IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 ISia II I.I 2.5 1^ 1^ ■* 14 us ■■ 22 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 41 . 6" — ► m ■'^ W^ /a ^J^/ /A V 1 . nioiogmpmc Sciences Corpomtion ^^^ - ^^X"^^ A ■A? '%"''".*. ^'^'^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 <.^ ^A i?<^ '■ ^'/% t/j '/. CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Hist ical JVIicroreproductions / Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques Tschnicai and Bibliographic Notes/Notes tachniquns et bibliographiquss The to t» The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couieur I I Covers damaged/ D Couverture endommagde Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde et/ou pellicul^e I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque I I Colourod maps/ Cartes g^ographiques en couieur □ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couieur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) r~~1 Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ □ D Planches et/ou illustrations en cjuleur Bound with other material/ ReliA avec d'autres documents Tight binding may causa shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liure serrde peut causer dd I'ombre ou de la distorsion la long de la marge intdrieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela itait possible, ces pages n'ont pas AtA film^es. L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur axemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifiar une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m^thode normale de filmage sont indiqu^s ci-dessous. n*~| Coloured pages/ Pages de couieur □ Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes I ~V Pages restored and/or laminated/ L^ Pages restaurdes et^ou pelliculdes r~~l^ Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ \}LJ Pages d^color^es, tacheties ou piqu^es □ Pages detached/ Pages ddtachdes r^pKShowthrough/ I— J Transparence r^K Quality of print varies/ I — I Quality inigale de I'imprcision □ Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel supplementaire □ Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible The poss oft! film Orig begi the sion othc first sion or ill The shal TIISII whii Map diffc entii begi righi requ metl D Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been ref limed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont iti filmies A nouveau de facon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. PyK Additional comments:/ ULj Commentaires suppldmentaires: PAGINATION AS FOLLOWS: [1]-64, 57-139, i-xliv, xlvi, [1], xlviii p. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film^ au taux de reduction indiqud ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X ^ 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: IMetropolitan Toronto Library Canadian History Department L'exemplaire filmd fut reproduit grdce d la g6nArosit6 de: Metropolitan Toronto Library Canadian History Department The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la netteti de l'exemplaire ii\m6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol ^^> (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimis sont film6s en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmis en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symhole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, plan hes, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est filmi 6 partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■■^": , .'.-[.■rjrTMmjiB umm%mmmmKmmfmm0wmi«i-n«mrj,: ?/, ; < r> ADDRESS ON THE % MARITIME RIGHTS OF GREAT BRITAIN. By sir FREDERICK MORTON EDEN, Baut. .V, 'Tis better using Fiance than trusting France f Let us be back'd with God, and with the Seas*, Which he hath giv'n for fence impregnable; And, with their helps only, defend ourselves : In them, and in ourselves, our safety lies, shaksp. Hea. vt. 3d P«rt. .This ha. bcea the tdWce of every m.a who in any age undefttood and favoured the intereitefCBgland. Dr, JohDSon'i Note. SECOND EDITION. L()^^DO.Y: PRINTED FOR J. RICHARDSON, CORNHILL J AND J. BUDD, PALL-MALL : , 1/ X. curim H«';*afi, PiMhTrou^h-court, Fifii-tlreMt 1808. (Price Five Shillings J f»*(«««5'. iwr m^ ' '... -^-^-^G^t^.^ mi' )fi55 ABVER TISE ME NT, To this nexv edition of two tracts^ (on the Maritime Rights of Great Britain,) the first of xvhich was originally published in September last, and the second in November, is added a third part, offering some suggestions on the measures necessary to render the United Kingdom indepen- dent of other countries for the most indispensable articles noxv supplied by foreign commerce. To those, xvho expect a definition of our " Mari- time Rights^' it will be sufficient, briefly, to ob- serve, that they comprize the right of exerting the naval poxver of Great Britain, in destroying the military, commercial, financial, and other re- sources of the enemy; and that, consequently, they may prohibit all 7ieutral trade xchich appears calculated to augment those resources ; andxvill be fully justified in regulating the navigation of the High Seas accordingly. F. M. E. Pull-Mai/, iolh March, 180S, ERRATA. Page 12, litis 4^, from botiomjor inflection read infliction, ^'■^' "^^^> for Buonaparte read Bonaparte 6(3, 2d note for Parliament's read Parliamentary 107, line 6, omit the words to be. ' '''i ) l ^l ' jn '' !N ! i'r!l]'»iWW '! W jl ('J»g| | »W '<»«»»W> imr^Miimmjti fliction, Bonaparte Parliamentary i ADDRESS, &c. I I I: I i ii "W. mm m m . m}mm'-^m^wwi Address TO THE PEOPLE: ON THE MARITIME RIGHTS OF GREAT BRITAIN. (Part the first.) Among the many blessings which have fallen to the lot of this happy island, it possesses this singular advantage^ that, in periods of public danger, an appeal to the understandings of the people is suf- ficient to produce that union of sentiment xvhich i?t other countries cannot be created without flattering their prejudices. This is the result of the political education in which you all more or less participate. The British Constitution, from its very nature, leads you to investigate the various acts of govern- ment affecting vou either individually or collect- ively : and thus schooled, as you every day are, in A 2 .1; [ 4 ] - • the discussion of public measures; you may he ad- dressed ;is a th'nilung |)eoj)lc, who are not guided by the flashy passions of the moment in their com- mendations or their censure. Yew great national questions can be brought before you which you have not previously weiglied and examined: and the conseciuence is tint, as your estimate of dith- culties is usually correct, your excruons to over- come them are in general persevering. In taking a fair view of your present situation you will feel that the qualities, here ascribed to you, may be advantageously employed in averting those perils to which our colonies, our commerce, our naval power, and even the independence of the country, are exposed, from the secret machi- nations, rather than the open force, of the enemy. Never was there a period in which you were more imperiously called on to discharge the duties im- posed on you as a free, unconquered, high-minded, nation; but, be it also recollected for your com- fort, never was there a period in which you were summoned to discharge those duties, under cir- cumstances less calculated to distract your judg- ment or to fetter your conduct. All you do may, and must, be influenced by considerations only of moral right, self-preservation, and security. No complex theories respecting the ancient system of European balances, no scrupulous forbearance to pursue British objects which may interfere with con- iii ii' i « m' i w iii»w « , 'i i > i ii 4 ii;^ ^ |>)i)inj i l may he ad- lot guided their com- fit national A'liicli you incd: and Ic of diffi- s to over- t situation scribed to n avcrtinff commerce, ndcnce of ct inachi- be enemy. iVGve more duties im- li-minded, iouY com- you were mder cir- our judg- 1 do may, s only of ■ity. No system of arance to with con- [ 5 ] tincntal interests, no financial embarrassments at iiome resulting from subsidiary engagements abroad, no apprehensions of scarcity in conse- (]uence of a bad harvest, not even the murmurs of party ')()litic8, are now, in any degree, to be dread- ed as imj)ediments wliich shoidd arrest (as they too often have arrested) the progress of tlie country in her endeavours to maintain her dignity and assert her rights. France, undoubtedly, has ex- tended her power: but you possess ample means of defence which are peculiarly your own. Nor will the state of subjugated luirope appal you when you reflect under what circumstances its concpiest has been achieved by Bonaparte. Availing him- self of the talents, which it was the natural effect of the French Kevolution to call forth, he has in- deed con{iuered all the snrall states, and humbled the great monarchies ; most effectually humbled them by subduing the minds of their rulers; but had Austriansor Prussians eiiual inducements with Britons to hazard their existence rather than sub- mit to the invader ? In general, tliey remained indifferent spectators of the conflict : the fate of their country was decided by regular armies ; and (as might reasonably have been expected) revoki- tionary ability triumphed over ancient tactics. In free countries, a very diiferent, and more efficient, system of defence can be adopted : and in all, wliere a general feeling can be excited, th.e people may usefully co-operate with the army. Such W^m^^^^^^^^^^^ !..:> t 6 ] has been the cdse with Germany in former times • and two remarkable instances occur in the annals of the French Revolution, (the expulsion of the Whites from St. Domingo, and the six-years war of the Royalists in La Vendee and Britany,) to prove that men, associated by a common tie of in- terest, acquire p force of character, and powers of resistance to oppression, which military discipline alone cannot confer. It is, probably, owing to the operation of national sentiments that, on every occasion, during the late and present war, (as at Alexandria, and Maida,) in v/hich a fair measure could be taken of the military prowess of the two nations, the British legions Iiave proved their su- periority. 1^^ '4,' Neither will it escape your observation that, how- everhigh themilitary character of France may now be in consequence of her recent successes in the North of Europe, the conquest of England is not to be accomplished by armies alone. She must provide sailors; a race of men which cannot be disciplined for service as expeditiously as soldiers. We, indeed, do not find that good foremast men can be obtained for our navy but through the intervention of sea apprenticeships, an extensive coasting trade, fisheries, and colonies. It cannot, however, be doubted that Bonaparte, unchecked by past fail- ures to procure ships, colomes and commeyce, will henceforth direct hk attention to such men.nrrs former times ; r in the annals pulsion of the six-years war d Britany,) to mon tie of in- and powers of tary discipline , owing to the :hat, on every It war, (as at fair measure ^ss of the two >ved their su- iou that, how- ancemaynow cresses in the ;'Iand is not to : must provide 3e disciplined We, indeed, 1 be obtained ention of sea Lsting trade, however, be by past fail- ommeyce, will uch measures [ 7 ] of military preparation in France, aided by di- plomatic craft and commercial avarice in other countries, as may appear to be best calculated to, overthrow the remaining barrier which our naval power still opposes to his projects. Those pro- jects are, primarily and principally, his own ag^ o-randizement and security ; and, as a part of the System necessary to render that security perma- nent, the elevation of his relations and dependants to the rank of royal sentinels on those subordinate thrones which now form the outpobts of his em- pire. As far, also, as may be compatible with his principal object, he is desirous (and it is of impor- tance to the cause of Britain that you should be satisfied that he is so) tliat the nation, which he dignifies with the appellation of great and good, should be industrious, wealtb.y, nay every thing jjut— free. His internal administration evinces his intention to promote, among his i;ubjects, the progress of the various arts that are conducive to givitization. He knows the temper and the ge- nius of Frenchmen too well to think of converting them into anchorites or Tartars. Never will he check what is called luxury, (the supposed fore- runner of the fall of kingdoms,) by sumptuary law^s; nor strive to become more formidable, than he actually is, by encouraging the adoption of a primeval simplicity of manners and a contempt for social refinement. The Parisian and the Pro- vincial may still, in their drcas, their diet, and il rt f I [ 8 ] their dwellings, employ all the productions of the universe that are not tlic growth or manufacture ot any part of the British empire. With these views respecting France, his plans agamst you liave developed themsehes in a three- fold direction ;-.i« t/,e deem- for blockading the British kks ; in the scheme, not yet matured, of Northern confederacy; and in the system, long since begun, of American neutralization. The blockade is not, as too many have supposed mere angry language, mere in.perial thun.ler; full of sound and fury, signifying nothing." I'rance knows the nature of war too well to sanc- tion the existence of any comnierce that benefits us; and will not, even with her reduced marine al ow the sword, she ain.s at our heart, to be turn- ed aside by the cloak of neutralitv. Our merchants will find that in thus exercising this (it must be confessed, legitinute) mode of annoying her enemy, by confiscating vessels in which anj British produce or manufactures may be discovered she ,s not to be duped by the contLnces o ll me cal mgenu.ty; and it is to be hoped they will, at length, unanimously disdain to purcE Lcenees to trade by beeon,i„g citizens of Phi del- ph.a.K .ghers of Bremen; or to seek pl:t^. burgh and Kn.phausen. It is time they should .,.:aaa iuctions of the 31- manufacture ancc, his plans Ives in a three- blockading the 'ct matured, of Ucm, long since lave supposed, eiial thunder, 'iig nothing." > well to sane- that benefits luced marine, lit, to be turn- trality. Our cising this (it of annoying in which any be discovered, ances of corn- hoped they to purchase 5of Philadel- • seek protec- of Pappen- they should [ 9 ] feel that it is not degrading artifices abroad, but Vigorous exertions at home, that will give ultimate security to the sources of their opulence. They ought never to forget that it is only in fable that the mouse preserves the lidii from the trammels of the hunter. The machinations of France have more than once itared the many-headed hydra, northern neu- tralitv, against us. In 1 801 , we *' scotched the snake, . '' not kill'd it-;' in 1807 the potent spells of Tilsit have once more invigorated it ; but, ere we feel its bite, our gallant knights at Col^enhagen no doubt have crushed it for ever. But ^.merican rights, it seems, are the chief in- strumental means, relied on by France for annihi- lating our commerce and our navy together. The Americans, not contented v/ith the unbounded freedom of trade allowedtiiem in British India,(afree- dom which English private traders do not possess,;) not contented with the advantage which the cheapness of neutral carriage has given them, of supplying the British West Indies with provisions and lumber, (the last often carried by them from British settlements in America,) and with furnish- ing themselves, South America, and our colonics with Indian and German manufactures ; have now, after repeated insults to officers bearing his majesty's commission, and after receiving the flying B ' .■■ :l* > ml [ 10 j sliips of France in to their ports in tlie most friendly manner, at length denied to ours the common rights of hospitality because their commanders have successfully enforced the right of search to recover deserters.* It is remarkable that the • It certainly must he admitted that that part of his Majest/$ TrochivMlnn of the l()th of October last, which regulate, the mode oi reclaiming British seamen in tlie service of any foreign stale, has completely disentangled the question of the right to search neutral merchant-ships, from any extraneous matter rela- tive to ships of war J and that it is a liberal proof of the dispo- sitiorf of Great Britain to exercise her maritime power with tem- per and njoderation. Tiie proclamation cannot be misconstrued by any candid nnnd as the act of a government deficient in Vigour, when it is recollected that it proceeded from the advisers ot the expedition to Copenhagen, and the framers of the orders of the 1 1th November, for cnfordng (nearly to the full extent) the rneasure recommended i>. aese pages of interdicting all commerce between the enemy and neutrals. It cannot, however, be so readily admitted, that the proclama- tion IS, as many commentators have considered it, a complete abandonment by this country of a pretension which was both un- just and impoiitic. The practice of searching foreign ships of 'Aur for deserters has always been deemed to be conformable to naval instructions, and to be sanctioned by usage : and it does n..t appear, from any information before the public, that, in anv former case, a British otiker has been censured for this exercise ot Ins pov, ei. Scvt ral instances too, have been mentioned of the An,encan, t hcm.clves iiuving taken their seamen from the ships ot war ot clhor iv^tions. *^ It is. imicod true, that the new regulation will clear the ques- tion of tlw. right to search merchant ships from other matter if all discu.vsum ropccting the atlair of the deserters to the Chesa- peake can be considered to be now at rest : but if, having made reparalion to the United States for a supposed injmy.Great Bntam IS also to requne reparation from them, not only for shu t.n,^ thoir pons to our squadron., but for refusing to deliver u^. 1 1 3st friendly e common 3mmanders f search to ; that the his Majesty's regulates the F any foreign the right to s matter rela- of the dispo- er with tem- misconstrued t deficient in the advisers the orders of I extent) the ill commerce le proclama- a complete t^as both un- gn ships of formable to »nd it does tliat, in any his exercise oned of the H the ships r the ques- " matter, if the Chesa- aving made ury. Great ly for shut- deliver U]^ # [ n ] country, which treats Britain thus contumeliously, is a country rapidly rising in commercial opulence the deserters in question, when reclaimed from the civil j:o\ver in New Norfolk before the Chesapeake sailed, is it not apparent that much important matter must be debated, and that the ques- tion of searching merchant ships, although no longer connected with the question of searching ships of war, may very possibly b« entangled with the questions of expatriation, and the right of reclaiming deserters in any way whatever? As to tne right itself of searching ships of war, those who deny it have alledged that it is inadmissible, because a ship of war may be considered as the floating territory of the country ta which it belongs, and the entering it forcibly is a violation of national sovereignty. This modern principle of neutral publi- cists, if it can be applied with success to ships of war, will, very naturally, be extended; first of all, to armed merchantmen, and by a very easy transition to vessels of every other description. Indeed, the fiction on which it is attempted to be su{)ported, is applicable to all alike. We shall be told, that according to the true spirit of the English common-law, the United States are as much entitled to contend that searching one of their frigates for British deserters is a violation of their territory, as a plaintiff in an English court of justice is justified in feigning that a contract really made at sea was made at the Royal Exchange, in defiance of the opinion quoted by Blackstone from a grave civilian, that it is absurd, and is quite impossible for the ship, in which the cause of action arises, to be really in Cornhill. We may reply, that although this fiction is justifiable in law, 'j. ause the locality of such contracts is not essential to them, yet we cannot allow such a fiction, or any other analogies of municipal law, to in- Huence the consideration of maritime rights. The very circum- stance of locality, that is a ship's being at sea, essentially dis- tinguishes its character. In the harbours of neutral states, all vessels are protected from search. But at sea, the element on which anv subtraction from thf: force of Great Britain, must be peculiarly injurious to her, they roust all submit to the accustomed and reasonable exercise of her power. it uay be presumKu thai it is not the flag alone which is sup- ^R^^^TOSFI^W'wI*^ I .^1 ■■'i ■WB'. .' C J2 ] l>,y carrying coffees and sugars from the colonies ot our enemy to Europe : and is a country whose 1 vc,ll a'"' r "' '''f '"'™ " "^«™''' fl"S= but ,Lt thit Ion e , H -rr' u ," "^ "" '"'"• '^ ""'^ ^'''■"^ "'"O'^bility hiZ I M ' > 1" '' *"= "'"'""^ ""'^"'"' °» "■"«> niercliantac,, cc r „„ f '■ *;" "■""''"'■'' ""•'"■ ""= »''!"» »'■ "^^"l cffi- cc on vessels en>|.loj.ed in protecting the revenue. a.,d on priJ vate s „,s furn,sh«l with letters of ,„ar„„e. A. tl.e AlterL. os'siblv 7 ■I' -ur with the United States, the latter n.ay he r trnd,ng vessels to make reprisals : or why should thev not bml r:"'™!-'"";" f "'■^" --rcig„, Qn'een Elizabetl. , forming a navy from hned nKrcl.antinen ? or why not like the same pnncess «rant comn.issions to the commande" '„ , I'chamen, and thns protect them from being searched by t o"e P^rc "'T ;;■' """ """'= "''°™ "" J^'^^'- 'f-.ominale.pWcs a 510CK ot 72,000/. to be emp byed in shins pnH •' ^istretit::: : ^^z^, t; r'"""'"-"" " artion ^a« 1 II ';" "♦^"^ maiesty— and, because no creat '• utanTori vTf T' T" ''«'""P'i'''«<' »itho..t an fbso •■ Tet M 2?, -'"f ''''''' ^'™"'''' "" "-^ ««'""' of their ;'j..»"..n„;i:rrher:eXxi^^^^^^^^^ «olo ncs. wuhont being liable to be searched. ' doubted wheth r LI, /,/! • ;"■"' ''*"'"' "'»"* '«ve -Ura, vessels. IttLtor:^!^^^^^^^^^^^^^ '"AreeHy. ,„. .bere can be no doubt U,a. « Is t t 3^ ■I w».iitfMiiilM(|itlHlll>(W>«tiiMttlMi)i|tyyji»4i littM<«i4ll!|IW,ii!Ji)>it(,j|«tfe^,^»!»g, the colonies untry whose ing a ship into a, ; but that this lority from the fers inviolability (d merchantmen 5 of naval offir le, and pn pri- • the Algerincs the latter may B captains of loi'Jd they not 1 Elizabeth, in y not, like the iiders of tliei^ •ched by those liiiale, pirates ? I'he merchants d together and in ships and e East Indies, modilies— the ause no great ^out an abso- neral of their command and will naturally e'gnty to men nto Acapulco the enemies nnst be rccu- lligerent from theorists have able to detaiji ^ the en^niy ^ less within I I 13 ] : piincipul frontier is nearly two thousand nnies of sea coast; wliose revenue is ahnost A\li<.)!ly derived from custom house (hilics on goods im* ported, and whose navy consists of about a dozca friii'ates and a score or two of o'un boats. The leviathan of tlie ocean is conceived to be no less patient than powerful. INIost auspiciously, liowever, for Britain, the tinie is arrived, which may be considered as one of those golden opportunities, that fortune some-. the principle that the direct instnimonls of wnrfare (and what are inoiT so than \vcll-lraincd seamen?) shall not be tukcn away from one belligerent, than that the subordinate instruments, arms, and ammunition, shall not be sup))lie(l to another. As to the incon- venience of exercising the riylit of search to recover deserters, and the danger of conllicls between the armed shij)s of two na- tions at peace, tills objection would apply lo any right of search at all ; for there cerlainly is danger that many instances may arise in which a stout mercliantman will not permit a small na- tional lugger, or gun-boat, to examine her crew. 'J'he predona- nancy of the English navy is far more likily, by enforcing this right in the old way, to secure to the country ils seamen and its honor, with less ultimate bloodshed, than the diplomatic mode which must in future be resorted to, iinder the orderoof the prOr clamation ; if any naval otliccr shall think it worth his while to exert bis diligence in framing a state of fads respecting deserters from his ship. He will, probably, in most cases, consider thom as irrecoverable as men at the bottom of the Atlantic. The proclamation, however, has at least this negative merit; that it is a gratuitous concession, which may at any time be ie» voked by his Majesty's authority ; an authority whidi has not only solemnly declared that the just rights of the country shall r.»t7t»»- Jv> ciii'vuiwlprfi/l Kiif lirii hv 'A svit<>ni n{ unr>(tn\vncA] tnmiiir. f vinced a firm determination to maintain them. i ■ft, It lit M !»iMlitWite»rftw(»JU. i ;=( [ 1* j times presents in politics, which if neglected to be grasped will never again occur. One general system wdl, novv, meet the increasing difficulties to wh.ch we are exposed from France, from the North of Europe, and from America. We can only counteract Bonaparte's code of Continental Aggrandizement by a British code of Maritime Rights; a code, which, whilst it is founded on the principles of security and self-preservation is compatible with the purest principles of justice • and, m enabling us to carry on the war with' vigour, will open to us the portal of a secure peace. With this great ultimate object in view, you have, now, one plain open course of policy to pur- sue; to vindicate your right to the dominion of the sea, which the valour of British seamen has acquired ; and to prove that what they acquired 's not a barren sceptre, or empty title, invented by flatterers to gratify your vanity with the swelling theme of " Rule Britannia." Such in- deed It will very shortly become, if (as seems to be nearly the case at present) the captains of our men of war cannot make a lawful prize because they are not accompanied by doctors and proctors to expound th, laws of nations, and explain tfe mysteries of neutralization. Let it not be supposed that, with respect to Ainprica. the apserti^- "* nr •■• -• - ' "- "•■»';'""" yji uur Maritime Kigtjts i '^'^'^^^^*mmmtmmmmmmn^mm>«Mnmmmmmnmm}i I f neglected to One general ing difficulties nee, from the ica. We can 3f Continental ■ of Maintime is founded on reservation, is es of justice ; he war with secure peace. in view, you policy to pur- dominion of seamen has ley acquired tie, invented y with the •" Such in- ^as seems to tains of our rize because md proctors explain t^e respect to me Rights t 15 ] ■'0\s proposed in order to cut the Gordian knot of difficulties with that country by plunging her into a war. A few among you of ardent minds may, possibly, contend, in the language of Sir Lucius OTrigger, that, under the well-founded causes of complaint which the United States have given us, we should consider that " the quarrel is " a very pretty quarrel as it now stands." It will, however, be evident to the sober judgment of Britons that pusillanimous acquiescence in the in- creasing demands of America is far more likely to terminate in ruinous hostility than a temperate, yet firm, avowal of our determination not to permit any neutral whatever to paralize our means of annoying our enemy. The subject, it is hardly necessary to observe, is a very different one from that so frequently agitated, — the policy of our navigation laws : the question is not in what ships we should permit particular goods to be imported into, or exported from, particular parts of the British Empire; but whether, having the full command of the ocean, we ought to allow other countries to have any intercourse, by sea, with France, during the war. What better example can we follow than that line of conduct which, at the Revolution, precisely when our civil liberties were asserted and con- firmed, our great deliverer, King William, con- sidered as necessary to secure the naval ascendancy (t!