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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est film6 d partir de I'angle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 m P mm / i^ II ai':OLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA (i. M. DAWSON, C. M.G., L.L.D., F. R. S., DiRECToa REI^ORT ON THE SURFACE GEOLOGY OP iSlEIDi m BRUNSWICK, NORTH-WESTERN NOVA SCOTIA AND A PORTION OP PRTXCE EDWAED ISLA:S^D Til ACCOMPANY J SHEET MAPS, NO. 2 S.E., NO. 5 S.W. AND NO. 4. N.W. IlY ROBERT CHAOIERS, F.G.S.A. OTTAWA l'l:iNTi:i) l!V S. E. DAWSON, I'RIXTKR TO THE QUEENS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1895 Ill To Dr. (J. M- Dawson, C.M.G., F.R.S., Etc., Director of the Geolotjical Survey of Canada, Ottan-a. jjiu^ — Herewith I beg to present you my report on the Surface (ipuloiiv of ojisterii New Brunswick, north-western Nova Scotia, and a lortiDii of Prince Edward Lshmd, accompanied by the tln-ee quaiter- .het't iiiiips No. 2 S.E., No. 5 S.W. and No. 4 N.W. illustrative thereof. The report embraces the results of the tield-work carried on during the tour seasons of 1890, 1891, 1892 and 1893. Permit me to express my sincere thanks to the gentlemen named Uldw f<»r assistance and various acts of kindness : — To P. S. Archi- ii;il(l, Cliirf Engineer of the Intercolonial railway, and his assistant, \V. 1>. .Miickciizie, C.E., for maps, plans and profiles, and for valuable iiifiiniiiition at all times cordially given ; to J. K. Cowan, Managt-i' of the Cuniherland Railway and Coal Company, for permission to copy the protiU's of the Springhill and Parrsboro' railway ; to H. G. C. Ivtohuni, C. !■]., for important information respecting the Chignecto MiuiiH' Tnmsport railway, and for the results of observations on the tides of Cumborland Basin, at the head of the Bay of Fundy, and of Baie Verte in Northumberland Strait. To Dr. Thomas Harrison, President of the University of New Brunswick, J. E. Connors, Chatham, and Artimr Newbury, Charlotitetown, P.E.I., I am indebted for barometric rtii'liu^'s tiiken at the respective meteorological stations under their cli;u';.'e. W. C. Milner, Collector of Customs, Sackville, and B. E. Pateison, of the Amherst J'reits, formerly of the Chignecto Post, have phiced me under obligations for data relating to the salt marshes at thi headof Cumberland Basin ; and W. H. Crosskill, of the Legislative Lii)rary, Cliarlottetown, kindly presented me with reports and p.ipers t rent i Mi; of tlie geology and natural resources of Prince Edward Isliind. Tm the many other friends who have, year after year, aided me in the prosecution of my work, but whom it would be impossible to name here, I desire to offer my grateful acknowledgments. I have the honour to be, sir. Your obedient servant, ROBERT CHALMERS. OnAWA, January, 1895. n r r^JI NoTK. — The bearings given in this report are all referred to tlie true meridian, and the elevations to mean tide level, unless otlierwis^ stated. REPORT ON THB SURFACE GEOLOGY or mm NEW BRUNSWICK, NORTH-WESTERN NOVA SCOTIA AND A I'OUTION OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND TO ACCOMPANY J SHEET MAPS, NO. 2 S.E., NO. 5 S.W. AND NO. 4 N.W. BY ROBERT CHALMERS, F.G.S.A. INTRODUCTION. Tlip fullowiiig report embodies the results of the surveys and explor- Area (in.rcd Mions ciinicil on by me in Northumberland, Kent, Westmorelaiul and Albert counties, New Brunswick ; Cumberland county. Nova Scotia ; ami tlie central part of Prince Edward Island, during the seasons of hM'Jl-liL'-"j;?. These areas embrace one of the most interesting and uipnitaiit lii'lils of investigation to be found in eastern Canada, both as re;;iinis tlicii- surface geology and their agricultural resources, and present u> tho student a great variety of questions for correlation and Hudy, Tiie detailed work descriljed in these pages has resulted in the Results of in- (liscoveiy of a large number of facts, many of them new, especially those ^«-'t'^'i*tiuns. showing the relative eflfects of land ice and floating ice in the Pleistocene period, which are better exemplified in this region, perhaps, than elsewhere on the coasts of North America. The eastern and south- eastern limits of the land ice which covered that portion of Canadian territory lying south of the valley of the St. Lawrence River, between ur 6 H NEW HRUXHWICK, NOVA HfiOTIA AND P. E. ISLAND. Gaspe and the Bay of Fimdy, were traced out approxiiiiatcly uiul i\,. fined. The conclusion tlmt tiio ic«-liniits in this direction wore uniiwdn,. pfiniod by terminal moraines will be presented and facts u kluitd showing the probable cause of such conditions. An att('iii|ii «illni„, bo made to define tlu; dimensions of the s(!veral local yliuicrs wlml, occupied the country in the ice aye, as far as tlie data at hand cnabli' me to do so ; and their connection and relation to tlie lander icesheits which had their sources in the Appalachian liange to tlie north-wo! will be pointed f)Ut. Data demonstrating beyond questiun iIk; ,.xi, tence and action of floating ice in the Pleistocene were obtaiinil, an,! will receive adequate treatment in tiiis report. Changes of livil liuiin.' the later Tertiary and Post-Tertiary periods, which wit Inn the lii«t decade have been much discussed, were carefully invcstigiitiil ; shun. lines were levelled in a great number of places and a Ixidv of fmt. obtained which will elucidate this (jucstion with niofe awuriuvm detail than has yet been attempted. The region olli'icd s|Hciii; advantages for a study of this kind and the results, it is liojicd, arpiit value. The physical features and remarkable tides of the llavm Fundy were considered worthy of special study and sonic s|i;ni' wi be devoted to a discussion and explanation of their origin. The wid, dispersion of boulders from the higher to the lower groumls, aivi occasionally in a contrary direction, is a subject whith also nwivnl careful in([uiry. The distrilmtion of crystalline boulders timii th- central highlands of New lirunswick over the whole Cailiniut'erini- plain to the east, and upon the western part of Prince Kdwaid I.'^iaiul came under observation and will be discussed in the .sei[iul. Tin occurrence of sandstone boulders on the summit of the Ctpl)ei|uiii ^fountains, apparently derived from the Carboniferous plain un tlie north, from 200 to 400 feet lower, was a problem to whii'li wc al-" endeavoured to find a solution. Horse-backs, osar, ui kumts, nt which there are some good examples in the maritimi^ jxuvinces, wpiv studied in their relation to the Pleistocene drift, to the (liaiiia;,'e "t the respective districts in which they occur, and to imst-irlaiiiil denudation, river-terraces, etc. A considerable amount of field investigation has been bestowed upjii the pre-glacial sands, gravels, angular boulders, etc., usually calle'l residuary, which have been found in different parts uf tlio rei,'ioii, iiiid their relation to the glacial and post-glacial deposits traced as far a.s it was possible to do so. These materials are much more connnon than has hitherto been supposed. The dunes of sand which skirt tin' coa>t of the Carboniferous area on the mainland and the north east sideot Prince Edward Island, and are especially well developed around the y ■■ ! : ■KIN. INTHODUCTION. t M M i.'il'''' " f:'l'">ils, have receivwl special attentiun. Ono of tlio must iiii|Hiitaiit of the supcrftfiiil deposits of tiie district around the head of .;,„ |',,i\ ut Fundy is the marine alhivium, known as salt marsh, tlic i,i,,|i' ot tipi'MiJition and economic aspects of wliicii were carefully in- vistii.'iitt'l. Everywhere within tlu! rej,'ion under examination the iliiiaiter of the soil and its suitability to agriculture were noted, and ;,„i' iiitcntion was also j^iven to the forest j^rowth, the area still covered iiv tin' oiii;iiiiil forest heinj^ ma))ped as accurately as possible. In tlif txjiniination of the surface geolof,'y of the areas under review, I'ditiuiH of nil ;iico«;silile parts of the country were exploreil, every road travelled JxpioiJii. ,,ur. tlif liills and mountains a.scended and their altitudes measured with aiiiMoid or otherwise, rivers and lakes examined with canoe or on t'uMt. mill /IS careful and accurate an investigation of the superficial i>|i,'iiiiini'na made as the means at my disposal and other circumstances ■AullU ]"Tlllit. l'liotoi.'rai>hs of glacial stria', shore-lines, sections of the superficial nimi.al stiiu; 111*- ,i,|,.i>its, etc., were taken during the seasons of 1892 and 1893, some ^.tL.'' I'hoto- it whiili ixliil)it the ditfei'ence between striation produced by land ice Ki'ni'l"* uf- iiul tliat jiroduced by floating ice. Several remarkable sets from the l-iliiiiu> of (.'liignecto, the Cape Tormentine peninsula, and the Baie l'« Cluilt'ius district, show the diverse movements of the striating i.'tiit. iiml lannot have been produced by other than the latter agency. In the tiild-work of the four .seasons embraced in this report I was AssistantH. i"i-icil liy the gentlemen named below : — In 1890 by John H. Mc- |i.iimM. of Mrockville, Ont., and for part of the se.ason by Wm. J. WiKoiK ill 1S91 by Mr. Wilson and W. D. Matthew, of St. John, Nl!. liut only for a few months ; in 1892 Mr. Wilson was with mo \ muIkpIc season, and K. C. Cochrane, of Brockville, Ont., from the :"tli of May till the 10th of September. In 1893 Mr. Wilson alone w;i> my til-Id assistant. The preparation of the maps for the engraver, quarter-sheets Nos. 2 Maps. S.E.. •") S.W. and 4 N.W., las been largely accomplished by W. J. WiK.m. Tlif surface geology of those portions of New Brunswick and Nova Soitia iiKJuded in this report were cursorily referred to by the writer iiiul l)r. i;ils in the reports of 1885, where partial lists of the strite "vere imblislied.* Tiie surface geology of Prince Edward Island is described in Dawson Previous work mil Harrington's report.t 'Amiiial i;.|K.rt, Geol. Surv. Cai^ Vol. I. (X.S.), 1S85. Parts E and (JC. +Ki|"iit Mil the (leological Structurf and Mineral Resources of P.E. Island, by ■^1 J. H'. |)iiwson and Dr. B. J. Harrington, 1871. in region f^ To|K)frrft|)hicHl featurcH, Albert I'ouiity, N.B, 8 M NEW IlltUNHWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND P. R. ISLAM). ToPOnKAPIIICAL AND PbYoICAL FkATURKH. Tho topographical features of large portions of the inaiMliiiKJ ni the area under diHcuH.sion are those of a flat and uiiintercstiiiir i)|jij„ Where this area is occupied by Middle CarlMiniferous rocks, tlic sur- face has, in a general way, a slight descent toward NortlmiiilicrliitKl Strait, voried to some extent hy low, wide undulations, tlic uxcs (,f which trend nearly east and west. In the isthmus of Clii^iictn nnd in those parts of Cumberland county. Nova Scotia, lying iioiili of the Cobe rocks in the latter district (that is, those in proximity to tlie eivstjil line ridges of southern New Brunswick and the Colie(|ui(l.s in NHvii Scotia,) have suffered more disturbance than tlu^y have in the central iiait of the great triangular basin. In Albert county. New I'runswick, the north-east prolongation of the crystalline ridge or plateau ivft rred td, which stretches along the north-west side of the Ray of I'lnulv, rises in broken ridges and mountains to an altitude of 1,.'{00 or 1,400 feet, Shcpody Mountain, which was a station in the Admiralty Survey, being 1,050 feet high. The general slope of this eKn-ated eoinitrvis towards Shepody Bay ; but the north east extnimity inclines towards the east, north-east and north-west. These highlands arc, liowever, much denuded and trenched wherever the crystalline series ai(! over- lapped by Lower Carboniferous rocks. They have had an iniiiortunt influence on ice-movements in the Pleistocene period. To the north of the Petitcodiac Biver, about six miles disiimt from Moncton, ridges or hills known as Lutz or Indian Mountain rise from the level Carboniferous plain to the height of 500 or GOO feet above He.irl of Bay the sea. At the head of the Bay of Fundy, between the estii.irvof the Petitcodiac and La Planche Biver, hills and ridges extendini; nearly east and west lie between the tongues of salt marsh runninj; up the valleys of the Petitcodiac, Memramcook, Tantramar, Miss,i(|uash and La Planche rivers, which carry the drainage waters of tlic Isthmus of Chignecto into the head of the Bay of Fundy. Nom- of these ridges exceed 400 or 500 feet in height. The strata are broken and faulted, evidencing disturbance and pressure from both sides, but principally from the side of the New Brunswick crystalline range above mentioned. of Fundv. (Ml'.MfRS TOrOdKAPIIICAI, AND PHYHICAL KKATUBKH. 9 M In the I'lirt of Nova Scotia included in Hheet No. 4, N.W. the Oolieqtiid Col)('(|iii(l IJimKC is the most |irnininent topographical feature. It ex- """'"'""• tiiids ill fi nearly oast-and-west direction along the north sideof Minas Hi-in, with a widtii of nine or ten miles, and a height of 900 or 1,0(J0 fi'i'i, siiiiii' lit the culminating peaks reaching probably 1,100 feet. i',i(i:ics ixist in some places, notably one at Halfway Kiver, which is inivcrsfd l)y the Hpringhill and Parr8lM)ro' railway, and others at \V(Nti'li('>!|h> nf Siiiiii, .1 ihiiiiIht of hills occur, besides the ridges or anticlinals re- " "'l""'"- urmi to ipii page f< M. Hpringhill, the summit of which is 010 feet aJKPve iiieiiii tide, is the highest ; Clareinont Hill to the east of Spring- hill is ,")C.') feet high. These two lie near the northern ba.so of the t \ilici|iii(!<, where the undulations or distui-bances tonii fruiii seventy-five to eighty feet below the present level, there Mviv fnur or live islands instead of one. Great denudation of the soft rocks of the island formations has taken place, the hills being diiM lather to this cause thiin to orogenic movements. The denuda- tion li:is, however, been largely pre-glacial. The higher portions of ilic inland have suffered less than the slopes and coast districts, and are cuvercil with a thick sheet of residuary material. The Magdalen Islands exhibit some curious topographic features, as Mapflalcn iiiijilit be expected from their non-glaciated condition. Each island ^''•'"'dH. r^ 10 M NKW HUUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND P. E. ISLAND. J seems to have one or more masses of eruptive rocks (dolerite or din- baso, porphyritic and amygdaloidal traps, etc.) which stand u]i in ((ini. cal hills and have disturbed or broken through the Lower CiiihonitVi'- ous sediments. The general direction of these hills or lid^cs, wlnio any linear arrangement is apparent, is approximately nortli o.i-;t -.uvl south-west, corresponding with that of the crystalline ridges in N(j\ii Scotia and New Brunswick. KivERs AND Lakes. Rivers Huwing iiit<)Ni)itliuin- bfrJaiulSStriiit. Potitcotliac River. The most important rivers in that part of New Brunswick cnilinuecl in this report are the Southwest Miramichi, the liicliibucto und the Petitcodiao. The Southwest Miramichi is one of the laig(! iiv( r.s of the province, being one hundred and twenty-fiv(! miles in Iciiutli .ilwvc its confluence with the Northwest Miramichi River. Several ut' its tributaries are rivers of no mean size, such for exami)le, as tlif Hcnnus, Dungarvon, Cains, Taxus, etc. A curious feature of this river is tin' proximity of its chief catchment basin to the valley of tlie St. .Idim Uiver, robbing the latter, as it were, of a portion of its watei;;. Tln' Southwest Miramichi, like all the large rivers of New ISrun-wiik, existed in pre-glacial times, its valley having been so deeply (iddeil then as to enable it to affect the movement of the Pleistoeene ice, especially in the latter part of the glacial period. tUiuial stri;i' parallel to its course ai'e found along its sides. The nortli-eiist( liy trend of its lower part and of its principal affluents, the Kcikhis, Dungarvon, Cains, etc., indicates that the watershed se|>:uMtinj; its waters from those of the St. John River, was higher, relati\ely to the adjacent district to the north, in pre-glacial and glacial times, tli:in ;il present. The rivers flowing into Northumberland Strait, betwoon ilio Miramichi and Pictou, Nova Scotia, are unimportant. Their silted up estuaries denote that the coast region is in a partially sul)nii'ri;('d condition compared with what it was in the Pliocene or late Tniiuy age, when the valleys, now buried in sediments, underwent tlieii liiiid touches of erosion. Of the rivers flowing into the head of the Bay of I'luidy, the Petitcodiac and the Maccan are the largest and most ini]i(irtant, and exhibit some remarkable features deserving of more than a jias^ini,' remark. The first-mentioned of these has a singularly curving edinse, and in the estuarine part shows unique physical peculiarities. I he non-tidal part, or that between Petitcodiac and lioumlary Creek stations, Intercolonial railway, to which the name " I'etiti udiao SLAXD. rlolerito or dia. itand uy in coni- wer Ciirlioiiit'cr- n- ridi^'fs, whi.io iKirtli oast and ridges in Ni,\a swifk cnihraoed libuctd and the largi! rivi'i's of in length above Sevci'al lit' its as tlu! Itciiiius, his river is the of tlie St. .|,,l„i ts waters. Th^' e\v lirun^wick, deeply eroded Pleistoeeiie iee, (iiaeial .sti'iii' i noi'tli-easterlv s, tlie i tenons, separating; its elatively to the times, tlian at , hi'twei'n I he Their silted iip dly sid)niei';'ed V late Trrtiaiy ■eat ihi'ir linal cif I'lindy, tlie inipdrtant, and than a passinj,' nirvini;' eourse, liarities. The undary Creek " I'etitcudiac Rl VEILS AXU LAKES. 11 M Kivcr in'oper'ly applies, is only thirteen miles in Icnytli. Above I'.titcniliac station it is called North Kivor. Tiie latter rises in the iiii:ln'i' _'iiiuii(ls of Lutz or Indian Mountain, eight miles and a halt' liiiiiliiit Moiicton, and Hows south-westward for twenty-two or twenty- tliiee inilfs, (.''., in a reverse direction to tliat of the Petitcodiac Kiver, Hoi'i'i'ly J^" calleil, till it joins tiie latter. The Petitcodiac has, liow- (ViT, scviial ti'iliutaries of considerable length bcsiiles No''th Itivci', iiiil ii \iiy peculiar drainage system. Poilett Kiver, on(! of these tiibutiuie>, (lows northward frnm a source 1,1.'00 to 1,400 feet high in till' pliUcau bordei'ing the IJay of Fundy ; and Coverdale is another tillui'iit rising in the same region. It is not imi>robable that the two iiiittr, Piilli'tt and Coverdale rivers, were, in pre-glacial times, the chief head- wilt (Ts of the Petitcodiac, and that North Kiver, if it had a pre- illaciiil existence at all, tlowed south-westwardly along the valley of the Au:ii,''UKe Kiver into the Kennebeckasis without joining the Petit- iiiliar. This tiieory as to the oi'iginal drainage-l>asin oi the Petit- cuiliac Kiv(>r presupposes somewhat ditl'erent relative levels of the leL'iiiii, that on the north of the river being proba))ly higher, or that tn the sdutli rather lower, than at the present day ; or a slight differ- iiitial u|ilit't of the divide between the Petitcodiac and Kennebeckasis '.vati'is ill the Pleistocene would produce the same result. If, lujw- ivei', Nurtli Kiver is post-glacial this supposition is unnecessary. I'lUt it is in the tidal or estuarine part of the Petitcodiac Kiver that "The biiir"..f tlieiiio.st interesting features occur, and that the singular phenomenon, [^l'.'^^ li'i'vrV o'ili'd "till' bore" is seen. The estuary extends from Folly Point, at the entrance to Shepody Kay, north-westward to "The Keiul " at Mniiiton, wliere it takes a sharp cui've to the south-westward, thence "iiitinuiui,' to Salisbury on the Intercolonial railway, its whole length niiiu thirty two or thirty-three miles. At "The Bend," where the livei's course is somewhat narrow, the tidal wa\e or "'bore" can U.' ■■epu to best advantage. Here it may be observed rushing in as iinaiiiiiii;- l)rcaker (s<>e I'late I.) five or six feet high, with a velocity it six or seven miles an ln.ur. After it passes, the waters tlow in like I rivi'i', slackening oft', however, before the full height of tlood-tide is ivailiwl, The ditl'erence between low and high tide at Monclon is, at sjiiiii!,' tides, forty-five feet, at neap thirty-eight feet. Till' fill I tide sets out, at first, slowly, but after an hour or two rushes il'ii;.' like a mill-race, the water sinking rapidly until the bare nmddy tliaiuiel is exjiosetl and finally the river becomes a snmll meamlering stroaiii in ili(> bottom. This continues for two hours or more, when Cain till' rushing waters of the " boro " are heard and soon sweep iw at their usual velocity. 12 M NEW HHLNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND P. E. ISLAND. MaccanKivor, " bore" of. TiUitrainar KiviT. IIclxTt and Mac'caii rivers. In the Miiccan River, which discharges into Cunlierland Hasin a similar " bore " occurs though not as high as that of the Petitcodiac, At spring tides these tidal phenomena are of course seen to full advantage. The winds have also at times the effect of prodnciu" a perceptible difference in the height. A south-west wind may lui'vcnt the recession of the tides to their lowest possible level, and of nmisf the incoming wave which follows will not be so high. Other noteworthy peculiarities of the tidal phenomena of the Uav ot Fundy will be referred to later on. The Tantramar, which is chiefly a tidal river, also exhibits toitiiin phenomena of a remarkable kind along its course. The sfdiniciit i(jiii. posing the I5ay of Fundy salt marshes is known to be a finely dixiikd material, and is carried in l)y flood tides and deposited along estuaries and on ovei'Howed niarslies. This operation of nature is, perhaps, heller n- emplified along the river referred to than elsewhere, in proof of wlikli it is noticeable that the marsh surfaces are higher immediately on Ijutli sides of the river than at some distance from it, and that the inatirial there is oxidized. Certain imrtions of the salt marshes ai-e mnv iinilcr going artificial reclamation fi'om the blue coloured, mossy, ''u(jiky" marsh, by draining and by allowing the spring tides to overllow them and deposit this red oxidized sediment. A considerable acreage of excel- lent marsh land near Sackville has thus been brought into a conditiunto produce abundant crops of hay. llebert and Maccan rivers, both of which flow into Cuinbcrlaiid Basin, likewise exhibit some singular features in their draina^'o systems. These rivers rise in the northern slopes of the C'olicijuid Mountains, but the INFaccan has branches joining it from tlie north and east as well, i.e., from the high grounds of Springhill and Leiie-lcr, and ha;:, therefore, a prettj' large catchment basin. The catehiiieut basin of lliver Hebert is, on the contrary, small, the main soiiri i the river being in a valley or pass in the Cobetjuid Mountain-, tiirnii;,'li which the Springhill and Parrsboro' railway runs. Th(( origin of this pass is one of the difficult problems appertaining to the suif'ace p'oldity of the region. It does not .seem to be due to a fault or disloiatimi, but mainly to erosion. It is certainly pre-glacial but post-Carhonifernus. Connected with this pass are two valleys, one through wliirh itiver Hebert flows, the other extending from Halfway Lake to SoutliMiiip ton, thence along Maccan River to Athol and Maccan stations, Inur colonial railway. These valleys afibrd evidence of having been occupied by the sea during the post-glacial subsidence of the liiiitl, gravel- and sand-terraces and water-worn deposits being abundi'.nt in ISLAM). [«>iii{ii). I LAKES. 13 M berl.ind Biisin, a le Petitcotliac. urse seon to full , of producing' a ind iiiivy jirovint si, and of course ena of tlio l!a\ of exhibits cortiiiu ^he sedinnMit cdin- le a finely clixiilwl loiiii I'stuiiriisiiuil )erliaps, bciui' fx- in proof of wliiili nnpdiatcly iiiiljuth that llio miUiiiiil les are now uiulir- i, mossy, "corky , to overllow tlii-in lie acreau'e of cxa'l- into a condition to into Cuiiil)C'rl;inil 11 their (iraimmf of the (.'ol)i'(iui(l from the nordi and ill and Leicester, The catclinu'iit 10 main sourci' ot ountains, tlirou,i.'!i rh(* origin of this le surface geolou'v i\t or dislocation, lOst-Carhonifcrous. uj:;h which llivcr ake to Houthanip- an stations, luicr- of having hem lu-e of the wml, sing aliundant in tlitiii- '^ remarkable gravel ridge called the " Boar's Back," which will 1)6 described in the seijuel, stretches along the valley of River Hebert. Viewing the drainage-basin of Maccan and Hebert rivers as a Pre^rlacial ivhole, especially in its relation to the pass in theCobequid Mountains V|"'|''"^. through which the Springhill and Parrsboro' railway runs, it appears Huliurt livtrs. tobpuot improbable that in pro-glacial ages the waters of these rivers t'luml outlet southward through the pass referred to into the Basin of Minas, and may have been the agent of erosion to which it owes its Hiisfiii. Tins erosion must date from a very early geological period, Iwving commenced when the relative levels of the country were difFer- mt, ami previous to the elevation of the Cobetjuids, subsequent ei'osion iinil uplift going on concurrently until the advent of the ice age. The pass is now largely drift-filled, especially in the central part, the drift raati-rial tliere being due to g'acial and post glacial deposition. The (lillVrcntial uplift of the Cobequid Kango since that date relatively to till' Carlioniferous area lying to the north, has caused this drainage to iiccome partially reversed and to seek e.scape by the existing channels. This ([uestion will be discussed in further detail on a following page. yiiiio of the rivers of Cumberland county flowing into Northuniber- laiid Strait exhibit any noteworthy features, except, perha])s, Wallace Kiver, which ailbrds proofs of once having been the outlet of Folly Lake. A slight rise of that lake would still allow it to overllow in tlie liircition uf tins river. Tiie change in the drainage here has (loul)tless ijtiu caused by the same orogenic uplift of the Cobequid Mountains that caused the northward flow of the Maecan and Hebert rivers, viz., till' late upheaval or upheavals of that range relatively to the country t"tln' luirth. L,\KKS. The lakes of the region are small and but few of them seemed to Lake; i"|iiirc special investigation. Several of the lakes on sheet N<\ '.' S.E. are bordered by mounds or gravel ridges produced l)y the >liove of the ice which covers their surfaces e\i'iy winter. One of till I' at the head of the south branch of Mu/rolls P.rook, a branch of C'iiius lliver, has a kanie on one side, and anothersnuill lake about the !«1 of the niillstream along the Kent Xortli rn I'ailway, called Lake Ei^ii', has a gravel I'idge around its bolder. In eai'ly post-glacial tinu's ^iiwll -hallow lakes must have been numerous in the Carboniferous »M, hut most of them have since been tilled with ])eat. 14 M NEW UHUXSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AN'D P. E. ISLAN'D. Lakfs on Isthnmsof Chigiii'cto. Lakes of tlie C'nllt'<|ni(l ^Louiitaiiis. Follv Lakf. Oriu'iiiof l''()lly Lakf liasin. On the Isthmus of Chignecto, tliere are a number of sniiUl sliallow lakes, arouni) the borders i)f the salt marshes of tlie JJay of I'muly Tliey liave been formed l)y the stoppage of the drainage vhicli tlows down from tlie slopes upon the inner border of these mitishcs. A frin f. of shrubbery grows ai'ound them on the surface of the niiii.sli. W^u- material likewise accumulates in these places. Portions of these uiarslies are now being reclaimed and brought under cultivation by llootliiii; them with the tidal water. The most remarkable lakes of the region are those of tl\e Cobeiiuid ^lountains, including Halfway Lake lying at tlieir noitlicrii liasc. This lake is merely the lemnant of a much larger on(! wliich existed here in post-glacial times. Folly Lake affords evidence on tlw sloiie* of the hills surrounding it, that it stood at one time in iiost-j.'l;uiiil history forty feet above its present level, and overflowed into A\"all;ici' River, the gorge in the Cobequids here, to the north of i'ollv Lake. having in this waj' l)ecn eroded. A rise of from fifteen to twenty tVet in the level of the lake would still enable it to flow in this (lircetimi. ^Founds and ridges of gravel and sand, the material l)ein:; will rounded, occur at both ends of the lake. There is no eviilemeut glacial action in the basin of Folly Lake, or in the gorge to tlie iidith of it ; but a few small water-worn pieces of Carljuniferous sandstone were observed among the local boulders. The origin of the depression in which Folly Lake lies lias not been determined. That the goi'ge or pass has been eroded l)y the aitinn nt running water there seems no doubt. 15ut originally there must have been a catchment basin here in which to stoi'e up this wator-powir, and the (piestion is, how was this formed? The only sohitionof the problem seems to be that it was orogenic, the existing topography, indeed, supporting this view. A circle of hills surrounds the deprtssiun forming the lake basin, and it is jirobable that jirevious to tlie foriuatinii of the gorges extending northward and southward from lAiIly Lake, it held in the larger body of water, the old shore-lines ot which w.n' observed at a heiglit of forty feet above the present iake-surfaoe. That this high-level, ancient, post-glacial lake is rock-rimnied seems pretty certain. iSevenal of the small lakes on the summit of the Cobe(|ui(ls eoiitain infusorial earth which will be referred toon a subse(juent page. Bay of Fixdy. Biiyof rundy: The name of this bay is said to have been given to it by llio early oripin of the Portuguese exploiters. It was called by them Baya Fonda or Fuiida, 'ir ISLAXI). [UIIMEBI. HAY OF FUNDV. 15 M of small shfillmv 3 Jlfiy of Fundy. nage which Hows larslies. Afrini-e 10 iiiai'sh. Pi^atv IS (if these iimi>li(;s ration by tloudiiii; 3 of the C()l)e'|ukl lir noi'thei'ii luisc. ano whicii existed ■nct^ on liie slo|ie< me in jiost-glacial )wed into Widlaci' til of K(dly Lake, H'Pii to twenty t'ltt ■ in this (lircctimi. atf'i'iiil Ijeiiig well is no evidence lit ;or<;e to tiie iiei'th niforous sandstone e lies has not hoeii liy tile aftioiii't there tmist havo this water-piwiT. SoluticiM of till' stiiiu lo|ioL.'i'aiiliy. IkIs llieclepivv-inli , to tlie t'oi'iiiati"ii oiii V'ldly i,ake, it of wliiLdi \\t'i'i' ake-sui-f.u'e. That noil seems jiretty Coliequids contain [ueiit page. to it Ijy the farly i'dula or Funda, nr Diep I!'}'' "expressing not the depth of its waters, but the depth to whitiiit iieneti'ated the continent." * During the French ociupation yt the country it was called "La Jjaie Frainjaise, or La Grande Uaio de ja Fian ; lise," hut this like other French names of places in this region was when the l^'rench gave up possession of the country, replaced by what appi'ars to have been the original name anglici/ed. Some ot tlie physical features of this remarkable bay were briefly ,|i.M.Til)e(l ill a previous report, f It^ pheuonienal tides, which are best exhibited in the eastern and TiiUn of, iiiiitli-easiiMii extremities, rise from fifty to Hfty-Kve feet alxtve low- tide lev( I. The entire length of the Bay of Fundy to its inner ixticmities, supposing its mouth to Ije at (iraiul Manan Island, is alioiit one Inindred and forty-five miles, its width at the mouth forty. ti:;iit miles : between Digby Gut and the mouth of the St. John Uivcr turty miles, and from the entrance to Minas Dasin to Salisbury Hay, ihirtv-tivo miles. The bottom of the bay has a gradual ascent from till' mouth to the north-east extremities, the depth below mean tide l.vtl at the former place ranging from seventy to one hundred and ten tathems. Taking an average gradient of the bottom of the bay from its laoiitli to the head of Shepody Bay, we find tlnit it is not less than fiiui' feet per mile. Of course it has many ine(|ualities, and rises aliruptly towards the shore in some places, but on the whole is remark- ililv uniform for a bay the waters of which are affected by such I'uwrrtul i/iirrents. hi referenee to the tides of the Bay of Fundy, it can be seen from Rise and fall iiipxainination of the charts of the British Admiralty Survey, and of ['! ,','' '"'''*"' J •' ' the r>ay of ly United States Coast Survey, that immediately outside of the mouth Fumly. tthi' i)ay they rise higher than in the open ocean, the sea apparently 1 'inu' lieaped up against the coast of the mainland. For exani])le, south "tPiilmico liarbour. Nova Scotia, and just east of Seal Island, the spring lidis rise twelve feet and three quarteis, and neap tides ten feet and a quarter, while near the coast of Maine and west of Machias Seal Idaml, spring tides rise eighteen feet, and neap, fourteen feet and three 'lUiU'ters. "Till' I'l'itUL'Ui'se on tiie North-east coast of Anieiiea, ami tlie first European ;'t<:iiiit ar lol.iiiizatioii tliere. 1>.V the Rev. (teorjje I'attersoii, l).l). Tr.ins. Koval >'«Kv(if Caiiaila, lS!l(», vol. VTIl'. A historv of the I )iseoverv of MMiiie, r.S.,'by ■'.li. Iv.hl. \m1. I., ,.(liieil by Wm. Willis, Po'rtlaiul, Me., Jiailey and Xoyes, l^liU. + .Vimu;tl li,.|,ort, Geol. Surv. Can., vol. IV,. X.S., 1S8S-8!), p. ItlN. ( 16 M NEW BRUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND P. E. IHLAIfli. Kxiilanatidu of tlii'ir rise iiiul fall. Inside of the mouth of the Bay of Fundy, however, the rise in the tides increases more perceptibly as we advance from theinouili tdwjirds the north-east extremity, as shown by tlie following table : Places. DiffbyNwk, X.H L'Ktang Harbour, N.l$ Point lifprcaii l)igl>V', they t'all ,l,,w di'' iiM'an Itivcl of tiir sea ahoiit as far as tliey had risen al)<)vo ii at ih(> tlood. Tiicn follows aiiotiicr aUiioi-nial enndition of tilings; 'ln'Miit'ai'e of the waters of tlie liay ai;uin loses its iiori/.ontality, hut 1, tiiiii' 'iif slope is in {\ir. rescrse dii'ection to that of the llood • ir. vi/.. ti'HM tlu? inner or eastern (vxtreniities of the h ly outwards ;;;! iipwaiiis towarils the mouth. Another etlort is therefori? made M I'l'siiire the ('(|uiiil>riuni, and Xhr great tidal wave rushes in onee ;;i ]ic. This osiillatinL;' ov rythmic tlow and eWli of the Uay of i''undy „,i'i'iN thus giH's on throughoui the ages, and not until the eonloui's I till' Ills' ai'e ehanged from erosion oi' subsidence, and the tidal wave -allnwi'ii to pass over th(! Isthmus of Chiyneclo in'.o Xorthumbcrland ^•jait. will it cease. It lias Imtu assumed that the slopes of tlu! surfa'''' of the I'.ay of I'liiiilv at llool and ehi) tides were regular or com[)aratively so ; hut •'11^ iiiiit'iiniiation of the sides and bottom seriously alVecls, and in somo ; ,in-, iih-i iiicts the tidal llow. The .sk)j)e.s are, therefore, oidy approxi- iriir'v i'i",'ular. It iiiiiv he asked how do we know that tlic ebb tide falls as far below Mciuitidr ill' iiiiim tide level of the ocean, or moan sea-level, in the bays and KiVikIv'-,,''? " i./'ts of the l'>ay of l'\indy as the, llood tide I'ises above it? In answer N'"itlniiiiluT- 1 1 diis wf will state that it lias been ascertained by careful levellings , JVC 11 lomiiion datum in the surveys of the T.aie Verte canal and of tiie L'liiL;iii'cto .Marine Transport railway that mean tidedev(>l, it: ill" It'Vi'l ijf half tides, closely corresponds on both sides of the Fsth- :::ii- nf t'liignecto. I'or exaui[)le, tlu; levels of the Chignecto marine lii'uvay li,i\e their datum one hundred feet below the high-water Djitum i.f .liiikot till' S,i\liy tide, a remarkable tide which occurred on the otii ' lusfiKcto •' _ ^ _ iniiniii' r;iil- t iii'tdlif'i', \!^i\\K From this datum, the iieights of the tidcss at both w.iy. • iiNiit till' marine railway, viz., at the Tidiush dock and at tlu^ Fort l.nvri'iicr (link, havi' been measured, tluring at least one whole season, with till' fullnwiiig results : — At Tidiiisli dock, Haie Verte — l''i..'t. Hiuli uiitor, spring tiiln 7!l' " orihuiiry tiilos 74' Luu wator " ()S-4() At Foit [jawrence dock, Cumberland Hasin — - Fi't't. IlJL'li water, s|)riiig tides !)(>• onliuiU'j' tides Sit' r.i i\\ water .VJ ' ")!• •1 i-'i III l'» 18 M NKW liltUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND V. K. ISLAND, wiiy. CoiTCHiiond- The levellinffs were stinted from tlu) Tidiiisli (lock. ][, (;. c j^,,, tid.' Irvil lit *^''"'"> C.E., of the Chi;,'iiccto luariiio niilway states tliiu 'mIk. i.^. hotli cnils "f trcme ranf,'o of the ti(h's in liiiio Verte was olwerved to Iji- In »'„„, . the ( lii^'liiLtd . , , ,. . . . ■ 11 1 1 > iiiiiiiiii' r;iil- Indies; tlie ordinary ran;^e liciu',^ only 5 feet 7 inches. 'riiii~ wlij],, the fluctuation.s above and Ijelow the mean sea-level wi>io cmlv J t',ct !» inches at liaie Verte, they were at the same time l!) ff|.| alnnc .iikI below mean .sea-level in the l»ay of Kundy at neap tides ;iii(l i' I Nrt ,it sprinj,' tides.''* From the data at hand it has been shown, however, fliat ih,. ||.\,.I of half tides, usually called mean .sea-level, does not sdictlv r(iiivs|ii,iiil on l)oth sides of the Isthnms of Chignecto, tliere beinj,' a dilliMviKr nf a few inches (5 to lOinehes). J»ut this difference is so small that it may well be due to slight errors in tlieobservatictns or in the IcMllin^or The .statement that the tides of the ]>ay of Fuiidy ri-r fniiii iiriv to si.xty feet hiyh, signilics that they rise that miiidicr of rVri aljuv.- low-watermark. Their rise above iho normal mean I i(le-lc\i'| dt' th,' ocean is approximately only half of thesi' ligures. .\sa inaiti'int' fart, the highest tidal How in any part of the liay of i'^iinlv, wliich, a^ already shown, is at Noel Head, in Cobecpiid i>av. is onlv llltvilinr feet above low-water mark, according to the Admiralty siiiviv. In studying the tides of the iJay of l-'iindy the (juestion aiiM^s, wliit was their maximum rise and fall during the Pleistocene pi'iioil, iimip especiidly during that stage when the Istlinnis of Cliiyiiiciu was -ul)- mc!'ge iini at present more than eighteen or twenty feet abo\c ilir Iii;;|i u,\r level of Cund)erland JJasin, in the Jiay of I\iii(ly. Xn 'Irit't lilliii channel crossing th(! isthmus has been foiuid ; on the ((intra it, iIh' rock in sUk api)ears, even in the lowest jibKies, to l)e (mvciciI with boulder-clay, residuary material, etc., ,and has evidently imi sulliTn] greater erosion on the lower hsvels, in post-glacial tiinc-. ilian (iilicr parts of th(; country. JUit there is eviilence which will lie a'Muccd in this report showing tlnit in the Leda-clay and Saxicaxa-saiid |iciiiii! the isthmus was submer,ged to the depth of at least one Inuidicd ami twenty feet. How would tiie Bay of Fundy tides act ihninu' tlii- subsidence ? An in([uiry into their height and (lyiiaini(,' power in ilc wider parts of the ])ay, as it exists at the present day, will, pcrliajis. *'riif ('liij,'ii''('t(i Sliip railwtiv, a liapcr read licfori' tlic ( ':ni;(di;iii Sncicty ■■! Eiiiiiiiccrs at .M(aitrcal, Dec. L'lltli, IS'.ll, liy H. C. ('. Kctcli(iiii. M. la^t. C. V.. t'l'lic Tides (if tile ]*.:i.v (if l'"iiiid,v. J'.y M. .Miirpliy, I'roviiicial |-;iij,'iiiiir. N.>- True. Inst, of Nat. Sck'ncc, Halifax, Nova Scdtia, vol. \'1I., [lagc Is. Tides of till ]5ay iif 1-'iindy ill the riei.-ti'i- cene rHiivlM. HAY OF KL'XDY TIDKH. 1!) M (.'IliuMtTli. WMWV N,i 4rin-Hlli''i till' i-oiili-ai'V, ill'' iiiiiur 1" >t ;,'ui(lo in eluL-idiitin^ tliis (|ue,stion, those piirts of tlio l)uy luiii:: nil wider or dot'iMsr tliiin tlio strait across what is now tiu- l.tlmiM^ "t Ciii;;neclo would he at the time of tlie suhsideiiee rcfei'red ;,,. \\'iiiilu,iii. till' eiinditioi\s favouraldo for hiyh tides would lie diminished I not riiiiiily eliminated. Tlie tidal wavt> which now moves up the i„iv with >ii'li velocity (six to seven miles an hour in some ]>laces) ii-tr.iil lit' lii'iuj^ Ntopped and thrown hack, would then swcM'p across till' i into the open sea beyond. It is not probable, therefore, ;li;ii ihr lidi's woulil rise any higher than they do now in the mouth ut till' liiiy or in the (Julf of Maine; indeed, all tliiii.us considered, tlii'ie Mi'in-- Mil reason to suppose that the hinhest tides during the iii;i\iiiiinii -iMu:e of the submergence referred to would exceed from ten ■ . liUn'li t'l'ct. Hut .ililinimh the tides dui'ing this stage of the Pleistocene sub- I'lusinii frnm 1 • 1 ^ ^ .1 • 1 • n- i^ • . 1 r>av nf I'umlv 11,1 ii.'iMu'i' wi'i'i' Milt as lugli as at i)re.sent, their dynamic ellcct m the ti,i',^,^. ■ ;iM'i!i lit' till' shallow parts of the strait and coast border, which then .\j~itil nil IimiIi sides of what now forms the Isthmus of Chignecto ■ a- viTv '.iii'.it. It was then that the low-lying portions of the i-iliiaiis ii'ccivcd their prcstMit contours, that the i\ennebcckasis V.iili'\ in New Ih'unswick and the Annapolis Valley in Xov.a Scotia Wire I'liiilnl, ir nut wholly, yet received their latest sculpturing, and tliat till' i'ii'ci|iitous sides of the lower Petitcodiac N'alley, tlie ^rem- laiU'iiuk N'ailey and Cumberland J5asin, etc., were carscd out and ta^iiniiiil iieai'ly as we now see them, it must be remembered, liow- '■.■r, ihiit all the valleys, now partially tilled or occupied with .salt miii'sli, WHiilil then be nomparatively empty, and denuding agents would liivf iiatcli greater scope, rill' chief erosion of the isthmus from marine action appears to have i«'iii liming tlu! ujiw'ard movement of the land in the later stage of L'lLicl.iy and Saxicava-sand period. In the earlier stage of the Plii^iiii'ni' subsidence the isthmus would, of course, be covered wholly "1' iiiirtiully liy ice, either land, or lloating ice, or both, and con. ■f'lu.'iitly erosion from the sea would then be less active. Tidal Hi>itiii !iiii>t ihin-efore have been active chielly after the retirement of the ice 1111(1 l)(,'fore the tidal wave was shut off from Northumberland •2\ I ^ 1 1 •20 M NKW llIlL'NSWirK, NOVA Sf'OTIA AM» P. K. Isl.Wl. Ml' iixr Ai'tiiiii ill cli|"i«itiir.; wiliiui lil^. Slrnit and ('(mliiird to ilic l>.iy of l''uiiily, In- tln" clcviiiii.ii ..t t (p|' I lie istlinuis iiliDNt' sca-lcxcl. As suuii as tlic ii>iiii.' ot' till' land in tlic I.cila day ami S saiul pi'r'ind liad l)i'i»iij,'lit the piM-si'iit i,'c(>i,'iM|ildi'al l)aiiii'f liriW(ij| tl,,. liay nf Kundy uiul \(ii'llniml)t'i'liiiiil Strait into cxistcini, iii,. ii,|;,] l\\^■:\\ \va\('. I lii'owii l)ai'k on its. 'If. Won id I tcym to ilc|iosit it> I sand, innd, t'tc, in llic cstnai ics and i)ays. Tliis |ii'occss iia> lU'tivc ()|n'fation siiu-i', and it is in tiiis way tiiat tlic sed' 'MI'ili'll i,t ImtM ill llrlil. III' II' artloii ,,[■ tin tho oxtt'nsi\(' salt niai'sjics lia\(! aiHrinniilatcd, 'j'j tidal wa\(! in the noitli-castrrn cxlrcniitics of tin' Itay "i |'ii'„| tliiTct'oic aci'inniilatiM' and not d("-t rut'l i\c, tlial i-. ii di' rial wIh'I'c it is tliinwn iiarl< on itself, lnu fiiitliiT dow n the li.n-^ win it } I- [I'ldt-. 111,11,.. fci'civcs no clirck to its onwai'd pi'd^fess, its i'i'usi\(' [loucr, v>i "Tiallv on t III' sliiirc M'ly ureat. Flow mill lO.l. |)„,.i,,^r till- niaNinnnii suhsidcn.'c of tlic land in tlic I'IiImi ill Inter I'lii-t- tiiri'lli', period the tidal wiiM' or current may liav> |iassed o\cr the siil,|||,.|.,,.|| Islhiinis of ('liii,'neeto in liotli dirci'tions, at the llood riuiiiiiiL; iimtli- eastwardly tliri)niL;li what tiieii formed a st rait hetwcrii Nc\i Diun,. wio'c aixl Xova Scotia, and at tho chh in the rc\i diivri lull irmii Northiimlieiland Strait or the (liilf of St. Lawre lice, iiilo u li.ii iv iiiiw tiie liayof l''undy and At l.int ic < )ce.in. Krosion would then, no duiilil, lie |iowerful, iiut not as powerful as at, tlu^ present day, as the tiihil oscillatioixs would 1)(! sinular to what they arc now in llic ii]>rii .unl wider parts of th(^ liay. It was prol)al)ly durinii; the early stairc of the subsidence mciiii iiiii'ii that the isthmus received its linal 'd.iciatioii from the llc.itiii^ in Jami 1 111 lietwci n L'riiice Edward Island on tlic oi ic ll.'iliil, ;i|ii| III! the other, the liij,dier i,'rouiids of Now Brunswick and Non.i IS.-ntiann both sides of the isthmus. Tiiis ieo iiioNcd chielly from Ni)riliiiiii- berland Strait south-westwanl into tho open waters of tlir -.m iiuw forming the J>ay of Fuiidy, hut also p.irtially in the rc\ciM. (liicciiuii. The evidence heariny on this i|uestion will lie l)roui;lit f(ir«.,iil nn a later pa''e. Oiifriii I if the Tho ori.iiin of tho groat depression in whieii the liay of I' B:iy 1 if Fiiiuly iimlv lU's [■1>1'CS>|I)11, is a question the adeijuato discussion of whicli wouhl le.id ii- t'.u' link in geological history. Prof. 11. V. Hind sjieaks of it as ,i valley i if erosion,* and this is doubtless j)artially correct ; liut ori^'iii^iHy it iii»>t have been formed by crustal movements, though at wlmi L;iii|n:,'iial period is not evident. The Carljoniforous rocks bordering Nnitlniiii berland Strait are but .slightly disturbed, but when wo cmss the l>tli A Preliliiiiiary Keport on the Geology of New liruiiswick, 18(1.*). ■ AMI. inli (it' 1 III' uxi, y illiil >;i\ir.i\ii- iiT licl Uii II tl|,. lll'lU'c. llir lid.il : its Imii'(|i'|i (if •SS llM,- lli'fll ill IC SI'lli'lH'lit, (i) ■ net ion cil' the iiy lit' l''ii'iily i- lll'|li>Mls lllllll'- II I 111' liay, wlinv |ll)\\ IT, l'-|irri,lllV till' riiiMii'i'iii' T t 111' •-uliiiii'r.'i'il (I rniniiiiu iimili- •cell Nru I'llllli- SC ijirrrl iiill Ir'illl illlii W li:il i> |iii« 1 llll'll, llHlllt, lav, as till' tiil.il in t 111' iij.rli Ullil dl'lici' Ilirllliiill'M till' lliialin- in- II' liauil, ami mi Nii\M S'"li.i "II t'niiii Nnrilitiiii- it' the -ra lliiW ■\i'r>r liilPrtioll. t t'iir\v;'rii "H :' (.i.«i««- ullliilN (IF Tllf: HAV OK llMiV DKI'lll'^SIoN. M av lit' Fiiiuly lies 111 ii< far buck it as a valli'V nt ri-iiially it iiiiK what ^niliiiiiciil crin.i,' Nnrtlmm- cross till' Istli- ■;(i.). iiiiis lit' <'iiit,'iu'i.'ti> ti> tlic lii'ud (if llic I'jiy of I'mnly H nun k( d dilTcr ,ii,i' ill tlii'ir |iiisitii>ii 1111(1 ill iIk! striiclurt' ot' tlic lied-, is tniiiiil. 'I'Ik! |,iitti'r ( irlMinit'fi'ous fhcfc in utMicridiy t'ojdcd luid tlirowii into liiiilily liltiil aititiidi's, wiiili' till' Middle' C'lii'lioiiit'iToiis (.Millstone urit), lliiiinjli III many jilaces (ii'cii|)yin'4 !i liori/oniul attitude lias, on the ,v,.,t ii('s, innjeitiiii,' iiitn t'lii^ii't'io l>ay and i'\en C'ajie Clii^'iiecto itself apiicar to lia\i' alsu uiiilcru'diii' ilill«'i'''"'''''l I'l'''" '''''''^'^''' ^" ''"' "'oast holder of .Noitlniiir iiiiliiiiil Strait, and doiilitless were alFei'ted Ijy the saiiie oriinciiii' iii- ;!iii'iii'i's a- till' ('olie(|iiid .Mountains tlieinselves. 