,: •■ 1 , i 1 ' '' ■' 1 1" If If:^'^' ,l 'i!tl 80 MINERAL SPRINGS clergyman? s sore-throaty chronic laryngeal catarrh^ etc. It is characterized by a chronic inflammution of the mucous mem- brane lining the pliarynx and larynx. The secretion from this membrane may be increased in quantity, but vitiated, becom- ing an acrid and viscid discharge, or it may be almost entirely suspended, causing the throat to feel exceedingly dry and un- comfortable. The mucous membrane also becomes thickened, the vocal cords included, and a harsh and hoarse voice is pro- duced, or it may be almost altogether lost. The disease usually commences in the pharynx, and extends to the larynx. It is, however, seldom noticed in the early stages, as, until the voice begins to be involved, the patient is seldom alarmed. In this disease mineral waters occupy a deservedly high position as a curative agent. Those most frequently useful are the sulphur-waters rich in sodium, and the alkaline waters rich in chloride of sodium. In speaking of Eaux Bonnes, typ- ical waters of the sulphuretted-sodium kind, Durand-Fardel observes : "A long experience has proved that their usage, al- most exclusively internal, in doses progressively increasing, produces happy effects, especially in lymphatic subjects slightly impressionable, and when the aflFection assumes a passive character." * Gibb also testifies in favor of these waters, espe- cially in very chronic cases." The use of this class of waters, in the form of spray projected against the posterior wall of the pharynx or directly into the larynx, also exercises a bene- ficial eflfect. Concerning the alkaline chloride-of-sodium waters, we can- not do better than quote the remarks of Niemeyer at length : " The use of the alkaline muriatic mineral waters (SUuer- linge, Halloid salts) has an unmistakable influence upon the course of many cases of chronic laryngeal catarrh, which, un- foi'tunately, cannot as yet be distinguished from the cases in which it fails. For this mode of cure it is better to send the patient to such places as Ems, Obcrsalzbrunnen, or Gleichen- berg, and, only when his means will not permit him to do oth- > " Dlctionnairo des Eaux Minerales," tomo il., p. 247. ' " Diseases of the Throat and Windpipe." London, 18t>l, p. 14. THERAPEUTICS tf crwisc, to allow him to use seltzcr-watcr or one of the so-called iiiinoral waters, as a cure at home. We may lot him drifiktho Ems i)r Kesselbrunnen water, or the KrJlhnchen of Ems, on the spot, as they have respectively a temperature of 117° Fahr., and 90° Fahi., without the addition of warm milk or warm \\\\cy ; in order to warm tliem, it is better to mix the Obersalz- bninneii or the imported Ems water, with equal parts of hot milk. That the far more customary addition of whey should have any real advantage over that of milk is at least doubt- ful. The ' well-prepared whey ' at celebrated watering-places — furnished generally by a * Swiss,* and, if possible, by an Apcn- zeller in his national costume — so much lauded in the news- papers and bath journals, and to which often more credit is given than the springs themselves, is merely milk minus cheese, and can hardly effect more than the milk from which the cheese has not been eliminated. It is only in the somewhat rare cases in which milk is not well borne by the patient, while the whey is bonic well or better, that I allow the latter to be added to the mineral water instead. " Several hypotheses have been advanced as to the action of the alkaline-muriatic mineral waters. The fact that the aslios of the mucus are richer in salt (chloride of sodium) than the ashes of the blood, and that mucus becomes less tenacious upon the addition of salt, seems certainly to indicate that salt plays an important rdle in the formation of mucus, but it by no means justifies the conclusion that the use of salt effects a cure or more rapid resolution of the catarrhal process. " In other quarters (Sprengler) the principal importance has been attributed to the amount of alkaline carbonates contained ill these mineral waters, and depending on an observation of Virchoid's^ according to which, very dilute solutions of alka- lies are capable of exciting the ciliary movements in epithelium. They assert, in explanation of the beneficial action of the waters in question, that their use reestablishes the extinguished or re- pressed ciliary vibrations. Grave objections may be brought against this explanation of the action of the saline waters, vvhicli is not merely palliative, but in many cases absolutely 88 MINERAL SPRINGS. 4» "5i I i|ii curative, and we must be content with the empirical fact that the springs of Ems, Obersalzbrunnen, and Selters [alkaline and alkaline-saline waters — W.], have often alleviated or cured chronic laryngeal catarrh ; the cold sulphur-springs, too (such as those of Weilbach, in the dukedom of Nassau, of Eilsen, in the principality of Schamburg-Lippe, of Langenbrllcken, in the graau-dakedom of Baden), which we usually make use of like those of Obersalzbrunnen and Selters, mixed with warm milk or whey. The sulphur-springs, also, of the Pyrenees, above all Eaux Bonnes, are, with good reason, in repute in the treatment of chronic laryngitis. Our conjectures as to the modus ope- randi of these waters are as yet vague and untenable ; a matter, however, far less to be regretted than the fact that we have no criterion whereby to predetermine the cases in which relief may be expected, and those in which they do no good." * Associated with consumption there is sometimes a chronic laryngitis, frequently accompanied by ulcerations, known as laryngeal phthisis. In these cases temporary relief is some- times obtained by the moderate use of the above-mentioned waters with warm milk. It should be remembered, however, that the use of mineral waters in large quantities is injurious in cases of phthisis pulmonalis. Chronic Pharyngitis. — This is the same disease as that above described, the seat being, however, limited to the phar- ynx. The treatment by mineral waters is the same as indicated in chronic laryngitis. Chronic bronchitis. — When bronchitis has continued for a long time, assuming the form known as chronic bronchial catarrh^ or hronchorrhoea^ marked relief is frequently obtained by the use of appropriate mineral waters. The persons, however, in whom chronic bronchitis occurs may be divided into three classes, the scrofulous, the lymphatic, and the dartrous, or those who have a constitutional teiideucjy to non-spccifio skin-disease. All authorities agree that sul- I)hur-v, aters arc especially adapted to the catarrhs of lymphatic constitutions, and the more lymphatism is developed the more » "Text-Book of Medicine," American oAltlon, vol. 1., pp. 10-12. THERAPEUTICS. 89 certainly are sulphur-waters indicated. But if the patient is not of the lymphatic type, and, on the contrary, is of a san- gui or irritable temperament, and the cough torments by its: frequency, the calming or sedative waters, associated with temperate baths, are indicated. Of waters adapted to this condition, the Red Sulphur, in Virginia, may be mentioned. If the patient is of the decidedly scrofulous type, then sul- phur-waters rich in chloride of sodium, the saline sulphur- traters, should find preference. When the catarrhal condition is allied to the dartrous, or herpetic diathesis, the indication is still to use sulphur-waters ; but care should be taken to rec- ommend those which are notably sulphurous, and, at the same time, a somewhat active course of bathing should be pursued. Soon after commencing a course of sulphur-waters the malady is frequently aggravated, and some authorities have tliouglit this necessary to the relief of the disease. It is probable, however, that this is but a result of the general ex- citement usually produced by sulphur-waters, and in no way necessary to the treatment. Indeed, when it appears, it is an indication for the temporary suspension of the water or dimi- nution in the quantity taken. In this connection, Duiand- Fardel says : " But we believe, in the generality of cases, it is more frequently a result of the treatment thaa a means of cure. That which tends to prove this is, that many catarrhal affections are cured without showing appreciable signs of excitation, and that the treatment is often successfully applied in the absence of catarrhal conditions at the time." * Asthma. — The cases of this disease may be divided into two classes — the humid, accompanied by chronic catarrh, and tlie dry, or purely nervous. The last-named cases are not hciiofitcd by mineral waters, and the former only inasmuch as tlie disease is associated with chronic bronchitis. It is the favorable action of mineral waters on tliis conjoined (iondition that sometimes affords relief in these cases. It should, how- ever, be remembered that no case of asthma should be sub- jected to the use of mineral waters, without a thorough exam- ' " Diction nalro Oenoralo des Eaux Mliicrales," toiiie I., p. 89i. 90 MINERAL SPRINGS. I' loyed. Gastritis. — The chronic form of this malady is limited to the mucous membrane of the stomach, and has received the name of chronic gastric catarrh. It is closely allied to dys- pepsia ; indeed, if this term is applied in its broad significa- tion, it is a dyspepsia ; and on this account it has been almost entirely overlooked by some writers. » " CUnique MMlcale," tome 111., p. 61. w h , i 3 !! ;,; iL k. ,. 92 MINERAL SPRINGS. The symptoms of this malady are the following : One of the principal complaints of the patient is of a sense of fulness and pressure in the stomach, which is increased by eating, but seldom amounts to severe pain. With this sense of ful- ness there is usually some prominence of the epigastrium, caused by accumulation of gas in the stomach and retention of foci, owing to the slowness of the digestive process. There are also eructations of gas, accompanied with a sour and acrid fluid. Sometimes there is vomiting. If vomiting does occur, it is usually mixed with considerable mucus. This is especially the case in the chronic gastric catarrh of tipplers. The sensation of hunger is almost lost, although the body may be much emaciated. If hunger, however, does occur, it is sat- isfied by a few mouthfuls. The catarrh may extend upward to the mouth, or downward into the intestines ; in the latter case, frequently producing diarrhoea. The disease is usually accompanied with mental depression, which, in some instances, develops into hypochondria. The causes of chronic gastritis are varied; prominent among them are articles of food that over-stimulate the mu- cous membrane of the stomach — such as highly-spiced sauces and meats. But the most frequent cause is the abuse of spir- ituous liquors. The waters best adapted to the treatment of this disease are the alkaline waters — those rich in carbonate of soda. In cases associated with obstinate constipation, we should choose waters which, besides the carbonate of soda, contain a mod- erate proportion of laxative sulphates or chloride of sodium. In the treatment of this malady Prof. Niemeyer highly ex- tols the alkaline purgative waters of Karlsbad and Marienbad, He says : " The use of the waters of Karlsbad and Marienbad has the most wonderful results," and adds : " The results from this treatment are the most brilliant that are ever obtained in medicine." ^ He also says : " The learned professors of the Vienna and Prague schools prize the use of the warm springs of Karlsbad as the best remedy for chronic gastric catarrh.' 15 1 "Text-Book of Mediciofs" vd. i., p. 491 « Op. oii., vol. L, p. 499. TUERAPEUTICS. 03 It need hardly be added that the patient should subject iiimself to rigid dietetic rules during treatment. He should eat sparingly of meats and avoid stimulating sauces. Spirituous liquors must be entirely abandoned. The patient should eat but little at night, and drink the water in the morning, before breakfast. This meal should not be taken for an hour after the last glass of water. Gastric Ulcer. — When this aflFection is diagnosed, the waters found preferable are the alkaline, rich in carbonates. The warm springs of this class are to be preferred, or, in ab- sence of them, waters from sprmgs of this class may be warmed. The waters should be taken in the same manner as indicated in chronic gastritis. The results from the use of the proper mineral water are exceedingly satisfactory.* Gastralgla. — This disease is also known as cardialgia. The name, however, is frequently misapplied, and dyspeptic persons suffering from pain or burning in the stomach are said to have gastralgia ; in its proper meaning a malady of much greater gravity is signified. It is a purely nervous disorder, characterized by excessive pain in the stomach, coming on in paroxysms, at intervals usually of two or three days. When free from pain the patient may feel well, digestion being nor- mally performed. The following is a graphic description of a paroxysm, from Romberg : " Suddenly or after a precedent feeling of pressure, there is severe griping pain in the pit of the stomach, usually ex- tending to the back, with a feeling of faintness, shrunken countenance, cold hands and feet, and small, intermittent pulse. The pain becomes so excessive that the patient cries out. The epigastrium is either puffed out like a ball, or, as is more frequently the case, retracted, with tension of the abdominal walls. There is often pulsation in the epigastrium. Exter- nal pressure is well borne, and not unfrcquently the patient presses the pit of the stomach against some firm substance, or compresses it with his hand. Sympathetic pains often occur in the thorax, under the sternum, in the a?soi)luigean » Op. cit, vol. 1,, p. 618. 94 MINEPAL SPRINGS. branches of the pneumogastric, while they are rare iu the ex- terior of the body. " The attack lasts from a few minutes to half an hour ; then the pain gradually subsides, leaving the patient much ex- hausted, or else it ceases suddenly, with eructation of gas or watery fluid, with vomitinf^j with a gentle soft perspiration, or with the passage of reddish urine." * This description applies to the disease as it shows itself in the severest form. There are, however, manj'^ minor degree, which still bear the well-marked symptoms. In the use of mineral waters, whether in the severe or mild forms of the disease, it should be remembered that they should be taken only in the intervals of the attacks. The alkaline waters act most eflficiently in this disease, the more certainly, according as they are used at a period distant from the attack. Under their influences the malady is fre- quently enti -ely relieved. In cases associated with chlorosis, alkaline wate 's, containing a proportion of iron, are indicated. Constipation. — This condition depends, as a rule, either on deficiency of the intestinal secretion or inactivity of the mus- cular coat of the bowels. It is not, usually, a primary disease, but symptomatic of some other derangement. As a rule, the frankly purgative waters are not indicated ; those, however, which are mildly aperient, gently stimulate the intestinal secre- tions, and prove beneficial. In obstinate constipation, asso- ciated with dyspepsia. Trousseau recommends laxative waters^ after having tried his favorite remedy, belladonna and other correctives, without avail." Durand-Fardel recommends the alkaline (carbonate of soda) waters^ which, although sometimes constipating in themselves at first, tend to excite intestinal and biliary secretion, and thinks that enough attention has not been given to the use of alkaime-saline waters in this condition.' HfLinorrhoids, — Mineral waters do not act directly in cur- ing this disease, but indirectly they sometimes prove of decided » From Nlemoyer'8 " Text-Book MedicUie." a " CUniquo Mt-dicale," tome lii., [.. 61. ' "Dictionualre dc8 E.'tux Mm6rale9," tome i., p. iSH. Jk!! THERAPEUTICS. 05 utility. Hajmorrhoids frequently depend on a condition of the abdominal organs, termed by the old authors abdominal pleth- ora, one in which the liver, spleen, pancreas, and mesentery, are unusually filled with blood, and the current moves slowly. By the action of waters in stimulating the abdominal circula- tion and dimiuishing engorgement, much relief may be given. The waters which have proved most beneficial are the saline waters and saline suliyhur-vf&ters. It is well to combine the employment of baths. Engorged Liver, — In almost all chronic hyperoemic condi- tions of the liver, mineral waters prove curative. Although the fact that engorged conditions of the liver exist, and pre- cede grave lesions, is undoubted, still it is difficult exactly to define or diagnose the condition. As a rule, the subject of en- gorged liver presents a dusky or muddy complexion, the tongue is coated, the bowels are constipated, the appetite is uncertain, there is a pappy taste in the mouth, and a feeling of fulness in the head, especially after eating. The causes which produce engorgement of the liver are continued excess in eating, com- bined with sedentary habits ; repeated and long-continued at- tacks of malarial fever; excessive indulgence in malt liquors; and organic lesions of the valves of the right side of the heart. The waters which prove most valuable, in engorgement of the liver from any of the causes named, are the saline waters^ (dkaline purgative waters, and saline sulphur-boaters, Tliese waters produce their effect by liquefying the bile, promoting its flow, and by the increased movement which they impart to the action of the intestinal tube. Frerichs, an acknowledged authority on diseases of the liver, gives prominent place to mineral waters in the treatment. When giviiig the treatment in chronic hypera^mia from over- feeding, he names several remedies, but in conclusion says we can remedy the condition " still better by regulating the intes- tinal secretions by the use of the springs of Kissingen, Hom- burg, Marienbad, and Karlsbad." * And in hypenuinia from obstructed circulation, when the condition of the patient is not ' Frerigh's "Diseases of the Liver," Sydenham edition, vol. I., p. 876. i •i! 96 MINERAL SPRINGS. threatening, he says, " We may often succeed in procuring per- manent relief by the careful employment of the Ragoczy spri g of Kissingen, or the Mill spring of Karlsbad." * Ho, however, adds that, if the disease of the valves is far advanced, or the muscular tissues of the heart are much enfeebled, the waters are inappropnate. In the application of mineral waters for the cure of en- gorged liver, it is exceedingly desirable +0 add the employ- ment of prolonged warm baths to the internal use of the water, and warm douches over the region of the liver also aid the action of the water. GallrStones. — The passage of biliary calculi from the gall- bladder through the bile-ducts into the duodenum, often causes the most intense pain the human organism can endure. Under severe attacks of hepatic colic the patient writhes from side to side of the bed, and cold perspiration often covers the surface of the body. If asked to describe the pain, he compares it to the cutting of a knife — to the boring of a red-hot iron through the side. The cause of the suffering is the distension of the bile-duct by a gflll-stone in its passage, and the intensity de- pends on the size of the calculus. Any remedy, then, that will surely mitigate or cure these terrible attacks, merits attention. This mineral waters will do more successfully than any known medicine. The causes of the fci-mation of gall-stones are obscure. The general impression is, that they result from a thickened condi- tion of the bile, in which crystallization and concentration of its salts take place, and that this condition is usually associated with free living, a sedentary life, and corpulence. The waters which prove of greatest utility are the alkaline waters^ the saline- sulphur waters, and saline waters, those of the first class being preferable. These waters doubtless act by the fluidity of the bile, which they produce, thereby reduc- ing the tendency to formation of the stones,* and by their alter- > Op. cit, vol. i., p, 867. " Miircbison, " Dispnpos of the Liver," p. 859, says, " In dops, for instance, with biliary flstulie, the DK'i-o drinking of large quantities of water will increase the amount of water io ♦,he bUe." TIIERATEUTICS. 97 ative action influencing the nutrition of the liver. Under the use of the waters the patient not unfrequently has slight at- tacks of biliary colic, passing large numbers of calculi, to be followed, however, by immunity from paroxysms. The spring selected varies according to the condition of the patient, whether in addition to alkalinity a tonic or laxative eflFect be required. In recommending a treatment for gall-stones. Trousseau says : " What we should do is to endeavor to regulate the func- tions of the bile, so as to prevent the return of the colic. . . . It is in answering this indication that the waters of Pougues, Contrexville, Vichy, Karlsbad, and Vals, are of so incontes- tal)le utility in the treatment of biliary gravel. . . . Under the influence of this potent medication, properly directed, the patients lose the unfortunate aptitude which they have con- tracted." ' Niemeyer says : " We do not kriow whether their efficacy depends solely on the formation of a thin fluid bile, by which the gall-stones are readily washed downward, or whether the bile is rendered so strongly alkaline by the use of these waters as to dissolve the coloring-matter and lime, or the cholesterine ; but we should not delay prescribing the treatment till its mode of action can be explained." ' Frerichs and Murchison both favor the use of waters. After recommending Karlsbad, Vichy, Ems, etc., Frerich says : " These mineral waters have certainly proved the most effica- cious remedies against gall-stones. In many severe cases I have directed my patients to go to Karlsbad, and have known them to return cured. ... 1 have known favorable results ensue under my own eyes from drinking the water brought from the Mill spring of Karlsbad, either cold or warm." * tlitty Liver, — In cases of this disease, mineral waters are recommended by Frerichs and Murchison, the alkaline loaters, mui'lated alkaline waters, and saline waters, the same that are » " Cllniquo M6dicalo," tome HI., p. 237 2 "Text- Book of Medldne," American edition, vol. 1., p. 703. 3 " DUeaaos of the Liver," London, 1861, vol. 11., p. 631. 08 MINERAL SPRINGS. ii' i employed in engorgement of the liver. These waters apply to the fatty liver as developed in corpulent persons, and not to tb " *" ' which occurs in consumption. - .jndice. — This is a symptom of disease, and not a dis- ease. It arises from obstruction of the flow of bile from the liver and gall-bladder into the intestines, or from non-separa- tion of the coloring-matter from the blood, owing to impjiir- ment of action in the liver. It is to cases of jaundice arising from obstruction that mineral waters are best adapted. The most prominent cause of jaundice from obstruction is the im- paction, or inertia, of gall-stones in their passage through the bile-ducts. It has already been treated under gall-stones. The second cause is catarrh of the biliary ducts. When jaundice arises from the last-named cause the alka- line waters, or muriated alkaline waters, should be prescribed. The saline sulphur-waters also answer well in these cases. Frerichs, in speaking of the Karlsbad, Marienbad, Kissin- gen, etc., in these eases, says : " They are with difficulty re- placed by any other remedies in cases where the jaundice owes its origin to chronic congestion of the liver, with obstinate catarrh of the bile-ducts and mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum, to gall-stones," etc.* In jaundice, as a sequence of constipation, those waters which act favorably on this condition will also remedy this symptom. Gravel. — The formation of gravel within the kidneys or bladder is the result of a constitutional condition, and does not depend on derangement of the organs in which the deposit takes place. However, the deposit of gravel in these organs causes irritation, chronic catarrh, and inflammation. The dis- ease frequently depends on functional disturbance of the di- gestive system. Mineral waters procure relief in two ways : primarily, by the soothing influence they produce on the irri- tation or chronic inflammation of the ureters and bladder; Becondaril;y, by the correction of the constitutional vice which causes the excretion of gravelly urine. » " Diseases of the Liver," vol. 1., p. l!M. THERAPEUTICS. 90 Gravel is divided into the uric acid, the phosphatic, and the oxalic, according to the chemical constitution of the deposit. Or it is classed as acid gravel, i. e., the uric-acid and the oxalic- acid gravel ; or alkaline gravel, i. e., the phosphatic. In cases of acid gravel the urine is acid to test-paper, while, in alkaline gravel, the urine is alkaline. In prescribing mineral waters for gravel, these distinctions should be remembered : In uric acid^ or red gravel, and in oxalic (/ravel, the alkaline waters or the calcic waters should be chosen. Under the use of these waters the urine loses its acidity and becomes neutral, and the pain in the lumbar region and in the bladder passes away. However, it is not unusual in the commencement of treatment for the patient to pass a considerable quantity of gravel, but without much pain, and, finally, he experiences complete relief, in which condition he may remain for eight or twelve months ; or, by employment of the waters during several successive seasons, entire freedom from attack may be secured for many years, complete con- stitutional change being wrought in the system.* Combined with the internal use of the waters, it is advisable to employ warm baths and douches. If, under treatment, the attacks of gravel, or nephritic colic, are increased in frequency or sever- ity, it is an indication to diminish the quantity of water ad- ministered, or resort to waters less strongly mineralized. In 2)hos2)hatic gravel the strongly alkaline waters are not to be employed; the calcic waters then afford the greatest relie£ In this variety of gravel the water acts more by its impression on the urinary organs, which are then the seat of catarrh, than by its effect on the general system. IIo\7 jalcic waters relieve gravel is not understood. One hundred years ago, lime-water was a favorite and efficient remedy in this disease. (See "Carbonate op Lime.") Calculus. — Stone in the bladder is only an aggregation of the deposit which constitutes gravel, into a solid mass of vary- ing size. It depends on the same causes, may be separated into the same divisions, and is relieved by the same classes of > TrouBSeau's "Clinlque Modlcalo," tome ili., p. 48. II it 100 MINERAL SPRIN(iS. iii iiil iii r waicrs. In this condition, however, it is relief only that can be obtained. The irritation of the bladder, caused by the pres- ence of the stone, will be palliated, the general system may be so acted upon that the diathesis will be corrected, and the stone will not increase in volume ; but there is no evidence that solution of the calculus can be produced.* A calculus, subjected to the action of certain mineral waters in a test-tube, may be partially disintegrated ; but the human body is not a test-tube, and no such saturation of the urine by a mineral water can be caused as to represent a similar condition. After the calculus has been removed by surgical operation, it is advisable to use mineral waters for the purpose of cor- recting the morbid condition that led to its formation, and prevent a new concretion. In cases of renal calculus and haematuria, mineral waters prove of decided utility. In these cases the waters applicable to gravel prove appropriate. In giving the treatment of these conditions Sir Henry Thompson says, " Of all medicinal reme- dies perhaps none are so valuable as mineral waters, especially those which have sulphate of soda largely diluted as the main ingredient. Take Karlsbad, Friedrichs-halle, and Marienbad, as an example." * It will be perceived that he prefers alka- line purgative waters to pure alkaline. Vesical Catarrh. — Catarrh of the bladder results from any cause which produces frequent and long-continued retention of urine, and hence is a frequent accompaniment of calculus, enlargement of the prostate, and stricture of the urethra. In some instances it proceeds from cold, or is essentially a dis- ease of the mucous membrane of the bladder, without regard to extraneous causes. When catarrh arises from the first-named cause, calculus, it is amenable to the treatment named under that head. Resulting from other causes, the waters most favorable are mild calcic and alkaline waters ; not that they exercise any influence on the cause of the disease, but, by modifying the ' Durand-Fardol, op. of^, tomo \«, p. 861. > " On the Urinary Organs," American edition, 1869, p. 202. \i THERAPEUTICS. 101 constitution of the urine, they often give decided relief. It should be mentioned, however, that in this disease the bladder is frequently very irritable, and, under the administration of waters, dysuria is readily produced. The action of the water should therefore be closely scrutinized. Albuminuria. — Uriglit's disease is mentioned only to state that there is no reliable evidence that mineral waters will cure it, though they may prove palliative. DISEASES OF THE UTERUS. Chronic Metritis. — For convenience of treatment, we em- brace three separate conditions under this designation, i. e., uterine engorgement^ uterine catarrh^ and cervical ulcerations, Tliis arrangement is made from the fact that these diseases frequently depend on a morbid constitution, and it is through the correction of this condition that the internal jadministra- tion of waters proves curative. The constitutional conditions that most frequently dominate over the uterine malady are scrofulous, rheumatic, and herpetic (or dartrous). When a scrofulous tendency predominates, the uterine malady usually assumes the form of engorgement. In these cases saline waters produce the best results, correcting the con- stitutional condition, and possessing a resolutive action in uterine and peri-uterine engorgement. They, however, dis- pose directly to uterine haemorrhage, and therefore the stronger waters should not be selected, especially if the patient be sub- ject to menorrrhagia.* If the rheumatic diathesis is dominant, thermal waters^ containing a proportion of alkalies, should be directed. Alka- line waters, like saline waters, possess a resolutive action in engorgements, but, unlike them, do not tend to cause uterine htcmorrhage. The herpetic or dartrous ' constitution is most amenable to sulphur-waters. Wlien this condition prevails, the uterine malady is most frequently accompanied by uterine and vaginal » Durand-Fardel, "Bulletin G6n6rale de Th^rapeutlque," 1872, tome Lncxii., p. 484. ' The diirtrous constitution is described under diseases of tlie skin. 102 MINERAL SPRINGS. if 11 w m ,11. p> sliiH catarrh. When congestion and neuralgia are prominent, these waters are not applicable, neither are they in cases compli- cated by monorrhagia.' Those which are but little exciting should be selected. In the treatment of chronic metritis by mineral waters, balneary measures occupy a prominent place. The swimming- bath of moderate temperature (82° to 93° Fahr.) is that bes^ adapted. The patient should remain in the bath for a consid- erable time — as long as half an hour, or even an hour. The vaginal douche would seem to be indicated in this disease, but it has been found injurious, the percussion caused by the injec- tion of a stream of water against the neck of the uterus tending to produce congestion. Neither have douches in the lumbar region, or parts in the vicinity of the uterus, proved beneficial. Durand-Fardel says, " Save for exceptional cases they should be banished from the treatment of this disease." If it is desirable to act directly on a catarrh or ulceration, irri- gations of feeble temperature and devoid of impulsive force should alone be employed. Amenorrhoea. — This condition is allied to various states of the organism. It frequently presents in young girls of delicate constitution and scrofulous or lymphatic temperament. They are almost always chlorotic. In cases of this kind there is much to be hoped from a resort to springs ; more, probably, from change of air, scene, and exercise, than from the waters. However, saline waters and sulphur-waters^ especially those containing a proportion of iron, aid the recovery. To the in- ternal use of the waters it is well to join swimming-baths of moderate temperature. Sea-bathing also gives favorable re- sults when the person reacts well after the bath. Sometimes suppression of menstruation is united with a plethoric condition. In these cases waters of a different type must be ;.olected, those containing but a small proportion of constituents and which possess a calming or sedative influence. This indication is most frequently met with in thermal waters of moderate temperature. ' Durand-Fardel, loc, oit. TUERaPEUTICS. 103 Dysmenorrhoea. — Painful menstruation, in -many instanced, depends on the same causes which induce amenorrhcea, and the same waters are indicated. Occurring in anajmic, chlo- rotic, and scrofulous girls, as a result of delayed dovelopmeut, the saline waters or sulphur-waters^ combined with tepid bath- ini?, are beneficial. Chalybeate waters are also appropriate. Wb.en plethora and erethism of the nervous system exist, tJieriiKd waters of moderate temperature and but little miner- alized are preferable. Cases are also benefited by the contin- ued use of alkaline waters of very moderate strength. It need hardly be stated that cases of dysmenorrhoea, de- pending on displacement of the uterus or constriction of the cervical canal, are beyond the power of mineral waters, and require surgical treatment. Leucorrhoea. — This disease is a frequent accompaniment of chronic metritis, and depends on similar general conditions of the system. It is, however, more frequently manifested when metritis occurs in the herpetic or dartrous constitution. The waters then most favorable are sulphur-waters — those but feebly mineralized, as a rule ; though, in some instances, the stronger waters yield excellent results. The highly-min- eralized waters should, however, be used guardedly, lest uterine congestion be produced. Combined with the internal use of waters, the tepid bath (82° to 93° Fahr.) should be employed. The vaginal douche is of service, provided it be employed only as an ir,'lgatlon, without any propulsion against the uterus. In cases of leucorrhoea marked by anaemia or chlorosis, the mild chalybeate waters may be advantageously employed. Sterility. — The inaptitude of the uterus for conception de- pends on such varied causes that no mineral water can be con- sidered a specific remedy. Nevertheless, by the relief of the causes, some of which arc named in tlie preceding pages, min- eral waters may prove corrective. When the origin is an enfeebled condition of tlie genera- tive organs, without other complication, bathing in w; iters hifrhly charged with carbonic-acid gas is an elficient stiinulant, 104 MINERAL SPRINGS. often leading to the desired result. Chalybeate waters and sea-bathinff also exorcise a favorable influence in certain cases. DISEASES OF THE SKIN. The reputation which mineral waters have obtained in the treatment of skin-disease is based almost entirely on their etBcacy in a single well-defined class of those diseases ; i. e., the dartrous or herpetic. These diseases, according to M. Hardy, are distinguished as follows : " We call dartres vari- ous non-contagious elementary lesions of the skin, often he- reditary, reproducing themselves in an almost constant man- ner, presenting itching as a chief symptom, always disposed to invade new regions, habitually chronic, and in which there is no cicatrix left after cure, although thee may have been ulcerations." ^ In persons who are subjects f the dartrous or herpetic diathesis the cutaneous surface is usually dry, and perspiration does not take place readily. They gene^^a^^y eat freely. The skin is often the seat of itching, even in the ab- sence of eruption, and is exceedingly susceptible, slight ex- cesses in taking liquor, drinking cofi'ee, certain articles of food, as shell-fish, lobsters, or crabs, irritant frictions, or the application of a plaster, developing cutaneous eruptions. But not only is the skin the seat of dartrous maladies — there are also various afi'ections of the mucous membrane, embracing granular sore-throat, dartre of the nose, certain asthmas, chronic bronchitic afi'ections, and catarrhal disorders of the genito-urinary organs. It is a singular fact that in some cases the sudden disappearance of an external manifestation of this diathesis, eczema, for example, is followed by an attack of bronchitis, and on the subsidence of the bronchitis the ecze- ma returns. In some women the cure of eczema is immedi- ately followed by leucorrhcea. Similar results sometimes suc- ceed the disappearance of psoriasis. The skin-diseases which belong to this diathesis are eczema, lichen, psoriasis, and pityriasis. The difi^erent forms of eczema are sometimes called moist dartres, while the others are termed * "Lepons sur les Maladlos do la Peau." Paris, 1960, p. 19. TUERAPEUTICS. 106 imes suo dry or scaly dartres. These eruptions are all chronic in char- acter, perpetuating themselves indefinitely for months and years. Eczema. — Humid scale or tetter is one of the most fre- quent skin-diseases. It is characterized by the development of small vesicles and vesico-pustules, or by a red and thick- ened epidermis, from which there is a more or less abundant serous or sero-purulent secretion, which may form crusts and terminate by a scaly desquamation. The eruption is accom- panied by excessive itching. Though a chronic disease, it may sometimes run its course in six or eight weeks, to reap- pear, however, in a few months or a year — the person suffer- ing from it never feeling sure of freedom from an attack. There are many varieties of the disease, named according to the aspect, configuration, and location of the eruption. Im- petlffo is one of the most frequent forms. In the treatment of this malady sulphur-waters often prove efiicient, especially those of the subdivisions known as saline sulpthur-icaters. In those cases, however, which present acute symptoms during the invasion, such as excessive fatigue, head- ache, pain in the back, and fever, mineral waters should not be employed. Tliose waters which are highly mineralized should always be used with care, because of the irritation fre- qiKmtly produced. The waters are used internally and in the form of baths. After having taken a number of baths all the local manifesta- tions of the disease are often increased ; but, on suspending or moderating the baths, the irritation is allayed, to be again excited by their use. The patient may quit the baths despair- ing and discontented ; the eczema is lighted up once or twice afterward, and thence ceases. In other cases, however, the eniption gradually disappears, under the use of the waters, MJtliont occurrence of irritative phenomena. In order to ob- tain permanent relief from this malady, it is usually necessary to resort to the springs for several successive seasons. Not all cases, however, are susceptible of cure, though ameliora- tion may always be anticipated. lOG MINERAL SPRINGS. m 1 ■■ 1" i ^1 ¥ i :!i Lichen, — This excessively chronic malady is characterized at its commencement by clusters of papules, surrounded by a red halo. This halo Bnally disappears, leaving the skin rough, thick, and seamed. The seat of the eruption is usually in- tensely itchy, and upon it there are small crusts or minute scales. The waters most suited to the treatment of this disease are the sulphur and saline sulphur. In certain cases complicated by gastralgia, alkaline waters prove valuable.* The contin- ued use of the waters in the form of baths is a necessity, and, in some instances, it is desirable to push the treatment until the bath-eruption, la pousseCf is established, and a cure by sub- stitution inaugurated. Psoriasis, — Dry scall, or scaly tetter, is characterized by thick, dry, white, shiny scales, the skin beneath being dry, much thickened, of a dull-red color, and the seat of more or less itching. When the eruption is of long duration, the skin is frequently seamed and cracked. The patches of the erup- tion are various in form; and on whatever part of the person they occur, they will also be found, as a rule, in the vicinity of the elbows and knees. In this, as in all dartrous maladies, the sulphur-waters are the most eflficient, used internally and in the way of baths. On this point Hardy expresses himself thus : " In fine, there is a remedy which should serve to con- firm the cure, and which sometimes alone suffices to produce a cure in cases where all other means have failed, in psoriasis inveterata^ for example — I mean sulphur-waters." " Durand- Fardel counsels the saline-sv^phur waters internally, and that prolonged warm baths be employed until the eruptions known as lapousshe or Bad Friesel are produced. The thermal waters containing but a small proportion of ingredients are of de- cided value for this purpose. Pityriasis, — The most frequent manifestation of this dis- ease is that occupying the head, and known as dandruflF. It 18 only when it exhibits itself on other parts of the body that > Hardy, op. oit., p. 100. • " Lefons sur lea Maladies do la Peau," Paris, 1860, p. 120. r'li ■ .'VtmiL'.^i THERAIEUTICS. 107 mineral waters are of much avail. It is the mildest exhibition of the dartrous diathesis, but exceedingly rebellious to treat- ment. Sulphur-waters are those that should be employed. We have given the dartrous maladies in which mineral waters are eminently beneficial. Besides these diseases, there are various aflFections of the skin, due to scrofula or syphilis, in wliich mineral waters prove efficacious. In those of scrofulous character, the saline-sulphur waters are preferable. In syphi- litic diseases of the skin, we must choose between sulphur and thermal waters. Neither, however, are alone sufficient for cure. In addition, it may be noted that, in certain inveterate cases of acne and prurigo^ sulphur-waters prove curative. In the application of mineral waters to diseases of the skin, baths are more to be relied on than intern;' administration, though both should be combined. In certain inveterate chronic diseases of the skin, it is desirable gradually to prolong the duration of the baths, and continue them until the eruptions known as la pouss^ are fully established.* In this way, the original disease is replaced by a different eruption, which dis- appears \vithout a return of the old malady. For the purpose of producing the bath-eruption, the thermal waters^ containing but a small proportion of ingredients, are sometimes exceed- ingly efficient, and produce a cure without other agency. SURGICAL DISEASES. Anchylosis. — This term is applied to stiffness or immobility of a joint. There are two kinds, the true and the false. In the former, adhesions of bone form between the ahicular sur- faces ; in the latter, there are no adhesions, but the ligaments and tendons are thickened by deposits, or have lost the power of motion by want of use. The conditions which produce false anchylosis are met with when a limb has been confined in an apparatus for a long time after fracture. And the same result may follow after dislocation or sprain. In each instance, there is usually an inflammatory deposit, resulting from the > Hardy, " Lemons Bur les Maladies do la Poau," dcuxl^mc pnrtle, p. 126. I; ! .' 108 MINERAL SPRINGS. 11 j original injury. The thickening of the fibrinous and tendi- nous structures, which accompanies rheumatism, frequently produces a flmilar anchylosis. The want of use, which follows paralysis, olten leaves a joint in a condition of false anchylosis. From whatever cause Jxtlse anchylosis occurs, decided ben- efit or cure is always to be expected from the appropriate application of mineral waters. The waters to be preferred are thermal waters^ of the sulphur or saline class. A high degree of thermality is essential. The waters are to be employed in the form of warm baths to the body, and hot douches to the joint. The douches should be accompanied with shampooing and friction. The internal use of waters at the same time probably aid in procuring absorption of exudations. It should, however, be stated that thermal waters, containing an exceed- ingly small proportion of constituents, seem to produce equally good results, showing that the benefits result almost entirely from the outward application. Mineral mud-baths are much used abroad in these cases, and are supposed to aid the ab- sorptive process. Contractions. — This term is here used to indicate the short- ening and rigidity of muscles, often rendering a Hmb almost useless, and causing deformity. It arises from a variety of causes, such as rheumatism, scrofula, gout, syphilis, or external injury. In the treatment of this condition by mineral waters, regard is to be given to these causes ; but the especial virtue of the waters depends on the warm baths and hot douches, such as are found at thermal springs. That thermal water, therefore, should be selected which by virtue of its constitu- ents especially acts on the originating cause. Mineral mud- baths are also thought to aid in these cases. Hydrarthrosis, — This term is applied both to dropsy of a joint and that severe tubercular disease known as white- swelling. Dropsy of a joint may arise from external injury, or it may depend on a rheumatic, scrofulous, or gouty constitution. Some- times it is a result of syphilis. When the condition is chronic, mineral waters prove valuable in the form of warm baths and I 5'I TIIERAPEUTICa. 100 douches. Those ther nal loaters are especially valuable which answer the constitutional indications. White-swelling is an exceedingly formidable disease, affect- ing tlie joints. It occurs chiefly, if not alone, in scrofulous subjects. The malady is usually subacute in its progress, and therefore not adapted to treatment by mineral waters. When peculiarly chronic in its course, the general health may be im- proved by a resort to springs, and absorption may be aided by baths and douches. These applications should, however, be employed with extreme reserve, and by no means relied on alone. Goxalgia. — Utp-joint disease is but a manifestation of wliite-swelling in that articulation, and the restrictions given regarding the subjection of white-swelling to mineral-water treatment are equally applicable. Caries. — The ulceration of bone is usually the result of scrofula or syphilis, though there may have been some external injury as the exciting cause. During the inflammatory stage, mineral waters should not be used ; but, when this has passed away, great benefit may be derived from the (employment of appropriate waters. The thermal sulphur-waters produce the best results, especially those of the saline subdivision. The water is taken internally, applied locally in the way of fomen- tations, and injected into fistulous tracts. Baths and douches are also used. The treatment should be conducted with care, lest too great irritation be produced. Necrosis^ which is but a result of caries, is subject to the same treatment. If leers. — By this designation we refer to chronic ulcers, wliic'h sometimes endure for months and years. It fre({uently occurs that these ulcers are healed under the use of mineral waters. When they depend on scrofula or syphilis we may readily expect such results from waters adapted to those con- ditions. In other cases, where there is no marked constitu- tional indication, such as varicose ulcers, the internal and local application of waters often has a marked influence, causing An irritable or indolent ulcer to form healthy granulations and !? If r 1 1, m^- t no MINERAL SPRINGS. , .1 i!:(:|-| finally heal, although in the case of varicose ulcers there is always probability of a return. The waters which are most noted for the cure of ulcers are the saline and sulphur. They are employed both internally, locally, and ia the form of a bath. At some springs the sulfurin^ or baHgine, which forms in the reservoirs, is used as a local application, and is supposed to be of especial utility; but, as far as discovered, it acts only by the water with which it is saturated. Old Wounds. — It often results from bullet-wounds, and those produced by pieces of shell, that the bullet, the piece of shell, or a portion of the clothing, passes deeply into the mus- cular structures, is embedded there, and cannot be withdrawn. Under these circumstances the superficial wound may heal and reopen repeatedly, or it may not Leal at all, or the wound may heal, but the person may be conscious of some foreign body within the tissues which continually annoys. Again, the cause of irritation may be a spicula of necrosed bone^ Under any of these conditions remarkable benefit frequently results from mineral waters. They are employed in the forni of hot baths, hot douches, and internally. For this purpose ther- mal waters of high temperature yield the best results. Under their action the exudations which imprison the foreign body are converted into pus ; the ball, piece of shell, or clothing, is loosened from its lodgment and soon finds its way to the sur- face. During the course of treatment, care is to be taken that the stimulant action of the waters, and the suppuration pro- duced, be not carried too far. The contractions of muscles and joints, following wounds, are likewise favorably influenced by thermal waters. So much reliance is placed on mineral waters in these and other affections, that the military establishment of France pos- sesses five hospitals, at as many different springs, for the ben- efit of soldiers. Austria has a like number. Prussia sends her sick soldiers, in need of mineral waters, to TOplitz. CHAPTER VII. SUGGESTIONS. A CERTAIN disease being given, it is always a question wliicli spring to select. In the answer a number of consider- ations are involved. In the arrangement of this work each spring is grouped iu a certain class, but, while the waters of the class possess marked properties, which pertain to each spring in the class, nevertheless these springs present a certain individuality de- pending on auxiliary constituents. Thus, an alkaline water may also contain carbonate and sulphate of lime in consider- able proportion, or, it may be, chloride of sodium, which forms the principal secondary constituent ; oi , again, a small propor- tion of iron may be present. And the same remark will apply to saline waters, sulphur- waters, chalybeate waters, thermal waters, etc. Now, in each instance, the water not only pos- sesses the action referable to the class, but, in addition, this action is modified or reenforced by these auxiliary constituents, some known and perhaps some unknown. Hence, in desig- nating the water suitable for a certain person, we must consult his individuality, and also the individuality of the spring ; to inquire, in the case of the patient, whether the disease is pre- dominated by a particular diathesis, such as the rheumatic, gouty, scrofulous, or dartrous, and, in regard to the water, whether its constituents, both principal and auxiliary', meet the indications both of the disease and the diathesis. Thus in a case of catarrh of the bladder, in a rheumatic subject, waters frankly alkaline or calcic should be employed ; in a scrofulous patient alkaline waters, containing considerable chloride of sodium, would be appropriate — the muriated alka- ffTT i^i 1:' ■ 1' a III ■i il ' 111 i]-^ i; 112 MINERAL SPRINOa lines ; in a dartrous subject calcio waters, containing sulphu- retted hydrogen, that is, a calcio sulpliur-water ; in a patient decidedly auiemic, an alkaline water containing a proportion of iron, a mild alkaline chalybeate. This is the theory of the prescription of waters, and it is always best to consider the question in this way ; nevertheless it must be acknowledged that in our present ignorance of the exact entities of disease, and the definite physiological action of chemicals and com- binations, we are not to rely too implicitly on this method. Besides the constitution of a water, it is necessary in many instances to consider the location of a spring, its elevation, temperature, and climatology. While some diseases improve more readily at a resort from two to four thousand feet above the sea. others do not profit by a mountain climate. Some diseases do well iii a comparatively dry atmosphere, and are injuriously aflFected by one that is moist. An exceed- ingly cool climate is adapted to one, while another is relieved in a warm region. Unfortunately, the meteorological obser- vations necessary to solve these problems have been taken at but few springs in thij country. The surroundings of a spring are also to be considered. I or certain patients, nothing could be more unfortunate than to sojourn at one of the crowded, fashionable resorts, where continual excitement prevails and appropriate accommodations are obtained with difficulty ; while others, by the gayety and conviviality that are found there, would be wakened from a despondent condition and led to furget their ills. The season,^ as it is termed, usually commences the 1st of • luvallda will do well to correspond with the proprietor of the spring, or the hotel, pre- rloTis to commencing the journey. A letter addressed thus, ut the commoncement of or luring the season, will always receive attention : If but one hotel at the sprhig : If several hotels at the spring : PiLiprietor of (naming the spring) (naming the coimty ) . . . .(naming the State) Proprietor of (naming the hotel) (naming the spring) (naming the countyi (naming the Stiitc) If the name of the springs and post-offlce are not the same, the name of the post-office must be inserted. The average price per day at the hotels Is three dollars ; and, per month, from sixty to eighty dollars. For ^ Arties, and persons remaLilng a long time, special ar rangemcnts can be made. Booms can usually be secured in advance. SUGGESTIONS. 113 June and closes the 1st of October, though there are some resorts tliat are i)repared to receive visitors throughout the year. The best time, as a rule, to commence treatment is in June or July ; these montlis, however, are named only as being convenient. Mineral waters can be taken, and their beneficial effects secured, at any time of the year. The old idea, that they were not admissible in winter, has been entirely abandoned. jMany diseases do not admit of delay, and for this purpose the Itottled waters are applicable. However, there is not the care used in bottling waters that should be observed. When wa- ters contain considerable gas, the bottles should always be closely sealed. There are but few waters that are at all adapted to shipment in barrels. The gases escape, and some of the chemical ingredients are decomposed by contact with the wood ; and when these objections do not obtain, owing to the absence of gas in the water or salts that are decomposed by contact with organic matter, still the water often partakes of the taste of the wood. At some springs an extract of the water is made ; that is, the water is boiled down in an iron or porcelain-lined vessel till the salts are precipitated, then form the extract, or salts. A certain quantity of these salts, dis- solved in a definite quantity of water, is supposed to represent the spring-water. Although they may answer a good purpose when the spring-water cannot be obtained, they do not repre- sent it accm'ately. In boiling, all the gases contained in the spring- water are driven off, and several chemical changes occur : sulphurets are converted into sulphates, bicarbonates ini?) carbonates, and the protoxide of iron into the pe^-oxide; also, the proportion of the constituents to each other is not maintained. In Europe, medicated soaps are sometimes pre- pared with the precipitated salts. At Kjankcnheil, in Bava- ria, so-culled iodine-soda and iodine-soda-sulphur soaps are ruado, and are said to be successfully used in chronic diseases of tlo skin. " Wlitt shall we do ? " is a question always asked on arrival at tlio spriiig which has been chosen as a place of resort. The answer is simple : If you are well, if you are there only for ■■•- i^U 114 UINEKAL SPRINGS. m t I Htl iiiiiifi ! !i!! rest iind recreation, assimilate yourself as rapidly as possible with the pleasures and society of the place; remembering^, however, and practising the trite maxim, " Temperance in all things." Here are assembled a large number of persons, whose desires are similar to your own, and the community of interests produces the following result : The morning is passed in repairing to the spring and drinking of the water, in cheer- ful conversation, and excursions ; the afternoon, in croquet, games, lounging, and preparations for the dance; and the evening is given to promenading and the festivities of the ball. At many of the springs a band of musicians performs in the park during the after-dinner hours and at tea-time. What is the best time for taking the waters ? The morn, ing hours before breakfast, and in the afternoon before tea. That one may take the water properly, he should cultivate the healthful virtue of early rising, and the not less laudable vir- tue of early retiring. It cannot be expected that the most potent water will antidote t!ie dissipations of enormous din- ners, imbibition of spirituous liquors, and continuous dancing till the morning hours. The quantity of water that may be taken varies so much at different springs that no fixed rule can be given. It may be stated, however, in a general way, that from two to three modera. . ^ized glasses — tumblers — in the morning, and two or three more during the day, may be taken. In drinking the water, from fifteen to twenty minutes should elapse between each glass ; and, during the interval, it is well to promenade through the neighboring groves, or, in damp weather, under the covered walks, which should be contiguous to the spring. From half ar hour to an hour should pass before the succeeding meal is taken. The practice of deluging the stomach with water is extremely reprehensible, and sometimes produces seri- ous results. I have known violent inflammation of the kidneys, followed by chronic disease, established in this way. The temperature of water preferable for a cure is from 50° to 88° Fahr. If excessively cold, it is not readily absorbed, and ac|;s injuriously on the" stomach and intestines. SUGGESTIONS. 115 The production of crisis is no longer considered necessary to the curative action of waters, neither is preliminary treat- ment required other than, in some instances, simple remedies to control slight febrile conditions, depending on the fatigue of a journey. In the olden time, the patient underwent an enormous amount of dosing before it was considered proper for him to take the water. Boileau, in a letter to Racine, dated 21st July, 1687, thus describes the process. He says : " I have been purged and bled, and nothing more remains for me to undergo of all the formalities considered necessary be- fore taking the waters. The medicines which I have taken to-day have, as they tell me, done me all the good in the world ; for they have caused me to fall down four or five times from weakness, and have thrown me into a state in which I can hardly stand upright. To-morrow I am to begin the great work — I mean to say, that to-morrow I am to begin to take the waters." The use of mineral waters by old persons, children, and pregnant women, should be exceedingly guarded. Formerly it was thought that pregnancy was an absolute bar to the em- ployment of mineral waters. That idea, however, is no longer entertained. Under some circumstances, they have a beneficial effect on both mother and child when taken at this period. During the treatment by mineral waters excesses of the table should be rigidly avoided. The combination of mineral water, mountain air, exercise, and amusement, fre- quently gives an appetite to which the person may have long been a stranger. Especially is this so in cases of dyspepsia ; and, although the return of appetite is an indication of the favorable action of the water, permanent relief may be entirely frustrated by gratification of the palate. As a rule, the diet should be plain and nutritious when the full alterative eflFect of the water is desired. The number of days necessary for treatment cannot be designated. A conventional period of twenty-one days is frequently named, but many cases require treble and quadru- ple that time In some maladies, where it is desired to eradi- A j ■ 116 MINERAL SPRINGS. cate a morbid habit of the body, it is best to return to the appropriate water for two or three successive seasons. Pa- tients need not be alarmed if, shortly after commencing the use of the waters, their symptoms are somewhat aggravated. This perturbation of the system frequently occurs, only to be followed by relief. A suspension or diminution of the water for a short time is all that is required. Occasionally there may be no decided benefit at the time, to be followed by relief on return home. As remarked by Trousseau, mineral waters are remedies which act " d tongue porteey After a patient has repaired to a spring which, according to the best obtainable information is suited to his malady, he should remain there until he has given the waters a fair trial, and not vacillate from one resort to another. There are vale- tudinarians — especially to be met with in tlie Virginia springs region — who go the rounds from one spring to another, drink- ing a few days of this water, then of that, apparently possessed of the idea that some mysterious spirit pervades the springs, and, if the suitable one is found, renewed life will thrill through the blood with the first draught. The search of Ponce de Leon for the fountain of perpetual youth was not more quixotic. Just as well might one enter an apothecary's and dose himself with each drug, seriatim^ hoping thus to discover the medicine adapted to his malady. Invalids should, as a rule, consult the resident physician on arrival at the springs, who should be familiar with the precise action of the water, and adjust the dose to the varying condi- tions. For this purpose, the patient should bring with him a statement of his case from his physician, which will enable the resident physician more readily to possess himself of com- plete knowledge of the course of the disease. Unfortunately, many of the physicians at springs in this country are there for a single season only, and therefore have not the inducement to become thoroughly acquainted with the action of tlie water, which is secured by penrancnce. Proprietors of springs will do well to give close attention to the medical efficiency of their resorts. We cannot refrain from suggesting the impolicy of M ,, SUGGESTIONS. J17 proprietors or physicians encouraging or permitting patients to remain when the waters are manifestly inapplicable to the disease. Neither is it advantageous for proprietors to adver- tise their waters as curative of a large number of maladies for which they have no special application. The springs are thus reduced to the level of quack nostrums, and the trifling present gain of such a course is more than counterbalanced by tlie loss of reputation which the water suffers by failure to cure or relieve. Baths, which are an essential element in the treatment of many diseases by mineral waters, are usually taken during the morning. If breakfast be taken before the bath, it should be light, and precede it at least an hour. In some instances, the bath may be taken just before bedtime. The form of bath desirable varies with the disease. For general purposes, how- ever, the swimming or " piscina" bath is preferable, the patient having opportunity for exercise. All fear of contracting con- tagious diseases in these baths is proved without foundation. The flow of water, however, should be suflBcient for frequent renewal of the entire volume, and the chamber should be well ventilated. As a proper summary of the course to be fol- lowed at the springs, I quote the words of Alibert : " When you arrive at the waters, act as you would do if you were entering the temple of iEsculapius, and leave behind you at the door all the passions which have been tormenting your mind and agitating your soul. Once there, abstain from imprudence, and do not exceed the prescribed doses, as so many invalids have done at all times, for Pliny already com- plained of the evil. * Many sick people,' he says, * take a pride in having remained for hours together in very hot baths, or in drinking unmeasured quantities of mineral waters, which are both equally dangerous.' Lead a quiet, calm, tranquil life ; batlie and drink with moderation, and the water will gradually cx(>rcise its beneficial influence over you. Your sufi'erings will insensibly pass away in the precious liquid, and your forces will become invigorated." In Europe, it is customary at some resorts to join the in- '■■< * * 8 m 1 1 r i 1 1 1; 118 MINLRAL SPRINGS. ternal administration of whey — the whey- cure — to the use of mineral water. Whey, as nearly every one knows, is the yel- lowish, watery fluid which remains after milk has been coag- ulated, and the solid portion separated by straining. It pos- sesses a mawkish taste. The principal constituents of a pound of whey are as follows : chloride of potassium, 13 to 15 grains ; cloride of sodium, two to three grains; carbonate of soda, three to four grains ; milk-sugar, 380 to 600 grains. Besides, it contains phosphates, and small quantities of iodine and fluorine. Whey usually produces a laxative efiect, aud even diarrhoea, though there are exceptions, in which it causes jon- stipation. It is distinctly diuretic. As a rule, it is easily digested, and improves the appetite, though, talen in large quantities, it causes dyspepsia and diarrhoea. If. is recom- mended in chronic laryngitis, bronchitis, phthisis pulmonalis, and chronic gastric catarrh. It is customary to mix equal portions of warm whey and mineral water. It may be of some value as an adjuvant; but the entire subject of whey-cure is much in the dark. Abroad it is not unusual for patients to seek the grape- cure in the fall, after a season at the springs. The favorite re- sorts for this purpose are Bingen, DUrkheim, Vevay, Mon- treux, and Meran. Whatever may be said of the utility of this medication, it is certainly a pleasant one, and, if of value, can readily be adopted in this country. The composition of Clairette grape-juice, in 1,000 parts, is given as follows : Water 824.00 Grape-sugar 140.00 Gum and dextrine 6.00 Albumen and nitrogenous matter .... 15.00 Iron 0,63 I'otassa 1.00 Soda . . 2.50 Lime 1.80 Magnesia 0.90 Tartaric acid 4.30 Malic acid 2.00 SUGGESTIONS. 119 From this analysis, it \7ill readily be seen that, in one pound of the grapes named, there would be about forty grains of salts, formed by the union of tho organic acids with the bases soda, lime, magnesia, potassa, and iron. The quantity of grape-sugar would be about two ounces. The proportion of these constituents varies, however, with the species of grape, and the soil on which it is grown. The juice usually contains a proportion of inorganic salts, in addition to the salts named. A comparison of the inorganic constituents of grape-juice with the Grand Grille, at Vichy, has been made as follows : The quantity of grapes usually consumed varies from one and a half pounds to six or eight pounds per day, the pulp and juice alone being taken. The action of grapes consumed in this way is as follows : During the first few days a cathartic eflFect is produced, fre- quent fluid evacuations resulting. After some days the purga- tive action is more regular, and there are several evacuations each day. In some instances, however, there is no laxative effect. Usually the appetite is increased, digestion is im- proved, and the faeces are darker; the secretion of urine is also augmented. Sometimes there is considerable excitement of the system during the beginning of the treatment; the pulse is more frequent, and there is congestion of the head. This, however, soon passes off^, although palpitation of the heart, epistaxis, and even haemoptysis, are said sometimes to result. Grapes are said to be useful in abdominal plethora, scrofula, chronic catarrh, tuberculosis, and gravel. I i: !i ic-'i II H ■ tiil rrtai I 1 ; i :■.■ 1 il :■' :il CHAPTER VIII. THE SKIN. Introductokt to treatment of the subject of baths we give a description of the skin, one of the most important emuncto- ries for purification of the blood, and that which is directly subject to the influence of bathing. A^iatomically^ the skin consists of two layers : the exter- nal, called the epidermis, cuticle, or scarf-skin, and the internal, known as the cutis vera, or true skin. TJie true shin is a denoe, elastic tissue, permeated in every direction by blood-vessels, nerves, and lymphatics. Within its substance are the sebaceous follicles, usually discharging their oily contents beside the point of emergence of the hair. The perspiratory glands are also seated here. The papillary layer of the true skin consists of numbers of small conical prominences, quite irregularly distributed. The papilla?, when aggregated in masses and arranged in rows, constitute the ridges and furrows that may be seen on the palm of the hand and the sole of the foot. The papilla? are supplied with a large number of nerves and blood-vessels, rendering them ex- ceedingly sensitive. The true skin varies in thickness in va- rious parts of the body, being most dense on the back, outer sides of the limbs, and the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. This thickness may arise from different causes, sometimes being due to an increase in the corion — the sub- stratum of the true skin — at others, to an accumulation of pap- illary eminences, to subserve the sense of touch, when great delicacy of feeling is required. We may form an idea of the extreme vascularity of this tissue, and the infinite number of blood-vessels with which it is permeated, from the fact that THE SKIN. 121 the point of the finest needle can nowhere penetrate the sur- face without blood being drawn and a sensation of pain pro- duced. llie ejjitlermis^ or cuticle, is a defensive covering for the sensitive surface of the true skin, being accurately moulded to the papillary layer. It varies in thickness. When it is ex- posed to continued friction or pressure and atmospheric in- fluence, it becomes thick, hard, and homy in texture, while that wliich is in contact with the papillary layer is soft and cellular in structure. The cuticle is formed by the exudation of cells from the papi'^'ary layer, the outer cells falling oflF as scurf, in scale-like particles. The color of the skin is due to pi<^raent-cells found in the deep layer of the epidermis. The color of this pigment varies in different nations, and gives the characteristic hue. The epidermis is pierced by the excretory ducts of the sebaceous follicles and sweat-glands, which dis- charge their secretions upon its surface. The sweat-glands are small, round, reddish bodies, consist- iniratory pores on the palm of the hand, and found 3,538 in a square inch. Now, each of these pores being the aperture of a little tube of about a quarter of an inch long-, it follows that in a square inch of skin on the palm of the hand there exists a length of tube equal to 882 inches, or 731 feet. Surely such an . 'amount of drainai^e as 73 feet in every square inch of skin — assuming this to be the average for the whole body— is something wonderful; and the thought 1 11 i 122 MINERAL SPRINGS. naturally intrudes itself, * What if this drainage were ob- structed ? ' " On the pulps of the fingers, where the ridges of the sen- sitive layer of the true skin are somewhat finer than on the palm of the hand, the number of pores on a square inch a little exceeded that of the palm ; and on the heel, where the ridges are coarser, the number of pores in the square inch was 2,268, and the length of tube 567 inches, or 47 feet. To ob- tain an estimate of the length of tube of the perspiratory sys- tem of the whole surface of the body, I think that 2,800 might be taken as a fair average of the number of pores in the square inch ; and 700, consequently, as the number of inches in length. Now, the number of square inches of surface in a man of ordinary height and bulk is 2,500 ; the number of pores, therefore, 7,000,000, and the number of inches of per- spiratory tube, 1,750,000— that is, 145,833 feet or 48,600 yards, or nearly 28 miles." The sebaceous glands are small, sacculated, glandular or- gans, found in all parts of the skin, but most frequently occur- ring in the face. Their orifice opens most frequently into the hair-follicles. The purpose of the oily secretion which they discharge is to lubricate the surface of the body, keeping the skin soft and pliable, and protecting it from the external air; it also gives gloss and softness to the hair. This fluid is much more abundantly secreted by the races that live in warm cli- mates than those that inhabit cold ones. Within the orifice of the sebaceous tubes a curious para- site, called the entozoon folliculorum, is frequently found. It occurs in great numbers in the inhabitants of large cities, whose skin is inclined to be torpid in function. Function of the Skin. — In order that we may more clearly comprehend this, it is well to remember that the skin is con- tinuous with the mucous membrane at the various orifices of the body — the mouth, nose, etc. — and that there is a striking similarity in the formation of the two structures. Indeed, we may term the one the external lining, the other the internal : the being man, with the various tissues of blood, nerve, mus- THE SKIN. 123 cle, and bone, being formed and nourished between these two linings, the mouth, lungs, stomach, intestines, liver, and kid- neys, being but adaptations of this mucous membrane to the offices of assimilation and depuration ; and, in the same man- ner, the skin performs these offices, though not in such a mul- tiplicity of ways. Absorption. — Undoubtedly the skin acts more readily by exhalation and secretion than absorption ; but that it is ab- sorbent in action is certain, though the subject has been con- siderably discussed, and many have taken the negative side of the question. For most fluids and substances capable of solution by the liquids of the body the skin is absorbent. It is related by Theophrastus that the odor of strongly-scented cataplasms, when placed over the stomach, is detected in the eructations. The treatment of various diseases by inunction with medicated ointments is practised at the present day with perfect confidence and certainty as to absorption of the drug. And when the dry epidermis is removed by a blister, and the cutis vera exposed, " medicines applied produce similar effects in doses but little larger than when they are made to act directly upon the gastric mucous membrane." There has been much doubt whether the skin absorbs water or medical substances dissolved in water. Dr. Dill, of Edinburgh, concluded, from a series of experiments, that the body generally, but not uniformly, increases in weight in a warm bath (86° to 102° Fahr.). Dr. James Murray obtained similar results in baths from 88° to 104° Fahr. — that is, the body usually gained in weight; and he showed by tests ap- plied to the urine that gallic acid is absorbed by a person im- mersed in a bath containing infusion of galls. Westrumb found the prussiate of potassa in the blood and urine of persons who ^lad used a foot-bath containing this salt ; and the urine, as well as the serum of the blood, was colored brown when the arms were kept immersed in an infusion of rhubarb. The more recent experiments of Durian and Clemens tend to reconcile the apparent contradictory results that have been bomctimes obtained. Prof. Alfred Still6, of Philadelphia, sums 411. I m I I I'H MINERAL SPRINGS. 1 f j t 1 i 1 up the observations referred to in these words: "By these experiments it is rendered clear that for overy person there is a temperatUiO at which the body, immersed in water, neither gains nor loses in weight ; while, on the one hand, above this point it exhales more than it absorbs, and therefore becomes lighter, and, on the other hand, below this point it absorbs more than it exhales and grows heavier. Thus, in a bath of from 72° to 77° Fahr., the skin absorbs on an average 248 grains in a quarter of an hour, 442 grains in three-quarters of an hour, and nearly 700 grains in an hour and a quarter.' On the other hand, in baths at an average temperature of 97° Fahr., the body loses weight at the rate of 744 grains in fifteen minutes, 1,271 grains in thirty minutes, and 2,054 grains in forty-five minutes. In a bath of 113° Fahr. the body lost more than a pound in weight in the course of fifteen minutes. By this simple statement it becomes evident that, even in the case of water, exhalation is a more active function of the skin than absorption." ' It is quite probable, from the conflicting results of experiments as to absorption, that, on the one hand, the body loses a portion of fluid in a tepid bath, and, on the other, absorbs an equal or nearly equal quantity ; that is, there is an interchange of fluids. It may be noted that experiments in warm baths show that the urine becomes alkaline^ as a ruky even when nitric acid or sulphate of quinine is dissolved in the water. Transpiration. — ^The secretion of oil by the sebaceous fol- licles, and its purpose of lubricating the skin, have already been mentioned. The office, however, most worthy of notice in con- nection with this subject is that of perspiration — the elimi- nation of carbonic acid and perspiration by the sweat-glands. The ingenious calculation by which it is shown that the com- bined length of the sweat-tubes, in an individual, is about twenty-eight miles has already been noticed. It may be asked, if these glands are constantly active, continually conveying; ' Recent rcBearclies of Jamln and De Lauros tlirow doubt on this point They affirm that the loss is large between 76° and 82* Fahr. » 8tiU6'8 "Therapeutics," vol. i., pp. 66, 67. if THE SKIN. 125 Lce in con- , They affirm their burden of perspiration to the surface of the skin, why is not that surface continually moist? We answer, because the fluid is eliminated so gradually that it passes off impercep- tibly in vapor as rapidly as it is formed. However, we all know how, during vigorous exercise and the heat of summer, it is immediately seen on the surface in large beads of fluid. This fluid is composed mostly of water, but, besides, we find carbonic acid, acetate of ammonia, phosphate of soda and lime, carbonate of lime, chloride of sodium, sulphate of soda, mu- riate of ammonia, and traces of iron and animal matter. The quantity thus exhaled has been estimated as about two and a half pounds per day — larger than the amount given off by the lungs. It must not, however, be understood that all of this quantity is exhaled by the sweat-glands and sebaceous glands ; the larger proportion is the result of simple evaporation from the surface of the skin. Tlie amount of discharge from the skin varies at different periods of the day, and under the varied conditions of our sys- tems. Immediately after taking food the process is checked, but when digestion is fully established it is most abundant. The conditions of the atmosphere exercise a marked influence ; when it is hot and dry, then transpiration is exceedingly ac- tive, while a moist atmosphere has an opposite effect. The skin also acts the part of a respiratory organ, by ab- sorbing oxygen and giving off carbonic acid, thus aiding the lungs in this important interchange of the gaseous constituents of the blood. Indeed, respiration is performed by the skin alone in some of the inferior animals. If one of the higher animals, in which the skin resembles that of a man in func- tion, be enclosed in a bag of caoutchouc, leaving the head only exposed, it soon dies, as though asphyxiated, the heart and lungs being found gorged with blood, and the temperature of the body sometimes as much as 30° Fahr. boiow vhc normal standard. Kcflection upon the offices of the skin, which are almost unknown to the multitude, will impress forcibly upon us the exceeding importance of the bath as a sanitary and medicinal ' 15 uii .'til — ""i^K T (. .4'* 120 MINERAL SPRINGS. ''1 agent. If this continual discharge of aqueous elements is checked, may it not throw upon the other eliminators — the kidneys, the lungs, and the intestines — an excess of labor that will cause inflammation ? If the twenty-eight miles of drain- age are obstructed, may not the pent-up eflFete matter engender disease and death ? Taking cold — the sudden arrest of the function of the skin — is almost always followed by irritation of the mucous mem- brane of the liings, kidneys and intestines, manifested by bronchitis, an excessive discharge of urine, and even nephritis or diarrhoea. These results, from the sudden arrest of the functions of the skin, are only mentioned by way of illustra- tion. There is a long list of diseases in which obstruction of the skin is an exciting cause. Bathing is not only essential to a healthy and prolonged existence, but, through the stimu- lation of the action of the skin, in this way we may remove various morbid products of the organism which, by their ac- cumulation in the system, are the source of disease. ' .11; CHAPTER IX. BATHS. The Cold Bath (70° Fahr. and below). — The primary phenomena of immersion in cold water are those of sedation ; the more decided as the water is colder. They are diminished temperature and paleness of the skin, slower respiration and circulation of the blood, accompanied by panting and shiver- ing. If the cold be great or long protracted, a sense of suffo- cation and constriction at the pit of the stomach is experi- enced, the skin is corrugated, the breathing is labored and convulsive, speech diflBcult, the circulation is depressed, the lips and even cheeks become bluish, the muscles are painful and seized with cramps, and, unless relieved, the person will lose his hfe. On coming out of the bath, and while exposed to the air, the sensation of cold is increased ; but ir> vigorous persons, as soon as the skin is dry, reaction takes place, a warm glow spreads over the surface, the i;iascles play with ease and elas- ticity, the mind is clear, and the person exhilarated. Since the times of Musa, who cured the Emperor Augustus Caesar of a supposed hopeless malady by the use of cold wa- ter, there have been repeated periods in which this useful remedy has been exalted into a panacea. Such it is not ; but there are certain conditions of the system in which it is an eSicient remedy. The cold bath is most frequently used as a toniCf and is only applicable to persons who have sufficient vigor to procure prompt reaction. In this way it is more often employed to perpetuate an already healthy condition than to relieve dis- 128 MINERAL SPRINGS. tli ■ ease. For the anaemic and depressed, needing tonics, other resources must be sought. There seems an incompatibility between the tonic effect of a cold bath and the fact that the bath itself is actually a sedative. This inconsistency, how- ever, is only apparent. When we speak of the tonic action, it is only as a result, not as the immediate effect. Cold applications are employed in an infinite number of ways in the treatment of disease. In fevers, the cold sponge- bath is a palliative, so acting by abstraction of heat. Active haemorrhage, both external and internal, may frequently be controlled by cold applications : in the former acting directly, by contraction of the blood-vessels and tissues ; in the latter, by reflex action, the sudden chill produced, as in haemorrhage of the lungs, by application of cold to the chest, causing con- traction of the capillary blood-vessels. In acute diseases of the brain, the continuous application of cold is of great ad- vantage, lessening temperature by abstraction of heat and contracting the blood-vessels by direct action. Gout and rheumatism have sometimes been treated, in the acute stage, by application of cold to the affected part ; but, though some- times securing relief, the practice is not to be recommended, the cause of the disease still remaining in the system, ready to explode its force at some other point. Quite opposite to this is the action of the hot bath in this disease, which, by stimulating the excretory function of the skin, removes the cause. As a guide to the use of the ordinary cold bath, we insert the following rules : 1. The most favorable ti7ne of day for taking a cold bath is on rising in the morning, or about noon. 2. The stomach should be empty when the bath is taken. 3. Exercise moderately before entering the bath and while in the bath; but the body must not be overheated on going into the water. 4. A cold bath should not be taken when fatigued. 5. The duration of a cold bath should not exceed five minutes. BATHS. 120 G. The cold bath should be Bucceeded by friction of the surface, with a coarse towel or flesh-brush, till reaction is estab- lished. 7. If the cold bath is not followed by reaction, the dura- tion has been too long, or cold bathing is not fitt<;d for the imlividiml. 8. The cold bath is not adapted to feeble or aged persona and infants, 9. Persons whose extremities or skin are usually cold should not use the cold bath. 10. Persons affected with organic disease of the heart should not take cold baths. Baths between 70° and 85° Fahr. are denominated tem- perate^ and from 85° to 92° Fahr. they are termed tepid. Tlie latter range is that usually selected for the purpose of ordinary ablution. These baths abstract heat and lessen the frequency of the pulse in the same manner as the cold bath, though in much less degree. The Warm Bath (92° to 98° Fahr.).— This may be termed the luxurious bath, that which the weary or the invalid enters with pleasure and quits reluctantly. Under its in- fluence a sense of calm enjoyment and perfect tranquillity is experienced. Granville, in his glowing description of a bath in the Wildbad waters of Germany, well describes these sensations : "After descending a few steps from the dressing-room into the bath-room, I walked over the warm, soft sand to the far- tliest end of the bath, and I lay myself down upon it, near the principal spring, resting my head on a clean wooden pillow. The soothing effect of the water as it came over me, up to the throat, transparent like the brightest gem or aqua-marine, soft, genially warm, and gently murmuring, I shall never forget. Millions of bubbles of gas rose from the sand and played around me, quivering through the lucid water as they as- cended, and bursting at the surface, to be succeeded by others. The sensation produced, as these with their tremulous motion just effleuraient the surface of the body, ... is not to be de- 7 '■ ■*if-L - i4 t:M LJ Lii 130 MINERAL SPRINGS. w i ■\ In f-i scribed. It partakes of tranquillity/ and exhilaration / of the ecstatic state of a devotee, blended with the repose of an opium-eater. The head is calm, the heart is caltn ; yet there is neither drowsiness, stupefaction, nor numbness.^* The physiological ellects of the warm bath are as follows: There is diminution in the frequency of the pulse and a less- ened number of respirations. The experiments of Marcard show that in baths of 96° Fahr., and below that temperature, the rapidity of the pulse is uniformly diminished. Dr. Lock- ette, of Virginia, in baths of 98° Fahr., found the pulse always reduced in frequency. In rare instances it was slightly in- creased on first immersion, but in a short time it fell below the normal standard, and so continued. In this respect there is a diflference in individuals as to the amount of dimimi^^ion of the pulse-beats, those whose pulse is usually riipivi and ex- cited showing the most decided variation. From these facts, and those given under the remarks on cold baths, we deduce the law that in all baths of a temjyerature below the nor- mal heat of the body, 98° Fahr., the pulse is diminished in frequency. ' Warm baths act decidedly on the functions of the skin ; absorption and exhalation are much increased. In baths the temperature of which ranges between 86° and 96° Fahr., the absorption of vrater and medicinal salts seems most ac- tive. The prolonged use of the warm bath, for days and weeks in succession, produces an eruption on the surface of the skin and febrile conditions, continuing for several days, known among the Germans as the JBad-sturm, or bath-fever. Formerly it was thought that the production of this critical fever was necessary to a cure ; but this idea has been relinquished, and it is now usually considered as an indication of misuse of the bath, and a guide for diminishing the temperature or lessening the duration. The warm bath may be considered, therapeutically, as calming and restorative. The person worn out by prolonged mental or physical exertion experiences in the warm bath a BATHS. 131 sense of quiet and relaxation, which is followed on quitting it, if the person do not remain too long, with a restoration of energy. A dividing-line may clearly be drawn between the warm and the hot bath. To place the prominent points more defi- nitely before the reader, the respective effects are shown in the following table : WARM BATH. From 92° to 98° Falir. 1. Calming aud sedative. 2. Pulse decreased in frequency. 3. Respirations decreased in number. 4. Skin neither red nor congested. 5. Absorption and exhalation of the akin increased. G. No determination of blood to the head. 7. Secondary effects restorative. UOT UATIl. xVbove 98° Fahr. 1. Exciting. 2. Pulse increased in frequency. 3. Respirations increased in number. 4. Skin red and congested. 5. Exhalation of the skin increased, and little or no absorption. 6. Determination of bloocl io the head. 7. Secondary effects depressing The warm bath is applicable to many diseases. It calms nervous excitement, and hus been used advantageously in mania, chorea, and hysteria. In nephritis, it allaj's pain, and aids the passage of calculi. Congestions and inflammations of the liver are also much improved by its use, in conjunction with other treatment. Conjoined with frictions and moderate exercise, it is also palliative in albuminuria. JDysmenorrJicea and amenorrhcea have been treated by warm baths from time immemorial. Chronic metritis is also subject to favorable influence by the warm bath. Many diseases of the skin are thereby rendered amenable to treatment, which otherwise baf- fle our best efforts. Subacicte rheumatism and ffont may be treated by warm baths, and even the more decidedly chronic types may be subjected to them when the hot bath cannot be used. The following rules are applical)le to the warm bath : 1. The best time for taking a warm bath is during the morning hours, and in some instances before retiring to bed. 2. Tlie stomach should be empty at the time of the bath. ■:!• i :'i ■ .in 132 MINEflAL SPRINGS. 3. The duration of the warm bath may be from fifteen min- utes to an hour, and sometimes longer. 4. The warm bath is applicable to almost all conditions of health or disease, but pej sons aflfected with organic disease of the heart or lungs should be careful in its use. The Hot Bath (above 98° Fahr.).