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 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
"X 
 
 R E PO RT 
 
 OF 
 
 THOMAS 0. KKEFEli. Es,,. 
 
 (»N THK 
 
 WATER WORKS 
 
 UF THE 
 
 k 
 f 
 
 CITY OF iMONTRKAL. 
 
 .& 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 MONTRKAL: 
 
 PKIXTEL) HV THK MuNTilEAL I'UINTIXU A I'lDLl-HlN'ii CoMiVVW 
 
 I 
 
 18(W. 
 
 «, _. 
 
 / 
 
Rg 
 
 Class 62?. I 
 
 Ace. No. 
 
 Book K26m 
 32/.55 
 
 If 
 
 jiubltquc 
 
 i^ntiivni 
 
 ».p 
 
 REFERENCE/CONSULTATION 
 
 Not to be taken from the Library 
 
 Get ouvrage ne peut Stre consults qu'^ 
 
 la Bibliothdque. 
 
 ruiM'i — 
 
...^. 
 
 f'^'Uy 
 
 'S** 
 
 ^Si™&i-' 
 
 
REPORT 
 
 or 
 
 THOMAS C. KEEFER, Es«. 
 
 ON THE 
 
 WATER WORKS 
 
 OP THE 
 
 CITY OF MONTREAL, 
 
 t,P 
 
 .':S^ 
 
 M 
 
 \ 
 
 MONTREAL: 
 
 PRINTED BY THE MONTREAL PRINTING & PUBLISHING COMPANY- 
 
 1868. 
 
 K 
 

 ■'?.% 
 
 
TIEPORT. 
 
 Montreal, 10th June, 18G8. 
 
 J. W. Mc'Gai'vuan, E,s([., 
 
 Cliairinaii Watir Coiiimittep, 
 
 Corporation of Montreal: 
 
 Sir, — On the Ist instant, I received the letter of the City 
 Clerk, dated 80th May, askin*:;, on !;ehalf of the Water Com- 
 mittee, that I would " favor them at my earliest possible 
 " convenience with my opinion as to the course to he adopted in 
 " order to obviate the difficulties experienced in the water 
 " supply durhig the last winter." 
 
 I arrived here on the 2nd inst., and have since made exami- 
 nations with T:^spect to the different measures possible, and now 
 bc;i; to su])mit the following; recommendations : — 
 
 1st. Remove the Avintcr regulation of the water from the 
 Rock Stop Gate, which is two miles below the head of the 
 Aqueduct, to the entrance bridge at the head. 
 
 2nd. Run a line of crib work from below the present entrance, 
 in at least twelve feet water, for a distance of three to five 
 hundred yards up stream, and as much further as you can now 
 afford to do. 
 
 The effect of resulating the water at the head will be to make 
 it possible to reduce the ice troubles within the Aqueduct to a 
 minimum. Hitherto the Aqueduct has been open to the winter 
 fluctuations of the St. Lawrence and its floating frasil (anchor 
 ice detached) from the head or entrance as far down as the 
 Rock Stop Gate, a distance of over two miles. The character 
 
 324^5 
 
of those fluctuations may bo inforred from the following levels of 
 the St. Lawrence at the Aqueduct entrance :- 
 
 January 1st, 
 
 1865 - 
 
 35.90 ] 
 
 1 Above summer 
 
 (( 
 
 4th, 
 
 " . 
 
 87.10 
 
 water Montreal 
 
 (( 
 
 Gth, 
 
 tt . . 
 
 35.95 
 
 1 Harbour. 
 
 ({ 
 
 9th, 
 
 tt _ 
 
 37.75 
 
 
 (t 
 
 13th, 
 
 <t . _ 
 
 36.25 
 
 
 (( 
 
 17th, 
 
 tt _ 
 
 37.35 
 
 
 i( 
 
 19th, 
 
 tt . _ 
 
 36.55 
 
 
 (( 
 
 21st, 
 
 u . 
 
 37.75 
 
 
 (( 
 
 23rd, 
 
 u . _ 
 
 36.10 
 
 
 u 
 
 24th, 
 
 4< _ 
 
 87.15 
 
 
 u 
 
 25th, 
 
 44 _ _ 
 
 36.00 
 
 
 (( 
 
 27th, 
 
 44 . 
 
 35.60 
 
 
 (( 
 
 30th, 
 
 44 _ _ 
 
 37.10 
 
 
 Febru' 
 
 y 4th, 
 
 44 . 
 
 «'"> R*; 
 
 
 t( 
 
 7th, 
 
 44 . _ 
 
 37.20 
 
 
 (( 
 
 14th, 
 
 44 _ 
 
 36.00 
 
 
 (( 
 
 26th, 
 
 44 . _ 
 
 35.00 
 
 
 <i 
 
 29th, 
 
 44 _ 
 
 35.35 
 
 
 
 
 ICE DIFFICULTIES. 
 
 
 When the ice has taken and attached itself to the banks of the 
 Aqueduct it does not rise with the sudden elevation of the St. 
 Lawrence, but is overflowed by it, its thickness and weight 
 increased by the immediate freezing of the cold overflowing 
 stream and by the conversion of its overlying snow into ice. 
 The superincumbent weight then presses down this ice, and a 
 sudden fall in the river causes it to descend and again attach 
 itself to the banks at a lower level, or else break and leave the 
 broken edge forced down to contract the water-way beneath. 
 
