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Frasbr, at the Department of Agriculture. PREFACE. In preparing this little note book — a companion to the text-book — we have endeavored to treat the subject in such an order as will develop the observ- ing and reasoning faculties, as well as the memory. We should study Geography that we may become acquainted with the surface of the earth, the habita- tion of man ; that we may know the advantages of the climate and the natural resources of each part, and the way man is profiting by these natural advan- tages. The subject has, therefore, been presented in the following order : (i) The earth as a part of the solar system. (2) The surface of the earth and its natural divisions of land and water : (a) General — The definitions, taken up topically. (b) Particular — The position, surface, drainage and coast - features of the continents. (3) The wealth of land and sea which interests man, and how man is taking advantage of this for self, society and mankind. This takes up the countries, forms of government, commercial centres, products, exports, imports, and commercial routes. The niatter has been carefully selected and arranged, and although, the tables have in some places necessi- tated smaller type, the matters of most importance have been set up in large and heavy-faced type. The time usually occupied in copying notes can now be saved ; the energy usually spent in this way can be more profitably used ; and in this way, both teacher and pupil will be assisted in covering the work pre- scribed for us by the Education Department. GEOGRAPHY. TIIK ORBIT or Tilt EARTII. Geography is a description of the earth. a. Mathematical Geography treats of the form, size, and motions of the earth. d. Physical Geography treats of the natural divisions of the surface of the earth. c. Political Geography treats of the countries, their cities and towns, and the various forms of government. MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY. 1. The Earth is a planet— a heavenly body moving round the sun. 2. Shape : It is nearly round — flattened at the poles. Proofs : a. Men have sailed round the world. d. The shadow of the earth on the moon is always round. ('. The masts of approaching ships are seen first. 6 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 3. Size : Diameter about 8,000 miles ; circumference about 25,000 miles. The Axis of the earth is the imaginary line about which the earth turns. The Poles (north and south) are the ends of the axis of the earth, 4. Motions : The earth has two principal motions — a. Diurnal, and b. Annual. a. The Diurnal or Daily Motion is the revolution of the earth on its axis towards the east. This pro- duces day and night, (i) The sun is always shining on one-half of the earth. The other half is dark. (2) The Circle of Illumination is the line bounding that part of the surface of the earth on which the sun is shining. It is constantly changing. (3) A Day (twenty-four hours) is the time it takes the earth to make one revolution on its axis. b. The Annual or Yearly Motion is around the sun. It produces the seasons and the different lengths of day and night. (i) The Orbit of the earth (the ecliptic) is its path around the sun in a year. It is an ellipse. The sun is in one centre. (2) The earth is in aphelion when it is farthest from sun — about June 21. . The earth is in perihelion when it is nearest to the sun — about December 21. (3) The Plane of the Earth's Orbit is the space en- closed within its orbit. (4) The Change of Seasons is caused by: a. The revolution of the earth around the sun ; b. having its axis inclined at an angle (23^ degrees) towards the plane of its orbit ; and c. hf.vlng its axis always pointing in the same direction. (5) Our Summer Solstice is when the sun shines vertically over the Tropic of Cancer — about June 21, the longest day in the northern hemisphere. Our Winter Solstice is when the sun shines vertically over the Tropic of Capricorn — about December 21, the shortest day in the northern hemisphere. «f *cta» «p DEFINITIONS. ^ (6) The Equinoxes (Vernal on March 21, and Autumnal on September 21) are when the sun shines vertically over the equator, producing equal day and night all over the world. (7) The heat produced by the sun depends on how nearly vertically its rays fall. Imaginary Lines (on the surface of the earth for con- venient reference). (i) A Circle is divided into 360 equal parts, called de- grees (360**). A Great Circle is one whose plane passes through the centre of the earth. Ex. — Equator, Meridian Circles. A Small Circle is one whose plane does not pass through the centre of the earth. Ex. — The Tropics, all Parallels of Latitude. (2) The Eqv tor is an imaginary line passing round the earth iit an equal distance from the north and south poles. (3) Latitude is the distance, in degrees, of a place north or south of the Equator. Highest latitude possible Qo*' N. or S. Parallels of Latitude are lines passing round the earth parallel to the Equator. There may be any num- ber, but four of them are important — Tropic of Cancer; Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle, and Antarctic Circle. (4) The Tropic of Cancer is an imaginary line passing round the earth, 23^ degrees north of the Equator, and parallel to it. It passes through the places farthest north upon which the sun shines vertically. (5) The Tropic of Capricorn is 23^ degrees south of the Equator and passes through the places farthest south on which the sun shines vertically. (6) The Arctic Circle is an imaginary line passing round the earth, 23^^ degrees from the North Pole. When the sun shines vertically upon the Tropic of Capricorn the circle of illumination falls 23^ degrees short of the North Pole, but extends that far beyond the South Pole. **» u 8 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 10 (7) The Aiitarctic Circle is 2^}4 degrees from the South Pole. These four circles divide the surface of the earth into Five Zones or belts — Torrid, N. Temperate, S. Temperate, U. Frigid and S. Frigid. (8) Meridian Circles are imaginary linea passing round the earth from north to sou:h at right angles to the equator and cutting one another at the poles, — The part of the circle which extends from pole to pole is a Meridian Line. Our Firs* Meridian passes through Greenwich, Eng. Longitude is the distance in degrees of a place east or west of the first Meridian. The greatest possible longitude is i8o*' (E. or W.). 6. Miscellaneous : (i) The Sun is the centre of the Solar System which includes the sun and all the heavenly bodies which revolve round it. The sun supplies us with light and heat and has an important influence on animal and vegetable life. (2) The Moon is a satellite — a heavenly body revolving round a planet. Its orbit is an ellipse ; the earth is in one centre. It completes this orbit in a little less than a month. Its light is a reflection of the light of the sun. An Eclipse of the Moon is caused by the earth com- ing between the moon and the sun. It occurs only at full moon. An Eclipse of the Sun is caused by the moon coming between the earth and the sun. It occurs only at new moon. (3) The Horizon is the ix)int where the earth and sky appear to meet. (4) The Zenith is the point in the heavens directly over- head. (5) The Nadir is the point in the heavens directly under- neath us. (6) The Antipodes is the point on the earth's surface directly opposite to us. i- ■*• v-;» DKFINITIONS. a THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH. I. The Continent and its Parts : a. Surface. 6. Drainage. c. Political Divisions. II. The Ocean and its Parts. I. 17, •if The Continent find its Parts : Continent — A very large body of land containing many countries. Surface : Mountain — 2.-- elevation of land over 2000 feet above the surrounding country. Mountain Range or Chain — A line of mountains. Mountain System — Two or more parallel ranges. Hill — An elevation less than 2000 feet. Hillock, Mound or Knoll— Small hills, Down or Dune— Sandy hills. Summit or Peak — The highest part of a mountain. Pinnacle — A high point of rock. Slope — The mountain side. Base or Foot — The lowest part of a mountain. Cliff — A high steep rock. Precipice or Escarpment — A very steep slope. Plateau or Tableland — A tract of country over 1000 feet above the sea level. Highlands -A mountainous district. Glacier — An immense mass of ice sliding slowly down a mountain. Moraine — A line of rocks on a glacier. Avalanche or Snowslide — A mass of snow sliding or rolling down a mountain. Valley — A depression between hills or mountains. Vale or Dale — A small valley. Dingle— A shady vallev. Glen — A narrow secluacd valley. Strath — A valley of considerable size often containing a river. (Scotland). Pass —An opening or passage across a mountain chain. Defile — A long narrow pa.s.s. *^3 lO GEOGRAPHY NOTES. i Cave — A natural cavity or hollow in rocks. Cavern — A large cave. Grotto — A small cave, natural or artificial. Volcano — A burning mountain. (i) Active — One in eruption all or part of the time. (2) Extinct — One that has ceased to be active. Crater — The mouth of a volcano. Lava — Melted rock out of a volcano. Plain — A low tract of nearly level land. Lnndes — Sandy plains. (France). Steppes — Vast unwooded plains.. (Russia). Tundras — Low myssy plams. (N. Asia). Prairie— A grassy plain, nearly