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Las diagrammas suivants iliustrant ia mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 t It 7< LKTTERS nU).M f A YOUNG KMIGRANT IN MANITOBA ^' A KE( LETTERS I'KOM A YOUNG EMIGRANT IN MANITOBA 'I CANCELLED ■':xA, •r^e:-^ / LONIJON KEGAN PAUL, TKE>:CH & CO., i, TATERNOSTER SQUARE (The rights of irajisiutiou a?id 0/ reproduction arc resen'cd.) prefacp:. -«««- Tins little book consists of letters written from America by a young emigrant, giving an account of the first two years of his life, with a short introduction by his parents, with whose permission they are published. They are printed exactly as they were written, except that a few details, which could have no interest for the outside reader, are omitted, and that a name is occasionally changed. If the chance of their being useful to other young Englishmen, who may be thinking of following a like career, is not a valid pretext for their publication, I can only plead in excuse an uncle's partiality. C. H. E. Eton, October^ 1882. INTRODUCTION. *c* *'Dear Mother, " I thought I had written you the last letter from England, but 1 was mistaken. I have not dared to read your letter all through ; I will read it when I am safely in the steamer. I write to tell you something which I am sure you will like to hear. I went to see poor dear Aunt May's grave. ... I am glad I went, it will do me good. Uncle Charlie and Aunt Mabel have offered father a return ticket in two years. I hope you will go to Eton for a thorough rest, after such h rd work, and hope that I, on the contrary, after so much rest, am going to really hard work. " Good-bye, my loving mother. " From your very affectionate son." VI 11 IXTRODVCTIOX. Such were the last words written in En^hmcl froin a boy leaving a happy home to seek a livelihood in the far West. He was then eighteen \cars old, and the plan that had been roughly sketched out for him before leaving was, that he should go straight to the Agri- cultural College, (iuelph, and stay there about a year, then proceed to Manitoba, hiring himself out to a farmer, u ith a view to taking a Govern- ment grant of land, and with the understanding that when he had proved himself worthy of the trust, money would be sent out, enabling him to start in whatever way he thought best. On the voyage he had the good fortune to make friends, whose kindness then, and throughout his sojourn in Ontario, went far to make him forget the painfulness of separation from home ties, and the strangeness of the new life. Their house was alwa>'s open to him, and the sense of their exceeding kindness will always be treasured up b\- himself, as well as by his parents, with the sinccrest gratitude. 1 1 1 l.I I NGTOX RkCTORV, Au,!^itsl 20, 1882, LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. his To HIS Mother. 3S6, King Street, W, Toronto, October 7, 1880. 11.30 /.;;/. Written ivhile zvaiting for admittance to the College.— Yow sec I am stilt here, and am in a very nice boarding-house, with some nice quiet fellows, much older than I am. Twenty dollars a month. Two are ill government offices, two in banks, and three in various agencies in town. A lady named Fitz- gerald keeps the place. I was presented at Government House to-day. They are very nice people. I am going over to Guelph to-morro^^^ to see the place. Mr. Jones very kindly intro- B LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. duced mc to the head of the dominion bank here, the best bank, in case he might be of any use to me in future. Very kind of him. Of course it is very slow for me here, because all the fellows are in office from 9.30 till 4. I go to Guelph for good, when the new buildings are done, viz., November 8th. The weather here is lovely, though cold at night Mr. Smith has lent me a horse to ride whenever I like. He is brother-in-law to Frank Jones, the fellow in the house with me, cousin to the Mr. Jones with whom I was staying. He, Mr. Smith, has a large farm about one hundred miles from here, where young English fellows learn farming. His advice is, steer clear of farming, unless you want to do one of two things : if you have a large fortune, and want to waste it ; or if you haven't, and want to live on dry bread and water all your life. " Why don't you go into the bank at once, instead of doing like every other young English I n bank be of Df him. Decause till 4. e new . The night [lenever Jones, asin to staying. >ut one English 3, steer do one "ortune, I't, and ,11 your Lt once, English LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT, fellow has done the last ten years since I have lived in Toronto — go and learn farming, get into slovenly habits, drink, and then get tired of it, come back, be helped by some unfortunate man, then disgrace him by being turned out for habits acquired whilst thrown amongst low Canadian farmers — low mean selfish men, who never spend a farthing on anything but drink ? " That was Mr. Smith's advice, who came out as I have come out, took a farm, and ended by going into the Post Office and getting to the top of the tree with ;^3000 a year now. He has very kindly asked me to go with him up to his farm next week, "just to see your brother Englishmen, whom I make work like slaves, and notwith- standing all my cautions. Well, you will see soon rough what whisky does for a man, having nothing but his own society to depend upon." Everybody certainly says the same thing, it is being dinned into my ears from morning till night. It really seems as if there LETTERS FROM A YOUJVG EMIGRANT. were a conspiracy to kill in the birth every flickering love one might have, to do what one is sent out to do. I meant to write to uncle, but I quite forgot the post went out to-morrow, till I got into bed, so I had to hop out and write, for I promised him I would. Is Everard at home ? I hope, oh I do hope he will get through all right ! How do Frank and Bob like their school. How is Peg ? How is Geoff? I have not had a letter yet since I left, so of course I am behindhand in the news. I hope grand- mamma is well. I wish I had had time to say- good-bye to aunts K. K. and Emma. You will be glad to hear I have been down at 8.30., an hour before breakfast, every morning. Has father tried a tricycle? Bicycles would not be the least use here. I saw a cart stick in a rut In Queen Street to-day, and it took five horses to pull it out, so you may imagine what state the roads in the country must be in. Give my love to all. Autumn tints, varying from trans- I LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT, 5 parent bright yellow to blood-red.-— magnificent ! All the trees so ! if To HIS Mother. 335, King Street, Toronto, Friday, October 22, 1880. — Last time I wrote, I said how delightfully warm it was. It is now awfully cold and bleak; bitter wind. On Tuesday and Wednesday it was frightfully cold ; yester- day, it was so hot that I had to take my coat off whilst I was sitting still, sailing on the lake ; to-day is what I call a great-coat day, underclothing included. I went to an evening gathering on Wednesday night — a compound of musical party and carpet dancing, — a very popular entertainment here, I hear. There was a great crowd there, and as the rooms are not large there was also a squash. I have got the invoice of something in bond from the Custom House, Guelph ; I suppose it is my ring. I go up to Guelph on Thursr LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. day next. I have got plenty of introduc- tions to people at Guelph if ever I should happen to want them, but I don't suppose I shall, since there is not much time for going out there. I went to a musical five-o'clock tea last night ; the same people, but only a choice picking of them. I knew these people from having travelled 2655 miles with them, viz. from Liverpool to Toronto. Harold starts to- night for England. If there are any mistakes in my letter you must overlook them, because a rich old nigger who lives next door will insist upon playing the same tune (and that consisting of about ten bars) over and over again, which nearly drives me mad. He plays for two hours every morning, and gets through this tune about once in two minutes, thereby playing it about forty times a morning, allowing for stoppages ; so I have heard the above tune six hundred times, not counting Sundays, on which he plays Moody and Sankey's hymns over and over % LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. again. I suppose Everard is at home now, half- way through his examination. It has just this minute begun to snow hard ; it snowed a little on Tuesday. I have just got your long letter of October 22nd forwarded from Guelph. I am so sorry about your missing the car, and I am very sorry for poor father. He must have felt it so much, though I could not help smiling at the thing as a whole. I am so sorry to hear that poor S is dead ; Geoff told me so too. I have had two letters from Frank, one from Peg, Everard, and Geoff. How I am going to answer them all I don't know. Listen ! At last I have got hold of a fellow who has been at the farming College a year, and to Manitoba for two years. He says that the farming in Manitoba is as different from the farming, in Ontario as the farming in Manitoba is different from the farming in England. In fact, from what I can see, the farming in Guelph is about the same s LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT, as in England. All the stock comes direct from England, and the implements are exactly the same, and it is hardly likely that in Mani- toba there will be an assortment of implements for thrashing, winnowing, etc. So this is what I am about to propose. A gentleman has offered to get me a place under a farmer in Manitoba, where I work for board, and pay about £2 a month for apprenticeship. V^ell ! I propose to stop a year at the College, and learn the outline of farming, and get hardy, and all that sort of thing, and then go west and learn Manitoban farming for a complete year, and then take a farm. That is this gentleman's advice. He calls it making the best of a bad job ; but then I intend to farm, if only just to get enough to support myself with, so that does not matter. The students say one can't do the real course under three years ; but what I intend to do is to get really hardy, and inured to the climate, and the getting up cheerfully \k ■s ■» 'I '■« t LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. % I h ■ and going to bed early, so then I can learn the real farming in Manitoba. He says to make a farm answer it wants three fellows who can really get on well together — one to attend to the stock, and two to the tilling of the land, etc., — having a nice farm of about five hundred acres. Mr. McCaul says, " If any of your brothers are coming out, you learn clearing, and all that sort of thing ; then get one of your brothers to come out straight to you, and you can teach him clearing and make him help you to get your farm into order ; and let the other get a practical knowledge of stock, and by the time he has learnt his share (which he can do as easily in England as in Canada), you will have the farm ready with sheds, etc., to receive him and his share of the business." That is how he managed with two of his friends, but they did not get on well together. You see I am build- ing castles in the air already. At Guelph I shall have to pay for everything myself, since I 10 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. made application in my own name, so I should like to have a little money, say ;^io, in the bank always. As I told you, I have to pay K50 on entrance, and Kio for breakage, casualties, etc., besides washing and board, which is %2\ a week, i.e. \2s. I hired a pretty little cutter for a week for a nominal price, ^2, and had some splendid sails on the lake. And I thought how Margaret would have enjoyed it. I was think- ing what a splendid party Margaret, Frank and I should have made sailing along between two strange countries. Rather a strange thing happened last night. I was walking down King Street with one of my friends, and we met another man to whom I was introduced. I suppose he did not catch the name, for soon, in the course of conversation, he said, " That young Englishman " (myself) " who has just come out told rather a good story the other night, which I was told," and he proceeded to narrate it We looked very grave, and he told us the story, ij I / LETTERS FROM A YOUXii EMIGRANT. II which was a very good one, and made us roar with laughter. After he had done, I told him 1 was the person in question, and had certainly never heard the story before I was told, after- wards, he was very fond of inventing stories and putting them down to other people. It is alternately raining and snowing now. Give my love to all. To HIS Mother. Toronto, October 29, 1880. — I will not write now, because I shall be at Guelph, in my rooms, in time for Monday's post. I shall always send the diary separate from the letters, so that you may show it to whoever is interested in my welfare. I am somewhat close run for cash; after this unexpected interlude, I have only enough to pay the Kii entrance fee. I will write on Sunday from Guelph. I am going to a dance to-night, and to a five-to-ten "musicale" at the Norths' to-morrow, and go up to Guelph by the mid-day. 12 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT, Diary. Saturday f 2^rd. — Bfcakfast 8.30 ; smoke and conversation with the other fellows till ten ; took a walk along the lake with Beatty till ri.30; played billiards with him till one. Lunch, and wrote a letter to Margaret, and medi- t?*^ed till 3.45. Went to meet Frank at Parlia- ment Buildings, as he gets out from work at four. Then we both went to a very nice tea- fight at Government House ; music and singing. I was introduced to people, and askevl to a dance on the 29th, which I accepted. We went to the Queen's Hotel after dinner, and spent the evening quietly, but musically, with some ladies we were asked to meet, and some American friends. Smoke ; bed. Sunday, 2\th. — Breakfast ; smoke ; went to St. George's church in the morning with Beatty. 1 went to dine at Trinity College. I found one of the Sardinian passengers also dining there. '1 al ( '11 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT ij 1 I stayed till four, then went back to 336. Took a walk with Frank ; 5.45 tea. Went to St. George's with Frank, then we went to supper at Trinity College. Smoke ; bed. Monday, 25///. — Breakfast, smoke, walk, bil- liards, and lunch, went in their usual routine. Read geography till four ; went to meet Frank, and walk till five. Dressed, and walked up to Heward's ; dined, and went to hear Josepphe perform on the piano, and Remearqe on the violin. After dinner, meditated on the diflficulties of the fifty-two Canadian counties, and capitals, in Ontario alone. Wednesday, 27///. — Same as usual till lunch. In afternoon P. P. C. calls on friends, all of whom have been very kind to mc. After that I went to a five-o'clock tea (musicale) at Government House, and had a very pleasant time, since I knew everybody in the room. I went to a fancy bazaar in the afternoon, and I had great fun selling- things, in aid of some Roman Catholic church. 14 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. Thursday^ 28///. — Usual routine in morning ; paid farewell visit at Government House in the afternoon, and afterwards went to a small family party at Trinity College. On Wednesday night 12° of frost. Thursday 40". Fridayy 29///. — I wrote some letters in the morning ; made some farewell visits to friends in the afternoon ; went to a very nice dance in the evening ; packed up all night. Guelph Agricultiirdl College^ Saturday, October 30, 1880. — Came up to Guelph by the 12.15 train. Was asked to play in a football match against Guelph town directly I got out of the train. Played half back. Beat the town by two goals. Being All Hallow's e'en, or rather taken as such (there being no lectures on Saturday night), we went round singing for apples. I got nearly a bushel in a bag. Apples in Canada are very cheap, and very good. Sunday, 3 i.y/.