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Lorsque !e document est trop grand pour Stre reproduit en un seul clich«, li est fiimi A partir de I'angle sup«rieur gauche, de gauche d droitc, et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants iilustrent la m^^thode. rata •elure. 3 )2X 1 _ 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 i. ■■'< ^.^ :tlrDi±*±± »• ■ft ^y*-'. ^^-.-S;. " ,__ -.^"f.iji-^' ^Itf^''*' " ....Refererice • ••• I HISTOR 'i4 '»£^#H AND GEOGRAPHY ^X Public School Teacher T* -i" •,." -* V V" {^ PRICE, f% 20 CENTS » Toronto, 1897 PRINTED AT THC SCMTINtt OrFICE, TORONTO f t-4' *, •» -■!'■ ; V , STUDENTS' ....Reference Book.... OF HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY m (igBn li w |1 ji?': BY >^VJVI. I«. ^wooo Public School Teacher JRlVE^JWISiVI^JK:, • - OIVT, PRICE, - 20 CENTS Toronto, 1897 V Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year One Thousand Eight Hundred and Ninety-Seven, by Wm. R. Wood. at the Departmant of Agriculture. PREFATORY NOTE. In submitting this little book to the public the writer lays no claim to literary excellence. It is merely a compilation of facts stated in as concise a form as possible, and arranged in such a way as it is hoped will make them easy of reference and at the same time will give a connected view of the progress of five centuries along the lines of Invention, Exploration, Re- ligious Organizations and Literature. Sections five and six, while primarily intended for the use uf the pupils of our Public and High schools, will, it is believed, be found to contain much that is of interest to the general reader. Wm, R. Wood. RivERBANK, June 1st, 1897, , 1 - i I 1 ■ ^^! IL-i ),.! ** Writers of history by an exact and scrupulous dili(fc.v,^c and ohservatioriy o'^it of monuments^ names^ vjords, p^^overbs^ tradi- tionSj private records and evidences, fragmeuU of stories, passages of books that concern not story, a)id the like, do save and recover somewhat from the deluge of Time,^' — Bacon. , i. nEtt'se««!WMm wvaw SECTIONS I. Inventions. il. Exploration. III. Literature. IV. Religion and Morals. V. Historical Definitions. VI. Geographical Definitions. m SECTION I. Events in the History of Invention and Discovery in the In- dustrial Arts and Sciences, and other similar advances, since the beginning of the Fifteenth Ctntury. I4»0. IVinting from wooden blocks iixtroduced by Faust, 1442. Guttenburg uses types cut from metal, 1444. Cast metal types first used, 1452. Manufacture of glass in England begun, 1457. Caxton's printing press set up at Westminster, 1473. Straight-grooved-bore rifles used in Germany. liWO. St. Pelers at Rome begun, 1506. Spirally star-grcoved rifles invented by Koster, 1520. Newsheet, "Gazetta," printed in Venice, 1536. ^ Diving bell first used (about), 1538. Copernican theory of the heavenly bodies first pub- lished, 1543. Royal Exchange established in London, J 566. Dip of magnetic needle first noted, 1676. - Wheel-lock guns (ignited by friction) invented, by Auremberg, 1577. *' English Mercurie," war-notes, printed, 1588. Kepler discovers elliptical orbits of the planets, 1594. Ittoo. Gilbert's theory of terrestrial magnetism (a single magnetic core from pole to pole) announced, 1600. Galileo discovers the satellites of Jupiter, 1610. James I., of England, issues '• Book of Sports," 1618. W-^^' 6 1700. 1795. studenth' rbference book London " New River," (a canal supplying water) com- pleted, 1619. Van Drebbel's air thermometer constructed, 1021. Vernier's scale first used, 1631. Founding of Royal Society, 1662. Speaking trumpet invented, 1670. Silk carding inventioa patented, 1671. First electric machine constructed by ffuericke, 1672. Tourniquet first used in surgery, 1674. Roemer's discovery of the velocity i»f light, 1675. Foundation of Greenwich observatory laid, 1675. Return of first predicted comet, 1682. Newton's *' Principia," which enunciates the Law of Gravitation, published, 1687. Firelock (flint and steel) muskets introduced, 1(590. Roemer's transit instrument invented, 1690. New coinage issued in England, 1696. Newton's thermometer invented, 1701, Newcome's atmospheric engine patented, 1705. St. Paul's Cathedral completed, 1708. Hawksbee's electric machine constructed, 1709. Fahrenheit constructs his mercurial thermometer, 1714. Aberration of fixed stars noted and explanied by Bradley, 1720. Halley's diving bell c(mstructed (about), 1720. William Ged discovers the process of stereotyping, 1725. Reamur's scale for marking thermometer nitroduced, 1730. Muschenbrock's pyrometer invented, 1731. Nautical chronometer invented by Harrison, 1736. Eclipse of Mercury by Venus noted, 1737. Leyden jar invented, 1746. Heliometer invented by M. Bouguer, 1747. OF HISTORY AND OEOORAPHY. 7 '■.■.■*■'.' ■ , ; • Porcelain first painted on, 1749. . A* Roebuck's method of manufacturing sulphuric acid perfected, 1749. . 1150. British Museum founded, 1763. * Bridgewater's canal from Worsley to Manchester, first in England, 1758. Lightning conductors first constructed by Franklin, 1760. - Accidental discovery of kaolin in France, 1766. ' ? -/ James Watt constructs his model of a steam engine, 1765. , ■ . ■;;.,..,,:...::. Ark Wright's water-frame spinning machine constructed, 1769. . Society of Civil Engineers organized, 1771. :.. > : Hydrochloric acid gao discovered, 1772. James Watt surveys course for Caledonian Canal, 1773. Oxygen and chlorine discovered, 1774. Herschell's five-foot reflector constructed, 1774. 1775. Jasper or Wedgewood ware invented by Josiah Wedge- wood, 1775. , . , V Volta's electrophorus invented, 1775. }'''y'-::'r'''i'X- Hydrogen discovered by Cavendish, 1776. Bonneman devises incubating apparatus, 1777. Crompton's mule-jenny (a movable frame for the spindles in spinning) invented, 1779. Nairn's two-fluid electric battery invented, 1780. Herschell discovers planet Uranus, 1781. Volta's electric condenser invented, 1782. Royal Society of Edinbursjh incorporated, 1783. Fiifu embossed book for the blind printed, 1784. Watt's steam hammer patented, 1784. Cort's process of rolling and puddling iron introduced, 1784. ■i$ f, !■ 1 " «!f» = it-mi ^j. $ . students' llEFERENCE BOOK Chlorate mixtures exploded by percussion first used in . rifle shooting, 1786. Cause of acceleration in moon's revolution discovered, 1787. Meikle invents grain threshing mill, 1787. * SiT.eaton's diving bell constructed, 1788. Herschell's great telescope co- *^ructed, 1789. Metal strontium discovered, 1793. Decimal system introduced in France, 1793. Semaphore signal towers first established by the French, 1794. Leblanc's process of soda ma^^ufacture introduced, 1794. Discovery of anti-v6.r'olous power of vaccination (about) 1796. Voltaic pile constructed, 1799. ^SOft. Laughing-gas suggested as an aniesthetic, 1800. First of the asteroids discovered, January 1, 1801. First census of Great Britain taken, 1801. Caledonian Canal begun, 1803. Development of eloctro-chemical decomposition, 1806. • i Metals potassium, sodium, barium, strontium, calcium and magnesium first obtained by electricity, 1807. Fulton's first steam voyage. New York to Albany, 1807. Captain Manby invents life-mortar for throwing mis- sile with chain attached, 1807. Aluminum discovered, 1808. Deluc's dry electric pile constructed (gold and silver paper), 1809. 1810. Evening schools first established, 1811. Lighthouse on Inchcape (Bell Rock), completed, 1811. Brewster's dioptric lighthouse invented, 1812. First iiteamer used for commercial purposes (" Comet" on the Clyde), 1812. Davy discovers electric light and the voltaic arc, 1813. ?■' ,»**'-' ■ OF HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY. 9 Stephenson's locomotive constructed (6 miles an hour), 1814. First steam printing press, " Times," London, 1814. Permanent jihotographic pictures produced, 1814. Davy's safety lamp invented, 1815. Stephenson's safety lamp invented, 1815. Elementary form of bicycle constructed, 1815. Kaleidoscope invented by Brewster, 1817. First steam voyage from England to America, 1819. 1830. Action of electric current on magnetic needle noticed by Ersted, 1820. Petroleum first discovered in Ohio, 1820. Introduction of lithography, 1821. Tengrove's rocket apparatus constructed, 1821. Prof. Danifcll invents an improved pyrometer, 1821 . First mechanics' institute founded in London, 1823. CaledV mSTOKY AND G£OO^APHY. / 'Frenchmen explore the Missouri, 1733.'/- Behring's secoml expeditioa, 1 740. ^*^' «2 /On*. Captain Oook visits Australia, X^*1<1, *My Hearne crosses fron* Hudi^on Bay to the reouth of the Copper mine, 1771. .'./# .V 'V ........ / i..'»» First British settlement in Australia (t*t. Ja^ksonX^ 1788. ... First transportation to Botauy Bay, 17^8. Bass Strait explored, 1790, English colony at Sierra Leone, 1790, Mackenzie crosses from the moUth of tlie Mackenzie River to the Pacific, 1789-93, Moreton and Hervey Bay (Australia) explored, 1792, Mungo Park's first voyage to Africa, 1795, Norlh-eas't coast of Australia explored, 1801. Wellesley province purchased by Great Britain, 1802. Colony of Victoria explored and surveyed, 1802. First settlement in New South Wales, 1803. First settlement in Tasmania, 1803. Scoresby reaches lat. SV 30', north of Spitzbergen, 1806, Ascension Island first occupied, 1^15, Singapore Island purchased by Great Britain, 1819. Alexander's and Pete^rs' land (in the Antarctic ocean) discovered, 1821. Malacca taken from the Dutch, 1824. Captain Parry reaches lat. 82° 40* in boats mid sl-edges, north of Spitzbergen, 1827. Peninsula Boothia Felix discovered and named bj Booth, 1829, Melbourne, Australia, founded, 1835. Complete exploration of Australian coast, 1837-43, i^abr^na L^nd discovered, 1839™ lir «'i tii' flD students' reference book Ross Antarctic expedition discovers volcanoes Erebus and Terror, 1840. Victoria Land discovered and coast traced from lat. 71° to lat. 78° 10' (highest south latitude reached) by Ross, 1841 43. Hong Kong ceded to Britain by China, 1842. Franklin starts on his last voyage, 1845. Labuan becomes a British possession, 1846. Livingstone discovers Lake Ngami, 1849. 18S0. Robert McClure discovers a North-west Passage via Banks' Strait, Melville Sound and Barrow Strait, 1860. Livingstone crosses Africa westwards, 1853-54. Livingstone re-crosses Africa eastwards, 1854-56. Oudh annexed to the British Empire, 1856. Remains of Franklin Expedition found on the borders .)f King William Land, 1867. Speke discovers Victoria Nyanza, 1858. livingstone explores the Zambezi and discovers lakes Shirwa and Nyassa, 1868-63. Baker ascending the White Nile, reaches the Abert Nyanza, 1864. Spitzbergen accurately mapped by Nordenskoild, 1868. Austro-Hungarian Polar Expedition starts, 1872. Return of Austro-Hungarian Polar Expedition after discovery of Franz Josef land ; explored to lat. 82° 5' N., 1874. Cameron explores lower half of Lake Tanganika, 1874-76. I»I5. Stanley explores the Victoria Nyanza, 1876-76. Captain Nares reaches 8S° 20' N., 1876-76. Stanley descends tho Congo, 1877. OP HISTORY A5D QBOORAPHV. 21 The Vega of Gothenburg, under Nordenskoild, accom- plishes the N.E. passage and eyph)re8 the coast of Asia from the Yeiiesei to Behring Sea, returning (1879) via Suez Canal, 1878. American Arctic ExpMition under (Ireeley reaches lat. 83° 24' N., 1883 Return of Nansen Expedition, which reached lat. 86" 14' W., 1896. ^M *■ i » ■ ,\ 'r ^ ... . , ■ 22 students' reference booh: SECTION ni. f> i -; -h,. V, Literatuie and Authors. Prellnilnai'y Note.— In earlier English history the chief names connected with literature are Be'^e, *' the Venerable" (d.735), who wrote a "History of the Church of the Angles " ; Bacon (1214-1292), who wrote a scientific work, entitled ""Opus Majus"; and Chaucer, "The Father of English Poetry'"' (1328-1400), whose chief work was " The Canterbury Tales." Wickliffe's trrtijsi.ition of the Bible wa* published in 1380. ''The EllzHbethan Era, the first period of great literary . activity in England, was preceded by four great events : 1st. The Revival of Learning ; 2nd. The Reformatum ; 3rd, The extension of Geographical knowledge by the discoveries of such men as Vasco ;', de Gama and Christopher Columbus, and 4th. The announcement of the Copernican theory of the heavenly bodies. This period derives its chief glory from such names as. Shakespeare, the first and greatest of dramatists ; Milton, unsurpassed in epic poetry, and Bacon, prince of the scientists of the time. The time of the ¥lcl.orlnH Era corresponds in a general way with that of her Majesty's reign ; and as that reign is the longest in the history of our nation^ and the most glorious in the moral, social and politi- 1 OP HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY. 23 cal advancement it has «een, so is it unprecedented in the vastness, variety and general excellence of the literature it has produced. Among others, four chief causes may be assigned for this wonderful literary acti"ity and success : Ist. The extension of public education and general enlightenment. 2nd. The advances in the art of printing, book- binding and publishing. 3rd. The improved means of transit and inter- communication between the different parts of the world. 4th. Religious and Parliamentary Reform, which has given to the humblest member of Church and State an interest and a voice in the greatest questions of the day. Out of hundreds of worthy names we select the follow- ing as being *>emeof those who deserve highest rank: In History — Macaulay, Carlyle, Hallam, Park- man, Green, McCarthy. In Fiction — Thackeray, Dickens, George Eliot, Lew Wallace, Hawthorne, Charlotte Bronte. In Poetry — Tennyson, Longfellow, Whittier, Aus- tin, Browning. In General Literature — Arnold, Drummond, Lyt- ton, Newman, D'Israeli, Kipling. Among Living Authors, the following are some of the names attracting most attention : Ian McLaren {Dr. Watson), J. M. Barrie, Alfred Austin (Poet Laureate), William Watson, C. G. D. Roberts, Margaret E. Sangster, .7. W. Riley, Rud- yard Kipling, Conan Doyle, F. Brete Harte, W. D. Howells. ■ m ■ ,""' 1 mi m Ii $■ 24 14M. students' reference book ISOO. ISM. GeoflFrey Chaucer died 1400. Caxton born 1410. Sir Thomas More bora 1480. St. Francis Xavier born 1506. Sir T. More's " Life of Ed- ward V." First work in modern Enjjlish, 1609. Erasmus' " Praise of Folly," 1610. More's " Utopia," 1516. TiUther's Ninety-five Propo- sitions, 1617. Erasmus' * ' Colloquies, " 1 522. Tyndale's translation of the Bible, 1626. ** On the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies," by Copernicus, 1630. Calvin's "Institutes of the Christian Religion," 1534. News sheet, *'Gazetta," printed in Venice, 1536. Bibles placed in the parish churches, England, 1640. Edmund Spencer born 1663. Sir Philip Sidney born 1664. Francis Bacon borii 1561. OP HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY. 25 KMNK Spencer's "Shepherd's Cal- endar," 1579. Marlow's "Tamburlaine," 1587. ** English Mercurie" war- notes, printed 1588. "Faerie Queen, 1590." " Venus and Adonis," 1593. "Every man in his Hu- mor," 1596. Bacon's Essays, 1597, Christopher MarJov' born 1562. Shakespeare born 1564. Ben Jonson born 1574. Dr. Ussher born 1580. Sir Philip Sidney died 1886. Marlow died 1593. Edmund Spencer died 1598. Bacon's ** Advancement of Learning,'* 1606. Milton born 1608. Samuel But^ ir born 1612. Ben Johnson made Poet Jeremy Taylor " 1613. Laureate, 1616. . Shakespeare died 1616. Sir Walter Raleigh exe- cuted 1618, Bacon's "Novum Organum," 1620. Algernon Sidney born 1622. Francis Bacon died 1626. John Bunyan born 1828. John Locke born 1632. t ♦ ■■■ 1 26 1650. 1700. students' reference book Milton's " Allegro and Pen- Keroso," 1633. Milton's "Comua," 1634. Sir W. Davenant made Poet Laureate, 1637. Milton's "Lycidias," 1638. Taylor's "Holy Living, "1650. " "Holy Dying, "1651. Walton's " Complete An- gler," 1653. hj'r Ben Joniiondied 1637. Dr. Ussher died 1656. Daniel Defoe born 1661. Jeremy Taylor died 1667 John Dryden made Poet Laureate, 1670. "Pilgrim's Progress," 1670. "Paradise Regained" and "Samson Agonistes," 1671. Milton died 1674. Samuel Butler died 1680 Dryden's " Absalom and Achitophel," 1681. Newton's " Principia," 1687. John Bunyan died 1688. Alexander Pope born . 1688. . T. Shadwell made Poet Laureate, 1690. Locke's Essay on the " Hu- man Understanding," 1690. Nahum Tate made Poet Lau- reate, 1690. The "Tatler" established 1709. Benjamin Franklin born 1706. Dr. Johnson born 1709. n. 1760. OF nrSTORY AND GEOGRAPHY. Pope's "Essay on Criti- cism," 1711. The " Spectator" established 1711. "Rape of the Lock," 1713. Niciiolas Rowe made Poet Laureate, 1715. Ljiwrence Eusden made Poet Laureate, 1718. " Robinson Crusoe," 1719. "Gulliver's Travels," 1726. Thomson's "Seasons," 1727. C. Cibber made Poet Lau- reate, 1730. David Hume born 1711. Horace Walpole born 1717. Joseph Addison died 1719. Adam Smith born 1723. Adam Smith born 1726. Goldsmith born 1728. Edmund Burke born 1730. William Cowper born 1731. Daniel Defoe died 1731. Swedenborg's "Opera Mine- ralia et Philosophia, " 1733. Pope's "Essay on Man," Robert Burns born 1769. Hume's "History of Eng- land," 1762. f 1735. .' 