— The physiological effects of the hot bath are very different from those of a warm bath. During immersion in a hot bath, the skin becomes red, the pulse is increased in frequency, the respirations are increased in number, perspiration breaks forth on the parts not im- mersed, exhalation of the skin is greatly stimulated, the mind becomes confused, and, if too long continued, vertigo or even apoplexy may result. Dr. Lockette, of Virginia, whose pulse was 77, in a bath of 98° Fahr., tells us that, in a bath of 111° Fahr., it rose to 153 beats in a minute, and that it produced confusion of thought, partial delirium, tinnitus aurium^ an inability to speak, dimness of sight, an intolerable pain in his head, with an intense desire to micturate. His sensa- tions were precisely such as they are in a violent state of feve'*. There were great redness of the skin and flushing of the face. On raising himself out of the water, he almost swooned, and, being now covered with blankets, sweated very profusely. The results of the experiments of M. Rostaj' and M. Loude coincide with those obtained by Dr. Lockette. Lieber- meister found the bodily temperature augmented by the hot bath. The extent to which exhalation of the skin is stimulated has been well shown by the experiments of Mosler, who proved that, in hot baths of high temperature, from one to two pounds' weight may be lost in the course of an hour. During a course of hot bathing a bath-fever sometimes occurs, similar to that described in treating of warm baths. There are constipation, a coated tongue, loss of appetite, nervous irritability, disturbed sleep, perspiration, palpitations, and eruptions on the skin, and a temporary discontiimance of the baths is indicated. The diseases in which the hot bath is remedial are chronic rheumatism, gout, and chronic diseases of the skin, especially those of a scaly nature, such as psoriasis, pityriasis, and lichen, BATHS. 133 een mm- num. an occurring in phlegmatic temperaments. In neuralgias^ paror plef/ia^ and paralysis, it is curative in a marked degree, espe- cially when employed in the form of a hot douche. Dysmen- orrhcea and amenorrhoea, associated with atonic conditions, are also favorably influenced by hot baths and douches. En- larged and contracted joints are relieved by the same treat- ment. Engorgement of the abdominal viscera may be prop- erly subjected to hot baths, and frequently with decided re- lief. In tertiary syphilis, the hot bath often acts as an indis- pensable adjuvant to cure. The stimulant effect on the excre- tory function of the skin, combined with proper medication, seems to eliminate the venereal poison with great certainty and rapidity. When the hot douche acts favorably in neuralgia, paralysis, and affections of the joints, it seems to do so by its local effect entirely. The blood-vessels, nerves, and lymphatics of the affected part, are stimulated to renewed vitality, which, on the one hand, relieves pain, and restores sensibility and mo- tion, and on the other absorbs exudations and concretions. Although hot baths form so potent a remedy, they should be employed with circumspection, and the effect closely ob- served from day to day. Venel asserts that, at Cauterets, a Spaniard died of haemorrhage, from prolonged stay in a hot bath, and Buchan relates the case of a man who was attacked with paralysis, after the use of an excessively hot bath. The following rules will serve as a guide in the use of this bath : 1. The best time for taking a hot bath is during the morn- mg. 3. Tlie stomach should be empty, free from irritation, and the tongue clean. 3. The duration may be from five to fifteen minutes, and sometimos longer, according to temperature and condition. 4. The hot bath is more applicable to the middle-aged and old, than to young persons. 5. Plethoric persons should be guarded in the use of hot baths. 6. Those suffering from organic disease of the heart or lungs, or subject to vertigo, should not use hot baths. 134 MINERAL SPRINGS. 4 7. The temperature of the hot bath usually employed, ranges from 102° to 110° Fahr. Vapor-Bath. — In this bath the atmosphere is loaded with hot vapor. It acts rapidly in increasing the heat of the body, inasmuch as the body is not only heated by the surrounding hot medium, but, when perspiration would afford relief, evap- oration is impeded by the already moist atmosphere. Owing to these conditi' s a high temperature of vapor-bath is in tolerable, while a dry, hot-air bath may be taken at 312° Fahr,, and higher, with impunity. In a vapor-bath of 120° Fahr., F^rdyce found the pulse 145 after twenty minutes' stay. At a higher temperature, the p" Ise becomes more frequent and smaller, and, when the temperature reaches 170° Fahr., it can be borne but for a few moments without injury. The physiological effects of the hot vapor-bath are con- gestion and redness of the skin, increase in frequency of the pulse, fulness of the head, oppression of tLs chest, arising from congestion of the lungs, and tendency to perspiration. Persons are often deceived by the seeming large quantity of perspiration on the skin, which is, in great part, only the con- densation of vapor on the body. There is increase in the tem- perature of the body. Wiegand found that in a vapor-bath of 106° Fahr. a thermometer placed in the mouth rose from 99° to 102° Fahr. in five minutes, and reached 104° Fahr., when the temperature of the bath was increased to 110° Fahr. These observations may not, however, be altogether accurate, as the hot vapor entering the mouth would inlluence the ther- mometer ; and, placed in the axilla, it does not mark so great change. But that the temperature of the body is decidedly increased is undoubted ; and it is from this fact that the bodv so well tolerates the sudden transition from hot vapor to a cool shower-bath. The change is grateful and soothing, and is followed by copious perspiration under favorable conditions. Russian Hath. — This is but a form of the hot vapor-bath. Under various forms it is used by all the inhabitants of North- ern Europe — the Germans, Swedes, Norwegians, Russians — and, we are told, by the Indians of this continent. As em- BATHS. 135 ided with the body, rounding ief, evap- Ovviiig Eith is ill at 212° I of 120° ites' stay, luent and ir., it can are con- ey of the b, arising spiration. Entity of the con- the tem- apor-bath ose from 4° Fahr., iO° Fahr. accurate, the ther- so great iccidedly the body por to a ling, and nditions. por-bath. of North- jssians — As em- ployed in this country, it consists of antechambers, or dressings rooms, warmed from 70° to 95° Fahr., and the bath-chamber. The latter is constructed of wood, and on one side of the room are rows of benches, usually three in number, one above the other. The temperature of the bath is according to the elevation of the bench ; on the lower it is about 96° Fahr., and on the upper one it may be as high as 160° Fahr. The bather disrobes in the anteroom, and then, lightly covered, en- ters 'he bath. He first reclines on the lower shelf, then on the middle, next on the upper, remaining five, ten, or fifteen minutes on each, the time varying as the person is accustomed to the bath. At certain stages of this process, when the skin is red and the body very hot, the person is taken to a side- room and showered with cool, or even cold water ; the skin being so intensely ho^; the sensation is very agreeable, and no clanger need be apprehended, provided the contact of cold be brief. In Russia the attendant also rubs the body vigorously with various irritating and cleansing substances, such as the inner bark of the lim^-tree, previously soaked in soap-suds, a hempen wisp, bran and soap-suds, or flannel cloths, the selec- tion being adapted to the condition of the patient. The body is also kneaded, and the various joints rubbed and twisted till they are perfectly supple. The hot vapor is usually admitted to the room from coils of steam-pipes, but in Russia it is pro- duced by throwing water on red-hot shot or stones ; and there the equivalent for the cold shower often consists in running Odt into the open air and rolling in the snow, immediately re- turning, however, to the hot vapor-room. The duration of the bath for those not habituated is about fiftet a minutes ; but, after becoming accustomed to it, it may be prolonged to a half-hour, or even an hour. After the bath the person retires to an adjoining room, and remains till co jl, usually partaking of some warm drink. If, however, copious perspiration is de- siraljle, the patient is wrapped in blankets and reclines on a couch, whcro he remains for some time. Ilot-Air Bath. — In the hot-air bath the body is surrounded by a medium which, although it tends to increase its heat, pre- r ! *\ In i : t «♦ 136 MINERAL SPRINGS. sents at the same time the best conditions for conveying the heat away. The skin is stimulated to increased activity, and perspiration exudes from every pore ; but it is immediately converted into vapor, which, in the change, absorbs enormous quantities of heat, and thus the body remains about the nor- mal temperature. Experiment has proved that a person may remain seven minutes in dry air at 210° Fahr., and the body- heat will not rise more than one degree in temperature. In the hot-air bath the loss by evaporation depends more on the length of time passed in it than the temperature. Ten min- utes passed in a hot-air bath of 122° Fahr., and one of 212° Fahr., give rise to the same loss by evaporation, and this in a CDnstant proportion.* The difference between the toleration of a hot-vapor bath and a hot-air bath has already been no- ticed. While in the one we cannot endure a heat above 160° or 170° Fahr., in the other we can readily remain for some time after it passes the point of boiling-water. It is related that the workmen of the sculptor. Sir F. Chantrey, were in the habit of entering a furnace in which moulds were dried when the floor was red-hot an'i the thermometer stood at 350° Fahr. Chabert, the "Fire Ki ig," frequently entered an oven at a temperature of from 400° to 600° Fahr. The physiological effects of hot air are somewhat as fol- lows : On entering a bath of 160° Fahr. persons not accus- tomed to it usually experience a slight smarting and itching of the entire body. The pulse becomes at first small and fre- quent, respiration is impeded, and there is a feeling of con- striction about the forehead. After some moments the pulse becomes fuller, but still increased in frequency, and the tem- poral arteries throb.' The skin feels hot, and there is a pun- gent, burning sensation about the nostrils. A copious per- spiration covers the body, and sometimes the mouth is dry.' » BeU on " Baths," p. 525. " In my own case, after thlrty-flvo minutes passed in the Turkish bath, twonty-flyo of wliich I was subject to ViT Falir., and tho last ten to 176° Fahr., the pulso rose from 84 on entering to 144. • The colored attendant whom I mot in tho Turkish bath made tho following statement : Ho is in the bathing-chambers sbc hours each day, tho temperature of tho air with which ftl BATHS. 137 The immediate after-eflFect cf a hot-air bath is depressing, though when properly used it may prove tonic. The Turkish Bath. — Tliis is the form of hot-air bath in general use both in this country and Europe. It consists of four apartments: First, the undressing-room, at a tempera- ture of about 80° Fahr. Here you disrobe, receive a light gown, and place your feet in sandals with wooden soles. Leaving this room, the tepidarium is entered. This is a chamber usually about ten feet square and nine feet high, the lloor of slate or marble, and the walls of tile. Within this apartment are couches, on which you recline, usually remain- ing fifteen minutes. Temperature of this room, 120° Fahr. From the tepidarium you are conducted into the shampooing- room, of larger dimensions ; temperature about the same. In the centre of this chamber is an elevated marble table, on which you place yourself, and every portion of the body is rubbed thoroughly and kneaded by the bath-attendant. From this room you enter the caldarium^ and recline on a couch. This apartment is similar in size and construction to the tepi- darium, -but the temperature is 176° Fahr., and the walls are burning to the touch. Here you remain for ten minutes, the perspiration breaking forth from every portion of the body, and a pungent, burning sensation being felt about the nos- trils. Then you are again taken to the shampooing-room, where you are douched with water of about 98° Fahr., and rubbed with wisps of sea-grass or hemp ; then douched again. The attendant then takes a wooden strlgil, of the antique pat- tern, and scrapes the body and extremities. Next you are showered with water of 90° Fahr. ; then douched with water of 70° Fahr., the latter giving considerable shock, and termi- nating the bath. You are then conducted to the dressing- room, where, after being thoroughly dried, you recline for he is surrounded during that time varyinjf from 120° to 200' Fahr., some persons taking baths at tlie last-named temperature. He has followod this occupation four years. Ho has lost considerable in weight, and has very little appetite. Tongue Is white and fUrred. Suf- fers from constipation — a passage once in two days; previous to taking charge of biitlis, hav- ing been regular. Passes very little urine. Perspires freely In the bath. Feels stupid. Sleeps veiy soundly; and frequently feels numb in portions of his body when he wakes. :'li^ 138 MINERAL SPRINGS some time on a couch, enjoying the pleasurable " dolce-fur- niente " condition in wLich you find yourself. The system is in a state of lassitude, with a pleasant inclination to repose, unaccompanied, however, by the slightest sensation of weari- ness or fatigue. During the entire process the pulse has ranged as high as sixty beats per minute above the normal standard ; and considerable skill has been required on the part of the attendant in adjusting the cooling douches so as to leave you at the close with the body cooled to the natural temperature. The Turkish bath in the Orient is the same as that de- scribed, excepting that the chambers are not heated so high, the caldarium not being above 105^ Fahr. For the purpose of the bath in health this temperature is preferable. In Persia, India, and Egypt, the baths are similar to those of Turkey ; and it seems that in countries of a southern lati- tude preference is always given to the hot-air bath, while in northern countries the hot-vapor bath is most in vogue. As a therapeutic agent, the Russian and Turkish baths are applicable to chronic skin-diseases of the dry kind, and all chronic diseases in which it is desirable to stimulate the func- tions of the skin and produce active elimination, as gout, rheumatism, albuminuria, diabetes, torpid liver, etc. Care, however, must be used in the selection of cases; and the feeble, or those suffering from organic diseases of the heart or lungs, should not be subjected to the excitement of these baths. The Douche. — This is an arrangement for projecting a stream of water on any part of the body at will. It is an ex- ceedingly active agent, stimulating the blooa-vessels, nerves, and lymphatics of the part to which it is applied, and, through the nervous system, affecting the entire organism. It may be used of tepid, warm, or hot water, the effects varying in de- gree according to the t'^mpcrature. The cold douche is sel- dom employed, except wnen the surface of the skin has been artificially overheated. Douches are differently named, according to the mode of |! ' BATna 139 [)rojecting the water. The ordinary shower-bath is a descend- ing douche. An ascending douche^ frequently employed in diseases of the vagina, uterus, and rectum, ij formed by an elastic India- rubber tubing, of convenient length, attached to a reservoir of tepid water, and terminated by metal tips, which are perfo- rated with many holes, or have but a single orifice, accord- ing to the effect desired. The force of the column of water for the uterine or rectal douche should be within the following limits : For the uterus, from two to six feet pressure ; for the rectum, from two and a half to ten feet. The temperature may range from 82° to 92° Fahr , though, in some cases, il ^nay be as high as 98° Fahr. The fan-douche is a metal tip, spreading out like an ordi- nary fan, with the perforations at the circumference of the fan. The ring douche is a cylinder formed of coiled pipes ris- ing one above the other to the height of six feet, and about two and a half feet in diameter. These pipes are all per- forated on the inside, and, when the patient is within and the water turned on, he is showered from every point of the cir- cumference. Tlie imiversal douche is a similar contrivance, by which the person is showered from every direction — above, below, and on all sides. The spout-hath is a douche of great power. It is formed by an orifice of from one to two and a half inches in diameter, from which the water is projected, over and downward, from a height of five or six feet. The patient, usually reclining on a slab, places himself under this stream of water and permits it to flow on the diseased part. The SitZrBath. — This is a bath in which the thighs and middle portions of the body only are immersed, in other words, the person sits down in the water. It may be cold, warm, or hot, and acts according to the temperature. The warm sitz- bath produces relaxation of the tissues of the pelvis and re- 111 "V J 40 MINERAL SPRINGS. M lii lieves irritation, thus giving relief in stricture of the urethra, nephritic colic, amcnorrhoea, and djsmenorrhoea. The cold or hot sitz-bath should be employed with caution. The foot-oath has the eflFects of the warm or hot bath, ac- cording to temperature, though in a modified degree. Tliis distinction, however, should be made: the primary action of the hot foot-bath, by the turgescence of the blood-vessels of the feet, relieves slight engorgements in other parts of the body, especially when the head is the seat of the en- gorgement. Mineral-Mud Hath, — This bath consists of mineral mud taken from the marshy ground about the source of the spring. This mud, having been previously thoroughly dried, is placed in a large vat and mingled with hot mineral water till of a plastic consistency. The patient immerses himself in this hot mineral mud, varying in temperature from 85° to 100° Fahr., and remains from one to several hours. He then passes from this vat to an adjoining warm-water bath, where he is cleansed, thoroughly rubbed and dried. Although of recent introduction in this country, this bath is of ancient date, having been described by Pliny and Galen. The eflFect of the bath is to produce a lively excitation of the skin, followed by free perspiration. When the baths have been continued for some time, miliary and erythematous eruptions sometimes occur on the surface of the skin, un- accompanied, however, as a rule, by the feverish conditions which present in the eruptions from prolonged warm or hot bathing. This kind of bath is chiefly employed in diseases of the skin, chronic rheumatism, and affections of the joints, such as engorgements, contractions, and concretions. The good results of these baths abroad, in diseases of this nature, are attributed by the best authorities entirely to the external and topical ap- plication of heat, and the irritation produced by the friction of the mud. No heed is given to the supposed absorption of the chemical constituents. I give, however, the chief constitu- ents of the most celebrated mineral-mud bath in Europe, that BATUS. 141 of Franzensbad, as taken from an exceedingly accurate analy- sis by Kadig : One thousand parts of the dried mud consist of the following : Farts. Sulphate of protoxide of iron 24 Sulphate of soda . 88 Sulphate of lime .... 14 Chloride of sodium . 10 Protoxide of iron . . . - 88 Alumina ..... . 29 Magnesia ..... 14 Silica ..... . 42 Coarse sand ..... 60 Humic acid and ulmine . . 180 Vegetable substances 62 Vegetable substances (undestroyed) . 423 hi 974 The remaining substances are sulphates of alumina, magnesia, strontia, lithia, manganese, and phosphate of lime. The original analysis is carried out to five places of decimals. As a curiosity, the sand-bath may be mentioned. It con- sists in burying one's body in the warm sand of the sea shore and remaining for some hours. It is practised by the Tartars of the Crimea. By this process slight perspirations, followed by eruptions, are produced. Medicated JBaths. — All baths of mineral-spring water, con- taining considerable mineral constituents, may be placed in this class ; also, those baths of ordinary water in which medi- cines are dissolved. The substances most frequently intro- duced are alkaline carbonates, with a view of imitating the baths of alkaline mineral waters — common salt producing a bath somewhat resembling that of saline waters ; sulphuret of sodium forming a bath similar to that of sulphur-waters. Baths of the fumes of various medicines — termed fumiya- tio7\s — are also used ; of these, those of sulphur and mercury are most frequently employed. The person to be subjected to this process is seated on a stool, within a close box, the *' Lj|is||; f ? ! f ' lijl MB U2 MINERAL SPRINGS. head only projecting from an aperture. The fumes are intro- duced beneath the stool, and the body is thus enveloped in an atmosphere highly charged with the vapor of medicinal sul>- stances. Carbonic- Ac id Hath. — This bath can only be used advan- tageously at springs where there is an abundant escape of the gas. Over the spring, or a portion of the spring, a bell-shaped reservoir is placed, and from the upper part flexible tubing conveys the gas to the room in which baths are given, or to a second reservoir, which may be arranged like the ordinary gas. ometer, so that the gas may escape under pressure. The bath- ing apparatus consists of an impervious box, within which the patient is seated, the head being without the box, and care be- ing taken that properly-adjusted rubber-cloth envelops the throat, so that the gas may not escape, and the patient respire a sufficient quantity to become asphyxiated. The patient may take the bath with or without his clothing, as he desires. The effect of this bath has been described by M. Rotureau as fol- lows : He experienced a lively sense of warmth, with redness of the face and pricking of the skin, accompanied at first by coldness of the feet ; the pulse diminished in frequency. The bath was followed by a sense of renewed vigor and activity. In one experiment which he made, completely undressed, he felt at first exceedingly cold, and the heat that succeeded was accompanied with insupportable itching. The gas has also been administered in the form of a douche. According to Althaus, when applied locally to the eye. carbonic acid produces a burning sensation in the conjunctiva, accompanied with con- gestion. The secretions are increased, and tears flow freely ; but, if the application is long continued, the secretions may be suppressed ; the eye becomes congested, and disturbance of vision follows. When a douche of carbonic acid is directed upon the ear, the sense of hearing becomes more acute, the secretions of the lining membrane are augmented, and some- times drowsiness follows the operation. Applied to the mouth or fauces, an acidulous taste is experienced, together with an astringent sensation, and the uvula and root of the tongue be- BATHS, 143 conjo injected ; the flow of saliva is also increased. If the iippliuation be long continued, there are loss of taste and a sense of heaviness in the tongue, and, when douched upon the abdo- men, it is said to promote hajmorrhoidal and menstrual flow, and in pre^jnant women to cause abortion. The diseases in which the carbonic-acid bath is said to have proved useful, are rheumatism, neuralgia, paralysis, and granular pharyngitis. CHAPTER X ALKALINE WATEKS. imti Waters thus classified contain, as prominent constituents, the carbonates of soda, potassa, lithia, lime, and magnesia, the carbonate of soda being usually in much greater propor- tion than other carbonates. They also frequently contain a small proportion of chloride of sodium, and sulphate of soda, and potassa. They generally contain a large quantity of car- bonic-acid gas. Tlie action of these waters depends on the alkaline carbonates above mentioned, varied, however, hy their peculiar combination with other salts, and sometiines by undiscovered ingredients. They tend to stimulate the stomach, to increase the appetite, to render the urine alkaline, to increase its flow, and in a slight degree to promote the activity of the skin. These waters prove purgative only in exceptional instances, usually producing constipation. They especially act on the mucous membranes, lessening catarrhal discharges. Waters of this class, when of high temperature, prove ex- ceedingly beneficial in ffout, and it is in this disease that the alkaline Vichy waters of Europe have attained so great celeb- rity. Wliy these waters prove more beneficial than the active ingredients, given in the usual way, is not well understood. The fact, however, is incontestable, that waters of this class frequently prove more valuable than any other remedy. The cases of gout to which they are especially applicable are those in which the patient is of full habit. Waters of this class also prove beneficial in cases of urtc-acid gravely though the decided curative eflect that was once expected has not been realized. ALKALINE WATERS. 145 In catarrh of the bladder^ however, they frequently prove curative. Jcterus^ depending on catarrh of the hi ^)atic ducts, is relieved by them. Chronic bronchitis, or catarrh of the respiratory organs, unaccompanied by organic disease of the heart, will be favorably influenced by their use. Care, how- ever, should be taken that cases subjected to their action have no tendency to haemoptysis. It is this class of waters that have so long been known in Europe as proving decidedly ben- eficial in cases of diabetes mellitus. In one of the Western States, a spring is advertised as a new discovery — a cure in this disease — and that it is of value is undoubted; but, curiously enough, we find that it also is an alkaline water — no discovery, after all. Under the use of alkaline waters, the diabetic patient gains in strength, the harassing thirst ceases, the skin becomes moist, the urine is reduced almost to normal specific gravity, and often every trace of sugar disappears. In some incipient cases, it is quite probable a cure has taken place ; but, though this result be not attained, the disease is often stayed in its course, and Althaus tells us that, " in some in- stances diabetes has, by the use of the Vichy waters, been brought to a stand-still for years." ' In cases of gall-stones, these waters frequently give relief, causing them to be passed with less pain, and, by a periodical use for several seasons, entirely removing the tendency to formation of them. Dys- pepsin^ accompanied with acidity, is favorably affected, and tliat somewhat vague disease, catarrh of the stomach, more properly chronic gastritis, is amenable to treatment by these waters. It will be seen that these waters, and the alkaline-saline waters, are in several instances, recommended in similar cases. Tlio distinction to be made in determining, for a given case, wliich is preferabh;, is based on tlie answer to the question, whether the patient is of constipated habit, and requires an ajxTient or cathartic medicine ; if he docs, then tlie alkaliitc- saline waters are superior to the purely alkaline. Waters which contain a considerable proportion of carbonic-acid gas > " Bpaa of Europe," p. 820. m i 1 4-r 146 MINERAL SPRINGS. are preferable, because more readily absorbed, and more agree- able to the taste. BIiAD;)N SPBINGS. Loeation and Post-Office. — Bladon Springs, Choctaw County, Alabama. Access* — ^Frora Mobile up the Tombigbee River, one hundred miles north, by steamboat, on Tuesdays and Fridays, to Bladon landing ; thence three miles and a half by stage. Or go to Demopolis, on the Alabama Central Railroad, forty-two miles west of Selma ; thence by steamboat, on Tuesdays and Fridays, south, on Tombigbee River, about fifty miles to the landing. Hotel. — Bladon Springs. ANALYSIS. One pint contains— Vichy Spring, 67 • Fshr. Frofi. J. L, and W. P. RlddeU. Branch Spring, 67 ■' Fabr. Profa. J. L. and W. P. Uiddell. Old Spring. Prof. R. T. Brumby. Sulphur Sprin;,', 67° Fahr. Prolk, J, L, and W. P, Riddell. Solids. Carbonate of soda Orslni. 6.791 0.086 » 0.062 0.109 a 6.282 trace. .... • • • • 6.282 Graini. 6.1. 'Jl 0.076 J 0.029 0.267 » 6.349 • • • • 6.287 Graini. 4.111 0.170 6.844 0.962 0.002 0.030 6.2(53 0.091 0.075 6.640 Grains, 4.867 Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of Iron 0.081 » 0.095 Carbonate of lime o.aoi Cliloride of sodium Sulphate of lime 6.870 Sulphate of iron Sulphate of manganese Silica and alumina trace. Crenic acid llypocrenic acid Organic matter 0.156 Loss Total 6.662 Cubic inch, 8.18 trace. S0.23 6.112 Cubic inch, 7.40 trace. »0.28 6.088 Cubic inch. 4.07 undetermhied. 5.371 Gases, Carbonic acid Cubic Inch. 6.61 Sulphuretted hydrogen. Chlorine 0.07 8 0.23 if Properties. — It will be seen from the analysis that these are nearly pure alkaline waters, charged with considerable carbonic-acid gas. The sulphur spring does not differ mate- rially from the other springs, excc})t in containing a small pro- portion of sulphuretted hydrogen. They are very valuiiblo waters of the class, and will prove appropriate in the cases to which alkaline waters are applic'a.blc. Itemarks. — The surrounding c ;untry is rolling. In every ' Carbonate of iron and oxide of alumina. <■ Sulphate of limo and silicic acid. » (Probably combined with sodium, forming ohlorlJo of sodium.— W.) li ALKALINE WATERS. 147 direction the eye rests on the primeval forest, composed al- most entirely of pine-trees, and appropriately called "Piney Woods." These springs are much frequented, and possess the con- veniences of such resorts. CONQBESS SPBINaS. Location* — Santa Clara County, California. AecesSt — Go to Santa Clara, a station on the San Jos6 branch of the Cen- tral Pacific Railroad, about forty miles south from San Francisco ; thence by stage. Or to San Jos6, forty-seven miles south from San Francisco ; thence twelve miles by stage. Dotelt — Congress Springs. ANALYSIS. One pint contains at 50° Fahr. SOLIDB. Grains. Carbonate of soda • « • . 15.418 Carbonate of iron . • • • 1.753 Carbonate of lime • ■ • . 2.161 Chloride of sodium • • * 14.894 Sulphate of soda • • • . 1.517 Silica, alumina, and t race of magnesia ■ • • < 6.235 Total . . 41.978 Properties. — According to the analysis, the accuracy of which is doubtful, these are valuable waters of the muriated- alkaline subdivision, possessing at the same time chalybeate qualities. When highly charged with carbonic-acid gas they form an agreeable drink, and are largely bottled and sold in California. Remarks — The hotel is located on the summit of a moun- tain-spur, overlooking the foot-hills, and giving a view of blue mountain-peaks in the distance. The springs, one-half mile distant from tiie hotel, are reached by a winding mountain-road. The taste of the water reveals the presence of iron, which is indi(!ated as well by the rusty-colored deposit which settles where it flows.' 1 Overland Monthly, Juno, 18T0. It i M M X- ft i*i 148 MINERAL SPRINGS. CALIFOBNIA SELTZEB SPBINGS. Location. — Mendocino County, California. Post-OfflcCt — Sand, Mendocino County, California. ietess.— From San Francisco by steamer to DonaLae, thence by Califor- nia & Northern Pacific Railroad to Sanel ; thence twelve miles by stage to the springs. Dotel* — Fountain House. ANALYSIS. H. G. Hanks) : One pint contains (61° Fahr. SOUSB. Carbonate of soda . Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of lime . Carbonate of iron '^'hloride of sodium Alumina Silica .... Grains. 7.598 10.118 1.938 0.567 1.478 O.O'iS 0.729 22,503 Total ..... Gas — Carbonic acid, 45 cubic inches. (1882.) In addition, the water contains minute quantities of carbonate of lithium, sulphate of lime, boracic acid, and organic matter. Properties. — This is an excellent alkaline water, which will act favorably in all the diseases indicated on pages 144 and 14.5. PERRZ SPRINGS. Location and Post-Office. — Peny Springs, Pike County, Illinois. Access. — By Haanibal & Naples Railroad to Griggsville, thirty -six miles east of Hannibal ; thence six miles and a half by stage. Hotel. — Perry Springs. ANALYSIS. One pint comalns — No. 1. Middle Sprlnpt. IF. EnRelinann, M. D. No. 2. Upper Spring:. H. Kngulinaun, M. D. No. .•?. Lower Spriusr. H. Eugn-lmunn, M. D, Solids, Carbonate of potassa Carbonate ol' iiiaguesla Gralnt. 0.11)9 1.20)0 o.or)i 1.3S0 ().(tr>5 0.!W0 0.016 Grain!. O.lSl 1.09T 0.040 1.71.5 0.137 0.2S.5 0.048 Gralus. 0.1 -.7 0.777 Carbonate of iron 0.(t25 Carbonate of liino 1.70S Suli)hate of soda 0.173 Silicate of pofartsa and soda Hiliciiio of sodium o.-rn 0.072 Silicate of alumina. 034 Total 8.290 8.603 8.377 . — _ , — (" Geology of Illinois," vol. Iv., p. 41.) The temperature throughout the year U ft-om 48' to 50* Fahr. ^vas excf oils rocli occupied The ALKALINE WATERS. 149 by Califor- y stage to alns. .598 .118 .938 .567 .478 (.729 1.503 i of lithium, vhich will i and 145. y -six miles No. 3. ower SpriiiL'. uKelraann, M. D. R rains. 0.1 r>T 0.777 0.(»25 1.70S 0.173 O.+'U 0.072 034 8.377 iv., p. 41) Remarlcs. — These springs are situated in a beautiful val- ley, SI -"cunded by wooded hills. They are located about two and a half miles southeast of Perry, on one of the tributaries of McGee's Creek. The springs issue from the upper part of the Keokuk limestone, which underlies the valley and outcrops along the bluffs of the creek below the spring.^ They are about two hundred yards apart. The upper one is called the sulphur spring, the middle one the magnesium, and the lower one the iron spring. The flow of the springs is about as fol- lows : No. 1, one and a half gallon per minute ; No. 3, one ; No. 3, two. VERSAIIiliES SPRTNGS. Location and Post-OfflcCt — Versailles, Brown County, Illinois. Areess. — Versailles is a station on tho Toledo, Wabash & Western Rail- road, forty-eight miles oast of Quincy, and sixty-six miles west of Springfield ; Bprings, one mile and three-quarters from station. Hotel. — Springs. ANALYSIS. One pint contains — Magnesia Sprini?. G. A Marriner. Curry Sprinpr. J. V. Z. Blaney, M. D. Monitor Sprlnp. J. V. Z. Blaney, M. D. 80LIU8. rarhon.ito of potassa and soda . Carbonate of soda Grilnl. 0.165 i.iib 0.008 1.825 trace. trace. • • • • d.i75 • ■ • • Grains, trace. 0.!)53 0.933 1.514 trace. 0.261 6.091 0.102 trace. Grains. trace. 0.95.3 ( 'arbon.ate of magnesia, f 'artjonate of iron 0.373 « 0.267 ( 'arbonato of lime 2.017 < hloride of sodium trace. Sulphate of lime Potassa A luiiilna and trace of iron Silica 0.2*13 Organic matter trace. Totil 8.292 Cubic Inch, 8 8.854 4.828 (Us. Carbonic acid Jlemarhs. — The springs are situated in a valley surrounded by hills, composed entirely of loess and drift. The valley was originally a part of the ancient valley of the Illinois River, and was excavated one hundred feet or more into the carbonifer- ous rocks, which were once continues across the area now occupied by " e valley.* The ten-f ■ature of the water is 58° Fahr. 1 i> Geology 01 nilnols." " Trace of alumina. " Geology of llHnoiB." i^i - 1 fj f I ''I \ * ■t'l S - 1,1 ~ As- 160 MINERAL SPRINGS. ST. liOUIS SPRINa. Location and Post-OfBce. — St. Louis, Gratiot County, Michigan. Aeeess. — From Detroit, via Flint & Pore Marquette Railroad, ninety, eight miles, to East Saginaw ; thence thirty miles by railroad to the springs. Or from Detroit, via Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad, ninety-eight miles, to St John's ; thence thirty miles by stage. llotels* — Eastman House, McHenry Hotel, Union Hotel. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (50° Fahr. S. P. Duffield l,M.D.): Solids. OrainB. Carbonate of soda . • • 7.684 Carbonate of magnesia . • • • . 1.080 Carbonate of iron . • • 0.091 Carbonate of lime • • • . 5.019 Chloride of lime • • trace. Sulphate of lime • • . 6.926 Silicate of lime • • 0.700 Silica • • • . 0.299 Organic matter and loss • • • • 0.208 Total . 22.006 Gases. Cubic inches. Carbonic acid • • 1.36 Sulphuretted hydrogen . • « • . trace. Properties. — The above analysis shows these waters to be strongly alkaline, and at the same time containing a small proportion of iron. They also contain suflBcient of the salts of lime to ally them to calcic waters. Fiom the constituents we would expect the waters to prove beneficial in acid dyspep- sia, biliary calculus, and diseases of the bladder. The results of treatment, as exhibited by Dr. Stiles Kennedy,* show the waters to have been especially beneficial in dyspepsia and neuralgia. From his report of cases treated at the St. Louis Spring we have compiled the following table. {See page 151.) Many of these cases were doubtless of the severest type ; and the above results certainly appear favorable. It must be remembered, however, that all cases treated by Dr. Kennedy are not reported, and that of all who visited the spring only 1 " Magnetic and Mineral Springs of Micliigan.'' By Stiles Kennedy, M. D. ton, Del. : James & Webb, 1872. Wilmlng- SKELETON MAP or m 9B0WXMO INBRAL 8PRINC9, • Springs S a. Wilmlng- "f'il 'Jllil f U 'it ii •fJIM l:|,l I : i 150 MINERAL SPRINGS. ST. liOXTIS SPBINQ. Location and Post-OiSeet — St. Louis, Gratiot County, Michigan. Access. — From Detroit, via Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, ninety, eight miles, to East Saginaw ; thence thirty miles by railroad to the springs. Or from Detroit, via Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad, ninety-eight miles, to St. John's ; thence thirty miles by stage. Hotels* — Eastman House, Mcflenry Hotel, Union Hotel. ANAT.YBIS. One pint contains (50° Fahr. S. P. Duffield ,M.D.): BOLTDB. OraiDB. Carbonate of soda . , , 7.684 Carbonate of magnesia . • • • . 1.080 Carbonate of iron . • • 0.091 Carbonate of lime • • • . 5.019 Chloride of lime • • trace. Sulphate of lime • • • . 6.925 Silicate of lime , , 0.700 Silica • • . 0.299 Organic matter and loss • • • 0.208 Total . 22.006 Gases. Cubic Inches. Carbonic acid • • 1.36 Sulphuretted hydrogen . • « • . trace. Properties. — The above analysis shows these waters to be strongly alkaline, and at the same time containing a small proportion of iron. They also contain suflBcient of the salts of lime to ally them to calcic waters. From the constituents we would expect the waters to prove beneficial in acid dyspep- sia, biliary calculus, and diseases of the bladder. The results of treatment, as exhibited by Dr. Stiles Kennedy,^ show the waters to have been especially beneficial in dyspepsia and neuralgia. From his report of cases treated at the St. Louis Spring we have compiled the following table. {See page 151.) Many of these cases were doubtless of the severest type ; and the above results certainly appear favorable. It must be remem})ererl, however, that all cases treated by Dr. Kennedy are not reported, and that of all who visited the spring only » "Magnetic and Mineral Springs of Michigan." By Stiles Kennedy, M. D. ton, Del. : James &. Webb, 18T2. Wllming- D. oad, ninety- the springs, miles, to St. }raina. 7.684 1.080 0.091 5.019 trace. 6.926 0.700 0.299 0.208 12.006 ncheB. 1.36 trace. ters to be g a small ■ the salts >nstituent8 id dyspep- Tie results ' show the epsia and St. Louis 3age 151.) •est type; ; must be Kennedy Dring only D. Wilmlng- i I f Dysponsla.., Nt'Urali^itt..., Clironio rheii Pubiiciito rhe (idnorthcal rl KhcitmutlBai Puwiysis.... Paraple{,'ia... Hcraiplcsfla.. Aiiaiiittiesia (; Total. . a portion was not ] were sub the majoi scribed. St. Louis more con paralytic sorted tc continuec are repor of this is water, is whatever feels of tl regardlesi magnetic the treat: however, depending pected fn tills natu best Eurc some mor Althoi determine ALKALINE WATERS. 151 I)U«H*. Dyspfipsla Ni'unil(?ia Cliroiiifi rheumatism Pubiujiito rhuumutism (ionorhieal rheuiiiatlsin — KhiMiiuutlsm " nououx " ». I';inily»i9 I'arapletfla ■ Hi^raipk'Kia /Vuujiitliesia ipartlal) Total No. of Caiei. CuTtfd. Iiii|jn>ve>l. Not boneUted. 8 7 1 12 4 6 8 6 *I 4 , , 1 "i •• , , 1 4 , , 1 , , 1 , , 2 2 •• • • 87 16 17 4 Avtnge dura- tion of Treatmtnt. 1 month. 8 months. 2 months. 1 month. 8 woeks. 2 months. 2 month.s. 2f months. 2| months. 2| weeks. a portion came under his observation. Again, the treatment was not limited to the internal use of the water, but all cases were subjected to the salutary influence of the bath ; and, in the majority of instances, it was the warm bath that was pre- scribed. That the fact of the warm water, being that of the St, Louis Spring, had any bearing on the relief afforded, needs more complete demonstration. Especially in rheumatic and paralytic affections was the warm or hot bath and douche rO' sorted to, and, in many instances, the additional aid of the continued electric current. In paralytic affections no cures are reported, though all seem to have improved. How much of this is due to the medical treatment, or how much to the water, is difficult to determine ; our own impression is, that whatever was gained may be attributed to the combined ef- fects of the warm bath and douche, shampooing, and electricity, regardless of the constitution of the water. As to its so-called magnetic power we are entirely skeptical, as may be seen in the treatment of this subject on another page. This water, however, is highly mineralized ; and in cases of hemiplegia, depending on un absorbed clot, some advantage may be ex- pected from the resolutive action of the water. In cases of tills nature alkaline waters have been recommended by the best European authorities, to be employed, however, only after Bomo months have elapsed from the apoplectic seizure. Although the report of Dr. Kennedy does not accurately determine the therapeutic value of this watc^r, still it aids in > The gouty rheumatism of some writers. ' "l mi m 1 1 '<^fHii '^'f^ ' v^^y '■Wi J- If . B 9 J !*y i: ll ) m \ i I a?.] 1 « ^ S3 152 MINERAL SPRINGS. ; elucidating the subject. We cannot forbear complimenting him on his report of cases ; and it is to be regretted that a similar method has not been pursued at the old-time resorts duriiii^' the many years past. Remarks. — The St. Louis Spring is situated in a town of the same name, the outgrowth of the lumbering interests of this portion of Michigan. On either hand it is surrounded by far-extending pine-forests, while near by flows Pine River, The well was the result of an attempt, in 18G9, to procure a flow of salt-water, of which there is an abundance in many parts of Michigan. But when, at a depth of 200 feet, the water came from the artesian tube fresh and sparkling, it was abandoned, and received no further attention. However, as I was informed by the proprietor, after some months had passed by, a workman, engaged in constructing an extension of tlie neighboring mill, let his chisel fall near the tube, and it was immediately attracted toward it. Surprised at this, he called the attention of others to the fact, and soon numbers of peoj)le were found at the well magnetizing knife-blades on the tubing. It needed but a step in popular reasoning to transfer the mag- netism of the tube to the water ; and then the cry of " Mag- netic water I " resounded through the village. It is said tliat an old paralytic, hopeless of cure, reasoned that if he could drink magnetism, and bathe in magnetism, his helpless limbs would move spryly again. So he commenced drinking the v/ater and bathing vigorously, and, as the story goes, entirely recovered. The cry of " Magnetic water ! " and the story of this cure were sounded through the State, and soon thousands flocked thither for relief. Visitors at these springs are much attracted by th. yellow- tinged articles of glass-ware that are sold at the spring. This color is the result of permitting a constant shower of the vater to fall on the clear glass for many days. The yellow tinge is found to be a deposit " mainly of ferric oxide with carbonates of liime and magnesia." * » "Magnetic and Mineral Springs of Michigan,''* p. 68. ALKALINE WATERS. 153 > LOWEB SODA SPBINQ. Loeatton. — Liirn County, Oregon. htttss,—By private conveyance from Salem, ftbout thirty miles southca.st. IlOtcIt— Finlay's. Analysis. — No accurate analysis of these waters has been made. They abound in carbonic acid and contain carbonates of soda and iron.' Remarks. — These springs are situated on the Cascade Mountains, on the south fork cf the Santiam, amid surround- ing evidences of volcanic action. They escape from the base of a mountain-spur of porphyritic rock. Tlie water flows from the springs with considerable force. It is somewhat affected in quantity by the varying seasons. SHELDON SPRINGS. Location and Post-Office Address. — Sheldon, Franklin County, Vermont. AfCCSS.— Go to St. Albans, a station on the Vermont Central Railroad, in tlie northwest corner of the State ; thence ten miles east, by Missisquoi Val- ley Railroad, to Sheldon. Persons going to the Sheldon Spring, one of the group, buy ticket to Congress Ilall Station, eight miles east of St, Albans, llotfls.— Bellevuc, Central (at the Shddon Spring^ Congress Hall), Vcr- mont Ilouse, Portland House. Analysis. — No reliable quantitative analysis of these waters hiis ever been published. However, the prominent constitu- ents are the alkaline carbonates, and silicio acid combined with '5 ? ' 'ifl^ y. IP 1 Tlie following extract is from the Oregon Medical and Surgical Reporter, Septem- ber, 1*70 : " On subjecting specimens of tlieso several springs to a somewhat hasty analysis, the following result was given : Solids. No. 1. In one ounce. No. 8. In one ounce. No. 8. In one ounce. liicarlionnte of Roda 1.25 grs. .40 grs. .25 grs. no trace, wanting. 5.02 grs. .3.") grs. trace. 1.25 grs. wanting, 1 10.02 grs. .98 grs. I'lToxide of iron 8\il|ihur ('lili)i'l(le of scxliuni M grs. .05 grs. Carlioiiate of lime ( •r;.Mnic matter Iodides and bromides " Free carbonic-acid gas completely saturates the \vati>r of No. 1." 8 1^ ) I * i -4 i 154 MINERAL SPRINGS. alkaline bases, forming silicates. There is also a small pro- portion of iron and some organic matter ; also traces of fluo- rides. [See Appendix.) Properties. — All of the waters are alkaline to test-paper. The water of the Sheldon Spring is pleasant to the taste, with an almost imperceptible odor of sulphuretted hydrogen. The Missisquoi water is limpid, without odor, and to the sense of taste does not differ from ordinary water. The Vermont water has a very slight taste of iron. Aside from the known favorable action of alkaline waters in acid gravel, gout, and catarrhal disease of the bladder, the especial point to be considered in connection with these springs is their efficacy in cancer. It is claimed by the owners of the springs that they will cure true cancer. Is there a well-authen- ticated case of true cancer having been cured by these waters ? I answer, No. But, while making this assertion, it must at the same time be stated that cases of true cancer have been palliated while using them. To confirm this we quote, by per- mission, from a paper read before the New York Academy of Medicine, February 17, 1870, by Prof. Fordyce Barker, on " Malignant Diseases of the Uterus." Under the head of con- stitutional treatment, he says : " The Missisquoi water of St. Albans, Vermont, has in some cases seemed to be of great benefit in arresting, for a time, the progress of the disease. In many, the use of these waters has seemed to produce no re- sults. Many others, to whom I have suggested their use, have never reported to me, and it is therefore probable that the re- sults in these cases were negative. But, in a few instances — one of cancer of the breast and four of uterine cancer — the apparent efi*ect has been more striking than any results I have ever seen from any other agent. None were cured ; but the ulcerated surface Avas cleaned olf, as though it had been ex- cised with the knife; the fetor, llie discharge, and the pain, ceased for some time, and the health of the patient was greatly improved. One, a poor woman, whom I first saw in May, 1807, with ulcerated carcinoma, involving both the neck I'i ALKALINE WATERS. 155 and body of the uterus, and exceedingly feeble, emaciated, and broken down by the profuse and horribly offensive discharges and repeated ha3morrhages, rajjidly improved both in her local and general condition under the use of these waters. She is still alive, although the uterus is nearly destroyed ; but her general condition is much better than when I first saw her. I will allude to another case, a patient of Dr. Sims. I first saw this lady with him in December, 18G8. Dr. Sims informed me that when he examined her in Paris, in August, the whole sur- face of the enlarged cervix was one mass of rough, ragged ulceration. When I examined her, the diseased surface was as smooth as if it had been excised with a knife, and there was no discharge and no odor, although she suffered from hor- rible pains. She died a few months subsequently; but Dr. Sims expresses the strong conviction (and I concur with him) that her life was prolonged by the use of the Missisquoi wa- ters. Although the general sentiment of the profession does not coincide with mine on this point, I cannot but avow the belief that the therapeutic effects of these waters are emi- nently worthy of careful investigation." A note appended to the above quotation runs thus: "In a letter which I have re- cently received from Dr. D. F. Fassett, of St. Albans, Ver- n;ont, a gentleman who is probably more competent than any one else to give an opinion based on extensive personal obser- vation, as to the effects of these vraters, he says : ' I have notes of four cases only of malignant disease of the uterus, under my own observation, all of whom used the water, one with marked benefit, and three with no benefit. But I have sein many cases of malignant disease located elsewhere, as in breast, face, and extremities, where the effect was to cause marked improvement in the general health and in the local manifestation of the disease ; but there was no positive cure i » It may be added that during August, 1871, the author vis- ited the Sheldon Springs, and while there saw a man suffering from epithelioma of the lower lip, the ulcer having eaten away to the lovel of the gum. His own statement was that he came ^S-. 15G MINERAL SPRINGS. !'l- M to the springs in June, 1871, and remained for about six weeks. During this time he was continually improving. The discliarpe lost its fetid odor and almost ceased, and he gained much in general health. He then returned to his home in Massachu- setts. Soon all his symptoms were as bad as ever. Again lie went to the springs ; and, at the time he was seen, some weeks after his return, had about regained what he had lost. This patient used the water of the Sheldon Spring. Dr. G. S. Brigham had a patient suffering from cancer of the breast, who improved under the use of the Vermont Spring water. What conclusion do we derive from these facts ? Not that the water will cure cancer, but that sometimes it is decidedly palliative^ and is worthy of trial in a malady so hopeless. It may also be stated that intractable ulcers (not canceis) have undoubtedly been healed under the use of these waters, as has been the case in the use of other waters. The method of using the water is to drink a glass three or four times a day, or use it exclusively 'n the place of ordinary drinking-water, even making tea anr ;oftee with it, if they be used. Beside?, patients are in the i ibit of applying clay dug near the spring and moistened with the water as an epithcm. The clay, no doubt, acts only by its cooling tendency ; the water, however, as a lotion, may be an active agent. The wa- ters of Celles, {■•'partmcnt of Ard^che, France, since 1837 have been clain)ed to cure cancer; and, very singularly, the Sheldon waters agree with them in the prominent constituents. HemarJcs. — No springs are more delightfully situated than these, or could be more attractive to the invalid. They are four in number — the Central ^w'\i\\m the village; iXxQVermonty half a mile from the village ; the Jlissisquoi, one and a half mile northward ; and the Sheldon^ two miles from the village — all on the banks of the Missisquoi River. Within sight are Mount Mansfield and other of the Green Mountains. A cool, bracing, and pure air sweeps over the hills, and attractive ex- cursions invite in every aircction. The altitude is stated us two thousand leet above the sea. ALKALINE WATERS. 157 «l MIDDLETOWN SPRINGS. Locatiott and Post-Offlce Address.— Middletown, Rutland County, Vermont. ^(((f^ — From Albany, take Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad to Poultney, Bixty-eight miles north ; ,'hcnce eight miles, by stage, to springs. Uotelt— Montvert. Analysis. — See Appendix. WELDEN SPRING. Location and Post-Offlee Address. — St. Albans, Franklin County, Vermont, Awess. — St. Albans is a prominent railroad-station on thj Vermont Cen- tral Railroad, in the extreme northwest cornei of the State. Hotels. — Weldon, Tremont, American. Anahjsls. — By A. A. Hayes, M. D., Boston, 1867, gives the constituents as follows : Carbonates of soda, m.ignesia, and lime ; chloride of sodium, sulphate of potassa and lime ; iodide of magnesium, crenate of iron, silicate of soda, amounting to over tiiree grains in a pint. The especial characteristics of this water are the crenate of iron and iodide of magnesium. Ramnrks. — St. Albans is a delightful town, of five thou- sand inhabitants, overlooking Lake Champlain, two miles dis- tant, on the west. The spring is situa^^ed on Edwards Street, south of Lake Street, about ten minutes' walk west of the depot. ROCKBRIDGE BATHS. L()r:iti»u and Post-OlHce. — Rockbridge Baths, Rockbridge County, Vir- Access.— From the north, to Washiugtoa ; thence, via Orango, Alexan- (hill it Manassas Railroad, to Goshen, one hundred and eighty-eight miles, south- west; thence, via stage, nine miles, to the springs. From Richmond, via Oliesapeiike & Ohio Railroad, to Ooshcn, one hundred and sixty-eight miles. From the southwest, via Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, Lyncliburg, Char- lottesville, and Chesapeake i Ohio Railroad. From Cincinnati, to Uunting- ton, one hundred and sixty-five miles east, by river ; thence, by Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, two hundred and fifty-one miles southeast, to Goshen. Hotel.— Rockbridge Raths, Ana^i/nis. — An analysis before us shows these waters to contain a considerable proportion of magnesia and iron, with 168 MAlViiiiAL B?RLNGS. some iodine, thougl? iu wbat combinations is not stated. Temperature, 74"^ Fahr. Properties. — These waters, as the name implies, are mostly used for bathing, and the large supply of water and elevated temperature render them well fi/ted for this purpose. There is a large pool for gentlemen, forty by sixty feet, and five feet deep, and one somewhat small jr for ladies. As a tonic bath, these waters are of deserved merit, and find their appropriate sphere. Memarks. — These springs are delightfully situated on the banks of the North James River, and the ride to them through the Goshen Pass affords views of some of the most picturesque scenery in Virginia. Two miles from the baths, on a little island in the North River, is a sulphur-spring, which is fre- quently resorted to by visitors. f ffif I , n;,. . Mllford Springs^ Mass., p. 430. Orkney Springs, Va., pp. 340, 397. Parnassus Sp !:igHi, Col p. 440. Ravenden Springs, Ark., p. 443. Silurian, Wis., p. 4-iO. Si''\jiii'. Spring. Mo., p. 453, Vichy Springs, Col, pp. 3u3,4o4. Vichy, Frri: .•, p, Gi.. Wolf Trap Springs, Va., p. 459. r i\ nm . *'«! ,' f ! M .f -'i' m t^i^ kM , w#r. A .1 T :^,M^-^ fk m'::m'¥^ *, CHAPTER XI. SALINE WATEUS. Tub word saline is here used in the ordinary acceptation of the term, meaning waters in which chloride of sodium (com- mon salt) predominates. This designation has been thouglit objectionable by some authors, inasmuch as all the chemical salts contained in waters are included under the term saline ; and, thus considered, the word is not distinctive. But the first impression presented to any one on hearing the words saline wafer is, that it contains a notable proportion of chloride of so- dium r, and, thus restricted, the name seems exceedingly ap- propriate. When saline waters contain a very large amount of chlo- ride of sodium, they are known as brines, and constitute true salt wells or springs. Besides the chloride of sodium * there are other chlorides, also sulphates of potassa, soda, lime, and magnesia ; and, in a few instances, a considerable proportion of carbonates. It is in these waters that the rare ingre- dients, iodide and bromide of sodium, are most frequently found, on which, no doubt, their value in scrofula in a measure depends. Many of these waters contain considerable carbonic-acid gas, imparting to them an agreeable taste, and causing them to rest well on the stomach. When waters contain a large proportion of this gas, they are sometimes called acidulous sa- lines. When they contain much of the alkaline carbonates, they may be termed alkali ne-sali7\e waters. Saline waters promote the action of the intestines — being > 800 chloride 0/ sodium in cliaptur on "Clieinical Constituents." SALINE WATERS. IGl aperient or cathartic — augment the flow of urine, increase the Bccretion of the mucous membranes, and promote epithelial desquamation. They also stimulate the glandular and lym- phatic systems, and increase the flow of bile. Under their use the appetite and power of digestion are increased. As a class, these waters are valuable in the treatment of scrofula^ in which disease they should be used both internally and in the form of baths. Tliey are also useful in gout and chronic rheumatism^ in which diseases, however, thermal sa- Ihies, or hot baths, are essential. Where icterus is due to ca- tarrh of the biliary ducts, they often relieve the difficulty, and 0 .OfiO 2.(IC0 275.>()3 29.044 127.202 14.426 0.010 trace. 449.653 Temperatm-e 60° Fahr. A concentrated icater, similar to the mother-lye of Kreuz- nach, prepared })j evaporation, gives the following result on analysis : One pint contains — Grains. Carbonate of magnesia and lime . 2.08 Chloride of sodium 781.36 Chloride of magnesium . 1,289.76 Chloride of calcium 2,950.40 rioto-chloi ide of iron 13.76 Sulphate of lime . . 16.32 Iodide of magnesium 2.11 Bromide of magnesium . . 2.01 Silica, alumina, and lithia 2.47 Total 5,060.27 - (J. E. Chilton, M. D., 1868.) The large amount of proto-chloride of iron was probably formed from the surface of the iron vessel during evaporation. Properties. — These celebrated waters are the most perfect type of iodo-bromated saline water known in this country. They very much resemble the celebrated waters of Krueznach, in Prussia, though containing the chloride of sodium, calcium, and magnesium, in much larger yiroportions. For this reason, when used internally, they are diluted with ordinary water — one-eighth to one-fourth of a glass of the well-water, and fill the gliss with pure w^ater. But they are especially employed SALINE WATERS. 1G3 in tlie form of warm baths, which are providod at all tlio hotels. They have been found beneficial and curative in (jout^ rheu- matism^ scrofula^ and certain forms of neuralgia. The concentrated icater is used as an embrocation or di- luted ; a bandage is wet with it and applied to swollen joints from rheumatism or sprain, after the first inflammatory symp- toms have subsided. It produces counter-irritation, which may be limited to simple redness, or carried to pustulation, accord- ing to the strength of the solution and the time it remains in contact with the surface. For baths, ten to twelve fluidounces, added to an ordinary bath-tub half full of hot water, affords a similar bath to that obtained at the springs. Internally, one or two teaspoonfuls to a glass of pure water. Remarks, — St. Catharine's is pleasantly situated within tliree miles of Lake Ontario, whither visitors frequently drive. The air is pure, and the heats of summer are seldom felt. The wells are on the north bank of the Welland Canal — all within the distance of a mile. They vary in depth, from one hun- dred and fifty to five hundred feet. One of them — that at the Stephenson House — has been in use since 1812. At Spring Bank, the sanitarium of Dr. Theophilus Mack, every form of bath may be had, including the famed Oriental Turkish bath. PLANTAGENET SPRINGS. Locution. — Prescott County, Province of Ontario, Dominion of Canada. Access. — Plantagenet Springs are eighty-eight miles west of Montreal. Same route to Point Fortune as for CaleJonia Springs, thence by stage. Uotels. Anali/sis. — None — a cold saline. Hemarks. — The name of this spring, I am informed, has been changed to the " Caratraca." }l:i ilmi ■I n. i ♦•ti' CALEDONIA SPRINGS. liOratlon. — Prescott County, Province of Ontario, Dominion of Canada. Post-Office Address. Access. — Caledonia Springs are seventy-two miles west of Movitreal: From Montreal take Grand Trunk Railroad to Lachine, thence by steamer to Caril- iOn ; cross the Ottawa River to Point Fortune, thence by stage to the springs. Hotels. mi ^: I f Ml 164 MINERAL SPRINGS. i|i m Ik liiiilii OnM pint contaiui- SoLins. Ciirbonato of soda Carbonate of magnesia.. Carbonate of iron Carbonate of lime Carbonate of manKanoso Chloride of potasHium. . . Chloride of sodium Chloride of mapncsium. Chloride of calcium Bul^)hate of potjissa ] od ide of sodium Iodide of mapncBium . . . IJromide of sodium Bronddo of magnesium. Alumina Silica Total Oar. Carbonic acid Flow per mirmte Gh Sprinp. S«llne SiTlnf. Iiitcrn]|ttrnt Spriai;, 4-1^° Kalir. 45° I »lir. 60' Kalir. T. S. Hunt. T. S. Hunt. T. S. Hunt. Grnint. Hralna. «raln.. .8M 1.2^4 8.S34 8.700 C.291 • • • trace. ti-acc. 1.078 .S-JO trace. .921 .225 .219 .222 50.772 46.iJ34 89 2r,6 7.58.3 2.091 .Oils .085 .008 .010 'm5 .1(19 .123 • • > t • • • • .173 .032 tnico. f r;ice. .22.'') .3(i:> .104 5(;.C7o 53.530 106.C7S 5 cubic in. 4 cubic in. 4 gallons. 10 gallons. — (184T.) l*ro2^erties. — These are valuable iodo-bromatcd saline wa- ters, very much resembling those of DUrkhcim, in Bavaria. They are useful in scrofula^ gout, chronic rheumatism, etc. The Gas Spring evolves, besides carbonic acid, considerable quantities of carburetted hydrogen, estimated at three hun- dred cubic inches per minute. It is pleasantly saline to the taste. The Saline Spring, so called, is similar to the Gas Spring, but really lesis saline. It evolves very little carbu- retted hydrogen. The Intermittent Spring is two miles dis- tant from the sailings named. It is disagreeably bitter as well as saline. The reacti(Hi of these waters to test-paper is alka- line.* MICHIGAN CONGHIESS SPBINQ. Location and Post-OflBce. — Lansing, Ingham County, Michigan. Access. — Lansing is eighty-five miles west of Detroit, on the Detroit, Lans- ing & Lake Michigan Railn^ad. The well is one mile from the city, accessible by steamboat. Hotels. — Lansing, Chapman, Everett, Edgar. > " Geolojfy of Canada." SALINE WATERS. 1G5 ANALYSIS. One piut oontiiiKS (53^° Fahr. Dr. Ji-nniiigs) : Solids. Grains. Carbonate of soda .... 8.094 Carbonate of magnesia .... 1.421 Carbonate of iron .... 0.143 Carbonate of lime ..... 7.782 Cliloride of sodium .... 33.349 Sulphate of potaasa ..... 1.554 Sulphate of soda . ... 3.131 Silica ....... 0.413 Total Gas. Carbonic aeid 55.887 Cubic inches. 24i Frojm'ties. — This is a strong saline water, containing a sullicicnt quantity of alkaline carbonates to ally it to the alka- lin(3 waters ; therefore it should be classed as an alkaline-sa- line water. In chemical composition it considerably resem- bles the celebrated Saratoga waters, though the presence of sulphates of potassa and soda in this water causes it to be more decidedly purgative in action. Taken in considerable quantity, they produce catharsis, but in moderate doses they act freely on the kidneys. The iron contained in this water is sufficient to modify the otherwise depleting effect they would produce if long continued. These w aters are applicable to cases of dyspepsia, accom- panied with abdominal plethora, a class of cases usually pro- duced by high living. We should also expect good results from their use in catarrh of the biliary ducts, gall-stones, and engorged liver. HemarJcs, — Lansing, the capital of Michigan, located on Grand River, is necessarily the seat of many public institu- tions, and resorted to by the better classes from every part of the State. The population is about fifty-five hundred. Adjoining the well, which is a mile up the river, is a good bath-house. The depth of the well is fourteen hundred feet, and the flow is nearly a gallon per minute. H'l * If i' ^ i\ I'jil: :< % « 1 ^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 I^IM 12.5 US u^Uii 1^ US u 12^ 1^ 12.0 I Photographic Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STRUT WnSTIR.N.Y. MitO (716) S72-4S03 iV &^ :\ \ v ^\^\ >.>. >V^ ''^ 4^ 166 MINERAL SPRINGS. BPBJUa LAKE WELL. Loeation and Post-Offlce. — Spring Lake, Ottawa County, Michigan. AeeesSi — Spring Lake is a station on the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad, one hundred and eighty-six miles northwest from Detroit, three miles cast of Grand Hayen. From Chicago to Grand Haven, by lakc-stcamer. Hotels* — Magnetic Spring, Middlemist, Bumum's. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (52° Fahr. Prof C. G. Wheeler) : Solids. Grains. Carbonate of soda . 0.005 Carbonate of magnesia trace Carbonate of iron . 0.092 Carbonate of manganese . 0.006 Carbonate of lime . 0.012 Chloride of potassium 0.536 Chloride of sodium. 50.691 Chloride of magnesium 4.625 Chloride of calcium . . 14.177 Sulphate of soda . 5.837 Bromide of magnesium 0.271 Alumina traces. Ammonia 0.002 Lithia traces. Silica . 0.063 Organic matter . • ■ 2.286 Total . 78,503 A.'-- rp! •_ J. _!. • 11- • -1 !• t' -_ Properties. — Tins water, strong in chloride of sodium, also coni-ciins an active proportion of the bromide of magnesium. In chemical composition this water much resembles the Edis- enquelle of Kreuznach. These springs, however, contain a proportion of iodide of magnesium. Remarks. — The town of Spring Lake is located on the shores of a beautiful sheet of water of the same name, five miles long and one mile wide. The resort owes its rise to the citizens of Chicago, who frequent it in considerable numbers. A good bath-house adjoins the hotel. SALINE WATERS. 107 ST. LOUIS ARTESIAN WBIiL. Location.— St. Louis, Missouri. A3IALT8IS. One pint contains {TiA" Fahr. Dr. Litton) : SOUDS. Grain*. Carbonate of magnesia . • • 0.127 Carbonate of protoxide of iron. 0.066 Carbonate of lime . . • • 1.829 Chloride of potassium . . • • • 1.126 Chloride of sodium. • . • 13.826 Chloride of magnesium. . • • • 4.792 Chloride of calcium. ... 8.448 Sulphate of lime . .... 6.709 Silica. . 0.017 Total . 60.440 Oabbs. Cubic Inches. Carbonic acid • . . 0.82 Sulphuretted hydrogen. .... 0.03 Properties. — It will be seen by the analysis that this is a good saline water. It contains a small proportion of sul- phuretted hydrogen, but not sufficient of the gas to entitle it to the designation of a sulphur-water. The temperature is above the mean annual temperature of St. Louis, and it is, therefore, technically speaking, a thermal water. Memarks. — ^This well is located at Belcher's sugar-refinery. It was bored in order to obtain water for manufacturing pur- poses, but the saline quality of the water rendered it useless. The total depth of the well is 2,199 feet ; how^ever, most of the water is said to flow from a depth of 1,515 feet. The analysis was made some fifteen years ago, since which time the flow of the water has considerably diminished. FBIHT PORT WEIili. Loration and Post-Offlce. — Fruit Port, Ottawa County, Michigan. Affess. — From Chicago, via Chicago & Michigan Lake Shore Railroud, to Fruit Port, a station one himdred and sixteen miles north; or from Chicago, by lake-steamer, to Grand Haven ; thence nine miles, by railroad, to Nuncia ; thince six miles, by railroad, to Fruit Port Hotel. — Pomona House. 108 MINERAL SPRINGS. :yi One f 'lit contains BUUDS. Carbonate of soda Carbonate of /uagnesia Carbonate of iron Carbonate of r tangancse Carbonate of l»me Chloride of potassium Chloride of sodium Chloride of n>'/nicsiura . Chloride of 'ime Sulphate o' Hoda . Bromide of magnesium Silica And silicates . Ab'Twipa Total ANALYSIS. (48'Fahr. C. G. Wheel er): Grainn. 0.565 • • • • 0.308 . 0.680 • • • • 0.010 . 0.443 . . • • 0.064 . 58.003 6.851 . 13.888 • • . • 6.745) 0.095 > • 1.325 traces. 86.971 Properties. — This water, like that of the Spring Lake well, much resembles the celebrated waters of Kreuznach, in Prussia. Memarks. — The village of Fruit Port is on the shores of Spring Lake. The town and surrounding country, to the ex tent of thirteen thousand acres, is owned by a Chicago com- pan}^, engaged in the development of this fruit district. The well is a result of the mania for seeking " magnetic" wells, which has prevailed in this State since the discovery of the St. Louis well, in 18G9. The resort is well patronized by citizens jf Chicago. SARATOGA SPRINGS. Location and Post-olfice. — Saratoga Springs, Saratoga County, New York. Acecss. — Saratoga is a station ou the Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad, thirty-seven miles north of Albany. Tourists from the North may pass over Lake Champlain, and at Whitcliall take the cars south to Saratoga, forty- one miles. Ilotcis* — Congress Hall, Grand Union, C'arcndon, Everett, Wavcrlcy, Albe- marle, Coutiiicntal, American. Koarding-llouses. — Vermont, Pitney, Washington Ilall. Properties. — It will readily be seen from the table of anal- yses that the principal constitucnis of these waters arc chlo- ride of sodium, the alkaline carbonates, and carbonic-acid gas, tins. 565 308 680 010 .443 ,054 .003 .851 .888 .749 1.095 .325 acts. ;.97i Lake well, 1 Prussia, shores of to the ex cago com- rict. The ic" wells, of the St. ly citizens New York. a Railroad, ly pas9 over [vtoga, forty- ,-crlcy, Albe- [c of anal- arc chlo- -acid gas, t H Ji, , "'i »v^^ ^'-^''.^■.^(►.■A*'*^** V?*>M*^'*^"*f'-'!*'--'*'- o H P4 O SALINE WATERS. 169 •J't»< ,09 rH id d CO C\g S ^ (J» O ' ■ O ■ O « ^ ^ S> ■ •a •!« '"»ItV '1 "H s ■ ■ •a -K '"»nv 1 •« •a 'K ''"nv •! "H I- "Jl i Hi • • o CO = id :S : :5g : -.^t I ■ • » => ^ -l< J- C >» ift o . . il.^ rt I- rH ^ C -M I- -J • . T-; -*=■=•■ d ij ^ r-! ^ »' ■ • ••"'tM .9r . m 51 rs w 34 >-i •« ~. o ,; !osd-)ioodo6iS .'N<»lffl S 'I '^ ■■- t- © ^ ^ d d E so d S W 5 =; O i-i cc d d d r-i «- •1.1IPIIBI|3 \i -0 -JOiJ •U..|||.V«J .£ 95 •■» oi Edidd o 3d 2 T. ift vb S 5-. ■^ ddi- o :S : :3 •inii'iiuoioj I •■0'^^ -O'. •eo • o •53 •d " ■» X (- C oeod in ^ a .no -n -• ^ ^ — ' •lUoqjBH oeoo ;5 T-t 3 ^ ^-< r-l 1-- is 8 «i3 CO • rtoi'-' 3"*' a! -ft- g ojdB lOOin f dT-Jdt • © 'd lill. •M ••«l«J .«9 :^8 •ai a •dC a 1 1 .3 a i^» s'a a1 - " " - o o i3 3 o H _n g4 9 3 a cS 3 fi3 9 r1 '-' 3 -, .c i«T5 I 170 MINERAL SPRINGS. '*:?! hence they may be termed alkaline-saline waters, of which the famed Seltzer Sf)ring of Nassau is a typical example. In point of merit the Saratoga waters equal, if they do not sur- pass, any of the kind in the world. The large amount of car- bonic acid which they contain, and the favorable combination of ingredients, render them very easy of digestion, and, to most persons, exceedingly pleasant to the taste. Many won- der why it is that during the hot months of the year 3uch numbers crowd to Saratoga, thinking it only a whim of fash- ion; but, aside from social attractions or amusements, there ia a positive value in the water, and pleasure in drinking it, which will always attract multitudes to its fountains. These waters are especially adapted to cases of dyspepsia ; those depending on high living, and an engorged condition of the abdominal viscera, are peculiarly subject to their beneficial influence. In jaundice, depending on catarrh of the biliary ducts, they arc curative, and they would undoubtedly prove beneficial in cases of gall-stones with a tendency to their continual formation and passage. In engorgement of the liver, and all conditions of abdominal plethora, they are a valuable remedy. In catarrh of the bladder, they may also prove useful, but the decidedly alkaline or calcic waters are preferable. High HocJc. — On Willow Walk, near the Seltzer and Star Springs. This spring was known to the Mohawk Indians, as early as the fourteenth century, by the name of " The Medicine Spring of the Great Spirit." It was, however, unknown to white men till many years after the first settlement of the country. Sir William Johnson being the first white visitor. For many yep rs after its discovery, the sick or curious might be seen following the trails from the settlements into the depths of the wilder ness, there amid the solitude to drink silently of the mysterious water. In 1773, Dirick Scowton cleared a small portion ot land on the summit of the hill, in the rear of High Rock Spring, and built a log-cabin, but misunderstandings with the Indians rendered it necessary to abandon the enterprise. In 1774, John Arnold, of Rhode Island, took possession of the High ^m SALINE WATERS. 171 bouse built by Scowton, and, having improved it, opened it as a tavern, and entertained visitors during two succeeding sum- iiiors. This was undoubtedly the first pleasure-resort in the Northern States, that of Berkeley Springs, in Virginia, beir^ the first in the Southern. Arnold was followed the next year by Samuel Norton, under the patronage of Isaac Law, who liiid purchased the land from Rip Van Dam. In this purchase Law was associated with Anthony Van Dam and Jacob Wal- ton. Troubles with Great Britain now occurring, Norton aban- doned the enterprise. In 1789, Gideon Putnam, of Sutton, came to the springs, leased three hundred acres of land, and was thereafter the pervading spirit of improvement. In 1803, he built seventy feet of the present Union Hall. The name High Rock is given from the concretions that have accumu- lated at the orifice of this spring for centuries, and formed a cone-like rock three feet in height, from the centre of which the water issues. The rock is composed of carbonate of lime, magnesia, and oxide of iron, precipitated from the water. Similar concretions form at many of the springs, but, owing to the direction of the flow of the water and other causes, do not assume the same form. A few years ago, the proprietors, desirous of closing the lateral outlet of this spring, so that the water would again flow over the top of the rock, which it had ceased to do, had th*^ rock undermined, and by means of a derrick lifted to one side. Just below the rock, four logs were found placed at right an- gles to each other, so as to form a curb. Under the logs were boughs of trees, resting on the black soil of a previous swamp. Undoubtedly, some ancient visitors of the spring had thrown brushwood over the swamp-ground at the orifice, and placed the logs around it. Below the rocks, the workmen fol- lowed the spring through four feet of tufa and muck ; next, a layer of solid tufa, two feet thick, then one foot of muck, in which another log was found. Below this, three feet of tufa again ; and there, seventeen feet below the apex of the rock, tliey found the embers of an ancient fire. By whom, and when, was the fire built? i; il :u 172 MINERAL SPRINGS. DiMKNSIONS OK IIlOlI IlorK. Circumference at the surface of the ground Heights of rock itbovc-grouiid Diameter of iiperturc, four irieiies beh)w tho top From tiie top of tlic rock to tlie wutcr within . Depth of spring from tiie top of the rock Dci>th of water in the rock abjvc tl»c ground Tlic aoconipanying section of High Rock conveys an itlcii of the forinutiou : Fict. Inches iil 4 S 6 12 2 2 10 1 4 Illilll. (JKOLUUICAL SBITION AT SARATOUA Bl'KINOS. T Congress Spring, in Congress Park, on Congress Street. In the year 1792, twenty -five years after Johnson's first throuor)i in ^' SALINE WATKKi? 173 In visit to High Ilock, a jKirty of hunters on the return hoinc- wsinl discovered a trail which led them to a new spring. One of this hunting-party was John Taylor Gihnan, a inctnber of Congress at the time. On a subsequent visit, in honor of Gil- man, tliey named it Congress Spring. The water proved cx- cccidingly agreeable, and soon became the tavorite spring, rttiiining its popularity to this day. In 18;:3G, John Clarke, a native of Yorkshire, England, purchased the farm on which tlio spring was situated. Soon after the purchase he com- iiionced bottling the water for exportation, and from that period is dated tlic large trade iu bottled Saratoga-waters. Columbian Spring ^ in Congress Park, a few rods south- west of Congress Spring. This spring contains a larger proportion of iron than the other springs, rendering it a fine tonic in anaimic cases, but to 1)0 used with reserve by those who are plethoric or robust. Hamilton Spring, on Spring Street, corner of Putnam, in the rear of Congress Hall. Tills spring was first discovered by Gideon Putnam. It contains a large proportion of iron, and may be used in the cases to which the Columbian is adapted. Pavilion Spring, in the valley, a short distance east of Broadway, between Lake Avenue and Caroline Street. Star Spring, on Willow Walk, near the termination of Cir- cular Street. Empire Spring, in the north part of the village, a short distance above the Star Spring. Washington, or White Spring, in the grounds of the Clar- endon Hotel, South Broadway. Putnam Spring, on Phila Street, near Broadway. A new shaft had been sunk here just previous to m- ;^isit, from which a water, highly charged with carbonic-aciti ^'as, (lowed quite rapiilly. Saratoga Seltzer, a short distance from High Rock Spring. The proprietors have attached a glass tube, some three feet long and one foot in diameter, to the orifice of this spring, through which the clear, sparkling water, filled with glittering 174 MINERAL SPRINGS. bubbles of carbonic-acid gas, passes up rapidly. According to the analysis, this spring resembles the celebrated Seltzer, in Germany. Saratoga A Spring^ a few rods from the Red Spring. JRecl Spring, on Spring Avenue, at the intersection of Ge- neva and Warren Streets, so named from the red deposit. This spring, though almost a century old, has never been prop- erly developed until recently. Being less saline than any other spring at Saratoga, it will answer in some cases of dyspepsia, in which the other waters prove irritant. It is claimed that it is especially beneficial in cases of humid eczema, and other diseases of the skin, taken internally and applied as a lotion. Excelsior Spring, about one mile east of Broadway. One of the most delightful walks at Saratoga is along Spring Avenue, or Lake Avenue, through the woods, to this spring. This is one of the Ten Springs^ the remainder, in the immedi- ate vicinity, being yet undeveloped. Eureka Spring^ on Lake Avenue, one mile east of Broad- way. The scenery in the vicinity of this spring is exceed- ingly attractive. Hdthorn Spring, on Spring Street, in the rear of Congress Hall. This spring was discovered in 1868, when clearing away the debris of the niins of Congress Hall, preparatory to rebuilding. In taste and general character it resembles the Congress water. United States Spring, adjoining the Pavilion. Crystal Spring, in Park place, Broadway, opposite Con- gress Park. Indian Encampment. — A new spring was bored here in 187L Ellis Spring, on the Ballston road, near the Geyser. White Sulphur Spring, immediately adjoining the Eureka Spring. The proprietors have erected a commodious bathing- house of fifty baths, with ample accommodations. Omnibuses run from the village to these springs. Lake Sulphur Spring, on the east side of Saratoga Lake, about half a mile south of Snake HilL SALINE WATERS. 176 Geyser Springy about two miles south of the village, on the Ballston road, and a short distance from the railroad. This spring is one of the curiosities of Saratoga. It was discovered in February, 1870. During a dull season the o,vn- ers of a bolt-factory, in which it is located, concluded to bore for mineral water. They chose the cellar of the factory in which to operate. Having sunk a tube to the depth of 154 feet, the water burst forth in such volume as to entirely inun- date the premises. On attaching a tube of smaller calibre, the water was projected to the height of twenty-two feet, and con- tinues spouting forth in a steady stream. It is highly charged with carbonic-acid gas, so much so that, when drawn from a faucet into a glass, it foams up like soda-w ater. It is also exceedingly rich in saline constituents. The dose of Saratoga water is as follows : For a cathartic clTcct, drink two or three glasses leisurely, before breakfast, then walk for ten or fifteen minutes, and take another glass or two ; breakfast half an hour afterward. As an alterative, take a glass three or four times a day. An exception to this rule must be made in regard to the Co- lumbian, Pavilion, Hamilton, and some other "pHngs, as they contain a considerable proportion of iron, and should be used more guardedly. The use of these waters, however, as an alterative and tonic, would be in the quantity of one-fourth to a whole glass three times a day. Itemarks. — Saratoga Springs occur in a valley which runs north and south, for many miles, through a series of elevated table-lands. Mountain-ranges are seen in the distance, and lakes and rivuletu are in the immediate vicinity of the springs. The village, with its magnificent hotels and elegant private residences, its densely-shaded streets and attractive walks, renders desirable what might otherwise be a very hot place in sultry July. The grounds of the different fountains are pict- i!r(>s([uely adorned and shaded, and each hotel has its embow- oied court, where delicious music is frequently discoursed throughout the day. Congress Park, at the southern extrem- ity of Broadway, is a favorite resort, where, during the morn- [s , 176 MINERAL SPRINGS. ing hours, visitors congregate at the spring, drink of the wa- ters, and stroll along the beautiful walks, beneath the shrde of ancient forest-trees. It is needless to say that here amusements of society, in every form, prevail ; for the w^ord Saratoga, whenever spoken, calls up visions of the dance, of walks and drives, of boating and fishing, and, unfortunately too often, of those dissipations which seem inseparable from civilization. The principal drive is that to Moon's Lake House, four miles distant, on the shore of Saratoga Lake. From this point there is a pleasing view of this beautiful sheet of water. Tlie lake is nine miles long and between four and five miles wide, oppo- site Snake Hill. A drive along the lake-shore is exceedingly attractive. An excursion steam-yacht, from the Lake House, makes frequent trips to interesting points. The avenue known as the "Mountain Drive," extending northward from Broadway, leads to Mitchell's Glen House, a famous resort. A drive of sixteen miles on the Mount Pleasant road brings one to Pros- pect or Warinff Hill, said to be 2,000 feet above the sea, and commanding an extended view. At Chapman's Hill, a mile beyond the Lake House, there is a fine view. The hill is 180 feet above the lake. Wagman''8 Hill, three miles farther, is sixty feet higher. JIagerty H'.U, six miles northward from tlie springs, on the road to Luzerne, gives a fine landscape view. JSemis's Heights, the scene of the famous engagement between Burgoyne and General Gates, is in the town of Stillwater, fifteen miles from the springs. EXOELSIOB SPBINa. LoeatioUt — Syracuse, New York. Analysis. — Tiiis is a pleasant saline water. BAIiliSTON SPA. Lacatlon and Post-OlTlee.— Ballston, Saratoga County, New York. Accesfi, — From Albany, via Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad, twenty-six miles north, to the sp'-'ngs. From the north and Lake Champlain, cars may 'J SALINE WATERS. 177 be taken at Lake Champlain Junction, via Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad ; thence forty-five miles south. lIoteK — Sans-souci. ANALYSIS. One i.lnt contalu* — United Statci. 5u° Fahr. Geolo(fy N. Y. BalUton Artesian Utiilan Well. 62' F»hr. C. F. Chandler. Fmnkllii Artesian WeU. 52° Fahr. C. F. Cbaniller. CondO Dentonean WeU, 49° Fahr. C. F. Chandler. Solids. Cirhoiiate of soila Gralni. 2.11 0.72 trace. 3.05 53!i2 6.22 • ■ • • i!66 Gralni. 1 .(m 13.378 0.143 20.075 0.701 0.0^3 0.397 4.169 93.75:1 0.005 b.m 0.015 0.455 trace. trace. 0.009 0.095 trace. Grains. H.2(M) 18.175 0.140 17.505 0.613 trace. 0.125 4.241 82.41S 0.095 6!6<)i 0.029 0.5>3 trace, trace. 0.0;i2 0.092 trace. Grains. 2 9S2 Carbini.ite ol m.aj^nesia ('iirl)onate of Iron 11. 7-29 20s ( arbonate of lime 15 494 ( arliDiiato, of lithia 0.950 Ciirtxiimte of strontia CarUinate of baryta Cliloriilt' of potassium ( 'lil()riiiii)liate of soda trace. I'liospliiitc of 8oda trace. loilide of sodium 0.023 15. oinide of sodium Fluoride of calcium iiilKjrate of soda. 0.290 trace, trace. Aliiiniiia 0.049 t'ilica 0.128 (iig'anic matter trace. Total 60.82 Cm\,U: In. 80.5(J 134. 96S CuMc In. 53. 2G 127.815 Cubic In. 67.51 114.205 \s. Carlioiiie add CuMc In. 44.79 Properties. — ^Thcsc waters presen;. the same properties as those of Saratoga. It will be noticed, however, that they are richer in mineral constituents, that of the Lithia well having the exceedingly large quantity of one hundred and thirty-four grains of solid matter to the pint. llemarks. — The fame of Ballston Springs is almost coeval witli that of Saratoga. The village spring, the analysis of which is not given, resembles closely the Red Spring of Sara- toga. Low's Well is said to be similar to the United States Spring in composition. During the coal-oil excitement, which swept over the coun- try some years ago, a capitalist of New York conceived the idea of boring for oil at Ballston. He selected a site on the banks of the Kayaderosseras Creek, and commenced operations. After much labor, and when the well had attained a depth of five liundred and seventy-one feet, water flowed from the tubing in l:irge quantity ; but oil was the object, and the boring went on. 9 ,4 178 MINERAL SPRING'J. However, at the depth of six hundred and seventy-one feet, the steel rammer became immovably fixed in the rock, and the un- dertaking was abandoned. Then attention was turned to the water that flowed from the tube, and it was discovered to be the most highly impregnated with mineral ingredients of any in the county. The town of Ballston is an exceedingly pleasant one, where those who wish to avoid the excitement of Saratoga can live quietly, and drink equal, if not superior, water. WILHOIT'S SODA-SPBINaS. LocatioDt — Clackamaa County, Oregon. Post-Offlce* — Salem, Marion County, Oregon. AccesSi — From Salem go thirty miles northeast by road, notel.— Wilhoit's Springs. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (J. H. Veach, M. D.) : Bouse. Carbonate of soda .... Carbonate of magnesia .... Carbonate protoxide of iron . Carbonate of lime ..... Chloride of sodium .... Sulphate of soda ..... Sulphate of magnesia . Iodine ...... Total Gab. Carbonic acid Grains. 10.946 10.665 0.750 4.028 25.125 0.425 0.810 trace. 62.749 Cubic inches. 42 Properties. — According to the above analysis, these waters are of great value. They are of the alkaline-saline class, and closely resemble some of the finest waters of Europe, such as the Seltzer. " The water is strongly impregnated with car- bonic-acid gas, constantly escaping from the surface, and giving a sparkling efiervescence to the liquid. Very pleasant to the taste, it exhilarates fully as much as wine, on the first day, and on the second operates as a laxative and diuretic." * It will be observed that the water contains considerable iron, and should, therefore, be used somewhat guardedly. > Prof. H. Carpenter, M. T. 'n the Oregon Medical and Surgical Reporttir, SALINE WATERS. 179 3t, the be un- to the be the in the it one, jatoga HemarJcs. — The springs are enclosed by groves of fir, pine, and oak, and all the surroundings contribute to enhance the beauty of the place. ALBAN7 ABTESIAX WEITi ▼■»▼<-•« (ViiiKK Samnf. Watkus.— nmirhonnc, Fianoo, p. 345. Canon City, CV>1., p. 410. Caxton Spring, Canada, p. 389. Climax Springs, Mo., p. 414. Ki- kcnbrccker's Well, 0., p. 417. Glacier, Saratoga, N. Y., p. 390. Graiul Haven, Mich., p. 4>2'2. Ilonibur^, Germany, p. 345. Kreuznach, Prus.-^ia, p. 351 Kisscn-en, Germany, p. 345. Manitou Springs Col., p. 394. Montc- nano Sp-ings^ Mo., p. 342. Mt. Clemens Well, Mich., p. 433. Nauheim, Germany, p. 351. Seltcrs, Germany, p. 34.-.. Pouth Park Spring, Col, p. 449. Sweet Si)ring^, Mo., p. 455. Triton Spring, Saratoga, N. Y., i). 402. Union Si)ring, Saratoga, N. Y., p. 403. WieslKulen, Germany, p. 345. *^i4« tJltCAUV V/A l&ACij •^unoivk m Iodine Total Gab. Carbouic acid . 0.810 trace. . 52.749 Cubic inches. 42 Properties. — According to the above analysis, these waters are of great value. They are of the alkaline-saline class, and closely resemble some of the finest waters of Europe, such as the Seltzer. " The water is strongly impregnated with car- bonic-acid gas, constantly escaping from the surface, and giving a sparkling effervescence to the liquid. Very pleasant to the taste, it exhilarates fully as much as wine, on the first day, and on the second operates as a laxative and diuretic." * It will be observed that the water contains considerable iron, and should, therefore, be useu somewhat guardedly. ' Prof. H. Cnrpenter, M. D., in the Oregon Medical and Surgical Reporter. Pre an alkj inatino- it here, of the minute. Ni SALINE WATERS. tjthe le un- o the 30 the in the t one, ratoga Ki'- 3 rami sia, V- (lontc- p. 4t>'^. 179 MemarJcs. — The springs are enclosed by groves of fir, pine, and oak, and all the surroundings contribute to enhance the beauty of the place. AliBANT ARTESIAN WELL. Location. — Ferry Street, Albany, New York. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (51° to 52° Fahr. Dr. Meade) : Solids. Grains. Carbonate of soda . 5.00 Carbonate of magnesia 2.00 Carbonate of iron (with a little silica) . , 1.00 Carbonate of lirae . 4.00 Chloride of sodiunf. . 63.00 Total .... 75.00 Gab. Cubic Inches Carbonic acid . '28.00 3 well is five hundred feet deep. — ("Geoloffy of New Tor) CHARLESTON ARTESIAN WELL. Loeation and Post-Office* — Charleston, South Carolina. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (87° Fahr. Prof. C. U. Shcphard, Jr.): Solids. Grains. Carbonate of soda ..... 7.353 Carbonate of magnesia .... 0.001 Carbonate of lime ..... 0.140 Chloride of sodium .... 9.469 Phosphates of lime, iron, and alumina . . 0.001 Silica ...... 0.002 Organic matter ..... 0.003 Total Gas. Carbonic-acid gaa 16.959 Cubic incites. 