— Breakfast 7.30; church at LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 15 at eleven. Dinner 1.30 ; wrote letters ; went for a walk by myself, a little low-spirited. Tea 5.30 ; went to evening church at seven ; bed 9.30. Monday, November 1st, — Breakfast 6.30 ; snow- ing hard ; examination. Eight, English gram- mar ; 10.30, English composition ; 12.30, dinner ; two, geography and arithmetic ; six, tea. Went down town after tea ; bought blacking brushes ; mug, with which to wash my teeth; overalls (red canvas), and overall boots. Ten, lights out. November 25///. — Carrying potatoes from the cellars to the house cellars — nice work for strengthening the back and rounding the shoulders. Went to a dance in the evening. November 26th. — Wood-hauling, i.e. chopping, cross-saw cutting, and splitting in the bush. We light a tremendous fire, and sometimes our pipes, and then set to work demolishing the trees round us. The tree is cut down, sawn, and split fit for fires, in a very small interval. It is a bit dangerous, on account of the chips l6 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. flying about the place. I have found that an Englishman has to learn a great deal in econo- mizing his strength, and at the same time put strength into the blow. The first rule is, never lift the axe behind your shoulders, and bring it down with a sharp, clear stroke, never quite straight. November 27///. — Instruction class, i.e. har- nessing the teams, cleaning harness, and such petty jobs, which must be learnt. We get no pay for this. Did nothing in the afternoon, being a half-holiday ; stopped at home and meditated. Sunday y 28///. — Church. Dinner ; Sunda}* school (teaching). Tea ; church. Ordinar}- routine. Monday, 2()th. — Lectures in the morning ; field-work In the afternoon ; cattle, grooming, cleaning, feeding, and littering. November 2)0th. — Making a ditch along a new road, standing up to my knees in \\'atcr, y » I LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 17 ' \ freezing. I said to myself, two or three times in the course of the afternoon, " Everything^ must have an end." December ist — Had an extra hour on stock, in lecturing, eight to nine. Yard man in the afternoon, cleaning out stalls, spreading manure, and feeding stock. December 2iid. — I had what is called the "" Boss job," viz. farm clerk ; sit by the fire, in the boiling-house, keeping account of tools taken out and brought in, if in proper repair. December ^rd. — Lectures during the morning. In the afternoon feeding the steam chafif-cutter ; a nasty job, on account of the thistles and suffocating dust. December \th. — Half-holiday in the morning ; skated. In the afternoon I was assistant shep- herd ; which consists of carrying the food about, etc., but seeing very little of the sheep them- selves. ' 5///. — An extraordinary thaw, all day till C i8 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. seven, when it froze severely, making everything slippery ; it was almost impossible to stand up. I went to church in the morning and evening, and took a class in the Sunday school as usual. 6th. — Turnip pulping in morning. Lectures in afternoon this week. Paid K50 50 cents to College bursar as fees. Thrashing in the experimental farm, where all the specimens of grain are tasted, bottled, and labelled, to the members of the Agricultural Union. I am a member. 7///. — Farm engineer, i.e. filling the engine with water, as of course all the water has to be withdrawn in the night on account of the sharp frost,-— it is cold work early in the morn- mg; splitting wood for the engine, and making one's self generally useful. ! > To HIS Mother. School for Agriculture, Guelph, November 6, 1880.— There is an old Haileybury friend of I T. nd up. enin^, isual. ictures cents in the ^ns of :o the am a :n£;ine lias to of the morn- lakfng' LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 19 I I her 6, :nd of mine here. Of all the curious things in the world ! He arrived to-night. How we laughed when we met each other. He came to, and left Haileybury at the same time as I did. He is a second-year student, and lives at Mon- treal I doubled every one else's marks in the examination, getting 357 out of a possible 400. I am sorry you took so much notice of my first two letters. You must remember i was terribly down-hearted, and not well. Now, I like the College work. Every morning up at 5.30, and I have never found the least difficulty in getting up directly the bell rings, and I have always had plenty of time to make my bed, carry away the slops, etc., before going down to prayers. Is not it curious? Don't you re- member how difficult I used to find it, getting •out of bed at eight or nine ? Now I don't even feel a bit inclined to stay in bed after the bell rings at 5.30, though it is dark. If you had seen mc pitching turnips into the cellars for four 20 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. hours the day before yesterday, in drenching rain, you would have been surprised. I like all the foremen and masters very much, though they are rough, of course. I have been glazing all the double windows to-day. Rather arm- achy work. Please try and find my " Wilson's Inorganic Chemistry " — I think it is in the play house — and send it. By the bye, Mills said he would prefer writing to you for the K50 if I was at all hard up, because he wanted me to buy various text-books for the lectures, and I had to buy red canvas suit, top overalls, etc., so I have put ^37 in the savings bank. My dear mother, I have only drank two glasses of beer since I have been in Canada ; we can only get to town on Saturday and Sunday, and of course there is no beer up here. We have had two very good football matches since I have been here. I play three-quarter for the College team, and I am one of those comprising the O.A.S. football committee. I like some of the LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT, 21 fellows here very much. The grub is somewhat changeable, sometimes very good, and some- times bad ; hardly time to eat it ; and I have a thundering appetite after five hour's field- work. Toronto^ Sunday ^ November yth. — We got a telegram to say that Upper Canada College from Toronto could not play us, so, as one of our masters had very kindly offered to give me a pass to Toronto and back, I profited by the opportunity of no lectures on Saturday, and an invitation to stay Saturday and Sunday with Frank Jones, to go down to Toronto for a party. It was a delightful one, and I went to dine with some other people afterwards. I went to dinner and supper at Trinity College, so it was a nice break. I start for Guelph by the 6 a.m. train, to be in time for lectures, 92 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. To HIS Mother. . Ontario Agricultural College, December 8, 1 88o; : — I wish you all a very merry Christmas. It is not of course the first time I have been away at Christmas, only I feel more entirely separated than before. I shall think of you all on Christmas eve. I dine with such a dear kind old lady; . . . she always sends kind messages to me through Frank's letters, asking after my family, etc. I am cramming now for Christmas examinations. I was so pleased to get all your letters. I got the cheque, and had to pay a great deal out, on farming- books, etc., such as "Youatt on Sheep," "on Cattle," " The Model Grazier,'* " Stonehenge on the Horse." We must have them for the lectures. Last Sunday there was a tremendous thaw ; everything melted, and it was quite hot. I went to church in the evening; and it was horribly wet and sloppy. When I came out on LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 23 everything was frozen solid. I wish I had got that pea-jacket Harold advised at Silver's. I have got no coat to work in, as of course my Norfolk jacket is too good — I mean that old home-spun ; but it is cool work. My whole outfit was a mistake ; as regards material, too good. Two good suits, and two really strong suits of rough tweed, are what a man wants, for a two years' equipment in this country. That knitted waistcoat of Aunt Fanny's was a godsend ; but of course only to be used on swagger occasions ! The most useful thing in my outfit was that woollen waistcoat with sleeves. I wear very little clothing in the house, so as to feel the difference when I go out. My costume indoors is — breeches, gaiters, slippers, flannel shirt, home-spun coat. Waist- coat, tie, and collar are quite unnecessary, not to say unheard of articles, as of course we have not time to change after work. I forgot to tell you we have a literary society here. I had 24 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT to debate the Friday before last on " Resolved that ambition is a virtue." I was on the negative side and lost it. Last Friday I pro- posed the following debate : " Resolved that Vanity is conducive to the happiness of man." The positives got the debate. Next Friday the debate is "Chewing is injurious to the health." The fellows chew here to the most disgraceful extent, they make the walls and floors simply "hoggish." Besides the debates, poetry and prose are read. We have a presi- dent, vice-president, secretary, critic, a com- mittee of five. Every member pays twenty-five cents, and is bound to perform once in every term. Last Friday, one of the old country fellows was censured and expelled the meeting, for repeated disorderly conduct ; he came in again, and in the end had to be carried out. LETTERS FROM A YOUNG E MIC R A XT, 25 pro- that ' To HIS ^I OTHER, 336, King Street, Toronto^ December 27, 1880. You see I am in Toronto for my holidays. I had intended stopping at the College, and I did stop till the ten train, on Christmas day ; but I fjund it altogether too hot for me up there. What with shifting me from one room to the other, to scrub the floors, and making me be in at 9.30, I thought the sooner I sloped the better. I was sorry, because I should have learned a good deal in farming those two weeks. I spent a very pleasant Christmas evening at the Trinity College. We drank "Absent friends." After dinner we drove to the family conclave, at the house of the head of the family. It was very nice, and reminded me forcibly of all at home. ... I was very tired, as I had had very little sleep the last week and a half, over the horrible examination papers. Toronto is much warmer than Guelph. When 26 LETTERS FROM A YOUXG EMIGRANT. I come down to Toronto, I sometimes ^o about in a Norfolk jacket, without waij»tcoat or great- coat. I don't know why, but I cannot write a letter to-day. I don't feel quite so well as. usual. I suppose it is being so far from home at Christmas. I see in the newspapers that the weather in England is beautiful in a warm point of view. Now, mother dear, I must say good-night, and write another letter when I feel in a better mood. I think the examinations must have kiiocked me up a little. I hope you all had as merry a Christmas as possible. To HIo MoriiER. Sunday y Jamiary 2, 1881. 336, King Street^ Toronto. — I see you have sent my letters to Trinity College, I am going to stay there next week. Whilst I am at Guelph College it is impossible to be self-supporting, for the simplQ reason the pay we get for working full hours (and I always do work full hours) does not ai tl LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRAXT. about frcat- write ell as> lomc It the ivarm t say en I .tions 2 you treet, s to next it is nplQ our3 not cover board and washing, which comes to %2 80 cents per week. Remember that if the authorities get so much as an inkh'ng that Bob is thinking of farming in Iowa, they will fire him out before he has been there a day, Iowa being in the United States. The other day the Agri- cultural lecturer asked one of the fellows to describe how he should proceed on taking ui> land? "Well! when I get down to Minnesota I shall first do so and so." Lecturer : " Well, the sooner you do it the better : you can go and pack up your trunks now, and a team shall be ready to take you to the station, for the eleven train.'* They lent him money to get home, and sent him away at once. I had to kiss the Bible, and swear an oath, and sign a document, I was going to remain four years in Canada after leaving the College, when I sent in my request for admission. It is the dearest wish of my heart to be self-supporting, and my Irish friend and I have often spoken together about going 28 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT, to Manitoba hi April. There arc a great many things I have been obh'ged to buy — the boots for dirty work, the overalls, moccasins, etc., and many books to enlighten my mind on farming, draining, hedging, etc. So, if you have no objection, 1 should like to begin my struggle in April. I do not call the College life at all disagreeable. Hard work I like : besides, one is not bound to work at the College ; but I think if you were to ask the foreman, he would tell you I always work hard and appear to like it. Do you remember that day in the hay ? I had a feeble sort uf idea I ^vas working then. The fellows often hear mc begin to laugh in the middle of work ; I tell them it is my own thoughts : it is really because I am thinking about that day, that feeble imagination. Thank you for the things you sent. I will write to grandmamma next week, and give her an account of my gaieties, which will be more amusing to her than my farm lal ar th pt l! LETTERS FROM A YOUXG EMIGRANT. 29 labours. I went to four dances last week, and am gfoinj,^ to five this ; I don't dance, so I en^jajijc the ladies to sit the dances out — a very common proceeding' here. I am kicky, and my cards for next week's dances arc full. It is very cold here, on account of the winds ; and I have ne\'er repented having given K9 for a fur cap, since T should have had no ears by this time, if I had not had one. They have a curious custom here of calling on New Year's day : all the ladies stop at home, the table spread with delicacies of the season, and wine, tea, and coffee. Then all the gentlemen call, and say, " Happy New Year. Weather cold. Good-bye." I know some who have called on as many as 130 different families, between 11 a.m. and 6 p.m., driving from one house to another. To HIS Father. . January 26th, Guelph. — I got your letter last night. Thank you very much for it. I can't 30 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. i^et a definite answer yet, about Bob's ad- mittance to the College. Though I should like to see him very much, I think it would per- haps be better to wait till October. He wiU be nearly seventeen. His three years' course will take him up to twenty. The lectures arc decidedly hard work to get up properly, and if he is going in for stock-raising he must get up all his lectures well, both in theory and practice. It IS only six months more or less, and if mother thinks he had better begin at once, I am sure I can manage it, though there are many appli- cations. I have been given a return pass to Chicago, 450 miles from Toronto. I think I shall take advantage of it at Easter, since board on the train is nearly as cheap as anywhere else, and very nice besides ; and when one gets an opportunity of going to one of the most flou- rishing towns on the continent by merely paying one's board, it ought not be missed ; b'?sides, I want to try and find something for myself. LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. Mother wants me to be self-supporting, and of course that is impossible here. Thank you for the things from Silver's, it was the most accept- able birthday present I could wish for. The duty is frightful here. I had to pay 24?. on £^ worth. We drill indoors at present, which is a consola- tion. Please tell my brothers that they all seem rather good at beginning letters, but decidedly bad at finishing them. I act " Larkspur " at our entertainment on the i8th. I am on the com- mittee of five, selected by the school to carry out the entertainment, and I am vice-president of the literary society. All the Englishmen here are popular, which will be a consolation to you as far as Bob is concerned. Lectures at 9 a.m., so I must close. Love to all. To HIS iSIO'lHER. O. A, C.y Guelpk, February 6th. — I have just received your letter telling me your inten- tions concerning Bob. I have made strict 32 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. inquiries from every sort of person concerning farming. Bob could no more leave the College after three years' course, and farm a thousand acres, than fly to the moon. They teach you to tend stock, and to judge stock here, but they do not teach you to take care of your- self Bob would have to rough it as foreman in some stock ranch for two years, to get used to all the tricks of cattle-dealing ; a man to run a thousand acres, must be thoroughly used to cattle-dealing, and also sharp, and well up in his work. I hope I have not ex- aggerated the hardships of the College, because you seem to think I have borne everything so well, when there really was very little to bear. Of course it is uncomfortable working in the College ; but it is almost worth being out to be able to come into the warm house as ravenous as a wolf I like the outdoor work immensely, but I do not care fgr the lectures, The rooms are tremendously heated with steam, ii ii ! T. LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 33 :erning College ousand :h you e, but your- >reman :o get a man Dughly •, and ot ex- ccause ything tie to Driving ig out ise as work :tures, steam, \ a nasty sleepy heat, which always makes it hard for me to keep awake. It was 27° below zero last Thursday at eleven o'clock, whilst we were out working, and it was a case of continual motion to keep warm. It is raining hard now, and ever}'thing is frightful. It is cahcd "January thaw," and is a little late. The snow does noi finally go till the end of March. Bob can be admitted to the Collcpfe. I was thinking of copying out my diary for January, but, looking over it, I see nothing but the same round of work you have already seen. How exciting the ice and snow must have been for my brothers and sisters ! how they must have enjoyed it ! That suit of pilot cloth has been of immense use to me. When I go out it saves me wearing a heavy ulster, as of course it is too good to work in. It is frightful the way one gets through clothes here. The heavy ^^trains lifting things, tears one's coat behind ; trousers catch on nails, and I don't know what else. . . . Love to all. D 34 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. To HIS Mother. O. A. C, Gticlph, March 2, 1881.