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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. by errata led to ent une peiure. fapon A 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 '3 J 'A DI T.l SKETCHES OF HIGHLANDERS : AVITH AN ACCOUI¥T Of TIIETR EARLY ARRIVAL IN NORTH AMERICA; THEIR ADVANCF.MF-NT IN AGRICULTURE; AM) SOME OF TIieiR DISTIMJUISHEU MILITARY SERVICES I.N THE WAR OF 18li. WITH CONTAIXING USEFUL INFORMATION FOR EMIGRANTS FUOM TIIE HIOHI.AIVDS OF SCOTLAiVD TO THK IJV K. C. MACDONALI), MKUTEJfANT-COI.O.VEL OK THE CASTMC TIORAM TIEGIMEST OF HIGHT.AVDERS, PKISCF, EDWARD ISI.AN'D ; CHIEF OF THE HIGHLAND SOCIETY OF VOVA SCOTIA; AXD PAYMASTER OF THK 30tH REGIMKXT. SAINT JOHN, N. ';. PRINTED BY HENRY CHL'Bn & CO,, MARKET SQUARE. 18 13. m /-/90D AND y\ * TO EMIGRANTS FROM SCOTLAND, AND THEIR DESCENDANTS IN BRITISH AMERICA, AND TO SUCH PERSONS IN THE MOTIIEU COUNTllY AS DESIRE TO SETTLE IN THE BRITISH COLONIES, THE FOL1L.O^VINO WORK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED; WITH THE writer's BEST WISHES FOR THEIR PROSPERITY AND HAPPINESS. I I TO THE llEADKU. TiiK few following pages have been cliiony compiled dotn the best works and most authentic documents that relate to the liistory of Scottish Highlanders, and their emigration to America. One of the objects of the writer has been to make the descendants of the early Highland settlers in IJritish America in some degree acciuainted with the loyalty and bravery of their ancestors ; and to e.\cite them to emulate those virtues for which their forefathers have become pro- verbial all over the world. And to them it may well be a subject of deep interest and pleasure, that even now they live under the Sovereign protection of the lineal descendant of King Robert Bruce; llcv Gracious Majesty, Queen Victokia, liaving sprung from the lloyal Stuarts of Scothind, by Princess Sophia, Grand-daughter of .Fames I. of I'.ngland, who was married to Ernest Augustus, the Ninth Elector of Hanover. Another motive for the following publication has arisen from a desire to afford, if possible, to those who enjoy " their native Highland Home," some account of their Countrymen in British America, and to throw out a feu particulars to such as may feel disposed to emigrate to \ova- Scotia, Capo Rrcton, New-Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island, where the writer was stationed for some time, VI. niid liail iicccNs to iniicli iiifiiniiiuion in rclatinii to tlia Agrinihmul oapahilitieM of tlio ('(UMiliy. 'J'lic prococdM of tliiM Hinall work will be applied to the relief of ditttrewHed Liiiigraiitii. A« the writer Ijas been unexpectedly deprivp'l of the srrvi- CCN of un individual who had been employed by him to aid in preparing the materials of this pamphlet, and its sole object being nlility, he trusts that any errors, particularly in (Jaclic wonls, that inny occur in it, will be viewed with lenity, and he sincerely hopes that the following pages may prove useful and interesting to his countryuien, and every friend to the improvement of the IJritish Provinces in North America. R. C. .HACDO^TALD, fSaint Jo /in, Anr-ftruiiswick, ) fie^Ucmbcr Ut, 1813. j[ HISTORICAL I^XTIIACTS, Ac. CIIAI'TKU 1. Wmii.k (iieat HiMdiiii still licM i>o.sscssioii of iliat part ol' North America which now coustitiUes tho Kcpiiljlij" of the I'liittMl StatoH, the hope of improving their own coiuJitiou, and of ])r() vidiiif? for their (h'seeiidants, iiufuccd a large iiiiiuher of lliuli landers, in the year 177'2, to emigrate to South Carolina, from the estates of Lord MacUonald, in the Isle of Skye, and Lord f^eafortli, from Kintail and liOnpjhbroom. As both ClanroMald and Lord MacDonald, n|)on t!ie last of whom the honour (il\\n Irish peerajjfe was conferred for his having refu;;ed to espouse the cause of I'rince CMiarles in IT4.>, claimed as a relative of their illustrious houses the celebrated and courageous Miss Flora MacDonald, who played so promiin^nt a part after the battle of Cidloden, and who adhered with such rigid fidelity to the I'rince, in his misfortunes, vvanderings, sutlerings, and hair- breadth escapes, I will here give the following honourable no- lice? of that illustrious and noble-uiinded heroine from Chamlicrs' History of the "Rebellion" of 171">:— Thfi ship in whic-li IVfisa ^Tartloll•,lIll was imprisoiu'd InlTt licitli IJoail nii llie 7tli ofXovcMnbcr, and carrit'il licr siraijslitwny to Loiiilon. wlieii^ <\u'. \mi.s dctaiiiod in a not IfsH honournhio captivity in tlie honsc (il'a private family, till the passiiii» ol'thi; art of indemnity in July, 17-17, vvlicn siie was discliai'^tid wittiont hcini:; as^ked a sins;ii! qnestion. Ili-r story iiad i)y this tinu* exciferl not le^s intiMCst in tiu! metro poiis tliatt it had done in Scollan.l. IJoinj; rnceivrd after hor liheration into tiin lionsi! of the dowager [,ady IVimro-io of Dininipace, she \va^ tlii>r(! \i;iteil by firowdrt of the faahionnljlo world, who paid her snoii liomai'e ns wonid iiavo turned the heads of ninety-nine of a inindretl women of any age, eonnlry or eonditioii. — On iier mind they proiinced no elVect but that (f snrprise : Aw iiad only, sho tlion^jrht, performed an a(;l of eommon humanity, and she had never llionght ol" it in any other ligiit till she fojuid tho, world making so mnel\ ado al)()iit it. Soon aller retnrning to her i wn conntry, she was married (iXovember (i, 1750) IVtr. Alexander Macdonald, younger oi' Kingshnrgli, to whom sIk." brni; a large lanfdy oi'scnis and danghter>j. When I3r. Johnson and Mr. l?0swell visited Skye, they were entertained hy Mr. and ^[rs. Macdonald at Kinisbnrgh. Johnson, in liis "Journey to the We-tern tsiand^"' introduces her well-kimwn maiden name, which he says i^ one 'that will be mentioned in history, and. if courage a^jJ I 2 fidclily 111! virtues, inoMtioncil witli liouoiir." He ;ul(ls, •• Slie is a woiinn of iiii(f- dlc staUire, soft featuieji, gentle inuinierH, and elegant pre.-ence." Soon alter tlii* period, under tlie iuflueiiee of the passion lor emigration which \vu^ then raging in the Ilighlands, Kingsbiirgli and liis lady went to North Carolina, where they purchascd and settled upon an estate. As mentioned in the text, she bore with ner across the Atlantic the Prince's sheet, that it might ser\ i as her shroud, wherever it should he licr fate to lay down her bones. Mr. .Utcdonald liad scarcely been settled on his property, when the unfortunate contest between the eaco ot'l7ii3. His Majesty's Ishmd of Prince Edward, then called the Island of Saint John's, had bet dismantled of all its stock, property, and inhabitants, excepting three or four hundred, w ho had concealed themselves in the woods when the rest were shipped ofl'. These and their progeny are now called the French Acadians, and, being destitute of all other means of industry, they supported a precarious and miserable exist- ence by their dexterity in takitig wild game and fish, until they found better employment after the settlement of the Island had commenced subsequent to the year 1770. At the time this was the local state of that Island, Jolni MacDonald, Esquire, Chieftain of Glenaladale, impressed by the exagger- ated reports current in Europe of the superior qualities of Prince Edward Island, purchased an extensive allotment of land in it, conceived the idea of an extensive plan of emigration to ihat Colony, and sent his brother with an overseer and la- bourers, provided with every recpiisite for raisijig crops to sup- port some hundreds of settlers in the following year. Ilis emi- ni 3 ninn of imd- )on alier tlii.-* I then rajiriiig where tliey le bore with her shruiul, doiialil haJ between the of hill coun- :onseqiience led, he took rth Carohnii II the course to leave tlie ard, the ve.i- ile the other wliere she u was unl'or- ;d her after- Stewart and h took place lly buried in ■youth, and tained to the ich historical half-pay list ' king in a ii's Rangers, ig him low- f my family i lost at sea. al character, iion, served Lieuteuanl- :oii. There of Lochbay, licli pre- Edward, antled of te or four when the i\v called sr means )le exist- sli, until t of the . At the : Donald, exaggcr- [ilities of tiuent of ligration ' and la- s to sup- Ilis emi- grants were from l.is own estate^! of (jllenaladale and (ilenfin nou, and also from the estates of his cousin and chief, Chin- ronald, in Moydart, and from the Island of Hist. It was to relieve his distressed countrymen that Glenaladale had deter- mined to dispose of his two c 'itcs, which had been in his family for upwards of five hund d years. The extent of this sacrifice of property and personal ease and comfort, is a con- vincing proof of the paternal regard he had for his country- men, the remembrance of which is cherished by their descend- ants, because he befriended and protected their fathers in the liour of need, which friendship and protection involved many and serious sacrifices on his part. To give a more distinct idea of the clans and character of the Highlanders who had emigrated with Glenaladale, I have extracted rather freely from Chambers' History, which bears lionourable testimony to the very consi)icuous part which the father of this Glenaladale took in the endeavour to establish the claims of Charles Stuart to the throne of England; exhibit- ing his magnanimity, his fervent devotion to the fortunes of the unhappy Prince, and to the admirable and unparalleled fidelity of the brave, enduring, and lion-hearted Highlanders, who sacrificed their homes, their little patrimony, and their lives, for the descendant of a race of Kings, whose right to the crown they believed was just, although not indisputable. The people amidst whom Charles Stuart had cast his fate, were then regarded as the rudest and least civilised portion of the nation which he conceived liimself designed to gpvcrn. Occupying the most remote and mountainous section of Bri- tain, and holding little intercourse with the rest of the community, they were dis- tinguished by peculiar language, dress, and manners; hod as yet yielded an imper- fect obedience to government, and formed a society not only distinct from their immediate neighbours, but which hud probably no exact jiaraliel in I>iirope. The country possessed by this people, forming the north-west portion of Soot- land, comprehends a large surface, but being of a mountainous and rugged cha- racter, it has never maintained a large population. In numbers the Highlanders did not now exceed 100,000, or a twelfth of the whole j)0[)nlatioii uf .Scotland. — The community w.as divided into about forty dilfereut tribes, denominated clans:, each of which dwelt upon its own portion of the territory. At the period of this history, the Highlanders displayed, in a state almost entire, what has been called tlie patriarchal l(>rm of society. This extreme corner of Europe had the singular fortune of sheltering the last vestiges of the Celts, that early race of people, whom the dawn of history shows placed upon the centre of the ancient continent, but who were gradually dispelled to the extremities, by others which we are now accustomed to call ancient. As they retained th-ir frimitive manners with almost unmi.xed purity, there was to be seen in tliii liglilanders of Scotland nearly a distinct picture of those early ."ihephcrd day.q, which are still so endearingly remembered in the traditions and poetry of tiic refined world, and of which we obtain so many beautiful and aU'ecling memorials in Scripture. Owing to the circumstances of their country, the Highlanders were, however, by no means, that simple and quiescent people who are described as content to dwell each under his own vine and fig-tree, any more than their land was one flowing with milk and honey. A perpetual staf(> of war with the neighbours who had driven them to their northern fastu(!sses, and theiv disinclination to submit to the laws of the counlry in which they nominally lived, caused liieiii, on llie con- trary, to make ;uui> a sort of profession, and oven to despise, in ^ome measure, ^W finainlul inndes of'ncquiiiiig a siilisifitciirc.'' Kirterlainiiig, i!iorco\er, a rrofiuff thai the Lowlands liad been originally llicir birlliriglu, many oflhcui, even at the recent period we speak of, practised a regidar sysieni of reprisal upon the frontier of that civilised region, for which, of course, the use of arms was iiulispensahly nece.-isary. What still nu)re tended to induce military habits, many of tlie Iriben maintained a sort of hereditary enmity against each other, and thertifore required to he in peqietual ruudiness, either to seize or repel opportunities of vengeance. The Highlanders, in the earlier periods of history, aj)pear to have possessed no superiority over the Lowlandcrs in the use of arms. At the baltie ol the llarlaw, in 1 UO (till whicli period they had been quite independent of the kings of Scot- land), llie largest army that ever left the Highlands was checked by an inferior jiiMuber of Lfjwlanders. Coming into tiie held, sixty-eight years after, at the figiil of Sauehieburn, where they espoused the cause of James III. against his rebel- lions nol)les, " their lumuUuous ranks," says Sir Walter Scott, in the Introduction to his Border Minstrelsy, " were ill able to endure the steady and rapid charge of the n)en of Annandale and Liddesdale, who bore spears two ells longer than were used by the rest of their countrymen." They proved not more invinciblo at the battle:! of Corrichic, Gienlivat, and others, fought during the sixteenth century. Bnf tlie lajisc of Iialf a century after this last period, during which the border spear had been converte wiilj mry life was rer been pre- id of iwcniy- in the flight, I learned the Highlander I. me relations ; heard of. — n the course , and it was ),XW. 86j87. society WHS constituted, disposed ihein to look upon these unfortunate jn'inccs n* the general fathers or chuj's of the nation, whose natural and unquestionable power had been rebellioiisly disputed by their children ; and there can be little doubt that, both on tliese occasions and the subsequent attempts in behalf of the 8tuarl family, they fought with j)rocisely the same ardour which would induce a man of humanity to wan! olV the blow which an unnatural son liad aimed at a parent. — On the liild of Killiecrankie, where they were chiefly opposed by regular, and even veteran troops, they fought with signal bravery.* Their victory was, how- ever, unavailing, owing to the death of their favourite leader, Ian Dm nan CaUi, us they descriptively termed him — Hark John of the Battles — without whose com- manding genius their energies could not be directed, nor even their bands kept together. The submission which was nominally paid throughout Britain to the " pa ilia- mciitary" sovereigns, William and Anne, was in no degree participated by the children of the mountains, whose simple ideas of government did not comprehend either a second or a third estate, and who could perceive tio reasons for preferring a sovereign on account of any peculiarity in his religion. In the meantime, more- over, the ])r()gress of civilisation, encouraged in the low countries by the union, atVected but slightly the warlike habits of the clans. Their military ardour is said to have been, if possible, increased during this period, by the injudicious policy of King William, who, in distributing £20,000 amongst them to bribe their forbear- ance, only inspired an idea that arms were their best means of acquiring wealth and imporlance. The call, therefore, which was made upon them by the exiled prince, in 1715, found them as willing and ready as ever to commence a civil war. The accession of the house of Hanover was at this period so recent, and the rival candidate shared so largely in the affections of the people, that very little was wanting, in 1715, to achieve the restoration of the house of Stuart. That little was wanting — a general of military talent, with some degree of resolution on the part of the candidate. The expedition was coniinanded in Scotland by the Karl of Marr, who had signalised himself by some dextenty in the slippery politics of the time, but possessed no other abilities to lit him for the important station he held. — In England the reigning sovereign had even loss to dread, in the ill-concerted pro- ceedings of a band of debauched yo.ing noblemen, who displayed this remarkable dirterence from the Scottish insurgents — that they could not tight at all. fliarr per- mitted liimsell'to be cooped np on the north of the Forth, with an army of 8000 or 9000 men, by the Duke of Argyle, who occupied Stirling with a force not half so numerous. An action at length took place on Sheriirmuir, in which it is impossi- ble to say whether the bravery of the Highlanders, the pusillanimity of their leader, or the military genius of Argyle, was most signally distiuguLshed. The Duke of Argyle, whom the Highlanders re nember by the epithet Ian liotj nan Cath, — Red John of the Battles, — learning, on Friday the 11th of November, 1715, that Marr had at length formed the resolution to fight him, and was march- ing for that purpose from Perth, set forward Irom Stirling ; and next day the armies came within sight of each othor upon the plain of Slieriti'muir, a mile north-east from Dunblane. They both lay upon tlieir arms all night; and a stone is still nhowii upon the site of the Highlanders' bi\ ouack, indented all round with marks occasioned by the broadswords of those warriors, who here sharpened their wea- pons for the next day's conflict. The battle commened on Sunday morning, when Argyle himself, leading his dragoons over a morass which had frozen during the night, and which the insurgents expected to protect them, almost immediately routed their whole left wing, consisting of the Lowland cavaliers, and drove them to the river Allan, two or three miles from the field. His left wing, which was * The battle of Killiecrankie was fought upon a fu-ld immediately beyond a narrow and difficuii pass into ifie Highlands. The royal troops, un.ler General Macl;ay, on emerging Iroin this pass, found Dundee's army, which was not half so numerous, posted in cidumns or clusters upon the face of an opposite hill. Both lay upun their arms, looking at each other, till sunset, when the Highland troops came down with tlicir cus- tomary imjieluosiiy, and, charging Uirough Mackay's lines, soon put ihein to the rout. Mackay retreated ju the utmost disorder, and reached Stirling next day with only two hundred men. His whole army must have been cut to pieces in retreating lLrou^h the pass, but (or the death of Dundee, and the greater Ciigcrnesii of the Higli landers loBCCurc the baggage, than to pursue their enemies. H !i^ ^cyonil tlin scope of liis couuiiaiKi, did not luect l!io .-;mi(! success again t llic right ol" tlic iiisnrgoiits, which consisted entirely of Iligiilaiiders. Those warriors had come down from their fastnesses, willi a resolution to Kglil as their ancestors had fought at Kilsyth and Killiccrankie. Tlioy appeared before the Lowlanders of Perthshire, who had not scon tlieui since the the cause of chivalry, of feeiins?, of lilial atleetion. and even, in his eslinialion, of patriotism ; and with all liis prl'posse.s^^ions, it was scareely po -sihie thai he should fail to espouse it." At Uorodale. the Princo received a reply to the nH>sas;e which he had sent to Sir Alexander .Macdouald and the Laird oi" .Maeleod. What Hoisdale had said of tli(;se cliiefs proved exactly true. Orii^inally well atVeeted to the Stuart family, they had recently heen tampered with hy Dinii'an Forhes, IVesident of the (,'ourt of riession, so distinguished as a virtuous and enlij;htened friend IJorrodale, where he lived in the manner described for .several days, he dispatched messengers to all the chiefs from whom he harl any expectation of assistance. The first that came to see him w.^s Donald Cameron, younger of Lochei! ; a man in middle age, of great bravery, and universally res[)ecte(l charac- ter. ^'oung Loclicil, a^ he was generally called, was the son of the chief of the clan Cam(Mon, one of the nmst numerous and warlike of all the Highland tribes. His father had been engaged in the insurrection of 1715, for which he was attaint- ed and in exiiu ; and his grandfather, Sir Evan Cameron, the fellow-soldier of Montrose and Dundee, had died in 1719, after almost a century of military parti- sanship in behalf of the house of Stuart. Young Locheil had been much in conli- dence with the exiled family, whose chief agent in the north of Scotland he might ho considered ; an otlice for which he was peculiarly well qualified on account of liis talents, his integrity, and the veneration in which he was held by his country- men. He was one of the seven gentlemen who, in 17-10, entered into an associa- tion to procure the restoration of King James ; and he had long wished for the con- certed time when he should bring the Highlands to aid an invading party in that cause. When he now learned that Charles had landed without troops and ami!?, and witli only seven followers, he determined to abstain from the enterprise, but * In this chapter, notice should also liuve been taken of the efft-ct which their popu- lar native poetry had upon the miads of the Hiiihiandcrs. Tlirousliout nearly the whole country, but especially ia Alliole and the adjacent territories, there were innu- merable songs and ballads tcndivg to advance the cause of the Stuarts, w/nle there icas not one to depreciate them. A Lowlander and a modern cannot easily comprehend, nor can he set ionh, the power of this simple hut energetic cnguie. It has been descrdjed to us, however, as something perfectly overpowering. Most of the iiiillads w..'re founded upon the wars of Montrose and Dundee, and aimed at rousing the audience to imitate the actions of ih °r ancestors in these glorious campaigns. t Yauns Clanranald was himself shaken in his resolution of arming for the Prince hy the conversation ho had with Sir Alexander Maedonald, and returned to his own country with a decided disinclination to the enterprise. Uut when he arrived, he fouml his clan determine;! to 50 out at all hazards, whether he should head them or not, l.nv- in:» probably been much gained upon in the interval hy the Prince's address, 'the young chief was thus nliimatelv brought hack to his former rpynlution. These facts are staled hy Bishop Forhes (fjijon in Afourninff, MS ), on the concurring testimony of Ranald jVlacdon:dd, a son of Rorrodale, and Mr. Maedonald of jlellfinlav. 9 lll.lrti dis/(IHt ' ifosermiKMii I tilt' oppositi" )iii 111- lookcit fs' (Ml' if v.;i>. •Hliinulioii, of liul Iio shoiilil f IkiiI sent to If IkiiI said of iUv.irl family, of the (,'oiirt the Hanover iitiy. Boiiijj iftiiriied for !Hs if Ik; came iiy ohlii^alioii liat he ishuiild IS since been fgoveriniienl, liM was sodis- his Highland the two Hkye leiess.Charlcs IIS, the same follower;, lie ?ral days, lio xpeftation of I, younger of lected charac- chief of the jhland tribes. ; was attaint- )w-soldier of lilitury parti- icl) ill conli- md he might n account of his conntry- o an aspociii- for the con- party in that ps and arms, teipri-e, but 1 iheir popii- U nearly the J were innu- ^nU- lltcrc was ipreliend, nor eeii described l);illads were c audience la or the Prince 1 to his own 'cd, he fouiifl or not, l.nv- flrpss. 'i ho 'I'lii'se frtcis 1? testimony ulflv. thought hiiiif elf bound as n friend to visit the Prince in persoti, ,iiid endeavour to ninke him withdraw from the country. In passing from \m own house towards riorodalo, l.oeheil r.illed at Fassefern, (he residence of his brother John ('ameron, who, in some surprise at tho earliiie.ss of his visit, hastily inquired its reason. [.onheil informed his relative that the Prince of Wales had landed at Uorodale, and sent for him. Fiisseferu asked wliat troojis hi.s royal highnesn had bronglit with him .' what money? what arms? Locii- eil answered that he believed the Prince had brought with him neither troops, nor money, nor arni.s ; and that, resolved not to be concerned in the alVair, he designed to rlo lii.s utmost to prevent it from going any farther. l'"a.s.sefern approved lii.s brothtr's sentiments, and applutided his rc.'solution, advising him, at the same* time, not to go any farther on the way to Borodale, but to come into the house, and impart his mind to tho i'rince by a letter. " No," said Locheil ; " althongli my reasons admit of no reply, I ought at least to wait upon his royal highness.'' " Brother," said Fa.sscfern, " I know you better than you know yourself; if tlii.4 Prince once sets hi? eyes upon you, ho will make you do whatever lie pleases." Tho result proved tho justice ol" this prognostication. On arriving at Dorodale, Locheil had a private interview Avith the Prince, iti which the probabilities of the enterprise were anxiously debated. Charles used every argtimont to excite the loyalty of Locheil, and the chief exerteil all his elo- quence to persuade tho Prince to withdraw till a better opportunity. Cbarloi represented tho present as tho best possible opportunity, seeing that the l''renc;\ general kept the British army completely engaged abroad, while at home thcr-j were no troops but one or two newly-raised regimentR. lie expressed his coii- Hdence t!:at a ?mall body of Highlanders would be sufficient to gain a victory over all the force that could now be brought against him, and he was equally sure lliai 'iuch an advantage was all that was required to make his friends at homy declare in his favour, and cause those abroad to send a.ssislance. All ho wanted was thai tiie Highlanders shonid begin the war. JjOcheil still resisted, entrcatiii;; (Jharic i to be more temperal''. and consent to remain concealed where he wu.