treeless. (N. America). Savannah — A treeless meadow plain. (United States). Llanos — Grassy treeless plains. (Venezuela). Silvas or Selvas — Densely wooded plains. (Brazil). Pampas— Grassy treeless plains. (Argentine Rep.). Moor or Heath— A desolate plain. (Great Britain). Swamp — A low wet tract covered with trees. Morass, Marsh, Bog or Fen — A low wet spot covered with reeds or shrubs. l>. Drainage. River — A large stream of fresh water flowing through or over the land. Creek — A smaller stream than a river. Rill, Brook, Brooklet, Rivulet or Streamlet—A very small stream. Torrtnt — A violent mountain stream. Source or Head— The commencement of the stream. Course- The path of the stream. Bed— The bottom of the stream. Channel — The deep part of the stream. Current — The onward movement of the water, espec- ially where swift. Banks — The rising ground on each side of the stream. Right Bank — The right side as one goes down stream. Left Bank — The left side as one goes down stieam. Levee — An artificial bank to prevent overflow of a river. (Mississippi). Crevasse— A break in a levee. Mouth — Where the stream empties into some other body of water. Estuary— The wide mouth of a river affected by tides. i^ ii" 1 T DEFINITIONS. II 1^ ot Dr •A np . V m. dy Delta — The land between the mouths of a river, formed by sediment. Sediment or Alluvial Deposit —The earth carried down by a river and deposited at its mouth or along its course. River Basin — The whole area drained by a river and its tributaries. River Valley — The depression through which a river runs. Watershed, Divide or Height of Land— A ridge that separates river basins. Branch— One of the divisions of a river at its mouth. Tributary or Affluent — A stream flowing into the main stream. Fork or Confluent— One of two streams that unite to form a river. {Ex. N. & S. Saskatchewan). Confluence — The place where two streams unite. Pool — A small body of still water. Pond — A larger body than a pool. Dam — An embankment across a stream. Lake— A large body of water surrounded by land. Local names Lochf Lough^ (Gt.B.). Lake Expansion — The part of a river that widens out into a lake. Lagoon — A shallow lake in low lying districts (Italy). Tarn — A small mountain lake. Shoal — Any shallow place in water. Bar — A bank of sand in a river. Ford— A place in a river where it may be crossed by wading. Waterfall — The part of a river where the water falls over steep rocks. Cascade— A small waterfall. Cascades— A series of small waterfalls. Cataract — A very large wateifall. Rapid or Sault — The place where a river descends rapidly over rocks. Eddy — Any place where water whirls round. Whirlpool — An immense eddy. Ravine or Gorge — A deep, narrow hollow generally worn by running water. Gully — A small gorge. / !1 12 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. Canon or Canyon — A very deep gorge where a river has worn its way down through rocks. Canal — An artifical waterway for the passage of ships. Canal Lock — An apartment fitted with gates, between two parts of a canal having different levels, where- by ships may go up or down easily. Timber Slide — An artificial passage, constructed beside waterfalls, down which square timber is floated in- stead of going over the falls. c. Political Divisions : Country — A tract of land under one government. Province or State — A division of a country having local self-government. County — A division of a province or state. Shire — A county (Gt. B. ). Township — A division of a county. School Section — That part of a township under one school-board. Capital — The seat of government of a country, province, or state. County-town — The seat of government of a county. City — A very large collection of houses (pop. 9,000 or over, in Ontario). Town — Smaller than a city (pop. 2,000 or over). Incorporated Village— Smaller than a town (pop. 800 or over) and having a municipal council. Village or Hamlet — A small collection of houses. (No council). Monarchy — A country governed by a hereditary monarch, (i) An Absolute Monarchy — One whose monarch haS absolute power. (2) A Limited Monarchy— One in which the power of the monarch is limited by law. Empire — A country governed by an emperor or em press. Kingdom — A country governed by a king or queen. Principality (duchy or grand duchy) — A country governed by a prince (a duke or a grand duke). Republic — A o ntry governed by a president who is elected to office. Commonwealth — A country with a government similar to that of a republic. 1^ 1 f/ DEFINITIONS. t ^^ Colony — A country settled by people from the mother country and still under her rule. Boundary Line — The line bounding any tract of land. (i) International — The line between countries. (2) Provincial — The line between provinces. Town Line — The line between townships. Concession — A series of farm lots in a township. Road — A public highway. Lane — A narrow road. Concession Road — A road between concessions. Side Line — A road running across concessions. Street — A public road in a city, town, or village. Avenue — A wide street. Alley —A narrow street. U. The Oeean and its Parts : Ocean — An immense body of salt water between conti- nents. Sea — A smaller body of salt water than an ocean. The Sea — The ocean (a general term). Gulf or Bay — A hollow or bend in the coast line. A bay is properly more landlocked than a gulf. Inlet — Any kind of coast opening. Bight — A wide inlet not extending far inland. Firth or Frith — A long narrow inlet at the mouth of a river. (Scotland). Fiord— A narrow inlet with high, rocky banks. (Norway). Strait — A narrow passage of water between bodies of land. Gut — A narrow strait. (N.S.). Channel — A wide strait. Sound —A shallow strait. Sea-bed — The bottom of the ocean. Sea-level — The level of the surface of the ocean. Tides — The regular rise and fall of the water of the ocean and its inlets caused by the attraction of the moon and the sun. Flood-tide (the flow of the tide)— The rising tide; twice a day. Ebb-tide — The falling tide ; twice a day. Spring-tide — The particularly high tide when the sun and the moon are acting in a straight line. (New and full moon). Kijm T 14 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. f' Neap-tide — The particularly low tide when the sun and the moon are acting at right angles to each other. (First and last quarters). Wave— A swell or ridge on the surface of the water. Billow — An immense wave. Tidal-wave — The wave caused by the tide advancing on shore. Bore — The front of a tidal-wave ascending a river. Earthquake-wave— An immense wave caused by an earthquake at the bottom of the sea. Ocean-current — The streamlike movement of the water in the ocean. Port — A calling place for ships — the harbor and the town. Harbor or Haven — A place of shelter for ships. Breakwater — A strong embankment out from shore, to form an artiticial harbor. Road or Roadstead — A place for ships tc anchor, but without harbor protection. Isle or Island — A piece of land surrounded by water. Islet — A small island. Archipelago — A group of many islands. Atoll. — A circular coral island surrounding a lagoon. (Pacific). Bank— A shallow place in the sea . {£x. — near Nfd . ) . Coast or Shore — The land bordering on the water . Sea-board- The sea-shore. Beach — A sandy or pebbly shore. Bluff — A high, steep bank, back from the shore. Dyke— An artificial bank along the coast. (Holland). Cape — A point of land jutting into the water. Local names : — J/ead, Pointy Ness, Naze^ Mull, Bill, Butt. (Gt. B.). Promontory — A high rocky cape. Peninsula — A piece of land nearly surrounded by water. Isthmus — A narrow neck of land joining two larger portions . Iceberg — An immense mass of ice floating in the sea. Lighthouse — A tower with a light as a guide or warning to sailors. Submarine Cable — A telegraph line beneath the sea. i..^ " "w ^ NORTH AMERICA. 1. Position : a. Absolute, d. Relative, c. Boundaries. 2. Surface : a. Mountains, Highlands, Plains. b. Natural Resources. 3. Drainage : a. Rivers, b. Lakes. 4. Coast Features : a. Oceans, Seas, Gulfs and Bays, Straits. b. Capes, Peninsulas, Isthmuses, Islands. 5. Political and Commercial Geography : a. Countries, Cities and Towns. b. Industries. c. Exports and Imports. d. Commercial Routes. r. er ig 2. Position : a. Absolute, b. Relative. a. From 10^ N. lat. to the North Pole. The greater part in the N. Temperate Zone. b. Between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. Compare with the latitude of Europe and Asia. c. Boundaries: North — Arctic Ocean. East — Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea. West — Pacific Ocean, Behring Sea and Strait. Surface : a. The Great Western Plateau. (i) The Rocky Mountain System: Ranges— KocVy^ Sierra Madre. Peaks — Brown, Hooker, Murchison. Fremont's, Pike's. Popocatepetl. 15 ■'■^'Vf- f ;: ' > ti m MAP OF TlIK SIIRIACE OF NORI'lI AMKRU'A. Kitm i:;;^ "> 'r^ NORTH AMERICA. 