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This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film6 au taux de reduction indiqud ci-d THE FREEBORN u^/^l englishman's Unmalked Battery: CONTAINING REMARKS ON T HE PRELIMINARY ARTICLES O F P E A C E, OROUNTIF.D UPON A UNDENIABLE FACtS^ SHEWING \ ^<. The fatal Tendency of granting the French -sl. Fishery, and rcftoring our moft important Conquefls. my Country! LONDON: Printed for P. II u n t, in Ludgaw-Strect. M.DCC.LXII. Bibliotheque, Le Sen'' in aire de Qu-^bec 3, r\ie de I'Uniyer&ite, Quebec 4, QUE. S IP l f T V^t (3) GENTLEMEN extremely forward in their abufe, fhould be extremelywa y of their condua ; left that fhouW expofe them to a retort of a more fevere kind than their attack. 1 ne artSs of peace furnilh great room for fuch a retort, but it would be ffiberal to take all advantages: therefore, we will giv ■ -n^ a flight Iketchof fome important mat te£ to fhew how profoundly the national intereft has been attended a to. The preliminaries, as publiOied fome time ago in the P^P"^; J^^ now found to vary in no effential article from thofe given us by au thority. The va:y appearancej^ ( 4 ) them at that time not only exxitecj general difguft but horror: they were univerfally confidered as infe- cure, inglorious, and no way ade- quate to our exLiaordinary fuccefTes ; and therefore not credited (though feared by the difberning to be but too true) becaufe it was hoped, or rather people perfuaded themfelves to believe, peace would not be bought on fuch facrificing condi- tions : but time has now difcovered how fond we have been to pur chafe a peace ; what generous ceflions we have made, with hearts overflowing with kindnefs, even to our natural and fworn eternal enemies, that a ftranger may be tempted to be- lieve we were defirous of peace on any conditions ; «^ any fort of a peace rather than none.'* About \^i I ^ Ab( naries ; and a' two /// deferv ferved forrow nify, fhoulc to car vanqu Jike a try, fh //(y tal baffad I Thus I to op > gociat to figi {lore iT^y; millio but { 5 ) About the time that the prelimi- naries firft began to be handed about, and appear in the pubHc papers, two little incidents happened, which deferve pubUc notice. It was ob- ferved with marks of regret, with forrow for national honour and dig- nify, that the conquering power fhould equip one of the royal yachts to carry over an ambaflador to the vanquiflied i and having landed him , like a hoftage in the enemy's coun- try, fliould afterwards, with all hu7nt- \lity take on board, the enemy's am- baffador, and bring him to England. Thus we became the firft drudges ^ to openly fet on foot a pacif c ne- I gociation ; the carriers and fete hers to fign away our conquefts; to re- ftore power to the bankrupt ene- my; to return what has coft ii$ millions of money and thoufands of B 2 lives : ( 6 ) lives : generous Britons ! l1ic other little incident is of a niyflerous na- ture. It is true indeed it occafioned fme al^rm, and nmnkind were af- toniflied, but they could not ac- count for the caufe ; and it is ftiH ^ ii poUtical myllery. A powerful : fquadroa was equipped, at a confi- derable expence ; the conuuand was aiven to admiral Hawke, and he billed, as the public expe&ed, to intercept feveral vtn-y rich Spanifli, and French (hips, then fuppofed to be on their return home ; but foon after he arrived on his ftation,^ he ^as ordered to bring his fquadron back to England. In vain did thei public fearch for a caufe of this their fudden difappointment ; it re- minded them .of admiral Haddick, who ifSiR^his hands tied up. But n/wlBfciiay of more than proba- :: other :)us na- afioiicd ere af- iiot ac- is ftill owerlul I confi- andwas and he ^edj to Spanifli, pofcd to DVit fooii tion, he Squadron L did the. ; of this t ; it re- :Iaddick, tied upc ore than proba- (7 ) probability fecms to inform ns, that liis iinexpcaed return mull: be at- tributed to our earm/l defue of o/^- taming a peace : is it therefore un- likely, that it might be ftipulated in fome fecrct preliminary ? It is confeflcd, with thegreateft deference to our fuperiors that thefe Ikfk incidents arc but trifies, and tliat they migk be pafied over, in order to accomplifh fo defireablc an end as peace : but Trifles, light as air. Are to the jealous inclicatior.s ftrong, As proofs from holy writ ; and it is the old obfervation of thofe philJ/ophers who have ftudied man- kind, that the real difpofition of men is often times more clearly difcovered by fome trijlmg circum- ftance, I' I I' ! ;i| ' I u i t I ( M ftance, than by one more impor- tant. This is a difagreeable theme, and we will therefore quit it : we are forry we have been fo unlucky as to hit upon it ; but the reader will pardon our errors, as our /^Z- Bility is at leaft in exiftence, tho' not e^ual to that for which our fu- periors are more difiinguifi)ed. The preliminaries naturally fall under our confideration ; they have been publifhed by authority; and who can forbear reading them ? who can forbear examining them, and offering his opinion in an affair where every one is fo materially in- terefted ? This is a privilege which Engliflimen yet enjoy. It is a pri- vilege which every man ought to hold dear to bis breaft as the facred remnant of ineftimable freedom. Confcious > (9) Confcious of this conftitutional right, where is that abjecl and cowardly Have that is afraid to con- demn thele preliminaries, if k Ihall be found that they arc inglorious, in- fecure, and the feeds of a future war left in them ? That this may not be the cafe all good Engliflimer. heartly wiih ; but that it is but too probable all men of difcernment hav6 too much reafon to fear. They fee great fa- crifices made ; frefh power, and con- fequently new fwords put into the enemies hands, as well as much room for future civil and difpute. Dangers like thefe are alarming , and the candid and impartial, who would if poflible think well, are now in fpite of themfelves, in fpite of every fentiment of cordiality, obli- ged to yield to irrefragable convic- tion. It ■! ( lO ) It were to be wiHied, that the firft preliminary article had been the fulfilling of thofe articles ot former treaties, which have not been complied with; and that until this ftipulation was fully and exadlly performed, no other prelimimry article had been agreed to. 1 he neceffity and advantage of fueh an article is apparent. Our right ot cutting logwood