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Les disgrammes suivants illustrent la m^thodo. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 K(, i-: f i,..^i~., f^.,^.. .^-1, ^ ri4iian. i ii* i t « i» iiii i it ii i mi i 4'j. i ai CRITICAL NOTICES K OP THE FIRST EDITION OF THIS WORK. have Sen" *»^«^^»~«— This Compendium is the beet and fullest we New Baptist Miscellany.— It is but just also to add. that the in- teUigence which it furnishes is the most recent and novel : that it coS- tains a larger portion of matter than is to be found in any work of a sfSS a\-rweil?;fecmJSi!^' "^^^ ^"' ^^^''^^ " " accompSZ^e^/eS.; fuS?f?j^^^?f^1Sf7^^^^^^^ London Weekly Review. -Written in a clear and simple stvl it 18 weU calculated to interestthe youthftil mind : and tL Xterials that form the volume are selected with much care wid judSS It is not so dry or meagre as the smaller Geography 5r orcffiSith and w fitter for beginners than the useful worl o/^Gb™ ^oitwmith. and &:0T8MAN.-.We have rarely time to notice school-books, but this one pMsessesvanous merits which are seldom found combined! It isch^n neatly got up, well written, well arranged, and contains a great d^& ?Kn1n'y.l?n" ■ '™*^^ 'i?™^*- ^"^"'^ t«'«"t1« never bett?r emptoy^ o!fr»rr£LTgrnlra;^^"^"*"^^°'-^» "^«"'"^- theinsBc^^^ Edinburgh Weekly Chronicle.— This littlevolume really seemxtn us to possess in perfection every reouisite of a School GeoKranhv^iS infonnation is accurate, and broul^t down to the latySd • iJS* *f,ti?f "^^''k'*"*^*" ^" \"«** ^»d spirited style, enUven ffi? dry S tails to which works on this scale are usually linUted. The ExctcS^ ThP 'niJfrh-^'''^"?, ™"'"= ^ exceedingly convenient for thShT 7i^a?i°^"P*"'^ Tables comprise a great Heal of useful informatiSnln a ana 1 compass; and the mode of showing the pronunciatioTof c^ graphical names forms an exceedingly convenient Mnendaa^ ^^ ^not. conclude without noticii? the^xJS i^^^lSf-woA which is perfectly beautiful; and this, by rendering the volumLTtS* a loM idvSgSf '°"''' ''"' combining'distinctn^Ti«?X„cSt ^iiPi''?""°° OBSERVER.-Among the many elementary works of this description, which have fallen under our review, we d7notremV^^^ he'oni Sre'ir'/t no^r, ^"^ ^'^ ^^"^ «"' appr^JblSThS.' « arranged with great skill, and disSnguished by?eSes pSlSriy^i ♦,i; J 2 Glasgow Fbbb paamt — t* « f^'^'fo'^ ^otiee, of the Second mtion. MONTHCY RBVIRw tX7i,A* *«• tai^^'SttTS^'ed. "^ "'^'J' ■«««PUWe of to. Gentleman's Maga7tvii> -ri, *, <««S"^i2dS^-;^,^™'» ^«°» »f " wodleirt ctaa-book. Court Jouskal Thin rt Tfie volume is a very useful one oIiScSi«f ^*^' '^"'' M«P»' &«•) '«.„ aa many volumes of twSl its sffe aSd '^^l'"***' ""^ valuable infoSSSSJ cheap books. • • * We wouldnl^im.?o^i ^® P"**» ^'^en »« t^•i8 aee of Descriptive TabJes appS'te'Sel^f ^^^^^ attentiS the which are drawn un with i.v»r««!5jl*^ ®™ account of every countr* a« to comprehend r?aUv a wni^^Sf^""^ neatness, and in suc?a maSnl? •mall space. * • • Uwn tKhn'^^^^ ""^ information fn a JSJJ rity it fias acquired aKhfnh ^^'^f. ^^'^ *^^ ^«" deserves the doduU? wlA both maiSn'aJd'SS ""^ ^'^""^ ^*»"''' '^s new imp?SS:,- mu^sf nSe^'^Kmm^^^^ (ecooomical publications) we Maps, excelleriUy exwuted Pnn^«H«-^**''I*Von' " « Illustrated bv 10 clous Descriptive TaW^comhS**®'"*^ *''«*' "'^e; and, with Us jidi Of a Gazetteer with^atS^^Sffir^r^^. "«""*> *^« ^^vliS^is Globe and TiiAVRrrDB rrut • -everalneatly.eng^avS'^p; " ^ very useful school-book, with succeS ^mpStf of^tStkTv^k^'^^^^®" known as a most work IS calculated to susMn a?H^«S^ of instruction. The prSSS brief, and for ItTpuriMSe ^ufS^Lfn^^"" ^" reputation. It Is SJ uniformly, and, aJK^^^^i^^f'T^e most recent InfoSi'tSS^* lUustrated by 10 Maps, a^d fs J^r^^h^J^^'^^y.f'ven. The bSk 2 pendium of Geography! ^ °®*P ^ ^«M as exceUent Com- youthful mind. • •• The Ini^.^^'^^^^P*'*'^! instruction to tti^ are written with singular discriSfni^nlJ ^f^^J^^' we ought to affi^ the same time, beii^ remiSHf?ii°" -^"^ Judgment, J^Sie styl^at beauty of portia'ituref wS fc DiSrin/K* «o«cweness, an7v1*^ Wession, and a felickouTexhlbitionTfTJ^f ^^^«5' *^' luminous coS^ described, aremodels of their ^Sd fn » i^"*« *?»*"•"«« of thcpl^e with the luUest confidence and most irw*^' we hesitate not to*^S^ respects which can confe? vX on a woA^%h?'A **'?'» *" «" tbS^ e^r^pSsStluS^*:^^^ -..,,? -....-s '■""■'""-'"'"''' ■""■"' '^ t jiilrii itf fii « ' *»»■ .»".*. n-<. i^^■ ADVERTISEMENT TO THE THIRD EDITION. In preparing the present edition of this popular school- book, every exertion has been used to render it still naore worthy of patronage. Advantage has been taken of the most recent information, both in regard to po- Htical changes and to geographical discoveries. The di^'unctionof Belgium from Holland, and the appoint- ment of a head to the government of Greece, called for a separate description of these kingdoms. In the East, Afghanistan has risen into a commanding situa- tion as an independent monarchy; and it seems no longer proper to pass it over as a subordinate state. The flourishing empire of Japan too, so jealous of in- tercourse with Europeans, while its institutions continue the object of so much interest, merited a distinct de- scription. A more prominent and lucid arrangement has been adopted in regard to the islands of the South Sea, suitable to the growing importance of their com- merce, an4 the rapidly increasing civilisation by which some of them are distinguished. In Africa the dis- coveries of the Landers have afforded the materials for a fuller and more accurate account of the kingdoms on the Niger, as well as for delineating tjie lower part of that hitherto mysterious stream. The statements of po- pulation have been carefully compared with the latest and best authorities ; the census of 1831 having been resorted to for Great Britain and Ireland, that of 1832 for France, and that of 1830 for the United States. While the succession of events and the progress of knowledge rendered these alterations indispensable, the suggestions of experienced teachers, for the simplifica- tion and improvement of other parts of the work, have also met with mature consideration. A less intricate arrange.aent of Chief towns has been introduced, by exhibiting thera 4 ADVERTISEMENT. in connexion with each other; and the table of the counties and towns of Great Britain and Ireland will be found to present also a complete view of the dis- tribution of the elective franchise throughout the kiuff dom, according to the recent changes. The DbsobipI TivK Iables have been enlarged, so as to give an ac- count of every place that possesses a representative in our own country, as well as of many cities in other quarters previously unnoticed, but on various accounts remarkable. • To the former questions on the Problems to bb SOLVED BY THE Globes answers have been added » while many new questions are supplied, and left with- out solution, to exercise the ingenuity of the learner.' This canuot fail materially to assist the progress of the pupil, and to be acknowledged by teachers generally as an improvement ^ ' The Maps have been revised and more strictly ac- commodated to the text ; and an engraving, together with an Explanatory Table, has been given, which exhibits a correct view of the comparative Heights op THE Principal Mountains in the World. This,- it is hoped, will be considered an important feature in the work ; as it wiU at once engage the attention of the youthful student, and so-ve to impart a tai^te for the systematic arrangement of his knowledge. These various improvements and a/iditions, though introduced in the most succinct and condensed form have very considerably enlarged the work; yet the neatness of its typography and outward appearance is not diminished, nor its price increased. January 183a \ 'iliillWiiiiliti -^ i '>i i 'l ' ^i li a :^m^iii9»^»lmiitil^Hisa*ii^: - I ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SECOND EDITION. The general approbation with which thiH Work has h».n r^^ m .d, has, encouraged the Author and the PubUsl^r, ^" J^ cir 4'''KeT,rt'';rnnr.''"'' ■"""S'"""^ "- "•^» ' with anv mrt nf .1,1 k- . u "' ^PP"'*^ "'"'"''S' "•""ected which U is e^iir'/'fr"!"**?^ ^y ^^^ additional matter with «nml\fA J k ^^^^*^8> *n particular, are now very com oleteul of importance XouBh„rttd^^^ illf, p"°M "'7 •"'»" place in thi. llniiaH &;„ _i • •> "* ""Pulation of everv htest and ^iZZhL'^^L'-Jrr^^t^rj::: justed to the most recent discoveries ; and a New Map W J added, illustrative of the GeoffraphicLl F^tiul^^f^if V^^^k^®^ Geography, of a similar siz? that eve?7sterf™m T.^'"'''' ^" OnnoworkofanydescripUonhavethpPnE ^^ P''®^* greater pains an/expens'e*;"nd?In iff:Il^ltt^[ll"_^.':.^«^^^^^ at Ute same price as the former Vh^TrVi^r "'""^.'"j'^"*^°^"^" pating for it s?iu n.ore flatt:^%;J:j.S!.Sire»L" ™""'- Douglas Manse, January 15, 1830. a 2 Ma «iS(i(fa.v, , ,«-,ia,ga^j^j«i PREFACE T O THE FIRST EDITION. iTfiinI?T® """^"^o}' elementary works with which the press meessantly teems, affords a most ippalUng illustration of Solo! ?nTH''"^^ '?^".°*" ^^ »^inff^ bcS,ks there is no end? woi.fc-'"^"^ ""^ education is there a greater variety of these works than m geography ; and, in addin/one to the number, we ^^i.^.^'^P^^*^ ^ '^*^' ^y ^hat jpeculFar advantages of pli or execution ours comes recommendect -e i^ w «,Jn*?/'"'i--^:?'* ™°^.^ obvious of these advantages consists in the quantity of information which it contams withS so small a spa^ Modest and unpretending as it is in form, it is made, by a ffi SL^FPfe J.^ "^"?P'^^ ** *«^* '^^"We the quaWy of I^Lk * ?" ^ **'""'* *" ^y geographical work ofVal size. iJ^^l^' advantage, to whicli we^'are'^disposed to attech some r«Kf 5^ 1? ?^ *"»«""& ""^ * ^^*^ t« eacCcountry, ccntaining ashort descrtpuon of its most important places, wiA the ™S {^nunciation of their names. Th5s is an SdvaSage which^^^ ^l^f^.v^^''^^'^ T'^ frequently at a loss. *At first we mtended to make these tables merlly pronouncing vocabularies ; bu^on raore mature consideration, we availed ourselves of fhe opportunity which they afforded us, to convey such infSmatioS concernmg the places enumerated'in the holy of the wwk m might store the mind of the student with ideJ, ins e^Tme?^ frS* T^ ^^""^ ^^ ^«" ^'^Wed to combine, in some de^^ InSfSf^V^f ^ ^^?""^^ ^^ ^ Geographical Gmmmaf "^^ fo™ 3T^"/*'"^"wx:""B°'^"*'^"^ ^«"^^y^** »»^ ™«re pleasing form, will be found m the fesMAEKS on the physical and nationS pecalianties of each country. These remarks are adaS? ^ much as possible, to the comprehension and the curi^tf of 'th^ youthful student; and will leSd bun on, with pleasure, in a sttid? which IS too generally rendered peculiariy dr/and rep^^^^^^ in rn""? ? ''^ the nrinciple, tW nothing should & contamed wr f^'^Z'^P bo«£ which it is not useTul to remembeT^ have appended copious exercises to every section, adapted n^t ony to the enumeration of places contained in the geoSiS outline, but to the information conveyed in the genelSVmarS WWe our compendium is thus calculated tofaciLte thelZurs of the teacher, more than any similar work, it will be found, we trust, to render the acquisition of geogmphical knowledff^ ^^J andpleasant to the private student "wieage easy J!^J^^ T- PT^'T- *** ""^^"^ ^ suggestion concerning the man- W^i r*"'"? ^l *^^ compendium, we should advisi that t^e learner be maBe to read over the Descriptive Tables in such portions as the teacher may find convenient, before commit" t«g to memory the geographical detaU of the countries to wWch ^S::T^r±':Lu^tr.^^^^^^^ the correct pronun' ciated witlTth^-i^u.- trSi^-^^ l^S^tSr The mans are executed m a style of elegance and acciulcv not often found in works of this description. accuracy not Douglas Mansb, Julp 1, 1828. I *«*««'^**»«^K*aA,^«fc^ r. 1 the press )n of Solo- is no end." ty of the^ umber, we I af plan or ists in the H a space, by a judi- uantity of :qual size. tach soine ^entaining^ he prosper ich every are even t first we ibularies ; es of the Formation work;i as I of mere e degree^ imar. pleasin&r nationtu tpted, ias ty of the I a sttidy sive. ontained »ber, we )ted not raphical *6marks. ! labours und, we ge easy Ii6 man- hat the LEs, in :ommit- ) which pronun- 18 asso- J them, acy not 'mgml^fi^i^ m y i . i j.i j i ij..mj CONTENTS. •Of the Figure and Revblutions of the Earth, ^S Ut the Solar Systcn, 1^ - Geographical Terms, '* \t Divisions of the Earth's Surface, ...".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.*!.'.'.*!.*.'!!.*.';.'!,*.*;,*"; 18 Europe, ^ British Empire— England and Wales, .''.'.'.'.*.'.'.'.'.'.'.";.'.'.*.*.'.'.7* 24 • ' Scotland, ^ ^y ^^ Ireland, ..^.'..'i^.T"'.'.'.'.*.*;.'.'."'"' 61 sis:^::::;::;::::::;:::::::::::::;;::::-: •••••• ••?? Denmark...... *' "' tz «»"?«''. ••••':••:":•':":::;::;:;::::;:;;.•::::::::;;::::;■•• 82 ?^r' ••:""•'» g .*^®' 9^ iCtugai,/.!!":;;;;:;:;;::;:;;;;;:: • I?^ Switzerland, -Jfi Italy, ;.... :.:;;:;:; \\^ Turkey in Europe, [ {g? Greece, J.^' Russia in Europe, ' iS Prussia, • \f. 9e"nany» ""!*.*.'.;!;.'." i?q Austrian Empire, '' [" {go A3IA, , Turkey in Asia, H^ Arabia, z ;;;. }^8 Persia, :;:;;;;;• \^ A^hanistan, }^ Hmdostan, ...]!!.!."'*" iftfi Eastern Peninsula....... ' i,n China, z ;;;:;; \t\ Thibet, ;::::;;;::; \li Eastern or Chinese Tartary, Jj? Western or Independent Tartary, loq Asiatic Russia, ^' * J^X Japan ! ::::::::-; • ^js Kast Indian Islands, ' «n^ Australia, ' • $04 South Sea Islands, ]". ^ Descriptive Table of Asia, .'.';;;;;;; 5^5 . TE?" »K '^T ■',™ ' rV-^^- "it.- ■»^ WJ -Sit-^l III t^^ g j HOTlyi'ilitr ; 1'''''^>*i^i*ii^Mf'k-H-AU^ 8 CONTENTS. Africa, ^2^ States of Barbary, •, 233 Western Africa, '............234 Southein Afni^ !/..!!..!.!'.. .!!!.!!!!!.'!!236 Eastern Coast of Africa, .."..'..'.*..'!."..."!..!!!!!!.!237 Countries bordering on the Red Sea,. "...^. ...."........ ..238 Central Africa, 242 Descriptive Table of Africa, !!!1."!!!!!!."!!.."!!!!..".!!.!244 America, , 263 North America, l.-..".............!.....".!.256 British Possessions, ..'.'...'.....'.'.'.'...'.'...266 Russian Territories, .."................ 2G2 United States, .......................ib. Mexico and Gnatimaia, , .1275 West India Islands, .."..,....".!28U Greenland, , !....!!!.. 285 Descriptive Table of North Ainericai...!...!!.....**..!.,.'..".'!.."..;287 South America, 293 Colombia, ....,] ..'' 296 Peni, !!!!!. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! jb. Chile,. ; 297 La Plata, .*. . ....................... .............. . . . .ib. Paraguay, ....'.."."''..'.".".'.*.'.*.'.'.'.'.*.".298 ^^y ib. Guiana, 299 Patagonia, , !!!!!!!!!!!!!!.'.7.'..ib. Descnptive Table of South America, 302 Terrestrial Globe,. 304 Problems on the Terrestrial Globe, !!.!!!!!!!.!!.!!...!!!,.!!!!306 Celestial Globe,. , ''*' gig Problems on the Celestial Globe, .....................dlj Table of Longitude, .....*.*.'... ,.322 MAPS, &c The World, To face the Title. Heights of the Principal Mountains in the World, 10 Geographical Features of the Globe, 19 „ To face Page f^'^F^ 22 England, ^ 24 Scotland, ^y Ireland, !.!.'..'.......!.....".*.'."! 61 Asia, !!!!!.!!!."!!!! 176 ^■^•;_--:: •"••"??» •--'Sill XilllCI ivtt, , )£~i^ South America^ , ...!.!!..!.."!![]!!!!.!!293 i W ' ' 'i ' i « i il l rtiiffl'S '* ' » tW i i:ii|iiii l| | j|i f a*«fti&iiii%»»*!^4«'- 4 ►*• I 0) U3 I 1 0) 'S I ^^ TABLE EXPLANATORY OF THE ENGRAVING. EASTERN HEMISPHERE— EuHOFE. The MoaBUiMBwdi«d*M«Valeamw« Feet abow tl|« 8^ 1. Mont Blanc, Alps, Savoy, 15^,068 2. Mont Rtwa, Alps, Switzeflandv*. 16,627 3/ OrtlerSpitze, Alps, Tyrol, .., ;...*l6,4a» 4. Jttngfrauhorn, Alp8,SwiizerIancl,..i;.< 13,730 6. Shreckhorn, Alps, Switzerland,.. . . .\ „„,\ 3,310 . 6. Wetterliom, Alps, SwitzerJand....... ...............12,600. 7. Mulhacen, Sierra Nevada, Spaiii,.. .; 11,678 8. Maladetta, Pyrenees, Spain,....^; .....11^43^ 9. NetiiouvPyrenees,.. •. 11,427 10. Perdu, Pyrenees, France, ...j „ .....Ili276' 11. Mont Mezen, Cevennes, France, 6,667 12. PuydeSauci,AuveTg;ne, France...... »... 6^21& 13. iEtna,* Sicily, 10,870 14. Monte Cpmo, Apennines, Italy, 9,623 15. Vesuvlite,* Italy,...,.... ..................' 3,932 16. Ruska, Carpathians, Hungaty,... 9,912 17. Lomnttz; Carpatbians, Hungary,.... « ^ 7,962 18. Snieehaetta, DovrefeJd, Norway, 8^122 19. Hecla,' Iceland, 5^010 20. Ben Nevis, Scotland, 4,379 21. Ben Mac^u, Scotland,, 4,362 22. Gaimtofol, Scotland...... 4,220 23. Caiirnfform, Scotland, i^i)^ 24. Mi^rillicuddy's Reeks, Ireland, 3,610 26. Sliebh Dmmrd, Ireland, 3,160 26. Showdon, Wales,. .^ 3 571 27. Scfcfell,Endand,.... ,... ^i^ft 28. HelveUyn,j&i^land........ ^ 3,06& * ■ - — Asia.- 29. ]!)hwalagiri, Himm^hs, Hindostan, , 28,074 30. JavaheryHimmalehd, fiindostan^ ?.. 26,746 31. MownaRoa, Sandwich Island^...*..'..... ......I&9fl8' 32.. Ophir, Sumatra, iV.. ....;... 1^,840 33. Bgnioht^ New Zealand, ...'... 1J,430' 34 ItaKtaisoi, Altaian, Siberia,... 10,735' 35. Aw«tslia,**Kamtschatka, :.. ^000 36. Olyn^u^Ahatolia,... .../..';.. ..10,000 37. Arail^^'Arnienifi^............... ,.,.,.. 9,600 38. L^b^^}^PaIestine,i, : ...., 9,600 i -^,.^.w ,. . ApillCA. '4^ 39. Motmizons opposite Fernando Fo...... ..........;....17,0fl# 40. Atlas (hkhest peak), 11,9^ 41. Peak of Teneriffe,* ..12,176 42. Snowy Mountains, Southern Africa, „.. 10,000 "SWPI* ipM.^ 12 FM(«t)OTCtliefleti. 43. Table Mountain, Cape of Good Hope^ 3,582 44. Pico Rmvo> Madeira^ • «»^^* 45. Gay Lussac, ascending from Pans, reached the great- est height attained by any Aeronaut, ............. ^..-J^,l"« 46. Greatest lieight attained on the Himmalehs by Dr ^^ ^^ 47. He?gMo?snr:UneontheN:8^^^^ 48. A sLies of wheat raised on the Himmalehs... .....16,000 49. HutVinhabited by religious devotees on the banks of Lake Mansarowar in Thibet, about .^.. lb,000 ftO. Dava,Doniboo, and Takklacote, villages on the Him- malehs, upwards of.. ...... ^ }J'^ 51. Height ofsnow-lme on the Alps, i">0"" 62. Convent of St Bernard, Alps....... »'J0" 53. Pass of the Great St Bernard, Alps, /j»W WESTERN HEMISPHERE — A^merica. 64. Sorata, Andes, Upper Peru, 26,400 65. Illhnani, Andes, Upper Peru, ^|»J A6. Chimborazt^ Andes, Colombia, to'fiqa 67. Cayambe, Andes, Colombia, [»'"^ 6a Antisana,* Andes, Colombia,.. JJ'iJ" 69. Cotopaxi,^ Andes, Colombia,. J°»« ' 60. Pichincha,* Andes, Quito, ^^'^Jj 61. Itacolumi, Brazil^... •■ •••• ; i7'ftK^^ // INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER I. The earth which we inhabit h not, as was looff supposed, a Fast extended plain ; it is a ball or irlobe, nearly round but a little flatter at two points, called Wnn. ^^^, •" '° ^?y ^*^"'' P^*"* «f '^ circum- ference. The inequalities arising from the loftiest mountains or the deepest caverns, no more affect the globular form of the earth, than the roughness of the skin of an orange takes from its entire roundness. if you imagine a straight line to pass through the centre of the earth, and to terminate at two opposite points of Its circumference, such a line is called a IJiAMETER of the earth ; and that Diameter which terminates at the Poles is called the Axis. The l"i? .u V^^^^^ ^^^ ^«^^'<^ «'• North; and the other the Antarctic or South Pole. The mean diameter of the earth is about 7Q12 English miles . and its circumference 24^,856 miles. Uur world, although it appears to stand still, is in constant and rapid motion. It is only one of a num. cnn .