1 ;' :','- i • Edward Gibbon born ]n ^ 1737. " Cas'.la of Indolence," 1748. " Elegy in a Country Church- * yard, 1760. Wm. VVhitehead made Poet Laureate, 1757. .;,.W 28 STUDENTS REFERENCE BOOK m " Vicar of Wakefield," 1764. *' Deserted Village," 1770. Smith's ''Wealth of Na- tions," 1776. Warton made Poet Laureate, 1785. *' Daily Universal Register" (afterwards, 1788, "The Times") estivblished 1785. Cowper's "Task," 1785. First volume of Burns pub- lished 1786. "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," 1787. " Reflections on the French Revolution," 1790. H. J. Pye made Poet Lau- reate, 1790. Wordsworth born 1770. Sydney Smith born 1771. ^ S. T. Coleridge born 1772. J"mes Hogg born 1772. Robert Southey born 1772. Henry Clay born 1777. Thomas Campbell born 1777. Washington Irving born 1783. Leigh Hunt born 1784. Henry K. White born 1785. Lord Byron born 1788. J. Fennimore-Cooper born 1789. Adam Smith died 1790. Benjamin Franklin died 1790. ►rn 1770. h born ge born )rn 1772. ey born )rn 1777. bell born ving born >rn 1784. hite born »orn 1788. re-Cooper aied 1790. nklin died OP HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY. 29 Roger's " Pleasures of Mem- P. B. Shelley bom ory," 1792. 1792. Felicia Hemans born . 1793. Edward Gibbon died 1794. W. C. Bryant born 1794. John Keats born 1795. Thomas Carlyle bom 1795. Robert Burns died 1796. Edmund Burke died 1797. Thomas Hood born 1798. Campbell's *' Pleasures of Memory," 1799. Igoo. William Cowper died 1800. Southey's " Thalaba," 1801. Cardinal Newman bom 1801. Edinburgh Review first pub- Hugh Miller bom 1802. lished 1802. R. W. Emerson born 1803. Nathaniel Hawthorne born 1804. *' Lay of the Last Minstrel," Lord Lytt Heavysege born 1816. Rev. C. Kingsley, A. H, Clough, Maria Evans (George Eliot), J. R. Lowell, Walt Whitman and John Ruskin born 1819. J ohn Tyndall born 1820, Alice Gary born 1820. Keats died 1821. Jenny Lind born 1821^ I OF HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY. 31 1895. Rogers' " Pleasures of Mem- ory," 1822. ♦' Bracebridge Hall," 1822. First Mechanics' Institute, 1823. E. E. Hale born 1822. P. B. Shelley died 1822. Francis Park man born 1823. Phoebe Gary l^orn 1824. Byron died 1824. T. D. McGee born 1825. W. W. Collins born 1825. "Constitutional History of England,"by Hallam, 1827. "Poems by Two Brothers," 1827. Irving's " Columbus," 1828. ChristimL Guardian estab- lished by Dr. Ryerson, 1829. "Poems, chiefly Lyrical," Tennyson, 1830. Irving's " Alhambra," 1832. Carlyle's " Sartor Resartus," 1833. Lew Wallace born 1827. D. G. Rossette born 1828. S. L. Clemens (Mark Twain) born 1830. Sir E. Arnold born 1831 . Scott died 1832. L. M. Alcott born 1833. C. H. Spurgeon bom 1834. S. T. Coleridge died 1834. Geo. DuMaurier born 1834. Wm. Morris born 1834. CeliaThaxterborn 1835. 32 students' reference book E. B. Browning's "Prome- theus Bound," 1836. "Pickwick Papers," 1837. Carlyle's "French Revolu- tion, 1837. Longfellow's "Psalm of Life," 1838. " Hyperion," 1^39. "Excelsior," 1841. H. Miller's " Old Red Sand- stone," 1841. Poemc by Alfred Tennyson, 1842. Wordsworth made Poet Lau- reate, 1843. E. B. Browning's "Drama of Exile," 1844. Thackeray's " Vanity Fair," 1846. Tennyson's " The Princess," 1847. Longfellow's "Evangeline," 1847. " David Copperfield," 1849. Macaulay's " History of En- gland," 1849, Mrs. Hemans died 1836. ^ Alfred Austin born 1836. James Hogg died 1836. T.B.Aldrich born 1837. A. C. Swinburne born 1837. W. D. Howells born 1837, Walter Besant born 1838. Bret Harte bom 1839. L.delaIuime("Ouida") born 1840. Southey died 1843. Sydney Smith died 1846. Thofl. Hood died 1846. Arch. Henry Sayce born J 846. OP HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY. 33 iHftO. Free libraries firat opened, 1050. Miller's "Footprints of the Creator," 1850. Wordsworth died 1850. Tennyson made Poet Laure- Robert L. Stevenson ate, 1850. born 1850. "In Menioriam," 1850. Thackeray's " Rebecca and Rowena," 1850. Prof. Henry Drum- mond born 1851, ^'Esmond," 1852. *' Hiawatha," 1855, "•Thackeray's **The New- comes," 1855, E. B. Browning's '* Aurora Leigh,'' 1856. . Miller's "Testimony of the Rocks," 1857. *' Autocrat of the Breakfast Table," 1857. *' Courtship of Miles Stan- dish," 1858. *"Carlyle'8 "Frederick the Great, 1858. •*' Origin of Species," 1859. *"The Land ard ^he Book," by W. L. Thompson, 1859. "^'The Professor at the Break- fast Table," 1860. *' Tales of a Wayside Inn," Thackeray died 1863, 1863, Hawthorne died 1864. Washington Irving died 1859, J. M. Barrie born 1860. M 84 students' keference book Emerson's " Oration on the Death of Lincoln," 1865. Ibsen's'* Brand,'* 1866. Ibsen's'' Peer Gynt," 1867. " The Poet at the Breakfast Table, 1872. •* Short History of the Eng- lish people," by J. R. Green, 1874. Tennyson's "Queen Mary," 1876. MuUer's " Chips from a Ger- man Workshop," 1875. Whittier's Centennial Hymn, 1876. Tennyson's " Harold," 1877. Ibsen's " Emperor and Gali- lean," 1878. Emerson's " Fortunes of the Republic," 1878. Sir E. Arnold's "Light of Asia," 1880. T. D. McGee killed, J 868. Chas. Dickens died 1870. Alice and Phoebe Cary died 1871. Lord Lytton died 1872. W. C. Bryant died 1878. Revised version of the Bible, Oxford, 1885. 3. M. Barrie's "Better Dead," 1887. Thos. Carlyle died 1881. R. W. Emerson died 1882. Longfellow died 1882. D. G. Rossetti died 1882. OY HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY. 35 ISM. "A Window in Thrums," 1889. '* My Lady Nicotine," J 890. "The LiUle Minister," 1891. M. Arnr4d died 188a Kipling's "The Other Jungle Book," 1895. ** Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush," 1895. " Poems Here at Home," by J VV. Riley, 1896. *' Motley,".!. VV. Bengough, 1896. "Kate Carnegie," 1896. Kipling's "Seven Seas," 1896. ''Low Tide on Grand Pre," by Bliss Carman, 1896. **A Child World," J. W. Riley, 1896. " The Mind of the Master," by Ian MeLaren, 1896. " Enster Bells," M. E. Sang- ster, 1897. *^ Margaret Ogilvy," 1897/ Cardinal Manning died 1892. Whittier died 1892. Whitman died 1892. *' 3ill Nye" died 1896, W. Morris died 1896, Geo. DuMaurier died 1896. Prof. Jlenry Drum- mopd difld 1897. nii^ 36 STUDENTS REFERENCE BOOK ■m ii: J SECTION IV. ./.. Chronology of Events in the World of Religion and Morals. 'ff) l*r<^liitilnarT Sfote.— Events before 1400 A.D.: Cbristianity was carried during the first century, chiefly by the apostles Peter and Paul, to many jroiiits in Southern and Western Europe. From these points it advanced and soon became firmly estab- lished in all the countries along the coasts of the Mediterranean. It was introduced into Ireland about 432 A.D. by Patrick, (afterwards canonized Ireland's patron saint) ; into Scotland about 563, by Columba, an Irish monk ; and into England in 596, by Augustine, sent from Home by Pope Gregory. About the same time the followers of Columba had penetrated into the north of England. The following Ecumenical Councils bad been held be- fore 1400 A.D. : I. Nicea, 325 A.D. II. Constantinople, 381 A.D. III. Ephesus, 431 A.D. IV. Chalcedon, 451 A.D. V. Constantinople, 553 A.D. VI. Constantinople, 680 A.D. VII. Nicea, 787 A.D. VIII. Constantinople, 869 A.D. Special at Placentia, 1095 A.D. Special at Clermont, 1096 A.D, OF HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY. 37 IX. Ist Lateran, 1123 A.D. X. 2nd Lateran, 1139 A.D. XI. 3rd Lateran, 1179 A.D. XII. 4th Lateran, 1215 A.D. XIII. Lyons, 1245 A.D. XIV. Lyons, 1274 A.D. XV Vienna, 1311 AD. The following are the dates and leaders of the dif- ferent Crusades and religious wars undertaken by European Christians to drive the Mohammedans from the Holy Land : LEADERS. 1st. 1097... Godfrey of Bouillon. Hugh of Verniandtus. Robert of Normandy. Robert of Flanders. Bohemund of Tarentum. Raymond of Toulouse. 2nd. 1 149 , . Emperor Coiirade TI. Louis VII. of France. 3rd. 1190 Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor. Richard I. of England. * ' Philip II. of France. 4th. 1203 .. Baldwin of Flanders. 5th. 1228 Frederick II. of Germany. 6th. 1244 Louis IX. of France. 7th. 1270 Louis of France. Prince Edward of England. 8th. 1291. The Mohammeaans were at last successful and the Crusaders forced to leave Palestine. Kvents lending np to the Rerornititloii t Such men as Wickliflfe, IIuss and Thomas A'Kempis held reformed views on religious subjects before the iti' 38 STUDENTS REFERENCE BOf>K 1400. ISOO. n:i - _ ^ time of Luther, and by their preachings had ronsedl the people to a sense that the Churh of Rome was not in everything pure and perfect. They were " Reformers before the Reformation. '^ The revival of learning and the translation, pub- lication and study of the Bible led people to read and think for themselves, and showed them pure Christianity as oppc>sed to the greedy and licentious lives led by the clergy of the time. The sale of indulgences by the Pope and his agents roused conscientious men to a sense of the hypocrisy of the hierarchy of the Church. Law passed in England condemining heretics to be burned, 1401. 