0.28 IprUir. Properties. — It will be seen from the analysis that this is an alkaline-saline water, chloride of sodium slightly predom- inating. The water is a thermal^ but it seems better to class it here, as it is principally used internally. It is a good water of the class. The flow is estimated at twenty gallons per minute. The well is twelve hundred and fifty feet deep. I i f iJIWt' CHAPTEP XII. SULPIIUP-'.VATERS. The prominent charncteristic of these waters is the pres- ence of sulphuretted hydrogen, hence the pcculip.r odor. Ex- cepting the uniform presence of this gas, sulphur-waters vary exceedingly in composition. Some contain a large proportion of calcic carbonates, and hence may be termed calcic-sulphur waters; others, containing chloiide of sodium in excess of other constituents, may be termed saline-sulphur waters ; and, accotding to the proportion of these salts, will their action be modified. Those containing a considerable quantity of carbonate of lime and s'jlpiiate of Hme will usually prove constipating, while those characterized by the presence of much chloride of sodium, or sulphate of soda or magnesia, will be cathartic. Still another element enters into the action of these waters, in many instances : organic matters, known by the names of bar6gine and glairine, undoubtedly differing in composition in different springs, and producing varied resuits. However, as a rule, the action of these substances seems to be sedative ; as an illus- tration, see the Red Sulphur Springs of Virginia. Somo sul- phur-waters are exciting, others depressing, depending on the quantity of sulphuretted hydrogen, the salts, and temperature. Many of these waters are thermal. They all act as diapho- retics and alteratives. As a rrle, they are decidedly diapho- retic, a result due to the sulphuretted hydrogen con^aii.sd. Persons who take considerable quantities of sulphur-water are sometimes surprised to find articles of silver carried in tho pockets decidedly blackened. This is due to the elimination of sulphuretted hydrogen in the perspiration, sulphuret of silver being formed. alkal SULPDDR-WATERS. 181 Many sulpliur-watcrs undergo chemical alteration after con- tact with the atmosphere. The principal agent in tliis change, ftccording to Anglada, is oxygen. Under its influence the sul- phurets are decomposed, sulphur is precipitated, and sulphites arc formed. At the same time, the carbonic acid of the at- mosphere unites with a portion of alkaline bases, forming car- bonates. The color of the white sulphur-waters is due to the pre- cipitation of sulphur; the yellow, to the formation of poly- sulphurets ; the blue is supposed to be due to slate held in suspension in the form of impalpable powder ; and the red, to the development of algae of this color, or precipitation of oxide of iron. Sulphur-waters are especially applicable to the treatment of diseases of the sJcin^ and, of these diseases, especially those falling under the class dartrous. {See "Diseases of tub Skin.") They are also decidedly efficacious in cases of chroii ic pharyngitis and laryngitis. The^varm sulphur-waters are valuable in the treatment of gout and chronic rheumatism, more because of their elevated temperature than the saline constituents, unless tliey be of the alkaline-sulphur class, though their decidedly diaphoretic ac- tion may aid the elimination of uric acid. The warm waters also prove exceedingly serviceable in cases where exudations are to be absorbed, such as stiff joints and old gunshot-'woinids. The natural warm or hot sulphur-waters are preferable ; but properly-heated cold sulphur- waters will answer. In chronic poisoning by metals sulphur-waters often prove exceedingly beneficial, by favoring ehmination of the poison. In cases of engorgement of the liver, abdominal plethora, and hemorrhoids, the saline-sulphur waters have long been justly esteemed as trustworthy remedies. In secondary and tertiary syphilis, sulphur-waters prove valuable as a means of diagno- sis ; and, in conjunction with other remedies, they aid in elimi- ra,ting the venereal poison. Persons in whom syphilis is latent are often surprised to see external manifestations caused by the use of these waters. 182 MINERAL SPRINGS. It' . It will be noticed that there is much variation in the quan- tity of sulphuretted hydrogen in the different springs. It is nd desirable in some cases to let the water stand for some ^kours before drinking, in order that the superabundant gas may escape, and thus avoid the undue excitement of the sys- tem caused by ingestion of large quantities. BliOUNr SFBINaS. Location and rost-Oflice« — Blount Springs, Blount County, Alabama. Access. — Go to Elyton, a station on the Alabama & Chattanooga Rail- road, 144 miles southwest from Chattanooga ; also, on the line of railroad (not finished) from Montgomery to Decatur, about eighty-five miles northwest from Montgomery ; thence, about thirty miles northwest to the springs. Ilotel. — Blount Springs. ANALYSIS. One pint contalm— Red Siilpliur. Pror, K. Brumby. Sweet Siiljvliur. Prof. R. Brumby. 80LIDH. Carbonate of inapnesla Ornini. 0.65 0.24 0.85 4.04 0.76 0.20 Ortlni. 0.45 Carbonato of irou 0.14 Carbonate of litiie 0.66 Chloride of sodium 8.86 Chloride of ina<;nosiinn Sulphate of inaguusia 0.80 Total 6.C8 Cubic in. 0.75 1.87 5.8] Oases. Carbonic acid Cubic In. 0.76 Bulphurottod hydrogen 1.67 Pj'02?ertles. — A saline-sulphur water. Jlemarks, — These springs are situated in a triangular val- ley, at an elevation of 1,580 feet above the sea. They are six in number. The present hotel was built in 1825 ; but many improvements are now in contemplation, among them the building of a new hotel. SANDWICH SPRINQS, Location and Post-OIHcet — Sandwich, Ontario, Canada. Access. — From Detroit, cross the St. Clair River, by ferry, two miles to Sandwich. Hotel* — Sandwich Springs. SULPIIUR-WATERa 188 One pint contains Solids. CarlMjnate of potasaa Carbonate of aoda Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of lime . Chloride of eodium Chloride of magnesium Chloride of calcium Sulphate of lime Silica ANALYSIS. (62° Fahr. Prof. S. P. DurriKLn) Total ...... 47.291 Oa8K8. Cubic in. Carbonic acid . . * . . 1.26 Sulphuretted hydrogen .... 4.72 Nitrogen ...... 0.09 I^roperties. — This spring, it will guished by the large amounts of chloride of magnesium and sulphate of lime which it contains ; also, the enormous volume of sulphuretted-hydrogen gas. Grains, trace. 6.070 1.618 4.813 0.070 19.220 0.007 16.479 0.014 CAIiEDONIA SPBINQS. Location. — See these springs, described under "Saline WAiEna," p. 163. ANALYSIS. (46° Fahr. T. Stebrt Hunt) : One pint contains SOUDS. Carbonate of soda Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of iron Carbonate of lime Chloride of potassium Chloride of sodium Sulphate of soda . Bromide of sodium Alumina . . Silica . Total Gab. Carbonic acid . Flow per minute . Grains. 8.821 . 2.142 trace. . 1.530 .167 . 28.004 .133 .073 .019 .612 86.001 Cubic in. . 2 4 gallons 184 MINERAL SPRINGS. Properties. — T. Stcrry Hunt, Esq., says of this water: "It has a feebly stilpliurous taste and odor, and darkens the salts of lejid ajid silver; but the quantity of sulphur existing, either as sulphuretted hydrogen or an alkaline sulphuret, is very in- considerable, and cannot be quantitatively estimated by the ordinary processes. It is, however, sufficient to impart medi- cinal powers to the water ; for the efficat^y of this spring over all the others, in rheumatic and cutaneous affections, is well attested. According to Dr. Stirling, for many years a resident at the springs, the water was formerly more sulphurous than now. » PIEDHONT SPRINQS. Locatloilt — Alameda County, Calirornia. Post-Offlce. — Oakland, Alameda County, California. iccesSt — By omnibus, three miles distant from Oakland. Hotel. — Piedmont Springs. Analys is. — Non Ci Remarks. — From these springs there is a most extended view, embracing the bay and city of San Francisco, the Golden Gate, the bay of San Pablo, Tamalpais, and the coast-hills of Marin County. The climate is mild, and free from fogs. The waters possess the usual taste of waters of this class, and are said to prove aperient. WHITE STJIiPHUB SPBINGS. LoMtion and Post-OfBce. — White Sulphur Springs, Napa County, Cali- fornia. Access. — These springs are twelve miles distant, by rail, from Calistoga Springs, or an hour's drive by carriage. Hotel. — White Sulphur Springs. Analysis. — None. [See Appendix — St.Helena.) VAIiLEJO WHITE SULPHUR SPRINQS. Location and Post-OflBce. — Vallejo Springs, Solano County, California. Access. — From San Francisco, thirty miles, by steamer, to Vallejo ; thence four miles, by stage. . Hotelt — Springs. Analysis. — None. SULPHUR-WATERS. 186 QREEN-OOVE SPBINO. Location and Post-Offlee. — Greet) -Cove Sprin<^, Clay County, Hoiida. Atces8« — From the north ami west, by mil, via Charl'.ston and Savannah, to Jacksonville ; thence, by dally atenmor, thirty niiloM Houth, on St John's River, to the sprinp. Or, from New York, by Btt'iuncr to Charleston or Savan- nah ; thence, by the connecting iteamer, direct to the spring. Uutelt — Clarendon House. Anah/sis. — A partial analysis showed tlie water to contain sulphate of magnesia, sulphate of lime, chloride of sodium, iron, and considerable sulphuretted hydrogen. Tlic water should be quantitatively analyzed. Temperature, 70° Fahr. The flow is exceedingly large. Properties. — A water such as this proves exceedingly agree- able as a bath, in a southern climate, and is adapted to a num- ber of diseases. Remarks — These springs are on the St. John's River, at a ])()int where it is five miles wide, and affords every facility for l)oating, sailing, and fishing. Tlie large flow of water is caught in a pool twenty-five by a hundred feet, and four feet deep, forming a magnificent swimming-bath, with dressing- rooms attached. Florida will always be a popular resort for those who de- sire to escape the rigor of Northern winters ; and certainly it is pleasant to live in a climate where spring follows close upon fall, and tropical fruits are abundant. During the winter many consumptives rendezvous at this and other points along the St. John's River. RED STJIiPHITxv SPRINGS. Location and Post-Offlce. — Red Sulphur Springs, Walker County, Georgia. Access.— From Chattanooga. Hotel. An alysis. — None. Remarks. — Red Sulphur Springs, or " the Vale of Spruigs," are at the base of Taylor's Ridge. No less than twenty springs are found here in the space of half a mile. Near by, is Look- out Mountain. p?lll ^' 186 MINKRAL SPRINGS. CHABLOTSVTLLE SPBINGS. Location! — Charlotsville, near Siracoe, Norfolk County, Province of On- tario, Dominion of Canada. Aeeess.— A few miles from Port Dover, a landing on Lake Erie. Analysis. — This water is notable for the large amount of sulphuretted hydrogen contained — over three and a quarter cubic inches to the pint. The amount of mineral ingredients is small. FBENCH LICK SPBINQS. Location and Post-Cfficc Address. — French Lick Springs, Orange County, Indiana. Access. — Going cast or west, take Ohio & Mississippi Railroad to Shoals, one hundred r .id forty-nine miles west of Cincinnati, one hundred and ninety- one miles east of St. Louis ; thence fifteen miles south, by stage, to springs. From the north or south, take New Albany & Chicago Railroad to Orleans, fifty-six miles north of Louisville, five nailes south of Mitchell , a station on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad ; thence eighteen miles, by stage, to springs, Hotels. — French Lick (West Baden, one mile distant).^ ANALYSIS. One jilnt contalna — Solids. Carbonate of soda Carbonate of map-nesia Carbonate of Iron and alumina. Carbonate of lime Chloride of jjobissium Chloride of sodium Chloride of magnesium Clilorido of calcium Sulphate of soda Sulphate of magnesia Sumhuto of llmo Silica Total. Oa8E8. Carbonic acid Sulphuretted hydrogen. Total Pluto'f Well. J. G. Rogers, M. D. Graini. 6'.i98 trace. 0.86S 17".667 O'.OGS 2.796 2.264 7.573 81.934 Cubic In. 1.87 8.18 6.05 Prose rjilne. J. 0. Rogera, M. D. Gralnis. 1.816 0.6C2 0.812 2.5.36 0.ti26 11.366 1.006 4] 590 8.660 17.6'25 0.212 48.816 Cubic In. 1.277 2.125 8.402 Chalyb'jato Springs not analyzed. (1870.) Properties. — These waters are useful in all those diseases to which sulphur-waters are applicable, and, on account of the salines contained, especially to those associated with engorge^ ment of the liver and abdominal viscera. In these cases it will SULPHUR-WATERS. 187 .816 .402 be well to combine warm baths with the use of the water. Pluto's Well will be fomid best adapted to most diseases for which these waters are beneficial. Hemarks. — French Lick Springs arp situated in the heart of a fine, rolling, agricultural country. They issue at the base of a hill immediately on the margin of French Lick Creek. Near by, flows Lost River, aboimding in the choicest fish. Those who are inclined to sport, will find game near at hand. WEST BADEN SFBINQS. Location and Post-Office. — West Baden Springs, Orange County, Indiana. Access* — Go to Shoals, a station on the Ohio & Mississippi Railr^Bl, one hundred and fifty miles west of Cincinnati ; thence by stage. Or, go to Or- leans, a station on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, fifty-six miles north of New Albany ; thence by stage. Hotels. — West Baden (French Lick, one mile distant). ANALYSIS. One pint contains (E. T. Cox) : Solids. Grains. Carbonate of potaasa . . 0.078 Carbonate of soda ..... 0.139 Cs,ibonate of magnesia . 4.896 Carbonate of lime ..... 6.172 Chloride of sodium . • . . . 9.748 Chloride of magnesium .... 1.425 Chloride of calcium .... . 0.910 Sulphate of potassa .... 0.171 Sulphate of soda .... . 0.388 Sulphate of magnesia .... 4.619 Sulphate of lime .... . 1.398 Sulphate of alumina .... 0.669 Oxide of iron ..... . 0.011 Iodides and bromides • . . . traces. Silicic acid . . 0.066 Total ..... 29.478 Oabes. Cubic in. Carbonic acid .... . 0.64 Sulphuretted hydrogen .... 0.61 Oxygen ..... . 0.21 Nitrogen. ...... 0.68 •iV, H ! ti ' < ', 5. i"' I 188 MINERAL SPRINGS. Properties. — It will be seen, from the analysis, that this is a saline-sulphur water, of much value in all those cases to which such waters are applicable. MemarJcs, — West Baden is in the midst of a fine agricul- tural section. In sight of the hotel flows Lost River and French Lick Creek, which abound in choice fish. INDIAN SPRINGS. Location and Post-Offlcc. — Indian Springs, Martin County, Indiana!. iceess. — Go to Shoals, a station on the Oliio & Mississippi Railroad, one hundred and fifty miles west of Cincinnati ; thence nine miles, by stage. Or, go to Bedford, a station on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, Beventy-one miles north of Louisville. Hotel. — Springs. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (53° Fahr. y^ "3. T. Cox) : Solids. Grains. Carbonate of potassa . . 0.315 Carbonate of soda . 0.452 Carbonate of magnesia • • • • . 2.368 Carbonate of lime . 4.138 Chloride of sodium . 4.921 Chloride of magnesium 0.007 Sulphate of potassa . 0.300 Sulphate of soda . 1.4'78 Sulphate of magnesia . . 3.799 Sulphate of lime . 2.529 Sulphate of alumina . . 0.104 Oxide of iron trace. Iodides and bromides . trace. Silicic acid 0.056 Total . . 20.4«7 GA8B8. Cubic in. Carbonic acid L19 Sulphuretted hydrogen . 0.42 Oxygen 0.49 Nitrogen. . 0.81 emarTcs. — This is a j l^ood saline-sulphur water. Th IS large, estimated at four hundred gallons per minute, sufficient for. all bathing purposes. SULPHUR-WATERS. 189 INDIAN SPBINQS. Location and Post-OflBee. — Indian Springs, Butts County, Georgia. AetCSSt — Go to Forsyth, on the Macon & Western Railroad, twenty-five miles north of Macon ; thence by stage. Or, to Griffin, on the Macon & West- ern Railroad, forty-four miles south of Atlanta ; thence by stage. Hotel. . Analysis. — See Appendix. LODI ABTESIAN WEI^L. Location and Post-Office. — Lodi, Wabash County, Indiana, Access. — Lodi is a station on the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, fifty-eight miles west of Indianapolis. Hotels.—. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (Dr. Pahle) : Solids. Grains. Carbonate of magnesia 0.082 Carbonate of lime .... . 0.252 Chloride of sodium 62.808 Chloride of magnesium . 6.092 Chloride of calcium 5.991 Sulphate of potassa .... . 0.100 Sulphate of soda .... 267 Sulphate of magnesia .... . 0.407 Sulphate of lime .... 6.944 Phosphate of lime .... . 0.150 Iodide of magnesium trace. Bromide of magnesium . 0.110 Silicic acid .... 0.065 Sulphur (mechanical V suspended) . 0.625 Nitrogenous organic matter 0.100 Total ..... . 84.593 Oases. Cubic in. Carbonic acid .... undetermined. Sulphuretted hydrogen . 0.99 Oxygen and nitrogen . . , uadeterminod. 111 u Properties. — ^The above analysis, taken from the " Geolof»'y of Indiana," for 18G9, shows this to be a very valuable saline- sulphur water. On comparison with the cch^bratcd Blue Li(;k waters of Kentucky, it will be seen to possess a close analog-y. It will prove useful in all those diseases to which saliue-sulphur waters are applicable. ti i ! ■/Mi 100 MINERAL SPRINGS. LAFAYETTE WELL. Location aud Post-Ofllcei — LaFayette, Tippecanoe County, Indiana, ANALYSIS. One pint contains (56° Fahr. C. M. WethercU, M. D.) : Solids. Grains. Carbonate of magnesia .... 3.590 Carbonate of lime ..... 1.044 Chloride of sodium ..... 40.590 Chloride of magnesium .... 3. 707 Chloride of calcium .... 0.466 Sulphate of lime ..... 7.042 Iodide of magnesium ..... trace. Alumina and oxide of iron .... 0.062 Silica ....... 0.058 Total Casks. Carbonic acid Sulphuretted hydrogen Nitrogen 66.558 Cubic in. 1.52 0.24 0.61 Properties. — An excellent saline-sulphur water, principally used for exportation. MemarJcs. — Flow, four gallons per minute. Depth of well, two hundred and thirty feet. TRINITY SPBINQS. Location and Post-Ofllce. — Trinity Springs, Martin County, Indiana. Access* — Go to Shoals, a station on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, one hundred and fifty miles west of Cincinnati, one hundred and ninety milea east of St. Louis ; thence, eiglit miles by stage, to the springs. Hotel. — Trinity House. Analysis, — From the report of Dr. E. T. Cox, State Geol- ogist of Indiana, 1871, page 110, we extract the following: " The temperature of the water of the Trinity Springs was 57° Fahr. ; and that of the ai/, 89° Fahr. Bubbles of gas es- cape through the water, and a whitish deposit is found on the inside of the curbing. The qualitative, chemical examination of' this water gave the following result: Sulphuric acid, car- bonic acid, sulphydric acid, hydrochloric acid, soda, potash. r .-J ifT^%rn\%.ii SDLPUUR-WATERS. 191 nw'-nesia, lime. This is also a saline-sulphuretted water, and contains precisely the same constituents found in the Lidian springs." UPPER BLXTE liICK SPRINQS. Location and Post-OlDce, — Upper Blue Lick Springs, Nicholas Comity, Kentucky. Actess. — By steamboat to Maysville, Kentucky, on the Ohio River ; thence by Maysville & Lexington Railroad to within six miles of the springs. UoteK — Boarding accommodations. ANA.LTSI3. Oue pint contains (62 Fahr., June J. F. Judge and A. Fennel) : Solids. Carbonate of magnesia ... Carbonate of lime .... Chloride of potassium Chloride of sodium .... Chloride of magnesium Sulphate of potassa .... Sulphate of lime .... Iodide of magnesium .... Bromide of magnesium Alumina : phosphate of lime and peroxide of iron Silicic acid .... IjOSS ...... Total . . . , Casks. Carbonic acid ..... Sulphuretted hydrogen Grains. 0.018 8.133 0.225 64.5(57 4.716 1.622 5.517 0.019 0.476 0.246 0.125 1.860 82.524 Cubic in. 6.02 1.02 (1870.) Properties. — These are exceptionally fine waters of the saline-sulphur class. They are aperient and alterative in ac- tion, proving efficacious in engorgements of the liver and ab- dominal organs, gall-stotieSy gastric catarrh^ granular ptiar- yngitiSf and, combined with warm baths of the water, are valuable in chronic diseases of the skin. JReniarJcs. — These springs are located on the margin of the Licking River. The water has been deservedly popular with the people of the West ever since the early settlement of the country, and bottled and barrelled water is sold largely in all iiii'l; 'c Mi 102 MINERAL SPK1NG8. of the leading cities of the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys. The flow of the waters is large. The locality is well adapted for a summer resort ; and it is to be hoped such arrangements Wnl be made as will permit of employing the waters in every form of bath at the fountain-source. LOWER BLUE LICK SFKINQS. Location and Post-OfflcCt— Lower Blue Lick Springs, Kentucky. Access. — Carlisle, a station on the Majsvillc division Central Railroad, is nine miles distant from the springs by Hoteh — Blue Lick House. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (62° Fahr. Robert Peter, Solids. Carbonate of magnesia .... Carbonate of lirae .... Chloride of potassium .... Chloride of sodium .... Chloride of magnesium Sulphate of potassa Sulphate of lime Iodide of magnesium .... Bromide of magnesium Alumina : phosphate of lime and oxide of iron Silicic acid ..... Loss . . Nicholas County, of the Kentucky stage. M. D.) : Groins. 0.017 . 2.957 0.174 . 64.107 4.049 , 1.117 4.249 . 0.006 0.030 , 0.045 0.138 . 2.216 Total Qabes. Carbonic acid . Sulphuretted hydrogen 79.105 Cubic in. . 12.85 2.28 —"Geology of Kentucky," vol. iii., pp. 861-368. Properties, — These are exceptionally fine waters of the saline-sulphur class, exceedingly valuable in engorgements of the liver and abdominal viscera, and all diseases arising tliere- from. They may also be relied on in gastric catarrh, and, in the form of warm baths, prove efficacious in diseases of the skin. Remarks. — This spring was well known to the early set- tlers of the West, and from its waters Boone and other pic of SULPnUR-WATERS. 193 The cd for iraents every County, Lcntucky IB. 17 57 74 07 49 17 49 06 30 15 38 tl6 05 iu. 15 8 , 861-368. of the lents of [g tliere- I, and, in of the irly set- [Iier pie neers obtained salt for curing their venison. While engaged iu its manufacture they were surprised by the Indians, and one of the deadliest battles in the annnls of border life was fought near the spring. The principal spring is located on the banks of the Licking, about twenty feet above the water's edge. It rises in an hex- ao-onal reservoir of stone, six feet in diameter and about five feet deep. The flow of the spring is so rapid that the removal of almost 2,000 gallons in three hours caused the water in the reservoir to fall but one foot. Besides the main spring there are others, on the opposite side of the river and in its bed, which on examination proved to contain the same ingredients. It will be observed, on inspection of the analysis, that there is a striking similarity between these waters and those of the Upper Blue Lick. {See Appendix.) BIG BONE SFKIlTaS. Location and Fost-Offiec. — Big Bone Springs, Boone County, Kentucky. Access* — Go to Walton, a station on the Louisville & Cincinnati Rail- road, eighteen miles west of Cincinnati ; thence seven miles by stage to the springs. Or, by steamboat on the Ohio River to Hamilton Landing ; thence one mile and a half to the springs. UotcK— Clay House. Ai^alysis. — No quantitative analysis of these waters has been made. The following is the statement in the " Geology of Kentucky," volume ii., page 63 : " The quantitai ' v'e analysis of these waters, at their fountain-head, indicater! as their prhi- cipal constituents : Sulphuretted hydrogen — M'hich escapes in intermittent volume, proving the water to be saturated with this gas — chloride of sodium, sulphate of magnesia, sulphate of soda, sulphate of alumina, bicarbonate of lime, bicarbonate of magnesia, carbonate of soda. This water has an alkaline reaction." It is also stated that "these are truly fine sul- phuretted-saline waters." Hemarks. — The supply of water is very abundant, several springs breaking forth in various directions, from the boggy '« It « •1^ >^ * 1 . 194 MINERAL SPRINGS. flats forming the sources of Big Bone Lick Creek. The name " Big Bone " is derived from the fact that remains of masto- dons are frequently found here, embcd'^.ed in the bog. Some exceedingly fine specimens have been obtained. There are three springs, known as the " Big Bone," the " Mastodon," and the " American Epsom.' » 'l! FAIiOQXTET SFBINaS. Loeatlon.— Bullitt County, Kentucky. Post-OflBefit — Shcpherdsville, Bullitt County, Kentucky. Access. — Go to Louisville ; thence eighteen miles south on Loui.sville & Nashville Railroad to Shcpherdsville ; thence by stage. llotch — Paroquet Springs. ANALYSIS. One pint contains ( 'rof. J. Lawrence Smith) : 80LID8. Grains. Carbonate of soda 0.047 Carbonate of magnesia . 0.188 Carbonate of iron . 0.022 Carbonate of lime . 0.300 Chloride of potassium 0.061 Chloride cf sodium . 38.700 Chloride of magnesium 6.004 Chloride of calcium . 8.464 Sulphate of soda . 0.802 Sulphate of alumina . . 0.062 Sulphate of lime . 0.285 Iodide of sodium . 0.019 Iodide of magnesium 0.031 Bromide of sodium . 0.022 Bromide of magnesium 0.039 Silica . . 0.488 Organic matter 0.267 Total . . 55.301 Oasks. Cubic in. Carbonic acid 0.76 Sulphuretted hydrogen . 3.75 — " (Jeology of Kentucky," vol. U., p. T4 Properties. — ^These are valuable saline-sulphur waters, con- taining a large proportion of sulphuretted hydrogen. A)u SULPHUR-WATERS. 190 ESCTTLAPIA SPBINQS. Location. — Lewis County, Kentucky. Aftess, — About twenty miles from Mayaville and twelve miles from Vancc- burg, on the Ohio River. Maysville is sixty-five miles east of Cincinnati. Uotel.- Anahjsis. — No quantitativ^e analysis of this water has boon made. According to Dr. L. J. Frazoc,* an analysis by Dr. Peter showed it to contain free sulphuretted hydrogen gas, bicr-rbonate of lime, bicarbonate of magnesia, chloride of so- dium, chloride of magnesium, sulphate of soda, and sulphate of magnesia. Properties. — Dr. Frazee adds: "It is proper to remark that most of these saline ingredients are in very minute quan- tities, so much so that the chloride of sodium, the sulphate of soda, and the sulphate of magnesia it contains, render it very slightly if at all aperient. Sulphur, in the form of sul- j)huretted'hydrogen gas, with which this water is impregnated, may l)e considered by far its most important ingredient. . . . The principal (iffect of the crater appears to be to stimulate the secretory action of the system generally, but more espe- cially that of tiie skin and that of the kidneys." Remarks. — The Esculapia Springs are situated between two lofty ranges of hills, lying almost parallel. At the base of one occurs the sulphur spring, and at the base of the other a chalybeate spring. G&AYSON SPRINGS. Location and Post-OfUce. — Grayson Springs, Cirayson County, Kentucky. Access. — From Louisville, via Louisville & Nashville Railroad, forty-two miles south to Elizabethtown ; thence twenty-six miles west, via Elizabeth- town & Paducah Railroad, to Grayson Springs Station ; thence two miles and a half by stage to the springs. Hotel.— Grayson Springs. Analysis. — These waters contain, according to Dr. Peter,' » " Transactions Kentucky State Medical Society," 1872 ; report on " The Mineral Waters of Kentucliy," by L. J. Frazoc, M. D. ^ Frazee, "Tlie Mineral Waters of Kentucky." t - I ) ^^i I ■ •li 196 MINERAL SPUINGS. chloride of sodium, sulphate of magnesia, phosphate of soda, sulphuretted-hydrogen gas, and carbonic-acid gas. llemarks. — These springs rise in a valley, and within a circuit of a few hundred feet there is a number of sources, differing but little in constitution. A chalybeate spring is said to have been discovered on the grounds. Since the completion of the Elizabethtown & Paducah Railroad, this resort has been considerably patronized. OLYMPIAN SPBINOS. Location and Post-Offlcet — Olympian Springs, Bath County, Kentucky. Access* — Go by rail to Lexington, Kentucky ; thence, by Lexington & IJig Sandy Railroad, about thirty-five miles east, to Mount Sterling; thence by stage. During 1873 tl.e Lexington & Big Sandy Railroad will probably be finished to within three miles of the springs. Iloteli — Olympian Springs. ANALYSIS. One pint contains ( Solids. Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of iron Salt Sulphur, • • • Dr. Peter) : ■ • Grains. 0.904 trace. Carbonate of lime . • • • 1.742 Chloride of potassium Chloride of sodium • • • • • ■ ■ 1.334 20.762 Chloride of magnesium Sulphate of lime . Bromine and iron • • • • • • • • • • 6.924 trace, trace. Alumina • • • trace. Silica . • • ■ • 0.131 Water and loss • • • not es 9.825 Total . Gases. Carbonic acid 41.612 tunatod. Sulphuretted hydrogen • . not estimated. T^'operties. — This is a fine saline-suli)hur water, seldom cathartic, promptly diuretic. The fiow is six gallons per min- ute. JRemarks. — These springs are situated in the eastern por- tion of the State, where the surface is exceedingly rough and SULPIIUR-WATERS. 107 picturesque, approaching mountainous. Besides the water of which the analysis is given, there is also a so-caHod black- sulphur spring, and a chalybeate. The chalybeate tastes de- cidedly of iron, according to Dr. Drake. {See Appendix.) FOX SPRINQS. Loeation* — Fleming County, Kentucky. AfCfSSt — Fox Springs are about ten miles from Fleniingsburg, which place is twelve miles south of Maysville, a town on the Ohio liiver. Hotel. . Analysis. — Dr. Frazee, in his report on " The Mineral Witters of Kentucky," says these are sulphur-waters similar to the Esculapia Springs. MemarJcs. — This is said to be a pleasant resort. There is also a chalybeate water here. ESTIIili SPRINGS. For location, etc., see "Estill Springs, Purgative Waters." ANALYSIS. One pint contains (Red Sulphur, Labert Peter, M. D.) : Solids. Grains. Carbonate of soda . . . 0.1G8 Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of lime . Chloride of sodium Sulphate of potassa Sulphate of soda Sulphate of magnesia Silica . Organic and volatile matters Total . Gases. Carbonic acid Sulphuretted hydrogen 0.605 1.472 0.612 0.670 1.254 0.0Y3 0.044 0.292 5.1i)0 Cubic in. 5.01 0.07 Properties. — It will be seen that this is a light sulpliur- vvaterj the sulphuretted hydrogen arising, in all probability, Vom decomposition of a sulphate. There are two other springs, the white and black sulphur, containing almost the J t 198 MINERAL SPRINC3. eamc ingredients in about the same proportion. Tlie black sulphur, however, contains one-half grain (0.502) of carbonate of iron to the pint. LOXJISVILLE ARTESIAN WELL. 'i V Location and Poist-oUlce.— Louisville, Kentucky. ANALYSIS. Cue pint contains (VO)^^ Fahr. Prof. J. Lawrence Smith) : Solids. Grains. Carbonate of soda . 0.237 Carbonate of magnesia . 0.204 Carbonate of iron . 0.032 Carbonate of lime 0.520 Chloride of potassium 0.528 Chloride of sodium . 7Y.690 Chloride of magnesium 1.847 Chloride of alumin>(m . 0.151 Chloride of calciuvn 8.210 Chloride of lithium . 0.013 Sulphate of potassa 0.403 Sulphate of soda . 9.037 Sulphate of magnesia 9.CG7 Sulphate of alumina . . 0.225 Sulphate of lime . 8.G79 Phosphate of soda . 0.193 Iodide of magnesium 0.044 Bromide of magnesium . 0.058 Silica 0.111 Organic matter . 0.089 Loss 1.015 Total . . 113.959 Oabes. Cubic In. Carbonic acid 0.77 Sulphuretted hydrogen . 0.25 Nitrogen 0.17 Properties. — It will be seen that this is a saline-sulphur water, and a valuable one. HemarJcs, — This well is located at the paper-mill of A. V. Du Pont & Co., on Tenth Street, near Main. It is 2,08G feet deep, and occupied sixteen months in boring. The tempera- ly. I 11., pa^ lows : nesia, of sod same \ phate SULPIIDU WATERS. leo ture of the water, as given in the analysis, is as it issues from the orifi(;e of the well. A self-registerinp^ thcrmoTnetor, sunk to the bottom of the well, indicated 80 1" Fahr. Conside-* 7 the point of constant temperature below the surface at Lv ville as 53° Fahr., we have an increase of one degree of tci pcrature for every sixty-seven feet below that point. The water is bottled for exportation. DRENNON SPRINQS. Loration. — Henry County, Kentucky. AecesSt — Go to Newcastle, Henry County ; thence about ten miles north- wardly, Hotel.— None. Analysis. — No quantitative analysis has been made. Properties. — " This is a very fine mineral water, actino; not only on the skin, but as a mild aperient, diuretic, and diapho' rctic." — ( Geological Survey of Kentucky, vol. iii., p. 52.) Remarks. — Twenty-five or thirty years ago this was ono of the most fashionable resorts in the West. During one of the nost prosperous seasons the cholera appeared at the springs, and the guests — panic-stricken — departed precipitate- ly. During a following year the property was burned. BEDFORD SPRINGS. Loration and Post-0fl9ce. — Bedford Springs, Trimble County, Kentucky. Access. — Go to Sulphur Station, on the Louisville & Cincinnati Short Line Railroad, thirty-six miles east of Louisville, seventy-one miles west of Cin- cinnati ; thence, six miles by stage, to the springs. Hotel.— Bedford Springs. Analysis. — In the " Geological Survey of Kentucky," vol. ii., page 79, the constituents of this spring are noted as fol- lows : Chloride of sodium, sulphate of soda, sulphate of mag- nesia, bicarbonate of lime, bicarbonate of magnesia, carbonate of soda — alkaline to test-paper. The Epsom Spring, in the same vicinity, contains the same ingredients, except that sul- phate of magnesia is in larger proportion. i I i 11 ' ' f,i ■ q v.! ffi 200 MINERAL SPRINGS. WHITE SULPHXTR AND TAB SPRINGS. Location. — Breckenridge County, Kentucky. Post-Offiee. — Cloverport, Breckenridge County, Kentucky. Access. — Take daily steamers from Louisville, on the Ohio River, to Clo- verport, one hundred and ten miles southwest ; thence four miles south by carriage. Hotel. — White Sulphur Springs. Analysis. — No quantitative analysis has been made. Remarks. — The springs, four in number, issue at the base of a high cliflF. Their general character is that of sulphur- waters. One spring, however, is peculiar: on its surface a black substance floats, similar in appearance to tar ; hence the name. Observations as to the therapeutic value of this sub- stance are wanting. The surrounding country is rough and the scenery pictu- resque. DE SOTO SPRINaS. LocatioD. — Dc Soto Parish, Louisiana, Post-Offlce. — Mansfield, Dc Soto Parish, Louisiana. Access. — By steamboat on the Red River to Shreveport; thence, forty miles by stage, to Mansfield. Hotel. — At Mansfield. Analysis. — Within a radius of thirty miles of MansHeld are several valuable sulphur and chalybeate waters. Hemarks. — At some of these springs cibins have been erected, and, during the summer months, they are a popular resort for the neighboring inhabitants. The hotel at Mans- field is on the site of a spring. WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. Location and Post-Offlce. — White Sulphur Springs, CatahouU Parish, Louisiana. Access. — By steamboat to llanisonburg, on the Washita River, or Alex- andria, on the Red River; thence, from the first point thirty-five milos by coach ; from the second, twenty-five miles. Each of these i;lace8 is between Beventy-flvc and one hundred miles northwest from the junction of the Rod River with the MississippL Hotel.— Springs. SULPHUR-WATERS. 201 , to Clo- south by le base ulphur- rface a nee the his sub- r pictu- nec, forty an stield 76 l^een popular it Mans- ^ Piirish, ', or Alcx- ! miles by s bctwtnn •f the Rod Analysis. — No quantitative analysis of the springs has been made. A qualitative one shows them to contain the usual ingredients of sulphur- waters, with a trace of iron. Properties. — These waters are said to be useful in diseases of the skin, hepatic engorgements, and dyspepsia. Remarks. — The springs are situated in the midst of that portion of Catahoula Parish known as the " piney-woods re- gion." The surrounding country is undulating and covered with the long-leaf Southern pine. Near by is Trout Creek, a crystal-clear stream, the waters of which abound in large brook-trout. AliPENA WELL. Location and Post-Ofl9eei — Alpona, Alpeua County, Michigan. Access* — Go to Bay City, one hundred and eleven miles north of Detroit, on the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad; thence by steamer, on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, about one hundred and ten mQes north to Alpena. Hotels* — Alpena House, Union House, Star Hotel. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (62= Fahr. Prof. S. P, Duffield) : Solids. Grains. Carbonate of potassa • • ■ trace. Carbonate of soda • • • . 1.364 Carbonate of magnesia • , , 4.661 Carbonate of iron • • • . 0.170 Carbonate of lime . • • • 4.787 Chloride of sodium • • • . 8.632 Sulphate of lime , • • 8.767 Alumina and silica • • • • • • . 0.386 Total 23.657 Oases. Cubic In. Carbonic acid . • • • . 1.05 Sulphuretted hydrogen . » • 4.42 Nitrogen • • • . 0.03 Properties. — ^These waters abound in sulphuretted hydro- gen, and, according to the analysis, there are but few springs in diis country or Europe equally rich in this ingredient, (Aa to magnetism of the waters, see remarks on this subject.) Remarks. — Alpena is situated on the shores of Thunder 10 202 MINERAL SPRINGS. '< I': Kf Bay, an inlet of Lake Huron. It is but seventy-five miles south from Mackinaw. From its northern latitude and situation on the lake-shore, the temperature is cool and refreshing during the hot months of summer. The village numbers some 3,000 inhabitants, and is the outgrowth of a large lumber business which centres thera. The waters flow from an artesian well 900 feet deep. SHABON SPRINGS. Loe&tion and Post-Office Address.— Sharon Spring :r, Schoharie County, New York. Access. — Take Albany & Susquenanna Railway direct to the springs, fifty, nine miles west of Albany. Coming from the west, take Erie Railway to Binghamton ; thence, by Albany & Susquehanna Railway, one hundred and eleven miles to springs. Or, New York Central Railroad to Palatine Bridge, fifty-five miles west of Albany ; thence nine miles by stage. Hotels. — Pavilion, Union Hall, Eldridge. ANALYSIS. One pint contalni White Sulphur 4»° Fahr. J. R. Chilt(jn, Rf. P. Red S'llphur. 4m° Fahr. Prof. Lawrence Rend. Oraina. 0.048 0.061 1.122 0.041 0.091 0.008 2.870 12.080 O.IU 0.066 Gardner MaKneifu. 41,° Falir. Prof. Lawrence Reed. Soi-IDS. Cfti'honate of soda Gmlni. 6'.28 .30 5'.30 13.95 0.28 • • • • Grains. 0.042 Carbonate of magnesia 0.100 Carl)onnte of lime 0.842 Chloride of sodium 0.154 ('hlorlde of magnesium 0.0.54 Chiorido of lime 0.020 Sulphate of magnesia 2.460 Sulphate of lime 11.687 llydrosulphuret of sotlium and hydro- sulphurct of calcium Hydrosulphuret of calcium and mag- nesium 0.781 Silicic acid 0.050 Total 20.11 Cubic in. 2." 15.978 Cubic In. 0.57 1.81 0.60 16.190 Oases. Carbonic acid Cubic in. 0.277 Sulphuretted hj'drog'en 0.750 Atmospboric air 0.375 Total 2.8S 1.402 Chalvbeate Spring, aee page . Projjerties. — As will be seen by the analysis, these waters are comparatively light, and for this reason may be taken in considerable quantities. In most instances, however, from two to four glasses will be found to answer. To produce the alter- fann-J of a cepfic J)r()du slopes away gold. loftier Bi there ; SULPnUR-WATEKS. 203 jouth m on uring 3,000 iiness 1 well County, gs, fifty- ilway to red au'l J Bridge, LT Jlagnctla. s" Fahr. iwrence Reed. jralii!. .042 1()0 84-2 154 ,054 0.020 2.460 11.6S7 0.7S1 0.050 1090^ Cubic In. 0.277 0.750 0.376 1.402 waters taken in Tfrom two Ihe alter- ative eflFect, one or two glasses should be taken an hour before meals and on retiring, and continued for some weeks. When a cathartic effect is desired, and the water does not act readily, the action may be aided by taking a Sedlitz powcler, or from half to a tablespoonful of Epsom salts, and afterward rely alone on the water. The bathing arrangements are ample. The flow of water is abundant, estimated at 120 gallons per minute. Remarks. — In describing Sharon Springs, we cannot do better than quote from a writer in Harper's Monthly^ June, 1856, though with slight transposition of the sentences : " The mineral springs at Sharon gush out from the bed of a small brook, and from a steep, wooded slope on /ts mar- gin. For more than half a century their healing virtues have been known, and parents often took their children, who were afflicted with cutaneous disorders, and dipped them in the wa- ters. Upon the slope from which the fountains gush, a curious phenomenon is exhibited : within the space of a few rods are five different springs — chalybeate, white sulphur, red sulphur, magnesia, and pure water. The two principal springs are the white sulphur and magnesia ; the first on the margin of the brook, the other higher up on the slope. " Although the village and the springs lie in a ravine, they are 900 feet above the Mohawk Valley. The eye, turned to the north and east, comprehends one of the grandest and most beautiful prospects imaginable. The hilly country seems sub- dued into a gently-rolling plain ; and the woods, fields, villages, farm-houses, and brooks like silver threads, hav^e the appearance of a gorgeous piece of tapestry, excelling, in richness of con- ception, form, and color, any thing the looms of Gobelin ever ])r()duced. Beyond, stretches the great vaUey, wlios(; northern slopes, and the hills of Herkimer, Fulton, and Saratoga, fade away in mysterious, aerial perspective of azure, vermilion, and gold. And far beyond all, in dim, spectral mass, loom up the loftier peaks of the Adirondack Mountains." Besides the charming scenery immediately at the rprings, there are delightful rides to Cherry Valley and Coopcrstown, rl! 204 MINERAL SPRINGS. the latter place commanding a view of Otsego Lake, nine miles in extent, and celebrated for salmon and trout-fish. Two miles distant from Cherry Valley are the Tekaharawa Falls {see Cheery Valley Spei]^gs). Twenty miles distant, by railway, is Holders Cave, one of the most wonderful natural curiosities. The cave has been explored for seven miles, and, during the season, is illuminated for a distance of three miles from the main entrance, so that the visitor is relieved of the annoyance of smoking torches. MASSENA SPRINGS. Location and Post-Office Address. — Masscna Springs, St. Lawrence County, New York. Access. — From the east and south, via New York Central and Rome & Wa- tertown Railroads, to Potsdam Junction, twenty-five miles east of Ogdensburg ; thence fourteen miles northeast, by stage, to the springs. Or, go to Rouse's Point (outlet of Lake Charoplain) ; thence eighty-two miles west, by Ogdens- burg k Lake Chani plain Railroad, to Brasher Falls; thence ten miles north- west, by stage, to springs. From the west, via New York Central and Rome & Watertown Railroads, to Potsdam Junctii SULPHUR-WATERS. 205 Properties. — These are salhte-suljyhur waters, much resem- bling those of Eilsen, in the principality of Schaumburg- Lippc, but much richerj however, in chloride of sodium. I need not add that they are exceedingly valuable waters of this class. They have proved of decided utility in dartrous dis- eases of the skin, scrofula, catarrh of the bladder, and gravel. 'Flicir use should be combined in most cases with the tepid and warm bath. liCmarJcs. — The springs are delightfully situated on the banks of the Raquette River, a broad and rapid stream, flow- ing int(. ihe St. Lawrence, and affording fine opportunity for fishing. As early as the close of the last century these waters were discovered by surveyors, who noticed the oozy ground around them filled with the hoof-prints of the moose and deer, these animals visiting the spot to drink of the water. The Indians had used them as remedies for ulcerations, it is said, as long as tradition tells ; and, as early as 1815, white people occasionally sought them for the relief of cutaneous diseases. The quantity of water taken during the djiy should not, as a rule, exceed three or four tumblers. Bathing facilities are ample. The drives in +he vicinity of Masscna are very attractive. A favorite visit is to the Indian village of St. Regis, about twelve miles distant. DRYDEN SPRINQS. liOration and Post-Oflice. — Dryden, Tompkins County, New York /iceess. — From east, west, north, and south, go to Auburn, New York, on New York Central Raih-oad ; thence by Southern Central Railroad to Dry- don, thirty-six miles south. Or, ^o to Owoiro on the Erie Railway ; thence by Southern Central Railroad to Dryden, thirty-two miles north. Hotel. — Diyden Springs House. Analysis. — These waters have never been thoroughly an- alyzed, either quantitatively or qualitatively. However, it is tnown that they contain sulphate of magnesia and chloride of sodium in notable proportions. One is said to be so strongly impregnated with sulphate of magnesia " that you can readily 206 MINERAL SPRINGS. 1 ill imagine yourself taking a dose of Epsom salts." There are also chalybeate wells here. The waters arc cold, varying in temperature from 48 to 54° Fahr. Remarks. — Dryden Springs are elevated, cool in summer, and a pleasant resort, CHITTENANaO SPRINaS. Location. — Madison County, New York Post-Offlee Address. — Chittenango, Madison County, New Yciis. Aceess. — Chittenango is a station on the New York Central Railroad, one hundred and tliirty-three miles west of Albany, and fifteen miles east of Syracuse. From station, three miles south by stage or carriage to springs. UotcK — White Sulphur Springs Hotel. ANALYSIS. One pint contains— White Sulphur. 49° Fahr. Prof. C. F. Chandler. Cave Spring. 49° Fahr. Prof. C. F.Chandler. Ma^esia. 49° Fahr. Prof. C. F.Chauiller, Solids. Carbonate of magnesia Grains. 1.631 0.007 0.019 0.129 trace. 0.027 0.244 10.177 trace. 0.014 6!oio 0.035 Grnini. 1.776 0.014 0.029 0.196 trace, 6; 948 18.265 trace. 0.043 0.140 0.032 0.027 0.064 Grains. 1.439 Carbonate of iron 0.029 Cliloride of potassium 0.041 ("liloride of sodium 0.229 Cliloride of lithium trace. Sulphate of soda Suli>hate of magnesia i 589 Sulphate of lime 14.3.S5 Sulphate of strontia trace. Hydrosulphato of sodium 0.094 Hydrosutii'iate of calcium 0.116 Ilyposulp .ite of soda 0.002 Alumina trace. Silica 0.072 Total 12.293 Prof. Collier. Cubic in. 4.5 0,1 16.534 Prof, Collier. Cubic, in. 8.3 0.4 17.996 QA8K8.» Carbonic jicid Prof. Collier. Cubic in. 2.8 Sulphuretted Hydrogen 1.6 Properties. — These waters may be taken in the usual quan- tity of a glass three or four times a day, on an empty stomach. It will be noticed that, in solid constituents, they are closely allied to the calcic waters. MemarJcs. — The traveller, leaving the station, follows the narrow valley of the Chittenango Creek a mile or more beyond the village, and the springs are seen, gushing out from a Analysis by Prof. CoUlor, In 1870. SULPHUR-WATERS. 207 fihclving ledge of rocks on the eastern bank of the stream. Ascending a neighboring summit to the height of 200 feet, a most pleasing view is had of the entire valley, and Cazenovia and Oneida Lakes. About two and a half miles above the springs the valley terminates, and the stream falls perpendicu- larly 140 feet, forming, with the deep gorge and surroundings, a scene well worth a visit. BICHFIELD SI^^ltlNaS. Location and Post-OQiec Address. — Richfield Springs, Otsego County, New York. Access. — From Utica, ninety-five miles west of Albany on the New York Central Railroad, take cars on Utica, Chenango, & Susquehanna Valley Rail- road, direct to the springs, thirty-five miles. From Binghamton, two hun- dred and fifteen miles northwest of New York on the Eric Railway, by Utica, Chenango, & Susquehanna Valley Railroad, on> hundred and three miles to springs. The first named is the direct route. Hotels. — Spring House, Hosford House, American House. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (Prof. Reid) ; Solids. Grains. Carbonate of magnesia 1.480 Carbonate of lime . 0.870 Chlorides of sodium and magnesium 0.187 Sulphate of magnesia . . 3.750 Sulphate of lime .... 2.500 Hydrosulphate of magnesia and lime . 0.250 Undetermined .... 19.187 Total .... . 28.224 Gas. Cubic In. Sulphuretted hydrogen 8.3 The above is an analysis made many years ago. A new analysis is much needed. Bemarks. — The village of Richfield Springs is delightfully situated upon a narrow plain near the head of Canaderaga, or Schuyler's Lake, which forms the chief attraction to the visitor. The lake is but one mile distant from the hotel, and conveyances pass to and fro every half-hour. The lake is five miles in length, and a mile and a quarter at its greatest \i ■ f .i V < ' ri I 208 MINERAL SPRINGS. breadth. High hills surround it on every side except to the northward. The waters of these springs were sought by the Indians long before the advent of the white man, and tradition tells a story of one of their healing prophets, who dwelt on a beauti- ful island in the midst of the lake. Hither the Iroquois would come for the relief of their maladies. During the night he would glide silently to the shore in his canoe, seek the foun- tains, and return with the magic waters. He became proud and powerful, and at last assumed to be twin-brother to the Great Spirit. Such blasphemy was visited with dire punish- ment. One morning a bridal party went forth to receive the prophet's benediction, but on arriving at the lake-shore found the island had disappeared. The Great Spirit in his wrath had thrust it with the proud prophet so deep in the earth, that it is said the waters of the lake where it stood are un- fathomable by human measurement. AVON SPRINGS. Loeationt — Livingston County, New York. Post-Office Address. — Avon, Livingston County, New York. AcccsSi — Avon is a station on the Erie Railway, sixty -five miles east of Buf- falo ; eighteen miles south of Rochester ; three hundred and sixty-seven miles northwest of New York. HotelSt — United States, Avon Springs Hotel (at the depot), Congress Hall, Knickerbocker Hall. ANALYSIS. One pint contains — Upper Spring, 61° Fahr. Prof. Hadley. Lower Sprinp, J. B, ChUlon. M. D. New Batb Spring, 60* Fahr. Prof. Beck. Solids. Carbonate of lime Gralni. 1.000 2.300 2.006 1.250 10.500 Grains. 8.G66 I'.osi 1.716 6.201 7.180 trace. Grains. 8.370 Chloride of sodium 0.710 Chloride of calcium Sulphate of soda 4.ft40 Sulphate of masucsia 1.010 Sulphate of lime 0.440 Iodide of sodium .... Total 17.060 Cubic In. O.VO 1.60 19.814 Cubic In. 0.49 1.26 10.870 Gasks. Carbonic acid Cubic Id. Sulphoretted hydrogen ioeo SULPHUR-WATERS. 209 Properties. — It will be seen by analysis that these are valua- ble sulphur-waters, resembling in many respects the celebrated Spa of Nenndorf, in Electoral Hesse. The flow is large from the lower spring, being fifty-four gallons per minute. Bathing arrangements are extensive. Dr. Salisbury, quoted by Dr. Francis, of New York, deceased, says : " Generally speaking, foiu" or six half-pint tumblers of the water drank during the day, prove mildly cathartic, and, under its long-continued use in this dose, no debility ensues, but appetite and strength are much increased. In doses of from ten to fifteen glasses, it acts powerfully on the bowels, kidneys, and skin." * MemarJcs. — The location of these springs, in one of the most beautiful portions of Western New York, together with the efficacy of the waters, conspires to make this a most attrac- tive resort. And the place is not without historical interest. Near the Avon railway-station, at the foot of the slope, is the battle-field of the French under Do Nouville, in 1G87, where ihe invaded Senecas drove them from their hunting-grounds. And eight miles distant, at the Geneseo, General Sullivan re- taliated with severity upon the Indians for their cruelties at Clicrry Valley and Wyoming. liONQMUIBS WELL. Location. — Rochester, New York. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (52° Fahr.) : Solids. Grains. Carbonates of lime and magnesia, with trace of oxido of iron . . .... 1.48 Chloride of sodium . ... 6.52 Sulphate of soda . ... 6.99 Total . Gases. Carbonic acid Sulphuretted hydrogen 11.99 Cubic inch. small quantity. 2.16 — "Geology of New York.' Pamphlet on " Mineral Waters." By Dr. Francis. 1831. (Astor Library.) H it 210 MINERAL SPRINGS. CKBBBT VAIiLET SPRINGS. Location.— Ot.scgo County, New York. Post-Office Address. — Chciry Valley, Otsego County, New York. Access. — Take Albany k Susquehanna Railroad direct to Cherry Valley, Bixty-eiglit miles west of Albany ; thence two miles to the springs. From the west, take Erie Railway to Ringhamton ; thence by Albany & Susque- hanna Railroad, one hundred and twenty miles to Cherry Valley ; thence two miles to springs. Hotels* — None at the springs, though one in contemplation. Several in the village of Cherry Valley. ANALYSIS. One pint contains— 80LIP8. Carbonate of mngneola. Carl)onate of iron Carbonate of Unne ('hiorido of potassium . . Chloride of sodium Clilorldo of masnesium . Chloride of caloium Sulphate of soda Sulphate of magnesia. .. , Suliihate of lime Hydrosulphato of soda. Silica and alumina Silex Organic matter Total B.itli-IIoni6 Sprlnfr. J. B. Chilton, M. D. Gralni. 2.22T I'.ifi l'.555 0.460 O.S.'JO 1.3S5 8.070 7.210 0.075 0.046 0.086 17.58 Spring North of Bath- House. Frof. Perkins. Omini. 1.245 0.30(5 1.S44 0.811 0.2G6 16.CS3 0".455 23.110 Itemarks. — The above analysis of the Bath-House Spring shows these waters to be worthy the improvements that are contemplated. At present there are facilities during the sum- mer months for taking baths at the springs. These springs are situated in a portion of New York ren- dered historical by conflicts with the Indians. Stories are told of fierce struggles, and of white men seized and carried into captivity. Not long ago Judge Campbell still lived here, who, in 1778, when six years of age, was captured, with his mother and family, and taken first to Niagara, thence to Caughnawaga, near Montreal, where they remained for two years, finally to return to Cherry Valley. Near the springs are the Tekaharawa Falls, which were thus described fifty-four years ago by the late Alvan Stewart : m\ SULPIIUR-WATEIIS. 211 " At the distance of one mile northeast of the village a small brook takes its rise, and runs north about a mile and a half, ^vhen, passing into a dark wood of hemlock, it is precipitated down a full of one hundred and fifty-two feet of perpendicular height, where it is lost in a dark gulf below. ... In approach- ing from the south one advances to the very border of the gulf before he dreams, or fancies, from any feature of the ground, that such a yawning abyss is within five yards of his feet. If sublimity be in any measure allied to horror, or con- nected with the grandeur of objects, one must feel its full force the first moment his sight meets the rocks which pave the bottom of this tremendous chasm." CLIFTON SPRINQS. Location and Post-Ofllee Address. — Clifton Springs, Ontario County, New York. Access. — Clifton Springs is a station on the Auburn Branch of the New York Central Railroad, two hundred and eleven miles west of Albany ; sixty- three miles west of Syracuse ; thirty-nine miles east of Rochester ; ninety- seven miles east of Buffalo. Hotel. — Clifton Springs. ANALYSIS. Solids. IXAO I J. 1 Ul. V. Xfc VUiltU Grains. Carbonate of magnccia • . 1.64 Carbonate of lime . 1.21 Chloride cf sodium . * . 1.16 Chloride of magnesium . ■ . 0.51 Chloride of calcium . . . 0.51 Sulphate of soda . . 0.97 Sulphate of magnesia . . 2.06 Sulphate of lime . . 8.6& Organic matter • • trace. Total le.Tl "Sulphuretted hydrogen and carbonic acid abounds, but the quantity having been materially lessened while conveyed to New York, the proper amount could not be ascertained." — (1852.) Properties. — This is a good calcic-sulphur water, especially indicated when a case otherwise requiring sulphur-waters is M I; II f t^ 212 MINERAL SPRINGS. complicated by disease of the bladder, to which calcic waters are applicable. It is like the Greenbrier of Virginia. Eemarks. — These waters were first utilized in 1800 by the erection of suitable buildings for the accommodation of those who resorted to them from the surrounding country. At that time the springs flowed out on the borders of a marsh in the midst of a forest. Now Clifton is an exceedingly popular resort. Baths of every description may be had, OOIiUMBIA SFBINGS. Loeattoiit — Columbia County, New York. Post-Offlcet — Hudrion, Columbia County, Now York. Access. — Take cars on Hudson River Railroad, or boat on tho river, to Hudson, one hundred and fifteen miles north of New York, and twenty-seven miles south of Albany ; thence four miles northeast to springs by carriage lloteli — Columbia Springs House. ANALYSIS.! One pint contains (Atwood) : Solids. Carbonate of lime Chloride of potassium Chloride of sodium Chloride of magnesium Seaqui-chloridc of iron Sulphate of lime . Phosphate of soda Hyposulphate of soda Loss Total . Oab. Sulphuretted hydrogen Grains. . 2.724 0.149 . 10.590 3.929 . 0.427 8.117 . 0.267 1.018 . 0.102 27.323 Cubic inch. . 0.56 This is an exceedingly pleasant resort, where quiet, salu- brious air, and rural scenery, may be enjoyed. WHITE STJLPHUB SPRINGS. Location and Post-Offlce. — Cairo, Greene County, New York. Access. — Go to Catskill, one hundred and nine miles north of New York, on the Hudson River Railroad ; thence ten miles. IlOtel. — White Sulphur Springs House. I A new analysie is desirable. SULPllUR-WATEKS. 213 Analysis. — None has been made. Bemarks. — These springs are situated in the Catskill \youn- tains, at an elevation of one thousand feet above the level of the sea. SHOCCO SPBINQS. Location. — Warren County, North Carolina. Addrcsii. — Warrenton, Warren County, North Carolina. Access. — From Raleigh, via Ruleigli & Gaston Railroad, sixty-two miles north, to Warrenton; thence nine miles by stage. Hotel. — Buildings mostly destroyed. Analysis. — The waters are said to be of the saline-sulphur class. Dr. Jos. A. Drake, of Hilliardston, who has been famil- iar with them for many years, writes that " they are slightly aperient and decidedly diuretic." WARREN WHITE SULPHUR. liOcation. — Warren County, North Carolina. Post-Office. — Ridgeway, Warren County, North Carolina. Access. — Go to Ridgeway, a station on the Raleigh & Gaston Railroad, fifty-seven miles northeast of Raleigh, and forty miles southwest of V >.l- don ; thence ten miles by private conveyance or stage. Hotel. — Warren Springs. Analysis. — None. Remarks. — Springs closed since the war, except in 1866. It is, however, proposed to reopen them. WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. Location. — Delaware County, Ohio. Post-Office. — Lewis Centre, Delaware County, Ohio. Access. — Go to Delaware, a station on the Cleveland & Columbus Rail- road, twenty-four miles north of Columbus ; thence by stage. Aiialysis. — These are very feeble sulphur-waters. Prof. E. S. Wayne, who made the analysis, informs me that there are about four grains of solid constituents to the gallon, com- posed chiefly of carbonate and sulphate of lime, with a trace of the chlorides. Remarks. — A few years ago this was a fashionable resort, i ■ !i! ^mii 214 MINERAL SPRINGS. but the positive value of the water was not suffici'^nt to main- tain its temporary popularity. The property was sold to the State, and is now the seat of an industrial reform-school for girls. WHITE SULPHUR SPRINaS. Location and Post-Offlce, — White Sulphur Springs, Catawba County, Nortli Carolina. IccesSt — From Baltimore by rail, via Richmond, to Salisbury, North Caro- lina ; thence, via Western Railroad of North Carolina, to the springs. Hotel. — White Sulphur Springs. MINNEaUA SPRINaS. Location and Post-Offlce. — Minnequa Springs, Bradford County, Penn- sylvania. Access. — Go to Minnequa, a station on the Northern Central Railroad, thirty-six miles south of Elmira, and one hundred and thirty- our miles north of Ilarrisburg. Hotel. — M'nncqua Springs. ANALYSIS.i One pint contains (Dv, Gregg) : Solids. Carbonate of soda Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of lime Chloride of potassium Chloride of sodium Sulphate of lime Oxide of iron and alumina Sulphur Organic matter Total Gas. Carbonic acid Sulphuretted hydrogen Grains. 0.130 0.159 0.091 trace. 0.129 0.062 0.4G2 0.167 0.093 1.299 Cubic inches. 0.50 undetermined. Properties. — According to the analysis the water appears to be a chalybeate-sulphur water. It is said to be agreeable to the taste, on account of the carbonic acid contained. The flow is estimated at six gallons per minute. infj From the Medical and Surgical Reporter, 1872. SULPUUR-WATERS. 215 IlemarJcs. — The springs are located in the Towanda Val- ley, at an estimated elevation of several hundred feet above the sea-level. The cultivated hills surrounding the valley form an agreeable landscape, while neighboring woods and streams supply opportunities for huntsmen and fishermen. lO 3d. appears rreeable d. The TOBK SI7LPHT7B SPRINQS. Location and Post-Offlee. — York Sulphur Spriuga, Adams County, Penn- sylvania. icccss. — Go to Oxford Station, ten miles cast from Gettysburg, on the Hanover Branch of Pennsylvania Central Railroad ; thence nine miles by stage. Hotels.— York Springs. Analysis. — ^The old analysis is inaccurate. Remarks. — These springs were discovered in 1790, and at that time attracted much attention. They have ever since been resorted to b^ ^he citizens of Baltimore and the adjoin- ing country, CARLISLE SPRINGS. LoeatiOD and Post-Offlce. — Carlisle Springs, Cumberland County, Penn- sylvania. AeccsSt — From Philadelphia, via Pennsylvania Central Railroad, to Ilarris- burg, one hundred and six miles west ; thence, via Cumberland Valley Rail- road, eighteen miles southwest to Carlisle ; thence four miles by stage. Hotel. — Springs. Analysis. — None. They are mild sulphur-waters. liemarks. — The springs issue at the base of the Blue Mountain. Not far distant is Canodoquinnet Creek, furnish- ing opportunity for fine fishing. These springs are very pleasantly located, and are much resorted to by families from riiiladclphia and Baltimore. QLENN SPRINGS. liOratlon and Post-Olllce. — Glenn springs, Spartanburg District, South Carolina. Aeeess. . Hotel.— . ^[^1 216 MINERAL SPRINGS. Analysis. — No quantitative analysis of these waters has been made. A qualitative examination by Prof. C. U. Shepard, of Charleston, shows them to contain sulphate of magnesia, sulphate of lime, carbonate of lime, and sulphuretted hydrogen. SITEL\, ALASKA. As a matter of curiosity more than utility, we insert the following passages from a letter to the author, from H. J. Phillips, M. D., Post-Surgeon U. S. A., at Sitka : " Sitka may be reached in the following way : Steamers leave San Francisco weekly in summer for Portland, Oregon. Fare, thirty dollars, including meals. From Portland a small but safe steamer leaves for Sitka about the end of every month. Fare, seventy dollars, with meals. " The route taken is from Cape Flattery through the Straits of Fuca, in among islands through narrow passes, bounded on either side by high snoAv-capped peaks, all the way to Sitka. It is the longest and most wonderful inland navigation in the world, extending over twelve hundred miles, and well repays the traveller for his trouble and time. There is no hotel in Alaska, but plenty of empty houses. All tlie Russians who could pay their fares have left, and only those who cannot, now remain, as the place is retr( -rading very fast. " About twenty miles from Sitka there are two springs, called here 'Geysers* or Warm Sulphur. The height of these respectively above the sea is eighteen and twenty-two feet ; the How about one-half gallon per minute. The tem- perature of the first is 104° Fahr. ; of second, 96° Fahr. " These springs were much frequented and used by tho Russians before the session of the Territory to the United States. Two log-houses erected by the old Russian Fur Com- pany have been destroyed by the Indians, but tlie two large wooden tanks still remain. These springs were highly rec- ommondcd for the cure of syphilis and rheumatism, with the former of which diseases the Russians and Indians here are actually eaten up. SULPHUR-WATERS. 217 " There is a chalybeate spring about half a mile from the city of Sitka, flowing from a rock on the side of a road called Davis Avenue. No analysis has ever been made of the water. It was used by the Russians, and since that period occasion- ally by visitors. " There is a mountain eleven miles long, and twelve hundred feet above the level of the sea, on the main-land of Alaska, and on the western bank of the Chilchat River, which is supposed to be composed almost entirely of iron. From the sides of this mountain issue numerous chalybeate springs." The following abstract from the hospital register at Sitka is interesting : Warmest day of summer, August 9, 18*70 Coldest day of summer, June 2, 1870 Warmest day of winter, December 1, 18fi9 Coldest day of winter, March 11, 1869 Mean annual temperature, 1870 Mean Fahr. er 46° . 3° 44° AliBTTRG SPBINQS. Location and Post-CCBee. — Alburg Springs, Grand Isle County, Ver- mont. AfcesSt — From New York or Boston, purchase tickets via Vermont Cen- tral Railroad to Alburg Springs Station, sixteen miles northwest of St. Albans, and one mile distant from the springs. From the west, go to Schenectady or Troy ; thence north, via Rutland & Burlington Railroad. Or go down the St. Lawrence River to Montreal ; thence, via Rouse's Point, or St. Albans, to springs. Ilotels. — Alburg Springs House, Missisquoi House. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (C. T. Jackson, M. D.) : Solids, Grains. Chloride of sodium .... 1.095 Chloride of magnesium .... 0.627 Chloride of calcium and carbonate of lime . 0.601 Sulphide of potassium and sulpliiite of potassa . 1.237 Sulphate of soda ..... 0.887 Insoluble matters ..... 0,100 Organic acid of the soil (crenic acid) and loss . 0.250 Total . .... 4.797 ill I-',. t 1 < f i J m tt?v^^ i i i • It 218 MINERAL SPRINGS. (The water gives ofT a large quantity of sulphuretted hydrogen, and is distinctly alkaline from excess of sulphide of potassium. — 0. T. J.) A qualitative analysis of these waters has been made by Prof. C. F. Chandler, of New York, who finds, in addition to the above ingredients, the bicarbonate of Uthia and strontia. Remarks. — These springs have been a favorite resort since the year 1816, when Timothy Sowles, Elisha Reynolds, and Stephen Sweet, farmers, were induced to take ]>oarders. The springs are located on the shores of Missisquoi Bay, amid the beauties of lake and mountain scenery. There are two springs, the northern one being somewhat ferruginous in character. They are about eighty rods from the water's edge, and thirty feet abov the level of Lake Champlain. JORDAN'S WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. Loeationi — Frederick County, Virginia. Post-Officet — Stephenson's Depot, Frederick County, Virginia. Access. — From the north, go to Harper'^ Ferry, on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, eighty-one miles west of Baltimore ; thence, on Winchester Branch of Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, to Stephenson's Depot, twenty-eight miles southwest ; thence, by stage to the springs, two miles southeast of the depot. From the south, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad, to Strasburg •, thence north, twenty-three miles, by Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, to Stephen- son's. Hotel. — Jordan's. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (T. Antisell) : Solids. Grains. Carbonate of potassa .... 1.213 Carbonate of magnesia .... 0.360 Carbonate of iron .... trace. Carbonate of manganese .... 0,002 Chloride of sodium .... 0.095 Sulphate oi potassa ..... 0.262 Sulphate of lime ..... 0.641 Aluminu, ...... 0.001 Silicic acid ..... 0.032 Total ...... 2.606 Qa9. Cubic In. Sulphuretted hydrogen . . . 0.26 The proportion of sulphuretted hydrogen is much larger SULPHUR WATERS. 21d than here given, this analysis only showing the amount in the bottled water after it had been standing for some time. Properties, — These are light waters, and may be taken in considerable quantity. When the waters do not act as an aperient, and it is desirable to produce this effect, it is aided by adding a teaspoonful of table-salt to each glass of water for two or three doses. Remarks. — The springs are located in the Valley of the Shenandoah, five miles distant from Winchester. The build- ings and spring are embowered in a grove of tall aspens, on either side of a stream of running-water. From the hills, at the rear of the hotel, fine views may be had of the Blue Ridge and Alleghany Mountains. Immediately in the vicinity of these springs the contests between Jubal Early and Sheridan occurred, and Winchester is said to ^lave changed masters eighty-seven times. HIGHQATE SPRINGS. Location and Post-OHiec Address.— Ilighgate, Frauklin County, Vcr- Qiont. Access. — Highgate is three and a half miles from Swanton, a station on the Vermont Central Railroad, nine miles north of St. Albans. Hotels.— Franklin House, Champlain House. ANALYSIS. One pint contains— Champlain Spring. A. A. Hayej. T. Stcrry Hunt. SOUDS. Carbonate of potassa Gr^nt. 0.459 0.153 0.152 0.127 trace. 0.093 0.021 6".664 6'.ii2 0.102 Grnlni. Carbonate of soda 1.713 Carbonate of magnesia 0.729 Carbonate of lime 0.175 Carbonate of ammonia Ciilorido of potassium Cliloricie of sodium 2.0HO Kiilphati' of soda 0.808 Protoxide of iron I'otassa and boracio acid Crepic acid .... Silicic icid Total 1.228 6.8r)3 — " Geology of Vermont." (1807.) These springs are situated on the Missisquoi River, amid exceedingly attractive scenery. Ij i: I; fl - \ M 1 i M $ I' I m 'I * Si ii J i i l|# il't 1 1 lii 220 MINERAL SPRINGS. NEWBURY SPRINGS. Location and Post-Offlce Addresst — Newbury, Orange County, Vei-mont. icccsSt — From New York, via New York & New Haven Railroad, New Haven, Hartford & Springfield Railroad, Connecticut River Railroad, and Connecticut & Passumpsic Railroad, to Newbury, two hundred and ninety. three miles northeast of New York. Hotel. — Springs. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (Prof. Hall) Solids. Grains. Carbonate of soda . 0.50 Carbonate of magnesia . . 0.30 Carbonate of lime . 2.20 Chloride of sodium . 0.04 Sulphate of soda 0.30 Sulphate of magnesia . . 0.05 Phosphate of iron . 0.05 Protoxide of iron . trace. Nitrate of potassa . 0.05 Hydrosulpliate of soda . 0.04 Silica and suspended clay . 1.10 Organic matter and ammonia . . 0.03 Total 4.66 Gas. — Sulphuretted hydrogen, undetermined. STRIBLING SPRINGS. (For location, access, etc., see description of these springs under " Ciu- LTBEATE WaTEUS.") ANALYSIS. One pint contains (No. II., D. K. Tuttle, M. D.) : Solids. Grains. Carbonate of potassa .... 0.093 Carbonate of soda ..... 0.780 Carbonate of magnesia .... 0.251 Carbonate of iron . . . . .0.016 Carbonate of lime ... . . . 1.204 Chloride of sodium ..... 0.080 Sulphate of lime ..... 0.166 Silicic acid ...... 0.080 Total Gases. Carbonic acid . Sulphuretted hydrogen 2.660 Cubic in. 1.30 0.03 SULPHUR-WATERS. 221 YELLOW SULPHUR SPRINGS. Location and Post-Offlcei — Yellow Sulphur Springs, Montgomery County, Virginia. Access. — From the north i^m Washington : Orange, Alexandria & Manaa- eas Railroad, and Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, to Christiansburg, two hun- dred and sixty-four miles southwest from Washington ; thence, three and a half miles by stage, to the springs. From the south and southwest, strike the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad ; thence to Christiansburg. From the west, via Huntington and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Charlottesville, lunction with Virginia k Tennessee Railroad ; thence to Christiansburg. HoteK — Yellow Springs. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (65° Fahr. Prof. W. M. Gilham): Solids. Grains. Carbonate of magnesia . 0.173 Carbonate of protoxide of iron 0.077 Carbonate of lime . 1.080 Chloride of potassium 0.012 Chloride of sodium . 0.009 Sulphate of potassa 0.013 Sulphate of soda . 0.093 Sulphate of magnesia 2.637 Sulphate of alumina . . 0.397 Sulphate of lime . 7.912 Phosphate of magnesia . 0.001 Phosphate of lime 0.002 Oiganic extractive matter . 0.466 Total 12.872 Oas. Cubic in. Carbonic acid . 1.25 Sulphuretted hydrogen undetermined. Projjerties. — ^These are fine calcic-sulphur waters, with an active proportion of purging sulphates. Remarks. — These springs are on the eastern slope of the Alleghany Mountains, at an altitude of over two thousand feet above the level of tlie sea. The mountain-top rises but sixty feet above them. Visitors dwell amid the most beautiful moun- tain scenery, and breathe a cool and bracing atmosphere, even during the heats of July and August. Although these springs have been established as a resort but a few years, they ha"*^ 3, I \ r I'r ) *'! t I t "z . _„ - U; > II !M;^ 222 MINERAL SPRINGS. met with the favor of the public. Bishop Madison, as long ago as 1810, highly commended them. The proprietors have arranged for baths of any tempera- ture desired. BUFFALO SPBINGS. Location and Post-Offlce Address. — Buffalo Springs, Mecklenburg County, Virginia. Access. — From Richmond, take cars on Richmond & Danville Railroad, to Scottsburg Depot, one hundred and one miles southwest of Richmond; thence, fifteen miles by stage, to the springs. Hotel. — Buffalo Springs. ANALYSIS. One pint contains : Solids. Grains. Chloride of sodium .... trace. Chloride of magnesium .... trace. Sulphate of soda . . . . . 0.163 Sulphate of magnesia .... 1.000 Sulphate of protoxide of iron . . . 0.325 Sulphate of lime ..... 0.43'7 Total Gas. Sulphuretted hydrogen 1.925 Cubic in. 0.15 Properties. — Although the above analysis is very imper- fect, still it enables us, in some measure, to estimate its pro|)- erties. {See Appendix.) COYNEIl'S SPRINGS. Location. — Botetourt County, Virginia. Post-OflBce. — Bonsacks, Roanoke County, Virginia. Access. — Bonsacks is a station on the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, two hundred and twenty-six miles southwest from Washington; two hundred and eighty-six miles northeast by rail from Knoxville, Tenn. Springs are one mile from Bonsacks. (By giving the conductor notice, passengers will be left at the springs-platform, only two hundred yards distant from the hotel.) Hotel. — Coyrier's Springs. Analysis. — None has been made. HemarJcs. — There are five springs here, the principal ones known as the White, the Black, and the Blue, the names be- SULPHUR-WATERS. 223 iiig due to the color of the sediment deposited by the water. The proximity of these springs to the main line of railroad from the Southwest to Washington and the East, together with the agreeable surroundings, renders this a pleasant rest- ing-place to the tired traveller. EaaiiESTON'S SPRINGS. Location and Post-Office. — Eggleston's Springs, Giles County, Virginia. Access. — From Washington via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad, and Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, to Central (?), two hundred and seventy- four miles southwest ; thence forty-one miles north to the springs. Hotel.— Eggleston's. Analysis. — None. Remarks. — These springs are located in one of the most attractive mountain districts of Virginia, far out of the or- dinary course of travel, and on this account all the more inter- esting to the tourist. New River here bends in a wide, majes- tic curve, over which towering cliffs of gray-stone, two hundred and ninety-five feet high, cast their shadows. The river has a depth at this point of one hundred and fifty feet. A few miles distant is Peter's Mountain and the " Narrows," where the river forces its way through a ragged defile in the moun- tain. An exceedingly novel and romantic way of reaching the springs, is to leave the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad at New River Bridge, and float twenty-five miles down the stream in one of the bateaux which ply on its waters. BOTETOURT SPRINGS. Location and Post-Office. — Botetourt Springs, Roanokt County, Virginia. Access. — By Virginia & Tennessee Railroad to Salem ; tbcnce nine miles by turnpilie. Analysis. — There are two springs — one sulphur, one cha- lybeate. Memarhs. — Some thirty years ago this was a popular summer resort, and deservedly so, both on account of the ^% X,\ 3 ' 1 \ i ,ii :■'. i 224 MINERAL SPRINGS. value of the water, the beauty of the scenery, and salubrity of the climate. But in 1842 the property was purchased by a company, and converted into an institute for young ladies. Fiv»m the name of its principal benefactor, it has been called the " Hollins Institute." It has had a prosperous career. COLD WHITE SXJLPHUB SPBINQS. Location and Post-Offlee. — Cold White Sulphur Springs, Rockbridge County, Virginia. Access* — From Washington via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad, and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Goshen, one hundred and eighty-eight miles southwest ; thence by stage two miles to springs. From Richmond via Qordonsville, one hundred and sixty-eighty miles to Goshen. From West via Ciucinuati to Huntington, one hundred and sixty-five miles east, on the Ohio River ; thence, by Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad to Goshen, two hundred and fifty -one miles southeast. Hotel.— Cold White Sulphur. Analysis. — None. The temperature of the water is 57^° Fahr., and the flow five gallons per minute. MONTGOIIEBT WHITE SXTIiPHTTB SPBIXaS. Location and Post-OflSce Address. — White Sulphur Springs, Montgomery County, Virginia. Access. — Visitors from North or South should buy tickets to Big Tunnel, a station on the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, two hundred and fifty-nine miles southwest of Washington ; thence by tramway. Hotel. — Montgomery White Sulphur. Analysis. — None. Remarks. — ^These are decidedly sulphurous waters, appli- cable to those diseases which are advantageously treated by waters of this class. They are well located, and are a desira- ble place of resort. PAUatriER WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. Location. — Fauquier County, Virginia. Post-Offlce. . Access. — From Washington via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad, SULPHUR-WATERS. 225 to Warrenton Junction, forty-seven miles west ; thence by Warrington Branch Railroad and stage, total distance about fifty-six miles. IloteU — (Burned during the war.) Analysis. — No accurate quantitative analysis has evei been made. Temperature 56° Fahr. Properties. — The water is purgative and diuretic. MemarJcs. — Previous to the war this was an exceedingly fashionable resort. The waters seem to possess decided value, and it may again be improved by suitable accommodations. HUGUENOT SPBINGS. LoeatiODt — Powhatan County, Virginia. Access* — Seventeen miles from Richmond. Hotel* — Huguenot Springs. Analysis. — No quantitative analysis has been made. Prof. Rogers found it contained the usual ingredients of sulphur waters in small proportion. Remarks. — The springs are so named from the fact that they rise on a tract of land granted by the British Govern- ment to a band of Huguenot refugees in 1685. The waters are considerably resorted to by citizens of Petersburg and Richmond. On the same ground there is a chalybeate spring. BUHNER'S SPBINGS. Location and Post -Office. — Burner's Springs, Shenandoah County, Virginia. Access* — ^From Washington via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad, to Woodstock, one hundred and one miles west ; thence via stage, eight mileg, to the springs. Hotel. — Burner's Springs. Analysis. — None. Memarlcs. — These springs, seven in number, and tlierefore sometimes called Seven Fountains^ are situated at the western base of the Massanutten Mountain. The springs are known as the Blue and the White Sulphur-waters, the Willow, the Chalybeate, etc. The location of this resort is exceedingly beautiful. 11 tl ! lit ^, H ! '■:■.' 22G ii MINERAL SPRINGS. ROANOKE BED ST7LPHT7B SPBINGS. Location. — Roanoke Comity, Virginia. Post-Offlce. . AcrcsSt — From Washington via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad, and Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, to Salem, two hundred md thirty-eight miles southwest ; thence ten miles by stage. llotei. — Red Sulphur. Aiialysis. — None. Remarks. — These waters deposit a red sediment, and were so named from this fact. In medical action they are supposed to resemble the old Red Sulphur-Springs of Monroe County. DAOaAB'S SFBINa. Location and Post-Offlce. — Daggar's Spring, Botetourt County, Virginia. iccess. — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroiid and Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, to Buford's, two hundred and fifteen miles southwest; thence by stage, twenty-eight miles. Hotel— Springs. Analysis. — None. It is a mild sulphur-water. Hemarks. — Tliis resort was opened forty years ago, by Mr. Daggar, from whose hands it passed to J. W. Dibrell, and is, therefore, sometimes called DihreWs Spring. It is a favorite resort with tlie inhabitants of the surrounding country. GRAYSON SULPHUR SPRINGS. Location and Post-Office. — Grayson Sulphur Springs, Carroll County, Virginia. Access. — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad and Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, to Wytheville, three hundred and thirteen miles southwest ; thence, twenty miles southeast by stage, to the springs. Hotel. — Grayson Sulphur. Analysis. . Hemarks. — These springs are situated to the west of the Blue Ridge, and on the banks of New River. The surround- ing scenery is exceptionally beautiful Many years before they were improved, the neighboring inhabitants resorted here during the summer season. Since the hotel was built, the springs have received considerable patronage. SULPUUR WATERS. QBEENBRIER WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 227 liOeation and Post-Ofllce. — Greoubrier White Sulphur Springs, Groonbrior County, West Virginia. kr.ttaSt — White Sulphur Springs is a station on the Chesapeake & Oliio Riiilroad, two hundred and twenty-seven miles west from Richmond, and ono hundred and ninety-two miles east from Iluntington, a point on the Ohio River one hundred and sixty-five miles east of Cincinnati. From W nhing- ton, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad and Chesapeake &, O'.uo Railroad, two hundred and forty-seven miles. Uuteh — Springs. ANALYSIS. » One pint contalnt Solids. Carbonate of mapnesla Carbonate of lime Chloride of sodium Clilorlde of niaKneslum Cliloride of calcium Hulphate of soda Hiilptiate of majrncsia • Sulphate of lime Hulphato of ahunina IVotosulphate of iron Karthy phosphates liMline (combined with sodium or matjuesium) Oi'tranic matter 8i!icatos (silicate of potassa, of soda, of magnesia, and a trMO of oxide of iron) Total. Gases. Carbonic acid Sulphuretted hydrogen . Oxygen Nitrogen Prof. A. A. Hsyei. Prof. W. B Rogerfc 6i° Kuhr. «K° Kahr. Gnlni. Cfslin .... 0.U6 0.884 0.441 0.085 0.125 0.020 0.0(« 1.1«9 4.4'2T 2. 871) 9 71)4 9.14S 0.0O3 .... 0.019 .... trace. undetermined. 0.M5 0.001 0.482 16.207 18. Pi* CiiWc In. Cubic In. 1.41 l.Ofl o.o;3 0.3T 0.06 0.05 0.53 0.54 Flow, thirty gallons per minute. Projyertles. — These waters, so well known in the United States, very much resemble the celebrated cold sulphur-waters of Nenndorf, in Electoral Hesse. The combination of the purg- ing sulphates, the salts of lime, and sulphuretted hydrogen, in the same water, is a valuable one, and gives to the water a wide range of application ; though its effects in a given disease may not be so decided as that of a water containinij a larger proportion of one of the constituents, to the exclusion of the remainder. It is an excellent aperient and alterative sulphur- Pffl*"'^ ' Five minutes' walk southward, from the sulphur-spring, is a chalybeate spring. "tt" wil n 228 MINERAL SPRINGS. water, possessing certain action on the kidneys. The diseases to which it is applicable are, engorgements of the liver^ dar- trous skin-diseases^ chro?iic poisoning hy metals^ diseases of the bladder, as catarrh and gravel ; and, as an adjuvant, in the treatment of secondary and tertiary syphilis. As a result of its action on the liver, it relieves di/sjicpsias and Jaiifidice, due to congestion of this organ. In dyspepsias associated with obstinate constipation it also proves valuable. In many of these diseases the warm or hot bath should be combined with the internal use of the water. For this purpose the proprie- tors have erected a number of well-arranged baths, the water being heated in the tub by steam, a method much preferable to that of heating in tanks and thence drawing to the bath. Ii. conversation with Dr. Moorman, resident physician at the springs, he informed me that the water is decidedl}' in- jurious in scirrhus of the stomach, organic disease of the heart, and phthisis pulmonalis. He also states that, in using the water in urinary affections, its action should be carefully scrutinized, in order that irritation be not produced, and copi- ous diuresis should never be sought. Usually this water decreases the number of beats of a rapid pulse, by allaying the diseased conditions on which the excited cij culation depends ; and it is a rule, that it never proves beneficial when it persenerlngly excites the frequency of the circulation? For general use the water should bo taken in the quantity of a glass three or four times a day. For the purpose of pur- gation, three glasses an hour before breakfast and three glasses an hour before dinner. JReniarlcs. — Tliese springs are the Mecca of all Virginia tourists, the resort of the gay and fashionable, a place where pleasure-seeking reigns supreme. They are located in a beau- tiful valley, near the summit of the Greenbrier Mountains, nearly two thousand feet above the sea. Within this valley, overlooked by mountain-summits, we behold the magnificent hotel, with its extended, white-columned porticos. In front, the • Moorman, "Mineral Waters of the United States and Canada," p. 119. .tt^tlSuemi SULPHUR-WATERS. 229 broad lawn spreads out before us, interwoven by various wind- ing walks. Encompassing the lawn on either side are long lines of shining white cottages, embo vvered beneath the shade of ancient oaks ; while, at the distant extremity, the famous spring bubbles beneath a pavilion. Taking one of the by-paths, to the right from the lawn, we soon find ourselves in the roman- tic " Lovers' Maze." Here, under a dense shade of forest- trees, obscurely-winding paths lead in every direction, amid a thick growth of laurel, till one is completely lost. At various points we find ourselves at the edge of a precipitous declivity, ^vllcuce extended views may be had of the deep valley below, and the mountain-ranges in the distance. And over the natu- ral beauties of the place the " season " throws a spell of life and revelry. Ladies and gentlemen throng the porticos, pass and repass across the lawns, and each embowered seat in the " Lovers' Maze " has its appropriate occupants. One wakes diowsily at morn, and lounges through the day, only to pre- pare for the brilliant scenes of the levee and ballroom. SALT SULPHUR SPRINGS. Location and Post-Oflflce.— Salt Sulphur Springs, Monroe County, West Virginia. Access. — From the north go to Washington ; thence via Orange, Alexandria k Manassas Railroad, and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Fort Spring, two hundred and forty-four miles west from Richmond ; thence about fif- tocn miles south. Or, leave Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad at Alleghany Station ; tlu'iiee via Sweet Springs, twenty-nine miles, to the springs. From the west, via Cincinnati to Huntington, a point on the Ohio River, one hundred and in. 0.133 Iodine 0.070 Bromine O.OSl Silicic acid , 0.220 Aliitniuti . 0.023 l'jjirt!iv Dhosnhntc^s ('sodfi and lithia.) o.o;»i Organic matter (with sulphur) Total 18.785 Cubir In. 1.66 0.43 21.561 0.\aES. Carbonic acid Sulphuretted livdrogen Cubic In. 4.32 2.3J liver, dartrous skin-diseases, and chronic metallic 2yoisoning. The waters of the Iodine Spring are said to prove especially beneficial in cases of scrofula and syphilis. There are facilities for employing" the water in the f(jrin of warm baths. MemarJcs. — North of the Iodine and Salt Sulphur Spring is another water known as the Sweet Sulphur Spring, the first discovered of the group, but for many years neglected. It is lower in temperature, and more pleasant to the taste than the other waters, and, when they prove too cathartic in action, may be temporarily substituted. The name salt applied to these waters is inappropriate, as it conveys a wrong impres- sion of their constituents. These springs are situated in a charming valley on the banks of the Indian Creek, and are shut in on every side by hills and mountain-summits. Eight miles distant to the southeast the graceful outlines of Peter's Mountain are seen, while Swope's Mountain is but two miles distant to the north- west. SULPIIUR-WATERS. 231 BED SUIiPHUB SPBINQS. Location and Post-OflSee. — Red Sulphur Springs, Monroe County, West Virginia. Aceess.— From the North go to Washington ; thence via Orange, Alexandria k Manassas Railroad, and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Alderson's, two hundred and sixty-nine miles west from Washington ; thence miles southwest. From south and southwest, go to Dublin Depot, two hundred and eighty-two miles southwest from Washington, on the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad ; thence thirty-eight miles north by stage. From west, via Cincin- nati and Ohio River to Huntington, oue hundred and sixty-fivi miles east ; thonce one hundred and seventy miles by Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad to Alderson's ; thence miles south. UoteK — Springs. ANALYSIS. (54° Fahr. A. A. Hayes, M. D.) : One pint contains, Solids. Carbonate of magnesia . Carbonate of lime . Sulphate of soda Sulphate of lime Sulphur compound (organic matter, W.) Silicious and earthy matter Total . . . . Gases. Carbonic acid Sulphuretted hydrogen . Grains. 0.602 0.656 0.518 0.069 1.049 0.102 2.996 Cubic in. 1.00 0.13 (1842.) This analysis, having been made from water sent to Rox- bury, Mass., is not an index of the quantity of gas as it exists at the spring. There it evolves considerable sulphuretted hy- drogen. The chemical character of the sulphur compound is given by Prof. Hayes/ a? follows : 1. When separated from a solution by evaporatior-. or by drying from a gelatinous state, it forms greasy films, ■which do not darken solutions of lead or copper. 2. In pure water they slowly dissolve, and the solution gives salts of the compound with the bases. vr u%i iSt til Burke on the " Vlrfftnia Springs," p. 101 . 232 MINERAL SPRINGS. 1S I 3. Solution of carbonate of soda dissolves them, and a fluid results which froths by agitation. 4. In caustic solutions of alkalies the films dissolve, and the solutions are slightly yellow-colored. These solutions have the peculiar odor of soap-lyes. They do not blacken metals, nor color metallic solutions. Acids decompose the solutions, and the sulphur compound separates in the form of a bulky jelly generally ; some oxyacids, giving flocks. 5. Nitric acid dissolves the films, and the salts of baryta and lead do not indicate the presence of sulphuric acid. On heating the solution a yellow matter separates, which resem- bles that produced by acting on azotized bodies by this agent ; sulphuric acid is thus produced, and the yellow precipitate re- quires a large proportion of nitric acid for its completr: oxida- tion. The result of this action is an acid which gives a deep- yellow color with ammonia in excess. 6. Chlorine in muriatic acid separates from the sulphur compound some white flakes, which ar; finally oxidized, and a colorless solution formed, in which sulj^;auric acid exists. 7. Alcohol did ixot dissolve the compound. In another portion of his report, Prof. Haves says : " The peculiar sulphur compound which forms a part of the saline contents of this waver has never been described,^ if it has ever before been met with ; while in the natural state, and out of contact with atmospheric air, it is dissolved in the water, and forms a permanent solution. Air, : cids, and other agents, separate it from the water in the form of a jelly, and alkaline carbonates, alkalies, water, and ether agents, redissolve it. It has no acid action on test-fluids, but bears that character with bases, and forms compounds analogous to salts. In its decomposition ammonia is formed, and hydro-sulphuric acid is liberated; or, if heat be employed in the experiment, sulphur is separated. It combines with the oxide of silver, and forms a salt of a reddish-purple color, in the form of a flocculent precipitate, which dissolves in pure water ; with the oxide of lead a yellowish-white powder, and with the oxide of copper a »lSi2. SULPHUR-WATERS. 