^]^^' or planets, which rcFolre round the «in, at different distances, and in different periods. r^Hr.u^ "''^"^^fi ^.^^ ^^''""^ ^ P^^"«t describes round the sun is called its Orbit ; and the time in which It completes this revolution varies according to Its distance. The earth, which is 95 millions of miles from the sun, performs its revolution round it m 365 days, 5 hours, i8 minutes, and 48 seconds- and Its progress in this revolution, and its various positions in rp]»f ia>^ fr. *l,« „„^ i_.. .. ot the seasons, and the difference in the respective .-J I- It ^4 INTRODUCTION. lengths of the day and night. Besides this motion. It IS perpetually whiriing round, or revolving on its axis, and performs a complete revolution of this kind in tvventy.four hours. During this whirl, or revolu- tion, part of it is towards the sun, and part of it turn- ed from It,— and this is what causes day and night. The Sun, with the planets which revolve round It, constitute the Solar System. The sun is an immense globe placed near the centre of this system, and dispensing light and heat to the planets that revolve around him : he is nearly one million four hundred thousand times larger than the earth. The planets are either primary or secondary. The pri- mary planets revolve round the sun only: the second- ary planets revolve round other planets, as the moon round the earth ; and, by the motion of their pri- mary planets, are carried round the sun also. There are eleven primary planets. Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Vesta, Juno, Ceres, Pallas, Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus or the Georgium SiDus. There are eighteen secondary planets, called also moons or satellites, of which the Earth has one • Jupiter, four ; Saturn, seven ; and Uranus, six. Sa- turn is surrounded, besides, with two luminous rings. Comets are luminous bodies which move round the sun in a v^ry eccentric manner — the length of their orbit very greatly exceeding its breadth. The number of comets belonging to the Solar System has not been ascertained, but the orbits of 130 have been determined with tolerable precision, while the perio- dical return of two has been found to agree exactly with the calculation. But the solar system forms only a very small part of the universe. All the fixed stars with which the heavens are adorned are supposed to be suns, around which nlanets revolve. Of these. imwarHs nfa ^h^,. sand are visible to the unaided eye. But, with the *«^IMiMM««HHMH INTHODUCTION. 15 aid of telescopes^ they are found to be innumerable; extending through the immensity of space, and, as the agents of the Infinite Creator, imparting light and life to the inhabitants of an inconceivable num- ber of worlds. EXBRCISES. Of what figure is the earth ? What is the axis or diameter ot the earth ? What are the poles ? By what names are the poles distinguished ? Of what extent is the earth's diameter ? What IS the extent of its circumference ? Is the earth at rest, or in motion ? Does the earth alone revolve round the sun ? What IS the orbit of a planet ? What is the distance of the earth from the sun ? In what time does the earth complete fter orbit ? What occasions the variety of the seasons, and the ditterence in the lengths of the day and night ? Has the earth any other motion ? What effect does this motion produce ? What constitutes the solar system ? What is the sun ? How many times is he larger than the earth ? What is the difference between primary and secondary planets ? How many primary planets are there ? Name them. How many secondary plan- ets are there ? To what primary planets do they belong ; and how many to each ? What are comets ? _What are all the fixed stars which adorn the heavens? How many of them are visible to the unaided eye ? CHAPTER II. GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS. Geography is a term derived from two Greek words, signifying a " description of the earth," It teaches the position, names, and figure of the several parts of the world, as divided into Land and Water. That the position of places might be more con- veniently and accurately determined, it has been found expedient to suppose a number of circles or lines traced on the surface of the globe. These circles are either great or small! A great circle divides the globe into two equal parts; a small circle into two unequal parts. Every circle is divided into S60 equal parts, called degrees ; each degree is subdivided into 60 equal parts called minutes ; and ea minute wv^, I \ W INTRODUCTION. into 60 equal parts called seconds ; these are marked by the characters «" "; thus 28° 44' 47", means 28 degfrees, 44 minutes, and 47 seconds. The degrees vary in extent, according to the magnitude of the circles. On the great circles, a degree, being the 360th part of the earth's circumference, is equal to %\ English miles, or 60 geographical miles. Of the great circles, the most remarkable are the Equator, the Ecliptic, the Meridian, and the Ho- rizon. The Equator is a circle round the globe which divides it into the northern and southern hemi- spheres, and is equally distant in all its parts from the Poles. The Ecliptic is a circle which cuts the equator obliquely at two opposite points, and represents the 8un*s path in the heavens. A Meridian is* a great circle passing through the poles, and every place on the earth has its meridian. Thus a circle drawn through Edinburgh, and pass- ing through the poles, is the meridian of Edinburgh ; a circle drawn through London, or Paris, or Madrid, and passing through the poles, is the meridian of London, of Paris, or Madrid. The horizon is either Rational or Sensible, If, placed at the centre of the globe, we could take within our view one half of the heavenly sphere, a large circle would appear to cut the globe into two equal parts, and that circle would be the Rational horizon. The Sensible horizon is the circle that bounds our view, where the earth and sky appear to meet. The meridian, from which we calculate the dis- tance of places east or west, is called the Jirst we- ridian ; and that distance is the longitude of a place. T^hp InhJii.rlp t\f ti rilg/>i> ic ifo rliof from the equator. \ -«*" imssm ••4 ■ mi II mditkl r lace. •i INTRODUCTION. 17 Parallels of latitude are small circles parallel to the equator, and diiniuiuhiu^ in size as they ap- proach the poles. Of these parallels, the most re- markable are the Polar or the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, the Tropic of' Cancer, and the Tropic of Capricorn. The Arctic Circle is 23^ degrees from the north pole ; the Antarctic Circle is 2S\ degrees from the south pole ; the Tropic of Cancer is 23| degrees north of the equator ; the Tropic of Capricorn is 23^ degrees south of the equator. » The spaces comprehended between the Polar Circles and the Poles are called the Frigid Zones ; those between the Polar Circles and the Tropics, the Temperate Zones ; and that between the Tro- pics the Torrid Zone, The earth may be represented either by a globe or sphere, which corresponds rery nearly to its real figure ; or by maps, which exhibit the whole, or some part of its surface, delineated on a plane. On the globe, which revolves in a brazen circle called the Meridian J are traced the Equator, the Ecliptic, the Tropics, the Polar Circles, and other parallels of latitude, at regular distances. Meridians are likewise traced at the distance of fifteen degrees from each other. But, as every place has its meridian, and as it would be impossible to represent them all on the artificial globe, it is sur- rounded by a brazen circle, divided into degrees, from the equator to each pole. This circle is called the brazen meridian. If we bring any place to the edge of this circle, the degree marked over it indi- cates its latitude ; and at the point where this circle cuts the equator, we find its longitude. On maps, latitude is expressed by figures at their sides; and longitude, by figures at the top and bot- tom. The top of a map is north ; the bottom, south ; A 2 l^ I ffCTION. 18 on the right UjumI is the c^st ; and on the left liand, the wetit. EXBRCIBKH. What Is gMlpifhy ? For what pi "pose do geographers suppose a numbifr of ciTcles or lines traced on th.*- auiface of the globe? Of whtti lij/!** are those circles? Into ''nw many degrees are those circles div tied ? What occasions a uifference ill the extent of degrees ? What is the extent of a degree on one of the great circles ? What are the most remarkable of the great circles ? Describe the equator. Describe the eclip- tic. What is a meridian ? M''hat is the meridian of Edin. burgh, London, Paris, or 3Iadrid ? What is the horizon ? What is the rational horizon ? What is the sensible horizon ? What is meant by the tirst meridian ? VVhat is longitude ? What is latitude ? \^'hat are parallels of latitude ? What are the most remarkable of those parallels ? How far are the Arctic and Antarctic circles distant from the north and soudi poles ? How far are the tropics distant from the equator ? By what means is the earth represented ? What circles are traced on the globe ? What is the use of the brazen meridian ? U ir are ' *titude and longitude expressed on maps ? Which p«tt of a IL tp is north ? which south ? which east ? which west ? CHAPTER III. The surface of the earth presents the two grand divisions of Land and Water. These divisions are comprehended under the following names :— Land. Wateb. Continent. Ocean. Country. 8ea. Island. Kiver. Peninsula. Lake. Promontory. Gulf. Cane. Isthmus. Bay. Creek. Coast or Shore. Strait. Channel. A Continent is a very extensive portion of the globe. A Country is a smaller pc vat : . A Peninsula is land> almost surrounded by w:-icr. h j-^romon^o y is a large por- tion of land juttlug out '.:\io it' sea. A Jape is a narrow portion of land stretching into the sea, and appearing to terminate in a poiiit. An Isthmus is a narrow neck of land 'ifljto/' -.iL r i I •«LS »«> INTRODUCTION. 19 ^ SKETCH, ILLUSTRATING THB OEOORAPHIfrAL FEATURES OP THB OLOBK. ii7Mffa'.L' INTRODUCTION. joining two larger portions between seas. A Coait or Shwt is that part of the land which borders upon the sea. An Ocean is a very large space of salt water. A Sea is a smaller portion of salt water. A River is a stream of fresh water flowing through the land until it discharges itself into the sea. A Lake is a body of water wholly surrounded by land.* A Gulf is a body of water almost surrounded by land. A Bay is a portion of sea running into but not nearly surrounded by land. A Creek is a narrow portion of water running up into the land. A Strait is a narrow passage of water uniting two seas. A Channel is a wider kind of strait.f The surface of the earth is composed of Moiin^ tains y Hills, Fallei/s, and Plains; the residences of men are called Cities, Towns, and Villages. The principal Points of the Compass sire four, — ^ North. West. East. South. These terms mean the four opposite points of the earth or the heavens. They are called points of the compass from the curious instrument called the Ma- riner's Compass, by means of which, at night, or when the sun does not appear, the several points may be found. The great continents of the globe are Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. J *u* ^^ u^ ^^® °^*®" ^" Ireland called loughs and in Scotland lochs, though these terms are frequently, in both countries, applied to arms of the sea. + Small portions of the sea are also distinguished by the terms road, port, harbour, haven. A road affords anchorage a little way oft" the land, with partial shelter from winds. A port, a haven, or harbour, is a place v^here ships may lie in security. When the mouth of a river widens at Its junction with the sea, it is called an estuary ot frith. Jsome of these dehnitions, it must be confessed, are not very precise, though we have endeavoured to state them as accurately as possible. Ihus, gulf and bay, promontory and cape, and some others, are often used as convertible terms, from their not possessing any established magnitude or figure. Naze, ness, head, and point, are also often used as nearly synonymous with cape, .. ^ TilUaiely, in Systems of' Geography, the earth was onsidere*! as divided into four quarters— Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. Other classiucations are now common— as Euroiw, Asia, Aftrica, America, and '6 iV\ > INTRODUCTION. 21 Its oceans are tlie Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Northern Ocean, the South, em Ocean. The surface of the globe contains about I96 mil- lions of square miles ; and more than two-thirds of it is occupied with water. The habitable parts of the earth are calculated at 49 millions of square miles; of which Europe contains 3 millions, 500 thousand ; Africa, 11 millions, 500 thousand ; Asia, 20 millions; and America, 14 millions. The po- pulation of Europe is rather above 200 millions; that of Africa is very uncertain, but may perhaps be reckoned at 70 millions; Asia has probably about 450 millions ; North America may contain 24 mil- lions ; South America, 12 millions. This will make the number of inhabitants in the whole world amount to between 7OO and 800 millions. EXERCISES. What grand divisions does the surface of the earth present ? How is the land divided ? How is the water divided ? M'^hat is a continent ? What is a country ? What is an island ? What is a peninsula ? What is a promontory ? What is a cape? What is an isthmus ? What is a coast or shore ? vPoint out on the map a continent, a country, an island, a peninsula, &c. What is an ocean ? What is a sea ? What is a river f What is a lake? M^hat is a gulf ? What is a bay? What is a creek or harbour ? What is a strait ? What is a channel ? Point out on the map an ocean, a sea, a river, a lake, &c. Of what is the surface of the earth composed ? What are the residences of men called ? What are the principal points of the compass ? Describe them. Why are they called points of the compass ? Oceanka ; which last comprehends the very large island of New Hoi. land, with the numerous smaller islands lying in the great ocean be. tween America, Asia, and Africa. Another division is as follows, viz.— Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, and Australasia or South Asia, which last comprehends several of the great islands, par- ticularly New Holland, which are usually considered as belonging to Asia. To this last arrangement some have added a seventh, which --.._. . — „ , — ^,„...^.j — ., t^-iiij Bigiiiijsijg rnurtu istuntis. xi. ViUi» braces all the smaller islands (exclusive of New Holland and two or three others adjoining), which axe scattered over the great expanse q( the Pacific Ocean. «— #1 -f . .,.CT-.>.r-T-,. ,■,---__- .-"W)iiw;iiiii \'mmm» 29 EUROPE. Name the great continents of the globe. Nam« its oceans. What number of square miles does the Surface of the globe contain ? What proportion of it is occupied with water ? At how many square miles are the habitable parts of the earth calculated ? What proportions do *'ie different divisions of the globe contain ? What is the population of Europe ?v Of Africa ? Of Asia ? Of North America ? Of South Ame- rica ? Of the whole world ? EUROPE Is bounded N. by the Northern Ocean ; W. by the Atlantic Ocean ; S. by the Mediterranean ; E. by Asia^ the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmora, and the Archipelago. It extends from 36° 30' to 71° N. Lat. ; and from 10° W. to 61° E. Long. Its length, from Cape Matapan in Greece to North Cape in Lapland, is 2400 miles ; and its breadth, from the west of France to the River Don in Russia, is nearly 2200 miles. Countries. — The British Empire (contain- ing Engflaud, Scot)land, and Iifeland), Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, France, Sp-a4n, Portugal, Switzerland, Italy^ Greece, Tuj^^^^ey, Russia, Russia, GBtiMANY, Austria. Seas and GtiLFS. — Mediterranean Sea, Gulfs of Lyons, Genoa, and Venice; Archipelago, Sea of Marmora, Black Sea, Sea of Asoph, Bay of Biscay, English Channel, German Ocean or North Sea, St George's Channel, Irish Sea, North Channel, Baltic Sea, Gulfs of Bothnia, Finland, and Riga, or Livonia ; Skager Rack, Cattegat, and White Sea. Straits.— The l^traits of Waigatz, the Sound, the Great Belt, the Little Belt, the Straits of Dover, the Straits of Gibraltar, Straits of Bonifacio, Straits of Messina, the Hellespont or Straits of the Darda- nelles, Straits of Constantinople, btraits of CaiTa or Yenicul. ^amii its oceans, 'ace of the globe ivith water r At irts of the earth rent divisions of >f Europe ?v Of Of South Ame- Q ; W. by the mean ; E. by nora, and the f . Lat. ; and th, from Cape n Lapland^ is rest of France 2200 miles. [RE (contain- ), NORWAV^ BEI46IUM, I^ITZERLAND, i, P^SSIA, Sea, Gulfs of jlago. Sea of ^ay of Biscay, ' North Sea, rth Channel, and Riga, or White Sea. z, the Sound, aits of Dover, ifacio. Straits :>f the Darda- ts of CaiTa or J'^cAlu.Aed 6^ OLTVEB. JfeBOYD.V^i a^ Sj/ OliVIB. ABOfYJ),^i^;z/%vy/i msm»tmm*mmt. EUROPE. go Sardinia, Majorca, Jiinorcal !,!;"['***"*' ^-"'e". De^s.'M:?;rf„'^l.r"^i'<'7"^«^ Ju.ia™i .•„ -Sa"nd;,i.rZTou?h%rRlL'.«--'Cn„e. No?wr-EarN n?K '" ^IP'"'"'' Naze, S. of N. of s'cid7 Spe'ci:r8'^f''i''r^?'''''^' End, S.W. of England r' ''■ "'^^'^'and ; Land's Prance; Capes oS'a^rJ^"'*"''' ^-W- "^ Spain; Cape'^St vS S W r'p'"*' ^■'^- "^ Spart,Vento, S of iX ' fn^^"*^ ^^.""S^' ' ^ape the Morea. ^' *""* *^*P« Matapan, S.7{ 'n^^rSZZ^t "P?"''?* I">'y fro™ Ger. Thames. ' ^^^ ^^'''^^ ^bro, Tagus, LAKES.-Gene.a, Ladoga, Onega. the xnost ^fPorJXX^r^^^^^^^^^ -^ by far I'gence of its inhabitants and^hlT.^' industry, and intel- science, and arts. Situate wfthL^f * P*"^^'^'' '" I^-'ning, a small part of Norway anfn^^ agreeable, and hetteraZo^d tolT^^\T '^^''^ '« »»«?« human frame, than that ^anl „?hl ^^*'*^ ^"^ ^^g*'"^ of the equal extent. *"^ ^"'^^^ P^"'''©" of the globe of *vUi^n,^ZrPrSm ™7«'>«»ls seas and gulfg. plj„, .J''"'"'™* does it contain ?iw .'h^l"- ^™"!' *"■» ™t?' fc°i"' «". '¥ C NameTtI ^"LrfJJ''^ EMPIRE. ENGLAND AND WALES the Isle of Wight 360 -Vn^^ \ '""" ^f^'ck to Ijo«h Foreland in Kent to 'tl. '"?=""> '''•'"» ">e CorD,.aII, 300 miles Thi " f *?''« ^^d in amounted to 13,804 ^Va .^m P^P^'afon "n 1831 -avF. which arn'ounVed^f^ s'to'lr! "^ *•■« =^"7 a-cJ „ Counties ^"^'^XD. Nopthumberland4.»... AInwict ^,*^'''''^'- Cumberland 4.. r K^,""^ Shields. ' ^J"'™»'"h ^fi'^e 2, Cockermouth 2 wi.