'riiespi|iii'iu f lluse iiiiM'iiH'iils M'i'iiis to have liceii, an uplieiual after the Lower Carliuiii- yi'iiuv I It liiin,' the siilisidi'iice in tiu- recent period. This (luestion will, liiiwcviT, I"' referred to in detail, wlicn I conic to treat of tlio clianu'cs o^ il wliirli I'liik place here in the 'rerliary and I'nst -'I'erl iary jierinds. rill' rni>ial oscillations to which the i'.ay of h'lindy valley is due II), tlnri'fiire, to liaM' lieeii to a lari,'e extent local, at least they were , H'li iiinii' intense iiniiiediately around it than in the re^'ion of Niiilmiii'ii'iliuid Strait. I'l\ideiii ly tlie uriyin nf this depre.-sion has i«i:i (li'l I'liili'iit upon and diisely related to the crystalline ra ii^i's nn liitli siili's iif till' hay, the proxiinity of which doul)tless led to so !!iiiili Imal ilisturhanc(! of tiie ( 'arlioniferoiis and otiier rocks, as referred ■ : r|iliia\al and denudation ha\e hcen proceediui,' in some instances ':Ti'l,iti\ilv and /mr! /in.ifii, and iia\('. hrouj^lit ahnut iiii|iortant Mii^rsiii till' surface featui'os. The cxcaNalioiiof the \ alle\'s now I iii]iii'i| li\ the estuaries of the I'etitcodiac, Meinraincook, Tantraiiia'' 1 1. 1 riiinlie risers, which have in Post-Tt rtiary times lieeii partially ■ rilv.iili ljiiiil(ler-clay, salt marsh deiiosits, etc., indicati.'s intense and I T"iiiiii,'cil ernsioii. Till' [iliysiial features and dynamic action of this romarkahh.' hay liavi'lit'iii thus dwelt upon, because it occupies a valley where intense fi 'IS liavi' llll'll find are still in operation, and where the formation of ■iii iiiiir-lic-- in the Itecent Period is exhiliited on a scale umiaralleled '.-iwhi'iv ill Canada. Nor have we on any other part of the North .liiiciiwui coast evidence of such a Ifustwoithy character respectin;^- '.:;" -iili-iilciicc of the coast in the latest epucli of its geohjgical i:i-t.irv. h' 1 ' l.l'i nist; .lwl.lv 1 lim \ 1 nil lit-, I ' 22 M NEW HRUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND P, E. ISLAND. Cliiin(»'f.s It'Vfl in Ti'i'tiiirv l'i.st-Tir of lllt inturiii ution available respecting the oscillations of level on the Atlantic coast of Canada, especially in the region lying between tin; niDutli i.t 8t. Lawrence Kiver and the International boundary. The fnlltjwing table embodies the results of this investigation : Tal lie (if (-leva- tions and subsidi'uces. \'Ai' vat ion of I'llivatinii in la- li;Kiii>st IMeis- Sulisi i'lici- ill ter 'l' fitiaiv toeeneor Jiost- the l{e»'lltl'i- No. Localities. aliovc mean ^laeial siiore rii II hel.iw tidcdi'vi'l, in line a li.i v !■ nil ail till.- fci't. ni e an t i d e- IrM 1. ill fi'-t. level, in feet. Kastfhx t^>Ll:HKl'. 1 AlimfT 'IVniisiiiiiata Ry., near Ki\ iiTc du Loup sta- tion, l.C.ll Xot known, Init S40 or \iiiward.s in uioutli of Sa- ^nirnay 11 i v er o|i|iositi- KiviiTi' dn 1jou|i lis (bar.) Niitk Ill mil. 2 I'x'twt'cn Kivii're dii Lnup 3 and Stc I'lavit* This liasin ISO ft. 34:. to 375 (bar.). (-lasiH^ liasin dffphc t w fvn Capes Ihiileaiid Ilaldiuiand .... 225 to 230 .. 4 Port Daniil, on north side of niimtli of JJaif des C'lia- lenrs Not known 225 ti ) 250 .. o HctwccnCai'lcton and Maria in llaic dcs (.'liali'Uis .. 200-1- C West of Xouvflle liivi'rand lii'twi'i'n tiiat and Scau- nifnac 215 to 220 M M uf I'lS- Sulisiili'iie.. ill tlifKi'cwitl'i- ore ri(i(l lu'lnu" V I! d c et. nil' a 11 tiil>- lfVi/1, ill fci-t. c-..E«a.J TERTIARY AND POST-TKUTIARY CHANGES OF LEVEL. 23 M Ldcalitit'M. ,,, . . , Kl<'v;itioii (,f JMt'vatioii 111 lii- 1 ||ig|„,st l>\t.\s. ti'i- Ti'itmry i tdceii.Di- pust- iil'ovj. iiif.aii j Klacial siu,iv tult-levcl, 111 I line above "■''f- I III can t idf- ! level, in feet. Siilisideiiee in thelfeceiitl'e- I'iiJil li e 1 II \v mean tidi. It'Vel, in feet. XlOW liliLX.SWICK. Xear |lalli(iu>ie .riinctidii, ■ 1.1 '.iJ., (Ill sdutli .side of l!f>lij^''iiiulie i{iver Xr:ii' l'.,iiliui'sr. on road to |iiiiilo|i .vettleiuont Ni'iir <'ara(Hiette, wjuth of liai'liniir 73 at least, at iiiontli of Meta- pedia Itiver; !M) atiiioutliof lie.s- tigoiiclie iJiver.l223atendof trap ridfre ; |irolialil\ In^diertlianiior- Xot known. 188 10 to .'lO or niore.ll.'iS (liar.) iiial(spirit level) .'lat least, accord- ii'K to |ieat bed atCiiarlo. T) to 10. :"< to 10 between Kt. Simon Inlet aii7 v ^■•ar i;e,Ty-s Mills station,; ' " , ;. ,, , — Aot known liMliaii .Mountain, nortli of ln":r:d:r--,ijaee-f„rtlieri^'''^"^^'""-' last, .aliiii^' south base ofl iii'liaii or i.utz -Mouiitaini „ At ililW,,,!,,'. Albert eounty „ „ ' •\t."51-!),-,(.si,. level). -'■»8'iil „ ..I 'N(jt known. 2.-.l-!)5 •il'2-44 225-!)l !2S (Ry. lovrds). ':" iiiKlii'.'t part of i'( 1 teiraee '( :)0, or more at Oil iiiaiiiie terrace, at Over's' iiioutli of L'K tang inlet 243 iif^'. Ill vallev o L)f I)i ili'i,'ua.-li Kiver. :Xot niown 231 \. >\'.\ Sc(1Ti.\. Half, 'iii'ileiiortliof Xaiiin 1.V32 (s|,. level). 10 t(j 15. Xot ki ■-':itiuii, j.C.l Hii II..MI. ill'' of Amher •,st 111) of .M Hint I'leas- :'3 1 n. ni liiver I'liilip vail >eo patfe 2, M. ii'tuveu Wii... iiliil I'u^jwasli lice harbour l<'y;Xot k 14372 (s),.lev,.l). 10 ■ 7,-, (.) at !• ort jawrence; 7'J at Vulae. 13Stol40(l)ar.). X.it 133 (liar.) | |133 i known. 24 M M;\V UrtUNSWICK, XOVA SCOTIA and p. K. ISI.AM) LAM). (.iiVEIlS. ri;iiii.\i!v AXi) i'usT-Ti:iniAiiv ciiancwch of lkvkl. -T) M i- iSiili^id. I,,.,. 1„ ■-! til- 1;. nut 1',. 1' ' rioil l„.li,v; !■ Ill cull till-. IlNi'l. ill fil-t. . Xiit Kiii.wH. rite 111. Ndt l,iM"'n. M .Ittll". Klt'Viltinll ill 111- !•; 1 f V a t i o 11 of liiK'lif^t I'Ic'is- .Siilisiilciicf ill tip 'rti'tiai'v toi'ciic or |iost- till' Itciiiit I'c- I.iiralilii's. alnivf uu'au (,'laL'ial slioic nod below tidr -I'^vcl ill i n 1' alio V 1 111 !• a 11 t i il i- f.M.t. 111 ran t i il !■- Ii'vc'l. ill firt. IfVfl, ill fct't. i'KIM 1 Hi'. 1^1. AMI- <'uii. Vnltll ■'! Ki-ll>itiyl(lll, Ul-dV ' 1' K. Miiml i! Xnt kill i« 11 7.-) (ll:iv) Kot known. \t WiliiMitt's Crcrl;, uciir 1'. K. I>laiiil 1! !•) 11 ,, .\t Trv^u liiM'i' 7o to 'X> (liar.). .. H \' \..i'ii liivi'i- I'.riil^,'!', ■ 1'. i:. M:lll'l 1! Ill 1 )-«■ ii r>.iv ;.-. (liar.) To to so (liar.). .. " Al Souri- 7;") (liar.) " M\,h\i.r.N Isr.Axns. iiii .Viiiliri-t. Kiitry. < o'iiid- >t.iiii'Miii| .\l''i!,'lit Nlaiiils. H(lio)l.-)(l.Mr.). M Tiir data ir-|M'L'Uiij^ the lici,i:lit nt' the^ region in the later 'JN^rtiary 'Pirtiaryilcva- uv mrr'-saiily iiiipcrt't'ct, aiul tmly at the iiiniitlis nt' tlic IvcstigniU'lic, \",."V'f„, .''i .,. Vir-uiiiilii 1111(1 St. John I'ivci's have we ineiisurcnients which may in n'lifil ii|-oii a.s correct. They are niiiiiiuuni tigiire.s, lio\ve\('r, aiiiltlit' tli'Natiiiu iinist ha\c hecii coiisideralil}' greater than that they ' :'VM>iit. .\t the two (ir.st-mentioned rivers, horings wan', niado for tiiinlaiiiiiis to the Intercolonial railway iiridges s|iaiining them, thiini;.'li uiavcl, saiiil and clay to the depths liclow tide-level here .".'I'll, sill iwi II ■.;• that at a jieriod anterior to the Post-Tertiary the Itind ■ Mil at siicli ;iii (de\ation as jicrmitted the i'i\-ers to How along their kvlliioiv ami ci'dde them to that li'vel. IMiat this erosion continued • I' i.itr Tertiary, is inferred from the fact that no deposits of tjiat . lii\i' \i'( liiM'ii discovered in the liuttoms of these river- \alleys. .I" Si. .Iiilin, the liuiii'es iifc taken from the Admiralty Stir\ey ehai'ts, •di'jitlis hiiiig t hose of (heSt. .lohn IJiver ahove Jndiantown and "I the Ki'ninliecka'-is near its t'oniluence with the latter. 'J\i enahle :!iit\vii la^t iiieiitinned ri\'ers to erode the \alleys in theii' lower retiches Ji'.vii til tlir iih-k V lliior, the land nmst have stood I wo lunu'red feel or lanriiiliiivr it- pre-ent level. It is iirohahle, however, as stated alioxe, ilut till' lii'iglits foi- the Tertiary liorder of the land in the northern Kihiiiitiicni parts of Nesv Uriniswiek do not represent the maximum 'i'';iiiiiii. TlicieaiHM'easonsfor helieving that some jiarts at I(>a-^t were Mill !ii;.'ln'r. j'uf, the mouths of the rivers refeiied to, must ho largely ■i'll u|i ; ami, moi'euvei", the buried channels where the horings were 26 M NEW URUNSWICK, NOVA 8C0TIA AND P. E. ISLAM). nifulo are so far up the river-valleys that they may have liceii Ijcyund the then existing estuaries. On the whole, the evidence thus far obtained points t(i ,i dill'minw in elevation in the later Tprtiar\' period of certainly not less than from two hundred to three hundred feet aljovo existing;- levels. The diil'erence was not, howtsver, equal throughout the wliolo eua^t rciiidn from the mouth of the .St. Lawrence to the tSt. Cr upon which this conclusion is based were ol)served cliieilv in the Isthmus of Chignecto and in the region around the head nt' L'liignecto Bay. It seems necessary to give them in some detail. Kvidenco .isto The district around the head of tlie Hay of Fundy is reiiiarkalilc fnr levellit tlie ^^^^^ great changes of level which have taken place tiiere tlinm;:li!,ut its ',','""' '/,?'"' 1 geological history. The evidences of these are first recorded in the Car- liay lit J" uiidy. . ... boniferous rocks as exhibited in the celebrated iSoulh .loggiiis spctioii described by Logan and Dawson.* At the close (if tlie (.'ai liiiiiit'ci'ous period, tlie laud here rose and appears to have continued almve sca-h-vel until the glacial ejioch, no rocks of the intervening geuhigieal \m-i«iU having been met with on the Isthmus of Chignecto or artm in I the head ut SlieiR)dy Bay and Cumberland Basin. On the cdiitrarv. the imk- surface of the country seems duiing these ages to have iiiuhTuniiea great amount of subaerial denudation, as evidenced l)y the (|uaiititles ni residuary material still found upon it. During the genlogieal iiiti'ival referred to, there appears to have been a ridging up tliimis (if Clii;j;uect(i at jireseiit. *Aca(liaii (ledloi^y, l.'n(f ed., p. 133. Suiililcnieiitary X(jte to 4tli el., |'. l'*. ,.\N"D. c-.ivEBsl TKHTIARY AND POST-TERTIARY CHANGES OF LEVEL. •27 M ve ln'cii licyond ; tn ;l dillclviKv y niii li"-> lliaii nu' Ic'Vi'U. Till- 010 c(i;i^l i'('i;iiiu llivcr or liUi'i'- Ki\ >l|ii\V, <111 tliv OtluT ^rnl(ii;i(/;Ll 11 tlir Ul>llt'.lVilU itillT. Till' I'll'l- il chiclly in tlw cad lit iTiigiiecto 1. is M'liiiukalili' t"i' ;'ro tliriiu'iliiiut its eordril ill till' Cav- h Juiiu'ins si'ftiou the C'alliiiuitVl'ull- u'd aliiivi' sfii-li'Vftl ^iM)li)i;it'iil peri' 111- iU'uuniUliflieii(l"t iiitrary. the m^-'k- havt' iinilrrui'Ui.'a V till' iiuantitii'S"! u'tMiluL^ial iutrrviil ll ut' tlir NtllllUlSut liiii; lit till-' Meiv vcri'il "itli a >lu'K Tivc liviiulri'd tii>ix ill AUii'it ciiuiity; [t, Wcstriii-'k. dlCM'.' ,v to till' siiuthiit and I'i.u'lity tcct sti.s-sidi'i-Wi'ly ,-v iiia>-; iif laiuiu'' ,,t till' i>diiinb, jiii risiiiu' uiiin'thiui height, till', i.'i«i("' Itlvi' f.'t't. ^^TR'l•l^ list rrt'i'rn'd to U'^ . ithi'Ll'-l'"' source or collecting ground? Careful and repeated examinations of the cnast district of Northuniljerland Strait and of the higher grounds ul Prliu'c h'^dward Island to the north-east showeii, that no ice capable of iiioiluiiiig these striie came fnmi that ([uarter, ratiier we have the evideiict' lit' land ice moving in an easterly direction in the sti'ait and mi Princi' I'Mward Island at the time the Chignecto glacier was in exi^triK'c, The striie referred to have clearly been produced by land i,viliiiiiii,' t li(> t>arly stage of the glacial period, the action of iluating ice within the same region evidently belonging to a later stage of the Pliistoceiii'. J low then were these stria- produced, or rather what caused tlin ice producing them to move from what is now a lower Jistriit smith -westward over ridges and along slopes from live hundred to ^evell iiinidred feet in altitude? Only one answer can, in my iiidL'iiieiit, l)c^ given to this question, viz., that the axis of the Isthmus Ifiitrhtnf mI ('liii;m'(.'to and the valley occupied by the waters of Northumbor- (r|'|,'J|[''^^j'| ji^ laiiil Strait as far to the north-east as Priixce Edward Island, were thi' 'I'lrtiiny hiijiier relatively to tlie basins occupied by Shepody Bay and Cumber- land liasin than at present. This diiTerential elevation, existing in till' Tertiary, continued into the early Pleistocene, as will be shown on ii-ul^ei|tient page. This explanation does not imply that the axis of the istlinius was elevated five hundred or six hundred feet above the jiie-ent hi'il of Chignecto l>ay, but that the difference in the relative Ifvejv aiiinunted to that. The land to the noilh-east must have been iiiL'her, wliilc that to the south-west was lower; the attitude of the ili-tiiet ll ing such that the general slo[ie was south-westward, to eiialile the ice to llow in that direction. On no other hypothesis can thel'aets lir explained. If this c'liiu'hision be correct, the height of the Isthmus of Chignecto 'liiiiii:.' the Tertiary period was, therefore, diiferent from that which now iihtains, and further, the bottom of the depression now occupied by t'iiii;iie(to l>ay and the smaller bays and estuaries connected lii'Tiwith must have oscilhited very considerably since. We may b'W iinniiii' whether there are any data showing th.at other portions ijitlu' re:;iiiii under review occupied different relative levels during tii'Ti'rtiary period. "iilian'e 12 M reference is made to the existence of a pass in Cobequid Pass in tin.' -MiHititaii.s at Halfway Lake, through which the .Springhill and Parrs- >j^,",''t;'ii,i.s at b"iii'raiKvav runs. This pass is about six hundred feet deep below the jlalfwiiy . . HlVIT. -uaiiit of ihi' mountains, and (juite narrow, with steep sides, and the drit'teneuiiihcred bottom is, in the central or highest part, now only Hdiiy-ti\f t'oet idjove mean tide-level. The character of the rocks on ':it!ier siile is the same, there being no evidence that the pass was due 2S M NKW liliUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AM) I'. K, ISLAM i. t(i fill original transverse! fracture or (lislufation of tin' niDuniiiin rani;*!. It is simply a vjillcy of erosion, wliieh can scuvfiy 1,,. ,.^. jilained l>y inai'ine eur*rents. No Carhoniferous rocks arc fdimd i|, j, Jlow then was it eroded? Evidently l)y tlio slow, inn- cuiiiiini,.,! agency of running water. Two small sti'eams head near the cutivdi the pass, their sources heing in two small laUes only a sIkui (lisiMin,. apart and separated hy a gravel liaids. lialfway ]!i\iT, kw i,\ \\ , (the lower jiart of which is callc'd liiver lli'bert), Hows imitji Ann! in a low valley, with hoi-dering slopes two hundred to three IiiiikIiciI t ,.t alio\'e sea-level, and eni|ities into the north-eastern end nt' ( 'umhcrlaiifi Jiasin. TluMtthei", called Parrshoro' Hiver, tlows soulhw.iiil inin ij,, l>asiu of Minas. lUit these rivers avo evidently insuHicicni I'mimi],. the jiass. It cannot liave ])een formed otherwise than Kv a ii\.i Mowing tin'ough in one direi-tioii or the other. In which diicctiiUiliil this river tlow and where was its catchment hasin '. IVoiu i),. Iliiw fMnucil. physiographic features of the region, it is fibvious thai nnly nn t),,. north side of the mountains could there liave been such a catdiiii'Mit basin, \ iz., in the district drained by the Maccan Itiver : .iihI it ^I'lu- higlily probable, therefoi-e, that in ]ire-glacial ages this ii\cr tlowni southwai'd througii the pass just described. Its upper iii-iiiK'ii -. indeed, ti'cnd in this direction still, and between S()ntliiiii|iinii .iiiil lialfway Lake there is a K)w valley, now unoci;ui>ied by ,iiiy --tiiMiii, which doubtless was the ancient \;dley of tin; .Maccan liiver when it had a southward course, l)ut was al>an(lone(l when the ri\ci Inciiii'' dixerted northward. I'.ut were the waters of the Macc.ui lli\cr ■'.!';ii> suliicient to erdde the pass in the ( 'oiu'ipuds '? This scein-. iKHiliit'ii!. unless the preci])itation was much greater than at jacsciii. i!ui it i- not only llu! Maccan which mav ha\e flowed soiitliu.ud. \\'\\r\- Ijebert, o)' rather a river then llovving along its valley mav ahn Iiih- had a reverse course with a catchment basin in the di pirvxinii i.i which liiver ilebert and Maccan liixcr now unite. 'I'cj ivihIii' ilii- jxjssible two postulates havi' to be assume(l ; first, that the lain! totli'- north of t he ('obe(|uids was higher and the Cob(^(|uids Inwer, that i\ the mountains were then in their incipient stage, — in shml, that tin' watershed of the area lying west of i!i\er Philip ami IvoniUiiy w.v not the t'olxfipiid JJange as at present, liiit extended across hy >pi'iiiL'- hill and Maccan ^lountain, and along the a.xis of the l-thina- "i Chignecto westward, and, secoiully, that the basin in winch tli" .Maccan and Ilebert Uivers meet was closed to tla^ west. Ii may liavc been that even tlu' La Planclio and .Missa(iuash Kivers al-e ilriiiu'ii into it. I>e this as it uuiy, it seems to have been in thi-^ "''} that the erosion of the pass through the Cobecjuid MMuntaiih I.AMi. t-lir llliiiuitiiill S<';ili'i'|y Iji' cx- MI'C t'dlllld ill it. , lnHi;--riilililHlc(l ■iir till' iTiiii'M i,t ii sliiii'i ili>tiini't' I'l-, iilic (it' tlll'-C I's iiurtii A.-ii'il ill ri'r liinnlrcil t'-,>t d ut' Cuniliri'laiiil ihw.'inl inin tin- ulllcirin t'l iTiiili' tli;m liy ;i ri\'i' licli (lin-i-ii'iiiiliil sin ! IVoiii il|.- li;il illllv nil til'- >Urll !l I' Itcluil"!:' •(■r : .Mill it ^I'l'iii- this |-i\rr l|(>«nl U])]"'!' iil'lUirii -, Sdutli uii|i;"ii aiM il \)\ any stiviim, |;i\ri- when it ic ri\''f lircuiiii' (•;ui llivci- ;'.!!>iii' (M'lll- iKiulittul. vriit. I'.iii it i- ulliuaiil. lli^'i' V iii.iv al-M li i>>- r ilcjilT-'-iiiii la Til rnnlri' ilii- t the land t"lli'' InWrr. lliat i:-. du'it. that till' |',riiiiiilliy "a- tcniss liy S]iriaL'- tlir l-tlililil- "t II ill wliic-ll 111" St. It may liiiv.' ,.,-^ aUii .Iruiu'il Ml in till- "'ly ,.„id Mniiiilaiii^ •...«£»!. 1 li;i!TIAHV AND POST-TKUTIAUY CIIAXIJKS OF LEVEL. Id M W.l^ I'tl't'l't' lirfalV tilc Til is ei'osioii imis t, 1 lowovei", nave coinmencec 1 1 Olll' Ti'ftiiiry peiioil and lia\e kept pace witli the upHt't of the iiitain range as it proceeded. I'll,' till "IT iiutliiied regarding tlie origin ot' the Co\nM|uid Pass, I'lriml wImh takes us haik to the incipient stage of the histoiy • if th restern part ,1,,, ( till' criis'dii (if nt'tlic Ciil''''Mii ti'lMI'.S riH'l iNiont and con'donierate houlders heloiiiiinu' to Carhnni- afc paringly scattered on the northern lirow and suni- liisiit til'' ( iilii'iuids. The piesence of these in the position referred ,1- attriliiitci! to the overlap[iinu or transgressi( if tl lese Carl )oni- Hni:h I'l 11 poll tlu! Coheiiuid series in ])ast ages, there 1 MMiit; no .uiation known to nie which could have- transported the 111 lit.M'i- witli exist inu' levels. Sinc(> then the denud.tion sul)se(iuent il' t'(il)ri|iiid uplift has rcnioved thi^ greati'i' part of the sandstones ,1 .•iiii'^'ldiiicra tcs from the summit of the mountains, leavinir isolated liiiiii's an i'lii' Will'! ■on /" 1 1 lers merely as remnants. iilU|( it' crodiiiLT till Coll (1 !■ iss retcrred to, .seems ti lave Tis crnsidr. Cdinciilcut *ll I*' *l 1 * 1 1 \. Ml II I'l With the ujtlitt ot the range and continued as late with tl Tcrt i ir\ and early I'lcistocene, the river keeping it at hase- '.■■vil : iiiii (liiiiiigthe glacial period it received a check and the inov(>- UK'iit nt' u]ilir i\-,il i^aiiicd tile asceiideiicy Oil the ero-^ive forces as si risill','' iif tlic {•dill ||i (Is town i;;<' lu-t iliat the pass, especially in the central part, is now occujiicd licils (if drift. On the retirement (jf the Pleistocene ice !|1MV\- rcM'iii iliaiiniLre svsteins seem to h lave h(^en inauLturatcd Tl le i.iril iiid\ laiii-n t ill tli(! western Colieipiids did not, howtjver, c 'iiitimii'il into t he later I'l eistocene and inav, indeed ^till 1 le in Till- |ili('iidin('iia therefore when co-ordinated, indicate a higliei-' -•1 inr the ( 'aiiioniferous series along Xoi'thumhcrlaiid Strait and lii'Miiridn iidith of the C'ohecpiids during the later Tertiai-y, jirohjthly ni-piiiiilinL; to the level of that of the Mii'aniichi basin in the same ;i:'«l. 'I'lii^ altitude of the c^iast border was maintained until after ':.'':ijlvfiit dt' the ice age. IWeteiice lias already been made to the initial stage of the local nutf of -jli'iivul wliicli resulted in the formation of the Cobequids. The up- 1',''!"'"^'-''/'^ ' 1 (_dlic(niius. 30 M NEW IIUUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND P. E. ISLAM). Hit heaval seems to hiive coinmeiiced after the deposition of tii(> nn measures, as the I'piu'r (_!arl)onif(;rous n)cling on since the glucitil poiiiul is uncpiestionahle, as post-glacial terraces and deltas, evidently of iiiiirin,. origin, found near Halfway lliver, in the northern ]>;irt n\ ii,,. ,,(,^ referred to, have a height above mean tide level of aliout 171 feet (spp table) and nciar Jiakelands, on both sides of the pass, ot' 2J,'{ tVct ■ while well-marked shoi'e-Iines north of the mouth of .Maccaa lii\,.i and along Northumberland Strait, occur at elevations of onlv l:)(j to 110 feet, showing a differential uplift of the Cob(>(|Miil l!.ni:;i; nf at least, eighty-three feet oi" more within j)ost-glacial limes. rii-t-trlacM;\l During the post-glacial sulxsidence of the region, tlie sea pxtciujiil tln'('ul»(|iii(l through the Cobequid Pass from the llasin of ^Nlinas along tin. v;il|ia< I'ii-s hy the ,,j; lljilfwfiy liiver, Hiver Hebert iind Maccan River to the \\,w\ ,,; Cunil)erl!Uid Itasin. At jiresent the highest point, of what was then the bottom of a strait !)y tlie IHver ilel)ert valley ami llii(iiii,'li ihf. Cobe(]uid Pass, lies in the central part of the Cobe(|uiils, and as stiiini abo\e, is, eighly-iixc feet tibove mean tide level. It may be remarked that the foregoing statement in ivfeivnn' to tin- initial uplift of the Cobe(iuid ^lountaiiis is supjjosed to applv niilv tn the western part ; the eastern pai't may be, and doul)tless is, ejilrf. Thes(? differential changes of level in the Cobetjuid .Moiiiiiaiiis ,in! in the region lying to tlie north, and indeed to the south of tluni a- well, during the Tertiary and I'ost-Tertiary jieiiods (see table; aiv. therefoi'e, in harmony with those supjiosed to has'e taken phue in the Isthmus of Chignecto duriiii,' the same ecological iv'v. lielatioll liitueill tllC cliaiijres (if level ill tile C'lilie(|uills ami ill the 1-thiims (if C'lii;_'iiectu. Chaufres (if level ill tile erystalliiK^ raii^re I if -'illtlleril Xeu- Iji'iiiisuiiik. The crystalline range of southern Xew Jirunswicic, e.xleiiiliiii.' iiimi.' the I'.ay of Fundy coast from Shejiody Pay to the liitcriiiitiiitial boundary, exhibits some features which lead me to infei' that, ht'siik'- th(> general oscilliitions of Post-Tertiary date, a slow, seetilar, ii|iwaiil movement rehitive to the Carbonifei'ous area to the north hasiilsuliirii ill ])rc)gress. The zigzag courses of the St. .John River in the lnwcr Miit of its course, the occurrence of waterfalls at the mouths of this ami ii larg(! number of other rivers traversing this crystiillin(> lult aiiilniiMy- ing into the P;iy of Fundy, and several facts res])e('tiiig the ^'hu'latinn of the region, lead to this infen^nce ; these being eonditioiis which would not be likel}' to prevail h.ad there been no displaceiueiit of the river, beds or differential movements. --UBE"!. I C'UAXOES OF LEVEL IN THE GLACIAL HEHIOU. ;}1 M A 1 n TIOK OP THE llECilOX, AND ClIAN(iES OF LeVEL IN TlIK Glacial Period. iiid Mcmnt.'iins iUii'l taken iilnce in m j'l;, fXtrliMlllJ.' iU'ill- iiitVr ihiit, liiviilo- 11(111 h Im-iuisiii A nniiil"'!' of f.'iL'ts have been ohtaiiR'cl in the rcgidii under discussitm ('li;ui!,'i s nf wliiili slidu- tlio iittitiule of tlie coast border with respect to sea-level, ^r\■^^.\;^l (Hjiod. ii]iinMxiiii.iii'iy at least, during two stages of the glacial period. From tiieilitii at hand it ajipciars that the grreton by Sir J. "NV. hawMiu' tcstilies to the fact that the land there must have been abosc ii,c >.;i ju^t previous to the deposition of the boulder-clay which oNcr- i'-'- it- Ill the earlier part of the glacial period, the ice in several places f',,:ist iKudei- ixtnuliil heviiiid the present coast border, and its movements were aii- j '!",'■''''.>' . ■ ' _ ' ' lllj,'lier III tile iiiiviitiy iillected by the peculiar local topographic features of tin; bays emly iiaitnf ' ■ . ,, . i -a • I fi- • I the },'lHci:il iii.l otniu'ies. Strne tire nutt witli in many localities running down i,,., imi. :»iii';itli liie sea, and as the facts prove that the ice (except jierhaps, iii~'iu!lii'ni New jirunswick, near the International boundary), cannot liivc liciii thick (ir heavy, it follows that the land must have been as iiiijli, it iKil higher than at ju'esent, in order that the valhn's and .-tuiirit's eiiuld inlluence th(! ice movements in the manner suiijiosed. It tlie mast border were lower, the ice moving outwards and dis- diari;iii^ iiitd these l)ays <'ind depressions would have been bi'okeii up iui.l liMiiied (itl as icebergs, before it scored the rocks on the low levtds towliiili il reached, and could not possibly have been guided in its iiiMViiiit'iitsliy the conformation of these valleys as it appears to have been. Ciiiuiiiciking at (Jaspe Pasin, where there is evidence of a local ]'M,l,.iifeas t.i diKierdiscliareing from the vallevs of the York and J)artmouth rivers tlie iiltitude.'f ' •' tlie liliul, Ilia- iutii it, il('--erilied on page St) M, although no facts were obser\ed indi- tive td sea- (Naet height of the land here at this stage, yet from the ^j.,, ' ' -iKe. ultlll:' tile l«'^ilillllnt the striieon both sides of Ciasfie ]^asin, iinil of the ice margin, it is iutened that the glacier wiis small, and that the land was a-' iii^'li us al jiresent and ]irobibly higlier. Tin; Westell! end of tlie Pale des Chaleurs depression was ficcujiied At I'mIc des I'jii ;;l;uier in the early Pleistocene, which seems to have extended ^ '''''"'"'• IS I'lir wistward as Pelledune Point and J>onaventure Piver. This *Ac;uii;iii (Iccilii^ry, 'Jiul ed. \). (IS. ^^^^ \K\V HllirXHWICK, NOVA SCOTIA ANO I'. K. ISI.ANlp. Til Xiprtliiiiu- IhtImikI Stiiiil. Mllill'V glacier followed tlie treml find siiuiositii's of tlie li(^.stii,'i)iirlii> iiiul tlie valley of tjio bay, and this faet leads iiie to inter ilui il,, |.,|,,| was I'atlier liii,dier than at jii'esent when the Ljlaeier reaeiied its iiiaxinniin til ickness and e\tent, u itlidiawiny; to thesluiies to the uorlli '>\i'^l am sonth (•(iinrit one htindriil and nine feel ahii\ le\('l. The easiern jiai't of tliis iire.i, and ini|ceiulial)iy hii^iier; at all exeiiis, it ^ iis ciTtain that I'rince Iviward Island was, in the early ,L;laeial iierioii. a ii.ut m the mainland. A lar!,^! portion of Northninlx'i land Strait is iinu t'lmn sixty to one hundred feet (icr)) only, so thai an u|ilift of njv liuadrnl feet aloiK' wonld lav li neurlv the w hole inter\eniii tr. liiohilnieto ITead and Caiie W'o'f to I'icHon island. Siih-i chic mw liave l)e(>ii inaiiuiirated at the time the Xoi'thmnlii I'land uLniei' ivacln,! its maxiiinim thirkness and e.\ lent, or soon afterwards, hm ni tliistlnM. is no evidence. Certain facts jiointto the still j;reater elcsai Imm or tin south-eastern part of Xoithiimheriand Strait, or rather ni' ijie ,iiva Iviiiii' l)etweeii I'rinc( Ivh h (1 till' axis ot till lllllllS >>t Chii'iiocto than that indicated al)o\c as retcrred to on jiai^e '2~ m. On north side The north west coast of the IJav of l'"niidv seems aNn to have licrii lif till' l!:iv nf J- higher in some [ilaces than at present, in the early part of ilip ;;larial V d. AtSt. .). harl iDiir and westwai'c 1 to C M; siainl. the evidence shows that the Pleistocene land ice exteiK '{ ! ilr(l !ic\(i|ii| the existini;' coast-line m ilo lh(! de ion of the r>a\- of !• midv. 1 'an nil" I sland in St. John harl lour, distant a mile from the mainiainl. is :;larl ated by land ice, and Canipobello and (Irand -Manan islands have iihd been similafly overridilen by it. .\s the ]iassage l)etwecii lii.' iii,iiiilaii(l leep and the island .diniit inur an d (Jrand .Manan is |.") to ")0 fat ho hnndred f(!et hiyli. it follows that either the ico which iiiovid laii inuaid it has been (piite thick, of tlie coast border stood hijilicr r> lativcly in .seadevel than tla^ present. Tin? latter view is in aceordancr witn tho facts obtained alon,i,' the coast of other ]iarts of New Hniiisui< k. I'ait that the ice covei'ing of the earlier I'leistoceno period wisi ,,t St. .Iulm liarbour consisted of one conllueiit massive sheet, is a tliiiii\ not sus- tained by the evidence. Vov example, PassainaiiiUMldy \'>i\. wiiieh i> '20 to 150 fathoms deep, was filled by an ice-mass at this jiriJMd wliiili overllowed Deer and Campbello islands, from -00 to 250 feci liiitli, ainl also Letite Peninsula, in radiating lines. Tl us does IK It jictuki'ii il *Ann. Kt'iimt (Icol. Surv. Can., vnl. IV. IX..S.), ]S.S,S-,Si(, [latCf Is N. il4ilUi'lli' r>liiJi|'\- 'I'f llial \\u liiii.l ii'il it'^ iiiaxiimiiii ii'irlli. «!•>! ainl 1. (•'i\r|.' I l,y till. • laii-r TiTii;irv. (Iiu\,' il, |,|-,MM|I IC W liolr lit' ih,. , it ^I'lMIIS ci'ltllili |)crin iiM\( t'idiii 1 lit' iilli' llllMilrnl iiu' |iai I'liri' iiiav |(i U'lill'il'l' ll'llcllr,! , llllt III' t!li>tlnMv r r!i'\al iiiii (if tlir tlirr III' llir ah I ■t' tlir i-.!lllllUs I I I lia-v '2~ M. illsi) ti) have lii'i'ii irt l;uiil, nilril !if\(iiii| till' iiiily. I'ai'iriili;!' iii'iainl, is ;^lari- is!aiiil~ liavr uK'i •II ill'' iiiaiiilaiiil land aliiiUt t'liur n\ I'll Mill Inwai'il cr I'l la lively In I'llaiifi- \Mt!i till' 'ii'iiiiswi k. llllt \\,'-l nt St. .Illllll I Iii'iir\ llllt sits- V r. i\. Ahifli i-^ i-, jii'ii'iil wiiiili ■)ii fri'i ]iii,'!i, aiul mil lutiikrii a c-uxiiii.] ELKVATIOV AT TUK CLdSi; n|' I'll K ICK .\(;i;. X) M ,,,iiilii''iii ico-sliciM. iiiuviii;x '!'''> til" "ly "t l''uii(ly. NN'hilf. liuwrN cr, li,,. in' 111 IV liiivo hi'oii stilli(!iHut.ly iiiassivo to i-mss tiic |)ii-<- iii^li ill th(i latt'i' Tci'tiary ai\(I eai'ly I'lfistdrciii', as at pirsfiit ivl,itivi''v In the maii»liiii(l. I^iike th(( C\ih(fi|ui(l llai\!,'e ami otii r i iili^es nt iiiti'ii->i\e I'ouks, it is llllt iiiipi'ul) ilile that it has id'cii iiiilcrLiiiihL; a .jiiw ilill'i'i'i'iitial iijilit't het'itre and since tiie Lfiarial epDi'li. Tiie (li\'ersn raiii'r'is lit' sti'iie ainii'.,' the eoast of the liiy nf l''iiiiily ami mi the West Mi'S Iciiil (•(iimteiiaiiee tu the view that the ii'e caiiiini have heeii su hi'avv aii'l massive a-i tn imiveiiiit iiitu the I'.ay nf l'''iiii' I v aiel uM-niile (ii'aiul M man with the present le\-els, ami, therefnre, eiihei- the inain. ';iul Ins lieeii hii^hoi" with respect t(i .seale\-el, or t he ice iinicli iiimic iiu^MM' til 111 other fa"ts would wai-rant us in lu'liev inu'. li li,iv lici'M shown on pane :.'.") \i that the land a' the iieiiii'i dt' the i',,,!,:,),],. St. .I.ihii liiver was JOU feet and upwards hi-iier in the 1 I'er Teitiarv !"''-,'" "'"'", ' ^ ' I iii'l at iiKiiitli than at present. hurinn' the period of in i.\iiiiitiii ex t ens i. in of the ier, nt" si. .Iulm , , I , ,. ,.,,, ... . . ,,,, l;i\i'r at tlii.s It wit-; jii'iiliaiily not \ery tar ilillerciit tnnii tins. Ilierc is im e'.i- .,|,|,,,._ li-ii^'i' lii'ir or elsewhere in Ivisterii (,'anada of any cliaii'^es ui' level hav- ing; lu'i'iirird h 'tween the later 'i'ertiary .iiid the periucl nf luixiiiimii jr.' iici'Uiiiiilation ; and unless it lie that the sulisidence, which ciil- iiiiiiiti'il ill the Ledaclay period, had then coininenced, we kiciw nf no niiiiT I'liiiin'cs nf level which coiilil ha\'e taken jilac. it wa^ lait till thi' last sia;;c of the ice aij'c in this re;;iiiii that any facts licninc a.vail- il'ir sll'ivviliu' the attitudt! of the land with respect to -c;i lesii. Ki.ii.iiT III- riiK ]!i:t;iov attih'. DKivMrni!!'', or riii; Pi,i;tMocKyK Ick. Snnii .ifti'i' the glaciers of the eastern [)ro\iiices of ( '.mada reached Aitiiiiili' uf IsN. i'ii''ii- III ixiiiimn extension, it would seem that a suhsideiice nf tli last li'irjcr — III', iiioi'i! correctly speakini;' local sulisidcnc s nt' the cna-t Imrdi/r— set in. accninpanied liy an amelioration of climati', while the '.'lai'ii'i'-i h "^an to diminish. Thi.s cli,'in'_'(Ml attitu ie of the land smfaci? ;i:iil I 111' thi nil in I,' and break im;' up of the ice into st ill mnre In al sheet-, iii-"il il, in m.'iny places, to mo\'e in diirerent directions fmm ihu-i- |i.if>iu'il ill the I'arlior stai^c of its existence, ('"ncoinit.-intly with the ii.iiviMiiPiiis of these local glaciers, masses nf iloatini,'. or seadmrne ic^., Wife caiiii'd in dill'erent (lireotions liv marine ciirreiits. In snme liavs liuil straits the tloatinf; ice formed packs, nr ice-jams wiiii h seem to liiive liciii capahl(> of striatini; the rouks on which they L;roiiiiiled in a iniiniitn' srui'cely distinguishahle from the markini^s prmlueed liy land li.' i-('.iiiiM, • laliM' tu i-ili'M-l. at l|.Tl..„.|,f II'- 'jlarial il'liuli. .34 M M;\V llltUNHWICK, NOVA WOTIA AM) V. E. IsI.aMp. At Trois l'i> At C:viM> ice. Theso icn-jains appciir to liiivt) lioen similur to tliosc iIi'm riliiil liy ai'c'tio voyii;,'cfs us occurriiij^ in Sinitli's SmuikI iukI ulhcr .striiit> ci, i],,, west const of (frccnliiiHl. The licii,'lit of lilt' coast l)onicf with i'('s|i('ct to scii-lt'vcl ,u. tliisstiiye of llic I'lfislocciu! ciiii, ill sonic pluccs, lie lixcd with tolcialilc i\,utiicvs from the position of striio supposcMl to have liccn piodiK'i'il liy iliuin.' icn on liio rock surfuccs. lOxcn at this hUijui the land uuiild sci'in tn liavn been still siil)sidin;;, at least alon;; certain purl inns uf Hh' roust for marine terraces of Ijeda clay and Saxica\ a sand are found at '.'rcUi'i' «'lt!vations than tlie stri;e or niarkiiii^s prodnci-d \t\ lloal in;; ice, iinij m,. nndisturi)e(l hy icc-mos-einiMits thoii!,di siil»Me(|uently formed. Iinlcnl, it is t(il<'ral)ly certain that not till some time after the tlnid (li.,i|,|ii.,ii'. anco of tilt! ice from the coast districts, and pei'liajis alsu tVcim tli,. interior, did sulisidence cease and the post-jilacial rise of ihc ,n;i,t liorders set in. lii'ief deseriplions of tluf striation produced hy lloatiii'^' ice, in inn- neetion with the facts indicating tiic attitude of the land with iv-|iii.t to .sea IcNcl will now he ni\en. At Trois I'isioles station, Intorcolonid railway, line siiadlns |,,i|- id lei to the course of the St. [/iwrence N'alley here, and also crnss siii , the liitlcr i)roken and irrci;nlar, were oliserved on I'ock surfaics alinii! lUOfeel aliovc sea le\-el. These are at t rihuted to the action i,t' ild.itin;,', seadjorne ice, showiri;;' that the land was, at least, HlU fret \u\\vv at that stau'c t iii'j; ii'i', in lull- III W illl iv-|pirt ■ srlMlrlirv par illsii ri'iiss <\v\ , c surt'iu'i.'s iiliiiiit ;liiiii lit" lliiatiii',', ) t'l'l'l liiwrl' ill rt of ImiuIiIt- anil SaxicaMi llli'^i' ilr]in-lt'; till' I'NravatiMll ■arr, lir llllili>- \rv ^larial I'I'il- I'vidrlilly l>''i'U ) V vi'tiii'il lii't'iiiv Lfila rlay ami ri'in, lllfrrfiilV, Ici'iiiiiiaiiiiu' ill jiuuiiinuliii'lyi iillowiiiL; jilai/os; !•:.; at Little i:; I-;., N.'^:'> hi-h, N.-^:' 1"- Gfisp.' 15ay. Ill iiliici"* iIk'V iiri' <>iu'-f<»iirtli of iiii inch deep or more, mid liiivc ii u"iii'_''''l ,,iit ii|i|H'ai'iiiic(', l»u( di> nut t'xcri'd t'i'niii two l<» tlirci* t'l'cl in l('ii>,'lli, till' iiiaioi'ity licini; tVnin tlirt'tt to iiiiii) inrl»>N, 'llwy an* Ixitli lliii> mid ciiitiM' Illl! iiiiM- cNidciitiy Im'(!ii t'ormi'd l»y di-it'l-icf jamiiu'd inln < !iis|)(' |l;i>iii uiii'ii iIm" I'liast sloiid t'i'iim 7"> to 1 L'') or !.")() t'iM't lower tliiui al ]iivM'ni. (Ill ilii' >inilli-\vcst, sidi' ot' tilt' l>ai('dcs Cliali'urs, idmii^ tiic iiiii'rrol- ,iii;il I ail way, from ■luci[ui't, llisi'i- to IClmtrt't' iSivt-r, Iwonr innic |,iiiici|ial ^ii'ls of stria' occur. Tli(^ ciirlit'st iir*; licavy, slinwiiiLC ;iii I'M-tward inovfiiiciit. Crossing tlicso iicmly at rij,'!il aimit's mid il.d al riulit aii,s,'l('.s to tlic const line, lire nunmrrais line striie <'\iil('iitly t.iiiiiiil li\- ice which was pushed a<;uinst the land. On exaniinini; ihisi' vtiia' in detail, it is found that the stoss side is insarialily towards ilif liav. Where they cross led^'es with deeply cut east-aml-west jipiivo, llic rid,i;(> of rock hetween e.ieh yioovt? is found to he stossed n:i ilii' ^iiiPii'wai'd side. The ;,'i<'alcr nuiiihi'r of the cmirsrs vary fiom S, '.'II v.. In S. JO W.; Iiut as we approach lOlintree lliver, where the cuM linr iiirvcs round to tlu! south, the courses of these line striic are iMiiiiil trfiidiiiL; from S. IWl W. to S. 40 \V. On explorini; tiie district a- I.I till' (Ali'iit of rock-surfacc! covered liy these line stria', it liecomcs iMil'iji ilial ihcy are conllned to a ci'i'tain /one which is from liO to l|ii(ir |."i(i fii't, in hei;,'ht above sea-level. I'.elow the (lOfoot contour 111'', iiniii' iif these tliu! striie wc'i'e found, although exposures sliowin;^ 111' wi's! 1(1 cast striation are aWundant ; nor could any he discovered liuvr ilir l.'iO-fout contour-line. I {ock surfaces examined in some of ■Jic link sell lemcnts, where striated ledges from l-")0 feet up to ."lUO !''t liiuli occur, wei'c found to be without any of the tinestrije referred 1. tii'oii iliciii. liut it was only at wide intervals that cNpiisiiies of •tii;i' well' Muied ill thosc liijjlier ,t;roun(ls. Thi'ciiiii.'liisiiin to !«' deduced from tliest* facts therefore, is that the liii" stria' wcie iii.ide by heavy ice-jams impiiittin;,' .'inaiiist tli were produced, as the deposits in o'ltiiin places rest on the ,ij;laciated surface undisturbed. These iiiaiiiii' lii'iis ( Leda clay and Saxicava sand) occur at all (elevations fi'om -I'lili'Vi'l up to i200 feet, in the l>aie des Chaleurs basin. It seems I'mliahlr, ilierefore, that at the period of the formation of these tine ■trill' till' mast border had not (juite reached the lowest sta, v. k. island 111 •iCllltllC'MI part iifCiilf (pf St. Lawrcnci'. At St. .ImI> wick. SrOtinIl of lp(iul(ici'-flay fiiiitaiiiiuu' f, at Ni'ji-i-(itiiwii I'oiiit. A I'onsidorablo iuiiiil)ei' of fiicts from eastt'i'ii Xcw Hiunswidc, iii iiiw that tloatin,!,' lee, or rather lieas-y ic-janis i:roiin(l over |)orliiii Istlnnus of Ciiigntu'to and tlie coast districts of Prince !• ■I tl il\\ai(| land during the clipsing episode of the ice age. Tn order that tld.iiinr [,.,. might ipcrform this \v(prk, it is necessary to siipj.ose thai the i-na^t di the mainland was from 1 ■_'•") to l.~)() feet, and Prince Ivlward Nlan'l ;:i to 80 feet lower than at present. This sid)sidence w.is prnhahiv un- e(|iial in dill'erent )iarts of the CarI)onif(MOUs ai'ca during thr glacial a^ well as the posl-glaci.-il p( iod. I litl'erential oscillalii.ns in 1 lir Ni Imm, )f Ch iignecto lia\{' been rcterred to on Jia f( :i M, and suiiilar nupvi nients ai'e eNidcnced >.y tl le s tri;c o f tl le closing stage of 1 II' giarial period in the centi'al pai't of the N'ew ih' unswu'K Carl loniterm IS a lea, where there has hcen an apparent swerving Inmi liie castcilv cipium' of tli(> earlier stage to a northerly course in the closing siagr. cuimi d(Mitly with tile ]irogress of the suhsideiice, as recorded on pauc lUL' vi. .\'e heeii fipuinl ,,{ iji,. At St. John harlioui', iinei|uivocal jiroofs h. lower at( it tide of tlu^ coast hurder during this staj. ( )ii the west side, a hank of bDulder-clav from forty to sixty fed in hfi-iit pf tl |c icc e.NteiK Is ah the lieach from Xeurolnwn Point to i)i distance c.f a mile and a half or m >re This houldcr i-|; dcpositi'd Ian. I i<:e wiiich came from the north, ilic malrii belonging to mcks lying in that or rather contains intercalated fossilit'erous in st)ine places. .\ of a mile west of the Xcgr series in descending order lirection. It is irtiall ot st rati lied c a\'. rri!' y ^iratili'd \\liirh an •t ion of the bank, about a uiiaitrr itown I'oint breakwat cr, gl\'es I lie tiillipw 111; 1. Commencing at the summit -typical l)oiilder-cla\', iiiistiatiliid coiitaniiiu jotildors two or three feet m diameter, mo>t nt t lii'iii "laeiated. Thickiujss eleven feet. 2. An irregular, wavv, lenticulai' seam of stratilied linulder i!a\, iim thick in iiorizontal position, varying in foot or more. ."5. P.oulder-clay, the same as X( but apparently beddeil, or rinlely stral ilied, in ness from a tew iiii'lie-< I'p a 111(1 cnntaining similar liniililcr- s(pme III llllS (Inision ( )f the' series thefollov it marine shells were iniin Ynldid ( Li'ild ) iiniii'it, abundant an (I well preserve! ipU'-ii wH the epidermis on. Jh,/, (iuiix ririiiitiis (fragments), S'lrn'rim riiijn My. a m-i) inriii (a single vahc), J/" t'tnitfl I'ltl I'll I't'ti x. I III t'lt'll!i (much broken), Jinrritmin sp. .' probably inii/ii/iiiii (a fragiii''iii i. ''''' All the spi'cies except Vo/'liit are quite rare. The fossils appear te 1" C-iLVERS. IIKIfillT OF TIIK HAY OF KINDY liKCIOV. M jiiili^oriiiiiiiiilt^ly Hcuttorcrl tliroujili tlio iniiss. Thickness of (liis part nt till' lH>ult rati lied liuiililcr clay iinniediateiy al)o\(', and in otiier ]ilacos apiiarontly to ^iiuhiaic into it. Scatti'red tin'onj^dioiit are shells of Ydhlid ( Li'iln ) iu:-i',,ui, ucll jireserved, often, in the liottoni, with the \al\('s closed, :iiii| iliee|iideniiis on ; Xnciiln ti'miis (broken), /lii/iiii IIS rn'ji'i/iix (frai;'- ],',ru<-~}. S'l.rirarif niyiisii. Munniiii rii/riirnt, Jiiiccinn ni and Mi/ii (frai;'- iii'Mitsi, and one or two undet'-riniiunl sj)ocies. Thickness, four feet. ."i. Till' lieii,'lit of the whole hank here is about forty-tivf feel abuse iiii' lieacli. so that there is still nineteen or twenty fi'ct of it beiow (livi^inii No. I. Iiut this [lortion is concealed from \iew by land-slides. Fi-iiii llie aiipearance of the bank, however, it would seem that a thick i..'/| lit uii-l ratified boulder-clay underlies the stratified seam No. I, wiifilr •■ipiitaininn' other stratified layers and fossils it is al present iiiiiiiis.-i ,e In sav. At tlie I'eiii Ledi;os, tlu,' l)oulder-clay bank is upwards of sixty I'eet ill iimkrie-~s, and also contains stratified seams of clay, though nuie liinv vei prosed fossiliferous.* Tiir iiiiereiices (leduciblo from the foregoinij; fact,s in reference ti the [i-Miit'eiuu^ boulilei'-clay at Xegrotown I'oint are, that in tin? later .■,-(■- lit liie glacial period the land was snbsidin.:,', and that the stib- -iii lire hail reached one hundred feet or more below the present le\el. Fill' wesiein partof tin; iioulder-clay bank is os'erlain by fossilifcrnus l.ril;i clay and Saxicava sand foiinini;' a consecutive series. .\s the iiiti'i' depi.sits are nowhere in this region overlain or iiitersti'at ilied «iiii liiinlder-rjay, it is evident that the ice had retired, a; least frilii>n of ill' Led.i clay and Saxicava sands. These deposits occur as terraces upl'ia lieiijlit of from two hundred and twenty to two hundred and "lirty fe i al)o\e mean tide level, and it would ap|iear. therefore, that ■ •laiiil alnie.;- the Hay of l"\tiidy coast continued to subside after the ; '-silifi iDUs portions (jf the boulder-clay (U^scriiieil above were laid down. rill' (lata relating to the attitude of the coast bortlei' in the later or (j, .,„.,.., ] ''^ill^ siaue of tlie ylacial iieriod, therefore, indicate that subsidence **'•''' ",'.'"' , . I ' l-e;_'aV(llll|.' till Ann. K.|.. C.ul. Siirv. r,iii.,Vel, IV., (N.S.) Isss-Sii, I'artN.; Bull, (ienl. Soc nf Aii.'iiin. Wl. |\.. |,|i. :tiii-;f7o. 38 M altinuU'of tlu" had so far advunced that the land stood from one hunched \i> uu,. (if f.'l,itiiil huncu'eu and htty teet lower than at present on the niainhiiKl nf .\\.h ''^'"" r>runswick, witli perhaps a somewhat less amount in Prince llilwaid Island, tlie nioveniunt being apparently dill'ercntial. This siilisidencv seems to have eontiiuied after the elose of the glacial jjcriod, niid did not reach the point of greatest depressiijn till the depositimi dt' tin- Leda clay. Mow long it remained at the lowest level it is iniiiossilile to say, hut if deposition of sediments and sul)sidence are cdiicuni'm piienoinena, as is usually held, the niarint; border must ha\e ((iiiiiiiui-d at the stage of maxinnim depression for some time. lie this as it may, the subsidence was followeil by an ujiwaid movement of the land. This movement pn)gresscd, as is evidrmi'd liv tiie nature of the dejiosits around the coast boi'deis and the cliaiaciiM' of the fossils entombed tiierein, until the land reached an I'lcxatjuu with respect to seadtsvel somewhat higher than it is at j)reseiit. Tlii< may lie regarded as closing the Pleistocene, or lirst, division i,t the Post-Tertiarv. P[.i;isTo('i;.\i; t-j.'lacial ri>e of tlle !"'"'• slioredin(>s or the amount of the post-glacial uphea\-,il le^s ihc sidi- sidence of the recent jieriod. are accurate within a small limii cii error : but tho>e in the third are meagi'c and indidlnite. In iiiea^uiiHi; the Indglits of shore-lines we us(h1 a Y hnad and rod, twn or iliirc aneroidsand a hand level. The barometric work repr(;sents tlie mean of a number of obsei'xatifuis talil)lp. The methods adopted in this in\t'stiga' ion were: — liist, in iiaeeinit a v.a\e-cut ti'ri ace, or onf! formed of sedimentary maleiial, foi' ^ome distance along a coast or estuary until we were certain it n'ally ivpiv- sentcd a shoreline. Ila\ing ascertained this, measureineius weie then carried out in the manner most practicable. A compai'ison of the facts rtdatin^ to the uiiheaMil of the rei;i(iii I In- iipliraval , , . , , , ' .,/,,.-. i piol,.,lil\ ijif- einliraced ni the south-western enibayment of the (.ultot M. l.auiviRO ''■"'""'''• (hu'ing the I'leistocene ]i"rio(l, U-ads to the conclusioji thai ii ui-iin- eipial or dillei'ential throughout. At first it would seem as it' iliere nuist have been two systems of upheaval independent of each other, — cmjlvehs- UPHKAVAL OK THE COAST liOHDKHS. 39 M ('AST r>nl!li|'.l;s. I II iniii'-ui-iii;' |(l(l, tWII 111' llllVf MitS till' liirallMt l',M-,.lici' l.riwoi'l llsun-'llll■lH■^ wrie 1,1 ,, I' I lie I'CU'li'U ,,iK' !i uciici'iil moveineiit of tlie entire region, tliough sonunvhat un- ,nu;il ill (lill't'i'cnt localities ; and a second which was local and con. linnl to hill and mountain ranges, to which the term orogenic might iiK.jirriv !'