— I en- close one of the letters from the gentleman to whom I propose to go. The work will be harder there, but I shall learn more, and Smith is a thorough English gentleman, which is a great deal in Canada. He is a thorough master of farming, practically, not theoretically, as a great many with other means are. I think I have already told you he has one of the best appointments here, and only goes up to the farm on Saturday night till Monday. His wife and children are there almost always. I shall learn a great deal of farming, but, still more, gain much in interest — a great thing in Canada — by meeting influential people. I jumped at his very kind offer, made, when he heard me saying it was a mistake taking so much time up at College on lectures. The weather changes horribly every day, sometimes raining hard, and warm, next T. -I cn- lan to ^ill be Smith h is a master as a (link I e best e farm fe and [ learn [ much leeting \[ kind was a ege on every [, next LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 35 day 50° above zero and a stinging wind, which knocks one up very quickly. I got a very nice letter from grandmamma ; she seems very well in spite of the weather you seem to be having. I have nothing new to tell you ; life :goes along at a jog trot. I am in the carpenter*s •shop, grinding, chopping, and planing beams, rafters, and logs, for the new implement shed. — With love to all, your very affectionate son, O.A. C, Giielph, Marrhg, i88r. — As regards :going to Smith and leaving the College, my object is this : If I go to Eastwood for six months, Mr. Smith will have an opportunity '^f judging what I am most suited for. He is a man of strong common sense, very strict, having unbounded contempt for anybody who is at all lazy, and he has a habit of telling them so, in a very short time, but he is a very kind man underneath his outer coat of rough- ness, as you can judge by his very kind letter 36 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. to mc. He has visited the O. A. C, and docs not like it for any man going in for general farming, though he considers it a good place for a man going in for stock-raising, since there are splendid thoroughbreds, and one is taught the good points, and how practicalK- to judge cattle. It O. A. C, J\larch 22nd. — We are now in the midst of examinations preparatory to breaking up for Easter ; I shall be glad when I am out of this, as I want to be doing something definite as soon as possible. I hope you got the report of the O. A, C. for 1880. It is very cold at night here still, but actually hot in the day time, they say it Is frightfully hot here in summer. Send mc out some light home- spun clothes. Of course for work in summer I shall wear my flannels and knickerbockers ; but in town, and on Sunday, I must dress respectably in honour of my " guardian," I might IT. LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT, 37 d docs general I place , since one is :ticall\- in the eakinir I am lethino- £> ou got IS very in the )t here home- ummcr )ckers ; dress \ might almost call him. I don't know why, but the Canadians have a greater prejudice against knickerbockers, even than the French have. We have had four months and a half of sleigh- ing now, and four days' thaw. Last Sunday the snow had disappeared with rain, but it snowed all Sunday night and Monday, and tlie ground was covered again. To-day it is beau- tiful ; a clear bright blue sky, and sun that makes the air warm and nice. I am sure you envy me ! I have kept my diary regularly ; I find it comes in very usefully. The College expenses are B^3 30 cents. We work four hours a day in winter, and get two cents an hour, on account of the scarcity of work. In summer, strong and experienced third-year students only get eight cents an hour ; second year students, six cents ; first year, four cents. That is, then, I, a first-year student, only get in summer har- vesting four cents an hour, or ninety-six cents per week — except in July and August, when we :8 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. work the full ten hours a day, there being no lectures. So that I am about K2 34 cents, or 9^. 6^., to the bad every week, as a rule ; so that it is quite as expensive, while learning less than at a farm. The bursar told me, the bill for a first-year student from November to April would be about K42, which I must pay before I leave at the end of March. None of the fellows are allowed to stay in College during Easter and midsummer holidays, so I am afraid I must ask you for ^9 to pay my three weeks* lodging at Toronto, before I can go to East- wood, since Mr. Smith cannot have me till the first of May. Paying one's way at the O. A. C. is impossible ; I work hard and get the same as fellows who loaf about the place the whole time. The College is good for stock-raising, because they have the best breeds, and feed them as a model farm ought to do. A boy cannot live here, and during his holidays in some other place, under $125 for board and washing. LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT, 39 When Bob comes out, I shall be able to take him to the College and introduce him to my friends, and I hope he will be as happy and comfortable with his companions as I have been. I have no debts, or anything to weigh on my mind, and I am looking forward to the time when Uncle Charlie fulfils his promise and sends you on a trip to Canada. The only skeleton in my little cupboard of life is, When shall we all be gathered round the Christmas board together again ? To HIS Mother. 336, King Street Toronto, May 1st. — I ex- pected to be up at Eastwood b) aow, and was waiting to tell you how I liked it, but I was prevailed on to stop a little longer to see some sports here. It would be wiser to pay Bob's college expenses from home, and allow him £2 a month to cover all other expenses. Canvas overalls can be bought good 40 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. and cheap in Guclph. White linen trousers, ordinary cricket shirts, very useful for summer wear. Bob had better bring some cloth with him, both for himself and me ; you can get things made cheaply here, but the cloth is dear. I am quite brown and sunburnt already. I get up at six, and row round Hemlar Island by myself, a distance of six miles ; I find it keeps me in good health and spirits. This weather is very trying. Last Sunday it was 87'' in the shade, and all last w^eek it was hot, while to-day it is cold and chilly, with no sun at all. I must write and congratulate Frank and Bob on their success in the athletic games. I find some difficulty in writing, because I have got a large gathering on my right-hand wrist. I think it came from knocking my hand against a rusty nail in launching the boat. My arm is swollen, and I have had to rro back to my old enemies, " poultices." Toronto is a splendid town, almost every house con- LETTERS J' ROM A YOL/XG EMIGRANT. users, mmcr with get I \ ncctcd with a central ofncc by telephones, so that one can order carriages, food, or anything in a very short time. The fire-brigade in Toronto consists of thirty-seven different halls, connected with fire-alarms within a hundred yards of every house in Toronto ; and forty seconds after the fire-alarm is sounded, the hose and fire-escapes are at tlie burning house. There are two daily papers at Guelph, and five in Toronto, besides innumerable weekly ones. There arc fourteen different churches in Guelph of various denominations, and very good clergy- men. Here end the College and Toronto letters, and as the list of clothes sent for his brother's outfit may be some guide to others intending to emigrate, it is here given : — 6 shirts, white. 8 collars. 6 coloured. 6 collars. 6 flannel. 3 night-shirts. i I- '. -K / 42 LETTERS FROM A YOU^G EMIGRAXT. 9 pairs of cotton socks. 6 pairs of wool. 6 pairs of thick stockini^s. 12 pocket handkerchiefs. 3 suits of under clothin- work 46 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. and ^10 to boot, twenty times over if I had liked, but I wished to look round and take notice of every bit of farming I can pick up. If you are your own master, and are in a hurry to start, you can learn more by taking a plough, and doing a little broad-cast just as 3^ou like. I don't spend a cent out in the country except the ^i6 a month for board arid washing, and the travelling expenses when it is necessary, to see cattle with Smith, and buy and sell, and see how bargains are worked, which is good practice. My friend and I are going to take a log hut with us for the winter, and we arc going 10 do everything ourselves, cooking and all. The Smiths go to England, and there will be nobody up here. We shall do as much lumber-hauling and sawing as possible, and keep our eyes open : so I hope this Ki6 a month won't go on after October. At present I am a little short of cash, from my confounded extravagance in town. I had to stop a month nl LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 47 in Toronto before I came, and that was K22 for board at once. That is why I am in such a hurry to get to the north-west, to show you that I can do something besides continually writing for money. It makes me mad to think of it : £\7i month till October, and then £2 till April, and then I hope I shall be safely launch- ing myself into the stream of money-making. I keep a close diary now of every cent I spend, what I do, and what letters I write ; and the cont»- ts of my letters in an abbreviated form, in another book. If anybody happens to ask what would be a suitable present for me to start with to the north-wesi, a breech-loading gun, or a box of tools for heavy carpentering, would come :n remarkably handy. It is now 2.30, and I have to be up at six, pick the stones off three fields, mark those which are too big w^Ith stakes, to prevent the reapers being broken in harvest, and I don't know how much more work. So good-night. 48 LETTERS FROM A YOUXG EMIGRANT. To HIS Mother. Eastwood, May 31, 1881.— I have written to ask a man whether he can find me any employ- ment at Portage. If he can, I shall go up there ; but I shall want money — it will cost me by emigrant train £6. He would probably £rive me mv board, and about ^12 a month to start with. It is a six days' journey by express from here. If he can't take mc, I shall hire myself out to some farmer (labour is scarce), and I shall get about Kio a month and board I hope, but there is a great prejudice against English gentlemen — they are generally lazy and proud, and do little work. I am at present without a cent ; I have just spent my last for a stamp for this letter, and by the time I get an answei to this I shall owe two months' board. I think now it was a mistake coming here, as I am afraid I must offend Mr. Smith by having come at all if I leave so soon. As I LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 49 for writing articles for a newspaper, after a hard day's work it is almost impossible to concen- trate enough energy (especially of the brain) to write essays ; and you know, dear mother, I have not enough stuff in me to write articles for papers or periodicals. From continued intercourse with the working class, I find it hard enough to speak the Queen's English. T will let you know directly I get an answer from Portage. The mosquitoes make life a torture here at times ; they have bitten me till I am twice my ordinary size, on face, arms, and neck ; but they go away in the middle of June, I am told, and I certainly fervently hope they do. You must excuse the dulness of my letter, but I have had a hard day's work and am very tired. We have at present over 150 head of cattle on the farm, and I have to draw water out of the wells, in the different fields, and fill the troughs morning, noon, and night. Wc ship thirty-nine head of the finest three-part E 50 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. bred cows you ever saw to Winnipeg on Thurs- day and I shall be glad when they are gone — it will be a load off my mind, because I have to remember every beast, so as to know which are to fill the contract and which stop. We are having a terrible drought, ^^"^ to 98° in the shade, and no rain for three weeks ; almost unheard of, as this is the season we depend on for rain. Grass drying up, instead of growing for hay. Vd\\ wheat pretty good, but grain sow^n since winter utterly dried up, not sprouting at all. Love to all. To HIS Father. Woodstock, July 7, 1881. — Came here July 4. In defiance of telegram and letter I am now on a farm. I have left Eastwood for two months, since I think I shall be able to get a better idea of farming, in the most important season of the year, by being in a regular farm. In a monetary point of view there is not .much difference, but LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT 51 still some, and every little helps. Hours: get up at 4.45. Grind mower-knives, fetch in water, light fire, etc. Breakfast at six ; 6.30 to twelve, ordinary routine of field-work, viz., toss and cock hay, hoe potatoes and turnips, or cut thistles, dinner 12; one to six ditto, draw in hay, 6.30 tea. If there is anything to be done after tea, such as cock hay, we do it. Bed nine sharp. It is a 270-acre farm, and two other boys and myself get in, and put all the hay in the lofts. The boss has got the reputation of being the best farmer, and raising the best crops, and treating his men best for thirty miles round. He is a good-natured old Scotchman of the labourer type. He just mows the hay with the machine, and horse-rakes with the sulky rake, as he is getting old. He has undertaken to put more solid farming into me in two months than I should learn at Eastwood in two years. Mr. Smith said I should never be able to stand the life, and upon my honour I Sz LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. winced when I saw where I should have to sleep, in the same room as the two farm boys. The boss is not married, but keeps a housekeeper. This is an experiment to me whether I can really stand hard work, and 1 must own it is hardCi than .[ bargained for. Getting in the hay, hitching, and getting it ii.cO the lofts, is a tremendous strain, since T have to keep up with the other two, who are three years older than I am, and used to it all their lives. The farm is three-quarters of a mile from Woodstock, and five and a half from Eastwood, so when we do not work too late, I shall take the train to Eastwood, and sleep there Saturday night. My friend will drive me back on Sunday night, so I shall not get too rustic. I am sure you will excuse my going against your orders. But if I can stand two months without running I shall know myself, and be able to rely on my determination, and the power to back it up. Thank you very much for the £\o. It cane LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 53 sleep, The ecper. [ can I it is n the fts, is keep years lives. from wood, I take urday .in day sure )rders. nning ly on it uf'. cane V just in time to pay off all arrears, and I have something over for the next two months. You may always think of me as being happy. My letters may be downhearted sometimes, and that is partly the reason I did not write last week. I was in the dumps, and I was afraid my letter might make you think I was unhappy. 1 am quite happy in this little house, with plain labourers, and bacon and potatoes for every meal ; and of course I am learning far more here, because I have to do my share or leave. Old Andrew says it is no use trying to learn farming if you only do the easy jobs. He is a kind old man, and teaches me to the best of his powers, and that is saying a good deal, because of course he has to leave off his own work to show me. J will write and tell you more early next week, but it is 9. 30, and 1 must be up at 4.45 to-morrow. Don't be uneasy about me dear mother ; , if I find the work too hard, I shall go back to Eastwood, since Mr. S4 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. Smith says he shall be L,dad to sec me whenever I choose to come. lie only has friends up on Sunday, so I shall see all the rank and wealth anyhow. Love to all. To HIS Mother. Woodstock, July 12, 1881.