-. haven 1. Penrith w . . ' *» nite. »ick, \^^,m7'^"*>«KW«,Ke8, JO inbabitante are f». what degrees " Us extent in ontain ? JVame ap- Name its islands. Point as. Name its ' the situation 'al rivers, and Jt and popula- in ♦vi)at re- ?edoesitpo8- am^ divisions ' only country prevail ? RE. y the Irish c £ng]igh Ocean, and from Berwick to from the £)od in in 1831 army and ;Tyne 2,» ynemouth ', White. ?ton, Kes- 't returned «g5 uiein- ^^ — -1 - wi tireirt)^ irsiviFHrfr^^^ i|. •-«. li I lnMl|-|ii;i[ >. SttTT *-'. '^S*^^ -TS^ ''jyAiot.. -T^f ».ffit IT c- ^-^W^J^OLTV^iB OTiy,^aSr>i3i, i"n»;n Uuklll. JkdZ^f^ t,,t' lh4Mihti^ ^ I- ^&m ^iuth^\^^,l„njr<,oJ*JB. JlU-ttm ^4 "t>rrt0»m. ,W '(■(in"', •u^fi^ ^^. i^co^ i' :x' o^. A^i^^jwi- 'Vntwiph. f«<5W, Tr'r&a. •T"Ei Tit '^ ■' »n--T •alf „«/''" :i*r«»«^1 ^V^jrV''; mm I? t<^l>.f^;« f**"' '* ■^, .A- ♦ JUmfi^dJ^ Wen. VT JX ,,-.i^fo-«-'^ i * ' 3 '^ ^ ^ ^ '■>>•■, ^^W twuuU'' B5^- — ' y^iird. J}eal\ Scru &P=1 ^lie.ri,''^'^^.;^ H^ '■^. '^^ w fS?- W pliiclij.stn> J^e^ts Mk^iouff ,J ;*♦ .TI/« ^^^ ^ ^<:.( ^'^non^ ■^^ij, OLTVEB. &BOI3>.^afe;z<$2^,i. ':! *4 1 . i u 'worj .10 U ite. * > ENGLAND ANP WALES. 26 n , ^°"""«- Chief Towr ^'"''^''"^ i>urham 2 Sunderland 2, Stockton, We«fmnrpl.n,l o a ^^ Shields 1, (Jateshead 1. Westmoreland 2 ^gPJ^by, Kendal 1, Kiikby-Lons- '^""'"^^•''^ Lancast r 2, Liverpool 2, Manchester A rreston 2, Klackburn 2, Bolton 2, Wigan 2, Oldham 2, Warrington, 1, balford 1, Rochdale I, Clithcroe Vo-b-v.: c ,,*i Ashton-under-linel, Burvl. ^^'^«*»^'*^« York 2, Leeds 2, Sheffield 2/Hill 2, Halifax 2, Scarborough 2, Bradford i, Beverly 2, Knaresborouch 2, Mal- ton 2, Pontefract 2, Richmond 2, Rippon 2,Hudder8fie]d l,M^akefield 1, Doncaster 1, Whitby 1, Thirsk I^'-'-hire* LiLl"T Koi- ^TuTnffi 2, n , , . . ford 2, Mansfield. (heH? ?u"^>' 2, Buxton, Chesterfield. sS hire'4 ^^^2' Macclesfield 2, Stockport 2. bhropshire4 Shrewsbury 2, Bridgenorth 2, Lud- c* «- J u- ^ low 2, Wenlock 2, Wellington. Staffordshire 4 Stafford 2. Litchfield 2, Wo"verh;mV. ton 2,Newcastle-underJine2, Stoke- upon-Trent 2, Tamworth 2, Wal- _ . , . , sail L r1S?9 ''^"^ Leicester 2 Harborough, Bosworth. 5"*J^"d2. Oakham, Uppinf-ham! Northamptonshire 4... Northampton 2, Peterborough 2, Da- ventry. Bedfordshire 2 Bedford 2, Dunstable, Woburn, Big- __ . , , gleswade. Huntingdonshire 2.... Huntingdon 2, St Neots, St Ives, ^ 1. .J L. « Ramsey, Stilton. Cambridgeshire 3 Cambridge 4,« Ely, Newmarket. ^«'^«lk 4 Norwich 2, Yarmouth 2, Lynn Regis c «• 11, . „ 2, Thetford 2. ^ ' ^"^ol^ 4 -Bury St Edmunds 2, Ipswich 2, Sud- p . bury2, Eyel,Orford. ^^^^'^ 4 Chelmsford, Colchester 2, Harwich 2, ^, Maldon 2. ' Hertfordshire 3. Hertford 2, St Albans 2, Ware, Hit. chin. * Of these the UDivertity return* i. , -a K t* f- 20 ENGLAND AND WALES. Counties. Chief Towns. Middlesex 2. London and Westminster 12, Brent- ford. Buckinghamshire 3.... Buckingham 2, Aylesbury 2, Great Marlow 2, Wycombe 2, Eton, Stony Stratford, Olney. Oxfordshire 3 Oxford 4,* Banbury 1, Woodstock 1, Henley. Warwickshire 4 Warwick 2, Birmingham 2, Coventry 2, Stratford-on-Avon. Worcestershire 4 Worcester 2, Evesham 2, Kiddermin- ster 1, Dudley 1, JDroitwich 1, Bewdley 1. Herefordshire 3 Hereford 2, Leominster 2, Ledbury. Monmouthshire 2 Monmouth 1, Chepstow, Abergaven- ny. Gloucestershire 4 Gloucester 2, part of Bristol 2, Tewkes- bury 2, Stroud 2, Cirfincester 2, Cheltenham L Wiltshire 4 , Salisbury 2, Devizes 2, Chippenham 2, Cricklade 2, Marlborough 2, Wilton 1, Westbury 1, Malmes- bury 1, Calne I. Berkshire 3 Reading 2, Abingdon 1, Windsor 2, Walungford L Surrey 4 Guildford 2, Croydon, Kingston, / Southwark 2, Lambeth 2, Ryegate 1, Farnham. Kent 4... Maidstone 2, Canterbury 2, Rochester 2, Greenwich 2, Dover 2, Sandwich conjointly with Deal and M'almer parishes 2, Chatham 1, Hythe 1, Woolwich, Deal, Tunbridge. Sussex 4 Lewes 2, Horsham 1, Chichester 2, Brighton 2, Hastings 2, New Shore- ham 2, MidhuTst 1, Arundel 1, Rye L Hampshire S-f Winchester 2, Southampton 2, Ports- mouth 2, Andover 2, Lymington 2, Newport 2, Petersfield 1, Christ- church 1. Dorsetshire 3 Dorchester 2, Weymouth and Mel- combe Regis 2, Poole 2, Bridport 2, Lyme Regis 1, Wareham 1, Snaftes- bury 1. I * Of the»e the University returns 2. t Of these the Isle of Wight returns 1. a ENGLAND AND WALES. gj Ck)untle8. r-hi^* m c , . Chief Town*. Somersetshire 4 Taunton 2 Wells 2, Bridgewater 2, Devonshire 4 Ex^er i' VuT' kT'^^' ^''''''^^ i^xeter^ I'lymouth 2, Devonport 2, Barnstaple 2, Honiton 2, ^ravisl tock 2, Piverton 2, Totness 2, Dart- Cornwall d n ^^".^^ h Ashburton 1. '"""*"* -Bojmm 2, Launceston 1, Tniro 2, 1 enrhyn and Falmouth 2, Liskeard i, &t Ives 1, Helstone 1, Penzance. ^°'*^^^ FlJ^HdyweU., St Asaph-, Khvd- dlan (village)', Orerton (parish)- Denbighshire 9 ^i tf-TrV^r^^'P'^^^y"' ^^^l^i'- t'3von.hir?'i P^nbigh^ Wrexham\ Rutbin^ Holt>. Carnarvonshire 1 Carnarvon^, Bangor', Conway" Pwll- Anelesea 1 i, ^^^°' ^^7^"°' ^"ccieth'. Angleseal...,., Beaumaris" Holy head«», Amlwch-, 5J-onethshire 1 D^^B^ W^^^"^^^^^^ Montgomeryshire 1.... MoStgomervs Wdc&l., New. iT") „^^anidloes% Machynlleth- Ro^« 1-. . -Llanfyllin". * "'^'"'"'"« ' %\*n< if'^'"«"'' K»i«ht«n', kS^S '^^""feece (parish/, ■miigansnite 1 Cardigan', Aberystwith", LlanWek PembrokeshTe 1 Pembroke^ MilforfS Haverfordwest NarberUi" Fisheuard', Tenby' Carmarthenshire 2 CalX'nCuSyS Kidwelv Olamorganshire 2 Ca'di^, Menhyr T ^Ivil^'Se,-. Cowbridgei,LIantri8sem',LouKhor- Neath-, Aberavon-, Ken.fi| (pa! n8h)«, Landaft: ^ IstANDS—Man, in which are the towns of Douglas Ramsey, Peel, and Castleton ; Anglesea • .^.lly Isles, principal of which is St Mary; Isle of Wight, in which are Newport and Cowes; Aldernev Guernsey, Jersey, and Sark (near the coast of rrancei. in whwli aro ftf t>:^ o.^ n.i- pey ; Thanet ; Co<,uet ; Holy Island or Lindisfarne. W^rV T^^" ?»y' ^"""^^ Mouth, the Wash, Yarmouth Roads, the Downs, Spithead, >% r \ 28 ENGLAND AND WALES. Torbay, Mounts Bay, Bristol Channel, Carmarthen Bay, Milford Haven, St Bride's Bay, Cardig^an Bay, Menai Frith, Carnarvon Bay, Morecambe Bay, So! way Frith. Sand Banks. — Dog^ger Bank, in the German Ocean, betvi^een Yorkshire and Jutland; Goodwin Sands, on the East of Kent. Capes. — Flamborough Head, Spurn Head, North Foreland, South Foreland, Dungeness, Beachy Head, Needles, St Alban's Head, Portland Point ; Start Point, Lizard Point, Land's End, Wormshead, Gower's Point, St David's Head, Strum ble Head, Great Ormes Head. Mountains. — Cheviot Hills, between North- umberland and Scotland ; Skiddaw and Scafell, in Cumberland ; Helvellyn, between Cumberland and Westmoreland ; Whernside, Ingleborough, and Pennygent, in the N.W. of Yorkshire ; the Wrekin, in Shropshire ; Snowdon, in Carnarvonshire ; Arran Fowddy, Cader Idris, in Merionethshire ; Plinlira- iDon, in the S.W. of Montgomery ; Vann or Brecknock Beacon ; Peak, in Derbyshire. Lakes. — Der went water or Keswick Lake, Ulls- water, Windermere, Wittleseamere. Rivers. — The Tyne, the Wear, the Tees, the Eden, the Yorkshire Ouse, the Dee, the Severn, the Trent, the Witham, the Great Ouse, the Thames, the Medway, the Itchen, the Test, the Avon, the Exe, the Lower Avon. Foreign Possessions. — In the North Sea, Heligoland ; in the Mediterranean, Gibraltar, Mal- ta, the Ionian Islands ; in North America, Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland; in the West Indies, Jamaica, Barbadoes, Triaidad, &:C. j in South America. Demerara, Berbice : in the Atlantic, St Helena; in Africa, Sierra Leode, Cape of Good Hope ; in the Indian Seas, Mauritius, r ^i ■ti^sm' fe--; ENGLAND AND WALES. 29 Arracan, Amherst Town, Sincapore, &c. ; the greater part of Hmdostan ; in the Pacific, Van Diemen's Land, New South Wales. His Majesty is also King of Hanover. J?mar*5.— Although England cannot be considered a mountainous country, its aspect is sufficiently varied to ex. hibit almost every feature requisite to beauty in landscape. The tendency to moisture in the climate clothes the plains rorn^H''"'^"'?^ verdure ; luxuriant plantations, and rich corn-fields, give to the cultivated districts an air of comfort and opulence; while mountains and rugged rocks, narrow lin T'u^ T'"*'' ^""^'^^ i" o^h'^'- di«t"cts a re- tth hT M A^ 7de grandeur of the scenery of the Scot. ti.h Highlands In Wales, indeed, which may be regarded as the Highlands of South Britain, mountain scenery of the Z^ll Pf"resque description every where occurs ; while the lakes of Cumberland and Westmoreland vie in beauty, if not m magnihcence, with the enchanting lakes which give so romantic a character to some districts in Scotland. e,ttp^.*i ^""^^ • u^ *^"g!f ^' «^ing *« its insular situation, is extremely variable. The western counties are exposed' to heavy and frequent rains from the Atlantic; the eastern en. joy a drier atmosphere, but sufl'er, on the other hand, from cola and ungenial east winds. I„ consequence of this dif. terence of climate, pasturage is more attended to in the west, and tillage m the east. ' In every part of England the effect of industrious and skilful culture ,s apparent ; and there are few countries where so small a portion of the soil is allowed to lie waste and unproductive. In general, the soil is either naturally good, or has been improved into fertility; although there are sonie extensive moors, particulariy in the northern coun. ties which seem to bid defiance to the power of cultivation, I he industry which has thus enriched and adorned the country, has produced still.more astonishing jffects in ma- nufactures and commerce. By the invention of machinery every species of manufacture has been increased to an ex- tent which enables England to supply every quarter of the globe with articles of commerce and luxury ; while the pro- duce of every foreicru rlimo io ^«.ft^A *.^ v. J!-. z *^ ' P" '»M:t.-t.« s.« lid puns lii rciurn. In consequence of this extended commerce, England has attained such a degree of maritime greatness that her navy ndes triumphant in every sea, and constitutes the great b2 4 »-*?aS5»asBs«5«se!B I I, !l iii V I 'ssm" l UM- i ■« w t i i H » , P W i! HH W*« 30 ENGLAND AND WALES. bulwark of the nation. This maritime greatness has enabled her to establish colonies, and acquire large possessions in the remotest regions of the earth ; and although, in the ex- tent of her home- territory, and the amount of her popula- tion, £ngland ranks but as a small European state, her foreign dominions, and the population over which her power extends, in number amounting to 140 millions, place her very high in the scale of nations ; while in the magnitude of >er resources, the intelligence, activity, and valour of her inhabitants, she holds almost the first place. Many of these advantages result from her unrivalled con- stitution, which is a mixed or limited monarchy— combining all the advantages of the regal, aristocratical, and republican forms of government, without the defects of any of them. The king is the head of the state, the fountain of dignity and power. All laws and deeds are published in his name ; but his authority is restrained by parliament, consisting of the House of Lords, which represents the nobility or aristo- cracy, and the House of Commons, which represents the people. The established religion of England is the Lutheran, or Protestant Episcopacy — but all other forms of religious wor- ship are tolerated. There are two archbishops, those of Canterbury and York, and twenty- five bishops. The Arch- bishop of Canterbury is the Primate of all England. In tlifiir manners, the English are frank and sincere, more disposed to gravity than gayety. Their favourite amuse- ments are horse-racing, the chase, and the theatre. In their deslitigs they are fair and honou.rable, and the character of an English merchant is held in universal respect for inte- grity, liberality, and intelligence. All the arts that are con- ducive to the comfort and elegance of life, are here cultiva- ted with the greatest success. In every department of science and literature, England can boast of the most illus- trious names. To her Newton, her Bacon, her Milton, her Shakspeare, few equals, and no superiors, can be found in ancient or in modern times. EX JRCISEti ON THE BRITISH EMPIRE. England and Wales. What are the boundaries of England and Wales ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude are they situate ? What is the extent in length and breadth ? Name the counties in England. Wame the counties in Wales. What are the prin- cipal towns of Northumberland ? Of Cumberland ? Of Dur- ham, &c ? Where is North Shields, Workington, Yar- mouth, Chepstow, Shrewsbury, Brentford, Blackburn, Stock- =--~==»Ka5saBC^ ENGLAND AND WALES. 31 WoS T .' ?' ^eots, Wellington, London, Tewkeshurv srHp].-.)^ iJrif *' P^l*?^ '^ Where is Cowes ? Where is cinal Iakp« ? Wv,.. »« "ley situated ? What are the prin- fOTdHav^? '^f'*'*'-? the pnncipal rivers? M'here is 5wil. Surse«ftheTjre''raf *eT&5 off,! ,^^"1 '' *j Of the Medwa/? OflS^'?"Sf?hVTrem »" wC Ponland Race, &?:?'''"'''''• '^'"'" ""'' ^rran F„„ddy, ' N.mhhi'''^^ belongs to Great Britain in the North Sea» fen"*?""* A-nerica; in the AUantic , ii ifti,^.^i'„ Jh^ plains ? What is the appearance of the cultivatetfdistricts ? WS Wh^^^^^^^ remarkable in the sceSery of Cu|trlanT^rd^^?sLSffi ^^ '^^ — ^^^^ and'^eS^ter'iitTntLs^^^^^^^ ^""^^^- of the weotem f^ence of climr r 'in whaU Itl'^ ^^Sn En^Lf ^ What IS the general quality of the soiW In Xt pfrttt country do extensive raoors occur ? In whl? sti^^e IrJ h! manufactures and commerce of Encland ? WhlfUfh ^ sequence of her extensive commet!?? wL.^„^.V-^i!!!:.?_"- grcaiiit'ss enabled her to do ? W^nuid Kn^ionTur'^ "^a«uinc a ^t JJ«r«pea„ State from the «?"t rftj h.'^eTS and the amount of her noDuIatinn P «„ Ju^ "^un^-ieinwry « .he raided to almost tK.X in^h^tl^^^S?? ^ ;.1 ■I , rj Jt ^1 i - SI 1.1 32 ENGLAND AND WALBS. What as die form of her political constitution ? How is the authority of the king restrained ? What is the established religion of £ngland ? What is the number of archbishops and bishops ? Which of these is primate of all England ? What is peculiar in the manners of the English ? What are their favourite amusements ? By what qualities are they characterized in their mercantile dealings ? Is much attention paid to the arts in England ? Can this country boast of many illustrious names in science and literature ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLES. [In regard to the mode of showing the pronunciation of the names which occur in the following Tables, some ex- planation is necessary. Wl/ere the pronunciation of words differs materially from the orthography, we have pointed out the proper mode of pronouncing, by adapting the spelling (within parentheses) as near as may be to the sound. Where a simple accentuation is sufficient, the accented syllable is correctly marked. With respect to the position of the accent, different modes prevail with different authors. For example, in such w^ords as these — Direct, Affix^ it is the rule with some lexicographers to place the accent over the e and the i, thus X'—DirSct, Affi'x ; while others have it at the end of the syllable, Direct', Affix'. In some editions of Johnson, ac- cordingly, the accent is placed at the end of the syllable ; while in others it is put over that letter where the stress of the voice is reckoned with more force to lie. In the Intro, dyction to Walker's Dictionary, indeed, these two words are accented the first way, and in the body of the work itself the last way. Now, as has been just said, this refers only to the mode of marking the accent ; for in the words now cited the accent or stress of the voice is of course on the last syllable. But even where a uniformity in laying down rules of this kind has been supposed to be attained, it may bo questioned whether in some instances a departure from that uniformity may not be desirable ; for here, as in other casesi, where general rules are concerned, exceptions will at times arise. There are, in truth, some words where it is not a little puzzling to determine accurately where the typical mark ought to lie. In such words, for instance, as Franks Jhrtf Embden, &c. the accent is familiarly known to rest on uiw iiioii syuauis { yei, xas represeutmg stroKc mi^ot, wiuj» out impropriety, be placed, as in Frankfort^ either between the a and the n, the n and the /t, or, as is the most general mode, after the last letter of the syllable— that is, after the -tmrn-' ■s_rr.'*»- SNOLAND AND WALES. 33 fnca? ^l^ has been, m most cases, to place it. as in the whir. f.?l ^5«"'^[^rt, on the lastletter of the syllable. But! where following this as a general rule might lead or have placing It on such letter as is likely to offer the greatest coincidence between its right enuncLtion and the symbo L fithTtl *° "^^ «ye-as Elsindre, Ballinrdbe; andrsti f^?r *^ «""^ .«g«»ns' the chance of the yoing reader splitting the termmational syllable into two soundsfthe last sTnn'^f ""''^^" '^' ",""^ "^"^^*^^' "^ ^^"°*- «s being a a. InV »K T^^ V'.r''^ '^ ^^"^^ »"^^<^«'*« the sound of a asm far ; the dotted i the sound of that vowel in magazine • th!/of^H"i" '^l"^^'" '^^'^'''' ^'g^'fi^^ that the sfun21; t%f I'T^ "T^^ '^' ^^™« ^"^«1 '» the Scotch word cutikim^which IS unknown to the English language, but IS, perhaps nearest represented by the*" vowels L rapidly pronounced. In some instances, italic letters are again made use of to point out their being silent>-as in MocAa, in Lli^TS""""^ ^**"? ' ""'^ ^^^" «^ «r ^«" i« printed m Italics, It denotes the long sound of o-as Dawphine, Chateawroux— Dophin4. Chatoroux. wp"i«e, h.J?^^f ""*'^K**^'^^'^'"^'^'™•ght no doubt be increased, but It is apprehended with very little advantage to the pupil mJtir'T'"^^ ^'-^"'^^ *" ^'*«W, such minutS TCrlf -^^^^ ' ^""'^ ^" * ^°'^ "'^^ the present, a similar elaborationis not necessary ; a«d. besides" we really think that every available index, leading to an Accurate pronin- coir' r %^^'^^^' attainable, is here laid downfTs ; l^lTf ^u'^"" '" "^'^ ™*"^'' '' ^'W '^^^y occur to teach! ers, that what may not inappropriately be denominated the oral or v.^al genius of the English language, like that, we suppose, of every other language, will, fn the great m^orUy nunlT'"'' Y T"" ** ""'y ^^'""g *y« toihe right prc^ nunciation Analogous to the key-note in music, which indicates the prevailing tone of the \«e!ody, the ear. i^l ke manner, from having become insensibly familiar with the pervading modulation of its own language, fixes as i were sTe^rsThfy^.'^^T^^""^- A%oLboration ln»v. an lalanH in Rnmaraa¥._ Bblre, formed by the Tlione and Parret. A'von, a river in Hampshire, which flows into the English Channel— another from War- wick, which joins the Severn at Tewkesbury— a river in North Wales, which flows into the Irish sea— another in S. Wales, whicb flows into the Bristol Channel. Aylesbury (Ails'berry), a borough in Buckinghamshire. P. 4907 p. BA'LA, a market-town In Merio. nethshire, situate at the extre- mity of a lake called Bala-Pool, through which flows the river Dee. Population of Bala town- ship and part of parish of Llany- kil 2369. Banbury (Ban'berry), a borough Iq Oxfordshire. Pop. 5906, Ban'gor, a village in Flintshire, on the Dee. Population 648.