17 (2) The Coast System : /Ganges — Alaskan, Cascade, Sierra Nevada, Coast Range. Peaks — Wrangel, St. Elias, Fairweather, Rainier, Hooc' Shasta, Whitney. d. The Great Eastern Plateau. (1) The Appalachian System : Ranges — Notre Dame, White, Green, Catskill, Alleghany, etc. Peak — Mount Washington (N.H.). (2) The Laurentian Plateau : Ranges — Wotchish, Adirondacks. (3) Basin of the St Lawrence : c. The Great Central Plain. (i) The Northern Slope : a. Mackenzie Basin. b. The part drained into L. Winnipeg. (2) The Southern Slope. Natural Resources: The Western Plateau is rich in gold, silver and lead, while coal and iron of excellent quality are found in British Columbia. The coast region has abundance of rain, and the northern part of the plateau is covered with dense forests of valuable timber. The rivers teem with fish, and the orchards and vineyards of California are world famed. In the Eastern Plateau, coal and iron are found in the Appalachian Region. The Laurentian Plateau is rich in gold, silver, nickel and copper, while forests of pine and spruce cover its rocky surface. The fish- ing grounds east of Canada are among the richest in the world. The Great Central Plain is composed of rich soil. The centre is prairie, but the northern and souihern T" Hi i8 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. parts are woodland. Many tropical products grow in the south of the continent, and the forests of the north abound in fur-bearing animals. 3. Drainage: a. Arctic Slope : (i) Mackenzie Basin {\ of Canada) : Rivers — Slave, Mackenzie ; Athabasca, Peace, Liard ; Bear. Lakes — Gt. Bear, Gt. Slave, Athabasca, WoUaston, Deer. (2) Hudson Bay Slope : Rivers — Churchill, Nelson, Albany, Rupert, East Main, Gt. Whale. Nelson (a) Saskatchewan (N. and S.). (l>) Red (Assiniboine). (c) Winnipeg. Lakes — Winnipeg, Manitoba, Woods. d. Atlantic Slope. (i) St. Lawrence Basin: Rivers — (a) St. Mary, St. Clair, Detroit, Niagara, St. Lawrence ; (d) Ottawa, St. Maurice, Saguenay • (c) Richelieu. Lakes — (a) Superior, Michigan, Huron, St. Clair, Erie, Ontario ; (^) St. John, Champlain. (2) Eastern Slope : Rivers — St. John,Connecticut, Hudson, Delaware, Potomac, James, Savannah. c. Southern Slope. ( I ) Into Gulf of Mexico : Mississippi, Brazos, Rio Grande. i' " NORTH AMERICA. 19 i^' I, it, >n, m, (2) Mississippi Basin : (a) Ohio — Cumberland, Tennessee. id) Missouri — Yellowstone, Platte. Arkansas — Canadian ; Red. d. Pacific Slope. Colorado, Sacramento, Columbia — Snake — Fraser, Yukon. e. Other Lakes: Nicaragua, Great Salt. 4. Coast Features — ^Waters : a. Oceans — Arctic, Atlantic^ Pacific. ^ d. Seas — Caribbean, Behring. ^'. Gu/fs and Bays— (i) Mackenzie, Coronation, Boothia, Baffin, Hudson, James, Ungava. (2) St. Lawrence, Chaleur, Fundy, Dela- ware, Chesapeake, Mexico, Campeachy, Honduras. (3) California, San Francisco, Bristol, Nor- ton. d. Straits, Channels and Sounds — (i) Davis, Hudson, Fox, (2) Belle Isle, Northumberland, Canso, Long Island Sound, Florida, Yucatan, Windward, Mona. (3) Golden Gate, Juan de Fuca, Puget Sound, Georgia, Queen Charlotte Sound, Behring. Coast Features— Land : a. Capes — important only in connection with Nav- igation. (i) Northern Capes unimportant. 20 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. (2X Farewell, Chudleigh (Chidley), Race, Ray, Sable, Cod, Hatteras, Sable, Catoche, Gracias a Dies. (3) San Lucas, Mendocino, Blanco, Flattery, Prince of Wales. b. Peninsulas — (i) Boothia, Melville. (2) Labrador, Gasp^, Nova Scotia, Florida, Yucatan. (3) Lower California, Alaska. c. Isthmuses — Panama (Darien), Tehuantepec. d. Islands — (i) Parry, Banks, Albert and Victoria, Prince of Wales, N. Devon, Baffin, Southampton, Greenland, Iceland. (2) Newfoundland, Anticosti, Prince Ed- ward, Cape Breton, Long, Bermuda. (3) West Indies — Bahama, Greater Antilles, — Cuba, Hayti, Porto Rico, Jamaica — Lesser Antilles. (4) Vancouver, Queen Charlotte, Prince of Wales, Sitka, Aleutian, Pribylov. 5. Political and Commercial Geography. Political Divisions. Countries. Canada. United States and Alaska. Mexico. Central America. West Indies. Capitals. Ottawa. V^ashington Mexico. Several. Various. Government. British Colony. Republic. Republic. Republic. Various. # ,. 1 NORTH AMERICA Of Less Importance. 21 Countries. Capitals. G'v' T Exports. Icelan^. Greenland. Reikiavik. Godthaab. Dan. Dan. [Whale-oil, whale- j bone, hides, eider- -down. Cuba. Porto Rico. Havana. San Juan. Sp. Sp. /-Sugar, molasses, -j tobacco, cigars, Uruit, coflFee. Newfoundland St. John's. Br. Fish, furs. and Labrador. Bermudas. Hamilton. Br. Vegetables. Bahamas. Nassau. Br. Fruit, turtles, salt. Jamaica. Kingston. Br. Sugar, molasses, rum, coffee. Leewards. St. John. Br. Windwards. St. George. Br. Barbadoes. Bridgetown. Br. Belize. Belize. Br. ^Cabinet and dye- Greater Rep. of woods, india-rub- Cent'l. America Four Capitals. Rep. ber, medicinial Costa Rica. San Jose. Rep. Iplants, coffee. Hayti. Port au Prince Rep. Dominica. San Domingo. Rep. b. Commercial Centres— /« order of size. (i) Canada, — Montreal, Toronto, Quebec, Hamilton, Ottawa, St. John, Halifax, London, Winnipeg, Kingston, Vancouver. (2) United States. — Greater New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Boston, Baltimore, San Francisco, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Buffalo, New Orleans, Pitts- burg, Washington, Detroit, Milwaukee, — All over 200,000 pop. r^- • '■r^'r^f-'^^'i^:^-; oc ■t-> geo(;raphv notks. ^ (3) Oi/ier Cities. — Havana, Guatemala and the capitals of the islands and republics. c. Industries. (i) Canada. — Agriculture, dairying, stock- raising, fruit-growing ; fishing and can- ning ; lumbering and ship building ; fur-trading ; mining, manufacturing ; commerce and transportation. (2) United States. — Agriculture, fruit-grow- ing, stock-raising; lumbering, mining, manufacturing ; fishing, canning, pack- ing ; commerce and transportation. (3) Mexico. — Agriculture, mining. (4) Central America. — Lumbering (fine woods), coffee growing. (5) West Indies. — Raising sugar, fruit and tobacco. Exports and Imports^ Canada : Exports — Grain, live stock, cheese, lumber and timber, metals, coal, fish, meat, furs. Imports — Manufactures, coal, cotton, india- rubber, tobacco, sugar, tea, coffee, spices, fruits. United States : Exports — Grain, live stock, cotton, tobacco, oysters, fruit, coal, map<'factures. Imports — Manufactures, barley, india-rubber, fish, sugar, tea, cvjffee, spices. Mexico : Exports — Silver, (juicksilver, hides, sisal ht-nip, cochineal, coffee. •'v* oc NORTH AMERICA. 23 Imports — Manufactures, fish, oils. West Indies: Exports— '$>Mgzx, molasses, rum, tobacco, cigars, fruit, coffee. /;;//^;'/5— Flour, meats, fish, manufactures. Newfoundland : Exports— Y\%\ furs, /;;//^r/Jr-Wheat, flour, meats, coal, manu- factures. Commercial Routes— a Continental : ( 1 ) Watenvays. — {(I) St. Lawrence system. (J)) Mississippi system. (2) Raikvays—2^ continental network, b Foreign : (i) Atlantic Routes. (2) Pacific Routes. c Great Steamship Lines : (i) Canadian, (2) American. d Canadian Ports : (i) Eastern— 'Slox\V!^?^, Quebec, Halifax, and St. John trade with Britain and West Indies. (2) Western- -V?c(\vowsQ.x and Victoria trade "hina. and Australia. wi thj apan, 24 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. e American Ports : (i) Eastern — New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New Orleans to other American ports, Europe, West Indies, and South America. (2) Western — San Francisco and Seattle trade with Japan, China, Australia, Sandwich Islands, South America, Vancouver, and Alaska. List z. Pronunciation — North America. Key. — rS.t, rate, far, pet, we, pin, pine, n5t, note, root, bun, tune Antilles (tel'). New Orleans (or' le-anz). Appala'chian. Nicaragua (a' gwa). Arkansas (saw'). Notre D^me. Barba'does. Pots' mac. Belize (lez'). Porto Rico (re' ko . Caribbe'an. Richelieu (rish'-e-lu). Connecticut (con-net'). San Jos^ (h5-za'). Costa Rica (re' ka). Sierra Madre (se-er'ra ma-dra'). Dominica (ne' ka). Sierra Nevada (nft-va'-da). Gra'cios a Dios (de' os) . Tehuantepec' (ta-nan) . CANADA. Boundaries. North. — Arctic Ocean. East. — Baffin's, Davis, Atlantic. South. — Passamaquoddy Bay, River St. Croix, Maine, River St. John, Maine, New Hampshire, 45th Parallel of Latitude, River St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario, River Niagara, Lake Erie, River Detroit, Lake and River St. Clair, Lake Huron, River St. Mary, Lake Superior, Pigeon River, Rainy Lake and River, Lake of the Woods, 49th Parallel of Latitude, Haro Strait, Juan de Fuca Strait. West. — Pacific, Dixon Entrance, Alaska. The States along the Canadian Boundary Line. — Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine. I. Provinces. PROVINCES. Ontario Quebec Nova Scotia New Brunswiik . . . Prince Edward Is/aid Manitoba British Columbia . . Area Si,).Mii,Ks (thoiis'ds). Top. 1891 (thous'ds). 220 2,100 iSS 1,400 20 450 28 320 2 100 116 150 34' 90 CAPITALS. Toronto. Quebec. Halifax. Fredericton. Charlottetown, Winnipeg, Victoria. as nii ■»ii ^ B 1| ' 28 GKOdRAPHV NOTES. Summary of Canadian Industries. B.C. — Mining, lumbering, fishing, canning, fur- trading, agriculture. Man. — Farming (grain and stock), lumbering. Ont. — Farming (grain, stock, fruit), canning, meat packing, manufacturing, lumbering, mining, fishing, shipping. Que. — Lumbering, fishing, manufacturing, mining, farming, shipping. N.B. — Lumbering, fishing, manufacturing, farming, mining, shipping. N.S. — Mining, fishing, shipping, farming, m'f'g. P.H.L — Farming, fishing, manufacturing. 5. Chief Exports. Average Values in Millions for I%g2-i8g6. Exports. $ 26.4 Sent to. Lumber, Timber. Gt. B., U.S., W.I., S.Am., Fr. Cheese. I3-7 Gt. B. Grain and Seeds. II. 6 c;t. B.,U.S.,Ger.,Fr.,Nfd.,W.I. Live Stock. 10. 