would have been primarily fecured ; our poffeffion of Nova Scotia affixed ; the ifland oi St. Lucia our own, &c. fince we have, and can prove, a right to thele places from forrner treaties ; and consequently the fair fulfilling of thofe treaties which gave us this right oucrht to have been firft m- fifted upon. Then, indeed, if from motives of generofity, we had choie to reftore any of thofe places which our ) our woul fureL ry an is th( T fonn tanc( maje whic migl or h rant dep( Brit; tian to h righ den Caj the Lai the been 5 of been until :aaly inary The ch an ht of been ion of nd of ce we rht to varies ; IfiUing us this rft in- if from d chofe 5 which our our arms have conquered, there would have been lefs indignity : but furely to admit into the preUmina- ry articles, what was before our own, is the higheft infult. , r The firft article is an article ot form, and therefore of no impor- tance* « Art. II. His moft chriftian majefty renounces all pretenfions, which he has heretofore formed, or ^ might have formed, to Nova Scotia, I or Acadia, in all its parts, and gua- ranties the whole of it, with all its dependencies, to the King of Great Britain: moreover, his moft chrif- tian majefty cedes, and guaranties to his faid Britannic majefty, in full right, Canada, with all its depen- dencies, as well as the iftand of Cape Breton, and all the iflands m the Gulph, and river of St. Laurence, without reftriftion, and Q witliout V' without: ai>y liberty, to depart froxn this cefTipn and - guaranty, under anypi-eteuce,; oi: to trouble Gre^t Britain in the pofTefTip^s abovemen- tioned. His Brit-annic majefty, pn his fide, agrees to grant to the, in- habitants of Canada the Hberty of the Catholic rehgion: he will, in confequencc, give the moft ejcadt and the mofl:< effedjtual orders, that his new Roman Catholic fubjeds may profefs the worfhip of their religipn, according r to the rites of the Roman church, as far as thq l^w$ . of Great: Britain permit. His Britannic majefty further agrees, that the French inhabitants, or others who would have been fub-r jeds of the moft chriftan king in Canada, may retire, in all fafety and freedom, wherever they p}eafe| and may fell their eftates, provided it be to his Britannic majefty's fub- • jeds, J^ :t from uader ; . Great vemen- ■fty, • pn the^ m- jerty of m\\, ia I exadl rs, that fubjeds >f their rites of as the permit. r agrees, mts, or :en fob- king in II fafety ■^ pleafe, provided ly's fub- jcdts, % (H ) ■Wti^ - OTetertC< Whatfoevfr, ejccept Stei criminaFotofecutK^v the vu!„^ >«xed 'to Ai.fpace^pf ^|^jen ■#? ^ItHHrue^^He peace <,f Ai^ 4uffibH-, but that diifcuffionftiouW S'beeti ddciaa tyefpre the pre- 4; W might f^^^ humbled -c6ndmon. of ^^^^ The ii^emorials drawn up by the Hon Charles Townfhend, iti lo S^ mafteriyrand cor^eaa^an- .„er, prefented at^Paris in x^ 5 J^ by ■! I 1 ! ( H > William Shirley and William Mild- mey, efqrs. fufficiently evince our undoubted and unanfwerable right to it. They have not left room for the fmallcft cavil of the moft flbuf- fling French negociator. The re;- tentionof Cape Bretpa is not unr- expeaed, becaufe in its prefent dit ^lantled ftate the ' Erench do. not hold it in any eftimation ;. ancjihcy have other places, vyhich they ^lalce equally as valuable, panada iV the moft important coa(|ueft w^ jretai|i by this peace ; but it is a country top fharp for EngfiAmen -to live| i^; It is inacceffible half th^ year, '■ and -many parts of it quite barren; and, taking ten years together, it. does not produce provifions enough for its own inhabitants. Its commo- dities were never fufficient to pay for the woollen and other manufaaures it received from France. Howeve^, It h I Mild* ce our J right om for Iflbufl rhe r^- ot ui>- jnt dil- dp not i§ t;he rF^aip try top in; it ;, and, t. does gh for mmo- )ay for idiures kVever, , ,,■ ..j, It i* (;5) it gives peace to all our northera fettlements, and fecures to us the friendftiip and alliance of thofe In- dian tribes, contiguous to it^ and furniflies us with furs ; an article which: 15 capable of great improvc- mait and much advantage to this nation; did not French policy art- fully check it, by a new-fafhioned introdudlion of feathered muffs; which our ladies fdr. want pf know- ledge, i^nd our gentlemen for want ^ of confider^tlon, ';&^ffer to. k^^l in- fenfibly upon them 5^^ before ftiey are aware of the mifcjhieife it may'do tjbis colony, or fhe ftab that is thus fe^ cretly given to pur- interefts. ;7;he fuffirage of the,5*on>an catholic. reli- gion in this, or any other country, as far as the laws of Great-rBritain permit, is abfurd ; becaufe the laws of Great Britain permit no fuch thing. It is true, indeed, Qur laws allow » |lH ^^^^Ku' ! i i ! ^^^^^^^^^^H '- 1 , 1 ^Hli 1 I : 1 ' ^^m^ j5fts^jte arttele ihallV iilphof StV!lLaurence:;.Attd«s. to the moft chriftian king « W«^ t^e liberty to fifh in the gbl#^ . St. Laurence, on condmong the fubjefts of France do not eg^^ the^aid fiftxery, brtt at he d^^^^^^ of tp leagues from all th..o^ft^ { ^7 5 e1-t3t(t aire ittigaiati'd -tfe other on tBw the lOt 'e^rcife I thecoafts belonging lU Ibelonging to Gj:eat Britain, as we tUpfe on the continent, as thofc of the iflands fituated in the faid gulph of St. I^aurence. And as to what re- lates to the fifliery out of the faid gulnh, his moft ehriftian majefty's fubje£t5 fliall notexercife the fifhery, but at the diftance of fifteen leagues frora the coafts of theifland of Cape Breton.' A fiftiery in the gulph of St. Lau- rence is the moft dangerous branch of it ^11 ; becaufe the French will trade with their old friends the roman catholics of Canada, will furnifti them with French manu- fadures, and take away our peltry ; thus reaping the profits of the pro- vince, and leaving us the expence of fupporting it. As for the ftipu- lation that they are not to come within three leagues of our coafts, it is vague and uncertain, and will be §} lt.i ;- A .