— A town and bishop's see in Carnar- von. Population 4'~51 p. Bam'staple, a borough in Devon, shire, on the Taw. Pop. 6840 p. Bath, a large and beautitltl city ia Somersetshire, celebrated for its medicinal waters. Pop. 38,063. Beach'y Head, a promontory oq the coast of Sussex— the highesi land on the S. coast of Britain. Bcauma'ris, a borough and seaport in Anglesea, situate on the Me- nai Strait. Population 2497 p. Bed'fordshire,f or Beds, an inland county, nearly three-fourths of the female population of which are employed in the straw-plait and thread-lace manufactura Population 95,383. Bed'ft)rd, a borough in Bedford- shire. Population 6959. Berks, or Berkshire (Bark'shir), a county separated by the Thamee from those of Oxford and Buck, ingham. Population 145,289. Ber'wick, a celebrated town near the mouth of the Tweed. Though assigned to Northum- berland, it enjoys the privileges of a county by itself. In the wars between England and S|Cot- land, its situation and import- ance, a» a key to both kingdoms, rendered this town and its neigh. . n.f , \ • The letter p. annexed to the number indicates that the population giren is that of the parish in which the town is situated, f Shire, when joined to the name, is pronounced short, as if written $ktr. 5«»*^"t^«»»<* btoodfhed. Ma a fortified town— but its wt 11 are going to decay. Pop. BVt<(} o. BeVerTy, a town in the Eaat Hiding of Yorkshire, near the Hull. Population 8302. Bewd'ley, a town in Worpeater- ^'5 ™»"8^"n. a town in Wwick- Shire, celebrated for its immense t,?JL. ""n hardware manufac ni l^' Population 146,986. JJiacK burn, a manufacturiiiff town in Lancashire. Pop. 27,09) ; of the parish 59,791. ' » "' ^•'ni'"' ^ »^i^ough in Cornwall, with a manufacture In serges. Population 3375. • * fr'«^V? ""^^W^'^cturing town N. iTlfVi^^^'l^l' •" l-incashire. uLT ^^'^^^J of the parish 63,034. Bos'ton, a seaport and market- town in Lincolnshire, situate on both sides of the Witham. It is ■place of considerable trade. Its church is one of the finest Oothic structures in the king. » °?™- Population 1 1,240 p. Bos'worth, Market, a town iii Lei. cestershire, near which was lought a memoraUe battle be- Iw^n Richard IIL and the Earl ot Richmond^ afterwards Henry VH., in which Richard feU. Pdl pulation 2630. Brad'ford, a manufkcturing town m Yorkshire, on the Aire. Po- pulation 23,23J. Breck'nockshiie, a mountainous county of Wales. Pop. 47,763. Breck'nock, or Bre^con, the county town of Brecknockshire, at the confluence of the Uske and pj^i", ^; Population 5026. Breck'nock Beacon, a mountain in nSLV;^^^^^^^^* 2862 feet high. Brent'tord, a town in Middlesex. RHM*. ^iF***""^- Pop- 2085 p. Bri'de's Bay. St. in St George's Channel, on the W. of Pem- brokeshire. Bridg'enorth, a borough of Shrop. shire, intersected by the Severn. Population 506.5. Bridg'ewater, a borough on the fwrret, m Somersetshire. Po. «il2lj?««n78(y7p. .. "o^-v •*ir" "^'* ^*'«wi likewise ^''»»*^^Bay, a, bay on the cojatof Yoriwbire^^havlng Flam. „ «*ti«h Bptid to the N. E. »»«port»««Mix,rt in Dorsetshire, BNOLAND AND WALES. 35 aVJ"^ ^S"'*" Channel. Pop. 4242 p. * Bri^At'helmstone, or Bri^A'ton, a seaport in Sussex— a favourite residence of Georee IV., and a place of fashionable resort for sea-bathing. Pop. 40,^34 p. Jiris'tol, a seaport, formerly second only to London, though now surpassed by Liverpool. It la situate on the Lower Avon, near the head of the channel which bears its n»me, partly in Somer- setshire and partly in Glouces- tershire. Its mineral waters are much esteemed. Population, ?/'»*ol city. 59,074; suburbs. t J*?ln » .P^',"*^ of Bedminster 13,130; total 117,016. Bris'tol Chan'nel, an arm of the Atlantic, stretching between the south coast of Wales and the counties of Somerset, Devon. and Cornwall. * Buck'inghamshire or Bucks, a fer. tile midland county of England. Pop. 146,529. ««»"«. Buck'ingham, the county town of iiucks, on the Great Ouse. Po. pulation 3610 p. Builth (Beelth), a town in Breck- nockshire, on the Wye. Popu- lation 1034 p. ^c'/^S?'.*.". ancient borough in Staffordshire, on the Trent— fa- mous for its ale. Pop. 6988 p. Bury (Ber'ry), a manufacturing town in Lancashire, on the Ir- well. Population 15.086. Bury St Ed'munds (Ber'ry Saint Edtounds). a town in Suffolk, on the river Larke. Its abbey, of which the remains are still to be seen, was one of the richest and most magnificent in Britain. 1 his town is one of the greatest corn markets in the kingdom. Population 11,436. Butterme're-, a lake in Cumber- land. Bux^ton, a market-town ih Derby- shire, celebrated for its 4.3.'in CiJei sea, a village on the Thames, near London, where is a grand rational fflyl.m, called Chelsea Hospital, for decayed and ENGLAND AND WALES. ^cf^S?"* •oldlew. Population 3/, 371 P« Cheltenham (Chelt'nam), a town In Olouceitershire, much fVc- guented for iu mineral sprincs. Pop. SiS,942 p. * * Chep'stoii;, a market town in Mon- mouthshire, on the Wye. Po. pulation 3524 p. ' "• Chesh'ire, a county bordering on Wales, celebrated for its cheese, and large minfs of rock salt. Po- pulation 334,410. i^u'^®!"? ^^^ county town of Cheshire, a fine ancient city, on the Dee, Population 5^1,363,^* Ches'terfield, a town in De*y- fihire, on the Rother. Poptda- tion 5775 p. • ^ Cheviot (Cheev'yot), a range of hills between Scotland and Nor- thumberland, 2658 feet high. Chi'chester (Chi'chiater), the county town of Sussex, and a bishop's see. Pop. 8270. ^'"I'fern Hills, a ridge of chalky mils in the counties of Buckinir. ham, Hertford, and Oxford. Chif/penham, a town in WUt«, on the Avon, with manufactures of the finest broad cloth. Popula- tion 4333 p. ^ Christ'church, a town in Hants with a considerable trade in knit silk stockings and watch-chains. Population 5344 p, Cirencester (Ci'clster), 3 borough and market-town in Gloucester. Cli'theroe, a manufacturing town in Lancashire, on the Kibble. Population 5213. *""we. Cock'ermouth, a town in Cumber- land, at the confluence of the Cocker and Derwent. P. 4536. Col'chester, a borough in Essex on the Colne. Pop. 16,167. * Con'way, a river of Wales, forminir the boundary between the coun- . *^\,9^T^n&rvon and Denbigh, and fallmg into the Irish Sea at Aberconway. The vale through which this river flow& is cefe- brated for its beauty and fertility. Conway, or Aberconway, atolvn Corn' wall, a county occupytnjrthti south-western extremity W Qi r E D D D D( 1 D( tJ tiitia im em m >M,'aiiifm4m- -x^- SNOLAND AND WAL£8. tain, and fdmoui for its mines, particularly those Qi tin. Pouu. lation 3()i?,44(i. Coquet (Cok'et), an Wet off the coast of Northumberland— like- wise a river in the same county. Cov'entry, an ancient city of War- wick, celebrated for its manu- nctures of watches and ribands. Poijulation 27,070. Cowbridge, a market town in Gla- morganshire. Population 1 097 p. Cowes (Cowz), a seaport on the N. coast of the Isle of Wight, beau- tifully situate on the Medina. CrUjk'lade, a town in Wilts, on the Ihauies, up to which that river IS navigable. Pop. 1642 p. Croy'don, a town in Surrey, on a canal which communicates with the Grand Surrey Canal. Pop. 12,447 p. ^ Cum'berland, one of the northern counties, famous for its lakes and picturesque mountain scenery. Population 169,681. DAHT'FORD. a town in Kent, where the first paper-mill in England was erected by Sir John Spilman, in the reign of Quten Ehzabeth. Population 4713. Dartmouth (Dart'muth),* a sea- p«;rt in Devonshire, near the mouth of the Dart. Pop. 4597. Da'vid's, St, a town in Pembroke- shire, and a bishop's see. Popu- lation 2388 p. Da'vid's Head, St, a cape on the W. of Pembrokeshire, Wales. Deal, a town on the E. coast of Kent, where Julius Caesar first landed, now much frequented by shipping. Pop. 7268 p. Dee, a river which flows through Pemble-Meer, or Bala Pool, in Merionethshire, and forming the boundary between Denbigh and Cheshire falls into the Irish Sea, about 15 miles lielow Chester. Deii'bi^Ashire, a county in North Wales. Population 83,167. Den'bigA, the county town of Den- bighshire. Population 3786 p. Dept'ford, a town in Kent, on the Thames. It has a royal dock- yard, with fine wet docks. Po- PHlation ai,3,50 p. , . Slid rocky county in the centre I 37 of England, noted for its pictur. esque scenery, its lead mines, and mineral waters. P. i*37,l70 Der'by, the county town of Derby 1 shire, on tlie Derwent. Here the first liigUsh silk-mill wan erected in 17.34, and its manu- facture of silk is still consider, able. Population 23,607. Der'wentwater, or Lake of Kes- wick a very picturesque lake in Cumberland. Deyi'zes, a town in Wilts, on the Keniiet and Avon Canal. Po- pulation 4562. De'voni)ort, a large town adjoining to Plymouth, of which it is often considered a suburb. Popula- tion 34,88.3 p. ^ De'vonshire, a picturesque and fertile county in the W. of Eng- land, noted for its mild and sa- lubrious climate. Pop. 494, 16a Dolgel^ly, the principal town in Merionethshire, situate on the Avon, at the base of Cader-Idris Population 4087 p. Don'caster, a town in the West RiUmg of Yorkshire, celebrated tor its horse-races. F, 10,801, Dor'chester, the county town of Dorsetshire, and a royal bo- rough. Population 3033. Dor'setshire, a county in the S.W. of England. Pop. 159,232. Douglas (Dug'glas), a seaport on the S. E. coast of the Isle of Man, having many elegant houses, and an excellent har- bour, DoVer, a seaport and borough in Kent, about 22 miles from Ca- lais, in France, to which packets regularly jply. Pop. 1 1 ,9U. Downs, a famous roadstead be- tween the Goodwin Sands and Deal, in Kent, the usual rendez- vous for outward-bound fleets. Droit'wich, a borough in Worces- ter, famous for its brine springs, from which is manufactured a fine white salt. Pop. 24*7. Dud'ley, a town in Worcester- shire, surrounded by Staftbrd- shire. Its neighbourhood a. bounds in minerals, and the iron trade is carried on to a considpr. abie extent, jf op. 23,043 u. " Dungeness', a promontory on the '^. 7 p Dur'Aam, a county in the N.' E. of England. Pop. •2r>3,H''2l. Dur'Aam, a city and bishop's see in the county of Durham, with an ancient cathedral, beautiful- ly situate on the Wear. Popu- lation 10,1!!;,'). ^ ED'DYSTONE, a reef of rocks in Jhe English Channel, 14 miles 8. W. from Plymouth, en the highest of which is a famous lighthouse. IXden, a river which riiei in Westmoreland, and, flowing through Cumberland, falls into the Solway Frith. Edg'tfhill, a village in Warwick, near which the first battle > i the civil wars between Charles I. and the Parliament was fought, in the year 1042. ' E'ly, a city in the county of Cam- bridge, situate in a marshy dis- trict on the Ouse, called the Isle of Ely. Here is a very large and venerable cathedral. P. 6189 p. Ep'som, a town in Surrey, noted for its mineral springs. Popu- lation 3231 p. Es'sex, a county on the E, coast, famed for its dairies and agricul- ture. Population 317,233. Cton, a town In Buckingham, where Is a celebrated chartered seminarv called Eton Collece Population 3232 p. * Evesham (Ee'sham), an ancient borough in Worcestershire, si- tuate in a beautiftil vale on the Avon. Here a great battle was fought in 1265, between the fa- inous Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, and Prince Edward, afterwards King Edward I. Po- pulation 3991. Exe, river, rises in Exmoor, Som- ersetshire, ^d, flawing through D- vonshire, falls into the Eng. ll«u Channel at Exmouth. Ex';eter, an elegant city, and a bishop's see, the county town of pevonshire, on the Exe. Popu- lation 28,201. - -~— ■ f--"^^ *'* ** '^^pOiX in Cura- wall, whence packets sail for America and the West Indies. Population 7284 p. Farn'Aam, a town In Rurrpy, on the Wye, notetl for the hop plan- tatioiis near It. Pop. :il4t». Fi.sh'gMard, a seaport in Pembroke- shire. Pop. 1990 p. Flamborough Hea('. (Flamlnirro), a lK)ld and lofty cape, with a lighthouse, in Yorkshire. Flint'shire, a county in North Wales. Pop. 60,012. Flint, the county town of Flint- shire. f)n the estuary of the Dee. Poi)ulatl()n 2210 p. Flod'den-Helrt, 5 miles north of Wooler, in Northumberland. Here a great battle was fought between the English and Scots, in 1.513, in which James IV. and many of his nobility were slain, I«t>. ^ Leices'ter, the. county tou« ^-iJ ^ ^ cestershire, noted for its majn," facture of worsted stockings, i^ pulation 39,306. mmtmi»mimmmm- '*^. EMOiiAND AND WALBS. 41 :5 Leominster (Lem'ster), a town in Herefordshire, situate in a fer- tile vale on the Lugg. It has an excellent market for wool, cider, hops, and wheat. Pop. 4300. Lewes (Lu'ces), an ancient town in Sussex, on the Ouse, which is navigable for some miles above the town. It eiyoys, in conse- quence, a considerable trade. P. 859-2. Lincolnshire (Lin'cunshir), a coun- ty on the E. coast of England, . noted for its marshes. P.317,ii44. Lin'coln, the county town of Lin- colnshire, on the Witham. It has a fine Gothic cathedral, in which is the largest bell in Eng- land, called Tom o' Lincoln, weighing nearly 5 tons, and 23 feet in circumference. P. 1 1,892. lis'keard, a borough in Cornwall. Population 2853. Litch'lield, an ancient and elegant city in Staffordshire, the birth- place of Dr Johnson and Garrick. Population 6499. Liverpool, a borough and seaport in Lancashire, situate at the mouth of the Mersey. It is next to London in commercial impor- tance. It has some fine public buildings, and wet docks of sur- firising magnitude. Pop. includ- ng Toxteth Park, 189,24'J. Liz'ard Point, in Cornwall, the most southern promontory of England. Llanbeder, or Lampeter, a mar- ket-town in Cardiganshire. Po- pulation 1197 p. Uanel'ly, a seaport at the mouth of the Burry, in the southern extremity of Carmarthenshire. Population 7646 p. Llanfyllin, a market-town inMont- gomeryshire. Pop. 1836 p. Llangefni, a parish in Anglesea. Population 17&3. Llanid'loes, a town in Montgome- ryshire, with a brisk trade in flannels. Population 4189 p. Llantris'sent, a borough in Gla- morganshire. Pop. 2789 p. LoKdon (Lun'don), the capital of Britain, situate on the Thames, the largest, the wealthiest, and nerhans the most populous city in the* world. It is divid^ into three parts : the City, in which the immense commerce is chiet- ly carried on-— Westminster, the seat of the Court, Parliament, and nobility— and Southwark, on the southern bankof theThame*. These parts are connected by some ofthe finest bridges in the world. Pop. 1,474,069. Loughor, a borough in Glamorgan- shire. Population 665. Ludlow, a fine ancient town of Shropshire, with the ruins of a most magnificent castle. P. 5253. Lyme Regis, a senport in Dorset- shire, with some trade, and no- ted for sea-bathing. P. 2621 p. Lym'ington, a borough and seaport in Hants, much resorted to for sea-bathing. Pop. 3361. Lynn Regis, a flourishing seaport of Norfolk, with a gveat trade in corn. Population 13,370. MACCLESFIELD, a manufac- turing town in Cheshire. Popu- lation 23,129. Machyn'lleth, an ancient town in Montgomeryshire, with manu- factures of flannels and cotton*. Population 1657 p. Maid'stone, the county town of Kent, situate on the river Med- way. It is the great emporium of the hop trade. Pop. 15,5b7 p. Malmesbury (Mams'berry), a very ancient borough in Wilta. Po- pulation 2293. Malt'on, a borough in the North Riding of Yorkshire, on the Der- went. Population 4173. Mal'vern, a watering-place in Wor- cestershire. Pop. 2140.— The Malvern Hills are a range in the Si W. of Worcestershire, and in the county of Hereford, 144# feet high. Man, an island in the Irish Sea, nearly equidistant from Eng- land, Scotland, and Ireland. Po- pulation 40,985. Man'chester, a town in Lancashire, and the greatest manufacturing place in England. Its staple con- sists in the diffferent branches of the cotton manufecture. Pop. 142,026; including Salford and suburbs 237,832. Mans'field, an ancient town in Nottinghamshire, on the Maun. Pop. 942t; p. Mar'gate, a seaijort in the Isle of Thanec, much irequeiited ior sea-bathing. Pop. 10,339 p. Maryborough, a town in Wilts, on the Kennet I'op. 3426. Med'way, a river Which rises in c2 ENGLAND AND WALES. If]. Sussex, and, flowing through Kent, falls into the mouth of the Thames at Sheerness. Mel'combe RCgis, a borough in Dorsetshire, united to Wey- moutii by abridge over the Wey. Population 5126 p. Me'nai Frith, a strait between the Isle of Angleseaand Carnarvon, which are connected by a mag- nificent chain bridge thrown over the frith. Men'dip Hills, a noted mineral range in the N.E. of Somerset, Mer'ioneth, a mountainous and ro- mantic county of North Wales, between Montgomeryshire and St George's Channel. P. 35,609. Mer'sey, a river which flows be- tween Cheshire and Lancashire, and falls into the Irish Sea at Liverpool. Merthyr Tydvil (Mur'thYr Tud'- vil), a town in Glamorgan, si- tuate in the valley of the Taafe. From being an obscure village this town has been raised by its extensive iron-works to be the largest town in Wales, P.22,083 p. Mid'dlesex, one of the smallest counties in the kingdom, but by 'far the most important in wealth. Population 1,358,541. Mid'hurst, a well-built town in Sussex. Population 1478 p. Mil'ford, a modern town on Mil- ford Haven, from which the packets sail for Ireland. Mil'ford Haven, a deep inlet of the sea in the S. of Pembrokeshire, the safest and most capacious harbour in Britain. Mold, a town in Flintshire, with a handsome church, and the ruins of a strong castle. Pop. 8086 p. Monmouthshire (Mun'muthshir), a small county on the borders of Wales. Population 98,130. Mon'raouth, the county town of Monmouthshire, the birth-place of Henry V. Population 4916 p. Montgomeryshire (Mongum'ery), a county in Wales. Pop. 66,485, Montgom'ery, a remarkably neat borough in Montgomeryshire, pleasantly situate on a hill near the Severn. Montgomery Castle, buiil in llie time of William the Conqueror, is now a ruin, over- hanging the town in a very pic- turesque manner. Pop. 1118 p. Morecambc Bay (Moro-cam), a bay of the Irish Sea, indenting the coast of Lancashire. Mor'peth, a town in Northumber- land, having the greatest cattle market in England. Pop. 4797 p. Mounts Bay, an extensive bay m the S. W. of Cornwall. NAR'BERTH, a market-town in Pembrokeshire. Pop. 2689 p. Neath, a borough in Glamorgan- shire, possessing a considerable trade. Population 4043 p. Need'les, a cluster of pointed rocks, about 18 miles W. from New- port, Isle of Wight. Ne'ots, St, a town in Huntingdon, ontheOuse. Population 5^617 p. New River, a large aqueduct from Hertfordshire to Islington, by which a great part of London is supplied with water. Newark, a borough in Notting- ham, on the Trent. P. 9557 p. Newbury (New'berry), an ancient but reduced market- town in An- glesea, on the Briant. Pop. 804 p. Newcas'tle-upon-Tyne, the princi- pal town of Northumberland, about 10 miles from the mouth oftheTyne. It is a place of great trade, particularly in coals. Pop. 42,76^^ , including Gateshead, 57,o;. -. New^ttS'tle-under-Line, a market- town in Staffordshire, on the E. bank of the Line. Pop. 8192 p. Newmar'ket, a town in the coun- ties of Cambridge and Suffolk, celebrated for its horse-races. Po- pulation 714 p. Newport, a market-town in the Isle of Wight. Pop. 4081 p. New'town, a town in Montgomery- shire. Pop. 4550 p. Norfolk (Nor'fok),acountyonthe eastern coast. Pop. 390,054. Northall'erton, a borough in the North Riding of Yorkshire. Po- pulation 3004. Northamp'tonshire, an inland county, noted for its woodlands and pasturage. Pop. 179,276. Northamp'ton, the prmcipal town of Northamptonshire. P. 15,351. Northum'berland, a county in the N. of England. Pop. 222,912. North'wich, a town in Cheshire, where there are very extensive salt mines. Population 1481. Nor'toich, the county town of Nor- , folk, a city and bishop's see, with / a very fine cathedral, and long/ / I W-ifWIWUlf,**,. .»W9B|M»n»i«»r -»;. — -i*. »Mlii are thf Yorkshire Ouse, ' . ^ ; by the junction of the -Jw j*.