16th Ecuu>enical Council, Pisa, 1409; 17th Ecumenical Council, Constance, 1144-1448. John Huss burned, 1415. 18th Ecumenicel Council, Basle, 1431-1443. First preaching of Savonarola, 1482. Martin Luther born, 1483. .Birth of John Knox, 1506. Tetzel, a Dominican friar, selling indulgences near Wittenberg is opposed by Martin Luther, 1617. Martin Luther burns the Papal bull, 1620. Franciscan friars, selling indulgences in Switzerland, are opposed by Zwingli, 1520, Diet of Spires resolves that the princes of Germany have full power to order ecclesiastical affairs in their own dominions, 1526. Conference of Protestant leaders at Berne, 1528. Second Diet of Spires decides all changes in the Church unlawful except such as may be authorized by a general council (Protested), 1529. '^Mk. OF HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY. 39 k 1550. 1«00. Confession of Basel, 1530. Convention of Augsburg, 1530. Tetrapolitan Confession, 1531. Alliance of Protestant princes, a crisis, 1631. Treaty of Nurnberg, a victory for Protestantism, 1532. Henry VIII. declares himself head of the English Church, 1634. Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded by Loyola, 1534. Protestant convention at Smalkald ; the Smalkald Arti- cles drawn up, 1637. John Knox becomes a Protestant, 1543, Council of Trent begun, 1545. King's Primer (Prayer book) issued in England, 1545. Luther dies, 1546. First Prayer Book of Edward VI. issued, 1549. Roman Catholicism restored in England by accession of Mary, 1553. Cranmer, Ridley, Latimer and Hooper burned, 1555. John Knox returns from exile and preaches at St. Andrew's, 1569. Gallic Confession, 1569. Thirty-nine Articles revised and approved by convoca- tion and Parliament, 1571. First Presbytery in England formed, 1572. Massacre of Huguenots, St. Bartholomew, 1572. Palatine and Heidelberg confessions, 1576. Arminius becomes pastor at Amsterdam, 1588. Defeat of Spanish Armada, a victory for Protestant- ism, 1688. Jesuits re-instated in France, 1603. Hampton Court Conference, which resulted in the trans- lation of the Bible, 1604. King James' version of the Bible prepared, 1608-1611. h'" I*. Jii 40 STUDENTS KBFERENCE BOOK - Bt'-i m m f-nr 1650. 1700. Doctrine of Divine Right of Kings originates during this period. Recollet Fathers arrive in Canada, 1615. Puritans leave England to seek "freedom to worship God," 1620. Laud attempts to force Scotland to use the Prayer Book, 1637. Scottish "National Covenant" drawn up, 1638. Presbytery of Carrickfergus, Ireland, formed, 1642,' Westminster Assembly forniulate Confession of Faitli and larger and shorter Catechisms, 1643. Solemn League and Covenant, 1643. Canada made an Apostolic Vicariate under Laval, 1659. Corporation Act passed, requiring officials to obey the King and receive the sacrament in the English Church, 1661. Act of Uniformity passed, requiring all ministers to be ordained by a Bishop and to use the Prayer Book, 1662. Conventicles forbidden by Act of Parliament, 1664. Five-mile Act, 1666. Persecution of Covenanters in Scotland. First yearly meeting of Quakers, 1672. Settlement of Friends in Philadelphia, Penn., 1682. Friends who had been imprisoned for their faith set at liberty, 1686. Roman Catholics forever excluded from the Throne of England by Bill of Rights, 1689. First Presbyterian congregation in America organized, 1690. First Protestant missionaries (Danish) arrive in India, 1705. First Presbytery in America (Philadelphia) organized, 1705. OF HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY. 41 1750. Act of Union makes Preabyteiianisni the established religion of Scotland, 1707. First Presbyterian Synod in America organized, 171(>. New Testament translated into French by Abauzit» 1726. ,:^ Protest of four Presbyterian ministers in Scotland, origin of Secession Church, 1733. Religious movement at Oxford and afterwards through- out England and parts of America, led by the Wes- leys and Whitfield, resulting in the organization of , the Methodist denomination, 1738. Jesuits expelled from Portugal, 1759. Jesuits suppressed in France, 1764. Methodist meetings first held in America and classes organized in New York, 1766. Jesuits suppressed in Spain, 1767. '■''^^'■■■-■-■■''-■^' ^s First Methodist church in America — Wesley Chapel- dedicated, 1768. Jesuit Society suppressed by Pope Clement in all the States of Christendom, 1773. Kev. John Murray organizes the first Universalist Church in the United States at Gloucester, Mass., 1780. First Sunday School opened by Robert Raikes, 1781. General convention of Protestant Episcopal Church; revised Prayer Book and Articles, issued as "The Proposed Book," 1785. First community of Shakers formed, 17S7. Protestant Episcopal Prayer Book adopted, 1789. Rev. Dr. Carroll appointed first R.C. bishop of Balti- more, 1789. Dr. Carroll forms Synod of twenty priests, 1791. New Connexion Methodists organized, 1797. I ! f- ; «■ M A: :: m^ «rUl>£NT8 HEFBRBNCE BOOK 1895. Union of Presbyterians and Congregationalists in New York, 1801. Pope Pius permits partial re-estjiblishment of Society of Jesus, 1801. Sanhedrin of Jews called at Paris by Napoleon, 1806, Primitive Methodist Church formed, 1807. Organization of first "Cumberland Presbyteiy" in Kentucky, 1810. First American Missitmaries sent to India, 1812. Society of Jesus completely re-established by the Roman Catholic Church, 1814. Day of Thanksgiving for the restoration of peace in the United States appointed by President Madison, 1816. African Methodist Episcopal Church organized in Philadelphia, 1816. Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church organized inNew York City, 181ft First Methodist Conference in Canada (Niagara), 1819. Jesuits banished from Russia, 1820. One Presbytery in Lower Canada and three in Upper Canada formed into a Synod for the two Provinces, 1820. American Temperance Society organized at Boston, 1826. Secession of Hicksite (Unitarian) Friends from the Orthodox, 1827. Protestant Methodist Church organized in England, 1829. Catholic Emancipation Act passed in England, 1829. Methodist Protestant Church organized in Baltimore, 1830. sv Mix: Mr .OF HISTORY AND OlSOORAlPHT. 43 1850. Union of Synod of Ireland and Secession Church of Ireland, 1830. Ab(jlition of Slavery in British Colonies, 1833. Association Methodists organized, 1835. Parker's Missionary Hospital in Canton, China, opened, 1836. Division of American Presbyterian Church into two sections, old and new schools, 1838. Father Matthew commences temperance crusade, 1838. Parker's sermon " On the Transient and Permanent in Christianity " preached, 1841. Book of Morm<*n published, 1841. The "Disruption" in Scotland; formation of Free Church of Scotland. 1843. Wesleyan Methodist Church organized, 1343. Jews first admitted to British Parliament, 1845. Liquor traffic suppressed in the State of Maine, 1846. Dr. Geddie, first Foreign Missionary of the Presby- terian Church in Canada, sent to the New Hebrides, 1846. Migration of Tjatter Day Saints to Salt Lake, 1847. Order of Good Templars originated in New York, 1851. Alcoholic drinks in State of Maine confiscated, 1851. Fi..st organized Prohibition movement (United King- dom Alliance) in Great Britain, 1853. J. Hudson Taylor sent to China by China Evangeliza- tion Society, 1853. Doctrine of the Immaculate Conception promulgated by Papal authority, 1854. Ratazzi's bill for the abolition of convents (Italy) lost, 1854. Associate and Associate Reformed Churches of North America unite as U^nited Presbyterian Church, Pitts- burgh 1858. M-- lit! It ill '!!; r 44 1800. 1870. STUDENT 8 REFERENCE BOOK . Annual Thanksgiving Day appointed by President Lincoln, 1863. Spurgeon's Sword and Trowel established, 1865. Salvation Army established as the Christian Mission in London, England, 1865. American Branch of the Red Cross Society organized, 1866. Centenary of American Methodism celebrated, 1866. Jesuits banished from Spain, 1868. Irish Church disestablished, 1869. Union of the two bodios of Presbyterians in the United States of America, 1870. Organization of the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church in America, 1870. American Wesleyan Conference enjoins the use of unfermented wine in the Sacrament, 1872. Church of England Temperance Society formed, 1873. Episcopal Church in the United States separates, a new church. The Reformed Episcopal Church, being formed, 1873. Jesuits expelled from the German Empire, 1873. Brooklyn Tabernacle opened, 1874. Congregational Union Total Abstinence Society en- dorsed, 1874. Canadian Presbyterian Churches unite, 1875. Union of Presbyterian Churches in England, 1876. Wesleyan Methodist Conference inaugurates Temper- ance movement, 1877. Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle formed, 1878. Salvation Army extends its work to America, 1878. United Methodist Free Church organize a Temperance League, 1788. OP HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY. 45 I 1880. 1890. Wesleyan Methodiat Conference forniH Tempernnce and Band of Hope Union. 1879. Primitive Methodists form Connexional Temperance League, 1879. Edmunds' law against Mormon polygamous marriages, 1882. Incorporation of Salvation Army of America, 1885. Rabbinical Convention at Pittsburg adopts a reformed Jewish platform, 1885. Order of Evangelists adopted by Protestant Episcopal Church, 1886. Advance of Salvation Army into Utah, 1887. Fourteen missionaries of the China Inland Mission leave America for China, 1888. Council for North America of the China Inland Mis- sion constituted, 1889. Catholic Summer School of America established near Plattsburg, 1891. Parliament of Religions held at Chicago during the World's Fair. Mgr. Satolli appointed Papal Ablegate to the United States of America. Council for North America of the C. I. M. sends out 28 missionaries, 1896. Secession of American section of the Salvation Army, " God's American Volunteers," 1896. Mgr. del Val appointed Papal Delegate to Canada, 1897. II ' 46 SirDBNTS REFERENCE BOOK SECTION V. Act of Furllanieni Definitions of Terms in History. AcceHHlwn. The coming of a sovereign to the throne. A bill that has received a favorable vote in both Houses of Parliament and has been assented to by the Sovereign or the representative of a Sovereign. Acts of Parliament are also known as Statutes or Laws. Adjourn. To dismiss the members of Parliament, to meet ' again at a fixed time, when any unfinished busi- ness may be resumed. AdmlnlHtratloii. The Cabinet or Ministry ; the work done by them as a Government. AUleriiien. The members of the municipal council of a city. AUlniice. A union of powers, generally for defence or pur- poses of war. AnibttHHador. A messenger or agent of the highest rank sent from one sovereign or government to another. Anarchy. A state of political and social confusion arising from want of government. Anarchists.— Members of secret revolutionary societies having branches in many of the foremost natio^^s of the present time. Arbitration. The settling of a dispute in a peaceful manner by submitting the question to two or more men (called arbitrators), who decide the terms of set- tlement and by whose decision the disputing parties agree to abide. OF HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY. ^ Archon. I^j ArlNtocrney. Arninnieiit. Amiy. Bin. Bill of Attnlnder. Blockade. Under the ancient Athenian constitution, a chief officer or magistrate chosen to superintend civil and religious matters. The nobles or peers of a nation ; government by the nobility. A strong body of men equipped for war ; applied to land or naval forces. A collection or body of men, organiiied under officers and armed and trained for war. Arclierf). Soldiers who use bow and arrow. A proposed law under discussion by a Legislature. After it passes it becomes a Law, Statute or Act of Parliament. A law condemning one charged with treason or felony to death, banishment or confiscation of property, without a trial in the ordinary courts. Surrounding a place by military forces so that all means of intercourse with other places are taken away. Boiulmrdiiieiit« Firing shells or other destructive missiles into a town to destroy the buildings. A statement of the finances of the country uiade at each session of Parliament by the Finance Minister in Canada, and by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Imperial Parliament. A word formed from the initial letters of the names CliflTord, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley and Lauderdale, intriguing advisers of Charles L, and now used to denote a clique of plotters or schemers whose object is the advancement of some scheme of their own, regardless of the in- terests of or even at the expense of the nation. The Ministry or Executive, that body of men who actually superintend the transaction of the business of Government. Budget. CiibiiL Cftblnet. F 48 STUDIJNTS' REFKKJSNCE BOOK Campatgii. Cnptttil. Ceusuft. The Imperial Cabinet iH a body of men selected by the Sovereign through the Premier and en- trusted with the administration of the Govern- ment. It necessarily consists of : 1. The Prime Minister, 2. The Lord Chancellor. 3. The Chancellor of the Exchequer. 4. The Home Secretary. 5. The Foreign Secretary. 6. The Colonial Secretary. 7. The Secretary of State for India. 8. The Secretary of War. 9. The President of the Privy Council. The Dominion Cabinet consists of : 1. The President of Council and Premier. 2. Minister of Public Works. 3. Minister of Customs. 4. Minister of Railways and Canals. 5. Minister of Militia and Defence. 0. Minister of Agriculture. 7. Minister of Inland Revenue. 8. Mmister of Marine and Fisheries. 9. Minister of the Interior. 10. Secretary of State. 11. Postmaster-General. Part of a war completed during one season's opera- tions, or part of a war occurring in one dis- trict ; a section of a war. The chief city of a country, state or province. The seat of government. A numbering of the people in a country. In the British Empire a census is taken every ten years, the last being in 1891. m OP HIHTORY AND OEOORAPHY, 41) t'liiirtcr. Civil LiNt, CloMwr*'. A document given by a sovereign, government or other authority, promising certain rights or conferring certain special privileges on a person, a cf>mi)any or a corporation. Clrcuiiii..iTiK«ii«,.. Sailing around. The globe was first circum- navigatetl by Magellan, 1519-22. The money reciuired for the payment of v>arlia- mentary officials and conducting the various departments of government. Closing the debate on any question when a suf- ficient time has been allowed for its discussion C«,.Mervntlv«. One of the political parties in Canada. The leaders of the party since Confederation are as follows : Sir John A. Macdonald, J. J. C. Abbott, Sir John Thompson, Sir Mackenzie Bowell, Sir Charles Tupper. CoiiNtltneiicJcH. Electoral divisions of a country, each of which sends a member to the legislature. CoiiHtitntloii. The rules or laws which a nation, an association or a cofnpany adopts for the regulation of its gov. ernment. It generally indicates what officers or bodies of men shall hold authority and do- tines what the [)ower8 and duties of those in authority shall be, as well as by what rules of action and order they shall govern themselves. The €oiiMtltiitl4>u of Cireiit Brltiiln is the whole body of law, custom or i)recedent which defines the powers of government in all its departments. It is not contained nor stated in any one formal document. II 50 student's reference book The Constltntloii of €aiiRi in ancient Rome were elected annually and invested with legal authority . They were first elected in 509 B.C. Consuls in France were three supreme magistrates first appointed in 1799. A consul is a person cf>m missioned by a nation to represent it in a foreign country to protect and advance its interests. Any gathering of people for business. A Conven- tion Parliament is one convened without th« authority of a Sovereign as that of 1039. To call together the members of Parliament for business. It is done by the Sovereign or a representative of the Scjvereign. A council, association, company or other body of men authorized by law to transact business aa an individual, A body corporate. i 62 CroM^ii LiiimIh. €riiMi«lcs. ta-Ml CuHtoniD. Beuiocraey. llcpoHitlou. lllctMtor. ntsMolve. UyuttHly. Klecttoii. "fi ft-— STUDENTS llEPF ENCE BOOK Lands not owned by any individual, but under control of the Government, to be disposed of as it may see fit. v r , Wars of the cross, undertaken at the instigation of Peter the Hermit to drive the Mohammedans , from Palestine. There were eight, the first leaving Europe in 1096. - r ; , Duties imposed by Government on goods passing f into or out of a country. -.■S'\.--^'iC^J/^:M'A:>i^:---^n-' A form of government where the chief power is in the hands of the people, who administer it either directly by an assemblage of the popu- lace or indirectly by means of representative bodies: rule by the people. ^^.:V\.:.' :. ^'■- ':..