( »8 ) . be ever prodiiftive of difputes and diflenfion ; for how can the limits of the fea be affixed? Are we, bcfides being at the expence of keep- ing a, military force in Canada: to keep a fquadron on its coafts, and in the gulph of St. Laurence, to watch and prevent the French fifli- ing beyond their due bounds? Is not here a door for conftant caufe of complaint? and will not the French here find pretences for anew war whenever they are prepared for it? But this is not the only cellion made by us; for the right which the French had by the peace of Utrecht is confirmed, of fifliingand drying their fifti on the coafts of Newfoundland. The 13th article of the treaty of Utrecht is in thefe words. " The illand called Newfound- land, with the adjacent iflands, fhall from 1 I ^ ; and limits we, ieep- X to , and e, to s? Is caufe t the r anew ^d for eilion vhich ce of Lgand .fts of irticle thefe bund- , fhall from ') ( X9 ) from this time forward belong of right wholly to Britain ; and to that end the town and fortrefs of Pla- centia, and whatever other places in the faid ifland in polfeffion of the French, fliall be yielded and given up, within feven months from the exchange of the ratification of this treaty, or fooner if poflible, by the moft chriftian king, to thofe who have a commiflion from the queen of Great Britain for that purpofe. Nor ihall the moft chrif- tian king, his heirs and fucceffors, QX any of their fubjeds at any time hereafter, lay claim to any right tq the faid ifland and iflands, or to any part of it or them. Moreover it fhall not be lawful for the fubjefts of France, to fortify any place iii the faid ifland of Newfoundland, or to erea any buildings there befides ftages made of boards, and huts D jieceffary 'i' 1 I ( 20 ) neceffary and ufual for drying ot fifh, or to refort to the faid ifland beyond the time neceflary for fift- iiig and drying of fifli. But it fliall be allowed to the fubjefts of France to catch fifli, and to dry them on land in that part only, and in no other befides that, of the faid ifland of Newfoundland, which ftretches^ from the place called Cape Bona- vifta to the northern point of the faid ifland, and from thence run- ning down by the weftern fide, reaches as far as the place called Point Richc."— How careful are the French of renewing and efla- blifliing their claims according to former treaties I >« Art. IV. The king of Great Britain cedes the iflands of St. Peter, and of Miquelon, in full right, to his mofl chriflian majefly, to ferve as a fhelter for the French iifher- I ^^1 \r men g of fland fifti- ftiall ranee n on in no ifland tches Bona- f the : lun- fide, called ul are lefta- ing to Great Peter, ;ht, to D ferve hfher- men ; 7 \»,; V 21 ) men ; and his faid majefty obliges himfelf, on his royal word, not to fortify the faid ilknds ; to ereft no buildings there but merely for the conveniency of the fifhery ; and to keep there only a guard of fifty men for the police." The vaft confequence ot tms fifliery fhould have prevented our miniftry from ceding any port to France in thefe parts. It is very plain from the fituation of thele iflands, and the part of the coaft of Newfoundland which is for their ufe, that they will raifea^ great a fifhery as ever the poffcffion ot Louifbourg gave them; for the reader is greatly miftaken, it he imagines that that town affilted thei? fifliing in any other refpeft, than as a port for their ftups to ren- dezvous at. St. Peter s is as well fi- tuated as Cape Breton, and they D 2 doubt- "1 ( 22 ) _ dombtlefs, will make it as jgreat nurfcry as the other. The value of their cod fifhcry (for which the ifland -^f St. Peter's is finely fitu- atcd) before we drove them quite out of it, was immcnfe. It was un- bounded, and ineftimable, annually employing at leaft a thoufand £iil, from two hundred to four hundred tons, and twenty thoufand men. In the year 1730 there was a com- putation made of two hundred and twenty thoufand quintals of fifh at Marfeiiles only, for a market, and communibus annis they cured above five millions of quintals. What a dangerous nurfery of feamen the fifliery has been, and ever will be^ while in their pofleffion is very ob- vious, and yet tr;" .'as only a fhare ; much greater mdeed than ours. But thefe are not all the evils we have to dread. The French will wil! dc thefe ill a magj the wil fafturei maybe produft any forcfee reton in Lirs will winter, t Britifh ler what L made, his war, bay of e north ould be open f ( 25 ) open all the year ; and muft we, after fo many glorious^vidories gratig their fondeft wifhes ? Their old fubieas the Canadians will certainly prefer the wine and brandy of France io Englifh malt fpirits in exchange for their furs and Ikins, as well as our own colonies will flock to this new-ereded cheap market for aU European as well as Weft and Eaft Indian goods, as far as their natural > produfts will enable them to pur- chafe or exchange; W thus in- ftead of extending our trade and na- vigation, we may perhaps be found to have parted with the largeft and inoft valuable of what we had be- fore • neither would the whole fleet of England be able to prevent it, unlefs they be allowed to enter and feize the Britifti fmugghng veffels with their crews and cargoes i which at beft would tend to difguft and alienate I ( 26 ) alienate the affeftioiis of our colo- nies from their mother-country. This French fituation in the very midft of the Britifh fifliery muft alfo furnifh infinite occaiions of difpute and quarrel, and perhaps of future war ; the preventing of which is faicj to have been a principal reafon for preferring poor and barren Canada to rich and fertile Guadaloi^pe. " Art. V. The town and port of Dunkirk fliall be put into the ftate fixed by the laft treaty of Ai^c 1^ Chapelle, and by former treaties: the cunette fhall remain as it now provided that the Englifli engi- is neers, named by his Britannic ma- jefty, and received at Dunkirk by order of his moft chriftian majefty, verify, that this cunette is only of ufe for the wholefomenefs of the air, and the health of the inhabitants." of This ir colo- :ountry. :he very luft alfo difpute F future ;h is faid :afon for Canada i port of he ftate Aix h treatits : J it now (h engi- inic ma- ikirk by majefty, only of f the air, itants." This > ( 27 ) . This is an inconfiderable article, of very little importance, and can on- ly feed French vanity with hopes ot duping us with terrors of future m- vafions ; for when they are ready to break with us, they will foon fortity Dunkirk, if it is of any advantage to them : but that it is not, is pretty evident from the prefent war, when they have been reduced to every fliift, and confequcntly would have had recourfe to it if they could have found any benefit m it. But the French \uvc complaifantfy adow- edtoput this place in the fame ftate as fixed by former treaties, in confcquence of their having a very valuable branch