(■ applied. The latter is exemplitied in the uplift of the i'i)iii'i|ii!d ltam;e and the crystalline belt of southerti New llrunswick linnli'i'iiiL;' tlu^ Hay of i'\indy, descril)ed on a previous page. In both lit tlif-r i','iiil:'(>s there appears to have been a slow secular uplieaval wliii.li liad its beginning far back in geological time independent of the (.«iilliitii)iis (if the PhMstoc'Mie period. Was this a separate and dis_ linct iiiuM'iiient from the latter, or were they both a ])art of the gen. oral iiu>t il oscillations which chai'acterize the eastern border of the riilltillCIlt .' All iN.iiiiiiiation of the height of the shore-lines in the second column |-|,ijf '.jrcatii- III till' lalile, in connection with the geohigical mat) of the older rocks 'M ili<''.ri'}rioiis . . . . Ill CI-VStMllMK! ~h(i\vs that these are highest in the regions of old crystalliiK! or nuks th.ni in iiltiTnl iiiul (listiiibed strata and lowest in the Carlxmifercais basin .„'„,,'!'''.','" wiiCi'i' till' rucks lie neai'ly horizontally and where little or no disttirl)anee ii;iMici'iii led. I'rince I'Mward Island and the Magdalen Islands lie muir-t the centre of this t'iirlMiniferous l)asin and, accordingly, we lind till' I'lri-iiM-eiie Uplift to be less tlierci than on the mainland. It is pussilili' there may b(! a centre of least oscillatit)n or zero point to the i:iirth lit I'l'iiu'e Ivhvard Island, fi' the |ire-t'arbonifei'oiis rocks on either side. Low undulations, niaiiiiiliii.il> and synclinals traverst- the Carbonifertius strata, and the iliis licuoiiie liiglier as we a{)proaeh their limits, indicating greater dis- luihaiu't's iir osrillations of the older rocks beneath. Fi'iiiii the table it will also be observed that the post-glacial slifire wi„.,.,, ;ii]('s air highest at (;asp(', Dalliousie, Imlian or Lutz Mountain, Hills- h'^'hcst i •m. Si. •iiiliii, etc., and on the ^lagdalen Islands they were also iiiUiiil til he higher than on Prince Ildward Island. Inall these places nlmal Hi' ni'iigenic U|dift would seem to have taken place as well as •11" ;'iii('i'.'i| I'h'istoceiie uplift, thus raising them abo\e the nuriiia! gra- iiii'iil siiiiil Illy to the shorelines in the Cobe([uid I'ass ret'erreil to 111! pa;'!' ."it I M. Investigation show tlies{> ridges and hills toha\e a oiiitial mass (if iutrusivt' rocks (dolerite or diabase, felsitc, etc.), to the iirt'smiii'iit w hicli inall probability thediiVei-ential movement may bedue. lliis t'ari may be taken as indicating that shore-lines on the slopes ot iMilati'il 1 rystalliiie riilges or hills are nnsafe guides as to the geiu I'al I'l-t-ulacial uplift of the region. It will he (il)served, further, that the general Pleistocene oscillations T,,i,.;ii ni- ii'it mily iiiMiUcd the larger portion, if not the whole, of the Carl ■lil'tiius ana, but also the I'ising ci'ystalline ridges and mountains >riiH'r:il "SCI latlmis. I T— -^ 40 M M:\V liliUXSWKK, VOVA SrOTI.V AN'I) V. K. Isr.ANIi. loffilly. For fxaiiiplc, tlic iiiariiic tsliore-lincs found tliroiiuhimt t]„. rcgiuii ]>r()ve tliat a gencnil ujiliciiviil, tliou not exjiect to tind the latter niorr uiiiiniiM throughout this region, especially in that jiortion occupied liv ( ' n hui if- ercpus rocks, instead of diminishing towards a central or pi\(ii,il ]H,ii,| north of I'llnce Kd\sai'd Island, as it appears to ha\e done .' Tlic I'ui that this upli<'a\al was greater in the vicinity of the crystalliiir hills and ridg(>s and gradually lesseiu!d as we recede from these, cciiiiinlv indicates that the orogenic nio\cnient alfected the Carboiiiferou.slpiiMii Tn iliiilily (inly also, l-'or these reasons it is assumed that the two reallvhelonucd tu liir oiif sv.-tmi iif . .,, . , ,,. . , i):cilli'itiiiiis. same system ot osculations, ami are eilects ot the same cause or c:uims the a]iparent diilerenc-e heing due primarily to the fact that tln' forcis producing the upheavals did not at all times exert the same aniotnitut pressure: that is to say, there would he periods of almos' |iai'ii.\vsiiial intensity when they would all'ect the crust over large aniis aiid u general upheaval would take place sui'h as that of Pleistocene liiius- These Would he followed hy periods of comparative repose, iluriic which slow sidisidence would go on, this heing the general tendeucvut the crust from its own weight. AN Idle this secular suhsidenre wm- jiroi'eeding, whatescr lateral strain there was imposed on tiie erusi Would tind relief in linear uplhrusts such as tiiose of the C'ehci|iii(l l!ange, the crystalline helt of soutliern New J>r-uns\\iek and etlier minor ridg( s. these local orogeidc uplifts heing merely eonelative movements of the gradually suhsiding wider areas of the Atlauiio coast border as it sought a posititm of statii- e(|uilil)i iuni. This iilatimi is Well exemplilied in that existing between the secular suhsideinv ni the recent period, as shown by the drowned jieat bogs, etc.. alnUL'eui' coasts and tlie slow, progressive uplift of th(^ crystalline ranges ImnliM- ing the J>ay of Fundy and other parts of the Atlantic coast rctVnnl to. (Iranting this theoi'v to be correct, it serves to explain ilie -iipiinscd local and general oscillations oi level which occurred in this rii:iiiii in tli(^ l^jst-'i'ertiary period, and probably, with some inodilication, in piv- ceding geological ages. The apparent (h'creasing oscillation et the (.'arl.oniferous are.a from tin; circumferenc(> towards the ceni re. niaki'-: it a]ipear as if the tangential force had partially spent itsi If in diat direction upon these untlisturbed, unaltered rocks: though \\li,v tlii-< area sliouUl have occupied a more .stable attitude than the hells ef C-i;v!»! \ HUltSIDKNCK IN 'Mil'. liKCKNT I'KinOl). 11 M ii'ler rocks siu'rnuiuliiif^ it is not evident. Tin- hrcjultli and lioi'izontal .ii-itioii lit' the strata may liavo bei-n (iik; c'iiusu. In this last r('s]>o(-t •',.v dilTii' tiiini tlio older strata hordcrin,!:; tiunii, wliioh arc often iip- •■;i!ic(l :ii iii-li ani^ios. The Camhrian slates of St. .lolin, N.l>., wliiili ,.,. iit'iulv vertical, exhibit slips and displaeenients that liave i);,|,„-,.|ti(,iis oaiiicil siiiee their surfaces were striated by IMeisloctMie ice, the; up- '',' '':iiiil"i;iii itV \n'\\vj. iiiKstly, so far as ol)servations liave extended, on the sea- .lulni. Miiil -i'l''. Xiine of tiiese disphicenients were seen ti) exceed fnini ;,,,! 1(1 live inelies, nevertiiciless, sli]is of excn this small extent, if nniinnms. as liiey appear to be in these slates, when addeil to^ethei' rivi'.i total c if many feet. This is doubtless one way in wiiiuh local ciiiCiiviiK take place. SlIISIDI.XCK in TIIK JiKCKNT rKliloD. •clv Cnl'lTlaUVe ■-UOSluellci' II III the -ll|'l"is('ll Till' Hi'iMMit Period was inauj^urated with a land surface alonif the Sii)),i(l,.iici' in Atlantic coast border .somewhat higher, in many ]ilaces, than at the |„.|i,,.|' 'itsi'iit ilav. A (lillerential subsi(lenc(^ of a small amount has taki'ii lav -inn', -.unX may still be in progress, but with a diminisliing •.■ii'i-ucv. The facts on which this inference is liased are the sunkt-n feat line's and forest be good evidence tiiat there was, at tliH'.vcst cirl of the marine ship rallwjiy, a subsidence of 1U'J^(» feet ;"■- AiliU' Si:iiion, liitei'colonial railway, 79 feet, and at Edgetts Land- .,:.iiitlii' iiioiith of the Petitcodiac River, lo-.'JL' feet, below mean tide 'x\A. Tiie liLiiires for Aulac station an^ fi-om borings for a well sank '. ii'iinili'i' till' direction of P. 8. Archibald, Chief Mntiiiu'er of t he Inter- C'v'iiial railway. (seediagram,p.l21)^i). This iioring discloses, in dcscend- i:;.'"nli'r, si'feet of marsh mud, I'U feetof peat, etc. 'I'hegreal sid)siileneo s:i!ii<|ilarc isdiieto a fault along the noith-west side of Westmoreland ll>i:". wiiirh lies a few hundred yards to the south-east of Aulae station' Li-iid^i'treiiiN north-east and south-west, is 1 tU feet high, and con-^ists t Miildlc ('ail)oniferous or 31illstone grit rocks dipping S. I']. <[ •">0\ ilriiiiwutlnnw or dis])lacement is .'501 leet, that is, assuming the l>i-|ila(i ni.nt l'>>nt -urtace of theridg<> has not suH'eredany appi'ccia'jle denudation, .\iil;ur ;i it lias, the amount must be added to th(> abo\e ligures. How much 'Hiiis(lis|ilaLeiiient occuri'ed before the glacial period and how much 'Xce. it is (liilicult to tell; but in the recent period, i i; since the 'Ari'lian (;,,,|n<;v. SuiiiilciiU'Ut, ;!nl c 1., pairc i;!. 42 M NEW UKUNKWICK, XOVA SCOTIA AM) 1'. E. IsI.and, peat beds began to grow, it has l)('cn 7!i feet below inoaii liilo lev,.] Has tliis (lowntlirow or subsidence been accompanied \i\ ,i cdrri'lativf upward movement in the adjacent district 1 It seems p(i>vil,|,. to uive an allii'mativo answer to tliis ([uestion. Ili>;u1 (if r>ay Jt was stated on a previous pagi,' tliat tlie ••egion arDund thclu'adi.f )?i-.',it"(')s'cill;it- the I>ay of Fundy lias been remarkable for great clmngcs nf lovol. "'"'"'"• The subsiilence or downthrow at Aulao is doubtless I'elatcl td ihc ui,. lift of the Wi^stmorcland llidge and of the parallel ridges h ing Iji'twcin it and Petitcodiae Iiixer. These all bear evidenct; nf (lillcrcutiiil uii- heaval of a gi'eater or less amount since the glacial periml. Strinaiv found on the summits of these ridges ;iOO or 400 feet iiigli, cviiltnilv ])i'oduced by the land ict; referred to on l)ag(! 27 M. Tn ciiiililc tliis ice to How otF the axis of tlu; Isthmus of Chignecto in a -DUtliwcsteiJv direction into the Bay of Fundy and produce these stri;r in iis|i,is-;i:v, the land around the lu^ad of Chignccto Uay nuist liaM' linii lower relatively, for no elevation exists to the north or norih-cisi sutluieiit to give it impetus to <»verride these ridges with the IcxcLs df the present day. Hence it. is inferred that, they have sustained ii ]iii~t- glaci.al, diflerential uplift whii.'h is doubtless complemiMitary to tlir sub- sidence shown to be going on in other portions of the >aiiii' I'l'^imi, Suii.-idcnct' as Tlu^ slow sul)sidence in progress in several places ai'DUiid the south- western (Mubayment of the (iulf of Ht. Lawrence in the ivniit period, as evidciicid by the siidt, liut tuir tinues in other places, though at a \ery slow and apparently iliiiiini^iuil rate, showing, however, that tlie coast border has jiot yi.'l leaclwila position of e(|uilil)rinm. IJcmarks eii V^ reference to the hypothesis of ice-load weighiiiu- dnun thocTiist liypethesisuf ,^| (-j,p jj,,,^ ,,j.' ||„, Pleistocene subsidence; while this is net iiicoiisistcut R'e-lnail calls- _ _ , . ,. • with the facts and inferences Ijiought forward ni luvcrdiiig paL'fS, it does not seem to he reipured for the explanation ut tlie |iiieiioim'ii.i ill this region. The great ditliculty apju'ars to be not so imuli tn a.omnt for subsidence, which is the natural tendency of the nu-i, as frnthe upliea\-al of the larger areas. It has been shown on a juvn'.liiii;- pii::''. that duiing till' epoch of ice accumulation, at least, the rnast ic^'I'M stood higher thati at present, and that the perioi! ef iiu'ltiii!.'iiiiil ; retiniinent of the Pleistoceni^ ice was also the period of sulisiiU'iur. It j this ice, by its weight, had been cajiable of causing a sinking nf the | (■\ i'lrncrll liy siiikiiii,' ]icat Ihili's. iiiy: sulisi ill ■lice. ISLAM >. nioiin liilc level. I by a tMinvlalivc lis possililr til i.'ive iruiuiil llii' licail i.f t (.'liaiiiii'S lit' Icvi'l. rcliiled tu till' u]!- duos lyinulji'tWH'ii ut' (lilii'ii'iitial iiji- lifi'ind. .Stria' iuv Mt lii.u'li, t'viilently I. Tu (Miiililc this ill a ~.()iitli-wi'sii_'rly stri;i' ill its[)us.-au'e, b iiiui' lii'i'ii liiwor iKirlli-casi Millirieiit the Icvi'N ut' tile vc sti^taiiH'il a [m-t- im'htary in tln' ^ub- the >aiiir fc'^iiiii, 's ariuiiiil tin' smith- ■lice ill the ivrt'iit >us, i> |irii!)al)!y luit (Icrsiii till' (.'ailinui- wanl l.--laiiil iiiliii;U- thi'liradiit' the Hay I ii woulil appoar tu the rna.-l, lnU nur Kuviiily iliiiiiiii-hi'il ^ lint Vi'l ivai-lii'ilii lilU; (lii\UI till' rni>t lis is uni iiiL'iiii^i-ti'iit |,n.i'i''liii,L; pii::i's, it L]' ilif iilifiMiiiicnaiu , iiuii.-ii tiiaa'uiiiit Itlir riuM, as fur the „, ,1 |,r,v.'.liii^pii^''. .■isl. till' '■"■^^^ I''-'"" i-ioi! Ill iiii'ltiiWiiwl! n,l(it siiliMili'iuv. It : [i„,r;i-iulxinu"f the ^^.v'.«5. j CLASSIFICATION. 4:5 M ^nihs crust, it ini,i,'ht natunilly be aupposc^cl that such a inoveiiiont 5„ultl liaM' coiiicitli'd with the ice accumulation, and an upward jiiviiiiriit should have occurrod during tlio nielting period as the crtist '[,v;iiiu' I'l'lii'M'd oi its weiglit. On the contrary, however, the coast bniiier si'ciiis to luive remained at a h)w le\el loiigat't(;r the retii-emont Hiihc iec, tlial is to say, during the time tiie Leda clay and Sa\i- i.ivii samls were being deposited. All the evidence available tfiiils to >iii>w that in this region the Pleistocene ic deposits from lli(\baseof the lav to the summit of the S.ixicava santls ; the liecent includes irnu'i' I.-- iiiai itefii tefiii'matinns Iviiii;- al)ove the latli.'r. PI li'l^tnri'lic o if the region iindi'r review may, perhaps, be sub. Sul.div divideil s tratij.;iaphically, if not jiaheontologically, into two periods if tin >!' I'll jtte'S,— (IMC rt(Mize(l bv extreme irlacial coiulitioiis, when at'iers |tttii|iieil thr land and lloating ic(.^ tiie adjacent seas, and wlu'ii lift [fS'i'lit that iif ail arctic eliaract er, was vei ■y scanty. The di'i losits or |t'a^ ]«'riiiil ,iri. liDiilder-clay, moraines, osar, glaciated boiildeis, eti 1111 .'lit 1, ilh the 'lacial period propei Fossils occur in ' |trie>i; ^'huial deposits on the; l>ay of l''undy coast at Saint .iolin, P'*' I'.ruiisw ii'k, and in tiie Saint Lawrence valley at Itiviei'e du |Liii[', Me N'erte, etc. TIk; shells denote a liiglily arctic climate, or tlii'i'a ti'inpcratiire of the adjoining sea as low as that now ni'evail- ■"[viii f till- I'l.i^ti Ul-lll 1 I ifii '111 the st iif (ireenlatKJ. Ilii' vjcniid division of the Pleistocene may be made to include all Sin. mi '^estriuilied sands, gravels and clays overlying the deposits of the |'|,.i.i,,L,.ni' rA.i; Iir,.I 'I'l'xt r.iiok of (ti'iilciirv, '.Wi iiiii-il.HI..\M) its. iil)ov(^ ilcsigiiJitcd i^liiciiil period and undorlyiiij^ tin? t'urinntidiis nf k,,, recent period, iind eonsist ut' ( 1) tlie nwirine depusits. Lcda iluv .iml Saxic'uii sands, wliicli are a coast tun 1 est iiarnio serie-^ Ivni:^ ) I lie frc>|| ii'Hlialilv III ii))perinost sliore-line of tlie pt)st glacial suhnierj^cnice; and (: water deposits occurring on tlie inglier l(!V((ls, 'J'liese arc i contenipnraneuus oiigin. The Leda clay and Sa.xieava sand a ally fussiiit'ei'dus, espocially tlie lirst-nienlioned, and cnntain, ji, .i iiair localities, an iilamdant mai-ine fauna, the ])rinci]ial sjiecii's uf uliirh exist in tlin oli'-shore or deejier coast waters of ea^lern Canada and Lalirador at the ])respnt (hiy. A small pait, prol)ai)ly almiit ti'ii nr twehc iier cent, of the wh low, and occurs only m arctic and suharctic seas. lole asscnihlauc, is not found T i\\ III cse t■(M^I^ ii^cn as a \\| the marine fauna of the Leda clay and Saxii-iva sand, while dciKJti a more I'igorous climate, oi' rather a somewhat lower teiii|iei',i!iii (. lit th le coast waters than jire\ ails in tlie region at present. ni>\citlii'l e\iiiiM's consideralilo amelioration troiii the preceded it. ■iai colidiliniis wlij,' The marine deposits ri;ferred to are usually well delined at ilic ]■; and summit md distinct f rom the l)iailder-clav 1 (cliealli anil ti. tli(( formations of the recent oerioi d al. tl leni. T lev cdiilaiii 111 ni iterial which can projierly i)(^ cailei acial n inorainic matter interst rat died therewil o liimldiTclav or o\-eil\inu' thciii. ihr sand, gravel, Ixaihlers, etc., coini)rising the series, e\en tlic InpiiMi'!'- clav itst'lf lK'nealli,l)eing almost w hoi I \- d( ri\'ed from the nuk t'diiuitiMi.. of tl le district in which tliev li At or near the mouths ef ri\(i> deposits are always laro' er asseinl)lai;e )f greater thickness than elsew of fos>sil shells. That the J'lei.-.t. lerc and idiiiaiii ,i e ici' !iail ipii MllO iiy I'etired from tlu hii grounds of the region wlirii the lnuir portion of the Jjcda-clay was deposited seems possihlc, tlidiigii in evidences of the a.tion of land or lloating ice are shown in the stni'' tui'o of the heds, nor lire any dr • turl) )ances aiiparent, such as we wmi ipi 1.1 expect to 111 had and ice nio\cd down the slopi sulisciiuint til III'' deposition, or lloatnig ice ground oNcr the areas oiciij In their character and mode of de[iosition, these ; icil hv thrill. siiiiilar 111 iiiiuihi' lilt ot M. ,a\viviii0 beds now heing formed on tl:e north side of the ( and on tlu; coast f)f Isewtoiiiiilland. < )ecui'ring, as tin y do, al iLidi- t, \ew Ih'unswiidv. and other localities in the mariliiiic iini\inii~. urs with ii ve itical ranue o r thickness of one hundred and sr\rnl\liie laid diiwn wlini tin! ] to two hundred feet, without any intercalated or ovcilyiiiL deposits, it is evident they must have lieen extreme gk'udal conditions oi the region had \(M'y nearly, if passed away. mil w liiill' .\M>. l»;i\i(iliN lit the Lfdii I'liiy ami ly'mu' lii'lciw \\\r nil (-) llic t'|■l■^ll arc iifMlpii'hly ni I sali'l a ntiiin. ill I'lTiaiu iiiccii's (it wliii'li rrii ( 'luiada aiiil Ills aljiiul \r\\ nr II (Ml lllor l(ia-N "ukfii il^ 11 wlmlc 1, while ('.rlKitiiii; ,■)• ti'liil'i'iaturi' III I'llt, iic\i'ltlii'li'-s, col alii i')ii~i ^^'I'i'^^li flilicil .It ill'' '''i-'' Dctif.-Uli and tiiiiii TIm'V ciiniiiin iin no liduldcr i-lay m ,.,lyiir^- llirlll. die even tin- linuldcr- ]\(> nn'k-t'oriii^uiiiib luiillis (if rivns. i!ii' hcri' and cniilaiu.i tncciie ice !iad ii"i ,„, when tin" lower ,,»ilile, llii'llull 11" hdWll ill lllf ^'™''' . sueli as we wuulil [sulisenlient to thfiv .irclliued iiytliem. ,. ^iuiiliii' lo iiiiiiii"' ih' lit St. Lawreii.r S thrv do. nl l'''>ll'- iiaritiiiio iiriivui.i-. ,.(1 and N'VeiHy li^'- ,. .iverlyin.L: >'"'^ ,1 a.iNvn when tin- irlv. it not wl.iiHv. e«i;»!«' CLASSIFICATIOV. tr, M Ii, ii>i.'ard tu tilt! ffesli-wiitcf ilo|)();?its, so-cfilhul, of tho spcoml (iisision I'loh w Itei- „itl|i-riel~loe. lie, wliieli consist, ut" sti'atiliod sjiml, eravcl iiiul clii\- ■|i..Mi- ,„viiiivini,' iliosc |ioi'tiiiiis of tli(! rcL;ii)ii iil)o\t! the hiL,du!st in.ii'ks of tlio ,il,iii,ii.'eni e iif the I'ost-'rcrtiai'y imm'IoiI, ih) fossil rcmiiiiis luivc vet ;,,,,ii tuiiiid in thoiii in the ni.iritiiiu! provincfs of CiiiiJid the liouldi'i'-clav find inor.iinic niiUeriul ,|j.;inctly aliove llii.]i('iit and niiii 1 l)t'ds : Idit arc often lliin find si .'■'■' 'i'licy lire and underlie lie upon the ]ii.i' i.TiiuinU, Aloni{ i'i\(M'-\iille\'s find in lake liasins, also in local- ty- Hillside lit' these, they blend insensiMy into the sands, ervivid and ■ iviif the leeeul jiei'iod, So tliat it is iiiiiiossihlf! to tidl where the one ■llll^ iiiid the other l)(!L,'ins. The i)ottoin imrtions of some of these , I, mill less hern deposited hy waters from the melt in;;' ice of ii:nv !li.> u'l'ii'ial iieriud hut no hiuildei'-clfiv or morainie material has 1 ■"iim 1 illlel'i dated with or o\erl\inLt ' '" )een While, iliereforc, in the -jiiu in i|ne-tiiii 1, it seems (lillictdt. if not impossiide, to dilii-re ti,itt> the siratilied dei)osits diii' to melting ice from those furmed hy iHuvial .ind -^idia'Mi.'d fiction, there appears to Ix; no douht that the ii\i'!s, st reams, lidces, and titmos]iheric deniidat ion of t he laml IlltiT.VlZ. nerallv. wore the [)rineipal a^Ci'iUs to which these deposits .«:■ their iiriuin. 1ai'']iI wiien nee ,1 inlci'aliiv well d iirinir idon;/ with osar and moraine! tliei-e is nsiiiilly 'lined line of demarkation fit the hast- (jf these st r.iti. liril, tri'sii water deposits, their contfict with the tnio h.mldcr-clfiy li-vili:.' heeii iili^ei'N t tr;nv;ill|e, espeeia . '.!i!~ n'^iiin. 'd in iiiiinv idiices, Tliidr ii]i[)er limit, too, is often lly when they fire o\-erliiin, ;is they are iniiifiny plfices liv pe;ithoL;s, shell-marl, etc., of th(M'ecent perioil ; hut in^t'iiiTal their limits fire poorly deHned and uncerttun. Tt is hidie\('d, ix.wivcr, that they have been deposited conttiinporfineously with tlie nlav and Saxicti\'fi sands, timl c(jiistitute the fresh water eciuiva- LhI lit uiese marine lie ds. As ivu'.nds the elassitlcfition of the forniations of the recent period, c tMv iiiv here few fficts indicatiiii,' succession ill tl lese, as m tn( th tl iivlir, tlie ilepi). iits find their contfiined fiiunfi find (lor;i hetokiMi- iieiinil. assilicatiiin if fiirinatiiiiis if thr 111 rllf iri.'oiiiililiiins (if (diiiuite tlirou;;liout the whole period not f.ir ditl'erent tViu iliOM' nnw p'-evtiiliim. [ll the efirly stfii^e, however, the laiul ia viiiii' |\i)rliiins of the iiifiritinie flistricts fit least, stood from ten Vj tweiitv-lU e t'eet or more iihove the present li'vcl, and the clinuite, III tin ^Miiiiii' I- I if is; 1 1 file remains I if a tisli almiit ci^iiitiiii inehes hi liiiu'tli were :.! I' llviinV l.i ick van I, Kre'lerictnii, \. !'>. It is iv|inrii'i| In have ineii iiiilieddi'il ■trutilifilflay at a ileptli iif twriity si'Vi'ii fri.| lirmaili llie >iiffaee of tlie uriiiiiiil. 'i> ■k'li'tiiii i-i now ill tlie niiiseuin nf the I 'nivi.i~ii\- nf New I'rnnswiek. 'I'lio '■;;-iii wliicli tlie fiissil tisli was fnuml lie in the valley of the .St. .Inhii lii\rr, ^;iii|i|'iili.ilily iif lliiviatile origin, ami (if pnst-gliiciiil age. 4<; M Ni:\V llliUXSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AM) I'. K. ISI.AMi. ( liiicr:il clas- -itir.itidii nf till' I'.i-t- Tfrtiarv. or ratlici" till! t('iii|ici'(ituro of tlu;' .'uljacoiit wfitcrs \v;is waiiiior. It wiiH at tliis stfiyii tliiit tlio iiiiiriiit! iiKillusca, wIkisc Ii,il)it;it is ii(,\v ii, (1,^ coast wators soutli-east of Capo Cud, aro siipposi'd tn li,n,. ,s|,|.(..iii noi'tliward and sottlt-il in c(>rtaiii localities around thr .(nist ut' \,,\;i Si'otia, and fsjKH'ially in tiie soutiicrn t'nihiiyrncnt t!t' tlic ( lulf nt St, LawifUL'*!. In till! latter jilai'c thoy still continue to exist. Tlie deposits of tlie recent ptM'iod may also he cLissiili.ii im,, tuu di\isions, marine and fresh-water, supposed to he of coniiinpDiatHMiu. orij,'in. rsiially they are arran,i,'ed into two ^^I'oups, \i/,: (| , illnvial that is fornKMl by th(; sea, Ity rivers, lakes, etc, uikI (l'; iiiiii:,'('ii(iu.s, /. '■. foi'ined liy the <;ro\vth of ve^^etahle or animal matter, as |i('at-lj(i:.'s shell-marl, infusorial earth, v»',i,'etal)h* mould or huiiiiis, ric. l',.,it l^s been ol)s(>rved in a jjfreat nund)er of places restiiii,' on saml, :-iiiiirtiiiii> blown sand (sand beaches) also (Jii shell-marl, while it uiidei lies tiic salt marshes around tilt! head of the IJay of Fundy. If \\(( le-ani aiiv ni these asof successivo formation to others, it would seem that shill-inari, infusorial (!arth, etc., weie lirst formed or deposited, alt i-rwaids lif(K of peat i^rew upon these, then the (le])osition of the luat'sh tiiuil ni i\\c ltill in process of "growth and accumulation, and the foiiiis of life, aiiiinal and vp<;»table, buried therein are those existini,' arumid its at the present day. The whole series of deposits in the Post-Tertiary of the leuiim umjii review may, therefore, b(^ classified as follows : — 1. Iiiilijrciiiins (pear Iim;_'s, ric.) liiiciistriiii'. I'osi' 'ri:nii.\i(Y. liKCllNT I If lllsTOIill'.. ri.KlsniCKNK. [~(. Alliivi i fr ■I'sli-watiT anil luaiiin' rliv. fiv^ 'I'alailar statrlncl\t iif (li'piisits ill tlir ri't,'ii)ii. 1. StratitiiMl saiiils, jn'aviK ami watiT ami iiiariin'. L'. (ilai'ial (liiiuliliT-clay, iiioniiiu-*. n-ar, ilniiii- liiis, ^lat'iatcil iMiiildcis. iir. i The ,it< is shown, so far as it is possible to classify them, by the folluwin;,' table : — M :?. DKI'OSI'I'S oil I'OHMATIONS OF Till-; lii:('i:NT I'KliloU, Fresli-initfi: Mni'im . (a) (1.) I'eat lirtffs. . Liifiistriiii'— sliell-iiiarl, iiifuserial •■aitli, etc. 3. Kivor-tlats, intervales (alhiviiim). 1. 1>tiii('S, 111' sand luailii-. L'. Mstnarine Hals, iiin— i-l nr nv-ti rMs natural dyUi-s. etc 3. Salt marshes (alluv iiiin). (...«!•!.) PUE-OLACIAI. (iKAVKLS ANU SAN'DS. 17 M M L'. |ii;i'()slTs OK loiniATloNS OF 'IIIK I.A'IKIt ri.HlsToiKXK . (al (I.) t i;i\(v ;iii'l l:iki' trri'iicrs iiiwl their 1. Sii\i(':ivii siiiid iiihI Lcda diiy iilid ,niniM|Mii\ iiiir UiuiH's, (tc, kiiiiii's fiii'iiicd I !>' imiriiio u^,'l■ncy. ._i s'tr.itiii.il iiil Mill ^TiiM'!, siniil and (■l;i\. .iii'l kaiiii-> assiiciatcil tliiTc- Ultll. M 1. liKr'i>|T^ OK TlIK KAIMA' IM.KIsTocKSK Oil (II.ACIAI, I'MIIIOI) I'liOl'KII. I'lipiildi'i'-t'lay or till, niiiniiin-i, licnildirs, erratics, cti;. I'UK-cLAriAi. on ■ih:i;iiaiiv. Hotted l'uel< ill nitii, aii),'idai' lidulders, ^rravel, saii and rock surfaces without erndini^ thern deejily. f)niy ;; ;ii nitain low ridges, or from the brows of liiils exposed to tlie full tuicvot tiie urindinii' ice did it reinov(! tlie wholti of tlui residuary iiuteriiil and score tlie solid rocks beneath. In New Ihunswick, the tiikkest lieiU of this material met with are near tiie c(jast of Niitliuiiilieiland Strait, wiier(! in a ft>w instances it was found over- bin liy iioulderclay, which in turn was mantled by stratified !;•■[« i, therefore, more uneven and irregular than J[«i:i the llat I 'arbonifermis tracts referred to. TheiKiitheiii llanks of the Colxvpiid Mountains in Xova Scotia and '"iC?liilio lift ween these and Northumberland Strait, are also masked ^ithlenticulai', detached sheets of residuary material of great(!r or less stent. This can be ob.served east of lialfwiiy Lake, at Kodney, River Rii'.i|'. Williaiiisdale, Westchester, Wentworth station, etc., and in Kii-rou:, places 1 (('tween the mountains and the coast of the strait. lo the latter area great (|uantities of such dejiosits have been kneaded Milnwved ^'ivateror less distances and changed into a kind of boulder- uylivthc Pleistocene ice. I'iv,;k,ci,d niaterial.s. I n \eW Hl'Ull>\viciC. Fn Xciva Hc'otia. ».S M SV.W IIKINSWK'K, \0\A SCDTIA AM) I'. 10. Isl, \S|, III I'l Wall I ii I'M M.hmI. In M; l-l,>ii<{ -.lali' III Prince I'Mwiii'd Island, luv^v purliuns of tlic luusc (IciKKit ini.' tlic solid rni'ks consist of rcsidiiiuy niatcriid, and sheds ii tiid cxcn isvciity t'cct in liiickncss iiic not, uii M > ciivcr. iii'li III' t], . I'cscinhlcs lioiiidci'-ciav texture, (iioimli ■ I'lMl .sfriiicli(.(| polisiied [lohhles or iioiildeis, and lias evidently .leen ciiiii|i,ut(ii weii,'lit of till! snow and ice of tlii) ;{lacial period, and iniu liVll, lilini I loUi'UT. ill alniosplieriu action since. The i,'reat liiilk of ii i-;, j o.\i(h/.ed condition, showini,' thai il is notatriie houlder (■|;i\-. j'tntl,,., it contains no tiav(^lled houldei's Of (h'ift, hciii^ wliolh locnj, mni tli, nialei'ials aro unwoi-n. I'eds of it may lio seen in M\(r; the I'i'ince i'Mwanl Island railway liel ween Suiiiiiieisidi' ami (' town, in cuttiii;;s and ;,'ia\el |iits restinj,' on noii-ylaciaied i It occnrs aloiiL.' tlie coast also in nninerous localilii Alhci'toii, Caiiiplielltoii, AN'ood Islands, etc., often in h, twenty feet thick. I'poii the uplands Mot infi'e(|iicni Is ii harliiiti- -urt'jiitr c>|ii'L'iiil|y at ks t(.|i ;,, riiliii'- ti) the surface and forms the soil, having' apparently umlcrui l(! denudation. 'J'ransportecl houlders are oc isiona all surtaco. llv f lie occurrence o f such extensive sheet.^ >p, iiii' I'liii.iilfr. iiIIIhI oil t||.. iiiil iiii|. points to thefact of liyht ;,daciation in I'rinceKilw aid Islaml, es'erywhere upon the C'arhonifermis area on hotli sides nt' .\Miiliiiiiii,.r. land Strait. If the ice which o\cri(ide the island f rmii \\r>i III (.;i>t lia.l I. ■n hea\y and of iiuu'li erosisc ji iM h it 1^- I th idem I lie liiul ii'r|iiiiMi.i:,< lave l)t!en ^really (lenuded and the rock surtans ur-uura, i.\ ■, hiMi'ii [loscd as it would ho to tiie full iniset of the mainland ula of this liciny tho case, however, (ho lieaviest heds of resid occur on the lii:,'lier ridyes of thoccnlral part of I'riiicc ivlwanl while the thickest dejiosits of houlder-clay are found uIuiil uarvinaiiTiil I III' I'li.lSt W here they seem to have been jiroduced by tlu^ heavy impiiiui'iiii'm ul coast or lloati tiiS ife ajfainst t he 'I'he Mai'diilen Islands exhihil the most reniarl •cable null u'liii'iatcii dition of any part of tlm eastern provinces of Canada. Mul I i--laii(i liib i a nucleus or central mass of intrusive! n appaii'iilly thrift iiji into tli(( Lower t'arhoniferous, jL,'ypsiferoussti'ata, hrcakiiiL.' iliiniiu'li'iinl tl isl; irowiiii these into vai ious attituilos. Around tl ic margins if til II' iiuls overlviiiii the L jDW'O 'Carh. loniteious rocks, occurs a latrr MTic^nt )h, hriyht-red sandstones, with false hedilini;', wliiili t'nr tin' iii"-t It! crvstalliiu! sciii'- riiii>ist iitl part occupies a horizontal position. Tl doleritcs or diabases, porphyiitic and aniygdaloidal fclsili etc., forming conical-shaped hills which rise to altitiidi' to 600 feet. Ill some places the dykes of these rock overlyin.ii gypsiferous series in such a manner as to re or ti'ap- lit tinlll iii'in'li'a ||"}1 tc the] (luce tlio wliiJ?! ISl.AMi. UKIM. OlIHilN OK TIIK lilvSIDlAltV M.\TKI£I.\t,S. t!) M MISI" (|l•l"l^l^^ I'liVi'l'. 11(1 slici'ts live, (iMi, •on. Mui'li lit' tlih .iniit M.'rak'li('il 111' 'II cdlilli irtnl liylli- il, mill iiiniiiHi'il liy is, lluWi'MT, ill ill! ildiT rliiy. l-'iinii'i', i liiill\ IiiimI, mill !l' scvcnil jilari^ iiliiii^ M'sidi' iiinU'liiii'IiiUi- iieiiilcil riii'k >urt:i't>. ililirs, ('siii'L'iiilly at I'll in liiiiiks lull :ii |Uriii ly it (.■iiiiii'^ ti) UlllliT-i'll'' I'lill'illi'l- ,iiiiiallv I'lmml on tlii' i|)II>imI nnks /(' -'''I inl Islaml, ami iiuli'il sides lit' Niiiliiiuiii»r- I'l'Ulll Wrsl 111 filit ilH'l lit. iln' liiulii'i'liarliiiii< surlari's irr-uiirn. I'X- laud ulai'ii'V. lii-l'^ii (it residuary iimtmu riiice IvUvanl IsImU'I i iiiid idling ill'' '■"''* I ("avy iiiiliin^'-iiirlil "t dilt' iinM','liifiatwl >■"!'•• Iiuia. Ivii'h isliimilw^ a|.iiaieiiily thriHt \\\< liivakin- tlinni,i;li.iii'l| the iiiai-ins nt ili-' „.,.ursa latei-i-m-'t M-, Nvhi.-ll t('iit. I'pon i!ii' siiit'aee of tilt' wlioln lie tliick licds of rotted ruck //( si/n witluuit. ain liiiiilili'ffiay or f,'lficiat('d materiiil. On tin; iinrlli-eust sides of Aiiih'T-i and (ii'lridstotu) isliiiids, ii fmv poliMcs mid Itoulders weic i,|i,i||vim1 \\liiili may !)« for<'i;;ii to tlicni, liiit cxeii tliesc were not iiiiidiili'd. 'I'lii! residuary materials were niodiliod on tlie siiifaee lidiiw till' 1 10- to 1 ir)-foot contour line by tlie action of the sea duriiii; i'lliiiicrj^i'iiee, wliilo above that love! no trace of marine or i^lacial action iiiM 1)1' iiliM rvi^d. rndecd, the wlioio examination of the surface of till' t'lHir laru'i'st islands, vi/., Amherst, l-jitry, (irindstone mid Alrii^dit tiiltil to sill iw any i!vid(Mie(!of ^laeiation whatever.* United rock alone, with striitilied marine beuls up to tlie hit^hesl marks of the I'leistocene 111, ,is well us duriiii;' the Pleistocene and since, there wuiild W a .oiiseivatixe etl'cct, checking and, indeed, practically arresting atii.iisphciic disintegration of the rocks every winter. It is Line that til" iiii'ltiii;; period each sjjring is, owing to the loosening o.' the beds l:":a the uiilurking of the prex'ious winter's frost, one of greater il't.uilaliiiii than is usuid ill non-glaciated or tropical regions, but these C"iulitiiiiis last only a short time. On the whole, howe\er, the Hi">tiiiii lit' extensive and deep-.seated pre-glaeial roi'k decay in these ""iuuli's, may be said to I'cipiire furtlier investigation liefore it can be wiTi-laicd with tli.at of non-glaciated tropical countries. , Mr. .liiiui's IJicli.-inlsnii says "umvlii'i'e cniiM (le|Hisits nf day or trravel lie (listiiin- '''•iii-l-ucii av aiv u-uallvattriluiteil to the drift lierioil." (Kepurt uf rrot;ress, (icul. •Mmy„f(,';u„i,i;i^ IS71.) iSi), pafe'e .S (1.) i 50 M NEW BRUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND P. E. ISLaXU. %|i;*^ V.niiMir-cIay iuid liimlilrrs (M 1.) Deposits of tiik Eaiu.y Plkistocenk, ok tii.AciAi, ri-iiiou, ]hiulder-rh(y and lionhlcrs. Tlio l)oulcler-clay iiiicl bDiildors of the region are so intiiiiati'lv rclatoil and tlioir distril)ution lias been afl'ected to sucli an oxteui l)y ili.. sum,. agencies that it seems best to describe them togi.'ther. And lirst it may be stated tliat no bonlder-clay, bouklers, or uU.er glacial inuduots have been found upon the higher grounds of the region uiidcr (Hmus- si(jn, exc(.'f)t such as belong to rocks on the south side of the watcish,.,! of th(i north-east .Vppalachians t)r Xotre Dame mountains, sd t',u' as my observations have extcnuled. L'jion the coast distiicts, whirli wen. sul)mei'g('i.l dui'ing the post-glacial subsidence, scattered boulders nccur which do not seem related to the rocks of the region. These \va\\- dcjubtless drifted from the Labrador coast, from the Magdalen Ulaiuls, from Ca|ie 15reton. and perha])s fr-om Newfoundland. The districts which best illusti'ate the dispersion of boulders ;ui' tliM Carboniferous aiea of New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. Vpon these large quantities of boulders of granite, diorite or diabase, felsil(>, Lower Carboniferous conglomerate, etc., are strewn ami embedded in the sheets of b(julder-cla\' of greater or less tliickiic-s. a considerable portion of them having undei-gonetransportali. Jlaciai. Peuioi). ithnatoly nMntod :t(Mit l)y tlif >iini(i r. Anil lirst it r gliicial iiniiUuls ;ion uikUt disiiis- Mif the wMlcr^hril mnliiiiis, ■^ll t'liras ti'icts, which WrlV rcil houUlcrs nccur :;i()l>. TltCM' ll.lVi' Magdalen Islands, 1. of Ixmhlors are the re Edward Isliiml. iliorito (ir diahiiso, ar(! siiTWii ;mii tr less thirkni-s n isportalinn ImiL' tli"- ret'erreil to, certain iven s|iai;e in I'lU.'li nu'tlwid ailnjiti'd. iire-Carhiiiiifi/i'iiiK ill lie _'i\ei . tnd ilW 1)1 lU ders al ii->\t a iiled. 1 ail area tit'ty ss Sll Vft III 111 1 S.) nieasiuvd arm "t cu»L«ea5-, DISPKHSION OF HOULDEUS. 51 M I/i)Caliti('S. Xi;w lliilN'swicK. 1 \i Lu'lL'"' ■Illlll' llll'l' illlllVC lidicMtllWll I AtMii <"ri 'rook Ill Itivcr, cipiiiisitr l''n'il- a %4 3 01 - u - = A z . _2 — -7 lew 2 ■^ J^ ,5 it ^ "" ^ - t> •.-tr: I — * •rt 17(i ; N.-ar 11. Tt llavis's Lanihii),' I'lrmik. ."i inilcs li uf iiiniuh lit \>\ iwii. 1 list side cif ,' iiiiir i; mile lii'liiw lust . la 11 l'„.fAi-ell iL'N'iar I'.lackvillc III aiinllicr pliicf. Dnaktoii mill iJimpliy's 33; 32! I I 2011 ' 3IMI • 3: 1 . . 2 1 . . 10 ill 1 7S .. V l»i lii.l milt i. Ill nt l\i..iiiiiis imil Dniitraivim if 1) iinu'arviiii. I Dii l.M'i.tW'iii Kiiuais ami |)iiiij,'ar\iiii river 111 N'.-ar a^tnt ille, I. ('. I{ iieoiii-t statiiiii, IsSaliiieii Ki\er, near ('astawiiv Kiver. P. (.). I. C. I! Hi TllSpl'Ifilll 7i 34 040 20; 711 5 18 132 iril',... 0!) 14 ...m (■) 10 ..|17 1! 1' !l Meailiiw liriiiik. Srtflrllli'llt, Sniiliurv eilliuty. MM (i 11 30 4 ■JlHalTV :'.' I'.iiiiis'iilleii. Siiiilairy enmity, XoVA SriiTlA. it On iiuitla-ni ~loiii. of Ccilieqilids >iiliiii II .iM I -lain 'imils oil I'oai to F lliJiii hi^'lie-r uauuiiil, South .Toi,'j;iiis . . . , j oCi '!'. MalL'ill "I Millinlie UKllsll • .v.. Ma ! •>-)l At Atlii.l,. , : 511; ;il >|ai iN. l\l; .'At Halt IIL'I nil, east side iiraii liiver. 1 I'Mr foot of Coliciiuitls. uav liner 173 IS IfiO 30 1 34 0, 10 130 2H Mith ■t San d I! SI At Itivii' riiili; ;oi', ar iiiili> imi til of (Ixford, '.131 . S3 31 . (IS ;N'.ar lilark l.'ivrr 03 I Ni-rtli ol'i'lnpiiiiisoii station, I. (.'. J{. ■ Wrv tehcster, :ii'iii lii'l'iiit liiver mild. I'lX'llI' I'llL'HasI MWVst -idi iif I'liL'wash Kivi-r, two mile I^Tv mill iiiiMitli 43, 147 nil e-^ Wrsl of Coim's Mills \ 1 2S 10 4S IS' 4:i\Vi,llaiil!iv,r.. HN.iU'Wallaee villi I". ISl >ge.. another iilace. 01 1: 20S ■f. ^ H Oil I! 1' C, liiXi ill Xnv; •' Seotia. l.l r.9 M NEW rmuxswicK, nova scotia and p. e. i.si,an-i>. Ill V. V. Ishliul. Lucalitii'.s, y. •47 4K' 4'.i; 50! r>i r>L' .■")H ni r>(i I'mxcK KiiwAKi) Island. Xortli C':\]\i' Mills" rciiiit, iiiii'tli-f:ist. sliiirc At AllpcrtdU .Vt raiiiiiliclltdii At Kii.T-.iicsiiiti.iii, 1'. K. 1. n.... At I'.irt Mill At Cili'iiiaii stiiti.iii, ]'. ]•;. 1. K. . At I'.)rtii},'.' .• n At Wflliii^ftfiii .. " At iioitli-i'ii.st cast, nciir Margate ■J. -■" * # * * 45: * « * * * * * * * * * « ■N-. 1 C5 C * * , .i7r)3!l]2 -f 1.' ~ ' 1 ■r. r- -'- l.\ rrystalliii.' ll.llll.l.M'S til.' .saiii.' .>n til.' (.'ailiiiiiil'.-riius an as .if N.'W ISniiisw ic'k ami I'l'iuc.' Ivlwar.l Islaii.l. Tioiildcrs ill Nova Scitia. Til Prince Edward Tsliuid, the lioiddcrs wore not foimlc.l. tli" .lilHr- ent kinds only licinjj: noted. The relative proportion .it' tr,ui>ii.iirril cry.talline boulders to those of local origin is, however, nun li !r>s ili.i.- than on the niiunland of Nmv ISrunswick". From a study of the foregoing table, it is apparent that ilii' trmv ported or crystalline boulders upon the Carbonit'erous aiva ..i NVw JJrunswiok and Prince Kdward Island, are identical with ih..-r uhmi the surface of the pre-Carlioniferous rocks to tht! west. I'ikhi tin; latter ar.'a no sandstone or grit boulders were met with, ainl this fart. taken tilong with others, goes to show the dii'ection .it' ili.' lirit't nio\'ement, \ iz., that it was from west to east. XotwiilistaiHliiiL.' tli.' immense ([uantities of material trans]iorted in this direct i.in. luiwivcr. everywheie upon the surface of the Carboniferous plain the ^ivai pt- ponderance of boiddei's derived from the uiulerlying --aii.lstiiiK's. i- es]iecially noticeable. ' >nly in a \ cry few localities near the w.-ti-iii margin of the area do the boulders of the older crystallini' ini'k- t'iniii the west predominate. Tieyond a di-tance of twenty .ir t u.'iity live miles from the margin of the crystalline rocks, the sanilst.iii.' h.iuiilii- outmnn))er all others put together. In New lirunswick and Prince Edward Island, the 111. .~i aliiiii'iai.t of the crystalline boulders are granite and dioritc, whiili a.'.iiii lai^.'lv prepondei'ate over all others. .Slate and felsite com.' w\\. ih. 11 1:11. 'i-\ etc. This relative |iroportion as regiirds the number .it' ih.,-.' hmililfi- upon the Carboiiiferous pliiiii is not far diU'erent from thai jnrx ailing' on the surface ttf the cry.stalline rocks themselves, so fai as .il. .'r\ atimis hiive ex' ended. Turning to Nova Scotia, we find the distribution of b.iuhh'is in tlu' district occupied by Carboniferous rocks north of the Cobi'iuid Mmm- CMILMEBS DISI'KUSIOX OP liOULDEHS. 53 M (liri'ctiuii. liowi vrr. near ilif wi-tcrn • iitv <y ii inominent place; but boulders and debris derived from the OilMiiuiil Mountains are elements wliieh have to be taken into account Ii,,iv, Hence the great abundance of syenite and fclsite boulders uiiiii llii-^ slope, as compared to the portions of New Brunswick and Piiiuc !-(l\vard Island to which these i)b-:er%ations have reference. riiiin ilic iioitliern brow and sunnnit of these mountains, a few sand- .M,„„'it.'ii,iJ -tunc anil grit boulders occur intermixed with those belonging to the uiiili'ilving crystalline rocks, and an interesting jtroblem has arisen in iv:;ir(l to them. (Sir J. W. Dawson explains their presence there by liir ibiiiiii ot' floating ice, and it is possible he may be right. Uut I li;ivc liccii miiible to find any system of glaciation either by land or il'jatiin; ice which will account for the jihenomena without raising iiihtT (liliiculties, some of them insuperable, and have therefore been oiuiiicllcil to adoj)t another hypothesis (page 29 M this report). The suulstiiiics (lip away from the mountains wherever they are sc(!n ir^tii);; nil their noithern base, and in some ]ilaces are found In situ well u[i(in tlic slopcis, r.g., at Willianisdale, where they occur six hundred to ,-f\(Mi Imiiiircd feet high, and west of Wentworth station four hundred ami sixiy-livc t'eet high. No stossing from ice action was found along tliiMioitliciii slope of the Cobe(iuids, and the inference, therefore, is that neither land nor lloating ice has impinged against their sunnnits from the iioitli. < Ml tlic contrary, wherever glaciation is found, the proofs are ml wanting that it is due to ice which moved down-hill northwardly. Tho L'iilic'|uids have been uplifted hirgely, some parts perliajis wlioUy, >inic tiic Middle Cai'boniferous age, and certain j)ortions of the sand- Muiic strata have been raised with them. Extensive and deep-seated ili'iimlatiou has removed tliese strat.a, except very small patches on the lliiiiks, iuul scattered boulders of sandstone among the local debris on the Mninnit, which still exist there. Wherever the debris showed ice aetidii. it was founil that the sandstone boulders were glaciated similarly to those belonging to the crystalline series underneath, this L'kiialioii. I lake it, l)eing all due to local land-ice. lliiuliici' rlay ew l.runswick whicli apjiear to l)e tliickest in the vmIIcv ot tlif Xiu- liiuiis- Xortlnvest and Soulliwest Miramichi rivers. These val wii'k. leys, wliicli iiiv pre-glacial, were in the glacial period pretty nearly tilled with li..iiM(i. clay, containing a large proportion of transported niatcii.ils. dtu.n including lioulders fmni live- to ten feet in diameter derived t'luin thr pre-Carbdiiiferous rocks to the west. The \alleys lia\(' sinci- Ikm.h deeply eroded by tiie rivers, ami the great numbers of Ituiijiiiis Kjnw in them are such as hive been exposed in this way. In i;iiii.|;il there are a gre/iter number of boulders in the lower portions ui \\\i- valleys than along their ui)i)er nvielies, whii'h is mainly (hn- to the fait tliat erosion has been greater therci. '{"he beds of these ri\ei-. mav in' compared to an inclined plane, the upper jjarts being neaily as h\<^\\ a> the general level of the country, or of the boulder-clay lilliii;;- iNuh valley, while the lower porti(jns have been cut down more decjily intu it. For (>\amiile, along tli(* upper jiarts of the bit lie Sduihwc-i, llenous, J)uiigaivon, Main Southwest Miramichi rivers, eic, lluwin; through the Carboniferous plain, the terraces and banks iinlnsiiiL; them become lower and lower with respect to the rivers' Ix'd as wr ascend, and it is evident that the rivers llowecl at liiLrlier Irvrls iu early post-glacial times, probably upon surfaces very nearly as liiL;lia^tli'' general level on both sides of their pr(;sent valleys. Iiiderd ii wmiii! appear that in some ])laees their waters must, at tli.it ^iul;"', lia\i' diverged from the \alleys aiul inundated eeitain tracts iiiiti >iili , remodelling tiie boulder-clay and transporting boulders. The iij'|fi portion of the ]i(>nous Ixiver then (lowed into the fiitth; Soiitli\\i'v a wide \alley .along tin; western margin of the Midtlie t'.irliiinitVinUv ^lav not the wider distribution of gravels an 1 t-lay inid the Mvittrriii:; of boulders oxer the surface of tin; Carboniferous area h.i\e lufn ai least ]>artiaily aceomplished in this way .' It would seem that iu early post-glacial times, as these rivers debouched from the iiieiiiitaiii- or higher grounds of tli(> pie-Carboniferous region to i he w' si uimii the plain, they s|)re,ad their waters o\cr the le\-el eoimtry ly iiiaiiv devious routes, until after a time tliey becimi^ conliiied to hih' paiti- cular valley. .\t the present day, they llow along their lower narh'- in deep trenclu'S of greater or less width cut into b,ink.^ of iniiiMri- clfiy which, in early iio.st-glacial times, iilled their valhys m tin' hiini. This feature is especially noticeabh; along the .Miraiin'chi iiMr-- n- ferred to. SLAM). g ai.iiaiviitlyha.l mifiTiiii^ arcii of 111' viiilcy iif til,. .'fillcvs, whicli III,, led willi ImuldiT- iiiutfi-ials, nt'bMi lorivcil tVniii till. li;i\i' s'uMx' lici-ii of buuldiTs lyiii:; iiy. In L'(Micr;il jKirtidhs III till. ly llllc til til"' tart !.se ri\-('rs inav he noai'iy ;is liiirh as •cliiy tilliii-' cull iiion' ili.|.|ilv iiiiu Little Siiiitliwi-vt. I'ers, ell'., Illiwill;;' liaiiks iiii'lnviii^ 'i\('i-s' lii'd a< wr liit;hcr jrvi'ls iu 'iirly as liiuliastlH' Tiidrnl it wimlil 'lat sIul:''. lia\i' S (111 rillu'l- >iili'. fs. Tllr lljilil'l' tlr Si.ulllWi-l liV (.'ai liiinii'iTiiU-. il tjir ^i-,ltli'liim v.a li,-L\r lii'HIl ill I -rnii tli;it ill 11 t lir liinUlltailh ) I lir \Vi.>l 111" 111 mill I y liy many ■(I t II' I'iiiii- ir luwrr ivaclii'-' Ills, III' iiiiiililir- Icvs III till' liniii. M.iriii iiv('r.-> ri'- Ci-U«EB'. nOCLDKU-CLAY AN'I) liOULDEHS. ■ )■) M Tnwai'ils the coa.st of Northuniberlanfl Stniit, near Miramichi River, th(> liiiulili'f-clay, unlike that of Cumberland county, becomes thinner and iiiiM'c sporadic and in many places is underlain by rottenrock in Klfii. Tiie western pai't of Princt; I'Mward Island i.s covered pretty rxten- siveiv with boulder-clay in which j^cbbUjs and boulders fi'oni the crv-talliiie rocks of central New lirunswick and a few from the Middle (';u'liiiiiit'i'i'i>ns ai'e embeddtid. The debris of Millstone grit also occur.s in Miiiii; Inraiities intermixed with tin; boulder-clay. On the higher ^'I'ounds of the central part of the island, tlu^ superficial beds (.'onsist lai'Ki'lv "f residuary material often fnjm ten to twenty feet in thiek- IR'^.S. The heaviest bed.s of true boidderclay in Prince Edward Island occur Win-ic ln.'ni- n I ,, . ,, " ,, 1 ■ 1 I '"^t 111 'lis of mi the coast. Ijanks or it from ten to twenty Tei!t tluck may be seen i„,ni,i,.|.-cia\- iifMi'L'aM'udish and Capo Turner, also on the .south-west coast near Cape '."'[''"' ,'" TiaM'i'sr. OxH'rlying tlu^se and strewn o\er the coast districts, especi- ally nil the north-east side of the island, occur a inniib(,'r of i)oulders, iu iuidititin to those transported from New Brunswick, which do not M.'Pin related to any of tiie rocks of the region under examination. Iliiw till"-!' reached there is a ]iroljlem. At present it is sup[)osed they havi' lici'ii liiirne thither by floating ice. Vi'i'v interesting deposit.s )i Ijoulder-clay were met with along the iiditli-wi'st coast of the May of Fundy, some of which hasc been dc- M.iilii'il ill |ire\ioiis reports. -•- Oil till' .Magdalen Island, a few small ciystalliiie boulders were :\ra:_'i!alc.ii iiw.i'Ni'd on the north-west sides of Amberst and (Irindstonc islands; ,,^t"i',',,uij|'.,. ' iiiit whrllier transported, or derived from the central crystalline hills >^'l''.v. ni I'aili riiuld not be determined in the limited time at my dis[iosal. It i-imt improbable tliey were borne thither by floating ire wheii the.se i-laiuls .stood at a lower level, though none were found in the sand lii'ai'hi's of the r. 