^ mmi'^niA0i9f}^ I" t i ■•!' [ 16 ] of lUilon-i ? By Uic treaty of Whitehall, dated llif i'iLh of August l6By, it was declared " that ii, was ai>reed between '' the kinl«»*tW>'' dated llif " that ii. at i3ritain the course ig, prince, k, or liave f the most • shipping, the ports, ice of the shipping, asc ahove- ►y the cap- er subjects .ordsof the ler judges, s true that given up, ins of the lected that a vigorous , however, I a declara- extending , as well as vpe?fde72ciesy , (and con- rour safety, t. tlie abso- Mem el to [ 17 ] Constantinople, her predominating influence at St. Petersburgh, and her intrigues in America, would amply justify the ailoption of a measure for which the resources of Britain arc so well adapted. War cannot long be carried on without the concurrence of the people. " There must" (as My. Burke observes) " be not only acciuieseencc but zeal." That zeal, we may trust, has already been excited bv the well-timed operations in the Baltic. Ere this,* they probably have secured to us the key of that sea; and with this in our bands, or under our control, we may dely attempts of inva- sion from that cpiarter, preserxe a free })assage for naval stores destined for our arsenals, and (what f is, perhaps, of no less importance^ prevent France from obtaining them. The expedition is, indeed, above all ])rii;se when considered as an earnest of the sentiments of (lovernmenl respecting our Ma- ritime Riglits; and justilies the hope that they will, in due time, stake the salvation of their country on the maintenance of a system which recent events appear to have rendered indispen- sable. % To such a system, whilst under discussion, ol)- jeetions will be urged in every possible form. The press will groan with pamphlets to ])roveits impo- licy: traders, tattening on neutralization, will de- claim against its injustice : the opinions of foreign * 9th Sept. 1S07. C T! m^ .)if ii m [ 18 ] civilians mHI be quoted a-s paramoiinl law, winch we must not venture to clisreo-aid without .subject- ing' ourselves to the ban of mankind. A\'c shall be told that Britain is scarcely equal to the present conflict; that it is madness to provoke new twes ^ that America, once otlendcd, will by non-importa- tion acts make bankrupts of our manufacturers, and l)y non-ex]:>ortation acts starve our colonies ; that we shall be deprived of na^al stores; that peace will be placed at an immeasurable distance; that the war cxpenccs will be doubled; and the pre- sent taxes rendered unpro(lucti\c. To these, and similar, arguments, which will be addressed to the vilest passions of the human breast, your avarice and your fears, be your plain answer this; that you have great national interests to preserve, and are determined to hazard your existence rather than abandon them. The decision once made, the hand and the heart of the nation will o-o to<'C-- thcr. It might easily be proic-^ nom commercial and iinancial details that eve. ^ oii. tij principles of cold calculation (princij)les which are not now a])plica- ble to the question of war or peace) you would be gainers by the assertion of your maritime rights. The idea that we should continue our deference to neutrals in order to supply the sources of taxa tion is a mere bug-bear, that will strut and fret its hcuv upon the stage md then be heard no more. I i'pt!iit>!»iiiMmmm:irmsmihimxikmwmrjt,,i^,u^^^^^ , winch subject - i'e shall jjiescnt ^v twcs ; n})orta- cturers, )l()nic.s ; s; that stance ; :he pie- sc, and I to the avarice i ; that ve, and rather de, tlie f) togC" ial and of cold ])I)lica- )ul(l be rights, •nee to f taxa fret its more. •^7 [ 19 J The taxes raised on foieiajii consumers) by our cus- toms constitute a very insignilicanL portion of the public reveiute. Nor can America (lepri\e our manufacturers of the means of paying taxes with- out depriving her own citizens of the necessaries of life. " Opposuit natura Alpemque nivenHpie."' One hard winter would revive among them the Ann a Comm,ttecoftheIionseofCom„,o„s(made h Jter em of July) on the commercial St. te of the M OS mha Colonies, it is said that «' the distr of tl't- planter r, to be ascribed to one grand and j;--0- en, from which all the others:re:a:i! to be dcduce.l; nan,cly, the facilitv of inte; course bet.veen the hostile colonies .md J.:ur<,pe --.u ul to a m..Let, but at charges little exceed- ■"g.'ose of peace, while the British planters J-"-'!>"-d wun aii the inconvenience, risk and expence, resulting from a state of war" 'Xe Com,mttee add, that "the advantages, which <«.ecolomcs derive from the^ixat- . !>at prarcple which prohibited any trade f on '""'' --«■ on with the enemy/colol °:: ^ I ii u (( a (C u ^i miimmmmmkmmmmtm^iitiimmm utmmm^ »* ioii of a nv cliaii- c ascen- of tliat I'M home ')n] your erver of acts of p>oj3er lational fi'oin a icle the of the h'strcss k1 and easilv inter- 'urope Liis of Jce is :vvcd- . Iter is , and TJie h the m of from s bv , ^' neutrals during war, whicli the enemy himself ^' did not permit to tliose neutrals durini)- peace, " may be in pait estimated hy leference to a state- " ment of the imports into Amsterdam alone from )J *' the United States of America in t]]e year 1806; '' amounting- to 34,085 hogsh.cads of coffee, and "45,0^^7 ]ioo-s]ie:ifls of sugar, conveyed in 1211 " vessels :"^ and it is supposed [hut tlie joint im- ports of coffee and sug-ar by llotterdam and Ant- werp aie nearly equal to those of Amsterdam.* We may presume that allusion is made to our Maritime Rights by the speech from the Throne ^ (on the 14th of August) in which the King ap- I peals to his people '' to si]})port him in every mea- I '' sure which may be necessary to defeat the " designs of his enemies, against the independence " of his Majesty's dominions, and to maintain, " against any undue pretensions, and agrunst any " hostile confederacy, tliose^W rlg/Us which his " Majesty is always desirous to exercise with tem- " per and moderation; but which, as essential to i * It must not be infoned from this stateniont, lliat U,e imports , into Antwerp constitute an addilion to the iorei-n produce im- ported into Europe tinou-li Amsterdam or Rolterdam. Tlie probability is that a considerable p:iit of ihe import of colonial I produce mto Dutclj ports, aAeruards i;,rms a portion of the im- port mto France, particuhi. ly of the imports through those places which are on the northern fiontie'r. Of (i7,0()(),()00 h'vres, the gross produce of the French customs in 1 SOC, 26,<)U0,()0C), were colleclcil at Antwerp, Cieves, and Coiogne. m 'i w. "^ [ 2^ ] '' the honour of his Crown and true interests of '' his people, he is determined never to surren- '' der." It is not only in tlie expedition to tiie Baltic, that administration have acted up to tlie senti' ments professed in the Kings Speech. TJie Ga- zette of the 22d of August contains instructions to our ships of war to detain, and hring- in, after the expiration of six weeks, all vessels, tradini,^ under the neutral flags of Oldenhurgh, Meckleii'^ burgli, Kniphausen and Pappenhurgh, unless thosr, vessels be on a voyage to or from a British port. A similar spirit appears in an order respecting American ships, not built in America*. "^ From what has been staled respecting tlie nn- ports of Amsterdam, it is obvious that a consider- aole consumption of West India produce takes place on the Continent. J\[anufactures from In- dia and various products from North America and tlie Baltic, are also conveyed, by neutral carriers into the ports of France and of the dependant states which surround lier. The proper applica- tion, therefore, of our naval force, by checking these supplies, would afford the British colonists and manufacturers the fairest chance of enterino- the continental markets. 7hc people of France must, then, receive our commodities, or suffer bv IV' * Order I,9tb Aug. 1 807. I I i a in ' [ i iw i iw ijiipppppiii it^iriMmutitmmMtiMivi^ m>itii»Mitamu^4iiiit*-<»^^ [ 23 ] interests of to surreii- I ) tiie Baltic, ^ > the seiiti' . TJie Ga- ins tiuctions ig- in, after 'Is, trading' , jMeckleii" inlcss thosr. ritish port. ,' respecting 1 ig tlie ini- i consider- Uice takes from In- ner ica and il carriers, lepcndant 1' applica- cliecking colonists f* entering: )f France suffer bv privation : and it is only the pressure of war that will render them sensible of the blessings of peace. This pressure would be created by a measure that would, at once, destroy the foreign coasting and colonial trade of pur enemies, which, it appears from the Report above quoted, they still carry on in their own vessels, that have been mortgaged to the Americans during the continuance of the war, and are to be returned to the French merchants within a few months after ])eace is concluded. " The honour of his INIajesty's crown and true '' interests of his people" require that such a sys- tem should be put au end to. The question of peace must be preceded by the assertion of our ]\iarltiuie Jlights. France will, tlien, feel and suffer by tlic war. AVe cannot af- fect her by attacking her armies, or by combating lier iinances ; but the trident of the waves enaliles us to draw round her a magic circle, (as impassable as the land-belt which surrounds the king of Can- dy,) and to render her, during war, tributary to our merchants and manufacturers, for all the foreign produce v.diich she and her dependants may chuse to consume. Preserving thus, in war, the sources of our naval power, prosperous and inviolate, we need not, in future negotiations for peace, seek for British safety from a sine qua no7i in Sicily, or a Russian boundary in Istria. It will be sufficient to stipulate for such rights^ territorial, i ',; i',«i ^^i! imiAAiif^.. 0r [ 24 commercial, or political, as, in the event of any future war, will enable our marihme ascendency to display itself wirli undiminished splendor; and to perpetuate those advantages which it has ob- tained for the country'. V 0th Sept. 1807, I f- 5 i cnt of any iscencleucy ndor ; and it has oh- I [ 25 ] Sept. 1807. n (Part the second.) 1 HE measure, recommended in the preceding pages, of interdicting all commerce between the enemy and neutrals, will be found, not only to be justifiable on precedent as well as principle, but to accord with the general views of British policy, and to promise the most beneficial consequences from its adoption. The grand fundamental duty of the neutral is, *' that he is not to relieve one belligerent from " the infliction of his adversary's force, knowing *' the situation of affairs on which the interposi- '* tion of his act could have such a consequence :"* and two of the practical results of this duty have been that the neutral is neither permitted to traf- fick in any articles whatever, with ports, or coasts, blockaded by a competent force; nor to aid a belligerent by supplying him with contraband commodities. Np specific enumeration, indeed, of what articles are contraband has, yet, been ge- nerally agreed on : but it is universally allowed that the neutral must not interpose; although the opinions of different countries are, and probably * See P^Qbioson's Adtn. Rep. toI. IV. p. 126, I • 1 *' t y ■1 -I f .:.v i; I: I !J :'i [ 25 ] i'\ er wiil be, at variance as to what constitutes in- tt'iposition; and it seems to be no less consistent witli reason and efjuity, to restrain tlie neutral from any intercourse with the enemy that is cal- culated Lo support tiic " substance, sinews, arms, " and strength" of his miHtary power, — his colo- nies, connnercial marine, manufactures, or revenue, than to interdict the supply of those articles which arc innncdiately necessary or useful for the purposes of war.f Such general reasoning M'oukl have been fairly applicable at all times to justify the right contend- ed for; although it is a right, which, however conformable to the principles of legitimate war- fare, has, in point of fact, been seldom exercised by belligerents in its full extent. This forbear- ance may be satisfactorily accounted foi-. Europe, during the two last centuries, has consisted of t The reasoniufT of Puffendorf applies no less forcibly to the right contended for, tliun to the right of search : '* les An^lois *' peuvent dire sans absurdite qu' il leur est permis de faire tout •' ie :;ial qu'ils peuvcut au\ Francois avec qu'ils soiit en guerre, " ct par conseijucnt d'eiuploeir le moien le plus propre a les affoi- *' bill, (jui consisle r\ traverser ou cnipecher leur commerce : " qu'il nest pas iujte que les peuples neutres s'enrichissent k " Icurs depens, el, en attirant k eux un connnerce interrompu " l)oui- rAngleterro, fournisseut i\ la liance des secours pour " continuer la gucm. On ne doii pas souffrir qu'ils I'augmeut- « ent, li 1 occasion dc la guerre, au pr6judicc des Anglois." • Le Droit df la .Mature rt dta (jens,traduit par JJarbCj/rac, Liv. iJ C: ()', i i». note. > :^*Wi«NW*^*'««»<«*^^ [ 27 ] utes in- isistcnt neutral is caJ- i, arms, is colo- [jvenue, i which urposes 1 fairly )ntend- owever te war- crciscd brbear- -uropc, steel of y to the i Anglols aire tout 1 guerre, Ics affoi- mmerce : liissent k terronipu urs pour lugiueut- s." • Le -. Liv. s. I f^ } various independent states, whose interests in commercial matters, in general, depended so mtich on reciprocal accommodation, that belligerents, even in those wars which were undertaken for commercial objects, considered it to be sound po- licy not to enforce this maritime right against neutrals. In the wars, too, in which this country was engaged, although in many instances the con- tests were long, bloody, and expensive, it does not appear that cither party aimed at the compleat subjugation of his opponent. The state of Europe and the system of war are now wholly changed. There is now only one great substantive military power. The vanquisher of Austria, Prussia, and Russia, " bestrides the narrow world like a Colos- " sus ;" and threatens to overthrow the only re- mainino' barrier to his ambition. The continental boundaries of his western empire are nearly traced out. A few petty states, indeed, still remain to be annexed to it: Britain, however, cannot save them ; and her attention must, henceforth, be turned from the consideration of their subordinate interests to the providing for her own security. Indeed, the public voice seems in unison on this theme ; Sermo oritur, non de villis domibusve alienis; sed quod niagis ud nos Pertinet, et nescire malum est, agitamus. That the system of w^ar is changed, and that the I of our implacable enemy is not the mere i I] 1 t\ « '^ '*■: i 1 1 i rff^H /■■■» m ^^1 ■Ill i- f [ 28 ] aggrandizement of France, but the absolute con- quest of England, is unequivocably demonstrated both by his language and his actions. The thought is ever uppermost in his mind, and breaks forth amidst " the pomp and circumstance" of continental victories, at periods when, it might be supposed, military glory had afforded it full employment. Whilst capitulating Austrians file off before him at Ulm, he sighs for « ships, colo- " nies, and commerce ;" and, whilst his legions are desolating Prussia, he issues his edicts from Berlin, that Britain shall be excluded from any further intercourse with the Continent. « In " truth," (as the author of the "Dangers of the ''^ Country" justly observes,) *' it is impossible " that he should ever cease to regard our subju- " gation as the first and most necessary part of " his policy. His throne cannot be stable, while " civil liberty remains unsubverted in any part " of Europe; and though freedom is every where *' the object of his hatred and dread, yet it is par- *' ticularly terrible to him here. With such a " neighbour as the British constitution, he knows " that his military despotism can never cease to *' be invidious and odious in France.'** Il Nor are the plans of Napoleon against England, and the altered state of the Continent, the only P. 81. ^t»M«.(»^-tM''Ju;iVtMi':ffiiitt«4«,V^ii^!itMi« te con- .strated The d, and stance'* might it full ms file , colo- egions 5 from m any " In of the ossiblc subju- art of while ' part where s par- ich a :nows 56 to :land, cnly [ 29 ] points to be adverted to in the consideration of the proper system for this country to pursue in her present situation ; a situation, whicli, it must be recollected, is, (as the French Exposes vtxy truly denominate it,) a maritime war. Other political changes, no less important in tlieir bear- ings on the present contest, than the changes already noticed, have taken place within the memory of man. Previously to the American Revolution, tea, sugar, coffee, spices, tobacco, cotton, furs, and various other products of Asia and America, (pro- ducts which may now be considered as necessary ^ articles of food, or manufactures,) were obtainable only by the intervention of European trade. They were all imported in European vessels, t and, by far the greater part, from European colonies; the most important of which belonged to Great Britain, Holland, France, and Spain ; and the trade with those colonies was almost wholly carried on in vessels belonging to the mother country. In § wars, therefore, between these powers, the inflic- tion of the enemy's force was severely felt by the colonies of that belligerent whose maritime force ■was unable to protect them. But the possessions of France in North America, which furnished het West India islands with some part of the provisions + That is, in vessels belonging to the subject* of European ftates. m m 1 , ■III i m > [ 30 j and hinibcr tlicy required, having been conquered by (ireat Britain, and the Enghsh colonies in Is^orth America, which supplied still niore co- piously both provisions and lumber for our sugar islands, having been declared independent, a mate- rial alteration has taken place in the conuncrcial relations between Europe and the M'est Indies. Jov the accommodation ot^ those colonies, and in consideration of an ccjuivalent return, the United States have been i)ermitted, by a relaxation of our maritime code, to continue, under certain restric- tions, a trade, which they had formerly the right as British subjects to enjoy in its fullest extent. I3ut if they are to claim the benefit of the ancient maxims of war, assented to by us with reference to the ancient state of Europe and its ancient relations with her colonies, they must place them- selves in a situation to which those maxims will apply. 'J'his however is impossible : a new order of things has arisen to which they must submit. Their establishment as an independent maritime sjtate, au'l their vicinage to the French colonies, which can thus obtain the means of existence, and of transmitting their produce to the mothev country, justify Britain in revising her rules of warfare in such a manner as may render them as efficient for asserting her rights as they were iu former periods, when the Continent consisted of various independent states, whose commerce with all parts of the world w^as carried on under Euro- pean flags. I ■■mmm»mima:im>itmmit .s. ■■ [ 'o\ ] The other change to be adverted to, is one, which (most fortunately for the interests of Bri- tain at the present crisis) has taken place in niaii- limc aftairs. Itoiti contendino- on nearly e(iual terms with the fleets of France, during the ingluri* ous i)eriod of the American war, she has become the mistress of the oceai^, by a scries of naval^ triumphs, not more brilliant in their display of British valour, than decisive in their destructi\'C effects on those means of annoyance, which the enemy ajjpears most anxious to augment, as the best caU-ulated to insure our fall; and the vigorous policy, which lias placed the Danish fleet within our harbours, has extinguished the best hope of Trance of assailing us from the North.* It is probably no exaggeration to say that the British navy now exceeds, in the actual number of ships of war, as well as in efficient force, the aggregate amount of all the navies in the world. Napoleon, however, still perseveres in the con- struction of fleets, being fully sensible that he shall derive fronr the acquiescence of Britain in the en- croachments of neutral commerce, all those mari- time advantages which are essential for the establishment of a naval power: beseems to be convinced, that, in deference to the clamours of * Since the above was written, the escape of the Prince-Re- gent of Portugal from Lisbon lias equally extinguished the hop* «f using the Portuguese fleet in assailing us from the South. :'!i'1 'if I :1 ; i; it til. ! Mi' [ 32 ] neutrals, we shall continue those relaxations of the vigorous system adopted by our ancestors, which have already proved so injurious to our commerce and our colonies; and probably anticipates the ^facility with which the rule of 1756 (which was suificicn'. before the emancipation of America to maintain our belligerent rights) would now be evaded, from the plea, to be asserted by the United States, that, even under that rule, they are entitled to carry on an accustomed trade with the West Indies. The principle, however, that neutrals shall not interpose to protect those national resources of the enemy, derivable from colonies, commerce, or revenue, which furnish the means of raising fleets and armies, on which only that rule is defensible, sanctions the adoption of a more extended rule: extended indeed, according to the new circumstances in which belligerents arc placed ; but directed to the same object, the pre- vention of unwarrantable interposition. It was in this principle, no doubt, that the rule of 1756 originated, " that a neutral has no right to " deliver a belligerent from the pressure of liis " enemy's hostilities by trading with his colonies " in time of war in a way that was prohibited in " time of peace," under which the prize courts of Great Britain in the seven years war condemned all vessels and cargoes engaged in the trade with French West Indies; a trade which they considered it a of the which iimerce :es the ch was ;rica to [Q\v be United ntitled 5 West eutrals ational )lonies, eans of lat rule I more to the ts arc iie pre- iie rule ght to of his jloiiies ited in urts of emned B with iidered I I [ 33 1 io be unwarranled by the rights of neutralily, althougli the property captured might appear to bclon"- to neutrals. This rule, it is obvious, was a inodiHed exercise of the belligerents' right: the principle on which it is founded, being " that a *' neutral has no right to deliver a belligerent iwm '' ihe pressure of his enemy's liostililies by tradiug *' with him, or by any other contrivance whatsu- " ever." The rule, therefore, of 1756', however admirable it may be, when contrasted with subse- quent orders, is a relaxation of the belligerents' right. During the American war our maritime code was " sicklied over;" and, on the ground that France meant, as a permanent system, to admit neutrals to trade with her colonies, a very general relaxation of the rule took place: but in the war of 1793 the rule was re-established by the instructions issued that year to shipsof war and privateers, '' to bring *' in all ships laden with the produce of any French *' colony, or carrying to them provisions or other " supplies." This order, however, was revoked in January 1794 by instructions, directing only " the bringing in of West India produce coming directly from the French islands to any part of Europe:" and in 1798 a further relaxation took place; the new order being " to bring in ships *' laden with the colonial produce of the enemy, '' coming directly to any port in Europe, not being E <( 4i m !>tl iil ^1 I » t 34 ] " a port of Great Britain, or of the country to *' wKidi such ships, being neutrals, belonged.'' The instructions issued in June 1803 were no less indulgent to neutrals. They say that, '^ in con- *' sideration of fhe present state of commerce, his " ?\lajesty is pleased to direct the conmianders of " shij)sof war and priv^ateers not to seize any ncu- '' tral vessel carrying on trade directly between " the colonics of the enemy, and the neutral " country to which the vessel belongs, and laden " with the property of inhabitants of such neutral " countr}-; provided that such vessel does not, on " her outward voyage, supply the enemy with (( contraband, or trade with a blockaded port." J f '■\'<\ IMany of the ill effects of these relaxations of the rule of 1756 have been detailed in the Commons' Report, 'already noticed,) respecting the West India Trade. They have not only been injurious to the property of the West India planters; but to the Eritish fisheries in America; to the trade be- tween British America and the West Indies ; the trade between Britain and the West Indies; and the West India free port trade ; in wliich last the Americans have supplanted us in the supply of the enemies colonies with European manufactures, most of which, instead of being manufactures sent from this country to those free ports, are the manu- factures of Brabant, Holland, Germany, and r i [ 35 ] Russia, and arc exported directly from those coun- tries to America.* The rule of 1756 was rendered, by the state of the colonies at that time, and the relative situations of the belligerents, completely efficacious. Canada belonged to France; and its exports to the West Indies, either in fish, flour, or lumber, were kiAvful prize: and the other parts of North America, wliich could furnish those articles, were under the control of Great Britain. Nor could the European neutral states, had they possessed any considerable quantity of exportable produce in lumber or provisions, have pleaded the right of accustomed trade, to justify their interposition in relieving the French colonies. Some advantages, indeed, were derived by those colonies from their intercourse witli the Dutch island of St. Eustatia; But it appears from a memo- rial, (which Smollett has recorded in his history,) addressed to the French commander in chief by the French officers in ]\Iartinico, that the island was reduced to great distress in the third jear of the war (1758).t "They represented that the * See more parliculaily the evidence of Mr. Inglis. Rejwrt on the Trade with the JVest Indies, p. 5?. t It is not easy, from any documents Ijefore the public, to as- certain with what degree of vigour the rule of 17^0' was enforced during the war: the fluctuating state of piirty politics at home, probably, in some degree, influenced its operation. If the pre- sent crisis should lead to the publication of oihcial accounts of the maritime system of the dift'erent admin istratious iu tiie seven i I ■\ ii» m E> *> 3 I' -5 i I? 'U ■ V [ 36 ] ** trade with the Dutch was heconie their .>ole dc- " pendente ; that they could expect no succoui' '' from Europe, bv which they had been abaudoncd '• ever since the coinniencement of the war ; that " the traders vested with the privilege of trafllck- ■' ing amonp- them had abused the intention of the " general, and, instead of being of service to the " colony, had fixed an arbitrary price for all the " provision which they brought in, as well as for *' the commodities which they exported : of con- *' setjuence the former was valued at as liigh a '' price as their avarice could exact, and the latter " sunk as low in value as their own selfish hearts " could conceive: that the colony for two months " had been destitute of all kinds of provi5ion ; *' the commodities of the planters lay upon their " hands ; and their negroes were in danger of *' perishing through hunger; a circumstance that " excited the apprehension of the most (lrca «« fort , " necc •-!«>i*iiSh!i'irH.T i [ 37 ] *^ salt in their liouses ; that there was an irrepara- <' ble scarcity of slaves to cultivate their land; " and the planters were reduced to the necessity •' of killing their cattle to support the lives of " those who remained alive; so that the mills *' were no longer worked, and the inhabitants " consumed before hand what ought to be re- " served for their sustenance, in case of being *' blocked up by the enemy. They desired, there- *' lore, that the general would sujjpress the per- " n issions granted to particular merchants, and *' admit neutral vessels freely into their ports, *' that thev mioht trade with the colonists unmo- *' lestefl and unrestrained. They observed that *' tlie citadel of Port Royal seemed the principal " object on which the safety and defence of the *' country depended; as the loss of it would be *' necessarily attended with the reduction of the " whose island : they, therefore, advised that this *' fort should be properly provided with everything " necessary for its safety and defence; and that magazines of provision as well as ammunition should be established in different quarters of the 'island."