— 1 am learnings farming practically now, there can be no mis- take about that. I cannot exactly explain my reasons for leaving Eastwood for the two months. I think it arose more from feeling that I was wasting time and not doing hh much as T ought to be doing. You tell me to let you know my ups and downs, and never hide anything from you : I certainly never shall. I k^ep my diary for my own use, and reference, but I am going to send it to you at the end of the year, knowing you will make a full allowance for any little things you may not exactly like. I want to say a good deal, but I can't put it into words ; but one thing I must LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT, 55 say, and that is — tell Frank from mc, to strain every nerve, to work for what he is trying for ; that if emigration is the alternative, it is better to live in England with almost nothing than farm in Canada and be rich (if rich he ever can be). Tell him from me, to give up every amusement till he has reached the goal he wishes to arrive at. Ask him which is best off — he, lying under a shad}- tree, reading his book quietly, with something definite to look forv ard to, and almost certain, if he chooses to strain every nerve for it, — he, who will alwa}'s then be living among civilized people, with somebody pleasant to talk to, and his parents within a day's journey, — or myself, getting up at 4.45, working hard all day in the broiling sun, the perspiration streaming through my clothes, and towards evening tired to death ; and latterly having to turn out and get up hay till 9.30, with nothing to eat but a little bit of bacon and potatoes, and bread and butter : an 56 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT, indefinite future, among a few emigrant labourers, far away from home, with irregular means of communication, having to drudge through the heat of summer and the cold of winter ? Last Saturday, for example, qS'" in the shade, working in the broiling sun, pitching hay in a great hurry for fear of rain. In the loft where we were packing the hay, there were myself and another fellow, and it was so terribly hot and stuffy there, that the fellow fainted, and the whole of the work fell on me. When I came out of the loft, every time in the broiling sun, it seemed positively cool comparatively. Of course that was an exceptional day, and haying is the worst and hardest work in the year. That day we worked till ten, and packed the hay by lantern light. I walked upstairs, lay down on my bed, and slept till morning just as I was, I was so tired out. I am staying to find out how much determination I have, so as to find out in time whether I am morally and physically LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT %^ strong enough for the work I have chosen myself. Wy the time this reaches home, holidays will have be^un. It will be the time I shall miss home most, but 1 shall know I have done more in the game of life since last August than all the other years put together. I must write to grandmamma the first opportunity, but I have not much time now ; we often work till nine, then I tumble into bed as quickly as possible.* To His Mother. The Farm, July 26, 1881. — 1 have just read your and father's letter. Firstly, business. One pair of fisherman's boots, and one pair of thick common boots will do splendidly. Moccasins arc useless in a farm, on account of the manure and stuff which soaks through. I used them * When he could gel away, he was always made welcome to n substantial supper by a kind friend, from whose house his letters were always Mritten, his parents most gratefully acknow- ledge this thoughtful kindness. 58 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. last winter when \vorking in the bush. Both ivir. and Mrs. Smith kindly wish me to come back when I have worked my time out, and I probably shall. I go out there every Sun- day, and I slept there Saturday night. I am afraid my last letter was not a very re- assuring one, but I was rather downhearted. I hope you saw that, and knew it was only a passing fit. Now I shall describe to you a Canadian harvest. Our farm is 270 acres, mostly 'aid out in grain. The men are as follows : — The boss. Jem, hired from May to October. Sam ditto. Ted (self), July and August. All living in the house. Pattinson, a Lincolnshire man, from near Wisbeach, hired by the day. Niel, hired by the day. Boss drives the reaper ; Jem, Sam, Pattinson, Niel are the binders ; Ted, shocker. We start, say a twenty-acre field of fall wheat, as follows : Directly after breakfast, 6 a.m., Jem starts for the field ; mows it all round, with Sam beginning the : LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 59 Other side ; Niel and Pattinson, following, are binding. I, meantime, am harnessing the boss's team, and getting two pailfuls of water with oatmeal in it. When all this is done, we wait till the reaper has taken four turns, then each binder has a row, then we all start ; the machine making four rounds to the four binders one. I, myself, always close behind, shocking them up directly they are thrown from the binders' hands. Last week we cut thirty-six acres of fall wheat, bound and shocked it ; and six of barley. One day and a half was wet. We have now fourteen more of fall wheat, and eight of barley, to cut. Then we draw it all into the barns, and thrash it out ; and start on the oats, peas, and spring wheat. No stacks here, because the grain grows in the stack directly. 1 enclose a bit out of the Toronto Globe, about the north-west territory. Of course it is greatly exaggerated ; but there is probably some foun- dation for what it says. If all goes well, I shall Co LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. launch out my little craft next March. I shall {i^et my grant, and then sec which is best — to hire out for the summer, and draw wood in winter for building directly spring comes on, or wh?t I should like to work through the summer near my own lot, building my hut in the odd hours, and at the same time making friends with my employer, so that he will take an interest in me, and ^^wo. me a hand and good advice. Wlien I am settled, I shall get you to find me some intending emigrants, as labour up here is scarce in harvest and seeding time. I am beginning to have some confidence in myself. My plans don't assume such large proportions ; my ideas are connecting them- selves ; and, in short, I am beginning to feel that when I say I ivill do it, the thing must be done, through thick and through thin. I am my own tutor, but my purse, this time five years, will be my examiner, and dollars and cents will represent the marks I have made in the pre- I NT, LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 6i I shall -to hire winter )r whpt summer he odd friends ake an d good you to labour g time. Mice in I large them- ?el that - done, \y own *s, will ts will e pre- liminary. I think Bob will like the College — well fed, well roomed, and always warm. Tell me as soon as you can what steamer he intends starting by. I wish you could see my head ; I had every morsel of hair clipped with a machine to the sixth of an inch, to keep my head clean in harvest. Looking-glasses are an unknown luxury in a farm, and there is just a tin bowl out of doors to wash in. Every second day I get into the wash-tub in the barn. There are three things which, above all others, the hired man cannot understand — night-gown, tooth-brush, and prayers. The Canadian Jack is as good as his master, and it is rather a take- down to family pride to see, at every word, that the men don't see I was ever a bit better than they see me now (in fact, I don't know whether I ever was). " I tell ye what ; some o' the fellows up town (shopkeepers) is pretty stylish ; they'd never even look at the likes of >'ou and and me, Ted." Love to all. 62 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. The Farm, Attgust 15///. — 1 am sorry to say I have been rather irregular with my letters lately ; my excuse is work. I have just finiohjd my first thrashing. I was carrying grain with another man — about the hardest work of the lot, since the grain comes out quick enough to keep two sacks continually going. I am really now beginning to take a decided interest in farming, as there is at least one feature in it which you know I like — change, a great variety of things to do and attend to. I am keeping mv diary'^ very carefully. I am told since I have been here on the farm, notwithstanding the diet and early hours, I am looking much better than I have since I have been in Canada. In fact, I may say that these two months of simple labour ing life, like a plough-boy in England, will have been amongst the happiest and most un- disturbed in my nineteen and a half years' residence in the world. By-the-bye, I must tell you of a peculiar thing which takes place. T. to say letters nioh-d n with of the ugh to really •est in J in it variety ng mv I have le diet r than n fact, simple d, will st un- years' St tell LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 63 I When I have been out at work, and come in to meals, my face and arms are covered with salt; in other words, my perspiration is so impregnated with the salt of the meat, etc., that I eat, that, when it evaporates, the salt is left, and it presents a most peculiar appearance. The thermometer, two days running, was 102'^ in the shade, with a strong wind blowing which seemed as if it had come from a furnace. It is what the Canadians call a "wet-shirt day." Love to all. Here ends the two months' self-imposed probation with the kindly old Scotch farmer — a rough trial, almost too much for his strength, but one leaving behind it valuable experiences. He now returned to Eastwood, received and helped to settle his younger brother at College, and then started for the far West. The letters will tell under what circumstances. place. 64 LETTERS FROM A YOUI^G ^.nf/GRAVT. To HIS Mother. Eastivood, October 6th. — I have been intending- to write for some time but have put off \ -riting each day, waiting for further particulars. A h'ttle time ago, I got an offer of board for work in Beaconsfield, Manitoba. I have just accepted the offer \viningly, for the following reason. I shall have the whole winter to judge what a new country is really like. I am sorry to leave Bob, who is in moderate spirits, but doing his best to get me to stop till spring. Of course it will be rather rough work out there. Only the other fellow and myself in the house, so we shall take turns by weeks, in cooking, housekeeping, etc. But I am impatient to start. One thousand five hundred miles on my journc^y will be a good start for the north-west. I hope I shall have enough money for the journey. Bob and I go to Guelph to-morrow. He is the most amusinir fellow I ever met. . . . M)- movements are as LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. C>S have ii follows : Guelph, Friday to Monday ; East- wood, Monday to Thursday ; Toronto, Thurs- day to Monday ; journey to Manitoba, Monday 17th till Thursday 20th. I have taken on myself the responsibility of going without your and father's sanction, hoping that you will not be annoyed on account of the short notice which I must necessarily give you, only know- ing it myself in the last few days. " There is a tide in the affairs of men, which, if taken at its rise, leads on to fortune." I don't know exactly if it is a safe maxim to trade on, but in this case it seems to be a good one. Bob has already planned out his future career, but, like myself, he has forgotten that there are two or three impediments of an objectionable nature in his way. He seems to have made friends with several nice people in the steamer — an easy task with him, since he is so li^ht-hearted and gay ; so I have no fears, as regards leaving him alone in Canada, though I am very sorry. He F 66 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. is the only person who has made me laugh, continually and heartily, since I have been in Crnada, and his ar rdo*- • nade me die with laughter. I could no; help cryiiig a little when he described the Christmas inner, and father proposing my health. I think I was just then in the team travelling from Guelph to Toronto. When shall we all be assembled over the Christ- mas dinner again, I wonder ! and what a noisy lot we shall be — from austere pedagogue to noisy backwoodsman, from the old grey-haired father to the rising young engineer! A happy day to look forward to. I must go and pack Bob's things. I have not seen anything but his hat, which is squashed considerably out of its former shape. Love to all. To HIS Father. Eastivoody October 19, 1881. — I telegraphed for money because the place I am going to is sixty-two miles from any railway, or registered LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 67 laugh, :en in \ with when father t then (ronto. Christ- noisy ) noisy father ly day Bob's lis hat, former raphed J to is istered letter o'ficc, anc' I shall be thcr till April at least. ^ h.rve been seedy and out of sorts for the lasL month, and can't shake it off.* I don't know why, everything seems to be gcing wrong with me. I broke my watch glass twice, and a pipe I have had for three years, the same day. I could not go by the spccirl to Manitoba to-day, for two good reasons — scarcity of cash, and my box, which Bob brought out, has not turned up ; yet, after much telegraphing, it has been found, and I hope will soon be here. Bob seems to like the College very much . . • both in mind and abode. I have felt too unsettled to write lately ; indeed, at times, it was impossible, and some- times if I had written you would have thought either I was mad or on the verge of the grave. I feel being away from home more now, as I have been used to being away for a year, but * Malaria fever had caused three deaths in the village, and all at Eastwood had been ill or unwell. He had escaped with sore Ihroat only, and pain in his chest. 68 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRAXT. never more, and I think Bob's arrival has sent mc into the dumps. I was very glad to sec him, but he reminded me forcibly of home. . . . I determined to brighten up somehow, so I went the round of the exhibitions— the county exhibi- tion at Toronto, the provincial exhibition at Hamilton, and the local exhibition at London. I saw many new Yankee inventions to economize manual labour. Now a man can cut hay, turn hay, load hay, unload it into the mow without touching it himself! Labour is scarce in some parts of the States, and necessitates these inven- tions. I wish I could invent something and make a fortune ! With sincere love to all. To HIS Mother. • Eastwoody October 25, 1881. — I hope by the time you get this letter, you \\\\\ be having a good rest after your fatigues. November "jth. — I broke off to fetch some- thing for Mrs. Smith, and did not resume quite LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRAXT. 69 so quickly as I meant to. Since I started this letter I have been in Guelph to get box and sec Bob. I am now at Trinity College, on the eve of departure for Emm^rson. I go by rail to Junmerson, sixty-five miles south of Winnipeg, and then go one hundred and five miles by stage afterwards. It is late in the year for business of this kind. I have been worried out of my life, for the last two weeks, by one thing and another, but have enjoyed my stay at Trinity College immensely, which, as you know, I always regard as my "Canadian home." I leave Toronto Tuesday, November 8th, 12.50 p.m. Arrive at Chicago, Wednesday, 9th, 7 a.m. Leave Chicago, 10.5 a.m. Arrive at St. Paul's, Thursday, i.oth, 5.50 a.m., leaving St. Paul's, loth, 7.30 p.m. Arrive at St. Vincent, Friday nth, 440 p.m. ; Emm ;rson, Friday, 4th, 5.10 p.m. I shall have to have r \y luggage examined twice. I left all my decent clothes and shirts at East- wood, feeling they will be wasted up there. The 70 LETTERS FROM A YOUiVG EMIGRANT. kindness and forethought in packing- my box was perfection itself, though I did not want the shirts just now. Please thank Aunt Fanny for the revolver, which is very nice, and the little ones for the pen, of which, by-the-bye, I have only found the paper that enclosed it. Will for the deed ! I will write directly I am settled in my new quarters. To HIS Mother. Cyprus Lodge, Manitoba^ November 23, 1881. Received^ December \^ih. — Here I am. I am sure you are anxious to hear how I like the life. First, Cyprus Lodge. It is made of poplar logs with the crevices stopped up with mud. Inmates, Mr. Boulton and his sister. Half the inside is curtained off for bed-room. It has a floor (which is a curiosity in this part of the country) and a sort of ceiling composed of loose planks. Now I have a lot to say, and very little time to say it in. Two LETTERS FROM A YOUXG EMIGRANT. 