of the filhery. , Will common fenfe allow, that the demolition of Dunkirk is equal to fuch a fiiare of the fiOiery ? It may perhaps be faid, that Dunkirk E ** ? ^ ( 28 ) is an objed of rtal fear in the Eng- lifli, but 'tis no fuch thing ; formerly it was feared, but never with any real grounds, and the demand origi- nally to demolifh it was unjuft and abfurd ; v/e have juft as much right to make the demolition of Brefh an article in a peace, as we had to ex- petS that of Dunkirk at firft. But if this place was of fuch great confe- quence as fome very obftinately in- fift it is, fure it can never be allow- ed of fo much importance, as ^en the tenth part of the New- foundland fifhery ; France contains many Dunkirks, but fhe poflefles only one fifhery. If we examine any lift of the prizes made during the courfe of the prefent war by the French, we fhall not find that a large proportion of them was carried into Dunkirk ; many other ports of France ^ / i f 4 •^^ e Eng- )rmerly th any i origi- uft and ;h right »reft an I to ex- :. But t confe- tely in- t allow- ice, as ; New- :ontains poflefles examine during war by [nd that s carried ports of France ^ / ^ f- ( 29 ) France have been more fatal to our trade, and particularly Bayonne: why don't we demand that the har- bour of this neft of privateers be de- molilhed? This abfurd condud is founded merely on the French prin- ciple " the law of convemence. As to invafions, we have little or no reafon to fear Dunkirk, (nor indeed all the ports of France) on that ac- count, for all the expence that ever was or ever can be laid out upon It, will never make it capable of being a firft rate harbour ; and if it could admit very large fhips of war, its . fituation renders it very improper for an invafion, for no port can be fit for that, unlefs it is very near the part of the enemies coaft they would invade. Now from Dunkirk a fleet muft fail a confiderable way before it can land troops with fafety : all E 2 o"^ ( 30 ) our Kentifh and fouthern coafts quite to Portfmouth are fo deep and im- penetrable, that an enemy could not even land ; or if they were land- ed, make any progrefy. For thefe reafons the French will never fit out an expedition fleet from this port, but only make a great parade of na- val preparations at it, to freighter! the Englifh : if it was really formi- dable to the greateft degree, if its harbour was as extenfive and deep as thofe of Breft or Toulon, yet we Hiould have no more reafon to be afraid of it than of thofe towns ; much lefs to give fuch an immenfe confideration for its demolition. The French, by means of the pof- feffion of the iflands of !rt. Peter's and Miquelon, and the confirma- tion of part of the th rteenth article of the treaty of Utrecht^ will foon revive their fifhery, and raife it to as / asgr accei then mor( Dun fear thoi Frei the) thar to r pre we acc( tha dor rop for: na^ pre we OC( lo-i J quite d im- could : land- • thefe fit out port, of na- Lghten formi- if its leep as ^et we to be )wns ; menfe Jition. e pof- Peter's firma- artide I foon ; it to as ( 3O as great a height as ever : fuch an acceffion of wealth will foon enable them to render many of their ports more truly formidable to us than Dunkirk, Sure we ought more to fear a nurfery of twenty or thirty thoufand feamen, than a paltry French port! By the cod-fifhery they will be enabled, more perhaps than by any other branch of trade, / to revive their navy ; and every un- prejudiced perfon vi^ill allow, that we have far greater reafon to fear an acceffion of naval power to France, than any fmgle port in that king- , dom. All the fortifications in Eu- rope cannot make a French port formidable : trade alone can raife a navy ; and if we had taken care to prevent them from raifing a trade, we fhould never have had the leaft occafion to fear French ports. The ianorant may fancy, that as long as ^ Louilbourg ( 32 ) Louiftourg is demolifhed, and Cape Breton is ours. we have no reafon to fear the power of France in thofe feas. But nothing can be more ab- furd ; it was not Louilbourg that was of fuch bad confequence to us, but the flourifhing ftate of the French fifhery, which depended merely on places to dry their fifli on, and erecft warehoufes. The fortifications had nothing to do with the fifhery, and the want of them could never have prevented its increafe ; we give them iflands for their neceffary purpofes as well fituated as Cape Breton, and much nearer the great herring bank. Can Dunkirk be reckoned an equi- valent for a {hare of this trade? And a (hare unlimited ; for the French may, if they pleafe, employ ten thoufand fail in it. In (hort, no peace iTiould have been thought of, that left the French at liberty to employ Cape reafon L thofe re ab- y that to us, ^fench ely on dereft ns had ■fy and r have e them Lirpoles in, and r bank. 1 equi- ^? And French oy ten ort, no ight of, 3erty to emoloY ( 33 ) employ a fiHgle (hip in this trade, for a treaty could not contain an article of greater importance. If wc were to keep the whole of this fifhery in our own hands, we fliould gain annually two millions of pounds fterling, by the lowed computations; for it occafions a confumption of manufadures greater than what at firft can be conceived. It would not only be depiiving our enemies of fo important a branch of their trade, but would abridge the re- venue of France, by leffening the confumption of French fait, the profit of which is folely in the crown, and more than half of which that was made in the kingdom was employed in this fi:hery. At the fame time the revenue from our own fait trade, which ftands en- gaged for a confiderable part of the national debt, would increaf j in proportion (34) proportion as that of France lef- fened. Were we pofleffed of this fifhery alone, it might be an eternal nurfery of thirty, forty, or perhaps fifty thoufand feamen, fincc nobody can tell the improvements which would refult from the fole poffef- fion. And had we not a right to expea It from our extraordinary fuccefs in the war ? Wei e we not in a condition to impofe our own terms ? *' Art. VI. In order to re-elta- blifli peace on the moft folid and lafting foundations, and to remove for ever every fubjed of difpute with regard to the limits of the Bri- tish and French territories on the continent of America ; it is agreed, that, for the future, the confines between the dominions of his Bri- tannic majefty, and thofe