*; and Aire, and uniting with the Trent to form the Humber; and the Great Ouse,which rises in North- amptonshire, flows through the counties of Buckinghaiu, Bed- ford, and Cambridge, divides the latter Irom blorl'olk, and fa' into the sea at Lynn Regis. T. Little Ouse divides Nortolk frc. Suflblk, and falls into the Greau Ouse. The other river of this name is in Sussex. Ox'fordshire, a county in the S. of England. Papulation 151,7!ii6. Ox'tbrd, the principal town of Ox- fordshire, a bishop's see, and the seat of a very celebrated univer- sity, containing twenty colleges and five halls. Pop. 2U,434. PEAK, a lofty mountain in Der- byshire, celebrated for the ex- tensive caverns by which it is perforated, and giving name to a district noted for lead mines. Peel, a town in the VV. of the Isle of Man, noted for the ruins of its castle. Peni'brukeshire, a county of South Wales. Population 3i,4'-'4. Pem'broke, the county town of Pembrokeshire. Pop. 6511. Pen'nygent, a hill in Yorkshire, 2t(j.3 leet high. Penrith ( PeCrlth), a town in Cum- berland, pleasantly situate in the vale of Inglewood Forest. Pop. 6059 p. Pen'rAyn, a town of Cornwall, on the creek that runs into Fal. mouth Harbour, with a consider- able trade in the pilchard and Newfoundland fisheries. P.352L Penzanc'e, a market-town and sea- port in Cornwall, remarkable for the salubrity and mildness of the air. It is situate on the N. W. side of Mounts Bay, and has a considerable trade. Pop.. 6563.. Pe'terborough (burro), a city and bishop's see in Northampton- shire, on the river Nen. P. 5553. Pe'tersfield, a market-town in Hants, pojmlfition 1803 p. Pierre, St, (Sawngt Pierr'), the ca- pital of the island of Guernsey, in the S. E. of the island. It has a good harbour with a noble pier. Plinlim'mon, or Plymlym'mon, a mountain on the borders of Montgomery andCardiganshires, 2463 feet high. Plymouth (Plim'muth), a seaport in the south-western extremity of Devonshire, the second naval station in the kingdom, situate at the head of Plymouth Sound, a capacious haven, formed by the Plym and Tamar. P. 75,534. ^'>"'tefract or Pom'fret, a town in ^ West Riding of Yorkshire. <.i ulation 48.32. ole, a flourishing seaport in Dorsetshire, much engaged in fishery. Population 6459. Port'land, a peninsula in Dorset- shire, famous for its freestone quarries. Ports'mouth, a seaport in Hants, the most important naval station in the kingdom. Pop. 46,282. Presteign (Pres'teen), a handsome market-town of Radnorsiiire, si- tuate in a fertile valley on the Lugg. Population 3282 p. Pres'ton, a borough and handsome manufacturing town in Lanca- shire, on the Ribble. P. 36,336 p. Pwllheli (Pulhe'li), a seaport in Caniarvonbhirc, on Cardigan Bay. Population 2091 p. .RAiJ'NOli, a mountainous county in Wales. Population 24,651. Rad'nor, New, a town of Radnor- shire, on the Somergill. P. 472 p. Ram'sey, a town in Huntingdon, ■«>teiBS^ 44 ENGLAND AND WALES. formeriy noted for its rich and extensive abbey. Pop. 3006 p. Another town in the Isle of Man, on a spacious bav. Rams'gate, a seaport on the eastern coast of the isle of Thanet, noted for its excellent artificial har- bour. Population 7985. Beading (Hed'ding), the princip.< town of Berkshire, situate at th:; junction of the Kennet with the Thames. Population 15,695. Ret'fprd, East, a borough in Not- tinghamshire. Pop. 2491 p. Rhyddlan, a village in Flintshire, once the largest town in North Wales. Population 1506 p. Rib'ble, a river rising in the W. of Yorkshire, and entering the sea below Preston. Rich'mond, a borough in the N. Riding of Yorkshire. Population 3900 p. Ripj'pon, a borough in the W. Ri- ding of Yorkshire, once celebrat- ed for its manufacture of spurs. Population 5080. Roch'dale, a manufacturing town in Lancashire, on the Roche. Population 74,427 p. Ro'ch^stcr, a very ancient city of Kent, on the Medway, P. 9891. Ru'thin, an ancient and still flou- rishing town in Denbighshire. Population 3376 p. Rut'landshire, the smallest county . in England, being only 15 miles long and 11 broad. The soil is in general fertile, — particularly the rich vale of Catmose. Po- pulation 19,385. Rye (Ri), a borough and seaport in Sussex, at the mouth of the Ro- tber. It is one of the three towns added to the Cinque Ports. Population 3715 p. Rye'gate, an ancient borough in Surrey. Population 3397 p. SAD'DLEBACK, 3 mountain in Cumberland, 2787 feet above the level of the sea. Sal'ford, a suburb of Manchester. Population 40,786. Salisbury (Solz'berry), or New Sa- rum, an ancient city and bishop's see in Wilts. Its cathedral is one of the finest ecclesiastical uUiiaiuga iu £iurope. f. y b7i> p. Sand'wich, a borough and seaport in Kent, on the Stour. Pop. 3136. Sark, a small island off the French coiaat, dependent on Guernsey. ScafeU (Scawfeir). a biU hi Cum- berland, with two peaks, the lower 3092 feet, and the higher 316<), above the sea. Scar'burough (burro), a seaport' in Yorkshire, of considerable trade, much admired for the beauty of its situation. Pop. 8369 p. Scilly Isles, a numerous group, stretching westward from the Land's. End, of which six only are inhabited. The principal is called St Mary's. Severn, a large river m Wales and England, second only to the Thames in importance. It rises in Plinlimmon ; and passing, by a very circuitous course, through the counties of Montgomery, Sa- lop, Worcester, and Gloucester, falls into the Bristol Channel. Shaftes'bury (berry), a borough in Dorsetshire. Part of the embat- tied wall which surrounded its abbey founded by Alfred is still standing. Population 3061. Sheerness', a seaport in Kent, at the mouth of the Medway, with a strong and commanding for- tress. Sheffield, a town in the West Ri- ding of Yorkshire, famous for its manufactures of cutlery and plated goods. Population 59,01 L Shep'pey, an island at the mouth of the Thames and Medway, separated from the mainland of Kent by an arm of the sea called the Swale. Shields, North Shields in Nor- thuraberland, and South Shields in Durham, two towns on the opposite banks of the Tyne, both places of considerable trade. Pop. of North Shields 6744 ; includ- ing Tynemouth and Chirton 21,899 : of South Shields 9074; including Westoe and Jarrow 22,.'i54. Shor'fAam, New, a town in Sus- sex, on the English Channel. Population 1503 p. Shrewsbury (Shro'zberry), the county town of Salop, beautiful- ly situate on the Severn, with a considerable trade. Pop. 21,2!;^. Shrop'shire, or Salop, an inland county, the »eal oi Uie must ex- tensive iron-works in the king- dom. Population 222,50.3. Skid'daw, a mountain in Cumber- land, 5022 feet above the sea. / / ENGLAND AND WALES. 45 J Snow'don, in Carnarvim, the lof- tiest mountain in South Biitain, 3571 feet above tlie soa. Sol'way. See Descriptive Table of Scotltmd. Somerset (Sum'merset), a county on the Bristol Channel. Popu- lation 40S,908. Southamp'ton, a considerable sea- port on the Southampton Wa- ter, in Hampshire. It ranks as a county itself. Pop. 19,324. Southwark (Suth'ark), commonly called the Borough, a town of Surrey, united by several bridges v?jth London, of which it is con. sidered a suburb. Pop. 91,501. Spif head, a well-known roadstead between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight, about 20 miles in length, and capable of holding 1000 vessels in security. Spurn'head, a promontory in the S. E.' of Yorkshire. Staffordshire, an inland county, noted for its manufactures of earthenware and porcelain. Po- pulation 410,485. Stafford, the county town of Staf. fordshire, on the Sow. Popula- tion 6998. Stam'ford, an ancient borough in Lincolnshire. Population 5837. Start Point, a cape on the S. E. coast of Devonshire. Stock'port, a manufacturing town in Cheshire, on the Mersey. Pop. 25,469; of the parish 66,610. Stock'ton, a handsome town in Durham, on the Tees, about 10 miles from its mouth, with con- siderable trade. Pop. 7763. Stoke-upon-Trent, a town in Staf- fordshire. Population 37,220 p. Sto'nehenge, on Salisbury Plain, a range of immense stones, some upright, and others resting upon them, supposed to be the remains of a Druidical temple. Strat'ford-on-A'von, a to\ n of Warwickshire, the birth-place of Shakspeare. Pop. 3486. Stroud, a town in Gloucestershire, with an extensive clothing trade, the waters of the Stroud and Slade being celebrated for their properties in dyeing cloth. Po- _ a^/\p^ . i'uiaiiuiJ out/.' j: Strum'ble Head, , a cape in the N. W. of Pembrokeshire. Suflblk (Suf 'fok), a cotmty on the E. coast, separated from Norfolk t by the Little Ousc and Wave< ney. Population 296,304. Sun'derland, a seaport in Durham, on the Wear, over which is an iron bridgi, having an arch of 237 feet span, and raised 100 feet above the level of the river. P. 1760 ; including Bishop anU Monk Wearmouth 39,434. Sur'rey, a county in the S. of Eng- land. Population 48{>,326. Sus'sex, a county on the English Channel. Population 272,328. Swan'sea, a borough and seaport in Glamorgan, situate on a bay of. the Bristol Channel, much fre- quented for sea-bathing. Popu- lation 13,694. TAM'WORTH, aborough in Staf. fordshire, on the Tame. Popu- lation 7182 p. Taunton (Tan'ton), a borough ia Somersetshire, on the Tone. Po. pulation 11,139. Ta'vistock, a borough in Devon- shire, on the Tave, the birth, place of Sir Francis Drake. Po- pulation 5602. Ten'by, a town in Pembrokeshire, much resorted to for sea-bathing. Its trade was formerly consider- able. Population 2128 p. Test, a river in Hampshire, falling into Southampton JBay. Tewkes'bury (berry), a fine old town of Gloucestershire, the theatre of the famous battle which terminated the wars of York and Lancaster. P. 5780. Thames (Temz), the most impor- tant river in Britain, rises in Gloucestershire, separates Herkg from Oxford and Buckingham, Surrey tVom Middlesex, and Kent from Essex, and falls into the German Ocean 70 miles E. from London. Than'et, Isle of, a distriat of Kent, at the mouth of the Thames, forming the N.E. angle of the county, and separated from the mainland by the river Stoui on the S. The air is peculiarly mild and Balubrious— the soil fertile and highly cultivated. Thirsk, a borough in the North Hiding of Yorkshire. Population Tiv'erton, a borough in Devon, shire, at the confluence of the Axe and Loman. Pop. 9766 p. Torbay', a commodious bay on the I \'-.v. ■ ^ • -■ w.iiip,pippiiti>iiU)t iffin 46 ^ ENGLAND AND WALE8. "£"""• Cambridge, mi Nor. "S"fa"urtt:"'"'/'r"?""'W. v«./- i"o ine Humber ^-uT 'l.tK'°5 "™°' Corn. St AlJpn » . .'^enwyn and 10,380* ""*^ «P"n«s. P. boVdl?« o/sSiE "■'*'"» °n the situateat tL « S^'^e'set, finely dip HiUs ll ;,VK'^"f *he Men- the "ne^; ,1^^^^}^^'^^ is one of Welch'S P-6649 ryshire, pieasan^r *".^°"t««nie- "§*'%Ml «Sfe^l;„3»t'-« town '" . oftlie^Sil !.„•''',";« mouth ulls-wateb f- "•''«^- PuJation 202.().';n*^ ^^®*- ^^ PuJation 262,05a Wesfmorc' ■ PUlation M™r '""™'^'>'- »•»• Vhifbv. « i!l!i°/ ^''^ «ea. «hire; nkr thr^*^ in DoW toe MV,ey Poi^Jfrf^J'"^* «« in which stbp T^^^^"^ «°"nty, lation 336,988 "''^"^e- ^opu- ««««e i« one' of tKltel 1^ 'uuena'ven, a thriving seanr ^ulation 20,774 '^'^"^- ^O" 'oad of'spTthead''Srfi?r' nsbrooke Castle; wherPPh ^^- r. was confined Kr?5lf«' I'aflh, a tonre''iw»"Af'i.K" ^^^^' ~ I "in whiU^ft,"^" *« tJumberla'nd f^'*t *?t «W» ll »» i , i.j: ii j Uii'N e» and Nor. M In the W. owing by a 'rough that he German prable mar- 'hire, near Pop. 9671 p. tshire, near Devonshire, trade, and ges, drug- ' 4762 p. rset, finely ftheMen- al is one of , P. 6649. •ontgome- ate in the d a great *op. 4536. in Salop, P. 2424 p! n Wilt«. iddlesex, which it arming a ssos dis- cs. Pa. in the d for its ty. Po. seaport juented 2529. in the i4 feet North birth- • 7765. port in »ufac. Po- Bauti. coast 'land naval i Ca- arles II ^nd, »tton [no. rM' — -i~^ liitii" i i)iiiw&iri> , ^^lis^cl^ onrKB. ^^oyo.Zddtiu. Ti ■I^dmiun/A^. sr:^.j»<'«»™s 1/ K': \ /i r? f ted tot !t8 manufactures of broad cloth and carpets, which have now much declined. F. \wi p. Wilt'shire, or Wilts, an inland county S. of the Thames. Po- pulation 239,181. Win'chelsea, a borough in Sussex. Population 772. Win'chester (Win'shister), an an. cient citjr and bishop's see in Hants, with a spacious cathedral famous for its public school. Po- pulation 9212. Win'dermer^ the largest lake in England, between Wcbtmore- land and Lancashire. Windsor (VVin'zur), a borough in Berkshire, situate on the Ihames, 22 miles from London, celebrated for its castle, a fa- vourite residence of the kings of „,?ngland. Population 7103. 1- Z"^* river in Lincolnshire, which flows past Lincoln, and, pursuing a north-easterly course, falls into the Wash. Wittle'goamere, a lake in the N.E of Huntingdonshire, «!!i'i''"i ?. *own in the W. of Bedfordshire, on the great Lon- don road. Within a mile of the town is Wobum-abbey, the splendid seat of the Duke of Bedford. Population 1927. Wolverhampton (Woolverham'. ton), a town in Staffordshire, noted for its manufactures of x^^u .^""J ^^y«- Pop- 24,732. Wood'stock, a town in Oxford- shire, with a considerable manu- fecture of gloves. Near it is f le»neim, the splendid seat of the Duke of Marlborough. Po- pulation 1380. Woolwich ( Wool'idge), a town in Kent on the Thames, 8 miles be- low London. It is famous for its j arsenal, dock-yard, and military academy. Pop. 17,661. ENGLAND AND WALES. m Worcestershire (Woos'terehlr), _ rich and beautiAiI midland county of England. P. 21 1,356. Worces'ter, the county town of Worcestershire, near the centre of the kingdom, noted for its porcelain manufactories. Here Cromwell defeated the army of Charles II. A.D, 1651. Popula. tioii 18,610. ^ Work'ington, a seaport in Cumber- land, having extensive collieries rJ" .*!?* neighbourhood. P. 6415. Wrek'in, a hill in Shropshire, height 1320 feet * ^rex'Aam, a town in Denbigh, shire, carrying on an extensive inland trade, i«rticularlyin flan- nel. It has a very elegan; church. Population 5184. Wye ( Wi), a river of Wales, which rises in the S. of Montgomery- shire, crosses Radnor and Hereu tordshires, divides Monmouth from Gloucester, and falls into the Severn below Chepstow. YaR'MOUTH, a seaport and bo- rough of the county of Norfolk, at the mouth of the Yare. Po- pulation 21,115 p. Yorkshire, the largest county in England, divided into 3 parts, the East, West, and North Ri- ding. The East is very fertile, while the West is the principal seat of the woollen manufacture. Population 1,371,296. York, the county town of York, shire, a very ancient city, ahdL : the see of an archbishop. It* " celebrated cathedral, the most magnificent specimen of Gothi • architecture in Europe, was greatly damaged by fire, the work of a fanatical inceiidiarv. on the 2d Feb. 1829. The part destroyed has been rebuilt at an expense of upwards of £60,000. P. 34,461. SCOTLAND, OR NORTH BRITAIN, j^ bounded N. by the North Sea; W. by the At. Jantic Ocean: S Hir T7««.u^j „^j .i._ t"^. ,_ ^ Ihli ■ j^ the German Ocean. Exclusive of the Shetland and Orkney Islands, it ext«nd« from 54» i^ I 4fl ^ SCOTLAND. to 59^* of N. Lat. and from l** to fi« nf w t elusive of the Western Tjl t? ""^^'^H- ex. 18 about qIT ^li)l /'r'' ^^' extreme lenjrth ThT^ I ' '^'' ^""^ '^« g^'-eatest breadth 147 The population ,n 1831, amounted to 2^65 807 It contains thirty-three counties ;— "'"'''^"^• Courties. p., cro^any..;:::;:;;:;::-;: fc^^: ^'""'' ^"««'«-- Nairn' Nai>n« ^'"'»'»>- Mora^ or Elgin^::::;; m< F<«e,- Fife 1 ^ broathK, Brechin ». ' T:^.^i Andrews-^ Anstruther faster", Anstruther Vl^ester", Crailh Kilrennyk Pittenweemu,KirlcaIdy' Kinghorn« Burntisland', Dysart' £;;^«^^»thing^,l>unfermIineS Falk- ^/"'^ss". ; Kinros's. Ckckmannanc. Clackmannan, Alloa. ^ ^^*li- ^"I'^ossS -Dunkeld, Crieff, Bute 1...; R„Tf^''^^"?P^^t«^^ Oban'. Du^^n-;;;^^: KsertUur^h. jf\\^^^ .'..•. Stirling^, Falkirk" Lothln L "* ^*'* ^tlck"^'"""' ^""^"^'' ^^'^^ ^^'- . Berwick or Mersel...Greenla;, LauderP, Dunse, Cold- p««u. 1- . r., . _ Stream. "ddel?" ""^ ^'''''*'- •''^^^^"'ghp, Kelso, Hawick, Melrose. ^'^^''^ ^ Selkirk, Galashiels. «&ik,.. Long, cx- nc length idth 147. ^65,807. wick. ►rt Augus- Inverury', ose», Ar- nstruther r". Crailh, irkcaldy', Dysart* leSFalk- l, Crieff, n'. Borrow- tobello", th Ber- Cold- !elrose. \ SCOTLAND. 49 CounllM. Chief Towns. Peebles or TweedMei. Peebles. Lanark orClydtiAl. Lanark", Glasgow 2, Hamilton", Air- ^ di;e", Rutherglen". Renfrew 1 Renfrew'", Paisley 1, Greenock 1, Port Glasgow"'. Ayr 1. Ayr', Irvine", Kilmarnock'". Dumfries 1 Dumfries', Annan'«, Sanquhar", Loch- maben'*, Moffat. Kirkcudbright or East Galloway 1 Kirkcudbright% New Galloway*. Wigton or West Gal- Wigton' Stran-aer', Whithorn', Port loway 1. Patrick. Islands. — Shetland Isles, the principal of which are. Mainland and Yell ; Orkney Is!^ J 3 princi- pal of which are. Mainland or Pom .na, an ' Hoy; the Western Isles, or Hebrides, the pr m pal ,. whiclt are, Lewis, Skye, Mull, Jura,and Isla; ^^-t*:, Arran. ^ Friths, Bays, and Lochs.* — Peniiand, Dor- noch, Cromarty, and Moray Friths, Friths of Tay and Forth, Solway Frith, Frith of Clyde ; Wigton and Glenluce Bays; Sounds of Isla, Jura, and mi Mull ; Lochs Ryan, Long, Fyne, Etive, LiunhCj, and Broom. Capes.— St Abb's Head, Fifeness, Kinnaird's Head, Tarbetness, Duncansbay Head, Dunnet Head, Cape Wrath, Butt of Lewis, Point of Ard- namurchan. Mull of Cantyre, Fairland Point, Mull of Galloway, Burrow Head, Saturnness. Lakes. — Loch Lomond; Awe; Tay, Rannoch, Erroch, Ketterin, Erne; Ness, Lochy; Mare«; Leven. *^ Mountains.-— Ben Nevis, the loftiest moun- tain in Great Britain, Ben Macdui, Cairntoul, Ben Wyvis, Cairngorm ; the Grampians, of wliich the most remarkable are Mount Battock, Schiehallion, . Ben Lawers, Ben Mj^re, Ben Ledi, and Ben Lo- mond ; theUchils; Pentland Hills; Lammermoor ■Ml « By Lochs are here meant arms of the sea. J> ii gytffflgftjsaate i MWi m. I 50 SCOTLAND. Hills ; Tintock ; Moffat Hills ; Lowthers ; Cheviot Hills, on the English border. RiVERs.