* (( <( This deplorable situation of Martinico, which may fairly be ascribed to the operation of the rule of 17^6, was the more remarkable, as France still ♦ Hist, of Eugliiivcl, vol. V. p. 2, 8vo edit. [ 3S J : Hi] i!ii possessed her North American proviiiccs,| whilst her numerous cruisers were distressing^ our trade,.]; and her powerful fleets were contending- with the British squathons for the sovereignty of the ocean. § If the state of Martinico and Guadaloupe in 1807 were compared with their state fifty years ago, it would a})pear that, although separated from the mother country hv a sea, on which not a single French man of war can he found, they owe to British complaisance the means of importing, through neutrals, all they want, and oF exporting all they can sell. Far from being ijnpoverished by warfare, both these islands are more flourishino* than they were before the French Revolution, not only in produce, but in population; having, ac- cording to official documents, doubled their num- bers since the year 17S9* War is to them the t Quebec was taken in the laller end of I j::C), I The whole number of British ships taken by the enemy be- tween the 1st of June, 1756\ and the Islof Jnnc, 1760, is stated at 2339 : in which period the Brilisli cruisers captured .944 ves- sels. Smollett, B. 3, c. 13, §. 14. § They had, in Europe and Asia, above 50 serviceable sail of the Une. The Toulon squadron of La Clue (who was defeated by Boscawen in Aug. 17.59) consisted of 1 9 sail : and the Brest Squadron, under Conflans, (who was defeated by Hawke in Nov. 1759,) amounted to 21. Apche commanded 1 1 sail in the East Indies. Smollet, B. 3, c. lo, §. 47, 51, c. 12, §. 6. * Extract from the Moniieur, in the London Newspapers of the 2d and 3d of September, 1805. I t. h > m ,| whilst r trade,.]: with the of the loupe 111 iy years ted from :h not a hey owe sporting, reporting" islied by urishing [ion, not •ing, ac- eir num- hem the enemy be- ), is stated .1 .944 ves- ble sail of ts defeated the Brest ke in Nov. n the East spapers of I } [ 39 ] assurance of prosperity ; for as dearness and cheap- ness are relative terms in commerce, although it costs more to bring sugar from Marlinico or Cuba,* by America to Euro})e, than directly from those islands, yet the extra war-charges for freight and insurance sustained by the British exporter of suo-ars to the continental markets, render the conveyance of sugar to Europe through British, twice as expensive as through American, ports.f The ex-minister Talleyrand, if he should again turn his attention to the consideration of colonial policN' will, probably, not omit to contrast the thrivin"- trade of his master's sugar colonies with * Cuba is stated by one autlior to have doubled its cultivation ill the last war; (see War in Disgiiine,) and by another to have increased its produce of sugar from 10,000 hogsheads in 17<;2, to 14(),0()() hogsheads in I8O6. (See Spence's Radical Cause of West India Distress.) t See Report on the Trade with the West Indies, p. 1 3. Charges of freight and insurance in the year 1 8O6. £. s. (1. From British West Indies by London to 5 Fr^'ig'^t 14 Holland I Insurance 4 10 13 10 From Foreign West Indies by the United j Freight 7 G Statgs to Holland ( Insurance 2 5 9 11 Difiltrcnce 8 U From British West Indies by Tendon to the ( Freight 10 Mediterranean,, < Insurance G . 1 S From Foreign West Indies by the United < Freight 9 6 States to tlie Mediterranean ( Insurance 4 13 6 Difference.... 12 6 81 PI [ 40 ] the following description, given Uy an p'r'nent merchant to a committee of the House o n- mons, of the present state of our West India con- cerns ; :- i r -11 !•{■ m << <( *< tt it a "ar lias been exported from this country since I7iy2 than in former wars. Various complex causes no (lonl)t have influenced the export; but it is singular that periods of particular relaxation, during the last war, have been periods of dimi- nished export. Tlie war in 17.93 connnenced auspiciously, with good old English instructions to capture all produce coming from the enemy's colonies ; and in 1 7.04 the export doubled, llelaxa- tion took place; and the next year the export fell off. Through " the dexterous and firm sagacity " of English enterprize," it gradually recovered it's tone, till 17D8, when another relaxation of orders took place, and in the following year the export was reduced one half ■^i [ 4J ] An Account of Sugar impor into (ireat Britain, in the following period led from Ihc West Indiii Colonics in uid exported, the sunie periods, to Ireland and other parts, expressnig I Im Su"ar in cwls. after reducing the rciincd n.lo nm'. w the principle of 3 1 to 20. (From the Ueport on the Wet India Trade.) PERIODS. Annual Average of Five Years to Annual Average of Six Years to inclusive (lillo ditto ditto ditto O Cwts. 1,579,.537 2,021,3'25 3,389,134 EXPO IIT I'D. To Ireland Cwts. 1133,796 'i 18,993 i:.7,'il7 l4U,t;V6 145,480 To oUicr Parts. Cwts. 3j4,434 8'?,9'^i i;)7,.^l3 496,07.^ 1,0j8,33() Total. Cw ts. 4S8,'230 ;■,()!, 9 ir> 3 14,7 JO t)J6,72l 1, '203,8 1 6 An Account of Sugar imported from all parts into Great Britain in the following years, and exported. Y'EARS. 1791 1792 1793 1794 179.5 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 ISO.*} 18U4 1805 1806 Q W O Cwts. 1,813,192 1,989,230 2,194,726 2,519,181 2,151,272 2,240, 'i99 2,139,887 2,699,864 .3,390,974 3,164,474 3,976,554 4,297,079 3,185,894 3,248,306 3,178,788 3,815,175 EXPORTF.U, -^N_ To Ireland. Cwts. 141,639 1 17,254 154,275 163,743 168,264 144,446 208,343 176,325 211,185 .'^58,775 122,611 182,896 151,639 162,728 166,028 134,802 To otlier Parts. Total. Cwts. 409,9!»1 627,637 517,629 1 ,029,787 814,932 686,238 86(),164 1,223,312 618,537 1,657,55'i 1,202,769 2,046,768 l,693,28i 1,103,937 1,102,685 1,013,435 '' . I [ 4C J It IB not only for supplying the enemy's colo- nics with articles necessary tor their existence that siiips arc freiglitcd tliither from the United States. Ilaj)pcarsfrom the Admiralty Reports that ships of war have been exj)orted and sold in the enemy's ports; and it is highly probable that neutral inter- course has much facilitated the ecpiipment of the numerous privateers which annoy our trade in the AVest Indies. Naval stores, indeed, as a cargo, arc contraband ; but every neutral vessel being allow- ed for her own use a stock of gunpowde*-, pitch, spars, ropes, and other articles, the aggregate surplus supplies which neutral ships (for instance, 521 1 Americans which entered the ])ort of Amster- dam last year) might convey to the enemy under the present system, must be very considerable. If precedents be necessary to justify a measure, founded on tlie principles of reason and equity, and essential for our preservation, precedents may be found not only in the history of Great Britain, but in tliat of Holland, at a period when she was 3iot less interested, or less able, to assert her bel- ligerent rights than this country is at present. As early as the second year of Edward the Third (1328), in a charter of privileges to foreign mer- chants, " an instrument, which," Lord Liverpool observes,* " may well ])e considered as a sort of * In his Disco7irse on the Conduct of Great Britain retpcci ing mutral .\aiions, publishtd iu 17:17. " mariti r <' to dii . <* this n firmed, i carry tli ^ kingdoT 4 except being a ill the si same m both th no trad enemy. > I Nor notice 1 to the British (( <( 41 (( <* Spai " tow: " Lisb " tlie • con iy\s colo' ence that :d States, t ships of enemy's ;ral inter- tit of the (le in the argo, arc ng allow- e»', pitch, ggregate instance, Amster- ly under ahle. measure, lity, and > may he Britain, she was her hel- nt. As c Tliird gn mer- ivcrpool I [ 47 1 ^ " maritime regulation by which England meant «' to direct her conduct at that time on afl'airs of <' tliis nature," the liberty oF navigation was con- firmed, and foreign 'uerchants were allowed to carry their goods, whether purchased within the kingdom, or not, to any country they ])leased, ( xcept to the King s enemies ; and, some olfences bcino- afterwards connnitted against this charter in the succeeding wars, it was again renewed in the same manner in the sixth year of this reign. In both these instances the exception is exi)rcss that no trade whatsoever should be permitted ^\ ilh the enemy. n respect I.. 1 Nor are these the only instances deserving our notice on the subject. We may, from a reference to the annals of a reign, which the exploits of the British navy liave pecuUarly distinguished, " In plcasiiic; dreams the blissful age renew, *• And call lirilannia's glories back to view ; *' Rehold lier cross triumphant on the main, " The guard of commerce, and the dread of Spain."* " When Elizabeth was engaged in war with Spain she seized several vessels of the Hans- tovv'ns which were entering into the port of Lisbon ; and she urged, among other arguments, the charter above mentioned in defence of her conduct: she was in this respect so satisfied of <* i( a u * Johnsons London, ';i' i\ ' n im m [ 48 j " tlie justice of her cause, that the threats of the " Ccrniaii cnit>Ire,* and otlier neutral powers, could *' not ohligeher to relinquish her right."! Such was the conduct of two English princes wlioknew how to assert their rights, and who ruled 1 their people witli glory. INIay the reign of his present ?kJajesty (which has already in duration ex- ceeded that of Elizaheth, and will, we hope, exceed ■ that of Edward) consolidate the invaluable rights which those monarchs assevted, and the naval ascendency of Britain still enables her to main- tain! — ^lav the vigour of the nation be .irected, I/O * The slates of Gcniuiny have, once more, been enlisted, or rather impressed, into the service of the eneniies of Britain, and niav be ex})ectcd to declaim as loudly against the assertion of onr nraiitinio rights, as tlie Iiiied writers of the Spanish monarch did, two ct'.ilnries ago, against the conduct of Queen Elizabeth. Lord Liverpool remarks that the virulent answer from Antwerp, a city under the dominion of Spain, to the Queen's declarations, " seemed to be wriUen (says Thuanus) per hominem PhiHppi " partihus addict nm, non lain pro libertate navigationis et in " Gernianornm causfi defendendA quam in llispanornm gratian^ " et ad rogiaa^ nomen proscindendum." ^Ve may truly repeat the eonnnenl of ihe noble author : " this case need not be coni- " j)are j willi our omu at present : the resemblance is too " obvious." t " It is remaikable that Mons. de Thou, who was himself a " sreat lawver, and had long sat in the fnst court of judicature " in France, even when he blames the conduct of the (pieen hi " this all'air, passetli his censure upon it not as defective in jus- " lice but only in policy : in lam alicno tempore (says he) rerum " prudentiores existinrahaut imprudenter factum esse a reghiii ab " A.nali^." S.pe Lord J AVfrvooly. Discourse, i ?ree rpooV. t a tt ic a ti iC it t( is of tlic CIS, could 1 I princes I vho ruled J) rn of his H ration ex- \ D, exceed )le rights he naval to niain- arected, enlisted, or Britain, and Mtion of our lonarch did, 1 Eli/abelli. ini Antwerp, tleclaralions, em Pliilippi ilionis et in rnm j^ratiani truly repeat not be eoni- ancc is too as himself a if judiralure he (pieen in •tive in jus- ys he) reruni I a reginil ab i #* I [ 49 ] Cfe it be too late, to the overthrow of that insidious system which France has encouraged neutrals to contend for ! If we pusillanimously permit that system to be confirmed, we shall, as the animated Sulpicius predicts, " lose all title to pre-eminence and all claim to national distinction; the memory of our past triumphs will serve only as an addi- tional reproach to the humiliation of that moment ; and, instead of the unshaken confi- dence with which we now withstand the aggressions of nations leagued against us, we must receive the yoke of France, and submit in despondency and shame to the ruin of our once free, glorious, and happy country." ti «.; 3ritaiiiy of neu- wer all ; objec- tion it- nrcum- onduct Df that rdinary i under iussions [ca and cations govcrn- matters cknow- labours 5, must he lead- jh have le of the them, and iee Lord ^tailed by lobinson*9 t 57 ] been in office during the present war, (however they may difler as to the particular measures to be adopted,) that, under our present extraordinary circumstances, extraordinary remedies are neces- sary. May they cordiajly co-operate on the great point of asserting the maritime rights of their country I It would not he difficult to shew that, in con- ducting the war on maritime principles, with a view to British objects only, Britain may reason- ably expect a more successtul termination to the conflict than she could hope for, when allied with feeble or faithless governments, whom she must subsidize during war, and consult in making peace. The First Consul's opinion, that England could not cope, single handed, with France, will, we may trust, be abundantly confuted, in a war which, it is probable, must now be carried on against confederated Europe, and possibly against Ame- rica also. The acquisitions of Great Britain in former wars, appear to be peculiarly important, in a military point of view, for prosecuting a maritime war. Gibraltar, Malta, the Cape, Ceylon, and various other foreign ports, are now of inestimable value, both as means of defence and aggression. Great Britain herself, lying alongside the Continent, is H ■ i » . Ki- i V i t 58 ] enabled tioiii her position to employ her resoiirced more ellectualiy for the annoyance of the enemy, than she otherwise conld do. In the consideration of the advantages which this position affords her, she will probably not overlook her ancient rights of dominioii in the British channel, a station, over which the crown of England has, from very remote anticpiity, always asserted a special jurisdiction* : a jurisdiction which is, to the full, as justifiable as that asserted by Denmark over the passage of the Sound, or that claimed by Turkey over the Dar- 4anelles. Let the government model our maritime code sifter the precept contained in two lines, which arc inscribed, or said to be inscribed, on the great gun at Dover Castle, called Queen Elizabeth's pocket piece ; " If you '11 load me w ill, and keep me clean, <* I 'il carry a ball to Calais green :' ." and tliat code will, most assuredly, prove sufTisient i\n- the niairtcnance of British rights, not only in the narrow seas, but on the main ocean. It will be seen by the annexed accounts re- specting the trade of Great Britain with the * See Sir Win. Scott's Judgment in the case of the Swedish Coiivoy, in Robinsons Admiralty Reports. iV I 59 ] Uaited States*, that the only article uflported, the tos of which would be of material consc.,ucnce to Seat Britain, is cotton; but. if; the A.™ .should be prevented from cxportmg * ^o ^ , there can be no doubt that enough of t dl u. its way into this country U .s f^^^"^^ remark, with respect to the export ot ^ nl „ Lfa'ctures to the United State, that U a W t wholly consists of indispensable articles of duss which they will not be able to procure from any ' Aer CO nlyH-. These accounts are important ur rrpioWiew:tlK.yshcwtheg.ata^.c..v „,odation which the commerce oi the United Ltes has given to the belligerent powers, op- led Great Bntain, by supplying them with Gonial pvoduce. The extension of tins trade has been created by the wants of those belhgerents and cannot, upon any principle of commerc.a reasonino-, he ascribed to the natural progress ot an 'Zl^A trade. Previously to the at^ jar. the domestic produce exported from the U.nte.l slltes exceeded the foreign merchandize very con- siderably. The former was to the latter In 1784 as 9 to 1 1791 as 4 to 1 ! 79 3 as slo 2ruleir5(im,ror«d,-.in.vcar. 1794 as 162 to IC8 rule 17ifi rehxed *s year. ' See Appendix, ^O;^- ^„^ ,,,,,1^,,, ,ft„ ,yi„g long + The A'""'™? ;X be carried into effect, admits the dormant, .s no» ''''^'''^ ™ ^^^^ f„„ Great Britain, more Ss::;»aroort^;eU'"B'HenHv^ i 1 i 'i , ' i ■ II I ! ■ '! ■I'll! ■5S 'V'' I' 'i I'f ;.; [ GO ] 111 every subsequent year of the war the export of domestic produce fell below that of foreign merchandize. Aflcr the peace, the export of do- mestic produce predominated; and m 180.5 the export of foreign merchandize was again the highest; and in the year ending on the 30th October, 1805, the exports of foreign merchan- dize was 60,8C8,236 dollars.* A consideration of the various means of pressure on the enemy, which the adoption of the measure recommended would produce, would extend these observations to an unwarrantable leni'th : but one very probable result must be adverted to — the destruction of the cotton manufactures, and the embarrassment of other manufactures in which dye woods, and other dyes, oil and indigo, arc used. Very little tobacco, coffee, sugar, or pepper, can be imported into France or Holland, unless those countries consent (as the inhabitants will prove by clandestine importation that they do) to be sup- plied from England. 1'he value of tiiose articles (probably according to prices current) is stated at the following sums in the accounts of imports in * See Mr. Marri/ott's evidence he/ore the Committee on the West India Trade, p. 18. 1.6 other accounts respecting the trade and shipping of the United States, are taken from statis- tical tables, published last year at Washington, under the title of Economic§ i M ; [ 61 1 1800 and 1801, the latest which have been allow- etl to be published. Value of Imports into France in the Years tSOO and 1801, 1800 1801 c,,par Livres 46,856,000 51,510,000 Coffee .* 36.671 .000 4 1 ,66 1 .000 Coilon . 35.172.000 49,!)5(),00O j; S ' IS.-ZSS.OOO 16.930.000 Oil for manufactures 13,121.000 26.350,000 Tobacco 11>6^7.00() 10.176 00^ Cochineal P.462.000 ^.^^O. 0« Pepper and spices 9.250.000 6.902.000 Pyc woods and mahogany 1 ((;'« uuudcd 3,e37,0(iO (bois des isles) ._,.___ . The total imports were 325,1 16,400 417,863,900 The adoption of cotton manufactures for cloth- ing, is undoubtedly a great improvement in any country., and highly conducive to cleanliness, comfort, and health. In France, more especially, which now comprehends a large portion of terri- tory in a warm climate, their use must have been found to have been peculiarly advantageous. The policy, however, of using them, is very different from that of making them. To acquire them by the latter mode, on as reasonable terms as they could be purchased from English manufacturers, (who from thirty years experience, and great me- chanical skill, had reached a very high degree of perfection) was incompatible with the military career into which that country has entered. It should have been considered whether in the event of a war with Great Britain, France could reason- J I [ 62 J I'll \i > ably expect, by her maritime power, to obtain the raw material from her own colonics, or at all events to secure it by the intervention of neutrals. Her views, however, of continental aggrandize- ment, have completely excluded her from being aided by neutrals in this, her most favoured manu- facture. Her conquests have annihilated all sup- plies from European neutrals, for she has peimitted no such states to exist; and her maritime code has led to a British system, which mu:.t deprive her of suoplies from transatlantic neutrals. The an- nexed extracts from Chaptafs work on chemistry, and from the Moniteur, are decisive proofs that a very strong opinion, is entertained of the impolicy of the attempt to rival the British cotton manu- facture. Chaptal was some time minister of the interior to Buonaparte, and may, very possibly, have j)artiy owed his dismission to his opinions on this subject. The extracts from the Moniteur also shew the persevering anxiety of the French o-overnment to encourage a manufacture, which is Supposed to ci>>ploy ^00,000 persons*; and as it appears thai the annual consumption of cotton manufactures is estimated at U)(),000,()00 livres (about 7,000,000/. sterling) of which, probably, nearly a third is imported t ; it is supposed by the ♦ In 18(H), the Import of coUoiis niaimfatluied uaf 2V,000,0uo livres; and in 1801, tCj^'a^OOO livrrs. -t In the pelitlon of llie calico maimfacturers and printers «f tiie coniilv of i an. asU'r to the House of Conunons iu 1785, (! obtain at all ^utrals, mdize- i being manu- Al sup- niitted ode has ive her Hie an- mistry, that a npohcy . maiui- of the ossiblv, ipinioiis oniteur French i^hicli is nd as it cotton [) livrcs ioba])]y, 1 bv the lived viAt (I printers » ill 1785, [ 63 ] ^.overnment, that an extensive career may be irrto Ranch mdustry, by the regulat.ons, of p hibition and cncouvogcmcnt ; those of pvo- f -Son are intended to prevent the competmon o British cottons, however comparaUvely cheap thev may be; and those of encouragement are to pllf by bounties, the growth of cottor^ .a Cce, and the exportation of manufactured lood.* Tlrese are new experiments wh:ch requne means far different from military achievements riure their success Great Brrtam ^leed cannot prevent the sun from shmmg, and the .am r: Min„ iu France .but the ch-prress °f ^^« superior manufactures will counteract the beneht. Site, and her naval ascendancy wiU pres«. e what bounds she pleases to contmental exports One exception, it may be admitted, -^^^^^^^^ France cannot be obstructed by Great Br tam. e ier in her export of produce and manufactures, or in her import of new materials, by larrd carr.age f om the -lominions of her allies or dependants iriast supply of ra^y cotton it is be heved was "Ta ined in't'his way, and brought on the backs of nules from Lisbon : and she may 1-f | -'l-^; at a great expence, a further (luant.ty tiom Tm . f jl... romiiiorcial intercourse between on the adjustment of « « '"'^^J ^,,^j ^„ eotton numu- OrcdtBrilam and Ireland, It »as5lJtea •• factmes employed upwards of 500,00<, persons. . See .be various papers respectiuB the French cotton manu- facture, i» Apftnia B- m ■!■! ■ ■' > "t-l.tli miH m :4 iM [ 64 1 key, by land carriage through Oerman;^ Thfc export trade seems also intended to be tarried on by a similar channel. In an official report of the date of last September, which boasts, that, although individual interests have suffered, complete success has attended the prohibition of English manufac- tures, it is stated that the export of French goods has followed the course of their victorious armies.* This probably alludes to a new commercial inter- course with Russia, which it may be presumed is (like our Canadian fur trade with the Indian tribes) to be carried on by the conveyance of goods, partjy by land, and partly by water. These and similar expedients we may laugh to scorn ; and con- sole ourselves, under whatever obstructions conti- nental prohibition may present, that victorious ascendancy by sea is far more likely than conquests by land to extend the advantages derivable from the exportation of manufactures. ! \ 1. * Notre exportation suit maintenant avec facility les.chemini ouverts par la victoire. See Appendix B> \\ m Th6 ied on of the hough iuccess mufac- goods rmies.* I intcr- med is Indian goods, se and id con- conti- torious 1 quests e from ! xhemini I 57 J (Part the third.) Since the two preceding parts were first published, several Orders of Council have been issued, for extending the restrictions of blockade to all ports and places of countries ?t war with Great Britain, and of countries from which the British flag Is excluded \ and all ships found trading (after due notice or information) to or from those ports or places are, together with all produce or manufacture on board, (British manufactures excepted,) declared to be lawful prize. That neutrals, however, may have the opportunity of furnishing themselves with colonial produce for their own consumption and supply, the direct trade of countries, not at war witli Great Britain, to and from the enemy's colonics, is left open ; and neutrals are, also, allowed to carry on other branches of trade with the enemy's colonies, and the different parts of Europe, not wholly blockaded, (provided such trade be carried on from the ports of his majesty's domi- nions or or his allies,) in articles permitted, and under the regulations mentioned, in the ordei-s. On the right of Great Britain to issue such instructions for regulating, as In point of fact ihev do, the navlg citlon of the sea, and the policy of issuing them, it is unnecessary here to c^pa 1 m \ \ X \ ';■ ' ' } \ 1 .ft r ri Ir^'' —•i- m [ 58 1 tlate. The principles which justify retaliation on the enemy by measures which, though In their operation injurious to neutrals, are still ob- vious necessary measures of self-defence, are clear and unequivocal. The conviction in the public mind, (a conviction which has preceded, and will not be lessened by, the discussions in Parliament) affords the grateful pledge, that the nation will patiently await the result of the system adopted by Ministers, in conformity with principles a- vowed, and partially acted on, by their predeces- sors. The same just sense of the necessity of recurring to adequate means of defence and pre- servation, which induced the latter, at the end of 1806, to reserve the right of acting in a way that must necessarily be injurious to neutral commerce, abundantly justifies their successors, under circumstances no less imperious, in carry- ing that right into efl'cct. The primary object of the Orders in Council appears to be to inflict a pressure on the enemy, which, it is probable, they will do in various ways. 1. A pressure on the enemy's colonies will be created, by restricting the Continent, the chief market for their produce, to such supply of colo- nial produce as it may be content to receive from Great Britain. 2. The interference with the export by neu- trals of manufactures from the Continent, will f reate an additional pressure on those colonies. \ I n J 4 [ 59 ] S France and her dependants will be subject ,0 pressure, fronr privations affecting the.r reve „ue, their .manufactures, their subsistence, and their naval stores. . , The difficulty of acquiring cotton -t may be presumed, will occasion a consider.