1 Cit. B.,U.S.,Ger.,Fr.,Nfd.,W.I. Fish. 9.2 Gt.B., U.S., W. I.,Fr, S.Am. Metals and Manf. 4.1 U.S.,Gt. B. Bacon, Hams, Beef. 3-5 Gt. B. Coal. l-^ U.S., Nfd. Furs. 2-5 (;t. B., U.S. Apples, etc. 2. Gt. B., U.S., Ger., Nfd. Butter and Eggs. 1.8 Gt. B., U.S., Nfd. Ilfiy. 1.6 U.S., Gt. B., Nfd. Leather. 1.4 Gt. B., Nfd. Flour. 1-3 Gt. B.. Nfd., W.I. Agr. Implements. •5 Gt. B., Australia. Cottons . .5 China. *> It y 3> r 3» CANADA. 29 6. Chief Imports. Average Values in Millions for i8g2-i8g6. p Imports. $ Imported from. Cottons, Woollens, Silks, Linens. 239 Gt. B., U.S., Fr., Ger. Metals and Manf . 131 U.S., Gt. B., Ger. Coal. 9.6 U.S., Gt. B. Sugar and Molasses. 8-3 Ger.,U.S.,W.I., Spanish E.Ind. Tea. 3-2 Japan, China, Gt. B. Wood and Manf. 31 U.S., Gt. B. Drugs and Dyes. 2.9 U.S., Gt. B., Ger., Fr., Turkey. Fruits and Nuts. 2.4 U.S., Italy, Spain, Greece. Paper, Books, etc. 2.2 U.S., Gt. B.,Ger., Fr. Hats and Gloves. 1-9 Gt. B.,Ger.,Fr. Tobacco . 1.8 U.S., W.L } Fancy Goods . 1-5 Gt. B., U.S., Ger., Fr. - Rubber and Manf. 1-4 U S., Gt. B. Oils. 1-4 U.S., Gt. B. Liquors. 1.4 Gt. B., Fr., Holland. Leather and Manf . 1-3 U.S.,Gt. B. Furs . 1-3 Gt. B., Ger., U.S. Glass. I . I US., Belgium, Gt. B., Ger. , Fish and Products . r . Nfd., U.S. Corn. •9 U.S. Coffee and Chicory .6 Venezuela, Brazil, Gt. B., W.L Earthenware. .6 Gt. B., Ger., U.S., Fr. Seeds and Roots. • 5 U.S., Gt. B. Live Stock. ■4 Gt. B., U.S. ' Clocks and Watches . .4' U.S., Switzerland. 7. Canada's Trade Relations. Great Britain: Exports to — Lumber and timber, cheese, grain, cattle, fisli, bacon and hams, furs, hay, leather, apples, butter, eggs. ,»j- ■;■,.; 91 : i H 1^ i mi 30 GEOGRAPHY NOTKS Imports from — Manufactures (woollens, cottons silks, metals, carpets, hats, gloves), live stock. United States. Exports to — Lumber, logs and pulpwood, coal,, fish, live stock, farm products,, ores and metals. Imports from — Manufactures (metals, leather, furs, drugs, hats, rubber), raw material (cot- ton, tobacco, hides), coal, corn, fruit. Germany : Exports to —Grain and seeds, dried apples, hay, lobsters. Imports from — Manufactures (woollens, silks, metals, earthenware, furs, glass), sugar. France : Exports to — Lumber, grain, hay, lobsters. Imports from — Manufactures (silks, woollens, cottons, gloves, fancy goods, earthenware), wine and brandy, fruits and nuts. Newfoundland : Exports to — Flour, grain, manufactures (wood, leather, woollens, metals), provisions (butter, cheese, meats), coal. Imports from — Fish, fish oil. West Indies: Exports to — Fish, flour, lumber and shingles, provisions, vegetables. Imports from — Sugar and molasses, tobacco, coffee, fruit. "> f CANADA. 3 1 South America: Exports to — Fish, lumber, flour. Imports from— '^xx^zx^ coffee, vegetable ivory. China : Exports to - Cottons, lumber. Imports from — Tea, opium, sugar, rice. Japan : Imports from — Tea, silk, rice, porcelain. • Canals of Canada. Canals. Sault Ste. Marie Welland. Murray. St. Lawrence Canals — (i) Galops. (2) Rapide Plat. (3) Farran's Ft. (4) Cornwall. (5) Beauharnois. (6)*Soulanges. (7) Lachine. OttawaCanals — (i) Carillon. (2) Grenville. (3) Culbute. Rideau. (i)Tay. *Trent Valley. Chambly. MILES. I 26 7 4 II II 14 8 }i 5 300 fi. 126 6 200 12 Location. Sault Ste. Marie. Pt. Col borne to Pt. Dalhousie. W. of B. of Quinte. Between Prescott, and Montreal. Belov/ Prescott. AboveMorrisburg. Below Morrisburg. Above Cornwall. Below Valleyfield. Below Coteau. Lachine to Mont'l. Above Carillon. Below Grenville, N.ofAllumetteld. Ottawa to Kingston. Perth to Lake Rideavi. Via Trent River to LakeSimcoe and Georgian Bay. On Richelieu R. Why Built. St. Mary Rapids. Niagara Falls. Short Cut. Galops Rapids. Plat Rapids. Farran's Pt. P^p's. Long Sault Rp's. Coteau, Cedars, & Cascade Rp's. Lachine Rapids. Carillon Rapids. Long Sault Rp's. Waterfall. Short Cut. "^Under Construction. 32 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 4 ..11 Railways of Canada. The following list includes only the great Canadian Railway Systems and the cities and most important towns on each. Those in black-faced type include all places having a population of five thousand according to the last Dominion census, and will be sufficient for all junior classes. I. Canadian Pacific Railway System. Main Line. Montreal, Hull, Ottawa, Carleton Junction, Arnprior, Pembroke, Mattawa, North Bay, Sudbury, Port Arthur, Fort William, Rat Portage, Winnipeg, Portage la Prairie, Brandon, Regina, Medicine Hat, Calgary, Banff, Kamloops, Vancouver. Important Branches. (i) Montreal to Windsor. -— Montreal, Kemptville, Smith's Falls, Perth, Peterborough, Toronto, Streetsville, Milton, Gait, Woodstock, London, Chatham, Windsor. (2) Toronto to Owen Sound. — Toronto, Orangeville, Owen Sound. (3) Orangeville to Teeswater.— Orangeville, Mount Forest, Harriston, Teeswater. (4) Carleton Jc. to Brockville.— Carleton Jc, Smith's Falls, Brockville. (5) Ottawa to Prescott.— Ottawa, Kemptville, Prescott. (6) Sudbury to Sault Ste. Marie. (7) Montreal to Quebec. —Montreal, Three Rivers, Quebec. n »._ ,.v U- 36 GECGRAPHY NOTES. Ontario. :1>' s Capital, Toronto. I. Boundaries : East. — Quebec, River Ottawa. South. — River St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario, River Niagara, Lake Erie, River Detroit, Lake St. Clair, River St. Clair, Lake Huron, River St. Mary, Lake Superior, Pigeon River, Rainy River, and Lake of the Woods. North. — English River, Lonely Lake, Lake Joseph, Albany River, James Bay. 2. Surface : The land in the western peninsula is undulating and fertile and is well suited for agriculture. The remainder of the province belongs mainly to the Laurentian region and is therefore rocky. It is studded with innumerable lakes, and the rivers are broken by numerous rapids and waterfalls. This region is rich in minerals of various kinds, and the country is covered with forests of pine and spruce and other woods. This is a veritable sportsman's paradise for fish and game. 3. Rivers : a. Boundary.— Ottawa, St. Lawrence, Niagara, Detroit, St. Clair, St. Mary, Pigeon, Rainy, English, Albany. b. Inland- — (i) Into Superior. — Nipigon. (2) Into Georgian B. — Spanish, French, Mag- anetawan, Muskoka, Severn, Nottawasaga. (3) Into Huron, — Saugeen, Maitland, Aux Sables. (4) Into St. Clair. — Thames, Avon, Sydenham. (5) Into Erie. — (]rand. (6) bito Niagara. — VVelland. t CANADA. 37 (7) Info Ontario. — Credit, Hutnber, Don. (8) Into Quinte. — Trent, Otonabee, Scugog. (9) Into Ottawa. — Mattawa, Petawaw?., Bonne- chere, Madawaska, Mississippi, Rideau Nation. (10) Into James Bay. — Moose, Abittibi. 4. Lakes : a. Boundary. — Abittibi, Temiscaming St. Francis, Lake of the Thousand Ids. Ontario, Erie, St. Clair, Huron, Superior, Rainy, Woods, Lonely, Joseph. b. Inland. — Nipigon ; Nipissing; Muskoka, Ros- seau and Joseph ; Simcoe and Couchiching ; Rice, Sturgeon, Balsam, and Scugog ; Rideau ; Mississippi. 5. Bays: (i) I>i Superior. — Thunder, Nipigon, Michipicoten. (2) In Huron. — Georgian, Parry Sound, Matche- dash, Nottawasaga, Owen Sound, Colpoy's. (3) In Erie. — Rondeau Har., Long Point. (4) In Ontario. — Burlington,, Toronto, Quinte. (5) North. — James. 6. Channel: North. 7. Capes : (i) In Huron. — Hurd. (2) In Erie. — Pelee, Aux Pins, Long Point. (3) In Ontario. — Salmon. 8. Peninsulas : Bruce, Essex (Detroit), Niagara, I^rince Edward, and "The Western Peninsula," 9. Islands: (i) Hunter's Id. in Rainy River Dis trict. (2) /;/ Superior. — '^\\\Qr, Pie, Michipicoten. Am. — Roy ale. (3) In Huron. — Orand Maniloulin, Cockburn, St. Joseph. 3a GKOf.KAI'IlN NOTKS. 10. Am . — Drum mond. (4) In Georgian Bay. — Parry, Christian. (5) /« St. Clair. — Walpole. (6) In Erie. — Pelee, Lcng Point. {i) In Niagara. — Am. — Grand ^ Navy^ Goat. (8) In: Ontario. — Toronto, Amherst. (9) In St. Lawrence. — Thousand Islands, Wolfe, Howe, and 1800 others. (to) In Ottawa : Que. — Aliumette^ Calumet. Counties and County Towns. ( F ) On Georgian Bay atid Lake Huron. Counties. County Towns. Simcoe Barrie Grey Owen Sound Bruce Walkerton Huron Goderich Lambton Sarnia (2) On Lake Erie. Essex Sandwich Kent Chatham Elgin St. Thomas Norfolk Simcoe Haldimand Cayuga Welland Welland (3) On Lake Ontario and Bay of Quinte. Lincoln St. Catharines Wentworth Hamilton Halton Milton Peel Brampton York Toronto Ontario Whitby Durham and | Northumberland 1 Cobourg Prince Edward Picton Hastings Belleville Lennox and*! Addington / Napanee CANADA. ?0 (4) On River St. Lawrence. Frontenac Leeds and ) Grenville j Dundas, ] Stormont, and Glengarry Kingston Brockville Cornwall (5) On Ottawa River. Prcscott and Russell Carleton Renfrew } L'Orignal Ottawa Pembroke (6) Western Inland Counties. Middlerjx London Oxford Woodstock Brant Brantford Perth Stratford Waterloo Berlin Wellington Ouelph Dufferin Orangeville (7) Eastern Inland Counties, Victoria Peterborough Haliburton Lanark Lindsay Peterborough Minden Perth (8) Districts and Capitals. Muskoka Bracebridge Parry Sound Pairy Sound NipissinK North Bay Algoma Sault Ste. Marie Thunder Bay Port Arthur Rainy River Rat Portage ao (lEOGKAPHV NOTES. 