of his moft chriftian majefty, in that part of bi the fixed 1 fiffipp the ri^ by a of thi repas and t tian guar the ; ever oug fide the ifia {lia thi fif to th at fe y ;e lef- f this ternal ;rhaps obody which wffef- ^ht to dinary notia ■ own e-efta- d and emove lifpute [leBri- on the igreed, anfines lis Bri- ef his lat part of ( 35 ) ., t,f the world, (hall be irrevocably fixed by a line drawr. along the Mif- fiffipi, from its fource, as far as tS r Iberville, and from thenc, hvalinc drawn along the middle otlisriver, and of the lakes M- repas and Pontarchain, to the fea atfd to this purpofe, the moft chrif- Sn king cWs in full right, and g^Lntil to his Britannic majeay every thing that ne pu , ought to have poffeffed o- the leit f,de of the river Miffiffippi, except the town of New Orleans and the ifl'nd in which it is fttuated, winch £ remain to France", provided tW the navigation of the river Mif- fiffipp^Xu be equally free, as weU to the fubieas of Great Britain as ^o t^ofcof France, initswholebreadda Ind length, from its fource ^o Ae fea •, and that part expretly, whicn F ( 36 ) is between the faid ifland of New Orleans, and the right bank of that river, as well as the paflage both in and out of its mouth : it is further ftipulated, that the veffels belonging to the fubjefts of either nation fhall not be flopped, vifited, or fubjefted to the payment of any duty whatfo- ever. The ftipulations in favour of the inhabitants of Canada, infertcd in the fecond article, fliall alfo take place, with regard to the inhabitants of the countries ceded by this ar- ticle." The pernn'tting the French to continue in pofleffion of New Or- leans can never re-eftablifh peace on a folid and lafting foundation. We might as well have given them Crown Point. The latter was never a greater thorn in thq fide of New England, than the former will be in Georgia. It will render what little advantage I advanta^ j rived fro I no effefl ' ing new ments, fubjeds word, ] be lodg inevital beginni this pi l/tinuallj will b Indian! lion aj underl f.»B phers, ahead Louifi town Mobil and b toha^ \. ( 37 ) advantage may be mped to be de- rived from the ceffion of Florida of noeffea,andbethecaufeoffpread- ing new terrors on the back fettle- ments, as well as excite the Spamfh fubiedls to afts of hoftihty. In a word, it is permitting a dagger to be lodged in our bofom, which will inevitably ftab us to the heart in the beginning of a future war From this place the French will be con- 1 tinually making excurlions; they will be ever tampering with the Indians, and ftirring them to rebel- lion againft us. It has been ever underftood by all our beft geogra- phers, that the river Miffiffippi was Leady the weftern boundary of Louifiana ; confequently then the town of New Orleans, as well as Mobile, were illegal encroachments and being confideredas fuch, ought to have been evacuated accordingly : F 2 ^^ ( 38 ) at leaft this fatisfaaion and fecurity was reafonably expefibcd by the pub- lic ; though the fame reafon which is given for the retention of Canada, 5s equally ftrong for demanding Lcuifana, and the nation has long moft ardently wifhed this acquilition had been made, as it is certain the fecurity of our colonies will never be made permanent till the French are totally extirpated from north Amcric3^t <« Art. VII. The king of Great ^ Britain fliall reftore to France the I iflands of Guadalupe, of Mariga- lante, of Defirade, of Martinico, and of Belleifle ; and the fortreffes of thefe iflands fliall be reftored in the fame condition they were in when they were conquered by the Britifli arms; provided that the term of eighteen months, computed from the day of the ratification of ' the "ecurity bepub- I which [Canada, landing jas long milition | tain the \ II never French 1 1 north dF Great mce the ! Mariga- [artinico, fortrefles ftored in were in d by the that the ;omputed ication of the (39) the definitive treaty, ftaUbe gr-t^d to his B«t«iinic majefty s fubjefts who may have fettled m the fa d iflands, and other places reftored to France by the definitive treaty to fell their eftates, recover their debts, and tranfport their effeas as well as their perfons, without oemg re. ftrained on account of their rehgjon, or under any other pretence what, foever, except that of debts, or of criminal profecuuons. England, as a commercial nation, will ever confider this as the nioft important article in the who k treaty. Pofterity will read wiA aftonifhment this account of our unbounded generofity. ^^'f N ( 49 ) o'-jcn already y and confequently ought not to have been as objefts to be purchafed in the treaty of peace. However, thefe three are altogether worthlefs. St. Vincent, the largeft of them, cannot be planted with fecurity, being inhabited by the moft barbarous of all favages (the Canbbees) who can arm eight or ten thoufand men at any time ; neither fair nor foul means cm clear the country of them, as they can occafionally fecure themfelves frorti danger in the mountainous parts of the illand. As to Tobago, it is fcarce worth mentioning, and is ftill more unhealthy, and is infefted with infefts to a degree that is abfolutely intolerable; the negroes frequently efcape to the neighbouring conti- nent, and the favages as often vifit it for plunder ; fo there is no fecu- rity for the planters ; befides,. in all thcfe f 5^ thofc Ilkncls there are no rivers, which is the cafe with moft other Leeward Iflands belonging to the EngUfli ; and upon that account, as well as their foil being cxhaufted, they are fcarce worth any body's having. Dojninico has neitlier bay nor port to retire to, nor can the fhips have any fhelter .by.t under it. Where then is the ufe of tliis littk ifland ? St. l^ucia b rthe only one q( importance ; Wt how we can afr- certain the givifig it away is matt(M: pf furprize ; fpr it appears by the memorials delivered at Paris by the Englifhcommiiraricsia 1751^ that it was private property. It is there faid, that Charles I. made a grant of it in 1 6 27 to the earl of Carlifle ^ and it appears from ,thc records of the office of the commiffionqrs for trade and plantations, that, in pur- fuance of this grant, the earl of CarUfle rivers, other :o the int, as Lufted, body's er bay an the ider it. IS little Jy one can aC- mattor by the by the i^ that is there a grant ;;arlifle ; :ords oi n^s for in pur- earl of CarUfle ( 50 Carliflctook poffcllionof thisifland, bv lending