7i mails a week, Wednesdays and Saturdays, lioulton is a very nice fellow. His sister — his housekeeper. Boulton is at present in Emmer- son, 109 miles from here, fetching his mother, who has just come from down below, i,c, Ontario. As to my journey, I left Toronto 12.15 p.m. on Tuesday. On Tuesday afternoon we stuck on a grade, our train bcinii very heavy, and had to wait, get up steam, back down and make a rush, which of course was fun. We crossed the St. Clair River at seven in the evening. The train being taken across in a steam-ferry. After this our luggage was looked over, as we were now in the States. My trunks were not opened, however, when I showed my checks for Emmer- son. The cars hce were both crowded and close. At Lafeen, on the Chicago and G.P.R., we had to wait from 1.15 to 6.15, as a freight train jumped the track, just ahead of us. It was a cold night, but we made a good fire in the waiting-room, by tearing up some of the 72 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. platform, and so were tolerably comfortable. This was all new country, rough, and hardly worth settling. We got to Chicago at eight in the evening, instead of eight in the morning, but I managed to catch my connection from Chicago to St. Paul's. We passed some of the most beautiful scenery imaginable. Chicago is an enormous town, you know, — 600,000 inhabi- tants. St. Paul's is a rising place, with mud up to your knees in the main streets, with about ten thousand inhabitants. The prairies are on fire in a good many places. I got to Emmerson at five on Friday evening. Emmerson has about nine hundred inhabitants. A slow, quiet place. I had to spend Saturday and Sunday in Em- merson waiting for the stage, which started on Monday morning, Saturday and Sunday were nice warm days. I got up on Monday with a joyful heart to finish my tiresome journey, and the agony began. First, a strong head wind is"". Before I got to West Lynnc, three miles dis- dis- LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 73 tant, my nose, right car, three fingers were frozen. With the help ot another man, I rubbed the frost out with snow, and went into a store and bound my comforter round my whole face. I had my fur cap over my ears. Emmerson to Mountain City, fifty-five miles in twelve hours. We started from Emmerson at seven in the morning, slept at a farm-house, and got to Mountain City at seven next day ; and I did suffer again — the wind seemed to pene- trate to my very bones, through great coat, pea- jacket and all. People all wear buffalo coats here, and moccasins. I have at present three pairs of thick socks on, and moccasins, which I have been given by a fellow here very kindly, and very fortunately, as my funds are run out. Mail between Mountain City and Darlington Hotel, fifteen miles in three hours. Mountain City has about one house in it, a store, and a saw-mill. I forgot to say about twenty miles from Emmerson we passed through about fifteen 74 LET'TERZ FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. Mennonite* villages, and saw plenty of Mennon- ites, dirty people. Darlington Hotel is a house by itself, which contracts for the stage-cart, and north of Mountain City. Mail between Darlington Hotel and Beacons- field, forty miles in twelve hours. This last part of our drive was on wheels, with about one foot of snow, and numerous drifts. I got to Ecaconsfield Post Office, which is a shanty smaller than our own, at three on \Vednesda>% having suffered in the last three days more than I ever suffered in any three years of my life before. I had boots and one pair of socks, whilst moccasins and three pairs of socks, v/alk- ing, is only just enough. The highest I have seen the thermometer since I have been here, is 12" below freezing point in the sun. When I got up this morning to light the fire, it was 38° below zero. "He who tastes Red River * A religious sect, so called from its foundci Simonis Mcnno, a Frieslandcr of the i6th century. LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRAXT. 75 water always returns." I can believe it. I enjoy the weather — ^well wrapped up, plenty of work to keep me warm, wood to chop, cattle to feed, etc. I have had a great deal of conver- sation with Boulton. I propose taking up a section, 640 acres, which will cost me, the first year, 160 acres, nothing; second, 160 acres, Bio; third, 320 acres, K54. - Boulton says ;6400 will start me fairly. I am learning to bake and cook now. It is impossible to raise anything but potatoes first year ; but it is imperative to do as much breaking soil as possible, so as to be ready to plough next season. So if you can let me have some money, I shall take up land early next spring, when I can see the land. It is a good and safe investment for any money, since land is going up at a tremendous pace. Sections arc sold at ^2 an acre, with twelve years to pa}^ it in, at six per cent, so if you would like any more bought for Bob, it is as safe as the Bank 76 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. of England. And a railway is being built through Manitoba now, in five different places, and emigrants are crowding in by every train. The mail goes soon, and I have three miles to walk for the post-office. They are all English round here. I sleep on the floor with blankets and buffalo robe — too cold for sheets. With love to all. ... To HIS Mother. Cyprus Lodge, November 30, 1881. — Your letter is full of practical advice. I can milk, I can make butter, I can bake a little, etc, ; in fact, I think I could bach it {i.e. keep bachelox''s quarters) very comfortably, and with economy. Now to business. There is a lot (640 acres) close to here, the best land in Manitobc: in a civilized spot, for sale, home- stead, and nn^-^^mpt-ion, 160 acres for nothing, i6o foi ^•'i an ticro, twelve years to pay it in ; 320 acres, > > doMan; an acre, twelve years to LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. tt pay it in. The land is valuable for this reason — a railway will run through it in two years. Fellows are now selling their lots for K4000, with about K300 worth of improvements on them. So it is a safe investment for money, at ten per cent, (the least possible calculation). If you can give me money to start on, I could buy the land this winter. Thirty pounds would do that, but then there are my logs for my house, stables, etc., this winter, before March, that I may build in the autumn ; breaking about twenty acres this spring with oxen. One can put nothing but potatoes in, first breaking, which would give me time to break a nicer lot for next year. I have talked all this over with Boulton, who has been four years in the country, and was the first to settle in the dis- trict. I am now qualified to look after myself; and as for starting, it takes three years to make anything but cover expenses, so the sooner started the better. This year I should break 78 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. as much as possible, put in one acre and a half of potatoes, build my house, and save hay for my oxen, and a cow, probably, and have two pigs. Digging a cellar to keep the potatoes, and a well for water, takes time. Poplar ijgs to be sawn up for lumber, for my house, probably sixteen feet by twenty; and teaming to Em- merson for stores, tools, window sashes, etc. ; so, you see, a good start in the spring would be necessary. This lot is not open for settlement yet, so I should have to be ready with the cash to pounce upon it ; and they are nice English people round here, who would be glad to help me and advise. Besides, it is unheard of! In the middle of one of the best districts, well -settled, with a railway already surveyed, and a bonus of ^70,000 promised, it will save taking things twenty miles to a market, and having to go no miles to Emmerson to buy anything. Portage la Prairie is thirty miles north of this. The Boultons are very nice people, Plymouth LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 79 to J^rcthrcn, l^iblc reading, and prayer every morn- ing and evening. Graham BouUon is a very senbible, nice fellow ; it is he who advises me to stop my wandering, and settle here. He also showed me how he lost a year by having no one to advise him. So I really think, if I settle now, it will be better than waiting till I am twenty-four. Boulton has just come back from Emmerson, with his mother, and I have b :en managing his farm in his absence. He has two lots, 1280 acres, but only farms one. The other is for speculation. He expects to get K20 an acre for it in four years. I should like to begin at once, if possible ; so I trust to your powers, dear mother, to give me help, both in money and advice. The country here Is splendid, they say, in summer, so I have hopes that if I take up a lot, when I get my shanty fairly com- fortable, you will brave the voyage, and come and spend one summer with me before long. At Eastwood I used to work in the kitchen- 80 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRAXT. L^arclcn sometimes, so I know somcthint;' of it. I should not buy a team of horses the first year, by which I should save one year's oats, which are 2s. a bushel here now ; hay costs the trouble of cuttinc^ and drawing in, and oxen thrive on it. I used to churn at Eastwood, and made the butter once or twice. Write and let me know your decision about 'he land as soon as po-^-ible. If you let me take up land at once, I should take up the whole lot, as I should not be able to get land adjoining, if I take less, when 1 vanted it. If I miss this lot, I shall start land-hunting directly the spring comes, and the snow clears. The land here is taken up at once, so the longer I wait the further west I shall have to go ; in fact, this is the only lot for miles round, and this is vacant on account of a quarrel between the Syndicate and Govern- ment, as to whom Jt belongs. I will send my diary home as soon as the year closes. I shall anxiously await an answer. I can change Bank oi LETTERS FROM A YOimG EMIGRAXT. 8i of England notes here, and registered letters arc safe ; and I shall perfectly understand the money is for land only. I meant to say a good deal more, but I have so little time. With love, etc. To HIS Mother. Cyprus Lodge, Manitoba, TSxcmhcr 4, 1881. — A merry Christmas to you all, and a happy new year. May the new year run in as happily with ycHi as the old year is running out with me. There will be two absent ones from the flock this year at the Christmas dinner. I don't know where Bob will eat his, but I know where and what mine will be : roast beef (a great delicacy here) and prairie chickens, a bird with more flesh on it for its size than any other I know, domestic or otherwise. I remember wondering last Christmas where I should be this ; and now I look forward a year, and wonder whether I shall have a house of my own next year. Two railroads will pass within a mile of this next G 82 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. winter. The South-Westcrn, and a branch of the C.1\R. If only I could {.^ct lot nine, it will be worth eight or tcr; thousand dollars this time three years, besides being the best farming district this side the \vater, and the healthiest. ] think I told you the Boultons are Plymouth J^rethren, and we have prayers morning and even- ing, and grace before and after meals. ... I can't tell you how much better I feel with this, than continually hearing religion ridiculed and made light of — it used to weigh me down so. These people quiet me, nothing worldly about them, not ever ready to pick holes and find fault ; Graham Boulton lively and energetic, always ready to tell me about the land and modus operandi, to show me my mistakes, and take an interest in my learning. Mrs. Boulton is a mother to me. It is indeed a change. How long will it be, dearest mother, before you can come across the water to unseen lands, every- thing new about you, from the earth to the LE'JTKRS FROM A YOUXG EMIGRANT. 83 bciiutiful clear sky above you ? Poplar, and a few oaks, are the only trees here, with balm of gilead, wild hops interlacing the scrub ; roses, plums, gooseberries, strawberries, raspberries, cranberries, sprinkled in myriads around. He who has once pitched his tent by the Red River always returns. Well, I can well believe it, though there are at present two feet of snow on the ground. For the last week the thermometer has ranged between 10'^ and 45'', for we have had a thaw, very unusual in this country, though it only lasted for an hour, and very nasty it is — wet through the whole tune ; it is much nicer and more comfortable at 10'^ below zero, than 25° above. It seems warmer, because the air is dry, and the snow crisp. This morning I was wandering about in search of the cattle, with those heavy top-boots, a foot and a half of snow everywhere, and three or four feet in many places. It is too damp at present for moccasins, the heat of the foot thawing the snow ; ther- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A K HIS Mother. Cyprus LodgCy February \2th. — So that there may be no mistake or misunderstanding, I ^vill again give you my plans, which I hope I made plain in my last letter. As to possibilities, I LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 125 hope to get the north half of No. 22, but of course I shall not know just yet. If you send me the money, I want to buy the north half of No. 21 from its possessor, for something under ;^400, all told, including deed, oxen, carts, crops, stove, shanty and stables, and plough. Whether I get his oxen or not, I don't quite know ; he does not want to sell them, as he wishes to keep them to go \\'est with. However, that is not a matter of great importance, as they are very unruly, and I do not think I should be able to do much work with them. If I put in eight acres of oats, 1 should have enough to keep a team, if I can get one cheap in the fall of the year, and then I should have them to draw out my logs and do my winter work with, and of that I shall have plenty to do if I get the north half of 22 also. I shall have to cut out losrs for house and stable, and rails to fence in the break- ing. I hope Frank will come out this time two years. I think he would be exactly fitted for 126 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. it, and I am certain he and I should get on together, and I also believe we should mutually benefit each other, in more ways than one. The only stumper in my plans is, who is going to keep house? It is an enormous drawback to a fellow to waste time over cooking meals. Besides, loitering round the stove cooking makes one lazy and disinclined to work. So all bachelors, as were and as are, say ; and I quite believe them. I think I will write to a fellow next fall, if he is still at the college, and ask iiim to come up. The snow is over two feet now, and getting about is difficult. So I effected a trade with an Indian : I tendered the revolver Aunt Fanny gave me, for a pair of snow-shoes ; they are worth about K5. I am not of a blood- thirsty nature, so I did not want the revolver, and I thought Aunt Fanny would not mind my trading it off for something more useful. So please tell her that I regard the snow-shoes as her present, and remember her e\ ery time I go LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT 127 down to the mail. One mile without snow-shoes really seems quite four miles, the walking is so terribly fatiguing, whilst one can run along on snow-shoes easier and more co.nfortably than on bare ground. They are six feet six inches long, and about fifteen inches broad, and when one comes to rough ground where there is no snow, one can slip them off as easily as slippers. They are made of ash with catgut string, a raw hide, and last a lifetime. I bought a rifle for K9, which cost at a store K25 and had never been used ; and I had a shot at a wolf at three hundred yards, but missed it, as the wind was too strong. About the north half of 21. The bargain is only till seeding, i.e. the middle of April ; so if I can have the money now, of course I should like it, as I could start at once. I must finish now. Love to all. 128 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. To HIS Mother. Cyprus Lodge, February 20, 1882. — . . . Now as to immediate plans. I have given ^ 10 as security that I will buy the half section for ^ 1800 {fi^o), with walls of house, granary and stables, twenty- two acres broken ; which is cheap at current prices. Boulton has sold out, K6500 (exclusive of rolling stock — a good deal of which I hope to buy at two-thirds the price, if you send the money before the ist of April). So I shall have a crop at starting, and I hope about K400 of grain. I have written to offering to pay his passage up, and give him ^10 a month during the summer months, and his board during the winter. Boulton goes west with the spring. Everybody here has sold out to an English insurance company speculating. They are giving ^Z to %\0 an acre for dead land. I should not have been able to get the land I am buying, for less than K3200 ; but the fellow can't LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 129 get his deed, as he has never hVed on his place. So he will abandon it to me for K1800, and I shall homestead and pre-empt, as if it had never been taken up, which will make no difference to me, as I shall live three years in it at least. The place I jumped, I did not get— -bad luck to it. The land-agent, as I thought, had been heavily bribed ; and so " worked '' the thing for the other man. How- ever, I shall get my security money back, so I only lose my expenses to Nelsonville. I shall buy Boulton's team, a couple of mares, one in foal ; also three of his heifers, all in calf ; and I have already bought two pigs, and a lot of lumber to finish the house and buildings in the spring before seeding — so you see I mean business. I hope I am not walking on air in all this. It is too good a chance to let slip, and so I hope the money, ;£"5oo will be forthcoming by April. The following is an estimate of the probable cost of starting. K I30 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. Dollars. Land, 360 acres 1800 Seed for crop ........ 60 Team and furnishings-out for summer . . ' . .325 Sleigh 30 Waggon . • 40 Ploughs, breaking and stubble 30 Harrows 12 Mower .......... 80 Hay-rake 45 Cow, heifer, and seven calves 180 Finishing buildings • . I lO Material for same . . 145 Hired labour 20 House furniture, stove, bedding 50 Tools 25 Groceries, etc 1 . . . 20 $2972 — which is close on £600. The deed of sale for the land is made out for the 8th of April, at which time at least ^lOOO must be paid down, and if possible all. If I can get the money over, I want to buy some town lots in Torquay, eight miles from here. I hope to have got the lot of land before you receive this, on a joint note, as Boulton offers to back it for me. I am doing NT. Dollars. 1800 60 40 30 12 80 45 180 no 145 20 , 50 25 20 $2972 sale for Vpril, at \ down, ty over, y, eight the lot It note, n doing LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 131 all this I hope with your concurrence, though I still feel a little nervous about the money being forthcoming at the required date. I think you can trust me, mother dear, to lool: after my own interests pretty keenly, and get the full value for any money entrusted to my charge. To HIS Mother. Cyprus Lodge, March i, 1882.