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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour *tra reproduit en un soul clich*. il est film* A partir da Tangle supAriaur gauche, de gauche * droite. et da haut an baa. an pranant le nombre d'imagea n*caaaaira. Lea diagrammea suivanta illuatrant la m«thoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 456 NMCROCOPV MSOUITION TBT CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) I.I US u lit ^ ■ 25 £ ■ 2.2 3.« lii^H i£ ■ 2.0 1.8 ^ /APPLIED IM/1GE Inc 1653 East Main Street Rochester. New York 14609 U' (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone (716) 288- 5989 -fax V«liB» , of the Ptpns ot ^fitnM from the BibBogi.phJal Sodety of Aaeric, Chkifo. 191X A CHAPTER IN THE LITERATURE OF THE FUR TRADE ■ LAWRENCE J. BURpEE CHICAGO 191 1 il ■kf- ■■' f A CHAPTER IN THE LITERATURE OF THE FUR TRADE BY LAWRENCE J. BURPEE The literature of the fur trade of North America offers a vast field to the bibliographer, as to thTws norc; 'w 'r^' ethr^ographer, and 'student of et nomi«. We have the fur trade of New France- of New England; of Russian America; the sea-otter t'rade trade TT 7''l ^'^'' ''' ^^^^^ Ameril fu trade; the trade of the Hudson's Bay ComDanv and o the North West and X Y companies'^ 6f these' 'seven da^s of a very large subject, I purpose me™ So'^^ vT °° "^^ '"^ ^"°' ^-- - -- orVss bibliographical point of view. The Hudson's Bay Company, probably the most remarkable trading corporation in the worW's hisZ was chartered by Charles U on May ., 1670, as S Governor and Company of Adventure;s of England ^h^l ^? . f ' '"*^°^'^ '^^ Adventurers with rifeLtf V "" ''"' '^'' ^'^^'«fat«' -"d bays, tW '.^r T"^'' ^°^ '°""^^' ^ whatsoever laH'tude they sha^ be, that lie within the entrance of the streight! thXt' ^^"f .«"^- '^ «^-«hts, together 1^ confines of the seas, streights, bays, lakes, rivers, creeks, <:??v / w 't?h 172057 46 Bibliographical Society nf An.,,;.. and sounds aforesaid, which are not now actually pos- oTef cL^?' °' "^ "'^■^^^^' «^ ^y ^he subjects of fny other Chrstmn prmce or State." Possibly even Kin^ Charles nnght have stood aghast could he wU"„* tn f r the 7 " ^'"^^' ^° ' P"-^^ -^- ^on for the rivers flowing into Hudson Bay drairthe whole mtenor of the continen. west to the R^kv Mo^n ^ins, and south to the headwaters of R^River fn Lrthen aff " ' ^'' ''''' "°^ -ough.lne ^d e " turers when after a century of deliberation they finally spread their operations ..lana from Hudson Bayf refused to confine themselves even to this broad wa^er S By a process of reasoning common to all great m7nZr.s' hey chmbed over the Rocky MountaL arTaTexS the Pacific slope, spread north to the Arctic east to t^ Hudson s Bay Company is therefore that of a continenUl agV P erre E n Tl- ^'''"'"'^"^ adventurers of any age fierre Esput Radisson, Canadian fur trader and explorer who is rightly regarded as the father of the Hudson's Bay Company. Radisson's Journals in the extraordinary idiom of . seventeenth-centu^ 'fL h ed^ t"thf r '"^ 'T"' ^'"^ ^'^ imperfect W." edge, m the bnguage of seventeenth-century Enriand They embody his travels and adventures from r6s' to 1684. They have been the center of a little whirlwind The Literature oj the Fur Trad, "Z of historical controversy, mos. if not all of which may be charged agamst his unmenfionable Kn^lish ^ (.r 1 u^^ Radisson, ;vith ready adaptability trans ^erred his service, from France to England and Z years later sailed for Hudson Bay, where. S his brother m-kw Medard Chouart, he laid the foundati^ of the huge monopoly of the Hudson's Bay Comnanv An mterest ng body of literature has grown up about tt need not be furthe* referred to here I !? t "H"^^' ''""^'■"S' ^^ the comer of Lime and Leadenhall streets, in the heart of London, are prT^rted he documentary records of nearly two and a haT^n oTctil of'f ''11 ^! ''' '''''-^'^ «^^V Com': vH" coUection of fur-trade literature beside which all the avail- able prmted matenal pales into insignificance. It co^s^s of minutes and letter-book<; nf f h» / consii,ts everv HpcrrJ,.