fcveral colonics of Englilli to it ill the years 1635, 1638 and 1640 ; yct^ from feme unaccount- able caufc, it was one of thofe places, the fate of which was by the treaty of Aix la Chapellc left to the decifion of Gommiflaries ; and, according to the rules of found policy, the difpute ought to have been adjufted before the ad- miffiofl of any preliminary articles for the future definitive treaty. It grows a great deal of coffee and cocoa, and is more valuable than almoft any illand in the Weft In- dies, on account of its very excel- lent harbour, which has all the ad- vantages that can be defired, and of which we ftand in great need, be- caufe we have only one harbour, which is far inferior (St. John's at H Antigua) ( 52 ) Antigua) that is capable of being of any real ufe or advantage to us. <« Article IX. His Britannic ma- jefty (ball reftore to France the ifland of Goree, in the condition it was in when conquered: and his moft chrif- tian majefty cedes in full right, and guaranties to the king of Great Britain, Senegal." Senegal without Goree will be found to be like a coat without fleeves. By this feparation of them neither our African trade will reap any advantage, nor will that of the French be leffened. Goree of itfelf is fufficient for the negro trade: and as for Senegal, if the claim of an ex- clufive grant to its trade is admitted and gratified, the conqueft will no longer be of any ufe to the public. Will it be prefumed, that our mi- nifters detained it only for the pur- pofe of bellowing it on one man, ^ to ( S3 ) to the exclufion of all the other merchants of this kingdom? Its principal commodity is gum, which every one knows is abfolutely necef- fary in the printing of linnens and other manufaftures, of which the home confumption, as well as ex- portation, is very great: and as the late miniftry relieved us from the neceffity of buying this article from our neighbours on their own terms; foit is hoped the prefent will fe- cure it to the public from that worft enemy to trade, a monopoly. By the loth article we are more cenerous in the Eaft-Indies than we are in Weft, for in theEaftwereftore all without any equivalent. 1 he French aretobe put inpoffeffion of the fame territory which they had in 1 749. upon condition that they renounce the acquifitions which they h^c made on the coaft of CoromandeL H 2 This (54-) This is very extraordinary: How can the French renounce what they have not ? It is well known that they have been extirpated from the whole coaft of Coromandel long ago : they do not hold one inch of territory upon it. The confequence of re- ftoring them all they have loft in probability, will be furnifliing them with new opportunities for tamper- ing with the nabobs of Arcot, &c. and again exciting them to afts of hoftility againft us. <' Art. XI. The ifland of Mi- * norca fhall be reftored to his Britan^ nic majefty, as well as fort St. Philip, in the fame condition they were in when they were conquered by the arms of the moft chriftian King; and with the artillery that was there at the taking of the faid ifland, and of the faid fort." Altkr ^9 ( 55) Altho' Minorca was once thought to be of great confequence, and was reprefented as fuch in Admiral Byng's time ; yet during the courfe of the prefent war we have not felt the lofs of it. The enemy's fleets never efcaped out of the Mediterra^ nean, and our trade there has been protected juft in the fame manner ?s before. If Minorca's being in the hands of the French made any alteration at all, it was rather to our advantage, for the deftruSion of the two French fquadrons under Du Quefne, and De la Clue, has been, in fome meafure, attributed to our fleet's being obliged to keep the fea, there not being any harbour for them to lie in under the excufes of careening, watering, &c. The .Xllth, Xlllth, and XlVth articles relate to Germany. Hanover, Hefle, Brunfwick and Buckebourg, are ( 56 ) • are all to be evacuated' by the French; Oftend and Nieuport are to be evacuated. Gleves, Wezel, and Gueldres, belongingto the king of Pruffia, are Hkewife to be evacu- ated. And each party has bound, themfelves up not to affift their Ger- man friends. But an after-declara- tion of the French minifter fays, diat France is ftiU underftpod to be left at liberty to pay her debts. Thus, may fl^e, under die^fpecious pretence of paying her debts, affift Che Emprefs.Queen or any other German ally for thefe ten years to come ; while we, on the contrary, cannot do our allies the fame juftice, becaufe there is m loop-hole for us to creep out at. By the XVth ar- ticle the legality of fome prizes nvade on the Spanifli flag before Ae war with Spain, are to be tried : But no mention is made of the Antigal- lican, ■J the t are /"ezel, : king jyacu- Dound r Ger- :clara- • fays, . to be debts, jecious , affift other ears to •ntrary, juftice, for us ^th ar- prizes 'ore the d: But Intigal- lican, (57) llcan, nor of the number of EngH{h veffels which the Spaniards have un- lawfully feized, nor of the many in- juries and infults we have received from them, and on which account we have a very equitable claim to demand both juftice and damages. « Article XVI.' His Britannic ' majefty fhall caufe all the fortifi- cations to be demoliflied which his fubjefts have ereded in the bay of Honduras, and other places of the territory of Spain in that part of the world, four months after the ratifi- cation of the definitive treaty : and • bis catholic majefty ihall not for the future fufFer the fubjeds of his Bri- tannic majefty, or their workmen, to be difturbed or molefted -under any pretence whatever, in their oc- cupation of cutting, loading and carrying away logwood ; and tor this purpofe they may build without hindrance, ( S8 ) hiacirancei and occupy without in- terruption, the houfes and maga-»- zines neceffary for them, their fa- miUes, and for their effeds; and his faid cathoUc majefty affures to them by this article, the entire enjoyment of what is above ftipu*- lated." Had it been ftipulated that all former treaties fhould have been fulfilled, this article would not have been here. The firft fettlement of the log- wood colony, in the bay of Hon^ duras, was by the Englifli in 1656. The Indians acknowledged the fovereignty of the crown of Great Britain, and payed homage, and took the oaths to every new gover*- of Jamaica, on his firft arrival. And we have juft as good a right to this colony, as any of the