11. Cities : Toronto. — Capital.; educational and publishing centre ; port and railway centre ; manufacturing — engines, agricultural imple- ments, pianos and organs, boots and shoes, leather, soap, etc. Hamilton. — Port and railway centre ; manu- facturing — machinery, agricultural imple- ments, iron bridges, stoves, sewing-machines, cottons, woollens. Ottawa. — Capital of Canada ; lumbering ; rail- way centre. London. — Western railway centre ; manufactur- ing — agricultural implements, engines, cars. Kingston. — Port; manufacturing— locomotives, cars ; iron smelting. Brantford. — Manufacturing — agricultural im- plements, machinery, cottons, woollens. Guelph. — Manufacturing — sewing-machines, pianos and organs, flour. St. Thomas. — Railway centre ; railway work- shops Windsor. — Railway terminus ; trade with U.S. St. Catharines. — Manufacturing — flour, paper, ships. Belleville —Port ; trade in lumber, grain, and cheese. Stratford. — Railway centre ; railway work- slu)[)s ; trade in grain and cheese. Chatham — Manufacturing — engines, boilers, wagons. 12. Ports: (t) On Superior. — Port Arthur, Fort AN'illiam. /////. — Du/nt/i, Superior. (2) Oft Sf. Mnry. Saiilt Sle. Marie. Am.--Saiiif Sfr. Mtrie. «« CANADA. 41 I (3) On Michigan. — Ani. — Chicago., Milwaukee. (4) On Lake Huron and Georgian Bay. — Algo- ma Mills, Killarney, Parry Sound, Midland, Penetanguishene, Collingwood, Meaford, Owen Sound, Wiarton. Am. — Bay Ciiy^ Alpena. (5) On St. Clair. — Point Edward, Sarnia. Am. — Port Huron. (6) On Detroit. — Windsor, Sandwich, Amherst- burg. Am. — Detroit. (7) On Erie. — Rondeau, Port Stanlej-, Port Dover, Port Colborne. Am. — Toledo^ Sandusky ^ Cleveland^ Eriet Buffalo. (8) On Ontario. — Niagara,Port Dalhousie, Ham ilton, Oakville, Port Credit, Toronto, Whitby, Oshawa, Bowmanville, Port Hope,Cobourg, Kingston. Am. — Charlotte ^ Oswego. (9) On Quinte. — Picton, Trenton, Belleville, Napanee. (10) On St. Lawrence. — Gananoque, Brockville, Prescott, Cornwall. Montreal^ Quebec. Am. — Morristo7vn, Ogdensburg. (11) On Ottaiva. — Hawkesbury, L'Orignal, Ot- tawa, Arnprior, Pembroke. Que.— Hull, 42 GEOGRArHV NO'lES. W\ Dairying. Fruit-raising. 13. Industries. Industry. Producing. Where. Farming. Grain, live stock, apples, hay, eggs. Western Peninsula and most Counties. Stock-raising. Cattle for England and borne markets. In most of the Counties. Meat-packing. Bacon, hams. Toronto, Hamilton, Ingersoll, London. Butter and cheese. |In all the Counties Apples. Peaches, plums, grapes and small fruits. In all the Counties. Essex, Niagara Peninsula, CoUing- wood. Canning. 1 Fruit, vegetables. | Counties near L. Erie Manufacturing. Woollens and cot- In all the cities, tons ; furniture ; towns and villages pianos and organs ; of the province. machinery ; boots and shoes. Mining. Gold. Rainy River Dist., Madoc. Silver. Silver, and Pie Ids., Shore of Superior. Iron. Hastings, Algoma. Copper. Thunder Bay, Algoma. Nickel. Sudbury. Lead. Lanark. Mica. Renfrew, Leeds. Asbestos. Renfrew. (iypsum. Along Grand Riv. Lime. Guelph District, Kingston, etc. Building stone. Credit R. , Kingston. Natural gas. Essex, Welland. Salt manufacturing. jSalt. Huron, Bruce, Perth. Petroleum refining. iCoal oil, machine oil.|Lambton. :>«;''-.\'-' CANADA. 43 I Industry. Producing. Where. Ship-building. Ships. St. Catharines, Chat- ham, Owen Sound. Lumbering. Lumber, timber, logs, ties, poles. Ottawa River and Georgian Bay Dis- trict, Rainy River District. The Fur-trade. Purs of bear, beaver, otter, mink, etc. ; deer skins. Chiefly in the north- ern and western parts. Fishing. Whitefish, trout, herring, bass, etc. Boundary and Inland Lakes. Trade and Commerce. Carrying goods. On the Lakes ; on the Railways. Quebec. Capital, - Quebec. 1. Boundaries : North. — Ungava, Labrador. East. — Gulf of St. Lawrence. South. — Chaleur B., New Brunswick, United States. West.—^, St. Lawrence, R. Ottawa, Ontario, James Bay. 2. Mountains : {a) In the Laiirentian Plateau. — Wotchish and Laurentian Hills. {b) In the Appalachian System. — Notre Dame. 3. Rivers : The St. Lawrence River. Tributaries.— {2i) Ottawa, St. Maurice, Saguenay. (b) Richelieu, St. Francis, Chaudiere. Tributaries of Ottawa from (2«f/^naha, Kansas CtVy— Grain and stock markets. Indianapolis— RixW-wviy centre ; manufacturing. The Western Highlands — Denver, San Francisco, Seattle. San Francisco — Seapoit, trade with South America, Asia and .Australia ; U.S. mint. Denver —Gxtdii mining centre ; U.S. mint. Seattle— lj\xmhQX port. SOUTH AMERICA. I. Position : a. Absolute, b. Relative. a. From lo" N. lat. to 55° S. lat. The greater part lies in the Torrid Zone. 54 ►•!,,* Iltri ' SOUTH AMERICA. 55 V > b. Between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Compare with latitude of Africa and Australia. c. Boundaries : North — Caribbean Sea. East — Atlantic Ocean. West — Pacific Ocean. 2. Surface and Drainage : a. The Great Western Plateau. The Andes System : Ranges — Three at north, two in centre, and one at south. Peaks — Antisana, Cotopaxi, Chimbora- zo, Sorata, Illimani, Aconcagua, Antuco, Yanteles. Rivers — Magdalena ; the others short and rapid. Lakes — Maracavbo, Titicaca. b. The Eastern Highlands. ^ (i) The Brazilian Plateau : Ranges — Espinhaco, Mantiqueira. River — San Francisco. (2) The Guiana Plateau : Ranges — Parime, Pacaraima, Acaray. River — Essequi bo. c. The Great Central Plain. (i) Northern Slope : River— Oi'moco. I'. 56 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. (2) The Basin of the Amazon : Rivers — Amazon, Para; (a) Japura, Negro. {b) Yucayale, Madeira, Tapajos, Xingu, Tocantins. (3) Southern Slope : Rivers — La Plata or Plate ; Uruguay, Parana — Paraguay, Sa- lado. 3. Coast Features— Waters — coast almost un- broken. a. Oceans — Atlantic, Pacific. b. Sea — Caribbean. c. Gulfs and Bays : (i) Darien, Venezuela, Paria. (2) St. Mathias, St. George. (3) Arica, Guayaquil, Panama. d. Straits — Magellan, Le Mai re. 4. Coast Features — 'L^Xi6.— few and small. a. Capes — Gallinas, St. Roque, Frio, Hvirn, Blanco. . b. Isthmus — Panama (Darien). c. Islands — (i) Leeward, Trinidad, Joannes (Marajo). (2) Terra del Fuego, Staten, Falkland, South Georgia. (3) Wellington, Chiloe, Juan Fernandez, Chincha, Galapagos. -<>l»1l r iiaJ iiJi if 111 ii»»)mi^>tm\ ' iiirT ■liji'n SOUTH AMERICA. 57 5. Political Divisions JS, a- n- \ 1, Countries. Gov't. Capitals and Chief Cities. Brazil. Rep. RioJaneiro,Bahia,Pernambuco, Para. Argentine Rep. Rep. Buenos Ayres. Chili. Rep. Santiago, Valparaiso. Uruguay. Rep. Monte Video. Paraguay. Rep. Asuncion. Bolivia. Rep. La Paz, Sucre. Peru. Rep. Lima, Callao. Ecuador. Rep. Quito, Guayaquil. U.S. of Colombia. Rep. Bogota, Panama, Aspinwall. Venezuela. Rep. Caracas, La Guayra. Guiana :— British. Col. Georgetown. Dutch. Col. Paramaribo. French. Col. Cayenne. Falkland Ids. and Br. Col Stanley. South Georgia. 6 Exports and Imports -. Brazil : Exports — Coffee, sugar, cotton, woods, drugs, india-rubber, vegetableivory,hides,diamonds, emeralds, rubies. Imports — Manufactures, grain, flour, coal, fish. Argentine Republic : Exports — Mutton, tallow, wool, hides, wheat, flax, ostrich feathers. Imports — Manufactures. Chili : Exports — Copper, silver, saltpetre, guano, wheat, flour. Imports — Manufactures, fish. 58 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador : Exports — Precious metals, india-rubber, Peruvian bark, cocaine, llama and alpaca wool, nitre, guano, vegetable ivory. Imports — Manufactures, fish, flour. Colombia and Venezuela : Exports — Precious metals, emeralds, coffee, cotton, tobacco, sugar, panama hats, woods, india-rubber, medicinal plants. Imports — Manufactures, flour, fish. Guiana : Exports — Sugar, molasses, coffee, tobacco, cocoa, woods, drugs, spices. Imports — Manufactures, flour, fish, lumber. * ^* The Products of South America. Animah — ^Jaguar, puma, tapir, armadillo, anteater, condor, rhea, anaconda, cayman. Animal Products — Hides, feathers, wool, llama wool, alpaca wool, tallow, mutton, fish, guano. Vegetables— Co^tt, cocoa, cotton, sugar, molasses, spices, fine woods, dye-wootls, drugs, Peruvian bark, cocaine, ivory, wheat, flax, tobacco, india-rubber. Minerals — Gold, silver, copper, diamonds, emeralds, rubies, saltpetre. 1 •> 4* SOUTH AMERICA. List 3. Pronunciation —South America. 59 Key. — rat, rate, far, pet, we, pin, pine, not, note, root, bun, tune. Acaray (ri'). Aconca'gua (gwa). Antisa'na. Antuco (too'ko). Arequipa (ke'pa). Bahia (ba-e'a). Buenos Ayres (bo'nus). Calia'o. Cayenne (kien'). Chili (chS'le). Chiloa (che-lo-a'). Chimbord'zo. Espinhaco (yas'o). Frio (fre'o). Gallinas (le'nas). Guayaquil (gwi-a-kel'). Illimani (el-ye-ma'ne) Joan'nes (zho). La Cruayra (gwiVa). Lima (le'ma). Mantiqueira (ka'ra). Marajo (zho'). Pacaraima (ri'ma). Para'. Paramaribo (re'bo). Parana'. Parime (re'ma). Pernambuco (boo'kO). Quito (ke'to). Ri'o Janei'ro. Santia'go. Sora'la. Sucre (soo-kra'). Tapi'jos (yos). Terra del Fuego (fwa'go). Valparaiso (ri'so). Xingu (shen-goo'). Yanteles (Yan-ta'lez). h .■ ■ V EUROPE. I. Position : a. Absolute — In the North Temperate Zone. If. Relative — West of Asia ; North of Africa. Compare with latitude of Canada. Account for the higher temperatuire. ,— rr- mp > .• r I. ' .f- — ;S-- N Surface Europe. EUROPK. 6l c. Boundaries : North — Arctic Ocean. West — Atlantic Ocean. South — Str. of Gibraltar, Mediterranean, -^gean, Dardanelles, Marmora, Bos- phorus, Black, Caucasus Mis. East — Caspian Sea, Ural River and Mts. 2. The Surface : Part of the Eurasian Continent. a. Great Southern Plateau : Axis — The Alps — Mount Blanc. Ranges radiating from this centre. Black Forest, Bohemian, Carpathian ; Dinaric Alps, Balkan ; Caucasus ; Apennines ; Jura Alps, Cevennes, Pyrenees ; Cantabrian, Sierra Morena, Sierra Nevada ; Vosges. Peaks — Blanc, Rosa ; Cenis, St. Gothard, St. Bernard ; Vesuvius, Etna, Stromboli ; Olympia. i>. Northern Highlands : Ranges — Scandinavian, Grampian ; Ural Mountains. Peak — Hecla, in Iceland. c. Great Central Plain — runs east and 7vest and is a continuation of the Siberian Plain. (i) Part sloping to the north-west. (2) Part sloping to the south-east. I" i, I: !