 With the contraction of the water-way, the strength of the 
 incoming current to supply the wheels is increased, and then the 
 frasily which is stealing along shore, rising from the bottom or 
 b^own by the wind into the open unprotected mouth of the 
 Aqueduct, is sucked under the Aqueduct ice and pressed up by 
 its buoyancy to the underside of the latter, where it attaches 
 itself, thickening the sheet from below, or packing itself in upon 
 the slopes. 
 
 By placing the gates at the entrance, where provision is made, 
 the fluctuations can be kept out of the Aqueduct, and, by 
 forming a large deep water basin, covered with ice, under which 
 no frasil can form, and which may be drawn in or blown in, will 
 

 have amplo room to He up without interfering; with the water- 
 way ; and the points of its accumulation will be remove«l from a 
 comparatively narrow entrance to a much wider one, so far 
 distant from the throat of the A(pieduct as to prevent a necessary 
 repetition of that dan;:;erou8 glacial diptheria to which the 
 A(jucduct has been exposed. 
 
 These simple measures, I believe, will have the effect of 
 diminishing, by at least one-half, the ice difficulties in the 
 Aijueduct. 
 
 THE WATER POWER AND WHEELS. 
 
 But with these difficulties reduced to a minimum, there is the 
 danger that a low water winter may render the Aqueduct un- 
 able to afford sufficient water for pumping the present winter 
 supply with the present arrangement of machinery. 
 
 The Breast Wheels, as will be seen by referring to my preli- 
 minary report of 1852, were intended to be placed two feet 
 lower than they now are. After they were contracted for, the 
 Victoria Bridge, which was only a dream in 1852, became a 
 reality, and on my return from England in August, 1853, I 
 endeavoured to procure a discharge for the Tail-Race below this 
 Bridge. The history of the movement is on record, and I need 
 only say here that after securing the right of way as far as the 
 Lower Lachine Road, the combined influence of the Government 
 and Grand Trunk arrested the movement. I then wrote Mr. 
 Fairbairn that we would be obliged to raise our wheels, and he 
 replied that their construction was too far advanced for alteration, 
 and they were therefore raised as they were, as the least of two 
 evils, and with the hope that for some years the Reservoir would 
 compensate for the few days, in winter, when (from the Record 
 of gauging up to that date) they might not be able to do full 
 duty. In such winters as last, therefore, these wheels are power- 
 less, not because there is not sufficient water-power in the 
 Aqueduct to work one or both, but because that power cannot, 
 from the elevation of the sluices, be let into the wheels at all. — 
 I think that to have cut down the sluices of one or both of the 
 wheels, and thus to have enabled them to work at a lower 
 Aqueduct level, would have enabled them to do a better duty 
 than the Turbine under the same head ; but now it may become 
 a question, should other measures be adopted, whether it will not 
 be found better to lower the wheels altogether instead of the 
 sluices, and thus gain the fifteen per cent additional power lost 
 in their elevation. I have not had time to investigate this mat- 
 ter, but I think it will be found that the Breast Wheels can 
 
 1 
 
mi- . ■/ 
 
 i'if! 
 
 ■s 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 work, with the exception of a few days, throughout the winter, 
 without back water, if lowered two feet. 
 
 Althougli I had committed myself to the opinion that the 
 construction of the Bridge with the solid approaches Avhich fill up 
 so much of the water wav of the St. Lawrence at Point St. 
 Charles would not injuriously affect the level of the river, I did 
 not foc^ warranted, Avith our limited Reservoir capacity, in risking 
 a stoppage of the wheels from back wator, during an ice shove, 
 ])articnlarly during the construction of the l^ridiro. The Water 
 Works were opened in 1850, and the Bridge was not completed 
 for several years after, during wliich period the River was 
 blocked up with the coffer dams, false works, etc., of construc- 
 tion ; and, (having failed to get the Tail-Race carried below the 
 bridge) it was evident that tlie Breast Wheels could not be 
 worked constantly in winter at any lower level, at least until after 
 the completioii of the Bridge. 
 
 The water immediately above the Bridge at Point St. Charles 
 is now 4 feet 4 inches higher than immediately below, but I do 
 not think it will be found that the level at the mouth of the St. 
 Pierre is generally higher than before the construction of the 
 Bridge, 
 
 Had the Tail-Race discharged below the Bridge it would have 
 obtained in summer about seven feet additional fall to that it now 
 has, or the power of an 18 to 20 feet fall of all the waste water 
 and surplus water of the Aqueduct, — for utilization in various 
 ways during the shipping season. It may yet be deemed 
 desirable to consider the practicability of this scheme and until 
 this is decided, it would be well to suspend the further sale of the 
 Tail-Race lands. 
 
 The gauge in the St. Lawrence at the Tail-Race has only been 
 established for the last two winters. In the winter before last, 
 which was a high water one, the river on 10th December stood 
 about an inch higher than the bottom of the Breast Wheels, and 
 on the 12th was about four inches lower, leaving a fall of that 
 extent between the Wheel House and the river, a distance of 
 three fifths of a mile. 
 
 The back water is greatest for a few days in January and 
 April when the ice is shoving — and when your Reservoir 
 capacity is increased you can afford to have the wheels stand for 
 a short time if necessary. The Breast Wheel is the true winter 
 wheel for the Aqueduct, because it cannot let the ice down ; the 
 Turbine can only be prevented from doing so by an amount of 
 watchfulness not to be expected. 
 