Britifti planters have to their eftates in America ; tt iii~ r fa- and £8 to intire It all been have log- Hon^ [656. the Great and ;over- rrival. right Jritifti es in srica J ( 59 ) America ; fuch ads as thefe being deemed, in the Weft Indies, to give the ftrongeft right and title to fuch plantations. Moreover, the the river Bellefe and the land ad- jacent, has been claimed time im- memorial by the Moflcitoe Indians, who were from the firft in a'liance with Britain, and who were the ori- ginal natives of the place, and have never been conquered by, nor fub- mitted to the dominion of the Spa- niards, (who have no towns or forts either in the bay of Honduras or the Mofkitoc country) but have long been faithful fiiends and allies to the Englifh nation : they have by virtue of fubmitting to the fove- reignty of the crown of England, and this crown's acceptance of fuch their fubmiffion, put themfelves and all their lands and territories under the dominion of the Britifh govern- I mei\t ; ( 6o ) ment ; and therefore, in confequence this river, and the land adjoining, claimed by the Britifli logwood- cutters and traders, became annexed to the crown of England, from the firft poffeffion of the fame. The right then of the Britifli fubjeds to cut logwood, &c. in the bay of Honduras, being fo evident and uncontrovertible, this 1 6th article, which " caufes all the fortifications which they ftiall have ereded in this bay, to be demoHflied" is of great difference, as it renders our fituation entirely precarious, and wholly de^ pendent on the Spaniards, In the bay of Campeachy we have an equal right to the cutting of logwood, and it is confirmed by treaties. In the year 1667, when the firfl ge^- neral treaty of commerce was made between France and Spain, fome EngHfh privateers happened to land c r I I 1 ( 6i ) on tKe province of Jucatan, a pe- ninfula of Mexico, in the bays of Honduras and Campeachy, and pe- netrated a great way into the country, without feeing one Spaniard there ; upon which they juftly concluded they had a right to take poffeffion of it, which they did by the ftrongeft tenure that can be imagined, viz. clearing and planting ground, fellmg wood and building houfes. They received great encouragement from Jamaica, &c. and in the year 1669 great quantities of logwoou were tranfported both to Jamaica and New-England. The next year, 1670, was concluded the American treaty by Sir William Godolphm, which, by the famous claufe of uti pofftdetis, confirmed to the Englilh ail their poffeffions in America; and their logwood trade, and pof- fefTions upon the bay of Campeachy, J 2 were ,oJi ( 62 ) were thereby clearly confirmed. It is very remarkable, that from the time of their firft fetthiig in that bay in 1667 to the 1670, when the above treaty was made, the EngHfh did not meet with the leaft interruption from the Spaniards, nor do we find one fingle memorial made againft the faid treaty by the Spanifh minifter at tlie court of England. However, in 1672 the Spaniards began to queftion the Englifh right to that trade ; for in that fame year the queen Regent of Spain publiihed a royal Cedula, importing, " that fuch as fhould make an invafion, or trade without licence in the ports of the Indies, fhould be proceeded againfl as pi- rates, &c." This Cedula was con- ftrued by the Spaniards to inhibit the Englifli irom cutting logwood in Campeachy, and they adually confifcated ( 63 ) confifcated all Englifli fliips that had any on board. This, howeverj being an afl: of unjud power, and not* acquieftd in by the Englifli^ their right to the fettlement in Cam- peachy, and the lodvvood trade, was not thereby weakened : the treaty of Utrecht confirmed it ; be- caufe, after confirming the Ameri- can treaty, a ftipulation is inferted, I " that the fame fliall be without any prejudice to any liberty or power, which the fubjefts of Great Britain enjoyed '^efore, either thro' right, fufference, or hidulgence." The XVIIth article fays, the king of Spain renounces his claim to the fifliery of Newfoundland. This claim was never lawful, nor in any former time ever admitted by the Englifh. *' Art.XVni. The kingof Great Britain (ball reftore to Spain all that he ( 64) tie has conquered in the illand of Cuba, with the fortrefs of the Ha- vanna ; and that fortrefs, as well as all the other fortreffes of the laid ifland, fhall be reftored in the fame condition they were in when they were conquered by his Bntanmc majefty's arms." . The effeds of this reftitution will in all probability be felt when it is too late to retrieve them ; when the ambitious defires of the family \ compaa lliall begin to be put in execution. The poffeffion of this place in a time of war, would en- able us to lock up the Spanilh trea- fures ; or if Spain ftould attempt to bring thera home, to take and apply them to our own ufe and purpofe. Deprived of thefe refources, in a {bort time, Ihe would become - deftitute of finances, and wholly un- able to fupport the expence ot a war, \ l^nd of he Ha- well as :he faid he fame len they ritannic ftitution ;lt when ; when - family ^| put in of this ould en- lifli trea- tempt to nd apply purpofe. es, in a become holly un- :nce of a war, ( 65 ) war ; not only Spain, but France likewife muft feel, with equal con- cern the fatal effeds of this poflef- fion. France became bankrupt in 1759, fmce which time fhe has ex- erted every art of power and op- preflion, by infupportable taxes upon her people, of all ranks, to the ruin and beggar 01 ber fubjeds ; made ufe of ever) iirt a id mode ot folici- tation to extc t loans, free gifts, &c. from every degree of men in every corner of the kingdom; Ihe has been obliged to the Dutch, Ham- burghers and Genoefe; and who- ever would truft her, but chiefly to Spain. The annual treafures from the Weft Indies, flowing into Spain free and unmolefted, gave frefli fpring to her hopes, and combined the two nations into one by the fa- rnily compaft ; and from the re- four ces derived from tlaence fhe has (66) has kept her head above water; But thefe refources were cut off by the lofs of the Havana. France inuft inevitably have fliared the fame im- beciUty, and want with Spain, and be as deftitute of money, as ilie is already of credit, had (he not by her policy, juft faved herfelf in time by this peace The keeping the Havanna in our pofleffion in time of peace would have been a firmer bond of friend- fliip, and perpetual Union