--Spey Don, Dee, Tay, Forth, Clyde, Tweed, Teviot, Nith, Annan, Ken. ^emarits.— Scotland is in general a mountainous country although It has some extensive level districts of great fertility It IS divided into the Highlands and Lowlands ; the former chiefly occupied with lofty and rugged mountains, and in- habited by a race of Celts, who still speak the Celtic or Gaelic language ; the latter more diversified with hilly and level districts, and inhabited by people of Saxon origin like the English, and who speak dialects of the same language. But the natural geography of the country suggests t more distinct division of it into three portions, Nokthern, Mid PLE, and Southern. The ]\orthem Division extends from the Pentland Frith to that great chain of lakes which cross the country from the coast of Argyle to the Moray Frith in the line of the Caledonian CanaP It is in geneJ^al mou" irr' Th ^r'f^ T'' .'°™*' ^'•'*"^ "P°*« **" *he eastern coast. Ihe Middle Bivimn extends southward from this line to the Friths of Forth and Clyde, and the Great Canal by which they are united. Of this division, likewise, the aspect is chiefly mountainous, although on the eastern coast there are extensive tracts of great fertility and in high cul- tivation. The Southern Division, stretching to the Enelish to England. Though it contains several extensive ranges of hills, and wide tracts of moor, its more general aspict is that of verdant plains, watered by beautiful streams, and enlivened by herds of cattle ; ample valleys or gently-swell- ing eminences of great fertility, waving with corn, or clothed with wood. ' ""*«;" Scotland abounds in minerals, the most valuable of which are lead, iron, and coal. Its climate, though variable, is, on the whole, mild and salubrious. The western counties are exposed to frequent and heavy rains from the Mlantic Ocean; the eastern, though less frequently deluged with rains, suffer more from piercing east winds, accompanied with chilling fogs from the German Ocean. Theia is nn cmjntr^ ;„ ♦i,^ .^,„„ij where agriculture is better understood than in Scotland"^ and the consequent improvements ii. its soil and productions! which have tiiken place within the last thirty years, are )fi. It ^fa'^'iiS^iM'iiWbitaiw 'iirliWi ii'iTwiifeW'l iiitHM (Mk- • -tf-^-.rjr-^yir^i^r^^.- i; Cheviot •til, Clyde, ous country, eat fertility. ; the former ins, and in- le Celtic or th hilly and 1 origin like e language. ;ests a more flERN, MlD- Ktends from which cross ay Frith, in leral moun- the eastern d from this jreat Canal kewise, the astern coast in high cul- Ihe English 'esemblance ve ranges of al aspect is reams, and Jntly-swell- , or clothed •le of which !» mild and to frequent tie eastern, more from fogs from SCOTLAND. 51 , IJ -US lU. Scotland ; roductions, years, are astonislimg. Manufactures of various kinds are likewise carried on to a great extent. Glasgow and Paisley are the pnncipa. seats of the cotton manufactures ; Dundee, and the other towns in Forfarshire, are noted for the manufac- ture of coarse l.nens ; and Dunfermline for damasks and fine hnens. At Carron, near Falkirk, is the largest manu- factory of iron in Great Britain. Of the commercial pro. sperity of Britain, Scotland enjoys her due share. 1 A^^ t accession of James VI. to the throne of Kng- land the whole of Britain has been under the dominion Sf one sovereign ; and since the union of England and Scot- land m the reign of Queen Anne, A.D. 1707, the go- vernment of the two kingdoms has been nearly the same. 1 he Presbyterian form of church.government is coeval with the Reformation m Scotland. After many struggles with James VI. and his successors, who patronised episcopacy, the Scots succeeded in procuring the establishment of Pres- byterianism as the national religion, at the revolution, A.D. 1688. The Scots may be characterized as industrious, frugal, prudent, hardy, and brave. Owing to the excellent institu- tion of parish-schools, the advantages of education are en- joyed even by the lowest classes of the people. They are fond of leariung ; and can boast of some of the brightest names m literature and science. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Scotland ? Between what de- grees of latitude and longitude is it situate? What is its com??„'? '!K'^ ^"It ^''"^^r^ '^^^ ^*"3^ ««»^ti^« does U contain ? Name them. What «re the principal towns of Orkney and Shetland? Of Caithness? Of SuXrland ? Of ^tL nt*'' ^^^^ • '" ' *' P^^"",^?*^ ^«^^"d« ? I'oint them out fhlm . fP* ^^"^^ "' principal friths, bays, and lochs. Point them out on the map. Name its capes. Point them out on ^.T^: ^^^^ f ^ '^' P^^""P^^ l^kes ? Point tliem out! Name Its principal mountains. Name its rivers. hpl^n n " *ri^"d' Kirkwall, Kelso, Whithorn, Camp, belton, Dornoch, htranraer, Irvine, New Galloway, Dalkeith, Kilmarnock, Dunkeld, Falkirk, Dingwall, Stonehaven, Mon! «i»M a* «ii i i «i h ii ia •r ■<:--.■ ii^^^^^te^M 52 SCOTLAND. Pentland Frith, Frith of Tay, Wigton Bay, Frith of Forth, Cromarty Frith, Moray Frith, Loch Fyne, Loch Broom, Loch Lon^, Frith of Clyde, Loch Etive, Loch Linnhe, &c. ? Where is Cape Wrath, Tarhetness, St Abb's Head, Sa- tumness, Kinnaird's Head,Fairland Point, Duncansbay Head, Point of Ardnamurchan, &c. ? Where is Loch Ness, Loch Awe, Loch liomond, Loch Maree, Loch Ketterin, Loch Erroch, &c. ? Where are the Lammermoor Hills, the Pentland Hills, the Grampians, Ben Ledi, Ben Lawers, Ben Nevis, Tintock, «ie liowthers, &c. ? Which is the Jiighest mountain in Great Britain ? Describe the course of the Tweed, of the Nith, the Clyde, the Tay, the Forth, the Don, the Spey, the Dee, the Teviot, the Annan ? What is the general appearance of Scot- land ? How is it divided ? What is the aspect of the High- lands ? By what race of people is it inhabited ? What is the appearance of the Lowlands ? Of what origin are its inha- bitants ? What other division does the natural geography of the country suggest ? What is the extent and situation of «ie Northern Division ? What is the aspect of the country ? How far does the Middle Division extend southward ? What is its general aspect? How far does the Southern Division extend ? What is the general aspect of this division ? What are the most valuable minerals of Scotland ? What is the nature of its climate ? What varieties of weather prevail in the Western and Eastern counties ? What is the state of agriculture in Scotland ? Are its manufactures extensive ? What towns are the principal seats of the cotton manufac- tures ? For what manufacture is Dundee noted ? What are the chief manufactures of Dunfermline ? For what manu- factory is Carron celebrated ? Is Scotland a commercial coun- try? At what time was Scotland united with England in govern- ment ? What form of church-government is established ? How long has this been the national religion ? To what in- stitution do they owe the general diffusion of education ? Have the Scots made a figure in literature and science ? ■" DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. ABB'S HEAD, ST, a promontory on the IV.E. of Berwickshire. ' Aberdeen'shlre, an extensive county in the N. of Scotland. Population 177,661. Aberdeen', a large seaport, and the county town of Abeideen- shire. It is divided into Old and New Aberdeen — tiie former of which is on the Don, and the latter on the Dee. In each of them there is a university. Po- pulation, including St Machar's, 58,019. berneth'y, a town in Perthshire. Population 1612. Ail'sa, a rocky islet in the Frith of Clyde, betwixt Ayrshire and Cantyre, two miles in circum. ference.and 1140 feet high. Alr'drie, a town in Lanarkshire, parish of New Monkland. Po- pulation 9867 p. AI'loa, a town in Clackmannau. ■^.^S. MiMt4ttm*^ ith of Forth, ioch Broom, jinnhe, &c. ? *s Head, Sa- insbay Head, mond, Loch nd Hills, the /is, Tintock, itain in Great the Nith, the the Dee, the ance of Scot- oftheHiffh- [ ? What is 1 are its inha- geography of situation of the country ? ieard ? What ern Division ion? What What is the ler prevail in the state of s extensive ? on manufac- ? What are what manu- nercial coun- id in govern - established ? To what in- education ? ence ? g St Machar's, in Perthshire. in the Frith of Ayrshire and les in circum. feet hifjh. Lanarkshire, jnkland. Po- Clackmannau. i SCOTLAND, i 4. shire on the Forth. Population 6377 p. Andrewsi St, an ancient city, once the ecclesiastical capital of the kingdom. The first rise of the Reformation, and the assassina- tions of Cardinal Beaton and ot Archbishop Sharpe, have made it famous in history. Its uni- versity still remains; but its castle and noble cathedral are in ruins. Population 5621 p. Angus (pr. Ang'gus) or Forfar- shire, a county N. of the Tay, noted for its breed of cattle. Po- pulation 139,606. An'nan, a royal borough in Dum- fries-shire, on the Annan. Po- pulation 5033 p. An'nan, a river which rises on the borders of Peebles-shire, and flows through Dumfries-shire to the Solway Frith, by a course of about 30 miles. Anstruiher (commonly An'ster), Easter and Wester, two small boroughs on the E. coast of Fife. Population 1437 p. Arbroath', a considerable borough and seaport in Forfarshire, with a large ancient abbey, t. 6660 p. Argy'le, an extensive Highland county on the W. coast, indent, ed by numerous arms of the sea. Population 101,45i5. Ard'namur'chan, Point of, a cape in A rgyle, the most western point of the mainland of Scotland. Ar'ran, an island in the Frith of Clyde, distinguished by its mountainous aspect and the re- markable formation of its recks. Goat Fell is 2950 feet high. Population 6427. Awe, Loch, a beautiful lake in Argyle, about 30 miles long, and from 1 to 2 broad. Ayr'shire, a large county in the W. of Scotland, noted for its cattle and dairies. Pop. 145,065. Ayr, the county town of Ayrshire, situate at the mouth of the Ayr. Pop. 7606 p. BANFFSHlltE (Bamfshir), a county on the Moray Frith. Po- pulation 48,604. Banff, a borough, and the county ....„„ „, uasmaisirc, ttt UiC inoUlIi of tiie Deveron. Pop. 371 1 p. Bass, an almost inaccessible islet 5a at the mouth of the F/ith of Forth, formerly employed as a state prison. Bath'gate, a borough in the county of Linlithgow. Pop. 3593 p. Beauley (Bu'la), a river in Inver- ness-shire, on which is situate a village of the same name. Ben* Law'ers, a mountain in Perthshire, rising from the banks of Loch Tay, to the height of 4015 feet above the sea. Ben Le'di, a mountain in the pa- rish of Callender, Perthshire, 3009 feet high. * Ben Lo'mond, a mountain in Dum- bartonshire, rising majestically from the side of Loch Lomond, to the height of 3240 feet above the level of the lake, and 3262 feet above that of the cea. Ben More, a conical mountain, towering from the side of Loch Dochart, Perthshire, to the height of 3903 feet above the sea. Ben Ne'vis, a mountain in Inver- nessshire, the loftiest in Great Britain, being 4370 ieet above the sea. Ben Venu'e, a picturesque moun- tain on the banks of Loch Ket- terin, 2800 feet high. Ben Wy'vis, a mountain in Ross- shire, 3720 feet above the sea. Ber'vie, or Inverbervie, a royal borough in Kincardine, at the mouth of the Bervie. P. 1 137 p. Ber'wickshire, or Merse, a county on the S. E. of the kingdom. Po- pulation 34,048. Bejr'wick. See England, p. 34. Ber'iwick, North, a royal borough and small seaport, in the county of Haddington. Pop. 1824. Blackne&a', an ancient cast Je on the Forth, in the parish of Carriden, Linlithgowshire. Borrowstounness', or Bo'ness', a considerable seaport on the Forth, Linlithgowshire. Podu- lation 2809 p. Brechin (Bte'kin), a royal borough in the county of Angus. Popu- lation 6508 p. Brod'ick, a village on the E. coast of Arran.situateon Brodick Bay. iiere the Duke oi Hamilton baa a castle. Broom, Loch, an extensive arm of * Ban is a Gaelic word, signifying a mountain. d2 SCOTLAND. II II if the sea in Ross-shire, having some excellent harbours. Buchanness (BuccannessO* a pro- montory in Aberdeenshire, the eastmost point in Scotland, near which are the remarkable rocks called the Bullern ofBuchan. Burnti'«land, a seaport in Fife, op- posite to Leith. Pop. 23G6 p. Bur'row Head, a cape on the N. coast of Morayshire — and ano- ther in Wigtonshire. Bute'shire, a county composed of the islands of Bute, Arran, Inch- mamoch, and the Cumbrays, in the Frith of CJvde. Pop. 14,151. Bute, a beautiful island, the prin- cipal one, though not the largest, in Buteshire. Pop. 7773. CAIRNGORM', a mountain in InvernesS'Shire, 4060 feet hi^h, famous for its beautiful rock- crystals. Caith'ness, a county in the north- ern extremity of Scotland. A great herring fishery is carried on from its coast. Pop. 34,529. Campbelton (Cam'melton), a '. >- rough and nourishing seaport in Cantyre. Population 4S69. Canty're, a peninsula forming the southernmost district of Argyle. Canty're, Mull of, a promontory at the S. extremity of th6 peninsula of Cantyre. Car'ron, a village in Stirlingshire, on the Carron, fame is for its iron-works, the largest in the kingdom, and the machinery em- ployed in which is sui>erior to any in Europe. Pop. about 2500. Clackman'nan, a county on the N. side of the Forth. Pop. 14,729. Clackman'nan, the county town of the above shire. Pop. 4266 p. Clyde, a large river which rises in Clydeslaw, a hill in the parish of Crawford, Lanarkshire, and runs westward to the Atlantic. Coldstream (Colcstream), a town in Berwickshire, on the N. bank of the Tweed. Pop. 2897 p. Coll, one of the Hebrides, belong- ing to Argyleshire— it is about 14 miles long, and varies from half a mile to 3A miles in breadth. Population 1316. Ijrsii. a royui uoruuijii s::u scupuzv in Fife, at the N. entrance of the Frith of Forth. Pop. 1824 p. Crieff, a town in Perthshire, on the N. of the Erne. P. 4786 p. Crom'arty, a county m the N. HI, of Scotland, formed of several detached portions within the county of Ross. Pop. united with that of Ross-shire, 74,820. Crom'arty, the principal town of the county of the same name, situate on the peninsula be- tween the Friths of Cromarty and Moray. Population 2215. Crom'arty Frith, a bay of the Ger- man Ocean, stretching nearly 20 miles between Ross-shire on the N. and W. and Cromarty and Ross on the S. and E. From its extent, its depth of water almost close to the shore, and the shel- ter afforded by the surrounding country, it is a peculiarly safe station for vessels from the north- ern and eastern seas. Culross (commonly Coo'ross), a borough and seaport in a de- tached portion of Perthshire, situate on the Frith of Foith. Population 1488 p. CuU'en, a town in Banffshire, where the linen manufacture is carried on with considerable suc- cess. Population 1595 p. Cupar (Coo'par), a royal borough, on the Eden, in Fife, of which it is the county town. Popula* tion 6473 p. Cupar-Angus (Coo'par-Arigus), a town in Forfarshire, situate on the Isla, on the borders of Perth- shire. Population 2615 p. DAL'KEITH, a considerable town in Mid-Lothian, on a narrow stripe of land between the North and South Esk, about 6 miles S. from Edinburgh. Pop. 5686 p. Dee, a river in Aberdeensnire, with picturesque cascades near its source, and falhng into the Ger- man Ocean at New Aberdeen, alter a course of 90 miles.— A river, issuing from Loch Dee on the borders of Ayrshire, and flowing through the county of Kirkcudbright to the Solway Frith. Dev'on, a river in Perthshire, ris- ing in the Ochil Hills, and flow, ing to the Frith of Forth by a very circuitous course. It is re- scenery on its banks. Ding'wuU, a considerable town in Ross. shire, at the head of the Cromarty Frith. Pop. 2124 p. 4" ^ffH^^m^&W^^: ^— r m the N. E. led of several 18 within the Pop. united i-shire, 74,820. icipal town of e same name, peninsula be- i of Cromarty jlatiun 2215. )ay of the Ger- ihing nearly 20 38- shire on the Cromarty and i E. From its f water almost , and the shel- e surrounding )eculiarly safe Tom the north. !as. ' Coo'ross), a port in a de- •>f Perthshire, rith of Forth. in Banffshire, nanufacture is nsiderable suc- 1593 p. royal borough, Fife, of which own. Popula* par-Angus), a ire, situate on rders of Perth- 1 2615 p. isiderable town on a narrow veen the North I)out 6 miles S. Pop. 5586 p. leensn ire, with ades near its g into the Ger- lew Aberdeen, F 90 miles— A n Loch Dee on Ayrshire, and the county of the bolway •erthshire, ris- lills, and flow- of Forth by a lurse. It is re^ iks. erablc town in ; head of the Pop. 2124 p. SCOTLAND* 55 Don, a river rfsing in the N.W. of Aberdeenshire, and falhng into the German Ocean, N. of Old Aberdeen, after a winding course of 62 miles. Boon, a river in Ayrshire, issuing from a lake of the same name, and falling into the sea, after a circuitous course of 15 miles. This river is rendered classical by the strains of Burns. Dornoch (Dor'nok), a town in Sutherland, on the N. of the Dornoch Frith. Pop. 3380 p. Dornoch Frith, a bay of the Ger- man Ocean, between the coun- ties of .Sutherland and Ross. Dumbai'tonshire, or Lennox, a small county in the W. of Scot- land. Pop. 33,211. Dumbar'ton, the county town of Dumbartonshire, situate near the confluence of the Leven with the Clyde. Its castle, on a pre- cipitous rock, was anciently of great strength. Pop. 3623 p. Dumbla'nf, a town in Perthshire, on the Allan, a place of consider- able resort on account of the mineral waters in its vicinity. Population 3228 p. Dumfries-shire (Dumfrees'shir), a large county in the S. of .Scot- land. Population 73,770. Dumfries', the county town of Dumfries-shire, situate on the Nith, about nine miles from the Solway Frith. Pop, 11,606 p. Dunbar', a seaport and borough in East Lothian, at the mouth of the Frith of Forth, Its castle was, in ancient times, a place of great strength. Pop, 4735 p. Dun'cansbayhead, a promontory in Caithness, the north-eastern extremity of Great Britain. Dundee', a large seaport in Angus, on the Frith of Tay. It is a Klace of considerable trade, and as extensive manufactures, chiefly of Osnaburgs and other coarse linens. Pop. 45,355 p, Dunferm'line, a considerable bo- rough and manufacturing town in the W. of Fife. Table-linen is manufactured here in greater extent and perfection than in any otiier part of the kingdom. The abbey of Dunfermline, now in ruins, was celebrated as being one of the burial-places of i.hc kings of Scotland. In February, 1818, the tomb and skeleton of Robert Oruce were discovered here. Population 17,068 p. Dunkeld', a town in Perthshire, situate amidst the most beauti. ful and romantic scenery, on the north bank of the Tay. Popula- tion 1471 p. Dun'net-head', a promontory in Caithness, the most northern point of Great Britain. Dunse, a considerable town in Ber- wickshire, between the Biack- adder and the Whitadder, Po- pulation 3469 p, Dysart (Dy'zartJ, a borough and seaport in Fife. Population 1801; ofthe parish 7104, ED'INBURGHSHIRE (Ed'in- burroshir), or Mid.Ix)thian, the metropolitan county of Scotland, on the S. of the Frith of Forth. Population 219,592. Ed'inburgh, the metropolis of Scot- land, the seat of the law courts, and of a. celebrated university, situate in the county of Mid-Lo- thian. Its New Town is con- sidered the most elegant and re- gularly built of any in Britain. Population, with that of Leith. 