* e deWca- tion in the French customs ; as a new duty on raw cotton inwted. of GO tVancs per qmnal ,,as been imposed with the view otsupplyns a dcficienev of more than £.100.000 a year m hat Snhofrevenuet: and the cotton manutaeur Llf, the branch of industry most favoured by L French government, is peculiarly expose o i„jary from our maritime ascendancy. Otbe^,^ .iactures have already been nofced, wh d l.t suffer essentially. Of the various article Sod and consumption, in vvhichpnvatioirwl be severely felt by the inhabitants of France a^d of the countries under her control, suga , ff-- > and tobacco, may be mentioned as tl e nn Ll • and with respect to naval stores, there a e pal.ana, wui f ,u^,,„h not commonly various articles, which though not ; 1 ^ ,r tlip title of contraband, are so enumerated under the title oi „seful in the equipment of ships of war, or m the sanction ot the r.nuMi ^ _ .. ... e^u^l to the Enelish Cwt. of 1 12 lbs. t See Appendix B. No. 7. lis. ni«l [ 60 1 < ,: Idered depj >e consiaerea as a aeparture from the plain prin- ciples of self-preservation ; principles, which have often, in particular circumstances, held money, provisions, timber, cordage, leather, and many other commodities, to be contraband of war. Pressure on the enemy appears, therefore, to be the leading object of the Orders of Council. The creation of a British Emporium for foreign produce, and the regulation of neutral exports by new revenue laws, are very subordinate parts of the measure. Viewed oiily with reference to the fiscal or commercial advantages which might be expected to result from its operation, it would be entitled to little commendation, for it must press hard on America, the best customer of Great Britain. Her asperity may be increased. It should, however, be recollected, that the origin of that asperity, which has long existed, may be traced to the just exercise of those belligerent rights, particularly the right of search, which Great Britain has evinced her determination never to abandon. If that asperity will permit America dispassionately to examine the Orders of Council, she must be convinced that they pre- sent the only rational mode of carrying on the war with vigour against an enemy, whose pro- jects are directed equally against the indepen- dence of the new and old world. What better course, what more efficacious means, can be pur- sued to check the unwarrantable pretensions of f [ 61 ] a military government, which aspires to univer- sal dominion, than to prove to it by tlu> injary we can inflict, that the amity of Great Britain is essential to secure the re-establishment ot inter- nal prosperity in France? Visionary indeed would be any new attempt, under the p esent circumstances of Europe, to re-establish a con- nexion with the disjointed members of the sub- jugated continent. But if it be admitted that the promotion of manufactures, and the con- sumption of colonial produce, are still atfenard to inFrance and her dependencies, and that thv ir progress in social comfort materially dej i.ds on commerce, it is obvious that the power which Great Britain possesses to obstruct th^ progress is a formidable instrument of hostility. Modern warfare is not confined in its operations to tne conflicts of fleets and armies : the reduction of a belligerent to what his opponent considers as the proper state for the re-establish neiu of the relations of peace and amity is, now, as otten attempted in the custom-house as in the field of battle. Such, too, is the singular stre ot laC countries now at war, that we aie as unli dy vo contend with the French Armies as ih. are io oppose British Fleets. On both sides the con- test is chiefly distinguished by those eflfeets, to which their revenue, their comuierce, or taeir manufactures, arc exposed. It must be readily admitted that in all tucse ■■ill f. ' i ..:' i, > ■; »■' ■ Vi '■'A 1 ■ II i lA iffi [ 62 ] respects war creates a pressure on this country i but is none felt by France? Is it not the opinion of many of her most intelligent statesmen that her cotton manufacture is exposed to great em- barrassment from a maritime war ? Is it not from a conviction of the existence of this pressure, that many of them have acknowledged the neces- sity, recognized indeed in words by their empe- ror* ot a " solid peace" with England ? and do not the Orders in Council present the best chance of inducing Buonaparte to explain the term *' solid peace" in a way more accommodated to British understandings and feelings than has recently been done in a Spanish commentary, which con- ceives it to be such a peace as "would reduce the British Cabinet to abdicate its supremacy over the seas rf" The enemy appears to have reasoned in this way. Persuaded that obstructions to the com- merce of Great Britain were calculated to make her feel the pressure of war, he had, long ante- cedently to the Orders of Council, adopted the most efficacious measures, within the grasp of military power, to exclude our merchants from all intercourse with European markets. As a system, therefore, of ast retaJiiation on France, the Orders of Council may be expected * Tn his message to the senate j from Berlin, the 21st Nov. 1806. t See the King of Spain's decree against England (dated January 1808) in Cobbett's Pol. Reg. 13 Feb. 1 808. \ h r 63 J to be effectual ; but they do not appear to com- prehend all that is necessary to be superadded to our existing plans of defence, to place the se- curitv of Britain on a firm basis. She has long been' accustomed to draw from foreign countries many articles required for subsistence, manufac tures, or naval stores. Which of them and to what extent, will she be able to draw from a British source/if a confederate world becomes unwilling to supply them ? What branches of industry are most exposed to risks from their nrohibitory system of commercial hostility? These are questions which have certainly not escaped the consideration of a vigilant adminis- tration ; and satisfactory answers, it is to be hop- ed will be found in measures to facilitate internal improvement being submitted to the legislature whenever the more splendid, though perhaps not more important, subjects of the Copenhagen Expedition and the Law of Nations are disposed of. There is, probably, no political question, which at this time deserves more serious investi- gation, than what is the properest mode of se- curing from time to time a competent stock of those indispensable commodities which have hitherto been furnished to us by foreign coun- tries. To understand our difficulties in this res- pect is the first step to overcome them. Our principal wants are enumerated in the following list, and some suggestions for supplying them are ii: m Mi m ml .U'll-'i i [ «■* ] subjoined -, under the possibility tliat they rliay be not wholly without us(% and induce otlicr?: better qualified to appreciate both the active aiid in ormant resources of the country, to point out, more d< th ilcd manner, the mtnnate connex- ion between its industry and its independence. Corn and other Grain, princi- pally Oats, for Great Britain i> :-. ^ :., ..,1 (UBSISTENCE Naval IS'IORES Materials OF Manufac- tures isions ni g( neral, for the West India islmids — Wine, Spirits and Fruits. Hemp Pitch and Tar 1 imber. Hides and Skins 'la How Fi^x, Linen-Yarn and Linseed Silk Wool. CORN. IT is unnecessary to refer to periods of scarcity during the last war, in which upwards of thirty millions were expended in the purchase of foreign corn, to prove that the annual ordinary consump- tion of grain, used for food or other purposes, far exceeds the average annual produce of the king- dom. Adequate proof of this fact mav be de- rived from the parliamentary accounts of the three years ending on the 5th of January 1807, a [ 6i ] traordinary demand period in which no very ex for t .reign supply ^vas created by bad harvests at home. The officii'] value of this Sranch of cxpendi- ture was as follows : I M F O K T S*. Years. NortlifrnF.mopcan piorfu( ^ . (Corn and Grain.) jr. 1804 9'2n,(>..i; 1805 1,534.'243 1806 318,352 American and Co- lonial produce. (WhcatandFlour.) £. 23,457 2j,S20 110,6*8 X, > 957,153 l,56(),0i'5 439,010 2,«.)j(',326 EXPORT S. 1804 1505 1806 European p: iducc. (Wheat re-ex- ported.) 55,215 104,228 ^,646 British produce. (Corn and Flour.) £. 63,295 18,481 Total. ot'. 213,532 167,523 86,127 467,232 The value of the corn exported being deduct- ed fiom the value of the corn imported, the ba- lance against Great Britain for the above three * The rates ].er centum to be added to the oBdal vuluc^ corn as well as that of various oth'cr articles mention d in the corn, as wen „,-nduce the real paue. are stated f«Um»;in(r r>a 'cs. m order to pioaucc lac ^tiu j-^^,.^ in the AppendiJi D. 1j 'ji If 'fll H 1 ill! i ^^B- ^ '111 it ^^^^^K^r ilR!'' Hi '■iii-i ^^HwJ ' J lit' ' ^^Hwi^ i l!l|i . ' ilUI i &^H!f* I^P''°- i -Sm •^ IB|; liU ^^p-^ ■III ^^^Klr '. .jHi Bel, [ 66 ] years was ;f .2,488,994, or (on the average) ;f .829,664 a year official value. The real value probably exceeds a million * A great addition to the amount of British ex- penditure for corn or flour might be made by taking into the account the corn trade bctvvcen Great Britain and Irfeland, the balance of which is much in favour of the latter country. f * Mr. Odcly, in his work on European Commerce (p. 618) gives the following sfatcment of tiie official and real value on the average of five years to 1S03 inclusive, of the undermen- tioned articles, imported into Great Britain. Articles. Official value on the avcT.ijfC of the years 1799,1800-1, 2 & 3. Eslimated first cost on the average ol these five years. Corn Fhx, rough Hemp, rough Iron £. l,7f^O,0'70 fi*i3,752 545,293 354,180 114,137 499,095 126,58(i 515,523 445,557 £. 3,500,000 1,300,000 1,600,000 700,1.00 Linseed .... Tallow 500,000 1,700,000 Tar 300,000 Wood 1,500,()(jO Yarn, Hnen 500,000 Total 5,038,532 11,600,000 Pitch is included in the estimatefl, though not in the official, value. According to Mr. Arthur Youn^, 12,220,219 quarters of wheat have been imported from 1731 to 1806. See Cobbett't Political Register, vol, xiii. p, 300. t See the Parliament's account qf ih.s Corn trade, between Ettg- land andlrelaiid, (ordered to be printed 1th July 1806,^ and be- tuxen Scotland and Ireland (ordered to be printed 2d Feb. 1807-^ t [ 67 ] When however it is considered that the culti- vation of one island in order to supply the wants of the other is a common benefit, that the corn trade between them is more conducive to the interests ot navigation and naval power than a corn trade in foreign ships, and that commercial intercourse >» well calculated to assist in promotmg a cordial union, and compleat identity of interests between both parts of the empire, the dependence on Ire- land for corn cannot be deemed an evil to be remedied, any more than the dependence of one English district on the superabundan<;e of ano- ther. The export of corn, however, from Ire- land, is deserving of attention in a review o the wants of Great Britain, the foreign supply of vs-hich may be obstructed by the decrees of Buo- naparte in Europe, or by non-exportation acts m America. Whatever measures may be in con- templation for advancing the internal prosperity of the .ister country, her agriculture, the great basis of her wealth, we may confidently hpe .ill not be forgotten. Her export - -'^ ^ J* „rain which is so inadequately supphed by the culture of Great Britain) will no doubt be much n teased if the high price of t at article and the difficulties of procuring tt from the BaUic should continue. ., i -^ ZunA i, well adapted from its soil and situa- tion not only to supply the deficiency of the corn produce of Great Britain; but to co-Pperate .t' r, ! H 'f' I I ;" [ 68 ] with the British North American Colonies, {in the event of a rupture with the United States) in furnirliing grain or flour as well as other provi- sions to the West India Islands*. The Committee of Privy Council in their Re- port on the Sugar Colonies in 1784 expressed their opinion that the West Indies might obtain salted beef and pork in plenty of a superior qua- lity, and (all circumstances considered) on cheaper terms from Great Britain and Ireland than from any part of North America, and that dried and pickled fish, p:.i';:K:uJiiriy hejrmgs, of a superior quality to any in America, i.iight nlso be fur- * The following Articles of provision wcer expoiled from Ireland to the West Indies in tiie vear 18ul, Articles. Vnluc. Quartily e;;portC(I. (Oliicial.) Aqua, vitae .. , Bacon, Hams. Beef ... Ucer , Bread , Butter ...., Cheese Corn, Oats . , Herrings. Ling .... Salmon ,, Hogs-lard flour .... O:\t-mcal Pork. .... Potatoes .. Salt Tongues .. 4, UTS 17,952 6,1. '54 1,803 lL»,14fi 8 ^41 2,6.W .'1 1 "2 58,) 10 60 1,680 Gallons Cu'ts, RarrcHs JBanclls Cvvts. Civls. Cwts. -Hairells Barrolls Cvvis. Tons Cuts. Cwts. Cwts. Rarrells Tons Ruslieis Dozens Du'.iespaid. rt'. C. It. '74t) 14 — 81 7 6 31,381 3,067 1.081 16 — 40,685 6 — l.T 277 17 G o^ejV 4'2 10 — f>0 84 54h 3 22,830 'J67 3 15 — 1,050 oC. S. (I. 3 6 -2 7 1 5 "2,79'2 13 t> 304 4 7 3t-. 4,175 4 II — 10 10 148 17 '■. 1 16 7 4 4 — * 14 8 10 5 6 3 2,644 7 2 16 17 4 ~ — y 189 13 — Account ordered to k privicd 1 \th of April IS05, 7 7 f 65 1 jiislied in abundance by Great Britain and Ire- land * The observations of another Committee of Privy Council in 1791, on this subject, are no less deserving of attention at the present moment: *' It has (they say) been found by experience, " that the J3riiish Islands in the West Indies *' become every year less in want of the provi- ♦' sions and lumber, which lliey have hitherto " obtained from the countries of the United " States; and a> considerable quantity of provi- " sions is now produced in some of these is- " lands, particularly in the island of Jamaica. ** Both provisions and lumber are now sent to '' a large amount from Great Britain, as well as " from the remaining British Colonies in Ame- *' rica, and provisions from Irelandt and it can- " not be doubted, that the provisions and lum- * See Collection of Papers on NaviguUcn and Trade, (print- ed in 1307) p. 26. t The present export of Provisions from the Unite^l Kingdom appears from the following acccnnit to form a conMclerable pioportion of the whole quanlily received by the West Indies. Exported to tlie British West Indies in 1806. Corn Flour Rice Beef and pork Fish, dry .... Fish, pickled Butter Cows & oxen Sheep & hog From the United Kingdom. 258,'203 8,581 50 56,16.5 365 4,037 55,30r) 56,903 From ti-.e British Continental Colonics 2,578 981 1,535 12 113,937 36,741 337 2 From the Stales of America. 386,256 227,4'. 11,100 3<),226 -1.52 .144,968 47,345 6,5;»3 4.330 3,3BB From otlier Countries. 1,214 Bushels 3,072 Barrels 46 d ito 244 ditto — ditto 4,5SS Quintals 2,372 Barrels 171 Firkini 8(i2 Number 309 diilo Account ordered {hy the Lords) to he printed, 1 5th Feb. 180S. 'I ylt. n '€ «■' y m C 70 ] ^^i^]^^^^^l^^^ [ 72 ] Wines, Portugal .. — Spanish and ) all other sorts > Spirits, Geneva .... • Brandy .... 'Rum Wines, Portugal .. Spanish and } all other sorts J Spirits, Geneva .... - Brandy .... Rum 41^4,699 272,341 50,43Q 404,139 327,643 1806. 490,849 241,i70 40,5C3 20,i,43a 327,122 39,554 54,986 44,644 47,321 44,539 98,313 142 18,793 17,036 10,982 59,2C'0 119,897 335,920 246,846 290,923 Before the acquisition of the Cape of Good Hope and Madeira, Great Britain did not, among her numerous possessions in different parts of the globe, possess any place from which wine was produced. Madeira, however, makes about 25,000 pipes of wine (of 120 gallons each) of which a large portion is consumed by British subjects. The practice lately introduced of sup- plying Madeira or Teneriffe wines instead of spirits to the seamen in ^hips of war, much en- hances the value of a settletuent, without which we should be more dependent than we are, on foreign countries for tliis beverage. The Cape does not at present possess any staple commo- dity in sufficient abundance, to enable it to carry 1806. £. )0,849 1.0,503 ).5,432 14,644 )8,313 l7,C3fi 19,897 ?0,923 f Good d not, lifTerent 1 which makes IS each) British of sup- tead of uch en- c which are, on le Cape :ommo- 10 carry [ 73 ] on an extensive trade with Europe,* and no pro- duce appears better adapted than the vine to ren- der it a flourishing cobny : and if Government proposes (as it was supposed, a year or two ago, they meant to do) to encourage the agricul- tural improvement of the Cape, they cannot pro- ceed in any way, less exposed to unproductive expence, and more likely to confer permanent benefit both on the colony and on Britain, than by promoting the raising such produce as will not interfere with British produce, and find a ready market in this country. It is stated by Mr. Barrow that " tne grapes, " in general, that are produced at the Cape, " are not inferior to those of any country," and that " there can be little doubt that the wines " expressed from them might by proper ma- ** najrement be made to rival the best European «* wines.*" No kind of produce there so well re- pays the labour of the farmer as the culture of the grape, and it is an additional iii^icement to favour this branch of industry that it appears well calculated to promote the happiness of the per- sons engaged in it. " The wine-growers at the •« Cape are a class of people who, to the bles- '* sings of plenty, add a sort of comfort which is * To this circumstance 'nay be ascribed its slow increriie in population, notwithstanding the abundance of the means of subsistence. ■\ Travek in SoiUkm- Africa, vol. i. p. 65 ; vol. ii. p. 72, 1. ;,.| I.' i \ '' 1 4 If m Mi! i i ifi m I :ri 'I'i^r.^ I If li ir I ; (C €C €C [ 7* ] " unknown to the rest of the peasantry. They have not only the best houses and the most valuable estates, but, In general, their domestic economy is managed in a more comfortable " manner than is usually found among the coun- " try farmers. Most of them are the descen- " dants of the French families who first iiitro- " duced the vine. Their estates are mostlv " freehold, in extent about 120 English ncres, " and the greater part is employed in vineyards " and garden grounds.*" Brandy, also, by the introduction of proper distillatory apparatus, might be rendered an im- portant commodity in tbe export trade of the colonyf, and the raisins are of so good a quality, and can be afforded at so reasonable a rate, that in all probability (according to Mr. Barrow) they will hereafter form a considerable article of ex- portj. FLAX AND HEMP. It is unnecessary, at this period, to enlarge on the national advantages w^iich would result from raising within the British Empire the two valu- * Vol. i. p. 291. t Vol. ii.. p. 291. t Vol. i. p. 297. The official value of raisins and currants imported into Great Britain in the following years was 1804. 1805. . 1806. Raisins ^,69,863 ^.103,674- ^.60,967 Currants 7 4,0 J 9 135,349 66,464. a t t \ t > t '75 ] able materials of hemp and flax, to such an extent as would nearly supply the whole demar.d of those articles for naval stores and other manufac- tures. The only consideration on the subject, on which a difference of opinion may be expected to arise, is, what part of the empire is, under all circumstances, the best suited for furnishing either hemp or flax. They may be raised in abundance, not only in Great Britain, but in (at least) five other distinct parts of the British do- minions; in Ireland, in Canada, at the Cape of Good Hope, in India, and (if the distance were no objection) in the colony of New South Wales. A few remarks will be offered with respect to their relative advantages. In the present state of British agriculture, with an inadequate home supply of grain, and an in- creasing population, it may be doubted whether i^- would be expedient to apply any part of our arable, or ever of our waste, lands, to the produc- tion of hemp or flix ; but in various pomts of view Ireland appears better adapted than Eng- land or Scotland for supplying a large portion of the demand for these articles. It is, not only from containing immense tracts of moors and mosses susceptible of the highest cultivation, that Ireland is well adapted to raise hemp at a small expence j but her abundant population, I ! mm m I K' m ; 4 I »f t^f ! * ^ i \j^i !' \\^ imI |:.t ^^1 •■ i . hrj I [ 76 ] which is not fully employed,* seems to designate that country for undertaking, on a large scale, a culture, which must be followed by the various oprratrons of gathering the crop, rippling or sc- psvita>g the seed from the stalks, steeping in water, drying, bruising, or beating, skutching and heckling : Ireland is already conversant with this branch of agriculture : the manufactures of hemp and flax have long been considered there as proper objects of national encouragement: and the raw material of the latter is raised there in considerable quantities. The culture of hemp has this advantage over most other branches of agriculture, that the tithe is restricted to 5s. an acre,f and barren heaths, moory ground, moun- tain, bog, moss, and lands taken in from the sea, lakes or rivers, improved into arable, are ex- empted from all tithe for seven years.J FJax and hemp dressers are free to follow their trades in cities and towns corporate ; and flax and hemp * The systematic emigradon from Ireland to America, which takes place every year, can only be checked by bringing into effect the dormant resources of tlie country. It is stated that "from 1803 to July 1804. no less than 27,000 Irish had emigrated." Oddfs European Cwmmc;, p. ^69. + By an act passed in 1788, the 28 Geo. 3. c. 29, (Irish Statutes.) The Irish acre is about an acre and three-quarters Enghsh. Flax is subject to indefinite tithe in Ireland ; but n England, the tithe rn both flax and hemp is restricted to is- the acre, by the i Ithand 12th Wm. 3. c. 16. J 5th Geo. 3. c. 9. 33d Geo. 3. c. 25. (Irish Statutes.) [ 77 1 are exempted from various tolls.* Premiums have from time to time been given by the Irish leji;is]ature for the encouragement of the o-rowth of hemp and flax in Ireland ; and there can be no doubt that, if measures be now adopted to secure the home market to the grow- ers of these articles for a reasonable period, such extended cultivation and improved management will shortly take place as will render Britain independent of foreign countries for these raw materials of her manufactures. The making of linen yarn would probably ac- company the growth of the material. The yarn is chiefly furnished by the countries that produce the flax ; and we may be confident that, if the latter vt'ere produced in abundance in the British dominions, our capital and machinery would create such an extension of the manufacture of linen yarn as to supersede the necessity of im- port. The British colonies in North America may also undertake the culture of hemp with every prospect of success. When however it is consi- dered that its management requires much ma- nual labour, that the population in these depen- dencies is small, and that the danger of their be- ing severed from theBritish crown in consequence of the increasing power of the United States is * By 3 Geo. 3. c, d4. (Irish Statutes), r 1. ' 1 fi f Hik' nw 'w '■I m ■ II ti'i 'I'i I i m [ 78 1 rot inconsiderable, a prudent policy will rather promote the acquisition of hemp from some Eu- ropean part of the British dominions, or (if a por- tion must be sought from a distant source) from such of her colonies as can be adequately pro- tected by her maritime power ; and in this point of view, the Cape may be considered as more secure than Canada. Hemp seems to be not ]ess likely, if its growth be encouraged, to become a staple article of produce in that settlement than the one already mentioned. Mr. Barrow, in enumerating the different products of the Cape, observes, that the " facility, with which the cultivation of the different kinds of hemp for cordage and canvas may be carried onto an " unlimited extent, is that which, in a commcr- " cial point of view, is likely hereafter to render the colony most valuable to the state on which it may be dependent. When sown thick on " the ground as in Europe, it grows exactly in " the same manner, ascends to about the height of eight feet, and gives to all appearance a fibre of equal strength and tenacity ; and it requires very little trouble in keeping clean on the ground. The different plants of India, that are generally cultivated there for the pur- pose of hemp, have been found to grow as ** well, in every respect, as in their native soil.* * Burrow's Travels, vol. 1, p. 408. « ^ ^ ^9) O \ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 > lS;j; [ 80 1 Were there any reasonable grounds for sup- posing that the period cannot be long before Great Britain may supply herself, with as much ease as before the French revolution, with naval stores, and other articles of essential importance, from the countries on the Continent from which she has been accustomed to receive them, it might be wisdom to content ourselves with tem- porary expedients sufficient to prevent the evils of privation during the war, without aiming at securing a permanent supply of those articles *' hemp, that they will not bear a comparison, A plant which *' with such advantages might be appliL^l to so many useful and ** important purposes would certainly be a great acquisition to ** England, where it would probably thrive with very little trou- *' bic, as it seems to be hardy, and t© affect no particular soil ; ** being found equally in hill and valley ; in the driest mould, *' and the deepest bogs : the bog however it seems rather to *• prefer, as near such places we observed it to be larger than ** elsewhere." Cook's First Voyage, vol. 3. p. 39. It U re- markable that, notwithstanding these encomiums of the New Zealajid flax, no attempts were made by the colony established in New South Wales, in the beginning of 1788, to investigate itsmerhs, or to attempt its manufacture, till the year 1^93 when two New Zealanders, who had been brought away from their country to instruct the settlers at Norfolk island, arrived, Mr. Collins observes " that the labour of manuring and culti- *' vating the ground, the loss of other crops, the many pro- *' cesses used in manufaclurinr the European hemp, and ** the accidents to which it is liable dunng hs growth, are " all, by using this flax, avoided, as it needs no cultivation-, and " grows in sufficient abundance on all the cliffs of the island «' (where nothing else will grow) to give constant employment " to five hundred people. Indeed should it be thought an *' object; any quantity of canvas, rope, or linen might be «* niaac there." CoUinb's New South Wales, voL i. p. 517. \ mi . s [ 81 J from distant sources. But short-sighted indeed must be that policy which looks only to the du- ration of hostilities as the term of maritime jea- lousy and custom-house restrictions, or supposes that any terms of peace can be stipukted which will, unless ? peace system of naval defence and commercial vigour be now organized, at all contribute to secure our independence. New souices of supply must be looked for, and new channels of trade be opened ; however repug- nant it may appear to be to the sound principles of political economy to encourage that course of commercial industry, of which the returns are distant. The theory of Dr. Smith, that the near trade is preferable to the more distant one, is ab- stractedly correct; and a country which .had equal facilities of carrying on either would con- sult its interests in nreferring the former ; but the course of foreign commerce must now be mflu-. enced and regulated by political considerations. The tendency of our commerce during the last century has been to quit near, for distant, markets ; and under the present circumstances of Europe it is fortunate for Great Britain that this change has taken place. Our distant branches of com- merce are susceptible of great improvement, and not so much exposed as I'.uropean markets to injury from the machinations of the enemy. ■ _ As a link ip the great chain of commercial in- M m Hi n 'm^f\ C 82 ] tercourse with the East, (which from the British capital it requires would naturally give employ- ment to British shipping, if its progress were not checked by monopoly,) the Cape is become a valuable appendage to a maritime power ; and the culture of vines and hemp will, probably, both in a commercial and political view, render it a very desirable possession 5 although, with re- ference to its existing means of return, it has not hitherto afforded any adequate compensation for the expence of its civil and military establish- ment. • It may be urged, as a strong objection against any plan for extending its agriculture, that its population is not calculated, either from numbers or habitual propensities, to carry on any new course of cultivation. The obvious answer is, that if proper inducements be held out^ the siate of Europe is unhappily such, that a very useful population might soon be attracted thither; not only those Irish and Scotch,* who are disposed to emigrate, might be induced to settle there, (and it would be desirable that a considerable portion of the inhabitants should consist of British sub^ jccts,) but the disposition to emigrite from Ger^ many, (particularly Hanover and Prussia.) and Switzerland, would probably in a few years stock ♦ There seems to be no reason to suppose that the causes, iVhich have occasioned ^migratioi^ both from Scotland and Ire- ^ w K [ 83 ] the colony, not only with an adequate white po- pulation,* but with a description of settlers, con- versant with the management of hemp and flax, and the cultivation of the vine. The vast importance of raising within our- selves a supply of hemp and flax will be obvious from a statement of the amount of these articles, imported from countries most of which are now leagued in hostile confederacy agains^ Great Britain. land, will altogether cease : in many respects those causes are connected wilU the improveqient of the country; and, with respect to their ultimate beneficial results, emigration ought not to be considered as "a fit subject for legislative restraint. It is undoubtedly a mistaken idea that it diminishes effective po- pulation, or is otherwise injurious to a country. To encou- rage, however, emigration to take the course most beneficial to the British Empire is a very important consideration ; and there can be little doubt, if a provident foresight is used by Government, in adopting preparatory measures for the accom- modation of new settlers on their arrival in British colonies, that both our own countrymen and others desirous of emigra- ting from Europe, may b-; attracted to ihe Cape. In the short interval of peace after the treaty of Amiens, our active ene- mies sent several persons from Europe for the cuUivation of the vine in this settlement; and a Board of Agriculture was also established there, the plans of which fell into the hands of the British on the capture of the colony this war. ♦ An influx of white population is indispensably necessary to promote tl>e course of industry most beneficial to the Cape • and to develope those resources which in naval, mili- ' tary, and commercial points of view, the colony, in the opinion of very adequate judges, is supposed to possess ; the number of its inhabitants in 1798 (exclusive of British settlers and the army and navv) was.ouly 61947, of which 2174G were Chiis- tiaiTS, 25754r slaves, an4 14447 Hottentots. V i I:; ill _, ■' ■ 1 1 I !f< I 111' .' i [ 84 J The quantity imported into Great Britain in 1803 (the last year mentioned in Mr. Oddy's Tables) was 727,000 Cwt. 294,000 Cwt. Hemp • Flax Linen Yarn 1,177,476 lbs. Cordage . 