■:■ -■■^ :.' C The dethroning of a king or other sovereign ; put- ^' I ting a sovereign off the throne. • ?r't :5' In ancient Rome, men chosen in times of special ' danger to the State and invested with supreme ^ authority. The first dictator was appointed in • ■■ 501 B.C. '->■-•■ V--- v?o' / :-^ ,.,,r.;:f^'-;vv.v;;: .,: , To dismiss the members of Parliament and call' for a new election. The sovereigns of a country that belong to one family or are descended from a common parent. Deciding by vote which candidate shall be the member to represent a district in a legislature. A tleiieral Klectlon is one in which each constitu- ency under the jurisdiction of a legislature selects a repre9?ntative. A By-Electlou is one in which a single constituency selects a representative on account of the seat having been rendered vacant by death, resignation or other cause. E Fa ate rei OF HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY. 53 ■y EnibnMHy. l*ersons intrusted with messages between govern- ments ; the mission of an ambassador ; the official residence of an ambassador. Excise. A tax levied by Government on articles of home manufacture. Executive. That part of government which actually transacts its business. The Executive in Canada is chosen G'p-i by the Governor-General, through the Premier, from the party having a majority in the House : ■■ of Commons and thus are responsible to the people. ':'^^: ^:. ''"■:■-':-■■,:.--'■•■:'' '-''rf'^ :->:'■:- M ExtnuUtloii. The sending back to their own country of crimi- nals who have run away to escape justice (See ^ Ashburton Treaty, 1842). ^ -^^:^^^-^^* ■ A Parliament such as that of the Dominion, which represents a number of provinces, each one of which, however, retains the management of its own local affiiirs. ''■■• - '^' Feileral A form of government such as that of the United Kepiibllc. States, consisting of States which, while ac- knowledging this union under and subjection to a central Government, yet retain for them- selves certain rights of local self-government. Federals in the American civil war were those who maintained the Union. €4»»fer carry on negotiation on behalf of the country he is sent from. A statement by a political party of its views and intended legislation in connection with the prin- cipal questions of the day. The science of government. It sometimes is used in the sense of partyism and to refer to the platforms and contests of political parties. Soraething done or said that may serve as a rule for action in similar cases which may occur afterwards ; a decision given which may serve as a rule for the giving of later decisions on similar questions. Premier or The person to whom the Sovereign or Governor- Prime Minister. General intrusts the formation of a Cabinet and the leadership and management of the Government. The highest officer in a republic, holding office by being elected for a term of years. A president is said to be Imingnruted when he is solemnly inducted into office and assumes his official obligations. Policy. Politico. Precedent. President. ■■:» i i •} W 58 STUDENTS REFERENCE BOOK l*rivy€«iiiieil. The advisers of the Sovereign, a numerous body ; the Cabinet is really a committee of the Privy Council ; the Cabinet Ministers are chosen from Parliament and become Privy Councillors on being so chosen. Prolilbltloii. Stopping the public traffic in intoxicating liquors. Prorogue. To close Parliament at the end of a session. It is done by a sovereign or a representative of the sovereign. All unfinished business is dropped and at tl e succeeding session must be begun as if nothing had been done. Protecttoii. The plan of imposing high duties on certain manu- factured articles of import in order to further the interests of home manufacture of those articles. ttuornni. The number of members of an association, a com- pany or a legislative body required by its con- stitution to be present before business can be transacted. Ratlflcntloii. The approving or sanctioning of a measure by one in authority or by a body of men in authority. Rebellion. Open opposition or resistance to the authority of government. Reciprocity. Free trade on the part of two or more nations trading one with the other, the commercial rights and privileges of both being equal. Reeve. The chairman or presiding officer of the municipal council of a village or township. Reforui Party. One of the political parties in Canada at present in p«)wer under the leadership of Hon. Wilfrid Laurier. RcKlnie. Form of government ; the administration of a certain leader or party. OF HISTOKY AND GEOGRAPHY. 69 Responsible Government BevolHtlon. Oepubllc. A commonwealth or political state in which the government is in the hands of an elected body or of the people collectively. The United States is a Federal Republic (q.v.). Tne following are tbe principal republics of the present time : United States, France, Brazil, Argentine Republic, Bolivia, Chili, Colombia, Equador, Mexico, Orange Free State, Para- guay, Peru, Switzerland. Uruguay, Venezuela and the greater Republic of Central America (recently formed by union of three smaller republics). RepreNentntlve A government elected by the people, each mem- Ciovernuient. ber representing a certain district or a certain number of the population. A government drawn from the majority of the Commons and thus responsible to the elec- tors. A sudden change in the government or in the constitution of a country, as that of 1688 in England, that of 1789 in France or that of 1776 • in America. ^•Jiool Boiml. A body of men elected by the people of each school section to transact busniess in connec- tion with the maintenance of the schools. A disorderly rising in a country tending towards treason or rebellion. Placing an army in position against a fortified place in order to attack or reduce it. In Canada the Upper House of the Dominion Parliament, the members of which are ap- pointed by the Crown for life. A sitting of parliament. A sum of money granted by Parliament generally for some purpose of public utility ; a sum paid by one government to another to meet war expenses. A vote, or giving one's voice in deciding a ques- tion or choosing a representative. Sedition. Slese. Senate. Session. Subsidy. SnflVage. 60 STUDENTS KEPERENCE BOOK Sovereljen* Moiiart'U or Kniperor. The chief ruler in a monarchy. The office is generally hereditary, but in Great Britain the succession to the throne is under control of Parlianient. In Great Britain the following are the clilcf pre- roKutiveM of the HovcrcilKii i 1. To declare war. 2. To pardon those who break the laws. 3. To confer titles of nobility. 4. To veto a bill and thus prevent its becoming law. 6. To convene, prorogue and dissolve Parlia- ment. Syiidlcnte. A company or body of men formed to prosecute some particular enterprise or financial scheme, Tarlir. A list of articles of counnerce with the duties imposed on each when passing into or out of a country. A Keveime Tariff is a list of charges imposed only for the purpose of supplying money to defray the expenses of government. A Protective Tariff is one which is intended to further home manufacture of certain articles by imposing high duties on such articles when being imported from other countries. Tlieoeracy. A government under the direct control of God, as that of the ancient Israelites was. Treason. The crime of plotting against or betraying a gov- ernment or a sovereign. A traitor is one who is false to his country or is guilty of treason. Treaty. A formal agreement or contract between govern- ments or sovereigns. #■■ -*' Tyniiiiiy. Veto. Warden. OF HtSTOKY AND GEOGKAPHY. 61 A temporary peace sometimes agreed to } iween hostile nations in time of war. Oppressive government ; encroachment on the rights of the i)eople. To refuse assent to and thus forbid from becom- ing law. The Sovereign of Great Baitain, the Governor- General of Canada and the President of the United States have in their respective countries the power to veto the Acts of the Legislatures, but it is seldom if ever exercised. •The chairman or presiding officer of a County Council. Il 1 ', j '" t _; ...- ■, }: ] ~ I '' - i t •|; i i 1 L 1 k? 62 STUDENTS IIKFEUENCE BOOK SECTION VI. Cieognipliy. A description of the earth, its land and water surface, the atmosphere by which it is surrounded, its size and place as one of the heavenly bodies, its motions and their results, the races that inhabit it and the divisi(m of its surface by those races into distinct countries, provinces, cities, etc., and of the various plants and animals that are found on its surface. Matli<*nintlnil <;coskiii>iiy describes the form, size and motions of the earth and its relation to the other heavenly bodies. riiyglcnl (ieogriipliy describes the natural divisions of the earth's surface and the varying atmospheric conditicms which cause diflference )f climate in dif- ferent parts, Polltlnil Ueogrnpliy treats of the earth's surface as divided by man into countries, etc., the government of these divisions and their relations to one another. The A large, dark body, shaped somewhat like an orange, iliirtli. kept suspended in space and moving in an elliptical path around the sun by the attraction of the sun and planets. 