-, till hi* friends should meet together, and concert what was best to be done. Charles, who.se mind was v\ound up to the utmost pitch of impatience, paid no regard lo this proposal, but answered that he was determined to put all lo the hazard. " la n few days," said he, 'with the few friends I have, I will rai^e tin; rojal standard, and proclaim to the people of Britain that Charles Stuart is come over to claim the crown of his aT'.eestors — to win it, or to perish in the attempt I Locheil, who my father has often told nic was our firmest friend, may stay at home, and leatii from the new.spapcrs the fate of his Prince !" " No !" said Locheil, sUing by sn poignant a reproach, and hurried away by the enthnsiasni of the moment; "I will .share the fate of my Prince; and so shall every man over whom nature or fortuno has given me any power." Such was the juncture upon which depended the civil war of 1745; for it is a point agreed, says Mr. Homo, who narrates thi.^ conversa- tion, that, if I.oche»l had persisted in his refusal to take arms, uo other chief would have joined the standard, and " the spark of rebellion must have been in.sta:itly extinguished." Locheil immediately returned home, ai>d proceeded to raise his clan, as did some other gentlemen, whom Charles then prevailed upon to join him. It being now settled that he was to erect his standard at Glenlinnin on the 10th of August, he dispatched letters (ui the Gth of the month to all the friendly chiefs, informing them of his resolution, and desiring them to meet him at the time and place mciuioned. In the meantime, Clanranald, returned from his unsuccessful mission lo Skye, actively set about raising his own clan. * Mr. Home's account of this affair is very curious, and probably in the m.iin true. — Ncverihek'ss, it must not be overlooked that, in the Jacobite Meinuirs compiled Iroin the papers of I'ishop Forbes (p. 2-:2, note), there is a statement, upon the : nlit of two Good witnesses, winch suir.c may think at variance with the narrative of the historian. Ii IS ihcre alleged that Locheil, before agreeing to come out, look full security for tho value ol his estates from the Prince, anil that it was to fulfil this engagement that Charles, alter ihe unfortunate conclusion of the enterprise, obtained a French regiment Tor f.ochcil. It is scarcely necessary to remark, that the presence of generous feclins;'* does not necessarily forbid the dictates of prudence and caution : both anecdotes may be true. 10 Clinrirs romoved, nbotit llio 1 Itli of August, from 'lie fiuin-liotisfi of Tloindnle, to tilt! innnsion ui'Kiiilor-hnioKlart, suiiiiiod sovtii miles olf. \V liile In. and liis roin- pniiy wont l)y sea, witli lli«> Imggago and artillery, Iht; ,;5nard of C'lanranald Mac- tlonald^, wliich Imd been already unpointed about liiH person, niarcbcd by the more circiiitons route along tlie sliore oi the intorveniiig bayH. At Kiiducbniuidartt Iih was joined by Mr. Jolni Murray, of Brougliton, the same who liaH already been mentioned as an emissary of the Pi incc to his Scottish friends, and who, after waiting during June to warn him from the west const, had afterwards returned to liis house in Peeblesshire. Mr. Murray, who was a man of good talents and edu- cation, had now once more como to the Highlands, in order to join an enterprise which it was too late to think of stopping. Froni this time he acted throughout the whole campaign as the Prince's secretary, (.'harles remained at Kinlor.hmoidart till the 18th, when he went by water to Cilenuludalo, the scat of another chieftain of the clan MacDnnald, upon the brink of Luch Shiel. He was here joined by Gordon of Glenbucket, a veteran partisan who had figured in llie utVair of ITIf), and wlio brought with him a prisoner of the opposite parly, in the person of Capt. Sweetenham, of Guise's regnnent, who had been taken by tlie Keppoch Mncdo- nalds, while travelling from Ruthven barracks, in Budenoch, to Fort William. — From Glenaladaln he proceeded next morning, with a company of about tive-nnd- tvventy persons, in three boats, to the eastern extremity of Loch Shiel, near which was the place where he designed to raise his standard. Meanwhile, an incident had occurred, which tended not a little to foment the rising flame of insurrection. The governor of Fort Augustus (a .small govern- ment post, at the distance of forty or fifty miles from Charles' landing-place), con- cluding, from reports he heard, that the " men of Rfoidart " were halcliing some mischief, thought proper, on the IGth of August, to dispatch two companies of the Scots Royals to Fort VVilliam, as a reinforcement to awe that rebellious district. — The distance between the two forts is twenty-eight miles, and the road runs chiefly along the edge of a mountain which forms one side of the Great Glen, having the sheer height of the hill on one side, and the long narrow lakes, out of which the Caledonian Canal has since been formed, on the other. The men were newly raised, and, besides being inexperienced in military affairs, were unused to the alarming circumstances of an expedition in the Highlands. When they had travelled twenty out of the eight-and-twenty miles, and were approaching High Bridge, a lofty arch over a mountain torrent, tliey were surprised to hear the sound of a bigpipe, and to discover the appearance of a large party of Highland- ers, who were already in possession of the bridge. The object of their alarm was in reality a band of only ten or twelve Macdonalds of Keppoch's clan ; but by skip- ping and leaping about, displaying their swords and firelocks and by holding out iheir plaids between each other, they contrived to make a very formidable appearance. Captain (afterwards General) Scott, who commanded the two companies, ordered an immediate halt, and sent forward a Serjeant with his own servant to reconnoitre. These two persons no sooner approached the bridge, than two nimble Highland- ers darted out and seized them. Ignorant of the mnnber of the Highlanders, and knowing he was in a disaffected part of the country, Captain Scott thought it would be better to retreat than enter into hostilities. Accordingly, he ordered his men to face about, and march back again. The Flighlanders did not follow immediately, lest they should expose the smallness of their number, but permitted the soldiers to get two miles away (the ground being so far plain and open) before leaving their post. As soon as the retreating party had passed the west end of Loch Lochia, and were entering upon the narrow road between the lake and the hill, out darted the mountaineers, and ascending the rocky precipices above the road, where there was shelter from both bush and stone, began to fire down upon the soldiers, who only retreated with the greater expedition. The party of Macdonalds who attempted this daring exploit, was commanded t "As the Prince was selling out for Glenfinnin, I was detached to Ardnnmurchaa to recruit, and soon returned with fifiy clever fellows, who pleased the Prince; and, upon review, his royal highness was i)leased to honour me wiih the command of ihem, telling me I was the first officer he had jnade in Scotland. This coniplimciit delighted me exceedingly, and we all vowed lo the Almighty, that we should live and die with our noble Prince, though bI! Briinin should foriake him but our little regiment alone." —Macdonald'B Journal s Lockhart Papers, ii. 463. lorndnle, to 11(1 Ills ruiii- raii:\liJ Miic- liy the more iiuiilurlt li« Irciuly l)€!eu who, aCter rctiiriicd to ts and cilti- i enterprise throngnout oc.huioidnrt er chiel'laiii ; joined by air of 17 If), an of Capt. i)ch Mncdo- VVilliiim. — ut tive-and- near which foment tiie »all govern- place), con- cliing sonic mies of tho s di.-itrict. — road riin» ireat Glen, »kes, out of B men were ! nnused to jn they had ciiing Higli to hear the f Highiand- r alarm was nit by skip- holding out ppearance. es, ordered econnoitre. i Ilighland- inders, and thonght it he ordered not follow It permitted pen) before •est end of ike and the 3 above the down upon lommanded (innmurchan "rince ; and, ind of ihem, lit delighted »nd die with neat aluce." 11 by Macdonald of Tiendrish. That gentleman, having early observed the mnrr.h of the soldiers, had sent expresses to ixjcheil and Keppocn, whose houses were tiniy a few miles distant on both sides of High Bridge, lor supplies of men. They did not arrive in time, but he resolved to attack tlie party with the few men h« had ; and he had thus far succeeded, when the noi^e of his pieces causing friends tn all quarters to fly to arms, ho now found himself ut the head of u party almost 8Utlicient to encounter the two companies in the open field. When Captain Scott reached the east end of Lot;h liOchie, he perceived some Highlanders near die west end of Loch Oich, directly in the way before him ; and not liking their appearance, he crossed the isthmus between the lakes, intending to take jwssession of Invergary (/astle, the seat of Macdonell of Glengary. This movement only increa4ed his dilliculties. He had not marched far, till he disco- vered the Macdonells of (Jlengary coining down the ojiposite bill in full Ibrco against him. He formed the hollow square, however, and marched on. Presently after his pursuers were reinforced by the Macdonalds of Keppoch, and increased tlieir pace to surh a degree as almost to overtake him. K'jppoch himself then advanced alone towards tlie distressed party, and otlcnsd good terms of surrender; assuring them that any attempt at resistance, iu the midst of so many enemies, would only be the signal for their being cut pieces. The soldiers, by this time fatigued with a march of thirty miles, liad no alternative but to surrender. They had scarcely laid dtnvn their arms, when Locheil came up with a liody of Camerons from another quarter, and took them under his charge. Two soldiers were slain, and Captain Sc«tt himself was wounded in this scuflle, which had no small eti'ect in raising tne spirits of the Highlanders, and encouraging them to coniniencc the war. The gattutring of the clans was therefore proceeding with great activity, and armed bodies were seen every where crossing the country to Glenfmnin, at the time when Charles landed at that place to erect his standard. Glentinnin (which belonged to Macdonald of Glenaliidale, who emigrated with part of his clan to Prince Edward Island, having given his estates for a trifle to his cousin, the son of a junior branch of his family,) is a narrow vale, surrounded on both sides by lolly and craggy mountains, about twenty miles north from Fort William, and as fsr east from Borodalc, fonning, in fact the outlet from Moidart to Locliaber. — The place gets its name from the little river Finnin, which runs through it, and falls into Loch Shiel at its extremity. Charles disembarked, with his company, from the tliree boats which had brought them from Glenaladale, at the place where the rive- discharges itself into the lake. It was eleven in the forenoon, and he expected to find tlie whole vale alive with the assembled bands which he had appointed to meet him. In this he wils disappointed, Only a few natives, the inhabitants of a little village, " were there to say, ' God hlcss him." " Some acci- dent, it was concluded, had prevented the arrival of the clans, and he went into one of the neighbouring hovel to spend the anxious hours which should intervene before they appeared. At length, about an hour after noon, the sound of a pibroch was heard over the top of an opposite hill, and immediately after, the adventurer was cheered by the sight of a large band of Highlanders, in full march down tlie slope. It was the Camerons, to the amount of 700 or 800, " All plaidcd and plumed in their tartan array,'' coming forward in two columns of three men abreast, to the spirit-stirring notes of the bagpipe, and enclosing the party of soldiers whom they had just taken pri- soners. Elevated by the fine appearance of this clan, and by the auspicioin result of the little action just described, Charles set about the business of declaring oiieii war against the elector of Hanover. The spot selected for the rearing of the standard, was a little eminence in the centre of the vale. The Marquis of Tullibardiiie, whose rank entitled him to tlie honour, pitched himself uiwn the top of this knoll, supported by two men, on account of his weak state of health. He then thing upon tho mountain breeze tliat " meteor flag," which, shooting like a streamer from the north, was soon to spread such omens of woe and terror over the peaceful vales of Britain. It was a large banner of red silk, with a white space in the centre, but without the motto of '• Tandlm Triumpiians," which has been so often as^iigned to it — as also the signi- ficant emblems ol'ucjowu and collin, with which the tenor of England at one it 19 lit liiiic iiilittlieil It 'I'lic ii|i|ii'iiiaii( e of the slaiutiinl wax IiiiiIl wa-i a declaration or nianit't'Hto, in llii! ii.nnc of Jami's VIII., dalfd at Ho' ')r»i>niln'r ti^^, \7\'.\ ; <'ontainin^ a \ ii-w id' till- piddic grievances of llritain, ann ' ssin^ an earnest deniru to do the nlini)>( to redress liieni ; idling for litis |iiirp« i all hi* loyal Hnhjeets to join his stand- iird as ^oon as it hIioiiIiI he set np ; aiid proinisin;i;, in the event ol' Ins restoration, lo respect nil eNislin^ institutions, riRlivs, and privileges. 'The secnnid was a coin- mission ol'the saino date, in which JainoH appointed his son Cliarli's to \w priiieu regent. The third was a niunilesto Uy the Prince, dated at I'aris, May !<>, I7I.'», dci:laring that lu was now eon>u to e.\(!'.:ntc iho will ofhii I'alher, liy st'lling up liic royal standard and a.«serting iiiH undoubted right to the liirone of Ins ancestors ; «diering pardon for all treasons to thoHC vviiu slionid now take up arms in his he- liait', tir at the least ahjure allegiance to the usnrjier; ealliiig on the oDicers of the jirniy and navy to ( onie over to iiis service, in which ease lie should pay all tlmir sirrear:*, and re-a|)])ointing as his servantH all public, oIVkxts wiiatever wlio should lieneerortli act in his iianio ; coiHiimnding payment ol' all public monies to otli- ccrs authoii/.ed by him ; promising the same respect to existing institutions and privileges as his lather ; and, linally, calling on all his father's subjects " tti be as- sisting to him in the recovery oC liis just rights and ol' their own liberties. ' The standard was carried back lo tho Prince's quarters by a giianl olTd'tv Canierons. About two hours aller this solemnity* was concluded, Macdonald of Keppocli arrived with 3!)0 ol" his hardy and warlike elan ; and in the evening, some gen- tlemen td' the name oC Aladeod came to oll'er their services, iii}( lie ir liiiii. Tlio yniniK K*'"t'''»i''» iiiinK'diatrly awoke lii^t li)ili){it)li>, tliitt lit) liiMituti'd not II iiioiiiriit to lUf tliu kuiik* iVotMloiii wiili tlin Priiii'ig wliirli ,VIr. AiiiIlt^'oii hud ii.Tfl wiili him ('hi:rle.- otli<:r le idiirs to hi) calli-d and takLMi niio ciiun'iid. They all a|i|irov«>d of the jilaii ; mid a ruMolutiuii wait iuMtantly iiastud lu taku ndv autagc of Mr. Aiiduraon'ii olt'em of Hcrvice. Lord Nairn's party hning recalled from Pn'ston, tho lliahland army hc;{an to move ahoiit flir«M' o'clock in tin! inornin;? (.Saturday, '^l^t Meptcmhcr), when the Hiiti was n'4yi>t throu lionrH helow thr mana^oil this evolution with Ium characteristic nkill and pru- dfiHp. I'assin;^ slowly from the head to the other end of the column, desiring the men u:* he went alon^ to observe the ntrictest silence, he turned the rear forwards, making; the men wheel round hi'i person till they were all on the march. Mr. .<\ii- ihsrson led tile way. Next to him was Macdonald of Ulenaladale, major of the Clanran.ild Ke^'iment, who had a chosen hody of sixty men. Closi; hehind eaiiit; the army, marching, as noial, in a column of three men abreast. 'I'hey came down hy a sort of valh-y, or hollow, that winds throuj;h the farm of ilin^anhoad. Not II wliisper was heard amon;;.>t them. At first lhr tilt! service of Selon .Mill with water. The HighlanlerH had therel'orc not only the dillicully of wading through lias bog knee-deep in mud, hut also that of crossing a broad deep run oi" water by a narrow wooden bridge. 4|ril\V, 'h«>il anil tilt! <•(■ tlif |ilaM ; oil's r)llt'i!t of ), will- II tin; y (liirk- fil. \\'lieii r Ni(l« iiii till no aiiHwcr, lired tlit'ir ill-i'otirso at lighlaii'lorH if p in mud, ilf'ii biidgf. got his Ifgs i!iil, iiiovod t all would on the (irui plarr, was ardoiiaIdH, CO hil 1 IIH- Lvitmciit lie it hud as- ll OCfMsioH Th.. Ca iinilar rca- ;lio roiilre. vind, Lord n st?cond II, Iho llo- (M)iiim:tiid hole army ibly ahoiil )!' coinhal- Rd ut the ^ht nt;c(!H- harles ad- ilossing of of Porth ready to thf l/ukc till! li-'ht It wa« jiHt iliiwn, nnil tiin niixt wan fii"! miring: bi'foro lh« ndvnnro of llio Mtn , when thf lli^^hlaiiili'rH niM oiiI upon Ihcir atlark A long iiiimlfrnipli d rrifM ol hi'ld". from vvliich Ihu grain had rtti ciiily hvvu rcapcil, lay hi'twi-t'ii Ihfui and n»-- ral Copi-'H position. iMorii wai already on the watcrN of tho Forth lo iht'ir right, and till' mist watt ridling in largo inaNMes ovi^r the inarch and up the eroOx to tlieir h'ft ; but it wax not yet elear enough (o admit of either army Neeing the other. An impervioiiM darknesH lay lietween, which wii« noon however to ii if ho had nersisted in his wish of going foremost into the enemy's line-., but yet such an a gallant man might havi! been glad to have. A-t his courage has been most ab- surdly eliallenged, it is tho more necessary to be particular as to his (conduct on this occasion. A Highland gentleman, who wrote a journal of the campaign, re- lates that, just before the imuiieiit of the on-'Ct at I'rtiston, he saw the I'rincc! leave his guard and go forward to the front line to give his last orders to tho Dnke of Perth and Clanranald. l'a>*sing the reporter of tlie circumstance on his return, and ref;ognising him, he said, with a smile, " Grcs-urt, sjrcs-ort!" — that is, " Make hi'..ste, make haste !" Not only was the front lino, as already mentioned, oblique, but it was soon fur- ther weakened from another cause. Soon after commoncing the chargi!, it was found that the marsh retired southwards a little, and l(>ft some firm ground unoc- cupied by that extremity of the army, so that it would have been possible for (Jope to turn tlieir flank with a troop of dragoons. In order to obviate this disadvantage, the Camerons were desired by Lord (ieorge Murray to incline that way, and till the open ground. When tlioy had done ho, there was an interval in the centre of the line, which wa.s ordennl to be filled up from the second lino, but it could not bo •lone in time. Home of the l'rini:e's otficors afterwards acknowledged, that, when they first saw the regular lines of tho royal army, and the level rayn of the new ri.sen sun reflected at a thousand points from the long extended serie.s of muskets, they f oiild not help expi'cting that the wavering unsteady clusters into which their own line was broken, would be defeated in a moment, and swept from the field. The issue was destined to be flir otherwise. Sir Jcdiii ('ope, who had spent the night at the little village of Cockenzie, where his baggage was disposed nnder a guard, hastened to join his troops, on first re- ceiving intelligenco that tho Highlanders were moving towards the east. His first impression regarding their movements seems to have been, that, after finding it impossible to attack him either across the morass or through the defiles of I'reston, they wore now about to take up a position on the open fields to the east, in order to fight a fair battle when daylight should appear. It does not seem to have oc- curred to him that they would make the attack immediately ; and, accordingly, al- though ho thought j)ropor to form his lines, and turn them in the directicm of the enemy, he was at last somewhat disconcerti^d, and his men were not a little sur- prised, when it was given out by the sentries that die Highlanders were upon them. * * The circumstances which le;i(i to this conclusion will scarcely fill In impress the reader vviili the same idea. According to ific journal writer idrcady quoted, the arlvnnc- ing mouniaiiieers, on first coming wiihin sight of Cope's army, heard ihem cull out, " Who is there ? Who is there? Cannons 1 cannons ! get ready the cannons, cannon- IG The motle of figlilinp; practi^cil at tliis period by the Ilii^Iilamlcr.^, tliongli as sun pie as can wrll Lc ronceivecl, was well calculated lo set at nought and defeat the tae lies of a regular . oldiery. It has been thns described by the Chevalier Johnstone, who was engaged in all the actions fought during this campaign. They advanced with the utmost rapidity towards the enemy, gave fire when within a uiusket-length of die object, and then, throwing down their pieces, drew their swords, and hold- ing a dirii in their It'll hand along with the target, darted with fury on the enemy through the smoke of their lire. When within reach of the enemy's bayonetM, bending their left Uiice, they contrived to receive the thrust of that weapon on their targets; then raising their arm, and with it the enemy's point, they rushed in upon the soldier, now defenceless, kilhsd iiiui at one blow, and were in a moment within the lines, pushing right and left with sword and dagger, often bringing down two men at once. The battle was thus decided in a nionieut, and all that followed was mere carnage. Cope, informed by his retreating sentriei that the enemy was advancing, had only time to ride once along the front of his lines to encourage the men, and was just returned to his place on the right of the infantry, when he perceived, through the thin sunny mist, the dark clumps of the clans, rushing swiftly and silently on towards his troops ; those which were directly opposite to him being most vi.siblc, while on the left they faded away in an interminable line amongst the darkness from whieh they seemed gratlually evolving. The indetinite and a[ip;uently nu- merous clusters in which they successively burst upon his sight — the rapidity with which they advanced — the deceptive and indetinite extent given to tlieir appear- ance by the mist^all conspired to appal the royal troops. Five of the six cannon were discharged against the left of the advancing host, with suchelloct as to make that part of the army hover for a moment upon the advance; and one volley oi' musketry went aloijg the royal lines from right to left, as the clans successively came up. But all was unavailing against the ferocious resolution of the Highlanders Tiie victory began, as the battle had done, among the Camerons. That spirited clan, notwithstanding their exposure to the cannon, and although received with a discharge of musketry by the artillery guard, ran on with undaunted speed, and were first up to the front of the enemy. Having swept over the camion, they found themselves opposed to a squadron of dragoons, under Lieiiteiiiuit Colom I Whitney, which was advancing to attack them. They had only to lire a few shot^i when these dastards, not yet recovered from their former fright, wheeled about, and fled over thi; artillery guard, which wasaccordijigly disperseil. Tlu; jiosterior squadron of drafjoons, under Colonel Gardiner himself, wiis then ordered to ad- vance to the attack. Their gallant old connnanderled them forward, encouraging them as well as he could by the way ; but they had not proceeded many steps, when, receiving a few shots from the Highlanders, they reeled, turned, and follov/- ed their companions. Lochoil had ordered his men to strike at the noses of the horses, as the best means of getting the better of their masters ; but they never ibund a single opportunity of practising this ruse, tlie men having chosen to retreat while they were yet some yards distant. If Gardiner's dragoons behaved thus ill, Hamilton's, at the other extremity of the army, may be said to have behaved still worse. No sooner hul they seen their fellows tlying before the Camerons, than they also turned about and tied, without having fired a carabine, and while the Macdonalds were still at a litth; distance. The infantry, when deserted by those from whom they were taught to expect support, gave way on all hands without having re-loaded their pieces, or .stained a single bayonet with blood. The whole at once threw down their arms, eillier to lighten them in their flight, or to signify thatthry surrendered ; and many fell up- on tlieir knees before the mipetuous Highlanders, to beg the quarter wliitli, in the hurry of the moment, could scarcely be given them. One small parly alone, out of the army, had the resolution to make any resistance. They fought for a brief space, under tiic command of Coloiitd Gardiner, who, dcsc.teti by his own troop, and ob.