'cent period. As stated already, no boulder-clay was I'lHiul nil the four largest islands of the group, vi/.: Amiu'rst, tirind- siiiiif, I'.iitrv and Alright. Ill ilic study of the boulder-clay of the region, iiarticidar iiii[uiry y was iiiaile II 1 respect to the occurrence of intercal; Ited .f Cli i\' gravel, or wl lether there were anv other tacts teiuliny- to litrrralatcil lii-iN ill Imulilc.r-clav iii\v a (li\ ision of the glacial ileposits. Exce[it ;it (Saint .lolin, Ne w I'li'uiiswirk, however, noim were found. The origin of the defiiKsits tiii'ii' has been explained as simiily due to local oscillations of the ice- liiiut ill a sulisic iw' area, wi th tl le nuirgin, for part of the time at 'Aimiial f;i.|iiirt(;i.()f. Siirv. Can., Vol. IV.,(N..S.) ISSS S!l. Part X. liullrtiii (icol. i. iif Aimiica, Vol, 1\'., iip, IJGl 370. ip 5G M NKW IIUUNSWICK, \OVA SCOTIA AND P. E. ISLAND. least, i.i'., (luring the local advances, extending some distiuni' licvrjiid the then existing coast line. Tn a number of localities where the boulder-clay exceeds ,i tiiiikiie.ss of eight to ten feet, the upper and lower parts exhibit the dillcrences due to oxidation and non-oxidation. A deposit of this kind uicuis ut Alma, Albert county. New Ib'unswick,* and similai- e\;nii|il(s were noted at other localities, showing the upper portion of tlie liniiMi.i..,.];^. to be oxidized, while the lower portion consisted of blui>li i:iay, enm. pact till. No int(Mvalated beds were observed, lutwever, aloiiu tlu'Jino of demarkation between the oxidi/ed and non-oxidized jiortions, iiiid tlie infertMice is, therefore, that the whole mass is really one lied, tho chemical change in the upper portion having taken pluce siiac its deposition. Glaciai. Stki.k Gliiciiil striiu. The following list of striic, end)races all that ha\e been disinvi'icil in the district ref(!rred to in this report. An attempt is here iiiadctn difl'erentiate tliose produced by the ice at the period of its niaxiimim extension from the stria' foi'med wheri it was diminishing and rctiie- ing, tho movements at the latter stage having been ajiparently iiiine local and affected to a greater extent by the minor inecjiialitics nf tin* surface. There are, howev(;r, a considerable number of stri:r whicli it is ditlicult, if not impossible, to correlate in this way, or tn iisvii;n to aixy pai'tieular stagt> of tin; glacial period. Stria' ])i'o(luced by iloating ic(!, or ice-])acks, have been fuundina number of places along the coast. These will be placed in a si'panitr group. The ])earings of the stria' are in every case referied tn ilif true meridian, and the elevations to mean tide-level. Striip i>ro- St)'i(r SuppoH/'d to hare buen J't-odnrol at the Maxim nm S/aijr of . South of Mary's Point quarry, S., S. 8' W., and 8. lli \\ . Aiiniiiil Kcport (icnl. Surv. C:in., Vol. IV., (X.S.) ISSS-S!), w- iM-L'"' s. t«»lMEM (JLACIAL STKI.K. 57 M n'lvd U> lla' true i.i-tiiiinu >''(','/'■ ';' Stoss siilf to the I. .\ -Imi't, distance south of road I'uniiiiig out to Mary's Point, S. ^ i:.. S. li» AV., S. 23- W., 8. 28 W. and S. ;3;$ W. .Distinct and will (Ifliiiid. Slojte to N. Heiglit, 110 foft. j. Still t'lii'tlicr south, on saincs road, 8. 25 W. I'l. liiili a niilfl north of Little llidge cross-roads, on sliore road, 8. : i:., S. -j:; W. and S. 28' W. ;. ()|[ mad to Cape Enragt', about one nido from Caj)!', 8. 2.") W. Steep sl(i|M' to E. llcight, 150 feet. S. Haifa mile east of All)ert (Hopewell Corner) on Crooked Creek, <,-i:\ W. Ileiglit, ;U0 feet. ',1, (miIii.;- snutli from Aihei't (Hopewell Corner), on cross-road lead- ing' tnwanls New Ireland, 8. 28' \V. <)l)scure. 10. On Iliad going up from Kiverside, through Caledonia settlement iiit liend lit' rnail), S. 2;'. W. Height, 77U feet. II. Oil mid from liiverside, going through Caledonia settlement iitt'inf ivii'liing cross-road hviding towards Alhert Mines, 8. 2 M, 8. - E. anil S. 12 E. ; a .short distance beyond, 8. 4 E. and 8. 12 Iv I In otliiT r.Kposures near liy, 8. 2' E., 8. 7 E. and 8. li W. l)is- 'iii.t i^riMivcs. Height, 1,120 feet. ]:'. Fuiilicr north, at extreme height tm this road, a small exposure ixhiliits, S, i; !•:. Hciglit, 1,2;{0 feet. l.'l, Siiutli nl W'oodworth settlement, one mile above cross-roads, >. I- W. and S. 2:'> W. 8loiie, 8. Height, 500 feet. U. \\ till' tup of the hill further up, on same road, 8. 18' W., S. 28" W. ami S. ,")(.) W. Exposure here shows southward ice-movement vmclraily. Height, 590 feet. I"). Ill Sauinill Creek valley, 2J, miles south of Hopewell Hill, 8. 8" W, llci-lii. .".(10 feet. III. .\t u|ipi'r cross-road, on west side of same valley, 8. 7" E. >:i.l»'K. Ilridit, 950feet. I WkSTMOUKLAM) COINTV, N.B. 1". Aldiut half a mile north of Catamount siding, T.C.I}., in a gi'avel n W.'>tniorc (■nttiiiir (pi'iliaps on a b(mlder),=i^ N. 79 E. Very few signs of glacia- '""'C<'.,X.]5 ti'fluii wairrslu'd here. 1^. .\i lliiuiireau quarry, 8. S. S= E., 8. 9 E.. 8. l.T E., S. 12' E., > :':; i;., S. 24 E., 8. 1 \V., 8. 8 W., 8. 11 W., 8. 28 W., and 8. o" W. lli'ight, 420 feet. Great ledges striated. Courses persistent. 'Ti.i«ti-i:ilril li(i\il(lcrs notwl ill this list lire sncli as tin' ici' lias a|i]iaii'ntly gnuiliil Wtrwhili- tliry wire iii-kl in tiic honldcf-L'Ia.y, ('.(.. I'liilifdili'tl in it, tin- stria' licint,' aHlnsiiiiMilini'tiiiii as tlidse upon the rork snrfairs in tin' iicii,'lili(iurliiii"l. Siicli 'Xcnmiifi's -.[]■:■ ciiinnKin in tlio CarbonifiTous areas nf New I'ninswiL'k, Xova Scutia ad I'riin-c Ivluiril Islaiiil. 58 M m:\v iiiirNswK'K, nova scotia anm> k e. island. 11). Oil slope facin<,' Petitcodiac Rivt'r, S. 7 1^., S. li' i;,, s. j-j K mid S. ;5S W. Height, 100 feot. 20. On (ippositi! .slope, fiiciii;^ Moiiiranu'uok \alley, S. :; !',.,.>. i^ E., S. .'VJ H. Tlie S. 1' K. and S. Il' H. striir are well dnin.d an.i alanulant. Ileiglit, 'jnU feet. Jl. On iiiil neai- Dorelie.stec Cape, on road leadini,' t'l'mn hmvliestcr to (I rand Anse, S. li Iv, S. S \V. Tlie S. l' IO. set dcrpr^t. 8t(is> side to tlie X. Ilei-lit, ;5U0t'eet. '2'2. Alonj.; Intercolonial I'ailway, east of Doreliostor, five m' six niile-, s. •_' !•:., s. ;-) !•:., s. 1) !•:., s. n' m, s. :] w., s. .-) w., s. ,s w,, s, 12 W., S. 1 I W., S. L'U W., S. -JS W. iindS. iL' \V. The ,S > W, St ri;e are tlic! most aljimdant, eovering tlie wlioh; siirtace in p.-d'ali.; lines. Sto.sssi(le. N. 1 leij,fiit, 100 feet. li.'5. At Second West cocl<, half a mile south of forks on roiul, ,•<, ;; E. and S. 8 W. Stoss side, X. ilei-iit, oUO feel. L'I. On westernmost road leadinj{ from Second AVestcuck to i'ctit codiac lliver, about two miles from forks, S. 2 I'i. liei^hi. ■_'•")() t.vt. The S. •_' \']. course is seen to i)0 remarkahly persistent (in the ridges at the head of Chii,'necto Uay. L'.-). I'.eh.w I'eck's Cove, S. 10 W. and S. 2S \V. 'Jii. West of \Vestc()ck, oil road runniiiL; soutli-w.st in icntiv "i ^larin^otiin jii'ninsula, S. M.'i W. Height, 150 feet. 27. Two miles west (.f Four Corners, on lieecli Hill in.-id. S, i' E Height, 2.")0 feet. 2S. doing out from Sackville hy road leading tow.inls Oilonial Copper .Mine, aftei' pissing third hrook, S. S \V. ,in.| S. lo W. Height, 70 feet. 21*. South of Colonial Copp(>r .Mine, on road coming tVniu ."^arkviile, S. 8 Vj. and S. \^^ !•]. Height, .S.j;*) feet. I''urtlier west lirynud niiul crcssing, S. 1 \V. and S. IS W. Height, .•}20 feet. .■?0. On rojid leading from Meniramcook Valley to ISnih llillroail S. 2 !■:. and S. S W. The S. 2 I'], .set heaviest. iieiglii, :luii m. 31. On summit of ridgo Ijehind .Meniramcook, S. is \-]. Height. 320 feet. 32. On first east-and-west road north of Rockland siati m. I.C. lly.. about two miles from Mt'inramcook River. S. 7 10. ami S. 12 Iv. further east, additional .sets, S. 17 10. and S. Ill K., ami in a tliini locality near by, S. 4 E. Height, 280 feet. Slope tn math. 1.'^ movement apparently southward. 33. At a railway cutting a mile and a half east ot' Alidgic. station, New Brunswick, and Prince Edwaril Island railwav, 8. ■)! l^v-*' ISLAND. ]•_' K., s. -n F. y, S. - !■:.. >. 1:; well (li'lllinl luiii fir.ACIAI. STHI.E. 59 M cr. I'lvi' nr >ix mill- •) W., S s w.. > W. 'I'll.' S. ,s W. ; surt'acc ill puriilW I Wcsti/iK'k to IViit llcii;lil. --'"lO iVri •sistcul nil tlii.M'iil;'i lii'Viiuil 1'":''' t,, r,r,vli llillivwl s. IS i: ii«i-!'t' V K., ,111(1 N. 88° E. The N. 78' E. set most numerous ami distiuft. l|,,i^-|it, ItiO feet. :il. N'lar the north end of the Tantramai' marsh, on the sonth-oasl, .:,!,. lit till' last mentioned railway, S. 28 W., S. 31 \V., and S. ."JS W. >iii|n' siiiiili west towards marsli. Toe doubtless moved in that, dirtiu- ;ii,ii. il.iu'ht only a it'W feet al)o\o the marsh surface :'i.'i. Ai W'ostooclc, S. 8 W., and at \\'()od Point ([uari-y, S. IS \\',, >,:;;; \\.,S. 4;} \V. and S. -is W. StosssidoX. ileiyiit, 90 feet. N0HTIIUMni;i!LANl) COUXTV, X.P.. .'111. At (M>l lirant'h of Barnaliy Kiver, along I.C.Uy. track, X. 8(5 |„ \ nrlliuiii- Stll^> side W. Height, 207 feet. forks on roiuk S. : ^| In :iii'iili''r place, at first brook south of cast brancli, i'>arnaby River, \. •<^ i:.. X, 78 E., X. 70 H,, and X. OS' M Stoss side distinctly iHilainlC X. 15. W. Ilri-ht, iTiO feet. ilMV CIK MiKn si( Aliiiiii iiiic-fourth of a mile north of IJogei'sville station, l.(M\y. E., N. 8(; E. and X. 82 K I (if road goiiiLf eastward, S. 7-'i Ic west, llei'dit, 2.")0 feet. till this cross road, n(!ar head of IJav du \'in lliNcr, S. 82' Iv, S. 87 K.aiul N. ss .!•:. Sloiu, S. AV. Height, 280 fec^t. >. Hall' a mile south of east branch of Iiarnaby lliver, along I. C. llv., X. 7^ Iv and X. 88 E., and in another place, S. 77' iv, Iv and N >.'l 1',. batter heavy. Stoss side W. :!'.i. Two or tliice miles west of Jvogersville station, I.C.lJy., S. 81 \]., ■iMS. 7s i:. Height, 322 feet. I'l. Ill L' ravel and rock cutting just north of liogersville station, I.C. lly. S, -i; i:. Stoss side W. Height, 298 foet. 11. tine mile north of Acadie-ille station, l.C.l'y., X. 59° E. M'l^siilr \V. Height, 290 feet. Ijoulder clay three t(j live fc(^t dceii Mil 1('( !,:;('. \'l. .Vhoiit ,1 (piarter of a mile north of Kouchiliouguac l!i\('r along li.' I.C. 1 1 v.. .\. 81 E. and X. 89' E. Stoss side \V. Hei'dit, 278 li'.'t. Half ,L mile east of Indiantown, Southwest Aliramichi l!iv{>i-, iwr-t side of Canada Eastern r n railway S. 82 Jv and S. 88 E. X ear At Indiantown brook bridire. S. 88 E., S. 8G' E., S. 83" E. "1 ■•^. 7S !•:. The S. 88' Iv .set is tl le most luimerous and heaviest. I', "ii iKiilh i)ank of Southwest Miramiclii liiver, 13-") pact^s a))ove I'liioiiili (if the Kenous River X. 87' Iv (deep ruts), X. 09' E., X. ^ K., N. su E., X. 74° K, X. 73° E., X. 72' E., X. 70 E., ami X. 60 M NKW HUINSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND 1'. K, ISLAM' 02' E. These striii' have the stoss side distinctly to llic W . il. i^ht, 10 to 15 tWt. ■16. Two miles iibiive T)ei'l)y fui tiio snutli aide ot'lhe livcr, N, 7u i;,, N. 5iS^ I']. Tiu!.se striie, also hiter ones pi'oihu'i'd hi'ii', slimv il,,. in fluence of the vidley of the S. W. Miifiinielii upon tlie irr iii.i\ciii(i,| 47. Alont,' tiio Canada Eastern railway, at first liii,di\v,iv i iiis~iii^r east (.£ lUaekviUc-, N. S8 R, S. S-2' H. and S. 71 K. SU,yr i,, X. i; Ilei'tht, no feet. 48. One to two miles id)o\-e mouth of Uenous l!i\rr mi suiiih.c.ist side of S. W. .Miramiehi iiiver, S, 71 Iv, S, (w Iv. S. ic' I!, and S. r)2 E. The S. 71 I'], set heaviest. .Sloju! X. W. tow.irds ii\cr. Ilii-ln, 70 feet. 49. One nule east of last place of observation, at hciid in -uiali in river, X. 8S K., S. S4 E. and S. 71 K. lli'iuht, 10 fert. 50. I'ive nules and a hidf below Hluckville, on tlu^ soiitlif.i-i -^ii|r (,t the Southwest Miranuehi Uiver, N. 8S E., S. S4 K. and S. ;\ \], Land sio])es to S.W. Hei,u;ht o.") feet. 51. On Cain's Itivcr, on X\ side of tirst big bend alin\c Si\ .Milr brook, due I-:., S. SJ K. and S. 7l' E., Striie light. Si.,>s ^ul \\\ Height, l-_'8 feet. 52. A short distance below (he bi'aneh of hnngarvnu l!i\i'i' ciiniiim in from Dungarvon L., in rivei's' bank, X'. 70 Iv, Stoss si Ic W. 53. On X. sid(! of S. W. Mirannehi l>. one mile below r,uii'-.ii.\Mi, N. 08' E. Height, 2t;0 feet. Queen's Couni v, X". 1). In (Jui'in's Co., X.K 54. Half a mile IC. of Castaway brook, on Salmon l!i\er V'<:u\. N. 78° E. and S. 72 K. 55. Along (Jaspereaux Rivei-, 7 miles from its mouth, S. ."i | I',. 50. On west side of Caspereaux Iiiver anil half a mile ,i1hi\.' iliiid brook from its mouth, tine distinct stria', S. 5(1 J-^, S. 5S I",.. S. lii' I",., S. GO' E., S. 07 E. and S. 72 E. Slope S. \V. Hciglit, liiu t.rt. Kent County, N. B. In Alhi'itCd. •^^"' J't'tween St. Anthony's station and Little J3u(tnuciit' H'imi'. ^•l'- along, Moneton and JJuctouclu! Ky., N. 59' E. Height l'.'"i tV.i, Several other sets here veering towards the N. indicate ssvoivm^ ire movement during melting period. 58. In ]\Iacdougall .settlement, one mile from railway station, N. ''•' E. and N. 50' E. ■M ^V. I|,„tit, fi', N. T'l i;., sllllW I lie ill. rf lnii\ I'llli'lit. WUy rldsxi||._; lujlC tn X. i;. on siiiith-c'ist til' i;. and S. VIT. Ili'iulll. CLACIAL STKLK. t;i M .VA l".a->t of PcU'i'iu HHttloment, on Liltlo Huotouelio Uivor, N. 59' i;, ll,.ijit. 214 tVft. 1,11, On X, side of Sliediac I5ay, S. Si H. 1,1. ( )n X. .Sido of .Sliodiiio Kiv»!i', just wrst of Kichibiuto road, S. «1 I'.. I,:'. 1,1-; tliaii half a niilo south of I luicourt station, I.C I{y., uno „.t, S. 71 II. * )tli('rs swerviiig to the north. iiji. III u I'OL'k futtiiif,' aloiij,' I.C.I{y,, about t miles south of llaivniirt >latiori, N. SI K. CUMUKULAN'I) CoLNTV, N. S. ll III ■■HlUll 111 I. lll-c;i-l ~h\i' nt' irui s. ri !■;. li()\i' Six-.Milr StoSS s\dr \V. I!i\iT riilllillu' si.lr W. i\v Iliiii'NidWii, 1\(.M' lii.K I. X. ;iliii\.' iliii'il •'... ^. 'i 1 i:., jlilt tV, 1. iiichi' IIIm'I'. It I'.l.'l tVrt. ill mil. \ i',:; I'.'l. ( III .\inhcrst and Fcnwick mad, a short distance west of junction |,| f,,,,,),,,,.. wiili mail to Nuiipan station, I.C.Hy., S, 158 \V. lamlCn., N.S. I'll. I 111 Iliad li'adin;^ from Salem to Fenwick, half a mile or so from i,,iiii'•'>. (Ill mad from Fenwick to Uaird's laook and thence to .Maceaii -Mii'iii, 1. *.'. K., on hank of Ijrook, S. 2 Iv Stoss side X. 1 bright, :;."int'ivt. lii'i. A .|iiarter of a mile from Salem, near Leicester cro.ss-roads, S. LS" W. S|ii|,r S. Height, I^S") feet. l'"iv(! rods further west. S, 7" E.; -till fiirlliiT west, 8. is \V. '''() feet. '". Two anil a half to two and three-quarter miles from junction of L't'li' liivir and Leicester road.s, X. 12 W., X. 14' W., X. 18 E., X. ■-■- i:.. X. :':l E., X. 26' E., X. .'58' E. Height, ;580 to 400 feet. Pf^^^ 02 M Ni;w iii(i;\s\vi('K, N(»VA sronv ani> i*. k. isi.am), 71. On siuiic road at lioiul of Sliiriiiiiiciis Hiv('r, X. js |;. ||,|j;, <.f U'ih^i', IIU tV.'t. 'Mm iiM) pi'odui'iii;,' tlu'Ni! .striii' has also (lowcil dnwn the \allcvoi SliiidiiiicaH Kivcr. Tliti atosw side is muwIumc well cxpuscd. 7-'. 'Ill LfcMiiL,' tVdiii Lf'i('(vst(M' road to < )xt'ord hy Liiilc liivcr rn.ni, (III l)ank oF lilack liivi'i", N. I'D Iv or tlic rtncrsn. Stosssidi',ip|i,ii|.||||\ N. Ili'i,iilit, l.">U tVet. 7.'^ Oil sliort rrnss-road to iioitli-\\t!st, threw iidlcs mhii li u\ .Mniuii Ph'usant, course N. IS lv, N'. iM V.. and X. :,'.'{ !•;, oi' ilic ii'misc, 74. On first (.'ross-road to west on load leading; tinin i >m'i,|(J ^,, Mount I'loasant (may Ih- on a l)ouldcr) N. 8 W. or the ivvci^c, Siu-- sido apparently north, lleiyht, 270 feet. The last three sets are on a .-oulhward slope, .Mount I'lci-ant licin,' to the ninth. 7.'). Alonj,' .senii-uircular road on west side of .Mo\int I'lia-ani, S. ^ W. and S. 2t \V. and a few paces fui'ther north, .*>. 12 W . ami s, .1:' AV., or the rcnerse. Stoss sidi' apparently to the ikhiIi. ilri-|ii, 380 feet. These .striii- are on the south side of the summit of .Munni I'lr.bun, and it seems probable the ice may liave moved in ihr iliriLiiuu indicated into liittle River and IJivcr Philip valleys. 7<>. On the north side of the sunuiiit of .Mount Pleasant almii; iln' straight road goini;- towai'ds Leicester road, N. 8 Iv, X. 7 \'.., N. Ill K., N. 12 E., X. ;'. 1-:., N. 1:5 !•:., X. 20' E., N. 2 W., \. > W. and N. 12 W., or the re\-erse. These stria' are all on the s|o))e of Mount Pleasant facing Nuriluini- bcrland .Strait. The llnely glaciated surfaces e.vhiijiteil alnm,' ilic idails mentioned, do not enable us to decide the (juestion of the sinssin^ : on a few of the ledi;e-< the stoss sid(' seems to be to the ikhiIi, ami mi t)thers to the south. Tin; glaciated surfaces slo)ie nmi liunil^ tiuiii 400 to 280 feet, and the uppermost ledges show, nii.', the soutliern faces stossed, ((.me is cleai'ly roiindiM' ,, n, laii' abruptly broken oiF) while the lowr ' 'iii\iiiL.' stria' are a common feature on these ,. .\i) iuuini« are tlu; X. 8 E. and the N. 8' W. ou' ihelattci . icing tliu^c in whiih the })rincii)al curved stria* occur. The X. 8" ^\'. set i.s the oMii' a.iil deeper. 77. On the oast side of Mount Plcasa,nt on the cross-road going iliiecl to lliver Philip, N. 14^ E. and N. 24 E., or tlie reverse II"i,i;lit. 300 feet. Slope, noi'thward. 78. On a cross-road one mile south of Mount Pleasant, (imi on nn, which runb westward from the Oxford and Mount I'leasam ronl. ^. ISl.AMl. '. lis K. ||„i.i„ iwn the \alli'v (,i ;|iu-~c(|. Mull' Kivcr rciinl, )S!iHi(l(!ii|ii)iirt.MUly S Sdlltll (if Miilliit ,' tlu! summit to iiavc liccn ii joial ,^||'|'J"' '"' .'laiiiil fiiiti'"' : iiidffd, till' evidence i-alliei' points in tliat diieciion. Till' ciiiiiM' of the iee nortliwai'd would take it to the nearest and lowest |,;,ii iif the eiiiist, just west of I'uiiwiisji hai'houi', Tiiese striie, liowe\or, mil ilianmially aei'oss the northern slope of .Mount Pleasant, and I lie iee wiii'li |iii"lii<'e(l them must, therefore, ha\c! hei'ii inlluenced, to sonm .\ti'iii, I'V the \idley near its nortlmrn base which tri'iids in the ,ljii.,'iiiiii lit' the striie. Were it not for the rlilliculty of explainini^ a -riUtliwai'il ice-iiio\('nient here, 1 would he inclined to say that the uiiiiji' iinHiiitain had been j,'laeiateil hy ice which came from tjie north. Wiii'tlii'i' the ie(,' which produeed the easterly-treiidini,' stria' in the ,iia>t ilislrii-lit. I'.tn feet. ^i). Almiit I'UO yai'ds west of Pui^wash Junction, Oxford and I'idiiii I'laiich railway, S. T^V E. and S. T-") K. Stoss side, W. ^1. I 111 aiiiit iter rock cutting; near Pn^ijwash .Junction S. 08 Iv, S. Mi;.. >. 77 K. and S. S2 I]. llei;,'ht, (lU feet. >i I til the east side , 72 E., S. 82 E. and S. 8;5 ]•]. Stoss side di.st inetly W. 9-">. On I'A'onomy road, wist of W'cstclioter, on \. slupc .,i CobiHiuids (on boukU'r .') X. 2 ^\^, or the reverse. Ilciulii. liSii tVt-i. 9G. On short east-aiul-wcist road, a mile, or a uiilc and a Imlf. soul':, of Purtly's inn, Westche-tei-, S. 2 Iv, or the reviMsc. Sto-cs >iili' ap- piiivntiy N. Height, 9(17 feet. 97. ' )n Castlcreagh road, half a mile fi'oin iiorlh end, S. L' K. 98. Three nules south of Sutherland's i^ake, on soul li i::^i'Miiiiin-i road, S. 2' Vl. Stoss side, X. 99. On Economy road nearfouitli i)rn. X. 'I'Iicm' >tii,v lueoi. th(> southern Haid< of the lJobe(|inds. Ilei-hi. iI.'jU ti it. 101. A few rods fuithei' ma'th on t!ie sinie road, S. | W. 102. < )n a hill on same roMil furtliei' north and U'lir w iifi-parlin:'. >S. 22 I']. Cour-e of ice here nearly in direction of \,ilir\. iii'iilii, 72.') feet. On a hill bi'tween this and (''oily bake, and slightly lli^l:^^ lln'ivai' no signs of glacial ion. lO.'k At first cross-road north of ^^'esl<•hester (I'lirdv - Inn). N. -' W., or the reverse. Probahly on bouldei'. 104. On Hconomy road just noi'th east of Claremont llill,8, t'c' II. S. 78 E. and S. 82 E. Height, 120 feet. CHllMERS. rJLACIAL STULK. ()•") M it sdiuliw.ird ti> lO'i. < 'a I'oad from Sjjviiighill to Salt .Spriiif*s on cusit^rii slope of hill, N. - ^V. or the revorso. Stoss side appaiently to tlio X., hut ail thiims ruii.sidiu'ed it seems probable that tiie ice moved northward, l[,,i^|,t, ;ilU feet. ]i,)ii, (111 cross-roads south-west of Kiver Philip P. <)., X. i> E. Sto-s >iili' S. |()7. (Ml sunnnit of Springhill, highest point, S. 28 W., (ir the ivvn-c. Height 010 feet. los. At Springhill near Coal Mines Ci'eek, on east side of railw.iy tiark. S. II W. A short distance farther east, S. l:> W. and S. :■■; W. lii'.i. Tu'i miles snuth of Springhill Mines on road going dircrily Miutliw.ii'il ending at branch of L'}>per Maccan lii\'er. and at last cross- ,,1,1 hcrme reaching river, S. 1 1 AV. Iliiglit, :'.()0 feet. Iln. ( )ii road near fntercnlonial railway west of .Vthol stiitiim. S. -J^ W., S. ."iS \V and S. 10 \V. Stoss side distinctly to X.K. and \,,y. lirdkeii ofl'aijruptly to S.W. Height, loO feet. 111. (iiiiiig along L'^pper ibucan Kiscr towards S()utham])ton abinit •wo iiiiirs from end (jf M;ipletiin road, S. CkS W'., S. -Is \\'., S. .'iCi \\'.^ mil S. .'!:i W. The S. OS W. strife are the olilest iind are nearly !iliif'i;ite(l, Sto.ss side not distinct, but appiMis to l)e tn X.l'>. 1I-. ('II southeriunost cross-road in West Brook settlement, light Mi.l iiTCgiilar stria' S. 1*S \V. Stoss side XMv Height ;5.')0 feet. A -liMit distance further west on the .sanity road, S. 8 \V. to S. :i,s° \\. S'.e-- side X.K. Tlicsr --tii.e hav(> Iteen j)rodiiced by a very sm.'dl Ineal nl.ieier, or a i ;!;i,.j;uii.ii nf • 111 'iir nf the Larger one which followed a small valley tiixMiinu' into "'."/)",'""■'"!"' 'ill' l;ui:ii \ alley of West iJrook, Tlu> ic(» producim;' them does ndt .i>|"';ir In liase ascended the Cobeipiid ^^ountains, for, ;it gi-eaier e|e- vatiniis nil tlii'ir northern slope no sign of glaciation was ol)^er\ed, the M.iifriiil lieiiig angular, the roek surfares wherev.'i- e\|iu-e(l. iagu'eiioro' railway (on a boulder ii> .-li/n) >> W. TIrMIiivi' l.'i^t sets of striie show that- ice fi'oin the ,'Spriiigliill dis- tii.t iiiijiiii'ied .against the northern base of lln' Cobeipiids here, but '!'»■- lint siTiii to have been higher than the |(l()|'oi>t contour line above ^iik'vrl. I'idiii this district the ice llowed south-west w.ard lilling the iii('i|uiilities of surfaci! along the northern base of the mountains reailiiiiL' up the Parrsboro' gap .some distance, but does not seem to ()G M NEW liRL-NSWK'K, XOVA SCOTIA AND P. E. ISLAND. liave gone tlirough. How fai' westward along tlie foot of the HKmn- tains the ico extended is not known, as tli'j surface is liea\ ily -dvcivi] witli su{)ei-ficial deposits and no glacia»^ed surfaces were noted. Ilk On roa have ])een produced by the extreme snutlicni oinj of the ice lobe which (lowed south-westward and southward almi;,' uiitl towards the northei'n l)ase of the Cobeijuid Mountains here, t'luin the Springliill district and other higlier grounds to the north-east, as re- ferred to abo\e. llo.l,. On road along X. side of ^linas Channel, near .'^iiiMin'i'^ Island, f^. 67' AV. and S. 70' W. ; well detined. Stoss siiic a|i|i;uvntly to the E., ice ha\ing doubtless naoved westward into the Uayof' l"iuiilv. 11(). On the road leading fi'om .Maccan station, liitciiiilriuial lail- way, to River Hebert, near Patrick Aline, S. :2.") ^\^ and S. |ii W. .May bo local. Heigiit, 175 feet. 117. On southerly ro ul going from liOwer Govt; or Boss I'ciint, unrtli of the Soutli .loggiiis towards ]{iv(M' Hebert, two miles mii tVnui quarry, and on the east side of the watershed, S. 18 W., S. I'li \\\ and S. ;'.8 AV. Stoss side doubtful. I leigiit, 210 feet. lis. lOigiity rods further east on same road, S. •_'.'> W, aiisl S. :i:l AV. lleiglit. 180 feet. nil. On road going from Piver Hebert to South .roggins, half a mile from river, S. (V2 W. and S. 03 AV. Height, 150 tVct. lee producing these clearly moved south westward. 120. ( )n the coast . A iiuarter of a mile further to the .south-wi'st, di-timl ^tii;i', S. 38 AV. and S. 11 AV. Height, 50 feet. 124. Five rods further to the south-west, S. 48 AV. 125. Half a mile beyond l''lat brook, S !3' AV. and Ini ii« Is fur- ther to the south-west, 8. 48 AV. and 8. 51 W. Height, W tirt. Eighty rods furtiier to the south-west, 8. 10 AV. f.llWERS. GLACIAL STRIDE. G7 M liiil. ( Mic iiiid a lialf miles north-east of Shoulee River, S. 43 W. and ,< IS W. S loss side on X.E. Mciglit, 100 foei. 1:''. • 'ii slope towards Sand IJiver and about one mile from it, S. ;;l W. ,11 m1 S. ;]8 W. IIei,^ht, 210 feet. Ijs. Twd miles south of 8and River road, S. 30 W., S. 27 W. .,,1,1 s. .'l.'i W. Height, 300 feet. Ill aiHitliiT jilace a (juarter of a mile further south, S. 28 W. fill niils fui'thcr to the south-west, a splendid exjjosure, .S. ;')0 W. ;„„l:;:l W. Height, 350 feet. l:;'.!, il.ilf a mile or more further south, 8. 33 W. and S. 3.^3 W. ,i„| still tiutiier to the south-west, S. 33 W., S. 28 W., etc., numer- ,,ij<, Sidss side to N.H. Height, 380 feet. Small projections on .'.aiiUcil surfaces of the sandstones with crag-and-tiil form, show -mulnvaid ice movement. A perceptil)le veering to more southerly nivM^ is .qiparcnt as we ascend the slope of the Cohequids, which is iviiiukalili'. aiul can only hi.' ex])lained on the hy])otIiesis that Cliig- i.ct'i l'>a\ was lilifd with a local glacier moving soutii-westerly, whosi; -I'uiitastrrii liorder oN'erlapped the district in which these striic occur. PiuNCE p]i)w.\i!D Island. ■st, (li-tiurl -.tllii'. \?M. Ai l.iiikletter's shore, on llat surface, under boulder-clay, dis- ::,ri V. E. ISI.AMi. 138. Whei'o a mad crosses railway ti'ack alxuit halt' u,iy lici\vf.,.|| Hunter River and Nortli Wiltshire stations, S. ST I]., N. s(i |.; N. 85-E., N. S;] K.an.l X.T'J H. Tlie X. s«J Vl. sxn:au,u. uuum;',nl lleiKlit, L'lO feet. The ie(> pi-odiieiny these striie lias followed valleys aloiiM wjijrli tli,, railway runs. The glaeiation of the hii^lier j,'roun(ls in tlii^ niut ,|f tluf island has l)een light, as great masses of rotted rock nwiir in places, 139. A ([uarter of a mile east of cross-i'oads, South \\'ili-lii:v, dn i .small exp"^ V,. auil V 02 !•;. Height, 250 feet. Slope X.W, 111. Xorth-east of Middleton whert- road crosses hi , null m |)u:,k ]vi\er. N. 71 Iv, X. (i7 H. and N. 77 1''. Height, ■''> net. 1 I'). On Southwest rt)ad, ime mile and a half south ot' New l!c(lt'i|U'' road, S. SS K. Height, 150 feet. Slope S. 140. Ninety or i! ami >. 71 !•:. 153. .\t i'oint. Cape Traverse, S. 7."> l). 154. West of Cajie Tivuersc, S. 71 \]. 155. A f(nv yards further west, S. O:) {■]. and S. CiS !■;. Si ill t'lirtii-T west, S. 08 K, X. 77 K. and S. S| j]. loG. Westtjf Cumberland Point, S. 75 !•;. undS, S| I!. (iii ann'h.rl exposure a short distance to the west, X. 72 E. ami S. r,7 i;, !?ti.lj urther we^t, S. 71 E., S. 73 E. ami S. 7'.' E. ISLAMi. e-i.vEns.j GLACIAL STni.K. 0!) M ersi", i:,;. Ili^l of Cumbefland Point, X. 7:V' E. and S. 67' E. ilalf.i milt' flirt he 1- west, 8. 7.'5 E. i.>. N'.ai' siMiill hrook one niilo and a half north of Tiyon Head, 8_ K. Il'i^lit, -'0 feet. iji.i. .\i iiid of sliort road west of Paul's Bluff, N. 87' E. |r,ii. Ai junction of l>(>(lo(jue road witli east branch of Tryon River, > V, i;., N. ?|nct Point, S. Si K. 8. 7."V !•:. and 8. 03 \]. 11;, aiintlii'f cxpoMirc, 8. (is E., 8. 7l) I''., 8. ()."» K. and 8, 70° E. ';', i. alt' iwii inaiii courses, 8. OS !■]. and 8. 711 \]. A little further ,.'. S. li.'i I"., and 8. 7."> Iv : and still further east, 8. S3 E. ami 8. 1.. Tiic litter are a (juarter of a mile east of I'.otjuet Point. .ii."i. On Inl^jcs liclow hiudi tid(! level, one mile west of railway wharf' r,i,. Trav.M-c. .<. SI K., 8. 7S |-:. and 8. 5.") !•;. >;.;. Xniili c)t' Cordon Cove. 8. 7! E., 8. C.S ]■]. and X. S7 K. !■;:. At Sr,i Cow ilrad. 8. ti8' i^. and 8. Si K. Hei-ht, 5 feet. iiN. i',a-i 111' Indian I'oint, X.S7' !•'. y.'.t. Al Sinipson's Point, north of IKjpe l!i\er, 8. S2 1]., 8. SH Iv, > > I'., amis. S'.J Iv PeculitM'grooM's indicate eastward niovenieiit. llu'ii rV"iii tjiioi' feet below liiiih tide kncl to four feet aboN'c it. \ti rti'i'iflil r\[](isure. ;:i\ N.-ir head of Trout lliver, 8. 8S E. and X. 80 E. 8toss side, 'V ll.i-'ni. III.-) t'eet. \'\. W'liiiv MilUale road bends northward down TiMUt lii\'er, S. S3 " l|rii;!ll. 1 In tecl. '.'.'1. Sfw buiidon l>a\', one mile north of Stanley IhidL^e. 8 7S E., ^ ^ K.. s, s:i !•:., 8. S3' i:., 8. 73' !•:. and 8. SS' ]•;. Ilei-ht, fi'om ■ r .'M'! Id tuiir t'ci'l aboN'c it. 'i"i. Hid I'liiice Town road, forty ntds north of Margate, X'. G-") Vl. llLllI. tit) t'rrl. "I. A (iiiaiier of a mile north of road end. Mill's I'oint, X. t'>7 Iv \'A. At Mills I'omt at end of road, X. Go Iv .""' Ill Maliieijue !>ay, neai- end of road west of Mill Creek, X. ~y LX. 71 i;. N, (;7 E., X. 7'J Iv, X. SI Iv. N. 77^ E., X. G'.t !•:.. s u'l v.. >'il^B^ '" i- and N. .■)!• E. Near hiyh tide level. 8triie numei'ous and s>:iiliim- across id paces of rock surfa<-e. halt w ay lirtwfv'i 7 Iv. N. Ml i;.. •iatiuii- iiinni'i'ir.v s aloiri whirli tl|,. ids ill ilii^ imt i,t ted roi-k nri uv in ttli W'iit^liiiv, mi 1 it. L'SIt I'ert. and I'eiitick t'liw .intv 1/nie nil NVv S'ew r>ei!n|llr ru.nl-. ;.^ >". SS Iv ami N. scs bnuirli lit Ihiak lit, "l^l leet. lUthot New I'.cir'iU- 111 of SnlltllWl'jt lUl'i Slo].,. w. Ilij. one mile N. "t r: Iv Ti.ic ii'vi, is itive;-. N.''T K. :; iv. N.'i- .H-'''^" r,oii>li;i\\. N- ' ' '■■ h aii'l (iS Iv Still turil"'!' ;_«;1 |.;. ( 111 alio'Ii-'f fO M SKW liKUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND P. K. Isl.ANIi. MriiB at St. I'.tcr's l'.MV. N'>u- l',iun>- w irk icf ..]| 1 !•:. M;ui(l. 170. Seven liuiidi'ed iiiul seventy piiees west of lasl nicntioiii.d lo.i,] end, N. 8:5 K, N. 51 E., \. lU K, X. G7' E., N. 41 i;., \. n:. i andN. 87'E. 177. North (if St. Peter's P.ay, near railway station, N. s; |-; 178. On S.W. side (if St. Peter's l>ay, west of railway staiiun X. 8-i E. lioulder-clay i>lentiful. Three sets of striic oeeiir at St. Peter's P>ay, vi/,., (I ) ,ui cast' ilv set wliieh is tlic oldest, ('_') a nortlisvai'd set made l>y local ^laeicrs llowiii' northward from the hi,;,dier j;rounds of the islantl towar.ls the CJulf, and (.S) a set parallel to the depression occupied hy ."^t. Pctim l>ay, and a]iproxiiniitely parallel to the N.E. coast of the island, pi.,- ducetl a[ipar(Mitly l)y floating ice. None of these sets arc. Imwivtr, very well dctincd. 17'J. Ncai' Lii^ht llou.se at Souris, N. 87 E., and in a rail\\a\ luttiii:- cast of Souris villiiiic, X. 71) E. On another exposure east of village, N. 87' l\. and S, ,■-,'5 1]. No transported boulders occur in the boulder-clay here, t lie wlidV of the material being local. The inference may In ^ drawn ili.u ti.'' glaciation is also local, but this is, perhaps, incorrect. The imn occuntinv of for(Mgn material in the eastern part of the islaiid rallur inilir.it < thai the ice was of local (Prince I'^tlward Island) orii;iii, t'uniiini; aii outlier of the mainland sheet .and moved by the im[)iuLCt'Mii nt nf tL- latter, thus producing the glacial jihenonicna noted. It' llir Nfu- Prunswick ice itself had passed over the wholi- ishind. iiisUad nt milv over th(? western half, where we find boulders and otiici' i:laii.il jirn- ducts fr(.>m the inaiidand intermi.\(Hl with tlie bouldcr-clay. we >liiiiili| expect to meet with crystaline boulders embedded and iutciiiiixiil with tiie deposits here also. Their absence, except on the iiinncdiati.' coiisi, where they li.ave Ijeen left by Moating ice, is otliei\vi--e not eiisiiy ex2)lained. iliu-i-il li\- Ineal , . • T , , Kiafii-rs diir- '/"' /«/'■'/■ of I'htauHj stmir nj lln- Iir J,ji>. iij; i/le.-iiii',' >tajjri'(it'<.'lai.'iul i"ii"'l- ALDKirr CocNTY, X.B. bi AlliertC.... ^^^- -^•' llq't!\vell Cape, S. 80 E.,'S. 82' E. in two plaicN 8. m.) K. -^•''' due !•:. and X. 88 E., also further N.^ S. L'2' K. 181. A mile X. of Hopewell Cape, X. 82 H. 182. At Mar3-'s Point (|uarry, several striated expcjsures, 8. L' E.. S. 3 W., .S. '2-2 E., S. 32 E., S. 37' E. and S. IG E. il. aviest stri; or grooves, S. 22 E. iist riicntiiiiM'd roa,! . U !■:., N.i;:, k,, ion, X. S7 |.; railway siiiimn, .\. (1) ail cii';! rlv sft )cal j^-lauicfs lldwiii.' .and tiiwaivl.s tlif pied by St, Pctci '^ t of tin; i>l;il;(l. ]i|m sets arc, li(iwi\rr, in a railway euttin; .nd S. ,^;] i;, flay here, tlu' wlmlr \>v. drawn iliat tL- 'i'lic noil iicfU!i'(.'iif md fallicr imliuiitr- ) orin'iii, t'liniiiiii; aii ni|mi^ciiii 111 of tl.'- lilted. It llh' NrW anil, in^^^'a(l nf nuiy il utlii'i' glacial |iiv. ildcr-clav. wr vlimijil mil iiitct iiiiNril \vii!i :lic inniK'dialr cua^;. itliL'iwisc lint easilv CHAlMERS '■J (iLAciAL ktri.t:. 71 M IS.l. ,\t point where Cape Enra-d n.ad brandies off to the east S :rl R, S. G2^ K., S 77" K, S. 8- E, due E., N. 78^ E. and X.80='e llnVlit, 1 DO feet. ^' l|ii]ir. !■;. |[eii,dit, 170 feet. is:,. At Jasper Creek, on cross-road from Demoiselle Creek to Saw- mill fivok, 8. 2' E. and S. T W. Slope towards E. Heii,d.t r,SO U','[. ( 111 -anic roac 1 further up hill, at height of GIO feet, wh liiwai'il the N, S. 1 W lero slope is IMI. Oh road going west from Curryville, S. 12' E S j|H', i:, Height, 400 feet. ' " " "' ' ' On ;iiiMtlier good e,xposure here, S. l!J' E. and H. 22' E 20 E. ^ Along T.C.l{y. track between Painsec J laii.,\.ll I'lii'-liT niai liiiuldn l-crossing, just X. of :\readow brook, X. 5.V I uncti(m and Dor- -Mav be at ci'oss-road. Isli. .\i .southern base of Lutz IMt. .nys .Mills station, I.C.liv., X. 48 I-]. Hei-d \'M\ Xrar C ay be on miles east of It, 300 feet. X. l:' W. Height, 80 I'tpman, on slope towards Xorthundjerland St ght, 80 feet. :\Iay be on a boulder, rait. Xo RTllU.MHEIiLAND CoUMV, X.B exposures, S. '1' L. E. lleavii'st stri.i' At ihc Tickle, junction of X.W. and S.W |il"isiti' iJei . <»i, X. 1 .^iiramicl Il ruers. Til X ^"l-ir's Island, S. 17 E. and S. 20W^. S.ria. H — I ^ J^., N. 28 E., X. IGM-.and the 8.W. M: ivi- X. 4 3 I •>:i"Miiv two hundre.l feet further west, X. 31 E X 30 F X '-• ■'^"- I'i !•:. and X, 40 h iiavc I M Tide level. The X.E 'i.; on another 40' (■ iiMi'ii I»'oduc(;d by local ic following the vallev of tl ''■''i'ii''ld liiver he course .seems to le S.W re. 72 M m;\v mkuxswick, nova scotia and p. e, island. Tn Quicn".- Co., X.I!. In ICfiit C'l) X.li. 104. One to two miles ubovo tlic moutliof Uoiiuus Itivcr on llip .^,|; .side of tli(' S.W. Mininiiclii lUvcr, due N. Wliolcsiirt'fici' of i'\]m,suic with ])!iriill('l tfi'oovcs in tliis direelion. Heiiflit, 70 t'cct. The two niiiin set.s ot' sti'iji' are well e\iK).sed here, one iniliiatin^f «^!islwiird ice-niiiveiiient, as reeoidcd in No. I"), and the secdiid a |,(i|,|. .and independent (low noi'tliwaid. 1 '.••">. ICiglit miles and a halt' helow Doaktown, along Canada ivi-ii'in l{y. traek. N. ;!S R lOti. lOiglit miles helow Poaktown, along I'anie railway (at "■.'■nj nnle post), X. L'l !•:., X. IW K., X. -JC) Iv, N. 32 K. and X. ;i- i:. I!l7. I"'ivi' miles below Doaktown, along Clvity,, N. l.'i \]. anil N. 2S ]•:. lys. 'I'hree and a half nules l)elow sarnie plaee, along failway, X, ]i; E.. X. 20" I-:., N. 2;y' H. and N. 2S !•:. The X. 2f^^ ]•:. set most nnmerous. il.'i-ht .'520 feet. A few yai'ds fuithei' to X.lv. X. IS Jv, N. i'.", \]. and X. :i:l K. ]!, mi dir north sidi' of the Miramiehi IJiver, X. 24 \-] and X. 2S }•:, 200. ( )ne to two nnles al)o\o lilaekville hriilge in the S.W. .Mii.i- niiehi N'allcy, in ri\ er's haid<, X. 1 L' \\'. and X'. 22 A\'. 'riii'>c r(iiii>cs art' closely parallel to the ri\('r-\ alley here, and may lia\i' lifcn produeed hy rixcr ice. 201. At mouth of liett's brook, above Doaktown, line distinct ^tri:i', X. 12 W. (heavy), X. ll \V. and X. 2:i K. 202. At Ludlow one mile and a half south of JioieNtown, wlnic reiid and rivei' diverge, on south siih; of river, X. 12 ^\'., or the rc\cisi'. 20.). In railway cutting at coverecl bridge just west ot rpuicsiuwn, X. is i;. and N. 2s Iv Htoss side, S.^^'. 204. Along S.\\'. .Miramiehi l\i\er, on X.^\'. side of Hayes' hrcjnk-, X. 2s I-;., X. ;];; !•:., x. ;i,s i-:. andn; i:. st-.ss side, li-iiiiniy s.w. Height, 520 feet. (This is in Yovk county). (^>ri:i;N's Coixrv. X.l!. 2(t.'). Along (laspereau.x Itiver, seven nules from its mouth. S. ."i I b. Half a nnle above the third brook from the mouth of ( ;,i<]ici'caiix liiver, several deep gi-ooves have a bearing of S. .">■_' 1-1. in adiliti'm te nioi'e easterly courses. ,Slop(>, S.A\'. Sloss side, X.W. Ilci:;lil I'iO feet. Ki;nt Colnty, X.n. 20G. About one mile east of ^lacdougall station. .Moncten and J^>uetouehe railway, on road to Cocagne, X'. 18 10., X. ."iS I''.. : and en another surface near by, X'. ;3S Iv Slope, X.W. lleight, l.'iiM'cct. r.ANi). ivcr (111 ill,, s.i;, tacc of cxjiii.sui'p I't. one iiidicatiii;^, a ■softiihi:v S.W, ddlIi. s. :, I K, )t' ( la-^|irifaii\ ill aililiti'iii III ll.'i-lil liiO .Miini'diii ami ■^ !•]. ; ami on lit. l:;ii feet. cc ,...»[». (ihACIAI. STIil.K. .'1 M ■Mj. Oiii' iiiilo south of St. AiitliKiiy st.'ition, M. tV l>. I!y., u uood i<)>, ,lii~l WDst of C()caj.(iie villiii,'f, on sliorc, N. .'^S I],, N. l^l I',. juli. Just iiortli of St. Aiitliony Hliition, Moiict'in imd lluciouclu! r.iiiuiiy. N. II !•:., N. 4'J K. and N. 51 E. ■>h) llriwi'cn St. Anthony station and Little riiictourin' l!i\ci', •.ii:; niiUvay track, X. 'M K., N. lit |;., N. .") | i;. iiiid N. :>\> K. Ill iiiiiiiJiiT |ilact' N, 41 Iv Hciirlit. l!i"i tVct. jll. .Ills! N. of Littlt^ I'.urttaichr llivcf, alon-- M. A- 1'.. I!y. N. I'V il and N. .".'.) I''-. Jl'.'. Al iMPldiT of slicft (No. .") S.W. ) our mile soutll of lillctnucln) liner, S. :;i i;. Il('i,<,'lit, !)U feet. ::l'i. Aliiiut, two niiifs from St. .\ntliony station, M. iV I!. Ity. ...iiix' iiiwaiiN ('oca.!,'nc liivcr, in Ohioscitlcmcnt, N. Ill I!. Nunfcfons >;;,! wll (IdiniMl. Stiiss side, S.W. ilri-lit, 1 .')(> feet. 111. On ilic north si(U' of Shcdiac l!;iy, X. L".i Iv, X. .">!! \]., vtr. JiV "7 1 1 sards son til of ilai'court station aioiiLf tlic I. ( '. l!y., on one ■\jM«iirt', liiM', curNiiiif sli'iii', tho ncncral trend liciiii; X. :!:! \\ . .'Ki. !)'.iii yards fi'oin Hairoiii't station and just so'itii of last jjoinl of -Tvaiiuii, urcat llat cxiiosurcs ociMir in urasrl pits im Iml li sidc^ of t lu- ll Ky. Hack, witii well marked stria, X. L'7 il.. N. 17 I',.. N. \>'> \'.., N '.:'. i:., N, 1 1 !■;., X. il !■:.. X. 7 iv. X. i; r, X'. 1 !•:.. x. ;; !•:., x. i :: N. 1 W.. X. :! W. ;inil X. If. W. These stria' h,i\e evidently • II pruihiccil hy ice niovinu' northward, hut there is no distinct ■■-ill-, ilciuhl, .•d)ollt r.lO feet. '.\'. Alioiii two miles south of Ilarcourt station, in a rock cultiiiu' \:i i:., N. I !■;.. X.5 !•:., X. II !•:.. X. ll i;. dieiisy;, X. iL' i:.. X.' • i:„ N. -I X. L".l ]•:., X. 1 \V. (numerous), X. (i \V. .and X, L' 1 |\. Till' >tiiss .■,ide is also dolltitflll here ; hut several circuiusl.inc'es : M'lr ilir cniii-lusiou th.at the ice moved northward, -iv A mile and a (juarter north of ,\dams\ille station. 1. C ii;. ill II inrk cuttin.u-. X. 1 I-;., X. •_' Iv. X. :; i-!,, X. 1 '.N. ^ !■:.. N. t; !•;., n, 7 ]•:., x. s }•:.. x, ;i 1:.. x. 1 1 1;., x, 12 • NM:! 1;.. \. 11 !•:,, X, 17 11.. X. lH Iv, N. :;i i:., X. I \V., ^ •' W., N. li w., X. ,s \V,, N, ](•, W. X, ;;;', W. ,St,,^s side not '.'iriii : hut 'ioiiie facts were ol)sei'\ed on the south side of the cx- ;■'.:■■ will, -h >liow that the ice movement mu--t have heen uorlli- ■■' .lA. - ' '111 ilie--iniih hranch of ("oal ih'anc'h, just east of rntercoloiu.il -''V tni.k. in an old ([uarry, X. 9 K,, X. 1 il Iv, X. liii K,, N. ■I-N. :W i;.. X, 3i) E,, X. l-J Iv and X. IH E, Stoss side dis- '•-;•'" til" S.W, J [eight, 20;i feet. I •i I 71 M NKW llltlNSUKK, NOVA SCOTIA AM) I'. K, l.sr.ASIi. INiiiMiks (111 It will l)(i t of th(^ divide hetweeii the (lrainaL;e hasin nf the St. John li'i\rr, mul ,if tlios(; fivers lluwiiig into Northuniherland Strait. CUMHKUf-ANI) COUNTV, N.S. : II ( 'iiiiiiici- laliil (_'(!., N.S. 2'20. North-east- of ^\mherst Head, mi a honidei', a|ppareiitl\ i N. U W., or the res'frso Stossside, S. lielLjht, l.'lij iVet. --\. .Inst, west of l''enwi( k, (in an exjiosure, apjiai-eiillv a Imulii road side, ItO feet. 0-1 •) S, 7« W. and S. vv Stoss side, i: In-hi, 2-2-2. N.'ar a (|U;irry a liout a iiiih^ east of Ainhei>t, N. Il' W, N. 2-2' \V. Jlei-ht aiiolll l.'iO feel. Ti le.sc striie have apparen itlyl leeii iirodiioed l») ice wjijili lliiwi'd i|.i vn upon the low i,'roiinds of the; fNtiimiis of Ciiin'iiei'to, or iiiln ilic i'lii«t.i- cone sea oeeuiiyiiig it as a str.ait, (liii'ing the retiring stam; uf tlii'i;liui:i! po nod ili."!. One mile south of Pugwasli, on the mai n liii'li\\a\- InW, N. -J.'rH. Slope to S. Iteiuht, SOfeet. '221. On the west sid(» of PuLiwash liarlu )ur, on odiiiders .■imi icu N J ■>.) E. andN. 15 K 0-) !'•). At e ross-roac Is at Victoria, N. 2 Iv, N. 10 1'. .ui.l X. b Stoss side distinctly to the S. J'^xposuro on X. sln|ie. lluiililriHviy abumiant. Jleiiiht, 27o feet. 220. On iiorth-and-south road to snuth-east of N'ieli il'la ;iliil lirturiii i two branches of Wallace lliver, N. N Iv Sto.ss side aUn disUiKily 227. In Jiansford settlement, two miles along ni.ul t'idiii lii^'fj Philip, N. 20 !■:. and N. 2:5 E. Height, 2r)0 feet. 22S. Near cross-roads, half-way between Coun's Mills ami IMn-nyj Creek, N. 48' E. and N. 53 E. Height, 25 feet. CHAkVER^ jmictiuii witli liic iiui'tli-aiid Mmtli i,„„l, N. in K. and \. 10 Iv llfiu'lit, l"iU t'l'd. I'.'.o. Halt' a mile sniitli nf Wallacf, N. i! I''., and N. 'J \V, llciylil, ir,."i iVit. East-and-wost (.'(Hifscs nii .same cxiMisiiri! pfnvr that ilicS.- t.iX. -ri is till' latest. •j.U. I 111 the N.lv and S, \V. niad alun;,' tlit; niiiicr pai't of !>f\vai'L' |;i\,.i', N. .^ K. Ilci^dil, •.MMJ f.vt. Ij.'i'J. nil tlie second road cast of Wallace Fiako and north ot' hewaro N. 7 W. aiidN. IJ \V. Jleiuht, ir.O feet. •.':;:;. .\i Wallace ([uarry, X. i' W., N. lo W,, aUo N. ;i K., N. :;2 W ami N. ol W. or th(> re\erso. •J.'il. A i|nartci' of a mile south of Wallace station. ( )\ford and I'jcloU I'.i'alK ',".1 t'ri't. llUT h railway, N. ."> I'-, and N'. is E. Slo|)c X. Ilci-hi, :;:l.'i. (in the road aloiii,' l)(d'.crt lii\cr, near thi^ liordcr of the map, 1,1 at I he hci.ulit of dliU feet, S. -J. V]. and S. li' ]•:. These stiia' arc I till- S. ~|ii|ie of tilt! t'ol)ci|uid \\ateisln'd. 'Jl'iii. North of tli(^ cross-roads to the north of the railwav track in'iir Wallace station, O.vfoi'd and I'ictoii JSranch railway, due X. hi, L'L'II fret. 7. -lust cast of Wallace, on shore, striated ledi,'es occur, X. S |^. ^. till road i.'oin,n' from J'laster Com- east of Wallace, to north lit' Sn Ill's J^akc, at third cross-road, >.'. .')0 1'^ Slojie \]. Height, i;ii tVct. 'I'.'AK 'Ml the easternmost cross-road from Scott's Lake to tht? Strait 't Nuitliiniilicrland, near shore, (jierlia]is on liouldei'), X. '.U\ Iv :;iU. Near liy on same I'oad, another set, X. Ill l'^ lieii,'ht, 17U tVft. 211. Oil cross-roads at Ifornsey, due X". Slope S. lleiyht l"i feet. L'l'J. Sdulh of Head of Tatamaiiouche, jierhaiis on houlder, X'. 2 W. .'I'l. I hi Lake mad, just alxait suiitli ot' Head of Tatainagiaichc, on iiiiU.di'i', (// SI '", X. lli !■;. llei-hl, li7tl feet. -II 'Ml load running uji south side of .Mill Ihook, X. 'A V,. -l"i. I Ml loail cast of Went \\(alli aloiiy I liggins's hrook, X. IS Iv !iii N. 7 W. -||'i. .\liuiit two miles west f)l Wallace station. Oxford and I'ictou ■Miieli railway, X. '2 E. -17. . -■> K, ami N. ;'„S K. Ilein-ht, iT) feet. -!''. -Xi'ar liurdei' of sheet (Xo. I X.W.), and south of Sutherland's • if, S. :;•_' !■;. Stoss side X. Jleii^ht, i.UO feet. 7G M xi;\v lauNswH'K, nova scotia axd i'. k. island. 19. 8lill furtluT s.nith S. 14' E. and S. 12" E., and a li-1 IK'I" set S. 3 W 250. A mile and a half to the northwest of Sutiierland's Liiki, ,il the iv.ad, (lu!> W. Slopo N. H<.,j;ht, G50 feet. 251. On I'oad noing from Westchester station. T.C.Uy. to Ai Alines and near hoi'dtn' of map (sh(;et No. 1 N.W.), S. 14 1'. UU" .■iill;i 2.-)2. On Kcoi ioni\' roa( 1 near foui'th brook (M^issed west ot T llllMilli .station, l.C.Uv., on ^^"iilianlsda]e road, N. lO A\'. lleiyiil, ;i(ji> f ( )n road ^oinu' ^\<'st from W'estehester station. It'. I I'Ct. >V.. nil 1 est side of lii'ook. X. ti Iv Sto' .i side clearly S. Ilei:,'iit, .'ijii i, ,( 251. Xoi'tii of CJareniont 'lill and helween it and ilie i.C.i; lino stri;e were o bs(i'\(>(l on the roadside, N. (>>< !•]. Sti The ice ].r(/dncinLr thes(! moved ilown the N.IO. slope of (' iiill into tlie l!iver Philii) vallev. W. .Urliiiilii 'r>\(> miles east of < 'xford Junctimi on X. side of j.C. track, N. 12 AV. Hei-ht, 125 feet. 25(;. North of IJodney, X. 12 \V. and X. :'. K ' on nortli\var< th slo[ie, fnie l.ait distin^'t nIit' St OSS s;i|e clearly S. ( >fi W'illianisdale road, h df a nnh; fi'om West I i-an.'li, X. -jn K., slope to X. Ilei-iit, ■ ) feel. 25S. X'(Mr I'pper Maccan liiver on I'^ivo I'-lands road, S. S \\'. m,] S. 12 I'',., or the re\erse. Height, 175 to 20U feet. < )ii riiad uninu' scnitli tVoni Siirinuhill and l'arr--l)oro' I w ;iiiiii:,' 11 irri-t of Maplei.in liridv'e liadim^' southward to a liaik -I'ltli- nieni (Souili I'.rook settleimjit) aiiont iwn miles up from rivei. N. In W, and X. ."i2 AV. tma\' h' on iMiuldei). Stoss side di>i inciiy !" > llci'dit. 400 fv.'t. < >n iinoilirr honlder near 1>\- X. 12 W. 2'il. I Ml ^ame road and ivtst -;iinihof hrancli of Scjiitl sandstone n: xi /-', X. () AW an.l X. S |v St OSS side c 1 lirooK, '111 '.'I'.'i'. learlv S. SOI A\' 2r the rev (•rse. Sloss side X, lleiulit. .'.50 feet. 2*i.'V On cross-road Ica'liiii,' m.rl li-\vrsi u.-ird finm main read lici^i'i' Halfway Lake ant.l)SS >'lli' \\ . )(■ (it < 'l;Ui'!l|iillt si;l(> nf l.C.lvV. iiU ilisiiii'-t siri". , I'-ruwli. X. -^'i oml, S. '^ ^V. ill'; I'slioni' l!v. ;i!iiiiu IV, .UMllln'r I'Nl"'- iiiul u mil'' ;iii'l '1 ,, :i Kark -nil. iMui liMM'. N. !•' (!i,iiiu'Uy ti- "• uhl.rook, ■o.-my ,'ar!v S. M"'! 1 l!l|V!' Ill i':.,iui.i>. Iiam r":ii 1 liclWi'HI hnlllili'l'l. IfS ,1 |„,vc laiilL'P. c.ALN'Efis.j (iLACIAL STKI.K. 77 M PlUXf'K EdWAHK TiSLANO. •.'ii."i. A iiiilr ;iiul ;i linlt' soiitli of \urtli Capo, on llic wcsteiii coast. In I'riii' ■■ IM- \.:r: V... N. -27 !•:. Il.-i-ht, 20 feet. "^"■'' '^''""'■ I'liiii roiU i'uitlicr soutli N. 57' E. and X. 17 VI. Stcj.ss side dis- ,ii„.|ly S.W. Jlciulit, 20 f.'ct. •y)i''. A i|Uai-tcr (it a mile cast of I.ii;litlious(.', Nurtli (,'ajic. X. ."i.'