10,393 Cwt. On the aver- age of 4 years ending with 1799. The quantity of linseed is not mentioned. The official value of these articles is thus stated in the parliamentary accounts of the imports in tie three years ending 5th January, 1807. 1804. 1805. Hemo ... 614,544 512,339 Flax . . . Linen Yarn . Linseed . . Linen Manufact 713,884 913,790 377,266 485,898 L38,933^ 132,186 517,744 358,794 1806. 619,913 696,274 431,091 112,531 344,892 The value of Cordage is not stated. PITCH AND TAR. The value of the pitch and tar consumed in Great Britain is less than that of any of the ar- ticles enumerated in the preceding list, and ap- pears to be about ^.300,000 real value.^ The • See Oddfs European Commerce, p. 618. The official vdlue of tar imported in tlie three years 1 804, 5 and 6, is stated in the public accounts at 335,142/. Average M 1,7 J 4/. 25 per cent must be added to produce tlie real value. See Appendi)cD. h i 85 ] resources most deserving of our attention to sup- ply any deficiency from the countries now at war with us, or from the United States, are, 1st. The British colonies in North America: 2. Swe- den : 3. A more economical use of these arti- cles: 4. Substitutes manufactured from British produce. A demand for pitch, tar, hemp, and other articles, which may be raised in Ca- nada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, will probably, by increasing the assortment of their cargoes, turn their timber trade to a more bene- ficial account than has hitherto been the case. Sweden, if she continues independent, and at- tached to Great Britain, will be able to furnish the greatest proportion of the pitch and tar wanted in this country. She already supplies above a third of the quantify, and may be expected to understand her true interest better now, than she did in 1703, when the Swedish pitch and tar company endeavoured to make the English not only pay an exorbitant price, but receive their tar in Sv^redish shipping ;* an attempt which produced the act for granting bounties on the importation of pitch, tar, turpentine, hemp, and timber from the American colonies. The scarcity of tar may be expected to have a good effect in the manufacture of ropes, which, it is well known, have generally been found, un der the old practice of being bought by weight, to . * A7idcrf(m's Ilish ofCommrcc, vol. iii. p. IS. ii 'J Id i : •1 [ 86 ] contain a superabundant quantity of tar, which is cheaper than hemp. If the increase of its p'-ice or any economical arrangement should reduce the proportion of the former article, the consu- mers of cordage will be very materially benefited : and there is reason to believe that British coal- tar may be rendered a good substitute for foreign tar, for almost every purpose, except the manu- facture of cordage. :;,^t ! ,:, NAVAL TIMBER.* The providing naval timber for his Majesty's dock yards is a measure of such importance, that the attention of Government must at all times be directed to it; more especially in war time, when an increased demand requires an additional supply, which enemies may obstruct. But, in the adoption of plans for obtaining an adequate quantity of this essential article, it should never be forgotten that the formation and preservation even of the navy it<;elf are only the means y not the end and object, of national exertion. The object is internal improvement; of which, the extension of agriculture is, indis- putabl}', the principal foundation. That system, , therefore, of defence, which givesthe least pos- sible obstruction to this extension, must be so desirable, that any attempt to reform the naval * A considerable part of this section is reprinted from a tract pa Naval Timber, published by the author of these pages, m 1806. [ «7 ] branch of the public service will naturally en- deavour, if it be compatible with the objects of such reform, to lessen the existing impediments to internal improvement, and to create no new difficulties but what a state of war may require. The commissioners of the Land Revenue*, in a series of Reports, commencing in 1787, and terminating in 1793, have stated to the Legisla- ture, that, from the information of the Navy Board, of purveyors, and dealers in timber, ship- builders, and chairmen of the Quarter Sessions, it appears " there has been, within memory, a «« great decrease of oak timber of all sizes in every « part of the kingdom, but that great naval tim- « ber has decreased more than any other f." It . is added, that " this decrease is the more alarm- « ing, and calls the more for the attention of the " public, from its being occasioned, not by any " temporary causes, but by such as will, probably, «* render it in future still more general and rapidj." ^" One circumstance only," (the commissioners • Sir Charles Middlelon, (now lord Barham,) Sir John Call, Tohn Fordyce, Esq. The first and last are now members of i Board (established for revising the civil affairs ot the navy) which has resumed the enquiry inlo the state of oak timber. ' , i Their queries, circulated through the kingdom for this pur- pose, are conlained in the lUh vol. of the Papas of the j^ath and West of England Society. P. 9+. + nth B^pori of the Commissioners appointed to empinc into the State and Condition of the Woods, Forests, and Land Revmics Qf the Croxvn. P. 9. J nth Rep. p. 9= 1 It -^ i. |; ■ll i- ■ ii 'i M ! 1 . ii 11 I^H ' ill [ 88 ] observe,) " in the account we have given, ap- *' pears to us still to require particular explana- «tion5 and that is, that, notwithstanding the de- «* crease in the quantity of great timber, which is « so fully proved, the conlract prices given by the «* Navy Board have not been raised since 1756. * "This must seem the more extraordinary, from its « being also proved, by every information we have "received, that the current prices of timber, of all "kinds and dimensions, have risen within that " time ; fo*- it cannot be supposed that Govern- " ment has really been supplied on better terms " than well-informed individuals acting for them- " selves J and the dilference between the contract "and the current prices of great timber, weappre- "hend, can hardly be accounted for in any other " way than by supposing, that, notwithstanding " all the care taken by the Navy Board to procure ^' timber on low terms for the public, some ex- " traordinary advantage is obtained by the con- " tractors, on some articles, inconsequence of the " complicated nature of the contracts, which at " least makes up for this apparent difference f. " The improvements in roads and navigable canals, "within the last forty years, tend also to account * The general price of oak timber, however, (according to the lale Mr. Davis of Horningham,) has considerably risen ; from 40s. the price per ton for 60 years to 1763, to 46s. 8d. in 1791 ; 56s. 8d.in 1796; 73s. 4d,in 1801 ; andto5l. in 1800, iiath Papers, yol. 11.^.99. + lUh Rep. p. 10. T mm t 89 ] •• for the supply of the increased demand of naval « timber,without any considerable addition to the « price*." The commissioners conclude their re- marks on the price of limber with the following sentence : " What we have staled are circum- " stances which must have tended to keep down « the price of timber, even at a fair market and «» where competition existed ; but the commis- « sioners of the navy, having no considerable « competitor in the purchafe of great naval tim- ** ber, except the East India Company, must « necessarily have it in their power, in a great «« measure, to regulate the price j and their con- « duct has been well calculated to obtain naval «* timber for the public at a low rate. Having gradually stored up, during peace, a great quantity in the dock yards, 3iid continuing at «« all times to purchase what was offered, without " varying the price, ihey have avoided the dan- «« ger of being obliged, on any emergency, to « raise it ; and, by paying a part of the expence *' of long carriage t, they have greatly widened tt « ill! ■l|i *l|^ m 1 \ • Ibid. p. 11. + Of the heavy expence of conveying English timber to the dock yards, some idea may be formed from the prices in 1789. The expence per load for carriage was From the ^evv Forest to Portsmouth, including felling(5Rep. p. 31) • " ' Four times as much from the Forest of Dean (Ibid.) N O 15 ll mi [ oo ] •* tbe field of supply*." The obvious inference from all these circumstances is, that complicated contracts, and otheradvantagesattendingdealings with the public, have probably occasioned them to pay more than is sup5)osed for timber in gene- ral ; and 2dly, that they have not given enough for great timber, of which they and the India Company are the only purchasers. A very different, but not so satisfactory a rea- son, for the scarcity of great timber, had been given in a former Report, which states, that it has been *' found, from experience, that an ad- " dition to the demand for nav^I timber does ** not produce a proportional supply from private property j and the reason is obvious : an oak must grow an hundred years or more before " it comes to maturity ; but the profits arising " from tillage or pasture are more certain and "immediate, and perhaps as great: it cannot, " therefore, be expected that many private in- " dividuals will lay out money on the expecta- " tion of advantages which they themselves can have no chance to enjoy : commerce and in- dustry seek for, and are supported by, speedy i( t( t( 03 1 and matured for service by the coasting and foreign trade of the country ; if. of all the wants for which a country ought least to depend on foreign supplies, that of food is the most impor- tant, as being requisite not only for our defence, but for our existence ; it, with respect to food. Great Britain is not, like Holland, confined, to a territory too small to enable her to grow what sh4 wants, but may, from the appro- priation of the royal forests to agriculture. Lease her stock; if we, f /"""P^; maritime power, can as securely depend on the supply of timber from abroad as our enem.es who till lately have had fewer means of supply than ourselves ; if the production of t.mber « as general as that of any other article, and not (as .s fhe case with respect toother naval stores, ot no less importance for ti>e preservation of our navy ) limited to a few countries which some new treaty of concert* may embattle against us, but .s found in great plenty in various parts of he globe ; should we not direct our attention to the adoption of a well-digested system for procurmg foreign naval timber as the best means ol con- sulting the interests of economy, of commerce, of agriculture, and of naval power :-of eco- ' „om;. by buying cheap from other cour«r.es whafwe buy dear at home, (though .t,.ndeed, * Written in .March 1 80G. Hi ■I 'I I W & [ 104 1 appears, that tlie actual price of great timber here is such, that a legislative commission, aided by professional experience, cannot ascertain it j) ^of commerce, by the import of a very bulky article, (the fittest object of water carriage,) and principally from those countries to which we make considerable exports of British commodi- ties J — of agriculture, by the repeal of our worst mortmain laws, and by deafForesting 115,000 acres of land, peculiarly suited for the growth of corn ; — and of naval power, by increasing the best means of supporting its maritime population and navigation ; which, in bringing for us timber from abroad, will rear for us, what is preferable to English oak, that hardy race of men " to ** whose exertions and services" it is emphati- cally said by an eloquent preacher,* " we ow ;. •* under Providence, all wc possess, and deliver- •* ance from all we fear ?" It will not be denied that other measures may usefully co-rpf-nte ui providing the necessary stock of r;a\ai timber: they may be comprised under two heads ; 1. Such a system of legisla- tive policy as shall not, by its revenue lawsf or otherwise, give an unnatural preference to wood for fuel, buildings, or other purposes -, and 2. The econc^mical mana-gement of naval timber, in * Dr. Rennell. t The tax on bricks and liles has operated in this way ; and tlie proposed lax on iron would have done so, if it had passed mto a law. [ 105 ] feilinT and removal, inf preserving at Ac deck- vards? in converting rough timber into proper pieces, in rendering ships more durablcf, and m pieces providing other wood or iron oak. as substitutes for HIDES, SKINS, TALLOW. THE official value of these articles is thus stated in the Parliamentary accounts for three years. Northern European ? Hides .... ) Skins, Calves TaUow American Hides ... Skins and Furs 1804. £. 65,633 563,14C> 95,181 139,400 1805. 182,408 56,3ul 427,263 92,704 150,817 1806. £. 170,5^12 56,2G3 5.';8.300 77,3G3 111,487 The quantity re-exported is inconsiderable, ^ t The Commissioners (m their 1 Uh Report p. 26 ) remark that if means could be devised to make ships last eighteen veavs o^e-third of the workmanship and materials would be Lv d A late publication asserts, that the expence of labour a the* Kind's vards during seven years of the last war, amounted o nearly 2,000,000^ a sum equal to the expence of rebmld.ng and furnishing masts and yards to, the whole navy. The 1 Uh voUim of the Bath Society's papers contains an ^W - ^-. volume ^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^_^^ ^_^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ of preventing u , tkt causes of i"« «i.«.»j v - bj/ Dr. Fariy. 11 (■!«il I [ 106 ] except of American skins and furs, of which about half is re-exported. The South American trade appears most likely to furnish us with resources for supplying any deficiency in the import of hides and skins from the North of Europe. Our trade with the Brazils will probably produce arrangements not only for obtaining considerable quantities of hides and tallow from that country, but from the Spanish possessions on the River I.a Plata, where it is well known an ox can be purchased for a dollar. Nor is it unreasonable to suppose, not- withstanding the failure of the expedition to Buenos Ayrcs in a military point of view, that the communications of our merchants with the inhabitants of that province during the last two years, may extend the commercial intercourse with them, and lead to an improved mode of pro- curing and packing these articles for export. The present practice is merely to strip the cattle of their skins and tallow, and to roll up the tal- low in the skins ; which are thus sent on board the ships. Were the tallow properly melted and packed in casks, a considerable expence in freight might be saved. The high price of tal- low may very possibly be conducive to the ex- tension of the whale fishery, and promote the adoption of various improvements in lamps, by which oil, which we can always procure in [ 107 ] abundance, may for various purposes be render- ed a very good substitute for tallow candles. w ■ S •I, 4 SILK. THIS article is not so indispensable as many of the commodities before mentioned. It, how- ever, is still an important branch of manufacture although it appears to be from a comparison of the quantity imported, and the manufactures exported, in the three years preceding the war ot 1793 with the three years ending with 1805, that the export trade, upon the whole, is rather on the decline. The home consumption of silk is somewhat increased, notwithstanding the import duty has been nearly doubled within the last twenty years. In the year 1805, this branch of revenue produced £.429,229,* viz. (Bengal . . / . 89,645 14 2 Raw Silk Jchii^a . . . . 23 084 6-- (Italian and Turkey .68,767 17 7 Thrown Organzine 247,731 14 2 429,229 11 11 * See ParUamentcuy Account respecting Silk; ordered to be f tinted iUhofJune 180(i. 4. i\ k 'Il •J If ^^1 ■■ ! 11 y L los 1 . ' An Account of the Suantitij of Silk imported into, and exported from, Great Britain, in the Years 1790, 1191, 1192, 1803, 1804, and 1805, and of the Offi. cial Value of Silk Manufactures exported in those Years. Years. 1790 1791 a 792 1303 1804 1805 IMPORTED. / Raw Silk. r ^ Years. Bengal.^ China. Italian &Tuikey Thrown Organ- zinc. N lbs. It)S. lbs. lbs. 1790 314,154 210,558 220,927 308,005 1791 444,358 199,924 332,391 470,195 1792 425,234 102,279 404,581 436,831 1803 405,631 74,538 323,630 384,764 1804 624,878 90,362 317,141 449,182 1805 844,659 72,041 267,850 433,272 . EXPORTED. Raw Silk. Thrown Organ- zine, lbs'. 69,545 66,512 34,514 24,220 53,363 26.125 lbs. 20,067 22,428 10,579 19,346 73,959 68,935 British M anufacturhs. ( Of Sillc only Quantity Of Silk mixed witii other materialt. lbs. 132,144 156,530 162,993 86,560 108,124 114,644 Official :., Value. <^"=^"'"y- 228,722 271,351 285,197 154,545 188,600 200,168 lbs. 65,791 87,610 89,719 110,516 71,728 57,775 Official Value. 14,556 19,326 19,096 19,701 13,424 11,694 [ 109 ] The obstruction which the war is hkely to occasion to the import of raw and organzme s.Hc from the southern parts of Europe may be expected to promote the import of raw s,lk ^ 1 1 rh\t^^ • and to encourage from Bengal and Chma, ana ^ the manufacture of thrown silk .a Great Britain. i||: FINE WOOL. THE production of fine wool is peculinrly deserving of the consideration of Parliament under the present circumstances of the country ; although the landed interest, from a recollection of what regulations have been enacted with respect to wool in general, either as to trade or manufacture, might, at first view, very naturally feel disposed to deprecate all legislative discus- sion on the subject, as injurious interference m their concerns. The point, however to 1^ considered, is the necessity, not of control but of encouragement ; encouragement, which with- out convening the general maxims of sound policy, may afford considerable relief to those Lse'; most likely to be distressed by the wa- The nation, from the nature of the P'^^^^"' con test, is subjected to the risk of restrictions. 1' il hiliii' [ 110 ] (within the power of the enemy to impose,) that are well calculated, not indeed to destroy, but to suspend, or at least embarrass, the wool- len manufacture, which derives its most valuable material from Spain. That country is now a garrisoned province of France ; and undoubt- edly far more able, by interdicting the export of fine wool, (which cannot be procured in equal abundance from any other part of the world,) to create alarm in our manufactures, than Ame- rica can reasonably expect to do by laying on an embargo which will operate as a prohibition on the export of cotton, an article that can be ob- tained from other quarters. It will be seen from the following statement* that, if the attention of his majesty's ministers should be directed to the subject of fine wool, the British Empire may, in a short time, be amply supplied with this essential article of comfort without the interven- tion of France or her dependants. It appears from the parliamentary accounts of the year 1806, that, on the average of the years 1802, 1803, * The chief materials of this stalemcnt are derived from Dr. Parry's valuable " Emij/ on the nature, produce, origin, and extension of the Merino breed of sheep,'' communicated to the Board of Agriculture, and recently published by them : a work which will be read with high gratification by men of classical learning, and sound politicians; by intelligent farmers, and li- beral manufacturers. i [ 111 1 and 1804, the fine wool annually imported into Great Britain was nearly 7,000,000lbs. (a quan- tity equal to about a seventh of the short wool * raised at home,) and that of this amount above 6,000,000lbs. were Spanish. From a calculation of the prices given for these wools by the clothiers in England, with a reasonable deduction for the merchants profit, it may be estimated that the annual expence of this branch of imports must exceed/;. 1,560,000. When it is'considered that, in consequence of various circumstances connected with the vyar, Spanish wool has risen to an enormous price, and that France, whether she imposes a duty t (as has been asserted) on its export, or receives tribute from the people enriched by our pur- chases, in either case acquires augmented means of continuing hostilities, can there be a doubt that the interests of the man ifacturers, as well as those of the country in general, would be pro- moted by a new and additional supply at home, if such can be obtained on cheap and reasonable terms? Such a supply is the more desirable from the consideration that, notwithstanding the pro- ■ ^ Viz. as esfunated by Mr. Luccock. 48,b-56,8S0lbs. from 1 1,85 1V299 M^ort wooUcd sheep. Luccock on iVool, p. 338. t It was supposed a few years ago, (it was not, however the fact) thit Portugal had imposed a duty of 27 per cent, on Spa- nish wool coming through her dominions. '^1 li: ■■\ A ''liljl [ 112 ] fit derived from the sale of Spanish wool to Great Britain, it may be deemed expedient by France, with reference to her system of inter- dicting all intercourse between us and the conti- nent, to impose the severest penalties on the exportation of wool from Spain, even to neutral states. The model of a prohibitory law respect- ing wool may be found in the British statute book*: and, although the policy of such a measure, even with the view of injuring this country, might be doubtful ; it does not appear unreasonable to suppose, that another event may take place, (namely, a change in the system of agriculture in Spain in consequence of any revo- lution in its government,) that would answer as effectually as any prohibitory law in depriving us of the supply of fine wool from that kingdom. Bourgoing, a French writer well acquainted with every circumstance respecting the mainte- nance of the Spanish flocks, has taken great pains to shew that the travelling sheep (amount- ing to 4,500,00(3, or nine tenths of the whole Merino race) " are destructive of the produce " and population of the finest provinces in *' Spain ; and he contends that nothing would " so much contribute to the welfare of that ** country as the inclosure of those provinces, ** and the consequent annihilation or reduction • n th and Sth Wm. III. c. 28. t 113 1 flocks" *. It may easi Iv be «< of tliose immense ..- imagined that, as all the flocks In Spain, whether Merinos, or coarse and long woolled. amountmg in the whole to 13,000,000. are managed under an oppressive code of laws called the Mesta and the great bodv of flock masters consists chiefly of grandees and religious societies, the mduce- ment to forward agricultural innprovement will, in the French view of political economy, be essentially heightened by the consideration that the change will greatly impoverish the Spanish aristocracy. . It is remarkable that, whilst other countries, less interested than Britain in the acquisition of fine woolled sheep, have for a long ser^s of years exerted themselves to naturalize the Merino breed we, with a few honourable exceptions, have contented ourselves with importing their wool. As early as 1723, a Spanish flock Was introduced into Sweden, by Mr. Alstroemer .. Under his direction the government instituted « a school of shepherds in 1739; and, soon af- « terwards, granted bounties of 25 percent, to « all the venders of fine and good wool. Those <■ bounties were successively reduced to 15 per "cent, in the yearn 81; and to 12 per cent .< in the year 17«6 ; and in 1792. their object " having been answered, were wholly dason- ,» Dr. Parrot Etsagyf. I +2. ii 8 < i Is C( « [ 114 ] " tinued. The bounties so distributed amount- ed in all to between fifty and sixty thousand pounds sterling. In the year 17G I-, there were " in Sweden 65,569 of the pure breed, and " 23,384 crossed with them so deeply as to pro- ** duce fine wool. It is supposed that of the " former there are now at least 100,000, or " about one twenty-fifth of the total number of *' sheep in Sweden. The wool of the descen- " dants of this primitive flock is in every re- " spect fully equal to that of Spain. It should •' seem that, at present, the Swedes raise in " their own country nearly as much fine wool " as is sufficient for their manufacture : and ** therefore use little of that which is grown in Spain."* ** In 1797 the government of Denmark im- ported from Spain 300 sheep, which were ** placed at Esserum, eight leagues from Copen- ** hagen-"f Saxony no longer imports Spanish wool ; and is supposed to contain between 90 and 100,000 fine woolled sheep, a great part of the produce of which has of late years been import- ed into England. Prussia, Austria, other states in Germany, Holland and Piedmont, have ac- quired considerable flocks of Merino sheep ; J but the greatest exertions to naturalize this breed have been made by that active and enterprizing « 41 * Essay, p. 70, f Mssaj/, p. 72. J Essay, p. 74-. Ir [ H5 ] government which has now the absolute dis- posal of the native flocks in Spain. In 1785 or 1786, 367 Merino sheep were presented by the King of Spain to Louis the Sixteenth ; Lasteyrie, who has given a very full history of this breed, states. that in 1799 « there were 500 flocks of *« French sheep crossed with Spanish rams, many «< of them to the second and third generation. « It is supposed that, in the year 1802, there « were in France 15,000 sheep of the pure ** Merino breed, and nearly 1,000,000, the wool «* of which was meliorated by having been cr9ss- «« ed with that race. The eagerness to procure «« them was extremely great. This appears from the account already given of the great in- crease in their prices. They had been de- « manded and obtained by ^21 departments; «* and, at the public sale at Rambouillet, in 1802, « no less than 57 farmers were purchasers."* « It is not generally known in this country « that, by a secret article in the treaty of Basil, « the French Directory had stipulated for itself « the privilege of purchasing in Spain, during « each of five successive years, 1000 ewes and « 100 rams. Several years elapsed before France « availed itself of this power. But at length, about the year 1799. or IBOO, 1000 sheep were purchased in Spain by Gilbert, who died 4( IC (( (( , 5 •■■i 'i * 11^ > ■'. ! ♦ Essw/, p. 82, 87, \',i ,rr» m\^ ! JS !.,:,' I'i « « C( [ 116 ] «' before he had farther accomplished the object • « of his mission. Of thcsa sheep, which did « not arrive in France till after his death, 360 " were placed, at the national expence, at Per- pignan; and, in 1801, had increased to 733. <* The remaining 640 were distributed among *' different persons, who had become subscribers « to the fund proposed by the goveruLjent for *' that purpose. After that period, the agricul- <* tural society of the department of the Seine petitioned the government to allow ihcm the power of obtaining, by a subscription among " themselves and others, the 4400* Merinos still " due from Spain bylhe treaty of Basil. Their petition was granted j and two agents and several shepherds were sent into Spain in order " to select and conduct the whole number. Of <* these, 1200 arrived in France, in the year 1 802, " and were variously distributed. The remain- •' ing 3200 were to be purchased as quickly as •' the Spanish Government would permit."t It was not till 1792 that any considerable num- . ber of Spanish sheep was imported into Great Britain. In that year the King obtained, through his Minister at the court of Madrid, 5 rams and 35 ewes from the Negrette flock be- longing to the Countess del Campo Alange ; and this important acquisition, small as it may appear « €t Qu. 4500? f Essar/, p. 85. N [ 117 ] to be, has afforded the means, first, by a graVui- tous distribution of sheep, afterwards by au open sale at a fixed price, and lastly by a public auction annually at K.ew, of proving most satisfactorily, not only that Spanish sheep thrive in England, without any deterioration in their fleeces, but that English breeds, by crosses with Merinos, will in three or four generations acquire wool equal in fineness to the best Spanish piles. 1 he nation is peculiarly indebted to His Majesty s patriotic care, for having, thus, been instrumen- tal in removing the popular opinion that it was not practicable to produce fine clothing-wool in this country by the improvement of our native flocks. The removal of error on a subject of such national importance (whenever it can be completely removed throughout the kingdom) will confer benefits on the country far greater than could possibly be derived from the mere naturalization and multiplication of the pure Spanish breed, important as this object must, for some time, continue to be, in order to accelerate the period of raising an adequate home supply of fine wool ; and the high prices, which have been given for rams from the Royal flock, are an adequate proof, that their value begins to be recognised. Some progress has already been made, in crossing the native breeds, principally _ . , J o...