between England and Spain than can ever be effedted by the moft explicit treaties : in this cafe the old adage would have been as good as ever, " Peace w^th Spain and war with all the World." For the Havannah, in our poffeffion, would ftill have been very ufeful to Spain, provided Ihe returned to her old principles, and adopted us as her fivourite commercial nation. By the ,^ater. ff by muft e im- , and {he is lot by 1 time in our would riend- :tween ver be eaties : d have ;e with ^orld." feffion, feful to to her s as her 1. By the ( 67 ) the Spaniards adhering to us, we fhould have reaped the benefit ot the Have trade, and a copious field of confumption for our home aad ftaple commodities of every kind, and this would have been puttmg Spain to no difadvantagw whatever, as fhe muft be fupplied with thofe articles by the French, or fome other power, if not by us in return for thefe advantages arifing to us, me would not only have enjoy«i the benefit of the Havanna as full as ever, in bringing home her treafure, tranfaaing her bufinefs, and carry- ing her authority over a 1 her do- mtnions in America, but would have received at all times the hearty and full fupport of all our power, to eftablifh and maintain her rights in every part of the world bf whomfoever attacked : a friendOnp and alliance of the more exalted K. importance ( 68 ) importance to her, as her whole fortune depends upon the fea ; where we can do her, or all other nations, the greateft hurt, or the greateft fervice. Were thefe the only ad vantaj^es. which might ai'ife to Great B/i tain from the poffeflion of theFfavanna in the time of peace, they might juftly be deemed of ineftimable value i but there is ano- ther, which, the more it is confix oered, will rife in its importance, and ftrike flronger and ftronger convidion on the mind. Of the policy and condudt of all the Chrift- ian powers, no effort is fo immedir ately threatning and deftruftive to this nation in particular, and to all Europe in general, as the clofe foe- deral union, comprehended under the family compact between France and Spain. None ever was made with fo fair and compleat a view of cffeding i whole fea ; other 3r the e the feflion peace, ed of s ano- confl-? tance, rongey >f the :hrift~ medi- ive to to all fe ice- under ''ranc(^ made iew of eding ( 69 ) offeaing that univcrfal monaruhv* fo loag attempted, fo tenacioufty purfoed by the Houfe of Bourbo#v and fo univerfally dreaded by every other prince and ftate. If France alone, and depending upon herfpit only, has been able to (hake and endanger the liberties of Europe ; what may .ve not exped in courlfe L of time, when fhe fball be ftrength- 'L ned by all the commerce and force ^ of Spain, and fiapporteH '^v all the treafiues of Mexico and Pern? thele are advantages which fhe will now poffefs, and now flie will look tor the fruits of her induftry and toi for upwards of fixty years. AU thefe would in a moment have been blafted by our retention of «ie Ha- vanna. It is in this point that that place would have become the bul- wark, and we the protedors and auardians of the liberties of Europe, " K 2 a I ( 7o) t poft not only of the firft honour, but of the greateft utility and ad- vantage to ourfelves. Nor would there have been any more difncuity in the prefervation of it, than we have found in the poffeiTioii of Gibraltar. The cafes are fimilar. By the 19th article we obtain Florida, in confcquenceof reftoring the Havannah: a worthlefs equi'" valent. Florida is a wild barren ) defert ; without trade or manufac- tures, or even people to confume them. We fhall be at the expence of keeping a military force there, without being able to reap any pro- ^ fit by it. Every one who knows any thing of Florida knows this to be tru^M^d that the Spaniards never made it, ri6r thought it of any fer- vice ; therefore, they may readily give it for fuch an import*iilrplace as the Havannah. Befides, was it of \il ' I I i I DUf, ad- mld ulty L we . of ar. )tain >ring irren ) I ^ ifac- fume )ence here, pro- nows lis to lever y fer- ^adily •place ivas it i of I 71 ) of any value, the fuffering the French to be in poffefBon of New Orleans would effedually deftroy it to us ; and if the few Spaniards, who are in it, had any trade to carry on, and had occafion to purchafe any ma- nufaduries, would they not apply to their Roman catholic friends the French at New Orleans? The Eng- U(h are hateful in the eyes of the Spaniards, becaufe of their reli- gion. By the XXth article we procure peace for our aJiy the king of Por- tugal, and the Spanifh troops are to evacuate his dominions. The fuc- ceeding articles relate to the diffe- rent periods of evacuation, and the taking poffeflion of the f^eral places reftored, together with fome articles of form. » Such are the principal conditions on which we are going to make peace . li 5 f 7*2 J j^feacfe ; ^nd fuch are the dangers aiid evil confequenfc^s, wbicii, from the known perfidy of tlie French^ we have reafon to fear will arifc from th<^m« — Let it be rem^nl^red, ttet the famous Famify CmpaB ia iMc pre- liminaries is not mentio:(iaJ, though it was tkecaufe of duf going to war \i ith Spain ; arid is miiverfally (aid, 6r rather known, t6 be a treaty of firm union and concord between Frariia and Spain ; formed by am- bition to deftroy ihe ballance of power, and'/or ^^r to difturb th^ peace of mankind. As this com- pad is riot mentioned, how can it be faid that We have obtained the end for which we went to war? Or while k exifts, how can it be faid that we are in fafety ? Now let us afk, if we were in 013I enemies fituation and they in curs. ^1 I (73) ours, whether would they negociate thus generou/lyP Whether they would thus give away the fruits of their blood and treafure? If, bcfides Minorca, France had conquered Ja- maica, Antigua, Newfoundland, Vir- ginia, Madras, and expelled us from our fettlcments on the coaft of A- frica ; and if we had nothing in our poffeffion belonging to the French but Belleifle, whether /he v^ould uot totally exclude us from the fifhery in the firft place, and after- wards treat wih us on no other foot- ing, than exchanging Belleifle for Minorca, and retaining all the other conqucfts? The French would not think that fuch acquilitions would in the end ruin them. And fuppo- fing Spain, inftead of lofing the Ha- vannah, had maftered Gibraltar, how much mode?^ation might wc expcdt from the court of Madrid? FINIS.