— It is hopeless : this chopping and changing about will presently drive me mad. (i.) Morpeth Place, NJ, 22, 6, 9. He came up and claimed his place within the month ; and of course he bribed the agent, or he would never have got it, after two years' absence, when six months is the outside of Government leave. (2.) H 's place, NJ, 21, 6, 7. The man went back on me, because he was in a hurry to get away, and the fellow who bought it would be able to get his deed for him, which I could not, as I am not " in the ring." 132 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. (3.) Another place. I got out a deed of sale with affidavit duly attested, registered, and sworn, giving him KSO as deposit. Now for the circumstances thereof This man, to begin with, is a very good fellow, simple and honest as the daylight, and proud. His mother, an English lady, died at his birth ; his father, a Canadian farmer, rich, but unkind, put him to work on ? farm at ten years old, and never educated liim. He would not send him any money to buy a team or finish off his house. The man waited a month, and then gave up in despair and offered the place to me for K1800. It is far the best half section round here, WJ, 26, 6, 9. We drew up the deed on the printed form, and got it sworn before the commissioners on Tuesday, and I was in high glee. On Wednesday I rode over for the mail. Got your two letters, 20th and 28th, and two for him, — one from his father, saying his uncle was dead, and left him jg2000, and adding that he (his father) had NT. of sale d sworn, for the jin with, >t as the English Canadian ivork on educated ioney to "he man despair D. It is VVJ, 26, :ed form, )ners on idnesday letters, from his left him ler) had LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 133 bought him a team, and was just shipping it, and alsc enclosing a cheque for K500 to finish his house with. I knew by instinct what the letter contained directly I got it at the mail. The poor fellow was terribly cut up, but too proud to ask it back ; but of course I could do nothing but insist on his taking it. So, you see, here is casualty No. 3. Bad luck to the whole business ! There is nothing for it now but to go west, buy a pair of Indian ponies which can live without oats, a long buckboard, tent, tools and provisions for six months, and "get" directly the snow goes off. My foot is still too bad to think of getting a boo< .1, and all the flesh is off the great toe down to the bone, and the nail has only just started to grow again, which is a drawback. An entirely revised code of land laws comes out, at the termination of this session, which I am anxiously waiting for. There is no land to be got for a circuit of two hundred miles round here. So much for my sojourn here. The 134 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. land fever is raging round here still — some land going for K12 and KiS dollars an acre. Boulton returns from Winnipeg next Saturday, so I shall hear from him the best place to go to, etc., besides having to go to Winnipeg myself to buy necessaries. It keeps a fellow on the hop to look for new chances, as quick as the old ones fall through. I don't feel quite so confident as I did, but I know I can stand the roughing all right morally, if I can get through physically. Love to all. To HIS Mother. Cyprus Lodge, March 15, 1882. — You will no doubt wonder why I have not written before this. The reason is simply there was no mail to carry the letters if I had written. Storms and drifting snow have rendered traffic impossible for the last three weeks, but the roads have been broken now once more. I have received your letter to-day of tne — I don't know what date, as fAT. LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT, 135 imc land Boulton I shall to, etc., If to buy- hop to Did ones :onfidcnt •oughinLj- lysically. will no 1 before mail to rms and possible .ve been ed your date, as I have thrown away the envelope, and you don't always date your letters ; it is the one mention- ing the ;£^6cX), part of which you say has been sent, and the other is to follow immediately. I will show you that not one penny has been mis- spent. My farm consists of 360 acres, which has cost me K2150, and I have already been offered H500 on my bargain twice, but of course refused at once. My reasons for taking up land here are simple : I think I can do better on an improved farm than on the rough grounds, and land is going up rapidly in Manitoba. There is n ot an acre unsettled now, the papers say. I enclose my letter of the ist of March, which I got out of the post-office on account of the stoppage of the mails and my change of plans. I got the present place by stratagem, and the aforesaid stratagem cost me the freezing of both my feet up to the ankles, which took Alfred and Boulton four hours to rub out, and caused me terrible agony. This happened twelve days ago, 136 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT, and I can only just walk now. Cause — wet socks, holes in my shoes, no dinner, and sixteen miles to walk in heavy snow, and snow-shoes. I thank God that I ever got home ; j:n^^ I never should if Boulton had not beaten me every time I stopped, I was so utterly exhausted. I laugh at the whole thing now, but I did not whilst my feet were being thawed out. Carelessness, nothing else, except perhaps a slow circulation. My farm, eighteen acres broken, a house, or rather shanty, and stable. I shall have to go down below almost directly, probably to buy a team ; they are so expensive up here, and bad too. It will pay me, as I get the ride back for nothing, and I don't want to have my horses dying in the stable, as most of the teams for sale up here do. Boulton wants ,^350 for his two mares, one twelve, the other fifteen years old. I can get a decent youngish team down below for ^225, and it costs K/S to bring them up. I know a party in Ontario, whom I can depend upon n. LETTERS FRO.V A VOC^XG EM/GRANT. 137 e — wet sixteen -shoes. never y time laugh whilst ssness, ilation. ise, or to go buy a id bad ck for horses Dr sale is two ►Id. I ow for know upon to choose a good team for me, so I shan't be swindled ; and I can't depend on myself entirely, of course. I got a delightful letter from Eton to-day, Ti jolly letter, and so kind. Iwerard also wrote, short and pithy. . . . Love to all. To HIS Father and Mothkr. Shore Lake Farniy April 2r, 1882. — I have not written for a month : I plead guilty. I have received the sums, ;^6oo, Bank of Montreal, .-C50, Bank of England notes. I am not going to thank you for the above now, because I can- not ; but I shall be back some time in the next four years, and then I will thank you. God grant I may repay you one hundredfold for your kind- ness to me, by leading a steady and upright life ; showing that you have not misplaced your kind- ness. I will explain why I cannot get more than a certain amount of land. Manitoba is settled up. There is no more homestcading ; I bought mine from a private individual. The 138 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. great aim of the Canadian Government is to prevent speculation ; and the laws are so framed that an individual cannot have more than 36a acres in his possession. A colonization com- pany can take up 1,000,000 in D, if it like, but a single individual can't. Dash made his money in town lots — a species of gambling ; in fact I would rather sit down and play a game of Nap, at ^5 points, because I might have some idea of what I was doing. I intend to farm steadily for two or three years, then when I am older I may possibly speculate in land a bit. I possess 320 acres, 15 of which are broken. I rent Boulton's place at a nominal cost, 30 acres of which arc broken ; so I shall have 53 acres in crop. Wheat : Boulton's place. — Field across the river, 16 acres ; 28 bushels ; seed, gold drop. My place.— 9-acre field ; 1 5 bushels ; seed, Scotch pips, red. 4-acre field ; 8 ditto. Oats : Boulton's place. — Field in front of house, 8 acres ; 24 bushels, black and white. LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT, 139 Field behind house, 10 acres ; 30 bushels, black and white. Barley; My place. — i acre; 3 bushels, huUess. Timothy Boulton's place. — 4 acres. Now this was my line of argument. If I ran my own place alone I should have to do it by myself ; it would keep me going pretty briskly, but would not keep an extra man. Now, by running Boulton's place, I can afford to hire a good and experienced man, and whilst keeping him occupied learn myself, as of course I am totally ignorant of breaking, sowing, etc. This summer I hope to build a granary and a house ; a shanty and a stable I have already. Possibly I may turn the present stable into a hog-pen, and build another stable instead of a house, — I have not settled yet. It is 9.30 p.m., and I have just been out to give the horses their oats,, and see that they are all right before going to bed. Can you picture me all alone, no one nearer than three-quarters of a mile ? Cook for jr40 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT, myself, bake for myself, wash for myself, and eat my meals, go to bed, get up, all by myself. This is Friday. Next Tuesday, Bob Irving, my hired man, a jolly, hard-working labourer •comes ; I have known him for the last five months, and have never seen him without a ' smile upon his face. I expect we shall get through our summer's work in style. I got a nice letter from Frank, and another equally nice from Aunt Emma last mail. By-the-bye, I have never told you why I have not written for so long. I was in Winnipeg for four days, and \< took me six days to get there, and six to come back ; and every place was so full, I could not get a place to write in away from home. I could not find Palmer. I found a batch of emigrants who knew him, but they did not know where he was lodging. You see that, on account of the storms, no mail either arrived here or left, for three weeks ; indeed, we had only one mail for five weeks : the roads were blocked LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 141 up with drifts, so I did not get your letter till Palmer had been in Winnipeg a week, so I could not catch him. He must have been out at a farm twelve miles from here. I hired a horse and cutter, and after great difficulties got s)^ miles : the snow was so soft that the horse sunk down to its belly (a vulgar but proper term) every step it took, so I had to give it up, and come back. I thank you very much for sending out the things ; I only hope I shall get them all right. I enclose a letter I wrote a month ago, but on account of the irregularity of the post never finished. I was obliged to put Cannon off when I hired Boulton's place and a skilled labourer: I wrote with many apologies. I think I can do what carpentering I want myself, as I remember something of my carpentering at Haileybury, — " and something of your had ivriting^ too," you will say ; but I am in a hurry, and I vant to get to bed, as I have to start to Norquay early to-morrow with a 142 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT, grist. It was snowing for a change to-day. I hope to start seeding on Wednesday next, if I have luck, and then my letters will be short and sweet, as I shall be on the hop till next Novem- be. . Indeed, I have been hopping pretty lively for the last week, because when one has to do all the indoor work as well, one has not much time to meditate on the changes and chances of life. I want to break twenty acres, and hire twenty acres broken this summer, then I shall have fifty-five acres in crop next summer ; and then I can afford to have a hired man again. Bob, I hope, will stay with me till this time next year, if he comes. He will learn just as much with me as with an ordinary farmer ; I don't mean to say he will learn from me, but from V hat he sees done on my place. I only hope he will earn his board, as living is terribly expensive now ; pork, eighteen cents per pound, which very soon makes a hole in a man's pocket. Now I must go to bed. With love to all. LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 143 To HIS Mother. Shore Lake Farm, May 18, 1882. — It is a month since I wrote, and now I am scribbling in a hurry, and as fast as possible, to let you know how I am getting on, before I go to bed. I think I have probably got N J, 22, for a home- stead and pre-emption. Luck ! makes me 640 acres. I bought the other place from a private individual. There is no Government land round here. Might just as well try and take up land round my old home in England ! If I do get No. 22, it will be through a combination of consum- mate cheek (a thing a fellow must have in this country) and luck. I got a letter from Mills, saying Bob was working at Southwood, Ontario, and returning me my money. I wish you would explain to Mrs. Cannon, that when I determined to take Boulton's place it necessitated my having a thoroughly experienced and hard-working man with me, so I could not have her son. I also 144 LETTERS FROM A YOUXG EMIGRANT. got a letter from Palmer. He is working near Winnipeg. His luggage has not arrived yet. I also got a letter from Uncle Charlie, enclosing what he called " a trifle," but what I call " a nice little pile." I find I shall have to buy a self- binding reaper; cost, K320; three years' pay- ment. This summer labour is scarce. I shall have plenty of money to run me on till Christ- mas, and for another two years, if you like ; but if I had money enough to buy another team, I could rent Boulton's place again next year, and by that time I shall have forty-five acres broken on my own place, which would keep them both going. I should go down below at Christmas, and get the team and some good stock (cows and pigs) to bring up with me. I should want £iy:> in December for that, and I would give you my note at eight per cent, (payable in De- cember, 1883) for it, out of my crops; but we can talk over that between this and Christmas, and you have already done far more for me than 'T. LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 145 g near I deserve. You would naturally like to overhaul yet. I my accounts, so I will make them out, and send closing them the first time I have a minute to spare. I * a nice have not missed a day in my diary, or a cent in a self- my accounts, since January i, 1881 ; so I can ^' pay- always tell you what I am doing and spending. I shall The winter of 1884 I hope to spend in England Christ- once more. It is a long time to look forward to, e ; but but I can't leave my place before then. I shall eani, I come home for nothing, as I know one of the ir, and large cattle-exporters well, and he offered to give broken me K15, and intermediate passage back, to take 1 both charge of a cargo for him. I shall soon have [stiiias, been out two years, and it seems like a few (cows days, everything rattles past so quickly, — always want getting out of and into bed, with no time to look i give round hardly between. Grandmamma wrote a in De- very nice letter to me, which I must answer by lut we this mail if I can, but it keeps me up so late at stmas, night, and then I don't get enough sleep to rest e than myself thoroughly. I remember the time when 146 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT, I could not get up after ten hours' sleep, and now 1 roll out of bed directly the alarum sounds five. How father will enjoy his trip out here, if he comes. No worry i^nd bustle, except the bul'-dop^s and mosquitoes, and they are getting bad now. A little later and /e shall get up at three, arid lay over in the middle of the day. as the bull-dogs (large flies) worry the horses so much. By-the-byp, if I don't marry before I am thirty-two it will be a miracle. I come in awfully hungry at noon, and by the time I have cooked the dinner over the hot stove, my appe- tite is gone. Baking, washing, mending, leave no time to write or do anything. It is now 1 1.30, and I have to be up at 4,30 to-n: orrow to sow my last four acres of oats before the wind gets up ; so I am afraid I must say good-night. The saw and grist mill at Norquay was burnt down in ten minutes last week, and my lumber won't be sawn this summer, I am ^frai i. I must say good-night. LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 147 To HIS Grandmother. Shore Lake Far ju, May 18, 1882. — Thank you so much for your kind letter and present, although I am afraid the beer is impossible, because there is none nearer than Emmerson, 107 miles distant, and it would sour on the way out, since the rainy season is coming on, and this is the worst country in the world for thunderstorms. But my feet arc healing rapidly now, and there is no fear till next winter, when I shall have to be very care- ful with them, to keep them from decayinr^. I shot a couple of minks the other day^ and I have tanned the fur, which I shall sew inside my moccasins, and that I think will keep t^em all right. I hope you will excuse my not having written before, but twenty-nine acres of wheat and eleven of oats, with one team and two men, and only four months and a half to sow and harvest it, erect fences, and break thirty acres of new land and take the scrub off, besides all the 148 LETTERS FROM A YOUXC, EMlGRAXT. cooking, washing, and mending, docs not leave mc much time for many things which ought to be done. I have not even found time to find the corner stake of my property yet ; and then, you see, I did not complete my purchase till just before seeding, so I am* a little behindhand. I have four acres of oats more to sow, and now it is raining, or I would have had them in to-day, so I have been