 I 
 
winter, 
 
 at the 
 
 fill up 
 int St. 
 •, I (lid 
 risking 
 
 shove, 
 
 Water 
 npleted 
 er was 
 )nstruc- 
 low the 
 
 not he 
 I til after 
 
 Charles 
 ut I do 
 
 the St. 
 , of the 
 
 ild have 
 it it now 
 te water 
 various 
 deemed 
 nd until 
 le of the 
 
 nly heen 
 fore last, 
 >er stood 
 eels, and 
 I of that 
 (tance of 
 
 uary and 
 leservoir 
 stand for 
 le winter 
 own ; the 
 imount of 
 
 -•>; 
 
 The Turhine Wheel, which is a fine machine, and Apparently 
 very efficient under a full head, is not calcul'itod to work 
 advantageously under a low one, and ther jf^rc Ims not been ahlo 
 economically to take the place of the Breast Wheels during the 
 period of very low water, when I understand it becomes a 
 mechanical maelstrom into which a very large quantity of water 
 disappears without produchig proportionate results. Placed as 
 it now is, with its discharge into the new Tail-Race, which is 
 above the level of back water in the St. Lawrence, all tlie 
 peculiar advantages of a Turl)ine — viz. : its power to work in 
 back-water — are lost ; and designed as it is, it is calculated to 
 utilize economically the lower head to which it is now restiicted. 
 Had it been placed between the Breast Wheels and the St. 
 Lawrence, instead of lietween these and the Reservoirs, and 
 provided with a Tail-Race of its own at a lower level, it would 
 have been able throughout all last winter to have worked under 
 a head six to eight feet lower than it did ; and under these 
 conditions, with the exclusion of frasil and fluctuations, a full 
 supply for the city should have been practicable. 
 
 For these reasons I would recommend, as the third measure, 
 the erection of a new Turbine on the river side of the Wheel- 
 house, so placed as to utilize all the fall in summer as well as 
 in winter, and so designed as to work economically under a low 
 head ; under a high one, economy of water is not re(juired, as 
 the high head is due to a superabiuidance of water. In a low- 
 water winter such a wheel would have more head and fall than 
 the present Turbine has in summer, and would be able to do 
 more work with a less consumption of water, and with a quantity 
 which the present Acjucduct should be able to pass in any 
 winter we have yet known. In summer the new wheel would 
 have always a head of over twenty-five feet. At the present 
 moment the head would be nearly twenty-eight feet. With this 
 head the city can be supplied with the Aqueduct level drawn 
 down to a point just sufficient to pass the water required to work 
 the wheel, and by this means the enlargement of the Aqueduct 
 can be carried on without interfering with the supply of the city. 
 
 PUMPIN(J POWER OF AQUEDUCT. 
 
 Within the last week I have ♦iried the water power of the 
 A({ueduct, starting all the wheels and pumping at the rate of 
 11,207,808 gallons in twenty-four hours, into the Reservoir 
 under a pressure of 85 pounds, and with a fall in the Aqueduct 
 
8 
 
 ' 
 
 at the rate of three inches per mile. While this was being done, 
 there were 3 J inches of water flowing to waste over the stop log, 
 for a width of 46 feet : a quantity representing an additional 
 power which, had there been machinery enough, would have 
 raised the duty to 15,000,000 gallons per diem. To test the 
 capacity of the mains, I shut off one and drove the whole quantity 
 through the other, with an increase of pressure in the gauge not 
 exceeding 10 per cent. 
 
 The Aqueduct, flowing a depth of five feet of water, gives 
 nearly seventeen horse-power for every foot of fall. Reduced 
 to this depth, there would still be an available summer fall to a 
 wheel discharging into the level of the St. Lawrence at the Tail- 
 Race of about twenty feet, and affording them 350 horse-power, 
 a power much in excess of what is now required to supply the 
 city. 
 
 These considerations will assist the general public in forming 
 an opinion upon the practicability of lowering the Aqueduct level 
 in order to carry out the enlargement. With the present head 
 and pumping power, the wheels might be stopped almost every 
 alternate day, and thus afford an opportunity of carrying enlarge- 
 ment further down. 
 
 i 
 
 WINTER POWER OF AQUEDUCT. 
 
 I may here be permitted to refer to the Winter power of the 
 Aqueduct, which I believe to be much greater than it has hitherto 
 got credit for. It is admitted that in the winter of ^66 and '67 
 the Aqueduct responded to all demands made on it, and that 
 almost throughout that winter the Reservoir was maintained at 
 full level. A daily average of five millions was pumped under 
 Reservoir pressure throughout the four months of December 
 1866, January, February and March 1867. The water, with 
 the exception of two or three days, was high throughout, 
 standing at a level of between 38 and 39, on an average nearly 
 three feet higher than last winter. The impression prevails that 
 during this high-water winter the 5,000,000 gallons daily 
 average was all the Aqueduct could do, but I cannot find that 
 this idea is based u^on anything better than the fact that it was 
 all it did do. No .tttempt was made to prove how much it could 
 do, — but for some reason, on 26th December, nearly nine millions 
 of gallons were sent up, under Reservoir pressure, in 24 hours. 
 On the 18th February, mid-winter for the Aqueduct, 5,700,000 
 gallons were pumped incidentally, and there is nothing to prove 
 
 :..m 
 
 >5>: 
 
 *.i 
 
 :^% 
 
9 
 
 that on that day nine millions could not have been sent up, as 
 well as on 26th December previous. I am informed that the 
 Reservoirs, though full, were shut off to secure a fire supply, and 
 that the pressure was maintained by the wheels, but as the ^auge 
 shows Reservoir pressure, the work done was efjuivalcnt to lifting 
 the water to the Reservoir. Under these circumstances, what- 
 ever economy there may have then been practised in the 
 consumption, it is quite evident that so long as the wheels were 
 working constantly, which it appears they did, they sent up all 
 the water the city would take, and that they did not pump more, 
 only because more was not then wanted. Had the demand 
 exceeded the supply, with the Reservoir cut off, the water would 
 have run away from before the pumps and the pressure have 
 instantly fallen, which it does not appear at any time to have 
 done. 
 