! i;.. N. 1':.' i:. and X. 27 ll. Ilci.uiit, lo feet. Tlic X. .",:; E. sot is •Jii7. At Ca|ii' Ivildarc, (in s(^\ei'al exposures aldiig t!ic shore, S. li i;„ -. |:; i:.. S. 21) E.. S. 2.-'. H. and S. IS ]■]. Jlci:;||t, Kj f,.,.t. ■ji>. On >li(iic at I'Mfteen Pdint. S. 10 W. Ilci-lit, o feet. On ncnl ai l''ificen l\)int, S. l.l E. llei-lii, 2n feet. ji'i'.i. A i|iiaiterof a mile east of ferry o\er l''Jlis Ki\cr, N. fil) !',. ;i,i N. ."ill ]•:. Ilci'^lit, I feet. .'71. At Unklcltei-'s Point, ii. two jilaecs, iindei' i)oiiMcr-ciay, S. .").") \'.. Si.i--~idc apparently X.W. :'72. At Clifton, east i>\ ci isss-ioads, X. 12 1]. J[cii,dit, lO teet. Ill aiioilicr cxposui'(>, X'. ."i2 10.. lieiulit, 110 feet: and a (piarter of I iiiilc west of Clifton, on ledge, X. '>[ 10. an. I X. oS E. Ifeiglit, i'lll frrl. ■.■;:!, Kiivt iif r.iad on west side of Mill Creek, X. 22 iv, N. 17' i;., N. I'l !■:., X. ri7 !•:, X. ril E. and X. ii:i K. ::7 1 -la-l west of the end of tlu! same road, X. (il 10. , X'. 17 lO., .N "'J iv anil X. 57 10. On a fre-7 10. ; and a sliort distance (art her nmili, X. "i-") 10., X. •"'1 iO., X, 12 10. and X. 2i..( 10. ; and again on anolliei' exposure a ti'W ji;i( t's ('.iiilier tiorih, X. ■)■'> 10., .X. ID 10. and X. 51 10. '.'77. I iiMi!(! J'rince Town road, no; th of Margate, X. ',\7 10. Height, CU tcl. '-7^'. .\t \ew London l>ay, oik^ mile X. of Stanley liii(igi\ X. 37 E. 'I''-'. Ai eiid of road X. of lieaeii i'oint, X. •7 !0. ■>'K .\i lire.ikuater. Prince Town, X. 1 1 10. and X. 22 10. -^1. 'hi old Prince To\\ti road, one mile north •<{ Piuich jlowl, X'. i- 10, oloid.tful). Jleight, 1(;5 f. et. -^'.'. ''lie mile west of railw.-iy wliaif, Cape Tra\('rse, .S, 5S JO, lid S. ',■.;■ 10. '-'^■i. N'Hth of Cordon ( o\c S. 58 10. st of tlieso, sti'in', N. '>' \-]. l'S.j. Inunciliati'ly west of Cunibi'i'laiul J'oint, N. ").'] !]. uiid N. 03 K 280. East of Carleton Point, S. :V2 W., S. I'T W., S. 2:' W. a,,, S. 1 :> W. lleiulit, lOfoft. .Vnd on otliiT oxjiosurcs nriLf Ijv. 8, :':; W., S. 17 W. and S. ] .". W. It is prubidilc these stri;e liax'e lieen |iro(luoed l)y small loi-alnl u-\,'r< sliding down oil' the island into the dejiression now iiceu|>ii(| li\ Xmtli umljerlaiid Strait. l'87. ^\'est of C;i])e Traverse, ',<. o3 Iv lleiglit, from •'! id.'i fi^^^i A few I'cxls further west, S. X) Iv, S. :i8 K. and S. l.s ]■] '2f^8. ivist of Westmoreland harlimir, on south side (if |'ciiiii-u!;i, S. o8 H. and S. 3.T E. I'^iirther east, at iioint, N. 57 Iv or tiip re _i\(>rse. 28'.'. ( )n east side of Sal)le liiver on road to llunshaw (lialf Prom riv.-r), N. 19 Iv, N. 57 Iv Jleight, 170 feet. Sloi.r \V I mill HO. At eross-roi ds, Sahle 1 liver, X. 57 E '2[)]. On Xew l>i'de(|ue ro.id, throe miles west of ]larLs\illc. X. i; E. ilei-ht, .'.OOfeet. ■21I2. ]Mii;hty rods east of jmu'ti'Hi of s,>uth-west road with Xtw r>ede(iue I'oad, X. ;]7 Iv Slo])e W. Height, 100 feet. 2'.t."i. West of intersection of County i^ine and Xew liediM[U(' i'ikkI. .X. 5:; I-;. Slo|ie \V. ileiu-ht, 200 feet. 2!).'}.',. At iiiterseet ion f)f alio\'e roads, an e.\eell(Mit ex]>o--uri', X, 17 E., N."52 i;. Slope N.W. Height, 250 feet. 2'.'1. Jlidf a mile west of the south eixd of l.ot .')U road, X. :'/< 11 S!..|ie S.K. Heiiiht, IDO fei't. Il5. ( )n old Trvon road three niilo south west of Xonh \\'i!r~ railway s feet. tat ion, X. 27 11 or tile reverse Slope \V. Ilfi-iit, 290. I'"iftv rods wi'st of ( 'uuni V Line, on eross-ro.ad, one mile ninth I von, N. !•:. Slope ^\'. Height. I (I f i-et. 2'.I7. .\t end of road het ween I'lalt lli\ er and lleiiliek ( 'ivi', X'. \]. and X'. 57 Iv 298. Xi'ar end of road north of llentiek ('o\c, X. 17 Iv Twenty rods further west, on several exposures, X. 27 1"., N E., X. 52 K, X. 57 E. 291). .\ (piarter I. Sl.l|irW, Hiirtsvill,". X. -i: it road with Xiw foot. 'cw l!('dfi]Ui' inmi, \t ('X]"isui'i', N. 17, :]0 road, N. .'I'i E. f Xortli WiltdiiiT W. ilciu'llt, I'" il, (lur niilr mn'tli 1 : Mitiok Cuvi.', X', \' , N. 21 i:. N i: is l{i\.T X. "i'-' H it. •.'!> fret. /^ h^ » •' i ^;r.7-' I- yh7 a\¥ "lI;* ■ :> 1 ■ •*-.' ^ • -Pitt- ■ U-^'*.-' ' ' 1 :i ,,■1.5 t<(it the eastern jH'ovinces, ;is sliterl\' wi' (Is wliich |ire\ail in these latitudes. In tlio f the glacial j)eriod, the southern part of the (iulf of i-r .'^ta'.^es o .awicnce iiui it li.'ive lieen largely choki'd up with these heavy ice- ffcai portion ot tiu' yeai Coiiu.-ident with this condition of ■ivia^l wall .hill IS, the ice on the adjacent l.md-surfaee w; I-' iiieltiiu' ani ibsid iiu'. winle a slow sul)snlence w,as going on TI le roc I'oring i)V l.acicfs anil that by lloating ice may, theref ore, li,i\ e been to a .,i:'r I'.xlciit cniitemporaneoiis. I'ninniriuing at (laspi' J>asin, in the province of (^)iiel i.'itc tlip slri;c produced by floating ico around the south-western embay- ice. we s Iwdl Alt I (ta>|.c, • lit lit the ( illlf o f St. L I wren CO, At l.inje IJaspt ■I'rt. Siiiiili uf ( irand ( i N. i:; E., N. ]•; and X. L'.^ TFciglit, TliijM' stria' ha\e been jtrodiiced by an irrei,nil;irlyuio\ ing, iuni|iing i' ily. inipiiigiMg heavily against the sloping coast burdei'. The mark.s ii'i ill len- til from three or four inches to two or three feet, and ''!. line ,;iiil coarse, often a (piarter of an inch deep, .and apparently .i.tdiiiil, Tliev occur only on the east side of the widest part of '■asjH' Biisin, .ind have eviilently been jirndincd by jiacks of ice dri\('n it'itVom the (liilf of St. I-,awrence by he.i\y winds, tiles, I'tc, forcing Iw-iilias liere. ^^^■i 8U M NKW lilUN.sWICK, NOVA .SCDTIA AN > !•. K. ISLAM) At l!;ii.Ml> C'liiilciirs. At (■ 3. (in tlic south-west side of the liaie dos Chiilem's Kiu* st a])ji('iii'iiiic(' jinHliU'cd l)y flo.itiini ice, t)e(;ur. Tlie hcst cxi I'l.", t. II iill ()l)S('i'\i'(l near I'cllediiiic statiipii, I.C.I-!. Halt' a mil I' n(/rt)i i,t' tli. station at a lu'iylit of iiliout lOU feet, tli(^ foliowiiii;- couiv s. :{'.) w., s. L»i \v., .s. ID \v., s. '.I w., s. .-. \V., .s OS WrlV M., \v. w.. s. 1 i:., s. ,s !■: S. S !•;., S. \-2 ]■].,>, \:\ |.; 8. K; !•:., S. 18 !•:., S. id !•:., S. i>0 K., S. :.'1 !•;. und 1. Al)(iut halt' a mill' south of tl u' sami- station. S. 1 \\' s. D i;., s. It) i;.. s. II \]., s, I.-. !•:., s. i: s. ;',| !•:., S. 211 I'l s. ;is !■; (ioiiii;- soiiiliwa''d aloni;- l.tMtv.. one mil'' south of I-" MiniiiT hrook, S. .") W'., S. 11 \\'., and on anotluM' Icili^c urar, S. |^ \-\ -t.'i !•:. and s. -1.-) i;. t). Ilalfwav l)i'l wcrii P'oiifnicr s hiDok and lllinti-ci' I >1\ IT. nil llDllh side of a dioi-ite hoss, S. !) W., S. •"> W., S. ."I Iv, S. U i;., S. Il and S. l:i i;. 7. Siill nearer i'ilnitree Uixer anothci' l)o8s shows S. 27 W. S W.. and S. ;57 W.. will a liTeat niimi)('r of Hiu^ criss riiis-, s|n;i S. .lus* noitli of lOlmtice 11 i\ 'I', on l)o ^es of diorite or uialia^i'. >. 15 \V.. S. .17 \V.. S. 211 W., >. 2.") W., S. 21 \V., S. 17 W., ,- W. and S. 1 \\-. The elexalion of ihr roek' ^iii'faces wluM'e No. .'i, [, .") (i, 7 and s ■ft^ oceiir, ranges fi-om I Un feei feet. 'I'he sto- s s|,|r IS I'Vi-rV- where (lis tin.'tlv to the N. The sides of thi'deei) I'",, and W formed hv the earlier l.-inddce are always stossed on ih • \. Tho surfaeo of tin- country on the south-west side of I lie Hair ilrs C'hahnifs, rises from tiie eoast border with a gentle ascent, ivarliiii:: an elevati 111 of o()() or' liOl) feet at the sources of the risers n hicli (jiaiii the district, Au'ainst this slojiiny surface, tloatini.;' ice, or i'-c-jains, scriu to hase impin'^ed hea\ily in a. directitui at alj(jut right anu'lcv to tiir •^ a zone of vari ihio widtli, from 7"i to 17a I'cit ■1. '1 curved coastline, alon al)o\'e tiie j)!'esent sea-level. I nis jiarl ot the coast. lieiiiL;' ilnvctiv O])positi' 'he nioath of the hay, has recM-ived the fidl foi-'c and ilii|i:irl of the II,;. 'in ice dri\'en in from the (iulf of St. I.,a\vrencc hv ca^ti'i'ly storms. I ience the formation of these stria' ahjui;' the zone nn'iiiiducii. 1), .Vt Ijaiie (piarry. near Cape Torment inc. stria' o\identl\- |iriiM il lonni'iitini'. j,^. (liiniinn- ..-c or ice jaiirs, also oeeur. Onv, set seems \n lia\i' ln'i'ii caused !.\- ic(\ shoNcd against, or o\'er tlu; Cap(» Tnrmcntinc ]iciiiiisula. from Hue V'erte, and shows the followint;' courses: — N. -'it'i W , N. tl w.. N. 12 \v., X. :is w.. N. ;i(i w., X. :V2 w., X. .•;! W.. X. all \V.. X. 21 \V., X. IS \V.. X. in W.. X. 12 W., and N. 2 W. '1 other set has a|)pareiitly hein formed Ic lloatin^;' ice winch ^'iiir' ti'i ilU is LAN 1 1. ■s KlU! stii.', t.i) all 'St cxaiiiiilfs w.'iv mil'' iKirtli i,t' tli. ■IIUIVM3S WrlV M.cn : k'., S. 7 \V., s. :• '■"' I'-. >• \'> ['... nil S^ 1';; !•:. ■^- 1 \v , s. :, i:,, -i Iv. S. L';i !■:„ nth of |-"utiniii.|'\ ii'Mi-, S. h I-;., s. ■'■ l>i\ IT. nil imnli «• '■' i;..S. 11 i:,, f^. -7 W.. S. :",i ;-riiis-, s||-i:i'. ■itc nr ilialjasc, S. ., S. 17 W.. >, 7 •"i, <), 7 ami s -ft^ itoss side is cVrl'V- '".. aiul W. uriiii\i'< li- \. ii' lit' llir Hair ijts ^riMil. I'i'arliiii:,' ail [vvvs ^^ili(■ll (jraiii , (ir iri..jain>| serin ;'lll hiiltIi'^ tti ihr in 7-'i In 1 7"i t'rrt. st, liriiiL;' iliivrily t'lir ■(• a 111! iiii|iari .'I'l'llri^ liy raslrl'ly ' Ziill(> nirlltiiiurii. \iilrii! I\- lini'iii'ril MIS lij lia\r iirrli iciiliiic ]ii'iiiiisula, X. ."if, W . X. -tl ;. :!i w.. X. ;;u ,1 X. 1' W. Till! U lilrll r i|l|i> t'l'illU f' ^ / x y y y '■' J 3 tHAlMEHi. 1 OLACIAL STHI.T:. 81 M the ninth and north-west, and exhibits tlie following stria': — S. 18 W. S. i;i W.. S. 11' W., S. 10' W., S. 6' W., S. r W. and S. :V W. Till' X. 34' W. anfl 8. 1 1' W. strin'or irronvcs ;u'(> the lieavii'St. The Morinu'-i L'over an exposed ruck surface of In \>y l.'JO j)ac(!s. Tlie direc- tion of tiio ice-inoveinent in rei,'ard to both sets was detei'inincd by (vitiiiii small cram'-and-tail prominences on the nearly tlat sandstone l,.(l;;i's. Hiiigilt, lOU feet. 10, (»ii the New Ijrunswick and Prince Edward Island railway, six miles and a (juarter west of Capo Tornientine the two sets recorded umlor No. 9 again occur, viz. : — 8. .■/' W. and N. 37' W., and \. '.\'2 AV. Sl,i|ic, S.li Height, 1:^5 feet. Those occur on a surface eight by four feet in extent. Th(i western liiilt' is striated with the S. 5' W. ci iur.se, some of the grooves being an iiuli deep; the eastern .slope is covered with tlie N. .'57' W. and N. ;1J \\'., courses, which are light l)ut well defined. Thirty feet further east on an exposure ten by six feet, N. 37° W. luul X. '^'2 \V. ; and on two other exposures near Ijy the N. 15' \V. coiu'se was seen. 11. On tlie Emigrant road about a mile and a half from Cape Tormen- tiiie, X. .'i-J W. and N. 42' W. ILeight, 50 feet. Ill aiiothei' place further west, N. 32 W. VI. At IJaytield, N. 2' \V. and N. 12' W., or the rever.se. Height, l."i tcft. Neiirer Cai)o Jourimain Lighthouse, X. 12' W., or the reverse. Tide ]fv( 1. 13. On Emigrant road three miles east of Tort Elgin, N. 27' W., X. ■1-1 W., A. 10' AV., N. 12' W. (deep), N. 7 W. ami X. 2 W. ; also S. l:'. W. and 8. 8" W. (both heavy). 8triie distinct. Height, 45 feet. U. On Immigrant road, at third brook east of Poit Elgin, 8. 13' W. Hi-i-ht, 125 feet. 1"). .\t Coburg quarry about one mile west of l>aie Verte village, At Halo >. Ss W., 8. :\2 W., S. 28^ W., 8. 2r W., 8. 18 W., 8. 13 W., 8. 10 '^''■•■t''' .. lU'siilfs these are two courses, 8. 8 E. and 8. 4' E. or the rever.se, ;iiul ;l third X"". G8' E., or the reverse, ^lany broken, irregular, curved ^tli;l• iiccur and several curious markings. From the abundant crag- iiiultiiil prominences, it appears the ice came from the north. Height, ■)■) feet. 10, About two miles from Baie Verte village, in an old (juarry on tliosiiuth-east side of the New IJrunswick and P. E. Island railway, im.liihmit fifty rods distant from it, 8. 43' W., 8. 40 W., 8. 38' W., s. 2S W., S. 23^ W., S. 20' W., S. 18= W., 8. 15 \\., 8. 13' W., 8. 11' W., 8. ;'. W., and S. 12° E., S. 10° E., 8. 4' K, 8. 2' E. and 8. In G 82 M NKW IIHUNSWICK, NOVA HCOTIA AND I'. K. ISI,AM>. Ill Slicijiid liay. addition t(i tii('S(> N. 78 E., X. 66 E. and duo K. setn occur, holdiii^inrj di»ul}tl(vss to tlic oldci' sti'iatioii of tlie inaxiimnn extension of tin' jc,, TIk! otlit'i' cours(!.s iia\t' aiiiuircntly hecn caused hy ice wliieli c iinc fnun the N.K., ))rul)al)ly lloatinj,' ice (ice-jams). Tlio principal sets in t\n-si> are the S. 4."5 W. and S. IS W. stfia-. The cfajL,'-and-tail iirojcciions are here also conspicuous. lleij,']it, 5,") feet. 17. At east end of Clii^Miecto marine railway, S. 2' K., S. ;; \\\ S. ];". W., S. IS W., S. l'.". W. and S. i.',S W. These slmw slossin^' on the north side, but not clearly. The rock .surface is cuvcrcil with from 10 to 15 feet of houlder-clay, and the striie have iij.|i;iiviit|y been jiroduccd b\' ice im[iin,i,'inj,' iii,'fnnst it from the nurtii, jMdliaMv floating; ice. ] [eight, 40 fei^t or more. is. On /mother led,!,'e in the heavy cuttin,<,'aloni,' the east endnf the r/ul\vay mentioned, and from half to three-(|uai'ters of a nn'lc tVom the Tidnish dock, S. '•)' AN'., and S. 18 \V., witli numerous iiiiiinr and inej,'ular courses. Still further west in the .same cutting,' S. 48' AV., and S. '>() W. These all appear to be the work of lloatinjj; ice-j.ims. At the lattf'r exjiosuro a set of strije was obser^c'd with a rDinsc ut S. CO \']., or thorevei'sc, doubtless produced by In nd ice. 19. At Cook's cutiiny.onthe Chignecto marine railway, whitli is mIidui the axis of tlio isthmus, and nearly ecpiidistant from both ends of tin' line, S. 8 W., S. 18' W., S. 22' W., S. 2:* ^V., S. ;i2' \V., S. :!s W, and S. 40 "\V. The predominent sets are thi! S. 22 W., S. ^-^ W, and S. ."52 W. ones. The striating agent evidently came iVmn N'dith- umberland Strait. 20. Half a mile further east on the south side of the railw.iv tiaik, S. 10 W., S. IS AV., S. 24 W., S. .SO AV., 8. :M\ W. ;ii„| S. Id AV. These appear to have been produced in a similar maiiiiiT lu the last. The height of these ledges above; mean tide level is 4.'! feet. The manner in which the floating ice scoi-ed the rock surfaces on tlu' Isthmus of Chignecto and the Ca])e Tormentine pem'nsuia is rcfciicd to on pages 104-10") m. 21. In the vicinity of Germantown Lake, Albert county, in a \allfy trending parallel to the coast of Shepody 13ay, a number uf .suii' occur which seem to have been produced by floating ic((. On the west side of (lermantown Lake, south of Bea\er brnek, S. 38^' AV. and S. 43' AV. Height, 20 feet. About inO yards farther back on the same road, 'A. H I']., S. 18' W.. S. 31" AV., S. 38^ \V., S. 4r AV. and S. 43' SV, Height, 100 feet. In another place near by on the same road, S. 28 AV. and S. ;]S W. Height, 125 feet. [HIIMEBS, ] OS A It ANM) KAMEH. 8:5 M Still t'lirtlior up tlu) sIojk* of tlic hill to tlio noi'th-wostwiinl a largo ,.s|ioMinM'.\liil)its. S. ;'. \V., S. ;5,S \V., S. 10 AV., S. 4:1 W. and S. 40' \V. Till' S. JiS W. stria- iii'o tlio lii-'t (Icliiicd and iiio>t immciims. Si'M'i'il ni'ooNcs can hi) ti'ao'd fi'om (isc to tciii t'oi-t acidss tlus roiiU .sur- turc in >lfaii,'hti iiarallfl linos. In iinntlii'f placi' near I'cavcr I'rools, S. l,'! AV. Ari- all thcso lloatinjj; ice slriii' .' J'j. t In the south side of Cocaine harlioiir, on a hank, half a niil<' Ik 'low Cuc;ii.'n'' villa,-,'!', S. 1 K . S. H E., S. 1 1 Iv. ^<. lli i:. and S. !• \V. ilii'M' Mifiy he due to lloatiiiij ice, as they correspond with conrsrson 1'. !•; Ul.ind and on the Isthmus of Chi.ifnccto. If |irodiici'd olher- ui-,1' ii must have hccn \iy small lo(;al glaciers moving; noithuard. :',"). < tn J'riiice I'Mward Island striie, evidently produced hy Moating; -^^ ''■ ^''' ire j;iiiini(Ml aLjainsl the I'oast horder, were found north of Cape Wolf, m!i the hink, at the shore, S. 1) \<]. Height, •") feet. •jl. At ("avcndish. on the hank along the sliore. S. (iC) !•', ireight, l.'i lift. ' >verlying tho glaciated surface is a mass of l)oiil(ler-clay u])- vuds of ten feet thick without iiiiy intermixture of transported hould- •Ts tliinigh they occur on the surface of the land near hj". li'i. A (|iiarter of a mile south of Orhy Head, S. 59' E. and S. 02 E. •Jt'i. I )ne mile west of Cape Turner, S. 02' E. ■.'7. ''11 the south-west side of 8t. Peter's I'ay, west of the railway •! itjiiu, S. 74 1']. Xiiiii' oi' I lies(! stria' occur on ledges more than from ten to twenty li'i't ill hi'ight. hi the St. Lawrence valley, between ]Metis and I'ointe Li'vis, striic, fn St. Lnw- iqipiuriitly ja'oduced hy lloating ice-masses nio\ing uj) ri\er, and in a "''"■''' '-^ '""'J' t'W cases in the revei'se direction, were noteih At hie, S. r,\ W. Height, 125 feet. AtTrois I'istoles, north of Intercolonial railway station, S. 7I AV. ; vu'4 oi st.ition, S. 04" W. Height, lUO feet. •hi,ir and refen'ed tn in this report, and it is doubtful whether there are even iuiyof the struct'iral boulder-clay deposits to which the namo osar or No iiioraiiics , I. 11 1' i' /•! 1-1 i_ '^1 1 or drmulins. Mvo.s may properly he applie I. Gravel ridges are met \Mth along llivor Ihhert, and Pugwash River, to the .south of Thomson station, in Ij.l IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ;ffiiii 25 IIM IIIII2.2 m 2.0 1.8 1.6 m WM m a ^A 9% 'W /A ''W 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 d by Sir J. W. I>awson,* and as measured Ipy us is si.\ miles and a half long, IW to l.'i.") feet in height above sea-level at the point of greatest altitudi>, and from ten feet in some places to twenty-live or thirty feet in others above the general level of the val ley in which it lies. Although hitherto classitied as a singli' iiil;re. it really consists of a series of i'ir(^ is really no main ridgi'. Souk times it is one ridge that is the liighe.st and wiilest, and again it is amiihor abutting against the last and continuing for a greater or less iiisi,ini'i>. ,1,. Not infretpiently, howevei', there is a gap ack bunched up, so to sjuvik, into a series of ridges in two or three [ilaces, withiti its whole extent, while between these bunched ridges, ntirrower and moi'e line.ii li l;"'s extend. At the lower or northern end of the Boar's Back, a eeiiaiii stretch of it forms oidy one simple ridge. This part is low, n.uiow, ami the material composing it is compact and resembles boulder-clay, or that of a moraine. For the next mile or two south of this, however, tiie ridge is irregular and in places entirely wanting. Occasionally slioit *Acadiiin (ieologry, 2iKi ed., page 82. fHAlVrilf J THE nOAU's HACK. 85 M st of Pictou. In 'ved at the iiiniuli i iilx>vi' it, nil the c .Iiiliii 1 >('iiiiis's, >r iiboul li\i' miles of r>ij,' Ilnlf llliil ill at lilt' s(nir( c lit' t'ei'«! <)l)sci"> ■ (I ('No- JarlioiiifcrDiis aica l)iil)ly l)i'<'ii I'liriiicd vinter. , tlio ow stri'tiliiii!,' ' Boar's 15iR'k.' It as measurt'il l>y us ;lit above scii-li'vcl , ill somi' (iliiris to ill lovi'l lit the vid- ii(l:.'i's run oil" from the main ridge nearly at right angles thereto, and sDiiM'iiiiics they curve iuul inclose peat bogs. Taking a general view of the ridges composing the Boar's Back, it i^ (iliscrved that those farthest away from Uiver Hubert on tlie west side, arc tiie highest, as if the summits of all those in a cross-section oi the \,illey corresiionded, roughly of course, to the former surface of ii h<\\ \alley before it became cut into rUges. But there are wide gaji^ .111(1 valleys between the ridges, and at intervals along the sides. Inclnd, l)('tween the ciuls of seveial, we come across what is iiliii.uciitl}' a pt»rtion of tlie original lantl surface, Mat and undisturbed) till' material being sand and gravel belonging to the underlying sand- stniii'. Nearly all the ridges arc; r(juiule(' or stossed at tlu.' south end, fidiii which it is exident that the denuding agent moved against that ('Mil. '. '■., in tin; direction in which llivi^r llcbert thjws at prcstMit. Tiir 111 itcrials coinjiosing the scries of ridge-i of which the Jioar's |!,ii.i; iniisists ar(! altogrtln'r local, bek)nging to the underlying Car- licpiiit "'IS rocks, only on(! or two small Ixaildcrs ajiparently derived t'lniii .(• (' '•"";'.'.''1 series having been met with throughout the whole t.iiiii iiioii. ' ' "y s"('m to be liner, perhaps, at the north end, but Lilly ill plaics, tor thci-(! aio also coarse deposits. In the southern part lit' the JIoai''s ISack co;irse beds seem to predominate. jS'(j rock e'ltiKijis were observed in the River Hebert valley. \'ir\viiig the facts l)r(jadly, the I>(jar's Back appears to be a -(^i(■^ (if ridges left from the denudation of a teri'ace or mass of stiatiticd material which tilled the valley to the level of the existing ^uniiiiits of the ridges or higher jiarts of the valley. But the material iiiii-t have been worked over previously in some way by water action \n lie llius rounded and stralilicd. Two modes of formation woukl -niii Id lia\(' prevailed, viz., the building up of some ridges, or what iiiiiy lie termed the constructive prtjcess, and the denudation of tciraics and gravel banks, or the destructive prtjcess, the latter leaxing iiiiiiiaiits standing as ridges. ^Vs already stated, ccilain facts lead to till' iiifi renee that the nuide of formation, whether constructive or ili'^Miirlive, or both, proceeded not simultaneously, Itut conscculively, timii the upper slope of the valley on either side towai'ds the present ii\i r lirij. |'\)i' example, on the west side of l!i\ir llebert valley, as ii:i^ 1 n shown, there are curved and divergent ridges abutting aL'.iiioi >tiaiglit ridges. Tt W(mld apjiear that the former must have lii'i'ii t'oniied before the lattei', for we cannot postulate aiu" glacial, lliniatile or marine action which would shaj)e them as they now stand "II till' su])position that the\' were produced simultanecmsly. The curviii:; and cross ridges maj', therefore, have been the eailiest, and llnW t'le liiiai''.- I'liicl; was fiiriiiiMl. 86 M NEW HKUNSWICK, XOVA SCOTIA AND P. E. ISLAND. may be due to eddying or cross currents, or perhaps to ici.' aiiion in the manner that banks are thrown up along the sides of livcis or on the borders of lakes. The straighter ridges wore probably tunntj In- more direct currents at a later date. 'The J'ngica.sh ami I'ictoii liidyi's, etc. rictou x'idt'i'. Oravtl in Ni'w wick. riilpp,. The ridgo along the Pugwash River, is about a niilo loiij;- .ukI (,ih.. liundred and fifty feet above sea-level. It follows tlic jncscut stream closely, and consists of sand and gravel probably of lluviutile oi'igiii. This ridge seems to have been formed from the denudation of the valley drift. The Pictou ridge resembles the Boar's J')aek in sf)m(' resjiocts. A^ it lies beyond the region mapped it has not lieen examiiird exrcj^c by way of comparison with the latter. It extends in a geni'ial luiitli- and-south course for about two miles, and at the highest ]iait is iibout one luiiKlred and twenty-live feet above sea-level. Siinilaily to tlio IJoar's Back it is not oiie continuous ridge, but two or inorc, ;irnl the materials composing it, while ditl'erent from those of tlu" latter, nevertheless, bear the same relation to the deposits of the (li>tiic't. us do those of the I'oiir's liack to the Uiver Hebert valley iuils. The Pictou kame contains boulders of granite, diorite, felsite, slate, ocuijihjin- erate, etc. The peninsula to the east of the gravel lidge vctins to have been a sort of "dumping ground" foi' debris, t'oi- it has numerous scattered mounds and short ridges of gravel, saiul, etc., which are intermingled with greater or less immbers of tian-|ioiti'(I boulders. Turning to New Brunswick, we iind gravel and sand ridges in vcviial places in the valley of the Southwest Mii'amichi lliver. Thr ino>i nt)teworthy of these is one occurring west of J)oaktown, on the road running north-westward from that place, and ata ilistance of Ihc iiiik'- from the Southwest ]\liramichi Jliver. It extends in ,i ncaily northerly course from the conlluenco of I'ig Hole and Meadow liroulo to Uartholemew l{iver,wliether continuously or not w(Mli exaiiiiin'il I'xrcjA , a ^(Uii'ial noith- iiust pMi't is alioiit Siuiilaily lu tlic ,vo or 1111 ii't', iiiiJ lose of tlio liitttT, of the district, us valley lii'ils. Tho ite, slate, oiiiyl'iiii- t'l ridye serins to ■hris, for it luis jivel, s.unl, etc., s of tr;iii--iiiiiii'lien <'s-ive >tMij the close of the glacial period, anil the courses of movement, or mihcr the direction in which the heavy packs, or ice-jams, injpinged auainst the rock stirfacrs, will be shown. It may be remarked, that no s!ii;inriie- markings piodiiced by the latter ha\c been found above the liiijiiest shore-lines of tlie ])ost-glacial upheaval ; they are strictly conl'mwi to the lower slopes and marginal areas. Looiil srl:iciors ] ,i tho iireseiit rei)ort it is i>roiiosed, first, to delimit the ghiciers winch occupied the country at the stage of the Pleistocene when tliev seem to havi? hud their great(,>st extension. This will be an aiiciiiiit not so much to show their superficial magnitude and thicknos n^ td define their eastern and south-eastern margins, especially along the coast between Cape Gaspe and the rnternational boundary at llieSt. Croix Iviver in the Bay of Fundy. General The ice which covered the Gaspi' peninsula, and, indeed, all ihat iTiovcincnts of . /• , i • i- ,^ i i • . i . i? ^i / n i- the ico. part or the provnice oi (.Juel)ec lying to the east or the I liaiidicie Piver and south of the St. Lawrence estuary, in the Plcistcceiie period, seems to have been h)cal, although doubtless conneeted with the larger centre or centres of ice to the west. On the nm th side of the axis of the Notre Dame Pange, it ilowed into the St. l.awienee estuary, and here various courses occur showing that the uKivcinents were alTected by the topographic features of the slope in a marked decree. The estuary must have been open during a part, if not the whdle of the year, perhaps, similarl}' to Baffin's Bay and Davis Strait now, -AM). t-iiVE'S ] PLKISTOrKNK (JLACIKHS. 89 M iiiy U'lW lie con- iis estalilislied. irgof miniliiT of I till' liyi'ot'.K'sis iiilous (lui'stinns i(l(»('S ihllt. it lllH'S ii'scs 1)1 striii' ciin if iiitorjin'taliiiu piist fiiur yiurs n |)!irts lit' Niiva II ri'latiti'^ til till' will now 1h' 111- tinll l)cl W( Til till' (it' the Acadiiin 11(1 also 1)1 twien ippfi'ifichiaii-. pri'Viiilfil tiiwaitU vciiicnt, tu Ipec JUIV .•iiiUv aldiiL; tlw ilarv at the St. il, indocil, all that (,t' the Cliauili-'io In the* I'U'isioctnie liihth-ss ctiiiiurted On thfiitathsiili' tho "^t. l.iiwirnrf [at the nKivi'iiifiits |nauiarkt'«l(legivc. not the Nvholeot iDavis Strait nuw, inii) wliich the (Jreenland <,'la -iers discliai-ife. At wliat iieij,'lit tho ;;iiiil stiMiil Ih'I'o at the niaxiniinn extension f)£ the ice is iincer- (,,in, Ml) tacts liavinj^ yet heen discovered in tlie valley of the linvei' St. liawi'eiice ht.'ariii;^ dir-ectly on this ([uestion ; hut it u;i< |.inlial)ly as liigh, if not hi;,'her, than at tlie pre.sent day. 111,. siri;r nn this slojie tfend from N. G4 E. at Montniagny to due N. • i.N.W .it 'i'riiis l*istolc.«, llio, etc., and in other places to X. .")0 ^V., , iiiiiiiiu' a wide i'anj,'e in the nioviMnents, du ■ chiefly to the ine(]ual- n.Mit'tlir siul'ace and to tiie fact that the ,i,'lf ciers followed the local mII.-vs. Till' liiii. ji' of the ice alonji the lowei- St. Lawi'ence duiiiiy this stage I the l'li'i>tiM cne cannot have been far beyond the ])resent coast-line. lutlKMastcrn pai t of the (jasp('' peninsula, the ice llowed eastwai'dly, " .'t'','T(';''s »■ :.!.iwiii',' the courses ui the river-valleys there also. Strife, evidently i'iila. ;,,iiii(.(| l.y land-ice, were found in (Jas]!!- IJjisin with courses as fol- uv-'>ii tilt' west side, just south of (iasjie village, N. 70' E., N. 75' i;., .-,.•, ll.iif a mile north of Cape llaldiuiand, N. 89 E., N. 8.3' E. i: IN, 7'i li "II the east siiie, lhre(! miles south of the " I'eninsula," -.,;i!liil. nil till' load to Cape ( iaspt', .'>. 87 \-]. ; and lielwecn that and lirainKircM-. S. i\:\ \]. and S. (i") Iv Other striie or glaci.al markings (i..Tiir lirliiw (Irand (Jrevt', Imt they have evidently been inoduced by iwlinL' il e and are described on page 79 M. Till' t'iujts rcsjii-cting the stria' in (!as]H' liasin, when combined, ^;l"» tii.il a local ijlacier occupied its wi'stern end, drawing its sup- ]:>- trmii till' \alleys of the York and Dartmouth rivers. It seems to llini' tiiiiiiiril out towards Cape llaldimand, the stria' shosving a con- Iveii'cnt'i' finiii both sides towards th(^ centre of the basin, and its lasv.'in iimsi li.ivc lain srmcwhei c in a lin" between Cape Haldimand ai/i Little (l.isj.i'. On the nai'row peninsula tei'minatingin CajH! (iasite, Liiirt'-iution isap]iirent, except the cross stiia' produced by floating ice IdeMii 1(1 nil ,1 previous page, the surface being co\ered with angular ip«.l;ili'li!is line to suba'i'ial disintegration. In (iaspi' J'asin and on llti" i'liiii^ula nil the east side we ha\e, therefore, tlie limit of the |la!,i,,i' whii'li mused eastwardly off the (Jasjii' peninsula. l".."\viiiu- llie coast of the (iasiu' iieninsulii southward and westward, '^'"' '.,"• Iti'ilwi' rciH'ii (,'aj.e Maijuereau, numerous stria' are found there, the dis Ciiak'uis. pri^'oiurM' of which is S. [l E. and S. -15 !■'., showing that the lfH\v;is still local, and moved ofl" the sl()|ies into tlu^ open (Uilf of St. |Lwii.nrt., (,!• iiiouth of the Male de^ Chaleurs, in a direction at right ;'■*■> tn till' 11 last -line. The margin of the ice was probably nearly ^tiriiiiiious with the then existing coast, which appears to have been fi^litiy liii;li(.i' iliei'e also than at present. Cllillrlirs ^'liifii-'r. 90 M NKW IIUCNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND I'. K. IsI.AMi. The Jiaie dcs Chalnvrfi Glaricr, ilts Tlie western end of the IJaie ties Clialeurs dcjirossidii w.A tl,, valleys of the CusciHiedifi, Nouvelle, Metiii)edia, l!e-.tii,'(iiiilic, n,. triliutaiy to it, were occupied by a glacier in tlie early part ui il.,. Pleistocene. Tlus terminus of this ylacier was alxiut tlir lnoi',„,t contour line below the i)res(!nt level of the bay, that is nuiuly i,, ,., line across from the mouth of the JJonavcnture lii\( r. (^iiitljir, \,, Belledune Point, New Brunswick. East of this line on Imtli sides of the Dale des Clialeurs, the striie indicate ice-niovenients iiiuic iliniih- into the depression of the bay. To this ice-mass I shall give the name of the llaie ilcs Clmlcm- glacier.* Its source was in the Notre Dame ^louutains and ]iiiiRi- pally in the drainage basin of the Kestigouche liiver ; I ut it a!-" drew supplies from the Scaumenac, Nouvelle ans tiian 120 miles, but it was doubtless connected with otlicr ^'iacicrsor i sheets of ice, to the north, west and south, and witli tl.i' ccntnili north-east Appalachian tifin'. Its width in tl'.e I'aie des Cliali'iiia I valley, wlu;re it was gr(;atest, was ;50 t(j 40 miles, and its exiieii]e| thickness was probably 900 to 1,000 feet. TliP XortJintnlnrlaiid (j'facicr. The Nor bfi'liiiul glac'ii'i-. tliuni Bordering the Bale des Clialeurs glacier on the soul lie ist, alnn,' the! divide between the diainage basin oi the Bale des Chiilciiis and tliiitl of the Miramichi rivers, and probably coalesoent with it. lliciv ix- isted a large glacier in the early I'leistocenc to wiiich tlie aluAc niiiiiej is applied. Its north-westei'ii connection or ii' rr lias nnt yci Iral traced ; but the glacier is known to have descended in a i,'(iitMal ea-l ward to north-eastwai'd direction from the I'egion aluait the lnaJ-] waters of the ^Miramichi rivcu-s into the (Uilf ut St. bawin. Till! southern limit was near the watershed between the ^liiamica and other rivers flowing into the .Strait of Northundiiilaiid and tli^ St. John waters, and extended along by Indian or Lutz .Mminiiiin the watershed of the Isthmus of Chigneeto, the northern liaM'ut .Mt'ii Pleasant, Cumberland county. Nova Scotia, Head of Tatania;;iiiiilie| Hardwood Hill, west of Pictou, etc. From the mainland i if New llruii^ wick it extended eastward acro.ss what is now the Strait of No tliumberland and overrode a portion, if not the wliolf of Piiiiij * Can. Xatnnilist, Mcintrcal, vol. X., ISSl ; Tlic (ilaciiil 1'I.hi"1ii''iki "i Bait' dis Cliak'Uis Kegiim. ■;. ISI.AM'. :...»!;»!. 1 PLEIHTOC KN K • i LA ( ' 1 KH.S. 91 M (It'V)rcssiiiii iiiiil till I, liestii^duchi', eU'._ the ciirly I'lut (if tl'' S lllx.Ut 111.' l!•" iml Ciisfiii'iMlKi viill.'\>. urs gliifii'v \Mi- ii"t li >i I with -e;.st.nlnn'.'t!i»| i,, aesClialcufsiindtliiitj ■scent Nvith iu t!i''i" «•[ „ which the :il.n'..MKU..8| „,,■-' has lint yet li''- ended in a -cnerid M>l ,,.^M.,n ah.iut theli.nJ^ (U.lf of St. l-;i"iv l,ctween llie Mi™""^i> N^.Mhiunhevbu.daMdth^ U;ui or I'Ut/. .Mo""'^""^ lo northern liase of -MmJ iHead of Tatamau'ouclK .mainland of New IH f.H.xv the Strait "t >o U the whole ef Pmj \\,\\\nn\ Island. Bouhh'rs and drift from tho maiidaiid of Now lliiiiiswick occur interihixod in the lioultlcr-elay in the western [)ait „t this isjaml, and sparinf,dy as far east as the higlier ju'rounds in the teiitial jiart. Tlie tahhi of stria' and the maps accompanyini:; this Miiiit sill Av dillercnt sets of stri.e, Ijut only those trending eastward lict'ii jiroduced l)y the Xortiiuniberhmd glacier. liilVl' Xlii. Ma'il.ilen Islands are non-glaciated, and it would seem that the Mas^'lali n Is- iiiiiinland ne li i« gone no lurthcr than the eastern and north-eastern ghiciiitcd. Imidenif I'lince I'jdward Island, tho scjuth-eastern part having. a])par- fiitlv. lirrii glaciated hy ice which accunjulated on the island itself, audi tiimfini', containing no debris from the mainland intermi.xed witii tho Irtiilder-clay. This fact accounts also for the .scanty oecui'i'enee, or ab^pni'c of transported or foniign boulders on the higher grounds, a'.tliiiiiuli the stria' show eastward movement there. The other courses III -tiia' will be discussed later on. TIr' viiiitli-castern terminus of the Nortlnunberland glacier, therefore, MMiild sceiii to have Imhmi along a line n(!ar the coast border from Mis- fiiu 111' Sliijiiicgan Island to the mouth of the Miramichi liiver, crossing liii'laltri' |inibably outside of Portage Island; thence it curved round !.Ava:d^ North Cape, Prince i-Mward Island, and followed the north- Kist side of th(! island probably to Kast Cape, in the depi'cssion iicciipit'd by Xortlunnberland Strait, it does not seem to have gone i,ii't'ici' past\vai's of the pro\in(;e of 'I'lii'licc ,ini| ii, northwestern New liruiiswick. Large trihutai'y {^ladirs juiiKd ittr.ni the vallevs o f ll le several alllueiits. On tlu^ north ca-.t side t| was prohaldy in contact with tlie Noitliumherlaiiil Ljla ureal part of the watershed separating; them ; tin the \m-i it miMv II' liuir::;i I'lIT alllll;.' ,1 into the nc w iiicl 1 covered th si lt( .f M aine, and iii;i\'. mkI been partially, if imt wlmlly cunlhieiit with it, timnuli for llie most part, a more eastward course. W'hetlii'r cnnihii'iit nr ii'it. llUISIllll.'. the St. ,1 ohii \'allev "'lacier seems to jiave l)eeii ihielviT and pi"ii> 'i'l lis IS. nil dniiut. till' iv,|ii mas.'^nc as we proceed tiuni e.isl to west of the more fa\(iural)le conditions for its deveiopineiil. I roMlllilV !•! tl le e\ apiiiatiiii. surface of the Atiantii (if CdUlM', amounl nf prei-ipitation and a hiyher and lietter condendiiL.' -■iiriifi- were, doll lit less, the predispoNini; causes for the greater airuiiiiiUtiH:. of i'leistoceiie iee in the St. .loiin \ aliev and on llie ll.u it |-ll!:uv coast, as well as westward is dillicult to trace. It is The front of tlie St. J( \' ■illrv ::i;if doubtful whether this yiaeirr siiiiiiiiiiiit>d and o\-er>-ode the whole of that, p;irt of the crystidiiiie |il,ilraii lyiii: east of the mouth of the Saint .lolm IJiscr. It certainly iliil ii't .I"-" with the relati\e levels of this crystalline plateau and ili.- ('iirlmiii fei'ous area to the north of it the same as at the present day. Tlifie ] are some facts at hand which tend to show that the latter iiuisi ln^e] been hi,i,dier, re!ativ(dy, when the St. dolin N'alley glacier disdiaf^i'i into the ]5ay of Kundy. J5ut this glacier, or .system of ;,dai'i(Ms, ln'rame much l)r(dCi;NE (ihACIKRH. 9.1 M ♦Till tn'iui Ueliei.' ilMil ill yliiejcrs juincil it Irnin li fii.-t siile til" iiiiiv.'iii M-laiul ^lariiT almi.' n (111 lilt' ^^I'-l it iiii'i\' il ami iiiav. imlefd, liiiv*- it, tliiiu-li |iur^ui:i:'. lietlifrfiiiiiliifiit uriini, K'fn thicker :in'l i'i"i* * is, lUi t|i>u'"t. the l''Mlit Itiiuiieiii. I'loxiiiinytM ;|, (it' ciiUl.se. ;i L,';v;i!iT tcr (•iiiuli'nMiiL;' Miiiiii'. ic Ltreatfi- ari-uiiiiiliiti"ii (HI ill'' l''i> "' '■'"'"'}' St. Jtiliii \' alley L;Ui'ii-r (his ui.'icier suniiniiiitfil slalline iilatoiuilyiM] •fi'laiiily iliil II •' '■•'- call aiei tli.' rarli"!:i- ,(. iirescni (lay. TlifW 1 t the latter iiilMl"^^] lev ulaeiel' iii->'li:"'- (,.,11 (if -l.'H'iers Imtiuii'-j s iKii'.lefiiiu' that hnavj ses tjf >lii;'' nloiiL'tiii'l H'l'lv lieloii-.dfotheSt.l it was .•.lales.'i'Ut witlil Maine.it is net i"«ssiWel ata at haii.l. l"iii'l"J ci'iiNevv 1 '.run -wick ii.;iy .,.,. Ill icuai'il to tlio ^{lacifitioii i>f tlio platcuu aloii^ tho I5ay of Kundy .„ the east (if St. .loliii liarbtmr, if not diit) to !<;« overriding it from ,i|,. ,St, .Inliii Valh'y ami from (Jraiid and Wa.siiadamoak liako liasin.s, ^,,. then It iniiHt 1)0 tliat local ice masses acfiimulati-d upon it which .l„\v.'(l (iiil liiwarls till! open waters of tho l>ay of Fundy. At St. .I.,hii liiifl"""' '^'"' ^^''''^*' "^ it, iiowfvcr, tlic ic») margin seems to have ,xiiiii1(mI lievond tho present coast-line, apparently stretching out 1,1 ill I ami t artheras we proceed westwards toward.s the International l).iiiiiilarv. This fact is in accdrdanee with tho view that the nK-tcoro- jij iciii iiiiil physiciiil conditions necessary for the productitm of glaciers wpi'i' inin'e faviiuiahle on tho May of Fundy coast and westward than in the tliilt' lit' St. fitiwrence. Thi: CliKjni'Jitt) (i/acinr, iiii til ■ Ktliiiuis of Chignecio and in the two arms of Chigni>cto TheChitrneeto Civ. 1111(1 jiidlialily extending as far to the south-west as Cape Knragt' *'' ''*-'"^'''' „n the line hand and the mouth of A|)plo Kiver on tho other, tlmre fsiM'l a ideal glacier in the early Pleistocene, the general inovenient (itwlii'li A IS south-westward into the op >n waters of tho IJayof Fundy. S'lii' pi'idiieed hy this glaiMtu- are found near Hhepody ^[ountain .\llii'i't cduiitv. New ISrunswick, from HOO to (iOO feet or more aliove t!ii' present sea-hnel, and on the opposite shore, in the vicinity of Sand ami Apjile livers, fi-om 3.jO to 100 feet high. In the central parts of tliel-^thiiius of Chignticto, viz., at Westcock, Dorchester Cape and imithef Kolly Toint, striie, to all appearances produced hy this body of ice, ;ilo (leeiir at elevations of '^ '0 to 400 feet. The stri.'ition is dis- tiii't and well detined, and leaves no dcmbt that it has been caused by ilfttv large l)ody of ice flowing in the direction indicated. In -celling ilm .source of the Chignecto glacier, or rather tho height- 'tl;ind whieli gave it momentum, great ditliculties were encountered. At lir-t an attempt was made to explain the glaciation by the action otil'iatini; ice ; but this agencv, while competent to account for certain >m;i'i mdueed at a later stagt? of the glai'ial period in this region, did not 5**iiu'i|ialile of explaining certain phenomena pertaining to the Cliig. ni-cm dai'ier. For example, in Albert county the stria- attributable totlieactii 111 of this glacier occur on both northward and .southward >!"]>iii:.'d.elivities, and cross narrow valleys, such as that of Demoi.selle Cn' k. iililii|ii( Iv. They are met with at altitudes varying from sea-level H|itMiUO am hiOO feet, ami are parallel on the higher as well as on ^lWl■r -,1 jies (in 0|iposite sides of Chignecto Bay. These and other 1* which might be cited evince the action of land ice only. At the 04 M I' ' uti tli»' islliiiiiis is du(^ to lloatin;; ice — in tiic latter diHtiic-t, indir'd, ii u,i, cliitslly produffd l)y fills aj,'ciuv, at a sul)stM|iu'nt Hta]L;tt of the ;f|i„jj] poriod. JWit on tiu' lii,i;lu!r levels, tliu glaeiation seems to Ih- cntiivlv duo tu land ion. It lias l)een slated on jiaffo L'(» M, that the lieiylit of tlie [^tllllMls it Chi^necto, near Noi-tliiinilx-rland Stiait. dot^s not exeecd sivciiivlivi^ to ont^ liundi'tul feet. Some liills and undulations rise to one Iiiimi|i,i1 anil twenty live to one hundred and lifty feet, l)ut on liie ciliir liiml i laru'e )iart of the isthmus is low and Hat, and not more ili.in lifiv!, sixty feet hi.i;h. The elevation of the axis exceeds this Iml mtv litii,>. except upon the ridges lyinj; lietwecn .Memramcook ami >ackvii;.., portions of wliich i'is(! aiiovo the ".'UO-font contour. Ilnu ilim (li,i ice How south-westwaidly off the istiunus into Chiifneiiip |!,iv, uhi override the ridijes around t\u-. h<»ad of it, while portions ut' ilii> iiiMi, parontly rose two hundred to three liundr-ed feet above tiic Icvildt'it. .source ? This was one of the prohlems presented to us in stndvin.' the glaciation of this region. To sati.sfy ourselves rejjiirdini.' ihcHnnv. or »''»v'-i;round of the ('hii,'necto jflacier, a thorough «'Xiiiniii,iliiiiiiii tin' isthmus was made, and our investi^^ations extended to I'linci' \'A\nu\ Island, to the eastern extremity of the (iaspe peninsula .iinl titLi ^raydalen Islands. If the },'atherin,i,'-<,'round of this i,'lacicr I ml luin beyond the Isthmus of Chi;;necto, we concluded it wouM li.nc siiiittil the hij,'her ifrounds of the eastern extremity of (Jaspi' miuI ut' Piime Edward Island in its j)assa;;e .southward. No norlli mid soinh, nr north-east and south-west striation was found on tliehiLtlitr |initi(iiisif Prince Edward Island or at (Jaspt', however, and the ^l.ii;'laliii ]>lam!> were discovered to be un;;hu'iated. On the south-west slope uf I'liinr Eilwurd Island, facing the Isthmus of Chignecto, there .iiv a few Mat- tered sti'ia-, but they seem due to local ice sliding off the isliimlata later stage. Finding no solution of the problem in this w.iy, wo tlieii had to re-investigate the northea.stcrn sidt; of the Isthmus of C'iiipiiit" anew. Numerous stria> are found here, as detailed on tlic map, luit they all indicate the action of floating rather than land icv. Tt is \vi- sible some of the older .sets may have been produced Ky the latter agency, but the rocks are soft sandstone, easily eroded, and tlie-spstiif may have been mostly obliterated. With all the data a\ ailable, there fore, we have been forced to the conclusion that the Chigiitctoglacieik after all, one which developed on the Isthmus of Chignccto. and in the depression between that and Prince Iklward Island, and as iiit'crmliii page 27 m the relative levels of the axi.s and of the norlli castein i«rt E. ISLAND. (.i.»i«» j I'l.KISTOCKNK (iLACIEKS. 9."* M ,r-t of till' siriiitimi (,i i> l>ay as well ;i> (,|, listrict, iiitlrcd, it »ns t stii,u'" "f 'III' ,i;lii''iiil I si't'iiis to lie ciilir.'iv ijilit of tlu' l^tliimis (if jnt cxri'i'il sr\ciily liv^ lis rise to ciiic limnhvil Ut t)Il till" ollu'l' li;|liil;i not inon- tlnui lit'iy tu ;ils this Inil M'i'v litiii>, aim'ook ami >ai'kvilli', ntodi". i liiw tlii'ii (lid () Clii,i,'iii'ftci H;iy, aii'i portions oi' ihi- inM].- ct illiovi' the level I't its itt'd to lis ill siuilyiii.' V(>s fe;,'anlin'_' ilie>nmv,. lU'^h cxainiiiutioiKif the iiiUul to I'riiiec Kilwiiid ;'• peninsula mikI tutlir lot' tllis f^laeier I'llil Ih'i'II 1 it wouli' iiave striiitcil • (!jis]H' aiitl lit' riiii'.e No north iUMlsiimh.iir )n thohi;;lier purliimsiit idthe^liiii'laleii Isliiml- iith-wost slu|ie of riimo to, tluTO a IV a fewM-it- in.ir oil' the isliimliiiii m in this way. we tlim lelstliimis nf C'lii;'iicdo ■tiiiltHl on the iniip, ''"t iinlaiiilice. Itisjinv produced hy the latter eroded, and these stiv ho data avaihihle, tlu've- 1 theChieiieetoj.'liiwvis. of Ciugni'etc. ami ill the sland.aniliisiiit'eneaoiil the north eastern l«irt ] •eiiliai' (If- liililnelit ef MKlH'etii leler. ,[ the islliiiiiiH as well as the Itottoin of Xortliumherland Strait njiist |,nvlK"ii hiiiiu'r than at present, and the south-weslerii pait and llio ,,(ist holders lit" CI>i;,'neeto J5ay lower. llie Cliiuiieeto ;{laeier was doubtless a product, partially at least, of .:,,, ,.v;i|inr ilioii from the open waters of the May of Fundy, and its , ,.,,|t.iis,iiiciii in this ])artieidar loeality. This prohahly eaused the iHniiiitioii "' ^'"''' '^ thiek mass of iee under siieli exceptional circuin- •Miies ; t'lir. to the south-west of Cape Mai'injiouin it can not have l»een „.,.ili;iii liw- hundred or six hundred feet thick. IJut its superficial ,iJ;ii,iiMiiiis were limited, its length heint; prohably not more than foi'ty- I tietutitiy miles, .-md its extrciiie width eiLthteer. to twenty miles. I'll,. ,iii-iii and development of the Clii<,'necto f,'laeier under such I'' r»(idiiii' I'"''' conditions, are no douht also pai'tly owing to the fact ci ii the Niiitliuml)erlanii Strait to the north-east was, at that time, ^''' cliipkiil up hy the Northiimhei'land i;Iacier, and thus the former was Itniivil I" ~'eek outlet to the open waters of the l>ay of Fundy. Indeed, jii»ii'it iiniiiolialile that a portion of the Xorthumherland j^lacier may I Itivi' swuiu round and passed out over the Isthmus of Chi;L?iiecto ltn»;iiih the liay of l-'undy, as suv'gcsted to me hy Dr. (J. M. Dawson, tli!istoiiiiiiii.' the source or head of the C-hignecto j,'lacier, though few, if I iiiiv stria' have licen found indicating such a swerving movement, which 1 wniiM really iiie.in a change from a due easterly course to one nearly iiiilnvesi. (hi any view of the <]uestion therefore, ditViculties are m»!t hvith.iuid no t'ully satisfactoiT solution of the prohlem of tin.' glaciation iihe Isthiiius uf Chignecto has yet been found. (ilac.ialloii <>/' Xova Scotia. Tliet'iicts adduced in regartl to New IJrunswick glaciers in the early 'I'lie Klaiiailon Pifi-tiiwMie, .appear to demonstrati! that no ice reached the peninsula of .Sctitia,. N"' iSiiiti.i fiDiii the mainland, except those portions of the Northum- lirikwl and Chignecto glacier.s which imjiinged on the coasts of Cuin- wliiml I'uuiity, the former in the Strait of Northumberland, the latter linluinherlaiid l>asin. The dejire.ssion of the lUy of Fundy was not Iro-siiiliy land ice from southern New Urunswick, nor did ice move ' la;ro-s the Isthmus of Chignecto in any dirt^ction, but as indicated. NeillicT li-is Nova Scotia been glaciated by extra-peninsular ice from the jiiorthor north oast, except, perhaps, by some floating ice on the coa.stal jar;K Whatever glaciation it received from land ice, and .some dis- Itnits have liccii very heavily striated, has been wholly from that hhiihiKcuMiulatod upon the surface of the country itself. r^ 96 M NKW imUN'SWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND P. E. ISLAN'I). Lncnl iind clivi'i'^eiit sti'ise. Glaciaticm Xiiftli Mimiitain. In the portion of tlmt province includod in the map, t\w stiiati,,n is extremely local and diver<,'ent. Ice };;athered on the suu.inits of tlie Cobeipiids and also on some other elevations such as ^foiint I'lpuMut, Kpringhill, etc., and moved thence in both directions, i.