233 pale-blue salt in fine powder. In these compounds it remains unaltered, and may be separated from them and transferred to other bases. Mixed with a small quantity of water, and ex- posed to a temperature of 80° Fahr., it decomposes, and emits a most offensive odor of putrefying matter with hydro-sul- phuric acid." The red deposit which occurs in the springs is considered by Prof. Hayes to be an algoid growth from the viscid deposit of the sulphur-compound. Properties. — As will be seen from the analysis, this water contains but a small proportion of saline constituents, the chief ingredient being the sulphur-compound. This sub- stance, in many of its reactions, resembles hydrosin or the soluble organic matter of sulphur-waters, though the num- ber of corresponding tests are not sufficient to establish the identity.^ The action of these waters, taken internally, is decidedly sedative. In corroboration of this fact we may give the testi- mony of Dr. Jos. Scott. He went to the springs with a pulse which, for some months, had ranged from 100 to 110, accom- panied with occasional cough and hccmorrhage from the lungs. He drank the first day four pints, the second day six pints, the third day eight pints. On the third day the pulse fell to 70 in the morning, and 80 to 84 in the evening, and so continued while using the water. Dr. Henry Huntt arrived at the springs with pulse 115, cough and pulmonary hnemorrhage. He confined himself to low diet, and drank six glasses of the water during the da}'^ — two before breakfast, one at eleven a. M., one at five p. m., and two at bedtime. In ten days the pulse was reduced to 78, Dr. Woodville, of the Sweet Springs, tells me he has experienced the sedative action of the water on the heart in his own person when in a state of health. This water seems to possess a peculiar tendency ,';'ward tlie raucous membrane of the lungs, aUaying irritation and I'J' 'ts1 ' Compare Henry, " Analyse Chimliiuo des Eaux Min6rales," p. 4'>4, Paris, 1^58. Also " Nouveau Dlctionnalre do Medicine et de Chirurgie," tome jcii., p. 2tO, Paris, 1S70. ' ! 934 MINEIIAL SI'llLNGS. diniinisliing expectoration. It also acts on the intestines and kidneys. In small quantities it is cathartic^ in larger quan^ tities diuretic. According to Dr. llimtt, its beneficial effects are most decided when it acts fn ely on the kidneys. The water should first be taken in moderate quantities — two or three glasses each day — and gradually increased till diuretic action is produced. The time recommended for taking the principal draughts is at bedtime and before breakfast, an additional glass being taken once or twice through the day. The water by its sedative action proves hypnotic in some cases. The diseases in which it proves decidedly beneficial are chroniG hroiichitis, chronic pliarynfjitis^ and chronic laryngitis. In these diseases it equals, if not surpasses, any known waters. It has also given temporary relief in cases of phthisis pulmonalis of the chronic form, not by any spe- cific curative influence, but in its action in allayi-ig conges- tion and irritation of the raucous membrane of the lungs. Hem arks. — These springs are beautifully' situated on In- dian Creek, at the edge of a mountain-enclosed plain. The mountains, rising on either side, are clothed to the sr.mmit with the iDine. The approach is by roads that lead through most charming scenery. BLUE STJI.PHUR SPEINGS. Location! — Greenbrier County, West Virginia. Access. — P'rom Greenbrier White Sulphur Springs, a station on the Chesa- peake & Ohio Railroad, twenty-three miles west by stage. Hotel.— (Burned.) Analysis. — None. Remarks. — This was once a well-improved spring, and may at some future time again be a place of resort. Other Sulphur Waters. — Aix-lcs-Bains, Savoy, p. 353. Aix-la-Chapclle, Prussia, p. 853. Bagneres-de-Luchon, France, p. 353. Barreges, France, p. 353. Borland Well, Va., p. 408. Buffalo Lithia Springs, Va., p. 409. Cin- cinnati Artesian, 0., p. 414. Ilari; Well, Va., p. 422. Meinberg, Germany, p. 854. Milldale Well, Ky., p. 431. Nenndorf, Germany, p. 354. St. Helena Springs, Cal., p. 400. Sulphur-Saline Springs, O., p. 451. White Sulphur Springs, Montana Territory, p. 458. White Sulphur Springs, Texas, p. 459. CHAPTER XIII. CHALYBEATE WATERS. These springs, as the name indicates, are strongly impreg- nated with iron, or iron is the principal active ingredient. Tills last clause is added, inasmuch as some waters may not contain an exceedingly large proportion of iron, yet, owing to absence of other salts, this is the predominant agent. In each class of waters, springs are found containing iron ; in- deed, there are not many that do not contain it in some pro- portion. The iron is usually found as a bica • > nate, though in some instances, in which sulphuric acid is in excess, it exists as a sulphate. Waters of this class are usually limpid and devoid of odor. Tliey have an astringent and inky taste if the iron is present in large quantity, but, if the w^ater be highly charged with carbonic-acid gas, this taste is disguised. The effect of iron-waters is to increase the appetite, pro- mote digestion, stimulate the activity of the heart, and red- den the blood. The chalybeate waters which prove most valuable are those containing a large amount of carbonic-acid gas and but a small proportion of other constituents. Pure acidulous chalybeates prove of exceeding benefit in cases of ancemia and chlorosis. And not only are they used in cases in which a deficiency in redness of the blood-globules is the prominent indication : they are also valuable as an adjunct to treatment by other waters. It is not unfrequent for patients, who have undergone a course of alterative treat- ment, to be sent to springs of this class as an appropriate *r ' ) I <* 236 MINERAL SPRINGS. . ■'* :iiii termination. Tliese waters are also useful in cases of indi- gestion, amenorrhoea, dysmenorrlioea, hysteria, paralysis, and sterility, in which anaemia is a prominent indication. Many waters containing considerable iron are also strongly impregnated with saline (chloride of sodium) or alkaline con- stituents, and may be termed sallne-chalybeates or alhduie- chalybeates. They will be found under the class Saline or Alkaline Waters. It need hardly be added that, in prescrib- ing these chalybeates, we apply them to those anoeinic cases in which the other constituents of the spring arc especially applicable. The so-called Alum Waters of Virginia have been included in this class, inasmuch as iron is one of the most prominent constituents. Of all the mineral waters these are among the most decided in the curative effect. The peculiarity of these waters consists in the large proportion of alumina and the presence of free sulphuric acid ; the last-named ingredient oc- curring in only two or three places in this country outside of Virginia, as at the Oak Orchard Acid Springs, New York, and the Tuscarora Acid Springs, Canada. These waters are of a yellowish tint, and have a strongly astringent, accompanied with a styptic taste. In t<;mperature they are cold. In what manner these waters prove efficacious — whether by the peculiar combination of alum with other ingredients, or by some undiscovered agent — is unknown. It is worthy of notice that, while from the chemical character of the water we should expect an astringent action, the fact is that they frequently act as a mild cathartic. The diseases in which they are curative are scrofula in all of its forms, and chronic diar- rhoea^ except cases accompanied with considerable congestion of the mucous membranes and liver. They are also decidedly beneficial in chronic eczema and leucon'hcen, occurring in scrof- ulous^ individuals. BAILEY SPRINaS. Location and Post-Office. — Bailey Springs, Lauderdale County, Alabama. Access* — Go to Tuscumbia, a station on the Memphis & Charleston Rail- road, one hundred and forty-five miles east from Memphis, one hundred and m CHALYBEATE WATERS. 237 lalitative analyses have been Rock Spring, (Prof. Tuoniey.) Carbonate of potassa (traces). Carbonate of soda. Carbonate of iron. Chloride of sodiuno. Sulphur, perhaps combined with soda. nixty-four miles west from Chattanooga, fifty-two miles cast fiom Corinth, nnd forty-three miles west from Decatur; thence, via Florence Branch, to Florence, forty minutes ; thence, nine miles northeast, by stage. Ilot'SK — Bailey Springs. Analysis. — The following made : Chalybeate Sprino. (Dr. Curry.) Ciirbonate of potassa. Carbonate of soda. Carbonate of magnesia. Chloride of sodium. Oxide of ir Carbonic-a-. d g: ' , Sulphuret*"d-h;)\» Dgcn gas. Accompanying his analysis, Prof. Tuomey says : " I regret tliat I ha it not in my power to make a quantitative analysis of tir far-famed water. My analysis was conducted, however, with U.S much care as possible ; yet it is proper to state that, under favorable circumstances, an analysis in wliich a large quantity of water could be used might develop other ingredi- ents in addition to those given. " The iron is in greater abundance than would appear from the deposit below the outlet of the spring. It is even thrown down slowly during the process of concentration by boiling. " The prominent ingredients are carbonic acid, iron, and soda." Properties. — These waters are alJcaline-chalyheate^ and we would expect them to prove useful in a number of diseases. Dr. H. A. Moody informs me that they have proved especially beneficial in scrofula and droiysy^ the latter more particularly when associated with disease of the kidneys, or enlargement of tlie liver or spleen. Dropsy being but a symptom of some otlier disease, they act in this respect as a palliative by diure- sis. In leucorrhoea, amenorrhcea, dysmenorrlKva,, and irrita' hility of the bladder, they arc said to prove of service. Remarks. — These springs are situated in a fertile and roll- ing country. The hotel is on the summit of a semicircular 1 m ;i1 :£ K ' 1 I ^\ 4 1: 1 ! •- I 1 1' ^iii li ■lit: 238 MINERAL SPRINGS. hill, horseshoe in form; and in the valley, under cover of a shed, arc the springs, five in number — the Rock, tiie Chalybe- ate, the Soda, the Alum, and the Freestone. A short distance from the springs is Shoal Creek, where curious Indian remains may be seen ; and those fond of sport may amuse themselves with fishing. Muscle Shoals, six miles distant, present a series of broken water-falls, the roar from which may be heard for several miles, FBY'S SODA SPRING. Loration. — Siskiyou County, California. AeeCiSS. — Go to Sacramento ; thence, by Oregon division of Central Pucific Railroad, to Red Bluff; tbenec by stage, about ninety miles, to the spring. The Oregon Railroad, when fiiii.ihed, will pass within half a mile of tlie spring. Hotel. — Fry's Soda Springs. Analysis. — " The water is a chalybeate, there being an ex- tensive ferruginous deposit around the spring ; it is also high- ly impregnated with carbonic acid, sparkling like soda-water. The temperature of the water was 52° Fahr. in September, 1862." ^ llemarks. — These springs are located at the bottom of the cafion of the Upper Sacramento, at an elevation of tw^o thou- sand three hundred and sixty-three feet above the sea. The sides of the gorge are studded to the summit with pine, fir, and cedar, while the banks of the river are beautiful with the " vivid incessant green " of the eternal spring which rules in California. Here we are but a short distance from the base of Mount Shasta, fourteen thousand four hundred and forty feet high, almost equal in altitude to Mont Blanc. The ascent of Mount Shasta is most readily made from this side. Persons wishing to make the ascent, procure horses and guides at Sisson's Ranch, eight miles frc' u the springs. " The best season of the year for the ascent is in July or August, ]3efore July the snow is hardly gone from the camping-ground from wliich the ascent to the summit and return is to be made in one day, and after that month the in- » "Geological Survey of CaUfornia," vol. I., p. 331. CHALYBEATE WATERS. 239 cessiint fires in tlie surrounding forests fill the air with smoke, and take away all distinctness from the distant view. The plan adopted by those ascending the mountain is to pass tlie first night at Camp Ross, near the line of perpetual snow; and from that point to start sufficiently early to keep always on the hard-frozen snow, the heat of the sun by mid-day soft- ening it nearly to the summit, so as to make climbing almost if not quite impossible ; while the ascent on the frozen surface is quite easy, especially if one has the soles of his boots W(;ll provided with nails. Our party started at 3^ A. m., and reached the summit by 1]/| A. m., but others, not encumbered as we were by barometers and instruments, would be able to make the ascent in considerably less time. Of course a night near the full of the moon is preferable, although the usual bright starlight of the summer will answer to enable one to pick his way over the snow. It is advisable to leave Straw- berry Flat in season to camp early and comfortably at the base of the snow, and to have plenty of warm clothing, as the temperature at an altitude of seven thousand six hundred and twenty-nine feet will probably be pretty near the freezing- point before morning. There is abundance of wood and water at Camp Ross, and the trail from Strawberry Flats sufficiently good, to allow those wishing to save their strength, to ride the whole way." * STAFFORD SPRINGS. Location and Post-OflBce. — Stafford Springs, Tolland County, Connecticut. AccesSt — Go to Willimantic, tliirty-two miles east of Hartford, on the Hartford, Providence & Fislikill Railroad ; thence twenty miles north to Stafford. Ilotel. — Stafford Springs House. Analysis. — No quantitative analysis has been made. In Trumbull's " History of Connecticut " (1818), the following occurs : " The springs are two in number. The first dis- covered contains iron, held in solution by the carbonic acid, or fixed air, natron or native alkali, a small proportion of marine » " Goologicai Survey of California." 'i n .^•i f r^^ 240 MINERAL SPRINGS. salt, iodine, soda, magnesia, and some earthy substances. The other is charged principally with hydrogen gas of sulphur; it also contains a very minute portion of iron. The spring first discovered has been pronounced by chemists to be one of the best chalybeate springs in the United States." Prof. C. U. Shepard, in his report of the " Geological Survey " of the State, 1837, states that these springs are " the most impor- tant in the State. No escape of gas perceptible. Sides of reservoir were lined with a thick flocculent precipitate of oxide of iron caused by the decomposition of the carbonate of iron from access of air." GBEENCASTIiE SPRINGS. Location and Post-Office. — Greencastle, Putnam County, Indiana. Access. — Greencastle ia thirty-eight miles west from Indianapolis, by cither Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, or St, Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad. Also one hundred and thirty-nine miles north from Louisville, by the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad. Hotels. — Jones House, Centre House. ANALYSIS. One ptiit contains— North or T>nggy SprlnjT, 66° Fahr. MlMle or Dew- drop Sprinp, 62° Fahr. Solids. Carbonate of potassa Grains. 0.011 0.012 0.5.S8 0.051 1.819 0.099 O.OIT 0.131 0.020 0.011 0.012 0.(t0!) Carbonato of soda 0.003 Carbonato of maff ne.sia 0.60T Carbonate of protoxide of iron 0.29S Carbonate of iine 1.485 Ciilorido of sodium 0.087 Siilnliate of soda 0.012 Sulphate of magnesia 0.129 Aliunina 0.009 Silicic acid 0.00 1 Loss, and undetermined 0.028 Total 2.7T1 2.733 Hemarks. — There is another spring on the grounds, known as the South or Diamond Spring. It is siniilar to those of whicli the analysis is given. W't\ ?•■ r- CATOOSA SPRINGS. Location and Post-Offlce. — Catoosa Springs, Catoosa County, Georgia. Access. — Go to Ringgold, a station on the Western & Atlantic Railroad, CHALYBEATE WATERS. 241 es. The sulphur ; ic spriiij^ je one of Prof. C. ' " of the st impor- Sides of )itate of jiirbonate ina. napolifl, by ["crre Haute miles north id. mM\e or Dew- drop Sprinp, 62° Fahr. Gmina. 0.009 0.008 0.66T 0.21»S 1.485 0.087 0.012 0.129 0.009 0.001 0.028 2.733 s, known those of twenty-two miles southeast from Chattanoopa, one hundred and fifteen milea northwest of Atlanta ; theuco four and a half miles cast, by stage, to the BprinRS. HoteK — Catoosa Springs. Analysis. — No exact quantitative analysis has been made. Tlie waters, however, are reported as strongly chalybeate. There are also sulphur-waters here. {See Appendix.) Remarks. — There are very many sprin/^s at this point, all rising within the space of two acres. They were much re- sorted to before the war, but the buildings subsequently needed repair. They are, however, open for visitors, and are being reimproved. MADISON SFRINQS. Loration and Post-Offlre. — Madison Springs, Madison County, Georgia. iceesSt — From Augusta via Georgia Railroad, to Union Point, seventy-six miles ; thence, via Athens Branch, to Athens, three and a half hours ; thence by stage. Hotel. . Analysis. — None. ESTILL SPMNOS, KENTUCKY. " Estill Springs, Purgative Waters.") (For location, etc., sec ANALYSIS One pint contains (Dr. Peter) : Georgia, c Railroad, BOUDS. Grains. Carbonate of magnesia . • • 0.335 Carbonate of iron • . 0.233 Carbonate of lime ... 1.159 Chloride of sodium ■ . . 0.066 Sulphate of potassa ... 0.080 Sulphate of soda • • . 0.087 Sulphate of magnesia * • . 1.224 Sulphate of lime . . . 2.084 Alumina and trace of phosphates . trace. Silica . • . 0.233 Organic and volatile matt' * . 1.028 Total . . 6.529 Gas. Cubic in. Carbonic acid • 4.15 rF*'f i;, I'i !i ! ! 2t2 MINERAL SPRINGS. KKIGHTSTOWN SPUING. Location and Post-Oiliee. — Knightstown, Henry County, Indiana. Access. — Knightstown is a station on the Indianapolis & Chicago division ot' the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, thirty-four miles east of Indianapolis. Hotels. . Analysis. — No com[)lete analysis of this water has been made. Dr. T. C. Fox, State Geologist of Indiana, in a letter to the author, remarks : " From a qualitative examination of some of the water sent to my office, it proved to be almost a pure chalybeate, havinf^ only about twenty-five grains of solid constituents in an imperial gallon, mostly calcic and magnesic salts." SCHUYLER COUNTY SPRINGS. Location. — Schuyler County, Illinois. ANALYSIS.! One pint contains (Dr. Blancy) : Solids. Sulphate of magnesia Sulphate of lime Protosulphate of iron Silica . Alkaline sulphates Total . Grains. 0.373 9.242 8.745 0.164 0.979 19,503 Dr. Blancy remarks that the water " has an acid reaction, a strong, styptic taste, a trace of organic matter, and an oh scurc trace of chlorides." HOPKINTON SI RINGS. Location and Post-Ofllice. — Ilopklnton, Middlesex County, Massachu«ct<.<. Access. — From Boston to Westl)orough, a station on the Boston & Albany Railroad, thirty-two miles west ; tlicnco, about three miles southeast. Hotel. Analysis. — The waters are said to contain carbonic acid, and iron. "Geology of Illinois,'* vol. Iv., p. 89. carbonate of lime, and iron [ndiana. Chicago division ir miles east of iter has been la, in a letter amination of ) be almost a :rains of solid and ma2;nesic CHALYBEATE WATERS. OWOSSO SPRING. 243 LoeatioD and Post-OfTice. — Owosso, Shiawassee County, Michigan. AccesSt — Owosso is a station on the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad, sev- enty-nine miles northwest from Detroit. HotcK — National. ANALYSIS. One pint contains : Solids. Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of iron Grains. i.4i;{ 1.413 acid reaction, r, and an ob' V, Ma?3acha«otls. Boston & Albany )ntheast. scenery. The spring issues from tlie earth near the summit of the mountain, and is conveyed some distance to a convenient plaee by pipes. The temperature of tlic water is 50° Fahr., the taste strongly chalybeate. Tlie wat(>r C(»iitains consider- able carbonic-acid gas, and, for tliis reas(m, is acceptable to the stomach. The discliarge is small — about one-half gallon per minute. m\ liti Mil! 2 42 MINERAL SPRINGS. KNIGHTSTOWN SPRING. Location and Post-Ofllcef — Knightstown, Henry County, In liana. Access. — Knightstown is a station on the Indianapolis & Chicago division of the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, thirty-four miles east of Indianapolis. Hotels. . Anahjs'iS. — No complete analysis of this water has been made. Dr. T. C. Fox, State Geologist of Indiana, in a letter ~r SCHOOLEY'S MOUNTAIN SPRINGS. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (C. Mclntirc, Jr ) • Solids. ''" Carbonate of soda Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of iron C.irbonate of manganese Carbonate of lime . . ' Chloride of sodium Sulphate of lime Alumina Ammonia . , Silicic acid Orains. 0.072 0.200 0.072 trace. 0.178 0.054 0.210 0.018 trace. 0.092 Total Oab. Carbonic acid 0.896 not determined. (1870) HOPKINTON SPRINGS. Location and Post-Offlco. — Hopklnton, Middlesex County, Massachusetts. Access. — From Boston to Wostborough, a station on the Boston & Albany Railroad, thirty-two miles west; thenco, about three miles southeast. Hotel. Analysis. — The waters arc said to contain carbonic acid, carbonate of liine, and iron. • "Ocology of Illinois,'* vol. Iv., p- 89. the la. go division .03 east of has been 1 a letter aios. )72 100 372 ice. 178 )54 10 18 ee. 92 9fi nined. 0) ssaehupotts. )u & Albany cast. )onic aoid, ClULYBEATE WATERS. OWOSSO SPRINCJ. 24a Loeation and Post-Ofllfe. — Owosso, Sliia-.vassee County, Michigan. Acfess. — Owosso is a elation on the Detroit & Milwaukee Kailroad, sev- enty-nine miles northwest iVom Detroit. Iloteit — National. ANALYSIS. One pint contains : Solids. Grains. Carbonate of magnesia . . . . 1.41:5 Carbonate of iron ..... 1.4 13 Carbonate of lime ..... 2.228 Chlorides of sodium and potassium . . . 0.2G2 Silica and alumina ..... 0.077 Total 5.423 Pi'Ojyertles. — This is a strong chalybeate water; but, that the proportion of iron is as large as shown in the analysis, I very much doubt. It should be reanalyzed. Remarks. — The town of Owosso is situated at the inter- section of the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad and the Jackson, Lansing" & Saginaw llailroad. The population is over two thousand. SCHOOLEY'S MOUNTAIN SPBINGS. Location and Post-Ofllce AadrcsSt — Schoolcy's Mountain, Morris County, New Jersey, Access. — From New York via Moriis & Essex Railroad to Ilackettstown, Bixty-two miles west, thence two and one-half miles by stage. Uotcb. — Belmont House, Heath House. Atialysis. — None. Said to be a pure clialybeate. Jletnarks. — This is an exceedingly popular resort, on ac- count of its accessibility and the beauty of the surrounding scenery. The spring issues from the earth near the sunnnit of the moiuitai'j, and is conveyed some distance to a convenient: place by pipes. The teinperatiu'c of the water is 50° Fahr., the taste strongly chalybeate. The water contains consider" able carbonic-acid gas, and, for this reason, is af^eeptable to tln.i stomach. The discharge is small — about one-half gallon per minute. , > ! I i ^ 1 : ' ! illjl rt i t in II 244 MINER. VL ?^riilNCiS. COOPER'S WELL. Location and PostrOfflce. — Cooper's Well, Hinds County, Mirfsissippi. Access. — From New Orleans, one hundred and eiglity-throe miles north, via Now Orleans, Jackson & Great Northern Railroad, to Jackson ; thence, twelve miles west, by stpge. te!.— Cooper's Well. ANALYSIS. One piut contains. (5 0° Fahr. Prof. J. Lawrence Bmitli) : Solids. Grains. Chloride of sodium • . 1.045 Chloride of magnesium • • ■ • 0.435 Chloride of calcium . 0.540 Sulphate of potassa • 0.076 Sulphate of soda . 1.4G3 Sulphate of magnesia • • • • 2.910 Sulphate of lime . 5.265 Sulphate of alumina • • • • 0.765 Pcroxid-:' of iron . 0.420 Crenatc of lime • • • • 0.039 Silica . • • • t . 0.225 Total 13.183 Gasks. Cubic in. Carbonic acid . . 4.0 Oxygon . ■ • • • 1.5 Nitrofi'H . 4.5 Properties. — This is an exceedingly valuable chalybeate water, containing a proportion of purgative salts, and bearing considerable resemblance to the waters of Bocklet, near Kis- singen, in Bavaria. This combination adapts the waters to numerous conditions in which amvinla is associated with con- stipation or abdominal plethora. It is foimd exceedingly val- uable in certain dyspepsias, in dropsy, and in chlorosis. In chronic diarrhcea this water has long enjoyed high repute. The waters act as a diuretic or aperient, according to the quantity taken and the mode of drinking. HemarJcs. — This is the most noted mineral water in Mis- sissippi, and has long been a favorite with the people of the Southern country. The artesian well whence the water flows is one hundred and seven feet deep, and the How is exceedingly abundant. ....•:^S3^r!^ ity, Mississippi, -throe miles north, Jackson ; tbence, ce Smith) : Grains. . 1.045 0.435 . 0.540 0.076 . 1.4G3 2.910 . 5.265 0.765 . 0.420 0.039 . 0.225 13.183 Cubic in. . 4.0 1.5 . 4.5 Eible chalybeate Its, and bearing )cklet, near Kis- i the waters to L'iated witli cnn- 3xceedingly val- n cJilorosis. In ed liigh repute. 3Cording to tlie al water in Mis- G people of the is one l)undred ly abundant. CI'ALYPILA f"£ WATERS. OCEAN SPiUi^^OS 245 r^U^j% Loration and Post-OIBfCt — Oceau Fpr 53, Ju -kaon County, Mississippi. AffOS*. — Oeoan Springs is a station .'. thu >"oW Orleans, Mobilo &; T"xa3 Railroad, eighty three miles east from !N. Oi'eiin.Sj and Qfty-seven miles west flora Mobile. Or the springs may be readied by coast-steamers from either New Orleans or Mobile. Uotels. — Morris House, Egan Ilonse. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (J. L. Smith) : Solids. Grains. Chloride of potassium • • • trace. Chloride of sodium • • • 5.971 Chloride of magnesium , • • 0.621 Chloride of calcium • • • 0.485 Protoxide of iron . « • . 0.589 Iodine • • • trace. Alumina • • . trace. Organic matter • • • • • • trace. Total '1.{\M Oases. Cubic in. Carbonic acid * • 1.22 Sulphuretted hydrogen • • • 0.16 — "Oeolojfy of Mississippi." Properties. — This wn;.-"f \s ? ^rdlne-chalyheate^ abounding in iron, which no doubi. '- he' ■ in solution in tiie form of a carbonate. The unusu; ' combination of chloride of sodium, carbonate of irou, and snip urotted hyd; ogen, especially adapts it to the treatment of disease uf the skin allied to a scrofulous diathesis. Remarhs. — The name of these springs is derived from their proximity to the ocean, the beach being but half a mile distant, and alFording ample facility for sea-loathing. The springs are much resorted to by citizens of New Orleans and Mobile. OAK-OIlCnARIi ACID SPRIWaS. Location. — Genesee County, New York Post-Ofllce. — Mc-dina, Orleans County, Now York. Acce.s. --Go to Medina, a station f\\ the New Y('i Contra! lailroad, forty miltjs west of Rochester, thence six miles south by carriiige. Or go to i < 'I! } i I ( !i )iM ^^ i^ :li irf i If r MiN li; :raii li 24G MINERAL SPRINGS. Batavia, a station on a branch of the New York Central Railroad, thirty-two miles west of Rochester, thence twelve miles north by carriage. Uotel.— (Closed.) ANALYSIS. One pint contains (J. R. Chilton, M. D.) : Soli 08. GralnB. Sulphate of magnesia . . . 1.0;i5 Sulphate of alumina ..... 1.210 Sulphate of lime . . 4.950 rrotoaulphate of iron . . . I I9n Silica ...... 0.130 Organic matter ..... 0.422 Free sulphuric acid .... 10.370 Total ...... 19.907 Projyertles. — This spring is, in one respect, the most re- markable in this country. The occurrence of notable quanti- ties of sulphuric acid in springs in a free state is exceedingly rare. Only two other springs of this character are known in this country, that of the neighboring town of Byron in the same county, and the Tuscarora Sour Spring in the county of Wentworth, Canada. None of the kind are known in Europe. " An earth somewhat similar to that found in Byron is said to exist in great quantities at a village called Danlakie, in the south of Persia, between three and four days' journey from Bushire, on the Persian Gulf. The natives employ it as a substitute for lemons and limes in making their sherbets." Tliese, with Paramo de Ruiz and Rio Vinagre, New Granada, South America, comprise all the known springs containing free sulphuric acid in considerable quantity. The Oak-Orchard water has been used with advantage in a number of diseases. Prof. J. H. Armsby, of Albany, says : "The diseases in which I have found it most useful are as fol- lows : ill-conditioned ulcers, diseases of the skin, passive hicmorrhagos, diarrhoeas depending on an atonic condition of the mucous membranes, in depraved and impoverished con- ditions of the body from specific disease and from intemper- ance." Wlicn drunk the water is diluted with an equal quantity CHALYBEATE WATERS. 247 of pure water. From half a wineglass to a wineglass three times a day is thus taken. In treatment of ulcers the water is taken internally, and also applied directly, lint being satu- rated with the water and changed twice daily. vantage in n, passive SHARON SPRINGS. Lorutioo, etc. — See these springs, under Sulphur-watei'd. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (iMuitJch) : 801.ID8. Grains. Carbonate of magnesia . . . . 1.120 Sulphate of potassa . . . trace. Sulphate of soda ..... .467 Sulphate of magnesia ..... 1.019 Sulphate of lime ..... 7.975 Protosulphate of iron . . . . .0.176 Oiganic matter ..... 3.500 Total ...... 14.816 (1861.) MINERAL SPRING. Location. — Monmouth County, New Jersey. Access. — Near Oceanville, two miles' drive from Long Branch. Analysis. — No accurate analysis has been made ; one gal- lon is said to contain one and a quarter grain of carbonate of iron. ADAMS COXTNTY SPRINGS. Location and Post-Offlce. — Mineral Springs, Adams County, Ohio. Access. — From Cincinnati, seventy-five miles east, by steamboat on the Ohio River, to Rome ; thence, nineteen miles north by stage. Hotel. — Llineral Springs. Analysis. — No accurate quantitative analj'sis has been niado; a qualitative analysis, by Prof. E. S. Wayne, states that there are fifteen grains of solid matter to the pint, com- posed of chloride of magnesium, sulphate of lime, carbonate of lime, chloride of sodium, chloride of calcium, and oxide of iron. The flow of the spring is about one gallon per minute, and the temperature 50° Fahr. » ! m :i '■ Vi- f - ! . 11 I; 248 MINERAL SPRINGS. Hemar^s.— These springs are located in that portion of Ohio which most nearly is entitled to the name of mountain- ous. The springs, two in number, are situated in a valley at the base of a high hill, several hundred feet in altitude, known as Peach Ivlountain. From the surrounding elevations, far ex- tended and attractive views may be had, while the woodlands and streams supply amusement for the sportsman. " Point Lookout,'" three miles from the springs, is frequently visited by those who delight in an extended view. CBESSON SFRINaS. Localion and Post-OfficCt — Crcsson, Cambria County, Pennsylvania. Access. — Cresson is a station on the Pennsylvania Central Railroad, two hundred and fifty-two miles west of Philadelphia, and one hundred and two miles east of Pittsburg. Ilotelt — Mountain House. Analysis. — See Appendix. JRemarJcs. — Cresson is resorted to more because of its mountain elevation than the value of the waters. The air is pure and bracing, and the thermometer seldom rises to 75° Fahr. in the hottest days of summer. Guests sleep under blankets the entire season. The mountains furnish abundant opportunity for excursions, while many delightful drives wind through the valleys. The springs are seven in number, the principal one being about a quarter of a mile distant, on the site of the old Alleghany Portage Railway, now abandoned, but still showing the maimer of constructing railways many years ago. BLOSSBURG SPRINGS. Location. — Tiojia County, Pennsylvania. Access. — From Now York, via Erie Railroad, to Coming, two hundred and ninety miles northwest ; thence, ?ua Blossburg & Corning Railroad, to niossburg, forty-one miles south. Hotel. . Analysis. — None. The waters are said to bear some re- semblance to the alum-waters of Virginia. Location and Tiinia. Access. — From road, to Connells' Branch Railroad, Btuge to the spring Hotel.— Fayett Analysis.- llemarks.- tains, amid mc may be enjoye Location and F Access. — Go to via Knoxville & C thence, nine miles Hotel. — Montv One ] Solids. Carlwnato of iron Carbonate of limt' Oliloride of sodium. .. Cbbrlde of mafrnesiui Chloride of calcium. . . Sidpliate of soda Siil|ibate of magnesia, Sulphate of lime Oxide of iron Alumina Silica Organic matter Total Properties. considerable n dropsy, associj vorably, both ; ' In a note accon posited in the bottle ; CHALYBEATE WATERS. 249 FAYETTE SPBTNGS. LoeatiOQ and Post-Offlce. — Fayette Springs, Fayette County, Pennsyl- Tania. Access. — From Pittsburg, via Pittsburg, Baltimore & "Washington Rail- road, to Connellsville, fifty-seven miles south ; thence, via Fayette County Branch Railroad, to Unioutown, fourteen miles south ; thence, twelve niilos by stage to the springs. Hotel. — Fayette Springs. Analysis. — None. Remarks. — These springs are located in the Laurel Moun- tains, amid most romantic scenery, where cool mountain-air may be enjoyed. MONTVALE SPRINaS. Location and Post-Office. — Montvale Springs, Blount County, Tennessee. Access. — Go to Knoxville on the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad ; thence, via Knoxville & Charleston Railroad, to Maryville, sixteen miles northwest ; thence, nine miles by stage to the springs. Iloteli — Montvale Springs, ANALYSIS. One pint contains — SOT.IBS. Carbonate of iron Carbonate of lime Oliloriile of sodium CLlorlde of map:nesium Chloi-iclo of calcium iiiilphato of soda Sulphate of magnesia Sulphate of lime Oxide of iron Alumina Silioa Organic matter Total 18.604 60° Fahr. 60° Fahr. Prof. J. B. Mitchell. J. R. Chilton, M. D. Gndns. Grains. 0.300 .... l.()57 0.245 0.012 0.018 6.564 1.102 1.500 2.iai 9.276 10.243 0.149 » 0.062 .... trace. .... 0.005 13.668 (1S57.) Projyertles. — These are calcic-chalybeate watert'. They have considerable reputation in chronic diarrhoea and scrofula. In dropsy, associated with engorgement of the liver, they act fa- vorably, both as a diuretic and by their effect on that organ. ' In a note accompanying his analysis, Dr. Chilton says : " The oxido of Iron was de- posited in the bottle ; it was probably held in solution in the water by carbonic acid." 12 ,r' i 250 MINERAL SPRINGS. In lsir<:^e quantities, the waters are cathartic ; in modorato quantities, laxative and diuretic. Ilenuirks. — These springs are situated in a niountain-glen, amid the heiglits of the Chilhowce Mountains. Ilcn;, amid the pleasures of mountain-rambles, the various sports of Held and stream, and the luxury of cool, pure mountain-air one may pleasantly pass the summer da^ s. Three miles distant is a sulphur-spri?if/. ri- 1 "m Pliil I : fM BEEHSHEBA SFRINQS. Location and Post-OlBcCt — Bccrshc ba Springs, Grundy County, Tennessee. Access. — Go to Tullahoma, a station on the Kashville & Chattanooga Kail- road, sixty-nine miles southeast frora Nashville, and eighty-two miles noithwest from Chattanooga ; thence, thirty-lour miles northeast by rail, to McMinnvillo ; thence, about twelve milos by stage. Or, go to Cowan, a station on the Nash- ville & Chattanooga Railroad, sixty-four miles northwest from Chattanooga; thence by stage. Hotel. — Bccrsheba Springs. Analysis. — The water has never been analyzed, but is said to be a fine chalybeate. Temperature, 58° Fahr. Hemarks. — These springs are sii-aatcd neai the summit of a spur of one of the Cumberland Mountains. The scenery is wild and attractive. The temperature is cool during the sum- mer months. A register of temperature taken at the hotel, from July 20 to August 1, 1872, gave the following result : Mean temperature for twelve days : 6 A. m., 72° ; 12 m., 79.8°; 6 p. M., 78.8° Fahr. Being convenient of access from Nashville and Chatta- nooga, the springs are much resorted to by the wealthy of those cities. BAWLEY SPRINQS. Location and Post-Office Address. — Rawley Springs, Rockingham County, Virginia. Access. — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad, to Uarrisonburg, one hundred and thirty-eight miles west,; thence, twelve miles by stage, to the springs. Or, via Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, to Har- per's Ferry ; thence, by Winchester branch, to Uarrisonburg (connections not CHALYBEATE WATERS. 251 moderate tain-glen, [ere, amid 8 of field :i-air one , Tennessee, iinooga Kail- es northwest ^loMinnville ; on the Nash- Jhattanooga ; »d, but is ir. simmiit of scenery is r the sum- the hotel, ng result : M., 79.8°; id Chatta- k^ealthy of good). Or, by rail to Staunton, Virginia; thence north, twenty-five miles by rail, to Harrisonburg. lIoteK — Rawley Springs. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (61° Fahr. Prof. J. W. Mallet) : SoLn>s. Grains. Carbonate of magnc.'iia .... (J.»)85 Carbonate of iron .... O.liOif Carbonate of manganese .... 0.00 "2 Carbonate of lime ..... 0.056 Carbonate of ammonia .... trace. Carbonate of lithia .... trace. Chloride of sodium ..... 0.006 Sulphate of potassa .... 0.014 Sulphate of soda ..... 0.068 Sulphate of lime ..... 0.013 Alumina ...... 0.005 SiHca ...... 0.086 Organic matter ..... 0.036 Loss .... . . 0.0*73 Total Gas. Carbonic acid 0.644 Cubic In. 0.11 {1810.) ProjJertles. — ^This water is the best pure chalybeate in Virginia, and proves efficacious in chlorosis^ leucorrhcea, umenorrhoea^ and menorrhagla^ when depending on anaemic conditions, and all maladies caused by an impoverished condi- tion of the blood. It forms an admirable tonic after the al- terative treatment by other waters. Remarks. — These springs are delightfully situated on the southern slope of the North Mountain, amid salubrious air and pleasing landscapes. WM 11 ham County, sas Railroad, ence, twelve road, to Har- incctions not SWEET CHALYBEATE .SPRINGS. Location and Post-Office Address. — Sweet Chulybeato Si)ring3, Alleghany County, Virginia. Access. — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad, and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Alleghany Station, two hundred and forty-one miles west ; thence, by stage nine miles, to the springs. From ' " I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4r z ^ ^ 1.0 I.I £ Itf |2.0 11:25 III 1.4 li£ Photographic Sciences Corporation '^ 4^ V \ :\ %, 23 WEST MAIN STRKT WISSTIR.N.Y. M5M (71«) S72-4S03 ^ % ^ ^ li 1 If > 252 MINERAL SPRINGS. Richmond, via Gordonsville, two hundred and twenty-one miles, to Alleghany Station. From the west, via Cincinnati and Ohio River, to Hun.ington, one hundred and sixty-five miles east ; thence, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, one hundred and ninety-eight miles southeast, to Alleghany Station. Hotel* — Sweet Chalybeate Springs. ANALYSIS. to 79° Fahr. Prof. W. B. Rogers) : One pint contains (ll Solids. Carbonate of lime Chloride of sodium Chloride of magnesium Chloride of calcium Sulphate of soda Sulphate of magnesia Sulphate of lime Scsquioxide of iron Total . Gab. Carbonic acid Oraina. 0.337 0.011 0.196 0.003 0.404 0.897 4.110 0.092 6.050 Cubic tn. 13. Properties. — This is a fine calcic-chalybeate water, contain- ing a proportion of purgative salts. The taste of the water is sweet and ferruginous. The water is beneficially employed in cases of ancGmia^ chlorosis^ leucorrhcea, and other diseases associated with an impoverished condition of the blood. Tt has also proved decidedly efficacious in neicralyia and gas- tralgia. Remarks. — These springs, formerly called the Med Sweet Springs, are situated in one of the most beautiful valleys of Virginia. They are four in number, and flow from the base of a curiously-incrustcd ledge of rocks. Although there are four diflFerent sources, they do not differ essentially in chemical constitution, unless it be the upper one, which is somewhat similar to the Old Sweet Springs, one mile above. On the 19th of ^ ugust, 1871, I found the average temperature of the four souioes to be 76° Fahr. The flow of the springs is eight hundred gallons per minute. The red substance covering the bottom of the springs is not an oxide of iron, but an algoid growth. Besides the use of the water internally, it is largely used CHALYBEATE WATERS. 253 as a bath. Swimming-baths have been constructed, about twenty by thirty feet in area. Doubtless the good results ob- tained in many maladies treated here are principally due to the use of these baths. The temperature of the bath is 76° Fahr, The temperature at this resort is usually cool and agree- able. A record taken at the olEce of the hotel gives the fol- lowing results : Average Temperntaro. 6 A. m. 12 m. 6 p. m . From July 2 to September 5, 1870 . . 70>^° 84%° ',8° Fahr. From July 24 to August 19, 1871 . . 66 80 18 BOCKBRIDaE ALTJlli SFBINaS. Location and Post-Offieet — Rockbridge Alum Springs, Rockbridge County, Virginia. Access* — From the North to "Washington ; thence, via Orango, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad, and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Goshen, one hun- dred and eighty-eight miles southwest ; thence, by Ptage, to the springs. From Richmond, via Cbc-^apeake & Ohio Railroad, one hundred and sixty- eiglit miles, to Goshen. From the southwest, via Virginia & Tennessee Rail- road, Lynchburg, Charlottesville, and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, From the west, via Cincinnati and the Ohio River, to Huntington, one hundred and sixty-five miles east ; thence, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, two hundred and fifty-one miles .southeast, to Goshen. Uotelt — Rockbridge Alum. ANALYSIS. Oue pint containi— No. 1. A. A. Hayei, M. D. No. 8. A. A.IIa}'es,M.D. Nn. 4. A. A. lUyet, M.D. Solids. Clilnrlde of Bodlnni Gninu 0.(158 0.180 0,4(i«» 1.S46 0.175 0.81S 2.347 (irnini. 0.126 0.221 0.2'iO 0.403 O.fidS O.OsS 1 !;iiw 0.855 Gralna. 0.055 Hiiliihttte of i)otat)8Jt Siiltilmtfl of inairncsiii 552 Hiil|ilmt(' of lime 0.418 I'ldtoxide of iron o.r.^7 Aliiiniiia 8.011 Crriiiitc of ammonia 0.158 Bilic.ito of soda Siiliiliuric acid (free) 0.«s9 Pilicic add (frcu) 0.213 OrKauic matter 0.127 Total 5.514 Ciiliii- in. 0.7 6.1(i7 CM.' in. 1.9 6.800 Oar. Carbonic acid Ciil.l.' In. 1.1 (1862.) Properties. — These waters are clear and odorless, lliey possess a strongly astringent and styptic taste. In tempera- 1, J. fi ii*M ' III! 254 MINERAL SPRINGS. ture they are cold. A mass or extract is prepared from the water by evaporation, which, wlien redissolved, is said to pos- sess the virtues of the spring-water. These are the best known of the alum-waters of Virginia. Their value in the treatment of disease is undoubted. In what diseases do they prove curative ? The answer is simple and explicit. In every form of scrofula — scrofulous ulcers, scrofulous diseases of the skin, scrofulous discharges from the ears and nose, and scrofulous diseases of the bones. In chron- ic diarrhoea they have proved a most reliable remedy, ex- cept in those cases in which there is congestion of the mucous membranes and liver. They are also beneficial in leucorrhcea and chronic eczema. Contrary to what we would expect, these waters ocra- sionally prove purgative. In a letter to the author. Prof. H. R. Noel, of Baltimore, resident-physician at the springs, re- marks: "It is true that the waters sometimes prove purga- tive, but I believe it to be true in two classes of cases. 1. Great atony of the digestive tract, especially of the small intestine. 2. When persons drink it in great excess because they are at the springs, and wish to reap rapidly the greatest possible benefit. " The waters, in nine cases out of ten, should be used as a diuretic, and taken in doses of from one-fourth to one-half of a small tumbler, six, eight, ten, or twelve times a day, and afterward gradually increase the dose, and diminish the num- ber of doses, to about six or eight glasses a day. Tlie water does not act siuiply from its astringent character, but it is a most powerful agent in restoring perverted histogenesis. I have seen the worst forms of scrofula and some bad syphilitic eruptions cured in ten weeks by it, and not one grain of medi- cine used. " The water sliould be taken, as a rule, from four to ten weeks, and but little improvement will occur under two, and in most cases not under three or five weeks ; but, once inau- gurated, its effects will last for months." Remarks. — The springs are situated in a glen-like nook CHALYBEATE WATERS. 255 f(jrmcd by the spurs of the North and Mill Mountains, and break forth from a mass of shale-rock at the base of the ritlge. This shale contains large quantities of alumina and the salts of iron, and the springs are formed by the percola- tion of water through this mass. Four different reservoirs have been formed, numbered respectively No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4c. They diifer somewhat, as is seen in the analysis, es- pecially in the quantities of sulphuric acid. The immediate surroundings of this resort are attractive. The hotel and brick cottages encircle a lawn embowered with trees, and sociability and amusement add their charms. From a register of temperature at the hotel I made the following averages : Average Temperature dur June, 1869 July, 1869 . August, 1869 . June, 18Y1 . July, 1871 August (to the 24t Warmest days duriug summer of 1869— July 14th, 15th, 16th— 87" Fahr. at 12 M. Warmest d.-'.js during summer of 1871 (up to 24th of August) — August 16th— 89° Fahr. at 12 m. Average Temperature during 6 A.M. 12 m. 6r. M. June, 1869 • • 60.3° 72.2"^ 71.8" Fahr July, 1869 . • • 72.2 76.9 76.4 August, 1869 • a 64.8 76.9 75.9 June, 1871 . ■ • 62.1 72.6 70.3 July, 1871 , , 62.9 73.6 71.5 August (to the 24th) 1871 . 64.9 79.1 77.3 n-like nook PUIiASKI AliUM SFBINaS. LocatioDt — Pulaski County, Virginia, Post-Offlcet — Dublin, Pulaski County, Virginia. AffesSt — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad, and Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, to Dublin, a station two hundred and eighty-two miles southwest ; thence, twelve miles by stage. From Richmond, via Burkeville, two hundred and twenty-nine miles southwest, to Dublin, and via Gordonsville two hundred and sixty-two miles. From the south and southwest, strike the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad ; thence to Dublin. Hotel.— Pulaski Alum. Atialj/si's. — These waters are similar to the Rockbridge Alum. According to an analysis before me, they contain a larger proportion of iron. Properties. — ^These waters may be used in very much the same way, and in the same diseases, as the Rockbridge Alum. 256 MINERAL SFBINGS. Memarka. — The springs are very pleasantly situated on Little Walker's Creek, at the base of Walker's Mountain. The surrounding country abounds in minerals. In the imme- diate vicinity of the springs is a rich lead of plumbago. l;^ i- BATH ALT71K SPBINQS. Location and Post-Offlee. — Bath Alum Springs, Bath County, Virginia. Access* — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas and Chesapeake and Ohio Railroads, to Millboro', one hundred and ninety-six miles southwest ; thence, ten miles by stage, to the springs. From Rich- mond, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, one hundred and seventy-six milca northwest, to Millboro'. From the west, via Cincinnati and the Ohio River, to Huntington, one hundred and sixty-five miles east ; thence, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, 244 miles southeast, to Millboro. Dotel. — Springs. ANALYSIS One pint contaloi — No. 1. A. A. Hsyei, M. D. No. 2. A. A. Hayes, M. D. 80LIDB. Chloride of sodlnm Gralni. 0.022 0!352 0.476 1.814 1.280 0.282 0.253 0.726 Gnlnt. Sulphate of potassa 0.082 Sulphate of magnesia O.KiO Sulphate of lime 0.817 Protoxide of iron 2.722 Alumina 1.5!!6 ('renate of ammonia 0.222 Silicate of soda 0.894 Sulphuric acid (free) - - ©.•Jt^ Total 5.1C1 Cubic Id. 1.4 6.868 Gas. Carbonic acid CuMc In. 1 Properties, — These waters very much resemble the Rock- bridge Alum, and are valuable in similar diseases, as follows : Scrofula^ chronic diarrhoea, eczema, and diseases depending on an impoverished condition of the blood. They contain a larger proportion of iron than the Rockbridge Alum. Itemarks. — The springs are very pleasantly located on the stage-road from Millboro' to the Warm Springs. The build- ings, consisting of an hotel and cottages, are of brick, tastefully designed, arranged in the form of a crescent, and looking out upon a beautiful lawn of ten acres. The waters issue from a ledge of slate-stone, and are caught in pools formed in the rocks. Besides those of which the analysis is given, there CHALYBEATE WATERS. 257 situated on } Mountain. I the imme- bago. are others varying in strength, but of the sr*mc general charac- ter. There are also one or two springs which bear no resem- blance to those named, but which have not been sufficiently investigated for their medical properties to be assigned. y, Virginia. Manassas and and ninety-six I. From Rich- venty-six miles ;he Ohio River, lia Chesapeake No. 2. K. A. Hayes, M. D. Onlni, 0!082 0.160 0.817 2.722 1.5;i6 0.222 0.S94 0.l»b5 6.868 Gallic In. 1 3 the Rock- as follows: depending y contain a m. ated on the The build- {, tastefully looking out sue from a med in the iven, there STRIBLINa SPRINGS. Location and Post-OflBeet— Stribling Springs, Augusta County r».ginia. Aeeess* — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad, and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Staunton, one hundred and fifty-six miles ; thence, thirteen miles northwest by stage. From Richmond, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, one hundred and thirty-six miles to Staunton. From the West, via Cincinnati and Ohio River, to Huntington, one hundred and sixty-five miles east ; thence, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Staunton, two hundred and eighty-three miles southeast. HoteK — Stribling Springs. ANALYSIS. Alum Spriiigt. One pint contalni — No. 4. D. K. Tuttle, M, D. No. S. D. K. Tuttle, M. D. No. 6. D. K. Tuttle, M. D. BOLlDfl. Sulphate of potassa Hulphato of soda Ornlni. 0.067 0.0S3 0.066 2.0S6 1.192 1.832 0.631 0.244 0.469 Grstni. 0.113 0.293 0.(W3 2.244 1.648 2.118 1.227 0.2('4 Oralni. 0.126 0.224 Hiili)hate of niafirncsia 0.822 Hiilplmte of alumina Hulphate of iron 4.801 1.615 8ul|>hate of lime 2.889 Sulpliuric acid (free) 0.81T Silicic acid 0.264 Onranic matter Total 6.670 7.945 11.053 ANALYSIS Cbiafbeat< ) Springi. One pint contalnt— No. 1. D. K. Tuttle, M. D. D. No. 3. K. Tuttle, M. D. Solids. Carbonate of potassa Or«'ni. 0.044 0.()95 0.122 0.009 0.1 SS 0.02S 0.165 Omtni. 0.0!»5 Carbonate of soda 0.123 ("iirbonate of magnesia 0.138 Carlxjnato of Iron 0.014 Carbonate of lime 0.104 Pulphate of lime 0.8s6 Silicic acid - 0.114 Total 0.661 Cubic In. 8 974 Oas. Carlionic acid Cubic In. 2 For analysis of No. 2, «m Sulphur- Waters. 268 MINERAL SPRINGS. Properties. — The Alum Springs are beneficial in scrofula^ chronic diarrhoea, eczema, and all skin-diseases depending on a scrofulous diathesis. The Chalybeate Springs, containing as they do consider- able carbonic acid, are agreeable to the taste. Remarks, — This is a very old and well-known resort, dating back to 1811. It takes the name from Erasmus Stribling, who first drew decided attention to the value of the waters, and made many improvements for the accommodation of the public. They are sometimes called the Augusta Springs. The springs are delightfully situated in a cool and salubri- ous locality. Tlicy enjoy the advantage of being protected to the northward by a range of mountains, which enables visitors to go earli'jr in the season, and remain later in the fall, than at many other Virginia watering-places. cSHURGH HILIi ALXTH SPBIXaS. -\V'. f' -I 4 i i Loration* — Not far from Richmond, 7irgini*i. Pfi^t.Ofllrr A AAA00 lii(\M ANALYSIS . One pint contains (J. C. Booth, M. D.): SotlDS. Grains. Chlonde of sodium . 0.578 Sulphate of potassa 0.306 Sulphate of soda . 0.243 Sulphate of magnesia 10.758 Sulphate of lime . 11.104 Sulphate of ammonia 0.080 Persulphate of sesquioxide of iron . 6.408 Bisulphate of sesquioxide of iron 10.419 Sulphate of protoxide of iron . . 3.023 Persulphate of alumina 9.116 Silica .... , 1.303 Phosphoric acid trace. Total . . 63.337 (1854, U . S. Dispensatory.) CHALYBEATE WATERS. 250 lo consider- BEDFORD ALUM SPBINQS. Location and Post-OfflcCt — Bedford Alum Springs, Dca^ New London, Bedford County, Virginia. Acnss* — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria k Manassas Railroad, and Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, one hundred and ninety-three miles southwest, to Forest Depot; thence, four miles by stage to tho springs. From Richmond, via Burkeville, one hundred and thirty-six miles ; via Gor- donsville, one hundred and sixty-nine miles to Forest Dt;pot, Uoteh — Bedford Alum. ana: Y8IS. One pint contains (Pi-of. William Gilliam) : Solids. Qrains. Sulphate of potassa .... 1.270 Sulphate of magnesia ..... 1.683 SulphPte of lime ..... 2.334 Sulphate of alumina ..... .905 Sulphate of protoxide of iron . . . 2.932 Sulphuric acid (free) .... 2.497 Total ..... 11.621 Properties. — This is another of the valuable alum-waters of the same general character as the Rockbridge alum, though differing in containing a larger proportion of the salts of potassa, magnesia, lime, and iron, and a smaller amount of alumina. They have been found beneficial in scrofula^ chronic diairhoea^ eczema, and diseases depending on an impoverished condition of the blood. A mass or extract is prepared from this water by evaporation, which, when dis- solved in water in proper proportions, is said to possess the remedial qualities of the water. Memarks. — Tliis spring is located on the line dividing Campbell and Bedford Counties. It is within three hundred yards of the village of New London, of Revolutionary memory. Here standi the old court-house in which Patrick Henry made several of his finest efforts, among others the celebrated speech against the notorious Johnny Hook. These are the nearest springs to the Peaks of Otter^ rive thousand three hundred and seven feet above the sea — the highest peaks of the Blue Ridge, and by many considered the highest in Virginia. Tho ascent well repays the tourist. ' in r in 1 1 if ■ I 1 '> I f J ■ i * * •\i' 200 MINERAL SPRINCa VARIETY SPRINGS. Location. — Augusta County, Virginia. Access. — By Chesapeako & Ohio Railroad. Tho springs are a station during tlic summer season, one hundred and scvcnty-thrco miles west from Washington, and two hundred and sixty-six milea southeast from Hunt- ington. Hotel. — Variety Springs. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (Prof. Wm. Gilham) : SouDS. Grains. Chloride of sodium. .... 0.037 Sulphate of potassa ..... 0.036 Sulphate of magnesia .... 1.455 Sulphate of alumina ..... 4.301 Sulphate of protoxide of iron . . . 0.639 Sulphate of lime ..... 1.666 Free sulphuric acid . . . . 0.1 Tl Silica 0.142 Total ..... 8.447 Properties. — ^Thia water, known as the "Alum Spring," bears a resemblance to the celebrated Rockbridge Alum, and may be used for the same diseases. MemarJcs. — Besides the above spring there are others, termed the All-Healing, the Sulphur, and the Chalybeate. From the number of diflFerent waters here the name " Variety" is derived. Other Chaltbeati Waters. — Fairview Springs, Texas, p. 419. Geyser Spa, Cal, p. 390. Green Springs, 0., p. 891. Jordan Alum Springs, Va., p. 893. Napa Soda Spring^j, Cal., pp. 334, 896. Porter Springs, Col., p. 442. Pyrmont, Germany, p. S59. Schwalbach, Germany, p. 859. Shenandoah Alum Springs, Va., p. 447. Spa, Belgium, p. 859. Sparta Springs, Wis., p. 461. St. Moritz, Switzerland, p. 859. Summit Soda Springs, Cal., p. 401. are a ataiion kilcs west from St from Iluut- Groins. 0.037 0.036 1.455 4.301 0.G39 1.666 O.lYl 0.142 8.447 im Spring," 3 Alum, and are others, Chalybeate. J "Variety" .419. Geyser Iprings, Va., p. [8, Col,, p. 442. Shenandoah Springs, Wis., prings, Cal., p. CHAPTER XIV. PUBOATIVE WATEES. These waters are chjiracterized by containing a large pro- portion either of sulphate of magnesia (Epsom salts), or sul- phate of soda (Glauber's salts) ; and, as a consequence of these ingredients, they produce copious alvine dejections. They are bitter to thp taste, and, in some classifications, are called bitter waters. Although many mineral waters act as an aperient, or laxa- tive, they do not produce active catharsis, and possess other qualities for which they are esteemed ; while these waters are used almost exclusively for the purgative effect. Waters of this class are useful in all cases requiring active saline purgation, and are especially applicable to persons of robust constitution, with tendency to abdominal plethora. They should be used with care, since constant use of saline purgatives produces decided derangement of the digestive organs. It is perhaps needless to say that the familiar name, Epsom salts, is derived from the name of the purging-well — Epsom, or Ebbesham — near London, of which sulphate of magnesia is the active ingredient. These waters, as a rule, act much more mildly than a simple solution of the active ingredient ; a re- sult due to the other ingredients present, such as the salts of lime and chloride of sodium. Those purgative waters are preferable which contain a considerable quantity of carbonic- acid gas. A subdivision of purgative waters, classed as alkaline-pur- gative waters, of which Carlsbad, in Bohemia, is a prominent > II liii I it; ■.. if •, I i 8i t -.i 'I : ii !! ' i m ■■■*■■ ^ I III iiii. 2G2 MINERAL SPRINGS. exaiiij)lc, docs not readily produce purgation. The water, and those of like character, is applicable to a large class of diseases to which pure purgative waters are not adapted, such as func- tional and even organic disease of the liver, gastric catarrh, gout, gall-stones, etc. {See "Caklsbad," under "Eukopeaij Spas.") ESTUX SFRINaS. Location. — Estill County, Kentucky. A«ces8. — From Cincinnati, via Kentucky Central Railroad, to Nicholas, villc, one hundred and twelve niilea south ; thence, via stage, about forty miles east, to Irvine. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (Robert Peter, M. D.): SOUDS. Qroins. Carbonate of magnesia • • 0.321 Carbonate of iron 0.166 Carbonate of lime • • 8841 Chloride of sodium 2.201 Chloride of calcium f • 0.211 Sulphate of potassa 0.313 Sulphate of magnesia • • 32.910 Sulphate of lime 3.987 Silica • • 0.503 Loss 10.736 Total 06.189 Properties. — It will be seen that the Irvine Spring is largely impregnated with sulphate of magnesia, and there- fore decidedly purgative. (For sulphur spring, see " Sulphur "Waters." For cha- lybeate spring, see " Chalybeate Waters.") CBAB-OBCHABD SPmNQS. Location and Post-OtBce.— Crab Orchard, Lincoln County, Kentucky. Access. — From T,oui8ville, via Knoxville branch of Louisville & Nashville Railroad, to Crab Orchard, one hundred and fifteen miles southeast. Hotel. . ruuoATiVE wati:rs 2U3 be water, and ,8S of diseases such as fiinc- stric catarrh, " EuRorEAN AN.VLY8I8.» id, to Nicliola.s. igc, about forty OraioB. 0.321 0.166 8841 2.201 0.211 0.313 32.910 3.987 0.503 10.736 C)6.189 le Spring is and there- " For cha- , Kentucky, lie & Nashville theast. Ons I'liit rontilni— Foley'! Sprlnjf. II. Tiur, M. 1). So R. wcUr'j Sprtnj{. P«t«r, M. 1>. Solids. Carhonate of magnesia Gralnt. 0.U5S trace. «.6M 2.216 1.289 7.8!^ 25.000 1.84!) 6! 46s 4.823 Ormlni. 2.784 I'lirbonate of Iron trace. Citrbonato of llino 8.6s9 ( 'hlDnde of BoUliirn 7.25)0 Hulpliat* of potassa. 2.172 8uli)liato of Boda BulphuU) of inat^nosia 2.1)00 21.7-tt Siil|iliaU) of Umo 11.410 Itrutuiuo trace. Blll(« O.l.'lia Loss und moisture Total ft0.1S2 Not ostimated. No 52.148 Gas. Cartiuuic acid t estimated. Properties. — These waters arc chiefly used for the manu- facture of the Crab- Orchard JSalts, produced by boiling down the water. Tliousands of pounds of these salts are sold in the Western States. Tliey prove much less irritant in their action than Epsom salts ; and, when taken in small and re- peated doses, are more likely to produce bilious evacuations. An analysis of a specimen is as follows : ANALYSIS. One hundred parts contain (R. Peter, M. D.) : Parts. Sulphate of magnesia . . . . .63.19 Sulphate of soda ..... 4.20 Sulphate of potassa . . . . .1.80 Sulphate of lime . . . . • 2.54 Chloride of sodium ..... 4.77 Carbonates of lime, magnesia, iron, and silica . 0.89 Bromine ...... trace. Water of crystallization and loss . . . 22.61 Total ...... 100.00 Remarks. — The spring called Foley's, in the analysis, is usually termed Epsom. It is half a mile from the centre of tlie village, on the Fall Dick road. Sowder's Spring is about one mile and a half from Crab Orchard ; flow, two hundred gallons a day. > "Geology of Kentucky," vol li., pp. 233-289. ^m A\ 2G4 MINERAL SPRINGS. HABBODSBUBG SFRiraS. Location and Post-OffieCr — Harrodsburg Springs, Mercnr County, Ken- tucky. Aeeess. — From Cincinnati, by the Cinciniiati, New Orleans & Texas Pa- cific Railroad, to Harrodsburg junction ; thence by Southwestern Railroad, four miles to the springs. Dotelt — Daughter's College (Greenville Springs). ANALYSIS. One pint contains— Gmvllle Spring. Raymond. Saloon Spring. Ilaj-mond. Carbonate of magcoais Gnlni. 2.b7 b'M tra^e. 16.16 11 06 Graini, 0.U6 Carbonate of iron 0.86 Carbonate of lime 2.99 Chloride of sodium 1.24 Sulphate of magnesia 27.92 Sulphate of lime 10.24 Total 80.69 48.01 Properties. — The principal characteristic of these springs is the sulphate of magnesia. This salt is cathartic ; but, in the presence of the almost equal amount of sulphate of lime, and, in the Saloon Spring, of the carbonate of iron, the action is considerably modified, and they are generally laxative. Dr. Drake, a man of admirable judgment, stated that " these waters are very beneficial in chronic inflammations and obstructions of the abdominal viscera ; in such cases of dys- pepsia as are attended with subacute gastritis ; and in almost every kind of hepatic disorder, except when the liver is in- durated and consequently incurable. They are almost equally beneficial in chronic inflammations of many other parts of the system, especially of the serous and fibrous membranes." BEDFORD SPBINQS. Lofation and Post-Office. — Bedford Springs, Bedford County, Pennsylvania. Access. — From Huntingdon, a station on the Pennsylvania Central Rail- road, two hundred and three miles west of Philadelphia, and via Broad Top Railroad, fifty-two milcr south to the springs. Or, from Cumberland, a sta- tion on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, one hundred and seventy-eight miles northwest from Baltimore, and via railroad lately finished, about forty miles north to the springs. motel* — Bedford Springs. PURGATIVE WATERS. 265 rccr County, Ken- ANALYSIS. One pint contains (68° Fahr. Dr. Church) : Bo' '(s. Grains. Carbol tO of iron • • • • 0.626 Carbonate of lime . • • ■ • 1.000 Chloride of sodium • • • • 1.250 Chloride of lime • • • • 0.375 Sulphate of magnesia . • • • • 10.000 Sulphate of lime . • • • • 1.876 Loss . . • • • • • • • • 0.3V6 Total . 16.600 Oas. Cubic inch. Carbonic acid . • • • • 9.26 Properties. — This valuable water is a purgative-chalybeate^ bearing considerable resemblance in its properties to the cele- brated springs of Franzensbad, in Bohemia. The cathartic action of the water is so much modified by the large propor- tion of iron contained, that it can be taken for a considerable time without producing other effect than that of a laxative diuretic^ and diaphoretic. Ihe diuretic action of the water is very marked. The waters are decidedly valuable in all cases of aiimmiay accompanied by abdominal plethora. In engorgement of the liver they give decided relief, and in gravel and calculus they are useful. Dyspepsias^ accompanied with constipation in ana?mic subjects, are subject to their remedial action. Jlemarlcs. — These springs are beautifully situated in a valley of the eastern range of the Alleghany Mountains. The waters break forth from a fissure in the limcstonc-rock at the base of a mountain-spur. From the spring, terraced walks lead upward in every direction to the summit, whence a most beautiful and extended view of the valley and tlie town of Bedford is obtained. The hotel accommodations are extensive, and the proprie- tors have made arrangements for supplying baths of every description. About two hundred yards distant from tlie main spring is a sulphur-spring which evolves considerable sulphu- retted hydrogen. It is said to contain no iron. Hi til It ,!;;iiliii i'-' 'i hi ml 266 MINERAL SFRINOa BEER SPBINaS. Location. — Access. Hotel. -, Oregon. BOLIDS. Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of lime Chloride of sodium Chloride of magnesium . Chloride of calcium . Sulphate of magnesia Sulphate of lime Vegetable extractive matter Total ANALYSIS. One pint contains — Grolnd. 1.61 . 1.93 1.12 . 0.56 0.6Y . 6.05 1.00 . 0.42 13.42 MIDLAND WELL. Location and Post-Offlce. — Midland, Midland County, Michigan. Access. — From Detroit, via Detroit & Milwaukee and Flint & P^re Mar. ^uette Railroads, one hundred and twenty miles north, to Midland. Hoteis. — Empire, St. Nicholas, International ANALYSIS. One pint contains (47° Fahr. S. P. Duffield, M. D.) : Solids. Oiains. Chloride of sodium . 8.405 Chloride of magnesium 0.228 Chloride of calcium . 0.647 Sulphate of potassa . . 8.659 Sulphate of soda . 2.298 Sulphate of Jinic . 0.464 Phosphate of alumina . . 0.180 Silica 0.308 Organic matter . 0.267 Loss 0.334 Total . . 16.680 » l! ! i Properties, — Tliis is a purgative water, its action being chiefly due to the sulphate of potassa, a laxative salt, not used in modern medicine, but known and much used in the middle ages as Polychrestus salt, or Paracelsus's Specific. The waters PURGATIVE WATERS. 267 Grolnd. 1.61 . 1.93 1.12 . 0.56 0.6Y . 6.05 1.00 . 0.42 13.42 bigan. nt & Phre Mar. idland. D.): Grains. 8.405 0.228 0.647 8.659 2.298 0.464 0.180 0.308 0.257 0.334 16.680 iction being alt, not used In the middle The waters are valuable of the class, but observation is necessary to de- termine their special indicatioLS. Bemarks. — The well is located in the town of Midland, the county-seat of Midland County, on the Tittibawassee River. The flow is about two gallons per minute. Good facilities for bathing have been provided. ELGIN SPBINQ. Locatloni — Addison County, Vermont. Post-OflBee» — ^Vergennes, Addison County, Vermont. Access. — Go to Vergennes, a station on the Vermont Central Railroad, twenty-one miles south of Burlington, and ninety-nine miles north of Bellows Falls ; thence, three miles south by stage. Hotel. . A qualitative analysis by C. L. Allen, M. D., given in the " Geology of Vermont," is as follows : In one pint there are about thirty grains of solids, of which the principal element is sulphate of magnesia. There are also carbonate of soda, car- bonate of lime, sulphate of soda, sulphate of iron, and car- bonic-acid gas, five cubic inches to the pint. The water is a good cathartic. Other Pcroative Waters. — Carlsbad, Bohemia, p. 362. Franz-Josef, Hungary, p. 420. Friedrichsthal, Germany, p. 362. Hunyadi-Janos, Hun- gary, p. 424. Indian Springs, Ga., p. 425. Marienbad, Bohemia, p. 862. P'goaa Springs, Col., p. 438. Paraiso Springs, Cal., p. 439. PuUna, Bo- hemia, p. 362. Rocky Mountain Springs, Col., p. 445. CHAPTER XV. CALCIC WATERS. h Hi These waters contain tlie salts of lime as principal con- stituents, usually in the form either of the sulphate (gypsum) or the carbonate (limestone). In addition, the alkaline carbon- ates and carbonic-acid gas are sometimes found in consider- able proportion. The waters are usually limpid, and possess but little taste, though an exception is met with in the Sweet Springs of Virginia. Lime exists in the human body in considerable quantity. It is estimated there are two pounds of this substance in the bones of the adult, combined with phosphoric acid, forming a phos- phate. It also enters into the composition of the blood, saliva, muscles, nerves, and other organs. It is eliminated by the kidneys as a carbonate or phosphate, and in certain diseases of the nervous system the quantity excreted is much increased. No exact investigations have been made concerning the physiological action of calcic waters. As a rule, they increase the excretion of urine, and promote perspiration. They usual- ly prove constipating, though, when taken in large quantities, they may cause purgation in some persons. On the skin and mucous membrane they seem to possess an astringent and ex- siccating action, which Buchheim thinks is due to a chemical combination of lime with fatty acid. Upon the urinary appa- ratus they possess a sedative action. These waters, especially those rich in carbonate of lime and carbonic acid, prove decidedly beneficial in diseases of tlie urinary apparatus, such as catarrh of the bladder j gravel, and calculuSf and are even preferable to alkaline-waters. That CALCIC WATERS. 269 waters containing a large proportion of the salts of lime should be useful in calculus, may seem paradoxical ; neverthe- less, such is the fact.* It is probably due to their diuretic ac- tion, and the influence of the lime on the inflamed mucous membrane of the bladder and urinary passages. They are not solvents of the stone. These waters are also useful in gastralr gic dyspepsia. The waters included under this class, contain- ing considerable alkaline carbonates, prove valuable in cases of diabetes mellitus. irinary appa- BXTTTEBWOBTH SFBINGS. Locution and Post^fBee.— Grand Rapida, Kent County, Michigan. Access* — Grand Rapids is a station on the Detroit & Milwaulcco Railroad, one hundred and fifty-eight miles northwest from Detroit. Hotels. — Rathbun, Eagle, Sweet's. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (64 Fahr." S. P. Duffleld) : BouDfl. Grains. Carbonate of soda .... 0.134 Carbonate of magnesia . . . 0.482 Carbonate of iron ..... 0.088 Carbonate of lime ..... 0.724 Chloride of potassium .... 1.227 Chloride of sodium . . . . .1.591 Chloride of magnesium . . . 6.232 Chloride of calcium ..... 0.763 Sulphate of lime . . . . . 9.^ 2 Silica ....... 0.064 Alumina .... 0.061 Organic matter and loss . . . ■. 0.083 Total ..... 20.081 Properties. — This calcic water much resembles, in chemi- cal constitution, the waters of Bath, England, with the excep- tion of the exceedingly large proportion of chloride of mag- nesium which it contains. Remarks. — The city of Grand Rapids is at the head of navigation on the Grand River, about forty miles from its mouth. At this point the river is three hundred yards wide, ^ • • • 5 5.748 7.1&7 ). • • I . • « ■ > 7 .... 0."256 6 .... r 8.871 12.718 1. Cubic in. Cubic in. , 2 2 il qualities of presence of a ther amount to 0.542 proportion of alkaline carbonates, partake of the properties of alkaline waters. In the French classification they belong to the mixed bicarbonates.^ The analysis of these wells was mode before the insertion of the final tubing, and it is sup- posed the water analyzed contained a notable proportion of surface-water. Remarks. — The town of Eaton Rapids is pleasantly situ- ated on Grand River, and, since the discovery of the wells in 1869-70, has grown rapidly. Every facility for baths in every form may be found here, several of the wells being directly connected with the ht»tels. liESLIE WEIili. Locadoii and Post-Olfice. — Leslie, Ingham County, Michigan. AeeesSi — From Detroit, via Michigan Central Railroad, seventy-six miles west, to Jackson ; thence, fifteen miles north, via Jackson, Lansing & Sagi* naw Railroad, to Leslie. notci. . ANALYSIS. One pint contains (Prof. R. C. Kedzie) : 8oLn>a. Grains. Carbonate of potassa .... 0.359 Carbonate of soda ..... 0.380 Carbonate of magnesia .... 0.G60 Carbonate of iron . . . . .0.171 Carbonate of lune ..... 2.214 Sulphate of lime . , . . . 0.7 S3 SiUca ...... 0.21G Organic matter ..... 0.067 Total ..... 4.790 "Gas. Cubic in. Carbonic acid ...... 1.68 Properties. — This is a calcic water, containing almost suffi- cient iron to entitle it to be classed with the chalybeates, and, consequently, is especially applicable to those cases in which a calcic water is needed, and in which anaemia is an indica- tion for the administration of iron. > Set Magnedsm.. ill I !■ ; i i(1 ;i [a I I'll III i, I i i i :1 212 MINERAL SPRINGS. Remarks. — Leslie is an enterprising town of about one thousand inhabitants. The proprietors of the well have pro- vided a bath-house adjoining. HUBBABDSTON WELL. Location and Post-OfOcei — Ilubbardston, Ionia County, Michigan. Aeeess. — From Detroit, via Detroit & Milwaukee Ra'!ro'id, to Pcwamo, one hundred and thirteen miles northwest; thence, six milcR und a half by stage. lIot«l. — " . ANALYSES One pint contains (Prof. P. C Douglass) : Solids. Grains. Carbonate of magnesia .... 0.794 Carbonate of lime ..... 2.067 Protoxide of iron . . . . .0.019 Silica ..... 0.017 Total ...... 2.897 Remarks, — The proprietors have erected a bath-house at the well. YBLLOV; SPBINQ3. Location and Post-Offlce« — Yellow Springs, Greene County, Ohio. Access* — ^Tellow Springs is a station on the Little Miami Railroad, seventy- four miles north of Cinciimati. Hotel.— Neff House Park. One pint contains Solids. Carbonate of lime Chloride of sodium Chloride of magnesium Chloride of calcium Sulphate of lime Oxide of iron Organic matter A^iALTSIS. (62° Fahr. Wayne and Locke) : Grains. 2.446 0.019 . 0.021 0.193 0.169 0,049 • . . None. Total ..... 2.897 Properties. — This water is diuretic, and sometimes laxative. The union of a proportion of iron with the other ingredients imparts tonic qualities. The water is a good one, and popular in the section of country where it is located. CALCIC WATERS. 273 Jlemarks. — Yellow Springs are beautifully situated on the banks of the Little Miami River, which here clears a passage between precipitous banks, fifty feet high, known as the Cliffs. The surrounding country is undulating, and attractive drives lead in every direction ; those to Cedars, Springfield, Xenia, and Clifton (which gives a charming view of the Falls of the Miami), are particularly delightful. QETTYSBURQ SPRINGS. Location. — Gettysburg, Adams County, Pennsylvania. Access. — From Baltimore, via Northcni Central Railroad, forty-seven miles north, to Hanover Junction ; thence, thirty miles west, to Gettysburg ; thence, by street-railroad or omnibus, to the springs. note].— Gettycburg. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (Prof. F. A. Genth): SOLIBS. Carbonate of soda .... Grftius. 0.027 Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of iron ..... 0.041 0.003 Carbonate of manganese . . . . Carbonate of lime ..... 0.001 0.627 Chloride of sodium .... . 0.082 Chloride of lithium .... trace. Sulphate of potassa .... Sulphate of soda ..... Sulphate of magnesia .... Sulphate of lime ..... Phosphate of lime .... Fluoride of calcium .... . 0.026 0.308 . 0.847 0.104 . 0.001 0.001 Borate of magnesia .... Silicic acid ...... 0.004 0.264 Organic matter, with trace of nitric acid, etc. . 0.088 Impurities suspended in the water, like clay, etc. . 0.138 Total ...... 2.552 In addition, minute quantities of carbonate of copper, sulphate of stron- tia, alumina, and traces of carbonate of nickel, carbonate of cobalt, and sulphate of baryta. (1873.) Properties. — This water is clear, inodorous, and tasteless. As will be seen by the analysis, it partakes both of an alkaline 13 II fl If 274 MINERAL SPRINGS. and calcic oliaracter, though the salts of lime predoiriinjitc. The combination is an exceedingly valuable one, and produces good resub." The water has proved beneficial in grm^el^ cal- culus, c « of the bladder, catarrh of the stomacfi, ami dyspepsia. It is said to be efficient in gout and rheumatism, and that chalk-stone concretions of the joints have been re- moved hy its use. The dose of the water in the majority of cases is a gill three times a day, though in some instances it is recommended to commence with a very much larger quan- tity, and gradually diminish the dose. The water has been named Katalysine toater by the proprietors of the spring. Itemarks. — These springs break forth in a picturesque valley, a few miles west of the town of Gettysburg. "VVitliiu view are the Catoctin and South Mountains. The immediate vicinity of the springs was the scene of the commencement of the battle of Gettysburg. The value of the water was long known to the neighboring inhabitants, but it has only been brought to public notice within a few years. The bottled water is largely sold throughout the country. :,.{ ^ : ;i 'I CLARENDOX SPRINGS. LoeatiOQ and Post-Officc. — Clarendon Springs, Rutland County, Vermont. Aceess. — Go to West Rutland, a station on the Rensselaer & Sarato<;ii Railroad, four miles from Rutland ; thence, four miles by stage, to the springs. Hotelt — Clarendon House. One pint contains BOLIDS. Carbonate of lime Muriate of lime Sulphate of soda Sulphate of magnesia ANALYSIS. (50° Fuhr. A. A. Hayes, M. D.) : Grains. 0.38 0.34 Total ..... Gases. Carbonic acid ..... Nitrogen ..... Properties, — This is a water, the reputed efficacy of which is not accounted for by the solid ingredients shown by the 0.V2 Cubic in. 1.20 CALCIC WATEIia 215 analysis. The water is remarkable as containing a consider- a))l(; proportion of free nitrogen gas, an unusual constituent. It also contains a large proportion of carbonic-acid gas, render- ing it acceptable to the stomach. It is used as a remedy in (/ravel f d>/.^pej)sla, and engorgement ofthz liver. Jientarks. — These springs have been a favorite resort since the early settlement of the country, and are among the first ever visited. An extract from the " Geology of Vermont " runs thus: " Tradition informs us that their medicinal virtues were first discovered in 1776 by one Asa Smith, who resided in the eastern part of the township. He is reported to have 'dreamed' of a spring in the western part of the town, and full of faith started through the wilderness, and over the high hills that separate the two portions of the town, in search of the spring that would furnish water that should restore him to health. Arriving at the spot, he recognized it as the one he had seen in his dream, and accordingly at once drank the water, and bound clay saturated with it on his swollen and in- flamed limbs." The man is said to have been healed of his maludy, and thenceforth the water has enjoyed considerable reputation. The springs arc delightfully situated amid the green hills of Vermont, at an elevation of eight hundred feet above the level of the sea. |l *-■ :■!■, Im h.lftm SWEET SPBJUQS. Location and Post-Offlce.— Sweet Springs, Monroe County, West Vir- ginia. AccesSt — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad, and Chesapcalie & Ohio Railroad, to Alleghany Station, two hundred and forty-one miles west; thence, ten miles by stage to the springs. From Rich- mond, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Alleghany Station, two hundred and twenty-one miles west. From the west, via Cincinnati and Ohio River, to Huntington, one hundred and sixty-five miles east ; thence, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, one hundred and ninety-eight miles southeast, to Alleghany Station. Hotel. — Sweet Springs. ;..vf4.'Sfjb Hi I; ■! f 1 ;!!!Jii I im !i' 21Q MINERAL SPRINiif. ANALYSIS, Olio pint contains (74° Fahr, Prof. W, B. Rogcrj) : 80LIM. Uralnfl. Carbonate of magnesia 0.103 Carbonate of lime . • • • 3,757 Chloride of sodium . 0.017 Chloride of magnesitinj O.OS'J Chloride of calcium 0.018 Sulphate of soda . • • • 0.703 Sulphate of mag icsia . 1,174 Sulphate of lime . • • • 1.640 Peroxide of iron . 0.018 Iodine • trace. Earthy phosphates trace. Silica t • 0.021 Total . . 7.5H6 Oas. Cubic In. Carbonic acid • • 11.00 Properties. — These are valuable calcic waters, containinf» a small proportion of purging sulphate, and a large amount of carbonic-acid gas. They arc promptly diuretic and diap/ioretic as a rule, and seldom purgative, the laxative action of the sul- phate of magnesia being controlled by the salts of lime. The water much resembles that of Pougues, department of Nievre, France. The taste of this water is sweet, and the reaction alkaline. In August, 1871, 1 took the temperature of the drinking-fouii- tain, and found it 74° Fahr. The temperature of the baths nearly corresponds. This water, therefore, is, strictly speak- ing, a thermal water. The flow of the water is about twelve hundred gallons per minute — quite a mill-race. These waters are a valuable therapeutic agent. In di/s pepsia, depending on atonic conditions, they will undoubtedly afford relief, especially in those cases attended with gastralgia. In sterility unaccompanied by obstruction, the water has fre- quently proved efficacious, no doubt by the stimulant effect exercised on the generative organs by the carbonic acid in the bath. But especially is the water valuable in gravel. Dr. Woodville, for many years resident at the springs, in- CALCIC WATERa 211 ;rs, containing? formed nie that ho liad never known a case that was not beno- tited. Its efficacy in gravel appears reasonal)lc, from the fact that the water of Pougues, which it resembles, has long had a well-merited reputation in this malad}'. It maybe stated that tiie Pougues water is applicable by preference to phosphatic gravel accompanying catarrhal conditions of the urinary appa- ratus, and this water proves of especial service when catarrhal trouble predominates. The waters are largely used in the form of a bath. The b.ith-building is a large brick structure, separated into two com- partments. Tlic baths are each about sixty by thirty feet, and continually replenished by the spring-water, which, fkesh from the depths of the earth, breaks forth all over the sandy bottom. As before stated, the temperature of this bath is about 74° Fahr., but on first immersion it feels cooler. The first bath should not exceed three minutes. After becoming accustomed to the shock, one may remain from five to eight miij Lives, though long immersion is not desirable. Bemarks. — llie springs are situated in one of the most charming valleys. Dr. Burke, in his work on " Virginia Springs," says : " This vale, about five miles in length, and of an average of about half a mile in width, bounded on the north by the Alleghany, and on the south by the Sweet Springs Mountain, may, without disparagement of other beautiful val- leys, be denominated the Tempe of Virginia." The hotel is large and commodious, and with the long line of villa-like brick cottages, sweeping around a semicircle of one-fourth of a mile, and terminated by the tasteful bath- building facing the hotel, forms a pleasing pioture. The neighboring forests abound in delightful walks, and for the sportsman deer and trout arc easily accessible. The society is of those who admire el-egance more than display. The Red Sweet Springs (chalybeate) are but one mile dis- tant. BEB,KET.EY SPBINaS. Location and Post-Offlee Address* — Bath, Morgan County, West Virginia. Access* — Take cars at any point on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and go \ ) J. k r 278 MINERAL SPRINGS. m llMir^ ' hi ■ \ ] ■ ■ to Sir John's Run, a station one hundred and thirty miles west of Baltimore, ou the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad ; thence, two and a half miles by stage, to the springs. Hotel • — Berkeley Springs. One pint contains SOUDB. Carbonate of lime Chloride of sodium Chloride of calcium Sulphate of magnesia Crenate of lime Crenate of iron Silicate of iron Loss ANALYSIS. (74° Fahr. A. A. Hayes, M. D.) Grains. 0.625 0.112 0.026 0.045 0.455 0.010 0.080 0.008 1.361 Total Flow, twelve hundred gallons per minute. J^operties. — Strictly speaking, these are thermal waters, used chiefly in the form of baths. Employed in this way they have proved of decided value in neuralgia, and in cases of de- bility they are a most admirable restorative, when the system reacts well. For the purpose of bathing every facility is presented. The flow of water is exceedingly abundant, the stream there- from supplying several mills in its way down the valley. This large supply has been utilized so as to furnish baths of every description. There is a gentlemen's and a ladies' bath- house, with numerous private baths ; a gentlemen's swimming- bath, sixty by twenty feet, and five feet deep, containing over fifty thousand gallons of water ; a ladies' swimming-bath, thirty by sixteen feet, and four and a half feet deep. Also, a sepa rate establishment for warm, spout, and shower baths. Hemarks. — These springs, four in number, issue ^rom tlie base of the Warm Springs Ridge. The mountain-side is clothed with a dense forest, which is permeated in every direc- tion by enticing walks. The springs are respectively named the " Grentlemen's Spring," covered by a pavilion, supported by ten columns, and having a spacious lounging-room above for gentlemen ; " Lord Fairfax's Spring," and the " Ladies' Sprin » imia. H:l t; of Baltimore, ea by stage, to Grains. 0.625 0.112 0.026 0.046 0.465 0.010 0.080 0.008 1.361 mal waters, lis way they cases of de- the system presented. ream there- the valley. sli baths of adies' bath- swimming- taining over bath, thirty lIso, a sepa ths. uc ^rom the tain-side is every direc- vely named , supported m above for es* Spring," CALCIC WATERS. 279 also surmounted by a pavilion and open above, for occupation by visitors or the band. Tlie fourth spring is a small one. These sj^rings possess an historic intercut. The original title was vested in Thomas^ Lord Fairfax, who made a grant of a few acres of land, with the springs, to the State, reserv- ing to his own use one spring, still known as "Lord Fairfax's Spring." In colonial times the gentry assembled here, and, in a rude way, enjoyed the pleasures of the wildwood and the luxury of the baths. Log-huts and tents formed the only shel- ter. The day was passed in horse-racing, hunting, fishing, rambles through the forests, and, at certain hours, in bathing. The pool was a hollow formed in the sand, and screened by a tliatching of interwoven boughs of the pines. At a certain predetermined signal from a tin horn, the gentlemen retired while the ladies bathed ; and by a similar device the gentlemen occupied the bath. " Peeping Toms " were dealt with unmer- cifully. At night, fiddling and dancing were indulged in by the young, under the cheerful illumination of pine-knots and tal- low-dips ; while the elders, under the exhilaration of pure " rye," recounted stories of the chape, arranged races for the coming day, and exchanged money at the magic call of thft cards. In 1777, by virtue of an act of the Assembly of the Com- monwealth of Virginia, a town by the name of Bath was laid out. General George Washington being one of the purchasers. This property is named in his will in the following terms : " Two well-situated and handsome buildings, to the auiount of iJlSO ; " and in a note thereto w^e find the following : "The lots in jiath (two adjoining) cost me, to the be£,t of my recollection, between fifty and sixty pounds, twenty years ago. Whether property there has increased or decreased in value, and in what condition the houses are, I am ignorant, but sup- pose tliey arc not valued too high." ALLEGHANY SPRINOS. Lofation and Post-Office. — Alleghany Springs, Jlontgomcry County, Vir- qinia. Acces8t — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria k Manassas Railroad, " 1 I . k t II ' 4 ^1 11 IPII ^i^i 280 MINERAL SPRINGS. M-,- ' and Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, to Alleghany Station, two hundred and fifty-four miles southwest ; thence, three and a half miles by stage to the springs. From the south and west, via Chattanooga, Knoxville & Virginia, and Tennessee Railroads, to Alleghany Station. Uotel. — Alleghany Springs. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (53° Fahr. F. A. Genth, M. D.) : Solids. GraiuB. Carbonate of magnesia 0.037 Carbonate of iron 0.016 Carbonate of manganese . 0.006 Carbonate of lime . 0.376 Carbonate of lithia trace. Carbonate of stroutia . . 0.006 Carbonate of baryta 0.002 Chloride of sodium . 0.028 Sulphate of potassa 0.385 Suinhate of soda . 0.178 Sulphate of magnesia 6.299 Sulphate of lime . 12.007 Phosphate of alumina 0.002 Nitrate of magnesia . 0.335 Nitrate of ammonia 0.058 Fluoride of calcium . 0.002 Silicate of alumina 0.021 Silicic acid , . 0.091 Organic matter 0.208 Total . . 19.057 Oases Cubic In. Carbonic acid 1.20 Sulphuretted hydrogen trace. Dr. Genth also finds minute quantities of carbonate of copper, lead, zinc, and cobalt ; also teroxide of antimony and crcnic acid and epocrenic acid. These constituents were not derived directly from the spring-water, but were detected in the deposit which forms in the spring reservoir. The flow of the water is about one-fourth gallon per minute. The taste is pleasant, without odor or flavor of sulphuretted hydrogen. Pro2^erties. — It will be seen from the analysis that the chief constituents of this water are the sulphates of lime and magnesia, a combination seldom met with. It is allied, by i ,, CALCIC WATERS. 281 two hundred and 1 by stage to the xville & Virginia, D.): GrainB. 0.037 0.016 0.006 0.376 trace. 0.006 0.002 0.028 0.385 0.178 6.299 12.007 0.002 0.335 0.058 0.002 0.021 0.091 0.208 19.057 Cubic In. 1.20 trace. carbonate of antimony and 3nts were not e detected in The flow of Tlie taste is hydrogen. ysis that the 8 of lime and ; is allied, by the hirgc proportion of sulphate of magnesia, to purgative waters. As might be expected from this combination, the action of the water is both purgative and diuretic^ when taken in considerable quantity. In moderate quantity, however, this action is not marked, the cathartic action of the sulphate of magnesia being controlled by the constipating tendency of the sulphate of lime. The play of the other constituents, of which Dr. Genth has found so great a number, cannot be estimated. This water is very highly esteemed in the treatment of the various types of dyspepsia^ and it is in this disease that it numbers the most important cures. It has also proved valua- ble in engorgement of the Uver^ gall-stones, and habitual con- stipation. HemarJcs. — The Allegliany Springs are situated on the Roanoke River, at the eastern foot of the Alleghany Moun- tains. The hotel and principal cottages occupy smooth and undulating hills, while, on either hand, the lofty spurs of the Alleghanies present attractive mountain-scenery. In every direction the visitor finds opportunity for the enjoyment of mountain-climbing and mountain-air. Five miles from the springs is FlsJier''s View, where an extended panorama of mountain-summits is presented to the eye. Eight miles from the springs are Puncheon Run Falls, also a point of consider- able interest. BETHESDA SPBINaS.' Lofation and Post-Offleei — Waukesha, Waukesha County, Wisconain. Access. — Waukesha is a station on the Prairie du Chien division of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, twenty-one miles west of Milwaukee. Uotels* — Exchange, American, Fox River House, National. Properties. — It will be seen from the analysis that these waters contain 1.027 grain of carbonate of soda and magne- sia, and 1.478 grain of carbonate of lime, to the pint. They arc, therefore, closely allied to the alkaline waters, though the calcareous salt is slightly in excess. The waters, as is usual See Analysis, page 282. a 282 MINERAL SPRINGS. I fi\ i % with this class, are decidedly diuretic, and have proved ex- ceedingly efficient in diabetes mellitus, gravel, calculus, and chronic inflammation and catarrh of the bladder. They are also palliative in albuminuria or Bright's disease, and by the increased flow of urine relieve dropsy. The usual quantity taken is eight to ten glasses a day fur the first three or four days, and then reduce the quantity ac- cording to the effect on the urine. In diabetes mellitus, the usual restrictions as to saccharine and amylaceous diet are to be observed. ANAT.TSia One pint contains (60° Fahr. C. F. Chandler) : Solids. Grains. Carbonate of soda . r 0.109 Carbonate of magnesia • • • 0.918 Carbonate of iron . 