-erving their gallant behaviour, had put himself at their head. They only eers ! " Andrew Headerson, a Whig IIii.toriaii, h.is also moniioiiod, in his account of the engai^enient, ihut ilic sciitries, oa lirst perceiving the Highfiiul line tlirnn<{li the m.sl, iliought it a hedge winch was gradually becoming nppaieiil as the liglii incriMSfd. The event, however, was perhaps thu Lest proof that the rojial army was somev hat tak- en by surprise. ■1 fled dovv in g fifly plac battl In fulv 17 rtcd when they had suflfered considerably, and when their brave leader was cut down by niinierous wounds. Such was the rapidity with which the Highlanders in general bore the royal soldiers oiT the field, that their second line, though only fifty yards behind, and though it ran fully as fast as the first, on coming up to the place, found nothing upon the ground but the killed and wounded. The whole battle, indeed, is .said to have lasted only four minuies. In the panic flight which immediately ensued, the Highlanders used their dread- ful weapons with unsparing vigour, and performed many teats of individual prow- ess, sucli iis might rather adorn the pages of some ancient romance, than the au- thentic narrative of a modern battle. A small party of Macgregors, in particular, bearing for their only arms the blades of scythes fastened end-long upon poles, clove heads to the chin, cut off the legs of horses, and even, it is said, laid the bodies of men in two distinct pieces upon tlie field. With even thebrond-sword, strength and skill enabled them to do prodigious execution. Men's feet and hands, and also the feet of horses, were severed from the limbs by that powerful weapon; and it is a well authenticated fact, that " a Highland gentleman, after breaking through Murray's regiment, gave n grenadier a blow, which not only severed the arm rais- ed to ward it off, but cut the skull an inch deep, so that the man immediately died." While the clans on the right and left behaved with distinguished bravery, a por- tion of the centre, including some of the Icwlmd tenantry of the Duke of Perth, acted in a manner resembhng the conduct of the royal troops. They are said, on approaching the enemy's lines, to have " stood stock-still like oxen". It was to this regiment that the scythe-armed company of Macgregors belonged. These, at least, evinced all the ardour and bravery which were so generally displayed that day by their countrymen. Disregarding the example of their immediate fellows, they continued to rush forwards, under the command of their Captain, Malcolm Ma'-gregor. A space being left betwixt them and their clan-regiment, which went on beside the Cameron.s, under command of Glencairnaig, their chief, they edged obliquely athwart the field in that direction, in order to rank themselves beside their proper banner — an evolution which exposed them in a peculiar manner to the fire coming at that moment from the British regiments. Their Captain fell before thi."* fire, pierced with no fewer than five bullets, two of which went quite through bis body. Stretched on the field, but unsubdued in spirit, he raised himself upon his elbow, and cried out as loud as he could, " Look ye, my lads, I'm not dead — by G — , I shall see if any of you does not do his duty ! " This speech, half whimsical as it was, is said to have communicated an impulse to his men, and perhaps contri- buted, with other acts of individual heroism, to decide the tate of the day. The general result of the battle of Preston may be staled as having been the total overthrow and almost entire destruction of the royal army. Most of the in- fantry, falling back upon the park-svalls of Preston, were there huddled together, without the power of resistance, into a confused drove, and had either to surrender or be cut in pieces. Many, in vainly attempting to climb over the walls, fell an easy prey to the ruthless claymore. Nearly 400, it is said, were thus slain, 700 taken, while only about 170 m all succeeded in effecting their escape. The dragoons, with worse conduct, were much more fortunate. In falling back they had the good luck to find outlets from their respective positions, by the roads which run along the various extremities of the park wall, and they thus got clear through the village with very little slaughter ; afier which, as the Hignlanders had no horse to pursue them, they were safe. Several oflicers, among whom were Fowkes and Lascelles, escaped to Cockenzic, and along Setou Sands, in a direc-. tion contrary to the general flight. The unfortumte Cope had attempted, at the first break of Gardiner's dragoons, to stop and rally them, but was borne headlong, with the confused bands, through tlie narrow road to the south of the encloL-ures, notwithstanding all his eflbrts to the contrary. On getting beyond the village, where he was joined by the retreat- ing bands of the other regiment, he made one anxious eflort. with the Earls of Loudoim and Home, to form and bring thciu back t * Information by a surviving friend of Mr. Grant. Sir Waller Scott gives a some- what difierent version of apparently the same story, in which it is stated that the dra- goons were refused admission.— See Tales of a Grarulfalher. t The horse on which Mr. Threipland rode was oliserved next year in a fair at Perth, hy \\\e frrieve or land-steward of Fingask, having found its way thither in the possession of a horse-dealer, who had probably obtained it from some mcrauding Highlander.— The animal was purchased with a melancholy pleasure by the family, and kept Eaeiei Irom work till iLe end of iU dnys. 19 A small party, ainon^ whom were the brave Macgregorn, continued tlic cliasff for a mile and ahull", when, in the words of Duncan Macpharig, "the Prince came Tip and successively took Glencairiiaig and Major Evan in liis arms, congra- tulating them upon the result oftiie Hj;ht. He then commanrJed the vvhoio of die clan Gregor to he collected in the nrKldle ol'tho liold ; and a tahiq being covered, he sat down with Glencairnaig and Major Evan to refroli hiiii-clf, all the rest standing roumi as a guard, and each receiving a gla-is of wine and a Utile bread." In regard to Charles' conduct after the battle, the report of another eye-witness, Andrew Henderson, autlior of an historical account ol'tlie campaign, is as follows : — " I saw the clievalier, after the battle, standing by his horse, dressed like an ordinary captain, in a coarse plaid and large blue bonnet, with a narrow plain gold hce about it, his boots and knees much dirtied, the eil'ects of his having fallen into a ditch. He was exceedingly merry, and twice cried out with a hearty laugh, 'My Highlanders have lost their plaids.' But his jollity seemed somewhat damped vvhen he looked upon the seven standards which had been taken from the dra- goons ; at this sight he could not help observing, with a sigh, ' We have missed some of them.' After this ho refreshed himself upon the field, and with the great- est composure ate a slice of cold beef and drank a glass of wine." Mr. Henderson ought to have mentioned that Charles had, before thus attending to his own per- sonal wants, spent several hours in providing for the relief of the wounded of both armies ; preserving (to use the language of Mr. Home), from temper or I'rom judgment, every appearance of moderation and humanity. It remains to be stated, that, after giving orders for the disposal of the prisoners, and for securing the spoils, which comprised the baggage, tents, cannon, and a military chest containing jG4000, lie left the field, and rode towards Pinkie House, the seat of the Marquis of Twceddale, where he lodged for the night. Though the general behaviour of the king's army on this memorable morning was the reverse of soldierly, there were not wanting in it instances of respectable conduct. The venerable Gardiner — a man who, perhaps, combined in his single person all the attributes which Steele has given to the "Christian soldier" — afforded a noble example of devoted bravery. On the previous afternoon, though so weak that he had to be carried forward from Haddington in a post-chai!' fiardiiicis), liad Cobliuin's iind ilaiuiltoii's on h\s riglit, aiui personally Ktood aU most opposite to Lord (Jeorge Mnrrny. In niiinUorsi, the two nnnies were nearly equal, hotli anioiinting to about dOOO ; and as they were alike iMHiipplied by artillery (for the Highlanders had also left their'H behind), there could scarcely have been a better match, so fur us strength was concerned. Dnt the English hnd disadvantages of another sort, such uj the nnfitness of the ground for their evohitions, the interruption given to so nnjch of their lines by the ravine, the comparative lowncss of their ground, and the circum- stance that tiiey had the wind and rain full in their faces. It was near four o'clock, and the storm was rapiilly bringing on premature darkness, when Huwiey ordered hi.'i dragoons to advance, .ind commence the ac- t'oii. As already mentioned, lie had an idea th it the Highlanders would not stand agamst the charge of a single troop of hor^e, much less did ha expect them to re- sist tnree regiments, amounting to 1300 men. The result she wed that li« was mis- taken. The^e regiments, after making several feints to draw the fire oi the Highlanders, in order then to rush in upon them, moved Slowly forward; the Highland right wing in like manner advancing to meet them, under Lord George Murray, who made the mo-;t anxious etibrts to keep it in line, and to re.->train all firing till tho i)toper moment. There was the more reason for delay on the part of the High- laud right wing, as the left was not yet fully formed. After tho two partie-i hud confronted each other the better part of a quarter of an hour, the dragoons went on at a lull trot, in good order, till within pistol shot of the Highlanders. Then Lord George gave orders to fire, which wa^ done with such execution, that the dragoon regimtnts were insta!itly broken. Ligonier's and Hamilton's, the cravens of Preston, fled backwards right over the left wing of tiieir own foot, who lay up- (m their faces ; as they wcint, (gome were heard crying, " Dear oretbren, wo shall all be massacred this day !" Cobham's did little better, for it fled down tho ravine, receiving a volley from the Highland lino as it went aloiig. The Highlanders had fired so near, and with 8U<'.h precision, as to bring many to the ground, inclu'iing several officers of distinction. One small party of these dragoons acted with cou- rage. It was kept together, and led to the charge by Lieutenant-colonel Whitney, a brave otFicer, who had remained behind his retreating cavalry at Preston, though wounded in the sword-arm. As he was going forward at the head of his little troop to the attack, he recognised John Roy Stuart, a former friend, and cried out, " Ha ! are you there ? VVe shall soon be up with you." Stuart exclaimed in re- ply, " You shall be welcome when you come, and, by G — , you slialt have a warm reception !" Almost at that moment, the unfortunate leader received h shot, which tumbled him lifeless from the saddle. His party rushed resistlessly through the front line of the Highlanders, trampling down all that op^K)se(l them. But their bravery wa< nnavailiug. The Highlanders, taught to fight in all postures, and un- der every variety of circumstances, thongii thrown upon their backs beneath tho t'cet of the cavalry, used their dirks in stabbing the horses under the belly, or, dragging down the men by their loug-skirted coats, engaged with them in mortal struggles, during which, they seldom failed to poniard their antagonists. The chief of Clanranald wa» thrown below a dead horse, from which he could not ex- tricate himself, when one of his own clan tumbled down beside him in the arms of a dismounted dragoon. From his situation tiie ciiief could not make his condition known to any more distant clan an m, and it almost appeared that his existence de- pended upon the success which thi< mm might have with the dragoon. After a brief and anxioin interval, the Highlander contrived to stab his foemun, and then sprang to relieve his pro-traie chief. This was but a trifling exception from the general fate of the dragoon charge. Tho mass retreated, as has been stated, doing great damage to the infantry of tlieir own army. Lord George Murray was very anxious that the Macdonald regiment.s under his charge should keep their ranks, as the bulk of the English army was yet to engage, and the remainder of the Highland lines were as yet scarcely formed. But these regiments were too mKch elated by the repulse of the dragoons to obey any orders to that eftect. Many of them broke olT, swor*! in hand, and encoun- tered the parties of militia atatioaed nearly opposite to them. A few minutes after the dragoons had fled, tho left wing, or rather moiety, of the Highland army, cooMstiag of tho Mackintoshes, Macphersons, Camerons, Stu- arts of Appin, and others, were charged by the English regiments opposed to them lally stood J- I uboiit dOOO ; a hud also let^ fur us Htrengtii rt, siicli ua !hc lio iniicli ut' id the circuiu- on premature iTioiice the ac- )uld not stand ;ct them to re- ill h« was mii- 1 Highlanders, Highland right Murray, who 1 tiring till thn t of the High- ,vo parties had Iragoons went iidera. Then iition, that the I's, the cravens t, who lay up- ;hren, wo shall (wntho ravinp, ighlanders had und, inciu'iing icted with coii- oiiel Whitney, reston, though ad of his little and cried out, xclaimed in re- I have a warm 1 ii shot, which y through the II. But their turcs, and un- '.s beneath tho the belly, or, hem in mortal Igoni^ts. Tho could not ex- |in the arms of hi^s condition existence de- on. After a i:ui, and then Igoon charge, liiutry of tlieir laid regiments I army was yet rcely formed, goon^ to obey and cncoua- |er moiety, of microns, Stu- ^oacd to them t I '25 rtisistcJ by a party of Iiorae. The IlighlandtrH, having met the lior.ie with a good lire, advanced upon the foot, sword in hand, their ranks thickened by a considera- ble number of individuals from tho sfecond line, who were too iinp.Uioril for ac- tion to be restrained to that position. Tlio Maciioni'ltls \\< ro al. the .^anu', moment rushing down in coiuiderable niimbor:4 Uiioii thy !i It wiii^ of tiio Knglish anny. Thus a simultaneoii-i attack was made, by ne.irl/ the wholi! of the Higliland iVoiit line, upon all tho Ktiglish regiments, except thu threcj wliidi oiiiflajikod the Priaco'i forces. Those reginunt^, half blinded and wlnily disconcerted by the Htorm, xvliich blow full in tlieir faces, and with their pieces reudered u-ele-s by the rain, gave way before the onset, and trooped otf hurriedly iu largo parllej lowuidd Falkirk, bearing General Hawley along with them. Some individuals who beheld the battle from the steeple of Falkirk, used to des- cribe these its main events as occuj)ying a surprisingly bribf .space of time. Tliey lirst saw the Knglish army enter tiie misty an I storm-covered moor at the top of the hill ; then saw the dull atmosphere thickened by a fast-rolling smoke, and heard the pealing sounds of the di.scharge ; iunnediately after they saw the discomiited troops burst wildly from the cloud in which th(;y had been involved, and rush, in far-spreail disorder, over the face of the hill. From the comiiieucumont till what they styled " the brealc of the battle," there did not intervene more than ten mi- nutes — so soon may an elHcient body of men become, by ono transient emotion of cowardice, a feeble and contemptible rabble. Tho rout would have been total but for the three outtlanking regiments. Tiieso not having been opposed by any of the clans, having the ravine iu (rout, and de- riving some support from a small l)ody of dragoons, stood their ground under the conunand of (ieneral Huske and Brigadier Cliolmondley. When the Ilighlanderj went past in pursuit, they received a volley from this part of th(! English army which brought them to a pau.se, and caused them to draw back to their Ibrmer ground, their inijiression being that some ambuscade was intended. This saved tlio Knglish army from destruction. A pause took place, dining whicli the bulk of the English infantry got back to Falkirk. It was not till I(rought up the second line of his wing, and the picquets with somii others on tho other wing, that General Huske drew oft' his party, which he ey i'uund nothing l)Ut nfcw Btrnggling pnrtioit in the street^/ Nevr\ iholesH, coiiriidcrnbic upprehtMisionH of a renewed attuck from the KmkUmIi itnny still prevailed. It was not till iiboiit Heven o'clock, that, the Harl of Kihimrnork having approached the Edinburgh road by byways through his ostntn, nnd returned with intelligence that he had seen the LngliHh army hurrying along in full Might, the Prince at lengtli tlimight proper to noek shelter in the town of Falkirk, from the storm to which he had been exposed for five hours. Charles was conducted, by torch-light, to a lodging which had been prepared for hin> in the house of a lady called Madam (iraham, tlie widow of a physician, a Jacobite, and a woman whose intelligeiKie and superior manners arc siill remem- bered with veneration at Falkirk. This house, which stands opposite to the steeple, was then the best in the town, and is still a tolerably handsome mansion, and occupied as the Post-otlice ; but according to the fashion of times not very femote in Scotland, the best room, :uid that in which Charles was obliged to dino and hold his court, contains a bed concealed within folding-doors. Unexpected good fortune, however, reconcile! the mind to trivial inconvenienco.i ; and it is not ^.obable that the victor of Falkirk regretted to spend the evening of his triumph in an apartment about twelve feet square, lighted by one wiiulow, and which wa.«i at once his refectory and bed-chamber. Only about 1500 of the Highland army wpent tlmt night in Falkirk. The re- mainder had scattered themselves to the westward, in search of shelter. A great deiil of confusion had prevailed; .'sonuj even retired, under the impression that their party had been deleated. Several chiefs, including l^ord Lewis (Jordon, met, in the course of the evening, at the house of Dunnipace, in a state of uncertainty as to the general result of the battle, and ignorant even of the fate of their own regiments. At length, about eight o'clock, their minds were relieved by the arrival of Macdonald of Lochgary, who had been sent from Falkirk, to order the troop.s forward in the morning. The intelligence brought by this gentleman, lor the first time, gave them reason to suppose that their army had had the best of the day. The Falkirk party, with the exception of a few skirmishers sent oft' to hara.s9 the retreating enemy, employed themselves during this evening in securing the English camp and its contents, and in stripping the bodies of the slain. Hawley, in the brief interval between the rout and the pursuit, had made an attempt t» strike his camp and take away his baggage, but owing to the desertion of his waggoners and the necessity of a speedy retreat, he was at last obliged to abandon the whole to the Highlanders; having only made an inetVectual attempt to set it on fire. Charles thus obtained possession of a vast quantity of military stores, while his men enriched themselves witli such articles of value as the people of Falkirk h^d not previously abstracted. lu addition to the tents, baggage, «&c.,. which fell into his hands, he secured seven pieces of cannoD, three mortars, 600 muskets, a large quantity of hand-grenades, and 4000 pounds' weight of powder, besides many standards and other trophies of victory. As for the slain, thoy were that night stripped so eftiectually, that a citizen of Falkirk who next morning eurveyed the field from a distance, and who lived till recent years to describe the scene, used to say, that he could compare tliem to nothing but a large flock of white sheep at rest on the face of the hill. Charles lost only thirty -two m«n in the battle, including officers, and had 120 ■wounded. The loss on the English side is stated by the official returns to have been 280 in all, killed, wounded, und missing, but was probably much more con- siderable. The loss of officers was in particular very great. There were killed,, four captains and two lieutenants of Blakeney's, five captains and one lieutenant of Wolftt's, with no fewer than three lieutenant-colonels, Whitney, Bigger, and Powell. Colonel Lig'^nier, who had been under medical treatment for pleurisy. ♦The column commanded by Lord John Drummond overtook one of the straggling parties upon the main street, at a spot nearly opposite to the Old Bank, [ts com- mander was reeling for loss of blond, but had stillstrength to wave his sword, and call upon his men to rally. The first Highlander who approached cut down the unfortu- nate officer; upon which another rushed up and stew him in his turn with a battle- axe, exclaiming, " She ought to respect a teean [dying] prave man, whether she'll: wear ta red coat or ta kilt." The Camerons made great slaughter among another party which they found upon the street, on emerging from the Cow Wvnd.— TrocWwt* •t Falkirk. Bt^.* Nfovn • KiicIIhIi uriiiy r Kiliimrnork. niul returned ill full \\\fi\u, Falkirk, from I prepared for , pliyniciiin, a siill remeni- )po:iite to the nrne mansion, mea not very bligcJ to dino Unexpected I ; and it is not if liifl triiunpli md which wan [irk. The re- ter. A great npressiou that 1 (Jordon, met, of uncertainty 3 of their own I by tiie arrival •der the troops an, tor the firat of the day. It oft' to harass n securing the in. Haw ley, an attempt to esertion of his ted to abandon tempt to set it |iiilitary stores, the people of jhaggage, &c.,. mortars, 600 ;ht of powder,. .in, they were next morning ;o describe tho llaige flock of and had 120 bturiH to have jich more con- [e were killed, |ne lieutenant Bigger, and for pleurisy, I the straggling Ink. Its com- Iword, and call Jn the unfortu- Iwith a battle- i^hether she'll Imong another \d.