^u I'l^T^nc t and the progress Kvelands anu ouum ^^ = • - ii considerable with reference to the means af- i1 fa f 118 ] forded of making it j however inconsiderable it mny be with reference to the amount of fine woo], which can, as yet, be raised by British farmers. The experiment however of produc- ing it in the highest perfecti9n in England has completely succeeded* : and it appears from the • In Ireland premiums have been offered to encourage the breeding of fine-woollcd slieep. F.ssai/, p. 96. The following account in 17D6of the parish of Strathblane, {ten miles north of Glasgow,) shews that the experiment has also succeeded in Scotland : " This article ought not to be " concluded without taking notice of the laudable exertions of ** Archibald Edmonstone, an extensive grazier on the Dun- *' treath estate, to introduce improvements in his Hne. Among " many other attempts to this purpose, he has lately introduced ♦* a few sheep of the true Spanish breed into his farm. The ** only hazard of which he was apprehensive, was that the in, clemency of the weather in winter would hurt them. Of this apprehension he has been most agreeably relieved ; they ** have alreadv stood two winters as well as the rest of his " stock ; and one of them was the most severe that has been *' known for many seasons. The only precaution which he ** used was to keep them on his low grounds in winter ; but ** in the summer they are fond of feeding on the tops of the ♦' hills, and thrive there as well as the native breed. Their *• lambs are equally hardy as themselves, and promise to bc- ** come a great acquisition to the country; the wool being much ** superior to any ever known in this place. Eacli ewe produc, *' cd 4 lb. and the ram 5 lb. which brought 3s. 6d. per lb. and " was even at that price sold much under value. Last year " he crossed the breed with the Spanish ram, and Scots ewes ; ♦' and also with a Scots ram and the Spanish ewes ; and this *' experiment has succeeded beyond expectation. The Iambi " thus generated, have wcol little or nothing inferior to the ♦* n\(\ Snanifih shefn. anrl thev rnnu hf ovnprti'A in li(» fimn -J J., _ _. . __ _..j — .._ ii ** hardier than these, as being inured to the climate from their " birtlu C( «( I 119 3 Reports of the Bath Society, that of thret pl^ct^s of navy-blue broad cloth, manufactured in 18t/>, (of which two were the produce of the Coronet and Alva Spanish piles, and the third of Dr. Parry's Mcrino-Ryeland wool.) the piece made from British wool was considerably the finest, and the wool and cloth in every state worked more kindly than the Coronet*. Various new manufactures would, no doubt, be the result, if wool of the above description were produced in abundance in the United King- dom. It is stated that, from Merino-wool suf- fered to remain two or three years on the sheep's back, French ingenuity has produced shawls, superior in softness, lightness, and beauty to any made in Norwich or other parts of England*: and it is probable that satisfactory experiments of the same kind have convinced the British growers and manufacturers that fine wool may « birth. In short, there Is not n doubt, if he bad sufficient « extent of low ground to winter a large stock upon, tlrtMr w Edmonstone would pa.h this experiment to a degree wh,ch « miaht prove highly beneficial to himself, to h.s landlord, u and, as setting an useful example, to the whole country ^ « In autumn last he also procured a few Cheviot ewes wh>ch u he has crossed with his Spanish ram. It ^s expec ea th.s « will produce a hardy breed, and improve the wool to a stul « greater degree of fineness, than the crossing with the com- u Ln Scots ewes; but on the success of this experiment, u time must be left to decide," Statistical Account of Scot- fenff. vol. 18.p. 571, 1 FH J ' 'i _ i ^iill ti; * Essay, p. 200. ^ Essay, p. 152. 0& 1 ll M [ 120 j be successfully spplied by them to a similar pit' pose. " That blankets would be best fabricated from^ «' superfine wool is evident from the softness, light- *' ness, warmth, and beauty of those expensive *' ones, of a fawn colour, which are often brought « into England from India*:" and there are various other articles, in the manufacture of which su- perfine wool might be beneficially applied, to the exclusion of the coarser short wools now used. It is calculated that, by substituting 2,600,000 fine-woolled sheep, in lieu of 1,400,000 small sheep, of the ordinary breed, on land unimprov- able by the plough, and 1,200,000 other sheep, 5,200,000 lbs. of fine wool (v/hich is the amount to which 6,500,C00lbs. the fine wool imported, ts reduced by clean scouring) would be gained in lieu of 3,622,000 lbs. of coarse wool clean, or 4,346,400 lbs. washed on the sheep; which is supposed to be less than an eleventh of the whole produce of coarse short wool; and that the supe- rior value of the fine wool gained, above that of the coarse wool abandoned, would give an annual balance of 1,107,250/. to the countryf. The benefits from multiplying the breed of fine woolled sheep may be expected to extend far k * Essajj, p. 149. t Essui/, p. 150— that is, supposing the foreign wool to cost l,ri60,000l. annually, and the native clean wool 3^22,000 lbs. Sif. Wj, DU. pCl iu, lU uC vvOiUi Tw'-^iv/vr, s [ 121 ] beyond the interests of the farmer, the woolsta- pier, or the manufacturer. The merchant may reasonably expect an increased demand to ope- rate in his favour, in consequence oi the reduced price in superfine cloths, and kerseymeres, and other improvements in the manufacture of wool- lens, which the raising fine wool at home is obvi- ously calculated to produce*. Although it is probable that the far greater part of the superfine cloths made in Great Bri- tain is consumed at home, yet that manufacture must continue, even during the prohibitory de- crees of Bonaparte, to furnish a considerable branch of export. The Chinese arc beyond the reach of the French conscripts j and are our cus- tomers for nearly a million annually of woollen manufactures. Even France herself, nojwith- standing her superior advances in the imiltipli- cation of fine woolled sheep, will no doubt, * This increased demand, however, is more likely to ope- rate in distant parts of the world than in Europe. Ot u-oollens ■ exported, not one fourth part goes to the continent of Lurope • .ad of a considerable portion of the exports to Spam and Portugal the ultimate destination is probably the.r colome.. Comi^red with the aggregate export of woollens, the export , to those countries has been very inconsiderable. Otficlal value of woollens exported to in 1790 1W3 l'r96 1'799 t A portion probably of this passed into Spauu K * t ii ■ » ■ Ilii li Hi m [ 122 ] whenever we can raise fine wool at home, at a more reasonable rate than we can import it, deal with us for kerseymeres and other fancy goods, (particularly mixtures of cotton and wool,) which the superiority of our machinery will enable us to sell at lower prices than French manufactu- rers can do. The prices of superfine cloth and kerseymeres at Paris are at this time 40 or 50 per cent, higher than in London. Even for the coarser woollens, (if the French government should again favour the woollen manufacture in consequence of obstructions created by our maritime power to the progress of their cotton manufacture^) our neighbours may possibly be- come tributary to Britain*. Of the agricultural capital of France no part has suflfered more, by the disastrous consequences of revolution and despotism, than the stock of sheepf . * Previously to the Revolution France annually imported wool to the amount of 27,000,000 livres (above a million sterling.) Sec Yoimg's Travels through France, voK i. p. 415. ■f It is stated by a French airfhor, well acquainted with^he subject, ( Saiwegrain, inarchand boucher a Paris,) that it ap- peared from official enumerations;, made in I SO*, that the num- ber of sheep was 30,307,600; the annual consumption of which he estimates at about a fifth (averaging 26 lbs. per head) or 149,533,000 lbs, Spain, with 1 1 ,000,000 inhabitants, (a third of the population of France,) has 15,000,000 sheep ; and Great Britain, there is reason to suppose, contains about the same number as France. Mr. Luccock, in his work on wool, p. 341, computes the number of sheep in England acd Wales to be 26,000,000, of which 7,000^00 arc annu- ally .11. r [ 123 ] The quantity of wool manufactured in this country, (including it may be presumed Spamsh as well as English wool,) was stated by one of the witnesses examined before the House ot Con>. „ons in 1800 at 600.000 packs of 240 lbs. each, or 144.000,000 lbs. The 000,000 packs >^ere valued at U/. a pack, and supposed to be m- Wd to the threefold value of 19.800,000/. by manufacture. According to which propor- tion the value of the Spanish wool annually .m- "Ld would be increased from .,500.CX,0 . the CO ptice. to 4.500,000/. the value manufactured MfLucock, however, estirpates the amount at o^ m^e packs.* which is probabyneare the truth than the statement made to the House of Commons. If this estimate of it^creased vah.e be correct, it win furnish a strr.mg « of the importance of fine wool ; which, though, in a raw state, only a twenty-fifth part, accord- „g to one authority, or a fifteenth part accordmg to another, of the aggregate quantity of wool consumed, is when manufactured, above one- fifthof th value of the whole. To contmue our dependance on a foreign country for such ar. ..p?er. examined "'^f-- — Tf tp -."^^^.^^^-^^ mons in 1 BOO, supposed the numneroj ;.iit k' • rabk: D. 338. 1^1' ii«i p m , [ 124 ] article, without making further and more vi^o rous exertions, than we have done, to raise it at home, appears, under the present circumstances of the country, to be wholly repugnant to ihc policy which dictates the husbanding our own resources, and the destroying those of the enemy. It is therefore submitted to those, whose province it is to mature and bring forward measures of internal improvement for the consideration of the legislature, that a plan formed upon the fol- lowing outlines, or conformable to their princi- ples, may promote the desired effect of render- ing Britain in a few years independent of the continent for what now costs her annually one million and a half; and the extension of the boon to Ireland would greatly accelerate her in- ternal improvement*^. Pi.AN FOR THE Encouragement of Anglo-Merino Sheep. § 1. Let such a price be offered by the public (say 20/. a head) as will put in requisition all the spare, healthy, efficient, rams, from one to four years old, now existing in the United Kingdom, of the pure Spanish rac?, or of the 4th cross and * No liberal-British farraer or manufacturer, notwithstanding all that has been said on the subject, could now, considering the approaching period for consolidating the financial systcrn of the two countries, reasonably object to the intercourse be- tween them in sheep or wool being made perfectly free. / m [ 125 ] upwards. This premium to be continued for four years. * /. . § 2. Let the rams be formed into divisions, each division to be placed under the superinten- dance ot a respectable experienced farmer, con- veniently situated in a sheep country. Let the superinlendant receive applications for the rams and distribute them gratis in the proportion of one ram to 100 ewes ; the receiver signing an engagement not to admit other rams to that part of his flock, to which the Merino or 4th- cross ram. are admitted, except in the case of inefficiency. The names of applicants to he entered in a book as they are received, and such a mode of distribution to be ndopted, as shall give the advantage in quality.either according to prio- rity of application, or superiority in number of fine woolled ewes, as may be determmed on. § 3 Let a premium be offered, of 10/. per hun- dred for the production of lambs of the hrst cross; 20/. for the second; 30/. for the third, and 40/. for the fourth cross : the application .or premiums to be made through the superintend- ant.who shall ascertain the correctness of the claims, and obtain certificates of the lambs being alive in the first August after they are dropped. 10 11 ;nrlnMve • the total amount of ♦ That is, to the year 1811 inclusive , ^nc premium be extended to rams^excecd ^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^ one year old, there wiU be .^u aa..?--i- -- » 'ik Iv ' m^ ■ .Ji III": t:- i'- V ■ Si; a4 m il! for 3; i50 ram lambs of the year 1811. * i'j [ 126 ] The lambs of the first cross to be r :' '=' *.e second cross by two holes ; those of the third cross by two holes in one ear and one in the other ; and those of the fourth cross by two holes in each ear*. The premiums for lambs to be continued five years. No hmb to be intitled to the pre- mium for the second, or third cross, except they are a cross one degree above the parent ewes. Supposing such a plan to insure the purchase of 525t rams (a year old or upwards) of pure bloody or equally fine fleeces in the first year, 1000 in the second, 1500 in the third, and.2300 in the fourth year, {total 5325,) the whole cost price of this number, at 20/. each, would not exceed J 06,500/. J: and -his charge, as well as the expence of premiums for lambs, would be repaid to the nation almost as soon as incurred§. The • If necessary, the rams proposed tc be bought and dis- tributed, (see § 1 and 2) may be distinguished by slits in their ears. / t That is, the rams born in 1804-, 5, 6, and 7. Sec Appen- dix E. Table \. X If the Merino flocks in Sweden are as numerous and "as excellent in quality as they are said to be, could a subsidy to bis Swedish majesty be negotiated on better terms for Great Britain, than that she should receive in return for her money an adequate number of fine woolled rams of pure blood ? The treaty of^Basil has already been mentioned : " fas est et ab hoste doccri." § It is no objection to this plan that many owners of fine- woolled sheen would not part with all their rams. Whilst it provides a market for their surplus rams, it furnishes them with, inducements to employ those they retain, no less beneficially for theicountry, than it is suppoied will be the case with the rams ikity dispose of. uy one second ross by r ; and n each itinued he pre- 3t they ;wes. urchase jf pure St year, id.2300 3lc cost lid not II as the » repaid ^. The and dis- ts in their :c Appen" IS and "as iibsidv to 'or Great tx money )d ? The est et ab rs of fine- Whilst it them with V eneficially \i the rams [ 127 1 following short statement is subjoined of the advantages arising during th^ progress of the im- provemeat, by which it appears that the very important result of furnishing our manufactures with the staple article of the requisite fineness may be obtained whilst the increase of value will keep pace with the expenditure. PLAN. lambslstcrosslO By increased value of fleece > .^^ of 1st cross per 100 .... ) To premium on 1 00 ditto 2cl cross 20 jjjuo 3d cross 30 ditto *ih cross 40 Ram supposed on an average to ^ go serve 4 years Expence of collecting and kvep ing rams, and salary of su perintendant ditto of 2d cross ditto of 3d cross ,. ditto of 4th cross .. 30 35 40 (■" 130 Expenditure for 400 130 ^^^JJ^^^^;^^ P/^f^'^^^^^^J The average value of the fleece (say of South D«wns) is taken at 5s. of the 1st cross 10 of the 2nd cross -• H of the ard cross '. . 1^ of the 4th cross 13 Although however it Is obvious from the above calculation that the improvement will repay the nation for its expenditure, yet as the repayment will not be made to the Exchequer, financial difficulties may be suggested with respect to granting a bounty for agricultural improvement. Ao irvr^on ^ntv nf 6d. oer lb. on Spanish wool will obviate this objection, and be an addi- tional stimulus to the growth of fine English "ii; ■ V i ' W: ,|I I. ts III ': [ 123 1 wool*. It will not only defray the whole charge for bountiesf, but leave a considerable surplus for the revenue. ■ It will be shewn by the annexed tables, that, allowing the existing stock to be what the first table assumes, such a stock may be raised thai- the fleeces of our. fine-woolled sheep and lambs of the third and superior crosses will in the year 1818 equal the quantity at present annuallyxon- sumed, and in the year 1819 exceed it. From a comparison of the above plan with the system adopted for raising fine wool in Swe- den, it will appear that a very different course was pursued in that country : there the object was accomplished by the government's institut- ing a school of shepherds, and granting bounties of 25, afterwards reduced to 15, and 12 per cent. * This tax is not likelv to operate to the injury of our manu- facturers: and, whenever the peace takes place, the present existing war (ax of \'2\ per cent, on wool imported, may, if ex- pedient, be taken off. t Sixpence per lb. on (5,500,000 lbs. at 5s. the pound, will be equal to 10 per cent aJ valorem, and produce 162,500/. per annum. It viil produce somewhat less, according to the cus- tom-house estimate of real value. To the official value of Spa- . nish wool imi)orted, which is stated for the year 1804-at 433,972/. ; for 1805 al 417,53+/.; and for 1800 at 329,996, the Inspector General allows an addition of 200 per cent, in order to produce, the real value. See yl^>pendix D. The proposed bounties for 5 vears will an.ount to 365,652/. in that period j See Appendix' k Table 3, CoL 6 and 7 ; and if 69,C00/. be added for the Iambs of 1811, to 434,652/.; and the d«ty, in five years only, from 1809, inclusive, to 805,034/. It may be deserving of future consideration whether, after 5 years, a reduced bounty on the 3d and 4th crosses should not be provided from the produce of the duty. r C 129 ] ort^ll fine wool sold. The first measure appears to be wholly unnecessary for Great Britain, where tho- management of sheep is very generally un- derstood ; and it is conceived that the second would be too complex in its operation, and too exposed to fraud, to succeed. The ascertaining what is fine British wool is a study far more suited k> manufacturers or farmers t^an revetni'- ofHce-s. Tnc grant of prciniums upon the prodnc'.iou t-f finowoollcd f:^:epi5 not liable to the objec*- tions which are usually urged against bounties. The object is, not to force agricultural industry •into a different course from that it is inclined to take, but to perfect a branch of farming to which the country is habituated, and which is essential for its comfort. What Adam Smith, the great enemy of bounties, observes, with respect to premiums given to artists and manufacturers who excel in their particular occupations, namely, that "their tendency is not to overturn « the natural balance of employments, but to " render the work, which is done, as perfect and « compleat as possible," is fairly applicable to premiums for the production of fine-woolled sheep*. . He does not appear to have been Umc.\ to bounties o,. " , il .. K^^^pvf that national wealtti ames " ifm have taiV'ht us to believt xnai iiai . 1 ,• , » . .. ^Ltamtaratcly from exportation than from pvoducfou. fy'eahh qf JSations, \5. 4. C. 5* ■; \ ti.;i [ ISO ] Compared with the experiment, which Be naparte is about to make of raising the raw mate- rial in France for his cotton manufacture, how prominently successful may the attempt to pro- cluce fine British wool be expected to be ! Let the two countries be compared in this respect : —Great Britain, in proportion to its population, has more sheep, and probably more experience in the management of sheep, than any country m the world : it is ascertained that the Spanish race will thrive in any part of the island: the manufacture for which fine wool is required, is the principal manufacture of the country, ard the chief article of export : the melioration of British wool will not interfere with any branch of agricultural industry, or obstruct any esta- blished manufacture : on the contrary an in- creased demand for sheep is the best assurance of good farming, and among other advantages will probably render us less dependent on fo- reign countries than we now are for corn of any description.— France has no experience in the cultivation of cotton; all her stock of farming knowledge for the culture of this exotic is to be furnished by a learned itiember of the agricultu- ral society of the department of the Seine : and the Minister of the Interior is to procure proper seed from Spain, Italy and South America*. It . • See the letter from the mimster of the interior to the pre- fects, dated March 1 807, and inserted in the^/^pendu, B. N o. 8. h not ascertained by adequate experience that ,l„s branch of culture will succeed even .n the south of France.- " of all the productions to .. which labour is applied, the cotton p ant .s .. perhaps the most precarious : in >ts hrst stage .. !, is attacked by the grub ; it is devoured by .< the caterpillar in the second ; it is somet.mes .. withered bv the blan ; .nd MU^frequ^^^^^^^^^^^ <. d....roy it both in tho blossom and the bud . r . c ,.i,'„-l- it is the raw maic- vhl is in its intVncv, and in allits branches, vv ject to be undersold by "eis'^bouring compet.- Zs ., by the cottons of the Enghsh East Ind.a Company; or of English -uufacturers «^^^^^^^^^ skill the French government admit their spin „ers have not yet been able to -qmre 1 be cultivation of cotton in France must inter ere cuuivauui K„„,.v, of a^ricuture, unless t^l are those which have not been occa pied for raising any other P- 'I! ii' i,f .. J.i [ ^32 ] directed to the promotion of the improvement of wool by the grant of competent premiums, it shall appear probable that the measure, when perfected, will be not less advantageous to manu- factures than to agriculture, and will secure to us the best means of rivalling continental wool- lens in foreign markets, no reasonable objection •will remain on the score that the first-cost is too " great and the advantage too remote. As to ex- pence, let it be recollected that the bounty on corn cx])orted, (a |u-cmium on commerce,) has sometimes cost the public in one year more than 300,000/*. The acquisition of fine wool from British sheep, valuing the saving of 1,500,000/. our present import of Spanish wool, at twenty years purchase, willbe a gain to the community of 30,000,000/. Ten years are but a span in the existence of a nation ; and, if every year in that period produces from the measure a benefit com- mensurate with the year's proportion of expence, it will not be objected, by men ^ «« Of patient care and wisdom-temper'd zeal " that the improvement must be objectionable because it will be gradual. * IVeahh of Nations, B. 4. C. 5. ,t1 [ 133 ] FROM a consideration of the principal ar- ticles of import alcove enumerated, it appeals rea- sonable t^ conclude that the lirltish Empire possesses within itself those resources which are indispensable to provide for the continuance of its comforts, its security, and its greatness. To call forth those resources in the way Uast calcu- lated to obstruct the orcln.:iry channels of indus- try, and with the least possible evpet,..o, appears to be a nec^^^-^ary part of ouv system of national defence and m;.ntime p.sccndn-.ry. It however is not meant to be contended, that, with respect to the foreign commodities of importance import- ed into this country, the object we should aim at is the raising them all within the British domi- nions. Of hemp, for instance, it does not appear essential that the whole supply should be grown - in Britain, Ireland, or the Colonies : the quan- tity furnished from abroad is between 30,000 and 40,000 tons, (all of which comes from Rus- sia,) of which probably at least a fourth is re- quired for the navy ; but until we grow as much as is wanted for this purpose, it is ^as Mr. Spence justly remarks*) perfectly idle to talk of our being an independent maritime powerf. Nei- * Britaiii independent of Commerce, p. 72. + The whole might probably be raised in Ireland: such seems to have been Bishop Berkeley's opinion 60 years ago : % • '. u.«^r> ii-fl »!>«» folliivvino' 1 among ms queries vn n<-"«i-- »- = . Q.75. Whether immense sums are not drawn yearly int^ m n ti' m r fly m y.i, f''l mm 4. 