 It is possible that any considerable increase of pumping might 
 have placed the Aqueduct hors de combat, with the present state 
 of the entrance and the present mode of regulating the water, — 
 still it is, I think, to be regretted that some opportunity was not 
 afforded during that winter to have tested the power of the 
 Aqueduct under its winter covering, when it would have been 
 accompanied with so little risk. Several experiments have been 
 made to test the summer power, but none in winter, and it is 
 natural that no risks should have been incurred. The experience 
 of the previous winters, 1865 and '66, when it was found 
 necessary to bring out the military, no doubt produced great 
 caution and care in regulating and handling the water, and thus 
 its real power was not tested. The importance of such a test 
 must be admitted, since it is upon the work of that winter and 
 not upon the power that the probable effect of extension has been 
 estimated. 
 
 We have, however, some records which bear upon this point, 
 and are too important and too encouraging to be passed over. 
 On the 5th January, 1866, the day previous to the first trial of 
 the Turbine, and the last in which the two Breast Wheels were 
 the only pumping machinery, their work was as follows : — 
 
 Breast Wheel No. 1, 
 « " No. 2, 
 
 3,256,349 
 3,291,347 
 
 Total, .... 6,547,696 
 with an entrance level of 36.70, 35.50 at Wheel House and a 
 
 I 
 
 i^mmmm 
 
p. 
 
 n 
 
 10 
 
 '3f 
 
 lit^j' 
 
 fcs,.. 
 
 i, 
 
 fall of 1.20 in the Aqueduct, and tbe Thermometer 17^ below 
 zero ! 
 
 On the 6th January the Turbine commenced working, and on 
 the last day of the month, though the entrance level was raised 
 to 37.15, that at the Wheel House had fallen to 34.90, creating 
 a fall of 2.25 in the surface of the Aqueduct, which fall was by 
 the end of February increased to 4.01 feet, the ice let down, and 
 the military brought up. This was a low-water winter and a 
 cold one, yet it appears that on one day at least in mid-winter 
 the Aqueduct, with an entrance level of two to three feet lower 
 than that which obtained in the following year, pumped 25 per 
 cent, more water. 
 
 I have made the following extracts from the records : " 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 1866 
 
 December 25 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 1867. 
 
 Junuar .• 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 28 
 December 20 
 
 « 
 It 
 
 ii 
 
 "5 " 
 
 _ P 
 
 1^ 
 
 38. 
 ;58, 
 
 ;i8, 
 
 :58, 
 38 
 39, 
 39 
 39, 
 39, 
 38, 
 37 
 
 52 
 
 55 
 50 
 
 45 
 20 
 20 
 00 
 20 
 10 
 85 
 40 
 
 <4J 
 
 
 36.90 
 36.87 
 37.05 
 
 36.60 
 36.8(1 
 36 K 
 36.11 
 36. K 
 36.10 
 36.10 
 36.3li 
 
 a 
 <1 
 
 
 1.62 
 1.68 
 
 1.45 
 
 85 
 40 
 10 
 90 
 10 
 00 
 ,75 
 ,07 
 
 36 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 -2 
 -4 
 
 6 
 19 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 Hours worked. 
 
 ca 
 a.' 
 
 ^ 
 
 1.40 
 
 24 
 
 6.15 
 
 14.30 
 
 24 
 12.30 
 
 C3 
 
 c 
 
 a 
 
 tH 
 
 19.40 
 24 
 24 
 
 6.15 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 12.30 
 
 32.20 
 24 
 24 
 
 24 
 24 
 
 13.4.^ 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 3 
 
 11.30 
 
 CO 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 H 
 
 7,789,02(3 
 8,813,694 
 
 1,884,808 
 
 6,396,208 
 7,068,292 
 6.260,306 
 6,671,956 
 8,008,036 
 8,043,846 
 6,645,962 
 6,452,334 
 
 Tnrbine not 
 
 pumping 
 
 full heigbt. 
 
 S13 
 " 'I. 
 
 a oi 
 a3 <; 
 
 60 
 60 
 55 
 
 3,864,840 
 4,797,768 
 4,904 322 
 
 EXTENSION OF AQUEDUCT. 
 
 It is from the foregoing results, as well as from calculation' 
 that I believe after making all allowance for necessary ice 
 obstruction, the extensioi . of the Aqueduct for a distance of nearly 
 two miles, that is, to a point opposite the church below Lachii.e, 
 which would insure a minimum winter level highe. than tie 
 highest level in the winter of ''^^ and '67, would, without enlarge- 
 ment, give a winter pumping power sufficient for many years. 
 
11 
 
 The gaugings of last winter prove that an extension to the 
 church would secure a low-water level of about 40, sufficient to 
 fill to overflowing the bank of the Aqueduct at the "Wheel House. 
 With the exception of two days, a<!;ainst which Reservoir provision 
 should be made, the level was at and above ,'U>.40. The pilinij 
 produced l>y the extension itself would increase this inuneasur- 
 ably. If the extension bo ever carried to the head of the 
 Lacliine Canal, which is about three and a half miles above the 
 head of the Aqueduct, I think a minimum level of at least 42.00 
 would be obtained, or seven feet higher than the minimum of last 
 winter at the Aqueduct entrance ; and to shew the value of a 
 high head and low area, as compared with a low head and higli 
 area of water section for winter work, it may be well to C(<nsi(ler 
 the effect of a head of 42.00, assuming it possible to obtain that 
 at the present Aqueduct entrance. This is the level of the top 
 banks from the rock section upwards, and would therefore 
 exactly fill the prism of the Aipieduct, iitilizing the whole 
 expenditure incurred in ics construction. 
 