• r » n 62 OEOtiRAPHY NOTES 3. Drainage : a. Great Central Plain : Rivers into Arctic — Petchora, Dwina. Into Baltic — Neva, Duna, Vistula, Oder. Into North — Elbe,Weser, Rhine, Thames. Into ICttglish Channel — Seine. Into Biscay — Loire, Garonne. Into Black — Danube, Dniester, Dnieper. Into Azov — Don. Into Caspian — Volga, Ural. Lakes — Ladoga, Onega, Saima, Peipus. b. The Great Southern Plateau : Rivers ifito Atlantic — Douro, Tagus, Guadi- ana, Guadalquiver. hito Mediterranean — Ebro, Rhone, Tiber, Into Adriatic — Po. Into ^/rt-^y^-Danube-Drave, Save, Theiss. Lakes — Geneva, Constance ; Como, Mag- giore, Garda. c. Northern Highlands: Rivers — Short and unimportant. Lakes — Wener, Wetter, Mselar. 4. Coast Features —Waters : Europe has the most broken coast-line of all the continents. Notice the itnportant influence of this on climate and navigation. a. Oceans — Arctic, Atlantic. J EUROPE. 63 b. Seas : On the Northwest~W\\\iQ^ Baltic, North, Irish. On the South — Mediterranean, Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, Ionian, ^gean, Marmora, Black, Azov. On the East — Caspian. c. Gulfs and Bays : On the North-west — Bothnia, Finland, Riga, Biscay. On the South — Lyons, Genoa, Taranto, Venice, Corinth, Salonica, Perekop. d. Straits and Channels : On the North- West— Sound, Great Belt, Little Belt, Cattegat, Skager Rack, Dover, English, St. George's, North. On the South — Gibraltar, Bonifacio, Mes- sina, Otranto, Dardanelles, Bosphorus, Yenikale. 5. Coast Features— "LsLtid— One -fourth of the continent. a. Capes : To the North-west — North, Naze, Skaw, Wrath, Clear, Land's End, La Hogue, Ortegal, Finisterre, St. Vincent, Tra- falgar. To the South — Messina, Spartivento, Mata- pan. b. Peninsulas — Scandinavia, Denmark, Spain and Portugal, Italy, Greece, Morea, Crimea. .i*-'?-?5V':. fv*- } ! 64 C.EOnRAI'HV NOI'KS. c. Isthmuses --K\t\, Corinth, Perekop. d. Islands : In Arctic — Nova Zembla, Loffoden. hi Baltic — Gothland, Oeland — to Sweden. Aland, Dago, Oesel — to Russia. Rugen — to Germany. Zealand, Funen, Laaland, Bornholm — to Demnark. To the ?Ft?j/— Iceland, Faroe, British Isles — Great Britain, Ireland, Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides — Man, Channel Ids. To the South — Balearic — Majorca, Minorca, Ivica — Corsica, Sardinia, Elba, Sicily Li pari, Malta, Ionian, Crete, Euboea, The Archipelago. 6. Political Divisions. . First Rate Powers. Countries. Great Britain and Ireland Russia. Caimtal and Chief Cities. London, Liverpool, Man- chester, Birniingham,Leeds, Sheffield ; Glasgow, Edinburgh ; Dublin, Belfast. St. Petersburg, Moscow, VVarsav;, Odessa, Astrakhan, Nijni Novgorod, Riga, Arch- angel. EUROPE. a. First Rate Y*OVftV^- 'Continued. Countries. Gov't. Capital and Chief Cities. Germany. Emp. Berlin, Hamburg, Breslau, Munich, Dresden, Bremen, Leipsic, Hanover, Cologne, Strasburg, Konigsberg, Mag- deburg, Frankfort, Stuttgart, Dantzic. France. Rep. Paris, Lyons, Marseilles, Bor- deaux, Rouen, Lille (Lisle), Toulouse, St. Etienne, Nantes, Havre. Austria- Hungary. Italy. Emp. King. Vienna, Buda-Pesth, Prague, Trieste, Lemberg. Rome, Naples, Milan, Turin, Genoa, Florence, Venice, Bologna, Leghorn, Paler- mo, Messina. A Second and Third Rate Powers. Norway. ^ Sweden. / King. Christiania, Bergen. Stockholm, Gothenburg. Denmark. King. Copenhagen. Holland or The \ Netherlands. / King. The Hague, Amsterdam, Rotter- dam, Utrecht. Belgium. King. Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent, Liege. Spam. King. Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Malaga, (iranada. Portugal. King. Lisbon, Oporto. Switzerland. Roi). Bern, Geneva, Hasle. Turkey. 10m p. Constantinople, Adrianople, Salon ica. Greece. KinR. Athens, I'irxus. Roumania. King. Bucharest. Servia. KinjT. Belgrade. Montenegro. King. Cettenje. Bulgaria. Prince, Sophia. -•">% lT-< i A 68 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. List 4. Pronunciation— Europe. Key. — rat, rate, far, pet, we, pin, pine, not, note, root, bun, lune. Aland (aw'land). Balearic (bal-a-ar'ik). Blanc (blonB ). Bologna (bo-lon'ya). Bordeaux (do'). Bremen (bia'men). Buda-Pesth (boo-da-pest'). Cettenje (tan'ya). Euboea (u-be'a). Gothenburg (got'en). Laaland (law' land). La Hogue'. Leipsic (lip'sik). Liege (le-azh'). Lisle or Lille (ISI). J^oire (Iwai). Maggiore (ma-jo' raj. Messina (se'na). Nijni Novgorod (nizh'ne). Oeland (u'lant, u as in burn). Oesel (u'sel, u as in burn). Rouen (roo'en). Salonica (ne'ka). Seine (san). Seville (sev'il or se-v5l'). Sophia (s6'fe-a or so-fe'a). Theiss (tis). Turin (too'rin). Tyrrhenian (tir-ran' ). Vosges (v^Ozh). Yenikale(ka'le). THE BRITISH EMPIRE. Size — Nearly 12,000,000 square miles. Population — Nearly 400,000,000. Government : Resp. — Responsible government. Rep. — Representative government only. Cr. — Crown Colony. Prot. — Protectorate. Europe : Resp. — (Ircat P»ritaiii and Ireland. Rep. — Man ; Channel Ids. Cr. — Malta and (k>zo. Military Colony. — Gibraltar. THE HRITISH KMPIRK. 69 North America : Resp, — Canada ; Newfoundland. Rep. — Bermudas \ Bahamas ; Leewards ; Wind wards ; Barbadoes. Cr. — Jamaica ; Belize. South America : Rep. — British Guiana. Cr, — Trinidad ; Falkland Ids. and S. Georgia. Asia : Cr. — India and Burmah ; Ceylon ; Straits Set- tlements ; Hong Kong ; Labuan. Prot. — Native States of India (Cashmere,Nepaul, Bhotan, etc.) ; Beloochistan ; Aden, Perim, and Socotra ; Bahrein ; Cyprus ; British Nortli Borneo ; Brunei ; Sarawak. Naval Station — Port Hamilton. Africa : Resp — Cape Colony and Bechuanaland ; Natal and Zululand. Rep — Mauritius and Seychelles. Cr. — Sierra Leone ; Gambia ; Gold Coast ; La- gos ; St. Helena ; Basutoland. Prot. — Zambesia; Nyassa'and ; Zanzibar; Br. East Africa j Somali ; Niger Coast and Territories. Naval Station — Ascension. Military Occupation — Egypt. Suzerainty — Transvaal. V-K ^. "f" -"' -s-'i:- '.'*'■ , "f^} o'. ''>'''«^'/- ~y^' :^:" '■■ '"v*-7'<'S?;5''«.,r ':,i^ 1 1 1 t 1 1 ji V 70 GEOCIKAPHV NOTES. J li Australasia : Resp. — Queensland > New South Wales ; Vic- toria ; South Australia ; Western Australia ; Tasmania ; New Zealand. Cr. — Fiji Ids.; British New Guinea. Prot. — New Hebrides. Polynesia : Prot. — Tonga or Friendly Ids.; Cook's or Her- vey Ids.; Samoan Ids. (in part); Pitcairn Id., and other? GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Capital, - London. Position : a. Absolute — latitude and zone. b. Relative. Notice thei . insular character and position as regards the Gulf Stream, and the influence of these on the climate and the occupations of the people. Boundaries : — East— ^oxx\i Sea. South — Str. of Dover, English Channel, rf^rj-/-" Atlantic Ocean. Surface : England and Wales — Mountainous in the north and west ; hilly in the south ; the centre and east a fertile plain. Scotland — Mountainous in the north and weU; hilly in the south ; an undulating plain hi the cciilro. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 71 Irehifid — Mountainous or hilly in the north, west and south ; a plain in the centre. Britain's Exports consist of coal and manu- factured goods in the following order of value : — cottons, woollens and worsteds, hardware and cutlery, coal, machinery, linens, carpets, pottery, books, salt. Her Imports consist mainly of foods and material for manufacturing, including : — grain, sugar, tea, rice, spices, meats, cheese, fruits, nuts, butter and eggs, tobacco, wines and spirits; cotton, wool, silk, flax and hemp, timber, cabinet woods, teak, hides, petroleum, dyestuffs, drugs. Where do these come from 1 England and Wales. 1. Surface : Mountains — Cheviot, Pennine, Cumbrian, Cam- brian. Peaks — Skawfell, Crossfell, Skiddaw, Snowdon. Hills — Malvern, Cotswold, Chiltern, Mendip, North and South Downs, Cornish Heights. Plain — The centre and east. 2. Drainage: Rivers — Tyne, Tees, Humber, Ouse, Trent, Welland, Nen, Great Ouse, Thames, Severn, Avon, Wye, Dee, Mersey. Lakes — Derwentwater, Ulleswater, Windermere. 3. Coast Features— Waters : Ocean — Atlantic. Seas — North, Irish. 72 (iEOGRAPHY NOTKS. Bays — The Wash, Mounts, Barnstaple, Swansea, Caermarthen, Cardigan, Caernarvon, More- cambe, Solway. Straits and Channels — Dover, English, Solent, Spithead, Bristol, St. George's, Menai. 4. Coast Features— Land : Capes — Flamborough, Spurn, The Naze, N. and S. Foreland, Beachy, Start, The Lizard^ Land's End, Hartland, St. David's, Braich- y-pwll, St. Bees. Peninsulas — Norfolk and Suffolk, Kent, Devon and Cornwall, South West Wales. Islands — Holy, Sheppey, Thanet, Wight, Scilly, Anglesey, Holy, (Channel, Man.) 5. Chief Cities: Seaports — London — capital; largest city and greatest port in the world ; great money market : manufactures. Liverpool, Bristol, Hull, Newcastle-upon- Tyne, Sunderland, Plymouth, Southampton. Manufacturing Centres — Manchester {cottons) ; Leeds {woollens)-, Birmingham {hardware) ; Shefifield {cutlery) ; Bradford {worsteds) : Leicester {hosiery) , Nottingham {hosiery^ lace)\ Kidderminster (^TiZ/'/d/i') ; Hanley (/«?