< ., nuitliwanl and southward. Some of the striie on the slope between the ('()l)ei]iii(|< and Northumberland Strait may belimg to a later date tlinti tli;i! nf the Nortiiund)eflay of Fundy. Stria- showing tiie movement of the latter (uxiii;it Spencer's Island, S. G7 W. and S. 70 W., etc. To tiic (>ast, however, u local glacier seems to have flowed otf the southern slope of tli('(.'iil]fi|uiil Mountains, crossing tlu? eastern part of Cobecpud I'ay, and t!ifii(.'e|iii5>. ing over the low country traversed by the Intercolonial raihvav, di-. charged into the Atlantic in the vicinity of Halifax. Siri;r wiili iiniiii west stossing wen; obsvMved near Siuibenacadie, and tliem-f tn tlip Atlantic coast, showing this ice-movement very denly. To the south-west and south of the Basin of Minas. tin- in' wjiiili accumulated on the peninsula moved outwards towards it> peiiplipiv north-westward, westward, southward and south-east wanh IVnin the South Mountain it crossed the Annapolis Valley, ovciiiliii;' tin- North ^lountain, and i)assing thence into tlie I>ay of Finidv. Strin' proving this were found at Ibidgetnwn, Annapolis, hi^Wv, Ihail of St. .Mary"s iiay, etc. On the South Mountain, at the liist iin'iiti' mil place the following cfiurses occur: — N. 'M W., N. 47 W. X. '>\ W,. N. C^-r W. and N. 70' W.; on the Xortli Mountain h.'iv, X. i':' W., ,,f N. 40 W., N. 47 W. and N. 52 W., and near the cunt of the liny of Fundy, N. .")7' W. and N. 72 W. The North :\Iouniaiii is lieiv upwards of one bundled tVet Inirher than the South Mdiuitaiii iVniii which the ice came, yet granite boulders from the latter, of all sizes up to ten feet in diameter, are strewn o\-er the sloju's nt' tlie Nnitii Mf)untain down to the shore of the Hay of i'undy. At Annapolis, stci;e occur on the North Mountain tivmlin:,' .\'. '■'I'l AV., N. ;?4 AV., N. 42 W., etc. The stoss side is t.. the s.,iitli-:;i' South Alountain. On the North ^Mountain at Digby, the stria- run \. L' ^V.. X. VJ W., N. 5G' W. and N. 08 \V., the two latter cours<-s lirin- mar the coast. Granite boulders from the South Mountain aiv lyl-n alnimhini here. At the head of St. Mary's Bay the North Mountain |nvso'its n great stoss side to the south-east, tiie courses of stria' tlu'ii' liciiii; >■ 70' W., N. 74° \V., etc. These siiow a swerving of the ir.' iiinvciiii'iit in E. ISLAND. CHAIMEBS. LIMITS OK THE PLEISTOCEXE GLACIERS. 97 M the diivction of the deeper parts of St. Mary's Bay. The glaciation iiloiii,'ilie North Mountain has apparently l)een heavy, extensive ledges and liosses being deeply grooved and ice-worn. Near Vannouth, stria- occur with a course of 8. X E., showing ice- iiiovi'iiii'iit mostly in the direction of the estuaries. It will be seen that tli«! above courses taken together with those liiKal ice tho iiiitiil l>v other observers on the south-east coast, cleai'ly point to local [J,r,,,it ^'° i,r as liiiving been the glaciating agent in the peninsula of Nova Srntia. Tlio ice on the south-east slope has probably been heavier than mi til.' noitli-west side during the stage of its inaxinuun extension. I'luiiiu' the Atlantic oci^an, this slo[)e, similarly to the New lU'unswick «!ri|«' (if the i'ay t)f Kuiidy and the Xew ICngland coast region to the wi-t, WIS very well situated for the nourishment of glaciers. The free tfciliatnv afforded the ice into the sea along its margin, enabled it to eiiidi' till' rocks over which it passed to a much gr(;ater extent than in till' ititi'iior. This erosion is exlubiteTEi;\ A Ni) Soltii-i:asti:i{\ Limits ok the New Dul'xswick t! lacikks. •th Mniiiitaiii is mv ISoutli Mniiiitaiii tViim latter, ot'all si/es up kitaiii tri'iiiliii:.' IhiuIiI'I- t'riiiii ill'' Moiiiitaiu I'li^'^P' Lf the ii'.-iiiiivi'iiii'n' in The limits of the several local glaciers just described, are known ap- Limits of tlic iroxiiiiatclv at least, and ari! delineated on the accompanvin:^; sketch- y'"'"!''* ■i'"^"'*-' iiK]!. What was j>robably the margin of the ice, was located on the ftist.sidc of (iaspi' llasin, the point of land terminating in Ca[ie Gaspi' iiiuir iiiiiilaciated. lu the Baie des Chaleurs basin, there is evidence tliii' tlio local glacier wiiich occupied it diil not extend farther to the t;i-t than lioiiaventure iiiver and IJelledune Point, smallcjr local sheets il'lioucliiiii; into the depression from both sides of the bay to the east 'I that. The ice extended along the peninsula betwci'ii the llaie dtis l'ii:ilf'uis and Northumberland Strait as far as Caraipiette, and per- ''M\-^ partly oNcri'ode Shi|)pegan Island ; but the northern part of Slii| j>i'i;aii and all Miseou Island have not furnished any (^vidciucs of .iiiiiitiiiii. .lust where the ice-border lay in ^liramichi liay, is prob- •iiiiuiral ; it may have been along or near the hundred-foot contour ''viw Ma Irvid, swerving outsich; of North Cape, I'rince i'Mwaid I-toI. ami, perhaps, following the north-east coast of that islaiul to lii't Ca|»'. Thence the limit of the ice doubled and ran ti iwards Pietou "IiIbiui', N east ami south- east margin of the glaciated area described in these; ])ages. MfJi- aines may have existed and have since been denuded and entirely washed away by the action of the sea, during tiie post-glaciiil suh- mergence of the coast border, but tliis is extremely doubtful. The mode of occurrence of the boulder-clay and the distriljutioii of the transported boulders do not atlbrd evidence of any linear arnmirement of deposits either as terminal or lateral moraines in the region, except, perhaps, in southern New Brunswick, on the watershed between the St. John Valley and the Hay of Fundy, where small local glaciers left a few irregular ridges at the final retirement of the ice, wliieli may be classed as such. There is a greater or less sporadic distribiitinn of glacial material, but it is very seldom heaped up in ridifcs or minwuls. Without entering into the vexed (|uestion of the mode of (■amai;e of the drift by glaciers, a few observations may be otl'ered le^anliiiu' glacial transportation in the particular area under review. The mode of distribution of the drift is largely dependent upon tin' trihutidudf toiJOffranhic features. In hill or mountain districts wliiili iididei tlie.lnft in ,, , . , . . . , , r eastcni New valleys or plains, glaciers receive an impetus from the steeper irrailients, Brunswick. enabling them to erode and often sweep off the debris down to the rock surface, exhibiting the striation and polishing. In tiie val'ey bottoms this debris is thrown down and lies until again eluded by the ice, or by rivers or streams. In this case, whatever mali rial the ice carries off one place it deposits in another near by, similarly to a vht'f- Often at the base of declivities, on the lee side, masses of drift have thus AIoilc of (lis- CHAIMER9. RELATIONS OF GLACIERS TO APPALACHIAN SYSTEM. 99 M L'in of the land ice very littli- l)cyoml been deposited ; but occasionally in districts of hilly or irregular surface, thelMiulilcr-clay occurs as mounds or lenticular masses on the more level tracts, or again it may be massed against hills on the stos:, side ; being ill all these instances generally well mixed with transported and njaiiated boulders and pebbles. In localities glaciated in this manner, which are (juite common in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, there will 1)1" found rock surfaces of greater or less area laid bare and liiglily striated and polished, the material which originally covered them liaviiiL,' been wholly or partially removed by the ice. These may be called iee-swept surfaces, in contradistinction to flat surface, over which the ice lias distributed the boulder-clay more evenly and through which rock surfaces seldom npjtear. The latter condition is characteristic of the Carl loniferous area of New Brunswick. Here glacier motion has been couipaiatively sluggish, and the gi-eater portion of the boulder- clav is more local in character. In many parts of this area, the rotted lock lies still undistui'bed, and the boulder-clay is often thick and in wide, regularly-distributed sheets. Successive additions of the latter have lieen deposited here and there also, and the transported boulders are more numerous, as a rule, in the upper part of the deposits, and especially on the surface, the latter feature, however, being doubtless jiartly a result of .subsequent denudation. Fnini the evidence at hand, it appears that the slopes of the higher u'lounds of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia have been as a rule more lieavily glaciated than the lower coastal districts around the snuth-westerii embayment of the Gulf of St. Lawrence — a heavily ulacialed district usually presenting many bare ice-swept rock surfaces, while one aeros.s which ice has moved sluggishly is deeply masked by suiierticial deposits. This has been the case especially on the lower iliouiuls of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, incupicd l)y the Northumberland glacier. This sluggish motion and thinning out of the ice near the margins of Why tlnnan the liaie des Chaleurs, Northumberland and St. John Valley glaciers, i,'„'„.!ji„','.'s\''n tiigcthcr with the fact that they terminated in the sea in many places, ''"^' 'egioii. has liccu unfavourable to the formation of terminal moraines ; hence the absence of these deposits in this region. ivki.ations of the local glaciers to the appalachian Neve. The 'glaciers of eastern Canada, S'lUi'ces ,111(1 /(''(v'-grounds beyond th , iust described, evidently had their IJ'latioiis of ' •' ^ •' . thf ^'laoKTs the boundaries of New Brunswick, in rlcsciilu-il to ^- *_ .• . ii x' r'.,.,i 1 1 the Apiiala- tlie Notre J)ame or Green Mountains in northern New England and chian systt" Apiiala- I'ln. 100 M NEW nRCXSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND P. K. ISLAND. the province of Quebec. Those grounds liave not yet been sy^iiuMti- cully exphired. I'ut tliey hiid also local gathering grounds on tlic watersheds or divides between each glacier, esperially on tiiat luiuicii the drainage bnsin of the St. Jolin Hiver and of those rivers lluwin' into the Strait of Northumberland and Gulf of St. Lawiciicc, wlijch seems to have been an ice-shed during the whole glacial peril u I. 'rh,. Xorthumberland glacier may have had its H'Iv entirely wit liin Xiw Brunswick. The ice which occupied the region lying to thi' s(»utli ot' ihrSt, Lawrence Valley, in the early stage of the glacial pei'iod, linwiil tKun the higher ports of tlu; Notre Dame or northeast Ap]>alaclii,iii Ummuc in widely divergent courses and to diHerent jjoints of the cuin]i;iss, iIk. movements ludng laigely dependent on the topogi'ajihy and riliiion to th(^ cential mass or ni:rr. In the province of <.^u(4jec, the iii fuj- lowed, for the most part, the existing drainage channels, noithwani, eastward anil south-eastwaril a considerable body of iee passjnir f,.,,!,! the district known as the "Eastern Townshijis " into the \alliv nt' the ujjper St. John River. Tn northern New Brunswick, tlir u' inial trend of movcMnent was from west to east or to noitli-east, tin' HaiiMJis Chaleui-s glacier ilowing nearly tlue east and the Nortlimnliciianil glaciei- eastward to north-eastward. in the southern put oi' tlir province, the ice partotjk of a more southerly course, the St. .Iulm Valley glacier moving nearly south-eastward. Further west tlie ccnii-is swerve more and more to the south, the ice ha\ ing thus a innic or le.ss rtulial movement from the higher portions of norlheiii N. w Kn;;- land and Quebec. Whether the ice-tiiass consisted of unc roiiilinMit sheet, similar to the Cireeidand sheet of the present tlav, uy ui lucil glaciers, is a (|uestion which can only bo soKcd by furtln i- ilri -ilcil observations and mapping of the striic. That it was tiiick a'd mas- sive on the uKjre elevated grounds is highly proi)able. fiMJ.i il. tniai a comi)arison of the physiographical and meteornlogical ciiiilitinii-; which prevail in those parts of the world where glaciers imu nciur, with such as must have existed in tlu; north-east Api)alailiian iv-inn in Pleistocene times, we may infer that it was a \-ery i'a\'iiiialili' Oliicial cnmli- giithering-ground for ice. Three things essential to tlu^ prudiiitidii nt heavy glaciers seems to have been present here, viz.; — proNimiiy t i a large evaporating surface, heavy precipitatioti, and an area uf imisiil erable altitude, serving as a condensing surface. The heiulii ' liuulder-clay and diumlins near lioston collected by Uphani, timtM. l)ii(li;v and i)thers. Tiiese shells were found to be closely similar to si", ii's now living in the waters adjacent to the New Kngland i.ia^t. May tliis fact not be taken as showing, that at the time tliey livrd ill tiiese waters, the tempeiiiture of the ocean along tlie Xow Km;! 111(1 shores cannot have been very far dillerent from that now |iri\;iiliiig? If so, then the evaporation from its surface must also haM' Im'cii as great as at the present day. Dkpartuhe of TiiK Pleistoceve Ice. Wliiii'vor changes in tli(> meteorological conditions occurred between till' raiiicr stage of the I'leistocene period, or period of maximum ice iKoiiiiuilation, and that about to be discussed, have left no traces in till' |ili( iioiuena of the region ; nevertheless, it is certain tiiat important iliaiiurs (lid take place lioth as regards climate and elevation of the land. A- ^liowii on iiage 33 M it would seem that soon after the maximum I'ciiaitinvof ut ICC acciiiiiulation was reached in the eastern provinces ot Canada, a cciic ice. "uiisiilciiic of the region commencod, which so far as the evidence '.'ocs, u.is fdiitinuous not only till tiic close of the ice age, but for some time at'tcrwards, that is, until tlie Lcda clay was dejiosited. The .'^iiliMdiiKc, as stated, was more or less differential, evidence of which is all'orded in the divergent ice movements at the breaking up and dissolution of the Northumberland and Chignecto glaciers. The Hioiic climate of the region iluriiig this stage, is also shown by the iiininc shells fcjund in the )»oulder-clay at St. John, New Brunswick. Tlic Incal glaciers which occupied the slopes of the C(jast region, and the ihiatiug ice-packs or ice-jams impinging against these slopes during the ciddiig stages of the ice epoch, when the land stood lower than at ircsciii, have scored the rock surfaces, leaving records of their exist- ■li'c and of the attitude of the land at that stage. Iliict' descriptions of the; strin' produced by local land ice and by ;!"atiii;: ice, and of other phenomena pertaining to this the clo.'.iiig or iii'ltiii;: stage of the glacial period will now be given, and thedillerent lialitics where such phenomena were observed noted. "< \i. <;i,.\ciEiis DcHiNd Till-: CLosiNfi .St.\<;k oi- the Ice Age. Dm iI UllCcil ' south side of the Baie des Clialcur.s, stria', evidently in'o- T'"'',•^l glaciers ' ' . -^ ' (if thisstaccof i\ local glaciers during the retirement of the mail Baie des tin.' ice age. 102 M NEW BRUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND P. E. ISLAND. Ill tlicHuic (Ics ( 'liali'llM rt'gidii. Ill till' ri'tjiipii Clmleurs glacier, were found nt Dundee settlement, south of J)alliou.sic Junction, iti Ijorne and Sunnyside settlement in the rear of .liK'i|Uit River, in .Ste. Louise and Middle River settlement noai' liiitlmist etc. In the.so places the ice i-eferred to has slid down iiioic iliicttlv into the Bale des Chaleurs depression, uninfluenced by tlio iimin l5;iio des Chaleurs glacier described on page 90 M. The stria' produced l)y these glaciers are found upon the .slii|i(s at heights varying from loO to 500 and (500 feet above sea-level, .unl tlic ice producing them was probably contemporaneous with the lluiUini,' ice- packs or jams which impinged against the coast as shown on page 79 m, at the closing stage of the ice age. These glaciers and ice jams existed and performed their work jirevious to the deposition of the Lcda clav aTul Saxicava sands, otherwise these l)eds would have been distiiiljed and ei'oded, if not entirely destro\'e(l by them. In sevci'.i! pLioes around the southern embaj'ment of the Gulf of St. hau ivnrc. the marine deposits referred to are found lesting upon rock suit'aces which must have been glaciated by local glaciei-s or floating h'c. nf the charact(!i' described, showing that they have been deposited at. a sulise- (juent stage. The area which was occupied by the Xorthumberland gliiciiT, slmws Niiithiiii'iUi'-' *'*J"i'' remarkable traces of local ice-movements at the rcliiciii'iii <>r iiiiiij Strait. breaking up of the larger sheet. As has been shown on ii fniiiier page, the general trend of the ice-movement in the early part nf tlie glacial period here was nearly due (!ast. I>ut we find thai in thi later or melting period, tlu* glaciers of the higiier grounds had .swerved round and took nearly a northward course. Intermedials cduises were ol)sei'ved at lienous ]{iver, Uogersville station, and allln^ thi' Intercolonial railway to the south, especially at Ifanduii, C'oid Rranch, etc., which t(>nd to .show that tiiis swerving of the ici'-inove- nients may have Ijeen gradual and jirobably was coincident wiiji .i difl'ereiitial ciiange of level of tlie district. Correlating all t lie facts, it would appear that as the ice began to dimini.sh in thickness, tiic axis or watershed between the St. .John waters and tlios(> falling into the Strait of Northumb(!rland did not subside, and perhap.s was not de- nuded, to th(^ same extent, as the coast border, and coincident with tiie decreasing thickness of the ice and this change of level, the nioMinciits of the small local glaciers had become entirtdy governed by ihr slopes of the country before their final disajipearance. Further, these facts indicate that there was no witlulraw.il ct the ice from this region during a suppo.sed intei'glacial epoch ; on tin' riintiary, that it continued here throughout the whole period of the deposition of boulder-clay without recession. C..HIMEI19. LOCAL GLACIERS. 103 M ISLAM t. uth of I)!illiou.si{> rear of .);i('i|U(!t t near Itatliurst, ■n moil' iliifi'tly y tli(^ main liiiio iQii the sliijics at .-l('\('l, ami the iic l\w llnatin;; 'we- iwii on jiauf 79 m, 1 iui' jams cxisteil fif till' t.i'da cliiy 3 Ikm'U (li>tuil)eil [n sfivcral jilacps t. Lawri'iu'C, till' )ck surfai'i's wliiili mating it't! ni llu' posited at a ^iilisc- md lilariiT, vhuvs the n'liiviiunt nr jw'ii on a fi inner irly [lart nf tlie 11(1 that ill tlif nds li.ul swtTvi'il niediati' couisi'S and aloii.i,' the llari'iurt. Coal of till' iiT-iiinve- foiiK'idriU with a iiH- all tilt' f:i*'^ lickm-^s, the axis .' fallir.- ill'" llie i.-qis, was iiiit lie- )incidt'iit with the i\, the iiiiiveiiieiits wd liy thi' slopes lidrawal ..f the ice uiitlii' rniitrary, of tlw deposition III the northern and eastern parts of Albert county, and also locally OntliolMmUrs ,111 siiiiu' of the higher slopes of the ridij;es traversing the Isthmus of j^. ' '""^ ('hiiiiieeto, evidences of local glaciers occur whose action took place litter the Chignecto glacier liad dwindled down and subsidence of the ili>triet had set in. Stria* showing local ice-movement towards the lower parts of the isthmus were also observed at Amherst and Fonwick ill C'uiiiberland county, Nova Scotia. Farther east, on the slope Ix^tween the C'lilii'iiuid Mountains and Northumberland Strait, stria' are met with in iiuiiieious places indicating local ice action by northward-moving sheets down nearly to the present sea-level. Local glaciers appear alsd t'l have occujiied the summits and slopes of the Cobennids and * the ihainage basin of the ^laecan and Hebert rivers, flowing in iliU'eniit directions as influenced by the topographic features. Allium' the May of Fundycoast, from Shepody l>ay toPassamaijuoddy FromShi'poily ]!av, many courses of stria- were observed which can only be e.\- |',',,'(jav j>!|y ]il,iiiied on the supposition that they were produced l)y local glaciers at the closing stage of the ice period. These were noted at Quaco, W'e.st lieacli, ^lispec, St. John, Musijuash, Letito and on the West Mes. Mild exhibit in some of these localities, at least, very divergent stiiatioii depenih^it largely upon the local contfiurs of the surface. The most remarkable ot these local glaciers seem to have existed at the miiuth of the St. .John River. On the west side of the harbour, stiiie oeciir trending to ditFerent points of the compass between S. 2' W. and S. (io E. ; on the east side they trend from S. 15 W. to S. ."i.") W. Convergent movements are, therefore, shown in these sets, vaiyiim from S. 05 K. on the west side of the harbour to S. 55' AV. uii the east side. While it must be atlmitted that some of tiiese con- veriient .stria' may be due to undertows during the maximum extension of the St. John Valley glacier, the greater number have })robably Ijeen funned hy ice discharging in. the harbour as local glaciers. It nuist be lukieil, however, that in this locality, we have, so far, been unable to ditieiciitiate the stria- produced at the period of maximum glaciation from tlios(> produced at the later or melting stage of the ice. That local ulaeiers existed here, however, and extended into the open waters of the l>ay of Fundy at the retirement of the Pleistocene ice, is .siitlieieiitly proved.* Reviewing all the facts, it is evident that the theory of local glaciers advancing and retiring, during the later stage of the glacial period, witlt the coast 100 feet or moi-e lower than at present, will serve to exjilaiii all the phenomena. The climatic conditions seem to have been 'Bulli tin (Ifol. Soc. of America, vol. IV., pp. 3()l-370. 104 M NEW miUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND P. K. ISLAND. On til.- P. v.. liilaml const. at least subnrc'tio ; but an ainclioration Imd set i»i apparently coincidpnt with the progressive subsidence of the coast in the ditlennl juirts of this maritime region. On Prince Kdwaiil Island, local glaciers and floating ic(^ wciv dnulii. less predominant during the period of subsidejice antl melting; of tlie ice. Tlie former have left evidences of tlieir existi^nceat ^«i'\v IjiukIoh and to the west and south-west of ]{ichmond l>ay ; also on tlie soutli- west co.'ist of the island at Fifteeiv Point, Carleton Point, De SaMi', etc. From the position of the striii' }>roduced by floating ice witli rP!s])t'ct to sea-level, the land cannot have been more tiian from 50 to 100 tWt lower than at present at that time. No deformation of the surfaces between the later and earlier stiii;es of the glacial period was ti-aceable at St. John, New lirunswirk, oi' (in Prince Ivlward Island, such as that described as occurring in (lie ti ntial Carboniferous area of New Ih'unswick ; but the facts are from liiiiitwl areas only, and, even if there had been deformation, tiiis could scaictly be discerned. FLOATiNfi ou Hka-hokne Ice. Floating ice. The theory of striation of rock surfaces by floating ice-masses trans- ported in different directions by oi'eanic curi'ents, tides and winds as they grounded on the bottom, has long been held, but it is \n this day, nevertheless, a subject of disputes among glacialists. It is prujiuscd, briefly, to places on i-ecoi'd by d(ssciii)tions and illustiMtions ci it dn ice-markings believed to have been produced by floating ire, ami tn demonsti'ate, from the local circumstances and jicculiar sitMaiimi-- in which they occur, that they cantiot have been produced by land ice. Char.'ictcr of I'loating or sea-borne ices is of s(s\-eral kinds. h'irst, tliiTc aiv tiio which striati-d solitary bergs elrifteel about by curivnts anel tiele's, which gradually the rdfksiif melt and crumble to pieces as they are' carrie-d southwai'd fmni antic this ri'gion. _ 1 •' regions inte) warmei- seas ; sece>nd, ice-floes, pan-ice', or elrift-iic made up of low-lying, lejose, flat she'ets e)f greater or le>ss are-a, diiNcn hy winels, tide's, oi' currents. These ofte'n cover several si[iiaic inilfs eif the ocean surface. Anel, third, what for want eif :\, beUtcr naiin' I lia\i> calleel ice-jams, which are large masse'sof floating ice' t'orcesd inln straits or iide'ts by lanel ice, or by cui'rents or wiiiels, .so comiiactly, that a jam of this kind moves as one bexly similarly to lanel-ice. Tlie-e arc, I believe, often called ice-packs. Ice-jams occur in Smith's Soiiml. and north of that betwe'en the coasts of (Jreenlanel and (iriiinesll Land, anel elsewhere in arctic regie»ns. The low, flat sheets of the; sccimd class, by being driven into straits anel narrow passages may bi'conie ice- jams. Ice-packs, or jams appear to be the only kind e)f floating ic (•luiEni. FLOATINfi OK SKA-HORN'E K'E. 105 M -.xt'iUiX ii'i'. ■II"' t" I- sitlla^illll^ ill :inl iViiiii ;in.'lu' 111 siiiiaic null's 01 I'ltiT nanir I 1kivi> It'iiircil iiilci straits lactiv, iliat a, jam Sniitli s NmiKl. ;ets ot till' -I'cuna lid of llciatin;^ ic ,,i„.l)lc lit' producing' re<,'ular atriii'. The striatioii of the low-lying Ifil.'csiu I lie St. Lawrence estuiiry, extending north-eastwiird and suuth- m-twai'il. ii|ipears to Ije due to ice of this character. In the ]» lie des Ciialriiis lifisin, and on the north-east side of the Istlunus of Chignecto, i- well as on the Cape Tornientine peninsula, striation caused by iri'iiiiiis |irc\ails. Ice of this kind has also impinged heavily i^iiin-t thi' nofth-east and south-west coasts of Prince lOdward l-l;iiiil. Scpai'ate icehei'gs, or loose lloating ice-masses, do not, as a i;i;,., jiidiiiuf scoring of rock suct'aces in tin,' same way as ice jams. Ti,i' wiitiT lias, winter after winttM', for many years investigated the [v iilieiitmiciia of the south-western embaynient of the Gulf of 8t. Liwiviiii'. liut has failed to discover from tlie action of the coast-ice, .nit'tlu! ioDsc lloating masses driven about ])y the tides, winds and iiiTeiits, any evidence of regular striation from these. They i'emo\ e the ;.|ii'iiti('s and polish rock surfaces, but having little or no sand or gravel Alluring t(p till' under sides, their erosivt? power is insignificant, and they ii-avu no stria'. Ice-jams, on the conti'ary, are foi'ced over lf)w shoals, orup iiuiiiiisi low banks, and even across points of land, carrying more 1,1 lis> (it ilic loose gravel, sanfl, etc., with them, and their pressure and Willing power are in certain jilaces as great as that of land ice. In niiinv |iaits of the region stria' are met with on the lower slopes, run- iiiii,' piuailrl lo the coast, which have doubtless been produced by ice- iaiiis, till' margins of which ground along the bank in their onward move- nieiit as if iiiipcllcd by an almost irresistible foi'ce. lC.\am})les of stria' iwluct'd ill this way are fountl at i'.elledune, Cocagne, along the coast "t'l'i'iiici' I'^dward Island, and in a number of other places. I'ltaik'd accounts of the evidences of floating ice as occuri'ing in the )V •^stuiiiv iif till' St. Lawrence, on the south-west side of the Jlaie des ^^i Ciiilciii's, ctr.. wci'e given on page 8;{ M. In eastern New I>runswick, f-i"ially oil the Isthn'us of Chignecto, a nunibei' of intei'esting facts lav.' inn oli-rrved respecting the action of lloating ice. Ice-jams, or fffis.liaM' crossed from Northumberland Strait to the head of the J'ay "iliiiiily. ami probably also in the rt'verse direction. The stiiie cHected ktli.'si' Will' observed at Jiaie Verte, also on the axis of the isthmus, aiil'iutho ( iijie Tornientine peninsula. In the last-mentioned locality, t!i" suiu' liilges e.vhibit evidences of both northward and .southward i*iiiiivfiiifius very distinctly. (See list of tloating-icc; stria' Nos. '' ml 111.) That they cannot have been produced by other i»it's than lloating ice, is shown l)y the fact that no stria' wiv|ii,n(liim in direction with these have been found crossing iriiice Kilward Lsland. The southward-moving floating ice which K'-iuinl these striiu must, therefore, have come either by the hiTf tliilU- r id' stria' ri'oliscvM'il w 106 M NEW IIRUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND P. E. ISLASK, nortli-west entniiifc of the strait, or across the low-lyini; iHntidu of Prince Kdwiinl Isliiui, tiion suhincrgt'd, iiuiiicdiiitcly to ilic wot ni Kit'liiiiond iiud Iii'(lct|Ut! buys, or by th<( castt'rn entraiKc ot Ncpith. unibcrlfuid Strait. In fact it would swni to have tonif in liv luith tln' eastern and norl ii- western pas.saf,'t's simultaneously, tlais tniiniiij,' tlu' ic»f-jain already referred to, wliicli souf,'lit outlet acmss the Isiliuuis „[ Clii;,'i'.coto into the open waters of the Hay of Fundy. Hui n iHirtinu of tlie (loatin;; ice coming in from the t.'ast, must have surncd ai'ios.s th,. then existiui,' shoal now forminj^ the low peninsula of Cape Toi incntinf and produced the northward-trending atria- there, 'i'lial lluailn;' jo. in any considerable (piantity came across the suhmerv'id |stliimiM,t' Chignecto from the J Jay of Fundy to NoilhumberlaMd Strait s(fiii> somewhat doubtful, as no stria' with stossin^ on the soul ii-wesi side ni the ledges have been met with around the head n\ iliat l«v. The chief currents and the principal ice and diift transport wciviiii- parently from north-east tpalailii:iiis, riHith- ward and eastward into the St. Lawrence Valley, eastward into tliej south-western embayment of the Culf of St. Lawrence, south eiistwarJI into the Bay of Fundy and Atlantic Ocean, and southward and smitli- westward in Ignited ytates tei-i-itory. The St. Lawrence Valley, as far westward as the Thousand Islamlsj was probably an open channel in the latter part of the glacial pi'iw at least, into which ice flowerl from the north and from the suutli. *Iu the siiring of IHIM, icc-jain« were driviMi into Xortlumilu ilaii'l Stnit, aiiiltM Iiiussat'c betwt.'cn Cajx; Tonin'iitiue and Cape Traverse wiis liloilcnl ii|i Ky tluni t" I doptli of thirty foct, according to newspaper reports and travclli is. :«tiv(i)!. UEN'KIIAL CONCLUSIONS. 107 M .\ltliiiui,'li t\w Apptilnchiaii glaciers liero referred to wore not of jv;it siipiMlieiiil extent, tlie ice wliieli occupied New En;,'liin(l and ..lUili-t'iisii'iii (2"''''"<-' >*eeinH to liave been the thickest and heaviest „itlii' I'lcistdcene f{hicie;'s of eastern Noitii Anu'rica, developed in tiieso jtiimli's ; and the j^'eoj^raphical and meteorological conditions favour ;,,\i('\v that it was only surpassed in this respect by the great Cor- liiiiei'iiii jjlacier of tiie w«,'st, lii ciislern Canada, south of the estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrenei', Direction nf iji,. liiiid ice sefins to have consisted of local glaciers, and the dill'erent '^'''"""'' riri>wiiicli streamed outwards from the central //'-'(v'-groumls have ircii (litlcrcntiatedand received sepai'ate names. That which ()cciii>ied liiella^i"' peninsula and the Notre Dame Kaiige, followed thedraiiiago liiaiiiK'N, ,1,'i'iicrally speaking, in its tlescent northwird and southward. A!"iii; till' lower St. Lawrence, the flow was appanmtly into the open latii^ iif the estuary, while at Uaspi' J.asin it \Nas eastward directly ;:,-.i tiic w.iters of tlui Ciulf of St. Lawrence. Till' western part of the Bale des Chalcurs valley was occupied by Si'iparato :>iii'(t til wliich the name of the l>aie des Chaleurs glacier has been t'li'^-'i^''"'- jviii. Siiutli of this and mantling the greater part of the Carboinfer- •lUj are;i of New Brunswick and Prince lOthvard Island, the Northum- iiiliiml glacier was developed. The great valley ^)f tlie St. John I liver mil till' sliipes on either side, were occupied i)y asiieetof ice which has lein ilfsigiiated the St. John Valley glacier. The east and south-east OTiniiii of tiiese glaciers were attenuated and were not accompanied k mni'uinps. During the epoch of maximum ice accumulation, the nast liiiider was somewhat higher than at present. Subsidence and liiiiiivntiiil movements set in towards the closing stage of the glacisd [riiml, which, in the Carboniferous plain of central and easterii New Bruihwii'k, are evidenced by a nundjer of swerving courses of striii'. Tiifv indicate that the watershed between the drainage basins of the ^! liilm liiver and the rivers falling into Northumberland Strait, did ii'it|iiiit,ike of the downward movement of the coast border to such an extent as the latter. The stria- which .show gradually swerving fciiim-iits on the tlat Carboniferous plain, may be taken as evidcmce tUt liu'ic was no withdrawal of the ice from the region during the *We glacial epoch. Towards the closing stage, the glaciers became saiallfr and more detached, and floating ice occupied the l)ays and Jiriiits. The markings left by the latter on rock surfaces, show that ttieciastal parts of New Brunswick were then from 75 to 1-30 feet lower taiat pre.siMit. The country around the Baie des Chaleurs and that on 'linioitiiern coast border of the Bay of f'undy, seem to have under- ?'S I'leatcr diUerential chansjes of level than the central Carbonifer- r 1 ) 1 .-.' i III! 108 M w.w imiiNswicK. noVa hcotia and r. k. isi.wi.. M.it'daliii Is ImikIk III III- ^'liiL'ialcil. ur pill Till tiuiscs ? OUH area of Now Urunswick uiid TiiiitM- KilwanI IhIiukI, tlir Udcim,.^ upiimciilly t>i"in|iyiii),' ii iiiort' stable iittitudt' in irganl \i, niMi] ,,., jl latioiiH. The Miilisiilt>iK'u inaugurated tluMi waH that wliirh riiiiiii,ii,.|| into tlio fA'da-clay jicniid. Tli»^ |)(Miinsula of Nuva Scotia was f,'lai:iatfd liy Luul i.'.' wlii,.], gatlitTi'd uixtri its surface, an*l jiroliably by llnaliiig ici- in ilni ,.,,,1,^ districts at a sul)s(Miut'nt stagf. A local glacier sueiiis to have aecunndated ai'ouiiij tin Ikm,] ,,| Chignecto liay and upon thiMsthnius of the same name, in tin' i.,,iiv stage of the Pleistocene, which has liren called the Cliignecin u'lacjir, Floating ice has also glaciated the isthmus at a later (huc. On the Magdalen Islands no e\i(lences of I'leistoccne in' aiiinn. m of the occui'i'enci^ of boulder clay, wei'e oliserved ; on the cHiiiiaiv. tln' rock surfaces are everywhere masked with a covering ut ihiii nwi, dt'bris. Tiic tflacial"^ 1 The cause or causes of the glacial period, or rather nf li xi^i.niv ',"'".'''; "'r'^ of sheets of land ice in these latitudes in Pleistocene time- caniiui l„. dill' til liiciil discussed here. i>ut it may be remarked that the teiidenrv in I'liinin. at(i cosmic iidluences and attriliute the lofrigeratiun ut ihr mmiiIiiiii part of this continent to geographical or terrestiial caiiM'-. cliarai tiii> tic of later studies respecting glacial phenomena, dues iml mihi. -iptai, to throw a great deal of liglit on the i'i'ri|iitaiiiiii ilwn what now obtains, etc., are, taken together, suHlcient tn iniii'.; almm a glacial epoch, such as the pluMKimena indicate mii-t jiasc r\isii'il in Pleistocene? tinuis, may be seriously doulited. If ii wcic itii'iii|iii'il to show that such ternjstrial conditinns were ^ullici nt in iiiiihiceii glacial era locally, on one side or the other of tlie Nnrlli Aiiiiiii';iii continent, for example, or on both sidi'.s of the North Ailaiiiic tin' hypothesis would seem to be adeipiatc! ; but these causes while . niii|ii't('iit to j)roduce various local oscillations of climate and of glaeial ciiii(liti"ir. have jirobably been governed or modified by some general law. It i- inferentially certain, therefore, that any hypothesis ba-ei I mi icnvsiriiu conditions which may be propounded will have to imhnlo siuii general or cosmic influences as to affect simultanciui-Iy the wln't' DEHOSITM OK TIIK LATKIt I'I.KISTOCKM:. ISl.VNl'. 111(1, till' hiUiT avi'rt imI tu cru^i;!! iiMi'i J wliii'li I'oiitiiiiii'il ly l;ii\il i''i' which |(f ice ill till' nill«t •OlUlil ill'' hiMii nt iiiiliic. ill 'hi' r.iily (' Clii;iii''i'" uiiiiiiT. IT (liltr. .IdCt'llC ii'i' liclinii, nv (III till' i'"iiirury. till' ,,.1'iiiu III iluii 11" 11 LlliT ut' till' i'\i~lil ICCIIC lillll'^ C'llllll'it 111' |. tt'llilrlU'V In I'lilllill- lltinll ot' llli' inHlhrrii ill ('.'UlM'^. i'liiii'aili'ii>- (lues iiiit -I'i'iii' ~" ''"■' 1,(1 llKiy al'ti'l' ill! hi' y dm. til icri'i'^ti'iiil ,,t' a liii-al rhiinii'tir pi'dlialili' that llu'M' , ai'i'li'' ■'"'' ""''''' ,t' tlic ulariiiii'il lii'l'- lianu'i'- '" ''"' '''^"' i- '''"'"' niiiM haM'Txi^"''!'" It' il wrir .itti'iiil'''''' Mltlici lit liil'i'"li"''-'> f tlif N '"■''" AiiH'vit-ii' ,, N,.rtli Aiiantii'. tl"' uisrsNvhili'ii'ii'l"'"'"' l.lnt'-hi.'ialciilulitiiUiN „„o lif'M.'ial hiw. Iti' .sisliaMMln.itcn'i'strial to iiii'Uitlo siioli I. whii'it lOi) M ji,iiiii|ii.lui' and iiortii tfinpfnit" n'j,'i(in.s of tlio «'(uth duriiii,' Plcjsto- ,11, tiinr. ntlit'i'wiso Mfliiciiil foiulitioiiH fiiniiot liiivc (K'currt'd syiicliroii- ,,|,|v ill liiiili liciiiispimres, or even on botli contint^nts. Dki'ohits of the Later Pi.kistocexe. .V ? iM. SfriiflJ'ti'd Infttinl fr'i'fivi'f, Sfiiid mid Cfn;/ ( /■'n's/i-irnfir). I'll,. ^.Tiiiral I'liariiftor of tlio stnitilicd inland dcpo.sits and tlinir |)i'iiii»its i.t ..iiimi In ilif linuldtirclay and otlit-r supcrlicial materials of thf |,|y,j"j''^Ij,nj. rf:';iiii, Ii.im' lifcn disciissctl in prcviniis t'cpoi't.s, and little can Itcaddcd iVmhi mil' iiivi'stii,'ations rc^^ardin;,' tlicni dufinif tin- past foiH' years. .\liii(i>t i'\i'i \ wli'.M'e above the lii,i;liest IMeislnecne slioroline, and sonu-- •;:i,,.. r\ti'iiiliii;i down lieltiw it, tliey mantle \\u' j,'lacial deposits pinper aiiiltlioi'i'sidiiary inatei-ials to ayi'eatertir less depth. Sections of tlieso il..iiii.iis are j;i\en in my repurts (in ninth-easltM'n and southern New r.i'iiii-wick,'^ which are applicahle to the area here discussed, it Iteing iiii lit' ihi -aiiie Carhoniferous field. I'iii^ iiii'iiilier of the surface deposits has not hitherto received Str;ititiiil I I 1 I- • I • . 1 . • 1 I l'l'l''ll-\Mltl'l adfiliiatc ■•'t inly and coi'relatKjn ni glaciated count I'les, owni<^ 'ar^^eiy, ,i,.|„,„l,.^ [I'l'liiijis, In the theoi'ies at present in vogue. i>y sonu? Lfeoloi^ists thes(^ ;l■;l^it^a^(■ atti'ihiitcid mainly to ;;lacier action, or rather to the action of Willis I't'suhinij from meltinji glaciers ; and the terms ijlm-inl f/ntrefs, y'.i'M'/ «o('/v, etc., are iidt infre([U(Mitly met with in the literature of l!ii'iiier,ii(Mices ^'JIl'iiM' th.'ii they h",ve found, in these deposits, and especially in the rmr ,iiiil lake terraces which form a part of the s(,'ri(\s, evidences in •'jl'|iiit 111 tiieir liypoth(!ses. Our invest iujations havt^ not elicited any lai;'f urniy nt' facts in favour of (utiier vic^w. As stated in pi'evious re- l"!'-. ihiiv is some evidence in the lower |ioi tionsof the series, in certain j.i "\ that tiie deposits are the product of glaciers, that is, have liiiiiiibly lii'i'ii fornietl hy waters tlowini; out from the foot of melting ainli'i'ii'isitiiig ice-sheets; but by fai" the greater jiortion of the series il lint srnii to have been produceil in this way, but rather by ii.'iik'ii's wliii'h are in o})eration at the present day. Again, as regards tlR'!iv|i.tlii.sis of submergence, all the terraces and other water-laid il-'jiiMts iiliii\c the highest post-glacial shore-lines ri'corded on pages t-l'< \i, sii'in to be exjilicable on the theory of their having been pro- iltoil hy tliiviatile and lacustrine agencies. Terraci's along river- valks, us a i'iili>, slojie longitudinally in the direction in which the river liave Lultaneou-1 'Aiiinwl l;.pni't (.;..,.. Surv. of Can., vnl. III. (\.,S.), I.ss7-,ss, p. 17 n:^ and vol. IV. N.S.i, Isy.i-i.io, |i. 5U .\. 110 M NEW liRUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND P. E. ISLAND. 11(1 w fomit'd. WliitP siuiils. flows ; those in inclosed basins can be accounted for by tlio actioiinf the waters around the margin of existing or extinct lakes. This explanation applies to the formation of terraces at all elevations iilmw the marine limits of the Pleistocene above mentioned, ami (iljviati- the necessity for postulating a great submergence of the ici^ion. Tlie presence of the bouldei's met with on these higlu'r levies has some. times been explained as due to the action of iloating ice dunni: tlii« supposed period of submergence, but no boulder-clay or other ul.iiial material occurs, so far as my observations have extended, (i\filvin;r or interstratitied witii these terraced and associated stratiticil (leiio, thoiefoiv, the result mainly of a long series of complex causes which iia\(! heeii in ; operation since the close of the glacial period. EliminatiiiL; those sii|i- i posed to have been formed by waters due to melting glaeieis, we liiul that the products of tluviatile and lacustrine action lie chieily in th? valleys and depressions, where the deposits are often tliirk, and I'vimc the changes and iluctuations of the floods which have produced tlniii. On the higher ground between the valleys, these beds arc of vniiiM thickness, from a few inches on some hills and slopes, to many feet in th- hollows, and seem, as stated above, to have l)een formed, to a lar;''' extent, by ordinary su1)aerial agencies, such as frost, rains, the nieltini.oii each winter's snow, etc., all of which have a denuding eli'cet wlieu con- tinued year after year. In some hollows they are produced by tin? wash from the hills, and usually contain lenticular seams of clay. The materials are all derived from the boulder-clay and residuaiy eaitlisof the region. Upon the Carboniferous area of the eastern juaiitime pinvinces, thej upper strata of this division of the superficial deposits com ains iiic<.ular, j lenticular, bleached seams of gray or whitish sands, especially nntioe- .able in newly-ploughed fields. This c(jlour is due to the deoxidaticn of the iron in the materials through the action of tlie \ci:ctation l'I'"^*- ing on the surface.* The (juestions pertaining to the oiiL;in and nioilel of occurrence of these inland stratified beds is a very inqiortant eiiej Annual Report (Icol. Hurv. Can., vol. III. (X. S.), IW-SS, \<. IT n. •;. ISLAM). for by tlio action of ;xtinct lakes. Tlii- all elevations aljdvi- iioned, ami dhviatc- o{ the region. Tln' li(;r levels has some- itinj? ice thiriiii.' tlii'^ •clay axieava-saud deposits exhibit a marked difterence fnim the beds of ' ' ilie Slime formation in Bale des Chaleurs basin, or on the coast of the liyiif I'undy. Around these bays the Leda clay is often well develop- ed, ranging iu thickness from five or ten to fifty feet or ntore. The lower ]im1;i t-lay till' i'i'^ri'>ii UX.llllilliil. Scot lulls I if tlioc iiiaiiiii' drposit-. At MiiiiiiK b'.i-li. j;. I. materials, as a rule, aiul wliei'ever tliese aro at all calcai fiissils aro jirL'sent in greater or less ahiiiulaiice. The stiat; lilic in marine shells are those immediately in eonta Ihmh formed in a manner similai' to the sand llats of the recent perimi, '.■'. along t!i(> littoral. The uppei' strata usually contain cuarse matriiil with local and transported boulders. None of these arei have; hitherto vielded fossils. Indt inly HI a few 1 I.ICCIIUS Ijcr.l ocalitifs III! the west coast of Prince Kdward Island haxc fossils been fmipd ia [Im whole t'arl)oiiifer(ms basin, and they are fi-w in numliri'. Siriion-; nt these beds will now b(' n'iveii in dela ll. 111 descelldinu' oi'dcr, iik ll ICCIIIl- tainei 1 Spi 'ci(!s ot shells enumera ted:-. 1. Half a mil(> soiiih of the point of land at .Miiiiinei;a>li 1 measui'ed sectinn shows : — I 111! I M ( 1. 1 .Saxii'avu .sam ( Stratilicil tri-avcl. 1 fci'l ■ llicmaillri i/n ten, r. K. I ' ml fir-' ti.lh\ a I.' 'hi. lUnliaMy /" /■/(/(/'/. (.S. ) I'.diililcrclay. tu tlic lifacli at iii'.di tidr Ii'M-I. •_'(> fret. .Vt raiimlii'jl- 2. At Camiibelltoii another section exhibits the foUi iwiiil:' fcrt ( Fiiiu .saiiil, (i f I'ct or iiKiri' II fct't. ISLAM >. alcai'cnn>. ii\iiriiie ) sti'iitii most jii'o- witli tlii'iiNcrlyiii;' it'y tlu! l.ccliiclay sueh a ili\isiiin i^ dent on tlu'ljiUhy- ii exislcil ; Imt iin '11 it ami till' iivi'i'- 1 in tlir l-i''l:i i-'Uy icfi' t'lii'fii ic roct'nt [HM'iiiil, '.•'. iiin coarse niatcvial CSC arci'.acciius Im'i.U ,.\v lucaliiics (111 tiie CHAIMERS. LEDA CLAY AN'U SAXICAVA SAND. 113 M hccn t'.niiH till luinlici s,.,-liiiii-; ot inlcr. anil tlu'i'di- iiiiini' foil. wuvi •S'M ;'1U'S . I'j. ) r.iila t'liiy, quite tliiii, not aiorc tlian a few Indies. In upper part, or liiiwiiii il anil tlie overlying Saxioava sanil, the following shells were fotiiul :— S'l/iVic" /•";/"■•"', -I/y/ff ni'dinrid ! Lunatia, sp.V (;i.) llnutiliT-clay, thin. Tlio liiiik here is alioiit "J,") feet high, hut more than half of it is rock. :i. South of Cape Wolf a tiiinl fossiliferous bed occurs in which Mr. Wilson t'ouiid shells of Maroina (I'ldidandica. A section of the beds is a-; follows : — II.) Saxicava saiiil (gravel ami .saiiil). II feet. i'.'.) l.iila elay, thin, the sliding down of the lieds prevented ineasureinoiit.s Ill-ill.' lllMclc. (Ii.) llmililei-elay, thiekiie.ss not known, hut this and the Leda clay taken tay of Fundy, the Pleistocene uplift, tliiiii;'li dillerential, was greater than in Noi-thumberland .Strait ; but the iiiarine terraces are not well ih^tined, excejjt in a few localities, and iwvi' proved so far to be without fossils. Two circumstances have lii'ii uiitavourable to the preservation of marini; .shells in them, (1) the liiiivy tides and lurrents, and (2) the presence of iron and other nhurals in the deposits tending to corrode and destroy them. In till' sections (if the maiine beds of the recent jieriod exposed at til'' i'mi Lawrence dock, at the west end of the Chignecto marine riKvay (|Kij,'e 127 m), the Pleistocene marine deposits, if represented at ii.i, arc |iiioilv defined and problematical. Certain strata Ijetween the I'Hilili'i'clav 1111(1 the peat, or forest bed, may be taken either as ■ -iiliiaiy material or oxidized boulder-clay, or as partly bouldcr-clay uvi |iiutly Saxica\a sand. The absence of fossils rendei's tiiis un- 'Ttaiii, There is no doubt that the Isthmus of Chignecto was sub- 'ii'ij'il ill the later Pleistocene, but the erosion to which it was then -iiji'iti'il may have prevented the deposition of any ])ut thin K>eds of :iiinii('seiliiiii'iit. The materials of which the superficial depo.sitsof tiio f','iuii, en either side of the isthmus, ait' composed, are not favourable t'l III' [ii'.'