11 v' ■ ■i ' [ 154 ] llrl Iher is it meant to be contended that we ought, in defiance of Adam Smith's principles of politi- cal economy, to attempt the improvement of the agriculture of the mother country, or her co- lonies, by means of an expensive system of pre- miums and bounties. His arguments will, no doubt,' be urged against granting bounties on agriculture, alth'>i!gh they have been rarely sue-- cessfully ippl'f d against the system of direct premiums and bounties, or regulations of a simi- lar tendency, which have been contrived for the encouragement of commerce. It, probably, will be objected tliat an increased price, whether cre- ated by foreign obstruction or by the addition of bounties, will be an extra burden on the nation ; but the fair question is, not what the price of the article is, or will be, during the progress of the measure for obtaining a British supply j but what, ihe northern countries, for supplying the British navy with hempen manufactures ? Q. 76. Whether there be any thing more profitable than hemp ? and whether there should not be great premiums for encouraging our hempen trade ? Q. 77. Whether Ireland alone n;ight not raise hemp sum- cient for the British navy ? and, whether it would not be vain ' to expect this from the British colonies in America, v. ere hands are so scarce and labour so excessively dear ? Q. 78. Whether, if our own people want will or capacity for such an attempt, it might not be worth while for someundertak- ingspirits in England to make settlements and raise hemp mthe counties of Clare and Limerick, than which, perhaps, there is not filter land in the world for that purpose ? and^, whether - both nations would not find tiieir advantage ihcrciu ? ( ■ pre- wlth ;a, v< ere t 135 ] on the whole, in pecuniary or political advantage, will be the gain to the country when the measure is carried into full effect. What agricultural .m- provement by inclosures would be attempted, .t the profit were to be calculated only from the receipts and payments duri.ig the period neces- sary for bringing the waste land into a regular course of husfearidry ? Upen- the if'holc, t'jc.system, necessary for the - country to a^3f|to 'secure an adequate supply of the most material of the articles above mentioned from those parts of the British domi- nions designated as most fitted for their produc tion, mav be comprized under three heads viz. 1 Import duties on wool, and hemp, of which the whole or a part should be applied, for a de- finite period, to 2. Internal, bou ves, for each respective branch of produce, i. General en- couragements, the principal of which are a pro- ■ , per legislative system for facilitating enclosures ; a revision of the forest system ; epcouragement ,0 persons (desirous to emigrate from Great Bri- tain. Ireland, or Germany) to settle in the British colonies in preference to the United States ot America ; and the communication of useful infor- mation, by the authority of government respect- ing any commodities, the production of which it may be' deemed expedient to encourage in any part of the British dominions. The Orders in Council form a very good part It fi 1 ij" i i ii I 136 ] J oF the system of national defence, but they do not form the whole of it. They very properly create obstructions in the commercial intercourse of neutrals with the continent in order to produce a pressure on the enemy* ; but they do not (nor is it compatible with the nature of orders of council that they should) provide adequate in- ducements for the investment cf British capital (the abundance of which h,.s produced the im- provement even of the enemy's colonies) in new modes of cultivation in the British dominions : in order (as the present circumstances of Europe seem to require) to effect two important objects : 1. to secure to the country an adequate supply of indispensable commodities: and, 2ndly, to counterpoise the increasing strength of the French empire, (the resources of which will pro- bably be augmented and consolidated by peace,) by adding, not, as a continental power can conve- niently do, contiguous provinces to the frontiers, but by extending the natural advantages of our insular situation by removing or counteracting • There are othe«* means of pressure besides those mentioned in the Orders of Council, to vvliich the British government (notwithstanding the declamations of modern philanthropists) will be justified in resorting : the coasting fisheries of Europe, we shall, probably, not allow to be continued, cither as the Dutch propose, with a soldier in each boat, or without : and the wb?le fisheries of the Baltic States may easily be annihilated by our nav^l power. , [ 137 ] (as far as legislation can do) the existing obstruc- tions to the progress of British industry. That there is a demand for an increased pro- duce is evident ; and it is no less clear that there has been for several years past, and probably is now, an abundant stock of capital ready to be applied to the improvement of the soil, if parlia- mentary facilities were given to the inclosure of the waste lands of the kingdom. Among the various causes which have ope- Ti ,, i to cause the investment of British capital in remote and hazardous speculations, in the Dutch andDanish West India colonies, and even in Cuba, in preference to the uninclosed lands of Great Britain, the ease with which land might be acquired, has probably been the principal. Hitherto the British legislature has felt that the cultivation of wastes, though allowed in other countries, could not be permitted in this island without the aid of a special act of parliament for every particular case, whether the subject mat- , ter were the inclosure of 200 or 20,000 acres ; but, when it is recollected how long the objections against the abolition of the slave trade were consi- dered as insuperable, and yet that the measure has at length been accomplished, it is to be hoped that the no less important measure, the internal im- provement of the empire by an extended system of cultivation, may at length be forwarded by the co-operation of pressing necessity and p""^ ■;;ai|«feM#>*;#5 m ^ [ 138 ] verlng advocates. Difficulties, there is no doubt, would attend not only the devising, but the car- rying, any plan into effect : difficulties will at- tend°the practical operation of the Orders in Cnuricil : bat the energy, and activity, which suggested their adoption, will facilitate their progress : and from them, as well as from any great public measure founded on sound princi- jiles, many collateral advantages, not originally foreseen, may be expected to arise. It is perhaps unnecessary to add that a parlia- mentary investigation of the best means of pro- moting internal improvement would essentially serve the interests of the West Indies, by sug- gesting, as undoubtedly it might suggest, the " practicability of introducing new, or extending some old, articles of culture in those colonies*: and it may, lastly, be observed, that the promo- tion of internal improvement in the different parts of the empire, will, in the present state of the world, be more effectually conducive to the preservation and" augmentation of the maritime power of Britain than any scheme of temporizing • Cotton and coffee are two important articles. Let us hope that the committee recently appointed to consider the state of thd West Indies will take an extended view of this subject. There was a time when the legislature thought the encouragement of the growth of coffee a proper measure : and it is a question highly deserving of enquiry, in what manner the financial, commercial, and other, interests oHhe country would be affected if the duty on coffee were sutticicntly low. cred to encourage its consumption in Great Britain. ubt, car- 1 at- "s in hich their I any rinci- mally »arlia- f pro- itially r sug- 5t, the ;nding )ni€S*: )romo- fferent tate of to the aritime orizmg . Let us isidcr the V of this ought the sure : and It manner le country cntly low. [ 1»9 3 policy, which looks forward to peace for the restoration of the ancietit system of commerce -, and therefore limits its expedients, for rendering the country independent of the foreign supply of indispensable articles, to the continuance only of the present war. A svstem, thus pursued, wth the two-fold object of inflicting pressure on the enemy, and of emancipating ourselves from commerca depen- dence on tt continent, will afford the best chance of a favourable termination of the con- test Under the existing circumstances of Eu- rope, it is in vain to hope that the cessation of hostilities will amount to more than a MarUmc Truce ; and it, therefore, behoves those, wno are entrusted with the government of the country, ,0 pursue those measures, which are best calcu- Jated to enable us, if the truce be broken, to recommence the war without relative disadvan- tage They have advanced some steps, towards • the accomplishment of this object, by issuing the November Orders of Council ; and it is to be expected, from their promptitude ^f^^^'^f''' that, unawed by those, who " with a shnll and s^ad " accent, ingeminate the word peace, peace , they will persevere in their Maritime Code, and establish it on its proper basis, by developing the internal resource, of the different parts of the empire. See Lord v^uucnuuu , _K ou.^octe'- of Lord Falkland, His'* vol. 2, p. 35y. THE e..:p. i I rrinted by T.CUHiiON HApWAUD, P««boi««gli^eoo«, WLfXT JflREfcT. [ i \ APPENDIX A, No.1. A Clas.ic Summm-v of the value of the ^^^^'^,1' »,w/,/«. fnni the Unitec St;m;s, during theyeai enuui, Ct',':ths!;i. i 80.. «»./ to OOO Whale (common) oil and bone ------ 230 00^ SpcrmacJi oil and camlies _ 2,63.5,000 THE FOREST— 4,820,000. 2.SUinsandfi.(T^-P-^f>:^^^ €iii)stMig (raw product ot toresi; ^ 600,000 o,. Product of wood'- ,. , , ^ Lumber, (boards, staves, shingles, hewn ^ ^^^^^^^^ lind)er, masts, &c.) ' ^^^^^ Oak bark, and other dyes ----":■ .^o'oOO Navalstores(tar,turpentme,pitch,rosm,) 460,000 Ashes, pot and pearl ' - 4,220,000 4.820,000 AGRICULTURE— 32,995,000. 4. Pvodud of animah : i 1 45 OOO Beef, tallow, hides, live cattle ----- -1 M^^^^^ Butter and cheese - - - - - - .1 800,000 Pork, pickled bacon, lard, (live hoj,s) ^ _' >«^^'^^^y Horses and mules _ 55 qoo Sheep — 4,135,000 5. Vegetahk food ; _ 310,000 Wheat, flour and biscmt y 1,025,000 Indian corn and meal - ' " 2',4'55.000 Another '(rye. oats, pulse, potatoes, apples, &c. _f . 14,080,000 a 1r / t [ „ , 6,230,000 £:r al "l8 "to" \l cents.) - - - - 7,920.000 S:r?:::::::::::;:-:--' '^- . Wax ---- 6«'«^^^^ Poultry, hemp, flax, &c. i^^^^^^ 630,000 32,996,000 MANUFACTURES — 1,655,000. 6. Soap, candles, boots, shoes. &c. ^ ^ 395,000 Of grain (spirits, beer, starch, &cc.) - - - 21,000 Of wood (including furniture, coaches, &c.) 210,(nu) Cordajrc, canvass, linseed oil - - 50,000 Of iron-pig iron 20,0 U bar -iron -- /lu. -tX-.v:;:::::::: .S • ,, . •, ^c 16,000* \ arious items ________ 790,000 7. Of foreign materials, viz. Spirits (of molasses) ------- ^ ^'OO^ Sugar refined ^^^^^ Chocolate '/.'.".".... SS'.OOO Gunpowder ^ Of brass and copper ----;;;;:: "_ '_ ^ 3' Medicinal 565,000 300,000 Uncertain ^.^ 1,655,000 4'2, 105,000 Summary of Domestic Produce exported in 1 804 and)S05. Agi^ie 30,890,000 - 31.562 000 Manufactures 2, 100,000 - 2,525.000 Uncertain 430,000 - JoofiO^ 41,470,000 — 42,387,002 (There is some error in this column : its total amount is 781,000.) ^ [ iii J Extract from the Statement of Efforts from Ut Oct mi, to mh Sept. 1806, from the ports of the United States of America *. Produce of tl.e United States Dollars « .2^;';Jf^ Foreign produce ^/ 25o',000 Savannah (estimated) 1_1!1— — Dollars 103,736,963 i West India Produce. ...pounds 106,249,391 Sugar 39,378,631 Ditto clay'd \ .... 41,001,662 Coffee 6,846,758 Cocoa " "^' ".' 1 ,833, 181 Cotton .".".\"-V." 13,798 Molasses •w 6,096,080 Cotton, Sea island ^^_ 29,361,380 Georgia Report of Treasury Department, 24th Feb. 1807. . ,. ,, the Jleport on the Trade m i^e We^t India * See Appenda to the itepo^^.^^^ ^ ^^^ T4 a o ei O CO £ z i CI4 < 1 1 •3 G O -o /I H EH o 2 tr ^ .5 U -o o o o^ U X ? o is - - w is o c o >^ 5 ^ x: *-• d P t >H «0 (n Ofj 00 »-• UP 0* •* ■cf ^ <-< I3> r^ e 'O o !t> U 1 s 4) . '-: 1 1 (T. O c'5 ^ '^ , , ,- r» I-. ir. — « .CM' 00 rr^ '■^„'~„ Urn 1 - c -0 ^ ' •+ "^ •^ c. oi 'o '.•"> CO c cr. <+j Oi CO 'c T. ;^j 1- ' t£! IC 'C »- O C» -f^t T (i o •^' '-' -o" o b- Lw "Sd ^ ir) O) "^ O-. t- ^ ^ O "-) '- t- -,* ,-*. .*.». r^ '^ r- CO O) . o^ 73 Wi u C« V3 P c 2 ^ ?5 M <* y> 2 "a iO O g - ."^ It C5 s ^ «o V5 "s. ■i tft w 1-. to 9 u {ft li p CO M 3 jr II 5 a-. a. l- ^ CO a. oo c^ -+ tc lO - 'X: ^ iC c^ -I f' r> a. *-C CM c* -* - -r. f .-^ o 3-' - ic '', , '">> ■T) r- J- 0-. CI 1- ■^ 1— t *^ ^ a o Z'l •n X o ^■n o r^ ,^ r-j a. /~f 1- #> ^f- 'O C' O CJ f^ "■s *^ 'it a-. o. re fi CO c" "■) I- "■2 (*1 f\ ^J CT. ^ #> f- 'O C' M "■s ■?> -^ ^•^ - o .j^ ^£ T. 'O O OJ -+ in y. i~ ^ ^.^ O: I' CT. V-f o •-f o ,Mt n ■ ^ ■I 1 I X ] dans Icquel nous Vemportons sur les autres nations, soil par la beauts des couleurs, soit par la variete et la per- fection du travail. L'administration ne s'est point dissi- mule ces inconvenieus, et ello n'a rien nfigligfi pour y parcr : mais qu'opposer au torrent de la mode ? Ne pou- lant empfclier I'usage du coton, ellc a dCi chercher \eB moyens dc le rcndre le moins ruineux possible pour Petal • die a fait les dipenses necessaires pour procurer a nos manufactures les meiUeures machines et gagner ainsi la man, d'oeuvre. Ce ii'cst pas exagfirer que de dire que la consommation du coton exige une somniean- nuelle de 150 i 160 millions •. les femmes ne s hab.Uent presque qu' avec des eVoffes dont cette matiere est le principe ; les hommes on eonsomment beaticonp pour lilets, cravutes, ct liabilloment da matin ; on s en sert Tionr les ridcaux de cro.see et de lit ; on en fait des eou- verturcs, des bas, des bonnets, des mouclio.rs des sehals, des chemises, et mfime des draps. Que i^sulte-t-il d un pared elat de choses ? il tkut envoyer a I'ctranger des sommes considerables pour acheter la matiere premiere. Si une guerre maritime so declare, il survient des c.rcon- stanees qui rninent ou paralysent une foule d'atehers- le coton augmente de valeur ou devieut rare ; et, dans les deus cas, les manufactures 6prouvent une cnse. Ala paix, les iueonveniens ne soi.t guere moiudres : la ma- tiere prenuere baisse ordinairemeut de prix ; et alors .1 faut que le fabricant dprouve une perte qu. est plus oa rooins considerable suivant son approvis.o.mement Moniteur, 25 Sept- 1806- 2Vo. 2. Les fabriqucs de toiles de St. auentiii se diviscnt tenant en deux branches d'e.^ploitation distUictes ; les if if soit 1 per- clissi- >our y J poa- ler les pour ocurcv 2,agner jue de me an- ibillent est le p pour en sevt es cou- , schals, -il d'un gcr des •emiere. circon- liers : le dans les 3. Ala la ma- t alors il ; plus ou jnt. pt. 1800. ictes ; les [ xi ] „ toiles tissues en fil, ct les toiles tissues en colon. U y a trois ans que la ville de St. Queutin cherchc a conceu- tver clans scs n>«vs la fabrique des toiles de coton : quatre. belles filatures qui oceupent neuf cents personnes ct fi- lent jusqu'a numero 100 s'y elevics en tres-peu de terns; „n non.bre considerable de maisons de commerce s est cmpresse de faire manufacturer les basins, parl-aks, mous- selines, piqufo, calieots, et g6n6rakn,ent toutes les to.les dont TAngleterre avait le „>onopole eu Kurope. Depu.s le deeret du 23 fevrierdernie, , ce.te fabrieat,o„ dcv.ent . <,e jour en iour plus buportmue: ou y en.pU- d6,i prea ae huit miile >n^tiers ; et, avaut pen, le se.,1 arro.uUsse- „,eut de St. Quentin donnera u„ pvodu>t annuel d en- viron 300,0=0 pieces, qui nelaisseront r,en ades.rer vela- i Lent L la .ain d'.nvre, et pour lesquel^s la co^u. „ .^.,t. >i rM-nndre AoiUt^^ sill Iti rpnfo etran"-ere ne sera pas a ci.unaie. „. , , • nauonah. Monikur, 23 Sept. 1S06. No. 3. M M Demailly, de Lille ; Kquss«1 et Dailly de Com- „.nes Cssel, Grbnonpore., Alexandre Decresme, de Ron a . •, Gombert et Woussen, de Houpbnes ; A e.an dre Dac,^>esue, de Valenciennes; Desurmont rer^. Louis Disurmont et Compag.,ie, de Tourcorng ; Lolhot ^t gLS Duhen,deDouai; et Koch Croquefer, de L^b ai ; prLnten't des ecUantiUons de fil de coton de- USes uLro 25 iusqtt'a numero ,55 : ce fil, que o.. ^b ient ;. les .uacbines dUes .nuU,..is et p. c^e a mature continue, est employ^ presqu'en ot b e p e fabriques de tissues du departement. NoUu. »' ''* jets, Xc. MoniUur, 14 Oct. I8O0. I* w A m W t i % a \> 'I i [ xii 1 T.aville aeRonbaix possede line fabriqne, considerable 4^ o r^ /^ A jtle par- [ xiii j tie se prisente sous Vaspect k plas prospere ; la fabru,ue a TaLeprodu.ten gvande quantum des .nou^el.nets tos belles ; dansle soul arrond.ss.mentde Su.nt-««ent,„, h: t mUle m6ue>.s sont cu activiU, .ant pour fabr.que. L basins que pour fahe des mousseUnes ou c es perkales des calicots, deu. ge«r.s de tissus qu> ne d.ffercU de lusseLne qu'en ce que les Ids qu'on y eu.plo.eson run mcndre degr^ de finesse : cet arroud,sseu>e„t peut p.odu>reSlui seul, pres de trois cent mdle p.eces pur an. Les calicots fon<;ais commenccnt u deveniv A abondans, ct sont SL bien fabr.qucs que les n>anufacU,ves de todes pein.es n'aurout plus a regrettev les caucots A„g la.s le hcf d'une crtebre manufacture de todes pe.ntes, dont k t.moi.nage est infiniment respectable, nous a assur, le nour Temploi dans ses ateliers et pour le bon usage, s Xt franV-ontde pair avee ecu. d'Angletcrre, it .me les aoheteurs les plus cxevc^s et les plus d.ihedes ne sauraient yappereevc.r de d.Qcrence qu> soit au desa- . vantage des notrcs. La fabrication des velours de colon estcgalcment dans une situation heureuse. De tous e&tes, il s'etablit des fabriqnes de nanUin, qui donnent lien d'esperer que cette etoffe, d'une conson.- ; atio rpopulaire, et par consequent trcs-.ten „e, pourra nnjour nous etre entierement fourn.e par le travadde nos compati'iotes, Les manufactures decoton formenl done, des i present, „„. branche tr6s-inM.ortante de I'ipdustne fran,a.se, e es oecupent une grande place dans notre commerce: dfe nous affranchissent d'un tribut que nous avons paye cues il""-* , — ,.^»A«»"fB eiles jusquHci a une nation rivaie : sous tovis ic, ..^^.--^..w^ 1*' if- A I 1; J 11 ^ *W 1' III [ xiv ] sont dignes de la protection du gouvernement. Jiapport du Jury charge d'examiner les produits de Vindusiric francaise mis a V exposition de \ii06, presente a S Exc, M. de Champagny, ministre de Vinterinir. MoniUur, 23 Nov. 1806. No. 5. Labonnetene de coton a fait des pvogr^s sensiblcs : do toutes part on a pr^sente des bas de coton de la phis rrrande beaut^, executes avec un soin et une elegance qu'on Tie connaissait pas autrefois ; il est auiourd'lun prouv6 par le fait, que, dans ce genre, comme danscelui des tissus, nos fabricans peuvent egaler les fabncans Anglais. 243. M. Lensnmey-Camusat, de Troves. s'outient a des^prix moderes la concurrence avec cc qui se fait de plus beau en bas de coton : il obtint en I'au 10 la medaiUe d'argent ; et le jury la lui aurait decernee cette ann6e, s'il ne s'etait pas feiit la regie de ne pou.v la donner deux fois a un manufacturier pour le m6uie ob- jet. 244. La manufacture de Grlllon, pres Dourdan. "■ A presentcdesbasd'une grande finesse, et fabriques dans la perfection. Le jury ne peutqu'applaudir a la decisioii qji deccrna une medaille d'argent a cette manufacture en I'an 10, 215." MM. Coutan et Couture, place du Chevalier du- Guet, a Paris, Ont presente divers ouvrages fabriques avec beaucoup de soin, et qui reuuissent toutes les qualites desirables : ces habiles fabricans ont beaucoup contribuf, p^r d'heu- %■ ji i,/^ Ilapport \Hndusiric a SExc. Monitair^ isiblcs : do tie la plus E elegance ujourd'hui dans celui ; fabvicans tint en i'an it decevnee ne point la nicnie ob- iii. ^t fabviques ^•Ji deccrna ran 10, levalier du- c beauconp desirables : , par d'lieu- ,eu.e. innovations, aux progres que labonneterie de co- ton afaits en France; la fabrication du tulle leur doit aussi quelques perfectionnemens. 1 e iurv s'applaudit d'avoir a rendre temoignage au ta- lent de M. Coutan, qui obtint, des Van 9, la meda;lle d'arcrent de deuxieme classe. ,,11, Le lurv arrfite qu'il sera fait mention honorable de la bonnetede presentee par les fabriques et les fabricans dont les noms suivent ; "46. FabriquedebasdeLiancouit. Cette manufacture a presenti desbas do diverses qua- lites, tous tres-bieii fails. Sou dep&t est place du Cheralie.-du-Guet, chez MM, Cou-anetCourtue.asscciesdelafabnque. Noia. Labonneterie n'est pas le seul genre de fabn- cation ctabli 4 Lianconrt; il .'y est forme, par les so.ns de M. de la Rochefoucault, une ftlature, une manufacture de calicots, et une fabrique de cardes. Tous les objets Tui en so^ent sont d'excellente quahte ; et, sous tous les rapports et dans tous les genres, les estabUssemens da Liancourt meritentla confiance etl'estime pabhques. 247. M. Enos, de Rouen, Qui a present^ des bas blancs d'une belle qualite et des bas chines avec gottt, d'une grande finesse et d un praix modere. ni« M Aiffoin,de Nines, ' aufa envV des bas tres-fins, d'un Wane parfatt et d'un prix modere. ^.r^ M T.irlann. de Bruxelles, Pour des bas ^ c6te& tres-beaux. » ' [ XVI 250. M. Forchtjile Strasbourg, Pour des bas tres.beaux. 25 K Lafabriquede Chalons-sur-marnc, Quia envoy^ des bas dans les qualit^s commuties, et essais dans le tres-fin, qui annoncent I'activite et la bont6 de cette fabrique* Eapport du Juri/f S/ic. Moni- tcur, 28 Nov. 1 806. n ■ i No, 6. Machines a filer le colon. 420. M. Pouchet (Louis E.), de E,ouen, A pr6sent^ un filoir continu a double rang debrochcs de chaque cote, etagees et distribuees de maniere a occuper la moitie moiiis de plage que d-^-ns les continues ordinaires. M. Pouchet obtint une mcdaille d'or a I'exposition de Tan 10. 421. M. Albert (Charles), faubofflxg Saint-Denis, n' 69, ii Paris, A pr^sente au coucours une scritj complette de mecan-' iques a filer le coton. 1°. Des carderies brisoire et finissoire, mues par en- grenage, sans cordes ni poulies : des vis sont cnipioyees d' ujie maniere heurease pour regler les chapeaux ; 2" Un larninoir a quatre systomes ; cette niecanique mue par engrenage, dans toutes les parties, n'este point sujette aux irregularites desmoteurs a poulies eta cordes; [tiuties, et ^•ite et la (c. Moni- clebrochiiS iianiere a, continues exposition mis, n' Q9^ de mecan-' les par en- cnipioyees eaux ; mecanique n'este point et a cordes; .o( .[ xvii j 3. Une boudineiie u quatre lanternes qui pvoduit unr, ^punrne de nrain-d'ceuvre dans ccttc preparation ; '40 Une boudinerie I ailettcs on systf.ne contunt pr6- parant le boudin pour la ftlatnre en gros et rempla.ant .^ la-fois les lanternes et le bobnmge ; 50 Une filature en g^os ou en doux, due SUesihcu systi^nie Mul-Jennij ; - »,,^.p,,r 6° Une matureen fin, mCmesyst£me,avee un mo.eur- '^jSLe continue, syst.n.eTrossel,po^^ 30 a 50, et un autre pour les u°^ SO a ISO*, pov^r d.au.e. Le iury a vu, dan. les n.Ceaniqucs presentees par M. AllrCune pJrfaite exeeution, la r^nuon de tons les Jiict'ionnenLs tonnus et quelques an.chotat.ons pro- ^'Z:^y^n. a M. Charles Albert une mcdaille d'or. 422. M. Calla, rtfe du Faubourg Poissonniere, an. Menus-Plaisirs, • t-Cie fi,r,s.„i,-e, Oct le .ambouv Cel.v.ant est .„ c„ivre,et consevve la tm-me cyU„d.iq«e .n.eux que !Lx , bois: le»aouves du grand tambour sont fa.tc. r ,11 u.ta., et arrang^es de n.anlere ^ per. - I nvnitm-es de eardes dont les crochets n auraiciu: ;X tr'ro:;!-, eu re,,laeer part.Ue.e. des planches neuves cellcs qur se trouvera.enl l.o.s , "■■"■'"r,' ' ' .,ni ,ne a filature continue de qu'atrevingt W1,^'I«^" our line, et dont les brocbes sent pLls de nraniere que la transmlss.on du tors se fa. . -Hi .1 IV: i4 i 1 i: i I xvm J eliaqnc revolution jusqiraux cyllndrcs dc tlni?ro, sans ctre interroiupuc par la pvossion dii fil centre le tonds ^ '^ d.stnbutum des crocl. .», ..t ^"r rinteni.,e„ce avec laquellc, la I.autcur d« cc e o,t proportionaee a Tepaisseur du cuir. 1.C jury leur d6cc..c '. chacm uno mcdaUle d'argent dc 2" classe. , ,. • n„.;.-.P (lircctcuv associedc lafil- 429. M. Delafovitaine fds uine, cln< ticui 'itui-e de Lcscurc, pi'^ Rouen, A pLnta uno machine .fiiaun. -"--'-7- d.un petit nombve de brocl.cs de.tuK a hlei pour ehaSae dans Ics u" do 80 a 100. M. Dckfontaine a cu pour objet do faire connaitre .a!. qui e. plus*, qui a„..e^^^^^^^^^^^^^ [ XX ] ll la' '* i'ii broclic, a fin dc pouvoir plus facilcmcnt en regler U resistance, suivaut la fitiossc du tU ; 3". La Ibiine (pfil coiivicndrait de do\;incr a la denture dcs roues d'eiigrenage, pour obteuii* plus d'unii'ornutd dans Ic mouvcnicnt. T.e jiuy a pris Videe la pins favorable dcs (:onnais- sances de M. Delafontaine dans la ni^canique, et de son aptitude pour pcrfoctioimer les machines a filer le coton: il lui a d^ceruc une medaillc d'argent dc 3* classo. Le jury arretc qu'il sera fait n^ention honorable dcs fabricans dont les noms suiyent : 430. M. Andrieux, ni6canicicn, Place-Royale, n' 24, a Paris ; Carde -finissoire et Mnl-Jenmj pour filer en fin ; ce deux niachines sont trcs-bien excculces. 431. M. Caillon, raecanicien, rue Saiijt-Martin, n''82, li Paris, IMachine propre a canneler les cylindres pour fila- ture. Nota. II avait aussi expose des barres de fer drcssces 4 la varlope et dignes d'etre remarqupes. 432. M. Maquenuliem, d'Escarbotin, dcpartemcnt de \^ Somme, Cylindres cannel«^s, pour filature et carderie, construits sur d'excelleps modeles ; ce mecanicien,. distingue ^ jnont6 des ateliers pour fabriquer ces objets en manufac- «. .un *»*• -xxs -.-~ni^--.. wv\nv-nV\A VAAOoiLlla . i^'ocf 111"* ^ToVl f"! nl« tUre* Ct ttli liiCiliCUl Xiiaiviiv wwooiyxv j \j vt-l/ vtii t y» »»-y»«^*i^ service qu'il rend aux filatures. 433. T a KUppC Ces genre 431. Rapp pxpc €Uti< pub] men dioi « in [ xxi -J 433. MM. Bouch6 oncleetnevcu, quai Pcllclicr,n"38, a Paris, ^rylinclics cannelcs, brochcs, voucs (IViiorenagc ct suj.Horts pour filatures ; Ic tout trcs-biort txecme. Ces messieurs avaient aussi expose Ues outils tic tout genre, cle ties-boniic (iualite. 451. M. Pcu)ol,cleBesancon, Cylinches "canneles pour filature, fabriqucs avcc soin. Rapport diL Jurj/j ^c. Moniteur, 4. Dec. ISOC. M. Collin ; rapportcnr.-Cc proj^t aensa faveur une qxncncncc cle plusieurs rnois, pendant lesqucls son exe- cution a dcja produit dcs rt^snltats, avanUu^eux au tresov pubUe sans nuire aux interets de Finduslno ct du eom-- inerce. Lc litre premier prcscntc des auginentations de diuits sur quclquc^i especes dc marciuuidiscs* a leur en- * The followins list comprizes the different article:, and the duties to which they arc respectively subject. Ihodace of the French Colotties. iorcign Produce. Cocoa . Coffee . Chocolate Cotton-wool . twist Francs. Cents- : 175 , 125 Francs. Cents. '200 45 SO 1 Sugar, raw . , clayed. Tea under 8 francs -« — 5 francs and ajove |>[ankccns • 150 260 60 7 55 100 3 3 \ per quintal. 50 per kilogrnrrime, i per quintal per kil 'gramme. diito, and also 10 per cent, adval. per nieire. I . ■ 1 .: cj,.i.ii;^,ri-Uisl»iJ#* Nlfl^H 11 U' i^l^^H 1' I [ xxii ] U6e en France : dies sont une suite necessaire ties inten- tions querEmpereur a eonstamment manifesteesde trou- ver, clans les ressourccs des impots inditccts, les moyens de soulager ragrieulture en diminnant la coiitribu- tion foneiere.f Le titre 3 prohibc Vcntrec des mous- At several preceding periods wiihin the last ten years, great ad- ditions had been made to the import duties, but the customs had rot been proportionally augmented. It appears from the follow- ing account that the gross produce in ISOCi was 67,105,(322 livres, of which the net Treasury receipt, after deducting the expences of collection, was only 5 1 ~27,'21 8f. 27c. Itis remarkable that Ant- werp, 5 n point of prcuuce siands highest in the list of custom Anvc ^. - - Bordeaux Nantes • - Marseille Cologne Strasbourg - Cherbourg - Genes - - Cleves - - Dwnkerquc - Baionne Mayence St. Malo La Rocheile - Verceil ^Orient LJvr3s. C. 20^^-}.C>,5S2,57 Voghcre - - - 10,907,455,1-7 Parme - - - - 7,707,223,87 Rouen - - - - 4,735,909,85 Geneve - - - 3,732,845,23 Brest - - - 2,732,94.1,44 Aix - - - - 2,496,997,32 Cette . - - - 1,951,240,21 Perpignan - - - 1,892,818,78 Lyon - - - - 1,50G,417,53 Boulogne - - - 1,481,117,56 Besan^on - - - 831,543,47 Nice - - - - 675,447,93 St. Vale ry - - - 616,143,53 Toulon - - - 605,964,63 Foire de Beaucaire 536,078,60 Douane de Paris - Livres. C, 522,588,43 500,591,43 489,762,36 398,180,69 369,794,84 333,984,17 317,874,61 317,342,16 297,979,45 179,605,77 150,381,00 127,874,92 117,018,76 72,535,47 41,279,20 32,069,27 67,105,620,82 + It is not long since that an apparent reduction was made on this most burthensome tax, but it was only an apparent reduction. From the inspection indeed of the Treasury accounts of the public revenue of France, it would appear that the reduction was a real one ; but, in point of fact, the land is still equally burthened, though the load goes under another name ; and the people of "France have precisely the same gratification that the English would have, if the power of Government could take off a million a year from the land tax, and add it to the county-rate. car . .^^ ;?V cles inten- Lis de trou- 3S moycns contribu- les moiis- rs, great ad- nisloms had the follovv- j,C22 Hvres, expences of le that Ant- of custom- Livres. C, 522,5SS,4:i 500,,39I,i3 489,7 6'2,3(J 39S,180,(i9 569,791,81- 5 3 '3,984, 17 317,874,61 317,342,46 297,979,45 179,60.5,77 150,381,00 127,874,92 117,018,76 72,535,47 41,279,20 32,069,27 ',105,620,82 *\'as made on nt reduction, of the public a was a real f burthenedj le people of ■nglish would nillion a year [ xxiii ] sellncs, dcs toiles de coton bknclies, et peintes, dcs toilcs dc ill ct coton, et dcs cotons liles pour mcches ; cctte nicsureno. tient pas moins a des considerations politiques qu'acelles commerciales. L' importation des toiles de coton de la compagnie dcs Indcs Anglaiscs s'opposait a I'accroissement de nos fabriqucs : en vain les droits avaient etc successivcment augmcntes : pour en paraly- ser les cltots les Anglais baissaient egalemcnt leur prix, dans I'espoir qu'ils seraient amplement dcdommages de ce sacrifice momentanc s'ils parvenaient a detruire les nranufactures Fran9aises. Deja les magazins des fab ri- quans etaient encombrcs de cotons files ; de tissus, qu'ils ne peuvaient vcndrc ; dc cotons en laine qu'ils ne pcu- vaient fairc filer, parce que la matiere i^briquee numquait d'ecoulement. Knfin, I'admission des toiles de cotuu strahgeres rendait la France tributaire de I'Angleterre d'cnviron GOntillions par an-t On ne pent se dissimuler que les manufactures de toiles peintes, qui ne sont point approvisionneesde toiles de coton blanches, suffriront momentanement de la prohi- bition, parce que nos tisseranderies ne ponrront, du > The nostrum of high duties, which, it is here admitted, has faifed in curing the Anglomania for mublins, is not li ;ely to be more efficacious in its operation ou the taste of the French for su- crar and coffee. Instead, however, of receivmg these articles fhrouah the custom-houses, whilst an ad valorem duty, of more than 200 u^r cent, on the value continues, they probably will endeavour r to supply themselves by means of smuggling from British depots ; and the inl^abitants on the coast will readily facilitate the introduc- tion into the interior of every species of colonial produce, usually consumed in France. The consequence will be that the professed obiect of the new dnties, " de trouvcr dans les ressources des im- p6ts indirects les moyens de soulager Tagriculturc," will be con.- pletely frustrated. ■;ff [ xxiv ] hloins dans la premiere aiin^e, suppleer les toiles cle rinde. 11 est egalement vrai que les tisseiirs ?1c pouvant donnci les toiles de coton a vlii prix aus^si modiqiie que les An- glais, celui des toiles peintes eprouvera quelque auojmen-. tation ; mais ces inconveniclis inseparables d'un change- ment de syst^nie ne seront que passagers. Les fabriquans de tissus, excites par leur propreinteret, voudront con- scrver I'avantage que la loi leur accorde : ils sentiront qu'ils doivent alimenter les iranufacturcsde toiles peintes qui ferment leur principal moyen d'ecoulement. Les tisserandies se multiplieront ; leur nonibre fera baisser le prix de tissus ; et le niveau se retablira.