0.004 Carbonate of lime 1.478 Chloride of sodium 0.145 Sulphate of potassa . • • • 0.057 Sulphate of soda . 0.068 Phosphate of soda • • • trace. Alumina . 0.015 Silica . • • • 0.092 Organic matter 0.248 Total 3.134 Hemarhs. — Waukesha, an Indian name, signifying " Little Fox," is a pleasantly-shaded village on the banks of the Little Fox River. The population numbers about three thousand five hundred. The climate is cool and refreshing during the summer months. At a distance of six to ten miles from the village, at Pewaukee, Nashota, Delafield, Merton, and Ocono- mowoc, are several lakes much resorted to for delightful drives and fine sport. HOLSTON SPBINQS. Location and Post^fflee.— Holston Springs, Scott County, Virginia. Aeeess. — From Washington via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad, and Virginia & Tennessee Railroad, to Bristol, three hundred and sixty- eight miles southwest ; thence forty miles northwest, by stage, to the springs. Hotel* — Holston Springs. k'^ CALCIC WATEiiS. 283 e proved ex- calculus, and r. They are e, and by the 3ses a day for 1 quantity ac- mellitus, the 50US diet are Grains. 0.109 0.918 0.004 l.ilS 0.145 O.OST 0.068 trace. 0.015 0.092 0.248 3.134 fying " Little of the Little ee thousand during the iles from tlie , and Ocono- ghtfui drives ANALYSIS. One pint contains (68>^Tahr. Trof. H ivyden) : SOUDB. Grains. Carbonate of lime . • • • .80 Chloride of sodium and muriate of ammonia .19 Sulphate of soda , • ■ . trace. Sulphate of magnesia . • • . 1.59 Sulphate of lime • • 2.66 Sulphate of alumina ■ • . trace. Phosphate of alumina • • • trace. Total 6.14 These springs are located at the base of Clinch Mountain, and on the bank of Ilolston River, amid wild and beautiful scenery. The elevation above the sea is eighteen hundred feet. Other Calcic Waters. — Bagncrcs-de-Bigorrc, France, p. 367. Birch Dale Springs, N. H., p. 384. Blue Ridge Springs, Va., p. 385. Contrcx6- vlUe, France, p. 367. Glenn Springs, S. C, p. 421. Leuk, Switzerland, p. 307. Tate Epsom Spring, Tcnn., p. 457. Wildungen, Germany, p. 367. - ' n if Virginia, lassas Railroad, [red and sixty I, to the springs L lis J'lf ■\ liHiii i! ■ t f " i i 1 f! , i \i'i 'i* ■' ■ 'i4 ^^ll i , 1 lii •1 i CHAPTER XVL THERMAL WATERS. All waters possessing an unvarying temperature of 85° Fahr., or above, are included under this designation. I use the term thermal in the sense of heat as indicated by the sensations of the body y although, geologically speaking, " all springs are considered warm, or thermal, the temperature of which exceeds, however little, the mean annual tempera- ture of the place at which they rise." Accordingly, a spring cf a certain degree would be called warm in Iceland and cold at the equator. Waters of 85° Fahr. will convey a sensation of warmth to the hand of most persons on first immersion, though if the entire body were placed in the water a feeling of chilliness might be experienced. "Waters of from 70° to 85° Fahr. may be termed temperate, from 85° to 92° Fahr. they are tepid, from 92° to 98° they are warm, and from 98° Fahr. upward they are hot — all, except the first, included under the term thermal. In one or two instances springs below 85° Fahr. have been introduced in this class, being above the temperature of cold springs, 70° Fahr., and not pos- sessing decided chemical constituents. Thermal waters are chiefly used for bathing, and in this their efficacy mainly consists in the majority of instances. These waters sometimes contain considerable carbonic-acid gas, sulphuretted hydrogen, or even chloride of sodium, or tlie alkaline carbonates ; but, as a rule, they yield but a very small proportion of mineral ingredients. The manner of using the different kinds of tepid, warm, and hot waters, is discussed in the chapter on baths, under the respective titles. THERMAL WATERS. 285 It has been qucstione 1 whether there is a difference be- tween the heat of mineral waters and artificial heat. Former- ly, many held the affirmative, and there are not wanting those who still hold this view. But there are no observations that show any actual difference, and those who have investi- gated the matter in late years have decided in the negative.* This being so, why are hot or warm mineral waters more ac- tive medicinal agents than artificially-heated water ? In some instances the waters are highly charged with gases, or contain considerable mineral ingredients, but, aside from this, the uniform and continuous temperature of the water distin- guishes it from ordinary hot water. The latter is often not uniformly heated throughout, and from the time it is passed into the tub is decreasing in temperature, or, if heated by steam in the tub, is alternating each moment from one degree of heat to another, while in large pools at the hot springs the water remains of the same temperature continually. It may be added that it is impossible to arrange hot spout and douche baths at home equal to those of the springs. Another advan- tage is that of specialty. The attendants, the physician, and every one connected with the springs' baths, acquire dexterity and precision in their application, which is of great advantage to the invalid. However we may explain their action, the fact remains of their efficacy. These waters are exceedingly beneficial in the treatment of chronic rheumatism and gout, especially when associated with stiffening of the joints and concretions. In certain irri- table conditions of the nervous system they produce a calm- ing effect, and in neuralgia depending on injuries or inflam- mation of the nervous sheaths, they are often curative. In paraplegia, not organic, and in which the muscles are excit- able by electricity, the use of these waters often wonderfully hastens a cure ; and the same observation may be made oi * In a letter to the author, Prof. John Tyndall, of the Eoyal Institution of Groat Britain, than whom there is no higher living authority on heat, writes as follows : " I am not noiiuainted with any diffcrenco between natural heat and artificial heat. I ara not aoiinainted with any thermo-electric conditions that could cause any perceptible dlflferenco betv een the therapeutic action of natural hot water and artiflclal hot-water "' '■.-',-',1,: w% 286 MINERAL SPRINGS. Other forms of paralysis, excepting hemiplegia, for which saline waters are preferable. In many of the scaly diseases of the skill, such as psoriasis, lichen, etc., they are a most efficient auxiliary in the treatment. They also form a desirable ad- juvant in the treatment of syphilis by the metamorphosis of tissue which they produce, aiding and rendering more certain the action of other remedies. In treatment of aflfections of the joints the water must be quite warm, and local frictions should be used. Care should be taken that persons affected with organic diseases of the heart are not treated by hot baths. HOT SPRINGS. Location and Post-Olfiee. — Hot Springs, Garland County, Arkansas. AecesSt — Hot Springs is a station on the Arkansas division of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway, four hundred and thirteen miles southwest from St Louis. Hotels* — Hot Springs, Aiken, Earle, Hale, Rector, "Warren. I I" MM ANALYSIS. One pint contains (93°-150'' Fahr.) : Solids. Gk-ains. Carbonate of magnesia • ■ • 0.016 Carbonate of lime • • 0.496 Chloride of sodium • • • • 0.001 Sulphate of potassa . . 0.029 Sulphate of soda . . . • . 0.047 Sulphate of lime . . . • 0.014 Sesquioxide of iron 0.013 Iodine . . • . . trace. Bromine • • • trace. Silicate of lime « • . 0.058 Silica .... 0.233 Alumina .... 0.056 Organic matter 0.088 Water . . • • • 0.018 Total 1.069 vm-r. The above analysis is the result of calculating the follow- THERMAL WATERS. 287 ia, for which ly diseases of most efficient desirable ad- .morphosis of ■ more certain (rater must be Care should jeases of the , Arkansas, vision of the St. ad thirteen miles en. Grains. 0.016 0.496 0.001 0.029 0.047 0.014 0.013 trace, trace. 0.058 0.233 0.056 0.088 0.018 1.069 ing percentages as given by Prof. E. Hills Larkin, who ana- lyzed the waters in 1859 ; and combination of the elements according to approved formulae : Mineral constituents, 8 i grains per gallon. Percentage. Silicic acid 24.74 Sesquioxide of iron 1.21 Alumina 6.15 Lime . 28.83 Magnesia . .73 Chlorine .07 Carbonic acid 21.36 Organic matter 8.31 Water 1.72 Sulphuric acid . 4.49 Fotassa 1.46 Soda . 2.01 Iodine and bromine trace. Total . 100.08 ig the follow* These waters resemble the waters of Gastein, in Austria, and PfafFers, in Switzerland. Properties. — They are very highly esteemed, and deserv- edly so, in the treatment of chronic rheumatism, gouty con- tractions of joints, secondary and tertiary syphilis, and neur ralgia. In paralysis, unaccompanied by organic lesions, they are of considerable utility. As auxiliaries, in dartrous dis- eases of the skin, functional diseases of the uterus, and chronic poisoning by metals — either lead or mercury — they are effi- cient. Experience proves them to be positively injurious in affections of the heart or brain, dropsies, and diseases of the lungs in any form ; and persons laboring under diseases for which these waters are beneficial, but accompanied by such maladies, need not journey to the Hot Springs. How do these waters act ? Principally, if not altogether, by elevated temperature. Having a continuous flov/ of three hundred and sixty gallons per minute, and ranging in tempera- ture from 93° to 150° Fahr., we would expect favorable results from their judicious use, and we are not surprised to learn of m\ ,• (■f '>it ' I il I! "I .1! .Ki'jl 1 I I M 288 MINERAL SPRINGS. cures under their employment that have resisted all otluT modes of treatment. It is asked, " Why not use hot water at h(jme ? " ]3ecause it is hnjmssible to procure it in sufficient quantity and of uniform temperature. Some consider that terrestrial heat possesses peculiar properties, rendering it more efficient than artificial heat. Dr. G. W. Lawrence, who has had ample opportunity for observation, holds that " a positive difference exists in the natural thermal waters of Arkansas and artificially-heated waters," which he attributes, among other causes, " to the thermo-electric properties of the thermal wa- ters." He says, " The natural produces a stimulating sweat ; the artificial waters a relaxing diaphoretic action^'' These differences, however, if such exist, are not at present tangible. In these waters, as in many thermal w-aters, there is a eoii- fervoid growth, or " moss," which is frequently used by pa- tients as an external application to painful parts or ulcerated surfaces. It acts much like a poultice. Remarks. — It was these waters that De Soto's companions passed in search of El Dorado, and thought the " fountain of youth." They are situated in a valley, on the western slope of the Hot Springs Mountain — one of the Ozark Mountains — at an elevation of thirteen hundred and sixt 7 feet above the level of the sea. The climate is pleasant, tli3 temperature seldom ranging as high as 98° Fahr. during the hottest days of sum- mer, and the nights being always cool, so that blankets are desirable. The winters are usually mild and of short duration ; and the " springs season " begins in xipril and continues till December. The springs are fifty-seven in number, flowing, as I have said, three hundred and sixty gallons per minute. This large volume of water is utilized for all modes of bathing, by con- duits, which convey it to the various establishments. The Hot Springs Hath consists of three compartments : First, a dress- ing-room, w^here, having disrobed, you enter the bath-room, the water in the tub having been previously prepared of the proper temperature ; here you remain for a specified length of time, bathing in the water and using the hot spout-jet of THERMAL WATERS. 289 wiitiT on any portion of the body, as may be required. From the bath you enter into the adjoining vapor-room, the floor of which is formed by narrow strips of wood, with spaces an inch and a half between. From these interstices a vohnne of vapor escapes from the hot water flowing beneath, fdling the room, and giving it a temperature of about 110° Fahr. Here you re- main from one to three nnnutes, drinking freely from the can of hot water previously placed in the room. Afier the vapor- bath you wipe the surface quickly, till dry, put on your fian- nelSj dress rapidly, protect the person well with tcarni over- garments^ hasten to bed, where you remain, in your flannels and well blanketed, usually twenty minutes, drinking the hot water at intervals. When the circulation has become tranquil and perspiration has ceased, the person may rise, but not to go out-of-doors immediately if the weather is at all chilly. Within eight miles of the Hot Springs are good sulphur- icaterSj not, however, improved. CALISTOGA HOT SPKINQS. , Location and Post-Office. — Calistoga Springs, Napa County. California. AccesSt — From San Francisco, cross the bay by regular boat to Vallejo, connecting with Napa Valley Railroad direct for Calistoga, three and a half hours from San Francisco. From Sacramento, go by rail direct to Vallejo ; thence, as above. Hotels. — Calistoga Springs Hotel, Mountain House. Analysis. — ^The principal ingredieT>ta are said to be sul- phur, iron, and magnesia, sulphur largely predominating. Temperature, 100° to 195° Fahr. The waters have not been quantitatively analyzed. (See Appendix.) JPi'operties. — These springs, belonging to the sulphur class, and possessing, besides, the properties of thermal waters, are of decided efficacy in many diseases, such as ffoyt, p)Cirali/sis, rhewnafis/ii, dartrous diseases of the ski?}, chronic lead-poi- soning, and, as an auxiliary, in tertiary syphilis. Hemcohs. — The springs number about sixty, varying in temperatun; i"om lukewarm to boiling-hot, and distributed over an area of a hundred acres. The waters are used almost exclusively for bathing. For tliis purpose a ccmnwdious swim- ■.u I I ! •J.' I It- : :• ,w f if ii il i 'I,,. 200 MINERAL SPRINGS. ming-bath has been constructed, in which many persons may enjoy the pleasures of a plunge-bath at the same tin)e. It is arranged with the usual conveniences of side-cabinets for dis- robing and dressing. There are also well-arranged private baths. A hot-sulphur steam-bath is also arranged, so that the effects of the water in the form of hot vapor may be procured. Here also are found the 7noor or mineral-mud baths, similar to those of Franzensbad and Marienbad, in Bohemia. Calistoga is one of the outgrowths of our rapid American civilization. A few years ago the area which it occupies was a waste ; but, under the energetic management of the proprie- tor, Samuel Brannan, Esq., smooth lawns and inviting walks have succeeded the waste places, and embowered cottages al- lure the invalid. The name was formed by uniting the first two syllables of California with the last two of Saratoga though there is not the least analogy between the two as re gards the properties of the water. Within the lands of the springs is a large vineyard of many acres, yielding tons of grapes of the choicest varieties. Here Californians are accus- tomed to try the efficacy of the " grape-cure," as practised at Vevay, in Switzerland. About five miles southwest of Calistoga is the Petrified Forest, an object of exceeding interest to the geologist or tourist. Th<. . are found the prostrate remains of a vast forest of gigantic trees, similar to the towering conifers of tlie Pacific coast, all converted into solid stone. It is supposed to be the result of volcanic agency, the surface having been del- uged with hot silicious-alkaline waters. Calistoga is the point whence the stage is taken for the Geysers ; also for Skagg's Sjirings, Harbine Springs, Seigler Springs, and the White Sulphur Springs. THE GEYSERS. Loeation> — Sonoma County, California. Access. — From San Francisco, by the San Francisco & North Pacific Rail- road, to Cloverdale ; thence twelve miles, by stage, to the Geysers. Hotel.— Geyser Hotel. TUERMAL WATERS. 201 ans are accus- 3 practised at Analysis, . Remarks. — " Tlie Geyser Canon ' is half a mile long, the bottom from one to two rods in width, and the banks shoot up fourteen hundred feet at an angle of forty-five degrees. Their surface in most places is whitish, covered with the residuum of extinct geysers, . . . which has been bleached by the suns and rains of scores of summers and winters. Here and there, at wide intervals, are small jets of steam from springs which are yet bubbling and hissing. Large spots are completely honey-combed with these faintly-working relics of a onco tliickly-boiling section. As we walk over them, the ground occasionally gives way beneath our tread, and we sink shoe- deep into the chemical deposits. "The first spring we meet going up the ravine is the * Alum and Iron Spring,' which has a temperature of ninety- seven degrees. Incrustations of iron form around it in a sin- gle night. A few feet farther on is the ' Medicated Geyser Bath,' having a temperature a few degrees less. . . , Next is the * Boiling Alum and Sulphur Spring,' with a temperature of over a hundred and fifty degrees. "Close by is the * Black Sulphur,' which has about the same degree of heat. Beyond these are the 'Epsom Salts Spring' and the * Boiling Black Sulphur,' which boil, bubble, and roar constantly. The largest of all is the * Witches' Cal- dron,' whose diameter exceeds seven feet, and is tossing con- tinually with ebullition. When we saw it the water was thrown up four or five inches, but we are assured that some- times it is thrown up two feet. The temperature is one hun- dred and ninety-five degrees. It is large enough to boil an ox, and the bottom is of an unknown depth. Large volumes of steam rise from it, as visible as the puffings from the smoke- stack of a locomotive. Twelve feet away is the ' Intermittent Scalding Spring,' which sends forth jets of water of a temper- ature of one hundred and seventy-five degrees. They some- times rise to a height of fifteen feet, but the pressure varies at different times. It is the same with nearly all the springs, 1 J. F. Manning, in LippincotCs Magazine, December, 1870. « ( ■} s 1 "t 292 MINERAL SPRINGS. ; I and what is seen by one may be very different from what is seen by another. At no time, however, do the jets cease en- tirely. As the degree of pressure and the height to which the water is thrown vary, so does the sound. There are periods when it is heard at a considerable distance, and again the ear must be near by to distinguish it. " The most wonderful and interesting of all the springs is the ^ Steamboat Geyser,' the play of which resembles exactly the ' blowing off steam ' in a high-pressure steamboat. A lit- tle beyond this singular spring the canon divides or forks, smaller ones branching off to the right and left. Just at the fork a bold, lofty bluff rises up, which is surmounted by a tapering rock named ' The Pulpit.' . . , From the Pulpit a full, fine view is obtained of the entire canon and the imme- diate surroundings. Besides the springs we have named, whicli are the largest and most valuable for medicinal pur- poses, there are numerous smaller ones, numbering, all counted, about a hundred. Among them is the ' Devil's Inkstand,' -i small spring, whose product is as black as ink, and serves very well as a substitute for that article. " Passing up the bank which forms the upper right-hand end of the caiion, and taking position on a knoll, we get the best view of tlie larger springs and their operation. About two hundred feet below us is the Witches' Caldron, black as ink, tossing and steaming : farther down are the minor ones, sending up into the scorching sunlight their gossamer vapors. We hear distinctly the Steamboat Geyser. It seems as if we were on the brink of Tartarus itself, while all around, on the sides and summits, excepting in the spots covered with the chemicals from extinct geysers, are wild-oats growing abun- dantly, beautiful flowers, and wide-spreading oaks, under whose deep-green shade grows luxuriantly a peculiar mountain-grass. All this vegetation borders closely on the moat barren of all wastes. " From this resting-j)lace »ve pass over the ' Mountain of Fire,' a section filled witli scoics of orifices. . . . Then comes the ' Alkali Lake,' followed by other springs of boiling THERMAL WATERS. 293 water impregnated with numberless chemicals. One is a white-sulphur spring, the water of which is of an amber purity. Another is the ' Boiling Eye-water Spring.' One of the guides, a very intelligent German, has put up ten different specimens of the most interesting and valuable chemicals, and spring-waters in small phials, for the convenience of visitors, that they may have in compact and portable form apt tokens of remembrance of one of earth's marvels. .Near the hotel, in Pluton Canon, is the 'Acid Spring.' . . . Sweetened with sugar, it makes a palatable lemonade. About a mile and a half from the inn is the ' Indian Spring,' so called because the Indians for many years carried their sick there to be healed. It is a chalybeate, the water being an inky blackness. . . . Steam or vapor-baths have been constructed by building sheds over the springs, so as to imprison the steam long enough to be used for sanitary and pleasure purposes. The principal one is in the bottom of Pluton Canon, near the fresh-water brook, so that, after the warm douche and the vapor bath, the bather goes a few steps, and finds a plunge-bath of the most sparkling mountain-water, in an artificial reservoir so arranged that the contents are constantly renewed." PASO K3BLES HOT SFBINQS. Loeation aud Post-Offlce. — Paso Robles Hot Springs, San Luis Obispo County, California. Access, — From San Francisco by the Southern Pacific Railroad to Sole- dad, one hundred and forty-three miles south from San Francisco ; thence by Btago to the springs. Hotel.— Paso Robles. Properties. — From the following analysis it will very read- ily be seen that this is an exceedingly valuable thermal water, closely allied in chemical composition to the waters of Aix-la- Chapelle, in Rhenish Prussia. There is the usual combina- tion of thermality, considerable chloride of sodium, sulphu- retted hydrogen, carbonic-acid gas, and an activo amount of Ings of boiling 294 MINERiT, SPRINGS. alkaline carbonates. A water such as this cannot fail to be wil( of benefit in very many cases of gout^ chronic rheumatism^ and a CI dartrous skin-diseases ; also, in contractions of the joints and oftc old gunshot-wounds. In fine , it is applicable to all those dis- ben eases especially benefited by a thermal saline-sulphur water. pur The immediate effect of the water is laxative and diuretic; In u the remote, alterative. less ANAT,Y8I8. bly whi now ofl One pint conUin»— Main Spring, \U° Fahr. Prof. Thomas Price. Mud Spring, \n' Fat Prof. Thomas Price. SoLins. Carbonate of soda Grains. 8.664 0.057 2.S30 0.092 0.818 0.334 0.037 traces. 0.028 0.046 0.171 Grains. 0.643 0.3'23 10.017 trace. 4.281 1.861 o.'iie 0.361 Carbonate of majjnesla Chloride of sodium the Buljihate of potassa Sulphate of soda. poo Sulphate of liino Protoxide of iron lodidos and broniidi'S Alumina Silica Organic matter 1 Total 8.072 Cubic In. 2.31 saturated. 17.585 Cubic In. 10.53 saturated. Call Gases. Carbonic acid B RtO.I Bulnhuretted hYdroffen I Remarks. — The name, Paso de Robles, means White-Oak Pass, so called from the white-oaks grown in the valley. Un- fortunately, the immediate surroundings of the springs are not attractive, the valley in which they are situated being flat, and the mountains on either side low and of a monotonous uniform- ity. " But let the visitor go over a few miles to the southern slopes of the Santa Lucia Mountains, and his eyes shall be sated with color. " I sat one October morning in a vast amphitheatre, be- tween the Santa Lucia Mountains and the outer buttcs, or foot-hills, and gazed upon a mosaic more enchanting than can be witnessed outside of California. The crest of the moun- tain bore a straggling . vv of pale-grocn California pines, wliile here and there a live-oak stood darkly in the unbroken sheet of gold. Directly before me there was a great sunny moun- tain, daintily crinkled and dimpled, and thus shadowing the THERMAL WATERS. 295 nny moun- vvild grasses, here into a pale claret, there into a cinnamon, or a cuir^ or a buff, or that exquisitely rich and satisfj ing tint often seen on California hills when they lie at a certain slope beneath the sun, and resembling nothing so much as a damson purple, all rimy crisp with a soft and sunny flush of violet haze, hi another place, the ripened wild-oats had faded in the dew- less summer days from their golden splendor to an inexpressi- bly subdued, tender, creamy tint, like the finest velvet-plush, which seemed to float over the slope as the merest nimbus, now creeping a little in the breeze, and now dying with a kind of lazy, delicious shudder." ^ The conveniences at these springs are such as accompany the early stage of improvement. There are two swimming- pools — one for gentlemen, one for ladies. {See Appendix.) SANTA BARBABA HOT SULPHUR SPRINGS. Location and Post-Office. — Santa Barbara Springs, Santa Barbara County, Ciilifoi-nia. AfCCSS. — From San Francisco, two hundred and eighty miles south, by Bteamer, to Santa Barbara ; thence, four miles by stage. Iloteli — Sulphur Springs. (Good accommodations in Santa Barbara ) Analysis. — No quantitative analysis has been made. They are hot sulphur-waters. Temperature, 60° to 130° Fahr. Properties. — These waters are valuable in chronic rheumor tlsnij diseases of the skin, contractions of the joints, paralysis , and, as an auxiliary, in the treatment of secondary and tertiary syphilis. llemarJcs. — In this connection I insert a portion of a letter received March 22, 1872, from Dr. M. H. Biggs, of Santa Bar- bara : " The Hot Sulphur Springs of Santa Barbara are situated at the head of a deep canon, about five miles to the northeast of the town of Santa Barbara, at an elevation of fourteen hun- flred and fifty feet above the level of the sea. They number in all seven, and seem to be of two distinct varieties. Those nearest the head of the canon escape from crevices in the rock, > Stephen Powers, Esq. ' I ^'jS ; .i- tip \m m' 296 MINERAL SPRINGS. ; I in i I and are four in number, all appearing to have the same prop- erties, the most sensible of which are free sulphur and sul- phuretted hydrogen ; their temperature, 114° Fahr. Another spring is situated about one hundred yards off, in a westerly direction from the first mentioned; temperature, 117° Fahr. Its principal constituent is sulphate of alumina, evident from the thick incrustation of this salt on the under surface of the rock beneath which this water escapes ; it also tastes strongly of sulphate of iron, and is said to contain soda and potash, and a trace of arsenic. The two remaining springs are located in a branch cailon, about one hundred rods in a northerly direc- tion from the last one mentioned, and appear to possess the same qualities, with the exception of the temperature, which is only 112° Fahr. No thorough analysis of these mineral springs has ever been made, at least in our time. " It is said that while this country was in possession of tlie King of Spain, a corps of scientific men was sent out to thif coast, commissioned, among other things, to test the proper- ties of the several mineral springs known to abound here ; and that in their report they pronounced the Santa Barbara Hot Sulphur Springs to be the best and most medicinal, and supe- rior to any other in California ' for the cure of many diseases.' Whether they came to this conclusion from actual analysis, or from simply witnessing their effect, is not known. Certain it is that at the present day they are becoming famous for their curative effects in many cases of rheumatism, paralysis, vari- ous diseases of syphilitic origin, and skin-diseases generally ; and from a persistent use of the waters (drinking and bathing), many individuals have been cured of such affections." The climate of Santa Barbara is delightful. It seems more nearly to resemble that of Monaco and Mentone, on the shores of the Mediterranean, than any other in America. Through- out the year the temperature is mild and equable, affording that opportunity for continual out-door exercise that is so im- portant to consumptives. From a report by Dr. Tliomas M. Logan, Permanent Secretary of tlie State Board of Health of California, we select the following: TUERMAL WATERS. 297 "Siinta Barbara is the county-scat and principa' town of the county of the same name. It is built upon a beautiful slope, rising from the sea-beach, at the southeastern extremity of a gently-ascending valley, some fifteen miles in length and two in width, but gradually spreading out to five miles, as it extends into the interior. The beautiful harbor consists of a cove, or semi-ellipse, abcut one and a half mile wide from point to point, indented into the curving shore, and protected by the overlapping Santa Ynez and adjoining ranges. The gontly-sloping beach for several miles affords safe sea-bathing at all seasons of the year At low water an admirable and pleasing drive, equal to that of Newport, may here be had, and the interesting drawing of the seine, full of every variety of fishes, may be witnessed — a most important item in the dietary of the feeble, from the warmth-giving phosphorus contained in fish. " As to the climate of Santa Barbara, it will be seen that, although lying in about the same latitude as Wilmington, N. C, yet it is totally diflFerent, and that the isothermal line would be deflected toward St. Augustine, Fla. Nearly the same cloth- ing is worn all the year round, and there is no day in the year in which the invalid may not sit out-of-doors. This covers the most essential indication in the treatment of con- sumption, by affording a continuous supply of pure, unadulter- ated air-food for the lungs. Still, as the climate possesses some latent peculiarities in its favor, too subtile for ordinary observation, I shall instance the remarkable phenomenon so plillosophically noted by Dr. BrinkerhofF, who has resided here eighteen years : " ' Some ten miles from Santa Barbara, in a westerly direc- tion, in the bed of the ocean, about one and a half mile from the shore, is an immense spring of petroleum, the product of which continually rises to the surface of the water and floats upon it over an area of many miles!. Tliis mineral oil may be seen any day from the deck of steamers plying between here and San Francisco, or from the high banks along the shore, its many-changing hues dancing upon the shifting 14 \ 'k id 298 MINERAL SPRINGS. M\'i waves of the sea, and aflPording various suggestions, both for the speculative and the speculator. Having read statements that, during the past few years, the authorities of Damaocus and other plague-ridden cities of the East have resorted to the practice of introducing crude petroleum into the gutters of the streets to disinfect the air, and as a preventive of dis- ease, which practice has been attended with the most favorable results, 1 throw out the suggestion, but without advancing any theory of my own, whether the prevailing westerly sea- breezes, passing over this wide expanse of sea-laden petro- leum, may not take up from it and bear along with them to the places whither they go, some subtile power which serves as a disinfecting agent, and which may account for the infrequency of some of the diseases referred to, and probably f' r the superior healthfulness of the climate of Santa Barbara.' *' I would add that, during one week's sojourn here, my attention has been directed to the peculiar ambrosial influ- ence pervading the air, so well described above, and that 1 indrrse all that has been stated in this respect. That the cli- mate of Santa Barbara possesses all the elements of general healthfulness in an eminent degree, is substantiated by the fact that the epidemics incident to childhood are almost un- known. Fevers and agues never originate here. Small-pox, frequently brought from abroad, never spreads, although hun- dreds of the native population, either from ignorance or preju- dice, never allow themselves to be vaccinated. " I have said, when speaking of the prolific yield of the soil, that it was due to the moist sea-air. On this depends the deliciousness of the climate. Moist air, either too hot or too cold, 's injurious. The latter chills the surface and drives the blood in upon the internal organs. But the moict air in which we bathe in Santa Barbara is possessed of that happy combination of temperature with moisture, which, while it re- freshes, also invigorates and vitalizes equally the whole sys- tem. The range between the wet and dry bulb thermome' ters, at two p. m., is usually about four degrees, except on foggy or raniy days, when they are often identical ; and yet, 5 r • THERMAL WATERS. 299 tions, both for ad statements } of Damaicus ve resorted to to the gutters ^^eiitive of dis- most favorable out advancing westerly sea- a-laden petro- ng with them power which Lccount for the , and probably 5anta Barbara.' [ourn here, my tmbrosial influ- ►ve, and that I That the cli- jnts of general ntiated by the are almost un- e. Small-pox, although hun- rance or preju- c yield of the n this depends ther too hot or 'ace and drives he moict air in of that happy ch, while it ra- the whole sys- ulb tliermome* ees, except on tical ; and yet, strange to say, tlie feeling of chilliness is never experienced. During the prevalence of a high land wind, the range is occa- sionally extended to ten or even twenty degrees ; but even then that feeling of irritation and dryness which attends the same wind in the more northern portions of California, is un- known. This occurrence, however, does not happen oftener than once or twice a year, and then only for a brief period about the equinoxes. " The peculiar evenness of the climate is shown in the following tables, compiled from the meteorological register of the Rev. J. A. Johnson, the indefatigable editor of the Santa iSarbara iTess : ' MONTHLY MEAN. April, Average of the three da ily observations, 00.62° P. May, " " " " (( 62.35° P. June, " " " " (( 65.14° P. July, (( 71 49° F. August, " " " •' u 72.12° P. Sept., " " » " (( 68.08° P. Oct., " » i( 65.96° P. Nov., " '♦ •' " (t 61.22° P. Dec, " " " " t< 52.12° P. Jan., " " " " <« 54.51° P. Feb., '* « « < (( 53.35° P. March, « " » " i( 58.12° P. Average temperature for the y car. . 60.20° F. COLDEST DAY. WARMEST DAT. April 12th, 60° P. April 16 th 74° p. May 15th, 66° F. May 23d, 77° P. June 1st, 69° F. June 3d, 80° P July 26tb, 76° F. July 11th, 84° P. Aug. nth, 77° F. Aug. 8th, 86° P. Sept. 23d, 66° F. Sept. 27th, 90" P. Oct. 23d, 60° F. Oct. 20th, 92° F. Nov. 7th 64° F. Nov. 20th, 87° P. Dec. 15th, 52° F. Dec. 28th, 71° P. Jan. 11th, 56° F. Jan. 3d, 76° P. Feb. 22d, 42° F. Feb. 28th, 71° P. Mar. 13th, 56° F. March 27th, 83° P. Coldest day in the year, Feb 22d ,42° P. ; warmest day in the year, Oct 20th, 92° F. Variation, 60°.' " '1 'fliJ i ^ 'iff aoo MINERAL SPRINGS. From the date of Dr. Logan's report, I presume the tabic above was compiled from records of observations during 1870. ! ] u. AOUA CALIENTE; OR, WARNER'S RANCH SPRINGS. Loeatlont — San Diego County, California. lecesst — From San Diego, about fifty miles noitboast, in a direct line. Hotel. . (No improvements.) Ant^Uysu. — Thermal sulphur-waters, JRemarJcs. — The following is the description of these spring's as given by W. P. Blake, geologist of U. S. Exploring Ex- pedition : " The Thermal Springs, generally known as the * Agua Caliente,' are situated on the slope of one of the ridges at the most eastern part of the valley (Warner's Ranch.) They have long been resorted to by the Indians for bathing, and the cure of various diseases. The water boils up from out of a granite ledge through a number of openings or cleavage-fissures, and in one place it appears to have enlarged the opening so that it has become nearly cylindrical. The water flows copiously from different apertures, and the united streams give a volume of water about equal to what would be delivered from a two- inch pipe under a pressure of one or two feet. These openings are in a slight ravine, which appears to have been the bed of a brook that is now deflected from its course by a dam built for the purpose by the Indians. In descending toward the spring the odor of sulphuretted hydrogen is at once perceptible, and a slight cloud of steam rises from the water. The tempera- ture of the water was taken, and the following are the results : Time, 9 a. m., November 30, 1853. First, or principal spring • • • 142° F. Second spring • • . UV F. Third spring • ■ • 140° F. Fourth spring • • . 140° F. Fifth spring, ten feet distant • • • 136° F. Stream below the springs • • . 130° F. Stream above the springs • • • 58° F. Air . • • ^4° F. .1 , J TUERMAL WATERS. 301 3ume the tabic s during 1870. C SFRINas. I a direct line. if these springs Exploring Ex- as the ' Ajrua 3 ridges at the ^anch.) They r bathing, and p from out of a javage-fissures, ;he opening so flows copiously give a volume d from a two- lese openinf^s in the bed of a dam built for ^ard the spring rceptible, and The tempera- re the results : 142° F. 141" F. 140° F. 140° F. 136° F. 130° F. 58° F. H°F. " Bubbles of sulphuretted hydrogen were constantly escap- ing, and the water was highly charged with it ; and had an acid taste that was quite agreeable. There was only a slight deposit or incrustation on some of the rocks (consisting of sulphur). A small jet of steam was constantly issuing from a crevice near the main spring, producing a slight hissing sound like steam from a leak in a boiler." — ( Government Explora- tions for Pacific Railroad^ vol. v., p. lOG.) SAN BERNARDINO HOT SPRINGS. Loratlon* — San Bernardino County, California. Access* — From the town of San Bernardino, about fifty miles northeast from Los Angeles ; thence, about five miles distant. IIoteK . (No improvements.) Analysis. — Pure and calcic thermal waters. Remarks. — ^These springs are situated on the flanks of Mount San Bernardino. They are described as follows, by W. P. Blake, geologist of the U. S. Survey, "who visited them between the 3d and 6th of November, 1853 : "The warm and hot waters gush out from the granitic rocks on the flanks of San Bernardino and adjacent heights. In one place the springs are so numerous, and the water rises in such volume, that a good-sized mill-stream of hot water is formed, which flows down into the valley, and is one of the principal tributaries of the Santa Anna River. This brook of hot water retains a temperature of 100° Fahr., three or four miles from its source. " I visited several of the springs on the sides of the Sierra, between San Bernardino Mountain and the Cajon Pass, near the saw-mill road. ... It was evident that the adjacent granite was very near the surface, as shown by one or two outcrops, from one of which the hot waters issued. Small springs rise at intervals of ten or twenty feet along a distance of thirtv or forty rods. Their waters unite, and form a little stream that empties into the brook a short distance below. The banks of the stream were thickly overgrown with grass. m » ! M I i ';i ' \- J f f Mi 302 MINERAL SPRINGS. 8 n %m ' i A dense mass of beautiful green confervoe grew from the bot- tom and sides of the cliatmel, and floated in rich waving masses in the liot water. In the immediate vicinity of the springs, however, no vegetable growth was visible. The rocks and gravel in contact with the water were covered with a snow-white incrustation, and little twigs and leaves that had fallen into it wera softened to a white, pulpy mass, and were partly incrusted. This was also the case with insects tliut were lying dead in the shallows of one of the springs, but I could not observe that in either case any petrifaction or in- ternal deposit of mineral matter had taken place. The follow- ing temperatures were observed : 172, 169, 1G6, 130, 128, 108° Fahr. The temperature of the hot stream below all tlic springs was 130° Fahr., and the mountain-brook only G5° Fahr. Temperature of air, 76° Fahr. " The white crust was not found in equal quantities at all the springs. It appeared to be most abundant at one of them. . . . An analysis of the crust (by J. D. Easter, Ph. D.) since the return of the expedition, gave the following results : " The aqueous extract contained only a small proportion of chloride of sodium. In hot hydrochloric acid the mass dis- solved with strong effervescence, leaving a residue of sihca and alumina. The solution contained — Lime (carbonate) chief constituent. Silica (soluble in acid). Magnesia. Alumina and oxide of iron, traces. Phosphoric acid, trace. "The springs are estimated to be at least five hundred feet above the level of the Santa Anna, at the Mormon settle- ment, and thus nearly sixteen hundred and eighteen feet above the sea. " These springs are not the source of the large stream of water first referred to. It takes its rise farther eastward, near the mountain of San Bernardino. I regret that I could not visit its source, as the springs must be of great volume and high temperature to send forth such a large stream of water THERMAL WATERS. 303 letainiug its temperature a long distance from the mountains. 1 was informed there are several other localities of hot springs along these mountains, and there are, no doubt, many that have not yet been discovered. The large stream of hot water appears to be nearly pure." — ( Government Explorations for Pacijic Jiailroadj vol. v., pp. G3, G4.) Ml ii SKAOGS'S HOT SPBINOS. Location and Post-Offlce* — Sonoma County, California. Access. — From San Francisco, by San Francisco & North Pacific Railroad, to Ileaidsburg ; thence, twenty miles, by stage. Ilotel. — Skagg's Springs. Analysis. — None. Remarks. — " There are three springs open at present : That nearest the hotel is impregnated with sulphur, iron, and borax. . . . Temperature varies from 138° to 130° Fahr. The second spring, about one hundred yards distant, contains manganese, iron, sulphur, and soda; temperature, 138° to 140° Fahr. To the left, and nearly opposite the spring just described, is the iron spring situated on a knoll. The canon in which the hotel is located contains several trout-streams affording excellent fishing. There is also an abundance of game, such as deer, quail, rabbits, etc." ' * I K !<^ ks- GILROT HOT SPBlCBTaS. Location. — Santa Clara County, Califoi'nia. Post-OflSee. — Gilroy, Santa Clara County, California. Access* — From San Francisco, by Central Pacific Railroad, forty-seven miles south to San Joso ; thence, miles south by Southern Pacific Railroad, t(> Gilroy; thence, miles south by stage, to the springs. Hotel. — Gilroy Springs. Analysis. — None. LAKE TAHOE HOT SPRINGS. Location. — On the borders of Lake Tahoe. The lake is on the eastern ooundary of California, and lies partly in Placer and partly in El Dorado County. > Corrsspondence of a California paper. t\ ! " 11 mIiLIi: ii i ii l^'i!' i I I ■■y^; ii 304 MINERAL SPRINGS. AccesSi — Go to Truckee, a station on the Pacific Central Railroad, two hundred and fifty-eight milca east from San Francisco; thence, by stage, to the springs. Ilotcit (at Truckee, the Kennebec and the Truckee). AncUyais. . Remarks. — ^This is an interesting mountjiin resort, about six thousand five hundred feet above the sea. At the Hot Springs a steamer conveys passengers across the lake, and re- turns, in one day. IDAHO HOT SPBINQS. Location and Po8t-0fflee« — Idaho Springs, Clear Creek County, Colorado. Access. — Go to Denver ; thence, by Colorado Division of Union Pacific Railroad, thirty-eight miles. Hotels*— Beebe Uousc, Springs Uouse. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (85° to 115° Fahr. J. G. Dohle): SoLiDB. Gratais. Carbonate of soda ..... 3.86 Carbonate of magnesia .... 0.36 Carbonate of iron ..... 0.62 Carbonate of lime . . . . .1.19 Chloride of sodium .... 0.62 Chloride of magnesium .... trace. Chloride of calcium .... trace. Sulphate of soda ..... 8.67 Sulphate of magnesia . . . . 2.84 Sulphate of lime ..... 0.43 Silicate of soda . . . . . 0.61 Total Flow, one hundred gallons per minute. 18.39 (1870.) Properties. — In chemical ingredients and temperature these waters are of the nature of the celebrated Carlsbad wa- ters in Bohemia, though not equal in the amount of constitu- ents, or height of temperature. They are valuable waters — especially useful in rheumatism^ cutaneous disea^s^ contrac- tions of joints, tertiary syphilis, etc. HemarJcs. — Idaho, within the range of the Rocky Moun- '%^ ''m THERMAL WATEllS. 306 tains, and seven thousand ei«^ht hundred foot above the sea, presents an altogetlier Alpine character. "The scenery is Swiss-like in ev(?ry particular. Snow always in sitfht, cas- Ciides, the rushing roar of sparkling waters, rounded moun- tains, beetling crags, and grand, barren clilFs, 'rock-ribbed and ancient as the sun.' The town itself is built in a broad, fertile valley, irrigated with ditches and enlivened by the sound of waters. The hill-sides, cut by deep canons, rise up g(M»tly in some places, in others abruptly ; here, covered with grass, and there with pine-forests. The emerald of the val- ley, dotted with its white houses, is picturesquely succeeded by the deep green of the mountain-slopes, whose dense forests stand out clearly defined, mingling with a sky of an Italian blue, and transparently beautiful." ' There are two large bathing establishments, known as the Ocean Bath and the Mammoth Bath, having pools : one, twenty ly forty, and four feet deep ; the other, thirty by fifty, and five feet deep. There are also arrangements for private baths Qf any desired temperature. MIDDLE PARK HOT SPRINGS. Loeatlon. — Middle Park, Grand County, Colorado. Access* — Go to Denver, via Kansas Pacific Railroad ; thence, seventeen miles west, via Colorado Central Railroad, to Golden City ; thence, thirty-two miles by stage, to Georgetown or Empire ; thence, fifty miles horseback over Bcrthoud Pass. Or, from Denver, thirty-four miles west, via Colorado Cen- tral Railroad, to Central City ; thence, fifty-five miles horseback over the James Peak route. Or, from Central City by wagon or carriage, fifty-five miles, over the South Boulder route. Camp out on the way. Hotel.— Middle Park Springs. Analysis. — See Appendix. They are said to bo of the sulphur class, and range in temperature from 111° to IIG** Fabr. Flow, two hundred gallons per minute. Hemarlcs. — These springs are no doubt destined to be a very popular resort. Situated as they are, on a mountain- bound plateau eight thousand feet above the level of the sea, • Correspondence of Rev. II. C. Waltz. 1: f %^ MINERAL SPRINGS. " 3 : f I i i I'fi ( > I i under a cloudless sky, and surrounded by the attractions of mountain scenery and the chase, they cannot fail to receive visitors. The atmosphere is cool and exhilarating, and bathing in the water delightful. With all the inconvenience that at- tends a journey thither, and the necessity of camping out, ovfT five hundred persons were there during the month of July, 1871. The favorite route to the springs is by the way of Berthoud Pass. Having arrived at Georgetown, the tourist procures saddle and pack horses, and guides. The first day's journey will be over the summit of the range, eleven thousand feet above the soa, and through a dense forest of timber for fourteen miles beyond, to the " head of the park." Here camp is usually made. The next day's ride is down an open valley o arm of the park, following for some miles the course of Fraser's River. The route by South Boulder Pass is tedious and difficult, the road passing over the extreme summit of the range, more than 12,000 feet above the sefi, where snow- storms are not unusual in July and August. The James Peak route is one of the most interesting, the road winding around the mountain, one of the highest points in the range ; and the ascent easily made. All the roads, however, after crossing the mountains, meet together in the valley of the Fraser River. Thence the roiid is a pleasant carriage-drive along meadows-like valleys, with timbered ridges or table-lands, to the right and left. The grass is of luxuriant growth, and great variety. Clover of several kinds, and the blue flowering flax, are seen everywhere. All through late spring and early summer the prairies are bright with flowers, and the air laden with their fragrance. Delightful camping-places are seen all along the route, and days or weeks can be whiled away in Arcadian simplicity and enjoyment. Arrived at the springs, there are several houses, a little trading establishment, and a primitive blacksmith-shop. Tlie springs, many in number, arc grouped together on an embank mcnt, three hundred feet from Grand River, and about thirty t !lf THERMAL WATERS. 307 foct above it. The stream, formed by the united overflow of the springs, is from three to five inches deep, and four to six feet wide. The flow is probably much greater than that re- corded. The sources vary in temperature from 111° to 116° Fahr. Curiously enough, on the opposite side of the river is a cold sulphur-spring. The bath is a natural basin in the rock, fifteen by thirty feet, and four feet deep. It has been housed and roofed. The temperature of this bath is about 109° Fahr. In this distant region the sportsman readily gratifies his iuclination. All the streams abound in trout, and the forests are frequented by elk, deer, antelope, and mountain-sheep. During the season, grouse and water-fowl shooting may be indulged. Grand Lake, twenty-seven miles northeast from the springs, is another attraction. The road is up the valley, and is an ex- ceedingly pleasant one. The lake is at the extremity of a deep cove in the main mountain-chain. On three sides it is overshadowed by frowning cliffs, while on the other is a nar- row gap between high wooded hills, through which the river inukes its exit, and the road enters. Thick forests of tall pines come down on all sides to the water's edge, separated there- from only by a narrow beach of clean-washed white sand. The water is very deep, and clear as crystal. Most astonish- ing echoes are sent to and fro over its waters, the sound re- verberating back and forth from cliff to clifi^. Near the springs are many patches of agate, where moss- agate, chalcedony, and amethyst, may be found. r 4 . i' . I ( I x il '■ ^■'nh m m ft , i.,-^ WABM SFBINGS. liOCation and Post-Offlee. — Warm Springs, Madison County, North Caro- lina. Awess.— Goto Morristown, a station on the Virginia & Tennessee Rail- road, one iiundred and fifty-four miles northeast from Chattanooga, and four iiundred and seventy miles southwest from Washington ; thence, via Cincin- nati, Cumberland Gup & Charleston Railroad, thirty-nine miles, to Wolf Creek ; thence, eight miles by stage or omnibus, to the springs. The WcBt- •- -> »^ I a ■ !■' I' II iiH I. iii j 308 MINERAL SPRINGS. era North Carolina Railroad, from Salisbury via Asheville, is completed to the springs. Hotel. — ^Warm Springs. ANALYSIS. One pint contolni — Ikthintr Sprin|;a. 10a° Fahr. a'.. Adelmarth, M. D. Drinltin)., Siirinpfi. 97° Fnhr. E, Aiit'lumrtli, M, D. SoUDB. Chloride of potassium Graina. 0.(l3i) 0.114 0.027 1.263 0.045 1.128 0.168 6.110 1.121 Grafna. O.OfW Chloride of sodium 137 Chloride of magnesium 0.(!46 Chloride of calcium 1.1 IS Sulphate of potassa 0.05'J Sulphate of soda 1.113 Sulphate of magnesia 1.016 Sulphate of lime 5.067 Soluble silicates 1.192 Total 9.015 Cubic in. 1.87 0.22 9.811 Gases. Carbonic acid Culilc in. 1.34 Sulphuretted hydrogen 0.31 Properties. — Chemically considered, these are calcic-sul- phur waters, bearing considerable resemblance to the well- known baths of Leuk, in the valley of the Rhone, Switzerland. They are valuable thermal waters and are efficacious in chronic rheumatism^ gout, paralysis, dartrous skin-diseases, and irrita- ble conditions of the urinary apparatus. They also are useful in certain cases of amenorrhcea and dysmenorrhoea, Memarks. — The Warm Springs are at an elevation of sev- enteen hundred feet above the sea, surrounded on all sides by pine-covered mountain-summits, save the gorge and valley where the French Broad River has worn its pathway. The hotel and cottages arc included in an area of about one hun- dred and fifty acres, well shaded, and interwoven with winding walks. The scenery of the region is exceedingly wild and beautiful. The banks of the river are precipitous in many places, at the springs being over one hundred feet in height. At a distance of some two miles from the hotel is Lover's Leap, an elevated point frequently visited by tourists, whence a far-extended view, for many miles, is had of the winding and turbulent river and the enclosing mountain-peaks. The climate THERMAL WATERS. 309 3, is completed to [S. Drinking Siiringi. 97° Ftthr. 'l E. AdBluiarth, M, D. Grafns. 0.0»);j 0.137 ().(!46 1.118 0.05'J 1.113 1.016 5. OCT 1.192 9.811 CuMc ill. 1.34 0.31 are calcic-sul- 3 to the well- , Switzerland, ous in chronic '.seSj and irrita- Eilso are useful icea. ivation of sev- )n all sides by je and valley athway. The )out one hun- with winding gly wild and tous in many set in height. tel is Lover's Lirists, whence winding and The climate is cool and bracing, the severe heats of summer being un- known. The springs are near the banks of the river. One, the largest, is enclosed by a brick-wall laid in cement, and has a bath-house built over it. The bath is divided into two com- partments — one for ladies, the other for gentlemen. The swimming-baths are about twenty by thirty feet, and four and a half feet deep. The mean temperature of the ladies' bath is 102° Fahr. ; gentlemen's, 100° Fahr. The flow of water is constant, averaging nine gallons per minute. AQTJA CALTENTE. Location. — Mesilla County, New Mexico. Access. . Hotel* (Unimproved). Hemarks. — This spring is described as follows by T. Anti- sell, M. D., geologist of United States Exploring Expedition : " Between the Mimbres and Ojo de la Vacca, and close to trail leading from the former to the copper-mines, is that re- markable spring known as the ' Agua Caliente.' It lies about five miles from the river. " Where the springs issue out is a mound or bank of tu- faceous deposit, formed by the overflow of the spring at some former time, previous to the side-channels being formed. This mound is twenty feet above the valley-level and two and one- half feet above the level of the water in the spring, showing that the spring, by deposit of carbonate of lime from its wa- ters, has formed a basin-wall for itself, and allowed its level to be raised above the surrounding valley. This calcareous basin is twenty-five feet across and does not show bottom, except around the edges, which are rocky ; a twelve-foot pole thrust into the middle did not find bottom. The temperature of the spring was 130° Fahr. at the surface. From one point below bubbles of gas arose in great abundance (carbonic acid). The water is agreeable to the taste." ' » " Government Explorations for Pacific Railroad,'' vol. vii., p. 156. - { f •f' k'i tut: ■ «g .RM \] 310 MINERAL SPRINGS. . ! 1 i * WARM. SPRINGS. Location and Post-OflSee. — Warm Springs, Merriwether County, Georgia. Aeeess. — Warm Springs are twelve miles by coach from Chipley, a sta- tion on the Columbus & Rome Railroad Iloteh — Warm Springs. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (90° Fahr. Prof. A. Means) : SoLiBP Grains. Oxide of magnesi a . . . . 11.68 Oxide of calcium ..... 4.64 Protoxide of iron ... . 2.14 Total ..... 18.46 Gases. Cubic in. Carbonic acid . . , . 1.11 Sulphuretted hydrogen .... trace. The above bases are combined with carbonic acid, forming carbonates. A new analysis of this water is needed. JKemar/cs. — These springs are situated on a spur of the Pine Mountain. The flow is fourteen hundred gallons per minute ; and, as a consequence of this large supply of water, every facility for bathing is offered. The height of the springs above the sea is eighteen hundred feet. Surrounding the springs are walks, terraces, and grottos, and the usual accom- paniments of springs resorts. Within the enclosure there is a sulphiu'-spring ; while three-quarters of a mile distant is the cold spring^ an acidulous chalybeate, discharging, it is said, five thousand three hundred and forty-one cubic inches per hour of carbonic-acid gas, from a surface about five feet square. The drive thither is delightful — a fine pebbled road, leading through a skirt of wood, beneath the shade of mountain-oak, chestnut, and pine. LEBANON SPBINQS. Location and Post-OIBce. — Lebanon Springs, Columbia County, New York. Access* — From New Yoric, via Ilarlem Railroad, direct to the springs, one hundred and lifty-five miles north. Or take Hudson River day-boat to Hud- son; thence, by Hudson & Boston Railroad, to Chatham Four Corners; thence, by Harlem Extension Railroad to the springs, twenty-seven miles north From the cast, talie Boston & Albany Railroad to Chatham Four THERMAL WATERS. 311 Corners ; thence as described. From the west, go to Albany ; thence, by Boston & Albany r:^ilroad, to Chatham Four Corners ; thence as described. From the north, go to Rutland ; thence, by Harlem Extension Railroad, to the springs, eighty-one miles south. Iloteli — Columbia Hall. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (73° Fahr. Frof. H. Dussanoe) : Solids. Grains. Carbonate of soda . . . . . 0,301 Carbonate of lime . . . • • 0.506 ChU . "do of sodium . . . . 0.120 Sulphate of potassa . . . . .0.130 Sulphate of magnesia . . . . 0.132 Sulphuret of sodium ..... 0.002 Oxide of '.ron ..... 0.117 Alumina ....... 0.056 Silicic acid ..... 0.406 ( Glairine . . . 0.094 Organic compounds < , . Total Gases. Oxygen Nitrogen Carbonic acid Total 1.183 3.047 Cubic in. 0.25 0.44 0.06 0.75 This spring claims our attention as being the only ther- mal water in New York, or the New-England States. The temperature — 73° Fahr. — is about the same as the old Sweet Springs of Virginia. The discharge fronfi the spring is large, being estimated at five hundred gallons per minute. Eleva- tion, one thousand feet above the level of the sea. The water is principally used for bathing. But a short distance from Lebanon Springs is the village of the Brick- Yard Shakers, where there is a chalybeate spring which Prof. Briggs reports as highly charged with iron. i2emarA?«.— Lebanon Springs have been a favorite resort since tlie earliest settlement. It is related that one of our Revokitionary fathers stopped at the spring to water his horse, •lad, while there, carelessly thrust the end of his freshly-cut i -t 312 MINERAL SPRINGS, ;i whip in the soft earth and rode away. Soon roots were formed, leaves appeared, and from that woodman's whip has grown the beautiful sycamore-tree that stands near the spring. The salubrity of the climate, and beauty of scenery, com- bine to make this an exceedingly attractive resort. The val- ley is enclosed by gently-receding hills, from the summits of which extended views may be had. From a point on Gilbert Hill sail-boats may be seen on the Hudson in clear weather, and far beyond the blue outlines of the Catskill Mountains. Pleasure-drives are numerous. The valley roads to Queechy Lake, or the Williamstown or Nassau road, are exceedingly attractive. But the road from Lebanon to ^ittsfield, over the Taghanic Mountains, is unsurpassed. From the summit there is a view of the entire country for sixty miles in every direc- tion. UU ; tl \ i PUEBLA HOT SPRING. LocatiODt — Humboldt County, Nevada. Access. . Hotel. . (Unimproved.) Analysis. . Remarks. — Fiom the ])roceedings of the California Acad- emy of Sciences I extract the following : " Dr. Blake made some remarks on the extent of the deposits that had been formed by the Hot Spring at Puebla, in Humboldt County, Nevada. He had caused specimens of the eaith to be taken at different depths, and from spots situated in different direc- tions and distances from the spring. The farthest spot at which these explorations had been made was at a distance of one hundred and fifteen yards from the spring, in a north- westerly direction, and here, to the depth of five feet, the earth contained a large number of diatoms of the same species as those obtained from the spring — in fact, a large portion of the soil was composed of diatoms, evidently formed in the water of the Hot Spring. From the earth obtained to the south of the spring few diatoms were found, and, in these, but two or three were of the same species as those growing in the il \ ii I THERMAL WATERS. 313 Hot Spring. The time in which a small surface like the out- let of the Puebla Hot Spring — about thirty yards long and two feet broad — would require to produce thousands of cubic yards of this infusorial earth, almost transcends the power of the imagination to conceive ; and yet this process can only have been going on during the present geological epoch, or since the surface of this portion of the globe has been subject to any disturbance." VOLCANO SPRINGS. Loration. — Lander County, Nevada. Access. — From Beowawe, a station on the Central Pacific Railroad, four hundred and seventeen miles east of Sacramento, ride miles south- east Analysis. . Remarks. — From a description by Colonel Albert S. Evans, in the Overland Monthly , February, 1869, 1 extract the follow- ing: " Across the valley, some six miles to the southward, half- way up the western slope of a hill, perhaps six hundred feet in height, we saw a long table-land of mesa, white upon the top, and with long ribbon-like streaks of blue and white run- ning down thence to the plain below. This had been desig- nated as the locality of the Volcano Springs, but, beyond the discolorations mentioned, there was nothing to attract the attention of a traveller, and one might pass the point a dozen times without being made aware of their existence. * There she blows,' exclaimed one of my companions after we had ridden on in sight of the place for some minutes. Looking up, I saw a long jet of white steam slioot far up into the air from the top of the mesa. Another and another ibllowed, and in a few minutes a dozen or more were rising from different parts of the hill-side, and one or two from the plain at its foot. Half an hour's gallop brought us to the foot of the hill. Some time before we reached it we heard a noise as of many steam- engines working away in some huge factory, and as we forced our horses up the steep acclivity over ground that resounded ■'•», ''lA ' \ ' 4k K- II ' IlihW: 314 MINERAL SPRINGS. ■f' < i .:i m beneath their tread, hollow and cavernous, we heard other pounds emanating from the deep bosom of the mountain. Dismounting, we hitched our panting, half-frighted horses to a huge honey-combed rock, and approached the opening in the earth from which the steam was escaping. The orifice might have been ten inches in diameter, and from it poured a stream of scalding water clear as crj'stal, while a column of steam rose forty or fifty feet into the air. The whole mesa appeared to be composed of lime, soda, and sulphur deposits, the grad- ual accretion of years, and was blistering with a fierce heat from the undying fires below. It was as if we were walking over the surface of a freshly-burned lime-kiln, on which ruin had just been falling. The orifice was round, and had the appearance of having been artificially lined with coarse porce- lain. It was higher than the hill around it, showing clearly that it was gradually rising steadily from below by the accu- mulation of its own deposits, as a brick chimney increases in height as brick after brick is added to it by the mason. A kind of basin several feet in width surrounded the orifice, and in this orifice were many curious lime-formations, some resem- bling coral, others round and polished, as if by the wheel of the lapidary ; others still polished on one side, and on the other presenting the appearance of a basket of wax-flowers. We went en to another and still larger spring. There was a low rumbling sound accompanying the action of the first. The second vvorked, exactly like a steam-pump, with a steady. regular stroke, the water being thrown out, not in a continu- ous stream, but in jets corresponding with the regular strokes of a piston. As we stood over it, we could hardly divest our- selves of the impression that we were standing above a well- regulated steam-engine in full operation, as, in fact, we were. We timed the pulsations with our watches, and counted just one hundred in a minute. From many small orifices, some not larger round than ont^'s finger, al! around us the steam was escaping, and the whole mesa seemed a mere crust perfo- rated like a cullender. We si;amped with our boot-heels on the crumbling shell, and broke it through in one place. Below THERMAL WATERS. 315 WG found a mass of soft, coarse, granulated matter, red, white, and yellow, resembling in appearance rice-pudding well mixed with red-wine sauce, blistering hot as 'f fresh from the oven, and emitting a nauseating odor, of vjiich a few sniffs were all-suflScient. We dug down into the mass with our hands, as long as we could stand the heat, and found it growing softer in proportion to its depth. " Passing on to the southward over a small divide, we saw a number of springs which had been running at intervals dur- ing the night, but were then inactive, long ribbons of ice run- ning out from them over the side of the mesa^ and down into the plain three hundred feet below, where all the water sinks and disappears. Others, projecting, in some cag ., three or four feet above the surface of the hill, appeared to have completely choked themselves up with their own deposits, and ceased to operate entirely, the water finding an escape elsewhere. "Looking southward along the height extending over half a mile of space, we saw dozens of these hot-water volca- noes, if we may be permitted the expression, in full operation, and an immense number of others quiet for the moment, but bearing evidence of being in working order. The largest of those quiet for the moment had an orifice as large as a sugar-hogshead, and was filled to the surface with clear, sparkling water. The sun was now well up in the heavens, and the air, especially where affected by the clouds of steam, warm enough to make the temptation to indulge in a tepid bath almost irresistible. The water in the basin, though not boiling, was not quite cold enough for bathing purposes, and we concluded to wander on a little farther and wait for it to cool. . . . Finding, at last, a shallow pool of water which had run down from a spring then quiet, we sat down, and stripping our heated feet gave them a soaking, while we waited for the cooling of that in the basin of the great spring above us, and looked around on the strange scene about us. . . . " While we were sitting with our feet in the tepid water, discussing the formation of the place, a low droning, moaning sound came up from the deep bosom of the hill, followed by a I : 1 '^'i " 1 316 MINERAL SPRINGS. sharp * Clap I clap I clap I ' as if a pair of giant-bands Imd been struck together three times with force ; then with a tre- mendous swash a torrent of scalding water flew into the air, scattering in a!) directions from the great spring in which we had just been proposing to bathe, and poured in a stream ten feet wide down the hill." DES CHT7TES HOT SFBINGS. Location.— Wasco County, Oregon. Access. . Uotel* • (Unimproved.) ANA.LT8I8. One pint contains (143° and 145° Fahr. L. M. Dombach and Prof. E. N. Horsford) : SOLISB. Carbonate of soda Chloride of potassium Chloride of sodium Chloride of magnesium Sulphate of soda Sulphate of lime . Silicate of soda Iron Total . Gab. Carbonic acid Grains. 4.312 0.260 2.662 0.152 1.183 0.228 1.025 trace. 9.702 Cubic in. 2.82 Properties. — This is a valuable muriated-alkaline thermal water, according to the analysis, of which there are few in Ibis country. Memarks. — These springs are described by G. J. S. Newber- ry, M. D., geologist of the U. S. Exploring Expedition, as fol- lows : " At different points along the valley of the Wam-Chuck River, hot springs issue from the base of the clilFs w4iicb bound it. The number of these springs is large, and two or three of them quite copious. They issue from fissures in the rock, the water flowing from them collecting in basins of several feet in diameter, thence flowing into the Wam-Chuck '■ ant-hands had len with a trc- !W into the air, jg in which we a a stream ten 1 and Prof. E. N. Orains. . 4.312 0.250 . 2.552 0.152 1.183 0.228 1.025 trace. 9.702 Cubic In. 2.82 'caline thermal are few in Ibis J. S. Newber- edition, as fol- e Wam-Chnck e clitfs w^hicb ^e, and two or fissures iu the in basins of 3 Wain-Chuck III n ■ ■/> i' > J I'd t'i 4 THERMAL WATERS. 317 River, and giving it its name. Tlie temperature of two of these springs was respectively 143° and 145° Fahr. Tlie water holds large quantities of silica in solution, but has a bland and pleasant taste." — {Government Explorations for Pitcijic Railroad^ vol. vi., p. 49.) I.' A A HOT SPRINGS. Location and Post-lifflce. — Hot Springs, Bath County, Virginia. Access* — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manaa.sas, and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroails, to Millboro, one hundred and ninety-six miles southwest (Millboro Hotel) ; or to Covington, two hundred and twenty-five miles southwest (McCurdy's Hotel). From Millboro, twenty miles by stage. From Covington, nineteen miles by stage. The latter route is preferable for invalids. From Riclimond, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, one hundred and seventy-six miles to Millboro, and two hundred and five miles to Covington. From the west, via Cincinnati and Ohio River, to Huntington, one hundred and sixly-five miles east ; thence, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Coviugton, two hundred and fo\irteen miles southeast. Hotel. — Hot SpringiB. ANALYSIS. One pint contains — Ladies' Boll,.r-Bath, 110° Fahr. Prof. Win. (iilham. I.ailloa' Sulphur- Bath, Wi' Fahr. Cul. Win. Gilham, Ocntlemen'j Ploat- ure-aah, 1%' Fahr. Col. Win. Gilham. Solids. CarboDiite of ma^csia Grains. 0.385 0.014 2.16S 0.200 0.015 0.1 6S 0.128 0.70T 0.217 0.218 Gn ill'. 0.3.J0 0.(H»8 2.055 0.021 0.017 0.228 0.126 0.633 0.2«3 0.171 Graina. 0.262 Carbon.ite of iron f orotoxide^ 0.010 Oarhon.tto of lime l.ls5 Ctiloriile of potassium ('hloride of sodium 0.020 0.016 Sulphate of potassa 0.071 Sulphate of soda 0.106 SuJDhate of mairncsia 0.133 Sulphate of lime 0.378 Silica 0.0S6 Total 4.170 8.877 2.257 Properties. — As will be seen by the analyses, these waters contain but a small proportion of mineral constituents, not sufficient to be considered an active agent in curing the mala- dies that are relieved by them. Their efficacy is doubtless due to elevated temperature. Every convenience has been arranged for utilizing the water in the form of baths. For reference, we insert a table giving the temperatures of the various baths and capacity. The first column gives the tera- i ' 5 1 ' i ' .-M THERMAL WATERS. 317 River, and giving it its name. The temperature of two of these springs was respectively 143° and 145° Fahr. The water hoWs large quantities of silica in solution, but has a bland and pleasant taste." — ( Government Explorations for Ricific Railroad^ vol. vi., p. 49.) HOT SPRINGS. Location and Post-Office. — Hot Springs, Bath County, Virginia. AeeesSi — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manas-sas, and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroads, to Millboro, one hundred and ninety-six miles southwest (Millboro Hotel) ; or to Covington, two hundred and twenty-five miles southwest (McCurdy's Hotel). From Millboro, twenty miles by stage. From Covington, nineteen miles by stage. The latter route is preferable for invalids. From Richmond, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, one hundred and seventy-six miles to Millboro, and two hundred and five miles to Covington. From the west, via Cincinnati and Ohio River, to Huntington, one hundred and sixty-five miles east ; thence, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Covington, two hundred and fourteen miles southeast. Oolel. — Hot Springs. ANALYSIS, One pint contains — Ladies' Boll,.r-B.ith, 110° Fahr. Prof. Wm. (iilham. I.a.lle«' Sulphur- Bath, 1012° Kahr. Col. Wm. Gilham. Gentlemen's Pleas- ure-Bath, 78° Fahr. Col. Win. Gilham. SoUDS. Carboniite of mapneaia Grains. 0,385 0.014 2.16S 0.200 0.015 0.16:^ 0.12S 0.707 0.217 0.218 Grains. 0.350 0.()(»8 2.055 0.021 0.017 0.228 0.12« 0.633 0.2(33 0.171 Grains. 0.2.^2 Carbon.ite of Iron (proto.xlde) 0.0 M) Carbonate of lime 1.1 s5 Cliloriile of potassium ( hlori Jo of sodium 0.020 0.016 Pulph.ite of potassa 0.071 Sulpliato of soda 0.106 Sulphate of magnesia 0.13.3 S iilphate of lime 0.878 Silica 0.086 Total 4.170 8.877 2.257 Properties. — As will be seen by the analyses, these waters contiiiu but a small proportion of mineral constituents, not sutriciont to be considered an a^itlve agent in curing the mala- Jios that are relieved by them. Their efficacy is doubtless due to elevated temperature. Every convenience has been arranged for utilizing the water in the form of baths. For reference, we insert a table giving the temperatures of the various baths and capacity. The first column gives the tem- liil iip'i "i m 318 MINERAL SPRINGS. perature as published in the pamphlet issued by the springs company ; the second column as found by myself in company with Prof. Cabell, on August 22, 1871 : TEMPERATURE AND CAPACITY OF BATHS. NAME OF BATH. Ladies' pleasure-bath Gentk^uen's pleasure-bath Ladies' boiler-baths (four pools) Gentlemen's boiler-baths (four pools) Ladies' sulphur-batb Gentlemen's sulphiu"-bath Ladies' hot spout-bath Gentlemen's not spout-bath Warm batlis (four) Optiif,'on Specitlc No. 5 (Mud-vat Mud-bath •< Warm pool I Cold poal II § 108° 162° i6s« 9-i' 100° 48- ^ V Cap«citj -5 ^ .* ^2 . ■^ • « 5 s ^ ^ si -a J ^ 1 s •3 1 '1* H 15 « 15 90' 70° 32 21 H 8 4 5 102i° to 103J° 8 4 5 , 20 16 5 9S° 16 16 5i 12 8 4i 1 106° 15 15 5 f) 5 3 9!tJ' 22 , , H l(l>.>r , , .. 97° , , , , . 100° 10 12 4 1'? 8* 5 • • 12 S 5 7.573 27,(46 l.l'JT 1,191 ll.!)(W I0.r)32 8.2:U 8.415 561 io,rx>o 1.047 5..<>(5 8,5'JO The spout and boiler baths are worthy of especial mention. The first consists of a large quadrangular room. On entering, you find yourself on a raised platform, surrounding a deep, cistern-like-looking vat, fifteen feet square and as many deep. From one side of the wall, on a level with the platform, the steaming water spouts out in a full stream, two inches in di- ameter, and falls in a graceful curve into the water below. The bather descends a pair of stairs into the water and places him- self under the descending stream, which, by change of his po- sition, may be made to fall on any part of the body. The temperature of the spout at the point of emergence varies from 106° to 108° Fahr., but some degrees of heat are lost in its fall, so that it is not quite that temperature when it strikes the body. The boiler-baths, eight in number, vary in temperature from 102° to 108° Fahr. They are eight feet by four, and five feet deep. For the convenience of infirm and crippled pa- THERMAL WATERS. 319 . by the springs lelf in company .'HS. Cap»city. «a ** s «• ^ •a M a ^ ■3 X ^ ■3 1 15 1 C5 15 T.rfVS 32 21 6* 27,W6 8 4 5 1,1»T 8 4 5 1,19? 20 16 S ll.!MW 16 16 5* l().r;i2 12 8 4i 3.W1 15 15 5 8.415 5 5 8 otil 22 • • 5* 10,rx)0 io "4 si i/iii 12 1'? 5 5..(M) 12 s 5 8,.V,I0 pecial mention. On entering, mding a deep, as many deep, e platform, the rv inches in di- ter below. The md places liiin- ange of his po- he body. The erijence varies eat are lost in when it strikes n temperature y four, and five d crippled pa- tients, two of each are arranged with chairs suspended by rope and pulley. The patient is placed in the chair, and then it is permitted gradually to descend into the hot water. At the end of the required time the chair is elevated and the person assisted in dressing, or he may recline for some time on a cot, close at hand, until rested and desirous of returning to the hotel. The mud-bath consists of a thick mixture of earth from the adjacent valley, wuth water from the springs at a temperature of about 100° Fahr. After having remained in this mixture for some time, the patient passes under a small spout-bath, in an adjoining compartment, and the mud is thus quickly removed. This bath is supposed to be of especial value in rheumatic af- fections and diseases of the skin. These waters are a most valuable therapeutic agent in the treatment of the following diseases : Chronic rheumatism^ (jout^ diseases of the liver, associated with congestion and eti- (jorgement, neuralgia^ contractiotis of joints (false anchjdosis), and secondary and tertiary syphilis which has proved rebellious to the usual modes of treatment. In cases of paralysis and paraplegia, unaccompanied by organic lesions and in which there is no inflammatory action, they have given favorable results. Concretions and enlargements of joints, the result of the rheumatic or gouty diathesis, are sometimes resolved under their use. In conversation with Prof. Cabell, of the University of Virginia, resident physician, he said he found cases of chronic rheumatism, accompanied with contractions of the joints, quite rebellious to treatment when the patients are ancemic ; but that, on the contrary, most marked beneiit is derived in ple- thoric cases. In gout of an adynamic type similar dilFiculty is met with. He also said he had treated several cases of seven and twenty-one day intermittent fever, that had j)roved rebellious to nine months' treatment at Charlottesville, Vir- ginia, a i)lace where intermittent fever is unknown as an en- demic disease. They were students at the university fiom southern climates. On coming to the Hot Springs the first Mk ^ till M* I ' lifl 320 MINERAL SPRINGS. eCFect of the baths was to change the fever into a tertian, which then very readily yielded to the usual medicines, associated with the baths, and permanent relief obtained. Remarks. — These springs are located in a most charming valley, at the summit of the mountains. Five miles distant are the Warm Springs. The Healing Springs are three miles away. On an elevated plateau, on the banks of wha': may be called the Hot Springs Creek, are the hotel buildings. The baths are in the valley. From the piazza of the hotel a beau- tiful mountain- view is had to' the northwest, through a niche in the ridge. The hotel is open through the entire year. The prevailing temperature is similar to that at the Heal- ing Springs, which see. ' i - ^ SALT LAKE HOT SPRINGS. Location and Post-Offlcc. — Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County, Utah. Hotels. — Walker's, Salt Lake, Revier. ANALYSIS. One pint Cv,ntains — Solids. Grains. Carbonate of lime and magnesia 0.44V Chloride of sodium • • • . 2.443 Chloride of magnesium • • • • 0.066 Chloride of calcium • • • . 0.566 Sulphate of soda • • • • 0.692 Peroxide of iron • • • • • • • . 0.021 Total 4.235 The above combinations have been arranged by J. G. Rogers, M. D., from an analysis in elements given by C. T. Jackson, M. D., of Boston. Properties. — This water belongs to the group of thermal sulphur-waters. Unlike the majority of warm waters, it con- tains a considerable proportion of mineral constituents. It is valuable in diseases of the skin, chronic rheumatism, etc. MemarJcs. — These springs are situated one mile north of the North Gate of the city, and supply the city baths. They are much resorted to by invalids. THERMAL WATERS. 321 tertian, which aes, associated [lost charming miles distant ire three miles ' wha': may be jildings. The 3 hotel a beau- rough a niche tire year, it at the Ileal- ounty, Utah. Grains. 0.447 , 2.443 0.066 . 0.566 0.692 , 0.021 4.235 ^ed by J. G. iven by C. T. ip of thermal (waters, it con- ituents. It is ism, etc. mile north of baths. They Two miles farther north another group of hot springs occur, of a "till higher temperature — 128° Fahr. They break forth at the base of a rock where the n>ountain rises from the plain. The waters flow into a lake near by, known as the Hot Springs Lake, three miles long and one mile wide. WARM. SFBINaS. Location and Post-OfBce.— Bath Court-House, Bath County, Virginia. iccess* — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad, and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, one hundred and ninety-six miles south- west, to Millboro Depot (Millboro Hotel) ; thence, fifteen miles by stage. From the wc ., via Cincinnati and the Ohio River, to Huntington, one hun- dred and sixty-five miles east ; thence, via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, two hundred and fourteen miles southeast, to Covington (McCurdy's Hotel); thence, by stage, twenty-two miles. Hotel. — Springs. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (96" to 98° Fahr. SOLIDB. Carbonate of lime Sulphate of lime Crenate of iron Silicates of magnesia and alumina A. H. Hayes, M. D.) : Grains. . 0.653 1.816 . 0.312 0.216 Total . Gasks. Carbonic acid Sulphuretted hydrogen ' Nitrogen * . 2.997 Cubic in. 1.80 0.04 0.41 Properties. — This water is limpid, has a slight styptic taste, some odor of sulphuretted hydrogen, and the temperature is 98° Fahr. The flow has been estimated at six thousand gal- lons per minute, forming a stream sufficient to move a mill. The temperature of these baths, as taken by myself, August 24, 1871, was as follows : Gentlemen's swimming-bath, 97.4° Fiihr. at the south steps, undoubtedly 98° Fahr. at the centre ; gentlemen's spout, 96.4° Fahr. ; temperature of ladies' baths about the same; drinking-fountain, 90.8 Fair. The large Bwimming-batL .1 forty feet in diameter, and contains forty- 15 ' From an analysis by another chemist. I I t ; s % ur h .^i] r: 'J d ■ '■. i L5.,'f; m ill 322 MINERAL SPRINGS. three thousand gallons of water. There are four other baths, of which two are spout-baths. The action of these waters is sedative in most instances. Immersion in the bath gives rise to a sense of voluptuous re- pose ; and, as the hand is passed over the body, the surface presents a velvet smoothness, as though anointed with some delicate ointment. On emerging from the bath this smooth- ness is still retained, and continues for twelve hours after. This bath may justly be compared to the " Bains des d6lices " of Molitg, France, or the Serpent Bath of Schlangenbad, Nas- sau, of which a Frenchman said, " One becomes absolutely in love with himself in this bath." The water has also been ap- propriately compared with those of Wildbad, near Stuttgart. The unctuous quality of this water, which is also possessed by the waters named, has not been made note of heretofore. It is very peculiar, the cause therefor not being known. This quality of certain waters has been variously ascribed, by Eu- ropean writers, to the presence of silicates, the monosulphuret of sodium, or an organic matter, the latter with most proba- bility. The duration of the bath should be from fifteen min- utes to half an hour. Many remain longer, but the last-named period is sufficient for securing all the remedial action of the water, and guards against too great relaxation. The diseases to which these waters are applicable are chronic and subacute rheumatism (in subacute cases prefera- ble), ffoutf neuralgia, congestive amenorrhcea and dysmenor- rhcea, and in nephritic and calctdous diseases, by its soothing eflfects. The spout-bath, arranged with an ascending douchf>, is especially useful in dysmenorrhoea of the type named. From analogy, we should expect these waters to prove useful in pso- riasis, lichen, pityriasis, and other squamous eruptions, but data are wanting. As a warm pleasure-bath these waters are un- surpassed, and will always be sought with especial favor by ladies. HematJcs. — The natural surroundings of these springs are exceedingly attractive. They lie in a beautiful valley at the summit of the Warm Springs Mountain. From the springs an THERMAL WATERS. 323 easy and most delightful road leads up to Flag Rock^ two thousand four hundred feet above the sea, a point in the moun- tain-crest which gives a far-extended view, over verdant hill and vale, of fifty or sixty miles in every du-ection. To the eastward, in the distance, is House Mountain, and the Blue Ridge reaching far away to the northeast. To the southward, the Peaks of Otter may be seen on a clear day. Far to the northwest and west are the Alleghanies ; while, looking down into the valley, we behold the hotel and outlying cottages, charmingly nestled amid the trees. On the road from Millboro to the springs the Hlowing Gave is passed. It was thus described by Thomas Jefferson : " It is in the side of a hill, is of about one hundred feet ill diameter, and emits constantly a current of air of such force as to keep the weeds prostrate to the distance of twenty yards before it. This current is strongest in dry, frosty weather, and, in long spells of rain, weakest." At the time I passed (August, 1871), the outward current was exceedingly strong, md of a coolness to render one chilly if he remained in it for any time. HEALINQ SPRINGS. > Location and Post-Offiee. — Healing Springs, Bath County, Virginia. Aecess. — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad, and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, two hundred and twenty-five railes south- west, to Covington (McCurdy's Hotel) ; thence, sixteen miles by stage, to the springs. From Richmond, two hundred and five miles by Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Covington. From the west, via Cincinnati and the Ohio River, to Huntington, one hundred and sixty-five miles east ; thence, via Chesa- peake and Ohio Railroad, two hundred and fourteen miles southeast, to Cov- ington. Hotel. — Healing Springs. Properties. — This water corresponds very nearly in t'3m- perature to the Schlangenbad of Nassau, though in chemical constituents and therapeutic value it differs. It has been well named, as it finds appropriate application to all ulcerated conditions, whether of the skin or mucous membrane. In ^ See Analysis, page 324. r :>■■:!■ f ( V^^^ t 'f '■ u ' 4'. ill i 824 MINERAL SPRINGS, ANALYSIS On* pint oonUlor— OM Spring. 85* Fabr. Prof. Wm. E. A. AlUn, M.D. New Spring. W Fahr. Prof. Wm. E. A. Aikin, M. D. Solids. Carbonate of nmg'nesia Grains. 0.156 0.009 2.233 0.029 0.034 0.276 0.906 0.022 0.165 0.029 trace, trace. 0.237 0.107 Grains. 0.246 Carbonate of Iron mi Carbonate of lime 2 340 Chloride of potassium 0.032 Chloride of sodium 0.036 S ulpbate of potassa 316 Sulphate of magnesia 1*24 Sulphate of Iron 0.013 Sulphate of lime IM Sulphate of ammonia 029 Io trace trace. 0.-W3 0.109 4.465 Cuhic in. 0.60 (I this class are almictj ozwna, s of secondary/ own as scrofu- and neuralgia. ! diarrhoea and I accompanied mucous mem- isite condition, [ouston, M. D., B attention to Richmond and 3: "TheHeal- lypnotic, seda- 3SS it be in ex- es no cathartic ids to produce 3ct tonic effect, rcely adequate 3ws its use is ative I mean a •t of the body ; a transformation which, by absorbing and eliminating the old tissues, creates a keen demand for the materials to supply the deficiency in the organism. The alterative effect is ^condary, the primitive being sedative and hypnotic. In orr'M.ary cases, the properly regulated use of the water is followed by a de- cided inclination to sleep. ... In general terms, it may be safely stated that benefit is not to be expected from the use of this water in disease of whatever kind attended by relaxed fibre and impaired sensibility, unless these have been caused by morbid deposits ; and that it may be recommended with confidence for all curable chronic diseases accompanied or not by constitutional irritation, nd attended by local hyperaemia and exalted or perverted sensib.ii.. ' y." In these springs there is a confervoid growth, no doubt depending on the presence of soluble organic matter for its development. It is a pnft, green, silken moss, about an inch to two inches in length, .id found clinging to the walls of the reservoirs, pools, and baths. It is formed with much rapidity, for, if all the moss be removed from a surface on the wall of the reservoir, on the next day it will be found to have been reproduced. This moss is used in the form of an epithem as a dressing for ulcerated surfaces, having been previously satu- rated with the spring's water. It acts as an irritant, retaining the water in contact with the diseased surface, and probably containing some of the active ingredients of the water within its structure, by which it cleanses the ulcer. Persons using the moss should distinguish between it and the large and coarse growth which forms in great abundance in the reser- voir. The external use of the water in most cases should be combined with the internal, and for this purpose there are swimming-baths, private baths, and facilities for heating the water to any required temperature, though the natural tem- perature of the swimming-baths — 80° to 84° Fahr.— is best adapted to the majority of cases. Eemarks. — These springs are situated in the valley run- ning along the summit of the Warm Springs Mountain, six- ! ■ !* ? ' \ , I " _2 ii -M S26 MINERAL SPRINGS. teen miles from Covington by stage. The road up the mountain presents exceedingly fine views of the valley of Jackson's River, while within a few miles of the springs is the beautiful cataract of the Fall'mg Springs, a sheet of wa- ter one hundred yards in breadth, which is precipitated over a perpendicular cliflF to the depth of one hundred and fiffy feet. A short walk from the springs are the Cascades, well worth a visit. The following table gives the averages of temperature at these springs for the years and months named. It will apply almost equally well to the climate of the Hot Springs and Warm Springs on the same mountain : * ATERAGEg OF TEMPERATURE AT HEALINQ SPRINGS. 18C8. 6 a.m. 12 m. 6 p.m. 10 p. M. 11 p. M. July, . 68.2° F. 81.7° F. 74.8° F. 69. rF. 66.8° F. August, . 64.5 75.9 67.9 • • • • 62.8 September, . 57.6 79.4 60.7 • • • • 57.2 October, to 8th, 54.5 65.3 55.3 • • • • 5.27 1870. July, 66.2 81.6 • • t • 69.1 • • • • August, 62.7 79.2 • • • • 66.8 • • • • September, 55. 73.9 • • * • 60.7 • • • • October, to 8th, 50.7 68.9 • • * • 44. • • • • 1871. June, from 19th, 63,2 79. • • • • 66.2 • • • • July, 61. 77.7 • • • • 64.8 • • • • August, to 21st, 63.3 83. • • • • 68.6 • • • • Oa October 8, 1870 there was frost. Ou October 20, 1868, there waa snow. These observations were taken with an ordinary thermom- eter ; nevertheless they answer a good purpose till more accu- rate observations are made. ( AMEBIOAN QEYSEBS. Location. — Wyoming Territory. Access. — The nearest approach to this region is by the way of the North- em Pacific Railroad. THERMAL WATERS. 