^-TradUion «7 w )nl to the Laltle contrary to advice, and formed tin; rearguard on the retreat Xa Lmlithguw. Tho wetting ho got that evening brought on a ipiinsey, of which ho died on the2'>th. It is worthy of note, though no more than was to have been dpected, that tho greatest loss took place in the regiments which soonest gave way. The most distingni^hed otHcor among the slain was 8ir Robert Monro of i'oulis, the chief of an aiici*;nt and honoural)le family in the Highlands, and who^io regiment was ohielly composetl, like those of tho insurgent leaders, of his own clan. Jtfonro'tf had excited tho admiration of Europe by its conduct at the batdu of Fontenoy, where it had fought almost without intermission for a whole day ; b It on the present occasion it was seii^ed with a panic, and fled at tho flrst onset of tho insurgents. Sir Robert alone, who was so corpulent a man that ho had been obliged at Fontenoy to stand upon his feet when all the rest of his regiment lay dowr on their faces to avoid tho enemy's fire, boldly faced tho charging Highlan- ders. He was attacked at once by six antagonists, two of whom ho l^iid dead nt his feet with his half pike, but a seventh came up, and discharged a shot into his body, by which he was mortally wounded. His brother, an unarmed physician, ut this juncture came up to his relief, but shared in the indiscriminate slaughter ■which was then going on. Next day their bodies were found stripped and defaced, 80 as to be scarcely recognisable, in a little pool of water, formed around them by the rain ; and it was remarked in that of the brave Sir Robert, as an instance of the ruling passion strong in death, that his right hand still clenched the pommel of his sword, from which the whole blade had been broken off". The corpses were honourably interred in one grave in tho public cemetery of Falkirk, near tho tombs of Graham and Stewart, the heroes of the former battle of Falkirk. The mass of Hawley's army spent that night at l4inlithgow, about ton miles from the field. They next day continued the retreat to Edinburgh, where they arrived in the afternoon, in a state strikingly difl'ercnt from that order, freshness, and confidence, in which they had left the city a few days betbre. The stato- olflcers, and other friends of the government, were more distressed by this art'air than even by Preston, many of tho troops employed on the occasion having been tried in several campaigns. Hawley's policy seems to have been to bluster through the disgrace. The accounts of the action published by him are full ol" gasconade. Any failure that he admits at all, he lays to the account of the bitter storm of wind and rain, which blew in the faces of his troops, and made their firelocks useless. While he makes some slight allusion to the retreat of the dra- goons and part of his left wing of infantry, he lays great stress upon the gallant behaviour of his right wing, which, he says, repulsed the rebels, and drove thorn from the field. He represents this portion of his troops ns staying an hour in the fleld, while the rebels durst not molest them. The whole retired in ^ood orrfer, to Falkirk. He intended at first to occupy his camp ; but tho weather proving extremely bad, and having advice that the enemy were pushing to get between him and Edinburgh, he resolved to march to Linlithgow. When the tents were to be struck, it was found that many of the drivers had ridden off with the horses ; he therefore ordered the tents to be burnt. For the like reason, seven pieces of artillery had been left behind. He allowed of 280 men missing, but alleged diat the enemy had lost many more. In short, the Gazette accounts of the affair read remarkably well ; it only happens to be true, that the general had mismanaged the march of his troops to the field, and their arrangement there ; that four-fifths of his army was disgracefully beaten and driven back ; that he lost (probably) twice the number of men he stated, his cannon, his camp, and most of its contents ; and in less than twenty-four hours from the time of the action, had retired twenty- six miles from the field. Hawley, before leaving Edinburgh, had erected two gibbets, whereon to hang the Highlanders who should surrender to him in the victory he expected to achieve. After he returned in a state so ditterent from that of a conqueror, he had to uso these conspicuous monuments of his folly ibr tlie execution of some of hi^ own men. He hanged no fewer than four in one day, permitting their bodies to remain on tlie gallows till sunset. Such a sight had not been seen in Edinburgh since * Both Hawley and his royal patron [the Duke of Cumberland] were signal excep- tions to the rule, that bruve men are never cruel. Once, in Flanders, a deserter being hanged before Hawley's windows, the surgeons begged to have the body for dissection. But Hawley was reluctant to part with the pleasing spectacle ; ' at least,' said he. 98 n tlin iltiy bol'oru tiio Dnkc of VorU openotl the Scottiitli Parliiiuu'ttt in liio your liiHI, wliRii livM rubiMlioiiH iiiiiiiritt'rN won; cxeruted nt oiico in llie (iriivHuiiirket. Till! captuin ol' tlu- nrlillorv, who hiul il<>M<red his orror. A cry was rained, " Hero is a rtibol ! llt!reiieral lluske was for shooting him on the ppot, but was induced by Ivord Rol)ert Kerr, an amia- ble oiKcer, the son of tlii; Manpiis of liodiian, to give him ((uarter. Ho reuncHted t!iut he might hi; allowed to surrender his amis to an ofhcer, as he had tlie 'lonoiir to be one himself; and he advanced to Iliirike for that |>urpose. Hut the (jeiKiral had the usual contoinpt for tin; Highland nrtny, and swore he would do no rebel eo much honour. Tlie generous Iverr then stepped forward to take Macdonald'H nrins. Tiendrish could not perform even this act of self humiliation, without a re- collection of his dignity of blood and station ; and he drew forth his pistols from his belt, with such an air as impressed the Knglish Generul with a dread of assas- sination. On his expressing this fear in his own vulgar laiigujge, Macdonald drew him elf up with still greater pride, and said he could do nothing iinbcconiing a gentleman. lie wa.s then mounted on hor-icback, bound, and carried along with the retreating army to Edinburgh. The circuinstances help to show that the I'-ng- lish right wing retired from the field with deliberation, though Uiey did not perhaps linger a whole hour upon it. A most extraordinary instance of individual onthusiasin in the Jacobite cause, deserves here to bo recorded. Robert Stewart, a descendant of the Stewarts cd' Lonskcid in Athole, was a private soldier in the town-guard of Edinburgh through- «)nt tho whole period embraced by this history. At the time when the troops of General Ilawley left the city, to fight with the Highland army in tho west country, this man had just been relieved from duty for the customary period of two days. Having instantly formed his plan of action, he set oil" with his gun, pu-ssed through Ilawley's army, joined that of the Prince, fought next day in the battle of Falkirk, and was back on tho succeeding morning in Edinburgh, in time to go upon duty at the proper hour. The captain of his company suspected where he had been, and what he had been about, but winked at tlie otlence. While the English industriously denied that they had lost the battle, tho insur- gents made no very confident pretensions to having g-uned it. They were in re- ality mortified at having taken so little advantage of tho circumstances which for- tune had laid before them, and which, they were sensible, might never occur again. From Lord George Murray's narrative, it would appear that, as to pre-arrauge- ment and concert, there was as remarkable a deficiency on the insurgent as on tho government side. If the bravery of the Macdonald regiments were put out of view, it might be said that the storm had gained them the battle. The considerations which arose from all tho circumstances in the minds of the more reflecting officers, ^vere not agreeable. They " were convinced," says Lord George Murray, " that unless they couUl attack the enemy at very cons'ulerable adcantage, either by surprise, or by some strong situation of ground, or a narrow pass, tliey couUl not expect any great success, especially if their numbers were no ways equal ; and that a body of ' you shall give me the skeleton to han? up in the guard-room.' "—Lord Mahon, quuiing a letter of Horace Walpole, who added, that the soldiers' nickname for Hawley was " the Lord Chief .Justice." t Hawley's gallows stood in the Grassniarket, in tcrrorem, and to the grsat disgust nf the inhahitanis of Edinburgh, till the nighi between the 12th and 13th of SeptemLer, when it was sawed through by some unknown persons. The place where it stood wat kuowH afterwards by the name of Hawlofs Sfiamblcs. tim till! pos emi thcj nQe ly a eng r was Thr into easi tivt the WHS a (I 20 in tiio yoar iriiffMinurkft. lining nftlio villi inruiny ; i cowurdico, one. prisoner. icli, mid who ill Lochabor, f'A uriiiy still iiitnt, lio rail yn\ i)iiMHo iH I< down many feet, and there is still a considerable hollow at that part of the battle-field. The Highland army lost more this day by an accident, than it did on the preceding by the fire of the enemy. A private noldier of die (.'laiiran:ild regiment had obtain- ed n UHHket as part ol hi.s spoil upon the field of battle; finding it loaded, ho was engaged at his lodgings in extracting the shot; the window was open, and nearly opposite there was a group of ollicers standing ou the Ktroct. Tlie man cxtractt respect- ful attentions to the deceased, to console the clan for their loss. He caused the Ifrave of Sir John Graham, which had never before been disturbed, to be opened for the reception of the young .soldier, as the only part of the churchyard of Fal- kirk which was worthy to bo honoured with his corpse ; and he himself attended the obsequies as chief mourner, holding the string which consigned his head to the grave. Charles's judicious kindness was not unappreciated by the grateful Highlanders ; but neverthele.ss, a considerable number yielded to their grief, or riige so far as to desert his standard. Another incident took place this day upon the street of Falkirk, which liad almost become as tragical as the former, and which illustrates in a striking manner the peculiar ties of clanship. Lord Kilmarnock, had brought up to the front of Charles's lodging a few prisoners whom ho had taken the preceding night, in the rear of the retreating army ; and Charles was standing within the open window, with a paper in his hand, conversing with Lord Kilmarnock, when a man was seen coming up the street in the uniform of an English regiment, with a musket and bayonet in his hand, and a black cockade upon his hat. A few captive volun- teers, among whcuii Mr. Home, the narrator of^ the incident, was one, belield the man with surprise ; and conceiving that he designed to assassinate the Prince, fixpected every moment to see him take aim and fire. Charles, observing the prisoners look all one way, turned his head in the same direction, and, immedi- ately comprehending the cause of tlieir alarm, called in some surprise to Lord Kilmarnock, and pointed towards the soldier. The earl instantly descended to the street, and finding the man by that time just opposite to the window, went up to him, struck his hat off his head, and set hi? foot upon the black cockade. .\t 30 that instant, oue of the numerous Highlanders wJio itood upon the pavement, rushed forward, and violently pushed Lord Kilnmrnock from his place. The earl pulled out a pistol, and presented it at the Highlander's head ; the Highlander drew his dirk, and held it close to Kilmarnock's breast. In this posture they stood about half a minute, when a crowd of Highlanders rushed between the parties, and drove Kilmarnock away. The man with the dirk in his hand then took up the hat, put it on the soldier's head, and the Highlanders marched olf with him in triumph. This unaccountable pantomime astonished the prisoners, and they entreated an explanation from one of the insurgent officers who stood near. He answered, that the soldier was not in reality what he seeined, but a Cameron, who had deserted his regiment (the Scots Royals) during the conflict, to join the company of his chief, when he had been permitted to retain his dress and arms till he could be provided with the uniform of the clan. The Highlander who interposed was his brother, and the crowd that had rushed in was his clansmen the Camerons. Loid Kilmarnock, in presuming to interfere, even through ignorance, in the affairs of a clan, had excited their high displeasure ; " nor, in my opinion," conti- nued the ofHcer, " can any person in the Prince's army take that cockade out of the man's hat, except Locheil himself." After this victory, the government of St. James became more seriously alarmed, and raised large bodies of troops, which they sent to Scotland, under the Duke of Cumberland, who was well received in Edinburgh and over all parts of the Lowlands of Scotland, and was favoured in many parts of the Highlands, particularly in Argyleshire,and in Lord McDonald's family, and in the McLeod country, as well as by a great part of the Grants and the McKenzies. The Prince retired to the northernmost part of the Highlands, hoping that the large force, arms, ammunition, and treasure, which had been promised him from France, would arrive ; but the French government sent only trifling assistance, and even what they did supply came so slowly that it was of no avail to the unfortunate and disappointed Prince and his small army. The Bourbons, the descendants of that very French king who then reigned in France, experienced a similar disappointment in not receiving succour, from England, at the period of the Revolutionary War ofFrance, during the struggle in LaVandee. But the Highlanders had, on the Peninsula and at Waterloo, in conjunction with their more faithful allies (the English and Irish), an opportunity, which they did not neglect, of proving by their valour that they were worthy of better treatment from heir French friends. This should be a lesson to the Highlanders of America, to consider well whom they regard as friends, and the form of government best suited to their characters and liberties. he pavement, ice. The earl he Highlander lire they stood en the parties, then took up iff with him in y entreated an He answered, sron, who had I the company la till he could nterposed was he Canierons. lorance, in the pinion," conti- ;ockade out of came more ops, which •land, who irts of the arts of the [cDoii aid's great part lighlands, d treasure, Id arrive ; tance, and of no avail mall army. king who pointment iod of the aVandee. Waterloo, iglish and proving tnent from ghlanders friends, icters and CHAPTER III. The sad battle of Culloden, where England brought her best generals and her best troops, together with the Duke of Ar- gyle and his numerous and powerful clan of Campbells, and whole clans and parts of others, as well as a numerous force from the Lowlands of Scotland, against the small, half-armed, ill-supplied, and nearly famished army of the clans, under the Prince, affords an example of severe defeat, under great pri- vation and disappointment. Besides an abstinence from food, on the part of Charles and his followers, for the thirtj- six hours which preceded the battle, several of the clans, that were favourable to the Prince, did not arrive in time to be present at the engagement ; and the MacDonalds, who were the strongest clan, and who had always been on the right of the army, since the battle of Bannockburn, felt so much insulted by being deprived of that honour, which was their prerogative, that they refused to fight, cutting the ground with their swords, — an internal dissention, which, under the circumstances, we do not pretend to justify ; for it ought to be a principle with every true patriot, to sacrifice his private feelings for the good of his country. We shall here give Chambers' description of the battle of Culloden. The Highlander* returned, fatigued and disconsolate, to their former position, about seven o'clock in the morning, when they iuunediately addressed themselves to sleep, or went away in search of provisions. So scarce was food at this critical juncture, that the Prince himself, on retiring to Culloden House, could obtain no better refreshment than a little bread and whisky. He felt the utmost anxiety regarding his men, among whom the pangs of hanger, upon bodies exhausted by fatigue, must have been working eft'ects the most unpromising to his success ; and he gave orders, before seeking any repose, tiiat the whole country should now bo mercilessly ransacked for the means of refreshment. His orders were not without eft'ect. Considerable supplies were procured, and subjected to the cook's art at Inverness ; but the poor famished clansmen were destined never to taste these provisions — the hour of battle arriving before they were prepared. The moor of Culloden stretches away so far to the east, with so little irregularity and do few incumbent objects, that its termination escapes tlio eyesight, and tha horizon in that direction resembles that of a shoreless sea. It was about eleven in Iho forenoon, when the Highland guards first observed the dim level outline of the II: 321 It. :l: plain to blacken with the marching troops of the Dnke of Cmnbcriiiiid, whicf* seenu'il grrulualiy to rine nbovo and occupy the horizon, like tiie darkness of a coming storm dawning in the mariner's eye upon the distant waters. Notice of their approach being carried to the Prince, he instantly rose, and went out to tlw moor to pnt liimself at the head of his troops.* He tiiern exerted himself to col- lect his men from the varioii.s places to which they harl straggled, ordering a can- non to be tired as a signal for tlieir immediate assembling. IVIacdonaldof Keppoch and the Frarrcrs had joined that morning, to the great joy of the army ; and it was in 8.)mething like good spirits that they now prepared for the battle. VV^hen all had been collected that .seemed within call, the Prince found he had an army of about five thou.sand men, and these in very poor condition for fighting, to oppose a force reported as numerous again, supported by superior horse and artil- lery, and whose strength was uniujpaired either by hunger or fatigue. It seemed scarcely possible that he should overcome a host in every respect so nn'ch supe- rior to his own ; and various measures were proposed to him by his otlicers, for shunning battle in the mean time, and retiring to some position where their pecu- liar mode of warfare would avail against a regular army. But Charles, for reasons already stated, insisted upon immediate battle ; pointing out that the gross of tho army seemed in the highest degree anxious to come to blows, and that they would prob.i^'y fall off in ardour — perhaps altogether disperse — if tlie preaent opportu- nity were not seized. Active preparations were now, therefore, niade for that conflict, upon which the issue of this singular national contest was finally to depend. The insurgents were drawn up by O'SuUivan (at once I'leir adjutant and quarter-master-general) in two lines ; the right protected by the turf-enclosures around a rude farmstead, and their loft extending towards a sort of morass in the direction of Culloden House. The front line consisted of the following clan regiments, reckoned from right to left: — Athole, Cameron, Appin, Fraser, Mackintosh, Maclauchlan and Maclean (forming one), John Roy Stuart, Farquharson, Clanranald, Keppoch, Glengarry. The second, for which it was with difficulty that enough of men were found, comprised the Low country and foreign regiments, according to the following order : — Lord Ogilvie, Lord Lewis Gordon, Glenbncket, the Duke of Perth, the Irish, the French. Four pieces of cannon were placed at each extremity of the front, and as many in the centre. Lord George Murray commanded the right wing. Lord John Drum- mond the left, General Stapleton the second line. Charles himself stood, with a small body of guards, upon a slight eminence in the rear. While the insurgent army laboured under every kind of disadvantage, and were nctiiat ,'d by impulses of the most distracting and harrassing nature, that of the Duke of Cumberland moved with all the deliberation and security proper to a superior and more confident force. They had struck tlieir tents at live in the morning, •when, the commanders of the various regiments having received their instructions in writing, the general orders of the day were read at the head of every company in the line. These bore, in allusion to the misbehaviour of Falkirk, that if any per- Fons entrusted with the care of the train or baggage absconded or left their charge, they should be punished with immediate death, and that if any officer or soklici' failed in his duty during the action, he should be sentenceA. Another and more imporiant order was then given to the army. The superiority of the broadsword over the bayonet at Preston and Falkirk had given rise to much discussion among military men, and, during this « ter, niany suggestions had been made and dis- cussed in the public journals for putting the weapons of tho regular troops upon a par with those of the insurgents. It was reserved for the Duke of Cuuiberland eft'ectually to obviate the supposed superiority of the claymore and target. Ho had perceived that the greatest danger to which the regular troops were subjected in a charge of the Highlanders, arose from the circumstance, that the latter received his antagonist's point in his target, swayed it aside, and then had the defenceless body of the soldier exposed to his own weapon. The duke conceived, that il'each man, on coming witliin the proper distance of tlie enemy, should direct his thrust, * As he was qiiitiiaQ the house, the steward made up lo him, with information that dinner, " eonsisling; of a roasted R>dc of lanih and two fowls," was about to lie hjid upon the table. But lia asked the man if he would have Uiin sit duwu lo eat at such a niomeut, and, huiiijiy though he wa3, he iuiincdialcly hurni'd oul to the field. — Tlie Young ChevaHcr, 0. Whi tii4th). and the Scots Royals (the 1st), under the conmiand of the Earl Albemarle ; tho second, in the same order, Wolfe's (die 8th), Sempill's (the 2r)th), IJIyth's (the 20th), Ligo- nier's (the 48di), and Fleming's (the S-jth), commanded by General Huske ; the third, Blakeney's (the 27th), Battereau'.i,* Pulteney's (the 13th), and Howard's ((he 3dV led by Brigadier Mordaunt. The centres of all the regiments of the second line being behind the terminations of those of the first, and those of the third line occupying a similar position in regard to the second, the various bodies of which the army consisted were in a manner indented into each other. Betwixt every two regiments of the first lire were placed two caimon.'" The left flank was rotected by Kerr'.« dragoons (the 11th), under Colonel Lord Ancrum ; the right y a bog ; and Cobham's dragoons (the 10th) stood, in two detachments, beside the third line. The Argyle Highlanders guarded the baggage. The disposition thus made was allowed by the best military men of the period to have been altogether admirable, because it was impossible for the Highlanders to break one regiment without finding two ready to supply its place. The arrange- ment of the insurgent army was also allowed to be very good, upon a supposition that they were to be attacked. Duke William, full of anxiety for the event of the day, took the opportunity afforded by the halt to make a short speech to his soldiers. The tenor of his harangue, which has been preserved in the note-book of an English oflicer, shows, in the mo.st unequivocal manner, how apprehensive his royal highness was regard- ing the behaviour of his troops. Without directly adverting to Preston or Falkirk, he implored them to be firm and collected — to disniis.^ all remembrance of former failures from their minds — to consider the great object for which they were here, no less than to save the liberties of their country and the rights of their master. Having read a letter to them, which he said he had found upon the person of a straggler, and in which sentiments of the most merciless nature wore breathed against the English soldiery, he represented to them tliat, in their present circum- stances, with marshy ways behind them, and surrounded by an enemy's country, their best, indeed, their only chance of personal safety, lay in hard fighting. He was grieved, he said, to make the supposition that there could be a person reluc- tant to fight in the British army. But if there were any here who would prefer to retire, whether from disinclination to the cause, or because they had relations in the rebel army, he begged them in the name of Ciod to do ."^o. as he would rather face the Highlanders with 1000 determined men at his back, than have 10,000 with a tithe who were lukewarm. The men, catching enthusi;ism from his lan- guage, shouted " Flanders! Flanders!*' and impatiently desired to be led forward to battle. I * Croljc in ir-!9. 