>ei\,ition of marine testacea, however, there being littl(> or ii'iliiiiiMii thciii. It is not at all improbable, therefore, that shells Xcar Cai«' Wolf, P.E.I. hfiJKlit of the I'liistiicciic, or 1 11 isl ^daciiil siiurc-liiic in I'. K. I., etc. Scarcity of iiiai'iiii' fossils. Marine licils at tin' ChiK- iii'ctii railway, dimlitfiil. Hcasons why fossils lire scarce in de- |Ml^itS OH south side of Culf of St. Lawrence. 114 M \E\v nnuN'swicK, nova scotia and p. e. island. Tcrniccs ill (Jolicijiiiils KllpllO.sld to IjL- iiiiiiiiif. li.'ivo boon ontoiulied in the marine Pleistocene beds at tlie licad of the Bay of Fundy and around Nortliuniberland Strait, in many |il;iccs in whicli they ai'o not now to be found. Shells are abundant tlicic ikav along existing sand beaches, and in the littoral, and it is only rcasdnaMe to suppose that the niollusca of the Leda-clay and Saxicava-sand iiciiud lived in these waters. lUit the deoxidation of the iron which tlicsamls C(jntain and the purifying process(!s they undergo, rajiidly desi my . shells when they are once buried in them. The scarcity of Pleistocene siiclls in these marine terraces, thei'efore, is to be accounted for niainlv f'lum the destructive processes referred to, and not from their su))))oseil aJiscuce «)r jiaucity in the adjacent seas, during the formation of the terr;u(;s. Terraces or deltas 171 feet above mean tide level (page 21 m). sup- posed to be marine, occur at Halfway Hiver at the northern imsf nt the Cobecpiid ^lountains; and at Lakelands, in the pass iliinu^h which th(> Spriiighill and Parrsboro" railway runs, others \v(>re .Ijsi rvwj 2l'.'5 feet high. In regai'il to the 171-foot terrace or delta, it iii:;v 1/e stated, the materials are stratified gravel and sand wliii-h, neat' \\'c'iii|i isjn;' i]w Poar's 15ack, inasmuch as they contain ciTstallinc! biaiKlirs ikjui the Cobe(piids scattered throughout the mass, 'j'he materials iiavc been brought into the valley by West Prook, and the terraces cxhiliit faults or dislocations in places, which may be regaideil as iiiilicitin:' differential movemt>nts since the period of their depositiipii.'' At lir-t it was supposed these deltas or terraces were of lacustrine oiiuiii, imta system of levellings showed them to be eighty-live and one liunilivdaiid tlnrty-fi\e feet, respectively, above the bottom of the pass ret'ei ivii Kiaiul from forty to ninety feet liigher than the sunmiit of the I'miui's Hack- along Kiver llebert valley. t)n the lacustrine theory of tiuMrmijiiii, we woulil have tojiostulate two dams, one tothe south, in the ( '(ilicijiiiil I'ass mentioned, another to the noi'th in ]{iver llebert valley, iniiidcrtu DitficiiUii's of hold up a lake even at the height of 171 feet. This ditlieuliy al oiae liKMistniie ivnders the lacustrine hvpothesis of the ori<'in o^' the terrace- uiiti'ii- tlieory of tliiir • ' -^ origin. able. ^Foreover, it was oliserved that the terraces extend iHntliwaid towards the Upper Maccan liiver, though at a diniinisliiiiu lieiuhi.aiiil southward through the pass referred to, appariintly iitcreasinL; ineliva- tion, though considerably broken u]) and denuded. On the niitli sidi' of the Cobe([uids, near Parrsboro", where they face the liasiii ef Miiias, *.S()utli cif Doirliester ra])!', WestiiiiircliiiKl ciniiity, \.l?., in ji Iviiik alnii(,' th'' sli(]ri', faults (jr (lisldi'atinns were alsn dlisiTxed in tlie sni«TticiiiI i|c|«Kits. 'Hi- materials area stirt" areiiaeeeiis, stratified clay, resting' on lii)iililer-el;iy. aiwl tiii' fiiults of wliieli there are six nr eight, are nearly \crtieal, the li(itl( liianj: siiirlitly tii tin siMith-east. with the downlhuiw te the nerth-west, that is, mi the sidi :iii.i\ imai tin- Bay of l''uiuly. ,custriii(! nii^iii, 1)11 ,-,.fcnvntoillKl p.t'ihi'iriiii.u'iii, we jn valley, in onlci't.i rhisiUiru'uliyaloiH'e Inmnslmi;. On llir -nlUhMao CMAiMEssl LKDA CLAY AND SAXICAVA SAND. 115 M ihcv fall t(i a level of 130 or 135 feet above mean tide. It seems til ',iic. iiotwithMt.'indiiig tliese iiie(iualitie.s in height, that all tiiese ttiriui'-> and deltas mark the uj)i)er limit of the post-glacial up- li.Mval, •>]• the lieight of the sea during the Pleistocene subsidence III till' land, and are, therefore, marine. The difTerj'iitial elevation sliiiwii hctween the.se and the shore-lines along Northumberland Strait ha^ been exjilained on page 30 M. Tiie dislocations in the ter- imes iiiav be taken as evincing unequal vertical movements. Kem- niuits of terraces, or shore-lines, at the same height as those descrilied, wci'e observed on the west side of the valley through which Halfway llJMf llipws. These as well as the front of the main terrace itself li;ivr hcen sorely denuded. They are evidently of the age of the S,ixiia\a sands of the (!ulf of St. Lawrence and have been formed iindiT similar conditions. At a subsecpK-'nt stage of post-glacial history, as tlu^ land rose and Later t.iiaccs the sea withdrew from Halfway IJiver valley it fornu'd a catchnient iV- ' f,",'r\. *' ^ jii\ w \ alley. liisiii and held in a fresh water lake of which Halfway Lake is a rein- lumt. This lake stood about thirty feet higher than the )iresent lake, iii('i;,'lity-nine and a half feet above mean tide level. Terraces and illuvial ll lis formed by it encircle the valley now inclosing Halfway llivcr and lake. Tlic facts i-especting the tei'races in this locality are of great interest) Tiniidrtaiicc tif tinl it llie high(>r terraces are marine, as they certainly .seem to be after !''''''"'''^. '"■'''' " ' J •! Ill rchifmii to I'.iiiiinatin-- all other theories as lo their mode of origin, they are most ditlci-.ntial iiiipiiitanl 111 tlieir bearuig on the (juestion or (linerentiai upluNival m 'Jii^ ii'u'ii'H (hiring the I'ost-Tertiaiy period. Till' Lcda clay is found in some places resting on rock surfaces which liiivelii'cii striated by the local ice-sheets and floating ice of the clos- irc'>taut' 1 if t he glacial period. No disturbance of these lieds, which must kveliccii subsequently dei)osited, s(>ems to have taken place, nor have .Vciif tlic a:r. infrnalated or overlyin" glacial products been met with in con- ^'''''f '^''•'>' ■""} •'"■.' . . >.a\ica\a >aii(l ii'timi with the Leda clay and Saxica\a sands. Hence it is inferred that their deposition began about theclosi; (jf the boulder-clay jieriod and ' 'ntimieil fin- some time after the retii'<'ment of tlie ice from this region. llii'se fussiiiferous clays and sands have been closely correlated with c,,n',i:itiiin of tW Leila clav and Saxicava sands of the St. Lawrence vabev, studied '''.';'■ 'li|"'sits m iiaiiieij by Sir J. \\ . Daw.son many years ago, and seem I'cally to eluy ami Sii\i- C'Mitute a jiart of the same series deposited in the .southern embaymtnt th,\'st' Li\v- 'li tlip (iult' of St. Lawrence, the onlj* dillerence in the marine fauna i' 'nee Valley. 'j"iii'.' tliat in the latter area a few s'.uthern species are intermingled »'itli those of the boreal tyjie. The exact r(>lati(ins of a number of these -I'cii's Imve not yet been definitely worked out, however, and until IIG M NKW IlKUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND P. E. ISLAND. l)('llMsitS (if the Ki'ci'iit I'lriod (ii\( ttuts). Wli.. iilisci-vcd III Niw I5ruiis- wiuk. In Xovii Scut ill, In I'rincc I ward Isl:ui(i further collections of bntli Pleistocene and existing shells aic im.uIc on the cast coast of Canada, espeeial'y in and around the (lull' nf St. Lawrence, their value as indicative of the climate of later I'iiistiKciK. times, and of thedei)th of the sea in which they lived is not to In ;.'ieatlv relied on. Some additional dredgings would be important in this con. nection, as enabling us to correlate the marine fauna now inlmliitini; the coast waters more closely with that of other regioii.s, as will as with that of the Pleistocene deposits under consideration. (M 3 (I.) FuEsii-WATKU Deposits of the Recent I'euikd. Itlvcr-jtdts (Inter rales). River-flats skirt the jirincipal livers of the n^gion to wiiltli this report relates, and usually form the best soils. Along the Smithwest If Miramichi and its trilnitaries they art! cleared of forest in iikimv jiliices and cultivated, and at Doaktown and Ludlow on the main iImt attain a considerable width. Bordering the Renous River, about thii teen miles from its mouth, line, wiile flats, partly under cultivation, but mainlv covered by forest still, were also observed. These nourish a s|.lcniliil growth of elm, balsam-poplar, yellow birch, etc., and if elrainl and properly tilled should be valuable for the production of liay ami tor I'aising stock. Flats also occur along the Dungarvon l!i\fr. one nt which, eight miles above its confluence with the Renous, has yielded hay for many years. Similar intervales border the Kmirhiliiniu'uao and Kouchibouguacis rivers, also the Richibucto, itiicinuilif and Cocngne rivers. Those along the three last-mentioned streams aiv largely under cultivation and afford good soil. Excellent t'aiiiis were seen in the Richibucto Valley, and especially along two of its ehiet afiluents, Nicholas anfl Coal Rranch. The rivers of Albert and Westmoreland counties do not pn-spssany river-tlats worthy of mention, being small and their draina-v basins of limited extent. Tn Curnl)erland county, Nova Scotia, intervales stivtrli alung tin' l^pper Maccan Riv(M' and occur again at Ifalfway Ld\v I'.i'unswick; — 1. All extensive peat bog lies on the north side of Kouchibouguac Latin 111 r. i. Aunt her occurs on the coast about a mile south of the mouth of Iviuiliiliouguacis River and faces the sea. ■'• A third occupies part of the peninsula between the estuary of ilif .Vlil'iiiaiie and the coast. This bog is large and raised in the cMw and merges into the salt marsh on the shoreward side. ^. "u the south of Little Gully at Richiljucto Head, inside of the and Ixarlns, there is a peat bog of considerable extent. Peat liog>. Wlicrc oIisitmm] hi Niu liruiiK- wick. 118 M NKW imUXSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND 1'. K. ISLAND. In Prince Ed- Wiint Islanil. 5. Two lfiri,'e b(),t,'s dccur aloni,' the Kent Ndftlioni ruilwav, fmui one to five miles iihitvo F'iingston, or about 20 or 21 miles tViJiii Kein Junction, Intercolonial railway. G. About six miles north of Rogersville station, Interenldiiial rail. way, and north of the first erossinj,' of liarnaby Kiver, a larLic \n-.a Ijn- oceurs. It is a shallow one and a j)ortion of the area niajjjMMl us iiynt bof^ forms a shallow lake, siiring and autumn. 7. About two miles south of Canaan station. Intercolonial iviilwav, a peat bog crosses tli(> track twice. S. Peat bogs skiit tiie lakes at the head of Missatjuash l!i\Lruii lliu Isthmus of Chignccto. In the interior of the country, (lat peat bogs aie of tVc(|Uiiit ndui rence on the watersheds, or undrained jxirtioiis of the Cail.dnifiinii-; area, but they ai'e usually shallow and the peat thin, p(J0r and ijiitv, being mixed with the wash from the surrounding slo})cs. Tln-i' l)ii;,s support a scanty growth of black spruce, hacmatack, etc.. iNiicriiillv around the marginal portions. The best and I'leani st peat i.. tiiat found growing on the I'aised l)ogs. Pi'oceeding to Prince Edward Island, we iuid large peat liii;,'s du tlif northeast side, along the shores of Richmond and C'ascuni]i( (|uc liays, These have been described by Dawson and Harrington. '•• Tiic precise localities of th(! largest peat bogs on the island are here noted: — 0. At ijcnnox island, iiichmond l>ay, on the noitli-cfisi side, a strip of peat faces the Gulf of St. Lawrence. This bog is apparently Icin: rapidly eroded by tlie sea. 10. At Point Lot 12, there is an extensive peat bu^ /ralleil tin' .S(iuirrel Creek bog in Dawson and llai'rington's report alivaily rtt'irifil t'l), covei'ing an area of certainly not less than ."iOO or (>(•<) acres. It rises in the centi'e, and like those on Miscou and Sliippe^an Islands, at the entrance of the' IJjue des Chaleurs, is dotted o\t r with small, deep ponds or holes in the peat which I'emain constaiilly lilled witli water. It is also treeless. 11. At lilack Piaidc, east of Stei)hen Cove, in Caseumpeiiiie Day. there is also a large peat bog. Along the shore it is seen to lie ten I'l' twelve feet deep in ))laces and rests directly on white .saml. The liot- torn layers ar(! full of roots, truidri\;iticiiis on tliesc poat 1)0<,'m, iiiforined us that a strip of five feet in width or so was annually worn away hy tlio sea. Tliis peat l)oi^ is (liMiilied in detail in Dawson ami ILarrington's report already cited imd its area can be best learned from an inspection of the map. 1l'. West of .Stephen Cove, another large peat bog, the hirgest on IViiici' llilwanl Island, occurs (see map). It is about three-(|uarters of a iiiilr wide, and, lil<(! those of lUack Bank and Squirrel Criick, is raisi'il ill the centn; and without trees. 1,'!. .V small peat bog was also seen near Portage station, P. E. I. railwiiy. Ail the i)eat boys bnrderiiii,' the sea are found to extend down under Itimts uml lii^h liilc le\('l aiul their lower parts contain roots antl stems of trees p,..i,")'„" '" wiiiili (111 not occuiiy their surfaces at the present day, but which, iifvi'iiiirloss, exist in the low, Hat, swampy coastal tracts in the vicinity- hi soiiie ciaintr'ies where peat and treeless moorlands exist, attem[)ts havi> been made to sliow that tiiese buried forests must have been (Ic-trnycd by the encroachment of the sea, or by a change of climate, 111' ill Millie other unaccountable way, before the i>eat mosses began to t'liiw. r«ut as peat bogs in what may be termed their incijucMit stag(!s luf iiiil iiifi(H|uent in many j)aits of the maritime provinces of Canada, mi till' surfaces of which the same stunted growth of s{iruce, hacmatack^ cedar, rtc, }irevails as is found in the bottoms of thi^ liirger bogs, it is at mirr evident that the change from a forest-covered or partially I'liii'si-covereil condition in the early stages of their growth to a tree- less condition when they are mature, or rather when the peat has atiaiiiiil roiisiderable thickness, is one due to other causes than those lui'iiliiiiii'd. PiMt lings are to be .seen in all stages of develojiment in this region, Mode of iiiiiii tliiis(! oidv a few inches or a foot or two diei), to those uiiwaiils of j-'i""tl"'f f'-it twriity t'cct deep. The fust have always a forest growth upon them whiu ill their natural state, the trees being larger around the margins than ill the centre. As the })eat mosses gi'ow and the bog iiu leases ill thick iies.s, the trees are observed to b(>come stunted, and linally die mit uhiTcver the peat is thickest, generally at the centre first, then MUtwiiids towards the circumference. The larger and thicker bogs at livsciit iiave, therefore, a ]tart which is treeless, and a border upon "hirh there is an ericaceous growth, occupied with .some stunted t'iriii- lit" spniue, haematack, cedar, etc., the latter increasing in si/.e and Wciiiuiiig iHoi'o ami more intermixed with other trees towards the iiiiir;;iii "f the bog. From this fact it W(aild appear that trees do not, wiiy trcfs do w i.'aiiin.i, grow in peat bogs, and that, therefore, their treeless con- "|',',^iii' '^^ "' (litimi is mainly due to the drowning out of the forest growth which TT" 120 M XEW llHL'NSWIf'K, NOVA SCOTIA AND I'. K. ISLAM). ot'if,Mnally oicupiiMl tlio iin-ii on wliiuh t hoy lie. Tlie growtli nf i1m. TUOHscs fduscs iinpci't'cc't iliiiina;{o, the jKNit in its iiiitiii'al statr li(j]i|. ing from ninety to niiioty-livi' per cent hy \v(Mj,'Iit ot' water. Iti>at once (ihvious tluit trees will not gri)W in such ii soil, iiiul cmh it rooted in that lieneath the peat, the aci'Uinulation of sfncivil tVct ut wet, cold, j)eal musses ai'ound the hasct of their trunks and the lack ut' aeration to their roots must soon result in their death. In tliecMrly stages of the growth of the peat hog, there would iloul)tli--s h.. a struggle for tht; mastery between the forest growth and tlu? s/i/m,/,,,! ■ but as peat ixigs invariably aceumulati^ in hollows or hasjn-^ \vliiili originally held shallow lakes, and do still, when not \\ hnlly o(((i|iii'i| Avith l>eat, receive, at certain seasons, the drainage of the ^iirroiiiiiliin; area, it will be seen that ti'ee growth in peat, even then, is piacr.l inidir very unfavourable conditions for its development at anytliiiii; liki' a rapid rate. Tn conse(|uence of this it is only those hai'dy species fnund in wet, cold soils, in .swampy tracts, that grow at all in tliose hollows, before or dui'ing the incipient stage of the growth of the jicat l)iii,'>, and their existence is often a very precarious one, liable to he ilicckiij or terminated altogether by any untoward oi' unfavouraiile cli.'uiu'i'. Hence the growth of peat moss arouiul the roots and basal pari of the steins ultimately desti'oys the tiees. They then stand as dead iiiinks for some tinu?, until decay setting in, they bi-eak oil' at the smt'acedf the bog, the trunks falling prostrate upon it. T.ut the roots, and sometimes a portion of the stump are pre.sei'ved from decay liy the antiseptic properties of the peat moss, oi- the acids geiieratcil i y its decay, and are usually found in a sound condition at tiie inc-cnt day, sometimes even with the bark intact. Cliiiiati' of the Tli(i great thickness and extent of so many of the peat lio^<. m aliii't!) the'''' "^'^'*''''''^*'^> "''•'"' ^''i' coast of New IJrunswick and J'riiicc Ivluard Ki-outli (if the Island, shows that the existing climatic conditions a:'e \er\ la\oiiral)le K/ilimlii", cum- , 1 /. 1 • !• 7 11 1 1 • liosiii^'thc to tile growtli or tl:e species or splidtjua and otlu^' vegelalih' hwm- l>cat !)tds. composing them. And from the peat, or forest beds, found iiiidcr lln' marsh mud at Aulac .station. Intercolonial railway, and at ilir west dock of the Chignecto marine railway, it is evident that -omiwliat similar meteorological conditions prevailed throughout the irceiii period. "VVe may even go further back, and infer from the pi it Ijeds found by Sir J. W. Daw.son under the boulder-clay at Hivtf inhihi- tants. Cape ]>reton, that the climate of the coast in the lai( i i'lrtiary did not differ very much from that which now obtains. Antiquity. The peat bogs, or moorlands, are, therefore, of coiisider.ilile anti- quity, having commenced their growth in this region along ihc coast, as soon as the land emerged from beneath the sea in post-glacial tiiiies. ■J USKS OK I'KAT. 121 M tVoin (liTMV ,t tlio IMVM'iil ilay. t'olllHl UIhIi'I' I'"' 111,,' iiiuT ■r''iii''iy Tlicv (li'l n' » til"' [icllt Imjfs, uiimiiit cif the clian;,'e of level is a ditlieult matter to ascertain; hut till' t'aii^ jiiiint to a di^pression of fiom live to ten feet. N(i u-r lias yet heen made of peat in the rejjion emhraccd in this isi's to wliidi rr|iiiii. A numher of these hogs are easily aecessihle, some hy land and [",,'j' '"''^ " .tlitis liy water ; hut the ahundance of wood and the proximity (tf tiie NiiMi Scot ian coal mines keeps fuel at moderatt; pi-ices, ami there is oiiiMiiumily no use for peat in tliat way. Tlie day will eonio i.M\v(\ii, ulien it will i)ecome valuahle, not only for fuel and litter Lilt tor (iiiier purposes as well. In .some j)arts of Europe it is now iitili/cd in various ways. One of these is as a [)a('kiiij^ material frvation of tli(',<(' iirticlcs in transport in warm weather, eitlKir l)y railway or iviiir. .Meat when packed in it, will keep fresh for weeks, and wilJ mutually litcome dry, the moisture heing ahsorhed hy the jieat. Yov t!.i'slii|innnt it |i uked in finely pulverized moss litter. Its uses as a iion. C'iKluctur of heat, therefore, are likely to hring it into extensive r»'inisiti(iii in this country in the near future. Iiilii'iiiianv neat has heen used for years as an ahsorhcnt of the t- • ,. , *H.' liijiiids ami refuse of factories, and in this way it has furnished nmny. 'it.'i'i|uaiiiiii('sof excellent manure in certain districts. An excellent fciitisdisii now manufactured from some varieties of peat, susc(>ptihlo 'di'iii;.' woven and ajiplicahle to (,ther purposes. An enumeration i i!ip uiaiiit'old uses of peat would jtrove th;it this raw material is ''Mually destined to become of great value in the arts, in chemistry, *'i'i ill aLrriciilture, as well as for sfinitary purposes. l>og land Wlipito regarded as worthless, is likely U) become valuable pio- !«ty, luid llourishing industries promise yet to spring up from the y.^i,,,, „f '5^ 't this neglected material. When that day arrives the maritime moorlands. i 1 l'2'2 M Ni;w iiiirN.swicK, nova scotia ani> p. k. isi.axh. |ii'(ivirict's of Miistfi'M ("luuulii will lie iiliU* to furiiisli an .ilimot uiiliiiiitcd HUpjily ot' peat moss I'oi' nil the |nii[n)Sfs ciuimciaic ij. (M .'J /),) .Mauink hKi'OHirs. Dmii'n, Siill A/(ii:i/i'.i, Kftintfini'. I'hilfi, MkxsiI mnil^ ,i,\ lilOIlt ill' S.ilM'Ci' cif liiati'i'iuls. Tin' recent iMiiriiie tleposlts wliieli ueciir uliiiost eveiyw iicic iiiound tli(( eojists of New Uriiiiswick, Nova Scotia, and I'liiicc I'.dwaul Maiiij, are aiiinn;^ tlie most interest iii<^ of the suiierlicial t'nrmation<. Tlnir j,'reat devehtpmeiit in tlie jiaiticiilar re]i,'i(>n under disciissiun i> iIh,. t.^ sevend causes, as for example, in tiie l>ay of l''undy region ill|ililVIII'J >t I'l'unis, etc., which transpoit them seaward into the littoral of a low, slirKinir^ mh horder. Ft is in the iJay of l''iiiidy reixii>n that salt marshes linil tlicii fullest de\elopmont, while sand duni's, e<'l-,!,'rass and uuis^'I-hiikI ilais cover a much ''reatei' ai'ca in Nortlunnherland Strait, and in ilirlaiiir disti rict esjiecially, are all api)ai'ei itivof contemporaneous oi inin. loose sands of the coast border in the 1 itter rei^ion, moved alxait liillur and thither as they art! hy marine curi'ents, winds and waves, linally reach a coinpaiatively stalil(! position alom( these low slopini,' slion'-. when,' they aie thrown down and form loni,' ))eaelies or dunes |i;nallil to the I'oast-lino with shallow lagoons of i^reater or less widlii iiitciveii- inj,'. ^\'hile these materials arc^ thus heiuii shifted ahoul in tliejittni'al. a leacliing out i)rocess is .i^oiny on, due to the action of tlie ^iil|iliiiteset the sea water and the acids neneiatetl hy tlnj deeoinposiriL,' veijetiilili' matter (peat lio,i;s, j^'rasses of salt marshes, etc.) tif the eu,i>i mai'^iii. Tlie la''oons within th(! beach arc roa lly 1 jasiris or \ats wlicn,' el KMnica 1 ch ini,'t!s 111 tilt! lerrugmous sands and sdts are enniin nail V 111 iro 'I'css, as these are canied down from the aiu 1 h luvial aueiicic- hili The bleachinj^ of the sands composiii<^ the dunes therefore, uhile pa owiiii' to mechanical attrition under tlowini; waters am •.Iv 1 t'l the Mirf; IS p rniciiia lly due. 1" rliaps, to thi- leaching eds of (juiek-sand near llie nioiuli- "t the sevei'al rivers emptying into Northumberland Strait seeui iie\v toj be undergoing the pui'ifying process referreil to. Wells have hwuJ sunk in the dunes at a number of lishing stations, show ing in deceiid order, (1) sand, (2) ferruginous gravel and rotted rock, aiul (■!) i;!ij'| Carboniferous sandstones in situ. The water in these wells is, nf cuui>e,j DCN'KS, SALT MAIISllKs, r.Tl'. l-';{ M liimki-^li and coiitiiinsiiutrcor loss f()nii;,'iiiiiiis nuittrr uml nilicr iiiipuri- ur<, \^ liii'li liast! Ih'Cii (Ifvcltipt'd tVoiii iIh- fliciiiii'nl I'cai'tioiis (iHikIimI to. |',v iImsi' nii'iuis anil l>y ('i)iitiiiiiiil iiltiitioii, tlu; siuitls lifCdiiii-lilriu'lKMl mill uliiti'iicd, ('s|i('cially ill tlic upper layers (if iho dunes. The /one Hilnli ill which those CDastal deposits lie is (it' varinljle width, but they iii'M itlieless form a deliiiite sei'ies which, passing,' from thedrylanil sen- |„,Nii^( wiini, inav he classilii'd as follows ;-— ''"' '"' •' I'lPii^t, I. S;ilt marsh, hoi'dered on tlu* inner mar;;in in some plaees liy ).iMi. ill others hy ferriii^iniius sands, silts, clays, etc., the whole Imvinjf ihiiall\ a hard-pan henealh, •.', A >liallow lai^doh, channel or inner passai,'e of thr* sen. in which liilil ( iirri'nls play haekward and forward, 'I'his is really a lia-in or -ill!;, ititn which tiie impurities of the land are drained and dine-^inl, 111(1 wlicre chemii-al chan;ies are continually in proi,'ress from the iiriiiiii (if t lie seii-water and tlu! or;,'iiiiic acids l)r(,iii,'ht from the land. :,. A hniken strij) of salt nuirsh liiiinj^ the inner mar^in of the sand licacli 111' duiu?. I. Tlir loiii;, narrow hcach of wliiti-liiit,' of two or three. These am evidently wa\e-liuilt and are iiteii |iiiitected from denudation hy u coverinj^ of coarso grasses iind cariccs. .'i. *>liiflinj; sand-tlats in tlie littoral, wider or narrower ad'ordini; to till' -111] II •. .\round Northumherland Strait these are of yreat width, mil iiiiiili of their surfac(* is laid har(! at ehh tides. Outside li.ars cir viiiil riil-cs ai(* thrown u|), too, in most places parallel to thos(! iksciilicd, at wliateviM' distance from the shores the waves lirst hre.ik ikriii;' storms. That the material of these dunes and saiul-hars is aauiiiulutiiiu:, seems proved from the fact that the latest or outside iiil:,'is lire u-.iially larj^er tlian tlu* inivr and are .'iiiparcnt ly, in some iKcs at least, increasing in wiilth ; wiiile between tide marks great iiuaiititii's (if loos(< sands lie ready to be shifted about or thrown up livtlii' waves during heavy storms. Tlii's.iinl beaches on tlu; north side of Prince i'idward Island, are \].-M-\\t It U.- liiillull Mi'll till M ;am(! in character and composition as those on tin; mainland. ':ii'i)f tlic lai'gest of these, of which Hog Island forms a I)art, was ■rxuiiiiicd with some care. Here the older (jr inner ridgts of the beach '*ii' t'luiini to consist of reddish or ptirtially oxiili/.ed sands, while '.iM-c tiiciii^' the (iulf of 8t. Lawrence and lately formed, or now in I'lfpss (if accunmlation, had tlu; usual whitish or bleached colour. ti'iiM six to ten parallel ridges of saiul were found in this lieach, the *>t fill incd being tlie highest. The width of this beach is from a IVi wall I 1 -I 111! Ill I 124 M NKW imUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND P. E. ISLAND. Cli.'Uiffi'-' ill till' (iiiilcs. quarter to luilf a mile. Along the inner border of the Im iuli are lagoons, bogs and marshes. Crystalline boulders were met with Ivin^' upon the surface of these salt marshes, though no evidences of glaciiition were observed on the adjacent shores or islands, rotted rock h'ini^ everywhere abundant. The older ridges of the dune or beach referred to, are now clutlipi] with stujited spruce trees and bushes of .several species of haidw 1, together with ericaceous plants. Tliose ridges lately foiiiicd, art' covered merely with coai-se grasses or carices. Lncfd C/inngrs ami CniuUlions of tfie Dinii'n. These shifting sands may be considered under two aspects at least, first, in refei'ence to the jiavigation and silting up of the rivers and harbours, and secondly, in their relation to the agricultural character of the coastal districts. Siltiiiir lip of ( J CI lerally speaking, it m.ay be stated that all the harbours around till' liai'liiiurs -v' 1 1 ' 1 1 ti -J • 11 i (! 1 i~( 1 'p aniiiMil N'(pitii- -i^'"'thuinl)erlancl >5trait, i. i\, around tlie coast or the LaiiKiiiitermis Strait ''''''" Hfca of New r.runswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island are silting up. This is the result of two causes, first, the accuimila- tioii of material carried flown by the rivers and streams and (lc|iii>itid in the estuaries, which may be ctxMcd Jhn-iafif<' ; and st'condly, tin' action of the sea in tlirowiiig back these loose stinds into the iiiijutli~ of the harbours ;uul inlets. It is now well known that tin' sand^ which are shifted by winds, waves and currents into the iiiimtlisr,fthi. harliours at IJathurst, jNIirainiehi, IJichibucto, Summerside, ete., by liea\y storms are a serious obstruction to their free na\igatic(ii. To Hew cauMil. show liow these sands accunmlate, let us take the case under 'consideration are invariably found in places which are pro- ti'ited I'niiii , 3 denuding action of the sea by natural barriers of some kind. Tlie mateiials of which they are furmed m.iy be characteiized as silt, witii coarse, gravelly, clayey and pebbly (l('j)osits of the nature of liardpan beneath. Thes(! maishes are of much lt,>ss depth than those of the llav of Fundy, and are usually covered with a thick mat of the roots i.lioaise grasses and carices. Tiie yield nf hay on them is also less, and mnsists lit' .>;everal species of wild grass only, but does not include timothy (/'/(/"'/// /irati'tisi'), or upland gra.ss. On the marshes which have been ilvk'f'd, ;inil from which hay has been cut for a number of years, a chiingo in the species of grasses has taken jilace, the coarser kinds be- coming replaced by those which grow in cultivated fields. The un- (ivked inarsh(>s are partially overllowed annually by high autumn tides. The limited area of allthe.se marshes, dyked and undyked, of limittd ;iiul their precarious and uncertain yield, render them of minor im- ""■'^' ji'iitaiiee cnmpared with' the Day of Fundy salt marshes. The largest s\lt uiarslies of this kind along Northumberland Strait, occur at I'aie Vcrte, Shemogue, Abcaishagan, at the mouths of the liichilmcto, Iviueliiliouguac and Kouchibouguacis rivers, and in Prince Edward Muid, at the head of Hillsbitrougb r>ay. Tlie salt marshes of the upper part of the Bay of Fundy, lia\e been Salt maisl i lined under (juite exceptional conditions, and although cla.ssed witli i.'„„'i|y." 126 M NEW nUUXSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND P. E. ISLAND. those of Nortliuniberland Strait, tlicy are really distinct in ehiuacter. The great tidal wave of the l>ay of l^'undy has been the ciiict' nyent in producing them. These tides llowing at tlie rate of five or mx niil(>s an hour into tlie hays and estuaries, are loaded witii n(|(ji.j]i sediment which is everywhere deposited before they ebb. It Is imt Materials (if, uncommon for a single tide to lay down an inch or more; in ccitiiiii liow submarine, or eel-grass ilats, such as occur in th(> shallow waters of Northumbei'land Sti'ait, consecpiently at ebb tid(,'s, only l)arc, muildy slopes are to be seen. At high tid(!s the creeks antl inlets art> (iljoj to the grassy border, at low tides they are yawning, slimy g.ishes in the earth with tiny streams ti'ickling in their bottoms. In wiiatevcr way the waters move, sunnner or winter, they are always loaded witli reddish-gray sediment or mud, and run like a mill-race. Area not in- The area of these marshes does not seem, so far as obser\aiioiis ex- ?iV-turic"t'imes. tend, to be increasing seaward since they were first dyked, that is, within the last two hundred years ; but it is stated that the estiiaiies are tilling up and beconung narrower. There is a tradition anion;,' xlx old settlers in the Isthmus of Chignecto, tliat about the time I'orl lleau- sejour (now called Fort Cumbei'land) was captui'cd by the Iviuli-ii in 1755, the Missacjuash lliver was navigable for canoes nearly to it- source : but this is not now th(^ case. The salt marshes Vw. at tlu; height of ordinary spi'ing tides, and pur- tions of them can be (jverllowed by opening the dykes. \ ei y l'i;ii tides, such as the one which accompanied the Saxby gale of Oetnbei' 5th, 18G!), overflow them altogether. Along the l)anks of the livpis or estuaries, the land is a few fc^et higher than the inner or efiitrai portions of the marshes, owing to dill'erential deposition of tiie sedi- ment. The formation or building up of tliese marshes seems to have taken place coincidently with a slight subsidence of the land here in the recent period. This subsidence is proNcd by the cNistenee nf forest beds 1)elow the marsh mud, and, of course, b(dow tlie level of ilic Bay of Fundy waters. The boring at Aulac station shown o,i |iai.'i' 129 M, illustrates this, and in the e.xcavation for the western dork of the Chiunccto marine I'ailwav the forest betl was found to be tliirtv feet below the level of the marsh or eight feet below mean tide le\el. Referring Sir J. W. Daw.son's figures given for the level of stnnip- found ill sifii in this vicinity to mean tide, some are 10'"^<) feet heluw it and others only -30.* At the public wharf at Edgett's Laniling ww Height of these salt niarslies. }f(lW liMJlt ll| ;ui(l when. •Acadian ticology, Supiit. to 'Jnd vd., pa^'o 13. •AND. ict in character, the chift' ii'^cnt e of tivf iir six h1 with rrildish obi). It is not luorf! ill ccrtiiiii ;h;iU's iirouml tlif iiil ncci'ssiirv fur fonualiitii I't' any shallow waters of ,iily hare, iiiu.Wy kI inlets are tilled IT, sliiiiy cashes in nis. Ill whati'vcr hvays loatleil wilh ICO. ,s oV)servatioi>sex- irst ilyked, lliat is, that the estuaries i-iiditioii aneiim llie the time Fort Hmu- by the l',n-li-!i ia noes nearly to it-^ irinji tides, and por- lykes. Very l''':'' |,V i^rivle of l)etol)er EH?.] I?AY OF FUN'DY SALT MAUSIIES. 127 M Ilk s o t' the rivers inner or > ■entrii nsition of the Mil- to liavo she If the land here m tlu' esisteliee level o Anw th lion shown ' ,-cstern doi |a to he thi niean th f til* k of the •ly feet le level. Ithe level of stumps lO'SOh ,■1 helow It rett's Tiaiuling near Hillshoro', Albert county, in the moutli of the Petitcodiac estuary, a -tuiiip I if a tree in fiifii wa.s pointed out to me by J. P>. He^aii. C.E., ,it the I'uhlic Works Department, St. John, and found to be 15-32 fjet lielow mean tiilt^ level. The I'orosving two s"ctions, in descending order, exhibit tlie structure Sectimi of salt ,t the w iiole series of tlie superficial deposits at tlie Fort Lawrence I^'lii'l'vin"' liok. -No. 1 was taken at the east end of tlie excavation where the '"ds, No. 1. marsh mud rests on the slope of Fort Lawrence ridge : — 1. Miiish iiiiid, reddish, 2 foot 11 inelics. •j. " Ijluisli-gr.iy, !( inelios. ;;. " gi'ayi.^li, full of i-out.s of ])lant.s and .sluaihs, 1 foot S inelies. I, " hhiisli, with Idot-i, "J feet Id inches. ,■,. '• dai-k-iiiay with hlui.sli tint, fnll of roots and stems. (Tills cor- ii-iKjnils wilh tlie forest hud and tlie ovorlyini; hliiisli fossiliforinis clay in the west vii4 nf tlie e\cavati(jn), I foot S inolios. ,Sec suutiou No. 2 helow.) (1. Sli;itiliei1, or partially stratified, gravel sand and clay containing water- whiii piMili s. roots of .slinihs and |ilaiits, etc., 1 foot 11 inches. ;, jluiihlei -eluy, containing local houlders, some striated. Thickness not known ; ;iio\cavMlinM, ahout 40 feet. Xo. li (if this section is the most interesting. It is cliiefly sand, and is eitlier the boulder-clay changed under subierial action, or it is tlie representative of the Saxicava sand and Leda clay in the Isthmus iiChiuiieeto, most probably the latter. A few pebbles of granite, etc., riir ill it, hut a])pareiitly only such as are derived from the Carboni- Mdus conglomerate. Its depth beneath the sui'face of the marsh now iiiiiie feet ten inches It .seems to lie somewhat unevenly on the sur- ;>.> (if the houlder-clay, and the strata are irregular. Tlie character mil liositioii of this part of the series, therefore', denote a considerable iiitiTval of tim(> between the depositiim of the boukler-clay and th.at of !iif overlying marsh mud, during which the Leda clay and Saxicava •Mvh were laid down along the coast borders elsewhere. Section Xo. 2 at the south-west end of the excavation, which is(mly t;,,i.ti,,„ >,-((. 2, at'ivv yards from the coiilluence of the r.,a Planche .and ^fissaipiash riiTis, exhibits the following series of beds : — I Mii~li mild with roots and steins of herhaccons plants, grasses, etc., 12 to 1.") i Mai>li iiiiei, stratified, gray, and containing marine siiells, "> to 10 feet. ■>■ Stiaiiiiid, tongli, hliic clay containing an abundant nioUuscan fauna of the ;ii\viii;.' .•.|ic(.-ii's, .\[(iciimii j'u^c((, Mt/(t (ir( iirtria, Iti-^iixt niiiiiild, Ndssd oh- ineiies in diameter), 1 to 2 feet. •" ('(laisc, griivelly, oxidized, leddish-bhie clay, jiartially stratilied at summit, '"'Siililiiiu' the lower [lart of the Leda clay, but changing into true boulder-day Forest bi'd under marsh niiul. ( leoldijit'iil conditiipiis of deposition. FiUina. 128 M NEW BKUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND P. E. ISLAND. below. It contains boulders of sandstone of local origin. Thickness vuriiiKlf but not exceeding 1 foot (i. Houlder-clay, containing numerous boulders of local rocks, of all si/,, s, untii 3 feet in diameter, some of tiiem glaciated. Thickness unknown ; ii pnjliiilily extends below tiie waters of Cumberland Basin. The length of the excavation for this dock is about 300 foct, iiiul the total depth below the surface of the marsh between fifty find sixtv (53 feet). Tlio forest bed slopes towards Cumberland I'.asiu almut twenty feet within tiie length of the excavation (300 feet), tliat is, eight-tenths of an inch per foot, and lies thirty feet below tin' surtace of the marsh at the western end of the excavation, as stated aliovo. Another section of the salt mar.sh, with the underlying forest Ijed, was disclosed in the boring at Aulac station, Intercolonial raiiwav, and is represented on page 129 M by diagram No. ]. This section shows the maximum thickness of the marsh mud and forest b(Kl here, the bottom of the former being fifty-nine feet below mean tide level, and the peat or forest bed, which is twenty feet in tliickiu'ss, lying from fifty-nine to seventy-nine feet below the same diUuui. Tin's marsh (Tantramar and Aulac) covers an area of not loss tli.in >i.\tv square miles, thus showing a large accumulation of material lureiutlio recent period. Regarding the conditions under which these materials, were de- posited, it would appear that the marsh mud belongs mainly to a pmiod of subsidence, as already stated, in the early stages of which tlieie iiiibt have been an interval of (juiet in this part of the IJay of Fundy. Tlie strata of fine blue clay and the well preserved condition of tin' oui- tained fossils, show that tliey could not have been thus (le|io>ited it they were within the range of the heavy sweeping tides irans|ioitiii;' sediment, such as exist at the present daj'. The sludls lj(d(iii;' to shallow water species, iind it really seems as if the turbid condition of the waters in the upper part of the Bay of Fundy and the ,'.\i i aordinai y tides did not exist at that time. It is, therefore, pi'obalile that the fossiliferous deposit in question was laid down in a (|uiet laf,'iMiii oi recess to which thli<'s foi'iiji'il (lui'in;^ suli-idi'iiuc. Tli(_' (Icjitli iiiid (.'xtcnt of tilt! marsh deposits indieati! tlwit tlicif f i)ialirun lir>t drew iiiv attention to this fact. "h le original material tormmg th(^ salt mars dt shes h case: heeii a red loai 1 or mud, a product of the marine ai lalilv. Ill aa (I suliai'i'ial ■ action which decompose; th .ft d (,'ailioiiiferous sanil>liiiii's nt u.i > reuioii. It 'I'P 'I', that the va] colour is liaMi' to 1.^ changed into gray, in at least soiii(> portions of the niai'^lcs, lliis change is hrought ahout hy the chemical alteration of tlic inni nxidi'S into sulphides hy the sea water, or hy the action of the uigaiiii' lui'lsj on the iron contained in the marsh mud.t A\'e tin tlH'rriiil'i' tint] the inner' jiortions of the marshes consi it ahuosi wliiillv (if L'liivj or hluish-gray materi.'il, with more or less vegetable matter ilissciniii-J ated, while the outer portions or those exposed to the tidal ciirri'iiul *.\nii. l{.'i"iit, Mil. TV. (N.S.) ISSS-.S!!, ).. 74 x. tAciidiaii (ijHilofjry, 2ii(l cd., p. 21. CHJLvrns. AiililCUUUU.VI, ClIAUACTEU OK SALT MAHSIIKS. l.U M 1SL.'.N1>. iti! tlifit tlicir tor- e. This view i, and iiuTciiM' ill ikin.u "' 'lir liiiul, fon-st l""l^ ;;n'\v. ^ wdulil 1"' --till '■''• I raise lli'-ii' li'V'l litidll ■••f tlir "'i''!' the ((lir-linli (it ;i u' buid is iiiiw iiriuly ap'ivil. Cultivation, (Irainin;,' and aerating the uppor sti ita, it is siii I, ('han,t,'(! the blue nuid into red, i. «., the iron cumpoiiniJs Ix.'conie tli:iiii,'i'd t'roni sul[)lii(les into oxides. Tlic liiue and led muds ()ft(;n oeciir in altei-nate hiyers, where the Hlue and nd tidrs lia\'e been allowed to ovei'tlow the mai'shes periodically. At """ " Sark\iile the following section of the beds was obset'ved, the series liciir,' descending ; - 1. IJed marsh mud. i'. I'ealy matter or humus, graduating into blue clay in places. .",, lied nnul or clay, changing into blue clay. Tliesc strata lie under an undrained held, the jieaty co\ering of t'liiiiicr surfaces having been ovei-tlowed on two occasions, ;>nd red M'lliinent (h^posited. 'Phere ajipears to be a general tendency for tlu^ iiiai'-h mud to cliange from red to blue, as ab(jve stated, where the iiiiiisli is low and llat, and wiiere the pri.'cipitation is apt to lie ujion it, ainl tlie sea ispreventtnl from overllowing. The gray or blue marsh, lias, ill wet places, a tiMidenc}' to become coveretl with a growth of pealv iiiatier and shrubbery. Aiir'i<-nllii}-(tl C/iiirarii'r (,f' f/^ SaU. Mki'sIi <'.■<. Till' iliief portions of all the laigei' marshes are dyked, but additions \i.'ii(ultur,il (if ^I'eiter or less ext(!nt are constantly being made to some of them. Where I he dykes are ke])t in good order, themarshes are almost as dry as ilie ailjacent iiplands. 'J'hey ha\(! longbeen noted foi' theii'great fert ility. lliy Ins been raised on them for one hundicMl and lifty years or more Aiilhiii the ajiplication of manure, and they also yield cereals and root iidjis al)U!;en overllowed by the tides for iii:iii\ \-ears, are now well nigh exhausted, so far at least as regai'ds the ['niiliictioii of iiay and cereals. They re(|uire. theretore, new and dif- tViviit methods of culture fi'om those hitherto employed. Ill the report on ( ioNcrnment I^x]ierimental l''armsf()r 1S'.)0, ^Ir. V. '!'. Metli'«lsiif ^iiutl, eliemist, gi\('s analyses of t wo samphis of soils from theSack\ille ill 11^1 If., among those froin aim mber from othei' localities, and oilers some I'l'Hiiieiit advice in regard to their improvement, recommeniling lime, iviiiiil allies, etc. Subsoil ploughing, draining and the application of the fiM'tili/ers reciiuunended by Mr. Shutt, as well as barn-yar 1 manure, viiiilil all doubtless be highly benelicial, but I am informed that it has iiii'ii t'lumd by experience that the results of this method of tillage 111' Hut ((imnKMisu rate with the cost and laltour expended, and that 'h' iiii|ii-(ivement of such large areas of marsh lands as these llll|il'(i\elllelit. 132 M NEW liUUXSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND P. E. ISLAND. Iticlaiuatiiiii iif s\v:iiii|iy liiiirslii>. iii;irslics lit would be too slowly reached in this way. A scheme iiiiui^unut'd by the more intelligent fanners of Sackville, seems to allonl at once a more etiicaceous and (;conomic mode fif fiTtiliziii" these lands, and promises to bring about important iliaiiui-; in their culture. This is nothing more than Hooding them tor ,i year or two by the sea. Where it has been tried, the results liavu been found highly i)enelicial. The mon is to cut, away cir- tain jioi'tions of the dykes and open the aluiith'an.c (exit gates nf the fresh-water streams), allowing tin; sea to enter and spread a deiiusit ur layer of red sediment over the surface of the marshes, and after suiiiui- ent matei'ial has thus been deposited then to close the dlioidnni ,■ uml dykes and permit the land to dry for a season or two. Durini; the liist year after this treatment, <»idy the coar.ser kinds of gi'ass, cliietiv S/hi,-- /iiKi s/ri'/attv o/ferii!jlor(i,t'ou\\inni\y ciiUi'A "broad Ictaf," grow, i iit the second or third year the marsh resumes its fornu'r covering ni' iin.i U,w grasses and continues for many years afterwards to yield an abiiiMlaiit cro|) without further cultivation. All this has already been luuvcd \,\ actual ex])eriment, jind the fact established that the red inaisli siMlnnriit deposited by the tides acts as a natural tertilizei'. ^Farsh owmi^ who have thus allowed the; tides to oveitlow their land at iiiteixals haxc maintained the original productiveness (^f this kind of siiil, in a laiiic measure unimpaired. The reclamation of peaty or swampy tnai sites lying along tlie iiiiKiiiiU of these with the uplamls, especially as regards the Taiil lamar ui' Sackville marsh, is a work which has been in progress for yen,-, with highly satisfactory I'esults. 'I'he process consists first in diaiiiitii; ami building afioi'/iun.'- and dykes. The tidal wa\e with il^ l)iii(hii nf red mud is then admitted, iind a layer from six inches to tuM i>v thivc feet deep deposited. The first year iifter reclaiming it, the |if)(|ii(t is chielly " broadleaf," b't afterwards as the salt Itecomes wa^lll■ll mit of the sediment by atmosjiheric action and the uptterstraia aciatnl, the common grasses flourish most luxuriantly. This mode of reclaiming the newer portions of the boguv salt inaisln's, and improving those impoverished or worn out by contimial ciniipiii;.', is now being carefully studied by tin; more intelligent inaisli iamicis, and the I'esult will doubtless be the adoption of ptaiiical and systematic methods tending to increas(^ their productiveiies-. Tln' method just outlined is, so far, considered tin; cheapest and licsi, ami, indeed, ntituns's own method of restoring them in a laigc nicastiit' to their original condition of fertility. The area of salt marsh around the head of the Bay of h'tiiidy. nii tlii> New Brunswick side of the provincial boundary, as ascculaiiicd tiMiii a \ND. '•J NATUIiAL J>YKKH. i;53 M ;inS tn Mtl'nl'il of fiTtili/iiii; lilt cliiiii,ui'> ill 1^ them tor ii le results liave I) cut away ii'i- it j^atcs tit' the •ad a (Icpiisit or iiul after sntl'h.i- itlid'itl (III I- and ])ui'iii,u ilif liisl ,ss, I'liii'lly Sjiiir- '," tJI'DW, lilt tlio BriiiLj , with ill dtaiiiiiii;' aiiil ih it< liur>l>'ii I't s to t W.I I'l' ihivc i(, the jH'Mdilrt is llies Wii-lieil nut traia aeraiiil, tin' ii_fL;'V salt iiiar-lir's, iliiuial (Till 'pill,::, t lliaisll eWIRMS, (,f jirarliril and irti\eni'--. Ihi' 1 auil he>l, and, I lari,'e uieasuiv of Fundy, on tiii> scorlaiiied t'nini a acUaiitap'. caiet'iil computation, is al)out 31, .'