1. Its form is said, technically, to be that of an oblate spheroid — %.€., a sphere slightly flattened at two opposite points (the poles) on its surface. 2. Its dinnieier from pole to pole is 7,899 miles. The equatorial diameter is 7,925 miles. mm ■*■ OP HISTORY AND OKOORAPHY. 63 The Land. 3. Its flrciinirereiir(> is 24,85tj ti.iles. 4. Its tireii JH abouh 197,000,000 fi((uaro niileH. 6. Its volniiie or Holid Cfnitents ia about 200,000,- 000,000 cubic miles. 6. Of its Niirrnco only about one-fourth is land, the remaining three-fourths water. 7. The Earth has two motloiiHi 1st. A (billy rotation on its own axis, resulting in the succession of day and night. 2nd. A yearly revolution around the sun, which with the inclination of its axis results in the changes of the seasons. 8. The AxIh of the earth, an imaginary line join- ing the i)oles, is inclined at an angle of 23| degrees from a line perpendicular to the plane of the earth's orbit ; this in- clination, with the motions of the earth, causes the differences in the length of day and night and also the changes of the seasons. 9. The Poles are the opposite ends of the earth's axis. 10. 'rhe Uqnntor, an imaginary line passing around the earth at equal distances from the poles, divides the earth into northern and southern HeiiilnpltercM or half globes. 11. The continents, Asia, Africa and Europe, are termed the Enslern Hemisphere or Old World, and North and South America the Western Heuitspliere or New World. The Surftiee of the Globe is divided into tive con- tinents, having approximately the followmg areas : FM C4 students' reference book North America 8,330,000 sq. miles. South America . . 7,500,000 " ^^ Asic\ , . ^ k , ■ . , 17,000,000 " a Africa .. ., ». 11,500,000 " n Europe . . .^ . . 3,800,000 '' (< f)»pe. A point of land jutting out into the water. • '-.:A- ;* A promontory or headland is an elevated rocky cape. (Continent. The largest division of land. . -. 8liorr ***" ^^^^ lyii».i? along a body of water. Bcltn. An island, often three-cornered, between two mouths of a river, having been formed by earth and sand carried down by the river. iHlniiil. A portion of land entirely surrounded by water. The following are f^ome of the largest Islands, with their areas : Australia 2,950,000 sq. miles. New Guinea 306,000 Borneo 240,000 Madagascar 220,000 New Zealand, South Island, 55,000 ' New Zoalaiid, North Island, England .. 50,820 sq. miles 29,820 " 7,300 '' 45,000 It (i n i i Scotland Wales 88,000 43,200 32,531 20,000 n a a n vy u oa .. .. .. .. .. Ireland Ceylon Moiiii(n!u. A huge mass of earth and rock rising over 1,000 feet above the common level of the land. 1 . A Mountain Kiii.tge is a series of mountains in a line. mummmmmummii.jKmBammmm^mitvmsfTsrs wmmixmrnmimiitjaliiiti * IS d ,h 8. et m PInln. OF HISTORY AND UECKIKAPHY. 2. A fl«u„t«in ^yntem is a number of mnges neur to one another and separated only by elevated valleys or defiles. 3. A lllli is t,ne elev.-i,ted mass of earth (and sonie- tiuies rock) less than 1,000 feet above the common level of the land. 4. A V«i«.a,i« is a mountain or hill which sends out from an opening, ^t or near the top, smoke, ashes, cinders and lava. J. An extinct volcano is one which has at some time been active, but has now ceased to emit smoke, etc. 2. The crater of a volcano is the opening fnmi which the smoke, etc., arc forced out. r>. A IMiitenii or TnUIe-IaiHl is a broad area of land much elevated above the surround- ing country. (>. A Moiiiitalii PnHH is a narrow road or defile be- tween mountains. 7. A %«liey, i>Mle or 4,;ieii is a depression between hills or mountains. 8. A 4'Hitoii (pr. can'yon), is a long, narrow gorge or ravine between mountains. They are found chiefly in the Rockies and other UK.untains in Western North America. 9. In Asia the highest n)oi».:itain is Mt. Everest, 29,000 ft..; in South America, Mt. Acon- cagua, 22,800 ft.,: in North America, Mt. St. Elfas, 19,30C ft., and in Europe, Mt, Blanc, 15,700. A large tract of level land with.>ut any great eleva- tions or depressions, 1. Prairie. A large tract of level, frrtile land, having few, if any, trees, but covered with tali, coar.se ^ M" ! i i # '^ 66 students' reference book grass and flowering plants (term used chiefly in the western parts of North America.) 2. Sjivaiiiiali. An open, grassy plain or meadow, (term used chiefly in tropical America.) 3. PampiiH. Wide grassy plains (Term used chiefly in the south of South America.) 4. Llanos. Vast grassy plains. (Term used chiefly in the north of South America.) 5. Laiides. Heath covered or sandy plains. (Term used in France and other parts of Western Eur()})e.) 6. steppes. Low lying, wide stretching plains. (Term used in Russia and Siberia). 7. Selvas. Forest covered plains. (Used chiefly of the basin of the Amazon. ) 8. Wesert. A dry, barren, sand-covered plain. An Oasis is a watered, fertile spot in a desert. The greatest deserts are Sahara in Africa, Gobi in Central Asia, and the Arabian Desert." 9. Mrtor. A tract of waste land covered with heath. TUe Waiters of the lilobe occupy about three-fourths of its entire surface. Of this very much the greater part lies south of the equitor. The following are the largest bodies, with their approximate areas : Arctic Ocean Antarctic Ocean Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Mediterranean Sea Hudson Bay 4— " Lake Superior 00 '' (( m^ OP HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY, 67 ©cpiiu Currents. Movements of large bodies of water m tlie ocean, caused mainly by the evaporation in ; tropical regions exceeding that in other parts of the ocean, and the speed of rotation in those regions also being greater than in the temperate and frigid zcnies. Cold currents from the north and south flow towards the equator, to take the place of that which is evaporated, but are deflected by the more rapid rotation in the regions to which they flow, and are also much modified by the con- formation of the land they encounter in their courses. "Thles. Risings o." the water in the ocean caused by the attraction. They occur regularly, there always being a tide wave on that side of the earth which in its diurnal rotation is turned toward the moon, and another on the side of the earth directly oppo- site to that. Fiooil tide. The rising or flowing up of the water. Kbb tide. The falling or flowing out of the water. Spring tide. High tidos at new and full moon, the attraction of sun and moon acting in a line. M«ni ide. Low tides at the moon's first and third q irters, the attraction of sun and moon act- ting at right angles. Waves. More or less violent movements of the sur- face waters of oceans and other bodies of water caused by winds or by swift flowing currents. Arclilpclago. A sea contai. Mig a great many islands. Hay or «nir. A body of water partly enclosed by land. Caual. An artifieial watercourse for commercial or irrigation purposes. f \ i - 4 -t- I ■ ri - ,68 students' bbfebence book Channel. A body of water wider than a strait connecting larger bodies. Lake. A body of water entirely surrounded by land. The following are the largest lakes of the world with their greatest length and breadth, and height com- pare! with the sea level : Length. Breadth. Height. Superior 355 miles 160 miles 000 ft. above S.L. Michigan 320 *' 80 *' 578 Huron 280 " 190 " 678 Victoria Nyanza..230 '* 220 *' 4,000 Albert Nyanza 97 " 22 ♦* 4,000 '' Bli^ckSea....700 " 400 '* Sea level. Caapian Sea . .740 ** 430 '* 84 ft. below S.L Tanganika. ... 500 " 50 " 2,600 ft. above S.L. Nyassa 350 ** 38 *' 2,600 Aral Sea 265 " 145 " 300 ft. below S.L. Dead Sea 46 '• 9 *' 1,308 River. A large stream of water flowing through the land. 1. C'reeky rlvnlet, brook, brooklet and rlU are names of smaller streams. 2. The source of a river is where it begins to flow. 3. The MMMitli of a river is where it discharges or empties itself into another body of water, 4. A rlver-basln is the land which is drained by a river and its tributaries. 5. A tributary* tributary river or affluent is a stream which flows into a larger river, 6. A river-bed is the channel which a river has formed for itself in the surface of the earth. 7. A confluence is a place where two or more rivers flow together. OP HISTOKY AND OEOGKAPHY. Q'^ 8. The rlglit bnuk of a river is on one's right going down stream. 