327 1868, there was ij of the North- In this distant and almost inaccessible country a series of geysers have lately been discovered which, according to descrip- tions, surpass any in the world. Although frequently seen by trappers, their tales were regarded as the idle extravagances in which that class so frequently indulge. In the autumn of 1870, however, an exploring party of adventurous gentlemen, under General H. D. Washburn, ventured into the unknown region, and there found some of the most wonderful natural phenomena. They saw a water-fall, in one continuous, com- pact, glistening sheet, one hundred and fifty feet broad and thi'ee hundred and fifty feet in descent, by actual measure- ment. They passed — amid volcanoes and boiling-springs of colored waters — places where the earth was hot under foot, and shook under the tread. But, most wonderful of all were the geysers. From a report of the expedition, in Scribner'a Monthly^ we extract the following : " Our search for new wonders leading us across the Fire- Hole River, we ascended a gentle incrusted slope, and came suddenly upon a large oval aperture with scalloped edges, the diameters of which were eighteen and twenty-five feet, the sides corrugated and covered with a grayish-white silicious deposit, which was distinctl}'^ visible at the depth of one hun- dred feet below the surface. No water could be discovered, but we could distinctly hear it gurgling and boiling at a gre4t distance below. Suddenly it began to rise, boiling and splut- tering, and sending out huge masses of steam, causing a gen- eral stampede of our company, driving us some distance from our point of observation. When within about forty feet of the surface it became stationary, and we returned to look down upon it. It was foaming and surging at a terrible rate, occa- sionally emitting small jets of hot water nearly to the mouth of the orifice. All at once it seemed seized with a fearful spasm, and rose with incredible rapidity, hardly affording us time to flee to a safe distance, when it burst from the orifice with terrific momentum, rising in a column the full size of this iii; I I ; ■t_ 1 I |ii|l|:i| 828 MINERAL SPRINGS. immense aperture to the height of sixty feet ; and through and o"t of the apex of this vast aqueous mass, five or six lesser jets or round columns of water, varying in size from six to fifteen inches in diameter, were projected to the marvellous height of two hundred and fifty feet. These lesser jets, so much higher than the main column, and shooting through it, doubtless proceed from auxiliary pipes leading into the prin- cipal orifice near the bottom, where the explosive force is greater. If the theory that water by constant boiling becomes explosive when freed from air be true, this theory rationally accounts for all irregularities in the eruptions of the geysers. " This grand eruption continued for twenty minutes, and was the most magnificent sight we ever witnessed. We were standing on the side of the geyser nearest the sun, the gleams of which filled the sparkling column of water and spray with myriads of rainbows, whose arches were constantly changing — dipping and fluttering hither and thither, and disappearing only to be succeeded by others, again and again, amid the aqueous column, while the minute globules into which the spent jets were difi"uscd when falling sparkled like a shower of diamonds, and around every shadow which the denser clouds of vapor, interrupting the sun's rays, cast upon the column, could be seen a luminous circle radiant with all the colors of the prism, and resembling the halo of glory repre- sented in paintings as encircling the head of Divinity. All that we had previously witnessed seemed tame in comparison with the perfect grandeur and beauty of this display. Two of these wonderful eruptions occurred during the twenty-two hours we remained in the valley. This geyser we named * The Giantess.' " A hundred yards distant from ' The Giantess ' was a sili- cious cone, very symmetrical but slightly corrugated upon its exterior surface, three feet in heiglit and five feet in diameter at its base, and having an oval orifice twenty-four by thirty-six and one-half inches in diameter, with scalloped edges. Not one of our company supposed that it was a geyser ; and among 80 many wonders it had almost escaped notice. While we THERMAL WATERS. 329 were at breakfast upon the morning of our departure a col- umn of water, entirely filling the crater, shot from it, which, by actual triangular measurement, we found to be two hun- dred and nineteen feet in height. The stream did not deflect more than four or five degrees from a vertical line, and the eruption lasted eighteen minutes. We named it * The Bee- hive.' " Five other geysers were observed by the exploring party, which were variously named according to the degree of activ- ity, the shape of the column of water, or die form of the sili- cious deposit about the orifice. " Old Faithful " was the first geyser observed by the party, and was so named from its continuous activity, not having in- termitted more than an hour during their stay, and spouting for fifteen or twenty minutes each time. The crater is five feet by three, and elevated five or six feet above the surround- ing earth. The column of water was eighty or ninety feet high. " The Fan " was named from the fan-shaped column of water which it throws out. The height of the stream was about sixty feet, and it continued in action from ten to twenty minutes. " The Grotto " received its name from the form of the cra- ter, which is about ten feet high, and twenty feet through the base, with several large openings. Connected with this, by a ridge of incrustations, was a smaller mound, about five feet high. Through one of the side-openings one of the party crawled to the discharging orifice — about four feet in diameter — from which, a few hours afterward, a column of boiling- water shot to the height of sixty feet. The discharge con- tinued for half an hour. " The Castle " is situated on the summit of an incrusted mound, and has a turret-shaped crater, with an orifice about three feet in diameter. The water issues '"'^om this geyser to a height of about fifty feet. " The Giant " has a rugged crater ten loet in diameter on the outside, with an irregular orifice five or six feet in diara- ffi :m f 1 1 • ■ I 'I ill i ■ lii m ' I ''i li f1 I fl.ll l!l 330 MINERAL SPRINGS. eter. It resembles a miniature model of the Coliseum. The column of water, which shot upward from it, was five feet in diameter and one hundred and forty-five feet in height. It continued to flow for nearly three hours. The party did not analyze the waters. The sinter was both carboniferous and silicious, the latter characteristic predomi- nating ; and we may with confidence conclude that the waters contain considerable silica in solution. The springs observed in this region, which resembled boil- ing mud, deposited a sediment of various colors — some white, some delicate lavender, and others of a brilliant pink. An analysis of specimens of this sediment, by Prof. Augustus Steitz, gave the following result : ANALYSIS. Solids. Wliile S€illment. Per cent. Lavender Sediment. Per cent. Pink Sediment. Per cent. Silica 42.2 88.4 17.8 6.6 • • • • • • • • • • • • 23.2 '4.2 58!6 8.2 0.6 • • ■ • 5.2 82.6 Miif^esla Liino 8.3 Alkalies Alumina 62 4 Boracic acid Oxide of iron Scda and potassa Water and loss 4.2 2.5 Total , 100.0 100.0 100.0 Other Thermal Waters. — Alameda Springs, Cal., p. 383. Chalk Creek Springs, Col., p. 413. Gastein, Austria, p. 369. Las Vegas, N. M., p. 426. Liberty Springs, Col., p. 427. Ojo Caliente, N. M., p. 436. Pagosa Springs, Cal., p, 438. Paraiso Springs, Cal., p. 439. Plorabiferes, Fraucc, p. 309. Schlangenbad, Germany, p. 3G9. Tuplitz, Bohemia, p. 369. Warm Springs, Oregon, p. 458, .!' ,~ fdi; I! CHAPTER XVII. UNCLASSIFIED WATERS. AJLABASTEB CAV£ SPBINQ. Location. — El Dorado County, California. Access. — Go to Folsom, a station on the Sacramento Valley Railroad, twenty miles east from Sacramento ; thence by stage, ten miles. Hotel. — Cave Hotel. Analysis. — None. Hemarks. — ^This spring is in a cave, known as Alabaster Cave. The cave was discovered in 1800, by William Gwynn, whose workmen were engaged in quarrying stone near by. It is not large, but is said to be even more beautiful than Mam- moth Cave. Mr. Gwynn says : " On our first entrance we de- scended about fifteen feet to the centre of the room, which is about one hundred by thirty feet. At the north end there is a magnificent pulpit in the Episcopal Church style. It is com- pleted by beautiful drapery of alabaster stalactites of all colors, varying from white to pink-red, which overhang the beholder, immediately under the pulpit is a lake of water, extending an unknown distance. On arriving at the centre of the first room we saw another still more splendid, two hundred by thirty feet, with the most beautiful alabaster overhanging us in every pos- sible shape." There are several apartments, known respec- tively as Crystal Chapel, Dungeon of Enchantment, Julia Bovver, and Picture Gallery. "Within this cave is a spring^ which, according to S. Powers, Esq., is " literally freezing over with alabaster ice, about as thick as window-glass." He says : " I put my hand under it, m ii! ii Ii i| Jl Ml 332 MINERAL SPRINGS. and found it of the same thickness all over, and graining on the edges with particles not yet attached." Visitors so wishing, may have the entire cave illuminated, thus adding to the beauty of the scene. SUMMIT SODA SPRINQS. Locatiou. — Alpine County, California. Access* — From San Francisco to Summit Station, on the Central Pacific Railroad, two hundred and forty-three miles east ; thence by private convey- ance. Dotelt — Summit Hotel, at the station. Analysis. — None. The water is said to possess a chalybe- ate taste, and precipitate a red deposit. It is highly charged with gas, supposed to be carbonic acid. [See Appendix.) liemarJcs, — ^Tliis is an exceedingly desirable resort for those who wish to breathe mountain-air, obtain a large amount of exercise, and enjoy camp-life. Summit Station is seven thou- sand and forty feet above the sea, and the surrovmding moun- tain-tops attain a height of fifteen thousand and eighty-six feet. At the Summit Hotel horses are pr 3ured, and a delight- ful ride of some miles awaits the trav. er. The road winds through dense forests of pines, cedars, firs, and tamarack ; gay- colored wild-flowers deck the earth in profusion, while the openings in the wood disclose magnificent views of valleys and mountain-peaks. Near the springs is abundance of sport ; grouse, quail, ground-hogs, badger, and deer, are plenty, and easily secured. A correspondent s'tates that $100 or $150 would pay the entire expense of a party of three or four, for two or even four weeks. TUSCAN SPRINGS. Loratioiit — Tehama County, California. Access. — From Sacramento, via Oregon Division Central Pacific Riiilioad, north to Teliama, six hours ; thence by stage. Hotel. . Analysis. — No quantitative analysis has been made. Remarks, — " Tlie waters of the Tuscan Springs have con- UNCLASSIFIED WATERS. 333 siderable repute for their medicinal qualities, especially in the cure of rheumatic and syphilitic diseases. The temperature (October, 18G2) was 76° Fahr. They contain common salt, carbonate of soda, borate of soda, salts of lime, and evolve some sulphuretted hydrogen and a large quantity of carbu- retted hydrogen, which is collected, partially purified, and burned for heating the water under the steam-baths." ' VICHY SPRINGS. Location and Post-OfDce. — New Almaden, Santa Clara County, California. Access. — From San Francisco, forty-seven miles south, to Sac Joso; thence twelve miles by stage. Hotel. — Vichy Springs. Analysis. — {See Appendix.) BARTLETT SPRINGS. Location. — Colusa County, California. Access. — Go to Lakeport, Lake County ; thence, by mountain-road, over a range several thousand feet high. Hotel. . Analysis. . Remarhe. — These springs first became known during the summer of 1871, and were one of the California sensations. Thousands underwent the fatiguing journey across the moun- tain in search of this new-found spring, which, like that which Do Leon sought, was to restore them to youth and vigor. The rush thither shows there are numbers in every community ready for a Quixotic chase after the fountain of eternal youth. Pacific Railroad, ADAMS SPRINGS. Location and Post-Offlce. — Adams Springs, Lake County, California. Access. — From Calistoga or Lower Lake. Hotel. . Analysis. — None. {See Appendix.) Remarks. — These springs were located in 1871. They are situated about two miles from Cobb Valley, between the Gey- ' " Geological Survey of Cttlifornia," vol. 1., p. 208, ii A L 334 MIvt^iiAi.. bPP,:ifGa scrs and Seiglcr's. The valor is said to resemble that of the Vichy Springs, Santa Clara County. NAPA SODA SPBINQS. Location. — Napa Couaty, California. Access. — From San Francisco, by steamer, to Vallejo ; thence, by Napa Valley Railroad, to Napa City ; thence by stage. Hotel. — Napa Springs. Analysis. — None. ( See Appendix.) MemarJcs, — These waters a^o bottled, and consumed in the State in considerable quantities. HABBINES SPKINGS. Location. — Lake County, California. Access. — From San Francisco, by Napa Valley Railroad, to Calistoga; thence by stage. Hotel* — Harbines Springs. Analysis. — None. {See Appendix.) SAN BATAEL SPRINGS. Location and Post-Office* — San Kafael Springs, Marin County, California. Access. — From San Francisco across the bay by steamboat. Hotel. — San llafael Springs. Ana lysis. — None. CRYSTAL SPBINaS. Location. — San Mateo County, California. Access* — Go to San Mateo, a station on the San Jos6 branch of the Cen- tral Pacific Railroad, about twenty miles south of San Francisco ; thence by stage. Hotel. — Crystal Springs. Analysis. — None. ST. LEON SPRINGS. Location. — St. Leon, Three Rivers, Quebec, Canada. Access. — By steamer, on tho St. Lawrence, to Three Rivera; thence, twenty-six miles, by stage. Hot«l — —. lysis.- ble that of the thence, by Napa )nsumed in the UNCLASSIFIED WATi:;i3. ^^r* ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPBINOS. Location. — Boulder County, Colorado. Post-OflBce. — Jamestown, Boulder County, Colorado. Aceess. — From Denver to Boulder City, eighty-nine mile. ;y railroad •, thence twelve miles to the springs. HotelSt — Mountain House, Seltzer. Analysis. — A quantitative analysis states that the waters contain carbonate of soda, carbonate of magnesia, carbonate of iron, and free carbonic-acid gas. Remarks. — These springs are located two miles from Jamestown, amid the mountains, at an elevation of six thou- sand five hundred feet above the sea. )ad, to Calistoga; VABENNES SPRINGS. Location and Post-OflBce. — ^Varenncs, Verchbrea County, Quebec, Canada. Access. — By steamboat, from Montreal down the St. Lawrence, fifteen miles. Or by the Montreal and Sorel division of the Southeastern Rail- way. Hotel. — Varennes Mineral Springs. Analysis, — None. ORANOE SPRING. Location and Post-Ofidce. — Orange Spring, M^ Jo- )ouc«\, Florida. AccesSt — Go by coast steamers to Pilatka, on tL i. John's River ; thence, by steamboat on Thursdays and Saturd: ys, about {,• ent/-.^7« miles south. Or go to Jacksonville, Florida ; thence about sixty aJes jouth, by boat, to Pilatka. Dote!. — Ocklawaha House. Analysis. — None. ti»;' I*! Rivers ; thence, BERKSHIRE SODA CPRT?a-G. Location. — Berkshire County, Massachusetts. Post-Offlee.— Great Barrington, Berkshire County, Marisachusetts. Access. — From Great Barrington, a station on the Htmsatonic Railroad, two and a half miles by carriage or stage. Hotel. — Soda Springs House. - lalysis, — No quan 'tativo analysis. Said to 'contain chlo- rine, . arbonic acid, soda, and alumina. i.r N I M 3 i ■ • 1! « I i 336 MINERAL SPRINGS. Remarks. — These waters have been highly praised in dar- trous eruptions. The hotel is situated amid the mountains and hills of Berk- Bhire — so celebrated for their quiet beauty. BETHESDA SFBINGS. Location. — Lumpkin County, Georgia. Post-Office. — Dahloneg.a, Lumpkin County, Georgia. Access. — Go to Atlanta ; thence, via Atlanta & Richmond Airline Rail-way, fifty-three miles to Gainesville ; thence tweaty-niue miles, by stage, to the springs. Hotel. — Bethesda Ilotel. Analysis. — None. Hemarks. — These springs, three in number, arise at the base of a spur of Cedar Mountain. The town of Dahloncga is nine miles distant. TOQUS SPRINQS. Location. — Kennebec County, Maine. PO: ' ^Office. — National Asylum, Kennebec County, Maine. Access. — By Rockland stage, from Augusta ; distance, five miles. Uotcls. — None. These springs — at one time quite a resort — were purcl ascd by the Board of Managers of the National Asylum for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers. The place is now known as the Eastern Branch ot the National Asylum. ¥\\ < • i 1 \\{ A «•« FLINT'S SPRINGS. Location and Post-Offlce. — Three Rivers, St. Joseph County, Michigan. Access. — Go to White Pigeon, a station on the Lake Shore & Michif;an Southern Railroad, one hundred and twenty miles east of Chicago ; t]i(;m;o, twelve miles north by railroad, to Three Rivers. Hotels. — Hatch, Three Rivers. Analysis. — None has been made. Hemarks. — The town is pleasantly situated at the conflu- ence of the St. Joseph, Rocky, and Portage Rivers. The pop- ulation is over three thousand. There are good accommoda- tions for bathing. praised in dar- 1 hills of Berk- Airline Rail-way, i, by atage, to tlie p arise at the ■ Dahloncffa 's vc miles. ere purcl ascd n for Disabled 3 the Eastern ity, Michigan, ore & Miohigiin hicago ; thonco, it the conflu- s. The pop- accornmoda- ITA^CLASSIFIED WATERS. LATONIA SPBINaS. 337 Location and Post-Offlee. — Latonia Springs, Kenton County, Kentucky. Access. — From Covington, Kentucky, opposite Cincinnati, four miles south by carriage. Uotel. — Latonia Springs. Analysis. — None has been made. The mineral ingredients ore in feeble proportion. GRAND LEDQE WEIXS. Location and Post-OfBce. — Grand Ledge, Eaton County, Michigan. Access. — Grand Ledge is a station on the Detroit, Lansing k Lake Mich- igan Railroad, ninety-nine miles west of Detroit. Hotel. . Atialyfiis. — None has been made. Remarks. — Grand Ledge is a town on the Grand River. The population is about one thousand. There are two wells here, and a bath-house. BIBCH-DALE SPBINaS. Location and Post-Offlce. — Concord, Merrimac County, New Hampshire. Access. — The springs are nearly four miles from the State-house. Hotel. — Birch-Dale Springs. Analysis. — Extracts from an analysis by C. T. Jackson, M D., of Boston, show these waters to contain salts of lime, sodium, phosphates, silicates, crenates, and a portion of iron and organic matter. The result as published, however, does not give the amount of each salt, and it is not possible to as- sign the water a place in the proper classification. There are four springs, named the Concord, Merrimac, Granite, and Penucook. {See Appendix.) ABENAQTJIS SPRINGS. Location. — Walpole, Cheshire County, New Hanipsliire, Post-Offlce.— Bellows Falls, Vermont. Access. — From Boston, go to Bellows Falls, via Fitchburg Railroad and riiesliire Railroad, one hundred and twelve miles northwest ; thence, by car- riage, to the springs. Hotel. — Fall Mountain. A n alysis. — None. I : t ill ', 1 m 338 LHKERAL SPRINGS. Hemarks. — The springs are located at the base of Full Mountain. From the hotel, there is a path to Table Rock, on the summit of the Mountain, from which there is an extended view of the valley of the Connecticut. AMHIiaST SPMNQS. Location. — Amherst, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire. Access. — From Boston, via Boston, Lowell & Nashua Railroad, forty-eight miles north, to Amherst. Hotel. — Amherst Spring. Analys is. — None. BBADFOKB SFKINQS. Location. — Merrimac County, New Hampshire. Post-Office. — Bradford, Merrimac County, New Hampshire. Access. — From Concord, New Hampshire, via Concord & Claremont Rail road, to Bradford, twenty-seven miles west; thence, by stage, to the sprinj^s. Hotel. — Bradford Springs. Analysis. — None. VAIiLONIA SPBINQS. Location and Post-Office. — ^Vallonia Springs, Broome County, New York. Access. — From Albany, via Albany & Susquehanna Railroad, to Afton, one hundred and fourteen miles southwest ; thence by stage. Hotel. — Spring House. Analysis. . Remarks. — Tliis is a pleasant, quiet resort, surrounded by wild and romantic scenery, and affording fine opportunity for hunting and fishing. PIEDMONT SPBINaS. Location. — Grimes County, Texas. Post-Office. — Millican, Brazos County, Texas. Access. — Go to Houston ; thence, via Houston & Texas Central Railroad, eighty miles northwest, to Millican ; thence, aix and a half miles, by stage, to the springs. Hotel. — Piedmont Hotel. Analysis. . UNCLASSIFIED WATERS. 3.39 base of Fall an extended EliQIN SPBJNOt. liOration. — Addison County, Vermont. Post-Office. — Vorgonnes, Addison County, Vermont. Access. — Vcrgennes is a station on the Rutland Division of the Vermont Central Railroad, ninety-nine miles northwest of Bellows Falls. Hotel. . Analysis.- CAPPEBS SPBINaS. Location. — Frederick County, Virginia. Access. — From Baltimore to Harper's Ferry, eighty-one miles west ; thence, via Winchester Branch, to Winchester, thirty-two miles ; thence, seventeen miles west, to springs. Hotel. — Cappers Springs. Analysis, . ■ BLTJE BIDGE SPRINGS. Location. — Botetourt County, Virginia. Access. — P'rom the line of the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad. Hotel. — Blue Ridge. Analysis. — No accurate quantitative analysis has been made. They are said to closely resemble the Alleghany Springs of Virginia. {^See Appendix.) Remarks. — These springs are situated near the summit of the Blue Ridge, at an elevation of thirteen hundred feet above the level of the sea. PABEEBSBTJRa KEINERAIi WELLS. Location and Post-OlHcc. — Mineral Wells, Wood County, West Virginia. Access. — Go to Parkersburg, a terminus of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, on the Ohio River, either by Baltimore & Ohio Railroad or Marietta & Cin- cinnati Railroad ; thence six and a half miles by stage. Hotel.— Parshall's. Analysis. — A very imperfect analysis shows this water to contain, as the principal constituents, sulphate of magnesia, sulphate of soda, with some iron. The water is also charged with carbonic-acid gas, according to the analysis. Tempera- ture, 46° Fahr. The water is agreeable to the taste. J 1 '•ii P I li m I h III 340 MINERAL SPRINGS. Memarks. — The wells are very pleasantly located on high, dry, and rolling land, on the margin of a beautiful valley, through which runs Tygart's Creek. The surrounding country a£Pords the sportsman many opportunities for recreation. ORKNEY SPRINGS. Lucatlon and Post-Offlcet — Orkney Springs, Shenandoah County, Virginia. AcMSSt — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad, to Mount Jackson, one hundred and twelve miles; thence, t\\olve miles west, by stage. Ilote'w — Orkney Springs. Analysis, — {See Appendix.) SHANNONDAIiE SPRINGS. Location. — Jefferson County, West Virginia. AecesSt — From Baltimore, via Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and Winchester & Strasburg Branch, to Charlestown, ninety-one miles west ; thence five and a half miles. Hotel. Analysis. — An examination of one hundred grains of the solid contents, by Dr. De Butts, of Baltimore, sho" 3d these waters to be similar in composition to the Alleghany Springs, though it is impossible to say whether the substances exist in the same degree of concentration. ^(111 Jounty, Virpinia. naesas Railroai], olve miles west, «t EUEOPEAl^^J" SPAS. CHAPTER XVlil. AliKALINE WATERS. VIehy. — Fraaco, department of Allier, one hundred and sixteen railea goutli of Paris. EmSt — Germany, duchy of Nassau, three and tliree-quarter miles cast of Coblontz. Fachingen« — Germany, duchy of Nassau. ANALYSIS. Ono pint contains— VICHY.* Grande Grille. 105.8° Fahr. Bouquet. FACniNGKH. 60° Ffthr. Freientu). Keisellirunnen. 115° I'ahr. Fre^enlus. Solids. Carbonate of p' 'tassa Graina. 2.04 26.00 1.88 0.02 trace. 2.31 6!6i i.ib • • ■ • 2!29 0.78 • ■ • • trace. 0.01 0.05 Gruini. 19!47fi3 1.35>0 O.OSOl 2!6iio 0.0004 0.0007 4. '5574 0.0034 0!i872 0.050G 0.0003 0.0004 0.0002 0.2010 0.0027 Grains. Carbonate of soda , Carbonate of magnesia 10.Ri79 o.wio Carbonate of iron 0.0202 Carbonate of manganese 0.0085 < arbonatc of lime 1.2591 < 'arbouate of lithla ( arbonato of strontia j- 0.0030 7.7T06 Carbonate of baryta Cliloride of sodium Chloride of calcium Sulphate of potassa 0.3937 Sulphate of soda. 0.0061 Phosphate of soda Phosphate of alumina 0.0096 Phosphate of lime Phosphate of lithia Phosphate of silica Fhioride of calcium Borate of soda .... Arseniato of soda Bilica 0.8648 Total 38.99 Cubic in. 14.74 27.9397 Cubic In. 82.975 0.025 21.2194 Oa9K8. Carbonic acid Cubic la. 6.783 Nitrogen See Appeudii. ^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I mm ■ 22 m \\M ilMllll^ -^ 6" » '/] ■^ w /A '/ '/ Hiotographic Sdences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WEBSTM.N.Y. MStO (716)S7}.4S03 4^ o A -! !!: > ^>; 342 MINERAL SPRINGS. Vichy. — ^This is probably the best known of all mineral waters, the fame of its baths and its cures having penetrated to every portion of the globe. Its essential power consists in the unusual combination of a high degree of thermality, with an exceedingly large amount of alkali, and sufficient carbonic- acid gas to render it palatable. The springs — of which there are nine in use — are not all of the same temperature. They range from 53° to 110° Fahr. In the analysis given the bi- carbonates are reduced to carbonates. The original analysis shows thirty-seven and a half grains of bicarbonate of soda in each pint of water, and the total solids amount to fifty-four grains, nearly one drachm. In chemical constitution the dif- ferent sources vary but little. The action of the Vichy waters varies with the individual. In many cases they are diuretic, while some persons are al- ways purged while using them. Perspiration if absent is usually developed, but seldom excited in a high degree. One fact, however, is well established, that, in the medical admin- istration of these waters, their efficacy in no wise depends on the production of their physiological eft'ects. Like all alkaline waters, they render the urine alkaline. This water is especially applicable to dyspepsia — simple dyspepsia — characterized by laborious digestion, by disgust of food, by vertigo, acidity, and constipation. Tu dyspepsias ac- companied by catarrh, or in gastralgia, other waters prove more efficacious. Diseases of the liver are most satisfactorily influenced by these waters, the bile is liquefied, and flows more freely, and biliary calculi (gall-stones) are discharged without pain. In the case of gall-stones, one or two seasons at the waters frequently correct the morbid conditions that produce them, so that the patient is free from attacks for years. In regular gout, presenting in pl.^thorio subjects, these waters have achieved a world-wide reputation. The treatment of this disease, however, by these waters, requires close circumspec- tion, lest the regular form of the disease be converted into ir* regular or metastatic gout. These waters have long constituted one of the admitted EUROPEAN SPAS. 343 1 if absent is the admitted remedies in diabetes^ and the combination of thermal baths found there favors the action of the waters in a marked de- gree. Under the use of Vichy waters all trace of sugar some- times disappears from the urine, the appetite and strength are restored, sleep becomes natural, thirst diminishes, and consti- pation ceases. In this way life is frequently prolonged for years. The water and baths have also proved of exceeding value in that grave condition known as paludal cachexia, re- sulting from prolonged exposure to miasma. The Vichy bath is usually formed one-half of mineral wa- ter and one-half of ordinary water, this combination proving, according to Durand-Fardel, superior to the mineral water alone. Of private baths there are three hundred, so that from two thousand five hundred to three thousand baths per day may be given. The surroundings of Vichy are thus described by Constan- tin James : " Those who arrive at Vichy to-<3ay (1869) — hav- ing not seen the place for ten years — feel the same surprise that those do who visit Paris after having been absent for an equal time. Old Vichy is lost in the midst of beautiful villas and splendid hotels, which surround it on every side. And there, where the river Allier overflowed its banks and depos- ited insalubrious soil, has appeared a delightful park, with its sanded walks, verdant shade, and magnificent lake. And the assembly halls, yesterday so humble and so modest, are re- placed to-day by a casino which rivals, if it does not surpass, the most beautiful in Germany." The popularity of Vichy is attested by the fact that twen- ty-three thousand persons visited the resort in 1868. Ems. — The waters of Ems are limpid, soft, and unctuous to the touch. They deposit large quantities of solid incrus- tations, and a brown-and-green confervoid growth forms in the reservoirs. • As many as twenty-one springs have been counted at Ems. When these waters are taken in moderate quantity they cause an increased urinary secretion, and augment perspira- tion. The urine becomes promptly alkaline. Thpy tend, as ■1' i^ 344 MINERAL SPRINGS. a rule, to cause constipation. If taken in considerable quan- tity they readily produce gastro-intestinal irritation, a result which is to be guarded against. The Ems water is especially adapted, according to Spon- gier, to the treatment of all chronic catarrhal affections. In this class we have chronic bronchitis, of the form accompanied by exacerbations of the cough morning and night. Cases of this kind are cured by this water. If the water alone proves too exciting, it is usual to mix it with milk or whey In those cases of bronchitis accompanying gout. Ems is the best resort. Granular pharyngitis, or clergyman's sore-throat as it is often called, is peculiarly influenced in a favorable manner by this water. For the treatment of this condition it is usual to mix the water with whey, and also to apply the gas from the springs — carbonic acid and nitrogen — directly to the diseased surfaces by means of tubes. In catarrh of the stomach, and also catarrh of the hepatic ducts, the water is exceedingly serviceable. Chronic catarrh of the bladder, accompanied by renal calculi, or gravel, is equally subject to favorable action. These waters have a well-established reputation in uterine catarrh. For this purpose the internal use of the water is combined with the ascending douche. The arrangements for the use of the douche, in this disease, are of the most perfect kind. Althaus thus describes the condition of the uterus in which the waters are especially successful : " The vaginal por- tion, and the cervix uteri, are in such instances generally dark red, hyperaemic, hypertrophied, and either painful to the touch or not ; the whole tissue of the uterus being harder and firmer than it is in healthy women. In many cases there is also dis- placement of this organ, and dysmenorrhoea or amenorrhoea is mostly present. The mucous membrane of the uterus secretes a considerable quantity of puriform mucus, and the cervix uteri is filled with transparent mucus. Stftrility, car- dialgia, habitual sickness and vomiting, constipation, and vari- ous hysterical symptoms, are generally the consequence of this condition of the womb. All these symptoms are often re- lieved bv the Ems waters,** EUROPEAN SPAS. 345 Ems is an exceedingly attractive watering-place, possess- ing all the comforts to which the wealthy are accustomed, and without the incessant commotion that characterizes many of these resorts. The beautiful Gothic castle of Stolzenfels, on the Rhine, and the fortress of Ehrenbreitstein, are not far distant. Fachingen. — Tliese waters are used in the diseases to wliich the Vichy waters are applicable. The spring is not a resort. The water is bottled and sold largely throughout Europe, as much as half a million bottles being consumed an- nually. SAIJITB WATEBS. Iloiiitarg* — Gcrmanv, Hesse-IIomburg, nine miles north from Frankfort Klsslngen* — Bavaria, twenty-eight miles north of W drtzburg. Wiesbaden. — Germany, duchy of Nassau, five and a half miles northwest from Hayence. Bonrbonne« — France, department of Hautc-Marne, one hundred and ser- enty-three miles west from Paris. Setters* — Germany, duchy of Nassau, twenty-five miles north of Mayencc. Homburg. — This is one of the most popular of Geiman watering-places, having been sought, however, more for the attractions of society, and the gaming-table, than the waters. But since gaming is now forbidden, it is probable the waters will receive more attention. The water taken in doses of three or four glasses usually proves cathartic, but without causing debility of the intestines. These effects are readily explained by the ingredients. The Homburg waters are strongly saline, with a considerable quantity of iron. They are especially applicable to catarrhal dyspepsia in anaemic subjects, etc., cases of abdominal plethora and engorgement of the liver^ occurring in weak, irritable, and scrofulous per- sons, and to whom the use of purging-waters might prove detrimental — to cases of tumid spleen^ arising from ague, or suppression of the hemorrhoidal or catamenial flow — to cases of chlorosis and anoemia in scrofulous patients, for whom the pure chalybeates might prove too constipating, or too exciting to the circulation. > 3«4 Analysis, page 846. 16 [•'^ "1 m 1 f^ ^f '■■ m. I A.. m. 1; 1 1 ^ ■ ' -n ■; ■ ;* '^■■J 846 MINERAL SPRINGS. ANALYSIS. |! i i ; I n' Sit. Hi!! One pint coDtaini— ■1 Solids. Gralni. GnUnt. Om'ni. GralDi. Grains. Carbonate of soda • • • • • • • « 6.773 Carbonate of magnesia . 2.01 0.08 .... 1.616 Carbonate of Iron 0.46 0.24 0.04 0.()79 Carbonate of manganese • • ■ • 0.004 0.002 Carbonate of lime 10.99 8.14 8.21 2.264 1.^52 Ctiloride of potasi'.om. . • ■ ■ ■ 2.20 1.12 • • • • O.'JMJ Chloride of sodium 79.16 44.71 62.60 46.110 17.228 Chloride of magnesium. 7.79 2.88 1.67 • • * a Chloride of calcium 7.77 a • ■ • 8.62 6.688 Chloride of ammonium. • ■ • ■ a • • t 0.18 Chloride of lithium .... 0.1& 0.001 Sulphate of soda ( ).83 ■ • • • • ■ • 0.2G1 Sulphate of magnesia . . 4.60 • a • • • a a a • • • • Sulphate of lime 2.99 0.69 6.903 0.261 Phosphate of soda • • • • • • • a .... 0.0002 Phosphate of alumina. . • ■ • ■ a * • • .... 0.0004 Phosphate of lime Iodide of s jdium 0.04 0.008 trace. Bromide of potassium. 0.884 0.0002 Bromide of sodium .... 6.06 Bromide of magnesium • • • • 0.08 Fluoride of calcium ^ ^ 0.0016 Nitrate of soda 0.07 Arseniate of lime .... 0.001 Silicate of alumina ... 0.004 Silica 0.82 0.09 0.46 a a a a V 2r)0 Total 108.87 Cubic In. 66.62 Cubic in. 68.468 Cubic in. 60.484 28.61S4 9 Oasbs. Cubic In. Carbonic acid 48.46 41.77 16.7 • • • » • • a • 80. Oxygen 0.0046 Nitrogen • a • • • a • • o.io • aaa 0.0285 Ammonia • • • ■ 0.007 .... .... .... Homburg is a small village situated on the declivity of a hill at the eastern extremity of the chain of the Taunus. The Kursaal is without contradiction one of the most beautiful es- tablishments of the kind. The interior is ornamented \¥ith marble columns, beautiful frescos, and elegant paintings. Thi3 springs are five in number, and vary in temperaturs from 50'^ to 53^° Fahr. The Kaiaerhrunnen contains 10^- grains of chloride of sodium, one-half grain of carbonate of iron, and 109 cubic inches of carbonic-acid gas, in each pint. Kiaaingen, — ^There is a close resemblance between the waters of Kissingen and Homburg. Kissingen, however, has a far more decided reputation in the cure of disease, and much EUROPEAN SPAS. 347 iii "2 ■a « a " o U. s rains* Gnino. • • • • 6. TO • • • ■ 1.616 • • ■ ■ 0.079 * • • • 0.002 2.264 1.^5•i ■ • • ■ O.'Zs!) «.110 17.228 5!688 .... 6.993 0.8S4 0.261 6!261 0.0002 0.00U4 0.0002 0.0016 • • • • • • • • i)'.m so. 484 • • ■ ■ • • • • • • • • • • • • 28.MS4 Cubic in. 80. 0.0040 0.0286 e declivity of a } Taunus. The )st beautiful es- namented with paintings. The raturs from 50" 10-!^- grains of of iron, and 109 between the I, however, has lease, and much more attention is given to medical treatment. These waters, according to Prof. Seegen, slightly increase secretion from all the mucous surfaces, particularly those of the digestive tract ; they increase the appetite, accelerate the circulation of the blood, and revive the nutritious functions. They are at once aperient, tonic, and exciting. The waters of Kissingen are adapted to catarrhal dyspep- siaj accompanied with constipation in anaemic subjects. In cases of this kind they are excellent. At Kissingen, much at- tention is given to the treatment of gouty and for certain con- ditions of the disease the waters are valuable. Plethoric per- sons suflFering from this malady, are favorably influenced by a combination of Ragoczi and the bitter water. Those suflFer- ing from irregular gout, with structural lesions of the joints, the bones, the heart and blood-vessels, are better treated by the waters of Wiesbaden or Tiiplitz. In plethoric persons of middle age, and sedentary habits, suflFering from hypercemia of the liver y the Ragoczi and bitter waters of Kissingen, com- bined, frequently eflFect a ciu'e. These waters are also favor- able in icterus due to catarrh of the mucous membrane of the duodenum. It should be mentioned that if in catarrhal dys- pepsia there is any inflammatory condition of the stomach, the cold acidulous saline waters, such as Homburg and Kissingen, should not be employed, but the waters of Wiesbaden in small doses. Many maladies are favorably treated at Kissingen that are not amenable to the saline waters alone, because of the bit- ter water, which adds to the resources. This is a purgative water, and in one pint contains — 46 grains sulphate of soda, 39 grains sulphate of magnesia, 61 grains chloride of sodium, 30 grains chloride of magnesium, and 6 cubic inches carbonic- acid gas. Kissingen is located in a fertile valley on the banks of the rapid river Saal. The climate is salubrious, and all the neces- sities of the invalid are well provided for. Neither are social attractions wanting. The Bavarian Government for many years annually added improvements, until Kissingen became one of the most popular watering-places. — 3' '■' « I ! ! F. 348 MINERAL SPRINGS. Wiesbaden.— HeTe are the best thermal-saline waters ia Europe. The waters are peculiar, tasting like warm highly- salted chicken-broth, and, when collected in reservoirs, present- ing a somewhat yellowish color. Besides the ingredients given in the analysis, they contain a small proportion of or- ganic matter, which has not been closely studied. The physi- ological action of the waters, according to Dr. Braun, is as fellows : In a moderate dose, about a pint, they increase the flow of saliva, give a sense of warmth to th'? stomach, and produce moderate alvine evacuation ; in quantities of a quart to three pints, and taken but slightly warm, they prove de- cidedly purgative. From one to three hours after drinking even small quantities of the water, the flow of urine is in- creased, and its chemical composition altered ; more consider- able quantities of chloride of sodium, uric acid, and ' rea, are eliminated, than if a corresponding quantity of ordinary water were taken. Under the influence of these waters the fteces are fluidified, and contain more biliary constituents, menstrua- tion becomes morv^ abundant, and the flow of milk is promoted, perspiration is increased, and the pulse accelerated. Tlie effect of the waters on the urinary secretion was closely in- vestigated by Drs. Neubauer and Genth. They first deter- minfid the quantity of urine and urinary sjiids, under usual habits of life, for periods of five and eight days. Then for five daj's they took baths of the water at 95° Fahr., and ex- amined the urine, and then for eight days they took the same baths, and drank four hundred and five hundred cubic centi- metres respectively. The quantity of urine under ordinary circumstances — 1,414 in one, and 1,252 in the other — rose, while taking the baths alone, to 1,707 in the one, and 1,305 in the other. While taking baths and drinking the water, it rose to 2,050 and 1,647 respectively ; the urea rose from 33 to 39.6 and 42.8 grains ; chloride of sodium, from 14.742 to 16.- 467 and 23.678 ; chloride of ammonium, from 2.072 to 2.344 and 2.722, and in similar ratio for the other constituents. During the course of the experiments, the weight of the body did not undergo any particular change. EUROPEAN SPAS. 349 avs. Then for The waters and baths of Wiesbaden are especially em- ployed in gc ity and rheumatism. They are advantageously used in all forms of gout, unless inflammatory symptoms be present at the time, but are especially adapted to cases of anomalous or irregular gout. When external manifestations have almost ceased, and the disease tends to attack internal organs, it is said these waters will recall it to the point of external attack. For action on the kidneys, the wpter is taken in doses of two to four tumblersful, and cooled before drinking, but little exercise being taken in the mean time ; but if diaphoresis is desired it should be taken hot, und consid- erable exercise in the intervals of drinking. In chronic rheumatism, facial neuralgia^ and sciatica, these waters are frequ'^rtly curative, and cases oi paralysis also im- prove under their use. In these cases baths and douches are freely employed. Deforming rheumatism (rhumatisme nou- eux) is also very much relieved by this treatment. Wies- baden also enjoys a deserved reputation for the relief of con- traction of the joints, and old gunshot-wounds complicated by the presence of the ball, or necrosis. Wiesbaden is situated on the southerly exposure of the Taunus, in a valley enclosed by opposing spurs of the chain. The climate if notably temperate, so that treatment may be pursued in the early spring, and late in autumn, and even through the w^inter months. There are twenty-nine springs at Wiesbaden supplying a volume of hot water that is utilized for batl'ng in every conceivable form. The mineral mud- bath is also employed. This is also a station where the whey-cure is administered. Wiesbaden was known to the ancient Romans under the name of Aquae Mattiacae, and is described by Pliny. At the present day it is probably the most popular resort in Ger- many; sixty three thousand persons are said to have vi-ited there during the present year — 1873. .Baden-Baden, — ^The waters of this spa are mild thermal- saliae waters of 1C5** Fahr., and containing sixteen grains chloride of sodium to the pint. They are chiefly used for il 'i I i I. t ; ■ 860 MINERAL SPRIKQS. U bathing, the waters of other springs, as Homburg and Kissin- gen, being drunk. There is a muriated-lithia spring at Baden containing, according to Bunsen, two and three-tenths grains chloride of lithium in the pint. It does not appear, however, to have justified expectations as a curative in gout and litlii&< sis. Baden-Baden is charmingly located on the banks of tlip Oos, just at the entrance of the Black Forest. The valley is exceedingly picturesque. Heretofore, the principal attrac- tions have been the gaming-tables wadif&tes. This resort was frequented by the Romans, and was known to them by the name of Civitas Aurelia Aquensis. Numerous relics of sculp- ture, of piscina3, and of vapor-baths, testify to this fact. Jiourbonne, — This water is mildly laxative when taken cold or tepid. At the natural tem^rature it does not prove cathartic unless taken in large doses, and even then this effect is only temporary, and succeeded by constipation. As a rule, the purgative effect is not sought in treatment. There is a decided analogy between the application of these waters and those of Wiesbaden. They prove valuable in chronic rheumatism^ accompanied with contractions, with enlargement of the joints, and deposits ; also in paralysis. Especially are the waters suitable to these maladies when they are allied to a scrofulous diathesis. So certain are these waters as a remedy in false anchylosis, in contractions, in old gunshot-wounds and necrosis, that tb 3 French Government has erected a military hospital capable of accommodating one hundred officers and three hundred soldiers. Bourbonne is agreeably situated at an altitude of nine hundred feet, on the brow of a gently-inclined hill which com- mands a distant view of the range of the Vosges. There are three springs supplying a large number of baths of every de- scription. The mineral mud-bath is also a resource of Bour- bonne. Its principal constituents in 100 parts are silicic acid 64 parts, oxide of iron 5, lime 6, and vegetable and animal matter 15. Selters. — ^This water is cool and refreshing in taste, with a slight trace of iron, alkali, and salt in the flavor. It is chiefly EUROPEAN SPAS. 351 employed as a table^riuk, and under the name seltzer is known and imitated {itiferiorly^ as a rule) the world over. There are no establishments at the spring. Two million bot- tles are sold annually. BSINB-BATHS. Kreunaeh. — Rhenish Prussia, seven miles south of Bingcn. Naibclm. — Gci-many, nessc-Cassel, fifteen miles north from Frankfort ANALYSIS. KKiirzirACH. VKismt*. One plut contains— EliuBqueUa. M.fio F«hr. Uwig. Ormnlonquelle. M.6* F»hr. Lbbig. Karbrannen. 71.3* Fahr. BrooMb- 8oi.n>B. Carbonate of maf^nesla Orklni. 0.106 i'.'J'i 0.6!e4 72.888 4.071 18.889 0.618 oioss 0.085 0.278 0.129 Grmtni. 0.180 0.856 6!265 0.460 103.705 82!749 6.696 0.012 1.780 0.999 GmliM. Carbonate of iron 0.146 Carbonate of manganese 021 Carbon&te of lime 8.028 Chloride of potassium 4.04T Chloride of sodium 109.928 Chloride of roa^eslum 2.1.Vi Chloride of calcium 8.215 Chloride of lithium Sulphate of lime 0.740 PhoRphate of alumina Iodide of ma^^cslum hromlde of magnesium Silica. 0.295 116 Total 98.846 • a • • 186.641 • • • • 188 6S4 Oas. Carbonic acid, CoMia. 81.2 JSreuznach. — These were the first waters of the kind to be medicinally employed in Germany, and the success which at- tended their use has caused the development of numerous waters of similar character. The Elisenquelle is the only spring used internally. When taken in small doses, it tends to constipation, at the same time diuretic ; but in large doses it is purgative. These waters have been used in scrofula with the most de- cided success, especially the forms accompanied with infiltra- tion of the glands. Scrofulous diseases of the skin, such as lupus and sycosis, are also favorably influenced. The water is also said to possess a resolutive action in fibroid tumors of the uterus. According to Scanzoni, the good results in these cases are chiefly due to the reduction of the size of the womb, m • .* I i mi \v ■ni I II til r i ; /ill 802 MINERAL SPRINGS. thus controlling haemorrhage, uterine colic, and other symp- toms. In ovarian tumors, Scanzoni discountenances the use of these waters when symptoms of congestion are present, and the tumor is rapidly enlarging. In other conditions, however, the growth of the tumor may be decidedly retarded. In cer- tain cases of tertiary syphilis, associated with scrofula, this water proves exceedingly efficacious. Besides the spring-wa- ter, graduated brine and mother-lye are employed. The fol- lowing is the composition of these solutions : Oo« pint contklnt— Graduated Brio*. Pr. Wieibadcn. Mother-lya, Polidorf. Solids. Chloride of potasBlnm OnlDf. 11.28 1,811.89 78.22 24V.66 • ■ • • • ■ • • 6.'68 6.06 Gralni. 168.81 Chloride of Bodium 226.87 Chloride of roagnesium 280.81 Chloride of aluminuiii 1.66 Chloride of calcium 1,789.97 7.96 Chloride of lithium Porchloride of iron traces. Sulohate of soda. traces. Iodide of sodium 0.U6 Iodide of magnesium Bromide of sodium 66.14 Bromide of magnesium * Total 1,642.9T 2,484.16 The following is the usual method of Kreuznach treatment. The patient drinks daily from twenty to thirty ounces of the Elisenquelle ; children less, according to age. An hour after drinking tue water, a bath is taken at from 86° to 92** I'ahr. in temperature. In the beginning of the treatment, the sim- ple brine-bath is used, but gradually, as the system becomes accustomed, the mother-lye is employed. From one to fifty, and even a hundred quarts of the mother-lye are added to the bath ; but, as soon as symptoms of excitement and saturation occur, the quantity is diminished, or even entirely withdrawn. The duration of the bath is from a quarter to three-quarters of an hour, and, in severe cases of scrofula and skin-disease, two baths per day are sometimes given. It is customary while in the bath to rub the diseased parts with a soft sponge or brush. Cloths soaked in brine are also applied, especially to enlarged lymphatic glands. Kreuznach is situated in the valley of the Nahe, on the EUROPEAN SPAS. 353 id other synip- nces the use of 3 present, and tions, ho^^evcr, irded. In ccr- scrofula, this the spring-wa- yed. The fol- Mother-Iya. Polidorr. Oninf. 168.81 226.87 280.81 1.66 1,789.97 7.95 traces. traces. 0.U6 W.i4 2,484.16 oh treatment, ounces of the \.n hour after to 92° I'ahr. lent, the sim- :em becomes one to fifty, added to the id saturation 7 withdrawn, iree -quarters skin-disease, s customary soft sponge d, especially ahe, on the left side of the Rhine. The principal wells and baths arc on a wooded island in the Nahe. Pleasant excursions may be made in the vicinity. Nauheim. — The waters of Nauheim, like strong saline waters in general, tend in small quantities to produce consti- pation, and in large quantities to cause purgation. The baths readily produce the phenomena of eruptions, known as la poussee. The large quantity of carbonic acid in these waters renders them more palatable than saline waters of equal strength usually are, and the temperature, ranging as high as 99°.9 Fahr., makes thera especially applicable for bathing purposes. There are five springs, yielding a large volume of water. Similar method of treatment is pursued here to that of Kreuznach, graduated brines and mother-lye being em- ])loyed. In addition, there is an establishment especially devoted to administration of the carbonic-acid bath. The application of this water is like that of Kreuznach, es- pecially adapted to scrofula, and disease: allied to scrofulous conditions, declaring themselves in young persons. Catarrh of the vagina in scrofulous and ameraic persons, and scrofu- lous diseases of the bones, arc frequently cured by these baths. Brine-baths are also of utility for the purpose of promoting Jibsorption of rheumatic exudations. Indeed, the rheumatic diathesis seems sometimes to be overcome by their use. Nauheim is situated on the northeast slope of the Taunus, and is a pleasant drive from Homburg. It is comparatively a newly-developed resort, only dating back some eighteen years ; neverthelesss, every arrangement for securing the full benefits of the warm salt-water has been made, and the facilities for social enjoyment are quite complete. SUIiPHUB-WATEBS. Alx-la-Chapelle> — Rhenish Prussia, forty-seven miles west from Cologne. AiX'Ies-Balns* — Savoy, ten and a half miles north from Chamb^ry. Barnes* — France, department of Haute3-Pyr6n^es, one hundred and twelve miles south of Bordeaux. Bagntres-de-Liclioii« — ^France, department of Haute-Gaionne, one hundred and twenty-five miles south of Bordeaux. ■■*^ )^ 'tt • ! « ' I 354 MINERAL SPRINGS. Nenndorf* — Germany, principality of Hesse, 12 iriiles west from Hanover. Melnberg. — Germany, principality of Lippe-Detmold, thiity-eight miles south of Hanover. ANALYSIS. On« j.Iat contain* — AIZ-LA-CnAPKLLE. Kalii«ri|uelle. 131° F»hr. Llebtg. NENNDORF. Trinkqtielle. 63.6' K»hT. Bunaen. XKIMBERG. Schwefelquelle. 48* Fahr. Brandet. SOLIUB. Carbonate of soAr Grains. 4.995 0.895 0.078 1.217 0.002 0.002 20.271 i!i86 2.171 • • • • 6!673 • • • • 6!664 0.028 0.603 0.571 Grains • • • • • • • • i'.m 0.889 4.549 2.818 8.121 6.555 o.'iea Oiaini. Carbonate of magnesia 0.172 Carbonate of iron 0.008 Carbonate of lime 2.149 Carbonate of lithia. Carbonate of stroutia. . Chloride of sodium • • • • Choride of megnceium Sulphate of potassa 1.085 0.0()5 Sulphate of soda 6.844 Sulnhate of macrne^ 1.788 Sulphate of lime 8.8'J6 Sulphate of strontia 0.l'i>8 Sulphuret of sodium 0.067 Sulphnrot of calcium (hydrated) PhoRnhale of alumina o.oio Iodide of sodium Bromidi< of sodium Silica 0.120 Organic matter • • • • Total &l.fi()2 21.276 Cubic !n. 5.26 1.28 0.06 O.Gl 19.486 Gases. Carbonic acid >- Per cent. [80.89 0.81 1.82 Cubic In. 2.81 Sulphuretted hydropen Carlmretted hydrogen 0.61 Nitrogen 0.40 Oxvffen ^':::: 0.02 Aix-la-Chapelle. — The waters of these famous thermals possess an alkaline, saltish, and sulphurous taste. Taken in- ternally, they pre especially diuretic and diaphoretic. The treatment at Aix-la-Chapelle consists both in drinking the water— that of the Kaiserquelle being chiefly used — and bathing, to which the w iters are eminently adapted by their temperature. The bathing arrangements are excellent, and the attendants have an unsurpassed reputation for dexterity in application of douches and shampooing. The douches have a fall of from twenty-five to thirty feet, and range in tempera- ture from 89° to 100° Fahr. The hath is usually given at from 92° to 96° Fahr. " ' ^ -■ Tliese waters possess a high reputation in the treatment > Percentage of gases ascending from the water. EUROPEAN SPAS. 355 wrest from Hanover, thirty-eight milea of chronic rheumatism,^ chronic metallic poisoning^ and dis- eases of the skin. Of the latter, it is especially to humid dar- trous diseases that they are applir \, ANALYSIS. Om pint contains— AIZ-UC-BAISfS. Kaoz d« Soofre. 108*-m* F«hr. Boi^i«u. bar£ob8. Boncherlai. M.4* Fahr.l Latour, BAOMiRK8-DB - LirCBOM. La Relne. 131' Fahr. FUbol. SoLtns. Carbonate of soda Gnint. o'.iss 0.064 1.084 traces. 0.057 0.126 O.m 0.267 0.400 traces. 0.117 .... .... .... 0.017 traoee. • ••• • • ■ • • • • • • ■ 6!686 • • • • Undetermined. 0.087 OiB-'ni. • • • * • • • • 6!6i4 0.292 6.147 • • • • o.'iie • • • • « • • • • • • • • • • • 6!667 0.146 } 0.080 1 • ••• • ■ • • .... [ 0.087 Oreini. traces. Carbonate of magnesia. Carbonate of iron Carbonate of lime . . . • .... Carbonate of strontia Ciiloride of sodium 6!492 Chloride of magnesium Bulpliate of potassa. 6!66s Sulpliate of soda 0.162 Hulpliate of magnesia 8ulpliate of alumina Sulphate of iron Sulphate of Ume 0.286 Sulphuret of sodium 0.401 Sulphurot of iron 0.020 Sulphuret of manganese Sulphuret of copper 0.024 traces. H3'i)osHlphlte of soda traces. Phosphates of lime and alumina and fluoride of calcium Iodide of potnssium .... Iodide of sodium .... Silicate of soda traces, traces. Silicate of magnesia o.oairf .. O.lW Silicate of alumina , Silicate of lime 0.066 Silica traces. Alumina traces. PhoH[)hateB traces. Bituminous matter and glairine. Losa Total 8.188 CuUo in. 0.89 0.82 19.04 1.208 « • • • a • • • • • ■ • 1.724 Gases. Carbonic acid Sulphuretted hydrogen Nitrogen traces. ■ • • • the treatment Aix-la-Chapelle was an early resort of the Romans, and known to them by the name of Aquae Grani. Numerous re- mains of ancient thermal establishments are found. Subse- quently it was the favorite abode of the great Charlema^e. It is said that he luxuriated in the thermal baths, and was ac- customed to bathe in public with the officers of his court, and even held councils of state in the baths. The city, which has Some of the Bar6ges springs reach 111* Fahr. * With carbonate of Iron. N.i '': t!i-:l ill ' if f • iS' |;i i 3.; i i i ^R: i i r 356 MINERAL SPRINGS. now shrunk into small compass compared with its former lim- its, shows outward evidence in many portions of the former presence of the great Frank, now dead a thousand years. His remains are sacredly guarded in the treasury of the an- cient cathedral, and are shown to the public once in seven years. One of the principal baths — that which he frequented, and which was a favorite with the great Napoleon — is known as the Kaiserbad. This establishment is veritably a " thermal palace." Aix-les-Baitis. — ^The use of these waters is almost exclu- sively- external. For the employment of the waters in this way there are unsurpassed facilities. The flow of the water is ex- ceedingly large, and the grand bath establishment, built in 1773 by Victor- Am6d6e III., received such additions in 1854 that it is now one of the most complete in Europe. The num- ber and variety of douches are said to be unequalled. The application of these waters is to all those diseases which are benefited by thermal baths, such as chronic rheu- matism, diseases of the skin, syphilis, paralysis, independent of organic lesion of the nerve-centres, etc. Aix is quite a pretty village, situated in an agreeable val- ley, bounded to the south and north by mountains. The cli- mate is exceedingly salu'"riou8. This resort again reminds us of the pleasure taken by the Romans in thermal baths. Many relics of their residence here are found in the village, and the place was known to them as Aquae Gratianae. To-day the resort equals, if it does not sur- pass, its ancient splendor, and ofifers many attractions to the valetudinarian. Barhges. — These waters, taken internally, possess an ex- citing action. Tlie effect is upon the nervous system, and especially on the circulation, compared by Borden to that of strong coffee, but easily developing, both in the well and in the sick, a febrile condition. Although these waters have given name to the soluble o-ganic principle of mineral waters, they contain out a small proportion according to analyses. The naming of the substance was but accidental, Longohamp EUKOPEAN SPAS. 357 ains. The cli- being engaged with th(!se waters at the time he made the dis- covery/ The analysis of the waters has not been as exact as the science of hydrology demands, that of the spring given in the table being only less imperfect than others. The compo- sition of TEntr^e (103° Fahr.), according to Henry, is as fol- lows, in one pint : Sulphuret of sodium, 0.262 grains ; sulphate of soda, 0.219 ; carbonate and silicate of soda, 0.175 ; organic matter (iodine, lime, and magnesia), traces. The waters of Bareges enjoy a celebrity in the treatment of gunshot^iooundsy and bringing to the surface unextracted balls and pieces of sheUj that has penetrated every comer of Europe, so much so that they have been termed les £Jaitx cTArquebusade. Says Constantin James : " One should not despair of the curative action of the water because the foreign body appears too voluminous, or too deeply imbedded in the tissues; nothing seems to limit their power." The French Government has a military hospital at this resort. The waters are used internally, and in the form of douches and baths. The douche having a fall of only three feet, the effect cannot be attributed to percussion. The water is also efficacious in certain scrofulous conditions^ such as diseases of the bones, caries, chronic ostitis, fistulous tracts, abscess, and ulcers. It is not to young scrofulous subjects that these waters are adapted, but, says Durand-Fardel, " if the scrofula is already an old disease, if the patient approaches the age when the . disease tends to become extinct, if the capital indication is to treat an old manifestation, bom of the diathesis and persisting less because of the early impulsion than by inability of the organism to produce resolution, then the waters of Bareges appear to us the most efficacious of all sulphur-waters." In dartrous diseases of the skin, and in syphilis, they prove of utility. Because of the excessive excitement usually produced by tlie baths and douches, the patient frequently can take them only every other day, and the duration of treatment is from five to eight weeks. Bareges is situated near the summit of the Pyrenees, at an I " Chbnie Hydrologiqne," par Lefort, Paris, 18.^), p. 808. -\'i U: S58 MINEBAI. SPRINGS. elevation of four thousand two hundred feet, surrounded by wild and unattractive scenery, and overhung by ice-crowned peaks. The climate is exceedingly changeable, in the midst of summer a suffocating heat in the morning being sometimes succeeded by icy cold in the afternoon. Only invalids fre- quent the place. £agn^res-de-Luchon. — The waters of Luchon, taken in doses of two to four glasses, augment the appetite, and often produce constipation, rendering the excrementitious matter black or brown. The internal functions are excited even in the absence of baths, the secretion of urine being augmented. They frequently do not rest well on the stomach, producing nausea and sulphurous eructations. Some persons cannot take them without the addition of syrups or infusions. The baths even, at moderate temperature, act decidedly upon the skin. After a quarter of an hour's immersion the cutaneous surface is swollen, and severe itching is felt. Sometimes the irritation is sufl&cient to produce slight eruptions, which, how- ever, disappear soon afterward. Baths of elevated tempera- ture often determine severe eruptions, lapouss^. These waters are celebrated for the cure of dartrous dis- eases of the skin. Of these diseases they prove of especial service in ptistulous eczema, in j^^oriasiSj pityriasis, ichthy- osis, etc. For the treatment of secondary and tertiary syph- ilis, with the various syphilides, they are perhaps superior to any other European sulphur-waters. The waters also prove efficacious in scrofulous eruptions, classed by some authors as acrofulides. They are also applicable to chronic rheumatism, in persons of lymphatic constitution. For the cure of old wounds, and elimination of balls and foreign bodies, they are efficacious, but not equal to the waters of Bar6ges. Luchon is situated in the midst of one of the most mag- nificent valleys of the Pyrenees, at an elevation of two thou- sand feet pbove the sea, and is the most frequented resort of this region, as many as twenty thousand persons going there during the season. The Cours cTEtigny is a long avenue, shaded by four rows of linden-trees and bordered by build- EUROPEAN SPAS. 359 ings, in which visitors lodge. At the southerly extremity of this avenue the springs — forty-eight in number — issue at the base of the mountain Super-Bagndres. A sojoiun at Luchon oflFers many attractions. The Gours cTMigny is animated by the movement of visitors, and inviting excursions are made to the Lake d'Oo, to the valley of the Lys, and to the Pont de Venasque^ whence grand views are obtained of the Maladetta, with its immense glaciers. Nenndorf. — These cold sulphur-springs are much fre- quented by North-Germans. The arrangements are good. There are hot baths and douches, and an excellent inhalation- house. Mineral mud-baths and saline baths are also admin- istered. Opportunities for the whey-cure are offered. This resort is chiefly visited by those suffering from gout, rheuma- tism, paralysis, neuralgia, and diseases of the skin. Meinherg. — This resort offers an unusual variety of cura- tive agencies. There are carbonic-acid inhalations, baths and douches of carbonic acid, mineral mud-baths, and, besides the sulphur-waters, a good saline water. The resort has consider- able repute in the treatment of chronic articular rheumatism, certain forms of paralysis, scrofula, when exhibited in the lymphatic ganglions, and irregularities of menstruation. Mein- berg is pleasantly situated, on a wooded hill-side, in a pleas- ing country. CHALYBEATE WATERS.' Schwalbaeh* — Germany, duchy of Nassau, five miles southeast from Ems. Pyrmontt — Germany, principality of Waldeck, tweuty-eight miles south- west of Hanover. Spa* — Belgium, province of Li^ge, seventy miles east of Brussels. SU-Moritz* — Switzerland, canton of Grisons. > Schwalbach. — These may be termed pure chalybeate waters, containing nearly half a grain of carbonate of iron per pint, and but a small proportion of other constituents, together with a large quantity of carbonic-acid gas. The action of these waters is that of chalybeates in gen- eral, tending to produce constipation, rendering the faeces dark ' 8»6 Aiiolysis, page 860. iM 360 MINERAL SPRINGS. in color, and restoring tlie red color to impoverished blood globules. Under their use the appetite and digestion are im- proved. The waters are applicable to anaemic conditions and chlorosis, and form an admirable succedaneum to a course of alterative mineral-water treatment. ANALYSIS. On« pint contalni— BOUWALBAOB. StahlbruDMn. 46*-61» VtAa. Fnteniui. PTBMONT. TrinkLrunnan. M.6* F»hr. WIggew. BPA. Pouhon. W Fahr. ulonlieim. BAINT-MOBrrZ. Grude Source. 4a* Fahr. PlanU k K«kul«. Solids. Carbonate of sods Oralnt. 0.110 0.96€ 6'.467 0.108 1.181 6". 662 « • • • 6!629 0.061 ■ • • • traces, traces. 6! 246 traces. • « • • Graini. 6!740 6! 810 0.024 7.276 0.002 8.762 0.608 0.019 0.170 2!8S8 6.609 traces. • • • • • ( ■ • 61668 0.019 traces. Gralni. 0.700 0.241 0.024 .677 b'.im 6'.i67 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • a • ■ • ■ • • • • • 6*.2i7 6*.6i2 Graini. 1.864 Carbonate of magnesia. Carbonate of alumina Carbonate of iron 0.827 6!ii3 Carbonate of iT.anganese Carbonate of Jme 0.080 6.8U3 Carbonate of ammonia Chloride of sodium 6! 282 Cliloride of ma^esiom Chloride of lithium • • • • Sulohate of Dotassa 0.119 Sulphate of soda 1.967 Sulphate of magnesia Sulphate of lime PhosDhate of soda • • • • Nitrate of soda Borate of soda FhosDhoric acid 0.003 Bromino, iodine, and fluorine. Alumina traces. 0.002 SlUca 0.278 Oriranifi matter Loss Total 8.216 Cubic in. 60.27 0.008 22.276 Cubic in. 47.10 2.608 Cubic in. 71. 6 1U.848 Gases. Carbonic acid Cubic in. 89.29 Sulphuretted hydrogen • • • • Schwalbach lies in a pleasant valley surrounded by wooded hills. It is one of the most popular chalybeate waters in Eu- rope. The large quantity of carbonic acid discharged is util- ized in baths, which are so arranged that the gas does not escape when the water is heated. Pyrmont. — ^This water is not equal to Schwalbach or Spa. It is not a pure chalybeate, as will be seen by the analysis, containing a considerable quantity of sulphate of lime and other salts, in all twenty-two grains to the pint, and not quite one-third of a grain of carbonate of iron. This resort docs not attract so large a number of visitors EUROPEAN SPAS. 3G1 on. khr. Im. BAINT-HOBITZ. Grwde Source. 4S* F«hr. PUato A Kukuli. ■« 90 11 H n Gnint. 1.864 0.827 6!i73 0.080 6.8U3 )T 6!282 6!ii9 1.967 • • • • • • • • 7 • • ■ • 6!663 tracos. 0.002 0.278 i ■ • • • i 10.848 1. Cubic In. 89.29 .... )T of visitors as formerly, though the arrangements are excellent, and a saline water adds to the resources. Spa. — This is the type of pure chalybeate waters, and is not equalled in Europe. As will be seen by the analysis, the Pouhon Spring — the most used — contains two-thirds of a grain 01 carbonate of iron to the pint, and seventy cubic inches of carbonic-acid gas, with less than two grains of other constitu- ents. These waters, like iron-waters in general, are especially applicable to a.icemic conditions and chlorods. In many cases of dyspepsia, with decided 'anaemia, the results are exceedingly satisfactory. In all those chlorotic conditions depending on impoverished blood and irregularity of the men- ses they are a most valuable remedy. Patients subject to passive haemorrhage are also relieved by these waters. Tlie water also possesses reputation for the cure of sterility, a result, however, only due to the invigoration and stimulation of the uterine function resulting from the iron contained. Spa is situated at the base of a miniature mountain, and is protected from the north winds by a similar mountain. The surroundings are exceedingly agreeable, and recreations of every kind invite the pleasure-seeker. A most beautiful bathing-establishment has been erected within a few years. The resort has been renowned since the commencement of the seventeenth century. Saint-Moritz. — ^This is a fair chalybeate water, but the curative effects may, in great measure, be attributed to the fresh mountain-air that surrounds. It is situated in a valley of the Haute-Engadine, at an elevation of six thousand and eighty-eight feet above the level of the sea. Within a few years, Saint-Moritz has become quite a pop- ular place of resort. The waters are chie'^.y used for drinking, but there are arrangements for bathing, and the carbonic-acid gas is applipd in the way of inhalations and local douches. These springs are said to have been brought into notice by Paracelsus during the sixteenth century. This resort is convenient to the saline purgative springs of Tarasp and Wyh, in the Lower Engadine. ■. )%% 862 MINERAL SPRINGS. V. >. k m; '^-1 FUBOATIVZ WATEBS. PttIl!UU<~Bobemia, thirty-two miles northwest of Prague. Friedrlch shall*— Germany, duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, eight miles from Coburg. Carisfeftdt — ^Bohemia, sixty-nine miles west of Prague. Ilaiirabtd* — ^Bohemia, seventy-three miles wist of Prague, and twenty. two miles south of Carlsbad. ANALYSIS. Ona pint oonUlna— 8traT«. SoLIDf Oarbonate of aoda Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of iron Carbonate of manganese .. . Carbonate of lime Carbonate of litbia Oarbonate of strontia. Chloride of »')dimn Chloride of magnesium .. . . Chloride of aluminum Chloride of ammonium . . . . Bulpliate of potassa Sulphate of soda. Sulphate of magnesia Sulphate of lime Phosphate of alumina Phosphate of lime Bromide of magnesium . . . , BiUca Total Gasbs. Carbonic acid. Nitrogen GnOni. • • • • 6!i7o • • • • 16 ! 666 4'.86o 123.800 98.086 2.600 o'.oos 6!i76 248.807 vantDBioH- 3HAI.L. 46.5* Fahr. B..Mr. Onlu. 8.68 • • • • 6!ii 67.87 81.08 0.07 0.06 0.03 41.78 89.65 11.24 0.02 0.21 194.99 Cubic In. 6.82 0ABL8BAD. SprndeL lKS.t* Fabr. GMU. Onina. 9.062 0.899 0.061 2!620 8.724 0.870 19.960 0.2iO • • • • i!662 41.883 Cubic i*^. 7.8f 0.08 MABIKtrBAli. Knoibmnnen. 68.3* .'•«hr. Kcntan. Gralni. 8.694 8.200 0.860 0.0:» 4.d()5 0.049 0.014 11.166 0.449 86.269 0.061 0.018 6!679 66.486 Cubic In. 16.7 PUllna. — ^This is an exceedingly strong purgative water, and of the class known in Germany as Bitterwasser. It is indicated in such cases as demand a saline purgative ; its action, however, is milder than ordinary Epsom salts. The water should only be used as an evacuant, as continuous use causes derangement of digestion, and decidedly impoverishes the blood. The manner in which this water is collected is peculiar. There is no spring, properly speaking, but several pits sunk in the earth. The water which enters them is that which falls directly in rain and filters through the surrounding earth. In dry weather the supply is considerably diminished. The I 1 EUROPEAN SPAS. 3G8 'ague, and twenty. IAD. MABIBNBAli. •L Knaibmnntn, fuht. 88.3' j'ahr. I Kenten. u. Oraini. S2 8.G94 )9 8.200 )1 0.850 0.0:^9 20 4.305 1 0.049 0.014 >A 11.166 • « • • ■ • • • 6!449 K) 86.269 • • • • 5 y.m 0.018 2 61679 3 65.486 1. Cubic In. 16. T surrounding soil is composed of basalt and phonolite, contain- ing large quautities of sulphate of soda and sulphate of mag- nesia. ; There are no bath-buildings at Piillna, the water only be- ing used in the bottled form. tViedricfishall. — This is a more agreeable purgative water than Ptlllna, and very popular at the various German spas. Its action is much less liable, it is said, to be followed by con- stipation, and it may be rr=!ed for considerable time without producing injurious effects. There are no accommodations for visitors at the spring, but the bottled water is consumed in considerable quantities. Sedlitz. — This purgative water contains, in the pint, 75 grains sulphate magnesia, 17 sulphate of soda, 4 sulphate of potassa, 4 sulphate of liire, 5 carbonate of lime, and 1 grain chloride of magnesium. It is this water which gives the name to the familiar aed- litzpowdery composed of tartrate of soda and potassa, carbon- ate of soda, and tartaric acid, and not containing a single con- stituent of the water from which it is named. Sedlitz is in Bohemia, not far distant from Pullna. The water is exported in bottles. Carishad or Karlshad. — ^These waters contain the very unusual combination of a considerable proportion of carbonate of soda, salt, and Glauber's salt, together with a high "degree of heat. They may, therefore, be termed allcaline-saline purgative waters. The taste of the water is said to resemble weak mutton-broth. The water produces, according to Krey- sig, " slight purgation and liquid motions, but without colic. It is rare that it produces nausea, unless the person is exceed- ingly delicate, or the digestive organs much diseased. The urinary and cutaneous secretions are favored in a marked degree, but at the same time the circulation is excited and the water disposes to congestion toward the head." Prof. Seegen says of the water: "The effect upon the kidneys is only trifling. The function of the intestine is moderately ex- cited, and a really laxative effect is very rare. . . . The secre- i! J ^: 1- 1- \ik i \ H i5 304 MINERAL SPRINQ& tion of the bile is increased, and the composition of this liquid is probably altered. The high temperature facilitates tlie absorption of the water, and at iho same time prevents loss of animal heat." The water a to have produced ptyal- isra when no mercurials have been taken. ^ Prof. Seegen has made a special study of the action of this water. He experimented on seven persons whose con- dition was carefully noted for seven days previous to drink- ing the water, and for from seven to nine days during the administration of the water. From the results, as given by Althaus, I have formed the following table : BXCBKTIONB EXAMINED. Faeces Urine Urine, urea In Urine, phosphoric acid in . . . Urine, chloride of sodium in, Body weight BKBITLTB. IncresMd, Unaltered. Dlmlnlihed. 2 8 2 6 1 1 1 8 4 6 • • • • 8 • • 4 7 • • • • Total. T 7 7 6 7 7 Tlie acidity of the urine was aflFected thus : continued acid in three, became alkaline in three, rendered neutral after taking the water in one, but became acid by night. The specific gravity of the urine was diminished in some cases, and increased in others, always inversely proportional to the quantity of urine discharged. Although the urine was increased in five out of seven, the increase was not proportional to the additional quantity of water ingested. The waters of Carlsbad possess a reputation above all oth- ers in diseases of the liver. Of these diseases, hypermmia^ from whatever cause, whether the congestion be active or passive, is most frequently cured. Those cases arising from prolonged exposure to paludal poison, are often relieved in a remarkable manner. It is also said that fatty degeneration of the liver is cured by their use. The proof of this must, how- ever, be exceedingly difficult to determine. In cases of gall- stone they are also exceedingly efficient, and in icterus arising lUhed. ToUL 8 7 1 T 4 7 , 6 4 7 • 7 EUROPEAN SPAS. 365 from catarrh of the hepatic ducts. In each of the conditions named, no less an authority than Frerichs testifies to their utility. The waters have also considerable reputation for the relief of diabetes^ when associated with disease of the liver or gout. Gout is also frequently amenable to these waters when the liver or abdominal organs are in a turgid condi- tion. Gastric catarrh is most especially subject to cure by these waters. Prof. Niemeyer is exceedingly explicit on this point. Carlsbad is situated in a profound valley, surrounded on either side by immense masses of overhanging granitic rock. Being one of the most renowned resorts in Europe for those diseases which most frequently attack those who lead an easy and luxurious life, it possesses all the requirements for per- sons of that class. The name of the place is due to Charles IV., who erected an establishment there in the fourteenth century. The Sprudel is the spring most frequently employed. Constantin James says : '* This source, the queen, without contradiction, of all the mineral waters of Europe, jets forth, bounding and boiling from beneath the earth by a large orifice, then falls back in foam. A cloud of vapor envelops it on all sides, and, united to the noise made by the rushing water, announces its presence from afar.** Large quantities of incrustations form about the reservoir, and green confervoid growths appear. There are many springs at Carlsbad, vary- ing in temperature, but diflFering little in constitution. The high temperature of the water affords ample facilities for baths, which are frequently employed in conjunction with the internal use of the water for the treatment of the diseases named. Bathing, however, is of p^jcondary importance at this resort. Marienhad. — ^The vaters of these springs do not differ es- sentially from those of Carlsbad, except in containing a larger proportion of sulphate of soda, carbonic acid, and iron ; and being cold in temperature. The difference in the effects can readily be traced to this difference in constitution. They are I i0 r,!i 866 MINERAL SPRINGS. much more readily purgative, and, if large quantities arc taken, the excretion of urine is decidedly augmented. The secre- tions of the mucous membrane are increased, perspiration is more free, and in some instances eruptions appear on the sur- face. The appetite and digestion usually improve under their use, and, owing to the presence of carbonic acid and iron, ibc prolonged use of the water does not prove as debilitating as otherwise would be anticipated. The waters are recommended in the same diseases as Carlsbad. They are preferable to Carlsbad in those cases in which free purgation is advisable, but, in subacute gastric catarrh, the large amount of carbonic acid contained would prove injurious. A specialty at Marienbad is the mineral mud-bath. Tlie dried moor from which these baths are made, contains, besides purging sulphates, humic acid, and organic matter, a large amount of the salts of iron, as much as two hundred and sixty-eight grains in a thousand. Maritiibad 's beautifully situated at an altitude of two thousand feet above the sea-level. The country is open and inviting, and the arrangements for entertainment and for bath- ing are superior. * Framenahad. — ^These springs are situated in Bohemia, three and a half miles from Eger. In chemical characteristics they very much resemble Marienbad — the Wiesenquelle (51° Fahr.,) containing in the pint 25 grains sulphate of soda, 9 of chloride of sodium, 0.376 carbonate of iron, traces of bro- mides and iodides, and 45 cubic inches of carbonic-acid gas. Their therapeutic application also resembles Marienbad, except that, containing but a very small proportion of alkaline carbon- ates, they act much more decidedly as an iron tonic. The specialty of Franszensbad is the mineral mud-bathy which possesses a reputation above every other in Germany. The composition of the dried moor, of which this bath is com- posed, is given under the title mud-baths. These baths are especially recommended in cases of paralysis, rheumatism, and gout. titles are taken, d. The secrc- perspiration is )ear on the sur- ove under their d and iron, the debilitating as ae diseases as those cases in ibacute gastric )ntaincd would lud-bath. The •ntains, besides latter, a large ) hundred and Ititude of two y is open and t and for bath- in Bohemia, characteristics Wiesenquelle phate of soda, traces of bro- onic-acid gas. enbad, except kaline carbon- mic, 'al mud-hath^ in Germany. i bath is com- !se baths are rheumatism, EUROPEAN SPAS. OAIiOIO WATEBS. 367 CoitreXTlDc. — France, department of Yosges, tvo hundred and thirtj< five miles east of Paris. BagltrM-de-Bigorre. — France, department of nautcs-Pyr6n6c8, eighty* five miles west of Toulouse. Leikt — Switzerland, canton of Yalaia, twenty-two rnOcs east of Sion. WUdugen* — Germany, principality of Waldeck, eighteen miles south- west of Casscl. ANALYSIS. One pint oonUint— 80UD8. Carbonate of soda Carbonate of magnesia . . . . Carbonate of iron Carbonate of manganese . . . Carbonate of lime Carbonate of strontia Chloride of potassium Chloride of sodium Chloride of magnesium . . . . Sulphate of potassa Sulphate of soda Sulphate of magnesia Si'iphate of iinie T'ulphate of strontia Phosphate of lime On?anio matter and arsenic. Loss Alumina SiUca Residue, &tty matter Total. Oases. Carbonic add Oxygen Nitrogen OONTVItX- VILLI. PBTlUon. U.S* Kahr. Htnry. Gnlni. 1.438 1.606 0.0661 k'.m traces. 1.022 0.292 traces. 0.949 1.88T 8.896 i« 511 0.876 » 21.469* Cubic la. 0.20 undetermined. BA0N&RE8-D4- BIOOBBK. La Rtin*. 116.1* Fabr. Qandcrmx and Oralna. 6!821 0.584 i!942 0.468 0.949 2.691 12.264 0.894 6!268 0.060 20.111 undetermined. LBUK. Loraniqnall*. 1S3* Falir. Brunoer. Gnlu. 6!662 0.024 6!867 6!620 0.066 0.027 oisoo 1.991 12.712 0.081 0.102 16.880 Cnbic In. 0.26 0.19 0.86 WILOUNOKII. Stadti.'.-'inncii. W* Falir. Ornlni. 0.492 S.408 0.189 0.068 8.778 0.071 0.910 0.280 0.008 0.279 8.481 Cubic In. 48.70 Oontrexville. — The prominent effect of this water is diuretic, and the quantity of urine passed seems more than in proportion to the water ingested. When taken in large quantities, and it is readily tolerated, there is frequently slight diarrhcea, abundant perspiration, and phenomena of general excitement. These waters are distinguished for the relief given in cases 1 And carbonate of manganese. ■ And ahimlna. * This spring also contains traces of iodine, bromlno, and nitrates. 308 MINERAL SPRINGS. f^ If i: t;t iU Vi ,\ i of catarrh of the bladder, nephritic colic, calculus, and gravel. The value of the waters in gravel, says Durand-Fardel, is " neither contested nor contestable." The effect of the waters in this disease, according to his view, depends on their diuretic action, on the washing out of the urinary- organs, and not on any decided effect on the organism by which the diathesis is destroyed. The relief given, however, is immediate, and con- tinues for a considerable time after the use of the water is suspended. In catarrh of the bladder, however, the waters exercise a decidedly curative effect. This is comparatively a recent resort, but within a few years has received considerable patronage, and possesses the requisites for a comfortable abode. JBagnereS'de-Bigorre. — These waters are reputed sedative to all conditions of over-excitement or sensitiveness of the nervous system, and find especial application in disorders of the genito-urinary apparatus, and menstruation in females. They also prove useful in the atonic and nervous condition of students, and men who lead a sedentary life. These good effects are attributable almost, if not altogether, to the baths and fresh mountain-air. The waters, however, contain a con- siderable proportion of iron, which proves valuable in the con- ditions named, and in certain dyspepsias. The number of springs at Bigorre is upward of thirty, and the supply of water is abundant. The bathing arrange- ments are superior. Besides the calcic waters, there is a fine sulphur-spring not far distant, the waters of which have been brought into the village. Bagn6res-de-Bigorre is one of the most popular resorts in the Pyrenees, as many as eighteen thousand persons going there during the season. It is delightfully situated amid the heights of the mountains, at an elevation of eighteen hundred feet. Every opportunity for pleasure and recreation is af- forded. Leuk. — These waters are chiefly appropriated to the bath. For this purpose they are used in common by both sexes, EUROPEAN SPAS. 369 after the manner described in another chapter. The patient remains in the water from one to five hours, with the object of producing the phenomenon knovrn as lapoussee, or the bath- eruption. This mode of treatment is especially applicable to dry dartrous diseases of the skin, such as psoriasis, lichen, and pityriasis, accompanied with want of vital action ia the in- tegument. The bath-eruption seems to remove this inertia, and cure by substitution. The application of the waters, in these diseases and conditions, is recommended by Hardy and other specialists of equal note. The village of Leuk is situated at the foot of the Gemmi Pass, at an elevation of four thousand six hundred feet above the sea. On either hand glacier-crowned summits tower five thousand feet above, and the entire regior possesses a wild and sterile grandeur. Wildungen. — The waters of this spa are readily tolerated by the stomach, and prove decidedly efficacious in gravel and the lithic-acid diathesis. They exercise a happy effect on the mucous membrane of the urinary passages, and under their use gravel and renal culculi are passed without pain, and the formation of new concretions is prevented. Tho water also proves curative in catarrh of the bladder. Wildungen is a quiet resort, situated in a pleasant valley, and offers attractions to those who desire to avoid the confusion of the larger watering-places. 11 f 1 'J; i liar resorts in THERMAL WATEBS.' GastelOi — Austria, duchy of Salzburg, seventy-four miles south of Salz- burg. TttpUtZi — Bohemia, circle of Leitmeritz, forty miles south of Dresden. Schlangenjiadt — Germany, duchy of Nassau, fou»* miles south of Schwal- bach Springs. Plonibl^res. — France, department of the Vosges, two hundred and fifty- one miles east of Paris. Gastein. — These waters are devoted almost exclusively to bathing. There are eight springs varying little in composi- I S»» AnalyslB, page 870. IT ¥%• hi i -i ' r 370 MINERAL BPRU^QS. tion, but ranging in temperature from 87° to 160° Fahr. The eflFects of the waters are in great measure those of the warm and hot bath. Prof. Seegen regards the curative agency as due only to this action and the mountain-air. However, Con- stantin James affirms that a bath in these waters, unlike one in ordinary warm or hot water, produces contraction and rigidity of the skin, and that when a number of baths are taken, they especially stimulate the genital organs and the nervous system. The temperature of the bath is from 98° to 100° Fahr. ANALYSIS. One pint contains— OABTEIIT. 87*-160» Fahr. Wolf. TOPLITZ. Haaptquelle. 120* Fahr. Wolf, SOBLAITOENBAD. 82.4*-8».6' Fahr. Fretenlui. PLOHBIEBES. Source dei Damew 125» Fahr. Lhiritler. Solids. Carbonate of soda Uraini, 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.86 ■ • ■ • 6!86 o.oi 1.51 OM traces, • • • • .... • • • • « • • • • • • • traces. 0.24 traces. GralDi. 2,685 0.088 0.019 0.021 0.830 0.027 0.488 0,098 0.290 0.014 0,020 0'.851 • • • • • • ■ • • • • • 0'.(ffi4 0V448 • • • • Gralni. 0.079 0.047 d.m 1.825 O'.MI o'.bo4 0'.258 Gralni, t'arbonate of magnesia Carbonate of iron • a ■ • Carbonate of manganese Carbonate of lime Carbonate of strontia Chloride of potassium Chloride of sodium Chloride of calcium Sulphate of potassa • • • • [ 0.276 Sulphate of soda 0.627 Phosphate of soda Phosphate of alumina Fluoride of calcium • • • • Fluoride of silicium Arscniate of soda 0.008 Silicate of potassa 0.008 Silicate of soda 0.626 Silicate of lime and magnesia.. Crenic acid 0.158 Alumina 0.076 Btrontia Silica 0.089 Oi^^anic matter 0.163 Total 2.66 In 100 parti. 69.11 4.808 In 100 part*. 4.74 0.66 94.59 2.568 Cubic In. 0.67 • • • • 2.012 Oases. Carbonic acid Oxygen Nitrogen • • • • These baths possess especial reputation in cases oi paraly- sis^ both hemiplegia and paraplegia, provided the originating attack has been some time passed, and organic degeneration of the nerve-tissues has not occurred. They are also said to be of service in restoring virility. It is almost needless to 60°Fahr. The se of the warm itive agency as However, Gon- ers, unlike one ontraction and er of baths are organs and the ti is from 98° to SAD. •hr. PL0MBIEM8. Source del DamM. 126» Fahr. Lb«ritler. Gralni. .... ... * } 0.276 d.m « • • • • • • • oVobij 0.008 0.626 0.163 o'.bVe 0'.089 0.163 2.012 • • • • • • a • ases oiparaly- the originating degeneration re also said to )8t needless to EUROPEAN SPAS. 371 add that they prove valuable in chronic rheumatism, Gra- stein is situated in a romantic valley of the Noric Alps, at an elevation of three thousand five hundred and twenty feet above the sea. The journey thither is a most delightful one to the tourist, passing by the charming chdteaux of Hell- brunn, through the narrow defile of Pass-Leug, and the peril- ous passage oi the Klamm, with the pathway cut in the solid rock. Toplitz. — The waters of this resort are devoted to the bath, for which they are especially adapted. It is this resort which has added most to the reputation of indiflferent thermal waters. The effect of the baths is that of warm or hot bathing. When skilfully administered, according to Prof. Seegen, they increase the function of the skin, stimulate the circulation and peri- pheric innervation, and in certain cases facilitate the deple- tion of engorged organs. Pcii'ysis and neuralgia are successfully treated at TOplitz, also chronic mascular and articular rheumatism. Atonic gout is frequently improved under the treatment. There are five springs at TOplitz, and the system of baths, consisting of swimming-baths, private baths, douches, and vapor-baths, is unsurpassed. We should not omit naming the mud-bath. Schoiiau, a suburb, where there are six springs, is included in this statement. The surroundings of this resort are agreeable, and visitors or patients have every opportunity for passing time agreeably. Ten thousand pur- sons visit Toplitz during the summer. 