/- tery) ; Swansea (:opper) ; Merthyr-Tydvil {iron). Naval Stations — Portsmouth, Devonport, Chat- ham. Universities — Cambridge, Oxford. Cathedrals — Canterbury, York. Miscellaneous — Greenwich (observatory) ; Wool- wich {arsenal). GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 73 Scotland. 1. Surface: Mountains — Grampians, Highlands. Peaks — Nevis, Lomond. Hilis — Ochil, Pentland, Lammermuir, Lowther, Cheviot. Plain — the centre. 2. Drainage: jRivers—S^Qy, Dee, Tay, Forth, Tweed, Teviot, Nith, Clyde. Lakes — Lochy, Ness, Tay, Lomond, Katrine, Awe. 3. Coast Features— Waters : Ocean — Atlantic. Seas — North, Irish. Bays — Moray, Dornoch, Tay, Forth, Loch Linnhe, Clyde, Luce, Wigton, Solway. Straits and Channels — Pentland, Minch, Little Mmch, Harris, Sleat, Mull, Jura, Islay, North, Kilbrannan. 4. Coast Features— Land : Capes — Duncansby, Tarbet, Kinnairds, Fife, St. Abb's, Wrath, Lewis, Aird, Cantire, Gallo- way, Burrow. Peninsulas — Cantire, Wigton. Islands — Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides, Skye, Mull, Jura, Islay, Arran, Bute. 5. Chief Cities : Edinbutgh—^hQ former capital, and a great legal, educational and publishing centre. c* 74 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. Seaports — Glasgow, Greenock, Dundee, Aber- deen, Leith. Manufacturing Centres — Glasgow {ships ^ engines); Paisley {shawls, thread ) ; Dundee {linens) ; Ayr {carpets^ blankets). Universities — Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen. Places of Note — Stirling, Bannockburn, Culloden. Ireland. 1. Surface: Mountains — Donegal, Sperrin, Mourne, Wicklow, Knockmeledown, McGillicuddy Reeks, Nephim Beg. Plain — The centre of the island. 2. Drainage: Rivers — Foyle, Bann, Laggan, Boyne, Liffey, Slaney, Barrow, Nore, Suir, Black water, Lee, Shannon, Erne. Lakes — Neagh, Erne, Ree, Derg, Mask, Conn, Killarney. 3. Coast Features— Waters : Ocean — Atlantic. Sea — Irish. Bays and Harbors — Swilly, Foyle, Belfast, Strangford, Dundalk, Dublin, Wexford, Waterford, Cork, Bantry, Kenmare, Dingle, Galway, Donegal. Channels — North, St. George's. 4. Coast Features— Land : Capes — Malin, Fair, Howth, Carnsore, Clear, Mizzen, Dunmore, Loop, Slyne, Achil, Rossan, Bloody Foreland. y \ GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELANH. 75 Islands — Rathlin, Cape Clear, Valentia, Aran, Achil. 5. Chief Cities : Dublin — Seat of government for Ireland; edu- cational centre— universities. Seaports — Dublin, Belfast, Cork, Queenstown, Londonderry, Limerick, Waterford. Manufacturing Centres — Belfast {linens) ; Lon- donderry {linens, flax yarn) ; Limerick {lace, fish-hooks). Places of Note — Killarney, Kilkenny, Valentia Id. List 5. Pronunciation— Great Britain. Greenwich (^ren'itch). Leicester (16s'ter). Linnhe (lin'ne). Lo'mond. Neagh (na). Ochil (och'il, ch as in loch). Ouse (ooz). Plymouth (pli'muth). Wigton (wi'ton). ASIA. 1. Position, Extent, and Population : a. From equator to beyond Arctic Circle. Extends through all the zones. Compare with the latitude of North America. b. Forms the eastern part of Eurasia. Washed by Arctic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. Connected with Africa by the Isthmus of Suez. £. The largest of the continents. Contains one- third of the land surface of the globe and more than one-half the people of the world. 2. Boundaries: North — Arctic Ocean. .£'aj'/— Behring Strait and Sea, Pacific Ocean. South — Indian Ocean. /^F^.f/— Bab-el-Mandeb, Red, Suez (Gulf and Canal), Mediterranean, ^gean, Dardanelles, Bosphorus, Black, Caucasus, Caspian, Ural River and Mountains. 3. Surface and Drainage : a. The Great Central Plateau : Axis — The Pamir. Ranges radiating from this centre. Himalayas ; Kuenlun, Peeling, Nanling ; Thian Shan, Altai, Yablonoi, Stanovoi ; Soliman, Western Ghauts, Eastern Ghauts ; 76 *»-w v-: *.».■■ ^4 ■ \ A 1 -■.W ._ --«-- " -v'>^:^^5^'^^v>-^*s.- 'y.-i .mik ■" \ '" ■- ;- C-J VCy ■ n;' •^trr-.-'^"^ - •* MAI' OF THE SURFACE OF ASIA. ■.:V'i '■■•-iMt-*- 78 GLCX.RAI'HY NOTES. i Hindoo Koosh, Elburz, Caucasus, Taurus ; Ural. Peaks — Everest, Elburz, Ararat, Sinai. Passes — Bolan, Khyber. Deserts^ the continuation of Sahara — Ara- bian, Syrian, Great Salt, Turkestan, Gobi, Indian. Plateaus — Iran, Pamir, Thibet, Gobi. The mountains of Asia are the largest and the highest in the world. Most of the ranges run from east to '.vest. They give shape to the continent, decide the direction and length of the rivers and affect tlie chmate and products of the countries and the occupations of the people. /'. The Northern Slope : Rivers — Obi, Yenisei, Lena — through the tun- dras. Lake — Baikal. c. The Eastern or Pacific Slope : Rivers — Amoor, Peiho, Hoang-ho, Yangtse- kiang, Cantot., Mekong, Meinam ; — through alluvial plains of great fertility ; — navigable for great distances. d. The Southern or Indian Slope : /v'/zrA'i^— Saluen, Irawady, pf-ahmapootra, Gan- ges— Hugh — Indus, Ti ris, Euphrates — Shat-el-Arab e. Central Basin : Rivers — Oxus, Sihon, Ural — towards lakes below the sea level. '^?'%'\ ASIA. 79 IS, Lakes — Balkash, Aral, Caspian — all without a visible outlet; water brackish or salty. JVofe — The Jordan flows into the Dead Sea which is 1,300 feet below sea-level. 4. Coast Features— Waters. — Coast irregular. a. Oceans — Arctic, Pacific, Indian. b. Seas — North — Kara. East — Behring, Okhotsk, Japan, Yellow, China, Celebes, Java. South — Arabian. West — Red, Mediterranean, The Levant, i4^2gean, Marmora, Black, Caspian. c. Gulfs and Bays — North — O b i . East — Anadir, Pechelee, Tonquin, Siam. South — Martaban, Bengal, Manaar, Cam- bay, Cutch, Oman, Persian, Aden, Suez. d. Straits and Channels : East — Behring, La Perouse, Tonquin, Corea, Formosa, Hainan, Macassar, Sunda. ^d^wM— Malacci', Palk, Ormuz, Bab el Man- deb. West — Dardanelles, Bosphorus. 5. Coast FtdXuvtS—'Ldind.— About one fijth of the continent. a. Capes — Lopatka, Cambodia, Romania, Neg- rais, Dondra, Comorin, Ra^-el Had. b. Peninsulas — KamtschatUa, Corea, Indo China, Malay, Hindostan, Arabia, Asia Minor. c. Isthmuses — Suez, Kraw. d. Islands — North— "^Jgw Siberia. niiriiaa . n* J 80 geo(;raphv notes. East — Aleutian, Saghalien, Kurilc, Japan, — Yezo, Hondo, etc. — Liukiu, Formosa, Hainan. Southeast — Philippine, Borneo, Java, Sum- matra, Singapore. South — Andaman, Nicobar, Ceylon, Mal- dive, Laccadive, Perim. West — Cyprus. , 6 Political Divisions. Divisions. Russia in Asia. Chinese Empire. Capitals and Chirk Towns. Tiflis, Bokhara, Khiva, Tobolsk, Tomsk. Pekin, Tientsin, Shanghai, Foo-chow, Amoy, Canton, Hankow, Lassa, Varkand, Kas'igar. Corea. Seoul. Japan. Tokio, Osaka, Cioto, Yokohama. Indo-China : Anam. Hue. Siam. Bangkok. Cochin China. Cambodia. Srraits Settlements. Singapore. Dutch East Indies. Batavia. Philippine Ids. Manilla. India and Burmah. Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Rangoon, Benares, Lucknow, Delhi, Agra, Mandalay. Ceylon. Colombo. Afghanistan. Cabul, Herat, Candahar. Beloochistan. Kelat. Persia. Teheran, Ispahan, Bushire. Oman. Muscat. Turkey in Asia. .Smyrna, Bcyroot, Damascus, Aleppo, Jpfusalem, Mecca. '"■rft.M »^.-^--*.N. i«l:i»^«*::JJ/t^^(*^ ASIA. 8l Commerce of Asia. Commerce is retarded by lack of means of trans- portation and the exclusiveness of some of the nations and religions. Railways are almost absent and trade is carried on by means of caravans and boats. The great Russian railway across the con- tinent will be of immense importance commercially, politically, and for military purposes. 7. Exports : Russia in Asia — Minerals, furs, hides, tallow, grain, ivory. Chinese Empire — Tea, silk, wool, sugar, por- celain, fireworks, camphor, tobacco, lac- quered ware. Japan — Tea, silk, porcelain, camphor, Japanese goods. Indo- China — Cotton, sugar, rice, gums, spices, dyewoods. Dutch, East Itidies — Coffee, sugar, spices, sago, guttapercha, camphor, dyewoods. Philippine Ids. — Manilla hemp, spices, sugar, coffee. India — Cotton, opium, rice, wheat, indigo, tea, jute. Ceylon — Tea, coffee, cinnamon, pearls, rice. Persia — Silks, shawls, carpets, dried fruits, pearls. Arabia — Spices, coffee, gums, dates. Asia Minor and Syria — Dried fruits, silk, oil, gums. 8. Imports : Chinese Empire — Cottons, woollens, opium, metals. /''Pan — Cottons, woollens, sugar, machinery. India — Precious metals, cottons, machinery, army supplies, clothing, foods. The general imports of the other countries are manufactures of clotli and metal goods. ii- 82 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. ' List 6. Pronunciation — Asia. Key. — rat, rate, far, pet, we, pin, pine, not, note, root, bun, tune. Amoy'. Aral (ar'al). Baikal (bi'kal). Balkash'. Bas'sorah. Benar'es. Bokha"'' (bo-ka'ra). Bushire (boo-sher'). Dec' can. Delhi (dene). Ghants (gats). Hainan (hinan'). Irkutsk (kootsk'). ja'va. Kamtschatka (kam-chal'ka)' Khiva (ke'va). Kurile (koo'ril). Liukiu (le-oo'ke-00). Osaka (o'za-ka). Pamir (pa-mer). Saghalien (sa-ga-len' ). Sinai (sl'ni or si-na-i). Suma'tra. Tien-tsin (te-en'-tsin). Tiflis (tif-les'). Tokio (to'ke-o). Tonquin (ton-kin'). Turkestan (toor-ke-sta'n). V'okohaaia (ha' ma). ' 1 AFRICA. I. Position and Extent : a. Extends about 35^' on each side of equator. Most of the continent in the Torrid Zone. ^. South of Europe ; south-west of Asia. Compare with the latitude of S. America and Austraha. Between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. c. Contains about one- fifth of the land surface of the globe. Africa is the second largest continent. 