3i It was siiggpstcd to the tlnko at thl^ juncture that he should permit the men to dine, as it was now noarly one o'clock, then the usual time for their meal, and as liiey would not probaltly have another opportutiity of satisfying their hunger for several hours. But he decidedly r^-jccted the proposal. "Tiie men," he said, " will figiit better and more actively with empty bellies ; and, moreover, it would be a bad omen. Vou remember what a dessert they got to their dinner at Falkirk." The army now marched forward in complete battle-array, their fixed bayoneta glittering in the sun, their colours flying, and the sound of 100 drums rolling for- ward in defiance of the insurgents. Lord Kilmarnock is said to have remarked, on seeing the army approach, that he felt a presentiment of defeat, from the cool, oiderly, determined manner in which they marched. When within 600 yards of the Highland lines, they found the ground so marsliy as to take most of the regi- ments up to the ancles in water ; and, the artillery liorses then sinking in a hog, some of^ the soldiers slung their carbines, and dragged the carriages on to their proper position. Soon after, the bog was found to terminate upon the right, so as to leave that flank uncovered ; which being perceived by the all-vigilant duke, he ordered Pulteney's regiment to take its place beside the Scots Royals, and a body of horse to cover the whole wing in the same manner with the left. The army finally halted at the distance of 500 paces from the Highlanders. The day, which had hitlierto been fair and sunny, was now partially overcast, and a shower of snowy rain began to beat with considerable violence from tho north-east. The Highlanders, who had found the weather so favourable to them at Falkirk, were somewhat disconcerted on finding it against tliem at CuUoden ; the spirits of the regulars were proportionally raised. Charles saw and felt the disadvantage, and made some attempts, by manoauvring to get to windward of the royal army ; but Duke William, equally vigilant, contrived to coun':eract all his movements ; so that, after half an hour spent in mutual endeavours to outflank each other, the two armies at last occupied nearly dieir original ground. Whilst the.se vain manoeuvres were going on, an incident took place, which serves to show the spirit of self-devotion which animated the Highlnuders on this occasion. A poor mounUiineer, resolving to sacrifice his life for his Prince and liis clan, approached the lines of the English, demanded quarter, and was sent to the rear. As he lounged backwards and forwards through the lines, apparently very indilTerent to wh.it was going on, and even paying no attention to tlie ridi- cule with which the soldiers greeted his uncouth appearance, Lord Bury, son of the Earl of Albermarle, and aide-de-camp to the duke, happened ro pass m the dis- charge of his duties, when all at once tne Higlilander seized one of the soldiers' muskets, and discharged it at that officer ; receiving, next moment, with perfect in- difference, and as a matter of course, the shot with which another soldier immedi- ately terminated his own existence. He had intended to shoot the Duke of Cum- berland, but fired prematurely, and without eflTect, at an inferior officer, whose gaudy apparel seemed, in his simple eyes, to indicate the highest rank. There is a print, executed at the time, in which the beginning, middle, and end of the battle of Culloden are simultaneously represented. It is calculated to be of material service in pourtraying the various successive events of the action, and also in conveying a good idea of the ground and of the positions and appearance of the armies. The spectator is supposed to stand within the enclosures so often mentioned, and to look northward along the lines towards Culloden House and the Moray Firth. In the foreground, rather for the sake of giving a portrait of the hero of the day, than because this was his position, the artist has represented the duke on horseback, with a walking-cane extended in his hand, a star upon tlie breast of his long gold-laced coat, and his head, with its close curls and tri-cocked hat, inclined towards an aide-de-camp, to whom he is giving orders. The long compact lines of the British regiments, each three men deep, extend along the plain, with narrow intervals between: the two flags of each regiment rising from the centre ; the officers standing at the extremities with their spontoons in their hands, and the drummers a Uttle in advance, beating their instruments. The men have tri-cocked hats, long coats resembling the modern surtout, sash-belts from which a sword depends, and long white gaiters buttoned up the sides. The dra- goons exhibit still more cumbrous superfluity of attire ; their long loo.ne skirts fly- ing behind them as they ride, whilst their trunk square-toed boots, their massive 35 the men to lenl, and a» hunger for 1," he said, jr, it would X dinner at id bayoneta rolling for- I remarked, m the cool, 00 yards of of the regi- ig in a hog, on to their he right, so ;ilant duke, yals, and a left. The ly overcast, ;e from the )le to them Culloden ; >nd felt the ward of the iract all his to outflank 1. lace, which lers on this Prince and was sent to apparently to the ridi- jry, son of 1 ill the dis- [le soldiers' perfect in- er immedi- te of Cum- cer, whose le, and end ed to be of iction, and ippearance Bs so often House and trait of the jsented the r upon the tri-cocked The long along the rising from IS in their The men belts from The dra- i skirts fly. r massive stirrup-leathers, their huge holster-pistols and carabines, give altogether a degree of dignity and strength, much in contrast with the light fantastic hussar uniforms of modern times. The Highlanders on the otlier hand, stand in lines equally compact, and, like the regular regiments, each three men deep. Tlie only peculiarity in their dress, which is so well known as to require no general description, seems to be, that the philabeg, or kilt, is pulled through betwixt the legs, in such a way as to show more of the front ot the thigh than is exhibited by the modern specimens of that peculiar garment. They have musketa over their left shoulders, basket-hilted broadswords by their left sides, pistols stuck into their girdles, and a small pouch hanging down upon their right loin, perhaps for holding their ammunition. By the right side of every piece of ordnance, there is a cylindrical piece of wicker-work, for the protection of the artillerymen, all of whom appear to wear kilts, like tiic rest. The ground upon which the armies stand, is the plain swelling moor already described, out of which Culloden House raises its erect form, without any of the plantations wiiich now surround it. The spires of Inverness are seen upon the leA, close to the sea-shore. Upon the Moray Firth, which stretchen -'.wig the back ground of the picture, the victualling-ships ride at anchor, hke witnesses of the scene about to ensue ; and the magnidcent hills of Ross aise their lolly forms in the remoter distance. Such were tlie aspect and circumstances of the two armies, upon whose con- duct, during the ne.\t little hour, the future interests of Britain might in some measure be considered to depend. The action was commenced by the Highlaj-lei'g, who fired their cannon for a few minutes without being answered by the royal artillery. They had brought their guns to bear upon a point where, by night liavc been saved, and the attack would iiave been made with lines less broken, and a more uniform and siuuiltaneous iinpuUc. It was not till the cannonade had contimied nearly half an hour, and the High- landers had seen many of their kindred stretched upon the heath, that Charles at last gave way to the neccfsity of ordering a charge. The aide-de-camp entrusted to carry his message to the Lieutenant-General — ayouth of the name ol Maclauch- lan — war! killed by a cannon ball before he reached the first line ; but the general Bentiment of the army, as reported to Lord George Murray, supplied the want ; and that general took it npon him to cder an attack, without Charles's permission having been communicated. Lord (I'eorgc had scarcely determined upon ordering a general movement, when tl:e Macintoshes — a brave and devoted clan, though never before engaged in action — unable any longer to brook the unavenged slaughter made by the cannon, broke from the centre of the line, and rushed forward through smoke and snow, to min- gle with (he enemy. The Atholmen, Came'ons, Stewarts, Frasers, and Macleans, then also went on. Lord (Jeorge Murray heading thou) with that rash bravery bc- littmg :hc commander of such forces. Thus in tho course of one or two minutes, the charge was general along t.ie whole line, except at the left extremity, where the Macdonalds, dissatisfied with their position, hesitated to engage. It v»as the emphatic custom of the Highlanders, before an onset, to scnig their honncls — that is, to pull their little blue caps down over their brows, so as to ensure them against falling off in the ensuing 7nt/ce. Never, perhaps, was this motion performed with so much emphasis as on the present occasion, when every man's forehead burned with a desire to revenge some dear friend who had fallen a victim to the nnnderous artillery. A lowland gentleman, who was in the line, and who sur\-ived till a late period, used always, in relating the events of CuUoden, to com- ment, with a fealing of something like awe, upon the terrilfic and more than na- tural expression of rage which glowed on every face and gleamed in every eye, as he surveyed the extended line at this moment. It was an exhibition of terrible passion, never to be forgotten by the beholder. The action and event of the onset were, throughout, quite as dreadful as the mental emotion which urged it. Notwithstanding that the three files of the front line of English poured forth their incessant fire of musketry — notwithstanding that the cannon, now loaded with grape-shot, swept the field as with a hail-storm — not- withstanding the flank fire of Wolfe's regiment — onward, onward, went the head- long Highlanders, flinging themselves into, rather than rushing upon, the lines of the enemy, which, indeed, they did not see for smoke till involved among their weapons. All that courage — all that despair could do — was done. It was a mo- ment of dreadful and agonising suspense ; but only a moment — for the whirlwind does not reap the forest with greater rapidity than the Highlanders cleared the line. Nevertheless, almost every man in their front rank, chief and gentleman, fell bo- fore the deadly weapons which they had braved ; and altliough the enemy gave way, it was not till every bayonet ws bent and bloody wiUi the strife. When the first line had been thus swept aside, the assailants continued their im- petuous advance till they came near the second, when, being almost annihilated by a profuse and well-directed fire, the shattered remains of what had been but an hour before a numerous and confident force, began to give way. Still a few rush- ed on, resolved rather to die than forfeit their well acquired and dearly estimated honour. They rushed on : but not a man ever came in contact with the enemy. The last survivor perished as he reached the poincs of the bayonets.* *" The late Mr. Macdonald of Glenaladole told me some years ago that he saw John Mor Macgilvra, Major of the Macintoshes, a gun-i/iol past the enemy's cannon, and that he was surrounded by the reinforcements sent against the Macintoshes ; (hat he killed a dozi^n men with his broadsword, while some of the halberts were run into hi» body. When Cumberland heard of it, he said he would have given n great snm of money to have saved his life."-^ZicWer of Bishop Macintosh, MS. 1310. 37 Mnc(! from [inully held iiCliiirlos'i* vliorn that (! contrary, In silcnco iloiie so, a luive been lukc. thu Ifigh- Clmrlcrt at 1 entrusted Maclaucli- hc general the want ; permission lent, when d in action non, broko w, to niin- Macleans, iravery bc- minute;^, lity, where scnig their to ensure liis motion ,ery man's an a victim 3, and who ;ii, tocom- e than na- jry eye, as of terrible ful as the f tiie front inding that torm — not- t the head- he hues of nong their was a mo- whirlwind 2d the line, in, fell bc- lemy gave d their im- mnihilated 3en but an 1 few rush- estimated lie enemy. hat he saw y's cannon, ihes ; (hat re run into great Enm Tiic persevering and desperate valour displayed by the Ilighlaiuicrs on this oe- casion, is proved by tiie circumstance', that at one part of the plain, where a very vigorous attack had been made, tiicir bodies were afterwards found in tuycis Ihirc and four drcp • so many, it would appear, having in succession m< mted over;-, prostrate friend, to shani in the same inevitaide fate. The slaughter was parlicu- latly great amoii^ the brave Macintoshes ; insoiiincli, that the heroic lady who sent them to the lield, afterwards told the party by which she was taken prisoner, that only three of her olliccrs had escaped; While the rest of the clans were performing this brilliant though fatal charge, the Macdoiialds, as already stated, withheld themselves on account of their remov- al to the left wing. According to the report of one of their olliceis, tlie clan not only resented tiiis indignity, but considered it as omening evil fol■luni^ to the day; their clan never having fougiit elsewhere than on tlic right wing, since the auspi- cious field of liannockburn. The Duke of Perth, who was stationed amongst them, endeavoured to appease their anger by telling them, that if they fought with tlieir characteristic bravery, they vvoidd make the left wing a right, in which case he would assume for over after the honourable surname of Macdonald. But the in- sult was not to be expiated by this appeal to the spirit of clanship. Though induced to discharge their muskets, and even to advance some way, tiiey never made an onset. They endured the fire of the English regiments without flinch- ing ; only expressing their rage by hewing up the heath with their swords ; but they at last fled when they saw the other clans give way. Out of the whole three regiments, only one man is commemorated as having displayed conduct worthy of the gallant name wl:'ch he bore. This was the chieftain of Keppoch, a man of chivalrous character, ah'l noted for great private worth. When the rest of his clan retreated, Keppoch exe'aimed, with feelings not to be a])picciated in modern society, " My God, lia/e the children of my tribe forsaken me ! " — he then advanced, with a pisiol in one hand, and a clrawn sword in the other, resolved apparently to sacrifice his life to the offended genius of his name. He had got but a little way from his regiment, wlien a musket-Hhot brought him to the ground. A cl nisman of more than ordinary devotedness, who followed him, and with tears and prayers conjured hiin not to throw his life away, raised him, with the cheering a.ssurance that his wound was not mortal, and that he might still quit the field with life. Keppoch desired his faithful follower to take care of himself, and again rushing forward, received another shot, and fell to rise no more. When die whole front line of Charles's host had been thus repulsed, there only remained to him the liope that his Lowland and foreign troops, upon whom the wreck of the clans had fallen back, might yet make head against tlie English In- fantry, and he eagerly sought to put himself at Uieir head. But though a troop of the Irish picquets, by a spirited fire, checked the pursuit rt'hich a body of dra- goons commenced after the Macdonalds, and one of Lord Lewis Gordon's regiments did similar service in regard to another troop which now began to break flirough the enclosures on the right, the whole body gave way at once, on observ- ing the English regiments advancing to charge them. Their hearts were broken, with despair rather than with terror ; and they could only reply to his animating exclamations, "Prions — ochon ! — ochon !" — the ejaculation by which Highlanders express the bitterest grief. As fliey said this, they fled ; ror could all his entrea- ties, or those of his officers, prevail upon them to stand. It was, indeed, a complete rout. The mountaineers had done all Uiat their system o*" v/arfare taught them, and all that their natural strength had enabled them to perform ; they had found this vain ; and all that then remained was to withdraw. Charles saw the condition of his troops with the despair of a ruined gameste.-. He lingered on the field, in the fond hope that all was not yet lost. He even moved to charge the enemy, as it' his own single person could have availed against so big a destiny. Confounded, bewildered, and in tears, it required the utmost efforts of his attendants to make him forego his once splendid hopes by a retreat ; and he at last only left the field, when to have remained would have but added his own destruction to that of the many brave men who had already spilt their hearts' blood in his cause. The pursuit of the royal forces did not immediately follow the retreat of the insurgents. After the latter had withdrawn their shattered strength, the English regiments, upon many of which they had produced a dreadful impression, were 38 ordered to rosmno the ground where they hnd stood, and to dress their rank''. The ciriignon regiments, with whieli the duke imd culcuiuted to enclose tiie clmrging lligidunders us in a trup, were checked, uh already stated, by the thinks of the Princo'.s .second line : and they hud altogether heeii so severely handlerl by the insurgents," that it was some time ere they recovered breath or courage sudicieut to commence or Hustain a general pursuit. Tiie English drugoont< at length diil breuk forward, and join, as intended, in tho centre of the field, .so as to make a vigourou-. and united charge upon the rear of the fugitives. Charles's army then broke into two great bodies of unequal mag- nitude ; one of which took the open road for Inverness, while the other turned oif towards the south-west, crossed tlic water of Nairn, and found refuge among the hills. The state of the first of these divisions was the most disastrous, their route admitting of the easiest pursuit. It lay along an open moor, which the light horse of the enemy could bound over with the utmost speed. A dreadAil slaughter took place, involving many of the inhabitants of Inverness, who had approached the battle-ground from curiosity, and whose dress subjected them to the undis- criminating vengeance of the soldiery. Some of the French, who fled early, reached Inverness in safety ; but scarcely any who wore the Highland dress escaped. A broad pavement of oarnnge marked four out of the five miles inter- vening betwixt the battle-field and that city ; the last of the slain being found at u place called Millburn, about a mile from the extremity of the suburbs.t Some other portions of the retiring army displayed a self-protecting coolness nnd resolution.! The right wing, in its way to cross the river Nairn, met a large party of English dragoons which had been dispatched to intercept them. Such was the desperate fury of their appearance, that the troopers opened their ranks in respectful silence to permit them to pass. Only one man attempted to annoy the wretched fugitives. He was an oflicer, and dearly did he pay for his temerity. Advancing to seize a Highlander, the man cut him down with one blow of his claymore. Not content with this, the Highlander stooped down, and wi'.h the greatest deliberation, possessed himself of his victim's gold watch. He then joined the retreat, whilst the commander of the party could only look on in silence, astonished at the coolness of the mountaineer. Another Highlander signalised himself in a still more remarkable manner. He was a man of prodigious bodily strength ; his name Golice Macbane. When all his companions had lied, Golice, singled out and wounded, set his back against a wall, and, with his target and claymore, bore singly the onset of a party of * The Rev. Donald Mackintosh, usually called Bishop Mackintosh, writing in 1810, says, " Joha Miln.an old bellman in Edinburgh, is still alivs : he is one of the fifteen men whom our Clan Chattan left of Barrel's regiment at Culloden."—il/iS. in my possession." + Tradition at Inverness, confirmed by Mr. Home. " The battle was witnessed by many gentlemen (amaieurs) who rode from Inverness for that purpose— amons the rest, my grandfather, Mr. of , and Mr. Evan Baillie of Aberiachan. They took post upon a small hill, not far fiom where the Prince and bis suite were stationeJ, and there remained till dislodged by the cannon balls falling about them. In their retreat they passed through Inverness ; and at the bridge-end met the Frasers, under the Master of Lovat. These tiad not been in time for the battle ; hut the Master seemed very anxious to defend tiie passage of the bridge, and spoke much of fighting there. Mr. Baillie, who was a warm Jacobite, and rather t>>sty in his way, sternly addressed the master in these words, ' Fighting! bv G— , Master, you were not in the way when fighting might have been of service. You had better now say nothing about it !' " — From information eontrU}uted in writing by the editor of the Culloden Papers. t A strange instance of their cunning is commemmorated by Mr. Ray, a volunteer, who wrote an account of the insurrection. " In the flight," says he," I came up with !» pretty young Highlander, who called out to me, ' Hold your hand— I am a Camp- boll.' On which I asked him, ' Where's your bonnet?' — ' Somebody has snatched it off my head.' I mention this, to show hew we distinguished our loyal clans from the rebels, they being dressed and equipped all in one way, except the bonnet ; ours having n red or yellow cross or ribbon, iheirs a white cockade. He having neither of these distinctions, I desired him, if he was a Campbell, to follow me, which he promised ; but oa Ihs first opportuuiiy hs gave me the sUp." 39 rranki^. The the cliiirgiiig tluiika of tliu ndlefl by tlie gc suilicieut mded, in tlio 1 the rear uf nequul mag- other turned ifuge among their route e light horse All slaughter apjproached to the uudis- fled early, ^hlatid dress 1 miles inter- ing found at bs.t ing coolness met a large leni. Such i their ranks ed to annoy lis temerity, blow of his md wi'.h the He then r look on in nner. He le. When )ack against f a party of ting in 1810, )f llie fifteen MS. in my witnessed by — smoMR the ban. Thejr re stationeu, 1. In their rasers, under t the Master b of figbiing way, sternly re not in the say nothing 'he Culloden a volunteer, ame up with m a Camp- 3 snatched ic ins from tbe ours having her of these t promised ; dragoons. Pushed to desperation, ho made resistless .strokes at his enemies, who crowded and encumbered themsclvus to huvo each the glury of slaying him. " Save that bravo fellow !" was the unregard«d cry of some ollicers. Poor Macbane was cut to pieces, though not, it is said, till thirteen of his eueniies lay dead around him. The battle of Culloden is said to have lasted little more than forty minutes, most of which brief space of time was spent in distant firing, and very little in tlie active struggle. It was as complete a victory as puss-ible on the part of the royal army, thougii perhaps less praise is due to the victors than to the vampiished. The numbers of the former, and condition for fighting, were superior ; their artillery did so much fur them, and the plan of the battle was so much in their favour, that to have lost tlio day wopr(ilfiialailalo, wlio lia ing there to find ('aineron of (."innes, wiio was ap[)ointi'd to be a incdinin of for- wardiii}; tlio intelliiiencc to llie I'rince, wherever lie nii;,'ht tlien be. W'lieii (ileei- aladalo imd arrived at tlic place wiiere lie expected lo Hee (Miiiies, lie found that peutlenian removed lie knew not whither, in eon^ecpience of some alarm from Iho military, who had destroyed his hut. Ueing himself altogether ignorant of Charles' present hiding-place, (Jlenaladale was thrown by this accident into a state of great 1)er|)lexity and distress, for he reflected that, if the I'rince did not miicKly come to jO<;hnannagh, the vessels might be obliged to nail without him. lie was wander- ing about in this state of mind when he encountered an old woman, who chanc(>(l to know the place to which (Munes had withdrawn. Having obtained from her thia information, he immediately communicuted with (Munes, who instantly despatched the faithful Maccoilveen to convey the intelligence to (^luny, that it might be by him imparted to the Prince. Glenaladale then returned to inform the Frencii otHcera that they tnigiit expect ere long to be joined by the royal wanderer. Before the arrival of the Prince, a considerable number of gentlemen and others had assembled, in order to proceed in tlie vessels to France. Amongst those vvero young Clanranald, Cilenaladale, ftfacdonald of Dalely and his two brothers.— Charles waited upwards of a day, to allow of a few more as.scmbliiig, and he then (Saturday, September 20) went on board L'llereux, accompanied by Lociicil, Lochgarry, John Roy Stuart, and Dr. Cameron. From the ve-scl he wrote a let- ter to Cliiny, informing him of his embarkation, and of the excellent Htate inwhicli he found the vessels. Twenty-three gentlemen, and a luindrcd and ."even UKsn of common rank, are said to have sailed with him in the two ships. " The gentlemen, as well as commons, leere seen to tcccp, though they boasted of being soon back with an irresistible force." The unparalleled tale of the Prince's wanderings is now concluded. For upwards of five months he had skulked as a proscribed fugitive through the mountains and seas of the West Highlands, often in the most imminent danger of being taken, and generally exposed to very severe personal hardships ; yet he eluded all search, and never lost his health or spirits in any fatal degree. The narrowness of his own escapes is shown strikingly in the circumstance of so many persons being taken immediately after having contributed to his safety. Tlio reader must have already accorded all desirable praise to the people who, by their kindness and fidelity, had been the chief means of working out his deliveriince. — Scarcely any gentlemen to whom he applied for protection, or to aid in effecting his movements, refused to peril their own safety on his account; hundreds, many of whom were in the humblest walks of life, had been entrusted with his secret, or had become aware of it ; none had attempted to give him up to his enemies.