8chlangenbad. — This is exclusively a tepid bntli, but a tepid bath possessing peculiar properties. The water is characterized in a high degree by unctuosity^ so that, when passed between the fingers and rubbed, there is a sense of oiliness, or velvety sensation. When immersed in the water, the entire integument presents the same soft and velvet-hke feeling. The bath is delightful. The resort is known through- out Europe as tJie ladies* bath. The baths prove sedative, and are especially applicable to hysteria^ and erethism of the nervous system, depending on d -J - % 372 MINERAL SPRINGS. functional derangements of the sexual organs in females. They also prove valuable in certain cases of gout and rheu- matism, and, by virtue of their calming action on the integu- ment, prove of utility in diseases of the skin^ accompanied by hyperassthesia. The waters also have a reputation as a cosmetic. Schlangenbad is situated in a pleasant valley nine hundred feet above the sea-level, on the road between Wiesbaden and Schwalbach, and not distant from either place. The suiTound- ings are agreeable. The whey-cure adds to the rescorces of Schlangenbad. Plonibihes. — ^These waters, like the indifferent thermals in general, are largely employed in the form of baths. The Source des Dames and du Crucifix are, however, used for drink- ing. They are distinguished from other thermal waters by the large proportion of silicates, and an appreciable amount of arsenic. They present, however, no characteristic effect when taken internally, or employed externally. The water is ^trans- parent, without taste or odor, and soft to the touch. As a remedy, they prove exceedingly efficacious in gastraJr gia^ also in chronic enteritis, associated with much abdominal pain. In articular and muscular rheumatism, unaccompanied by exudation, they are also of decided utility. In the dry dartrous diseases of the skin, such as psoriasis and lichen, they have proved efficacious. Paraplegia is also treated at this resort with considerable success. Plombidres is situated in a valley of the Vosges Moun- tains, at an elevation of fourteen hundred feet above the jca. The surroundings are agreeable. The place was largely patronized by the Emperor Louis Napoleon, and the Bain Napoleon is one of the most complete in Europe. Every con- venience for swimming-baths and douches is afforded. This resort was a favorite with the Romans, as numerous remains testify. One of the ancient thermae is in an excellent state of preservation. « ■■■'limiK Pffi I 1 ■11 I SEA-SIDE KESOETS. CHAPTER XIX. Osn who has passed his early life in an inland city or village can well remember how frequently he has desired to see the heaving waters of the ocean, to hear its tempestuous roar ; and, on visiting a seaboard city for the first time, he may not have been content to look upon the waters of the bay, but may have journeyed to some exposed portion of the coast-line, where the waves roll in from across the broad waste of waters. To every one there is majesty and beauty in the sea. The air at the sea-side has a peculiar freshness and life, that, as we breathe, seems to penetrate every portion of our frame, and impart to us renewed vitality. And we shall not have breathed this air long before we shall experience a keen appetite, and, if vigorous, feel inclined to athletic exercise. Exactly what it is in the constitution of sea-air that produces these effects has not been discovered. We, however, know that the air is purer than that of the land, less contaminated by miasm, by vegetable exhalations and noxious gases, though in the component oxygen it differs but little. The air of the ocean is always highly charged with watery vapor, bearing with it a perceptible amount of chloride of sodium. When we have been exposed to the sea-air for a long time we detect this in the salt taste experienced when the tongue touches the outer borders of the lips. Experiment has shown that this saline vapor is much more freely diffused when the ocean f hi in I ki I r Ji , 874 MINEBAL SPRINGS. is agitated, and it is then carried inland for several miles. Besides containing chloride of sodium, it is quite probable that the atmosphere of the sea also contains a proportion of iodides and bromides — a conclusion, however, which is not based on direct experiment. And, although chemistry has not revealed the minute differences between ocean air and that of the land, still, whoever is famihar with its odor can recognize it miles inland from the sea-shore. Many persons sojourn at the sea-shore more for the purpose of breathing the sea-air than for bathing in the surf. Breathing sea-air affects the organism by the change wrought in the blood, and thus in the entire system. How quickly medical agents act through the lungs is shown by the rapidity with which anaesthesia may be produced by chloroform. Sea-air is deemed especially applicable to chronic bron- chitis accompanied with considerable expectoration. If the patient, on the contrary, has dry cough and great irritability of the lungs and larynx, it will not prove beneficial. In the chronic cough of old age — senile bronchitis — it is also advan- tageous, if the patient is not a sufferer from asthma and em- physema. Phthisis in its early stages is favorably influenced by a residence at the sea-side, or repeated ocean-voyages. Indeed, the last-named remedy has been a favorite in all ages. Pliny, Celsus. and Gralen, have all testified to its virtues. Care, however, is recommended that those cases only seek the sea in which the cough is moist, and there is very little tendency to haemoptysis. The water of the sea is exceedingly complex in constitu- tion, and contains several medical substances in active propor- tion. The analysis of sea- water, on page 375, will illustrate this statement. From the analysis it is seen that chloride of sodium is the chief constituent, and next is chloride of magnesium, then sulphate of potassa, sulphate of lime, sulphate of magnesia, etc. It will also be noticed that the composition varies in dif- ferent seas. The waters of northern seas are less saline, be- cause of the small amount of surface evaporation. The waters lodium is the SEA-SIDE RESORTS. 376 of the Dead Sea are very heavily charged, becai 3e of the con- tinual access from surrounding rivers without any correspond- ing outflow. ANALYSIS. One ptnt containt— Solids. Carbonate of magnesia CarlMnate of lime Chloride of potassium Chloride of sodium Chloride of magnesium Chloride of aluminimii Chloride of iron Chloride of calcium Chloride of ammonium Chloride of manganese 8ulpbate of potausa Sulphate of magnesia Sulphate of lime Phosphate of soda Iodide of sodium Kromide of sodium Bromide of magnesium Oxide of iron Bromine Silver Copper Lead SlUca Organic matter Bitumen Uesin and extractive matter. Total 267.86 li I Gnini. trace. 208 '.92 24.96 trace, 18.66 4.87 11.66 trace. trace. 8.89 trace, trace, trace, trace, trace. I Graini. 220 24 IS 10 36 78 41 12 55 16 16 02 282.06 II Grain*. 2 149 12 17 trace, 42 68 88 72 84 66 186.59 1^ 5 Gnlnt. 0.94 12.45 6.56 268.23 46.18 90.47 86.80 trace. 459.63 ^1 n Gnfau. trace. 86.88 887.84 557.16 8.92 0.19 172.09 0.42 0.42 4.76 trace. 19.57 trace. 4.82 trace. 1686.01 The accumulation of solid matter in the water of the sea occurs as follows : The pure clear drops of water descend from the heavens, and, as they pass to the stream, dissolve and carry from the rocks and loam many of their constituents, though in exceedingly small proportion. These myriads of drops of water, each freighted with its little burden, meet in the rivers and pass on to the ocean. Arriving here they are heated by the sun and arise in vapor, depositing the burden they have borne. Again this vapor, wafted across the land, meets a cold stratum of air and descends once more in rain, again to bear a portion of the earth's surface to the ocean. This aggre- gation for ages of dissolved salts has, in great part, caused the saline condition of the ocean. But, in addition, there are 1 ■ I , 3'?6 MINERAL SPRmOS. if 4v large beds of salt on the shores and in the depths of the ocean which, doubtless, contribute to its saltness. We find, then, that sea-water is exceedingly complex in constitution. Besides, it possesses various colors^ due, how- ever, in great measure to its varied surroundings — the color of the sky, the disposition of the coast-line, whether bold and precipitous, or low and receding. From the varied colors we have the names White, Red, and Black Sea, etc. One char- acteristic, however, which has been the subject of a number of theories, is its phosphorescence. When, on a steamer far out in the ocean, we look back at night over the ship's track we see, just bordering the crest of the wave, a line of faint sparkles appearing and disappearing with the changes of the wave — now they flash out in peculiar brilliance, then are lost in the dark surge. Some consider that this effect is due to a peculiar chemical combustion, others to myriads of animalcules capable of luminosity, like the glow-worm, and another theory attributes it to electrical conditions. The temperature of the sea, like that of rivers, is never con- stant, varying according to the seasons. The mean tempera- ture of the surface of the Mediterranean Sea, near the coast of France, is found to be 59° Fahr. But, beneath the surface, the temperature decreases downward, and in mid-ocean the temperature has been found as high as 83.4° Fahr. at the sur- face, while at the depth of six thousand feet it marked but 45.5° Fahr. Aim6 has shown that the lowest temperature of the depths of the ocean is equal to the mean temperature of the surface during the winter. At the sea-side resorts the temperature ranges between 60° and 70° Fahr. during the sea- son. The sea-bath is a cold bath, and its effects may almost all be deduced from this fact. But it is a cold bath under the most favorable conditions. The fascination of the sea, the attraction of many bathers in the water at the same time, the excitement attendant on the rolling in of the waves, and the exercise required in meeting them, contribute to the salutary effect that is experienced. Here the person makes no con- scious effort to exercise, but the entire surroundings lead him hs of the ocean BEA-SIDE RESORTS. 377 to do so, and often so vigorous is this exercise that reaction commences while in the water, to be followed by complete redness of the surface, and a feeling of renewed energy when he retires to the dressing-room and is thoroughly rubbed and dried. That the mineral constituents of the water have any part in the result is exceedingly doubtful, for, on the one hand, the temperature of the water is so low that the skin is unprepared for absorption, and, on the other, the period of immersion is usually so short that, under the most favorable conditions, little absorption could occur. However, it must be remembered that, during the entire time, the lungs are continually filled with the aroma of the sea, and the blood much more highly charged with its medical properties than when at the hotel on the shore. The time passed in the bath varies from five to twenty minutes, and, where the water is unusually warm, it may be extended beyond these limits. One bath a day is sufficient, and two each day as many as should be indulged by the most vigorous. In some instances reaction is not readily established on coming from the bath, and, in such cases, in addition to rubbing with the coarse tov/el, it will be advantageous to immerse the feet in warm water. It is almost unnecessary to say that morning is the preferable time for the bath, and that the stomach should be empty when it is taken. The rules given under the title of " The Cold Bath " are also applicable to sea-bathing. The eflFect of a course of sea-bathing, according to Durand- Fardel, is as follows : The first baths cause excitement, exces- sive fatigue, pain in the muscles and course of the nerves, es- pecially if the sea has been rough ; sometimes the appetite is lost. But, in five or six days, these conditions disappear, and a feeling of bien-Btre, of vigor and joyousness, succeeds ; at the same time the appetite is increased, and the secretions are; more active, especially those of the kidneys, skin, and lungs . But, if the baths are too long continued, after fifteen, twenty, or thirty days — according to the individual — the excitement, fatigue, and the pain reappear, and, if the baths are not dis- continued, all the advantage gained may be lost. I MS i'!i 7 1> X ;h 1 ill hi 1 1 V.J I r V ^ i M -l| h iV. to If! m pi ; : ! 378 MINERAL SFRINOa Sea-baths are especially applicable to persons of lymphatic constitutions. In these classes they favorably influence a num- ber of diseases by the tonicity wrought in the system. They have been highly lauded as a remedy at the age of puberty, in both sexes, when there is a want of development, an ap- parent failure of the vital force ; they then stimulate to a re- newed effort, the pale youth develops into a vigorous boy, and the cheek of the anaemic girl assumes the rosy hue of health. In cases of delayed or difficult menstruation, accompanied with chlorosis in the young girl, sea-baths are of peculiar benefit. Indeed, so decided is their influence upon the uterine functions that, in women who have ceased to menstruate, the flow has leappeared, and those always sterile have become enceinte. The beneficial effects to the scrofulous of a residence at the sea-side are generally known. Sea-bathing is not without danger to those who are reck- less, or do not observe the rules which are given for the guid- ance of bathers. Those who, in a strong sea, quit the lines of rope are never without danger, for, in those seemingly small waves, there is a power that can only be appreciated by those wno have felt their force ; and those who wander beyond the prescribed limits, recklessly peril their lives. Marshall Hall's ready method for resuscitating persons as- phyxiated from drowning, may prove useful to those at the sea-side. It is as follows : 1. Treat the patient instantly on the spot in the open air, freely exposing the face, neck, and chest to the breeze, except in severe weather. ' ; : 2. In order to clear the throaty place the patient gently on the face, with one wrist under the forehead, that all fluid and the tongue itself may fall forward, and leave the entrance into the windpipe free. 3. To excite respiration, turn the patient slightly on his side, and apply some irritating or stimulating agent to his nostrils, as ammonia, camphor, etc. 4. Make the face warm by brisk friction ; then dash cold water upon it. ten dash cold SEA-SIDE RESORTS. 379 6. If not successful, lose no time ; but, to imitate respir ration^ place the patient on his face, and turn the body gently but completely on the aide, and a little beyond; then again on the face, and so on alternately. Repeat these movements deliberately and perseveringly, fifteen times only in a minute. When the patient lies on the chest, this cavity is compressed^ and ejcpiration takes place. When he is turned on the side, this pressure is removed and inspiration occurs. 6. When the patient is in the prone position, make a uni- form and eflficient pressure along the spine, removing the press- ure immediately before rotation on the side. The pressure augments the earpiration ; the rotation commences inspiration. Continue these measures without tiring, for restoration often results when hope is entirely lost. 7. Rub the I'mbs upward, with firm pressure and with en- ergy ; the object being to aid the return of venous blood to the heart. 8. Substitute for the patient's wet clothing, if possible, such other covering as can instantly be procm-ed, each by- stander supplying a coat or cloak. Meantime, and firom time to time, to excite inspiration, let the surface of the body be slapped briskly with the hand. Avoid the immediate removal of the patient, as it involves a dangerous loss of time ; also the use of the bellows, or any forcing instrument. • SEA-SIDE BESOBTS. Portland, Maine. — ^Three nriiles distant from this city is Oushing^s IsUxnd, wliich contains about two hundred and fifty acres. It commands magnificent ocean-views. The beach, on either side of the island, is exceedingly good, and every facil- ity, including bathing-houses, dresses, etc., are at hand. This resort is popular with Canadians, and those who prefer a quiet retreat to the excessive excitemeiu: of more noted places. Fish- ing of all kinds is abundant. ' Portsmonth, New Hamp-Mrc. — Nea r this city is Bye Beach, growing in popularity. The bathing is good. It may b« ! ' 1 n ■ III .1:1 fi'f. ... <••• i:rlj u M m 4 ■ I '; 380 MINERAL SPBINGa reached by carriage-drive of seven miles, over an excellent road, from Portsmouth, or by train to Greenland, four miles from Portsmouth; thence by stage. Hampton Beach is also near by ; not so fashionable as Rye, but celebrated many years ago. To good fishing and bathing it adds the attraction of charming scenery. Access by railroad, seven miles south- west from Portsmouth, to Hampton Station ; thence, by stage, to the beach. Boston, Massachiuetts. — ^The fashionable sea-side resort of Boston is Swampacott. It is twelve miles north of the city, on the coast-line of railroad to Portsmouth. The bathing is excellent, with no undertow. Its popularity seems, however, to be entirely fortuitous, as the beaches are not large and the scenery not peculiarly attractive. The best beach in the immediate vicinity of Boston is Nahant. It is approached by the coast-line of railroad. The passenger leaves the train at Lynn, eleven miles north of Bos- ton ; thence four miles by stage. It is a charming peninsula of rocky islands, connected with each other by a series of un- surpassed beaches. Many Cambridge professors choose this for their summer home. Chelsea Beach is situated in the town of Chelsea, four miles north of Boston by rail. The beach is three miles long. It is a pleasant resort. Newport, Bhode Island. — Thi 't the most elegant water- ing-place in the United States, j,nd the facilities for bathing are unsurpassed. The beaches are known as EastorCs^ Sa- chusefs, and Smith's^ the first-named being the most popular. The location of Easton's is admirable, the waves rolling in in majestic succession, and, at the same time, the bather is with- out danger from undercurrents. Besides the attraction of Newport as a resort, it is inter- esting to those who delight in studying the early history of America. The drives about Newport are delightful, the new one — ten miles long — giving an unobstructed view of the ocean almost the entire distance. ITarraganaett Pier, about one hour's sail firom Newport, SEASIDE RESORTS. 881 has been known over twenty years as a watering-place ; within a few years it has become quite a popular resort. The beach is at the mouth of Narragansett Bay. It slopes gradually, and there is an absence of strong undercurrents. The Pier is also reached by the Shore-line Railroad from New York to Boston, leaving the train at Kingston, a station twenty-seven miles southwest from Providence, whence stages convey to the hotels. New York City. — The most fashionable resort in the vicin- ity of New York is Long Branch. It is about thirty-two miles distant from the city, by steamer to Port Monmouth, or Sandy Hook, New Jersey ; thence by rail. Within a few years many commodious hotels have been erected, and throngs of visitors have gathered during the summer season. Long Branch is famed for its bathing, its sea-breezes, its uhell-fish, and its hotels. Its nearness to New York and Philadelphia, and its ease of access, are its chief claims to popularity. Coney Inland was once a fashionable resort, but it is now only sought by those of moderate means. During the summer season large numbers go over for a day's pleasure, by steam- boat from New York. ITie distance is ten miles. Or, it is reached from Fulton Ferry, Brooklyn, by street-cars. The beach is exceedingly fine. Hockaway is also one of the once fashionable resorts which have fallen into decay, because of their immediate proximity to the city. It isr accessible during the summer season by steam- boat from New York, or from Brooklyn by Long Island Rail- way and South Side Railway. FhiladelpMa, Pennsylvania. — ^The sea-side resort of Phila- delphia is Cape May, New Jersey. It is the extreme southern point of the State, having on the one side the Atlantic Ocean, and on the other Delaware Bay. It has long been one of the most fashionable and elegant sea-side watering-places, patron- ized by the inhabitants of every portion of the United States, but especially from Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, and the West and South. The beach is over five miles long, ex- ceedingly firm and solid, and oflfers every facility for the enjoy ! mm I \ .1 -,3 . i t 1 1 t, ") m 1 ''\'it 382 MINERAL SPBINGS. ment o( sea-bathing. Here the hotels are built almost on the beach, in full view of the ocean, giving easy access to the baths, and a£Pording the amplest opportunity for breathing sea-air. Cape May is reached by cars from Philadelphia on the West Jersey Railroad, distance eighty-one miles south. Passengers from New York change cars at Camden ; thence southward. Atlantic City is on the eastern coast of New Jersey, about sixty miles southeast by rail, via the Camden & Atlantic Railroad. There are fine accommodations for bathing. Old Point Comfort, Virginia, — ^This has become of late years a favorite sea-pide resort, and the hotel there is open all the year round. It is the farthest south of the Northern group f/f sea-bathing places, and for that reason the temper- ature of the air and water is favorable earlier and later in the season than elsewhere. The beach and facilities for bathing are most excellent. The climate is mild and equa- ble. The sea-views are extensive and devoid of that monot- ony which often pertains to sea-shore places. It is frequently sought during the winter season by those to whom ocean air is advantageous. Fortress Monroe is but a few hundred yards distant. APPENDIX. Note. — For reference to springs described in the Appendix, sec separate " Index to Appendix ' at the end of the volume. ADAMS SPRINaS. I4 I. in] > 392 MINERAL SPRINGS. ANALYSIS.* H One pint contains (60' Fahr. 0. N. Stoddard) : V Solids. Onins. ^K Carbonate of magnesia • • • 2.798 1 Carbonate of iron • 2.462 1 d Chloride of potassium • • • O.SIO B Sulphate of magnesia • • • 4.617 ^B &] Sulphate of iron • • • 0.816 Sulphate of lime • • • 13.176 H Bromide of potassium • • • 2.096 H Silica • • • 0.762 H Alumina . • • • • • • 0.122 I Total 27.068 B Oar. Oab. in. B Carbonic acid » • • 12.06 ^m m HABBIN SPBINaS. Location, etc. — See page 334. Analysis.* — This water is said to be highly charged with sulphur, soda, iron, and magnesia, the sulphur predominating. The temperature of the springs ranges from 118° to 120° Fahr. Properties. — These thermal waters are chiefly used for bathing, and are applicable to the diseases for which this class of waters are usually prescribed. The water is said to feel *' as soft and agreeable to the skin as if it were oil." Remarks, — ^These springs are twenty miles north of Calis- toga, and four miles west of Middletown, in a wild and pict- uresque canon of the Coast Range Mountains. A number of bath-rooms have been constructed, and also plunge-baths. HIGHLAND SPRINaS. Loeatioilt — Lake County, California. Access. — From San Francisco, via Cloverdale or Calistoga. Analysis. — An incomplete examination reveals sulphate and carbonate of magnesia, chloride of sodium, manganese, » Ohio Geological Survey, 18T8, vol. 1., " Geology," p. 609. 3 "Second Biennial Report, California State Board of Health," p. 122. ard): Onins. 2.'798 2.462 0.810 4.617 0.816 13.176 2.096 0.762 0.122 27.068 Oab. io. 12.06 y charged with predominating. i° to 120° Fahr. liefly used for vehich this class is said to feel oil." north of Calis- wild and pict- |is. A number plunge-baths. ;a. reals sulphate n, manganese, hh," p. 123. APPENDIX. 303 potassium, silica, and calcium ; also a trace of sulphur. They are highly charged with carbonic-acid gas. Jiemarks. — These springs have been a resort for several years of invalids afflicted with rheumatism and other chronic diseases. On account of the thermality of the water they are much used in the way of baths. (See Appendix, page 424.) JOBDAIT ALUM SPBINaS. Location and Post-Offlce* — Jordan Alum Springs, Rockbridge County, Virginia. Access* — From Washington via Orange, Alexandria k Manassas Railroad, and Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, to Goshen, one hundred and eighty-eight miles southwest, thence one hour by stage to the springs. From the West, via Cincinnati and the Ohio River to Huntington, one hundred and sixty-five miles east ; thence via Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, two hundred and fifty- one miles southeast, to Goshen. Hotel* — Jordan Alum. ANALYSIS. On* pint conUini— Solids. Carbonate of int.\gne8ia Carbonate of irot Carbonate of maniTanese Chloride of 8odiaa> Sulphate of potassa Sulphate of soda Sulphate of mngnesla Sulphate of aluuina Sulphate of iron Sulphate of lime Phosphate of tron Phosphate of lime (tribasic). Iodide of sodium Silicate of soda Crenate of iron Crenate of ammonia Alumina Silica Sulphuric acid (free) Or^ic matter. Total. Gaber. Carbonic acid. Oxygen Nitrogen Alum Spring. Wm. E. AlUo. 10.680 Cubic In. 0.T7 Chalybeate Spring. B!.T Fnhr. T. W. MaUa. Gnini. Gnlni. .... 0.092 .... 0.088 0.005 0.091 0.014 0.164 0.016 0.022 0.017 0.64T . * • . 8,1T9 • • • < 2.81T .... 0.555 0.404 0.081 0.002 0.088 .... 0.814 .... 0.085 .... 0.066 .... 0.007 0.090 2.965 ■ ■ > • 0.078 0.011 » 0.806 Cubic In. 0.70 0.20 1.07 (1878.) > In addition, traces of arsenic and copper were foand in the ochreous deposit, also • •light trace of nitric add, and, by the spectroscope, distinct evidence of carbonate of lithia. 18 « 1 ..ill ' •■ 1 ,;i • Hi i: -i' Aikd m , 'i' w ill 304 MINERAL SPRINGS. Properties. — This is one of the valuable atum waters of Virginia, which has been found efficacious in scrofula, chronic diarrhoea, scrofulous skin-diseases, etc. According to Prof. Mallet's analysis the iron of the chalybeate spring is in the form most readily absorbed, that of a carbonate, and accom- panied with free carbonic-acid gas. Such waters are valuable in chlorosis and other diseases accompanied by impoverished blood. Remarks. — This resort is situated in a mountain-nook formed by North Mountain on the one hand, and Mill Moun- tain on the other. It is one of those places which attract by pleasant surroundings as well as by the value of the water. MANITOn SPBINa. Location and Post-Offlce. — Manitou, El Paso County, Colorado. Aeeesit — From Denver, via Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, seventy-six miles south, to Colorado Springs, thence five miles west by stage. HoteL — Manitou Hotel. ANALYSIS. It is to be regretted that an accurate analysis of these waters has not been made. An analysis of a solid residue, obtained by boiling down an unknown quantity of the water, and sent to T. M. Drown, Philadelphia, shows the following percentage : . , BOLTDS. Bicarbonate of soda Bicarbonate of magnesia Bicarbonate of lime Chloride of potassium Chloride of sodium Sulphate of soda Total OrainB. 24.01 8.89 16.62 10.01 86.69 4.78 100.00 Properties. — It is obvious from the above report that these waters contain valuable alkaline and saline constituents, and APPENDIX. 305 ilum waters of crofula, chronic )rding to Prof, pring is in the ate, and accom- ers are valuable y impoverished mountain-nook md Mill Moun- hich attract by of the water. Colorado. ailroad, seventy-six )y stage. icse waters has not y boiling down an rown, Philadelphia, GraiiiB. 24.01 8.89 16.62 10.01 86.69 4.78 100.00 jport that these )nstituents, and it is probable that it is of the same character as the Selters water of Germany. Remarks, — These springs are situated in a picturesque mountain district, at an elevation of 6,529 feet above the sea. Within view is the snow-clad summit of Pike's Peak, also the Chiann Mountain, and near at hand is the famed " Garden of the Gods." In addition to the spring which gives name to the place, there are also the Navajo, the Iron Ute, the Co- manche, the Pawnee, the Shoshone, and the Arapahoe. The climate of this portion of Colorado has lately attract- ed considerable attention as a resort for persons suflFering from pulmonary diseases, and, with due regard to the selection of such cases as retain sufficient vitality, there is no doubt that many cases of phthisis will be benefited, if not cured, by resorting and remaining there. Although the winters are of considerable severity when compared with tropical resorts, yet as a result of the dry atmosphere and sunshiny days the cold is said to be but little felt. The summer weather is delightful, the temperature at Colorado Springs during two successive seasons (1872-'73) not rising above 90° Fahr., the average summer temperature for the respective years being 74^° Fahr. and 77° Fahr. During the year from December 1, 1872, to December 1, 1873, there were 237 clear days, 75 fair days, and but 53 cloudy days, while the previous year the number of cloudy days was but 44. As a resort for asthmatics the climate enjoys special (and it would seem well-deserved) reputation. UASSANETTA SFRIiraS. LoeatlOD. — Rockingham County, Virginia. Post-Offlee* — Harrisonburg, Rockingham County, Virginia. Access* — From Washington, via Orange, Alexandria & Manassas Railroad to Harrisonburg, 188 miles west, thence four miles by stage. Or, by Chesa- peake & Ohio Railroad and connection to Staunton, thence north twenty-five miles by stage to Harrisonburg. Hotel. Analysis. — A qualitative analysis by Prof. Rogers showed the water to contain carbonic acid, oxygen, and nitrogen, in ■5 IF 390 MINERAL SPRINGS. abundance ; also, chlorine, iodine, potassium, sodium, magne- sium, iron, calcium, and arsenic. Remarks. — These springs are situated on the east side of the Valley of Virginia, near the peaks of Massanetta Moun- tain. They were formerly called Taylor's Sprhii;s, NAPA SODA SPBINQS. Location, etc. — Sec page 334. ANALYSIS. One pint contains . 801.^U8. Curbonate of soda Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of iron Carbonate of lime Chloride of sodium Sulphate of soda Silicic acid Alum'aa Loss Totul . Lanzweert) ; Orains. 1.188 8.266 0.980 1.860 0.650 0.230 0.085 0.078 0.810 S.OflS Properties. — According to the analysis, this is an alkaline- chalybeate water. Remarks. — These springs are at an elevation of about 1,000 feet above the level of Napa Valley, on the nlope of the mountain. There is a great number of them, issuing from an area of about thirty-five acres. Some of them discharge very little water — others enough to fill an inch-pipe. Some merely ooze from the slate formation of the mountain. The liquid from the largest spring is a fine quality of natural soda-water, highly charged with carbonic acid, and in California has nearly supplanted all importations. Gasometers are placed over the larger springs to collect the gas, which is tliere conveyed by pipes into the main gasometer, and forced into the bottles under a pressure of forty-five to sixty pounds. rm : 4 ^ APPENDIX. 397 sodium, magne- the east side of issanetta Moun- Oralns. 1.138 . 8.265 0.980 . 1.360 0.650 . 0.230 0.085 . 0.076 0.310 . 8.093 3 is an alkalim- ration of about he nlope of the issuing from an discharge very Some merely fine quality of nic acid, and in 18. Gasometers le gas, which is 3ter, and forced ,0 sixty pounds. OBKNE7 SFRINaS. Loeatlon, ttt^—See page 840. ANALYSIS. Om pint coouini — Healing Spring. 68.6° Fabr. T. W. Malkt. Powder Spring. 69.7" Fahr. T. W. Mallet. Bear-Wnllow Spring. 68.6* Fahr. T. W. MaUet. Solids. Carbonate of soda Graini. 0.002 0.141 0.058 0.001 1.038 0.004 0.015 0.028 0.664 0.i48 0.662 0.104 Gtalnt. 0.406 0.369 0.027 0.002 0.477 0.003 0.044 0.020 0.662 o'.ais trace. 0.055 o'.iis trace. Grn:ni. Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of Iron Carbonate of manganese Carbonate of lime .... Chloride of notassium 0.008 Chloride of sodium 0.011 Sulphate of potassa 0.026 Sulphate of magnesia Sulphate of alumina 0.305 0.007 Sulphate of iron 'ferrous) Sulphate of mar janese 0.567 Sulphate of lime 0.089 Sulphate of lithia 0.008 Phospliate of lime (tribaaic) Sulphide of nodiura 0.001 Sulphuric acid (free) 0.044 Silica Organic matter 0.1 it2 0.008 Total U.580 Cabic in. 0.48 O.iT 0.81 (1874.) « 1.797 Cabic in. 0.89 0.61 0.29 (1874.) •1.266 Gases. Carbonic acid Cubic in. 0.60 Sulphuretted hydrogen Oxvjren 0.05 Nitrogen 0.15 (1874.) Properties. — These springs present three different kinds of waters. The Healing Spring is an alkaline-calcic water with sufficient iron to adapt it to anaemic cases. Such waters prove beneficial in catarrh of the bladder, and gravel, especial- ly when the disease is associated with debility. Tlie Powder Spring is an alkaline-sulphur water, and in addition to its adaptation to diseases of the urinary organs may be expected to prove of service in dyspepsia of the gastritic type. The Bear- Wallow Spring is a chalybeate water, modified by the > In addition, a distinct trace of carbonate of lithia and a fulnt tracu of fluoride of lime • In addition, traces of carbonate of lithia, chloride of ammonium, and sulphate of cop- per ; a distinct trace of sulphate of barium, a faint trace of sulphate uf etroiitia, and, in the sediment, a distinct trace of arsenic. * Also traces of chloride of ammonium and Iodide of sodium, a distinct trace of sulphate of copper, and, in the sediment, a distinct trace of arsenic. m I I 'III 1^^. J*, «■ n f: . '''■ jj, i/i 398 MINERAL SPRINGS. presence of sulphate of magnesia and potassa, and sulphuric acid. It has considerable reputation for the cure of chronic diarrhoea, scrofula, and diseases depending on impoverished blood. Remarks. — This resort is pleasantly situated on the east- ern slope of North Mountain, where pure air may be enjoyed. The Healing Spring is about one mile north of the hotel. The water is clear, devoid of smell, and somewhat styptic in taste. A flocculent whitish sediment accumulates at the bottom and sides of the spring. The flow is thirty gallons per hour. The Powder Spring is about one mile and a quarter in an easterly direction. The water is clear, but has the smell and taste due to sulphuretted hydrogen. The Bear- Wallow Spring is within the grounds of the hotel. It has the usual taste of chalybeate waters, and deposits an ochreous sediment which is used by visitors as an application to indolent ulcers. Wi SEiaiiEB SPBINaS. Locatloil. — Lake County, California. Access. — From San Francisco, or Sacramento, go by daily boat to Vallejo, thence by rail to Calistoga, thence by stage to Seigler Valley. Itemarks. — Seigler Valley is about five miles in circum- ference, surrounded by mountains of very picturesque appear- ance. One of these mountains, from which the valley is named, contains the springs, which vary from icy coldness to boiling heat, of different flavors and colors, including one of cold soda-water. Lake County is well called the " Switzerland of California." Lying at an elevation of about 1,500 feet above the sea, com- posed mainly of a single valley, walled all around by moun- tains between 3,000 and 4,000 feet high, with a lake in the centre of it, every way as romantic and picturesque as Lake Como, and a climate of great salubrity, this beautiful Alpine region is destined to become the sanitarium of San Francisco.' ' Btephon Powers. • ; APPENDIX. SLATEBYTLLE SFKENQS. 399 Location and Post-OflSce. — Slaterville, Tompkins County, New Tork. Access. — Go to Owego on the Erie Railroad, thence via JDelaware, Lacka- wanna & Western Railroad to Caroline Station, thence three and a half miles by stage. Or from Auburn, on the New Jersey Central Railroad, via South- em Central Railroad to Richford Station, thence eight miles by stage. Hotels. — Hasbroucke, Fountain. Aiialysis, — According to an analysis by B. Hitchcock, these waters contain 1. 46 grain solid constituents in a pint of the water ; the .amount, however, of each ingredient, consist- ing of silicic acid, sulphuric acid, carbonic acid, hydrochloric acid, oxide of iron, alumina, lime, magnesia, and soda, is not stated. The tube of the well is magnetic. Temperature, 45° Fahr. SPABTA ABTESIAN WEI.L. Location and Post-OflBce. — Sparta, Monroe County, Wisconsin. Access. — ^From Milwaukee, via La Crosse Division of Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 170 miles north-west to Sparta. Hotel. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (J. M. Hh'sh) : Solids. Carbonate of soda Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of iron « irbonate of manganese Carbonate of lime Carbonate of ammonia Carbonate of lithia . Carbonate of strontiu Carbonate of baryta Chloride of sodium Chloride of calcium Sulphate of potassa Sulphate of soda . Sulphate of lime Phosphate of soda Phosphate of alumina Iodide of sodium . Silica . Hydric sulphide Total . Oralns. 0.015 0.249 1.083 trace.' 0.029 trace.* 0.002 0.001 trace.' 0.014 0.063 0.066 0.280 0.018 0.007 0.006 trace.* 0.029 trace.' 1.812 1 Id the original analysis thesA amounta are determined, bat in reducing to the plot It carriea tbo figures beyoud the third place of decimals, and therefore is noted " trace.** I Im Rii id «1 u I 400 MINERAL SPRINGS. Properties. — It will be seen from the analysis that this is an unusually fine chalybeate water, a pure chalybeate, and the iron is in the form most readily assimilated, that of a car- bonate. SPENCEB SPBINaS. Location and Pos!-OflBee. — Spencer Springs, Tioga County, New York. Access* — ^From New York, via Erie Railroad, to Owego, 236 miles ; thence by Delaware, Lackawanna oi Western Railroad to Ca; or Station, ten miles; thence six miles by stage to springs. Hotel* — Spencer Springs. Analysis. — A qualitative analj ds by George Hadley shows the sulphur spring to contain a considerable proportic of carbonates and chlorides, with sulphuretted hydrogen. The iron-water, besides containing considerable iron, also holds alkalice carbona<;es in solution. ST. HELENA WHITE SULPHUR SPBIXaS. Location, etc* — See •' White Sulphur Springs," page 184, which are the same. ANALYSIS. » One pint contain*— No. 9. 89.6* Fahr. Prof. La Conto. No. 6. W Fahr. Prof. L4 Conta. No. 7. ej-S" Fahr. Prof. La Conte. Solids. Carbonate of magnesia. Oraini. 0.077 0.156 2.715 0.108 0.146 1.082 0.881 Gralni, 0.070 0.805 2.961 0.277 0.107 1.416 0.281 Gralni. 0.546 Carbonate of lime 0.696 Chloride of sodium 0.779 Chloride of magnesium 0.081 Chloride of calcium. 0.097 Snlohate of soda 1.605 Bulphidos of sodium and calcium 0.202 Total 4.564 Cubic In. 0.76 6.857 Cubic In. 0.58 4.004 Oas. Bulnhuretted hvdroiren Cnbic In. trace. Properties. — These are mild saline-sulphur waters, with sufficient sulphate of soda to render them aperient. They will undoubtedly be found useful in manj' of the diseases to which sulphur-waters are adapted. Their elevated tempera- ture well adapts them for bathing purposes. 1 *' Second Biennial Report Oaliibmia BUte Board of Health," by lliomas M. Logan, M. D. p. 126. APPENDIX. 401 Remarks, — This is a pleasant resort for summer tourists. The springs are situated in a deep, romantic caiion of Napa County, about two miles west from the town of St. Helena. Dte. No. 7. 69.8» Fahr. Frof. Le Conte. Onlni. 0.545 0.605 0.779 0.081 0.09T 1.605 0.202 4.004 Cable In. trace. [liomas M. Logan, SUKUIT SODA SPBINGS. Location, «te.— -Seepage 832. ANAT.TSI8.» One pint contains : Solids. Groins. Carbonate of sodi . 1.187 Carbonate of magnesia . 0.526 Carbonate of lime 3.751 Chloride of sodium • . 8.277 Oxide of iron 0.218 Potassa • trace. Silica 0.257 Alumina * . 0.218 Total 9.433 Oas. Cub. In. Carbonic acid • . 23.29 Properties. — According to the analysis, thes9 are chalyb- eate waters, containing so large a proportion of carbonic acid as to hold the oxide of iron in solution as a carbonate, the form most readily assimilated. The presence of alkaline salts and chloride of sodium modifies the character of the water. SWATNE'S MAHHOTH SPBINQS. Loeatlon* — Henry County, Tennessee. Post-Offiee. — Springville, Henry County, Tennessee. Access. — Springville is a depot on the Memphis & Louisville Railroad, 140 miles east of Memphis, thence three miles and a half by stage to springs. Hotel. — Springs. Analysis. — Prof. J. M. Safford has made an analysis of a solid residue of the artesian white sulphur, though from what quantity of Wvater is not stated, showing the chief constituents to be chlorides, carbonates, and sulphates, the chlorides being in excess. There is also a large quantity of sulphuretted hy- drogen in the water. > "Second Biennial Report California State Board of Health," p. 115. ii • i m '?'! is 102 MINERAL SPRINGS. Properties. — The water is undoubtedly of the saline-sul- phur class. Hemarks. — Besides the spring analyzed, there are twelve others at this resort. The Artesian " is a natural wonder, supplying fifteen barrels per minute, through a four-foot res- ervoir, and capable of rising by its own force eighteen feet," :li: TBITON SFBIXa. Location. — -kratoga, about two miles south of the village. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (60^' Fahr. S. P. Sharpies): Solids. GrainB. Carbonato of soda .... 5.861 Carbonate cf magnesia .... 6.221 Carbonate of iron .... 0.141 Carbonate of lime ..... 11.40*7 Carbonate of lithia .... 0.403 Carbonate of strontia .... trace. Carbonate of baryta . . . . 0.102 Chloride of potassium .... 2.128 Chloride of sodium . . . . 29.812 Sulphate of potassa . . . . trace. Iodic of sodium .... 0.006 Bromide of sodium ..... 0.226 Fluoride of calcium . . . . trace. Alumina . . . . . . trace. Silica ...... 0.160 Total 66.460 Gas. Cab. in. Carbonic acid . . . . . 46.10 (1872) TXTLB mVEB SODA SPRHTa. Location.— Tulare County, California. Access. — Take the San Joaquin Valley Railroad at Stockton and ride to Visalia, thence by daily stage to Porterville, thence about fifteen miles by private conveyance. Hotel. . the saline-sul- ere are twelve itural wonder, a four-foot res- jhteen feet." APPENDIX. 403 Remarks. — ^This spring was brought into notice in 1870 by Dr. E. B. Bateman. It issues from a crevice at the foot of an immense granite bowlder, on the bank of a little brook, and is an agreeable, pungent water, highly charged with car- bonic-acid gas. It is in a wild mountain-region, and forms a most grateful retreat from the fervent heat of Tulare Valley. Near by is the Painted Rock, a cavern whose walls are cov- ered with rude figures of men and animals, sketched by some extinct race/ ge- -..(-• 8): T7NI0K SPBtNG. Grains. 5.861 6.221 0.141 11.407 0.403 trace. 0.102 2.123 29.812 trace. 0.006 0.225 trace. trace. 0.160 65.460 Cab. in. 46.10 (1872) kton and ride to fifteen miles by Location! — Saratoga Springs. . X ANALYSIS. • * One pint oontainj J (48° Fahr. 0. F. Chandler) : BOLIDB. Grains. Carbonate of soda 1.471 Carbonate of magnesia 8.126 Carbonate of iron 0.024 Carbonate of lime 8.396 Carbonate of lithia 0.236 Carbonate of baryta . 0.176 Carbonate of strontia trace. Chloride of potassium 1.092 Chloride of sodium 67.287 Sulphate of potassa 0.227 Phosphate of soda 0.008 Iodide of sodium 0.005 Bromide of sodium 0.168 Fluoride of calcium . trace. Biborate of soda . trace. Alumina 0.040 Silica 0.331 Organic matter .... trace. Total 77.575 Gas. Cnl!). In. Carbonic acid . ,» * * 48.12 (1873) i--i.-- » Stephen Powers. -a* ■ ■ Vi- ■ t" 1. " 404 MINERAL SPRINGS. VALHEBMOSO SFBINGS. LocaUon aud Po8t-OflSeet— Yalhermoso Springs, Morgan County, Alabama* Access* — ^From Decatur, a station on the Memphis & Charleston Railroad, 188 miles east from Memphis, via steamboat on Tennessee River, tvrenty-fire miles to landing, thence two miles and a half to the springs. Hotel* — ^Valhermoso. Analysis. — None. The waters are said to be sulphur and chalybeate. Remarks. — The resort is situated amid the spurs of the Cumberland Mountains, and the nights are cool. Cascades and caves invite the visitor to morning rambles. Previous to the war this was a popular watering-place, known as " Mor- gan County," " Manning*s," " Wallace's " Springs, etc. VT0H7 SPBINQS. Location, etc*— /%e page 333. ANALYSIS.! One pint contains : 8oLir«. Omins. Carbonate of soda • • • • 17.440 Carbonate of lime • • • • 2.878 Chloride of sodium • • • • 4.200 Sulphate of magnesia • • • 1.600 Sulphate of lime . • • • • 6.260 Oxide of iron > • • • 0.600 Silica • • • 1 • • • • • trace. Total 81.868 Gas. Ottb-in. Carbonic acid • • • , 29.85 VIOHY. Location, t^—8ee page 841. * "Seoond Biennial Report California Stato Board of Health," p. 180. 1 County, Alabama* barlestcn Railroad, ! River, twenty-five be sulphur and e spurs of the ool. Cascades ;. Previous to lown as "Mor- Qgs, etc. Grains. 17.440 2.878 4.200 1.600 6.260 0.600 trace. 81.868 Oab.ia 29.85 APPENDIX. ANAIiTBIS. » 405 One pint contalni — Solids. Carbonate of potassa Carbonate of soda Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of iron Carbonate of manganese. . . Carbonate of lime Carbonate of strontia Chloride of sodium Sulphate of soda Phosphate of soda Borate of soda. Arseniate of soda SUica Bituminous organic matter. Total. Oab. Carbonic acid. CutMt Wall*. Elliabcth. tt.i' Fahr. Bouqntt. Oraini. 1.401 24.484 1.990 O.lltf traces. 8.686 0.010 8.416 2.782 traces. traces. 0.021 0.248 traces. 88.054 CaUe Id. 27.88 Sto. MvU. 63.2* F«br. Bouquet. Ormlni. 1.450 26.200 2.G08 0.281 traces. 8.503 0.010 8.80T 2.482 traces. traces. 0.021 0.182 traces. 89.444 Cable In. 25.85 " p. 180. Properties. — These waters, as will be seen on comparison of analyses, are of the same character as the Grande Grille. Says Durand-Fardel : " The waters of Gusset take part in the regimen of Vichy ; their origin is without doubt identical ; their composition and their therapeutic applications are ob- viously the same." It should be noticed, however, that the Ste. Marie well is stronger in iron than any other waters of Vichy. These waters bear transportation exceedingly well. Remarhs. — The wells of Gusset are not quite two miles distant from Vichy. They were bored about the year 1860, the Ste. Mar J having been sunk to the depth of 379 feet, and the Elizabeth to the depth of 295 feet. VIOTOB SPRINQ. Location and Post-Offlee. — Daricn Centre, Genesee County, New York. Access* — Darien is a station on the Erie Railroad, twenty-five miles east of Buffalo, from which the spring is one mile and a half distant. Hotel. — Boarding-house. Analysis. — According to an analysis by Prof. Hadley, this \ ** Dictionnaire des Eaux Mln^rales," par Dorand-Fardel, tome 1., p. 519. 406 MINERAL SPRINGS. water contains 105 grains of solid constituents in a pint. It is said to be rich in chlorides, bromides, iodides, and iron. Properties. — The water is pleasant to the taste, and seems to belong to the alkaline-saline class. li ■'« ZEU-ZEM SFBINaS. Location. — Lake County, California, on Etiquary Greek, forty miles from Nar)a City. Access* — By direct route to Clear Lake, via Borrycssa Valley. Analysis. — An incomplete one shows the water to con- tain sulphur, iron, and magnesia, in considerable quantity. The water is cold and very palatable, temperature 64° Fahr. Memarks. — The peculiar name of this spring is that of " the holy well in Mecca." APOLIilNABIS WATEB. Location. — Valley of the Ahr, Rhenish Prussia. ANALYSIS. One pint Solids. Carbonate of soda contains : Grains. . 6.964 Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of lime 2.V51 . 1.900 Chloride of sodium 2.743 Sulphate of soda Phosphate of soda Salts of potash Oxide of iron, with alumina . 1.648 trace, trace. 0.049 Silicic acid . 0.099 Total 16.054 Oases. Carbonic acid (free and semi-combined) Carbonic acid (combined) . Gable in. . 42.81 12.44 (IBYT.) I.: The above analysis is reduced from average result of eight analyses made by Professors G. Bischof and Mohr, and given in ten thousand parts. Properties, — ^This is an excellent alkaline mineral-water. ;s in a pint. It !es, and iron, aste, and seems k, forty miles from Valley. ) water to con- rable qnantity. iture 64° Fahr. ring is that of Grains. . 6.964 2.151 . 1.900 2.743 . 1.648 trace. trace. 0.049 . 0.099 16.054 Cubic in. 42.81 12.44 {1811.) rage result of and Mohr, and mineral-water. APPENDIX. 407 It surpasses every other known water for table use and mix- ing with wines. The importation to this country is enor- mous. ABROWHEAD HOT SPBIKQS. Location and Post-Oflllee* — San Bernardino, San Bernardino County, California. Access. — San Bernardino is nine miles from Colton, a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad, thence six miles northeast by stage. Botel* . Bemarka. — The waters of these springs are said to range in temperature from 140° to 210° Fahr., and to flow in im- mense quantities. They are two thousand feet above the level of the sea, amid bold mountain scenery, commanding a view of the Valley of Santa Anna, which spreads southward for thirty miles to the peaks of Tameschal. The winter cli- mate is said to be very delightful, and well adapted to suffer- ers from phthisis pulmonalis. The present (1883) accommodations at this resort are of a primitive character. BELKNAP HOT SPBINGS. Location* — Lane County, Oregon. Post-Offlee. — McEenzie Bridge, Lane County, Oregon. Access* — Springfield, a station on the Oregon & California Railroad, about one hundred and eight miles south of Portland, is the nearest railroad station, whence sixty miles by stage. Hotel. — Belknap's. Analysis. — Not obtainable. Remarks. — The temperature of these waters is 184° Fahr., and the flow between two hundred and three hundred gallons per minute. Tub and steam vapor-baths have been pro- vided. These springs are located in an out-of-the-way nooky which would have special attraction for sportsmen. The sur- rounding country is exceedingly wild and mountainous. It is not over fourteen miles northeast to the base of the Cas- cade Mountains, and twenty miles southeast to the Three ;ii- :i;- 408 MINERAL SPniNGS. Sisters Mountains. The streams near by abound in brook- trout, mountain-trout, salmon-trout, and red-side trout. Red- side trout have been taken weighing four pounds, and salmon- trout weighing twelve pounds. Of game there are black-tail deer, grouse, quail, otter, beaver, mink, and elk j in the win- ter, bear and cougar. M BORIiAND MINEBAIi WELL. Location and Post-OflBee.— Borland, Pleasants County, West Virginia. Access. — By rail or steamer on the Ohio River to Marietta ; thence by steamer ten miles to Willow Island landing ; thence five miles distant by car- riage. notelt — Boarding-house accommodation. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (T. 6. Wormley). SOUDS. Carbonate of soda . Carbonate of magnesia . Carbonate of lime . Chloride of sodium Chloride of magnesium Sulphate of potassa Sulphate of soda Phosphate of alumina . Iodide of magnesium Bromide of magnesium Manganese . Alumina and iron (as carbonates) Silica Organic matter Total Grains. 9.726 0.232 1.094 30.009 0.267 2.828 4.734 0.029 0.008 0.036 trace. 0.080 0.073 trace. 49.109 exceedingly unusual sulphur water with a Properties. — This water presents combinations, being an alkaline-saline- sufficient amount of sulphate of potassa and soda to insure its prompt action as a diuretic and aperient. A water so well balanced in efficient proportions of valuable ingredients, and the absence of inert or harmful constituents, is seldom found. As an alkaline-saline-sulphur water it is superior to any at present known — superior, for drinking purposes, to M APPENDIX. 409 ound in brook- 3e trout. Red- is, and salmon- e are black-tail k : in the win- West Virginia, arietta; thence by ilea distant hj car- Groins. 9.726 0.232 1.094 30.009 0.267 2.828 4.784 0.029 0.008 0.035 trace. 0.080 0.073 trace. 49.109 ngly unusual water with a )da to insure A water so e ingredients, ats, is seldom is superior to purposes, to the renowned waters of Aix-la-Chapello, and to those of Nenndorf, Eilsen, and Meinberg, in Europe. Professor Wormley states that, in addition to the solid ingredients, he found sulphuretted hydrogen gas and some hydrocarbon g^^.es. An accurate estimate of these would have necessitated a journey to the well. An alterative water of this kind is adapted to a number of diseased conditions, as it is decidedly an alkaline water, a saline water, and a sulphur water. Specially is it bene- ficial in disease of the liver due to engorgement, in chronic gastritis, dyspepsia accompanied with acidity, catarrh of the bladder, gravel, gall-stones, and chronic poisoning by lead. Hemarks. — The locality has no improvements for public resort, and at present the water only finds its way into mar- ket barreled. The springs are at the junction of Camp- bell's Run and Bull Creek. The surrounding country is rolling in character, with neighboring elevations, giving beautiful and extensive land- scape views. There are good opportunities near by for hunting. BTTFFAZiO LITEIA SFBINQS. liOCatloil, etc. — See page 222. ANALYSIS OP BPRINO NO. 2. One pint contains (W. P. Tonry) Solids. Carbonate of potassa Carbonate of iron . Carbonate of lime Carbonate of lithia Carbonate of barjrta Chloride of sodium Sulphate of magnesia Sulphate of alumina Sulphate of lime Silica Total. Groins. 3.662 0.027 1.300 0.204 0.180 0.615 0.111 1.133 4.133 0.234 11.699 h; .U f- 1 Pi !■ ?' '4 '! :i! : '1 ■ 410 MINERAL SPRINGS. Gabis. Cab. in. Carbonic acid ..... 1.0 Sulphuretted hydrogen . . . . . . 1A The water also contains traces of paosphoric acid, iodine, and organic matter. Properties, — ^This water is an efficient diuretic, and proves of great value in inflammations and irritations of the bladder and kidneys, especially when dependent on the uric acid dia- thesis, as exhibited in cases of gravel and gout. For these purposes it is indorsed by the highest medical authorities. CANON CITY SPRINaS. Location and Post-Offlcet — Gafion City, Frcmo! t County, Colorado. Access.— A branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad leaves the main line at Pueblo and goes to Canon City, one hundred and sixty-one miles from Denver. Hotel. . ANALYSIS. One pint contain!— Iron Duke. Prof. Leon. LitUe trto. Prof. Leon. Hot Spring. 104" F»hr. Prof. Leon. 8oL.„.i. Carhoiato of soda Grsinc. 9 593 1.824 trace. 4.124 trace. 10.873 1.524 Grmiim. 9.548 1.749 trace. 2.812 trace. 14.747 1.518 Oralni. 9.143 Carbonate of magnesia 1.5y9 Carbonate ^f Iron trace. Carbonate of lime 4.086 Carbonate of litbia trace. Chloride of sodium 2.2r4 Sulphate of soda 9.910 Total 27.448 30.869 27.007 Properties. — These are mild alkaline-saline waters, one of them being of high temperature. JRemarJca. — Canon City is at an altitude of about 5^,000 feet. It is protected on the northward from severe and sharp winds by mnn.Titain ranges, and is not far distant from the Grand Caiion of the Arkansas, where the river cleaves its way through a solid wall cf mountain rock, 2,000 feet per- pendicular on either side. Bathing establishments have been erected at these springs. iodine, and organic • 1. Hot Spring. 102' F»hr. Prof. Leon. Oralni. 9.143 1.5y9 trace, 4.086 trace. 2.2(U 9.910 27.007 waters, one of APPENDK. CAPON SPRXNGS. Loeatioa, ttt»—See page 168. ANALYSIS. One pint contain! — Solids. Carbonate of soda Carbonate of magnesia. . . Carbonate of Iron Carbonate of manganese. Carbonate of lime Carbonate of lithia Carbonate of copper Chloride of sodium. . . , . Bulphate of potassa Sulphate of lime Sulphate of strontium Phosphate of lime Fluoride of calcium Alumina Silica Nitrates Organic matter Total, Gabu. Carbonic acid. Oxygen Nitrogen 411 Main Spring. Beauty Spring. J. W. Mkllet. J. W. MaUtt. Oralni. Oralni. 0.074 0.079 0.180 0.168 0.005 0.006 trace. trace. 1.041 1.044 trace. trace. • ■ • • • trace. O.OOT 0.006 0.021 0.020 0.074 O.Oftl trace. trace. trace. trace. trace. trace. 0.002 0.002 0.088 0.084 trace. trace. 0.026 0.028 1.617 1.478 Cable In. Cubic in. 1.07 0.97 0.22 0.21 0.46 0.46 m In addition to the dissolved gases noted above, there is a free escape of gas from the surface of the water of Main Spring, estimated by Prof. Mallet to be from 800 to 850 cubic inches per hour, consisting of Parts. Nitrogen ...... IS.H Oxygen ...... 9.02 Carbonic acid ...... 4.38 Marsh gas ...... 7-87 Total 100.00 Temperature of the water is 65.5° Fahr. Properties. — The quantitative analyses of these waters show them to be specially adapted to the diseases men- tioned in the original sketch, p. 158, and that they are, as there designated, valuable carbonated alkaline waters, con- taining a considerable proportion of lime. 3tcd at these CARLISLE SPRINaS. Location.— Pueblo County, Colorado. Post-Offlce.— South Pueblo, Pueblo County, Colorado. ■i'1%- 111 412 MINERAL SPRINGS. \i- Access* — Carlisle Springs is a station on the Denver & Rio Grande Rail, road, one hundred and forty miles from Denver. Hotelt — No improvements. ANALYSIS. i ■' One pint contains (60° Fahr.) : Soups. Orains. Carbonate of poda . • • 1.123 Carbonate of magnesia • « • . 1.422 Carbonate of iron . • • 0.037 Carbonate of lime • • • . 2.798 Chloride of sodium • • 1.407 Sulphate of potassa • • • . 0.087 Sulphate of soda • ■ 2.498 Silica • • • trace. Organic matter • • trace. Total . • • • . 9.372 Gas. Carbonic acid gas . Amount undetermined. (Wheeler Expedition.) OEDAB SPBINQS. Location and Post-OflSc«.— New Paris, Preble County, Ohio. Access. — New Paris is a station on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad, thirty-five miles west from Dayton. The springs are one mile from the station, where carriages are in waiting. Hotel. — Cedar Springs. ANALYSIS OF WASHINGTON SPRING. One pint contains (A. Fennel) : Solids. Grains. Carbonate of soda . 0.283 Carbonate of magnesia . 0.727 Carbonate of lime . 0.495 Carbonate of iron . 0.166 Chloride of sodium 0.122 Sulphate of soda . 0.023 Sulphate of lime 0.155 Phosphate of lime . 0.2f.6 Alumina .... 0.028 Total .... . 2.264 Properties. — It appears from the analysis that these are mild alkaline waters, similar in character to the Bethesda & Rio Grande Rail- Grains. 1.123 . 1,422 0.037 . 2.798 1.407 . 0.087 2.498 trace. trace. . 9.372 idetermined. heeler Expedition.) Ohio. cinnati & St. Louis are one mile from Grains. 0.283 0.727 0.495 0.165 0.122 0.023 0.155 0.2«'.6 0.028 2.264 that these are the Bethesda APPENDIX. 413 water of Wisconsin, but containing a larger proportion of iron. It is claimed that they are specially valuable in dis- eases of the kidney and catarrh of the bladder, and also in acid dyspepsia. Remarks. — These springs were first developed in 1874. The neighborhood was a favorite camping-ground of the Indian tribes — the Pottawattamies, Miamis, and Wyandots — who attributed miraculous power to the water. Succeeding the time of the Indians they were forgotten till, a school- house being built adjoining them, it was noticed that sickly- children improved in health, and that worn and anajmic school-teachers rapidly regained robust health. Since open- ing, they have become a favorite resort. The springs are situated at a considerable elevation above the sea, it is said 1,000 feet. The surrounding country is rolling, and exceedingly attractive. Besides tlie "Washington Spring, there are others used for medical purposes, i. e., the Seidlitz, Chalybeate, Glycerine, anJ Ohio Bethesda. There are said to be not less than one hundred mineral springs within an area of two miles square. CHALK GREEK HOT SPRINGS. Location. — Chalk Creek, Chaffee County, Colorado. Post-Offlce. — Nathrop, Chaffee County, Colorado. Hotel. . ANALYSIS. One pint contains (Prof. G. E. Patrick, 130° Fahr.): SoLiDB. Grains. Carbonate of potassa . . . . 0.016 Carbonate of magnesia .... 0.078 Carbonate of lime . . . . . 0.244 Chloride of potassium ..... 0.079 Sulphate of soda ..... 0.771 Silicate of soda ..... 0.324 Silica ...... 0.2r)4 Lithia ....... trace. Organic matter ..... trace. Total . . . . . . 1.766 !■ % ¥ 414 MINERAL SPRINGS. Oas. Carbonic acid gas Amount not determined. Properties. — A thermal water with no special indications depending on the ingredients, except as to the considerable amount of silicate of soda and silica that it contains. CINCINNATI ABTESIAN WATER. Location and Post-Office« — Cincinnati Gas Woriss, Cincinnati, Hamilton County, Ohio. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (E. S. Wayne) : Solids. Grains Carbonate of magnesia .... 1.018 Carbonate of lime .... . 2.167 Cliloride of potassium .... 0.409 Chloride of sodium .... . 64.950 Chloride of magnesium .... 2.267 Chloride of calcium .... . 2.782 Sulphate of lime ..... 8.409 Iodide of magnesium .... . 0.024 Bromide of magnesium .... 0.^S2 Oxide of iron ..... . 0.046 Silica 0.061 Total ..... . 77.J65 Gases. Cubic in. Sulphuretted hydrogen . . . . 0.97 Carbonic acid ..... . 1.29 Properties. — This is a good saline-sulphur water, and adapted to the treatment of all diseases for which such waters are used. Bemarks. — The depth of the well is 1,245 feet, and there is a continuous flow of water. CLIMAX SPMNGS. Location and Post-OfBce. — Climsix, Camden County, Missouri. Acress. — From Warsaw, Missouri, a railway station on the Missouri Pa- cific Railroad, twenty-five miles by stage to the springs. Warsaw is two hundred and thirty-one miles from St. Louis. Hotel. — Climax Springs. t determined. icial indications he considerable DDtains. incinnati, Hamilton Grains. 1.018 2.167 0.409 64.950 2.267 2.782 8.409 0.024 0.^S2 0.046 0.061 77. J 65 Cubic In. 0.97 1.29 ur water, and >r which such feet, and there Missouri. the Missouri Pa- Warsaw is two APPENDIX. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (L'. W. Wiley): Solids. Carbonate of lime .... Chloride of sodium .... Sulphate of lime .... iodide and bromide of potassium Iodide and bromide of magnesium Oxide of iron, alumina, and silicon Organic and undetermined . Total ..... Oab. Carbonic acid .... 415 Grains. 0.661 4.451 0.707 0.319 1.260 1.000 0.424 8.802 Cubic in. 3.45 Properties. — The above analysis, by Prof. H. W. Wiley, of Purdue University, Indiana, State chemist, shows a min- eral water differing in a remarkable manner from any known in this country or Europe. It contains a larger proportion of lie iodides and bromides of potassium and magnesium relative to the other constituents. There is over one and a half grain of these salts in each pint of water, while there is a comparatively small amount of chloride of sodium. Other waters, containing considerable iodides and bromides, con- tain, in addition, a very large amount of chloride of sodium (salt), so much that it is not possible to drink them ; while this water, if the analysis be correct, may be taken easily. They are iodo-bromated waters, similar in character, but far superior, to the celebrated Kreuznach waters of Prussia. Waters of this kind are specially adapted to the cure of scrofula in all its manifestations, whether affections of the bones, joints, or skin diseases. They are also valuable in tertiary syphilis, and may prove serviceable in chronic gout. Memarka. — The water of this spring collects in a cave thirty feet under ground. The pool is about forty feet in diameter, ant' from one to twelve feet deep. The explora- tion has not been complete, and ' 3 point where the water enters this basin and the place of o How are unknown. For this reason we regard the analy . ♦vith doubt, not that it is t't, 416 MINERAL SPRINGS. .! ^.t-: incorrect in itself, but because the water was taken from this subteiTanean pool. How many years the water has been in collecting there and how perfectly it corresponds with the inflow spring is unknown. It may be the water of the spring itself is feebly mineralized, and this under-ground pool repre- sents evaporation and chemical changes which have been going on for hundreds of years. These springs are situated at an elevation of 970 feet on the northern slope of the Ozark Mountains, in a rolling country timbered with black and white oak. The scenery is attractive, the view from the springs commanding a pros- pect over a valley of sixteen miles. Three rivers — the Osage, Niangua, and Pomme de Terre — about six miles equidistant, afford fine opportunity for fishing, while the valleys abound in all kinds of wild game. t . CBESSON SPBINQS. Location, QU»—See page 248. ANALYSIS. One pint coiitalni— Iron Spring. F. A. Qenth. Alum Spring. F. A. Genth. Msgneda Spring, F. A, Gentb, SOLIDB. Carbonate of potassa , , , Oratni. • • • • 0.447 0.826 0.005 0,646 0.205 2.822 0.200 2.935 trace. 6.114 trace. 0.003 o'.ioi Grains. 0.346 trace. 0.663 • « • a 0.053 0.088 8.462 2.650 2.081 4.128 6.025 0.006 trace. 0.238 Gmlni. 0.020 Carbonate of soda 0.124 Carbonate of magnesia. 0.046 Carbonate of Iron , . . 0.002 Carbonate of manganese tr^e. Carbonate of lime 0.001 Chloride of sodium , . 0.168 Chloride of magnesium 0.069 Chloride of calcium 0.163 Sulphn'o of potassa Sulplmtc) of soda, Sulphate of magnesia. , . . . . Sulphate of alumina Sulphate of iron , Persnlphate of iron Sulphate of lime 0.013 Sulphate of lithla Phosphate of lime 0.001 Nitrous acid trace. Alumina 0.001 Silica 0.1 14 Total 18.242 18.014 0.70T Oab. Carbonic add Cubic In. 0,16 :aken from this ter has been in ponds with the jr of the spring iind pool repre- lich have been . of 970 feet on s, in a rolling . The scenery landing a pros- 3r8 — the Osage, les equidistant, valleys abound 1. Magnesia Spring, F. A. a«Dtb. Oniini. 0.020 0.124 0.046 0.002 trx!e. O.OOl 0.168 0.069 0.163 • • • • • • • ■ o'.ois o'.ooi tnice. 0.001 0.114 0.707 Cubic In. 0.16 Xppendix. ERKENBBEOKEB'S SALT WELL. 417 Location! — Ludlow Grove, Hamilton County, Ohio. Access. — Ludlow Grove is a station on the Cincinnati, Hamilton k Day- ton Railroad, six miles distant from Cincinnati. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (E. S. Wayne) : Solids. Grains. Carbonate of magnesia . . . . 1.768 Carbonate of lime .... . 0.Y92 Chloride of sodium . . . . 637.612 Chloride of magnesium . 67.765 Chloride of calcium .... 98.826 Chloride of iron .... . 6.683 Sulphate of lime ..... 0.769 Bromide of sodium .... . 8.626 Silica ...... 0.152 Total ..... . 717.263 (1882.) Properties. — It will be seen from the analysis that this is an exceedingly strong brine — sufficiently so to be well adapted for the manufacture of salt ; and from it brine baths of any required dilution may readily be made. HemarJcs. — This salt water was unexpectedly discovered in the course of boring an artesian well for procuring pure water for the manufacture of starch in Mr. Erkenbrecker's large factory. The public-spirited proprietor has made baths, that his workmen may enjoy the invigorating effect of salt baths ; but none for general use have yet been provided. The well is two hundred and seventy-one feet deep. EUBEEA SPRINGS. Location and Post-Offlcc. — ^Eureka Springs, Carroll County, Arkansas. Access, — Seligman, a station on the Arkansas Division of the St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad, is eighteen miles distant from the springs, to which there is a line of stages. Hotels. — American House, Southern. 19 41 ii :!inn' ' ■« i| 'iii 418 H;! li fi MINERAL SPRINGS. ANALYSIS (Basin Spbiio). One pint contains (Potter and Riggs) : 80L1D8. Orains. Carbunatc of soda . 0.014 Carbonate of magnesia ■ . 0.329 Carbonate of lime . 0.041 Chloride of sodium t . 0.023 Sulphate of potassa 0.016 Su'nhate of soda • . 0.011 Iro nd aluuina . 0.010 Sih . , . , . • . 0.039 'f'otal 0.483 In addition, free ?nd albuminoid ammonia was found in minute quantities. JProperties. — This water is but very feebly mineralized, and whatever medicinal or curative properties it may have are not shown by the analysis. JRemarks. — The country surrounding the springs is hilly and rolling, the higher hills being from 1,100 to 1,900 feet above the sea-level. The location is healthy and the winters are mild. EXCELSIOR SFBINaS. Location. — Clay County, Missouri. Post-OflSee* — Viginti, Clay County, Missouri. Access. — ^Excelsior Springs are five miles from Vibbard, a station on the St. Joseph branch of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad ; stages in waiting. Dotels. — Cooper House, Ford, and Dclmonico. Analysis. — An accurate quantitative analysis has not been made. A qualitative analysis shows the waters to contain iron, alumina, silica, chlorides and carbonates of magnesia, lime, and sodium, to the amount of twenty-five grains per gallon, or over three grains per pir.t. Properties. — Until the quantitative analysis is had, it will be difficult to fix accurately the field of usefulness of these waters. So far they seem to have proved specially beneficial in diseases of the kidney and bladder, and de- rangements of the liver. APPENDIX. 419 Orains. 0.014 . 0.329 0.041 . 0.023 0.016 . 0.011 0.010 . 0.039 0.488 I miautc quantities. ly mineralized, js it may have springs is hilly to 1,900 feet a,nd the winters rd, a station on the lailrcad; stages in alysis has not the waters to . carbonates of of twenty-five >t. ysis is had, it >f usefulness of roved specially adder, and de- Ilemarks. — The springs are three in number — the Excel- sior, Relief, and Empire — located in a triangular valley two or three miles in area, surrounded by rugged hills. The locality is an exceedingly healthy one, and around the springs a community of two thousand people have gathered in the short space of two years. FAIBVIEW SPBINQS. Location. — Near Eosse, Limestone County, T the treatment ie bladder, and I Lake County, ch is bounded, ange of moun- 3 the eastward, id are sheltered lie surrounding and fertile soil, rout and other and, while deer ; mountain dis- ions, also tub, Grains. 13.20 0.08 6.04 0.19 11.54 1.07 128.97 137.98 0.09 299.76 Cubic in. 8.06 Properties. — This is one of the most efficient and pleas- ant purgative or bitter waters known. It acts certainly and painlessly as an aperient, and should hardly be termed bitter water, as the peculiar combination and presence of considerable carbonic-acid gas mitigate the otherwise dis- agreeable taste of the salts, so that they are hardly noticed. The dose is from half a wine-glass to a wine-glassful. INDIAN SFBINQS. Location and Post-Officet — Indian Springs, Butts County, Georgia. Access. — Indian Springs are one and a half hour distant from Macon, Georgia, arid two hours distant from Atlanta, on the extension of the Ma- con & Brunswick Railroad. Hotel. — Mcintosh Uousc. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (J. R. Colting) : Solids. Grains. Carbonate of magnesia • \ • .' 1.982 Sulphate of potass* • • • • 3.415 Sulphate of magnesia • • • . 71.628 Sulphate of lime . • • • • • • • 7.152 Total . . 84.077 Oases. Cubic in. Carbon'c-acid gas . • • • • 1.000 Sulphuretted hydrogen • • • . 3.006 Nitrogen . • • • • 0.166 Properties. — These are very valuable purgative waters, containing a notable quantity of sulphuretted hydrogen, and are curative in engorgement of the liver, dyspepsia of the sthenic type, and catarrh of the bladder. Uemarks. — This is an old-time watering-place, much re- sorted to years ago, but, with the progress of railroads, and being tv/enty-five miles distant therefrom, it was almost for- gotten till the recent (1882) completion of a branch railway to the place. It is again receiving considerable patronage from the surrounding country. ,il Alb 426 MINERAL SPRINGS. '( - > ul liAS VEQAS HOT SFHINGS. Location and Post-Offleei — Las Vegas, San Miguel County, New Mexico. Access* — Via the Atchison, Topeka & Santa F6 Railroad to Las Vegas, seven hundred and seventy miles south of Atchison, Kansas. Uotels. — The Montezuma, Hot Springs. ANALYSIS. One pint contains— No. 1. 130° Ffthr. F. V. Hayden. No. J. 123' Fahr. F. V. Hayden. No. 8. 123* Fahr. F. V. H«yd«D. BoLIPS. Carbonate of soda Grains. 0.215 0.135 3.407 1.765 trace, trace, trace, trace. 0.130 Grains. 0.146 1.329 3.046 l.S»28 trace, trace, trace, trace, trace. Grains. 0.625 Carbonate of maffnesia | 1.429 Carbonate of Lme j Clilorido of sodium 8 417 Sulphate of soda 2 026 Iodine trace. Bromine Potassium trace. Lithium trace Silica 814 Total 6,662 6.449 7 811 Pro2yerties. — These are exceedingly valuable thermal wa- ters, perhaps the most valuable of any east of the Rocky Mountains. They bear considerable resemblance to the fa- mous baths of Toplitz, in Bohemia, which have been select ed by the Prussian government as the most appropriate place for the cure of disabled soldiers. Waters and baths such as these of Las Yegas are very valuable agents in the treatment and cure of chronic rheumatism, gout, contractions and stiffness of joints, and concretions or deposits therein. They are also curative in many diseases of the skin, such as psoriasis, lichen, etc. In the treatment of syphilis they act as alteratives and re-enforce the effect of other remedies. A new and accurate analysis of these waters is needed. MemarJcs. — Thirty years ago, when the Government sur- veys for a Pacific railroad were made, these remarkable springs were noticed and designated on the maps as Ojos Calientcs. At that time trappers and hunters only knew of them. Now civilization lias swept by them and far beyond. A hotel equal in convenience to many of those at fashion- able Eastern resorts is found there. An imposing bath- APPENDIX. 427 3. No. 8. ahr. 123* Fahr. lyden. F. V. H«y(l.D. 11. Grains. 16 0.625 29 1.429 16 8.417 28 2.026 e. trace. e. trace. e. trace. e. trace. e. 0.314 19 7.811 house, built of red granite, has a capacity of five hundred baths per day. In the gentlemen's department there are twenty-three tub and ten vapor baths ; on the ladies' side are fifteen tub and four vapor baths. In addition are t)ie appliances for giving shampoo, douche, and ring baths. The application of the deposits from the water in the way of the well-known mud-bath is also provided. These springs are on the southern slope of the Rocky Mountains at an elevation of G,767 feet above the level of the sea. The temperature of the locality is mild, and said to be comparatively free from those sudden changes which occur in the areas west of the Mississippi. The average for Christmas week, 1881, was 52° Fahr. ; for January, 41° Fahr. ; February, 49° Fahr. ; March, 56° Fahr. ; April, 58° Fahr. LIBERTY HOT SPRINGS. Loeation. — Thirty-one miles west of Del Norte, on the Rio Grande River, Colorado. Aceess. — By stage from the railway station of Alamosa, on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, or trail, thirty-one miles from Del Norte, a stat'on on the same railroad, two hundred and eighty-one miles from Denver. Hoteh — Boarding-house accommodations. ANALYSIS. One pint containt— Soi.ms. Carbonate of soda Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of lime Carbonate of lithia , Chloride of sotliiiin Sulphate of potassa eulpliate of soda Silica Organic matter Total. Gas. Bnlphurctted hydrogen. No. 1. No. .I. 150° Fahr. 140° Fahr. Grains. Grntni, 5.060 10.532 0.7!»5 0.952 [ 1.634 trace. trace. 2.139 2.430 trace. trace. 1.729 1.002 0.417 0.348 trace. trace. 11.098 15.944 Cubic In. UndetormiRod. (Wheeler Expedition.) Properties. — These are alJcaline-tJicrmal springs of high temperature, and will give excellent results in all those dis- eases to which such waters are adapted, such as chronic rheumatism, gout, and skin diseases. ! I;' I I 428 MINERAL SPRINGS. H. . •' pt ' :- ft'V ' > ^Ih: * 1' " .(ti 'I . 1 ', ' [ V I i 4 i i 5- 1 1 i •' liemarks. — Arrangements have been made lov giving baths. LOWER BLT7E LICK SPKINGS. For analysis, etc., see page 192. A new analysis of these waters was made in 1877 by Robert Peter, M. D., of Lexington, Kentucky, Chemist to the State Geological Survey. The original analysis, pub- lished in this work, was made by this gentleman, and a com- parison shows no sensible change or weakeninjr of the water during the twenty-seven years that had elapsed. The only additional information gained is, that the water is found also to contain minuc .quantities of chloride of calcium, chloride of lithium, sulphide of sodium, carbonate of soda, biboratc of soda, sulphate of baryta, and sulphate of strontia (" Geo- logical Survey of Kentucky," Part VII, vol. v. Second Series, page 69). KEDICAIi LAKE. Location and Post-Offieei — Medical Lake, Spokane County, Washington Territory. Aceess. — From Cheney, a station on 1. • Fend D'Ore'lIc; Division of the Northern Pacific Railroad. Medical Lake is ten miles distant V»y stage. Uotcls. — Lake House, Cottage IIouso. ANALYSIS. Solids. Carbonate of Poda Grains. . V.943 Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of lime 0.029 . 0.023 Carbonate of lithia traces. Carbonate of iron . 0.066 Chloride of potassium Chloride of sodium 1,156 . 2.046 Sulphate of potassa Silicate of soda traces. . 1.329 Biborate of soda . trace. Oxide of alumina . 0.021 Organic matter 0.069 Total .... . 12.680 Pr'^tperties.- -This is an alkaUn.e water, containing an un- uuual amount, of silicate of soda — a substance seldom found in A ;.. APPENDIX. 429 # >* -i de Tof. giving le in 1877 by :y, Chemist to analysis, pub- an, and a com- r of the water ed. The only r is found also eium, chloride soda, biborato :rontia (" Geo- Second Series, anty, Washington ;e Division of the nt \>y stage. mineral waters^ '^xcepi in uiiiiute quantities. It undoubtedly exercises a decided induence over the medicinal value of this water, especially as to scrofulous and skin diseases, and will cause diseases, otherwise incurable, to be cured by its use. Memarks. — This wonderful lake of mineral water is lo- cated in a fertile plain, known as the Big Bend country. It is one and a quarter mile long, and from one fourth to one third of a mile wide. The banks are somewhat abrupt, and it varies in depth from forty to one hundred feet. The wa- ter is sourish, and slightly acrid to the taste. No living thing, except small turtles, is found in the water. When a strong wind breaks the surface, the waves froth in a soapy- looking foam, which appears like snow at a distance. For this singular lake there is no visible inlet or outlet. When the water is bathed in, it causes an unctuous or soapy sensation. Although this place has been known but two or three years, a town, with stores and factories, has sprung up on the banks of the lake. There is a bath-house on the shore. A preparation is made from the waters of this lake, known as " Medical Lake Powders," which, dissolved in rain- w ter in the proportion of half an ounce to a gallon, is said to possess all the virtues of the water. ■li If Grains. ^.943 0.029 0.023 traces. 0.066 1.155 2.046 traces. 1.329 trace. 0.021 0.069 12.680 iining an un- dom found in MIDDLE PARK HOT SPRINGS. Location ) etc. — See page 306. ANALYSIS. One pint contalna — SoLtDB. Carbonate of soda Carbonato of magnesia Carbonate of lime Chloride of sodium Bulpliato of potassa Sulphate of soda Hulphate of matmeBia, Iron .lud ammonia. . . . T.ithia Bilicic acid Total Gab. Ccrbonic acid No. 3. No. 6. gTf" Fahr. 115° Fahr. E. J. MalUtt. E. J. MaU«tt. Ontini. Graiai. 8.6ST 4.921 • • • • 0241 0.460 i.n«i 1.7415 0.129 0.119 2.191 1.281 0.6.56 . • . • traces. traces. tnico. 0.(177 0.164 8.401 8.&S1 Cable la Ciblc In. 2.22 2.f>0 M 430 MINERAL SPRINGa JRemarJcs. — These are thermal alkaline waters, containing an active proportion of alkaline ingredients, and therefore, in addition to the advantages of hot baths, they possess those of alkaline waters when taken internally. i MIDDIiETOWN SPRINGS. Loeatioiii — Middlctown, Rutland County, Vermont. Access. — Seven miles by coach from Poultney, Vermont, the nearest rail- way-station. Uoteh — Montvert. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (Prof. Peter Coll Solids. Carbonate of soda . . Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of lime Carbonate of iron Carbonate of niangancsc Chloride of potassium Chloride of sodium Sulphate of lime /'Jumina ter Collier) : Grains . 0.4U2 • • 0.158 . 0.418 • • 0.167 . 0.147 • • 0.163 . 0.027 • • 0.018 . O.OiO Total . 1.610 Properties. — These are mild alkaline-calcic waters, with sufficient Iron to produce a tonic effect, JRemarks. — This is a delightful retreat, at an altitude of 2,500 feet, and in view of Mounts Killington, Pico, Shrews- bury, and Spruce Knob. Delightful sailing and fishing may be had on tha lakes near by, and Ihe wary trout may be 60U:r.jht i-1 uoighboring brooks. The grounds are attractively adoniea, and it is a pleasant New England resort. i^fiifiM MILFORD SPRINGS. Location and Post-Offlee.— Amherst Station, Ilillsborough County, Mass. Access.- From Boston via Boston, Lowell & Concord Railroad, forty- eipht miles north to Amherst, thence one mile and a half by omnibus to the Sfirings. Hotel. — ^Ponemah. 1 1 '■ !r8, containing i therefore, in possess those , the nearest rail- Grains. 0.402 0.158 0.418 0.167 0.147 0.163 0.027 0.018 O.OiO 1.610 waters, with ,n altitude of 'ico, Shrews- [ fishing may rout may be J attractively •t. h County, Mass. Railroad, forty- omnibus to the One pint contabu SotlDS. Carbonate of soda Carbonate of iron Carbonate of llmo Chloride of sodium Sulphate of potassa Sulphate of soda Sulphate of iron Oxide of iron Phosphate of soda Phosphate of liiue Magnesia S'lica Total APPENDIX. 431 ANALYSIS. M«(lical Spring. Chalybeate SprinK. Ponemah Spring. Geurgu K. Sewcll. George E. Sewell. J. M. Ordway. GraiDi. Grains. Grain), 0.250 0.029 0.260 o.m 0112 6.880 0.024 0.225 0.008 0.070 0.047 0.125 6.'587 0.825 o.oii ■ • > ■ • trace 6.12G 0.125 1.877 0.106 0.6oS 0.817 In addition, there arc the Magnesia Spring, containing sulphate of magne- sia, 0.25 grainy sulpi.ate of iron, 0.125 grain; and silica, 0.127 grain per pint. Also the Iron Spring, containing carbonate of magnesia, 0.050 grain ; chloride of sodium, 1.30 grain; sulphate of soda, 0.050 grain; sulphate of iron, 0.130 grain. Of the Ponemah Spring, the chemist, Mr. Ordway, says : " This is, therefore, one of the purest of spring-waters ; it would be difficult to find one containing less mineral matter, . . . and I do not see that any water could be better for every-day table use." Properties. — It will be seen from the analysis tha,t these are mi^d alkaline waters, the Chalybeate Spring containing in addition a notable amount of iron. Remarks, — These springs are situated on elevated ground, which overlooks a charming vale closed in the far distance by the waving outlines of hills and mountains. In every direction therefrom there are delightful drives over roads in perfect order. A new hotel with every modern convenience has just been completed (1883), and the surrounding grounds laid out in an artistic manner. These springs have been known and frequented since 1818, and have received commendation by those who frequented them in former years. MTLIiDALE MINERAIi WELL. Loeatlon and Post-Offlee. — Milldale, Kenton County, Kentucky. '1^ '. ^ i i* ::!il III 1 i '' ! 1 ^ i ■ffl ' '-'-' 432 BOMDS. Carbonate of magnesia . Chloride of potassium Chloride of sodium Chloride of magnesium Chloride of calcium Sulphate of lime Total Gab. Sulphuretted hydrogen MINERAL SPRINGS. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (E. S. Wayne) : G»iDB. . 0.150 0.077 . 68.657 1.052 , 1.408 0.153 , 66.497 Cubic in. 0.78 JRemar/cs. — These saline-sulphur waters are located at a distillery, where deep boring was made for procuring water to be used for manufacturing purposes. UONTESAXO SPRINGS. Location. — Jefferson County, Missouri. Post-Offlee< — Kimraswick, Missouri, Access. — Montesano Springs are twenty miles south of St. Louis, on the Iron Mountain Railway ; or they may be reached from St. Louis by steamer on the Mississippi River. Dotel. — ^Montesano Springs. One pint contains (60' Solids. Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of lime Chloride of potassium Chloride of sodium Chloride of magnesium Sulphide of sodium Hyposulphite of soda Sulphate of lime Phosphate of lime Iodide of magnesium . Bromide of magnesium Iron and alumina Silica Total . ANALYSIS. ' Fahr. Profs. Potter and Riggs): Grains. 1.756 8.931 2.046 45.638 4.488 0.042 0.093 4.046 trace. 0.106 trace. 0.108 0.063 . 67.817 APPENDIX. 433 Griins. . 0.150 0.077 . 63.667 1.052 . 1.408 0.153 . 66.497 Cubic in. 0.78 ! located at a ^curing water Oasis. Carbonic acid Sulphuretted hydrogen St. Louis, on the jouis by steamer Grains. 1.766 8.931 2.046 45.638 4.488 0.042 0.093 4.046 trace. 0.106 trace. 0.108 0.063 67.317 Cubic in. 6.80 0.17 (1880.) The above analysis is of the Montesano Spring, which is the one usually bottled for export. There are five other spring which have been analyzed — viz., Casco, Counoil, Altv^n, Pearl, and Thorn. The Council has much less chlo- ride of sodium than Montesano, the Casco and Alton have no iodide of magnesium, the Alton has only one-third the carbonate of magnesia, the Pearl has 3.38 grains and the Thorn 7.22 grains of chloride of calcium ; the Pearl and Thorn do not contain any carbonate of magnesia, and the Pearl contains 2.56 grains volatile suspended matter and 1.8 grain mineral suspended matter. Properties. — It will be seen that these are saline-sulphur waters, similar in saline character to those of Saratoga, ex- cept that they do not contain as much alkaline salts or car- bonic-acid gas, and, unlike them, contain a small amount of sulphuretted hydrogen gas, causing them also to resemble the celebrated Blue Li- k Springs of Kentucky. They are very valuable waters of the kind, and should prove curative in dyspepsia associated with abdominal plethora, in jaundice depending on catarrh of the biliary ducts, in gall-stones^ and engorgement of the liver. Eemarks. — These springs are picturesquely situated, over- looking the noble Mississippi River. The grounds, of two hundred acres extent, are shaded by natural forest-trees, and tastefully laid out in lawns and winding walks. The local- ity is named Monte sano because of the healthfulness of the place. There are many charming excursions in the vicinity, and opportunities for fishing are abundant. MT. CLEMENS MINEBAL WELL. Location and Post-Offlce. — Mt. Clemens, Macomb County, Michigan. Aeeess. — Mt. Clemens is twenty miles northeast of Detroit, on the line of the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railroad ; also by steamboat from Detroit 434 MINERAL SPRINGS. hV'^ [i ■ h l\H \i'. V via Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, and Clinton River ; distance, thirty-siz miles. Hotels. — Avery House, Central Park, Clifton, Shacklcton, Detroit, and Sherman. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (temperature, 56^ Fahr. BOLIDS. Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of lime Chloride of sodium Chloride of magnesium Chloride of calcium Sulphate of soda Sulphate of lime . Sulphide of iron Iodine . » Silica and alumina Organic matter Ammonia Potassium salts Oases. Carbonic acid . Sulphuretted hydrogen n. F. Meier) : Grains, trace. 0.49*7 1079.680 16.200 21.662 9.656 4.400 trace 0.040 1.121 trace, trace, trace. 1133.140 Cubic in. trace, 8.44 Projjerties. — This water is a very strong brine, nearly the same in constitution as that of Achselmannatein in Bavaria. The water is exceedingly potent, and must be largely diluted for internal use, and also for the purpose of bathing. It has, in the few years it has been before the public, acquired a wide reputation for the cure of scrofulous diseases of the skin, bones, and joints, also for the improvement and even cure of paralytics when the disease depends chiefly upon innervation, without decided organic lesion of the spinal cord or brain. Cases of chronic rheumatism with stiffened joints are also greatly benefited by the judicious use of these baths. Suf- ferers from neuralgia, with depressed vitality and an atonic condition of the skin, may also there find relief. In short, they are beneficial in all those diseases which are relieved by brine-baths. APPENDIX. 435 Hemarks. — This well (1,280 feet deep) was first sunk in 1870, with the (expectation of securing a brine adapted to the manufacture of salt. On account of the presence of large quantities of chloride of calcium, magnesium, sulpliate of soda, and other salts, with sulphuretted hydrogen gas, it was found th;. t salt could not be made from it without resort to complicated processes of elimination, thereby so much in- creasing the price of the product as to make it impossible to compete with other salt-works. The well was there- fore abandoned. A foundered pony, turned out to shift for itself, found shelter in the summer under the shed adjoin- ing the well. By continual stamping in the moist mud about the well he formed a mud-hole, in which he passed most of the time. This was a natural "moor-bath," highly impregnated with the medicinal virtues of the water. At the end of the summer the pony was well. Mr. Dorr Kel- logg, living near by, who had been a life-long sufferer from eczema — a skin-disease — then had a bath arranged for him- self, at a temperature of 102° Fahr. He bathed there regu- la'-^y, and was soon cured. Thence began the fame of the well. The bathing administration at this place is well arranged, so that all the benefits that can be derived from this kind of waters are readily obtained. The city of Mt. Clemens is pleasantly situated and the country is healthful. There are many attractive drives in the neighborhood, and excellent opportunities for fishing and shooting are found on the St. Clair flats, half an hour's drive distant by road, and one hour by sail-boat. The waters of Mt. Clemens are concentrated and sold in kegs, and also reduced to salts, each of which is sold for the purpose of extemporizing the Mt. Clemens baths at home by the introduction of a proper quantity of the brine or salt into ordinary water. A soap is also made, which is said to possess the curative virtues of the water. lii: !: felii' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) % /. i. V 1.0 I.I 12.8 ^m ^ ■ 2.2 IL25 i 1.4 m 0% ^ '/^ / >:^*' '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MStO (716) •72-4S03 % iV ;\ 436 MINERAL SPRINGS. ■* ': Ji .1" OJO OAIilENTE. Location and Post-Ofilee. — Ojo Caliente, Taos County, New Mexico. Access. — Ojo Caliente is twelve miles from the railway-station at Bar- ranca, on the line of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, which distance is compassed by stage-coach. Hotel.— Ojo Caliento. ANALYSia. One pint contains (122° Fahr. Prof. 0. C. Marsh): \ f Solids. Oratna. Carbonate of soda 11.440 Carbonate of magnesia 0.168 Carbonate of iron 0.737 Carbonate of lime 0.303 Carbonate of lithia 0.015 Chloride of sodium . 2.772 Sulphate of potassa 0.376 Sulphate of soda 0.991 Silica .... 0.163 Total .... . 16.945 (1874.) i Properties, — It will be observed that these are remark- ably fine thermal waters, containing a large proportion of alkaline salts. The effica'*y of such waters in chronic rheumatism, gout, catarrh of the bladder, etc., is well known. Jiemarks. — These hot springs were known and fre- quented, long years ago, by the Indians, and subsequently by the Spaniards. It is only, however, quite recently that the long arms of the railroad, reaching into the far West, have brought them within reach of the population of the United States. There are now at that point a se- ries of stone, adrbe, and frame buildings which will accom- modate two hundred guests. Plunge, shower, steam, and mud baths have been added. The height of the springs above the level of the sea is 6,000 feet, and the flow of the water 1,000 gallons per minute, at a temperature of 122° Fahr. APPENDIX. 437 OLYKFIAN SPBINQS. For analysis, etc., see page 196. These waters were reexamined by Dr. Robert Peter, of Lexington, Kentucky, chemist to the Kentucky State Geolog- ical Survey, in August, 1877. lie found no material change as compared with the first analysis by him in 1858. He, how- ever, discovered in this investigation that the water, in addi- tion to the constituents previously enumerated, contains traces and minute quantities of carbonate of baryta, carbonate of strontia, carbonate of soda, chloride of calcium, chloride of lithium, bromide, iodide, and sulphide of sodium, boracio acid, phosphoric acid, and carbonate of manganese. Dr. Peter also made a complete analysis of the " Black Sulphur Water," the " White Sulphur Water," and two cha- lybeate springs. The principal constituents of the Black and White Sulphur are nearly two and a half grains, each, of car- bonate of soda per pint, and one grain of chloride of sodium. The principal chalybeate spring contains nearly one-fifth of a grain carbonate of iron and one grain sulphate of magnesia per pint, and considerable carbonic-acid gas. {Geological Survey of Kentucky^ Part VII., vol. v., second series, pp. 19-23.) ORANQE SPBINO. Location and Post-Offire. — Orange Spring, Marion County, Florida. Access. — Orange Spring is near the Ocklawaha River, and about fifty miles from its mouth. It is one hundred and thirty-eight miles from Jacksonville by steamer. Hotel.-^ A nalysis. — Non e. Jiemarks. — Hon. Columbus Drew, of Jacksonville, states that, " in former years, this was an established health resort, commanding the advantages of the resinous woods region and the spring in the grounds of the hotel." It was once a popular place, and is still thought to be valuable from its interior location. The spring is by no means so large as others mentioned, and is only available for the medicinal value of its waters and for bathing. 1 1 i i m iii; ' ';ri 438 MINERAL SPRINGS. ■ '/J f • -s PAGOSA SPBINGS. Location and Post-Offleei — Pagoaa Springs, Conejos County, Colorado. Access. — By trail from Del Norte, a station on the Del Norte Branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, two hundred and eighty-one miles from Denver, or wagon-road from Alamosa, a station on the same railroad, two hundred and fifty miles from Denver. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (140' Fahr.) : BOLIDS. Carbonate of soda .... Grains. . 0.842 Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of lime • • t 0.863 . 4.300 Carbonate of lithia . 