2 Boundaries : North — Str. of Gibraltar and Mediterranean. East — Suez, Red, Bab-el- Mandeb, Aden, Indian. West — Atlantic Ocean. 3. Surface: a. The Great Southern Plateau h. The Northern Plateau. AFRICA. 83 c. The Great Central Plain- The Sahara. d. The Coast Region which skirts the con- tinent — low, narrow, unhealthy. Ranges — Abyssinian, Lupata, Drakenberg, Nieu- weld, Cameroon, Kong, Senegambia, Atlas. Peaks — Kenia, Kilima-Njaro. Deserts— ^2hzx2iy Nubian, Egyptian, Libyan, Kalahari. The Sahara Plain consists of sandy and rocky hills, plains and depressions. Rain falls only on ♦ • ■^*%: 10 y ^^; WMm %\ T^v in W r,fi.-,""*^-s„ f'-' i 84 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. ■; the highlands, and rivers are lost in the sana. During the day the heat is oppressive, but the nights are cold. Sand storms are prevalent. The Simoon, Sirocco, and Harmattan, are local periodic winds which blow from this desert region. In the oases the date palm flourishes to perfection, and trade is carried on by means of caravans. Tke Southerti Plateau comprises the whole of the southern part of the continent. Abundance of rain falls and gives rise to numerous large lakes and all the great rivers of Africa. The northern part consists of grazing land. A dense forest covers the country for 10^ on each side the equator. The whole region is skirted by the ranges of mountains which extend from Abyssinia along the eastern, south- ern and western coasts. The Northern or Barbary Plateau is a succession of terraces. It is well watered and very fertile. 4. Drainage : Although the rivers are large, navigation is in- terrupted by falls and rapids, and by sand bars at the mouths. Rivers: North — Nile — Sobat, Blue Nile, At- bara. East — Juba, Zambesi — Shire — Limpopo. West — Niger — Benue — Congo and its tribu- taries» Orange — Vaal. /;/ Soudan — Shari. Waterfalls— Ow the Nile ist, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th cataracts and Murchison Falls; Victoria Fails on tha Zambesi ; Stanley I alls on the Congo. AFRICA. 85 Lakes — Victoria Nyanza, Albert Nyanza, Deiii- bea, Tanganyika, Bangweolo, Nyassa, Debu, Chad. 5. Coast Features— Waters : The coast is unbroken on account of the simplicity and direction of the jnountai?i system. Oceans —A\.\3.n\\Cj Indian. Seas — Mediterranean, The Levant, Red. Gulfs and Bays — Cabes, Sidra, Suez, Aden, Sofala, Delagoa, Guinea, Biafra, Benin. Straits and Channels — Gibraltar, Bab-el-Mandeb, Mozambique. Canal : Suez — " England's Key to India." Port Said to Suez, 100 miles, cost $100,- 000,000. Notice its commercial and political importance. 6 Coast Features— Land. Capes — Spartel, Bon.Guardafui, Corrientes, Good Hope, Lopez, Palmas, Verde, Blanco. Peninsula — Somali. Isthmus — Suez. Islands : British — Perim, Socotra, Zanzibar, Mauritius and Seychelles, St. Helena, Ascension. French — Madagascar, Reunion (Bourbon), Comoro. Spanish — Canary, Fernando Po, Annobon. Portuguese — Azores, Cape Verde, Madeira, St. Thomas, Princes. 86 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. 7. Important Political Divisions. 1[ Divisions. Capitals. Government. Barbary States : Morocco. Fez, Morocco. Sultanate. Algeria. Algiers. French Possession. Tunis. Tunis. French Protectorate Tripoli. Tripoli. Trib. of Turkey. Egypt. Cairo. Trib. of Turkey. Abyssinia. Gondar. Independent. Zanzibar. Zanzibar. Brit. Protectorate. Br. East Africa. Mombasa. Brit. Possession. Port. East Africa. Mozambique. Portuguese Poss. Madagascar. Tananarivo. French Possession. Natal. Pietermaritzbujg British Colony. Cape Colony. Cape Town. British Colony. Orange Free State Bloemfontein. Republic. Transvaal. Pretoria. Republic. Congo Free State. Boma. Independent. Sierra Leone. Freetown. British Colony. Gambia. Bathurst. British Colony. Liberia. Monrovia. Independent. Soudan. Many. Small states. Of Less Importance — Somali, German E. Africa, Nyassaland, Zambesia, Basutoland, German S. Africa, Angola, French Congo, Cameroons, Dahomey, Ashantee, Gold Coast. Districts — Uppet Gumea, Lower Guinea, Nubia. Commerce : Africa has great natural resources and although the people are indolent and their methods of work inferior, the products are numerous and valuable. The European trading stations, which are established all along the coast, are frequented by native traders. Trade is carried on by barter. The means of transportation include boats on the rivers, AFRICA. 87 . Steamboats on the Congo and the Zambesi, caravans in the interior and some short railways at the north and the south. The three hnes of railway now being built by the British — (i) down the Nile Valley, (2) to Uganda, and (3) from Cape Town to Buluwayo — will play an important part in opening up the country. The slave-trade is being suppressed, but the gin-trade is proving as great a curse. The products include : Fruits— Figs, dates, tamarinds, oranges, lemons, bananas, pomegranates, European fruits. Grains — Wheat, rice, maize, barley. Palm— -Dates, sago, oil. Various — Coffee, cotton, spices, dyewoods, gums, wool, ivory, hides, feathers, teak, rubber, beeswax. Minerals— Gold, diamonds, copper, iron, salt. Manufactures— Leather, silk, carpets, sugar, indigo. ca, S. ns, ces leir )US ich by lie ;rs, Ten Important Commercial Cities. Cairo — Inland and foreign trade, beauty, western civilization and education. Alexandria — Egyptian port. Tunis — Caravan trade, exports — manufactures, grain, wool, fruit, ostrich feathers, gold dust, ivory. Fez — Silks, leather, carpets. Algiers — Grain, fruit. Tripoli —Good harbor, caravan trade ; exports same as Tunis. Zanzibar — Ivory, copal gum, cloves, sugar, cotton, coffee, spices. Cape Town — Wool, hides, ostrich feathers. Lagos— Gold, oil, ivory. Johannesburg— Gold. i-'^yi" 1 I iii k Hi H 88 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. List 7. Pronunciation — Africa. Key.— r3,t, rate, far, pet, we, pin, pine, not, note, root, bun, tflne. Abomey'. Bloemfontein (blum-fon'tin, u as in burn). Cairo (ki' ro). Kalahari (hd're). Kenia (ke-ni'a). Kilima-Njaro (kil-e-ma' nya-ro'). Na-tal'. Nieuw-eld (nu'velt). Nyassa (ne-a'sa). Pietermar'itzburg (pe'ter). Zambesi Port Said (sa-ed'). Saha'ra. Seychelles (sa-sh61'). Shire (she-ra'). Sierra Leone (ia.o'na). Sofd'la. Somali (mi'le). Ta'na-na're-vo'). Tanganyika (ye'ka). Tangier (tan-jer"). Tripoli (trIp-5-le). Vaal (vai). (ba' ze). AUSTRALASIA. This division comprises the following islands and groups :— Celebes, Moluccas, New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Fiji, Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon, New Heb- rides, New Caledonia and Loyalty. & i^ 80 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /y ,* 1.0 I.I ■50 "^™ il^HI >u Ijki 122 llllli& 1 1.25 IIU III 1.6 ^5 11^ i^ ^ 6" ► [%otographic Sciences Corporption 4^ 4i 4 \ 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WItSTH.N.Y, 14510 (716) l7a-4»03 [/.. %o F 4 ^ y saoKimsmmmmm 90 GEOGRAPHY NOTES. AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND. 1. Position —In Torrid and South Temperate Zones. Compare with latitude of Africa and South America. 2. Boundaries : JVortA — Timor and Arafura Seas, Torres Strait. Easf— Coral Sea, Pacific Ocean. SoufA — Southern Ocean. IVes/ — Indian Ocean. 3. Surface : /Ganges — Liverpool, Blue, Australian Alps, Gawler. Plateau — The Eastern. /Yrt/«— The Great Central. Deserts — Great Victoria, Sandy, Stony. 4. Drainage ; a. Southern Slope : Rivers — Murray, Murrumbidgee, Lachlan, Darling. b. The Central Depression : River — Cooper. • Z^/4«— Gairdner, Torrens, Eyre, Amadeua — all without visible outlet. , 5. Coast Features— Waters : Oceans — Pacific, Southern, Indian. Seas — Timor, Arafura, Coral. Gulfs and Bays : — iV6;rM— Carpentaria, Cambridge. £ast — Botany. Soutlt — Great Australian Bight, Spence^ St. Vincent. JVe7V Zealand — Plenty. Straits — Torres, Bass, Cook (N. Z.). AUSTRALASIA. 91 6. Coast Features— Land : Capes — York, Howe, Wilson, South, Leeuwin. Ne7V Zea/and—N orthf East. Peninsula — Northern Queensland. Islands — Tasmania, New Zealand — North, South — Lord Howe, Norfolk. 7. Political Divisions. Countries. Queensland. NewSouthWales. Victoria. South Australia. West Australia. Tasmania. New Zealand. Capitals and Chief Cities. Brisbane. Sydney, Newcastle, Bathurst. Melbourne, Ballarat, Sandhurst. Adelaide, Port Adelaide. Perth. Hobart. Wellington, Auckland, Dun- edin, Christchurch. 8. Chief Exports — Wool, hides, tallow, preserved meats, butter, wheat, gold, tin, also timber and gum from New Zealand. 9. Chief Imports — Cloth, hardware, machinery, fish, spirits, lea, sugar. POLYNESIA. This comprises all the islands between Australasia and America, the chief groups being — Sandwich, Ladrone,Caroline,Tong:a or Friendly, Society, Samoa, and Cook's or Hervey. The Sandwich Islands or Hawaii. Capital - Honolulu. This country has regular steamship communication with Vancouver, San Francisco, Sydney, Wellington and other points. Exports — Sugar, rice, coffee, hides, wool. Imports — Manufactured goods. List 8. Pronunciation — Australasia, etc. Arafura (foo'ra). Ballarat'. I Hawaii (ha-wi'e), I Mur'rumbid'gee. Timor (te-mor'). ja "SCHOOL HELPS" SERIES la y. CANADIAN HISTORY NOTES, for 3pd, 4th. and 5th Classes By G. E. Henderson, Editor of The Canadian Teacher and The Entrance ; and C. G. Eraser, Assistant Master in Glad- stone Ave. School, Toronto. Price, 15 cents. 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