* il serait ccpendant possible que la prohibition des toiles de coton etrangeres', dont quelques especes ne seront que trcs difficilement remplac^es par celles de nos * We have here some important admissions respecting the state of the French and English cotton manufactures. i. It appears that, notwithstanding all the encouragement given to the French cotton manufactures by the Government, and the luccesslve obstructions imposed on the trattc in English cottons, by high import duties, yet still the annual import of cotton manu- a'ctures from England was nearly three millions sterling. 2i That supposing the prohibition ot importing foreign cotton* could be imposed, the French manufacturer of printed cottons would suffer, as the report expresses it, for a short time—*' momen- tanement" — *« du moins dans la premie»-e annee." ,S. That their cotton-printers being able to obtain English white cottons, at a lower price than they could be manufactured ia France, the prohibition would increase the price of printed cottons ; but the same consolation is held out which has been so liberally pointed out by the French Government, in all ihc stages of their calamitous revolution ;" ces inconveniens inseparables d'un change- mcntdu systeme ne seront que passagers." iii toiles cle mt donncr Lie les An- e auQ;men-. m change- fab riqu an s dront con- ! sentiront les peintes nent. Les L baisser le ibition dcs especes ne ;lles cle iios ting the state rement given ent, and the ;lish cottons, cotton manu- ng; >reign cotton* inted cottons 2-—*' momen- English white .nufactured in inted cottons ; ;n so liberally stages of their s d'un change- t XXV 1 Cliques, en diminuat la consommatioii: mais ce r^sui- tat toarnerait au profit de Industrie la plus pvecieuse parce quelle se lie aux progves de ragricuiture Eu ef- fet, messieurs, c'est I'agriculture qui fournit de chan- vres et de lins nos nombreuses fabriques de toiles, celles de batistes, qu' aucune nation n'a encore pu imiter; c'est le cultivateuv qui, par I'education du betail, fournit la matiere premiere des etoffes de laine ; c'est Im qui, en am6liorant les races de ses moutons, mectra bientot la France en 6tat de n'avoir plus recours uux lames e ran- g^res pour les draps fins; c'est encore lui qui plante fes mariers, qui 61eveles vers a soie, et alimente nos ma- uufactures d'etoffcs de soie. Ces fabriques soiit eel es veritablement nationales, parce qu'elles doivent tout a notre sol et rien a I'^iranger, et sans doute elles ne pen. vent entrer dans la balance avec celles dont la matiere premiere nous enleve 40 a 50 millions par an. L'Empereur n^a pas cru que le moment de defendre rnetree des cotons files rut arriv6, parce qu'il est con- stant que nos filatures ne peuvent encore fournir des nu- meros assez fins pour la fabrication des moussehnes. Pour concilier Tint^ret des fileurs avec la n6cessit6 d'encouraocr les fabriques de mousselines, les cotons fill s nt Lpos^s a .n droit unifornie de . francs par Llogramme:^^ d est prohibitif pour les numeros com- munes et assez 61eve pour les numeros fins pom deter- Jner ks propri^taites des filavures a faire de nouveaux efforts.t . A kilogramme is son«wl,at more than two pounds Englieh. •V The French muslin-manufacturer, w\U probably, find to hrs [ xxvi ] L'impovtation des cotons files pour meches ^tait per- mise en pay ant diX pour cent de la valeur. On pouvait sous cctte denomination et en donnant aux ^chevaux la forme de ceux de fils a meches des fils propres au tissage qui alors n'acquittaient que 4 a 5 sols par livre. La prohibition des fills h meches aura le double avaii- tages de favoriser nos fabriques et en r6servant au rouet la filature des meches de donner aux pauvres meres de famille une sorte de compensation au travail que k» grands etablissemens leur enlevent,* En examinant la prohibition des toiles de coton sons Ic rapport des revcnus pubhcs on reconnait qu'elle les di- minuera de 9 a 10 millions, et c*est pour compenser en partie cette pcrtc que les cotons en laine ont 6te assu- jettis a un droit de 60 francs par quintal m^trique : il est sans inconvenient r^el pour le fabriquant, puisq'il n'a plus a craindre la concurrence des tissus etrangers. II sera peu sensible pour le consommateur, parce qu'il n'augmentera que dans un lies faible proportion le prix de la toile. On peut encore observer que les droits d'entree se partagent, presque toujours, entre I'etranger qui vend la marchandise et celui qui Tachete. Cc droit tie serait pas meme un obstacle a la vente de nos toiles a which furnished it finer aiwl difaper than France could do ; bu<" in future the cotton twist usfd in France, at least for the coarser musluis, it is here supposed, is (o be made there from cotton im- ported, under a duty of nearly 6d. a pound. Muslins smuggled into France will probably pay for f ambries smuggled into England, * The last great benefit expected from this prohibitory law is the encouragement ofspiuninjt wheels! "de donner aux pauvres meres dc fatnille une sorte ae com{,ensajdon au travail que les grands eta'^lissemend hnir enlevent." Vi V n n c a s c s [ xxvii ] Vctrancver, puis que'le proj^t de loi accorcle vine prime i I'exportation; md., avant q^ieTou ait a s'occuper cle cette branchs de commerce exterievir, il faat que nos manufactures en toiles et etoffes de colons puissent four- nir a la consommation de 33 millioi>s d'habitans : et, certes, pour atteindre ce but, elles ont beaucoup d'cffort. S, faire • de grands accroissemens a obtenir. 11 est, done, sa-e d''attendre que I'^xperi .nee ait prouve qu' ii y a un ex'ccdentde fabrication etalorsle gouvernement jugera si le droit sur les colons doit fetre niodifi^. MoiuUur 27 April, \^0Q» W W "' I m. 3. Le viinistre de Vinterieur a Prcfct da dep. de -. Paris, le ^1 Blars, 1807. En appelant, M. le Pref^t, voire zelc et vos soins pour introduire et multiplier dans voire departcment la culture du colon, j'avais I'intcntion de vous tournn- au- tant qu'il depcndait de moi les moyens d'cxecul.r sour ce rapport les ordres du gouvernement. J'ai tail en iLs- pacrne, en Italic, et da... rAmerique septentnonale de demandes de graines d. cclon -, du colon herbave surtout, qui convient le mieax a voire sol, et donl la recoltc ne pent nuire en aucunc mani^re aux aulves exploitations aoTicoles. Et aussit6t que ces graines seroni parvenus anx destinations que j'ai donnees je me propose d en IVirc une distribution convenablc. J^ai charge un agriculteur distingu6,* membre do I'ln- Mitut, el de la sQciel6 d'agriculturc du departemenl de ♦ Monfeiciir Tessler, % i: A l^-l I [ xxviii ] la Seine, de travailler a line instruction relative a cette culture. La publicite dc cette instruction ne pourra que produire les plus grands avantages. Uintention dc TEmpcreur etant dc donner une utile impulsion a une culture que I'activite nouvelie de nos fabriques de tissu et de filature, suite du decret du 22 Fevrier 1806, rend de plus en plus interessante, je vous prie de faire coiniaitre qu'il sera accorde une prime d'un franc pour chaque kilogramme du coton qui sera recoltc, nettoye, ct pret a 6tre tile. Pour meriter cet encourage- ment ct eviter tout abus il sera necessaire que les culti- vateurs fassent devant radministration locale la declara- tion de Vetendue dc terrein qu'ils se proposcnt de con- sacrer a I'exploitro on du coton. ^Sione) CHAMPAGNY, Moniteur, 1 /tpril 1307. No. g. Stance du 1 Septemhre 1807. IJ. Perr^e, Pvapporteur. — Messieurs, la loi qui vous est presentee continue d'attester la sagesse de celle qui a autorise le gouverncment ii modifier les droits de douane suivant la necessitc des circonstances, dansl'absence du corps-legislatif. Les faits prouvent a la nation la juste confiance de ses mandataires et la constante sollicitude du gouvernement. En diet, messieurs, la lutte des fa- briques etraugeres contre les notros n'etait pas moins vive ciue la jvucrre des coalitions. De temtM-aires desseins out ete aneantis ; les importations dc nos ennemis out ele re- pouss^es du continent ; et les funestes habitudes de PAn- rrlomanie ont perdu, ieur empir^. Ce resultat a ete I'effet de la Ic mesnres sans do nion pr ser ne i teme d Ce sysl et perf du pri travail tendus moder suit m; victoii des il eu les li ment d'entt : ever denre de ve bien- port€ nosl dans liora de c nisti lois cara peu 4re. [ xxix ] ae la lonivuc patience du gouvcvinement, ct d.-^ forte* m6snrcs que lai adictees la necessite : elles out froiss6, sans doutc, dcs interCts particulicrs ; mais bicnLot I'opi- nion publiquc a su lour applandir j bientot aussi Tetran- crer ne s'est pas moins etoiiue de Vinllucnce de n6tre sys- r^me do douanes que de la iapidit6 de nos conquGtc.. Ce syst^me aussi a eu le double avantage de multiplier ct perfectionner nos filatures et nos tir^sages ; la certitude du privilege exclusif de notre coJisommatiou a donne au travail un utile aliment, et au commerce des succes inat- tendus. La baisse de I'inter^t de I'argent a permis de moderer le prix des ob]£ts fabriques ; notre exportation suit maintenant avec facility les cbemins ouvcrts par la victoire. La combinaison de ce m^me systi^me, a I'egard des importations des denrees coloniales de Tetrangcr a eu les consequences les plus heureuses. Si le gouvcrne- ment s'est vu force d'augmenter succcssivement les droits d'entree et de consommation sur les denrees colonial.-!, Vevenement a justifie sa pr6voyance : le prix des ces denrees ne s'est pas eleve en raisoii du droit : le besom de vcndre a transige a cet egard avec la speculation au bien-etre lu consommateur : cette imposition a done portd; atteinte it la valeur dcs propriet^s de nos ennemis ; nos besoins ont et6 satisfaits, et la perception s'est fondue dans la masse des impositions qui permcttent tant d'ame- liorations interieures. Tel est, messieurs, I'effet salutaire de cette perseverance si utile dans I'cnscmble de I'admi- nistration. Aujourdhui elle jouit de son ouvrage : les ^ lois des douanes, si mobiles par lenr essence, ont pns un caractere de fixi'6 qui annonce au commerce ce qu'il peut esper^r, et a nos ennemis ce q-fils doivpnt craia- drp. Moniteur 8 Sept. 1807, % [ XXX J nil! No* 10. Extract from the Introduction to a Work entitled Chimie appliqiicc aux arts, par M. I. A. Chaptal, published in 1807. Le jrouvcrnemant Frangais doit s*occuper essentielle. )| incnt des manufactures dc laine, de soie, de lin, da chanvre, de la distillation des vins, de la fabvication des poteries, et dc tons Ics objets dout le sol lui presente avec abondance Ics matieres premicresr. Ce n'cst que par une interversion deplorable tie cet ordrc de choses qu'ou r a vu encouracrer, il y a un demi-sieclc, les fa- briques dc coton, sans penser que le sort de ces etablis- semens, nourris par des matieres du dehors, alloit etre livre a toutes les chances des revolutions, a toutes les in, trigues des cabinets, a toutes les variations des loix sur I les'i douanes ctque les fabriqucs, cssenticllement tcrrito- riales, souffriroicnt d'autant plus de cettc concurrence, que, pour encourager, multiplier et ralFcrmir ces etablis- semer.s naissans, irfalloit accorder des primes, prohiber rentrec des produits analogues, et tourner, vers cette Industrie vraiment exotique, tous les capitaux, toutes les lumieres, et tous les bras.* * • Je ne parle qne de ce q\i' on auroit d\i faire il y a cinqiiante ans. Aujourd'hui que les fabriqucs dc coton forment une branche considt Table de notre Industrie, aujourd'hui que les travaux sur le coton Gccupent a-peu-prcs deux cent mille individus, le gouverne- ment doit, sans doute, les protegcr. Mais, a-t-il etc d'lc d'un sage ) \ politique de les fixer en France ? Leur introduction n' a-t-ellc pas nui aux fabriqucs, csscntiellement nati... ales, de drap, de soie, de lin, etc. ? Le gouvernemcr/ n' eut-il pas micux fait d' appiiquer ses'encouraaemens a ces dernicres fabriques, et de kisser a nos rivaux les " fils et les lissus de coton, comme moyens d' echange contre les produits de notre Industrie -t de notrc sol ? Voili la question. ',' t' \i ed Chimie published Bssentielle. J le lin, de ication des ,ii presente n'cst que c de clioses Dclc, les fa- ces etablis- , alloit etre utcs les in. ies loix sur jent tcrrito- incurrence, ces etablis- js, prohibcr , vers cette c, toutes les [ xxxi 1 APPENDIX, C Enumeration vf the different Count riesxvhkh product Naval Timber, ASIA y a cinqiiante t une branche travaux sur le , le gouverne- d'tc d'un sage )\ \\ a-t-ellc pas p, de sole, de it d' appiiquer e laisser a nos ;ns d' echange sol? Voillla Possesses large and numerous forests. Tliose in Pegu contain almost every description of timber known in Hindostan ; and about four days journey to the north ot the capital, firs, fit for masts, grow in abundance. The teak tree is found in various parts of the country to tlie north of the capital, as well as to the south, and is mucl: used at Rangoon, and elsewhere, for sliip-building.* Tcukis also found in abundance on the coast of Mala- bar. Several species of fine naval timber grow in New Holland, and the neighbouring islands!. Captain Cook particularly notices the fine timber in New Zealand, as an induceii)L>nt for establishing a colony tliere. On the banks of the river, which he named the ThanH s^ie measured atree as straight as an arrow, 89 feet high to the first branch, and 19 ^eet 8 inches in the girt.f He adds " as we advanced we saw many others that were *' still larger \ we cut down a young one, and the wood " proved°heavy and solid, not fit for masts, but such as ^-' would make the finest plank in the world. Our car- penter, who was with us, said that the tnnber resembled that of the pitch pine, which is lightened by tapping. ' We found many stout trees of other kinds." i( il \ Vf * Sj/Jues' s Ava. f First Voi^a-c, vol. l,p. 40, and vol. 2. p. S52, I [ xxxii J AFRICA Anrcarsto posses., on its north coast, forests of navul timber very conveniently situated for s«,.ply."S onr umoi-i V J n-.K.-ilni- The intormation dock-yards at MaUa and Gibiallar. ^''\ , Piven by Mr. Broce, (in the n.troducfon to his t.avol,, r'o ) respecting the town of Bona, and its n.-ghbour- Lo'd .nay! polyps, wW. respect to other objects, . ) idl ; " 1 imber, not be undeserving the attention of 1 It " Its trade" (he says) " consists now in f"r"::;;tatio'^fwhcat,^vhen.inp.entiM>^^^^ " that trade is permitted by the government of Alg.eis " h d a delightful voyage down the coast, and p..sed « he small isfand Tabarca, lately a f°;'"-"- "^ J « Genoese, uow in the hands of the regency of Tun. , . S took it by surprise, and made all the ..d.ab.t.^ . « slaves The island is fan.ons for a coral Hshery and .. In.. 'the coast are imn.ense forests of large beau-, « tk/oaks, more than snfficientto supply the necessities .< 21 1 U,e maritime powers in the Levant, .f the quah ty .. of the wood be but equal to the size and beauty of he « tree " Africa also furnishes naval timber, but proba. blv not in trveat quantity, on the western coast Mr. Sib y . i,rhis account of the French and English estab- M me s on that coast, states, that the latter, by means ofblaek shipwrights, build vessels of the ttmbcr of the country from 20 to 100 tons burthen.* AMERICA, I„ almost every part, is abundantly supplied w.th> „aval timber. We are informed, from the natura h.- Zy of Dutch Guiana, that " the soil ... the .n and ele- « ^,ted part of the country, is clothed with lohy ever- .< verdailt forests, atlbrding the most valuablespee.es of « timber, either for solidity, weight, duration, or orna.- >! Vovoaten /"a- AfrUiv.e, tome 2, p. 240. §•1,^^' ,## 5ts of naval )lying our nfornuition his tiavcb, neighbour- objects, I ]| attention of ists now in uiful years, ; of Algiers, and passed ition of the y of Tunis, ! inhabitants fishery, and large beau- ^. e necessities fthe quality eauty of the , but proba- coast. Mr. nulish estab- •r, by means imbcr of the ipplicd with> i; natural his- lie inland ele- th lofty ever- ble species of tion, or orna- (t [ xxxiii ] ' " ment.* The locu-'t, green hnrt, . .p .• l.avt, bullet " tree, bow wood, and iron wood" (of «lu.U particular descriptions are given " ; >v in the internal parts ot " the country." The fine rivers, however, by wh.ch Guiana is intersected, alVord the n.eans of easy remova to the coast. " AH these trees arc forn.ed into pteees ot ° t^ber adapted forthebuilding of «^ In.ilU, and trans- " ported in great quantities, and at a vc,-y ^'cat expenec « to the English West India i,la,>ds. wl,ere they a.o .. sold to the planters for not less than 50l. sterling each " piece, especially the principal ones." t Brasil is also well provided with timber. Respecting the river Grande, it is rcmarUed, ti.at " '—«--; <' ran..ing along the coast each way crowd its banks, and » theneL of which they are forn.ed are constdered as .. Lbestfor ship-building in Brasd. It is front thence « aud Patipe adjoining, that the K.ng's yards are sup- ./pliedwitltintber. The .trees chietly u^ are the " sippifura, peroba, oranbu, aud lonro. The hrsl ic- « sSesthc teakof I.>dia-, tlte others, spec.es of oak « Td larch. Patnmuju, angeUm, and cedar, are ttsed « for deck planks ; piquosa and peroba are a hghter <* wood, and similar to fir." t * Conda™ne,inlnsaccouutoftheriveroftheAmazons, mentions the size of timber on its >^^"''- f'^ "^^• ftom the roottothe ^-ches, was 8. f^rench fee.^^^^^^^^ and in circumference, w en str,ppe ^ f-pl's, Vfo nrtds that he saw a table ai; mc „"* !f a hatd and poUshed wood, in one piece eight or n.n. feet long, and four and a half wide. \\ « Bancroft's Gutana, p. 13. - + ^^'^* P' '^• % Undies Voyage to Brasil. p. '225. \\ 8vocditionl778,p. 141. •iu V^^^"'-^^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) & ^ 1.0 I.I if i^ IIIM u: 1^ III 2.2 S us llJiO ■UUu III 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 4 6" ► m ^ >> / Sciences Corporation m c\ # :\ \ '9> r^^^ «i^ ^ O^ k 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 1' • r L XXXIV ] Of the river Scdpjer, incar Port Famine, in the Strcights of Magellan, Commodore Byron says; " on each side of this river there are tlic finest trees I ever saw, and 1 malve no doubt but that they would supply the British navy with the best masts in the world. Some of them are of a great height, and more than eight feet in diameter, which is proportionably more than eight yards in circumfererce." * H ii Coxe, in his description of Florida and Carolina, says, that " excellent timber for building ships, as oak, fir, cedar, ** spruce, and divers other sorts, are found there ; -j-" and Morse states that " the 'timber of Louisiana is as fine as " any in the world." | Beech, elm, ash, pine, sycamore, chesnut, ajul walnut, are found in Canada,. New Bruns- wick, and Nova Scotia. Upper Canada is capable of supplying any quantity of timber, and cannot be ex- hausted for a long time. These colonies are intersected by bays, inlets, and navigable rivers, for floating down . timber; and the whole coast, from the boundaries of Massachusets to the Streights of Bellisle, is lined with harbours. Upper Canada has this advantage over the other British provinces, that there is plenty of white oak of an excellent quality to be got from it : some of this has of late years been used for the navy. Fine masts as large as 35 inches diameter, after trimming, have been received from New Brunswick ; the voyage from which is shorter than from Canada. || EUROPE, However, is the nearest mart for naval timber. Of the sotithern parts, the country round the Euxine isabundanl- * Uj/ron's Voj/age, in HuKksiiorth's Voi/agcs,vo\, i. p. 38. f P. 92. • J P. 367. jj Oddys European Commerce, p. 5'10-3. ) <( i mniTni > (( [ xxxix ] manner the docli yards at Brest and I/Orient were supplied with naval timber. " II existoit cntre la France et la ** Prusso un trait6. pour fournir aux ports de Brest et de " L'Orient des bois de construction. Le dernier traite *' commence en nSS etoit pour quatre ans, et finissoit ** en 1791. L'officier prepose par le gouvcrnement Fran- ' ** rais etoit charg^ de le renouveler : laPrusse devoitfonr- ** nir au moins cent soixante cinq millc pieds cubes de ** bois de construction : le prix de ces bois etoit fixe com- *' meil suit: plan^ons de quarante a soixante pieds de <* long sur quinze pouces de haut, 3 livres 6 sous le pied ; ** de trcnte a quarante pieds sur douze pouces, 2 livres 15 " sous ; de vingt cinq a trente pieds sur dix a onze pou- " ces 2 livres 4 sous. Membrures, premiere espece " de quinze pieds sur quinze pouces, 3 livres 4 sous le *« pied ; deuxieme espece, de douze pieds sur douze " pouces, 2 livres 10 sous le pied; troisieme espece, de " neuf pieds sur douze pouces, I livre 10 sous. Courbea " de hUitpieds de long sur treize pouces, 3 livres 15 sous ** lepied; au dessous, 2 livres. Les dfemandes du gou- ** vernement, pour 1790, ont etc de deux cent quatre ** mille pieds cubes; pour 1791, de deux cent dix huit '* mille pieds. Du moment que le bois arrivoient Tofficier ** charge par le gou vernement les cxaminoit: il avoit le *' droit de refuser ccux qui ne lui paroissoient pas bons, *' et Tadministration Prussienne ne peuvoit vendre une *' seule piece qui n'eutct6 visitee. L'officier a demeure a ** Hambourg ; il avoit un louis d'appointemens par jour, ** et deux hommes avec lui sous ses ordres. Nous sommes *^ bien etonnes que la Prusse etant depuis longtemps en- " tierement liee avec TAngleterrene nous ait pas priv6s " plutot d'un commerce aussi avantageux sans attendrc " que I'etat des aftaires politiques ait fait une loi de la ** rupture de ce traite." * * Voj/age de deux Frangais en Allemagiie, Daneviarck, Suede, Russie,et Polognc, fatten 1790—1792. 1 Tome, p. 163. \ li' [ xl ] APPENDIX D. RATE p»R c«NTOivi of value to be added to the OFnciAL vAtuii of the foUowins '^'"cics respectively in order to produce the MAt Northern produce RaterEft centvm to be added. European imported Southern produce European / g^^^^y ^Flax rough ........ about Hemp rough ...r.. Hides ••• Linseed -- Skins Calf \ Geneva -- Tallow Tar Sheeps wool •-> .Linen yarn .••...• /■Currants \ Raisins \ Silk - imported i p^rtugal wine. / Other wines V, Spanish wool , , c Wheat flour - American and colo- i ^^^^^^ ^^^^ nial produce im-^ jj-^g^ ported ^ Skins and furs 75 190 100 140 100 200 140 25 190 100 90 140 40 110 140 200 200 150 150 80 100 > < >l ) ( 4 . t xli ] APPENDIX E.— Table No. i. INCREASE OF FINE WOOLLED SHEEP. It is supposed that the operation has begun in the year 1 308, Slid that the produce in \hat year will be as below set down. For raising the produce of the year 1809, the rams (+th cross, col. 1.) of the year 1807, and three preceding years, (those of 1803 being discarded,) are used, in the proportion of one ram to 100 ewes; and after the ewes (in col. 1, 3, 5, and 8) of the years 1807, and three preceding years, are thus supplied, the surplus rams (4th cross, col. 1.) are used with common ewes, of which it is supposed that any number may be procured. For raising the produce of the year 1810, the ewes and rams of 1804 are. discarded, and those of 1808 taken in; and so on. The lan\bs of 1808 (4th cross, col. 1,) are used for the year 1809. and so on, in the proportion of 1 to 10 ewes. The ewes are supposed to take the rams at a little more than a year and half old, and to produce at two years, and to rear 4 generations. This limited service both of rams and ewes is considered as sufficient to compensate for any. intermediate mortality between the commencement of their service am the period of their being discarded. It is also supposed that there are no twins, and that the male and female produce are equal. The rams of the 1 st and 2d crosses, and of the 3d cross fcol 4,) are not used. The rams of one year and upwards ot the 3d cross, (col. 3,) are used with common ewes, and pm- duce the 1st cross, in col. 10 ; and its subsequent crosses with rams of the 4th cross (col. 1,) produce the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th crosses, in col. 7, 4, and 2, respectively; the Mh cross pro- duced by rams, of the 4th cross, (col. 1 ,) and ewes of the 4th cross, (col. 2.) is included in col. 1 . The I st cross, (col. 9.) ^^ produced by i^ms of the 4th cross, (col. 2,) with comnion ewes. The 2nd cross, (col. 6,) is produced by rams ot the 4th cross, (col. 1,) Nvith ewes 1st cross, (col. 9.) No rams are allowed for the trifling fractions under 1 00, contained in the aggregate Slock of each diiferent cross of ewes to be supplied each year, • f I i 6 o •J < r5 a e» o a [ xlli 1 •• •Hi ■ O O O p O O O O If! I.*. O S ^J Ir- t" -^ "l* i oos5ooou^<*ir-»nc "-ooct^i" cr-lc^t-•-''^» • ..- — r^ e» t- -71 o 'C 'c on r^i -n --* 2 a t-. io O I- xl" o^ o. t- s y — -H CK O) C-t o» ^S c*- & O u) oooir«ioooc^i-t-ir Wl _ M O O 'O ftJ I - '-O O — or- O '■+ •.1 Si 5 irti—ct-Oia — c^i-'-ic «\r-Ann«««\»s^>v'> e;'^ ^ T- w r> a. o "^ <£> O O O "jD ;5 •»»— 1 « OJ o -+' G-. cr. c £ o ill •* O — O '- B « r-l « ■* I~ MS <*- i* ® u; jfl o> r- ■?» rM o' ""1 '/ M — CO '-o 0-? w CO C* O ~+ CTi ff" O Oh — ^ o — o - -:3 CO — . '■' -+ 1- u S « OS V <= w en -, £•- u ^ CO 8-* C O O O C O 'O O f^' 00 iM O 01 "^ o» •- 0< tl •* VC O^-^ CTi L- OD ^^O-^CC^^O '■C_^"\ r^ yS r^ ^ ^ in a-. >-> '£> ^ — • -t CO a- I- 3' — ' — ■ CI -* E o o -c J3 •noiooooooo'iot^ ' ■ ^ "^ ^"2 ■ t* OJ iO ir- O O C5 O "0 C C-' CO ^1 O C-l — "^1 ^ CO O vf o. t- cfi - !7> cr f.' "^ >-" 1-1 »- .-1 C> 'O '10 Ui <-- '-O C — ' r-1 CO O. 1- O^ — — OJ ~i« Cl CO t- 00 'O 'O <0 CO lO CO lo a> -«f -^ •^ ^ »\ •* ^ •» <-i £- 00 O CO 0( 00 00 s K C> CO t- Co 'O «5 to CO 'r: 'T UO Cr, -* •<* -* •» •* •^ f* r^ — t- 00 O CO O' 00 CO 1-1 CO H oococoooc'nooeocc C- C O O C3 'O I- _'0 COOC-COOC3'i0».~"0'O-<'— COtO ^ 0< CO ■* VO CJ.'O CO •H^'-^'O '^-'^'^^'-O^O^ •-I" •-T of CO to C-" OJ (M o» ^ -* -^' r-4 Ol •* O CM co«i0»-'Cico-*'0^t~co «ODO000O000'J0 00COO0COK:COC<5COe« s 3 I 9 la 6 o s o a y << a ♦J "J ^. t x^i" -1 J o to ■i t t * w ««i^ p o c -- o © o o o o o *^' ^ ! ' -. ^. 'n. -'^ '"^ •-. ^. ^. ■^- er>C t'l 3 01 ■?« ^ t'j ^- <.i — '" ' * — c-t c. n -?< — '-t) -- S Si 'o § S ■'' "'v S -^ '^ "C? oi" lo ir'' o* cP ^r V.' « — '-g .r? i- c« t- -f ^T "". t?- r- c* o "o c>, ~ <« —•„ ""*** o 1 CO 2 »2 ■n o 9 Cj rt n a U ts ow 1 in « -O U fe- .. "J ^ - -i. ^ o ^ CO g ^ - 2 ^ ;2 12 :s ';: 22 Note, !1 1*^ ^1 m '.1 xliv ] \'oxE. A .svifricic»-»t stock of rams of one year old ana Mpwm^j provided by the o;jeration lo supply the ewes of the first .OSS (col. ]()) and the siipcrior crosses till tliC year ISIG. M'hcn .he nuiT«b.JC of ewes of ihc first cross (col. 10) to be 5uppHed, ^cing 1,118,7^^ -ifJ lliere remaining only 13,160 rams oi the fouilh cro.s ?fter the superior crosses above col. 10 were sup- plied with rams, the deficiencv is provided for by using 275 ram Iambs, par! of '22,1 1 S, the stock of ram lambs of the 4th cross, col. 1 ; Inc remaind.'r, 'il,843, are used to raise the \09,'.l\[f ewes, and 10y,215 ram iambs, in col. 8. in the year 1 S 1 7, the number of ewes of »he first cross, (col. 10,) to be supplied, bein<', 1', 161,850, anJ there being only 23',49t; rams of the fovirth cross after the superior crosses wetc 3uppU^'^'» ^*'*^ deficiency of rams is suppUcd by 11,225 ram lambs, part of t6,8r2, the ram lambs in col. 1 , the remainder, 'J5,5!^7, are used with common ewes, "In 1818, there remaining only 5 '2 ,5 3 '3 rams of the fom'tJi cross tosupplv 5,4M,200 ewes of the firs^ oross, (col. 10,) the deficiency is supplied by 1 5,740 riim lambs, part of 104,680, i.he ram lambs in col, 1. a < ?lf [ xlvi 3 p o o o o <5 'o in c o of O "*; 00 -r O O G O O C O O O If; IT JQ ^ ^ ^ c^ I'i i*. vc 2 •* a. •-.'^„'n,=V'^''.^.S"^ r- ->» •* ^, O «-, O O O Q O CI •*; f c 9 o o ■'•> r-- '.'; O "+ "> »-) O "*! c/.~i + o* o w — -' O) 00 c, .c ■^"5^ or -<" ^ cT •- (."5 .5i t- 3. -' — Ol -.■• e» 30 1- ro >£i va -^ -^ *^ •« n * '^ ^ r-< l- OD O SO Ol CO /I f-> o(r r- cr, 'c. fc ;t 'C '.O CT< 't' "1" 1— «r* sc O en C J5 cr o o o c o o o ^-l CO O O C C: ..~, O :> C-, 5 o o 'C '-; o * IB o *o « ■* •-;, ^„ 1— i— CO If O' .n ^i '.- c, o o o o o o o ^ CO CD CD r^ ^ i^r C'^' 2 lbs. at I lb. per lamb) would, with the sheep's wool 0/ that year, {.%t31 1,452 lbs.) compose an aggregate of 5 '?^;].3 lo cs n oi Oi cj 00 --^ QO r.'^ V Ui 03 (T- r.o" CJ' C»' — ".') 1.- C< w to hi) ■^ ■" ^ o o o o O O '3 O •o o o o _'■ ^" •> •> O O O 'O '-< o 01 u. O O O O O 'f ^ «j ^C '/T' •* l-' CI CC CJi' CT C-1 c/ *o — • '1^ n n C-( o = is ^ 3 f- « I" ;' = *" Ui C O o O o o o o o o '- w ot c» ei IT) *c o *^ r^ 1-1 ci -* ^O O; o^ --f i~ 1- CO O) I-" T^ CO t- o O lo i^' "low m 22 o» •c o o O lO c^ to "■) o . u C ■ O O O © O C -*> ." C -^ O C> O O O '.5 ^O O 'i> UJ C O ■» 00 a: a.1 c: ^n irj c» — o on O) C'5 *1? « £ o o £> o »— • or; cr> CTi 00 on — • '.■■) ^, o cf: «; -T C l- 1- v;, 'O •O »o •^ •o- •<» t'' '.'l O) o -•t O.' •» ■55 ^-- c« o — ex 00 00 03 CO s s c> ^. -Y CO VO •rt ■3^ \- ^-i" o •- -i-4>. f2 j;fa«Kl;M>,Mi»!«h«?>W' ..,.,USONHAN8A>'%»'«>^T«'*' ^v^t.«.oR0ucucoc.HT.*^r.t.M^'^«_2. fR 'T.