* Thirty thousand pounds had been offered in vain for the life of one human being, in a country where the sum would have purchased a princely estate. The con- duct of the Prince himself under his extraordinary dangers and hardships, is allowed by all who gave their personal recollections of it, to have been marked by great caution and prudence, as well as by a high degree of fortitude, and a cheerfulness which no misery could extinguish. Perhaps the testimonies to his cheerfulness arc only too strong, and might lead to a conclusion dilferent from that intended by the witnesses, namely, that he was scarcely considerate enough of the wretched- ness which his ambition had occasioned to others. Here, however we are met by the strong expressions of sympathy for those injured in his cause, which he uttered ill U ers, th*' upon chan with of hi Hums advt to l)F ing to'hi * Much as we must admire the fidelity of the Highlanders nn this occasion, il would not be just to human naiure to say, thai il is wilhoul parallel. M. Ucrryer, tha elo- quent partisan of the lallen dynasty of France, ai his trial, Octolier 16, 1S32, mentioned that, in the Vendean campaign of that year, the Duchesse de IJctri ciiuiiged her abode nut less than three or four limes a week, that every change was known lo eight or ten liersons at least, and yet, iu the course of six mouths, uol a single perbon betrayed the hououralile confidence reposed in linu.] 41 ! Fienoh not' Y Miicdoiifiltl ("or tlic pur- niicli vcfssrls. nry, rxpect- 'iliiuii of )()i- Wlien (ilen- n loiitiil th;it iriii I'niin the itofClmrles' tttto of great My come to was waiuler- vho chanced •d from her ho iriHtantly luny, tliat it d to inform by tlio royal n and others t those vvero brothers.— and lie then by Loclieil, wrote a let- :ate in which jven men of } gentlemen, [ soon back litded. For ihroiigh the It danger of lips ; yet he gree. The of 80 many fety. The ho, by their iverancc. — in effecting Ireds, many his secret, 8 enemies.* man being, The con- , is allowed cd by great leeriulness leerfulness ntended by i wretched- ire met by he uttered in Raasny and Skye. It is uIho expressly staled by novoral ofliiH fellow-adventur- erH, that lie put on appearanc«.s ot cheerfulness, on various occasion-i, to keep up the spirits of those aninnd lain. His conduct throughout bis wanderings a[)p(;ars, upon the whol(>, creditable to him, whatever shades may have settled upon his character at a Inter period. That it entirely pleased the gentlemen who associated with hiui, is abundantly evident. All of these, in tlu'ir various narratives, speak of him witii the greatest admiration. The Rev. John (.'ameron, in particular. Hums up with the following panegyric : — " lie submitted with patience to his adverse fortune ; was cheerful ; anil freipteiilly desired those who were with hiui to bo so. He was cautious when in the greatest danger ; never at a loss in resolv- ing what to do. He regretted more the distress of those who sulfer, and there beinj? no colleges at that period, in Scotland, for tlie education of Catholic students, yonnu: <»h'na- ladale, uho was hut a child when his father was engaged in supporting the Prince, was sent to llatisbon, in Germany, to pursue his studies. He made extraordinary progress in them, and very soon attained an eminence among his competitors, lie could read, write, and s|)ealc seven languages Tiuently ; and on his return to Scotland, he was considered one of the most finished gentlemen and perfect scholars, in his part of the country. The estates of Clanronald, one of the chief branches of the great clan MacDonald, are situated u[)on the dee[)ly indented coast of Scotland, and at the period when every Highland Chief was in fact a patriarchal sovereign, and every clan was ready, and, indeed, compelled in many cases to protect itself and its country by the sword, they were surrounded on three sides by numerous and powerful clans, some of whom were from time to time in a state of feud, or hostility with the Ca- merons. A strong and well-guarded frontier then became as necessary to the safety of a single sept, as it can be now to that of an independent state or empire. It was while such a state of things existed in all its primitive vigour, that there seems to have raged a vehementfeiid, between the MacDonalds on the one side, and the Camerons of Lochiel,. who occnpied a locality to the south-east of the Clanronald countr}', on the other. The frontier })asses on the side of the MacDonalds were those of Clenaladalc and Glenfinnen. The Camerons were powerful, determined, active, and daring enemies, and consequently, both able, and inclined to be ex- ceedingly troublesome neighbours, to those with whom they were at enmity. Hence, the Chief of Clanronald was led to adopt the policy, (then by no means uncommon,) of giving the estates of Glenaladale and Glenfinnen to a younger son of his own, who was of a fearless, and warlike disposition, on the condition that he, and his descendants, were to protect the 13 naliidale eriod, in ii; (ilciia- ?ajufe(l in many, to in tliem, ipetitors. •iy ; and the most rt of the es of the indented [ighland chin was ect itself on three om were I the Ca- ?came as now to primitive between Lochiel,. inronaki c of the ■n. The I daring to be ex- lom they as led to iving the an of his , on the otcct the border of the Clanronahl country against fbe inciirsionH of their resilcss ami powi.'rfiil neighboiii's. In (*(>ns(M|iien<'(> of (his speciirs of domt.'stic compact, or ailiaiici*, the (ilcnaliuiaje branch of the family became the hereditary guardians of Clan- ronald ; the natural managers of their affaus, and the prescrip- tive representativi's of their person in thc> military musters of the Clans, whenever cir<-umstances rendered it ex|)edient that any such transfer of the active sway of tlie (Jhief to another should take; place. It was u[)on this princii)le, and by virtue of (his compact, that many changes took place in (he his(oiy of (he clan. — Alexander MicDonald of (ilenahulale, ocj-asionally commanded with tli(! rank of Major, in the absence of his (/hief, the (Jlan- ranald Highlanders, who were embodiiul in (he service of Charles Stuart. It was upon one of Glenaladale's estates, (ilenfinnen, (at a spot when? a monument now st.inds, which was erec(cd to perpetuate the recollection of the attachment of Highlanders to Royalty,) that the stanilard of the luckless and hapless (Jhevalier was raised. The last time the standard of (he lloyal Stuart was unfurled, was in the prest nee of Clcn- garry, Lochiel, (jJlenaladale, and the other Highland and Low- land Nobleujen and Chiefs who had met in the above-mentioned place to receive the " Son of a hundred Kiuv^sy It was (he same (jlenaladale who had accompanied (lie Clanronald corps, in their romantic advance inf) the heart of liUgland, and fought with them at the battles of Trestonpans, I'idkirk, and finally, on the decisive field of ('ulloden Moor ; and it was simply, and naturally, as the result of the same connexion, that Ins Son, Ca|)tain MacDonald, of (ilenaladale, with the hope of protect- ing a large number of Catholic tenantry, becauie their guar- dian, by directing, for a short period of great diliicnlty, the affairs of his relative and friend, the young Chief of Claina- nald ; and it was for his sound judgment, varied learning, and high rank and standing among the ('hieftains of (he C'lanro- nald family, (hat he was thus selected as the " Crt.s7alhousie, — the latter so called in honour of Lord Dal- housio, a name that will be long remembered and cherished in America, on account of the many virtues of the nobleman who bore it. Lord Dalliousie's strict attention to the affiiirs of his Government has been productive of the moat beneficial results It has been remarked of him, that, like the Duke of Wellington, he never forgot to answer the letters even of the poorest indivi- duals. Such men do much to consolidate the power of Eng- land in America ; indeed the same may with truth be said of all our Governors and Admirals, particularly those appointed by the Conservative Ministry of the Mother Country. The name, alone, of Admiral Sir George Cockburn, fills the mind of every British subject in America with the proudest recollec- tions, and our souls with the prayer to God, and to our beloved and gracious Queen, that we may always be blessed with Go- vernors, Admirals and Generals of the Wellington and Nelson school, whose public conduct and energetic measures have proved so highly beneficial to their country. General David Stewart, of Garth, who died when Governor of Saint Lucia, and the present Chief of the Highland Society of Saint John, New Brunswick, Sir Archibald Campbell, had, I have understood, long since oflered Government to accom- ])any and direct an extensive emigration of Highlanders to America ; in all parts of which they could not fail to meet some of their countrymen, and experience their friendly assist- ance and sympathy. The following are, as nearly as I can learn, the principal Scotch Presbyterian Congregations in New Brunswick. In the City of Saint John there are from three hundred to fou hundred families ; in Kingston there are about one hundred families ; in the Parish of Saint James, Charlotte County, about one hundred and fifty families ; Saint Andrews, in Charlotte County, one hundred and fifty families ; '■ ill War, dis- (ireat Bri- , or Black eard with ooke, the Province, Hegimeut, ? feelings, ir attacii- '^r Lower ' fishing- vantages, worthy of Bathurst jord Dal- rished in man who irs of his il resuhs ellington, }st indivi- of Eng- >e said of ppointed •y. The the mind recoUec- r beloved with Go- d Nelson •cs have Governor Society ell, had, accom- nders to to meet y assist- is I can Lions in ire from here are James, ; Saint Umilies ; 49 at Digdcgnash, one hundred families, and the same numhcr at Magngnaduvic. In Sunbury County there are one hundred and fifty families; and many settlers of Scotch origin on the Nashwaak, in York County. There are also respectable i*rcs- bytcriau congregations at Fredericton, (the Seat of Covern- ment in the Province,) and at Newcastle and Chatham, (Miru michi,)] each consisting of many respectable families. The same may be said of Richibucto, Restigouche, Dalhousic, Dor- chester, Norton, and the various districts on the River Nash- waak. The land in the vicinity of most of these places is very fertile, as well as at Woodstock, on both sides of the great Ri- ver Saint John, the Kennebeckasis River, and on most of the numerous rivers of this Province. The back lands are in ge- neral the most productive. The sea coast, however, from the great abundance offish, is more suitable to emigrants from the Western Islands, and the west coast of Scotland, as well as from the fishing districts of England and Ireland, whose emigrants will, it is hoped, mrn their attention to the sea coasts of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. For, al- though my original intention was to dwell particularly on Scotch affairs, the principal object of this publication is, if possible, to be of service to those persons who may not have had access to better sources of information, whether English, Irish, or Scotch. The following Memorandum of the uugranted Government Land in New Brunswick, has been obtained from the Office of the Surveyor General of the Province, and may, for correct- ness, be relied on : • MEMORANDUM. The ProvinceofNe\v-Bmnswickcontain:<.il)oul 10,500,000 acres, and is dividiK! into tliirtecn counties. Upwards of 10,000,000 of acres arc yet vacant and in tii« liands of government. Say about as follows : — In Restigouclie and Gloucester Counties, ... 1,828,000 Nortlminbcrland, 2,21(5,000 Kent, ■' 552,400 VVestmoiland, 532,0()(» Saint John, 12i),00() Charlotte, 480,000 King-s, 244,000 • tlueen's, 470,000 Suubury, 413.000 Yoru, 1,280,000 Carieton, 2,080,000 The four last-montioned Counties are inland, and upon the River St. John. — All the others h;ive extensive sea-boards and nuulGro^:^ harbours and fisiiiug-stations. The ])opulation of the Province may now be reckoned at KJO.OOO, and is rapidly increasing. In consequence of the decrease in the i)rice of timber, the agriculture of the country is of late nmch better attended to. The .soil is in gtsncral excellent. and the only disadvantage as compared vvitii the United Kingdom, is the length of our winters, during which, farming operations are necessarily suspended, from the severity of the frost and the depth of snow. But exp(;ricncc has fully proved 7 % 50 tliut iiidtiHlry ami applirution iiivnriably secure a romforluUe ami siifFicieut -Jiihsist- eiire to tlie settler at once, and in the course ul' eight or ten yearn, comparative alllnencc. (ireat numbers of the very poorest emigrants from Great Britain have arrived here within the last fifteen years, anil though without any otiier capital, than Ihoir own ability to work at firt-t, tliey are now generally in the possession of farms vary- ing from one to two and three hundred acrea each, with a good proportion under cultivation. The price of government land is Ss. currency, or 2s. 6d. sterling, but those emi- grants who have not the ability to pay immediately, are allowed three years credit, and those v\ ho pay down the full purchase money, a discount of one-filih for prompt payment. The best metliod of settling in the wilderness, is by forming a^isociations of at least twenty persons or upwards, together — wbo make selection of some choice situation; and as the country is well intersected with roads and streams, there is no difficulty in at once obtaining eligible situations in every county. Within the last two years, the Provincial Government has caused extensive Surveys to be made of the iinest lands, for the accommodation of Immigrants and young men, natives of the country ; and additional iSurveys will be made wherever required. As the Government is now most anxious to promote the agricultural interests of the Province, every possible facility is given to encourage and assist in the forma- tion of new settlements, inconsequence of which, numerous companies of thirty, forty, and even seventy persons each, have been settled and located upon Crown Lands during the present sedson. And tiiey are not required at present to make any payment whatever for the land, and the price agreed upon to be ultimately paid is only 3s. per acre, and 3d. to defray the cost of Survey. Stiptcmber 22, 1842. REGULATIONS FOR THE DISPOSAL OF CROWN LANDS IN THE PnOVlNCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK. By order of His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor in Council, 11th May, 1843. 1st. — Public Sales of Crown Lands will be held, as occasion may require, on the first Tuesday in every month, by the Surveyor General, in his office at Fredericton, and by a Deputy Surveyor thereunto specially appointed for each County. 2d. — All applications must be addressed by Petition to His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor, and transmitted either by the Applicant or through the I^ocal Deputy, under cover to the Surveyor General, and accompanied by a Report from the Local Deputy, describing the Land, and setting forth whether it is required for actual Settlement, together with such other information as iio may deem necessary to be communicated. 3d. — If the application be approved of, and the Land applied for be not already surveyed, a Warrant 'vill forthwith issue to authorize the Survey to be executecl, on guarantee to the Surveyor, for the expenses of Survey, according to such Regulations and at such Rates as may be prescribed for Surveys in the Depart- ment of the Surveyor General ; and where the applications for Land in any locality may bw numerous, care will be taken that tlie charges be proporlionably reduced. 4th. — On the return of the Survey duly executed, the description of the Land, the time and place of Sale, and the upset price, will be announced in the Royal Gazette, and also by Handbills to be publicly posted in the County where the land lies, at least twenty days previous to the day of sale ; and the charges for all such Surveys shall be paid down by the Purchaser or his Agent at the time of sale, in addition to such part of the Purchase Money as will be required, or the Sale to be null and void. 5th. — If the Land applied for should have been previously surveyed, the like notice of the time and place of Sale, &c., be forthwith published, and three pence 51 ■a! eicnt -iib.sist- coinparutive lavc arrived it, tiian tlioir " (arms vary- ortion under It those emi- vuars crodit, I) for prompt iations of at ioiiie choice kitis, there is ;d extensive ligrunts and le wlierover interest:* of 1 the fornia- ies of thirty, pon Crown unt to make ultimately ,ANDS Mmj, 184:j. require, on 3 office at ud for eacli ellency the hrough the anied by a th whether ation as he not already e executed, to such he Depart- ind in any portionably the Land, the Royal where the charges for it the time ired, or the d, the like hree pence per acre, Survey money, paid down hy the Purchaser or his Agent at the limn of fcJale, in addition to the part of the Purchase Money required as before, or the •Sale to be null and void. Gth. — To facilitate these arrangements, otitlino Maps of the several Counties are to be made as soon as practicable, for the use of the Surveyor General and Deputy Surveyors, and for the information of the public, on which are to be recorded the situation and limits of the Lauds when Surveyed and advertised for Sale. 7th. — The upset price of all Crown Lands for actual settlement is to be not less than three shillings (23. Gd. sterling) an acre, exclusive of the charge for surveying the same. Twenty-five per cent, of the sale price to be paid down, and the remainder to be payable in three equal annual Instalments, to be secured by Bond of the purchaser; each Instalment to bear interest at six per cent, per anniiin, from and after the day the same becomes due. Purchasers who may pay down the full purchase money at the time of Sale will bo allowed a deduction or discount of one fidh for prompt payment. 8lh. — No consideration or allowance whatever will be made on account of un- authorized improvements on Crown Lands which shall not have been commenced or made on or before the first day of May of this present year, but the allotments with such improvements will be sold in the same manner as other Crown Lands. 9th. — In cases of the Sales of Land where improvements may have been made prior to the first of May, and where the occupier is not the purchaser, tlie Survey- or General or Deputy Surveyor will value the same, subject to an appeal by Pe- tition to the Governor in cases of objection to such valuation ; and the purchaser ."•hall be required to pay such valuation on the day of Sale to the persons entitled thereto, or in cases of appeal, to deposit the same, in addition to the Purchase and Survey Money, as herein before provided. 10th. — All Local Deputies making Sales under these Regulations are required to make a return tliereof to the Surveyor General within fourteen days after such Sales respectively, and of all Bonds which he may have taken fi)r securing tho payment of Instalments. 11th. — Every such Deputy is tlso required to transmit within thirty days after such Sales respectively, a Duplicate of the said return to the Receiver General, and to remit to him all Monies received on account of such Sales, except the sums paid for Surveys and deposited for improvements, of which he is to render an nccoiint; and he will be allowed to retain for his remuneration a commission of five per cent of the Purchase Money so received — such per centage is in no case to exccv-d in the whole the sum of XlOO per annum. And the Receiver General shall within six days after his receipt of such return and remittance, render to the Surveyor General a copy of the return duly authenticated. 12lli. — Where the Purchase Money has been paid down under the conditions of the 7th Clause, a (Jrant will immediately pass to the Purchaser, but in other cases an occupation Ticket will be issued to him on the day of sale, signed by the Surveyor General ; such Ticket will not give any power or authority to the occu- pant to cut and remove from his allotment any Timber or Logs until all the Pur- chase Money is paid, but allTimber and Logs so cut will be liable to seizure, luilcss paid for according to existing Regulations for the disposal of Croun Tim- ber and Lumber; in which case the amount so paid shall be carried to the credit of the Purchaser and towards the liquidation of the Instalments which remain due or unpaid for the said allotment. llkfi. — Every Deputy authorized to perform the foregoing duties will be re- quired to give a Bond to the Queen, with two approved securities, in the penal sum of £400, conditioned for the faithful perlbrniaiico of his duty. 14th. — No Deputy shall be permitted, either directly or indirectly, during the roiitiniiance of his oHicial employment, to purchase or be in any manner iniercst- ed in any Crown Lands whatsoever. IStii. — Where large parties of Settlers may associate and make application for the purchiise of Tracts of Wilderness Lands, hi situations distant from any settle- ments already formed or in progress, and to which coiniiuinications may not have been opened through the Eorcst, they will set forth in (heir Petitions, and the Sur- veyors in ihcir Reports, all such particulars ; and when the dithculties to be over- tome may require greater facilities than arc provided for in tUc forpgoing Regnla- 4\ 52 llo^^• llir r;\?c. will be ici^crvcfl for tlii« special consitlrralioii of llio Licnlctiiint Go- vernor and (7o!iiiri! ; niid wlipii hiu;Ii particH may ♦engage to dofray tlio chargfis of »y (he ;l-^Scotiu in^ iiicii, that of I attach- lilitia of of is;w, h at tlie through- loyod in LHlatioiis CHAPTER V. ortunhy ; proviii- ^aiii into lie viola- cniiincd erocs of alavera, abitanta inroads nue the redres.s- , which Dromofo . Such -•atiojial ^clings tions of result Normal sate for I In the year 177;J, Sir William Johnson induced a lart;e num- ber of emigrants, from Glengarry and Knoydart, in the West Highlands, to settle in the then British Province of New-York. They took up their position on the borders of the Mohawk River. After the breaking out of the American Revolutionary War, tlie Americans tried every means in their power to persuade them to remain in the country ; but when they found that coaxing, entreaties and threats were alike disregarded by the King's subjects, they arrested several of the influential men, and imprisoned them. Thus they attempted to effect by brute force wliat was abhorrent to the feelings of these faithful people, and what, therefore, they would not consent to, namely, to make themselves traitors to their King. They most indignantly and contumeliously rejected the advice, disdaining to consort or have any part with rebels — with men who had fallen away from their political faith. The Mohawk Scotch settlers remonstrated with the disaffected on behalf of their King, but their remonstrances proving vain and useless, they refused to continue under a government which was hostile to any demonstrations of loyalty to England, and succeeded in eflecting their own release, and under the guidance and command of Sir John Johnston, son to Sir William, they fought their way to the banks of the Saint Lawrence. During this expedition they suffered incredible hardships, both by hunger and fatigue ; living chiefly upon the flesh of their horses and dogs, and, when that failed them, upon the roots of tlie forest. On their arrival in Canada they were formed into a corps under Sir John Johnston, and called " The Royal Emigrants," and their services in the field contributed in a great degree to the preservation of the Canadas. At the conclusion of the War, as a reward for their services, and in compensation for their losses, lands were granted them in Upper Canada, and they located themselves, some on the Niagara frontier ; some on the Bay of Quebec ; some on the shores of the Saint Lawrence, in what is now called the .Tohnstown District ; and others in the Eastern District, in those counties now known by the names 5C) of filcnp;arry nn(l, ?stric(iiij; 3I1S, aii(i hs of tlio the naval the regii- Amorica ive years, c cost of oportion. mhjccted ?ncc was, *rovincc.s ed States u'ds that e flowed, was, that !