162,156. Ed'nam, a village below Kelso, on the Eden, the birth-place of Thomson the poet. Pop. 637 p. El'gin, the principal town of the county of Elgin, or Moray. Here are the ruins of a magni- ficent cathedral. Pop. 6130 p. Erne or Earn (Aim), a river in Perthshire, issuing from a lake of the same name, and falling into the Tay. * Erroch (Er'rak), a lake partly in Perth and partly in Inverness- shire, 24 miles in length, but scarcely a mile in breadth. Esk, the name of several rivers in Scotland. One rises in the N. of Dumfries-shire, and flows to the Solway Frith. In Mid-Lothian, the South Esk joins the North Esk below Dalkeith ; and the united streams fall into the Frith of Forth at Musselburgh. In Forfarshire, the North Esk rises among thetirainDianMountains. and fails into the sea 3 miles n' of Montrose. The South rises among the same mountains, and falls in to the sea at thesamctuwn. E'tivc or Etie, Loch, an inlet of r 1% If 56 SCO'l'LAND. the sea in Argyleshire, near)"^ 20 miles long, but of very ;?.". qual breadtli. Its waters, about seven miles from the sea, arc much contracted by a ridge of rugged rocks, and make a noise louder than any cataract. FALKIRK', or Farkirk, aconsi- derable town in Stirlingshire, 24 miles W. of Edinburgh, noted for its large cattle markets. Here Sir William Wallace was defeated by Edward I. in 1298 ; , and here the Pretender's army defeated the Royalists in 1746. Population 12,743 p. Falkland (Fawk'land)",asmall town of Fife, where the kings of Scot- land had a palace, Vvhsch still re- mains. Population .i!w8 p. Fife, a large maritiiMS; coimty oj) the N. of the Frith of Forth. Population 128,859. Fifeness', a cape at the eastern ex- tremity of Fife, from which a dangerous ridge, called the Can- Rock, projects into the sea, For'far, the county town of Angus, or 1 orfarshire, situate in the val- ?ey of Strathmore. Population 7949 p. For'res, a small borough in Moray- shire. Fc'Milation 5895 p. Fort George, Fort Augustus, Fost WiJliam^ a lange of strong fort- ' resses in Invt* ness-shire, built to keep the Highlitnds in awe. The country being nov peaceable, the two last have been recently dis- mantled. Forth, one of the principal rivers of Scotland 3 rises on the north side of Ben Lomond, and ex- pands into a large frith, before uniting with the German Ocean. Forti o'se, an ancient town of lloss- shire, on the N. coast of the Moray Frith. Pop. about K 00. Fra'sersburgh, a seaport and bo- rough of regality in Aberdeen- shire. Population 2954 p. Fy'ers, a small river in Inverness- shire, which falls into Lochness. It is chiefly remarkable for its stupendous falls, the upper of which is 70 feet, and the lower 207 feet in perpendicular height. Fv'n?i LfOchi an arm of the sea in Argyleshire, about 32 miles long, and varying from 12 to 3 in breadth. It is noted for the su- perior quality of its herrings. GALASHIELS (Galaslicelb'), a toA^n in Selkirkshire, on the Gala Water, noted for its manufacture of woollen cloth. Pop. 1534 p. Gal'loway, a large district in the S. of Scotland, including the counties of VVigton and Kirk- cudbright. Its breed of cattle, distinguisheti by the want of horrii., is considered excellent. Glas'gou;, the principal manufac- turing and commercial city in Scotland, situate on the Clyde in Lanark.shjre. .\\l the bninches of the cotton i. Manufacture «ae carried on upon ih;; most txtt-ii- sive scale. It carries on also a great trade with the West In- dies, has a flourishing university, and is attorned with many hand- some eihtices. Pop. 202,426. Gleiil!i'ce Bay, a large bay in the S'^ o' Wigton. 'are, deriving its Tiamsj jiroin thfi Glen of the Luce > v:>'", v'inch falls into it. Gisjij'ian Muuntains, a chain ex- ( ending from the Atlantic in Ar- gyleshire, to the German Ocean in Aberdeenshire. Gra'ngemouth, a flourishing sea- port at the junction of the Great Canal with the Frith of Forth. Population about 1800. Greenlaw (Gren'law), a borough of , barony, and the county town of Berwickshire. Pop. 1442 p. Green'ock, the principal seaport in Scotland, at tiie mouth of the Clyde,— the emporium of Ame- rican and West Indian trade. Population 27,57 L Gret'na-Green', a village in Dum- fries-shire, on the English bor- der, noted for irregular mar- riages. HAD'DINGTONSHIRE, or East Lothian, a county in the S. E. of Scotland, the inhabitants of which are noted for their intelli- gence and enterprise in agricul- tural pursuits. Pop. 56,145. Had'dington, the county town of East Lothian. Its weekly market for grain is the greatest in Scot- land. Population 6885 p. Ham'ilton, a town in Lanarkshire, 10^ TTJIes S. E. from Glasgow, near '.' } confluence of the Avon and t ) re. Population 9515 p. Haw'ick, a town in Roxburghshire, at the confluence of the Teviot and Slitrig. Population 1970 p. ^' n ater-i*^ ■•■ SCOTLAND. Hebrides (Hety-ri-des), or Western Isles, a range of islands scattered along the western coast of Scot- land. Population 89,870. He'lensburgh, a modem town on fie Clyde, much frequented for 1 fa. ball)') ng. Hoy, one of the Orkney Islands, i\ho\xt Siv ii tiles long, and 6 J miles at its .greatest breadth. The ii warr t.; Sione on this island is a remarkable relic of antiquity. It is 32 feet long, 16^ broad, and /J high, and is hollowed out into several apartments. Pop. 321. INCHCOZ.M', a small island near tl)e north coast of the Frith of Forth, opposite Aberdour. !nchkeith% a small island, with an fclegant lighthouse and re- y^lving light, in the Frith of lorth, opposite Leith. Invera'ry, a royal borough in Ar- gyleshire, of which it is the county town, beautifully situate on Loch Fyne. Pop. 1117 p.; including Glenaig 2133. Inverkeithing (Inverkeeth'in), a royal borough and seaport town in Fife, at the head of a fine bay in the Frith of Forth. P. 3 189 p. Inverness'-shire, an extensive county in the N.W. of Scotland. Pop. 94,797. Inverness', a royal borough in In- verness-shire, of which it is the county town, pleasantly situate at the entrance <^f the Ness into the Moray Frith. Pop. 14,324 p. Inveru'ry, a town in Aberdeen, shire, pleasantly situate near the confluence of the Don and Ury. Population 994. lo'na, or I'colmkill, a small island ot the Hebrides, S.W. of Mull, famous as the retreat of learning andreligion during the dark ages; and the ancient burial-place of the Scottish kings. It still con- tains the remains of a monastery. Ir'vine, a royal borough in Ayr- shire, on the Irvine, which falls into the Frith of Clyde near the town. Population 5200. Is'lay, one of the Western Isles, S.W. of Jura— it is about 31 miles tJ??^/'"'^ "^^ ^^"^^- Pop- 14,992. borough, and the county town of Roxburghshire, pleasantly situ- ate on the Jed. Here are the ruins of an ancient cathedral, 57 part of which is fitted up as the parish church. Pop. 5647 p. Ju'ra, one of the Western Isles, separated from Islay by the Sound of Islay, and from .Scarba by the Gulf of Corrybhreacain (Corryvreckin). It is remarka- ble for two conical mountains called the Paps of Jura, elevated 2470 and 2359 feet above the level of the sea. It is 27 miles long, and on an average, 7 mile% broad. Population 1312 p. KEITH, a town in Banffshire, on the Isla. Population 4464 p. Kel'so, a considerable town in Rox- burghshire, beautifully situate on the north bank of the Tweed, opposite its junction with the Teviot. Population J939p. Ket'terin, Loch, a lake in Perth- shire, about 10 miles long and 1^ broad, remarkable for sublime and picturesque scenery. Kil'da, St, the most remote of the Hebrides,— about 60 miles distant from Harris, the nearest land to it. Pop. about 100. Kilmar'nock, a manufacturing town in Ayrshire, on the Kil- marnock water, a tributary of the Irvine. Pop. 18,09.3 p. Kilren'ny, a royal borough in the E. of Fife. Population 1705 p. Kincar'dineshire, or Mearns (Mairns), a maritime county in the E. of Scotland. Pop. 31,431. Kincar'dine, a seaport in Perth- shire, on the Forth. Population about 2500. Kinghorn (King.gorn'),an ancient royal borough in Fife, opposite Leith. Population 2,379 p. Kinross'. shire, a small midland county. Population 9072. Kinro*;^', the county town of Kin- ross-shire, finely situate at the W. end of Loch Leven. P. 2917 p. Kintore',atownin Aberdeenshire, on the Don. Population 402. Kirka'/dy, a royal borough and sea- port in Fife of considerable trade. Population 5034 p. Kirkcud'bright (commonly Kirk- coo'bre), or East Galloway, a ma. ritime county on the Solway Frith. Population 40.590. Kirkcud'bright, a royal borough, and the chief town of the stew- artry of Kirkcudbright, on the Dee. Population 3511 p. Kirk'wall, a royal borough, and A<-^ 58 SCOTLAND. the chief town of the etawartry of Orkney, situate in the island Pomona. Population 3065. LAM'MERMOOR, a range of hills between East Lothian and Ber- wickshlre. Lamlash', an excellent harbour on the S E. of the Isle of Arran. Lan'arkshire, one of the most ex- tensive and important counties in Scotland. It is divided into three districts, called the Upper, Middle, and Lower Wards. Po- pulation 316,819. Lan'ark, an ancient royal borough, the county town of Lanarkshire, near which are the romantic falls of the Clyde. At New Lanark are extensive cotton-mills. Po- pulation 7672 p. Lau'der, a royal borough in Ber. wickshire, situate on the river Lauder, or Leader. Pop. 2n&S p Leadhills', a town in Lanarkshire, occupied by lead-miners, the highest inhabited place in the 0nV/A°^. Scotland, being about 2000 feet above the sea. ^^^*^. (Leeth), a large seaport in Mid-Lothian, on the Frith of Forth, about a mile and a half from Edinburgh, of which it may be considered the port. P. 2,5,855 Ler'u;ick, the chief town of Shet:i land, on the E. of Mainland. Po- * pulation 2750. Le'ven, Loch, a lake in Kinross- shire, containing 4 islands : on one of these are the ruins of the castle in which Queen Mary was imprisoned. Lew'is, one of the largest of the Hebrides, 82 miles in length, and from 10 to 23 in breadth, forming the principal part of what is called Long Island. Its southern peninsulais named Har- ris. Population 18,441. Linlith'gowshire, or West Lothian, a county lying along the S. side of the Frith of Forth. P. 23,291. Linlith'gow, the principal town of West Lothian, in which are the ruins ofa royal palace. P. 3187. Linnhe, Loch (Leen), a large arm of the sea, separating Argyle from Inverness-shire. It extends from the Sound of Mull as far as Fort Wijiiarn, when it assumes nhe name of Lochiel. Lochma'ben, an ancient borough m Dumfries-shire. Pop. 2795 p. Lo'chy, Loch, a lake in Inverness, shire, in the line of the Caledo- nian Canal, H miles long. Lo'mond, Loch, abeautiftiTlakein Dumbartonshire, about 30 miles long, and, in some places, 9 in breadth. Its bosom is studded with about 30 islands; and its scenery is peculiarly picturesque. Long Island, that part of the He- brides extending from Lewis to Barra. Long, Loch, an arm of the sea, striking off from the Frith of Clyde, and separating Argyle from Dumbartonshire. Lothian, a large and very fertile district on the S. of the Forth, divided into 3 counties, Linlith- gow, or West Lothian, Edin- burgh, or Mid-Lothian, and Haddington, or East Lothian. Low'thers, a lofty ridge ot hills between Lanarkshire and Dum- irics-shirG MaCDU'I, *Ben, a mountain in Aberdeenshire, 4362 (or 4390) feet above the sea. Maree', a lake in Ross-shire, 16 miles long, and from 1 to 2 broad, beautifully studded with islands. Mel'rose (ros), a town in Rox- burghshire. its abbey, founded by David I. 1136, was peculiarly magnificent ; and the ruins are among the most entire and beau- tiful in the kingdom. P. 4339 p. Moffat, a town in Dumfries-shire, noted for its mineral waters. Po- pulation 2221 p. Montro'se, a considerable seaport in Forfarshire, at the mouth of the South Esk. Pop. 12,055 p. Morayshire (Mur'rayshir), or El- gin, a county in the N.E. bound- ed on the N. by the Moray Frith^ to wh ich it gives name. Popula- tion 34,2.31. Mor'ay Frith', a large inlet of the German Ocean, stretching be- tween the counties of Ross on the N. and Moray, Nairn, and Inverness, on the S. Mull, one of the largest of the He- brides, 25 miles in length, and in some places of nearly equal breadth, separated from the mainland by the Sound of MulL Population "10,538. Muss'elburgh, a town in Inveresk parish, county of Edinburgh, about 6 miles E. by S. of the ca- *t*mmm9tltim>tmmmimr- SCOTLAND. re, about 30 miles islands; and its iniind nf Mnll. Eital, united to Fisherrow by a ridge over the Esk. P, 8961 p. NAIRN'SHIRE, a small county in the N.E. of Scotland. P. 9354. Nairn, a seaport In Nairnshire, of which it is the county town. Population 3266 p. Ness, Loch, a beautiftil lake in In- vern ess-shire, 22 miles long. New Gal'lowav, a small borough in Kirkcudbright. Nith, a river which ri^g in the parish of New Cumnock, Ayr- shire, and, entering Dumfries- shire, runs S.K. and falls into the Solway Frith near Dumfries. O'BAN, a flourishing seaport in Argyleshire. O'chil Hills, a range of hills stretching from the vicinity of Dumblane in Perthshire, in an easterly direction into Fife. Ben- cleugh, the loftiest of the range, is 24-<>0 feet above the sea. Ork'ney and Shetland, a county in the N. of Scotland, formed by the islands bearing these names. Population 58,239. Ork'neys, a group of islands, about 30 m number, separated from the mainland of Scotland by the Pentland Frith. Pop. 28,847. PAIS'LEY, a town in Renfrew, shire, nect to Glasgow, the great- est seat of the cotton manufac- ture. The muslins are the finest made in Europe. Pop. 57,466. Feeb'les-shire.or Tweeddale,a hilly county in the S. of Scotland, ly- ing along both sides of the upper course of t h e Tweed. P. 1 0,578 Peeb'1^8, the county town of Peebles-shire, situate on the Tweed. Population 2750 p. Pent'land Hills, a range of hills m Mid- Lothian, of which the Black Hill is 1850 feet high. Perth'shire, a county in the heart of Scotland, one of the largest in the kingdom, and containing the district called the Carse of Gow- ne, famed for its fertility. Po- pulation 142,894. Perth, the county town of Perth- ^ire, delightfully situate on the Tay. It is a large and thriving _town. Population SO.Olfi. A'eieriiead', a considerable seaport m Aberdeenshire. Pop. 6695 p. Pitcaith'ly, a village in Strathearn (Perthshire), noted for its mine- ral waters. 59 Pittcnwcem', a royal borough in the E. of Fife. Pop. 1317 p. Pomo'na, or Mainland, the largest of the Orkney Isles, being 30 miles long, and from 8 to 10 broad— but it is so much inter- sected by arms of the sea that its breadth is very unequal. Popu- lation 15,087. Port-Glas'goM>, a seaport in Ren- frewshire, on the Clyde, about 2 miles above Greenock. It has an excellent harbour, and enjoys a considerable trade. P. 5 1 92 p. Por'tobel'lo, a modern town on the Frith i.f Forth, 2 miles S.E. of Edinburgh, principally frequent- ed for sea-bathing. Pop. 2781. Port. Fat'rick, a seaport in Wigton- shire, with one of the finest quays in Britain. The principal passage to Ireland is between it and the opposite port of Dona, ghadee. Population 2239. Prestonpans', a small town on the coast of Haddingtonshire, near which the royal forces under Sir John Cope were signally defeat, ed by the Highlanders in 1745. Population 2322 p. QUEENSFER'RY, South, a bo- rough and seaport in Linlithgow, shire, the principal ferry on the Frith of Forth. Pop. 684. REN'FREWSHIRE, a county that stretches W. from Lanark- shire along the Clyde, a great seat of trade and manufacture. Population 133,443. Ren'frew, the county town of Ren- frewshire, situate on the Cart. Population 2ai3 p. Ross, an extensive county in the N. of Scotland. Pop. including that of Cromartv, 74,820. Rnth'say, the principal town in Bute, a place of considerable trade. Population 4817. Rox'burgh (burro), or Teviotdale, a county in the S.E. on the bor- ders of England. Pop. 43,663. Rum, one of the Western Isles, about 8 miles long, and nearly as broad. It belongs to Argyle- shire. Population 134. Ruth'erglen (commonly Rug^en), a mvai Kni-mioK :>. I . !-:_- about 2J miles from Glasgow. Population 4741. Ry'an, Loch, an inlet of the sea in Wigtonshire, about 10 miles long, and from 2 to 4 broad. i 60 ft ; n I iZ?Al* *??* "^ t*'® Orkneys. t«^"f* '^i"'^^ '«"»' «nd from 1 to 3 broad. Pop. 1832. Sanquhar (Sang'har), a royal bo. f " the N,th. It carries on con- slderable manufactures of stock- Ings and carpets. Pop. 1527. Schiehallion (Shehal'yon), a coni- cal mountain in the district of Rannoch, Perthshire, rising to the height of .^564 feet above the level of the sea. Here Dr IVl jske- lyne, the astronomer royal, made experiments for ascertain ;ng?he power of mountains in attracting the pendulum, and in otfermin- inff trio 1Yt£k'Bi^ tf^AM..:^ r- ', SCOTLAND, in»»W J* **"" •" Ofc^ermin- SriSfn .""^M? ciensityof . h., earth, ^^ro'^f village in Pe-.^hire, noted for its palace, whore the kings of Scotland used £o be crowned. Pop. 22fiC. ^^ Selkirkshire, or the Fi.fest, a pas- toral county in the S. of sJotl c i/^ •, Populat'on 6833. J>ei kirk, the cwnty town of Sel- kirkshire, pleasantly situate on the Etterick, below its conflu ence with the Yarrow Popuia. tion 28a3 p. ^-opuia- ^^abou?1*»'« ®*?*'-?' a small isle of the He- brides, celebrated for its caverns Ifmnlf'f' P*""«- '^^« Cave Stinchar (Stin'shar), r river which St£t'a.i- ^^^ '^* "' Ballantrae. Stir^hneshire, a county partly in . tne Highlands narHv .« Tk,. /-J P*?h' ^^^f^f"^ ^^'^ FrirhTof „J^™ and Clyde.. Poiv,72 g'^l Stirling the county town If stW^ lingshire, on the Forth. Popu, lation 8536 p. *^ Stoneha'ven. or Stonehl've, a sfiport In Kincardineshire, r wnich It is the county town. #o- Str r.i-a. ■ /v-v cr), a royal bo. ;-."g'! ^eapcrt of Wigton. «hi:c,dt the head of Loch Ryan. It possesses some trade, and has an excellent harbour. P. 3329 n pJITnl'*''^*.^^^ '" the island if Pomona, Orkney. Pop. 2182. uth'erland, a countv in the- v of .pjft'and. Pop ._. 8hi«: *l1""^y '«^n of Ross- Fr hn?n*^* ^- «''"^« o' the T«r/h f ° Dornoch. Pop. 3078. Tar'betness', a cape in the E of (ff Trnt'f; ^""-TSl ^y '^^ Friths of Cromarty and Dornoch. ♦L°uf ^I ^^^ ^*f««st "vers in ine kingdom, rises in Breadal. bane, passes through Loch Tay. and, swelled by several fine ilrT\?'''^\K ^""'^eW and thP P^n''"^''"''"^^ i* is joined by tne ±.rne, expands into a frith and at last mingles vi ith the Ger! man Ocean. ^7:^ ^°fu ' * beautiful lake in Breadalbane, Perthshire, receiv ing at its S.W. xtremity the TIf ^'••^a^^s of the Dobhart and Lochy, and discharging its water at tlie N. E. by tife f ay It IS about 15 miles long, and from 1 to 2 bro d, and its depth TevYof ^rr ? '?. '^^ f-thomT^ leviot (Teev'yot), , beaufif.-i stream, which rii'es . the Eng hf , oorder, and joir= e Twet-' at i . 