fencing. The mode of fencing is peculiar to the countr}'. There is no wood except poplars round here, and the bush is of two kinds, according to age — rail timber and logs. The fires which come along in the fall sometimes kill a whole bush. Three years ago a fire came through here and killed a good many, leaping half a mile at a time, burning everything in its way. The way we stop it is by ploughing three furrows ten yards from the object to be saved, and five furrows twenty yards from these, thus arresting its course. The rails are cut fifteen feet long, the pickets seven feet. The pickets r. LETTERS FROM A YOUXG EMIGRANT. T49 t leave ight to to find 1 then, till just ind. I now it to-day, fencing J wood h is of ^r and he fall s ago a many, rything iighing ; to be 1 these, : fifteen pickets arc jammed into the ground two feet with the hand, and by pouring a little water in after start- ing the hole. The pickets are bound together with willow. The rails are put eighteen inches from the ground with a stake. The only objec- tion is that the poplars rot so fast. But when the railroad comes we shall be able to buy cedar posts and put up bushed wire fences, which will of course be much better. The mosquitoes arc bcgin*^ ing to sing, and bite too. The grass is getting green, and the dreary-looking poplars are donning their scanty foliage. I am afraid this letter is very " shoppy," but farming is occu- pying all my thoughts just now. I will try and Avrite a more interesting letter in the course ' . the next three weeks. Pray tell Mrs. Blaxter I noticed two or three Hillington postmarks, and mentally thanked her. Give my love, etc. 150 LETTERS FROM A YOUXG EMIGRANT. To HIS Uncle. Bcaconsfield, May i8, 1882. — I have just got your letter, which, as you may well imagine, surprised ine. " The trifle " you so kindly sent surprised me, because it happened to be exactly the thing I wanted, to carry on my " work " satisfactorily, and for that I cannot thank you enough. But your letter was what surprised mc more; it said so much in a few words, and I don't think I ever received a letter before which made me feel so happy as yours did, — the same feeling, I suppose, as a fellow has walking down the " big school " to get the prize at the end of the term. A " cork toe " I hope will not be necessary, as my feet are healing fast. I think I have also got the half section I jumped, in January, which will make my little property two miles long and half a mile broad I am sorry to say that I cannot write home so regularly now, as I am crowded with work y/: LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT, 151 just got maginc, dly sent exactly " work " ank you rised mc rds, and ir before rs did, — llow has the prize " I hope J healing If section my little le broad home so ith work (fort)- acres in grain), and all the fencing to put up, meals, etc., to cook, bread to bake, dishes to wash up, clothes to wash and mend : all these leave but little time for letter-writing. Up at five. Bob (my hired man) goes out, feeds the horses and pigs, cleans out the stable, and throws the harness on ; meanwhile, I get the breakfast. After breakfast, about 6.15, we have a smoke to aid digestion, and wash up the breakfast things, then steady work till noon. I come in a little before, to put the potatoes on to boil, as they take so long, and then we give ourselves and horses an hour and a halfs rest, then out again till 6.30 or seven, it depends whether we are pressed to finish something. Then tea, wash up dishes, mend things, set bread (if required), and then bed, and glad to get to it. On the jump the whole time. All the lar.d within one hundred miles of here, worth taking up, is now under cultivation ; and I believe I am In about the best farming part 1^2 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT, of Manitoba. Floods have been bad in Emmcr- son, everybody living upstairs, water five feet in the streets. The fellow who brought my waggon out from Emmerson, had to bring each wheel, axle, etc., over the Red River, separately in a skiff, and it cost him jB4, the bridge being \vashed away by the flood. The prairie round the Mennonites is three feet in water, so I am afraid they will not get much crop in this year. -We are in the bills, where no floods can reach us. However, I will not enter into a description of the country, because I hope that when you are tired of the old world for travelling, you will come over and see the new one, and all its novel labour-saving arrangements. I find I can save money by buying a self-binder, i.e, a machine which reaps the grain and binds it into sheaves at the same time, with wire. It will cost me K340, — January i, 1883, ;Si2o; 1884, K120; 1S85, Kioo: but then I shall cut for other people at %2 an acre, and I can cut ten LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 153 Is it acres a day ; wire four pounds to the acre, at eleven cents per pound. Labour is already very scarce round here, and during harvest prices will be terrible, and men will not be able to be got for love or money. I shall be independent of much help, as my man will be able to shock up most of the grain, and I can give him a hand in the evening, after reaping. I have four more acres of oats to sow* The wheat I have sown looks well, and is coming up nicely. I am a little behindhand, but then I have a large crop for one team to put in, and I have put it in more carefully than most round here, and harrowed it oftener ; and besides that, I had so little time to prepare for it before seeding, on account of buying my place later. Good seed had to be picked out and drawn over, implements bought, and one thing and another ; so I don't blame myself for being a little behind. The fellows round here are mostly sons of English clergy, and a rough 154 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. lot at that ; the nicest fellows being the common rough " launks," always good-natured and ready to oblige, which the former by no means are. I am sorry to say I have not answered Aunt Mabel or Aunt K. K.'s last letters, but I will as soon as I can. With love to them all, and sincerest thanks to yourself for your extreme kindness, I am your very affectionate nephew, Edward. To HIS Mother. Shore Lake Farm, June 29, 1882. — Business, business, business ! Going on rapidly. Down to Winnipeg two weeks ago. Saw Palmer, who is getting on well ; luggage not arrived yet. I bought another team for the following reason : my present team is not nearly strorg enough for the excessively hard work of breaking with a 14-inch plough in ccrub, and Jessie has one of the strongest, healthiest, and prettiest bay foals \T. LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 155 ARD. isiness, own to who is ^et. I eason ; mough g with one of Y foals you ever saw. I hope both Jessie and Queenie will have foals next year. Bill and Jack, my new team, are two bright bays, very big and strong, and run along with the 14-inch breaker as if it were a plaything. Our working hours through breaking have been — 3, a.m. ; breakfast, 3.30 to 9.30, breaking; 9.30 to 10.30, chores and dinner ; 10.30 to 4, sleep ; 4 to 5.30, tea ; chores 5.30 to 10.30, breaking. The reason for this is the bull-dogs (horse-flies, I think, in England) are so thick ana annoying, that the horses go nearly mad in the day. The mosquitoes are bad at night, but that can't be helped ; last night they were like a cloud of dust, and made a noise like a swarm of bees, into one's nose and ears, and biting like fury. However, the grass is getting long now, so breaking will soon be over. I shall have twenty acres broken — not so much as I intended, but I could not hire any one. The scrub is too hard for stray comers to get out. As a matter of curiosity, I went, when in Winni- ^y 156 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. peg, to the chief loan-office, and tried my luck. JS4000 cash was the highest bid for N.J, 21 ; or a K2000 mortgage, nine per cent, for three, five, or ten years. Now for the reason of this. Ever since I bought this place, which I think is one of the best in Manitoba as regards situation, I intended to put up a saw and grist mill (port- able), but I had not intended putting one up for two years ; reasons, lack of cash, and lack of custom. Now, if I can, I will put the saw -mill up at the end of October. People are flocking past my house every day, to take up the rough but well-wooded lands in 6, 1 1 ; 7, 8 ; 7, o ; 7, 10, and aii north of me. Now the nearest mills arc St. Leon, fourteen miles south. Norquay mill, 8, S.W., burnt down with very little hope of building up ; so I should get all the trade north of me, and south of the Portage, and for eight miles south-east and west. Now is my chance. People are beginning to shingle (wooden slate) their buildings instead of thatch, and are putting LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 157 Up frame houses instead of log. Go gently. Saw mill before the winter sets in. Hire a good sawyer. Grist-mill, next summer, with the pro- ceeds of the saw-mill. This is the plan I hatched a long time ago, but kept quiet ; and this is the scheme I intend to carry out. If you can furnish me with ^^300 or £"400, at seven per cent., payable half-yearly, by October of this year, either on my note of hand, or a mortgage, which you like, I can buy a 15-horse-power engine, and saw-carriage frame and rigging, by paying K1200 cash, and the rest on my note which I could pay during the winter. There you arc. I have made my inquiry quietly, so that no one shall get a hint of what I am at, so, if you can't furnish me with the cash, I shall not have to bear the sneers people are so ready to heap on failure. Crops are looking splendid. My self- binder has arrived, and I have got orders to cut 100 acres at jSi 75 cents an acre. The wire costs fift}' cents an acre, 12 cents per pound, so I shall 158 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. be able to pay off my first note with it. I am a little hard up for cash just at present, so I am sending one team out to Emmerson with a load, for which I get 60 cents per loolb., ani I take 2,500 ; and for the load I bring back I get Ki 35 cents per lOOlb. ; and that's how I replenish my purse when it gets temporarily low. Work, and sleep, eat, and work, is the daily routine, on the dead run the whole time ; and every now and then I look round and imagine I see a saw and grist mill looming up on the hill, at the border of the lake. You will all be coming out to have a look at me and mine some day. I am young and hopeful, but at the same time I think I can look at both sides of the question ; and the earlier a man begins, the earlier he wins, and I am afraid some one else will get ahead of me if I don't look sharp ; so, my dear mother, as usual I leave it to you. I know you know my weak- nesses, but also my strong points : if I say that H200O shall be paid back in full at the end of L JITTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 159 am am oad, take I 35 my and the and and brder have three or five years, as you h*ke, with seven per cent, in the interval, you know as well as I do that it shall be paid by hook or crook, even if everything went against me, which I don't think is likely. I should add a chopping machine for grain at once if you concur in my views, and hope to have the grist running by next July, and meditate enlisting Palmer's ser^ices. as he seems a nice fellow, and his wife is £, nice quiet refined woman. Live-stock as follows — First team : grey mare "Jessie" and foal ; cream, ^' Oueenie." Two dogs, " Collie " and " Syndicate." Second team : bay, " Jack ; " dark bay, " Bill." Secter, "Rover;" one cow, one cat, four sows, two barrows, one thoroughbred boar and one thorough-bred sow. Total 19. Roller, harrows, waggon. Dermont, two ploughs. McHorrwich's wire-binder. Two bob sleighs, two sets of harness, farm tools, household furniture, etc. i6o LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. To HIS Grandmother. BcaconSjleLd l-'ost Hffice. — I am afraid it is some time since i have < 'dttcn, but I hope you have seen some of my letters home, and thus know tolerably well how I am getting on ; it is rather hard these busy times to squeeze in a letter. I suppose the summer climate of Manitoba is almost unexcelled — at least I know England, France, Germany, and Ontario can- not compare with it, — not too hot, and always a wind. But the mosquitoes, they are indeed terrible in the evening ; no rest for man or beast. We always keep a stove, full of straw and stuff, burning all night with the pipes off ; and I have not come to any satisfactory con- clusion yet, which is best, or rather worst, the mosquitoes or the smoke. I have had an addi- tion to my household in the form of a young Englishman, aged sixteen. Poor fellow ! he came out to a fellow near, and could not work LETTERS FROM A YOUXG EMIGRANT. i6i it is ic you I thus m ; it ^ueezc ate of know ) can- always indeed lan or f straw ►es off; *y con- rst, the n addi- young )w ! he Dt work ha d enough for him ; so he went to another man, and the '^ime thing occurred again, and the man gave him a day to find new quarters in the middle of Manitoba ! Nobody would have anything to do with him ; I was asker* to take him when first he came in, but refused, knowing he would be more comfortable wi.«ji'^ ^here was a woman. However, he came 'Ter to me in despair, and asked me to drive him to Smart's landing, to catch the steam-boat for Winnipeg. I found out he only had K8 {£2^ in his pocket, so I told him it would cost more than that to get to Winnipeg, besides what he would have to pay for board whilst looking out for office work. He asked me in despair what he was to do : " If I can't work hard enough for one man, I can't for another ; " so I told him to go and give my hired man a hand for a couple of hours, and in the mean time I drove to his former place and got all his luggage. I never saw a fellow look so surprised and happy in all M i62 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. my life, as. he, when I called him in to dinner, and he saw all his luggage stowed away about llic Iiouse. Poor fellow, he was as happy as a king, and has worked away splendidly ever since, and seems quite happy. He came up this morning and meekly asked whether he might go and bathe. How I laughed. I explained to him that in this country, where wages are so terribly dear, and men so hard to get, that, as he was only working for his board, I did not expect him to consider himself bound to work from six in the morning till eight at night ; and considering he has to ride two miles to feed the pigs on my own place, before breakfast at six in the morning, and after supper at seven, I think he does remarkably well, and seems to enjoy it. Haying is the order of the day, and I hope by the time you get this letter we shall have begun harvest. I can boast the best field of wheat in the township, I am glad to say. Last Sunday my best horse died, and none LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT, 163 inner, about py as T ever p this might ilained es arc t, that, iid not o work it ; and eed the at six seven, ;ems to ay, and ve shall est field to say. d none of the magnates of the township can assign any reason except poisonous grass, which has frightened them all very much. It is a great loss to me, and a great disappointment, and it takes off the pleasure of farming considerably. He was a beautiful bay horse, and my favourite ; and I am not ashamed to say that my eyes were decidedly moist as I hitched the other team on to draw him away to be food for the wolves. Poor Jack ! I bought him. cheap, because he was said to be balky — that is, he would not pull when it did not suit him. He was a very powerful horse, and though I had some very heavy loads over rough boggy country, to use a Cannock expression, " He never went back on me ; " which convinced me the former teamster had given him a bad name by his own ignorance and bad treatmeat, and that kindness goes a long way with Tian and beast. Poor Geoff seems to be in low spirits, and I fear in very poor health ; I shall soon be recommending a i64 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. " year in Manitoba." I had a delightful dream last night. It was Christmas night : all were at the Christmas dinner except Frank and myself, as we were supposed to be toiling in young Beaconsfield. Father got up to propose our health and success — and we walked in, and I woke. I am afraid this letter will be terribly uninteresting to you ; but farming, except to farmers, and sometimes even to them, is unin- teresting. I aril your affectionate grandson, Edward. To HIS Mother. Beaconsfield, August 17, 1882. I have just got your two letters of July 22nd and 25th, both of which are peculiarly interesting in their way. Of course Bob is anti-Maiiiloba, but if he comes up here I will do my best for him. If I had ;^20,ooo left me to-morrow, I would not leave this place, though farming, of course. /: LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 165 dream crc at nysclf, young sc our n, and ;crribly ;ept to s unin- ^ARI). Lve just id 25th, in their L, but if for him. I would r course, is not ahvays enjoyment. My hired man and myself alone have cut with the scythe, among briars, laying logs and dead grass, fifty tons of hay, and that was not exactly enjoyment! Thanks to my parents' kindness, I started half up the ladder, and under