 The present Aqueduct has a bottom width of 20 feet, a width 
 between top bank of 55 feet, and 14 feet depth with the banks 
 filled. 
 
 Total sectional area of present Aqueduct 
 
 at minimum level of 42, 
 Deduct for 8 ft. thickness of ice, - 
 
 Leaving area for water - _ _ 
 About 81 horse-power per foot of fall. 
 
 sqr. ft. 
 
 525 
 158.75 
 
 371.75 
 
 The proposed new Aqueduct is to have 05 feet bottom width, 
 a bottom level three feet lower than present Aqueduct, which, at 
 the minimum of 35, would give it a depth of ten feet. 
 
 sqr. ft. 
 Total seetional area of proposed new 
 
 Aqueduct at a minimum of 35, - 850 
 Deduct for 3 ft, thickness of ice, - - 297 
 
 Leaving an area for water of, 
 46 horse-power per foot of fall. 
 
 - 553 
 
 In the old Aqueduct you would have 20 feet head and fall, or 
 a total of 620 horse-power, while in the new there would only be 
 13 feet head and fall, or a total of 598 horse-power. 
 
 mmmm 
 
12 
 
 It is thus seen that three and one-half miles of extension could 
 produce, on the basis of the foregoinj; calculation, the same results 
 as nearly six miles of entirely new Aqueduct and extension, and 
 if the cost were erjual, I believe the narrower and deeper the 
 channel would be the most desirable. But I think it will be 
 found that the extension will cost a great deal less than the new 
 work. I have made the comparison on the assumption that 
 three feet of the ice would diminish the water way to that extent 
 equally in each channel, though I do not consider that when a 
 level can be regulated to avoid fluctuations, — sheet ice has much 
 effect in diminishing the discliarge. If it did, there would follow 
 an immediate change in the regimen of all our streams, canals, 
 &c., affecting the mill power, as soon as our lakes and rivers 
 freeze over, — which has not proved to be the case generally. I 
 have, therefore, calculated the power due to the whole heaid and 
 fall, but with the discharge due to the diminished area. 
 
 With respect to extension, it will take much time to prepare 
 plans and estimate and make the further surveys required 
 to determine the cost, but so far as I have been able to examine, 
 all the conditions are very favourable. No rock has yet been 
 found, and the material appears to be that best adapted to afford 
 a tight channel, and to be dredged advantageously, which is the 
 cheapest mode in which it can be handled. 
 
 Whatever plea may be adopted, whether crib-work or embank- 
 ment, the dredge is equally indispensable. To affect anything 
 with rapidity it would be necessary to resort to crib-work, for 
 which the situation is extremely favourable to rapid execution. 
 The cribs being near the shore could be moored by ropes, and the 
 material for filling would be picked up by the dredges, from the 
 boulder-strewn bed of the river alongside them. Could the 
 necessary dredging power be obtained, and were it required to do 
 so much work before December, the extension could be carried 
 up as far as would be now necessary in the coming five months 
 by employing sufficient force. I have ascertained that the 
 necessary quantity of timber could be had, but not the dredges. 
 They were here two years ago, and the proprietor, Mr. Brown, 
 then offered to dredge this extension at Is. 9d. per yard. I 
 annex a letter and telegram from Mr. Brown. 
 
 Whatever is done above the entrance to arrest the frodl will 
 be so much of the extension, and every rod it is carried up stream 
 will increase the depth of water in the Aqueduct. The enlarge- 
 ment and the extension can either be carried on together or 
 either precede the other. Either of them would meet the require. 
 
13 
 
 menta of the present, could either ue carried into effect before 
 another winter, but this is not now possible, except partially. 
 
 ENLARGEMENT. 
 
 If the enlargement be decided on, it should not be delayed, 
 but commenced at once before the pumping power required to 
 supply the city in summer becomes so great as to compel you to 
 maintain a high level in the Aqueduct while you are taking 
 down the slopes. The enlargement can be taken down in the 
 earth section considerably below water level, by leaving side dams. 
 The rock section is ten per cent, wider than the earth and may 
 remain as it is for this year. It is quite possible that in proper 
 hands much may be done this summer to improve the Aqueduct 
 for winter work by enlargement at the worst portion — the deep 
 cutting below the entrance — by running down the water as low 
 as will drive the wheels — after stop gates are put in at the 
 entrance bridge — and excavating at the sides below the water 
 line. The material is not rock, but firm — and the steep slopes 
 of the Aqueduct are in favour of this work. An opportunity 
 may be afforded of completing it at a future day when the 
 Reservoir accommodation is extended to meet the rapidly growing 
 wants of the city. 
 
 RESERVOIRS. 
 