- • . ^"^ company, memorials of evety descnp ion, journals of operations at trading posts uZ:f'Zl n^-^'"'" ^"' ''^"^°"-^ lsland,'n^i! thri ^'^ ''^'^:\t'°"« and trading ventures throughout ^eckles WUlson, and Ag- .s Laut have gone to^hTs mme of material for their histories of the company hut sutject The buildmg ,s packed with oririnrl docu the interest of the r:srt:^?rr,^^ I.' il copyist at work for some time past making transcrini. make much progress in thlsTay anTn; rT' •° "^^:t^n?rre:-£r^^^^^^^^^^^ ^i printed material bearing on the historv «f *u company and its fur fmrim™ • "'story of the ;je t„„%ar,ia:e:::rcrs::^t"rr :"d:L?r "aLrSn'st r ^°""" "- ^-' evety description Sg ™ .rH' T •' """ °' government in ,878, ""tluHn^^ " f" f"""" Mills and Cliarl« I rj. ! ' "^"^ °' David 73- uuier documents bearing on tlie western fur ^ 0. or a ts I It o is k year begun the i,uhl,v=7' , L »n-hivBt has this largely 7^Z'Tj"Z.k IiT'T ""'''' "'" " JoumaU <,, Alexander XL mX and"" r "^^ Antoine Larocoue hav, ,1, j """raj and Frantois farm, and t<^Z^Z,lTl1:" '"''"'^"' '" ">» Printer', han^Tlnam ' m""'" '^ """ '" '^= Pai^ge it tiS rlrT ■ "'"'■ "" » Nor.h»e,t original charter rJ-Z. ^' "' "" """' »' ">« •herefor. Betog kT k?- """" '" ^^l" <«%"tly aniiom to waste The r ™. • ' ""^ ""' '" '«»>■ even if succe" , Zu d '^^k Th "" '"'^'^'^ "'"•^'>- f«i- A gtoup „i d:t:i2\ 'rsiarin'r ,"■? however, forced th^m Jnf^ ^"nusiasts in England, tions were Lnt ou unT T. '"' '"^ ^"^'•^' «^•■ search for a pa2e bt J Tr^'' ^"^P'^^ *« narratives of thrSpei^^J„Yfol^^^ ^^^ between the fur tradrpro^" ald^. '°T''"« ^'"^ concerned, ,ri;r----t^~! ;i so Bibliographical Society of America fying the enthusiasts, the effect was to direct a stream of mvective against the unfortunate compalv wS was charged by such peppery gentlemen TSr D^bs and Alexander Dal^^mple with deliberately suppresshL Countnes Adjoining Htuisan^s Bay is one of the iff knew that the passage must be there, and he devoted . Throughout the eighteenth century, and even earUer ^e co„,pany sent sevetal expeditio,2^'inIa„d ™ ,^^'^ the country, and induce the tribes of ,he inS to TheV.:'o "th '"•™ '° '^ '""^y^ ^'^ - ™U ihe tirst of these was that of Henry KeUsev in r/ the^arratiye of which is included in^^^^'st;' Keport of 1749. !„ ,y^ ^^.^^ J a journey rom York Factory to the count^of the Blackfeet, m the foothills of the Rocky MlnW and m 1772-73, Matthew Cocking covered almost th.' same ground. Hendry's Journal's puSilhed "n the The Literature of the Fur Trade ich >bs ig he bs a v, n n IS Transactions of the Royal Society for 1908; and Cock tne tur trade Even ;nore so, from this and other points of view ,s the narrative of Samuel Heame's remarkaWe journey from Prince of Wales Fort to the moTh of tt Coppermine, 1769-72. Heame's Journey is a dassTc comparable to Mackenzie's Voyases as tL L TT' ralue to the ethnologist. His spirited style is also in marked contrast to the dry narrative of mL^T c-toTSstitTstr:''?^"- U P rotsT ?h!% ■" U'^J ""■" " "^ "^^P'""! V - .v^e, .