0.061 Chloride of sodium t • • . 2.182 Sulphate of potassa . Sulphate of soda Silica • • • 0.619 . 16.146 0.415 Organic matter . • t • . trace. Total , » 24.268 Oasbs. Carbonic-acid gas amount not determined. Sulphuretted hydrogen gas . amount not determined. Properties. — This is a purgative thermal water, exceed- ingly like the far-famed Carlsbad of Bohemia, the principal difference being that in this water the carbonate of lime re- places the carbonate of soda, as found in Carlsbad. When this far-off country is brought into closer relation with other portions of the United S^^ates, and a larger population sur- rounds the springs, they will undoubtedly acquire a wide- spread celebrity, and be found efficacious in the cure of the same diseases for which Carlsbad is so noted, i. e., engorge- ment of the liver and fatty degeneration thereof, gastric catarrh, gout occurring in plethoric persons, and diabetes. They will also prove beneficial in catarrh of the bladder, gravel, and chronic congestion of the kidneys. Remarks, — The springs are on the northern bank of the San Juan River, at an altitude of seven thousand feet. To the north are the peaks of the San Juan range, while to the APPENDIX. 439 ty, Colorado, forte Branch of one miles from ic railroad, two Grains. 0.342 O.SfiS 4.300 0.051 2.132 0.619 16.146 0.416 trace. 24.268 ermined. lermincd. ater, exceed- ;he principal 3 of lime re- 3ad. When Q with other )ulation sur- lire a wide- cure of the e., engorge- •eof, gastric ad diabetes, the bladder, bank of the id feet. To while to the east and west are broad green plains, relieved by towering pines, and far away to the southward the rolling prairies sway like billows of the sea under the genial skies of New Mexico. The waters rise in a basin seventy feet long and fifty feet wide, which is incrusted with its own alkaline de- posits from twenty to thirty feet thick. This water issues from the earth at a temperature of 140° Fahr., and, on a cold morning, the cloud of vapor that hangs above the springs may be seen for many miles. PABAISO SPBINQS. Location And Post-Offlce.— Paraiso Spring?, Monterey County, California. Access. — From San Francisco, by the way of the Southern Pacific Railroad to Soledad, one hundred and fifty miles south ; thence seven miles by stage to the springs. Hotel. — Paraiso Springs. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (118° Fahr.): Solids. Grains. Carbonate of soda ..... 0.52 Carbonate of lime , , , , ,0.17 Chloride of potassium .... 0.04 Chloride of sodium • • . . . 0.44 Sulphate of soda ..... 4,44 Sulphate of lime • . . . . 0.54 Magnesia ...... trace. Alumina and iron . , , . .0.20 Silica ...... 0.82 Organic matter ...... 0.66 7.82 Properties. — These are thermal waters, possessing a diu- retic and aperient action. They are similar in character to the famous Carlsbad of Germany, though not nearly so strong. They are valuable for the treatment of rheuma- tism, neuralgia, gout, engorgement of the liver, catarrh of the bladder, and, in the form of baths, for diseases of the skin. (I ■ 440 MINERAL SPRINGS. • II if. Remarks. — These springs are located at the head of a caiion in the Coast Range, in view of the Salinas plains be- low. The high mountains rise in grandeur on three sides of the springs, while the plains below, traversed by the Sa- linas River and the Arroyo Seco, spread out to the Gabilan Mountains beyond. The springs are at an elevation of 1,400 feet above the level of the sea, and trails lead to the adjoin- ing mountain-tops 500 feet higher. The place is exceed- ingly healthy, and said to be very desirable for consump- tives. Geraniums and fuchsias bloom there out-of-doors throughout the year. Facilities for bathing are abundant, the place possessing a medicated mud-bath in addition to ordinary baths. There are abundant opportunities for sportsmen, both in the matter of hunting and fishing. The sulphur spring (114° Fahr.) contains a large percent- age of sulphate of soda, sulphate of lime, and carbonate of magnesia, with peroxide of iron and sulphate of potassa. PARNASSUS SPBINa& Locatfoiii — Pueblo County, Colorado. Post-Offle«. — South Pueblo, Pueblo County, Colorado, .^cwiss.— Pueblo Is a station on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, one hundred and twenty miles from Denver ; thence twelve miles. Dotel. — No improvements. ANALYSIS. One pint contains {12° Fahr.) : BOLIDB. Grains. Carbonate of soda = 8.633 Carbonate of magnesia . 1.634 Carbonate of iron . 0.162 Carbonate of lime . 8.975 Carbonate of lithia 0.129 Chloride of sodium . 3.879 Sulphate of potassa 1.344 Sulphate of soda . 0.290 SiUca 0.43Y Total . . 20.483 ■. i APPENDIX. 441 B head of a ks plains be- tbree sides i by the Sa- the Gabilan ion of 1,400 > the adjoin- 5 is exceed- )r consump- out-of-doors e possessing ths. aen, both in rge percent- 5arbonate of potassa. i Railroad, one Orains. 8.633 1.634 0.162 8.975 0.129 8.879 1.344 0.290 0.437 20.483 Oabis. Carbonic-acid gas . Sulphuretted liydrogen gas amount iindctcnnincd. amount undetermined. (Wlieelcr Expedition.) Properties. — An excellent cUkalirc waterj with chalybeate properties. PASO BOBLES HOT SPSINQS. Loratioo, Access, tit*— See page 293. Remarks. — Since the publication of the first edition of this work, this resort has undergone great improvement in the way of accommodations for guests. There is now a central hotel, with outlying cottages interspersed through well-kept and shaded grounds, giving convenience for one hundred and fifty guests. There are twenty-two sulphur- baths, two plunge-baths, and a mud-bath. The reputation gained by these baths, in every way, justifies the prediction of their value as noticed in our com- ments on the subject ten years ago. They are undoubtedly among the best thermal sulphur waters in the world. PLAINFIELD SP&INGS. Location an;! Post* Office* — PlainSeld Springs, Washington County, Ver- mont. Access. — "By railway to Plainficld, thence three and three-fourths miles by carriage to the springs. Dotelt — ^At the springs. Analysis. — None has been made. Properties. — Hon. E. P. Walton, of Montpelier, writes : " This spring is in a farming region, near mountains, and lies by a brook in a deep valley, through which the wind draws, if there is any. This is my tenth season, and I have never seen fog at the spring-house, though in sight both east and west. The temperature is about 10° below that of Montpelier. It is a capital place for hay-fever patients, as is also Montpelier, which is thirteen and three-fourths miles from the spring, ten of which by rail. 20 443 MINERAL SPRINGS. " I have no doubt an analysis of the spring will show sulphur, iron, and alkalies, as water of these kinds is found within five rods, iron by the side of the sulphur. The spring has been used successfully for seventy-five years in cases of rheumatism, all sorts of humors, cancer included, and acts on the kidneys. The water is a good appetizer, and, I think, a tonic. I have known but one case where it was cathartic." The water is cold, and possesses the odor of sulphuretted hydrogen. Hunting and fishing are fair in the immediate vicinity, in the season, but trouting should be early. The elevation of the spring above the level of the sea is one thousand feet. I ■ !■'» PORTER SPBINQ. L'ieatlon and Post-OflBe«< — Denver, Arapahoe County, Colorado. Aeetss. — A short drive from the city of Denver, across the Platte, in North Denver. ■ • Hotels. — Grand Central, American. ANALYST'.. Cue pint contains (Prcf. E. J, Mallett, Jr.): Solids. Grains. Carbonate of soda . 0.726 Carbonate of magnesia . • 9 . 0.124 Carbonate of lime . 1.286 Chloride of sodium • • . 0.666 Chloride of magnesium 0.142 Sulphate of potassa ■ • . 0.087 Sulphate of soda 8.44? Sulphide of sodium • • . 0.238 Silicate of soda 0.112 Oxide of iron • • . 0.187 Ammonia tracr. Total • • . 6.959 Oases. Carbonic-acid gas . • amount undetermined. Sulphuretted hydrogen gas . amount undetermined. APPENDIX. 443 J will show ds is found 3hur. The ve years in r included, 1 appetizer, ise where it ulphuretted • J • vicmity, in •f the sea is )rado. *latte, in North Grains. 0.'726 . 0.124 1.286 . 0.666 0.142 . 0.037 8.44? . 0.238 0.112 . 0.187 trac. . 6.959 ermincd. ennined. Properties. — These are sulphurous-chalybeate waters, con- taining enough iron to be tonic in action. Remarks. — There are baths at the spring. BAYENDEN SPBINaS. Location and Post-Offlee. — Ravcndcn Springs, Randolph County, Ar- kansas. Access. — Ravenden Springs, twenty-eight miles by coach from O'Keau, a station on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southci!> Railroad. Hotel. — Southern. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (Wrignt and Merrell) : BOUM. Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of lime . Carbonate of lithia Chloride of sodium . Chloride of magnesium Chloride of lime Sulphate of lime Sulphate of aluminu Silica Iodine and iron . Organic matter . Total . Oab. Carbonic acid . Atmospheric air Grains. 0.660 0.6Y6 0.157 0.273 0.373 0.155 trace. 0.295 0.103 trace. 0.232 2.724 Cubic in. 2.68 1.66 Properties.- -It will be seen from the analysis that these are light alkaline waters, containing so large a proportion of carbonic-acid gas ai to make thgm exceedingly palatable. Remarks. — This resort is at a level of about twelve hun- dred feet above the sea. The surrounding country is ex- ceedingly picturesque. Opportunities for sport are frequent. Several beautiful streams course near tLj springs — the Black, Eleven-points, and Spring River, tributaries of the White River — and these abound in fish. The chase also may be followed with success — deer, wild-turkeys, and squirrels be- ing found. 444 MINERAL SPRINGS. i'** V 1 ■ . - ROOKBHIOQE ALTTM SPBIKOS. Location, titt—Sce page 263. Analysis. — A series of analyses, made in 1872 by Prof. M. B. Hardin, of the Virginia Military Institute, shows the following constituents of Spring No. 4, in addition to those published on page 253 : Arsenic, antimony, sulphate of lead, fluoride of calcium — traces ; sulphate of copper, 0.013 grain per pint ; sulphate of manganese, 0.171 grain ; sulphate of nickel, 0.028 grain ; sulphate of cobalt, 0.010 grain ; sul- phate of zinc, 0.027 grain ; sulphate of soda, 0.004 grain ; sulphate of lithia, 0.004 grain ; phosphate of calcium, O.OOG grain. These interesting waters are thus shown to be of ex- ceedingly composite character. The investigations of Prof. Hardin also show decided variation in strength of the water at different seasons, although the composition is the same. Thus, samples of Spring No. 4, collected October 25, 1872, after three days' rain — the previous summer and autumn having been very dry — showed the water to contain three times as much of the solid ingredients as was found June 19, 1872. BOCK CASTLE SPRINQS. Location and Post-OflBce. — Rock Castle Springs, Pulaski County, Ken- tucky. Access* — This resort is seventeen miles southwest of London, a station on the Enoxville Branch of the Louisville & Nashville Railway. From London there is stage connection. lIot«l* — Rock Castle Springs. Analysis. — The water is said to be a chalybeate, but no analysis has yet been made. Remarks. — This resort is located on Rock Castle River, a tributary of the Cumberland River, amid pure and invig- orating mountain-air. The surrounding scenery is exceed- ingly wild and picturesque, and v/alks in many directions lead to interesting mountain views. The river affords abun- dant opportunity for boating and fishing. It is a resort which is much sought by those who wish rest from the APPENDIX. 445 whirl of business and society, and the invigoration that raountain-air and mountain-walks afford. It is eighteen hun- dred feet above sea-level. BOCKY MOUNTAIN SPRINGS. LocatioD, etc.— -S'ce page 3o5. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (C. T. Jackson) : Solids. Oratns. Carbonate; of soda .... . 0.474 Carbonate of magnesia .... 0.049 Carbonate of limo .... 6.414 Carbonate of iron r . . . 0.862 Chloride of sodium .... . 0.620 Sulphate of soda ..... 18.078 Iodide and bromide of sodium . 0.162 Silicate of sod ..... 0.500 Total ..... . 20.656 Oab. Carbonic-acid gas . . . amount undetermined. Properties. — These are mild calcic-purgative waters, con- taining iron in such amount as to prevent any decided cathartic action and cause them to be specially tonic and diuretic. They are similar in character to the springs of Bedford, Pennsylvania, and Frauzensbad, Bohemia. They are valuable in cases of antemia, chlorosis, and dyspepsias associated with engorgement of the liver. Hemarks. — There are facilities for hot and cold baths, and mountain excursions add to the health-giving qualities of the pi ice. SAILOR'S SPRINGS. Location and Post-Offlce.— Sailor's Springs, Glay County, Illinois. Access. — Sailor's Springs are five miles, by coach, north of Clay City, a station on the Ohio & Mississippi Railway, llotel.— Sailor's. Analysis. — A qualitative analysis shows — Spring No. 1 contains 11.09 grains of solid ingredients per pint of water, of which the following are the elements : sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, silicic acid, sulphuric acid, car- bonic acid, phosphoric acid, chlorine. Spring No. 2 contains 440 MINERAL SPRINGS. 1)^ i 7.08 grains of solids per pint, composed of chloride of sodium, carbonate of soda, chloride of potassium, carbonate of lime, sulphate of lime, carbonate of magnesia, carbonate of iron, phosphoric acid. Properties. — Not knowing from the above analysis which constituents predominate, it is not possible to classify this water. It is said to be specially valuable in cases of dys- pepsia and diseases of the kidneys. Remarks. — There are two springs at this place, which break from the earth in a shaded prairie valley. Pleasant drives lead in various directions, and there are facilities for fishing and hunting. SHARON SPBINQS. Loc&tion, etc. — See page 202. Relative to the analysis of the chalybeate spring, given in this book at page 247, Prof. Maisch informs me that the large quantity of organic matter appearing in the analysis is due to the fact that the water had been kept for several months in a new barrel before sending it to the laboratory. SHELB02T SPRINGS. Location, tit*— See page 153. ANALYSIS (Shbldon Spbiho). One pint contains (S. Dana Hayes) : Solids. Grains. Potash ....... 0.012 Sodium ...... 0.018 Soda ....... 0.501 Ammonia ...... traces. Lime ....... 0.134 Magnesia ...... 0.020 Protoxide of iron ..... 0.001 Sulphuric acid ..... 0.063 Silicic acid ...... 0.573 Carbonic acid (combined) .... 0.264 Crenic acid and organic matter .... 0.858 Chlorine ...... 0.020 Total 1.964 is- of sodium, e of lime, e of iron. 1 ysis which assify this es of dys- BK ice, which Pleasant cilities for ing, given B that the 16 analysis or several Moratory. BBpJ APPENDIX. 447 Dr. Hayes adds : " Such a largo proportion of carbonato of soda with potash, and so little lime, gives character and value to this water. It is a very unusual alkaline-salino water, containing more silicic acid in solution than any on record^ SHJSNANDOAH ALUM BPRINGS. TiOeatlon and Post-Ofllce* — Shenandoah Alum Springs, Shenandoah County, Virginia. Access. — Go to Mount Jackson, a station on the Valley Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 61 miles north from Staunton; thence twelve milea by stage. Hotel. — Shenandoah Springs. Analj/sia. — The one before us, by Prof. J. W. Mal- let, of the University of Virginia, is " qualitative and par- tially quantitative." The principal constituents are the sulpliatc of aluminum and iron, both present in notable amount, there being obtained from the specimen examined : Sulphuric acid, sulphur trioxidc . Alumina Oxide of iron, ferric oxide Per pint. 6.200 grains. 1.290 grain. 0.583 grain. Although the remaining bases, occurring as sulphates, were not determined quantitatively, it is probable that free sulphuric acid is present to some extent. The iron exists in the water as ferric acid, as was proved by tests made on the spot. In addition to the above there were detected, by ex- periment, partly with the water itself, and partly with the saline efflorescence upon the shale from which it is derived, silica, manganese, potassium, chlorine, copper, zinc, sodium, nitric acid, nickel, calcium, lithium, cobalt, magnesium, am- monium, organic matter — some of these, as might be ex- pected, in very minute quantity. Properties. — These waters are of the same general char- acter as the celebrated Rockbridge Alum Springs, of Vir- ginia, although, according to Prof. Mallet, the water seems * A. m 448 MINEKAL SPRINGS. to contain somewhat more iron in proportion to aluminunij yet in both cases the latter metal predominates. They are applicable to the treatment and cure of the same diseases, i. e., scrofula, in its varied manifestations of ulcers, diseases of the skin, discharges from the ears and nose, diseases of the bone, etc. The^ are also curative in some cases of chronic diarrhoea and dysentery. JRemarks. — ^This resort is at an elevation of over two thousand feet above the sea-level, amid delightful moun- tain scenery, with beautiful walks and fine drives at hand. There are also good bath accommodations. SIIiUBIAN SPBINQ. Location and Post-Office. — Waukesha, Wisconsin. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (W. S. Haines) ; Solids. Carbonate of soda Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of iron Carbonate of lime . Ctiloride of sodium Sulphate of soda Phosphate of iron Phosphate of manganese Alumina . Silica . Organic matter . Total . Grains. . 0.003 0.854 . 0.016 1.240 . 0.024 0.036 . trace. trace. . 0.072 0.087 faint trace. 2.332 Properties. — This is an a'kaline-calcic water. It acts freely on the kidneys, and is an efficient agent in inflam- mations of the bladder, gravel, passive congestion of the kidneys, and diabetes. It is also of value in Bright's disease. APPENDIX. 449 SIIiYEB SPRING. Location and Post Qee* — Silver Spring, Marion County, Florida. AccesSt — By steamer from Jacksonville, up the St. John's and Ocklawaha River-, two hundred and eleven miles ; or, go to Waldo, a station on the Florida Transit Railway, thence via Peninsular Division, forty-six miles to Silver Spring. Hotel* — Boarding-house accommodation. Analysis. — One was made in 1879, but has been lost by the proprietor. Remarks. — This spring is contiguous to and forms part of the weird and winding Ocklawaha River. Sidney Lanier, in his Florida journeys, thus speaks of it : " The steamer rounded-to in the very bosom of Silver Spring itself, and came to wharf. Then the claims of scientific fact and of guide-book information could hold me no longer. I ceased to acquire knowledge, and got me back to the wonderful spring, drifting over it face downward, as over a new world of delight. One would think these elements of color varia- tion were numerous enough, but they were not nearly all. Presently a splash of an oar in a distant part of the spring sent a succession of ripples over the pool. Instantly it broke into a thousand-fold prism. Every ripple was a long curve of variegated sheen. The fundamental hues of the pool when at rest were distributed into innumerable kaleidoscopic flashes and brilliances. The multitudes of fish became mul- titudes of animated gems, and the prismatic lights seemed actually to waver and play through their translucent bodies until the whole spring, in a great blaze of sunlight, slione like an enormous fluid jewel that, without decreasing, for- ever lapsed away upward in successive exhalations of dis- solving sheens and glittering colors." m\ SOUTH PARK SPKINQ. Lofatlou. — South Park, Park County, Colorado, on the bank of tbe South Platte River, in the southern portion of the park. 'I, V 450 MINERAL SPRINGS. ■iil ANALYSIS. One pint contains (Prof. George E. Patrick) Solids. Carbonate of soda . Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of lime . Chloride of potassium . Chloride of sodium Sulphate of soda Alumina .... Silica ..... Sulphur .... Total Gab. Carbonic-acid gas . Orains. 9.615 . 0.808 1.449 . 2.374 12.029 . 0.706 0.047 . 0.067 imdctermined.' . 26.995 amount undetermined. Properties. — It will be seen that these are mild alkaline- saline waters. Remarks. — These springs lie in South Park, Colorado, a plateau from eight to ten thousand feet above the level of the sea, surrounded by mountain-peaks in every direction. There are no hotel improvements at present (1883). SPABKIilira CATAWBA SPBINaS. Loration and Post-Offlef* — Catawba Springs, Catawba County, North Carolina. Aceess. — Six miles by stage from Ilickory, a station on the Western North Carolina Railway. ; Hotel. — Catawba Springs. S .. Analysis. — No analysis of these waters is at hand. They are said to be sulphur and chalybeate. Remarks.— T)iQ%Q springs are within sight of the Blue Ridge Mountains, and surrounded by pleasing scenery. Fa- cilities for plunge, sliower, and vapor baths are at hand. > Dr. Charles Dor.lson, of Denver, from whose w^rk on "Rocky Mountain Health Re- torts" this analysis Is taken, has the followlnpr note: "The chemist who analyzed these waters, Prof. O. E. Patrick, of Kansas University, allowed me to make use of his analysis, with the statement that the quantity of water Airnished blm for test was bo small, he could mak' .0 criculation of the sulphur contained.'* County, North iVcstorn North itoln Tloalth Re- f) aniilyzeJ these e of his analysis, Bmall, he could . APPENDIX. SPABTA SPBINGS. 451 Location and Post-Offlce« — Sparta, Monroe CJounty, Wisconsin. Access. — Sparta is a station on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Rail- way, two hundred and fifty-five miles from Chicago. Hotelt — Warner House. ANALYSIS. . • ■ One pint contains (J. M. Hirsh): BOLIDB. . Grains Carbonate of soda . 0.026 Carbonate of magnesia . . 0.508 Carbonate of iron . 1.792 Carbonate of manganese trace. Carbonate of lime . 0.060 Carbonate of ammonia trace. Carbonate of lithia 0.003 Carbonate of strontia . . 0.002 Carbonate of baryta trace. Sulphate of potassa . 0.080 Sulphate of soda . 0.277 Sulphate of lime . 0.022 Chloride of sodium 0.018 Chloride of calcium . 0.075 Phosphate of soda . 0.008 Phosphate of alumina . . 0.007 Iodide of sodium . trace. Silica ..... . 0.035 Total . 2.898 Jab. Sulphuretted Iiydrogcn . trace. k . • 4 I* - ^ A _ il 1 • .1 • • Properties. — According to the analysis, this is a very strong chalybeate water containing a minute proportion of alkaline carbonates and aperient sulphates. The unusual amount of iron should make it a good tonic. > :-^^^.*;.... StTIiPHO-SALINE SPRINGS. Location and Post-Offlce* — Cincinnati, TTamilton County, Ohio. Access* — By Elm Street street-cars to Ucnry Street, thence one square west. ' .' Hotels. — Grand Hotel, Gibson House. «. I 452 MINERAL SPRINGS. '■•} ANALYSIS. One pint contains (E. S. Wayne) : Solids. Grains. Carbonate of magnesia .... . 1.141 Carbonate of lime . . . . . 2.417 Chloride of potassium .... . 0.403 Chloride of sodium . . . . . 06.846 Chloride of magnesium .... . 2.157 Chloride of calcium . . . . 2.773 Chloride of lithium .... . 0.029 Sulphate of potassa . . . . 0.287 Sulphate of lime .... . 3.650 Phosphate of soda . . . . . 0.167 Iodide of magnesium .... . 0.037 Bromide of magnesium . . . . 0.049 Oxide of iron ..... . 0.053 Silica ...... 0.098 Total ..... . 80.197 Gas. Cubic in. Carbonic acid . . . . . 1.57 Sulphuretted hydrogen .... . 0.91 Properties. — These are exceedingly valuable saline-sul- phur waters. As such, they are well adapted by internal administration for the cure of engorgement of the liver, abdominal plethora, haemorrhoids, chronic lead-poisoning, and dyspepsia associated with these derangements. Used in the way of warm baths, they are valuable for the cure of many diseases of the skin, both dartrous and scrofulous in character, and also for the treatment of syphilis. Remarks. — These waters were discovered accidentally in the process of sinking an artesian well for the purpose of procuring water for Moerlein's brewery. The well is twenty-four hundred and eight feet deep, and flows in an abundant and continuous stream at a temperature of 62° Fahr. An elegant bath-house, with capacity for giving thousands of baths daily, has been fitted up, supplied with every modern convenience. The supervision of the estab- lishment is excellent. APPENDIX. 453 SUICISIT MINEBAIi SPBINO. Location and Post-Offlce.— Harrison, Cumberlattd County, Maine. Access. — The spring is tliree miles east of the Sebago Landing, in Uarri- son, and nine miles west of Norway Station on the Grand Trunk Railroad. Hotel.- ANALYSIS. One pint contains (46° Fahr. F. L. Bartlett) : BoLiDa. Gralnn. Carbonate of soda and potassa . . . . 0.176 Carbonate of magnesia .... 0.031 Carbonate of lime ..... 0.123 Chloride of sodium ..... 0.021 Oxide of iron and alumina . . . traces. Silica ...... 0.122 Organic and volatile matter .... 0.029 Total 0.601 Properties. — In a note appended to the analysis, Prof. Bartlett says the water is perfectly free from odor, color, and taste ; is alkaline^ and exceedingly pure. On com- parison with analyses of rivers given at page 15 of this book, it will be seen that the water contains no more solid con- stituents than the Schuylkill and less than Croton. The proprietor claims that it is an energetic diuretic, alterative, and tonic. STTWAKEE WHITE STJLPHUB SFBINQS. Location and Post-OflSce. — Suwance Springs, Hamilton County, Florida. Access. — Suwance is a station on the Savannah, Florida k Western Sail- road. The springs are half a mile from the station. Hotel. — Suwanee Springs. Analysis. — None has beftn made. Bemarks. — Hon. Columbus Drew, of Jacksonville, writes that "this spring rises from a nook in the course of the Suwanee River. Its source is from one of those dark under- ground recesses peculiar to many of the Florida springs. It covers a basin of perhaps twenty-five feet diameter, afford- I 454 MINERAL SPRINGS. ing excellent bathing at its lowest stage. This spring has been a place of mux3h resort for forty or fift/ years by resi- dents of Georgia and Florida. The water possesses a strong sulphur-odor. After the fumes of the sulphur pass off from the vessels in which it is held, it becomes palatable and pleasant." Another correspondent thus describes the spring ; " Think of a bold, magnificent spring, twenty feet in dia>i.eter, clear as crystal, with the white pebbles on its bottom, twenty feet below, clearly visible through its translucent depths ; a spring boiling with a plentiful throb that sends every minute some forty thousand gallons of pare, strong sulphur-water whirling into the adjacent river in a strong, straight, shining stream, sixteen feet wide and nearly twc feet deep ; a spring mirror- ing in its silver surface the fairest of tropical trees, moss- hung and weird ; reflecting through their boughs the splen- dor of tropical skies by day, and by night the glories of a tropical moonlight ; while yist below it flows in tranquil and unusual beauty the historic and song-famous * Suwanee River!'" It is said to be the great "medicine-spring" of which Ponce de Leon heard ; but this is told o^ so many springs in the South that it is impossible to decide which is the veri- table one. The waters are held to be curative in rheumatism, gout, dyspepsia, and other diseases for which sulphur-waters are adapted. The country is healthy, being high and dry, and distant from swamps or marshes. At this time (February, 1883), extensive improvements, soon to be completed, are being made. A new hotel of one hundred and twenty-five rooms, with all the modern con- veniences, is being finished. In the centre of the hotel court two pools, fifteen by thirty feet, built of hydraulic cement, are to be supplied with water from the bottom of the spring. Adjoining are dressing-rooms, while at the end of the pools is a series of tub-baths, where hot or cold batus may be taken. The resort is to be open summer and winter. APPENDIX. 455 and distant aWEET SPBINQS. LocatiODt — Saline County, Missouri. Post-Offlce> — Brownsville, Saline County, Missouri. AeeesSt— "^weet Springs are one mile from Brownsville, a station on the Sedalia & Lexington Branch of the Missouri Pacific Railway, two hundred and eleven miles west of St. Louis. Hoteli — Sweet Springs. ANALYSIS. One pin coDtaini — Solids. Carbonate of iron Carbonate of inanganese Carbonate of lime C'tiloride of potassium Chloride of Hodium Chloride of magnesluip Chloride of calcium Chloride of lithium Sulphide of B. WiUiaum. Onini. Grtlni. O.OTO 0.0i}3 trace. 0.tt25 1.192 bMl 0.424 8.570 IViS'j 94..M4 2.786 10.914 1.840 9.349 0.006 0.086 .. . • 0.8J6 1.182 7.'24a • • ■ ■ 0.019 • • • ■ 0.030 0.014 0.016 • * ■ • 0.022 , , 0.021 0.011 0.021 0.135 0.064 COOT 0.380 19.406 131.613 Properties. — It will be seen that the waters of both of these springs are saline in character, that of the Akesion being very much the stronger, and containing besides con- siderable sulphuretted hydrogen, causing it to partake of the nature of sulphur-waters. The Sweet Spring is commended for dyspepsia and diseases of the kidney and bladder, while the Akesion is specially used for diseases of the liver. Hemarks. — These springs have been supplied with every modern convenience in the wav of an excellent hotel, sur- rounded by a wide exteuo of wooded lawn, and a most com- plete bath establishment, in which is a large pool for swim- ming, spout and plunge baths, and every facility for private baths. The baths are supplied by water from the Salt-Sul- phur Spring, five miles distant. In addition to the springs named, the waters of the White and Black Sulphur Spring may be had. 456 MINERAL SPRINGS. ■f The Black River, where rowing and fishing may be in- dulged, runa in the rear of the bluff upon which the hotel is situated. TABPON SPBINQS. Location and Post-OflSce. — T^irpon Springs, Uillsboro County, Florida, AccesSi — Tarpon Springs is sixty miles distant from Cedar Key?, whence access may be had by steamboat or sloop. llotel* — Tarpon Springs. Analysis. — None has been made, but they are said to contain sulphur, soda, lime, and salt. Temperature about 65° Fahr. Remarks. — In an interview with Major M. R. Marks, published in the Sunland Tribune, of Tampa, Florida, he states : " The spring starts from a rocky coralline formation, and has an opening of at least twenty feet in its smallest diameter, emptying its volume direct into the head-waters of this branch of the Anclote River. We secured water from a depth of over thirty feet below the surface, and from the tests made are satisfied they are identical with the salt-sul- phur waters of the famed springs of that name in Virginia. Ti..ere are several strongly impregnated springs, four distinct ones boiling up on the margin of this large spring, and the waters from them are delightful t the tongue, and cool." The climate in this portion of the west coast of Florida is said to be very delightful, and not subject to the sudden changes that occur on the west coast farther to the north- ward. The thermometer seldom registers over 90° Fahr. in the shade in the hottest weather. The place is in the early stage of development (1883), but may in the near future become a popular winter resort. The hotel and boarding-house accommodations are now fifty-five rooms. The country hereabout is a sportsman's paradise. Quail abound, and the lagoons and prairies teem with wild-duck, plover, deer, and an occasional wild-cat or bear may be taken within two miles of the hotel. Fish, such as sea-trout, the APPENDIX. 467 red-fish, or grouper, and the gamy sheep's-head, may be found ID abundance in the contiguous river. TATE EPSOM SPBINQ. Location and Post-Offlce» — Tate Spring, Grainger County, Tennessee. Access. — Norristown, a station on the East Tennessee, Yirgioia & Georgia Railroad, is ten miles distant from the springs, to which oouTeyance is made by hacks. Hotel. — Tate Springs. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (R. T. Brumley) : Solids. Carbonate of lime Chloride of sodium 1 ! 5 Chloride of iron Chloride of manganese Sulphate of potassa Sulphate of soda . Sulphate of magnesia Sulphate of lime Phosphate of lime Iodide of sodium . Silica . . Nicric acid . Total . Grains. 2.695 6.033 0.365 0.086 0.192 1.062 3.996 20.062 0.142 traces. 0.337 0.002 33.992 P^foperties. — This is a calcic water, containing an active proportion of salines and considerable iron. It is alterative in action. Remarks. — These springs lie at the southern base of Clinch Mountain, at an altitude of fourteen hundred feet above the sea. The scenery surrounding them is exceed- ingly picturesque and attractive. WAKTTLLA SPRINaS. Location and Post-Office. — Wakulla Springs, Wakulla County, Florida. Access. — Wakulla Springs is a station on the Fensacola & Mobile Rail- road, eighteen miles south of Tallahassee. Hotel. — Wakulla Springs. ' Analysis. — None has been made. JRemarks, — This spring is the fountain-head of the river •yi\ 468 MINERAL SPRINGS. *" of that name, which flows south to its junction with the St. JVIark's, at the old town of St. Mark's. One, standing on the ruins of the ^^-^ '^'Danish fort at St. Mark's, associated with the executic Arbuthnot, will see the Wakulla turn- ing the angle of the old wall after its course of about ten miles from the spring. It is said very much to resemble Silver Spring, of Marion County, in the transparency of the water and the peculiar glittering sheen which covers its depths. It is stated that a ten-cent piece can be seen at the bottom in places where the depth is over one hundred feet. WABU SPBINQS, OREaON. Location and Post-OfflcCt — Warm Springs, Cook County, Oregon. JRemarks. — ^These springs are located on an Indian reser- vation of the same name. They are sought by the Indians for bathing purposes. I am informed by H. C. Walker, of Warm Springs, that the water as it issues from the rocks is exceedingly hot — hot enough to cook an egg in a short time, and that it is said to contain a large percentage of borate of soda. WABM SPRINGS, YHtaiNIA. Location, Access, etc. — See page 321. A corrected analysis of these waters, recently (1882) received, shows, in addition to the ingredients given on page 821, the following per pint: Sulphate of potassa 0.171 grain. Sulphate of ammonia 0.(;46 grain. Making the total solid constituents per pint 8.214 grains. WHITE ST7LPHXTB SPRINGS, MONTANA. Location and Post-Offlcc.— White Sulphur Springs, Meagher County, Mon- tana Territory. Access, — Livingston, a station on the Northern Pacific Railroad, is the nearest approach by railway at present (1883), whence sixty miles by stage. Hotel. — Grand Central. Analysis. — No correct analysis has yet been made. Memarks. — These springs are located in a broad valley closed in by mountain-ranges, many of which bear upon their summits a white crown of perpetual snow. The plains are APPENDIX. 459 savannas of billowy grasses, the streams are the homo of speckled trout and other fish, the foot-hills abound in wild game — elk, deer, and antelope. The city or town dates from 1880, but is even now well advanced in modem conveniences. A company, lately formed, will soon make many improve- ments at the springs property, in the way of new and com- modious buildings and baths, a shaded park, and beautiful drives WHITE SUIiPHUR SPBINOS. TEXAS. Location and Post-Offlee. — White Sulphur Springs, Cass County, Texas. Access. — Beldcn, a station on the Texas & St. Louis Railroad, is twelve miles distant by stage. Analysis. — None. WOLF TBAF LITHIA SPRINa. Location and Post-Offlce.— Wolf Trap, Halifax County, Virginia. Access. — Wolf Trap is a station on the Richmond & Danville Railroad. Uotel. — None. ANALYSIS. One pint contains (M. B. Ilardin) : Solids. Carbonate of soda Carbonate of magnesia Carbonate of iron Carbonate of manganese Carbonate of lime Carbonate of lithia Carbonate of strontia . Chloride of sodium Sulphate of potassa Sulphate of soda . Phosphate of alumina . Nitrate of soda Silica . Total Oases. Cprbonic acid . Oxygen Nitrogen In addition, the water contains traces and minute lowing : Carbonatei of ammonia, copper, barium, zinc, bromide of sodium, iodide of sodium, borate of magnesia, fluoride of calcium, titanic oxide, and organic matter. jU|j fflmnl Grains. 0.030 0.636 0.007 0.001 0.926. 0.002 0.048 0.328 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.328 0^52 2^78 Cubic in. 1.54 0.21 0.45 proportions of the fol- GENERAL INDEX. ■*•• PAOB Abdominal plethora 181 Acid, apoorenic 60 boracio 60 carbonic 63 in bathti 64 cronic 60 fluohydrio 60 nitric 60 organic 60 Acne 107 Action of mineral waters 36 Bar(5ge8 856 Bigorre 868 Carlsbad 363 Contrexville 367 Ems 343 Gastein 370 Kissingon 347 Luclion 853 Gclilangonbad 371 Vichy 842 Wiesbaden 348 ^dipsuB 1 Ague {see Intermittent Fevkb). Albuminuria 101 AlgaB 62 Alibert, advice of 117 Alkaline waters 144 alterative action of 43 immediate action of 41 muriated 87 Alum-waters 236 Aluminous-chalybeate waters ... 78 Amenorrhoea 102 Analyses, imperfections of 48 of seas 375 Anasarca 78 Anaemia .53, 80, 236 Anchylosis 107, 285 Ancient baths 1 perfumes 7 Antimony 60 Aqua Sohs ... 3 Aquee grani 855 Gratianse 356 Aquas Mattiacaj 349 Arsenic 60 Ascending douche 139 Asthma 89 Ataxia, l«/comotor 83 Atlantic ocean 375 B. Bad friesel 45 Bad Sturm 44, 130 Baioa 2,9 Bardgine 61 Bath, carbonic acid 64, 142 cold 127 fever 44, 130 foot 140 hot 132 hot-air 135 medicated 141 mud 140 Bussian 134 sand 69, 141 shower 139 sitz 139 spout ; 139 temperate 129 tepid 129 Turkish 136,138 vapor 134 warm 129 Baths, ancient 1-10 Roman 3 of Agrippa 4 of Agrippina 9 of Caracalla 4 of Diocletian 4 Bathing, sea 376 time for 117 Bicarbonates 61 Biliary ducts, catarrh of 98 Bitterwassor 362 Bladder, catarrh of the . .100, 145, 268 Blowing cave 323 Boileau, letter of, to Racine ..... 116 INDEX. 461 PAfIB Rorax GO Bottlinjr 118 Braccioliiii, Pogf^io, on Buden. . . 10 Bri^ht'B diHeuHu (set Albumin ukia). Brine, graduated 862 Brines 1(51 Bromides 69 Bronchitis, ciironio 88, 145 Brusa 3 BuUut-wounds 110 C. Cacheotio diseases 66 Calcic waters 268 immudiute action of 42 Calculus 99, 268 renal 100 Cancer 78, 154 Caracalla, baths of 4 Carbonates 61 Carbonic acid 68 bath 64, 103, 142, 853, 861 solvent powers of 49 waters containing 42 Carburetted hydrogen 65 Cardialgia 93 Caries 109 Casotis 1 Caspian Sea, analysis of, 875 Catarrh of tiie biliary dusts 98 bladder 100, 145, 2C8 uterus 101 Chalybeate waters 235 alterative action of 44 Change of air 87 of scene 88 Charles River, analysis of 15 Cheraicol constituents 48 Chlorides 54 Chlorosis 80, 235 Chronic diseases 66 Classification of mineral waters. . 82 authors 84 French 83 German 82 Clergymen's sore-throat 86 Climatology of resorts 112 Cold bath 127 Colic, hepatic 96 Color, of mineral waters 22 Constipation 94 Constituents of mineral waters. . 48 Constitutional diseases 66 Consumption 88, 90 Consumptives, resorts for. . . 185, 296 Contractions of muscles 108, 285 Copper 60 Coxalgia 109 Crenic acid 60 Orisia 115 Txam ('roton River, analysis of 16 Cure, whey 118 grape 118 Customs in baths, ancient 6 D. Dartfous diseases 104 l)o.T 2 Dead Sea, analysis of the 876 Deposits 61, 171 Di'scending douclie 139 Diabetes mcllitus 76, 145 Diarrh(Ba, chronic 77, 236 Diocletian, ba^hs of 4 Diseases^ chronic 66 surgical 107 of tlie digestive organs 90 of the heart 85 of the liver 96, 262 of the nervous system 81 of the respiratory organs .... 85 of the skin 104 of the urinary organs 98 of the uterus 101 Douche, the 188 Drinking mineral waters 114 Dropsy 78 of joints 108 Drowned, resuscitation of the. . . 878 Dysentery, chronic 77 DysmenorrhcBtt 103 Dyspepsia 90,145, 161, 208 E. Earthquakes, effect of, on springs 60 Eczema 105, 236 Electricity 26 Elevation, of resorts 112 Engorged liver 95, 180 European spas 872 Extracts of waters 118 F. Fan douche 139 Fatty liver 97 Fcrruginea, Gallionella 62 Flag rock 323 Fluorides 00 Foot-bath 140 French military hospitals 110 Fumigation 141 G. Gall-stones 96, 145, 101, 262 Gallionella Ferruginea 62 Gambling at Baden 12 Gastein-water, action of 870 Gastralgia 98 J-' ! ■■' 4G2 INDEX. PAOK Gastric catarrh 92, 145, 262 Gastric ulcer 98 Gastritis, chronic 91, 145, 262 Glairino 61 Gout 68, 69, 144, 161, 181, 262, 285 Graduated brine , 352 Grape-cure 118 Gravel 98, 144, 268 H. Hsematurin 100 Hflemorrhoids 94, 181 Hadrian, anecdote of 7 Hall's, Marshall, method of re- suscitating the drowned, . . 378 Heart, diseases of the 85 Hemiplej^ia 81 Hepatic colic 96 Herpetic diseases 104 Hip-joint disease 109 Horace, quotation from 2 Hospitals, military, at springs. . . 110 Hot-air bath 135 Hot bath 132 Hot sand douche 69 Hydrarthrosis 108 Hydrosin 61, 62 Hydrogen, carburetted 65 sulphuretted 64 Hypochondria 85 Hysteria 84 I. Icterus {see Jaundice). Impetigo 105 Intermittent fever 77 springs 21 Invalids, advice to 112, 116, 117 Iodides 58 J. James, Constantino, on Leuk 12 Jaundice 98, 145, 161 Joints, stiffened 68 K. Kedzio, on magnetic well'' 29 Kidneys, Briglit'sdiscaseof the. . 101 Kreuzuach treatment 852 L. Laryngeal catarrh 86 phthisis 88 Laryngitis, chronic 86 Laws concerning ancient baths.. 8 PAOK Lead 60 Letters, to proprietors of resorts 112 LeucorrLoea 103, 236 Lichen 106, 286 Liver, engorged 95, 262 fatty 97 M. Magnetism 27 Medicated baths 141 Mediterranean Sea 375 Menstruation, painful 103 suppression of 102 Metalhc poisoning, chronic. . .75, 181 Metritis, chronic loi Mineral springs, life at 114 Mineral water, action of 36 action of j JBar^^ges g.^e action ot, Bigorre 368 action of, Carlsbad 863 action ofj Contrexville 867 action of, Ems 843 action of, Gastein 370 action of, Kissingeu 347 action of, Luchon 358 action of Schlangenbad 371 action of, Vichv 842 action of, Wiesbaden 848 bottling 11.3 classification of 34 color of 23 constituents of 48 definition of 14 electricity in 26 extracts of 113 invariability of constitution of 50 magnetism of 27 odor of 23 prescription of HI salts of 113 soaps 113 taste of 23 temperature of 24 texture of 24 time for drinking 114 treatment by 113 Monas sulfuraria 62 Montaigne, on Baden 10 Mother-lye 162, 362 Mud bath, mineral. .140, 290, 3.'50, 359, 366 Musa 2 N. Necrosis 109 Neuralgia 83, 285 Nitrates 60 Nitrogen 65 North Sea, analysis of the 875 INDEX. 463 O. PAGE Odor of mineral waters 23 Oiliness of waters. . . . , 24 Old wounds 110, 181 Organic acids 60 Organic matter 24, 42 substances 61 Oscillaires 62 Oxygen 65 Paralysis 81, IGl, 286 Paraplegia 82, 285 Peaks of Otter 259 Pepys, on baths 11 Perfumes, ancient 7 Petrified forest 290 Pharyngitis, chronic 88 Phosphates 59 Phthysis, laryngea 88 Piles (see II^morkuoids). Pityriasis ^06 Pliny, on springs 2, 21 Pouss(5e, la 45 Prescription of waters Ill Prurigo 107 Psoriasis 106, 286 Psydracia thennalis 45 Purgative waters 261 R. Benal calculus 100 Respiratory organs, diseases of the, 85 Resorts, climatology of 112 early 171 elevation of 112 recreations at 114 Rheumatism 67,69, 161, 181, 285 Ring douche 139 Rivers, analyses of 15 Rule, as to diseases 66 as to time for treatment 66 Russian bath 134 Saline waters 100 alterative action of 44 Salts, Crab Orchard 263 Epsom 261 of mineral waters 113 Sand-bath 141 douche 69 Schuylkill River, analysis of the. . 15 Scrofula 78, 161, 236 Scrofulous skin-diseases 107 Sea-a^r 873 bath 876 water 374 FAOB Sea-side resorts 378 Atlantic City 882 Cape May 881 Chelsea Beach 380 ■ Coney Island 381 Cushing's Inland 379 Hampton Beach 880 Long Branch 381 Nahant 380 Naragansett Pier 380 Newport 380 Rockaway 381 Rye Beach 279 Swampscott 3kO Sedlitz powders 803 Seneca, description of Baiie 9 on ancient baths 7 Shasta's peak 238 Shower-bath 139 Silicates 69 in glairines 61 in sulfuraria 62 waters containing 24 Sitz-bath 139 Skin, anatomy of the 120 diseases of the 104 function of the 122 normal condition of the 125 Soaps, mineral water 113 Soda-water 68 Spas, European 841 Spout-batli . . . . ; •. 139 Springs, ascending 19 descending 20 intermittent 21 origin of 14 Tuscan, geological section of 20 Saratoga, geological section of 18 St. Lawrence River, analysis of. . 15 St. Nicholas 1 St. Patricus, on hot springs 26 Sterility 103, 2'iu Stiff joints 68, 181 Stone {see Calculus). Substitution, cure by 45 Sulfuraria 61 Sulfurhydrine 61 Sulphates 57 Sulphur-waters 180 alterative action of 44 immediate action of 42 Sulphuretted hydrogen 64 Surgical, diseases 107 Swope's Mountiiin 230 Syphilis 73,75,181,286 Syphilitic skin-diseases 107 ■ ' II'. hi;. it !■ I T. Tarbellum Taste of mineral waters. 2,% n i 464 INDEX. V _ - , PAOS Tekaharawa Falls 210 Temperate bath 129 Temperature atBeershebaSprings 250 Healing springs 826 Eockbridge Alum 255 Santa Barbara 299 Sweet Chalybeate 253 of the bath 130 of minerel waters 24 Tepid bath 129 Texture of waters 24 Therapeutics 66 Thermal waters 284 action of 44, 285 ThermopylsB i Time for using mineral waters. . . 66 Tin 60 Treatment, preliminary 115 time required for 115 to commence 118 Trousseau, quotation from 46 Tufa 51,m Turkish bath 136 Tuscan springs, section of 20 Tyndall, on thermo-electricity. . . 285 U. Ulcer, chronic 109 gastric 98 tricerations of the uterus 101 Ucclassined waters 831 Universal douche 139 Urinary organs, diseases of the. . 98 Uterus, diseases of the loi V. Vapor-bath 134 Vesical catarrh 100 W. Warm bath 129 Washington's property at Berke- ^ ley 279 Water, absorption of 40 action of. 40, 96 in the body 89 of constitution 43 properties of 14 soda 68 Whey, action of. 87 cure 118, .^72 White swelling 1^9 W omb, diseases of the {see tfTEBUs). Wounds, old 110 Z. Zinc 60 Zymotic diseases 66 AMERICAN SPRINGS. " A " Spring, Saratoga, N. Y 174 Aben&quis, N. H 837 Adams, Cal 833 Adams County, 247 Agua Caliente, N. M 309 Alabaster Cave, Cal 51, 831 Albany, Artesian, N. Y 179 Alburg, Vt 217 Alleghany, Va 279 A Ipena, Mich 28, 201 Amherst, N. H 838 Augusta, Va 257 Avon, N . Y 208 Bailey, Ala 236 Ballston, N. Y 176 Bartlott, Cal 338 Bath Alum, Va 256 Bedford, Va 264 Bedford, Ky 199 Bedford Alum, Va 259 Beer, Or 266 Becrsheba, Tenn 250 Berkeley, W. Va 171, 277 Herktibhire Soda, Muss 835 Bethesda, Wis 281 Bethesda, Ga 336 Big Bone. Ky 193 Birch Dale, N. H 337 Bladon, Ala 146 Blossburg, Pa 248 Blountj Ala 182 Blue Lick, Upper, Ky 191 Blue Lick, Lower, Ky 192 Blue Ridge, Va 839 Blue Sulphur, W. Va 234 Botetourt, Va 223 Bradford, N. H 888 BuflPalo, Va 222 Burner's, Va 225 Butterworth's, Mich 269 Caledonia, Can 163, 1S8 Calihtogn, Cal 2S9 Capon, W. Va .^ . . . . 158 Capper's, Va 839 CarUsle, Pa 216 Catoosa, Ga 240 Central, Vt 158 Charleston, Artesian, S. C 17* INDEX. 465 PAOB Charlotsville, Can 186 Cherry Valley 210 Chittenango, N. Y 206 Church Hfll, Va 258 Clarendon, Vt 274 Clifton. N. Y 211 Cold White Sulphur, Va 224 Columbia, N. Y 212 Columbian, N. Y 173 \Jongre3s, Cal 147 Congress, N. Y 50, 172 Cooper's Well, Miss 244 Coyner's, Va 222 Crab Orchard, Ky 262 Cresson, Pa 248 Crystal, Cal 334 Crystal, N. Y 174 Daggar's, Va 226 Des Chutes, Or 316 De Soto, La 200 Dibrell's, Va 226 Drennon, Ky 199 Dryden, N. Y 205 Eaton Kapids, Mich 28, 270 Eggleston's, Va 223 Elgin, Vt 267 Ellis, N. Y 174 Empire, N. Y 173 Esculapia, Ky 195 Estill, Ky 197, 241, 262 Eureka, N. Y 174 Excelsior, Saratoga, N. Y 174 Excelsior, Syracuse, N. Y 176 Fauquier, Va 224 Fayette, Pa 249 Flint, Mich 336 Fox, Ky 197 French Lick, Ind 186 Fruit Port, Mich 167 Fry's Soda, Cal 238 Gettysburg, Pa 273 Geyser, N. Y 28, 63, 175 Geysers, Cal 290 Gevsers, Wyo 51, 326 Gifroy, Cal 303 Glenn, 8. C 215 Grand Ledge, Mich 337 Great Salt Lake, Utah 215 Green Brier, W. Va 227 Green Castle, Ind 240 Green Cove, Fla 185 Grayson, Ky 195 Grayson, Va 226 Hamilton, N. Y 173 Harbine's, Cal 834 Harro isburg, Ky 264 SI PAGB Hathom, N. Y 174 Healing, Va 80, 828 High Kock, N. Y 61, 170 Higligate, Vt 219 Holston, Va 282 Hopkinton, Mass 242 Hot, Ark 286 Hot, Va 317 Hubbardston, Mich 272 Huguenot, Va 225 Idah 0, Col 804 Indian, Ga 189 Indian, Ind 188 Jordan's, Va 218 Knightstown, Ind 242 Lafayette, Ind 190 Lake Sulphur, N. Y 174 Lake Tahoe, Cal 303 Lansing, Mich 164 Latonia, Ky 837 Lebanon, N. Y 310 Leslie, Mich 271 Lodi, Ind 189 Longmuir's, N. Y 209 Louisville, Artesian, Ky 198 Lower Blue Lick, Ky 192 Lower Soda, Or '. 158 Madison, Ga 241 Massena, N. Y 204 Middle Park, Col 805 Middletown, Vt 157 Midland, Mich 266 Mineral, N. J 247 Mineral, 247 Minnequaj Pa 214 Missisquoi, Vt 156 Montgomery, Va 224 Montvale, Tenn 249 Napa Soda, Cal 334 Newbury, Vt 220 Oak Orchard, N. Y 58, 245 Ocean, Mi.ss 245 Old Sweet, W. Vu 24, 268, 275 Olympian, Ky 196 Orange, Fla 835 Orkney, Va 340 O wosso, Mich 243 Parkersburgr, W. Va 839 Paroqiict, Ky 194 Paso Kobles," Cal 298 Pavilion, N. Y 173 Perry, III 148 Piedmont, Cal 184 i k mIiR! ' 1 I ' !. 466 INDEX. PAOB Piedmont, Tex 338 Plantagenet, Can 163 Puebia, Nev 51, 312 Pulaaki, Va 255 Putnam, N. Y 173 Rawlcy, Va 250 Red, N.Y 174 Bed Sulphur, Ga 135 W. Va 62,89, 231 Red Sweet, Va 61, 251 Kiclifield, N. Y 207 Roanoke Red Sulphur, Va 226 Rockbridge Alum, Va 20, 80, 253 Baths, Va 157 Bocky Mountain, Col S35 SaU Lake, Utah 820 Br.lt Sulphur, W . Va 229 San Bernardino, Cal 301 Sand^yich, Can 182 Sun Bufael, Cal 834 Sant»v Barbara, Cal 295 Sarato.Ta, N. Y 168 Schooley's Mountain, N. J 243 Schuyler Co., Ill 242 Seltzer, CA 148 N. Y 173 Seven FountuMia, Va 225 Slip inondale, W, Va. = , . 340 Sht.ron, N. Y 202, 247 Sheldon, Vt 78, 153, lt>6 Shoeco, N. C 211 Sitka, Alaska 216 Skaggs, Cal 303 Spring Lake, Mich 28, 166 St. Catherine, Can 161 St. Leon, Can 334 St. Louis, Mich 28, 150 St. Louis, Artesian, Mo 167 Stafford, Conn 239 Star, N.Y 173 Stribling'8, Va 220, 257 TA09 Summit, Cal 832 Sweet, W. Va 24, 268, 276 Sweet Chalybeate 251 Togus, Me 836 Trinity, Ind 190 Tuscan, Cal 19, 83a United States, N. Y 174 Upper Blue Lick, Ky 191 Vallejo, Cal 184 Vallouia, N. Y 338 Varennes, Can 835 Variety, V a 260 Vermont, Vt 156 Versailles, 111 149 Vicliy, Cat 333 Volcano, Nev 813 Warm, Ga 810 N. C 807 Va 24, 821 Warner's Ranch, Cal 800 Warren, N. C 213 Washington, N. Y 173 Welden, Vt 157 West Baden, Ind 187 White, N, Y 173 White Sulphur, Cal 184 La 200 N.C 214 N.Y 212 218 Greenbrier, W. Va 227 Montgomery, Va 224 Saratoga, N. Y 174 and Tar,Ky 200 Wilhoit's, Or 178 Yellow, 272 Yellow Sulphur, Va 221 York, Pa 215 EUROPEAN" SPAS. Belgium. Spa 360 England. Aqua Soils 8 Bath 3 Clifton 50 Epsom 67,261 I^ance. Mx 3 Aix-la-Chapelle 854 Aix-les-Bains 3, 355 Bagn^res-de-Bigorre 8, 46, 867 Bagneres-de-Luchon 3, 355, 358 Bareges 61, 353, 856 Bourbonne-les-Bains 56, 346 Cauterets 133 Cellos 156 Challes 75, 229 Contrexville, 97, 867 Eaux Bonnes 86 Forbach 91 Mont-Dore 46 INDEX. 467 PAGS Neris 46 Niederbronn 91 Plombieres 46, 870, 872 Pougucs 46, 91, 97 Val8 71,97 Vichy 46, 71, 76, 91, 97, 144, 341 Germany. Baden-Baden 12, 66, 349 Bilin 49 Carlsbad. .71, 76, 85, 91, 92, 95-98, 100, 261, 862 Durckheim 56, 164 Eger 78 Eilsen 205 Ems 86, 97, 841, 343 ¥achingen 841, 345 Franzensbad 141, 866 Friedrichsballe 100, 362 Gastein 26, 50, 73, 82, 83, 370 Gleichenberg 86 Homburg 73, 95, 346 iBchel 79 Karlsbad {see Caklsbad). Kissingen. . 73, 85, 91, 95, 96, 98, 364, 347 Kosen 79 Krankenlieil 113 Kreuznaoh 79, 162, 851 Marienbad. .85, 92, 95, 98, 100, 862, 366 Meinberg 854 Nauheim 91, 851, 353 Ncundorf. 209, 854 Obersalzbrunnen 86 Pullna 862 Pyrmont 860 Schlangenbad 370 Schwaibach 360 Sedlitz 863 Belters 846,850 Soden 91 Toplitz 50, 82, 88, 100, 870 Wiesbaden 8,846,848 PAoa Wildbad 73. 82, 88, 192 Wildungen 367, 869 Wittekind 79 Greece. iBdipsus 1 Casotiii 1 St. Nicholas 1 ThermopyliB 1 Iceland, Ooysers 22 Italy. .^naria 9 Baice 2, 9 Ischia 2 Pliniana 21 Sincusa 2 Sj)ain. Alhama 8 Caldafi 8 Switzerland. Baden 3, 10 Engstlebrunnen 21 Leuk 11,867 Pfaflfers 73, 82, 88 Eagatz 88 Saxon 50, 75 St. Moritz 860 Tarasp 861 Wildegg 76 Wyh 361 Turkey. Brusa ... S INDEX TO APPENDIX. Adams, Cal 333, 383 ApoUinaris water, Prussia 406 Arrowhead, Cal 407 Belknap, Oregon 407 Birch-clale, N. II 337, 384 Blue Ridge, Va 385 Borax, Cal 386 Borland, W. Va 408 Buffalo, Va 222, 409 California Seltzer 148 Calistoga, Cal 387, 289 Canada 387 Canon City, Col 410 Capon, Va, 158, 411 Carlisle, Col 411 Catoosa, Ga 240, 388 Caxton, Canada 334, 889 Cedar, 412 Chalk Creek, Col 413 Cherry Valley, N. Y 210, 390 Cincinnati Aitesian, 414 Chmax, Mo 414 Cresson, Pa 248, 41G Erkenbrecker's, 417 Eureka, Ark 417 Excelsior, Mo 418 Fairviow, Tex 419 Florida 419 ■ 11 468 INDEX. PAGB Franz- Josef, Hungary 420 Geyser Spa, Cal 390 Glacier, N. Y 390 Glenn, S. C 421 Grand Haven, Mich 422 Green, O 391 Greenville, Ky. (see Harrodsburg, Ky.) : 264 Harbiue, Cal 334, 392 Hart, W. Va 422 Highland, Cal 892, 4i>3 Hunyadi Janos, Hungary 424 Indian, Ga 189, 425 Jordan Alum, Va 393 LasVegas, N. M 426 Liberty, Cal 427 Lower Blue Lick, Ky 192, 428 Manitou, Col 394 Massanetta, Va 395 Medical Lake, W. T 428 Michigan Congress, Mich 1 64 Middle Park, Col 305, 429 Middletown, Vt 157, 480 Milford, Mass 430 Milldale, Ky 481 Montesano, Mo 432 Mt. Clemens, Mich 483 Napa, Cal 396, 334 Oio Caliente, N. M 436 Old Point (Jomfort, Va 882 Olympian, Ky 197, 487 Orange, Fla 437 Orkney, Va 897 Pagosa, Col 438 Paraiso, Cal 489 Parnassus, Col 440 Paso Kobles, Cal 295, 441 Peabody, Col. («ee Kocky Moun- tain, Col.) 835, 445 Plairtield, Vt 441 Poncmah, Mass 431 ^ PAflB Porter, Col 442 Ravcnden, Ark 443 Rockbridge Alum, Va 253, 444 Rock Castle, Ky 444 Rocky Mountain, Col 835, 445 Sailor's, HI 445 Sieigler, Cal 398 Sharon, N. Y 202, 446 Sheldon. Vt 154, 446 Shenandoah Alum, Va 447 Silurian, Wis 448 Silver, Fla 449 Slaterville, N. Y^ 899 South Park, Col 449 Sparkling Catawba, N. C 450 Sparta, Wis 451 Spencer, N, Y 400 St. Helena, Cal 184, 400 Sulpho-Saline, 451 Summit, Cal 382, 401 Summit, Me 453 Suwanee, Fla 453 Swayne's Mammoth, Tenn 401 Sweet, Mo 455 Tarpon, Fla = 456 Tate's, Tenn 457 Three Rivers, Mich, {see Flint's, Mich.) 836 Triton, N. Y 402 Tule River, Cal 402 Union, N. Y 403 Valhcrmosa, Ala 404 Vichy, France 341, 404 Victor, N. Y 405 Wakulla, Fla 457 Warm, Oregon 458 Warm, Va 821, 458 White Sulphur, Montana 458 White Sulphur, Tex 459 Wolf Trap, Va 459 Zem-Zem, Cal 406 ir; THE REPUTATION Which the celebrated SELTZER SPRINQ of C.ermany has maintained dnrin^ many years, for the therapeutic value of its water*, is a fact well underitood by the medi- cal profesBion. The te^timoDy of large cambera receiving benefit from their use is coQclosiTe proof as to their efficacy. i^ i j^R^/k// SELTZER Is an artificial combination of the essential element{> of these waters, as ascertained by strict chemical analysiB, discardiug those Bubstancea which are inert, and retain- ing those only which have a positive therapeutic value. These waters belong to that clans known as ACIDULO- ALKALINE, which owe their medicinal virtues to the Carbonic Acid and to the i^alines in combination. Hence they act chiefly on the digest. ve, renal, and nervous system. AS A SALINE CATHARTIC, We especially recommend our preparation to the carefnl consideration of physicians. In all disordered conditions of the digestive organs, especially when connected with hepatic derangement; in thoce congested states of the alimentary canal and append- ages peculiar to warm seasons and tropical climates ; in the various forms of Dyspep- sia, including Constipation, Acidity, Heartburn, etc. ; in Uterine disease, connected with an inactivity ur the large intestines; as also in the nausea of pregnancy: in fel)rile conditions: in short, in all those types of disease where Saline Purgatives are indicated, we have no hesitation in recommending it as a mild yet efficacious cathartic. AS A DIURETIC, Its action is none the less marked, for. in diminished doses, {ts influence is trans- ferred to the renal system. Hence in RheumHtism, Gout, Dropsy, and Diseases of the Urinary System, the SELTZER APEitlENT can be relied upon to correct the acidity of the urine, and promote a copious renal secretion. AS A PALATABLE CATHARTIC, Our preparation is surpassed bv no other. 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To which are appended a Vocabulary of TraTel-talk — in English, German, French, and Italian— an Hotel Appendix, and Specialties of European Cities. Handsomely bound in two volumes, in red morocco, gilt edges. Price, $5.00. Appletons' General Guide to the United States and Canada. Compiled on the plan of the fhmous "Baedeker Hand- Books'* of Europe. In three separate forma : Onk Volumb Complete. Price, morocco tuck, |2.60. New Enolakd AND Middle States AND Canada. 1 vol. Price, clcth, $1.25. Southern and Western States. 1 vol. Price, cloth, $1.25. With numerous Maps and Illustrations. Appletons' Iland-Book of Summer Resorts. Illustrated, and with Maps. Large 12mo. Price, paper, 50 cents. Appletons' Hand*Book of American Winter Resorts. For Tourists and Invalids. With Maps and lUuiStrations. 12mo. Price, paper, 60 cents. -.-•,. New York Illustrated* With One Hundred and Forty-three Illus- trations, and large Maps of New York and Vicinity. Large 8vo. Price, illus- trated cover, 75 cents. Appletons' Dictionary of BTew York and Vicinity. An Alpha- betically arranged Index to all Places, Societies, Institutions, Amusements, and many other Things in the Metropolis and Neighborhood, upon which Informa- tion is needed by the Strai^ger or the Citizen. With Maps of New York and Vicinity. Price, paper, 80 cents. The Hudson River Illustrated. With felxty Engravings on Wood, from Drawings by J. D. Woodward. Royal Svo. Price, paper, 50 cents. Scenery of the Pacific Railways and Colorado. With Maps, and Seventy-one Illustrations. Price, paper, 75 cents ,- cloth, $1.25. Appletons' Railway Guide. With Time-Tables and Maps. Pub- lished semi-monthly. Price, paper, 25 cents. D. APPLETON & CO., Publishers, 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street, New York. EL PASO DE ROBLES HOT AND COLD SULPHUR SPRINGS San Luis Obispo County, California. o o Ui o < < « 5 ,2 s W Q O O P4 ANALYSIS. O^VX" IMPERIAL GALLON CONTAINS: Salphuretted Hydrogen Gas 4*45 grains. Free Carbonic-Acid Gas. . ,10*50 " Sulphate of Lime 8*21 grains. " " Potaesa -88 " " " Soda. 7-85 " Peroxide of Iron '30 " Alumina '22 " Silica -44 " Bicarbonate of Magnesia. . . '92 " " " Soda 50-74 "' Chloride of Sodium 27'18 " Iodides and Bromides Traces Oi^anic Matter 1*64 " 93-44 " Temperature, 110 degrees F. 3 5? o O K O ft O OD o Unequaled in the United States, Unsurpassed in the World. A specific for Syphilis, Gout, Rheumatism, Neuralgia, Eczema, Psoriasis, and other Skin Diseases, Affections of the Womb, and Dis- eases of the Liver and Kidney, Paralysis, and Erysipelas. Also, A GENUINE NATUBAL MUD-BATH, TeinDer['tiire 140 ilegrefs F. For further information and circulars, address BLACKBURN, BROS. AND JAMES, Proprietors Paso RobUi Hot Springs, SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. I I *5*«rn BOOKS OP TRAVEL. |i i Florida for Tourists, Invalids, and Settlers: con- taining Practical Information regarding Climate, Soil, and Produc- tiona ; Cities, Towns, and People ; Scenery and Resorts ; the Culture of the Orange and other Tropical Fruits ; Farming and Gardening ; Sports; Routes of Travel, etc. By Georqe M. Barbour. With Map and numerous Illustrations. I'imo. New edition, in red cloth, flexible, $1.50. Table op Contents: I. QneBtions and Answers; II. Natural DiviBiont> of Florida; III. A Trip throui?h tae State with Cuiumissioncr French; IV. A Trip throusjh North Florida with Captain Fairbanks ; V. Jacligonville. Femandiiia, and St. Augustine; VI. The St. John's River ; VII. The Ocklawaha Kiver, Sil- ver Sprint 0/ price. Street. W f^ CO -P CD U in m W ^P? w (D -P CD CD o No. 164. Mural lineral Waters. Saratoga, Vichy, Geyser, Washington (Iron), Congress, Ilathorn, High Rock, Columbian from Saratoga, "Waukesha from Waukesha, Wis., Lake Auburn from Lake Auburn, Me. We furnish these and other Mineral Waters fresh, and at the lowest rates. Apparatus for Making, Bottling, and Dispensing Soda Water, Mineral Waters, and all Carbonated Beverages. Illustrated Catalogue sent on application. The Firm of John Matthews, FIRST AVENUE, 26th & 27th STREETS, NEW YORK. GLENN SPRINGS, SPARTANBURG COUNTY, S. C. SIMPSON & SIMPSON, Proprietors. This Spring is delightfully situated in Spartanburg County, South Carolina, with first-class hotel accommodations. The mineral water is unsurpassed by any other mineral water on the continent. Cures Dyspepsia^ Liver- Complaint^ Chronic Hepatitis, Jaundice, Torpor of Liver, and General DeMlity following upon Mala/rial Dis- eases; Dropsy, Diarrhcea, Dysentery, Constipation, Hmmorrlwids, Uterine, Renal, and Cystic Diseases, Hcematuria, ETieumatism, and Catamenial Derangement. Is recommended by the highest medical authority. The water is bottled and sealed at the spring. For price of water, and terms of board, apply to the proprietors. G. F. WATERS' FlextbiA and ReTerfilblo KLKCTRO- MAGNETIC (Patintbd Dtc. IOtii, 1882) FLESH-BRUSH Is made of vojfetaWs flbir (manlla prfffrable\, with a due amount of animal fiber (hair) up- on one side, thus having BurfoooB In two cloctricnl conditions — prnctloally. u double iiiBtru- nient. It is ellipsoidal in outline, with loop;* Inches lon^, at the ends Lenjrth of brush, '21 to 24 Inches; width, at widest part, 8'^ to A\\ inches. Those made of juto nrti lonfjo! situated on the PennBylTsnIa Kailroad, 868 miles west of Philadelphia, and 108 miles east of Plttsburs, €RESSON is resorted to both on account of its inoantain elevation and the value of the waters. The air is pure and bracing, and the thermometer seldom rises above 75° tahr. in the hottest days of summer. Guests sleej) under blanliets the entire season. The mountains furniuh abundant opportunity for excursions, while many delightful drives wind through the valleys. The springs are seven in number, the magnesia and pure water springs being within thirty yards of the hotel, the latter supplying the house. The Cresson Spring, par excellence, is pure, cold water, and is beginning to attract the attention of physicians who have examined the eflFects of water on the system. Because ft \a pure,vfhcri taken into the stomach it passes without any delay into the cir- culation, diluting the blood which had become thick and heavy, loaded with salts and acids, dissolving and excreting them, purifying and revivifying the blood, and, of course, the whole system. This is most apparent in the aged and infirm, restoring the appetite, in- ducing sleep, and stimulating the functions of the entire organism. Not less is it helpful to children, and the avidity with which infants drink it, and the rapidity of their cure, are a powerful argument in tavor of God's great blessing— /jMre water It is seldom you see a sick child at Cresson. The water, in connection with the pure moun- ain air, has proved very bcneflcial in asthma, and it is possible this is the reason that hay- ever is unknown there. The value of the disinterested testimony of so eminent a scientist as Prof. Genth, of the University of Pennsylvania, who made the analysis for the State Geological Survey, can best be appreciated by physicians, and their estimate is embodied in an article in the April number of the " Medical Bulletin," by its accomplished editor. Dr. John V. Shoemaker, who says : "There are no more valuable medicinal waters in the Union than those of Cresson Springs. The water of one spring has aperient action, another decided tonic properties, and a third the most beneficial etfect In chronic diseases of women, in kidney troubles, and in catarrhal affections of the bowels. The alum-water is one of the most valuable bathing agents known for loss of tone and vigor to the skin, in general debility, and in all conges- tive conditions of the skin." In addition to its medicinal waters, Cresson justly claims the possession of one of the few AnsoLUT^LT Pure Water Springs known. An eminent New \ ork physician— Dr. Samuel Swan — writing for the " Medical Times " of that city, says : " There are but few absolutely pure water sp'inge in existence. One or two (notably one at Buxton, England, and another at Lourdes. France) are celebrated, and others de- serve to be. One of these is at Cresson, Pa. Persons afflicted with rheumatism, diseases of the kidneys, or malaria, are entirely cured by the use of this water and the pure mouti- tain air for which Cresson is noted." A City Physician will reside and practice In the llotcl. MOUNTAIN HOUSE, CRESSON SPRINGS, Open Jane 33d to Oct. Ist. On the sutnmit of the Alleghenles, 2,200 feet above sea-level, and within a stone's-throw of the miiln line of the Pennsylvan'a Kailrood. But three hours' ride from Pittsburg, seven from Philadelphia and Baltimore, and nine from New York and Washington, Its accessibil- ity, the purity of its atmosphere, and the beauty of the mountain scenery surrounding it, combine to render it the most popular mountain resort in the State. About one thousand guests can be accommodated. Jilegant Cottage Jiesidences may be ^ented bi/ parties desiring the quiet and seclufdon of home. Trout-flshlng, hunting, lawn-tennis, croquot, riding, and driving are among the out- door amusements ; Billiards, Ten-pins, etc , within. Bath-rooms on every floor. Twice daily Open Observation Cars are run between Cresson and the Logan Rouse, Al- toona, through the matchless scenery of the Horseshoe Curve, Allegrlppus, etc.; and, in addition to the ordinary excursion tickets, a Special Kate Round-Trip Ticket, including a coupon good for one day's board at the Mountain House, will bo on sale at all prominent points on the Pennsylvania Railroad at greatly reduced rates. All trains stop at Cresson. Good livery. Six mails daily. Telegraph oflice in the Uotel. Telephonic connection with the Stables and Railroad Station. By the erection (i a new and elegant hotel ring the full and winter of 18S0-'81, the ac- commodations at this charming resort have been greatly enlarged and improved. The en- tire place has undergone a thorough renovation ; particular attention having been paid to the drainage and water-supply, resulting In a most thorough and comi)reheubive sewage system. The grounds have been graded, sodded, and othorwl.se beautified. A Passenger Elevator, Electric Bells, new Bath and Billiard Booms, a Ten-pin Alley, and Children'H Dining and Play Booms, have been added to the equipment qf the house, and it has been elegantly furnished tliroughout. For further information, terms, etc., address W. D. TYLER* Supt.f CreMon, Pa., or LOGAN HOUSE , Altoona, Pa. pbia, and 108 HOTEL PONOMAH, JSdIilforcL SpTZTxgs, p. O., AMIIEEST STATION, N. H. Two hours from Boston on B. & L. R. R. ; 8 miles from Nashua, N. II, Five natural springs, including the popular "PONOMAII." High ground, magnificent views, rine drives, and pine-grces. NO HAY-FEVER. Hotel has all modem iruprovoments, electric bells, baths, etc. Open June to Octo- ber. Plans may be seen and rooms engaged of BARNES & DVNKLEE, Hotel Brunswick, Boston. MILFORD SPRINGS COTTAGE. This house has been thoroughly renovated. Now bath-rooms, toilet-rooms, etc., added. Open all the year. it PONOMAH/' acme of all sparkling table-waters, for sale by all druggists and family grocers. Take no other, as this is bottled at the springs, and is the purest water known. For analysis and price-list, address MHiFOED SPEIIIGS COMPANY, 161 Tremont St., Bostoa CLIMAX SPRINGS, CcLTThderh Coizrcty, Jifiasouurt, The Climax, in richness of mineral waters and ease of access, surpass any springs in the Southwest, being only two hundred miles southwest of St. Louis, on the northern slope of the Ozark liountains. at an altitude the most desirable, and a climate unequaled in summer, the dajs ocing bright and warm, the nights cool and pleasant. Hot nights and mosquitoes are unknown. The scenery af- fords grand, unobstructed views over Lookout Valley, sixteen miles in extent. HTJNTIirO AND FXSHINO VNSUBFASSEO. Climax Hotel win be opened to the public June 1, 1883, in the charge of Mr. D. T. McNiel, Secretary of " Climax Springs Association," and will bo first class in every particular. Our table, sunplied with game, fish, fruits, etc., is unequaled; our terms are more moderate than any springs of worth in tlie tJnited States. Climax Springs Association arc the founders of the town of Climax Springs. Having secured a large body of land, on which the numer- ous springs are located, we have laid out, to the beat advantage for views and convert mce to the Springs, a fine line of Residence-Lots, which we have placed on sale, for the convenience of the many wlio desire to make the Springs their permanent home. Lots and further information may be secured by addressing CLIMAX SPRINGS ASSOOIATION, D. T. McNIEL, Secretary, Climax, Camden Co., Mo. Resident physioian In hotel. Baths of all kinds. Every attention paid to gruests. \\i i II A BIOGRAPHY OF William Cullen Bryant. Wiik Extracts from his Private Correspondence. By PARKE GODWIN. With Two Portraits on Steel. ? vols., square 8vo. Cloth, gilt top, $6.00. " No admirer of the poet and editor could wish for a more minute and favorable picture of every phase of Bryant's character and work." — i^ew York World. " A very important thing about this Bryant biography is, that it is really a history of American literature from 1800 down to tne present day. Mr. Bryant's taste for letters was developed at a very early age, and brought him in contact with the literary men of Boston, who were then the principal men of the country." — Philadelphia I^ess. ♦' Perhaps the most entertaining and delightful memoir of the present generation, combining, as it does, the charm of the poet and the force of a publicist; the freshness and beauty of the country, with the wealth and reflnement of the city ; every variety of intellectual life ; social and public questions ; brilliant conversation and rich correspondence ; travel in foreign lauds ; scenes in t»ie eje of a poet and philosopher — all these and a host of other subjects, admirably selected, arranged, and touched, make up two charming volumes, which we have read with great interest.'- — Aew York Observer. '* Mr. Parke Godwin has done his work of love with remarkable com- {>lv.>.:i,e8a. The biography is more than its name implies. Mr. Bryant's iio . ..8 so closely interwoven with the literature and politics of the country that Mr. Godwin's work becomes, in effect, a history of the development of thought in the United States for the last sixty years. On this account Mr. Godwin's latest labors are of extraordinary value, the full measure of which can not now be estimated." — New York Journal of Commerce. " As a record of Bryant's literary and political work, as a history of American literature, as a sketch-book of social afid personal work, during *he past three quarters of a century, it is all that can be desired. Mr. God- win has done his part with modesty and thoroughness, and has made the best use of such materials as came to his hands. '^ — Boston Herald. " Will abundantly repay perusal."— ^s^n- Traveller. " There are many curious revelations of social and political and literary life in those days when we were beginning to have authors of our own ; and the light shed on Bryant's own genius and character is a very in- teresting and illuminating one. Mr. Godwin traces the .young poet from his earliest school exercises in verso to his latest octogenarian rhymes, and furnishes a key and dates for his "poGtry .'''' —Springjietd liepuhlican. " I am not sure that it is not the finest piece of biographical writing about a man of letters that America has yet produced. On the whole, I think it is." — K. 11. Stoddabd, in the New York Independent. New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 8, & 5 Bond Street. MEMORIAL EDITION. THE POETICAL WORKS or William Cullen Bryant. Edited by FABKE GODWIN. 2 vols., square 8vo, uniform wltii the " Biography." Cloth, gilt top, $6.00. " No more flttinff memorial of a poet could be devised bv ingenuity and affection combined than an edition of his works in a form so beautiful as this. No finer speci- mens of book-making have ever issued from the American press than these volumes. The type is large, the press-work simply perfect, the margins wide and uncut except at the top, and the binding rich and tasteful. Many so-called editions de luxe are inferior to this in real excellence. The time has not yet come for a Just estimate of Brvant's true place as a poet. But is it not something to have earned the distinction of being the only American poet of a century who has written blank verse that will live in literature alongside of that of Wordsworth and Milton ? "—New York Examiner. "The work contains all of Mr. Bryant's poems, with the author's latest corrections, together with some sixty or more poems wnich have never before been collected. In- cluding some thirty hymns and a companion-piecp to 'Sella' and 'The Little People of the Snow.' Parke Godwin, the son-in-law and biographer of Bryant, has given his careful supervision to the collection and publication of the poems, and has appended numerous notes, containing much information in regard to their origin and the circum- stances in which they were written. This will long, if not always, be regarded as the standard edition." — New York Observer. " Bryant was Greek in his calmness and self-mastery, even in the moments of in- spiration—Greek also in his deep feeling of Nature and of Destiny ; though he shared in the modern sentiment for natural scenery which is so unlike that of the ancients. In him for the first time the American landscape found its fitting poet, as his elder contemporary, Wordsworth, was the best expresser of the rural English scenery, in regions a little wild and desolate. But wildncss and desolation in America are so dif- erent f^om what they are in England, or even in Scotland— our climate has so great an efi'ect on the poetic ospects of our scenery, too— that Bryant, as a descriptive poet, is unlike aay of the British anthon^—Sprinqfleld Hepublican. " I'he poems have been edited with scrupulous and conscientious care. They are arranged according to the dates at which they were written or printed, and so we are enabled to have the unfolding of the poet's powers, and their gradual growth to a grand I turity. In reading through these volumes we have been fVeshlj impressed with *i.; aaluence of Bryant's genius. For strength and grandeur he is certainly the fore- most among American poets."— Boston CarnmonwealCh. "Mr. Godwin has shown himself a modol editor, and his work is something for which the future historian of American literature will be grateful." — Boston Traveller, " Bryant's poems possess a solid and abiding value, which gives them a welcome to all good book-collections. IIo was from the first the poet of our woods and fields. He entered into their very spirit. Things which nobody before over thought of describing have been for more than a generation the charm of Bryant's poems to his later and wider circle of readers."- i/a;'(/'or(^ Times. New York : D. APPLETON k CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street. A lAhrary in itself ; well printed, and in convenient form ; trust- worthy, impartial, complete, thoroughly American, deeply interesting, and instructive. APPLETONS' AMERICAN CYCLOPEDIA, A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge. Edited by Georgk Ripley and Charles A. Dana. 16 vols. Large 8vo. Per vol., Cloth, $5.00 ; Sheep, $6.00 ; Half Morocco, IT.OO ; Half Russia, $8.00 ; Full Morocco, or Russia, $10.00. The Amxeioan Cyclopedia presents a panoramic view of all hnman knowledge. In Its volujies is contained a vast fund of practical Information on the Arts and Sci- ences in all their branches, Including Mecbcnics, Mathematics, Astronomy, Philosophy, CheLjlstry, and Physiology ; on Agriculture, Commerce, and Manufactures ; on Law, Medicine, and Theology ; on Biography and History, Geography and Ethnology ; on Political Econ .y, the Trades, Inventions, Politics, the Things of Common Life, and Qoneral Liter /e. The Industrial Arts, and those branches of Practical Science which have a direct bearing on our every-day life, such as Domestic Economy, Ventilation, the Heating of Houses, Diet, etc., are treated with the thoroughness which their great importance de- mands. The department of Biography is full and complete, embracing the lives of all eminent persons, a.xient and modern. In American biography, particularly, great pains have been taken to present the most comprehensive and accurate record that has yet been attempted. In History, it gives no mere catalogue of barren dates, but co- pious and spirited narratives, under their appropriate heads, of the principal events in the annals of the world. So in Geography, it not only serves as a general Gazetteer, but it gives interesting descriptions of the principal places mentioned. As far as is consistent with thorough, ess of research and exactness of statement, the popular method has been pursued. The wants of the people in a work of this kind have been careftilly kept in view throughout. By condensation and brevity, the editors have been enabled to introduce a much greater variety of subjects than is usually found in similar productions, and thus to enhance the value of the Cyclopaedia as a work of universal reference. The work is sold to subscribers only. It Is In sixteen large octavo volumes, each containing about 800 pages, fully illustrated with several thousand Wood Engravings, and with numerous colored Lithographic Maps. General and Analytical Index to the above. By the Rev. T. J. Conant, D. D., assisted by bis Daughter, Blandina CoNANT. Large 8vo. 810 pages. Sold by subscription only. Cloth, $5.00 ; Sheep, $6.00 ; Half Morocco, $7.00 ; Half Russia, $8.00. D. APPLETON & CO., Publishers, 1, 3, & 6 Bond Street, New York, ; PURCELL, LADD & CO., Wholesale Druggists, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA, AGENTS FOR VIRGINIA SPRINGS WATERS, Have constantly on hand ; White Sulphur Water, Oreenbrier Co., W. V«, Itiiiralo Llthla Water, Mecklenburg Co., Va. Itluc RIdse Water, Botetourt Co., Va. Ilcallnf! Water, Bath Co., Va. Kockbrldarc Alum Water, Rockbridge Co., Va. Wolf Trap Mthia Water, Halifax Co., Va. AUechany Water, Jlontgomery Co., Va. Capon Water, Hampshire Co., W. Va. Also, Congress, Bathorn, and other Saratoga Waters, Ofun Jtahohcy Bitter Water, etc. ^W Orders promptly executed. Descriptive Pamphlets of VIEGINIA. SPRINGS WA.TER8 furnished on application. SHARON SPRINGS, N. Y. The undersigned, owners of the Sulphur Spring, and Sul- phur Bath-Houses, at Sharon Springs, N. Y.,will be pleased to send an illustrated and descriptive pamphlet to any person who may write for the same. A "Monograph on tub Sulphur WATEng of Siiarok SpRmog, N. Y.," by Geo. E. "Walton, M. D., author of the "Mineral Springs of the Uniiod States and Canada," will also be mailed on application. JOHN H. GARDINER & SONS. Tarpon Springs, Florida. Located on the Anclote River, on the East Coast, in IlilLsborough County. The most beautiful, most fertile, and most desirable part of the State. The Spring is 20 feet in diameter and 112 feet deep, and like the famous Salt- Bulphor of Virginia. Steamer from Cedar Keys direct to the Springs. For further information, address H. B. HARKS, Afireivt, '^.irpon Springs, Hillsborough County, Fla. The region is exceedingly healthy and south of frost. HOTEL FIRST CLASS. Tie Famons O JO CALI ENTE (Hot Springs), Taos County, New Mexico. Situated west of the D * R. G. R. R., tnd 12 miles from Barranca Station, from which point a daily line of Stages runs to the Springs. The temperature ia \i2°, altitude 6,000 feet. The gases are carbonic. There is now a commodioas hotel for the convenience of invalids and touriots, and the reputation of these valuable waters is fast widcnin{». An analysis of the Ojo Caliento water shows a total of '288'U9 parts in 100,000 parts of water, divide"d as follows: Sodlvim Carbonate . . . .196-95 Cflclum Carbonate .... 4'20 I;on Carbonate 2012 Sodium Chloride 400,1 Potassium Sulphate . . . .5'29 Lithium Carbonate.... 1. J ' Silicic Acid 410 Magnesium Carbonate. 6 10 ] Arsenic 10"08 The efficacy of these waters has been thoroughly tested, and numberless cures attest to their wonderful healing properties. For further particulars, address ANTHONY JOSEPH, Proprietor, ^\' From the late Dr. Qriffin^ qf Roanoke County, Va. I have Been the communication of Dr. Moorman in referenc} to the Blue Itidge and Alleghany Sprinifs. Hia attention having been long di- rected to the subject of the medical properties of thj mineral springs of Virginia, gives to his views a higher claim to consideration and respect than they would derive from any concurrent opinion or indorsement of mine. The object of this note is simply to say that, in referring to my opinion of the comparative and perhaps equal efficacy of these valu- able waters, he has correctly stated views which I have held for the last eight or ten years, and which I still believe to be correct JOUN H. GRIFFIN. LANDMARKS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. By HENRY J. NICOLL. IS mo. Vellum cloth, Sl>75. " The plan adopted in this book has been to deal solely with the very greatest names in the several departments of English literature— with those writers whose works are among the most imperishable glories of Britain, and witli whom it is a disgrace for even the busiest to remain unacquainted."— /^rom Preface. " We can warmly recommend this excellent manaal." — St. Jamea'B Gazette. " The ' Landmarks of English Literature ' is a work of exceptional value. It re- veals scholarship and hifjh literary ability. Mr. Nicoll has a proper conception of the age in which he lives, and of its requirements in the special line in which he has attempted to work."— iVisw York Herald. *' Mr. Nicoll is not ambitious, save to state things precisely as they are, to give the common orthodox judgment on great authors and their places in historjr, and he has brought to his task a mild enthueiasm of style and a conscientiousness of ejri.ot state- ment that can not be overpraised. He writes out of a full mind, and yet Levi rites on a level with the ordinary intelligence."— iVieti; York Times. " It would be hard to find anywhere an example of a more pithy, compact, y*t at- tractive presentation of the real landmarks of the literature than ia comprised in this duodecimo of 460 pages."— iVeu; York Home Journal. "The work abounds in personal incident and anecdote connected with various authors, which assist the reader in making their acquaintance, and which give to the book a more lively aspect than one of cold criticism."— .Veu; York Oiiserver. " A book to be most heartily commended."— J?osto» Traveller. "It has ample narrative and happy criticisms, and is filled with instructive and entertaining matter admirably presented. It would be hard to suggest improvement iu style or arrangement."— Boston Commonwealth. " Displays scholarship and high literary ability. His criticism is as sound as his selections have been judicious."- CAicag'O Tribune. For sale by all booksellers ; or sent by mail, post-paid, on receipt of price. New York : D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 6 Bond Street. '. BUFFALO LITHIA WATER For Bright's Disease of the Kidneys, the Gouty Diathesis, Stone of the Bladder, Nervous and Acid Dyspepsia, etc. :. GRIFFIN. 3 Bound as his Dr. William A. Hammond, of New York, Surgeon- General U. S. Army {retired) ; Pro- festor qf Diseases qf the Mind and Nervous System in the University of New Yore, etc. "I have for some time made use of the Bafftilo Lithia Water in cases of affections of the Nervous System, complicated with BrighVs Disease qf the Kidneys, or with a Gouty Diathesis. The results have been eminently satisfactory. Lithia has for many years been a favorite remedy with me in iilce cases, but the Buffalo Water certainly acts better than any extemporaneous solution of the Lithia Salts, and is, moreover, bet- ter borne by the stomach. I also often prescribe it in those cases of Cerebral Hyper- eemia, resulting from over-mental worKr— in which the condition called Nervous Dys- pepsia exists— and generally with marked benefit.'''' Dr. Habvet L. Btrd, of Baltimore, President and Professor qf Obstetrics and Dis- eases of Wcrnien and Children, in the Baltimore Medical College; formerly Pro- fessor of Practical Medicine, etc. "I have witnessed the best results from the action of the Buffalo Lithia Water, Spring No. 2, in Chronic Gout, Bheumatic Gout, Rheumatism, Gravel and Stone in the madder, and I do not het^itate to express the opinion that in ail diseases de- pending upon or having their origin in the Uric Acid Diathesis, it is unsurpassed, %f, indeed, it is equaled by any wafer thus far known to the profession. " It is an admirable general Tonic and Restorative, increasing the Appetite, pro- moting Digestion, and invigorating the General Health. It is powerfully Antacid, and especially efficacious in what is commonly linown as Acid Dyspepsia. It is strongly commended to a very large class of sufferers by a peculiar power as a Nervous Tonic and Exhilarant, which malies it exceedingly valuable where there is nothing to con- traindicate its use, in all cases where Nervous Deptession is a symptom. " It has an ascertained value in Bright's Disease. A knowledge of its action in that disease thus far, would seem to warrant the belief that it would, in many instances, at least in its early stages, arrest it entirely ; and in its more advanced stages, prove a decided comfort and palliative.^^ Thi late Dr. Thomas P. Atkinson, formerly of Danville, Yd., at one time President Medical Society of Virginia. " Experience has proved the Buffalo Lithia Water to be a powerful agent for the removal of Vesical Calculi. " It has been found especially cfflcacions In the Uric Aeid variety. " Its beneficial results, however, in Uric Acid Calculi are not restricted to the re- moval, by means of solution or disintegration, of Calculi, which have been already deposited, but it not unfrequently so corrects the constitutional tendency to excess in the production of Uiic Acid or of any other acid which may have the property of precipitating it trom its solution, as to prevent farther deposition. It has in some cases proved an efficient remedy in effecting the solution and preventing the deposi- tion of the Phosphatic as well as the Uric Acid sediment. " When used at an early stage, while enough of the renal structure remains to answer the purpose of purifying the blood it is of decided efficacy in Bright's Dis- ease qf the Kidneys, and, indeed, in some caKcs where the destruction of the Kidney has been greater, its use has resulted in partial restoration and prolor.gation of life." Springs open June 1st. Water in cases of one dozen half-gallon bottles, Springs. Springs pamphlet sent to any address. .00 per case at the THOMAS F. GOODE, Proprietor, BUFFALO LITHIA SPRINGS, TIRGINIA. 1 i ill n i i HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES, FROM THE REVOLUTION TO THE CIVIL WAR. By JOHN BACH McMASTEB. To be completed In Ave Tolnmea. Tolume I now ready. gilt top, SS-SO. 8to, cloth, Scope of thk Work. In the course of this narrative much is written of wars, conspiracies, and rebellions ; of Presidents, of Congresses, of embassies, of treaties, of the ambition of political leaders, and of the rise of great parties in the nation. Yet the history of the people is the chief tJieme. At every stage of the splendid progress which separates the America of Washington and Adams from the America in which we live, it has been the author'' s purpose to describe the dress, the occupations, the amusements, the literary canons of the times ; to note the changes of manners and morals ; to trace the growth of that humane spirit which abolislied punishment for debt, and reformed the discipline of prisons and of jails ; to recount the manifold itnprove- ments which, in a thousand ways, have multiplied the conveniences of life and ministered to the happiness of our race ; to describe the rise and prog- ress of that long series of mechanical inventions and discoveries which is now the admiration of the world, and our just pride and boast ; to tell how, under the benign influence of libei'iy and peace, there sprang up, in the course of a single century, a prosperity unparalleled in the annals of human affairs. EXTRACTS FROM REVIEWS. " What the late Professor J. B. Green did for his coantrymen by writing bis * History of the English People,' Mr. John Bach McMaster has essayed to do for ns in a ' History of the People of the United States, from the Revolution to the Civil War.' The plan of the two worlds is essentially the same, bat the American narrative is even more faithf\il to the principles upon which both aathors profess to write. We hear less in it about wars, treaties, and politics, and more about the manners, customs, ideas, and sentiments of the great mass of the people, than in the English book. The pledge given by Mr. McMaster, that ' the history of the people shall be the chief theme,' is punctiliously and satisfactorily fuKlled. He carries out his promise in a complete, vivid, and delightful way. We should add that the literary execution of the work is worthy of the indefatigable indus- try and iinc«aslng rij[ilaoe« with wbich the stores of historical material have History of the Peopli of the United States. — (Continued.) been accamnlatcd, weighed, and sifted. The cardinal qnalitiee of style, lucidity, animation and energy, are everywhere preeent. Seldom, indeed, has a book, in which matter of substantial ralne has been so happily united to attractiveness of form, been offered by an American author to his fellow-citizens.'*— iV«w York Sun. *' To recount the marveloas progress of the American people ; to describe their life, their literature, their occupations, their amusements, is Mr. McMaster's object. His theme is an important one, and we congratulate him on his sncceea. His style is interesting and lively, and he gives such a graphic picture of our forefathers that it is a pleasure to follow him. Page after page of easily-flowing narrative flx the attention, and one wonders where the author found his material for BO elaborate and yet so entertaining a book. It has rarely been our province to notice a book with so many excellences and so few defects."— A'«u; York- Herald. " Mr. McMaster at once shows his grasp of the various themes and his special capacity as an historian of the people. His aim is high, but he hits the mark. Uls treatment of the great subject is very able, and the sincere intentions of the au- thor appear on every page. There will be no question that he has reecned from oblivion a vatit mass of those interesting data which, small in themselves, are of the greatest value in reflcctinp; the actual condition of a people at a given time." —New York Journal of Commerce. *' It ranks with the ' Short History' of Mr. Green in its brilliancy of style and in its power of attracting and holding the attention of the reader. The remain- ing volumes will be awaited with eager interest."— C7«ve/ancf Herald. "I have had to read a good deal of history in my day, but I find so much freshness in the way Professor McMaster has treated his subject that it is quite like a new story. "—Philadelphia Press. " Mr. McMaster's success as a writer seems to us distinct and decisive. In the first place he has written a remarkably readable history. His style is clear and vigorous, if not always condensed. He has the faculty of felicitous compari- son and contrast in a marked degree. Whatever may be said in criticism of it, no one will impute to it dullness in any part. He has the power of enchaining the attention. Few who begin this book will fail to read it to the end, and the great mass of readers it will hold as by a spc IL Mr McMaster has produced one of the u;c«t spirited of histories, a book which will be widely read, and the enter- taining quality of which is conspicuous beyond that of any work of itn kind. It deserves a cordial recognition at the hands of those who are interer