 When the Reservoir question was before the Consulting 
 engineers in 1852, Mr. McAlpine urged the importance of large 
 Storage Reservoirs, capable of containing one to three months' 
 supply, and seemed to prefer such a large Reservoir at the lower 
 or Cote-au-Baron level, where it was then alone practicable, to 
 the smaller but higher one proposed by me, although he 
 advocated both. Mr. Jervis, however, agreed with me in the 
 importance of securing a high level, where the cost of elevating 
 was so small as compared with steam power, and thus obtaining 
 a fire pressure, the most valuable feature in the works. Had 
 there been means enough, both would have been adopted. As it 
 was, I advised the purchase of some thirty acres of the Priests' 
 Farm, near Mr. Moffatt's, at a time when it could have been had 
 for £100 per arpent. A Reservoir here could be made to give 
 a head of over 100 feet upon the Bonaventnre district, and, to 
 the extent of the district which it could adequately supply, 
 would have been a relief to the high levels in winter. 
 
 We have seen that the water power is capable of almost 
 
14 
 
 
 h.. 
 
 M • 
 
 w 
 
 I' 
 
 
 
 
 I, 
 I 
 
 unlimited extension, by enlarging, by raising the head, and 
 lowering the tail-race, and there will always be a very large 
 surplus of pumjiing power from April to December, during which 
 period Reservoirs of any practicable extent could be filled to be 
 drawn upon in winter. 
 
 Your pumping machinery and rising mains will for many years 
 be in advance of the wants of the city ; and as it costs very 
 little more to lift the water 100 feet higher, I think the time has 
 arrived to consider the question of a larger storage at a higher 
 level. I examined many years ago the Hall estate, in rear of 
 the Hotel Dieu Nunnery, head of Upper St. Urbain Street, with 
 a view to its future use for a large area. I believe this ground 
 Is embraced in the proposed park, and if acquired for that pur- 
 pose a Reservoir in it could be made both useful and ornamental. 
 
 Doubtless another eligible site, with a shorter pvmiping main, 
 could be had in the opposite direction, towards Monklands. 
 Perhaps a more distant site than either could be had where a 
 imall artificial lake could be made in easy excavation and on 
 cheap ground, which would more than compensate for the 
 extension of the pumping main. 
 
 If, by the aid of Storage Reservoirs, the enlargement can be 
 continued down to Aqueduct bottom, the extension may be 
 arrested, and it is only in the event of the enlargement not being 
 carried thus far down, that extension becomes necessary in order 
 to raise the Aqueduct surface. It will be seen, therefore, that 
 the cost of Storage Reservoirs at present may be set oflf against 
 the cost of extension, as well as against that of steam or any 
 other contrivance to aid in carrying out the enlargement. With 
 a Reservoir containing only one month's consumption, great 
 relief would be afforded to the Aqueduct. Hitherto, in the last 
 twelve years no opportunity has been afforded for drawing off 
 the water for any time, and overhauling the banks or removing 
 land-wash from the Aqueduct. 
 
 Our canals have the water withdrawn generally every spring, 
 but this Aqueduct, without the advantage of having its berm 
 ditches kept open, as is done on the canals, but with an annual 
 overflow of land water carrying sediment into it at various points, 
 is found, on an official inspection, after ten years' use, to be 
 obstructed to such an extent as to impair materially the flow of 
 water. (See Report of Superintendent for year ending 31st 
 January, 1867, page 5.) I do not believe as much can be said 
 for any other artificial channel of its dimensions in this latitude, 
 and I attribute its preservation with so little care to the plan of 
 
15 
 
 stone lining; adopted throu^^hout, and to tlie naturally hard 
 material through which it was the mistbrtmie of the contractors 
 to work, but from which, whatever its first cost, the city has 
 since derived this substantial benefit. 
 
 COST. 
 
 I am not prepared to submit .an estimate at present of the 
 probable cost of the works I i)ropose. At the entrance the 
 outlay should not be less than £5,00'^. I aimex an offer froin 
 !Mr. McDouj^all for the proposed new rur})inc Wheel. I think 
 it will be desirable that its power should be enlar«^ed, if time will 
 permit, to seven or eight millions daily, or full work for one 
 main. The cost of the building, head and tail-race, additional 
 pumping main, cannot be given until the necessary surveys and 
 calculations establish where the works should be located. At 
 present it would appear that the total outlay for works advisable 
 for the next six months, exclusive of enlargement, will not be 
 less than ^£30,000, or more than <£50,000. A much larger 
 outlay than this will be required either to supply the city by 
 steam power in summer as well as in winter, pending the 
 enlargement of the old Aqueduct, or to pay the interest upon the 
 cost of a new one. 
 
 If the water-power plan be adopted, an arrangement should 
 be closed with Mr. McDougall at once, embracing the founda- 
 tions for the pumps and construction of the Wheel House, 
 at least so far as it may affect tne progress of his work. If such 
 work be put in other hands, you have a divided responsibility, 
 and the contractor for the building may delay the contractor for 
 the machinery. For all the work required, the time is sufficient 
 if the work be placed in proper hands. It is very desirable that 
 the services of a proper dredge should be secured, for a week at 
 least, for the work at the entrance. 
 
 FUTURE OPERATIONS. 
 
 For the future, whatever more be done, should be as part of a 
 comprehensive plan. To determine all the features of this, 
 estimates of the extension and enlargement of the Aqueduct, the 
 lowering of the tail-race, and for the construction of Reservoirs, 
 are required ; and when the relative cost of each is ascertained, 
 they can be taken up in the order of importance proportioned to 
 the cost. If the enlargement be carried on as far as the 
 
 '"Wt 
 
16 
 
 It) 
 
 'li 
 
 necessary flow to the wheels will permit, and Reservoirs be now 
 undertaken, it may bo completed as far as necessary, and much 
 of the extension postponed. For, whatever may be expended in 
 Reservoirs, value will be received ; and it may be considered 
 desirable when the estimates are obtained to undertake them at 
 once. Extension can always be done, and its completion may be 
 left for another generation to do ; but every year Reservoirs are 
 postponed the cost of land will be enhanced, and every day 
 enlargement is postponed the difficulties attending it will be 
 increased from the increasing volume required to supply the 
 wheels. 
 