(! Slates, ders and itation of exacliug- nnent in nt their n tlu'cat- ingdonis and des- Scotland. ntlemen a loyal }mselvcs igarry — is clans- ecretary cdoncl), nt I^ady laladale ted and cngarry Itegiinent, to serve in any part of Cireat liritain and Ireland, or in the Inh's of Jersey and (iiiernsey. The «-oinniainl was f?iven to (ilengarry, whose inlliieiiee as Chiel', with hi^ nmiie- rous, hravj', and devoted elansnien, an.">, the I'irst (ilengarry llegiment was ordered to th<' Island of (iiiernsey, then thi('aten^ during the whole of the Iiish troubles. The good conduct of the men, together with the activity, derived from tluMr mountainous habits, induced the (Government to employ (he <«lengarry Regiment in the most disturbetl parts of the country, in the ('ounties of Wexford and Wicklow, and in the Hills and Morasses of C'onnemara, where during the rebellion, and for souie time after it was put down, a numi)er of deserters took refuge, accompanied by the most desperate of the rebels, yet at large. Issuing from their fastnesses dining the night, (h(;y harrassed the peaceai)le iniiabitants, plundering their habitations, and burning their houses and out-tenements. Mr. Macdonidl, their Chaplain, accompanying the men in the field, by the influence of his oflice, prevented those excesses so generally committed by the soldiers of other regiments, especially by those of the native Yeomamy Corps, and which rendered tliein alike the terror and detestation of the insurgent inhabitants. Mr. Macdonell found many of the Catholic Chapels in the counties of Wicklow, Carlow, and Wexford, turned into stables for the horses of the Yeomanry. These he caused to be cleansed and restored to their original sacred use, perform- ing Divine Service in them himself, ami inviting the Clergy and Congregations to attend, who had mostly been driven into the mountains and bogs, to escape the cruelties of the Yeomanry, and such of the Regular Troops as were under the counnand of prejudiced or merciless olUcers. The poor, deluded, and terrified inhabitants returned with joy and thankfulness to their ('hapels and homes, as soon as assurance of protection was aflbrded them Iron) ijunrters and by persons who had no interest to deceive then). The above-menti(nied district, which Ijy its peculiar fastnesses had become the resort of the desperate characters alluded to, was by the promptness and activity of Col. Macdonell and his Highlanders, quickly cleared of its troublesome tenants ; and aided by the humane endeavours of ^fr. Macdonell, to allay the fears, and soothe the feelings of the public, it soon became as peaceable and tranquil, as it had been turbulent and disturbed. 8 58 During the short peace of Amiens, in 1802, forly-foiir of the Scotch Fensible Regiments were disembodied and among them the Glengarry Highlanders. The Right Honorable Henry Addington, then Prime Minis- ter of England, when passing a most complimentary tribute to the character and brilliant services of the Glengarry Regi- ment, took that opportunity to express his disapproval of the proposed settlement of that valiant body of men in Canada, as he was under the impression that the British Government liad but a slight hold of that part of the King's dominions. Notwithstanding the many vexatious impediments which had been thrown in the way of tlie friends and relatives of the disbanded Glengarry Regiment to prevent them from emigrat- ing to Canada, they proved that a willing mind is able to surmount any work, however arduous and difficult it may be. The Glengarry Regiment was afterwards re-organized in Canada, and did its part in saving the Provincv-S from the Americans in 1812, and from the rebels in McKenzie's wicked and traitorous attempt to overthrow the British power in Canada. It is but justice to the Glengarry Highlanders that I should relate the scenes of their glory, and enumerate the names of those places where they emulated the spirit of their forefathers, and bore through in triumph the meteor flag of England — their only watchword being Death or Victory. The Glengarry Regiment were employed on the frontier of Canada, from Quebec to Sandwich, during the whole of the war of 1812, '13, '14 and '15, with the United States of America, and were at the taking of many towns and garrisons, and in several general battles with the enemy. They were daily, and almost hourly engaged with the Americans, in skirmish- ing, or in cutting off some of their posts or picquets ; and were always the first in the field, and the last to leave it. Their skill in the art of war was first put to the test, at the taking of a blockhouse at Fort Corrington, in the United States, under the command of Major (now Colonel) MacDonell ; next at the capture of the town and fort at Ogdensburg, where they took fourteen cannon, a great number of small arms, and other booty. They next distinguished them&elves at the taking of Oswego, in the United States, and of Sacket's Harbour, at the sanguinary battle of York, Upper Canada, where they fought like lions. They lost three companies, with their officers, at the landing of the Americans at Fort George. They were also at the battle of Stoney Creek, at the Cross Roads, Lundy's Lane. At this point they behaved in a manner and fought with a cool- ness which would have reflected honour upon veteran troops of the line, leaving behind them fearful evidences of the havoc they made among the ill-fated enemy. When the action com- menced, they were the only troops on the ground, and although I 59 •ty-four of ul among Tje Minis- ry tribute rry Kegi- val of the I Canada, vernment ^minions, /hich had ^88 of the \ emigrat- is able to t may be. anized in from the 's wicked power in : I should names of refathers, NGLAND rontier of )le of the America, , and in re daily, skirmish- and were t. it, at the d States, ell ; next lere they ind other aking of ir, at the y fought ficers, at vere also y's Lane, h a cool- n troops le havoc ion com- ilthongh they were constantly engaged, and under a tremendous and destructive fire, from six o'clock P. M. until one o'clock the next morning, (lying under arras all night,) they stood like a wall of adamant, against those showers of shot and ball, without giving way a single inch. They had prepaied to attack the «nemy next morning, but the latter crossed the Chippewa, and destroyed the bridge, so that their pursuers could not follow, to give them further proofs of Glengarry valour, until the following day. The loss on both sides was not less than TUREE THOUSAND. Thc Glcugarry men took one gun from the enemy, whose force amounted to 7000, while their own num- bers did not at any time exceed 1500. On the 17th of Septem- ber, 1814, they lost eight hundred men, and their whole line was so closely pressed that they were only enabled to stand the repeated charges of the enemy by disputing every inch of the blood-deluged field with the point of the bayonet. At last the enemy retreated, and found safety in flight from a renewal of the vengeance of the invincujlk Highlanders. After the battle, one of the Glengarry men and an American were found lying dead side by side, having run each other tliiough the body with their bayonets. Those brave llighlandors had been in fourteen general engagements. At the last, whicli took place at Cook's Mill, two balls passed through the cap of Lieutenant (afterwards Colonel) Angus MacDonell, and his two sergeants were killed by his side, one immediately after the other. The loss during the whole of the sei-vice of this corps, was about two thousand, — than whom more brave and noble fellows never brandished a clayuiore. When the American fleet was landing several thousand troops near Fort George, Upper Canada, — who were oj)poscd only by three companies of the Glengarries, part of the 49th, and part of the 8th, or King's, — John MacDonell, after having ■expended all his ammunition, rushed forward to the bow of the boats, and drove the naked steel, up to the muxxle of his firelock, into the bodies of his foes, until he had dispatched five or six of them. Upon looking round, and finding himself alone, he joined his few surviving companions. It was at all times most difficult for the oflicers to restrain the headlong daring and unbounded courage of this brave soldier. The horrors of the carnage and the terrific roaring of the cannon had no terrors for him — his King and his country were the stake for which he fought and bled. At the battle of Lundy's Lane, Sergeant Alexander Mac- Donell stepped up to the Colonel, and said, "We should make a dash upon that cannon, which is in our front, and which is doing us great damage." But the night being extremely dark, and the cannon being supported by numerous columns, the attempt was not made ; as it would have been madness to attack the offensive piece of cannon. 60 I beg here to submit an extract from Graham's History of North America : — "T):irin£? the whole period of her controversy with Great Britain, America was derivinj^ a coutinuai increase of strength from domestic growth and from the flow of European emigra- tion. Ilcr territories presented varieties of human condition, and diversified attractions adapted to ahuost every imaginable peculiarity of human taste — from scenes of peace and repose, to circumstances of romantic adventure and interestijig danger — from the rudeness and solitude of the forest, to the refine- ments of cultivated life, and the busy hum of men in flourish- ing, populous, and improved communities — from the lawless liberty of the black settlements, to the dominion of the most severely moral legislation that ever prevailed among mankind. No complete memorial has been transmitted of the particulars of the emigrations that took place from Europe to America at this period ; but (from the few illustrative facts that are actually preserved) they appear to have been amazingly copious. — Within the first fortnight of August 1773, thirty-five thousand emigrants arrived at Philadelphia, from Ireland ; and from the same document which recorded this circumstance, it appears that vessels were arriving every month, freighted with emi- grants from Holland, Germany, and especially from Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland. About 7000 Irish settlers repaired to the Carolinas, in the autumn of 1773 : and in the course of the same season, no fewer than ten vessels sailed from Britain with Scottish Highlanders emigrating to the American States. As most of the emigrants, and particularly those from Ireland and Scotland, were persons discontented with their condition or treatment in Europe, their accession to the Colonial population, it might reasdliably be supposed, had no tendency to diminish or counteract the hostile sentiments towards Britain which were daily gathering force in America. And yet these persons, especially the Scotch, were, in general, extremely averse to an entire and abrupt rejection of British authority. Their patriotic attachments, enhanced as usual by distance, always resisted and sometimes prevailed over their more rational and prudent convictions, and more than once, in the final struggle, were the interests of British prerogative espoused and aided by men who had been originally driven by hardship and ill-usage from Britain to America." The services of the Glengarry Highlanders during the last war with the United States of America were so valuable and KO highly appreciated, that they called forth the approbation of his late Majesty (ieorge IV. — and they receivec his thanks. Sir John Colborne, (now liord Seaton,) the late commander of the Forces in Canada, acknowledged the promptitude and cheerfulness with which the Glengarry men flew to arms in Lo spi ha^ gal r Ma for res * 61 History of *'ith Great f strength n emigra- ;ondition, laginable id repose, ig danger he refine- i floiirish- le lawless the most mankind, irticulars m eric a at ; actually opious. — thousand from the t appears ivith emi- Irelaud 1 settlers nd in the ds sailed ? to the ticularly ontented ession to •sed, had ntiments America, general, if British usual by ver their han once, rogative y driven Lower Canada, where their presence eflectually checked the spirit of revolt for a length of time, and would most probably have extinguished it in that part of the country, had this gallant corps been properly supported. The distinguished hero'^of Hugumont, (General Sir .lames MacDonell,) travelled some hundreds of niiles to Glengarry, for the purpose of inspecting the militia regiments on their respective parades. > : the last ible and robation i thanks, imander tide and arms in CHAPTER VI. ^1 h After having finished his education in France, and his li i *t ;■?* ;d tht travels on the Continent, the writer of these pages army in 1825. In case he may be considered chargeable with egotism, or with a wish to say too much of his own humble exertions to provide a loyal system of education for his countrymen in Ame- rica, it will not, he hopes, be deemed irrelevant to mention here that he found on his first visit to dilTerent parts of Nova Scotia, an almost total absence of the means of instruction among his countrymen. At Prince Edward Island alone there were from ten to twelve thousand children, principally of Scotch descent, who then had no means, nor even a prospect of learning to read and write, and there were probably more than double that number in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Cape Breton, in that melancholy situation. Moreover, he found just prior to the Canadian Rebellion, in some of the most respectable families of the Lower Provinces, that their children were educated by native citizens of the United States who could be expected to communicate to the minds of their pupils no other principles than those of Republicanism — and kno\\ ing by experience, that the British Government is the best adapted for the promotion of civilisation and human im- provement, he resolved to make every effort to procure for the rising generation of his countrymen, and other Colonists in America, by procuring books and loyal teachers from England and Scotland, a system of education that would attach them to their father-land, and make them not only appreciate the be- nefits of the laws and liberties of Great Britain, but also make them proud of their origin, and anxious to perpetuate a con- nctiori with the Mother Country, whose beneficent institutions are so well calculated to proir.ote their own happiness and that of their posterity. There being no prospect of a war, and having no hopes of promotion without giving large sums of money for the purchasing of advancement, the writtr was in- duced to expend all his pecuniary resources in endeavouring to procure school-masters and books for these Colonies. In • I. ^1 , and his itered the ^otism, or ertions to ;riinAme- ition here va Scotia, )n among here were of Scotch ospect of bly more vick, and jover, he ne of the that their ed States s of their sm— and t is the iman im- e for the )nists in ngland them to the be- so make a con- titutions and that ar, and sums of was in- vouring ies. In 63 consequence of which he has been led to accept a Paymaster- ship, by wliieh step he has sacrificed the hopes of rising in a l)rofession to which he was ardently devoted and attached. These circumstances are more particularly alluded to, as all the beneficial results that he anticipated, have not, unfortunately, been realized; for although the Highland jSVic contain about fifty students. The only condition required »ii return for this munificent con- tribution is, that some responsible public body, such for instance as the Highland Society, should undertake, that im- mediate employment, and a Salary sullicient to support them be secured to them on their arrival. As it was the most creditable sentiments that induced ITigli- landcrs to emigrate to America, where it is to be hoped they will continue to maintain the high reputation of their ances- tors ; the writer trusts that it will be gratifying to them to know who are the Chiefs of their Clans, or from whose family each Highlander is descended, that the poorest of them now in America, as formerly in the glens and dales of his forefa- thers, may feel an honest pride in the thought that the blood of his Chief Hows in his veins. A catalogue of the English and Gaelic names of estates, castles, and of the principal ancient chiefs, and others of noble parentage, as nearly as can be ascertained at this distance from home, is here given. MacDonald of Clanronald, — (Mac-ic-ailien.) Castle Tioram. MacDonell of Glengarry — (Mac-ic-alastair) Ghlinne-Geradh, who is representative of the Scotch Earls of Ross, &c. &.c. owns Glengarry Castle, Inverie Hall, and valuable estates in the West Highlands. Lord MacDonald — (Morair-Mac-Dhonhnuil) of Armedale Cas- tle, has large estates in the Isle of Skye and Yorkshire. MacDonald of Glencoe — (Mac-Ian). This Chieftain is in the army. Campbell. — The Duke of Argyle. Sutherland, the Duchess, Countess of Sutherland — (Bhanna- shur-lanah) — has extensive estates in England and Scotland. Eraser, Lord Loval — (Morair Friossalach) Beaufort Castle, Inverness. ■\ i g lip tlu" iilk, hi\\c thcr. A« ies of tlio rian roli- Rev. Dr. ^Farlane, ucational cut parts rince Etl- ! districts ould pay suflicicut ionery to students. •cent con- such for that im- )ort them ed High- >ped they nr ances- 3 them to 50 family hem now is forefa- le blood estates, of noble distance loram. Ccradh, «&c. &-C. estates lale Cas- ire. is in the Bhanna- codand. Castle, 67 The Chisholm of Chisholm — (Siosalacli) Erchloss Castle, In- verness, has extensive estates in Inverness shire. MacLeods — INricLcod of Diinvegan Castle (MarTieoad.) MacGrigor — (MacCiriogair) chief, the son of the late Sir Kwan Mac C rigor. MacKinnon — (Mac-Jounain) MacKinnon of MacKinnon, M. P., Ijondon. Cameron of Lochicl — (Mac-Dlionhnuil-dubh-Lochial) Inver- ness shire. MacNab — (Mac-n-Nab.) The Chief has been for some years past residing in Canada, township of MacNub. MaclMierson (Mac-a-Phearsoin). Cluny Mucrhcrson, Cluny Castle. Mackintosh (^lac-nn-Toisich). Mackintosh of Mackintosh. Crant — (Crannduicli) Lord Seafield, Casilc Crant. MacDonell of liochgarry. This Clii(;ftain is still a minor. MacDongal — (Mac-ic-Dhughril), 3!acDoiigal of Lorn, Arj !e- shire. MacLean. — INIacTiCan of Coll. Ilobcrtson — (Robbartson), Robertson of Struan. Kep])ocli — (IVIac-ic-Raonuilna-Ceopaich). Ai liOrd IJreadalbane — (.larla-Rhradalban). MacKay— (Mac-Caoidlj) Chief Lord Rue. Buchannon — (Abhanna-Ruchannon) Mrs. Mac Don, J Ru- channon. MacKcnzie — (Abhanna-Mac-Coinjiich). The Hon. Mrs. Stew- art MacKenxie of Seaforth. McNeil— Chief, McNeil of Rarra. These are the principal Clans ; there are many others who are considered Clans also, or belonging to the foregoing prin- cipal families. Although many of the ancient Chiefs and Chieftains have lost their estates, it is due to Highlanders to mention that though they punctually acknowledge the rights of their present superiors, they do not transfer the feelings of clan attachment to the gentlemen who have purchased the Estates and Castles which no longer belong to their Chiefs. The oidy Chieftains or heads of families who came from the Highlands to the liower Provinces of British America, were the Chieftains of Glenaladale and Jveppoch. The history of the former I have already referred to. Tlie latter, the last of the chivalrous Chiefs of Keppoch, (Major MacDonellj died in 1808 on Prince Edward Island, leaving no other male repre- sentative of the family, than one young man, a Lieutenant in the army, who was killed in Spain. Thus became extinct in a distant colony the representative of a noble Aunily, which al- though it had not received a patent of nobility from the hands of the !**overeigr, was truly noble for its deeds of valour, its '"irn airy, and its magnanimous patriotism. They disdained to 68 Iiold their lands by paper or parchment tenure, bonds, or char- ters, because their swords, tliey said, wouhl ahvays protect their estates against foreign aggression, or internal connnotion. The Keppoch of the eventful year of 1745, maintained the glory and martial spirit of his ancestors, but after that period the intluence and name of the family began to decline, and their once powerful swords lost their sway. The family was obliged to surrender their estates, not having the necessary documents to j)rove their title to them. Many very respectable families emigrated from the High- lands of Scotland to Upper Canada, most of thorn branches of the Glengarry Clan, such as the MacDonclls of (jireenfield; the MacDonclIs of Ardnabee, &c. &c., and the McDonells of Inch, who are of the Keppoch family ; ]MacNab of MacNab, the chief of that clan ; MacDonald of (larenish, who is by many considered the next heir to the Highland estates of the an- cient family of Moror. Although all these gentlemen are now in comfortable circumstances, they are not altogether forgetful of the land they left; but are full of loyalty and a/Iec- tionate attachment to old England, as their military feats in the war of 1812 and their devotion to the British cause in the Canadian Rebellion amply prove. Of the loyalty of Ncvv-Brunswickers, or •' Blue-Noses'^ as thcjf are called, I need not say one word ; they have by their acts, which are now matters of history, proved it most satis- factorily on various occasions. Nothing is wanted to settle this magnificent Province from one end to the other, with inhabitants wholly and ardently devoted to the British flag, but a good and efticient systeui of emigration. But no false promises should be held out to emigrants to induce then) to leave their native land. They should not, after their arrival, be thrust into damp, unwholesome, and half-finished hovels, as though they were not of the human species. Such treatment has been experienced by emigrants in America, and it has done a most serious and extensive injury to British interests, inasmuch as it has deterred a class of persons from eniigrating, npon whose loyalty and courage in the hour of need, the Eng- lish Government might calculate with certainty. I allude to this circumstance from a wish that others may not experience a similar treatment. Have affidavits been made by disinterested persons, from which it appeared that the ill-fated and deluded iieople we speak of were so scantily fed on their ])assage, and with such bad, unwholesome provisions af'ter their being landed, that their originally robust constitutions gave way ; that sometime after their arrival at their place of destinations, they were huddled together in unfinished dwellings, through which the weather had free ingress. Have affidavits setting forth all 6\) , or char- tect their on. The le glory riod the iu(i their I obliged cuincnts le Iligh- iiches of ield; the of Inch, Nab, the y many f the an- nen are together nd aflec- feats in ic in the oscs^* as by their )st satis- :o settle iCr, with Lsli flag, no false then) to arrival, vels, as eatmont 1 it has iterosts, grating, he Eng- liule to erience IS, from 3 pie we id with lauded, that IS, they 1 which brth all these facts been made ? We believe they have, and that they can be produced ! Did a gentleman at his own expense ofler to accompany these emigrants in order to see them comfortably settled { Was that offer accepted or rejected ? Unfortunately for these emigrants, it was rejected ! Are the majority of those [)eople now prospering in other parts of this continent 1 They are ; and is not that an incontestible proof that the assertions which had been so freely and so unscrupulously made against them, viz., that tJKy were indolent and ill-disposed, were not founded in fact ; but that such suggestions were intended to screen the harshness of some of the agents of that company, and were a heartless aggravation of the varied and multiplied miseries which they liad been doomed to undergo. Ujider these circumstances should any astonishment be felt that the tide of emigration has been diverted to foreign States where many of the best of England's, Scotland's, and Ireland's sons have gone, because they had experienced no encouragement in some parts of the British territorj'. This is deeply and sincerely to be regretted by every lover of British freedom, and every admirer of British Institutions. Injustice to the principals in the emigration afl'air to which I have alluded, I shall here remark, that they had every desire to promote the welfare of the emigrants in question ; but their great misfortune was, that they were misled by some of their agents, and that they had not appointed fit and proper persons to secure the fulfilment of the most kind and liberal promises which they (the principals) had made to gentlemen in favour of the emigrants. We will now dismiss this subject, remarking that there is a law which says that the graver the truths, the irraccr the ofetice; or, in other words, the greater the truth, the greater the libel. — By this law niany have escaped well merited public censure, and this will doubtless be the case, until our legislators shall deem it expedient to alter the system of management in this particular. The vast and almost boundless resources of the Province of New-Brunswick, for instance, justify us inasserting that emi- grants to that colony, by perseverance, industry, temperance, and good conduct, would find a comfortable subsistence for them- selves, and leave a respectable provision to their children. But the interior parts of manyof the Provinces are as yet destitute of British subjects ; and yet there are, at this day, thousands in the United States, who would make a sacrifice to live under Bri- tish rule : they would be satisfied to take loss for their labour, and for the produce of their labour, — both