^^^rhLt:l:J~■-^r after readingit with deep interest'reume^ttherX; upon the express stipulation that it must be puS^ al^^ua"t, 'vSiufe'T;:^'"/"™'^ ■"^"■- « in DubUn fa ^7 A "'"■°" ^^ ^"^'^^'^ notes bvT B T n \'*P™'' ™* introduction and ^in^ • ■'■ ?-7>'™"' Ik' =4>lorer of the Barren Unds wdlbe ,«ued m rp.i by the Champlam Society ' Two years after hi. return from the Coppermfae Heame was sent inland to build a trading posHrTe Saskatchewan. The incentive to this move ^thCr 2.\' 52 Bibliographical Society of America of the Hudson's Bay Company-the first radical depar- ture from their century-long policy of masterly inactivity fTTlf /T''u "PP"'''^"'' "^ " S^°"P «f ^"^ traders from Montreal, who, not content with the opportunities afforded at Michilimackinac and Grand Portage, hid pushed on m the footsteps of La V^rendrye to Lake ^oTT f/r'*^-"^' -d the Saskatchewan, rl Jn" Saskatchewan they turned north to the ChurchJi, by way of Frog Portage, and succeeded n nterceptmg the western Indians on their way down the,^' h'^.Z ' '^' ^''P'^'^ "^^^^''" ^' they called fiUed 'th U . > 'I '"""^' '^'^ "^ '^^^^ territory fiUed the Hudson's Bay Company with wrath, but the thing was an accomplished fact, and nothing remained but to abandon their comfortable monopoly on the shores of the bay and fight the interlopers on the inland waterways From this time dates the rival^^ of the English and Canadian fur traders, a rivalry steadily increasing m bitterness, untU it finaUy cuhninated in the Seven Oaks affair, in which Governor Semple lost his life and which led to the union of the companies in x8.x These Montreal fur traders, who had faUen heir to nnV. !r^"'';^'^' ^""^ '""^^^ «f N^^ France, had umted their individual interests in the North West Company, m 1784. This corporation did not, however represent the total Canadian strength. Two powerful' merchants, John Gregory and A. N. McLeod, with a couple of western traders. Peter Pond and Peter Pangman. • organized a rival company, which also gained the suppor The Literature of the Fur Trade 1 bTthe h "'""' r' ''^ ^^"^^ ^^^^^^- This tTe f„rV^ ^^""'u^ "^ " "^'^^y «f "^^1 interests in unnrnfiVKt ' T'" '''' ^"'"'^"^^ "^ ^^ich it would be unprofitable at present to enter. It is sufficient fn mention that the most powerful of these sn^at^r^^ matrons was that known as the X Y Company, orgTSed m Montreal in 1795. and that all the Canadfan nLrests were eventually united in the North West Company From our present point of view, the most interesting anTMacf ^^"^ A^^^^^ ^- traders are aI "' ander Mackenzie and his cousin Roderick McKenzie by the double exploit of descending the mighty river that bears his name, to the Arctic, and making'the firs over- land journey to the shores of the Pacific. Roderick etrorlt :• '"" r" ^° ^^^^=""^ -terial fo an elaborate history of the western fur trade. This was Xedtv M '^ "'" ^°™P'^^^^' ^"^ ^^^ -terial gathe ed by McKenzie is preserved in the Archives of McGiU Umversity, and a number of the more important journals, written by such veteran fur traders as Wn i^raser, F. A. Larocque, Charles McKenzie, Duncan Cameron and John McDonald of Garth, have b en published in L. R Masson's Bourgeois de a CompaZ du Nord-ouest-an invaluable repository of matS bearing on every phase of the western fur trade Alexander Mackenzie's Voyages from Montrealthroufrk i^Cont^nent of North America was published in London in 1801; and a French translation appeared in 1802, in 1.1 i I 54 Bibliographical Society of America "■ three volumes. The story of this French version is worth telhng It appears that Napoleon I, seaXg for ways and means of reaching some vital portion of his