$00 acres. These figures include lie ul of I'.ay of ot eourse, the dyked and undyked iiiursiies ; the hitter are, liowevi^-, ]j',."','|;V,'J.|". '^^ of small extent, and aie merely fringes of the dyked and cultivated portions. Of this whole marsh area, Westmoreland county includes :J."),20t) acres, and Albeit, 9,100 acres. The [irincipal localities of the marshes referred to art! along the ^lissai|uash, Aulac and Taii- traiiiar rivers in Cumht-rland iJasiii, and the Memraiiicook, Petitcodiac and ."^hepody Kiver valleys in Sliepody Bay. The largest and most iin|ioitaiit of these is the Tantraniar and Aulac marsh ; it is also ill the highest state of cultivation. Coiisideral)le an.'as of marsh land have been allowed to go to waste from the breaking down of dykes, the owners, either from want of means, or other causes, permitting tlu^m, for want of repairs, to remain ill a condition in which the marshes are subject to continual overllow hy I lie tides. These, with the undyked portions mii;ht, with the exiiemlituro of some capital, be readily bi'ought under cultivation a;;aiii and converted into good arable marsh. TIk! I>ay of Fundy marsluis, notwithstanding their high value, are Maislirsimt no' utilized to the best advantage. If better methods of culture were !.",'.''.';','!'.'.'..' ''^''*'' ailopted, their productiveness might, in large portions, be iloubleil. Imiieifect draining, continual cro|)iiing without manure, allowing portions of them to grow up with weeds and shrubs, are the chief causes tending to tlieii' deterioration. Tiie leading agriculturists are, howcNcr. becoming cognizant of the fact that their fertility has lessened, and will continue decreasing underexistinginetliods of culturi;. IJeiiet' the reclamation of new or uiiculti\ated })ortions, and the (l('vi,--ing of means for increasing the fertility of the older dyked marshes. The area of salt marsh bordering Xorthumberland Strait has not heeii ((Jiiiputed, l)ut it is limited, as alreadj' explained. XtituraJ Di/k's. Along the estuariiie parts of some of the streams falling into 2s'or- x thumherland Strait, notably 81iemogue, liaie Verte, etc., occur certain ■ t'lirinations v.'alled natural dykes, or sometimes "shooting dykes." The iiiosi noteworthy examples of tlit; kind observed, are on a sti'cam about two miles north of Fort I'^Igin, calletl Timber IJrook. Here they rise ill dejiiiite ridges from three to five feet above the surface of the marsh skiiting the stream, and continue without interruption for distances of ii(|uarter or half a mile. Trees from si.x to nine inches in diameter arc found growing uj)on them. The largest dykes occur ujioii the marshes bordering the estuary, but others are ranged along the base of the asi'ending slope of drier ground. itiiral s, tlleir lieaialice. 131 M Ni:\V liliLNSWUK, NOVA SCOTIA AM) V. K. ISLAM). Matfriiils. Th(! mjitoriiils of wliiuli these «lyllcr, mussel and clam shells, the first usually prcdomiiiatinir, which m((iii> in the bons and estuaries ar(aind Northumberland Strait, and a! ihc mouth of the iiaie des Chaleurs. C'lUisidcrable (|iiantities an- taken up l)y (h'ediiinj; and ajiplied to the land by farmers both mi llic iiiaiii- land and on I'lince I'ldwai'd Island; but a much more exti'iisi\c ii-c cl it mii:ht 1)(! made than has ye-t l)een altemjited, with bcnclicial ctlnt. I'liUcri/.iiiL;' and mixin^ij; it \\ith barn-yard niamire before spnailin^ it over the land, causes it to assimilate more icadily with the soil ami iliii< reduces it to !i coiulition in which it Ix'coii.es more availalilc tei plant food. The mussel beds are often (loe]i and furnish an alnnist imx- haustibk) supply of this valuable fertili/.ei'. It is especially siiiialili' ffir the soils resting upon the Carboniferous rocks, w Inch aic in arl\' dev(jid of lime. .Mthou.i;h known by the name of "]\Iussel mud "' from the presence of the shells of the nmssel {Mijtlhiti rt/ti/is) in tlic deposits, ihc ilc.-iL;- nation of Oys/rr vivd would really be more apiilicablc, since the slnlis of tlie oystei" (Ostrcd Vinjiniann) predominate. Clam shells (J///" «/'fiUrt;'/«) are also found in it. These -are all packed in a paste nt mud, s.and, etc., containing other organic debris. The whole (Icposit, CH»LMEf! ImII. mist lia\ r Imtii (■ stream-. r\c'i y Ikm'cs liorili'i iiiii lortimi- 'it' till' ot' tilt' stlralh (i]i('r!Uiiiii, aiiil (" iiicrciiM'iii • lit' lias ihc ulralcsl 1.1 it' the li.r.ility he f'stllaiy. Ill liavc aN'-i-liil in :> natural dykts Tliev arc, ihclr- [Ultitics I A nSr-tl'l', lltr, whii'li iirrlirs rait, and ai tin' ilics arc lakca ih (111 llic inaiii- CXtCllsivf IIM' ct' iciiciicial cri''i.-V. (lie s]irca(liiiu' it tlic siiil ami lliU"^ illalilc t.ii I'laiit 111 almi'^t iii''>'' siicfialiy ;-iiitalili.' liih aic nculy I'dlll lIlC I'll'SClia! ■jKisits, ilic il>'.-ii.'- silicc tlic >lii'l'S :]ain shclU (-"/,'/" ;.d in a l«a-^W "^ 'he wlu'lc ilciic>it, US slii'\wi i)y Sir J. \\'. Dawson, is u fnrniutidn of tlic recent ]icrio(l.* Siini'li'^ "t iiiiissel iiiiul from New I'.riiMswiclc and I'rince Ivlwai'd Inland, analysed liy Prof. \'\ T. Sluitt, chemist of the Central ilxpcri- iiiiiiial I'arm, Ottawa, t show that the; umotiiit of niti'oifcn, the chief t,iiili/iiiu iin'fdit ill thoir comiiositioii, is small. Tts chief value for .K/iiciihuiiil ;iMiii nil iiral |)iir|ioses is owiiiLC t" the (|iiantityof lime it contains. The triiili/ing value i.s increased when it is coniiio^led with harn- viud iiiaiiure, peat, swamp muck, etc. AfiiiH'Ui.rLKAi- Ciiai;a( TKi; ok tiik Kkiuon. .\ larue portion of the areas wlm^e siirf.'ice j;eol(ii;y has been dis- ci^^cd ill this I'epiirt, is noted for its \aliial)le aLjricult ural resources, (.'luiilicilaiid county, Xo\a Scotia, ^\'estnlol•eland county and the coast (listiiil of Kent county. New l>runs\viel<, and I'rince Ivlward Island, liiiM" Imij; I icon remarkalilir for their excellent farms and the aihanced iiirtliiids of cull i\atiiiL; them. hi uriicr.il it may he slated, especially as reL;;irds the eastern iiiai'iiiiiie pi()\ inces, that those portions of the coast districts on which iiiiuiiK' x'diiiieiits Vw tin' the most xaluahle to the a;,'i icullurist. This arises from the fact that the m;itcrials of these sediuienls liase uiider- j.'iiiic uiraicr coniminutioii in many places from the action of the sea, iluiiiji; the post-i;laci;il suhsidence of the land, and also hecause the '. ilr|i(i-iN areas a rule, dei per there than uiion the hiuher i^rounds. Tiii'iv is likewise a ,i;reater t'omminLjIin!;' of 011,'aiiic matter with tlii'si" -nils, ^^l^e(l\■er, the facilities for olitainin;;' manures, such as sea urcils, ii.ussel mud, lish ollal, etc., for fertili/.iii!^ the land, are muc'.i ;;ieati r there th.-m in settlements remole fr<>m llie coast, thus enabling till' practical farmer to kee|) the soil in a higher state of cultivation. Tlic agricultural cap.ahilities of those portions of New r.runswick iiiiludcd in this report were treated in my preliminary reptirt on the •airfare (leology of the [)rovince, ami a classilicat ion of the soils and •i'h^niU aitemi)te(l. ;■; Tn a suhsecpicnt report, a furtlutr classilicatioii "t ilie Mills was made into (h) sedentary, (. < ., those formed //( sifn iVniii the disintegration of the underlying roclcs, and (/') transjiorted Mills, 111- siu'h as lia\e IxH'n removetl from the rocks to which they heloiig I'V ;.'lirial, marine, tluviatile or lacustrine action and deposited in vw Inrditics.J^ The latter prevail in tht; coast districts of the iii.uitiiiie provinee.s, iind cover large areas adjoining Northumherlaml Siilil'li'iiu'iit to 'Jiid cd. Acadian (icdlnLjy, [la^'c 1". +l!i|Mrt> nil l'',xin'iiiiii-iital l''aniis for l.S'.K) mid IS'.ll. l\mii;;il lirport, (Jciil. Siirv. of ( 'anada, vol. I. (X.S.), l,>>Sr), p. .V_>ia;. jAiuiii.il Kcpoi-t, Cfol. Siu'v. of Canada, \ol. l\'. (X.S.), 18SS-S'.i, p. 71; n. value. A- cIm th.- riciilliir.al laiii r of Iry ioll. >t \alnalilc i^-Mflcation tiic .~^oils. IMG M NKW IIIIUNSWUK, NOVA SCOTIA AND I'. K. ISl,AXI). ( 'iiltiiri' iif Hill ill N'lW liniiiM- wick. Til Ki'iit Count s'. Ill Wcstllliilt land CdiiiilN. In Allicrt Onnitv. Strait uinl tlio uppt^r jtiiit ot' tli*^ I'.iiy of Fundy. Tin- .'i:;i iriiininii cliiiraclrr of (Iius(! portimiH nci'iipinl with Milt nitu'NlicH uikI irirnt saiiil foriimtiuns Iwih nli'iMtly Im'cii clt'si'i'llicd on jni;,'»'s i.'U m and i'.'l \\, Coimiifiiciii^' ill Now IW'unswick, wts niiiy llrst iiutt- ' • \;iliii. mnl eondilioii ot' eultiin' of llic snils in tin* ciKist ilistricts ni, WCi. iiioi eland and Alljcrt (.'ountics. In Kent cmiiity, tiic narrow liclts cleared alnnij tlie rit:\-\ .iinl ,it tlic nidUtlis of rivers, arc, in sonic places, covered with lilnwn siml, while in others, swainjts and peat hn^s pre\ail. This is cspicially die ease niirtli nf liieliihiictn liiscr. Sinith of I hat, liiiweser, soiih. ;' | farniiiiif lands occur on the liordiM's of .Nortlninilierlaiul Str.iii. at Hue- toiiche, Corajiiic, etc. I'^xccllcnt -oiN ar(! found aloiij,Mlir i i\rr \allcvs, whei'e the slopes ai'c sutlicicrit to allow the diainaL,'e watcis :cmn(;i|,(. into the nearest rivers, and where tli(;re is always a urcairidr jiss brcadlh of alluvial dcjiosits. i'ut on the llat yi-ounds wliirh lie liciwnii the estuaries, notalily l)ctw(>in tlie llichdnicto and llucluui lie, ami between the lattiM' and Cocaj,'iic rivei's, etc., there arc also iiiaiiy guud farniin,!^ tracis occupied hy a deep, rich, fcrtih^ soil. Tiui Isthmus of ('hiiiiiccto contains proliahly the Ih 'iiiin;,' lamls in Westmoreland county, althousjh sonic jiarts are mil nihiMs dry and stony. At fShenio.mue, Hay N'erte, and on the ( ',i|ii' Toiiikm- tine jicniiisula — districts which have l"",!, liecn settleil ilinv arc larjL^e clearings and well cultixatcd farms; hut those exliiliiiin;; ilir hij{hesl de^frce of culture, and where the occujiants seem tu It in tiic licst circuinstances, are around the head of the J>ay of l'"iinil\. < tu Westmoreland IJidiii', at Aulac, .Midgic, Sack vi lie and uilur |i|arcs around Cumherland liasin, where many of the farmers have a laiinljci' of acres of salt marsh to the front of, o?' near their uplands, thiMniKlitiini and yield are very much in advance of the cultivated lai]il'< nt any part of the count r\'. The same observation a[)plies to llii' au'riuiil- tural condition of the districts in the ^lemramcook and I'liilctnliac valleys. Large herds of cattle are raised in this part of ^\'estlll(nvlall(l, owing to the great yield of hay allorded hy the salt marshes, and iiin.M of th(i fanners are in very conifortablt^ circumstances. In the eastern part of Albert county, the areas of low lanl almi;' the coast are narrow in most places, and form mere schairi's. At Harvey and New Horton, however, tlie Lower Carboniferous mek^tln not form such a broken country as fui'tlu'r to the north, and licie wo find a considerable area of good farming lands. Benclies, or margiiiiil strips of excellent soil, skirt the coast of Sliepody Bay and tin' estiiaiy of the Petitcodiac River, overlooking the salt marshes. Tin- lattur, while of considerable extent on both sides of Sliepody ]Uver anJ else- «'.MFII».l A(il{|CUi;rUH.\I, CHAUACTKH OK TIIK KKCIION. VM M .(■S hllM' ■■! llUllllll'l' nliuids, tli'M'.iiiditiuii [tivntcil 1:111(1- lit iiiiy 'rnlciiillllC Ifbuiiit'iMniis pick- do orth, and Im'Ii' wi' wlics. 1)1' iiiiirt;iiiiil wild", aro not iitili/.cd to tlio licst ii(lvaiita<,'»«. Tli<» dykes in many iiliiii-; liavo lifcn iiliowt'd to go out of repair, and porlion-i of tlio 111,11 ~1 lis arc, conscMiucntly, subjuct to overlluw l)y tlio tich's. Too lii;i\\ ii'oppiMj,Milso, without tlitiajjpliciition of any fi'r'tili/.inj; inatfi'iiil, isimiilln'i' evil. In consccpiunt'c of thi.s, hii'^^c portioiiH of tlicsc marslics liiiM' iiirucd into wluit i.s known as lifif iti • •■ ■ l.niviiicrs. The slopt^ facing Northundteiland Strait is w(dl situated a< ri'L.'.ii(ls th'ainage, and tlie soil, dcri\-ed as it is mainly from the r|i|iiT t'arhoniferous scdimi'iits, is dec]), I'ich and easily cultivated. Ill ihc sitilnnents along the coast there are many excellent farms in a liiiih sialic of cultivation. At Amherst, Xappan, and in the area drained hy the ^laccan Itiver, ^ivi'iul uood agricultural tracts border the salt marshes, and upon the -iM|ii' ihcrc are tine, loamy, arable soils. Tlu; Uranch l"].\perinu;ntal I'arii: at Xappan, under charge of d'' i'daii', is an example. The iiii'iliiid- (if culture emi)loyed there, sliow wli ii can be done on the farms <'i tlir maritime jirovinces, and tlie kinds of crops that thrive best. I'linii I lie higher grounds of Kent, Westmoreland and Albert counties, SoiU of tin' New lirunswick, and Cumljerland county, Nova Scotia, we meet with I'^'l'"'"' l"'i- ' _ •' \ ' tiolis (if the dilTcifiil soils, and in many cases poorer farms, and consinpiently less rc^cion. lii'.vaiiccd methods of cultivating them. Yet in a numl,er of places in tLircuion the uj)lands really form excelh'iit soil, and where the drainage !-:'(i(id. lliey are not inferior to that of the coast districts. Upon the Middle Carboniferous of Kent and poi'tions of Westmoreland counties, ii'Aevcr, the suifactMs Hat and the drainage dt^ficient ; hence tin.' soils arc cdld, boggy, and in many places covered with a stratum of wliite "i;.'iay Ideached sand, under a veneering of vegetable growth. I'pon til" idlliiig surfaces, however, there are, as already stated, fair arable -"il?, tlioiigh (lelicient in lime. Along the Richibucto, Buctouche and ' ii'.;!!!' rivcis, at St. Anthony settlement, in Kent ; and at Irishtown Mid dtliei' places in Westmoreland, the agricultural conditions last f't'iTcd td are exemplitied. Ill Cumberland Ct)unty, Nova Scotia, above the limits of the post- -II iid suli^idence, we meet with soils and rocks differing somewhat from 'i'«('ot the .Middle Carboniferous just described. Here the prevailing ^iiriiKy beds are reddish in colour, being derived either from the Upper 138 M xi;\v nia'NswicK, nova hcotia and v. k. island. I'riiif.' I uur.l [-1 ■M- ;m.l Fcrtilix. I'. K. 1. IS 111 laiKl. or Lower Carboniferous sediments, or from botli. Tlie soils iuc, thfrc- forc, lii;liter, jukI fis a rule, more porous and easily culti\atc(l. 'I'li,. surface is, generally speaking, rolling, and conse(|uently the iliaiiume is hetter. On these uplaiuls there are many tracts of good land wiih excellent farms upon tliem, especially on the slope l)etween the t dlu- ([uid .Mountains aiid Nortlmniberland Strait. Certain iindr.iined nmhIv tracts are l)arren and remain uncleared. Collie of the hiiilier ;,'inuii(|s are occupied with bouldei'-clay, but these \vh(;n well drained form lich heavy soils. Jlere, as in New llrunswick, there is a deliciencv of linn' ill the soil, except where the Lower Carboniferous limestones piwail, and they all seem to ill! largely benetiteil by plentiful a]iplicatii>ii> (,t' this feitilizing niatei'ial, as well as by mussel mud and gypsiiin. Prince Edward Island, which is probably tlu^ best agricultuial [,ur- tioi! of th(! maritime pr(jvinces, taken as a whole, contains less wa^te land ill ]iro}ii|iat .lying near Kichnxinil and Hillsborr)Ugh bays, especially aloiii,' luiih the !!o"tlreast and south-west coasts, '{"he higher central jiart dei- nut contain so much good ai'able land, nor do the districts iiortii i\i' llidi- moiid I'ay and east of I lilisbonuigh r>ay, though tliric aiv niaiiy excellent farming tracts in these also. The agricultural character of I'rince Ivlward Island has linii ilis- cussed by Sir .1, W. Dawson, ••= who speaks of its fertile soil a- a sdinre of great wealth to tiie inliabitants. In this connection, liowi\ej, the gr< iit facilities for obtaining fertilizers have to be borne in miml. In nearly every bay and estuary, extensive deposits of mussel innd ucriir. •■ The (icdloKiciU Struotiiri' ami .Miner;(l Kesinirccs of I'riiici' Ivluanl 1-1. umI. I'')- Sir ,1. W. DawsiMi anil l)r. 15. .1. Haniii^'tnii, 1S71. FOIiUSTS. 139 M hiailtliiii'ii totliis viiluablo fortiliziiii,' material, poat, inarsli atul swamp iiiikk, sciiNvecds, tisli ollal, etc., are cxteiisivoly employed. Wlieii the.so jiiMiiMiiMistefl with the mussel mud a rich manure is produced, which i.|,.iiliri' he plouglied under and used foi- root crops or utilized as a ;,i|i(hv>-ini,' on tiie land. The fertilizers mentioned exist in almost i,;,,xliaii>i.ilile quantities on Prince Edward Island, and are accessilile •niifiU'ly every farmer. FOKKST-S. ,. Ill iniiHl T!i.' idicsts of the re,i,'ion included in sheets No. 2 S.lv, 4 N.W. and I'm'tsts. > W. |iiv-,cnt some features wortiiy of consideration as rei^ards the ';„r:i'i ilistriluition of the dill'erent kinds of trees which grow therein. I:i the .iri'.i Itoi'dcring Northumberland Strait, the sylvan growth is of iiiiixt'd cliaractcr.with a pre(lominanc(! of the coniferic. 'I'he indigenous SiKciis nf •;,,-iit' eciiiiDiiiic innioi'tance are ])ine ( Piann Sfrafnis, I', rusi iiii.''(i and "''''■■'• . . I'liiihi'imi ), spruce ( l''i<''H rn latitudes, .ii'.v tu the size of trees, hut here.owingtothe s(>vere climate of tin; coasts, •■■"iiii"' dwarfed. l']\('n the lai'ger tret^s, strictly indigenous to the ■ii'iy. ;iie t'l'und, on approaciiing th(> coast, to exhibit striking diifer- ■^i./'^ainl peculiarities, the mure not iceable of which are the prevalence : i.r r(iiiit'('i:e on the lower grounds, o\er which winds and fogs from ■ i»i;iii |i,iss without obstruction, and secondly their shorter and more -: •uliii^ ,111(1 stunted size. The pi'evalence of small Ijlack spruce, : ..nil k. redai'. whit(! l>ircli and the various shrubs of the country ;';'i the region bordering Northumberland Strait is a characteristic : iiiiv. These sylvan forms, together with the occurrence of hea\y ! i' liii-s upon th(! low grounds of the Carboniferous area, .show that fi,,,,..,,.,,.,. ' "I'taiii /niu^ or licit Ixirdei'ing tlie sea is, to some extent, unfavour- near the Lua.-it.'.^ '.'■''I the development of the large forest trees. Tn siieltered spots, • '*• ir. ,is, for example, upon tli(! CobcMpiid INfountains ami the '}tilliiie jilateau of southern Ntnv jlrunswick, the hill langes ailbrd [i ti'.ti.iii tVoni tlu> winds and cool vapours coming from the ocean, *"'l ii liU'ue L,'rowth of both coniferous and hardwood trees is found. 140 M NEW HKUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND P. E. ISLAND. Character, inland. Ca\is(>s (if tlifffrencf. i ! Proceeding inward from the coast, a much greater diversity in the rlistribution of the forest trees is found. This distri- bution is evidently affected by several causes, (1) by tlic elev.itidn. or rather by the protection afforded by ridges and niuuntiiins tVniii bleak winds and storms and from the sea air of the coast distriets (2) by the aridity or wetness of the soil, viz., its condition as to draina^'e (3) by the physical character of the soil, ^•iz., whether clayey. i;ravellv sandy or loamy, and (4) by the mineral composition, in dtlirr wcids the character of the undei'lying rock-formation, whether i-alrarecjus, silicious or otherwise. Effects (if soil The relation between the soil, or the rock-formations, and the vcLje- (11 rock fdriiia- , , , .^ . . ^, i- , ■ , tiims (Ml f(prest t'il)le growth upon it, is in nortliern climates, sucli as tlu,' i.iariiiine gruutli. pi-ovinces of Canada, difficult, if not impossible t(j trace ; nescrthcless it is observ(Ml that certain geological formations are more favouralile to the production of certain kinds of trees than others. C'alcareims soils, for example, nourish the heaviest growth of botli liardwdiK^ ukI conif(;rs. In New Brunswick, as indeed, in all glaeiate(l ((luntrics however, we cannot determine the exact limits of tiie areas nt'thi trnvvt growth allected by the geological formations. On the liills ami lid^is underlain by limestones, we meet with maple and birch groves, iniermixeil occasionally with spruce. The Cambro-h!ilurian and the old crystaliiiu' belts of rocks traversing the province from the Uaie dcs Ciialems td ti;i' Chiputnecticook Lakes, .seem also to mark a boundary in llie t'dit>t distribution. North of this lies the great area of Silurian liinestdiies, south of it the Carbonifc^njus sandstones. Owing to the larger extent of country which tlu.'se formations occupy, the soil noccssaiily hears a closer relation to the underlying roek, and is less intcrinixed villi extra-limital drift ; conse(juenlly the vegetation and t'dic^t uidwih upon these areas ought to show the effect of each partieiilar kind ni soil ujion the llora of the country. Have these districts aii\ (leculiar forms in their floral productions ? Upon Silurian Oi^ the Silurian limestones there is observable a paucity of iiieaeemw limestones. ,. i ■ i i i i i i • i plants, or scrub pine and black spruce, and an almost entire aoseiice of hemlock, all of which are abundant on the Carboniferous sanilstdiies, the latter tree, indeed, reachitig fuller development on tliesea^ niiards size and number than elsewhere in the province. \Vliite sjuiu '■, lir, white pine, the paper birch, and beech appear also to be morcaliunilant ujion the Carboniferous area, though common also upon the Siluiiaiuip lands. l>ut the striking features of the forests upon tlie latii'r aiv llie groves and ridges of birch and maple occuring in almost e\ery I'ait. These are seldom met with on the sandstones except wIumv bower Carboniferous limestones prevail. ^:i FORESTS. Ul M ISLAM). f^rofitcr (livci'sity 1(1. Tliis ilistii- by tlio clcvatiiiii, L(l mountains tVuin the coast (lisiricis, :ioii us to (li'ainaL!(', n- cliiycy, :;ra\cllv, on, in otlicr wunls hetlier calcarudiis, ons, iinil t!u' vr^'c- 1 iis tlie i.iariliiiie \ice ; ncMTtlu'lrss e iiion; t'aNouralilc ithcrs. Calwii'iMius otli hardwoods uiul :luciati'(l i-ountrii-:, u areas ol' tlir t'cii<'>t tlie hills and ri(li;i-; I gi'oves, intiM'Uiixctl the old crysialliiK' di's Cii;d('iii> til ll.i' ndary in tlic fnrot ■>iliiri!in liinostmirs, ) till' laiLli'i' fxtriit necessarily hears a s intermixed widi ind forest 'jiyn\\\\\ lartieuhii' kind nt' tricts aii\ lirruliar uieity of nii'Mrrnu-i ist entire ah-i'iici' iferiius sandstnnes, on thesr as rruaiiU White s|ilUiv, lir, ( he niuivaliundaiit M,M tlieSihuiiuup- the Lit lei' are tin' ihnost .'xeiy I'art. xeopt wlierr Lowi-'i' The eoinparative abundance of ericaceous phints on the Carbonifer- Upon Carbo- uu- areas is doubtless due, in some measure, to the flat surface and sto'n'i!,""' **"*" ^„iisei|Uint imperfect drainage, resulting in the formation of swamps. Wilt hou's, etc., where these forms of vegetation find a congenial iiiilntat. lUit the diilerence in the sylvan growth occupying the drier ;iftimds of the two regions in question is not explicable unless we diiiit tliat the geological formation has an influence upon it. On the simlstune area, the hendock and scrub pine are most abundant trees cmiiiiared with their distribution upon the Silurian uplands. JUack iiiph, hi'eeli, and black spruce also appear to be more common and ai.'iT. These facts regarfling distribution lead to the inference that tlie'-'iavelly, silicious soil overlying the sandstones is more favoui'able til the .<;rowth of these ti'ees, or it may be that the limestones are un- favoui'ahle, or, perhaps, both causes operate. In regard to the hendock {Tsii;/ort* that the distribution of this tree is peculiarly le-tiiiteil from some cause or causes. Nearly all hemlock trees are tmiml to have at tained their full gi'owth. Young or growing trees were (I'lis.i'M'd iiiily in a few localities, especially along Nashwaak and Little Nnitliwi'st Miramiclii rivers. In areas where it has been destroyed it (ins Mill l;i'ow again like spruce, fir, cedar, hacmatack, etc. These facts iiitlitate that tlu* existence of the hemlock tree in this I'egion is on the wiiic, All the other forest trees will grow up and replenish the i'egion >:ii' iiiiiie i'Ni'(^lit wheie it has been overrun b}- ilres. Is the cause of tli<>(irL'adenee of the hendock elimatoiogical, i.e., due to recent changes iiitlii'inran annual temperature, rainfall, etc.; or to the destruction lit the -iirroiinding forests? No satisfactory answer can be given to llli'iHU'stinll. The lilark spruce, which is a tree of the greatest economic value, r.lafk sinuci'. l^•^^ not now seem to be so thriving and vigoi'ous as its congener, tliMvliite spruce ; and the cvi\\\,Y (Thmja orrldrn/d/ls), though common Cnlar. inN'i'w Unuiswiek in all moist low grounds, and also met with not iiiioiiiminnly in Prince Ivlward Island, is a tree also restricteil in its Kiir.'i', on Hiring only very sparingly, if at all, in the peninsula of Nova Smtia, Till' fiiiists in New IJrunswick, and, indeed, throughout the Can- Di'-tniition nf aili:iii iiiaiitiine pi'o\ inces, are undergoing rajiid destruction. When till' 1,1 lya lists landed at the mouth of tiie St. John Kiver on the ISth of May, I7S."), the New I'.runswick forest stood almost untouched in all iiqristine grandeur, now the original growth has been largely cut 'IH-it.f I'rotn'i'ss, Cfol. .Surv. Can., 1S,'(2-S:<-.><1. Part la;. fiin-ts. 142 M XKW liliUXSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND P. K. ISLAM i. awjiy, tliecoiiifffii', t'speciiilly, liiiviiii;- sull'ered depletion in aliiKj.-i fvciv accessiliK; locality. Only in some jiurts ot' the region drainnl In- tl;,- liestigouclie, and inotlier reinnte places, does the original t'nicst ;.'inHt!i still remain intaet. The old sturdy jiines, moiiarehs nt' ihc Xih lirunNwiek' forest, were the lirst to suflei'. in the day-^ of iiioinMilum- Mow hnnvlit l>L'rinif o|)erations, thes(^ \V(M'e felled and otie or t\V(j pieecs nf suii.uv "'"^"'- tindjer mad(! fi'om each trunlc — the i-emainder of the t ice was lift in rot. 'I'liese pini'S ar(Mdl gone, 'ilie sprnee lias next iiecn at lacked, , mil sinee the inauguration of the modern steam saw-mill, the niaiiiifaiiinf and shipments of spr'uee deals to th(! ItriLish market, ha\r tiii,'('tlici' In'- come a iari;e and iminntant- industry. The ]ii'oseeiition ot i!ii-;liu»i. ness has, iiowexcr, l)roui;ht al)out a rapid demolition ot' tlir .-ihuiv forests throu,!.;hout the province. fn some of tiiese dcplricil aivusi/,, where the lar;j;iM' trees hasc been cut away, a younu'er urow i!i is lakiii;' its [)lace, howe\ei', and as the white spiaict? i^rows rapidlw llii' iii'i;;iii;il forest growth nii,!;ht 1)0 repKnushed in tliis way, if lires diij nut mvi I'un the country. Lundiermen state tliat unless too lira\\ a ciiitiiiL.'i- made, the same tract can lie re-cut for spiauu^ logs e\-erv trii nr t«rl\,' y(!ars, owing to the rapidity of tlie growth of the wjiiir ,s|iiiii;i'. Dcstructinii I'f The hemlock tree is now lieing suliiected to dcsl nut i\c pinrcsscs al-n, and is very likely at no distant date to be altogellier I'Mcniiiiiatcil. AN'ithin the last tw(>nty years, imjiortant industries have sprnii:; ii]i in dill'ereiit parts of New llrunswick hasi'd upon tin' iiseof ihr Imiilii-k liark for taiiniin:. and lai'ge ipiantities of tanning e.\i rail have linn pi'ejiai'cd for export. To obtain the necessary supply of lii'inluok liail; to carry on this bu-iness, the trees arc; cut down and the liark |i(rlr| oil', the trunk and branches often being left, lying in the wneiN. Niai settlements, some of 1 hese t ruiiks are utili/.ed in t he niaiuitactiiii' nf scantling, boai'ds, etc, and hemlock timliei' is <'iiiiiiii)iily ii-ni for the building of \\ den bridges, wharfs and break v. iins, as it is foinid, when plaei'd under water, to l)e shuv in lol I iiii:'. biil iai-" numbers of thc-e felled trees are not used in any way, anil al'lclM liini', when their branches becouu! dry, they serve as fuel for t'nivsi tiii-. The destriu-tion of this tree from tin; last ciuse is teiifnld iiivai' than from all others condiined. Of the cellar. .\ n extensi\'e industry has within the last decade arisen in llie laati- 1 tone proNinces from the uses for which cedar is rci|uir cedar trees were used only, to a liniitdli'Mriit,] for foundations to buildings, foi- telegraph j)oles, feneini; ami iliej manufacture of shingles. Hut within the period nu'utiniiiil reilar iiisj come greatly into use for railway ties and fence posts, ami the sliiiuiej industry lias also ex}ianded to enormous dimensions, llieiit;li i' "'^1 FOIiKSTS. 143 M ,lv of li>'iiilock I'lu'; in tlir niiiiiut:u'tiin' III UU'lltlnlH' latt'ilv siiircrccl a rcvoi'se owiiii,' to over-production. Tlic |)riiicii)al iii.iikit. for ctHliir wooil is in the United States. '1 h'' impi'tus ifiven to the cuttinj^ iind export of cedar in New |liun--\\ ilk is also leadini; to the exiiaiisti(jn of tliis tive, and already wlioli' ii\er basins have i)eeonie well nii;li depleted of eedars. .\s it is a trie wliicli grows very slowly, thei'c^ will, in all jnoliahility, Ke a siMiiiiy of cedar in the maritime pro\inees in less than a iiuarler of a ci'iiiiirv, if the present methods are eontinuod. IVniii tlu! foregoing statement of facts, il will h,' seen that Ncry . i;riai inroads aie now heing made on the original forest growth of tlu^ ' iiiaiiiiiiie provinces. The destruction or depletion hy legiiimate means, tliil i^. from the ordinary lumbering operations of the eomitrv i.s, liii\\r\er, not, e\haiisti\(', but such as could, doubtless, be eheeked or ii'^iilaii'd with a view of constM'xiiig the forest. That going on eviiv vear ivvnx forest tires is \ast in jiroportion and fai-reachiiig ill it-- I'll'eels. No regulation seems at present comjietent to cont rol this iviL Siiiee I he great .M iramiehi tire of the 7t h of < )ctolier. I f^-~K forest ciuill.igi .'it ions have been of eoiistant and ;ilmost annual oreurrence. The ilrv, gravelly aiul saiiily areas, underlain by Carboniferous and ^iiinii il' loi'ks, ha\(' sufVered most. Along the Southwest Miramichi lli\ir;iiHl its tributaries, a large ]iortioii of th(> district occupied Ijy C:ii-!Miiiifei'ous roeks has been overrun by iires, part of it in iSl'.'), at ;i.i' liiiii' (if the great tire aboNci uuMitioiu'd, and part of it at a subse- [Ui'iii (Lite. ^V seeoud growth of trees now covers soiui? portions of 'lirsr .ii'ra^, but this also has, in ctu'tain sections, been destroyed by ivrriii Iires. Largt> portions of the country lying between the Soiith- VL'-t .Miramichi and Salmon ri\ers, and the head of the liichibucto Ivivrr lia\e likewis(> been devastateil in this way. ,\l(inu the IntiM'colouial railway between .MoiuMon aiul I'athtirst, i'lii'r-i tires oct'Ur in the woods on both sides of the line at irregular iiitci'\als ,'dmost e\ery sunnner, and have tiius destroyed t he I iiiilier HViT large areas. \\'hi-u tiiis railway was eonstructed about twenty lixc yt'Hr-^ago. it passed through virgm forest for two hundred miles of the ■UM Ininihi'd ami twenty-two bet ween Moncton and I'iathurst. The "lii'iiing of new settlements since that date, the lumbering operations oiii'i'iiil oil along both sides of the route, and the cutting down of the 'iicniliirk for tan-bark, etc., have brought about nearly a total demolition lit the original forest adjai'cnt to the I'ailway. Aftei' every dry season iiitre is a tire, originating no oiu^ s(>ems to know how, and finv seem to 'iire, if not pei'.sonally alVecteil by it. It must be confessed, however, ihiit fanners in clearing uj) lusw laiul, woodsmen, huntei's, and fishermen ii'o 111 it careful enough in preventing the spread of lire. The forest is \riMs iivi-r ■nil li\' tirr.' lU M NEW imUXSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND P. E. ISLAND. Rate (if the fjniwtli ill tlir t'ilstl'l'll imn iiiL'i's. largely coniferous, therefore in dry weather especially conihustililc and when fanned by a breeze any fire soon spreads beyond coiitrdl.^: Difficulties of ^Q protection has vet been exercised to yiiard against tlicw protectnif,' tlif ,,.,.„,, , ? fdiests from pubhc calamities further than the enactment of a statute, iiroliibit- ""*■ ing under a penalty, the setting of fires at certain seasons uf tin- year; but the expense of properly enforcing this would be licyonil the means of the country. Carelessness prevails, therefore, on all sides, and no one takes much interest in the preservation nt thi' forests from a national point of view, or unless it is of some diivct benefit to himself. Indeed, it is practically impossible to devise methods of preserving them, owing to the lack of public interest in tin' matter, and it .s(!ems not at all unlikely that tiie existing coiuliiioii (if things will continue until they are wholly destroyed. Then, and not till then, will the jioople begin to realize their value. The rate at which a tree grows in the forests of the eastern ni;u itinn' provinces, is a question sometimes discussed by practical lunibcnntii in view of forest conservation. Since the cutting down of trees i.icdin- mercial value below a minimum size or girth is proiiibited liv law, it follows, that if they are jirotected till they attain the standaid si/i, this periodical replenishment might be the means of preser\ in;: tliciu from total d(,'st ruction, excepting, of course, the ravages of toresi Hifs. The (|uestion then arises, how long does it take a ti-ee sucli as, I'm' examjile, the lilack or M-hitt! spruce, tir the whit(^ pi'i'", to attain a certain size ; and, having attained a size of say fiftei-n inches in diaiiictii above the roots in a given iiumljer of years, how long would it talv' it then to reach a diameter of say twenty or twenty-four inches, in dtluT words what is the annual growth of our forest trees in Muitli and at maturity? No observations have yet been made wliieli enalilc us to giveadefinite answer tothese questions. There is, however, one locality in New Iji'uiiswick, that of the IMiramichi tiro of ISl'."), wliicli, tVoin tlic fact that it is now covered with a young forest grown upsince tli u ilatc, affords a criterion of tree growth upon a given geoldgical forniatinn, viz., the Carboniferous sandstones. lUit it does not show what the rate is when trees airi\e at a diameter of fifteen inches and uiiwaiil.-;. It affords data, however, showing the compar itive rate of uiowth ui (iniwtli and fliHerent sjiecies during the p(;riod mentioned. For' exaiiipii', imi'lar size of some (/'opiihtti trcninloldi'n) was found with a <'itth of fiftv-ono inches ahove s|iccics foiiml ^ ' _ ' _ ; , . ■ upon tlie an ii the I'oots ; white spruce {/'irrd nllxi), fifty-four inches; blink s|inicc luichi tile. (^'' '"//'''*)» forty-eight inches; fir (.li/cv /la/scutiia), forty incli( - : ml * Ft would scciii that this rcj,d(iii must have been sulijcct to forest tiics lufun' the scttlciiieiit of the country liy the white man, if we may judge liy the name uf tile l)i-iiici|ial river draining it— Kichilmcto— which in the Micmac mcaii> •• li^ r -f tic. ChAlMERS. KCONOMIC MIN'KKALS. U5 M Uy combust 11 )lc, beyond cimlidl.^^ d against tlicsc statute, iiv(ilill)it- n seusdiis ot' the would be lnyiiiid thorct'oi't', till nil jservatioiv ut tin- is of some direut iossii)le til dtvisf )Uu interest in tlii' istin.y condition ut' \. Tlieii, and not e. .e eastern niaiitimo tieal liiiidii'niu'n in wii ot' trei'^ I't' i-'"iii- uhibited by law, it tbc stJindiud si/c, of im-serviiiLi' tln'iii ,-ages of fiavsi lii>'^. a tree sudi as, I'nv e pine, tn attain a ninebes in diiuurti'r pine (P'liiiis rfisinnsn,) fifty-two inches ; paper birch {TiituJa /ia/)i/rij'''ra) forty fiiur inches; sugar iiiaph' (Ac'-r .■^iici'/inrlinini), thirty-live inelies ; swiiinp maple (^1. rnhntiii), twenty-four inches ; bc^ech [ludjnx Jrmiiii- »'(/), twenty-four inches; hacmatack (Lnri.r ^l//"'?v'cvo/«), tliirtyoiie indies, etc. As sonn; geological formations and soils are iiiort! favotir- alile to tree growth than others, it follows that the rate indicated here is a local and not a general one, — on limestone areas it is doubtless, liii;liei', on swampy coastal areas less. The hemlock, black ,iiid vellow birch and cedar have not grown again since the .Mir.unichi tii'c. Fiom the foregoing facts, it will be seen that the general rate of tree slow iiite of (.'lowth in New Brunswick is by no means rapid, and that it takes ti''''K''"\\'di- even the most healthy and vigorous tree three-ipiarters of a century, luulrr the mo.st favourable conditions, to attiiin a size renderiiii,' it of coiiunercial value. Tlie slow growing trees, such as black spruce, luu'iiiatack, maple, birch, etc., oi course take longer. It has already liocn slated that lumbermen rejiort bcung able to re-cut c(>itaiii tracts of the forest every ten or twelve years and get a new crop of logs oft dii'iii. 'J'liis method of re-cutting the timber lands of New Urnnswick I'mvst con- |cviiHlically secuns, if properly guai'ded, to ail'ord a I'easonabie solution it the problem of forest conservation. I'or, if regulations j)rohibiting tlio cutting aiul sale of certain timber tives below a given si/.e can be ■ iifdrccd, they might,'in this way, become of economic \alue periodically, vitliiiut the deijletion and entir(; destruction of the forests iis at pre- ifUt. st-rvatiun. ^IlM.KAI.S AND AIaTEUIALS OF ECONOMIC 1 MI'OliTANCi;. bi the sujierlicial deposits of the region embraced in sheets Xo. 2, Mimials ,^IWl lll.-lti-l-i;ll^ 111' Mi, Xo. 1, N.W., and Xo. '), S.W. of the New l>runswick maps, tli(> i'lliiwiiig minerals and materials of (!coiiomic \alne ha\'e been found, nearly all of whii'li were brieily reported in the .Sunnnary llejujrts of b',10, ISIU, 1892 and IS'.);?. These materials may be thus enumerated: -IVat, iiog-inangaiu'se, bog-iron ore, infusorial earth (tripolite), biick- ■:ays. etc. Peal is developed in extensive bogs or moors on the coast of Xew '''at. lli'im>wick, bordering Nortliund)erland Strait, and on the north-east *ie(if 1'rince Ivlward Island. These moors have been described in nii|iiirtaiici". ■lail (111 pages 117 1 22 M, am I their mode of oriijiii and ecoiininic '>« ill various arts and indtistries noted. It is evident that the value and iise> t)f peat, and moss litter, are increasing, ■.iuil that the product otthc hogs is likely to come into e.xtensise re([uisitiein as a cleansing, 'i""luri/ingand packing material. 10 146 M NEW nitUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA AND 1'. K. ISLAND. Bug-man- Bog-niaiigJincsp oceiiiH in an oxtonsive deposit in'iir Dawson settle- mont, AllxM't county, N.l!., on a branch of NV'eldon I'leck, covcriii;' an area of about twcnty-tivo acres. In the centre it was found to Ijo twenty-six feet deep, tiiinning out towards the margin of tiie ImiI. 'flic mineral is a loose, aniorplious mass, which can l)e readily slhucHnl without the aid of a pick, and contains njore or less iron pyrites dis seminated in stn^aks and layers, tiiougli large portions of the deposit have merely a trace. This bed of bog-manganese lies i!i a valley at the northern base of a inll, and its accumulation at this particular loiiility appears to be dut! to springs. These springs are still trickling; ddwii the hill-side, and doubtless the process of producing bog-mang.uiuse is still going on. A branch of the Albert railway has been opened up to tiiis ininc, and kilns for drying the material were filso erected. Operations hiid, however, ceased at the time of my visit (autunni of 1891) pen^lill^' the completion of the analyses and tests of this product. Indieatinns uf other and similar deposits of bog-manganese further west, nhout the liead of the branch of Weldon Creek have been reported. Another bed of amorphous bog-manganose occurs near Ihuvey, in the same county, but it has not yet been opened up. Hog-inm ore. Bog-iron ore (limonite) in beds of considerable extent lias Imii,' been known to exist at Maugerville, Sunbury county, N. !!. X brief description of the dej»osits is given in my report on the surface geology of Western New JJrunswick.* Another deposit of this mineral, t lie ore being of the natui'e of (jihie, occurs in the banks of the Xorthwest JMiramichi River aliove Chaplin Island and was referred to in a previous re[)ort.t This deposit was re-examined, as it was reported that operations for the prepara- tion of mineral paint from the material were about to be com- menced. The ochre has been used for many years locally as a paint and seems to answer the purpose well, Whether it oceuis in suliici- ent (juantity to warrant the in\estment of capital is another iiuestion. It .seems to be in process of formation still and is l)eing(le[iosiie,lenihi' rock surfaces along the bank, through t he agency of springs ami of water trickling out at the contact of the superficial deposits and undei'lying rocks. Oozing out in this way, it collects in tlu^ crevices of the I'uek-; in considerable (piantities in certain places. Swamps and small peat bogs lie behind, ami it would appear that it is tiie decaying' orgunK' matter from these which yields acids tluat aid in producing tin's me. *Rei)ort of Progioss, (ieol. Surv. Can., 1882-83-84, I'art (a;. lAunual Keijort, Uuol. .Sniv. Can., vol. 111. (N.S.), 1887-88. CHAlMEfl*. ECOXOMK! MINRRAI.R. 147 M (l.H.avin- orgiuiio Infusoriiil fiii'tli. r.iii.'-iron ore was also 1'mincl on tlin south side of I'uctouche hfirlwur, ill Kfiit County, Xow IJrunswick, f)cc'ui>yintween them. The total thickness of the whole, including i!.e lilack shale, did not exceed sixteen inches. In the hope that the *iin or scams might thicken out, eastwards from the bank of the brook "iwliieli the outcrop occurs, a trench was opened, following the .seam t'l'soiiic distance, and further east a shaft or trial-pit was sunk. The 'Xmv Kcixiil (icol. Suiv. Can., vol. 1. (X.S.), 1.SS5, pp. 70, 71 k k. h I IS IM m:w liitrNswicK, nova scotia an'K v. k. lsland. ri'stilt (\i Miis ('.\[)l()i;itii)n whs not, lidwc^vcr, satisfiiftttry, iiiul at. invscut, tlic work lifi- licf^n (ilKiiidnni'd. Silvpr iiml Ac^^ciit ifcciius yalciiii nci-urs in irroj^iilar soains, associati'il uiih ^"' ' i)yiit()iis iiiini'i'als, on tlic soutli side nt' tlic IJaio dcs Cliali'iiis at \]\u\- Uv^' and Niyado ii\fis''- and at .Mil 1st ream. A considcrahio aniuunt nf dcvt'lojUMcnt work lias liccn j;oinj^ on in these places for years, and tlie oro, at'cordinj,' to s(^v('ral assays, yield traces of gold and some silver. Mr. lloflniann, elienust and niineraloi,'ist to tho (.ieol(i;;ieal Siuvcy reports on a sjieeiineii from the Millstreani mine sulmiitled to iiim us follows:—" The sjieeinien consisted of iron jiyriles toMjcthor with mikiII " ([uantitios of ,;';alena, and apparently tritlin.i,' amounts of niis|H(kcl, " in a j,'aii;,'iie composed of white to .yray suhtranslucent .piartz. mimI ii "little (lark f,'ray shale. A fair avora^o of this specimen- which " weighed eleven pounds — was found on assay to contain : — (inlll O'lrrxif illl filllK'c to till' tcill (if 2,(HIII Ills. Silver !)-4.">0oiincfM to tlif tun i.f 2,ii()iMlis.| " Along the Noi'thwest Mirandelii Kiver, between twoof its atlhii'iits, the Toiuouonops and Litth' rivers, argentiferous galena and pyiitrs occur, in which traces of gold are likewise reported to lie fdund. 'i'hese minerals ai'i! met with under somewhat similar conditions tuthy pyritous and galena orws on the south side of the Bale des Clialcurs, and appcNir to he of much the sami' character. M;i"iiititL' "'^ '"''' "^ magnetite was discrtveied a few years ago near the liwuluf .Midstream, (Uoucestei' county, hut a good deal of it appears to lie highly charged with pyrite-;. Analyses hy Prof. Donald, of ."\l out real, shown ]\\v. hy Mr. \V. K. Payne, of l.athurst, gave ujnvai'ds of (10 \i(:r ccMit of m(!tallic ii'on with ahout 10 |)er cent of silica. |)evelo|iiiiciit work was undertaken here four or live v^ars ago, but has since rcascd, The chief minerals of (iconomic importance in the region indiraliil on the south side of the Baie des Chaleurs, are galena and iniii pyrites, and of th(^s(^ thei'e are large de]>osits in some place:; appari'iiily in tlu! form of incgular veins, while in others they occur more in the form of beds. The galena invariably carries a greater or less a uidunt of silv(!r, and traces of gold are also found, apjiarently in the pyr- itous nnnerals. Huiiposff] In the autumn of 189.'} I made a cursory examination of there d.'i'i!Ji"ts^'it"*'' I'*'i't<'. y, (iiiil 111. ['ivsciil, (issocialcil with 'liiilciiis 111 i;iiii- I'l'fihlt) aim Hint of or ycfirs, iuid tlio ami stiiiie silver. ;oloi,'i(;al Survey, iiitlcil to liiin as jotlicr witii siiiall nts of inispifkel, piit >|iiart/;. aiul a speciiiicii- wliieli tain : — >f 2,110(1 Ills. )0Oll)S.| " i-oof its nlliueiits, leiia and ]iyi'ites L'd to 1)(! t'ound. conditions tutlie ,ie (les Cliaieui'Si '-UMFn*. ECONOMIC MINERALS. 149 M ., ally . the upturnocl cd^cs of highly tilted Lower Carboniferous r' near tiic lieailnf it apiiears to lie lald, of Miinti'eal, .iwai'ds of tiO per ia. .l)evelii]iiiieiit has since ceased, 3 region iiuliealod galena and iron '.lace:; a|i[iaivnily jccur more in the er or less a nidunt really in the [lyr- ination of the ro- Brunswick, where ■e operations were HUiil to 1"' Middle :li lie nearly heri u, aiul iiagc 1311. page 4!) H. 1 t GEORGE M DAWSON, C M.G ,LL.D,FR.S ftC.DIRE Mm I.m*. S r„ Ul|^ SUoltili riii.|. sl... Willi; iiKM o<;.-.>;pi.Ml l)v P L E I S TOC E N E GLAC I E (i/itiiii/i'i/ tin'" c /-•^ Sfiile fOnii/r.\ In itiiv nii h ____, _ *U- .. ^,_ m I SmluM) itf dauaita. VWSON, C M.G,LL.D,FR.SSc.,DIRECTOR. )CENE GLACIERS al lli.'U- in.ixnun xl.'iisiot. »• Dire li'iii '>' irr I'lfw V' ■tDimles Ik oni' nii h ^^ t: OtORGE M DAWSON. C M G ,L L D,F R S *c., SUclcli iii.ip xliowiMif .s!i-i;iii..M liMui LOCAL GLACIERS .nu{ FLOATING y.ri.-i- pnuhircil /i\ /miil irr ytr;;r nrnihirtil In I'lnifltnij trr *Srnli- H) ittllr.-i /'t '>lir uf'h iral jSmlifu uf (tauaitii. 1 DAWSON. CMGLLD/RSSc.DIRECTOR nrnihirtil In I'hufitnij tri- r H) ittllr.-i ftt otif uf'/t I 1 nullify I— 1 iiniiri)} lliillicsl J'/ ii.s/iirn/c .s/i.-irr /rif kI itii/c n/' /ui /'/' I'lul W'/civ i/i/troxi m/i/f i>iil[\ III) /nil//:!,'/ /7V///r// /inr /'.v .v/'c/nvv 5r>j)