peculiarly favourable circumstances, and have every prospect of an exceedingly abundant harvest. My foal is allowed to be the finest in the township ; one of my fields of wheat is without exception the thickest I have seen, and the envy and admira- tion of my neighbours, — Dame Fortune, of course, chiefly ; but also because I did not try, like most of my neighbours, to be the first to get my seeding done, but harrowed and rolled my land well. On account of the exceeding drought when it ought to have rained — June, — and the heavy rain when it ought to have been fine — July, — hay is scarce. I had to scour all over my land to get enough, and everybody else is short. I have put up twice as much as I 1 66 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. want myself, and hope to get rewarded for my pains to the tune of ^12 a ton in the spring. The country is at present hard on horses, bad accommodation, and flies — bull-dogs or horse- flies — and mosquitoes go for them most un- mercifully. I think I mentioned in a letter to grandmother the loss of my best horse, which was a great shock to me. Since that, two neigh- bours have both lost horses, and another of mine is just recovering. It had a terrible shave. It was on Saturday night the inflammation came on, and although I had just had a kick from a horse, I hopped on to him, and rode or rather drove him to the doctor's five miles off, and just in time. He seems to be recovering pretty well just now. I shall have to go and buy another the day after to-morrow, for harvest, as I cannot use Jessie, who has a foal. The advantage of the wire-binder is, the wire does not break, and the compression on the wire-binder will bind much tighter, which in the case of oats is neces- T. LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 167 or my spring, es, bad horse- )st un- itter to which ) neigh- Df mine ave. It n came : from a r rather ind just tty well another ' cannot itage of ;ak, and ill bind s neces- sary, since they have to be cut on the green side, and shrink when dry, consequently in the case of string there is very little left when it has passed the various stages and arrived at the thrashing-machine. We expect to begin harvest about the end of next week. Barley is being cut now ; but, thank goodness, I did rot put any in. Now for the most important part of the letter. I had given up hoping lor my mill, and often upbraided my- self for asking you, and raising hopes, and so you can fancy tlie pleasure it gave me, the pleasure that I can be depended on ; and you shall not be disappointed, as I hope, by the brains nature gave me and steady work, I shall be able to show, you have not done wrong in placing the money in my hands. I feel in a way responsible to brothers, and sisters, and all, and a very pleasant feeling it is. Of course you will want money some day to bring Helen and Charlotte out, and I shall be able to give l6S LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. Harry a hand in the scholastic course ; the pleasure of thinking of all this is wjrth double the common idea of piling up money for one's self. I have ordered the saw-mill. I hope to have it set up in two months, just before the frost sets in. Shingle and saw-mill complete, 20-horse power ; capacity seven thousand feet per day. Prices K8 per thousand for sawing, or take half the logs — which the owner likes ; lumber sawn ^22 per thousand. Of course, you will all come out some day, and spend a year with me. How they would enjoy the free life ! I shall be able to form an idea of how far my plans will be feasible, and how far they may have to be extended or reduced, by the winter, and what means I can get hold of to carry them out with. A railroad, they say, is to pass within three miles of here. I might be able to reduce that to a minimum by showing I could form a village and industries. There is no limit to man's capabilities, as long as he can keep the LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 169 the louble one's e to frost ■horse day. e half sawn come How all be is will to be what : With. three 2 that >rm a lit to p the ball rolling, but that he must do, and keep con- trol of it, as if once it gets beyond his reach, it is difficult to catch it up again. I think we arc going to have a tough harvest, as the new moon has set in with a terrible amount of wind, and my bmder will show its superiority to the single one-horse binder in one respect anyhow. At present I have a family, consisting of father, son, daughter, and son's wife in my house, and they go near to driving me mad. Airs ! ! " Never were in such a country." '' Never used to this sort of thing," etc., etc. The commonest sort of English labourer, polished by tv/elve years' residence in Ontario. It makes a sweet mixture of the most contemptible airs and blow I ever saw — living mostly on me, on the strength of the wife cooking for me, and I could cook three times as well and as fast myself; and, of course, as the housekeeping things are not theirs, they use them freely, to say the least of it ! How- ever, I shall be moving over to my place soon. I70 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. and then they will have notice to quit at short notice. The son is chawing away something like hay, close by me, so unless I stop in time, I might say scmetV.ing irreverent, so I must say good-bye, my dearest mother. My gratitude to you r cannot describe, but you know it \v'ithout description. Tell Frank to sit down, and write me a letter, not a note ; plans, etc., in a com- prehensive form. To HIS Aunt. Bcaconsfield, September 23, 1882. — Believing that I had performed all imperative duties, and resting in innocent security, I have thoroughly enjoyed my pipe every evening after tea. and then turned into bed, after thanking God for the bc'imtiful blessings He has bestowed upon me, the .rr^gniticent weather He has given, and the abur)f*an< harvest, and the splendid health and sp'ri*^ T at present uossess to aid me in securing it. B^'i, * have had my spell of bad luck ; and Ihort iino; LETTERS FROM A YOUXG EMIGRANT. 171 me, the thereby hangs a tale, which only unfolded itself last night, and annoyed other people as well as myself. As mother may have told you, I invested in a self-binder, as the only means of getting m>' harvest in, since labour is not to be got round here. It worked well the first two days, and then a casting broke, on account of a flaw, and I had to go to Norquay to have it mended, or rather to get another casting ; and off I started at once, with a light rig and a team, eight o'clock at night, and cold, so I put on my great-coat, a thing I have only worn twice since I have been in the country, since it is too long to v 'k in. I put my own letters and the letter of three other people in my capacious pockets ; among them was a letter to you and a '' eipt. At Norquay they had not the casting required. Off I started for Nelsonville, in very low spirits, forty-five miles from Norquay to Nelsonville, my crop waiting to be cut, and very hard :i. the team ; it was a \'ery hot day and the roads were 172 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT, very rough. I got to Nelsonville about 7.30 p.m. Had supper, went out to give the horses their oats, and found Bill off his feed. I suppose this, coupled with the shaking on tf ^ road and the disappointment of the delay, were too much for mo, anyhow I went for a veterinary surgeon, gave my horse some scalded bran, and then fainted on my way from the stable to the hotel, which of course created a delightful bit of excitement for the natives of a little western town. When I came to, I was lying down in the bar-room, with a crowd round me, and the bar tender energetically emptying a bottle of whisky down my throat, which naturally made me more annoyed still. However, I requested to be woke at five, and slept soundly, got up next morning feeling all right, fed my horses and had breakfast, and then began kicking at the machine-agent's door. This did not have the desired effect till eight, and, after all, he had not the casting I wanted. Now Emmcrson is sixty- LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 173 p.m. Itheir this, the Ih for gave seven miles from Nelsonville, and I must go there, and my crop waiting, and half a dozen other crops all wanting cutting. 1 immediately went to ail the stables to find whether there was a horse that could go to Emmerson and back in two days ; I found one that was guaranteed to do the journey. I promised to take every care of it, and, leaving my team as surety, I started with horse and buggy. 1 got into Emnict .on by nine at night of the second day from leaving home ; got my casting ; my horse ill, went to a veterinary, sat up all night administering the medicine, and then started out at I p.m. of the third day ; got into Nelsonville after frequent stops, and walking most of the way myself, by nine in the morning of the fourth day. Started out with m}/ own horses, and got home at 8 p.m. of the fourth day, having gone 224 miles in four days ; and I was very glad to get home, and my machine was spin- ning round the field at 6.30 next morning. 174 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. Now, on Wednesday, I met a neighbour named Woods, and he asked me in rather an indignant manner if I had posted an Ontario letter he gave me. I said, " Yes ! of course I did," and thought no more about it, till yesterday, when F W— — asked me the same question (he is an Englishman who V' staying with me). He a^^ked me during dinner, and I remembered Woods's question, and the coincidence struck me as curious, so I went to my great-coat, which had never been touched since it had been thrown out of the waggon, when I got home. There were two newspapers which ought to have been posted, but the letters were all gone. Now, through the muddle, disappointment, and excitement of the last month, I could not and cannot remember anything about the letters, except meanjjg to post them at Norquay, and then at Nelsonville when I found I had to go there ; but whether they dropped out of my pocket or were taken out, and where, I cannot LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 175 tell. 1 am more annoyed than I can say, because I feel exceedingly grateful to you, and your mind will naturally run to those black and yellow stockings, as mine did when I pulled out those newspapers. I broke the axle of one of my wheels, crossing from my place to Boulton's afterwards. Luckily, as \ only use three horses on the binder, I hvid one doing nothing in the stable, and he took me to Nelson ville and back, seventy-foui miles in twenty-one consecutive hours. In other words, I broke down at ii a.m. on the Wednesday, and I was running at 9 a.m. on Thursday. Now all my magnificent harvest is cut, the binder is now over my head in pieces, and eight long stacks show what two teams and four men can do in a week's drawing in ; three days more stacking and then the plough will be again scraping the ground. I have hitched the contents of fourteen waggon loads on to the stacks to-day, and as a considerable number of the sheaves had to go " scooting" a good distance 176 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG ELI /GRANT. through the air before they reached the required altitude, my arms ache and my back aches, and my eyes ache ; and yet I say what a glori- ous life is this, wit.i all its drawbacks. The letter I wrote before was a long one, and I cannot try to tell you more of my plans after these days of martyrdom and slavery. This is an apology for what I hope you will consider an excusable oversight ; it is not intended to interest you particularly, or give you news. I have not written home for some time ; it is impossible. When man or boy is working through harvest, he seizes every moment of peace as the miser clutches his gold. With my large harvest it is hard work, but in the long winter evenings letters long and ha]3py I hope will come. My saw-mill, thanks to you, is now, I hope, wending its way up to Manitoba. W^ith love to all, I am your very affectionate and grateful nephew — Edward. P,S. If you happen to be writing home, will quired aches, glori- lettcr annot these is an der an led to :vvs. I ; it is 'orking leiit of ith my e long [ hope s now, With :e and le, will LKTTKRS I'R(K\r A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 177 you tell mother that an early and comprehen- sive letter will shortly be on the road. Wheat will average thirty-two bushels per acre, fine sample ; oats, fifty-five ; barley, none sown. Potatoes, large crop and some bigger than an ordinary turnip, and, for flavour, they are as only Manitoba potatoes can be. This is the last letter received from the lad, and brings us to the end of his second year in America. Those who have read these simple, straightforward letters, can hardly think the results unsatisfactory. A boy of eighteen leaves England, with no experience and no advan- tages beyond average health and strength, and the courage and determination which are the characteristics of Englishmen. He earns his experience for himself, through considerable hardships certainly, but finding kindness and help always ready to back honest endeavour. He was thus able to avail himself of the first N IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4^ 4^0 ^ 1.0 1.1 11.25 LilZB 12.5 Ui Kii 12.2 2.0 U |l.6 6" 0%. / Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREiT WIBSUi^.N.Y. MSaO (716) »73-4S03 178 LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. opportunity that seemed to offer a good chance of success, and start on his own account. A small capital here was necessary, and indeed the letters seem to show, that unless a young man can count upon a certain sum of money — not less, we should say, than between ^^700 and ;£'iooo being forthcoming when required — an emigrant's life must be hard and success slow. But with £iQOO at his command, the writer of these letters has been able, within two years, to establish himself in a farm of about seven hundred acres, his own property, and a fair proportion of it already under cultivation ; he has his house, two teams of horses, cows, pigs, etc., eight stacks of corn, and fifty tons of hay, besides his ploughs, reaping and binding machine, etc. He is now starting a saw-mill, to which grist machinery will be added in the spring, and may fairly look forward to making a really good profit for the next year, with the prospect of continually increasing and develop- ANT. LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. 179 d chance ount. A d indeed a young money — £"700 and lired — an :ess slow, writer of vo years, lut seven d a fair .tion ; he )ws, pigs, tons of binding saw-mill, ^d in the ) making with the develop- ing his business as the country becomes more and more settled. Thus we may hope that his time of real hardship is nearly over, and that he has before him a life of great and varied interest, with every prospect of success from the merely worldly point of view ; but not only so. The emigrant's career need not be only a con- tinual hunt after the almighty dollar, every one for himself, with the devil on the heels of the hindermost. One of the points that struck us most on reading the letters as they came, was the kindness the boy met with from the first day on board the steamer, down to the time he set up for himself. In fact, the obligation he owes, and feels that he owes, to those ex- cellent people at Shore Lake Farm is difficult to calculate. Such people we fear must be rare in a country where the race for money cannot but harden the exteriors of life at all events ; but the remembrance of what he owes to the good nature and assistance of friends i8o LETTERS FROM A YOUNG EMIGRANT. will, we doubt not, keep him always on the alert to do the same for young fellows starting as he did, in a strange land. And then, so far from his life being one of selfish excitement, we may fairly hope from the tone of these letters that while money-making must be the outward gauge of success, yet the life before him may be as useful, and present as many or more opportunities for the exertion of the finer qualities of manhood, as almost any profession. The feeling of relief we felt on reading each letter as it came, and finding that, so far from hardening the boy's character, the hard work and excitement seemed to develop the better side of his nature, has been our chief induce- ment to publish them. Surely many a young fellow now hopelessly struggling with his com- petitive examinations, might with advantage to himself exchange slavery at his crammers for such a life with all its hardships. These letters at all events give a true and unvarnished NT, on the rting as far from we IP ay ^rs that Dutward m may r more le finer )fession. ig each iar from d work \ better induce- . young is com- itage to lers for e letters irnished LETTERS FROM A YOUXG EMIGRAX'J. i8i account of what he would have to expect, and what he might fairly hope for, and, unless we are blinded by our partial it\', show that, how- ever hard and uphill ma}' be its course, there is a bright side to the emigrant's life. THE END. PRINTEI> »Y Wir.LIAM CI.OWKS AND SONS. I.IMtTEt>, I.ONnf>N AM) lUXCI.K.S. KE A LIST OF KEG AN PAUL, TRENCH & CO:S PUBLICATIONS. ikSj. I, Palcntostcr Square, London. A LIST OF KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. -♦4- CONTENTS. 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