irrepressible enemy across the channel, hit upon the ingenious idea of making a flank movement upon Canada Nelson backing the way to a front attack' Na;: eon had heard of the discovery of the mouth of the Mac theT' T /'f ''"' ^''' "^^^ «°"^^ °"' «f a lake ^ the heart of the continent, and he conceived the plan of sending a fleet to the Arctic by way of Bering Sea ascending the Mackenzie, and capturing Canada^fL:; the rear In order to make himself familiar with the geography of .he country to be traversed, he sent a trusty messenger to London, smuggled over a copy of Mackenzie's Voyages, and had it translated at ligh^Lg speed. Other more vital matters unfortunate^ iL^r fared wi h the briUiant project, but his countr^en were at least benefited by an exceUent version TZ Voyages. The inddent, if true, throws an interestLg light upon the character of the emperor. He waf Although no one has yet written the history of the North West Company, it certainly is not from lack of rnatenal, which is abundant both in print and in manu script. The latter ,s found chiefly in the Dominion Archives and in the McGill University Library The former covers the whole period of the British fur trade from Montreal. The earliest narrative is that of Alex ander Henry the Elder, whose Travels and Adve^res t Sr'v^f * ff -" ^-W wa. firs, published -ucU„„.]^t;;XLX.Tatl1ainTr An mteresting Memorandum of HeCr„„ a „" ^], -erhnd route .„ the Pacific is plTZlZl IZZt of c7Jil at Q^b^"^""' '"^ "'"■"""^ »"«'<-' ;53rr.".r^-:st:^ne ?^r.::rrc:i;hJ:-r;::rr ^oftSf-o-Ltr/sri i^Xptriri-rrhwesS ay L.ompany, and is remembered as the discoverer of the upper waters of the Columbia. He kent Tn e^borate series of Journals, from X784 to x 85^-00!" the amazmg period of 66 vear« Ti,^ • .^"~^°^^""g m .^SeTt'LS^ ," 1" P"*"'™ »« only ^^ut in.«.„c:d%r ^c„„'r or?Hrr .^rr Pl«c,y enveloM in a It^ New EnlS^r'' T" ism. One ha' ^^^ ^^ven- the Trade and S^fXTi '^ ^"^ ^^" ^^^^ Extend Bay. wS. an Apollt^h"^^ '^^°"' ^"^-'^'^ Apology for their postponing at present - Narrative; And S '"^ ^''''T ''^''''^ '« '" ^he the Lords and Comlnr ^''^''^ '' ^ ^^^'^^^^^ to as the FoundaSon Tr ; Ty '''"'''"^'"^ '''' ^^'^^^on, the Facts they Cp^paJ^o^^^^^ ="^"-y' and the Publick. L theWuture .T''' """^'^'^ ^^^^^r^ i«- "A Short Sta e oJ ["^"^« consideration." The other America. Claimed by th^ H d" "''I'''' ""' ^"^^^ under pretence of a Charge f fr e"" ^"' f ^™P^">'' Bounds or Limits, and aVlfuI v'e °t ."'^ "^''^°"' unbounded Seas and CounLT Sh! • f '° '^°^ of the said Grant, and the base th. T '^' •"'^""'>^ and the great bene". Rw. ^ ''^''^ '"^'^^ of it; those CouUs'TnVe't ntg^lh^ ^ '^ -"^ Natives by civilian, „H • ™^' amongst the industrious Subjects oJcrmi^rid'^,''*- "" tliere is of a Parliamentarv p„ ■ '■ ^ "" »««sity Rights and e,du"ve S^o^rT ■'°'° ""^ P"'™*d Con,pany, and Z^ZT^^^^cZ "^bt.f ' Countries may be settlpH «.-fk ! J ^^^^ ^^ose -detprope/Re^air'a^Xtlttt^ ^ ^T"^ open tlie Trade to all the B^Jhu T ' " ""^ ''>*'S ften., at the Publick e^f„^"f^"'^. ^"^ settling upon that Trade " Th,i? .^ * moderate Tax published at Lotdon ta fw Ma "' ""u' '''™^ "'« grow less! ^^' ^'•J' ">«" shadows never A brief working bibliography is appended to this paper. 58 Bibliographical SocUty, of A merica A Working Bibliography of the Western Canadian Fur Trade HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY, 1670-1821 tJited b> A. D. Scull. Boston ,Mc *' '° '*** Relation du voiage du situr Pierrr K.i u-j- js^nn^ee, .68. et .683 (with tran^'a^^o^^ cSrA^Xel ^'c^^Ti"/ Hud»:rC."T'"'?'a~rs pSJ\° ,. .