 ST. LOUIS HYDRAULIC CO. 
 
 A pamphlet has been published in the interest of the St. Louis 
 Hydraulic Cooipany, an embryo Corporation, embracing some 
 highly respectable names, which has a tendency to unsettle the 
 public mind on the Water Works question ; and as the annual 
 report of the Secretary of the Board of Trade of the commercial 
 capital of the Dominion has been made to give currency to 
 certain statements as to water power and comparisons with 
 Lowell, where water power is understood, it may be well to 
 notice these. 
 
 This prospective Company proposes to dam the St. Lawrence 
 where the winter level ranges from twenty to thirty feet above 
 summer water Montreal harbour ; and as the head of the Lachine 
 Rapids is only thirty feet above the same point, with the Big 
 Chute of the Rapids for a waste weir, the total head and fall for 
 a considerable portion of the winter would range from nothmg to 
 about five feet. On the 16th, 17th, and 18th of January, 1867, 
 the water level stood at the site of this proposed dam thirty feet 
 above summer level of Montreal harbour ; and as this is the level 
 at the head of Isle-au-Heron, there was then absolutely no water 
 power at all. For a month in that winter the whole head ^.nd 
 fall would not have reached an average of five feet. The ice 
 shoves at the foot of the Rapids would make the mamtenance of 
 an open tail-race or of building on the immediate bank of the 
 river impracticable. 
 
 From this dam the pamphlet claims the power of 4,500,000 
 horses, and to this point, which was condemned fifteen years ago 
 by competent Hydraulic Engineers, it is now proposed to remove 
 the pumping power of the Montreal Water Works. 
 
 In the comparison with Lowell in the pamphlet, the 4,500,000 
 horse-power is claimed for this dam which it has been shewn at 
 
17 
 
 timos couUl have w power at all ; Imt in tlic lluanl of Trade 
 report the same power is e\istin_^ Itctwccii Liieliiiie and M<intrt'al, 
 or over 100,000 horse-power fur every foot of full if taken for 
 the summer, and do\ible that amount, or 200,000 horse-power, for 
 every foot of fall if the available winter fall from Laehine to 
 Montreal be taken. The summer power would require a river 
 six miles wide with an avcra<];e depth of forty feet, and the 
 winter power a stream over twenty miles wide with an avera<^e 
 depth of twenty feet, with a velocity in both cases of one foot 
 per second. Ihe width of the St. Lawrence between Laehine 
 and Caughnawa<^a is one and a quarter miles, and the averaf^e 
 depth under twenty feet. The sectional area of the St. 
 Lawrence here is under one hundred thousand scjuare feet, and it 
 is doubtful if the peren!iial water power on the St. Lawrence 
 exceeds 100,000 horses for each foot of full. If we must give 
 up the millions and be content with the one hundred thousand, 
 we are at least relieved of the necessity for finding space where- 
 upon to apply usefully such a tremendous power. 
 
 COST OF NEW WATER WORKS. 
 
 Amid so much indifference to the value of figures, it is not 
 surprising to find it stated that my estimate for the new Water 
 Works was £150,000 and the cost $3,000,000, an excess of 
 twenty fold. As the Water Works liave really suffered from the 
 prejudice created by such statements, it is time to set this 
 (question at rest. 
 
 In my preliminary report of 1852, I estimated '" the wheels 
 " and pumi)s, rising main, reservoir, with the land purchase, 
 " masonry, bridges, enclosures, &c., at .£150,000." This 
 excluded the distributing pipes, hydrants, &c., on which large 
 sums have been expended. 
 
 The cost U correctly stated in the following paragrajih from 
 " Montreal in 1856," published on the opening of the works. 
 
 " The total expenditure upon the new Water Works to 31st 
 " October, 1856, is £285,000, of which £33,000 is for land 
 " purchase, £30,500 for interest and discount, and about 
 " £10,000 for distributing pipes, making the cost of the 
 '' a([ueduct, machinery, pumping main, and reservoir, about 
 " £212,000. 
 
 Including the land purchase, the cost of the items embraced 
 in my estimate of £150,000 was £245,000, £30,000 of this 
 was due to an enlargement of the Reservoir from the o; i ;inal 
 plan, of which enlargement a Commission, appointed in 1S55, 
 spoke as follows : — 
 
IS 
 
 ,1 
 
 '' Distribiit'm;^ Iloscvvoirs. The «limc'nsi(>ns of this fiiu' ^v()l•k 
 " have been lar^el^', and wc tliink wisely, increased beyond tlie 
 " original design." For the two hundred acres of land reijuired 
 for the A(nieduct, X 7,000 was jirovided on the estimate of the 
 late Mr. Bomnierville, GovernnKMit Arbitrator, throu^^h whose 
 land the Ariueduct passed. Nearly five times this amount was 
 paid — but not by me. 
 