intellectual and ma- nual, — if they could live under the protecting power and foster- ing influence of the noble Government of their ancestors. The conduct of the Canadian traitors would have cast a deep 70 and liiHt'mqr disgrace upon that INoviiico hiit for the loyally of ;i >«'ry larfi;t' pioporlinu oC their (cllow-coiiiitryincn, who hii>c made atiiph' nniciids I'oi their (lir<*li( tioiis liy the hitter chastise- MieiU which they iiillictcd ii|)oii the conspirators. If the uiifor- tmiatc and misguided n(M)plc MJioin the factions I'a|)ii:eau led astray and seduced (roni the paih of loyally, had re(lect(Ml for a inoniont — that the lt(;[)ul)lic which the\ had conjured up in their own heated and disieni|)ere(l brains, in opposition to the Monarchical foru) of (loverniuent, could in)t he protected without fortifications and garrisons, and thr , these things, when procured, could not he kept up without an itnincnse expense, — they would in)t have even dreamt of so mad a pro- ject — they would have paused, before they had allowed them- selves to be deluded. They never took it into their calculations that (Jreat Britain had the power to crush them, in their headlong and wild attempt to establish a Republic. If the unhapp)' (.'anadians had taken the advice of the most enlightened and ]>ru(leiU of their clergy, and rejected, with firmness of |)ur|)ose worthy of faithful Ilritish .subjects, the rni»chie\ous and fatal counsels of the agitators, they would have saved their habitations and splendid churches from destruction by conflagration, and themselves from blood- shed and carnage. If report speak the truth, the foolish traitor McKen/ic has long since discovered that the time- honoured Institutions of Britain 'can do more to protect life and property, and can impart more real happiness to those who have the good fortune to live under them, than a tyrannical democracy, however attractive to the eye it may be rendered by diseased fancy. In history we find that many of the most renowned and prosperous republics, that have ever existed, have been l)rought to a sudden and inglorious dissolution, by the fatal and incontrollable jjower of the rabble — by a succession of political whirlwinds, storms, and hurricanes, by which they have been eventually overwhelmed, and finally swept from the face of the earth. If wo exau)ine into thos(; democra- cies which have sprung up into existence in our own tin)es, at the fiat of the fickle |)opulace, as iji South America, we shall find much to censure and much tocojidemn, — and on compar- ing them with the government under which we live, we shall behold in .strong contrast and bold relief, the true blessings, the beauties, the advantages, and the perfection of the Bri- tish Constitution. inal(y of llU llilAC chasiisc- 10 unfor- 'apiuciiu rcfloctcd jnicd lip uii to the irotcctcd ' thinpfs, itniiioMso (I a pro- id theiii- t Britain I atfoMipt id talicii r clcrpy, \\ Itritisli Imitators, •Imrclics III l)loo(l- I foolish he tinic- )tect life to those raiiiiical eiidcrod led and l)(M'U the fatal ssion of ch they pt from cinocra- 11 times, \\c shall compar- IV e shall 'ssinjys, he Bri- t APPEl^DIT. Tnn following letters have been written expressly for thi>j work, by Dr. (iksnkh, author of a 1'reaiise on the (ieology of Nova-Scotia, and other scientific reports. I'roni the great <)l)portunities that gentleman has had for ac(iuiring the information given, their practical l)(?aring is of much im portance, and the high standing of the writer entitles them to the fullest confidence. Saint John, New llmmwuk, \2lh August, 1843. Dv.xn Sir, — From tlic great zeal and interest you have manifested in ameliorating tlie coiuiition of tiie labouring poor in the Iliglihinds of Scotland, and ill improving the condition of Scottisli tiuiigrants to North America, I am led to com[)ly with your wishes so far as my ability will allow in otVering a few practical hints to those who may feel disposed to emigrate from the mother country to this part of the British empire. During the last til\een years I have examined and explored almost every tract of soil in Nova-Scotia and New-Brunswick. My labours have been directed by the Covernmcnt in the latter Province of which I have made a geological survey. In the performance of this public duty my attention has been devoted to the advantages Nevv-B;inisvvicU offers to the steady and industrious inmiigrant, as well as to the natural resources of the country. Having also been onn)loyed in opening a number of now settlements, T have at the solicitation of my frieiuKs entered upon th(! preparation of a work on the resources of New-Brunswick with reference to immigration and the settlement of the extensive tracts of wild land at present unoccupied. As my own publication is intended to convey an accurate account of the country, with partic lar directions for immigrants, it occurred to me at iirst that I would decline the hi 'Our of having my name appear in your pamphlet ; but upon the consideration of your truly benevolent intentions to improve the Highland settlements in i is part of the world, I could not withhold any informa- tion which my opportunities have enabled me to gain, or such hints as might be useful to the cause you are engaged in : and my own work Will, no doubt, be rend(!red more useful by being jireceded by the interesting pages you have brought together. My remarks must be necessarily brief, and, so far as they relate to emigration, they will bo in some degree conlincd to the labouring classes and those who do 11. not possess the ordinary tucans of obtaining information in regard to tlic Buiisli Provinces in America. Perhaps there are no race of people better adapted to tlie climate of Nortli America than that of the Highlands of Scotland. The liabitp, employments and customs of the Highlander seem to fit him for tlie American forest, which he penetrates vvithont feeling the gloom and melancholy experienced by those who have been brought up in towns and amidst the fertile fields of highly cultivated districts. Scotch emigrants are hardy, industrious and cheerful, and experience has fully proved that no people njeet the first diiliculties of settling wild lands with greater patience and fortitude. The Province of New-Brunswich contains upwards of sixteen millions of acres of land ; of that quantity scarcely four millions of acres have been granted, so that upwards of twelve millions of acres remain at the disposal of the Government. There are at least seven millions of acres of nngranted land in the Province fit for immediate cultivation, besides large tracts that may be redeemed when the lands become generally settled. By referring to a map of the Province it will be seen that New-Brunswick is watered by a number of rivers. The rivers flow in opposite directions, into the Guiph of Saint Lawrence to the North and into the Bay of Fundy to the South. Their sources frequently meet each other or terminate in large lakes. These rivers with their numerous tributaries and lakes atlbrd the first channels of com- munication before roads can be constructed, and there is scarcely any tract of land in the whole Province which may not be approached in a small boat or canoe. These navigable streams and lakes arc of immense advantage to the first settlers on any tract, as they not only afiord openings of communication, but abound in .■salmon, trout, and other kinds of fish, and therefore supply no inconsiderable quantity of food. T!ie Saint Jolm is the largest stream in the Province, and ranks among the most important rivers of America. It is upwards of 400 miles in length, and is navigable for different kinds of vessels and boats along the greater part of that distance. At its mouth there is a City containing 28,000 inhabitants, and along its banks are situated the towns of Frcdericton, Woodstock, and Gagetown, besides numerous flourishing villages and new settlements. At present steam-boats ascend as far as Frcdericton, eijlity miles from tl\e mouth of the river. Boats of a proper construction may be pro- lied by steain 150 miles into the interior of the country. Two hundred miles froii- its mouth the Saint John is broken by a great fall ; above this the water becomes ♦ranquil, and offers a safe passage for boats and canoes. The banks of the River are skirted with rich intervales. Between Woodstock and the Great Falls there are a number of fine villages, and above the Cataract at Madavvaska there is a large settlement of French Acadians who arc proverbial for their orderly conduct and industry. The tributaries of this great river are large and numerous. There are fine settlements along the sides of tl r Kennebeccasis, Belleisle, and Washademoak.— The latter stream is navigable for large boats to the distance of thirty miles, and for canoes to the distance of fifty miles. And there is sUll a quantity of good imgranted land bordering upon this branch of the Saint John. There are also some excellent tracts in Mic vicinity of the Grand Lake, and the streams emptying into the main river, between Fredericton and Woodstock. ) the Biicijh ;o of North ynients and t, which he f thoso who y cuhivated experience J wild lands ins of acres granted, so overnnicnt. Province fit i when the rnnswick is ns, into the tlie South. ;e3. These cl3 of com- ract of land t or canoe, first settlers ahound in onsiderahle among the igtli. and is lart of that id along its vii, besides iteain-boats Boats of a rior of the l»y a great for boats Voodstock Cataract at verbial for e are fine lemoak. — miles, and ty of good e are also emptying 111. One of the most extensive tracts of wild land fit for Bettlement I have seen in the Province is intersected by the Tobique River. There is in this quarter of the Province an area, not less than sixty miles in length and fifty in breadth, capable of being iiimiediately cultivated. The river is nvigable for large tow-boats to the distance of seventy miles, and the water abounds in salmon and other kinds of fish. The soil is a red saneets, onions, cucumbers, c;abbages, caulifloweis, and almost all the culinary vegetables of England grow to perfection. Apples, pears, peaches, phims, currants, raspberries, and a variety of wild fruits, ripen at differ- ent periods through the summer. Hemp and flax also flouri.sh well. Indeed the»e is scarcely a plant of the middle climates of Europe that may not be success- fully cultivated, besides those peculiar to North America. The crop of hay is V. that ever} his former )ard, while vnice. emigrants, d until the paration is jre greatly ire of tasy e and navi- 1 with the ^ extensive ion, trout, ies for cod- also abnn- uty. The 3ats, otters ce of coal, .e, gypstun oiintry. itain. da and the been over- diice hiin- !U some of interior, rendered )ossessed tlicir own generally certain, especially on the "'intervales." Wild hiwers are abundant; and, taken altogether, the scenery of tiie country, its produclio.is, and every object tliat can render the situation of the ininiigraut pleasant and agreeable, are as uumcr- oiis as they can be fouud in any part of the world. It i-i true tiiat th«-, winters are long, and retpiire a substantial stock of fodder for cattle. Spring and summer may be considered short, but vegetation is reniarkui»Iy rapid, and the earth yields her bounties in the space of a few months. The length of the winter is compen- sated by K relief from the prevailing epidemics of Upper Canada and Southern States. Let no man, however, suppose from these remarks, that the immigrant will find much leisure upon his hands; every season brings with it and requires its pe- culiar labour, and without patience, industry, and perseverance, no agriculturist can expect to be successful. During many past years, tlie chief export from New-Brunswick has been timl)cr, and agriculture has been neglected ; but the man who would be successful as a, settlor on wild land must neither be a lumberman nor a hunter, nor umst he pur- sue the business of a fisherman, unless he follows it altogether. He inu^t cut down the trees and cultivate the soil — ho must go to work with a cheerful heart, and success will crown his labours. I am, dear Sir, Very sincerely and truly, your's, A. GE3NER. Liewten:mt-Colonel R. C. Mac DoN.vr.n, of the Castle^ Tioram Ilegimeut of Highlanders, Chipl" of the High- > land Society of Nova- Scotia, &(;. &c. &c. / ij/rTi;ii 11. f w hich is crop is ordinary isiderablc. ultivation, even in uckwheat row well r. Peas, ivers, and s, pears, at diiler- ludeed ! success- of hay is ^ahil John, A^cic-Brunsicich, Vuh Aligns^ \S\'^. l>r.\n Sin, — Having given yoi! in my first letter a few hints in regard to the Province of New-Brunswick with reference to its topography and productions, I will now advert to those moan* \vhcreby inunigranls isre settled upon wild lands. Persons who migrate into ti e British l'rovinci!s may ke ranked in two classes, one belonging to the middle division of society and the other to the labouring class. Few of the latter possess sufiicient means to establish themselves in the woods after they have arrived in the country, and from the lack of a national system of innnigration they frequently wander about the towns seeking for employment, or they go to the United States, wiicrc their hope- are most frequently dis- appointeii. Tl "sands of immigrants have hocu annually brought to New-Brunswick by the f.-uirning hunber shijis. Of these, only a l(3vv have remained in the Province. This circumstance has arisen from their eiitiie ignorance of the country and the glowing descrijitions tiiey have received of the L nili-'d Stales, where laud is much VI. ilearer, tixes iucinipu ibly higlicr, and the diflicultics presontcdto ihe agrioultural 80>t' I fa. more r.uinerous tinui they are in tlic Britisli Provinces. Thousand^ of i.io^tj immigrants arc finally driven to seek employment upon the great pubhc works going on among the Americans, and the number of graves along the great canals and rail-roads testify how fatal tiieir employment has been. From being destitute of the means of returning to their native eountry, or removing to Canada or the " far West," they drag out a miserable existence, or they are carried ofl" by hard labour, disease and intemperance. On the other hand, it is difficult to find an instance among thoic who have remained in the British Provinces, and undertaken the clearing of wild lands, where such men have not been successful in obtaining a good livelihood. I need not dwell upon the necessity that exists for some general system of emi- gration to tlie Colon'os. By a judicious management, Great Britain might be relieved of her overflowing population, and her Provinces across the Atlantic might be greatly improved. The space of a single letter is too narrow to give full directions to individual settlers ; 1 therefore pass on to the consideration of the opening of new settle- ments by parties or associations. It may here be remarked, that previous to send- ing out any number of families from the old country, or the forming of new town- ships upon a large scale by public companies, the requisite quantity of land should be carefully selected, and its outlines defined by some person who is well accjuainted with the Province. Application might then be made to the Provincial Ciovernment to obtain the land upon the most favourable terms, and to have the payments made by instalments — a practice that formerly prevailed, and has. recently been introduced again, in order to accommodate actual settlers. After these preliminary arrangements have been made, a part or the whole of the land should be surveyed by a competent person, and the tiers of lots should be laid out with due regard to the physical features of the country, rivers, future roads, &c ; and with the greatest economy. An improper plan of survey will retard the improvement of a whole settlement, and expose the immigrant to great inconve- nience. The quality of the soil — it-, timber — the future prospect of a market — the situation of the tract in regard to water carria:,"\ by rivers, lakes, &c. — its proximity to a seaport — advantages for mills — and nMiiy other circumstances, must be fairly weighed Even the quantity of sugar-maple upon the land is worthy of consideration, as from that tree the early settler obtains a luxury, or exchanges the sugar (which is readdy made) for such other articles as he may require. — Above all, the quality of the land nuist be good, and this cannot always be deter- mined by the timber growing upon it, as the primitive wood has been at many places destroyed by fire and succeeded by trees quite difFerent from Uie original growth. The situation of the settlement having been determined upon, the land obtained from the Government, and surveyed in lots of 100 acres each, a party of emi- grants may be sent out, under the direction of a qualified agent, by whom arrange- ments for their reception will be made, to assist them in going to their lands, — provisions, .and the necessary quantity of seed, grain, and potatoes, having been economically procuied, according to the circumstanees of the immigrants. Settlers should arrive in New-Brunsvick about the first of May ; for, by clearing aivay some o.'" the large trees and un'i:rbrush on their lands in that mcnti", crojt'? ff povatoeti, turnips, oat., buckwheat, &c., may be raised during tlie same season. yi^M laid out ids, &c ; itard the nconve- iiKirket — &c, — its instances, is worthy schanges nqnirc. — lie (leter- at many original obtained of enii- lands, — ing been clearing t>, crops season. VU. A kitelicii garden will also do well ; and time is atKirdcd to build comfortable log hoiis(!s, bcforo tlio approach oi' winter. In some dintricts, wild liay may be procured to supply a few cows with fodder, after liie earth is covered with snow and the frowt " sets in." It is to judicious managemont tiiaf the pioneer of the forest is indebted for many of the neces.saries and comforts of life. In opening a soltlemeiit, it is desirable that only a certain number of iinmigrant.s should arrive, say fifty ; and after the village is fairly opened, 'liev iiiny arrive either in tiie spring or aiitninn. Single men, or young men with small families, should be sent in advance ; after these have made a beginning, large families may follow. In all cases the settlers are a mutual advan- tage to each other, and all must cultivate feelings of Uindness and hopitality towards those arouml them. Immigrants who are in possession of .C.'" Sterling may arrive during any of the summer months. The principal ports where they should land, in this Province, are Saint John and Saint Andrews, on the South ; and Miramichi, Dalliousie, Bathurst, and llichibucto, on the North. The port most convenient to the Iimds selected should be clioscn for them to arrive at, and they should start for their new colony without any delay after they are landed. The prices of pa:'sages, from England, Ireland, and Scotland, to the Provinces, are somewhat variable ; they may, nevertheless, be stated thus : — For a man, . - . . For a woman. For children under !."> years, £1 to £5 £3 to £4 £1 10 to £2 These rates include provisions. Steerage passengers who find their own provi- sions, beds, fuel, and water, arc brought over for £'i ai;d £2 each, and chiidren at half price. I would recommend immigrants not to supply their own provisions, ttc, and ships should be chosen whose masters will pay due attention to the passengers. From the rate of exchange on England, a British pound in the Provinces is worth 25s. cmrcncy. The price of wild land when sold to individual purchasers, is 3s. 3d. per acre, survey included. Large tracts could probably be obtained at a cheajier rate. The immigrant, having arrived at the most convenient port, must proceed forthwith to his intended home, under the direction of an aclive agent. (Tliis is intent d to apply only to those sent out by public companies.) Persons who possess suflicient means %vill always be guided by their own fancy. When a number of families are to embark for tiio woods, it is necessary tiiat tliey should be preceded by a few active men of the country, who will in lour days cut down the trees and build two or more log-houses, to be covered with bark, or broad cedar shingles, when they can be obtained. — These log-houses serve as general receptacles for the provisions, women and children. Bark wig- wams, or camps covered with bark, are readily erected, — large families sometimes live a whole season in such camps. Each man will take up his lot and build a shanty, or camp, suflicicntly large to accommodate bis fiunily, until '.lis log-lr>ise is completed. The log-houses arc soon built by felling the trees, cutting ilscin into blocks from twelve to twenty feet in length, and laying them togetlici. Ten men, who are acquainted with the businef how to spin, weave, knit, and make clothes, besides bcmg an economical cook and a tidy dairy-maid. The watchword of all should be, cook ocoiiomically, eat heartily, sleep soundly, and work Indus, friously. lor every s»,<: hou.ies there should be a cross-cut saw, and in every village there shoulu L»e a whip-.si'w. A ihw guns may be useful, but a hunting lanner is alvvay- a poi.r farmer. Shoot for the pot, and tisli for tlie pot. (Jood fences make t'-- d neig'.ibou'.-!. Ir. a Highland settleuient a set of bagpipes and a player shoulu not he forgotten. I have known many a low-spirited emigrant to be aroused from his torpov by the sound of his nation.-d music. In every settlement lo:.* of '•id should b;; reserved for schools and hou.ses ol' worship. The schoolmaster may be introduced without delay. I have seen a school of twent}' scholars taught in a bark camp. Cows and other cattl.; vill tiud pasture enough in the woods during the summer. A large bra is usually iiuiig on the neck of one of the herd. .Swine will keep themsel . -ilive upon the fern roots. In the winter, the settler is engaged in cutting ''own and " junkiug up "' the trees. And after his crop is planted in the n.i si I M liii thl Lil iiJ cliiiuncy in llie Iog-i(ous(;8 snio; oj)tiijiii<,'s I- w surprising ! aii((■ You will ch — atockiisff- ^v, c-irls, &c., and out," to imhiest ewii- IX. spring, he prepares a piece of land for liie succeeding year. Tho sound of tho a.ve or the flail, the cow-bell,, and the dinner-horn, should be heard in the village six days in the week. I have thus endeavoured to give you a few hints for tho .settler upon wild land.s. Many more might have brrn .iddiMl, Iml I io;i;- ilud I Ukm- alri ,i,1., .■x,,, .,;,:,! „,,* limits. Wishing yon esc-. ..i,;, csx , i your i-liilanlliiopic nud viaking. uud u ill. the best wishes for the suc.x;-is, pz-.s^M rity ;uid iiaj.jMiics.^ of every emigrant, I am, dear csir, Very sincerely a: i truly, your*.?. A. GES.NXR Lieutenant- Colonel R. C. MacDoxald, of the Casilc ) Tioram Regiment of Highlanders, Chief of the High- [ land Society of Nova- Scotia, &c. &c. &c. ) •ply r->f cloth- 011 part of.j one draw- inches bore, of leather, u ust have in- eutev, black- 't, and make e watchword work Indus, nd ijj every It a hunting pot. Good rpipes and a «nngni.nt to d hou.scs of lave seen a he summer, e will keep engaged in lilted ia tlie ADnc\Di;n. Ill the liiirrv of prcpaiiuf^ lor the pr< ss, the author regrets to observe that a paragraph respecting the Highland Society at Miraniichi has been inadvertently omitted. This Society has been established by Charter from the parent Association in London for nearly a year, and its officers and members, consisting of the most respectable Scotchmen and their descendants, residing at Chatham, Newcastle, and the vi- cinity, have evinced the most praiseworthy zeal in forwarding the laudable objects of the Association in reference to educa- tion and emigration. The pious and learned Presbyterian Minister of Miramichi, the Rev. Mr. Soutcr, is now on a visit to his friends in Scotland, and we sincerely hope that his efforts in promoting emigration from Scotland may be as successful as his labours have been useful in this Province in promoting the general welfare of his fellow-men. The River Miramichi stands nevt in importance to the noble Saint John. It abounds in salmon and other fish. The Tim- ber Trade is here carried on to a large extent, and affords em- ployment to a great number of the inhabitants. The Mirami- chi is about 220 miles in length, and its banks rise to a mode- rate height, having occasionally stripes of intervale in front. — The soil is light and sandy, and under proper cultivation yields abuhdantly. The Miramichi has several important tributaries stretching into the interiorof the country, which to a very large extent as yet remains unreclaimed from its wilderness state, and offers most eligible locations for the settlement of thotisands of agricultural immigrants, for whose surplus produce the vari- ous settlements on the river, which are annually visited by a large number of vessels for fish and timber, oflVr tolerable market*.