• '"e countries adjoining Report from Committee. wWpSf 'LonH^n^""™"*'' 't""''"" '"4 Lond^oS:^^- "•^-""^ °' «=■* Ba^-tt-^-EdYylohn Barrow X733-7-d'./:r;';" Unr;.?!,''^ ^"-' '^-<'-« i„ Hudson. Bay. ludp's-ireth^r: .^Tf:,^°;/^'„^ln^^ '''«-««= "y U)ndon, 1748. '* *'' '" '"* ^^'P California," Captain Smith Bay."""""''; tlZllnt "s^^XMid'-'tto^'^Tr ^^^°"""« «""-'» upon Middleton's Defenc^ Mi^letoS's A ' w ° ' ^frT^i' P^^^^'^ ^'"^'^^ JiMiuiz. Relation du d^t^.» 2. j i^[' *"'' I^obbs's Reply. Recu^il de Voia^oauVrd. ^tste^^'m' '%^'' '•'«'«^"- ^"Bernard's , Kr^ir..'dK"^'''-^^tS^-^^^ ^"«^-. '^OS- Paris, 1772. * roTHEjUE. Histoire de rAm«rique septentrionale. Mr^lI^mvJS^fc'tl^""'^"";^?^^^^ Toronto. ,878. Toro^ir^l^------^-^^^^^^^^^ LondoS'fpi.?""""^- '''^""""""« H^tory of the Hudson's Bay Company RKKO. C. B.-'- Th^1ft'°^.^a! SXn'^^ChSr^'^r • NORTH WEST COMPANY, 1784-1821 Quebec 's^^.^- ^ vofs''"'^""' '^' '" •^°'"P''8°'<= ^u Nord-Ouesl. . don.?8fj" ""'' '''°«''=^^ °' ">•= ^^""h West Company of Canada. . . Lo„ I* The Literature of the Fur Trade .,«''"'■""•■'=""■» >>»'"• S,.„„, Had™'. B.y u,,j„; Tykwili. T r n-: t VT pui'ington, 1820. Toronto^TsM. ^^ ' ^"'' ^'''^"^'^ «' 'he Journeys of David Thompson Repo^°%"^"- **-°-' »' ^«'er Pond. .,85 In Canadian Archiv-s ^^^Memorials of tl,e North West Company. In Canadian . .hives Report. ,^a^^°"^VonAeTu:t on North West Trade I,, r. ^- . ,. 1888. ""' ^raae. in Canadian Archives Report 1896. ^"^^ Canadien .... jusqu'4 I'ar.nie 182! Montreal ^^T.CHt, Mgr. A. EsquissesueleNord-Ouestdel'AmWque. Montrea/ LondoHl?' °' °*^^"^"'^'" '" '''« ^"•li- Co ntries of North America. London",^6. ^""""'"' Respecting the Settlement upon the Red River. pany. '^ndS/iS-g: *'''P*'^""8 ">« Aggressions of the North-west Com- ^^^S..^. Sketch of the British Fur Trade in North ..men-ca. London Corner ?Lr ^ ^^'' - Q^ehe^oSe ^rte". 'ol^he N.rth West &o^». »-Ju?"!^T-_.V .;.• I-ndon. Cana'di^'K°r"^ Mo^ntreariS"*'*' °' "'' "'^'""^ «"'! ^radiiions of the l-.il 6o Bibliographical Society of America HIDSON'S BAY COMPANY, 1821-1850 Lond«n'**i8 '""" ""^ ^'*" ^""""'"^ °" '*>« Hudson'. Bay Company Bay S£jT.md. !^X' "'''''"'' ""■'■^•''"' ''■"'" "' '"' """-"•" IJALLANTYNE, K. .>t. Hudson's Bay. I^mdon, 1848. of Vmerii?'"''' ''T'^"" u^f\^'t' "' " ^■">'"-''" '" "«= N"'th-WMI Coast ol Amenta . . Trans, by J. V. HuntinKton. Redlidd, 1854. Cox. Ross, .\dvcnturts on the Columbia River London, i8u Ross, Alexande.. Fur Traders of the Far West. London, 185, ^ McLeod. Mauoim. Peace River Ottawa. 187J. ^ HEG(i, A. History of British Columbia Toronto, 1804. M^".?.."! •■ "v,"''""'y, "[ """■"''' C liimbia. San Francis■ L' J' ""'P*^^'- MANUSCRIPT SOURCES n.J^i^'' principal depository of original documents bearing on the Hudson's f lf,K '?"'^' ''"•' 'V' ^'^»'*'".^ operations in North America for nearl> tSd a ha f centuries, is he Archives of Hudson's Bay House. London. \?anu script journals and etters are also preserved at the principal p,«ts of the Company, such as Norway House. York Factory, Fort ChipTwyaTand For? Simpson Many important documents are also included in^theHH Ban- croft collection, m the University of California and th^'x''v"J?'m!i'' ^'"""^ "" "1^ history of the North West Company fn ,h I I ^"^P"."^ " P'''-'*""' 'n the Canadian Archives, at Ottawa- Mont c^ in'' ."h/rJ"""'"/- H"^^"• '" ""= ■^''^^'■''' "' ^'^<'"' UniverX Alontrea, n the Crown Lands department. Toronto; in the UgislaUve w!"",?' ^'."".'.Pf'-V.i^f^'^^'i^y °' the Manitoba Historical and Sde'tifi^ bociety; and the Legislative Library, Victoria cover matenal on the Hudson's Bay Company. Most of these sources also II ■ t ' .V