9. The left bauk of a river is on one's left going down stream. 10. A rnpia is a place where the water descends a slopft and consequently moves at a speed greater than the usual rate of the river. 11. A c»tanict» ciLscjule or yraterriill is a place where a river falls over a cliff or precipice. 12. An estuarj is the wide mouth of a river in which the tide ebbs and flows. 13. A doiia is an island formed in the mouth of a river by alluvial deposits of sand or earth. Atmosphere, or air, is the gaseous envelope which covers and encloses the earth. It is composed mainly of a mixture of the two gases, o ■^j» en and nitrogen (pure air has 21 parts O. to 79 N. by weight) ; but exhalations from decomposing mat- ter, the waste gases of factories and the breaths of animals combine to maintain an amount (really very large, but small in comparison with the whole volume) of carbonic acid and other gases. The atmosphere is usually supposed to extend to a height of about 50 miles above the surface of the earth. Motions. Heat and other modifying causes so affect the atmosphere that it is never at rest. Masses of air particles in motion are termed winds ; or if the speed of these currents is excessive, gales or storms. The speed of storms is sometimes as high as 150 miles an hour. Trade Wln«l». Constant winds blowing within the tropics : on the north from the N.E. towards the equator, and on the south from the S.E. towards 70 •STUDENTS KETERENCE BOOK the equator. They are caused by the intense heafc and consequent area of low pressure over the equator, and the inflowing currents from the north and south are deflected towards the S. W. and N. W. respectively by the rapid rotation of the equatorial regions. They are so named because their steadi- ness makes them of advantaj^e to commerce. Lniid Winds which occur in the coast regions of tropical aud Seal countries in the evening and forenoon respec- Breezeti. tively, i.e.: A breeze from land to sea in the evening and a breeze from sea to land in the morning. Causes — The land in the day I ime ab- sorbs the sun's heat m(jre rapidly than the sea, and there is» consequently, over it an area of low pressure toward which the cooler air from the sea flows. The land in the night radiates its accum- ulated heat more rapidly than the sea, and conse- quently over it there is an area of high j)ressui*e from which air flows towards the sea. Dlo]i.soonf4 Periodical winds occurring chiefly in the Indian Ocean or Season and the southern part of Asia. Causes — During WliMiA. summer in the N. Hemisphere the plateau of f South and Central Asia are areas of warm air and consequent low pressure towards which winds blow from the cooler ocean. During summer in the 8. Hemisphere the case is reversed, the ocean ■ " • being an area of warm air and low pressure while the land is cold arid the air currei»ts set towards the south. Violent storms usually accompany the changes of the monsoons in April and October. HnrmaUaii. A hot, dry wind which blows perir>dically across Northern Africa towards the Atlantic ocean. OP HISTOKY AND GEOGRAPHY. yj "'"';'"• t, •':"; '''^""'^■•'y '''»<' Wowing towards Egypt usually lasts about fifty days) *'""lfrica '";\'""' "'"' """"'« '" Northern Afnca and Arah.a, often bearing choking clouds of dcert sand and du8t which prove fatal to the caravans. 8I..«..« «r s«,a„„. A wind blowing towards the Medi- terranean from Northern Africa. Other local winds are the Texas northers, the Argentine pamperos and the Peruvian punas. U««... Bodies of aqueous vapor floating in visible forn. in the air. If the vapor floats low over the land or ocean It IS termed mist or fog «'lrr«, i, a form of light senn'-transparent, fleecy cloud, generally floating high in the air ""'""'"' '» " f"™ "f «l»»cl composed of dense, bulky masses. > " •^j' «tr,u„. is a form of cloud elongated horizontally and generally seen near the horizon The falling of water drops caused by cloud particles condensing, uniting and becoming too heavy to be supported by the air. Six-sided water crystals formed in the air when below the freezing point, and falling to the earth in flakes of varying degrees of hardness. Minute water particles deposited on cold substances from the nmisture in the air in contact with them. The Ile«v.„,y Rortle- consist of fixed stars or suns planets satellites or moons, comets and meteor.s or aerolites. They are divided into two classes : l8t. LumlnouM b«rtle.-Those which shine by their own light ; Rafii. Snow, Dew ^7i. 72 STUDENTS REFERENCE BOOK Fixed 8tnrH. 2nd. Keflectlns bodies -Those which shine only by reflecting light from a luminous body. Bodies like our sun, but many of them larger and brighter, shining with their own light and perhaps attended by planetary bodies forming other solar systems like our own, but unseen by us owing to the inconceivable distance at which they lie. The stars are divided according to their appearance into stars of the first, second, third, etc., magni- tudes and according to the position they occupy into star groups, clusters or constellations. The largest and brightest of the fixed stars is Sirius, in the constellation Canis Major. The iiuii. A vast globe of hot, luminous matter, supplying light and heat to the earth and other planets. Its di- ameter is 883,000 miles and its distance from the earth about 96,000,000 miles. The sun seems to be stationary with regard to inferior bodies, but is supposed with the fixed stars (of which it is one) to be performing a revolution inconceivably great in magnitude and in duration around some un- known but mighty centre. The Solar HyMteiii consists of the sun as a centre, with the planets, comets and satellites which move around it. Plaiieli. Dark bodies which move in elliptical orbits around the sun and reflect its light. The following are the principal planets, with their diameters and their mean distance from the sun : Diam. Dis. from Sun. Jupiter ... ..... 84,846 475,692,000 Satani 70,136 872,137,000 Neptune 34:,276 2,745,998,000 OF HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY. 73 '''"""* 33,247 1,753,809,000 ***'••'' 7,925 95,000,000 ^«''"'* 7,510 60,134,000 ^'^^^ry 3,058 35,392,000 BateluteH, or Moons (sometitnea called secondary planets). Dark bodies which move around planets and give them light by reflecting' the light of the sun. They are less in size than the primary planets around which they move. The Moon, the satellite which attends the earth, is a globe 2,153 miles in diameter and situated at a mean distance t)f 237,600 miles from the earth. Tt accomplishes a revolution around the earth in 27 days, 7 hours, 45 min., but as the earth is at the same time moving on its orbit, we have new moon only once in 29 days, 12 hours, 41 min. ConietH. Luminous bodies, consisting of a more or less well defined nucleus and a long, hazy and less luminous tail. The diameter of the nucleus is generally small, seldom exceeding 3,000 miles, but the le-igth of the tail is often very great, reaching in some cases the amazing length of 150,000,000 miles. Their orbits are generally very eccentric • some move whr)lly within the bounds of the solar system, while others visit it only at intervals of many years, their orbits being greatly elongated ellipses, of which the greater part lies away in the depths of unmeasured space, far beyond the orbit of our sun's most distant planet. Meteors, or ^rolites (commonly though wrongly called shouting stars). Luminous bodies seen in the higher re° gions of the atmosphere, generally between 50 and 75 miles above the surface of the earth. 74 STUDENTS* REPEKENC'E BOOK \k' Their origin has not yet been satisfactorily ex- plained, but they are supposed t*) be small bodies moving in the system, which coming within the sphere of the earth's attraction are drawn towards it, and on entering our atmosphere, ignite, be- come luminous, and are destroyed by combustion. Masses of a peculiar stone (jr metallic substance which have fallen in various countries are sup- posed to have their origin in these meteors. Nebula;. Vast masses of faintly shining vapor or cloudy matter which have been found in the heavens. The Nebular Theory supposes that the bodies now composing the solar sysf i once formed a nebula, and that this nebula, gradually cooling, threw off great masses from the central nucleus, which, cooling faster than the nucleus, have formed the planets, while the sun, originally the nucleus of the nebula, yet remains in a fiery state. es is n. ce er es S» ry [. -> '0' '"' .'> " '.■ "■ > v.. * ^ "? .4r il I ,. tji , ■<- -^ . . jr ..^i- •»; ^. _» lx .■»-;'■ -■ J