 Thus the cost of the works, after deductin*^ the Reservoir 
 enlar;j;ement and the land excess, was al)out £190,000, some 
 .£40,000 in excess of the estimate. The excess, as well as that 
 for land purchase, was explaine<l as follows, in a report printed in 
 185G: — *' Althou<;h I do not suppose that I will be held respon- 
 " sible for an expenditure not in my department, and over which 
 " I have no control, I will adduce one instance to show the 
 " impossibility of providing for every case which occurs. When 
 "the survey was made in 1852, the line crossed a farm which 
 " chan<^ed hands in March, 1853, at something less than i)30pcr 
 " arpent. About the 1st of June following, the Corporation took 
 " possession of one and three qiuirter acres, and, on submission 
 "to arbitrators, an award of X 8,800 was made, being about 
 " X500 more for one and three (piarter acres than had been 
 " paid for the whole farm of over sixty acres only three months 
 " before. About two hundred acres are occupied by the Aque- 
 " duct, for which I estimated an average of about X35 per acre. 
 " In the case above mentioned, the award was nearly X 2,000 
 " per acre, but had the Corporation been fortunate enough to 
 " have purchased from the party who owned the property when 
 " my estimate was made, it is not probable that the demand 
 " would have been one twentieth part of the sum since claimed 
 " for it. 
 
 " The cost of the work embraced in my original estimate has 
 " undoubtedly exceeded that estimate from various causes, which 
 " have more or less effected all contracts upon public works 
 " entered into in the early part of 1853 and executed in 1854 
 " and 1855. The war (Crimean) raised the price of provisions, 
 " of iron and freights, and the cholera brought a scarcity and 
 " high value of labour, and, by retarding the work materially, 
 " increased its cost. But the principal cause has been the 
 " quality of the excavation on the line of the aqueduct. In the 
 " five miles of aqueduct, the depth of excavation varies from five 
 " to upwards of twenty feet. The quahty of this work, and the 
 " proportion of it which might prove to be rock, could only be 
 " inferred from test pits tliese were as numerous as usual, but 
 
 
i9 
 
 " it lias proved in almost vxcry case tliat lutwicii ilic jioiiits 
 " where they were sunk the roek rises nearer to the siiriaee,an(l 
 " the other excavation ia harder that these test |iits indieate(l. 
 " There was not only about double the (juantity of roek whieh 
 " the original test ]»its shewed, hut there was almost as ;:reat 
 "■ ((uantity i)f cemented material overlying the roek which was 
 " blasted with it, and was eijually as expensive to remove. Ihit 
 " these were not the oidy dilKculties. The (piality of the rock, 
 " as shown by every test [lit, was that of a soft shale, but ujion 
 " working it was found to be traversed in every direction, 
 " though at considerable intervals, with veins of trap or fxtnc 
 " rouf/fi, one of the hardest rocks we hav(», and the removal of 
 " which was the more expensive from its admixture with the 
 " other. Nearly 25 per cent, of the whole rock excavation was 
 " of this chftracter." 
 
 A large extra expenditure was caused by wilful injury to the 
 culvert under the Lachine Canal, after it had been com[)leted. 
 Lastly, it was because the work was let to experienced contrac- 
 tors considerably below the estimates that we ventured on the 
 enlargement of the reservoirs. 
 
 If the cost to date is $3,000,000, more money has been 
 expended on the works since their opening in October, 185G, than 
 before. Any competent judge who goes over the eight miles 
 from the St. Lawrence to the reservoir will consider the aqueduct, 
 wheel-house, &c., pipe-track, culvert, rising main and reservoirs, 
 cheap at a million of dollars. I know of no place in America 
 where so much has been done, and so well done, for so little 
 money ; and I think these remarks necessary tliat the people of 
 Montreal may truly appreciate the value of their own property, 
 and do justice to it. 
 
 I have the honour to be. 
 Sir, 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 THOS. C. KEEPER. 
 
 but 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Caledonia Works, 
 
 Montreal, June 10th, 1868. 
 T. C. Keeper, Esq. 
 
 Dear Sir : 
 I will undertake to make and erect at the Wheel House, for 
 the Corporation of the City of Montreal, a Turbine water wheel, 
 
20 
 
 eight feet in diameter, with two twenty-inch pumps, capable of 
 pumping 6,000,000 gallons in twenty-four hours, under Reservoir 
 pressure, and with a minimum head of fifteen feet, with the 
 gearing and other connections. I will agree to have the same 
 ready in six months from the date of receiving the order. The 
 whole to be done for the sum of thirty-two thousand dollars. 
 
 And if required by the Corporation, I would undertake to 
 erect the building also. 
 
 I am, yours, 
 
 Very truly, 
 
 JOHN McDOUGALL. 
 
 Thorold, June •2nd, 1868. 
 Debu Sir : 
 
 Just happened ti) be here when your letter was delivered to 
 me by Mr. Lamnman, and in reply beg to say that having so, 
 much work on hand this season, am sorry to say that I could not 
 undertake to do the proposed work of the Montreal Water 
 "Works. 
 
 All my dredges are engaged, — two in the Welland Canal, two 
 on the Ste. Clair tiats, two at Bay City, and two in Lake George, 
 Sault Ste. Marie, besides two more that I built this season, which 
 I am now fitting up for work — the largest and most powerful yet 
 built in America. Any one who may undertake your work will 
 require to build a dredge expressly for it, as the material to be 
 dredged is of that nature that no ordinary dredge can do it, — 
 that is, to make it pay at any ordinary prices. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 JOHN BROWN, 
 
 Per McPherson. 
 
 TELEGRAM. 
 
 Windsor. June 10, 1868. 
 Thos. C. Keeper: 
 
 I cannot ^et down. The dredge leave Port Colborne to-dav. 
 All the dredges employed would have to be built new. 
 
 JOHN BROWN. 
 
 
"HI