1. .iOm Thur'so, a seaport in Caiihness, on the estuiry of the river Thurso Popu' . . . 1679 p. "• ir?^^' ""l T?nto,an l£,>; ,ted hill In Lanarkshire, about 2550 feet above the level of the kp ^nH ^1740 feet above thVciy^ •*"** Tmn , a jimall isl- d. on. ,f the Hebrides, noted . its mtiful marble. Populat ,4 Tranent', a town is. -gt 1,1^, huSf ^p * east road from Edin: burgh. Population 3620 p Zrt[.^J\^ f "'.^ principal rivers of Scotland, rises in Tw*.«!s- muif, on the confines of Peebles, Dumfries, and Lanark shirS "^^V'® sources of ^he Clyde and Annan. It pursues a I^E the Forth. Popu- r StonehKve, a ncardineshire, ,( county town, a'o- asoo. t), a royul ho. ipcrt of Wigtoii- ad of Loch Ryan, ne tradcj and has irbour. P. 3329 p. ^n in the island of sy. Pop. 2182. unty in th-c^ V ,jf ty town of Ross- y. shore of the 3h. Pop. 3078. ape in the E. of led by the Friths 1 Dornoch, largest rivers in ises in Breadal- ough Loch Tay, )y several fine jy Diinkeld and chit is joined by ds into a frith, les with the Ger- autiful lake in rthshire, receiv. extremity the of the Dochart discharging its E. by the Tay. niles long, and • and its depth 100 fathoms. » T beautiful es ( the Eng >in e Twee?' 1 Caithness, on river Thursa an !&,> ited hill ib<:-ut 2o50 feet f the se>, and n Cly,. \ fl. on« )f the f*^ utiful 'Si hian, 'adfroHi Sdin- n 3620 p. rincipaf rivers in Twf>f>ds- les of Peebles, *nark shires, of the Clyde iwues a N.E. *^r», ' S^^lf^^Jc '■fmt*' ''^f^^ Down Mbna^fiaD, Vim Castleblayney, libay. £ ^ ^«^^._^ riir'1- _^>^"-' ^ UM I M-Mn... f^-'^ ^'*^f- -, — i » '??..j^.^^^J^..i«,/^S« ^ lis |r Jt J- .V Jl \ S K .4 \ riihlixliiil III! DUVKli x-iioy !>,/■/ tod'tHto.j,,*-.-. Stirling, the countj^ town 1)?' sti^ y- iicBwrrne TOttrcarifiif fhe Clyde and Annan. It pursues a N.E. ;.-it!- ■,«%*■. 1 . ^,«. v; -•^^^'t^m:ia:^,-^y.^,.:^,^jMfi:mmi^,^--^^r- ■-^sfciii: ^mmi^liiimmii'^''*^^'' "'' IRKLAND. I-* course, receivb^ several email tributaries, till it reaches Peebles —wht% flowing nearly E. It is augmented by the Etterick, the Gala, the Leader, and the Te- viot. Four miles below Kelso, it becomes the boundary between England and Berwickshire, and falls into the German Ocean at Berwick.upon-Tweed. It re- ceives the Whitadder, fVom Ber- wickshire, about 5 or 6 miles above its mouth. UIST (Wist), North and South, two islands of the Hebrides be- longing to Inverness-shire. Po- pulation 11,493, Unst, the most northern of the Shetland Isles. Population 2909. *^ WHITHORN, an ancient seaport atkd borough in the Bay of wig. m ton, the Candidm Cata of the Romans, Population 2415 a Wick, a royal borough, and fli« county town of Caithness, 8ito> ate at the moutb of a si^ river of the same name, the seat of a most extensive herring fish« «v!I- Popi^tiongssOp. Wig'ton, or West GaHoway, a ma. ntiine county in the S.W. of Scotland. Population 36,238. WigHon, an ancient royal borough, and the county town of Wigton- shire. Populatidn 2537 p. Wig'ton Bay, a fine bay ^ the Solway Frith, running noil^ ward between the counties i>f _Wigton and Kirkcudbright. ' Wrath, Cape, a dangerous promon- tS7„>n Sutherland, being thfe N.W. point of the mainland of Scotland. IRELAND f Is bounded N. W. and S. by the Atlantic Ocean • hi. by the Irish Sea and St George's Channel. It lies between 51° 23', and 55- 10' N. Lat., and between 5" 20', and 10° 20' W. Long- Its greatest length is 306 miJes, and its treated l^^J^»^ The population in ISSl u^mntei Ireland is divided into four pro?ince8,-^UL8TBB Leinstbr, Munstjjb, CoNNAUGHT;—whicla con* ■^ain 32 counties, viz. *^ In Ulster. Chief Townm LifFord, Donegal, Ballysifiimion, Let^ terkenny, Ramelton, n X Londonderry], Coleraine ^ Newton- hmavady, Magherafelt. -^ > Carrickfergus 1, Belfast 2, Lisbum 1, Antrim, Ballymena, Larne. Omagh, Dungannon 1, Strabftiie, JNewton-stewart, Aughnacloy. JJqwnpatrick 1. Newrv 1. nrQmy»» Newtonafds, Donaghadee, HiUs- botoug^. «o„.5.«ri:.::;::.::,: teL;;\ZS; fe.™,^, Castleblayney, Ballibay. Counties. )onegaI2 liondonderry ^..f Lntrim 2.... Tyrone 2..... i>own 2. •ii**>jt:»*«t» ka*t»««», Armagit 2 i-icin^- If n a wntfi^ mmm 62 IRBLANH. Counties. Chief Towns. Fermanagh 2 Enr/.skillen 1, Irvinestoun, L&na« sl;ea, Brookboro. Ca^an 2 Cavan, Cootehill, Virginia, Bdturbet, Eillesandra. In Leinster. Longford2 Longford, Edgeworthstown, Granard, fiallymahon. Westmeath2....r. MuUingar, Athlone 1, Kilbeggan, Castlepollard. Eastmeath 2 Trim, Navan, Kells. Louth 2. Drogbeda],DundalkI, Ardee,CastIe- beilingham. Dublin 2 Dublin 4*, Balbriggsiu, Swords, Kingstown. Wicklow 2... a Wicklow, Arklow, Bray, Baltinglass. KUdare 2 Athy, Naas, Kildare, Maynooth King's County 2 PMHpstown, Birr or Parsonstown, Tullamore, Banagher. Qufien*s County 2 Portarlingtonl,Maryfcorough,Mount- rath, Mountraejlick. Carlow2 Carlow 1, TuUow. Kilkenny 2 Kilkenny 1, Callan, Thomastown* Wexford 2.... Wexford 1, New Ross 1, Enniscordiy. In CONNAUfiHT. Le^trim 2 Carrick-ou-.. snon, Drumsna. Sligo2 Sligo 1, Baiiymote. M}*yo 2 Castlebar, Ballirirobe, Ballina, West- port. Roscommon 2. Roscommon, Athlone, Boyle, Elphin* Oalway 2 Galway 2, Loughrea, Tuam, Gorty Ballinasloe. In Munster. ' Tipperary2 Clonmel 1, Cashel 1, Tipperary, Car- rick-on-Suir, Roscrea, JSfenagh, Thurles. Clare 2 Ennis 1, Kilrush, Killaloe, Ennisti- mon. Limerick 2 Limerick 2, Rathkeale, Newcastle, Bruff. Kerry 2 Tralee 1, Dingle, Killarney. Cork2 Cork 2, Bandon 1, Kinsale 1, Youg- hal 1, Mallow 1, JFermoy, Cove, Charleville. Waterford 2 Waterford 2, Dungarvan 1, Lisraore, Taliow. Islands.— Ratlilin Isle, North Isles of Arran, Achil, Clare Island, South Isles of Arran, Valentia. » Of these the UniverBJty returns 2, i^irginia, Belturbet, me, Boyle, Elphin* ;arvan 1, Lismore, IRELAND. 63 BAYs.-.Carrickfergu8 Bay, or Belfast Lough, Strangford Bay, Carlingford, Dundalk, Dublin Wexford Cork Dunmanus, Bantry, Kenmare fnri;i^'Mf^%^"'?'^^^ ^'^^' ^^'So, Donegal, Lough Swilly, Lough Foyle. CAPEs.--.Malin Heaa^ Pair Head, Howth Head, Wicklow Head, Carnsore Point, Cape Clear, Miz' zen Head, Loop Head, Slyne Head, Achil Head, and Urns Head. ' LAKE8.--Neagh, Erne, Allen, Conn, Ma^k, Cor- nb,R«e, Derg, Lakes of Killarney. T .J'^^gf— Shannon, Barrow, Nore, Boyne, Liffey Slanev Suir, Black water, Lee, Bandon l5ann. Lagan Water, Moufi^ MouNTAiNs.—Mourne, Sfiebh Bloom, Wicklow Mountains, M^ilH,uddy's Reeks, MangertonI Mount Nephm, Croagh Patrick. ^ ' iZemar^s— Situate between Britain and the Atlantia Ocean, Ireland has a still more humid atmospheref buf ^ enihle's it f o tuT'- ^^^.^^^'^S^y' '« ^esher and deeper ; and enttles it to the distinction of the Green, or Emerald Isir Ireland has comparatively few mountain's; though several A I^ r^;" ^''^^' ^^'^ '^^ *°^^i^«t eminences in^EnXd Although the country appears to have been, at some rfmot; period, much covered with wood, scarcely he vesti je Ta fores now remains. The quantities of wood that are occa Xcf o'f th! r ■ "' f' *^^^^' P^°^« *^^* these occupyX" place of the ancien*. forests ; and they constitute a stHkin^ and uncomfortable peculiarity in the Jspect oAL count"/ rented trom the proprietors by persons called Middlemen who let It to inferior farmers, and these again parcel 1^0.^? in small portions to a lower' set of tenants Teh of the higher^ classes oppresses and grinds its inferior: and tt 5-." „ Mccupitu by men without capital to imnrove it 64 IRELAND. rff Since the jrear 1800, Ireland has been united with Great Britain, and made subject to the same laws. But the peo. pie, long oppressed, and restricted in their commerce and manufactures by severe and injudicious laws, are still in- clined to turbulence and discontent. Religious distinctions form another principal cause of this unquiet disposition. The established form of religion is that of the church of England ; but the great majority of the peoplt; are Roman Catholics ; and, although they enjoy complete toleration in the exercise of their own religion, and are now admissible to all offices, they contribute, with extreme reluctance, to the support of a church to which they are hostile. In Ire- land there are four archbishops, and eighteen bishops. The archbishop of Armagh is primate. Linen is the staple manufacture of Ireland, and is car- ried on to a considerable extent, particularly in the province of Ulster. Of late yea^ the manufacture of cotton has been introduced, and is flourishing. The Irish are a spright- ly, warm-hearted, and ingenious people. In the vivacity of their disposition, and the gayety of their manner, they re- semble the French nation more than the English or Scotch. Hardy, temperate, and heedless of danger, they may be ^nked among the finest soldiers in the world. In science and literature many of them have attained great eminence. They excel particularly in eloquent declamation. EXERCISES. How is Ireland bounded ? Between what degrees of lati- tude and longitude does it lie ? What is its extent ? Into how many' provinces is it divided ? How many coun- ties do they contain ? What are the counties in Ulster ? In Leinster ? In Munster ? In Connaught ? Name the prin- cipal towns in Donegal, in Londonderry, in Antrim, Sec. Name the principal islands of Ireland. Name its bajrs. Name its capes. Name the princ>al lakes. Name the prin- cipal rivers. Name the principal mountains. Where is Dingle, Coleraine, Down-Patrick, Sligo, Navan, Swords, Enniskillen, Ennis, Youghal, Tnam, Traiefl, Marybo^ugh, Mullingar, Athy, Dundalk, &c. ? Where is Slyne Head, Killarney Lake, Lough & willy, Ur- ris Head, 3Ialin Head, Lough Allen, Lough Derg,&c. ? What is the nature of the climate of Ireland ? What eftect has this^on its appearance ? Is Ireland a mountainous coun- try ? Does ireiand appear to have hecu evei cuvuT^u .viiii wood ? By what is the place of its ancient forests now occu- pied ? Of what description is the soil of Ireland ? What is faulty in the mode of farming ? mf* m :p!!^ w '•■"^fT" P'TfT]r""* 1 IRELAND. m united with Great ws. But the peoo eir commerce and laws, are still in- ligious distinctionis nquiet disposition. t of the church of peoplt! are Roman iplete toleration in Gtre now admissible eme reluctance, to e hostile. In Ire- teen bishops. The [reland, and is car. arly in the province ture of cotton has I Irish are a spright- In the vivacity of ir manner, they re- English or Scotch, nger, they may be world. In science led great eminence, amation. 'bat degrees of lati- i its extent ? ? How many coun- nties in Ulster ? In t ? Name the prin- , in Antrim, &c. id. Name its bajrs. ces. Name the prm- untains. Where is o, Navan, Swords, raie«, Marybo^wgh, ;li cVci COtCrCU Willi lent forests now occu- r Ireland? What is * • o wri!^** Ireland united in government with Great Bri. tamr- Why are the people in general discontented ? What is another cause of their unquiet disposition ? What is the es- SS'^ ^^ r^'^'"'"/ . %^^^^ religious persuasion are the ma-. ionty of the people ? What is the number of archbishops and bishops ?^'ho IS the primate ? What is the staple manu- facture ? What other manufacture has been lately introduced ? What is the national character of the Irish? What nation they resemble in disposition and manners? Are they good soldiers :» Have they made any figure in science and literature ? In what do they particularly excel ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. ^£ni^ 'P^' Augh'il), an island 30 I Ballyme'na, a town of Antrim, on miles in circuit, belonging to the ' *'^" ™'-'- - -- " .^"'V™' o** county of Mayo, from which it is . l^P^J^ted by a narrow channel. Acn il Head, a promontory forming the western point of Achil island. Aghnni(Augh'rim),a village of Gal- way, celebrated for the signal vic- tory gained by GeneralGinkle ower the forces of James II. in 1691 which decided the fateof Ireland.' Al lea. Lough, an expanse of the bhannon in the county of Leitrim. An trim, a maritime county in the province of Ulster. P. 323,306.* An trim, a town in the above coun- ty, at the N.end of Lough Neagh. Population 2485. Ark'low, a seaport in Wicklow, on the Avoca. Population 3808. Arma'^A, an inland county of Ul- ster. Pop. 220,651.-A city in that county, the seat of the Arch- bishf. J of Armagh, primate of all Ireland. Population 8193. ^ru^"v.r^°'"*^ *«'es of, a group jn the ^V. coast of Donegal— Sc ath Isles of, a group off the coast of Clare. Athlo'ne, a town on the Shannon, partly in West Meath and partly m Roscommon. Pop. 11,362. Athy', an assiise town in Kildare. intersected by the Barnw. Po- pulation 3693. BALLINASLO'J^, a thriving popt town of Galway, with a small part in Roscommon, famous for a large cattle fair. Pop. 1811. Ballinro'be, a town in T'ayo, where the assises are occasionally held the Maine. Population 2740. Ballyshan'non, a seaport in Done- gal, on a bay at the mouth of an outlet of Lough Erne. P. 3331. Ban'dbn, a river which rises among the Carberry mountains in Cork, and flows to Kinsale harbour. A considerable town, situate on the river. Population 10, 179. Ban'gor, a borough in Down, on Carrickfergus Bay. Pod. 294a Ban'agher, a borough in King's; County, on theShannon. P. 2813. Ba lii, a river which rises about 8 n.iles E.(.f Newry,passes through Lough Neagh, and falls into the North Sea. Ban't -y Bay, a fine bay in the coun- ty of Cork, 25 miles long, and from 6 to 8 broad, where during tne last war a body of French troops effected a landing, Bar'row, a river in Leinster, which nses in King's county, separator King's county. Queen's county, and Kilkenny, on the W., from Kildare, Carlow, and Wexford- on the E. j and, after receivinR the Nore and Suir, falls into the sea at Waterford Haven. Belfast', a flourishing seaport on Carrickfergus Bay, in Antrim. It has extensive manufactures of linen and cotton, and consider, able trade. Population 53,000. Birr, • ^-"-n in King's county, oj a u ibui -J of the Shannon. Po, pu,ai»on5406. Bla^>(c'\ ■ir, a river which rises on th^' Murders of Kerry, flows east- of these sLXgorn7to prS"' P*"'" ^'^^ ""' '^'^''^''^ "P '« '^^^^<^ e2 I i I V «i l'W i | j UV4,'^..>lUJi^ i>5»w-if v,".v. ■r'iwif* ■n\ m f 1 ' IRELAND. ward through Cork county, and. Boon after entering Waterfbrd, proceeds by a southern course to Voughal h&rbour. 3(^le, or Abbey-Boyle, a town of Boscommon, on a stream of the same name. Population 3407. Boyne, a ri\ er in Leinster, rises ' in King's County, and, flowing through Kildare^.i)d East Meath, falls into the sea about 2 miles below Drogheda. This river is - famous for the decisive battle in which William 1 1 1, defeated the troops of James II. A. D. 1690. Bray, a seaport in Wicklow. P. 2029. CAPE CLEAR, a promontory at the S. of Clare Island, to the S.W. ofCork. Car'lingford, a town in Louth, on Carlingford Bay. Pop. 1275. Car'lingford Bay, a fine haven in Louth, having 20 fathoms of water, but dangerous from rocks. Car'low, a county in Leinster, se- parated from Wexford by a fron- tier of mountains. Pop. 81,576. — The county town of Carlow, beautifully situate on the east of the Barrow. Population 8035. Cam'sore Point, the S. E. point of Iceland, in Wexford, Carrickfer'gus, a seaport on Car- rickfergus Bay, and the assize town of Antrim. It is a place of great antiquity, and has a strong castle, situate on a rock project- ing into the sea. It is a county of itself. Population 8698 Carrickfer'gus Bay, or Belfast Lough, an estuary at the mouth of the Lagan, on the W. coast of Antrim, 24 square miles in ex. tent, and affording safe anchor- age for shipping. Car'rick-on-Shan'non, the assize town of Lei trim. Pop. 1673. Gar'rick-on-Suir, a town in Tippe- rary, which carries on extens^ive woollen manufactures. P. 7466. Cash'elt a city in Tipperary, the see of an archbishop. Pop. 6548. Castlebar'jthe assize town ot Mayo, of considerable trade, particu- larly in linens. Pop. 5404. Cav'an, an inland county in Ul- ster. Pop. 228,050.- The coun- tv tnwn i\f {lavfin. situatft nti a. small stream of the same name. Papulation 2322. Char'lemont, a borough in Armagh, on the Blaekwater. Pop. 68t^. Clare, an island near the coaat of Cork, about 3 miles long, and 1 broad.— Another off* the coast of Mayo. Clare, a county in the N. of Mun- ster. Pop. 258,262.— A decayed . village in the iibove county. Clew Bay, a bay in Mayo, 12 miles long, and 7 broad. Clog'her, an ancient city in Tyrone, see of a bishop, suffragan of Ar- maghj—now reduced to a strag- gling village. Clonmel', the assize town of Tip- perary, pleasantly situate on the Suir. Population 15,590. Cloyne, a town in Cork, a bishop's see. Population 1847. Colerain'e, a town in Londonden y, on the Bann, about 4 miles from the sea. Pop. with suburbs, 4851. Conn, a lake of considerable ex- tent in the county of Mayo. Conn'aught, a province in the W. of Ireland. It continued a dis- tinct kingdom till the reign of Henry IV. of England. Popu- lation 1,348.077, Cork, a county in Munster, the most important in Ireland in ex- tent and population. Popula- tion 807,366.— The county town of Cork, a city of great trade, particularly in theexport of salted provisions, situate at the mouth of the Lee. Population 107,007. Cork Harbour, commonly called the Cove of Cork, a safe and spa- cious bay at the moi th of the Lee, about 9 miles below Cork. Corrib, a lake in Galway, 20 miles long, and about 4 in medium breadth, Mthough at the upper end it i;,i a very broad expanse. Cove, a handsome town in the county of Cork, with magnificent quays and all conveniences for shipping. Pop. 6508. Croagh Pat'rlck (Crogh'), a moun- tain in Mayo, on the S. E. of Clew Bay, 2660 feet above the level of the sea. DERG, Lough, a lake formed by the expanse of the Shannon, se- parating Galway and Clare from Tipperary, 18 miles long, and 4 broad. It is a famed resort of the nf^wvsn r'afh.-.lJ^i fV-.v —-r-^'- .-r.. certain of their devotions. Din'gle, a town in Kerry, on (he N. of Dingle Bay, the most west- ern town in Ireland. Pop. 49m Bland near the coast of >ut 3 miles long, and 1 \nother off the coast of mty in the N. of Mun- •p. 258,262.— A decayed I the ubove county. a. bay in Mayo, 12 miles I 7 broad. J ancient city in Tyrone, li^hop, sutiragan of Ar- low reduced to a strag- age. he assize town of Tip- leasantly situate on the opulation 15,590. own in Cork, a bishop's ;)ulatioii 1847. a town in Londondeny, mn, about 4 miles from Pop. with suburbs, 4851. ke of considerable ex- le county of Mayo. i, a province in the W. d. It continued a dis- gdom till the resgn of V. of England. Popu- J48.077, >unty in Munster, the lortant in Ireland in ex- population. Popula- 366.— The county town a city of great trade, rlyin the export of salted is, situate at the mouth e. Population 107,0<)7. •our, commonly called of Cork, a safe and spa- r at the moi th of the it 9 miles below Cork. ke in Galway, 20 miles d about 4 in medium ^though at the upper 1 very broad expanse, indsome town in the Cork, with magnificent d all conveniences for Pop. 6508. 'rick (Crogh'), a moun- Wayo, on the S. E. of y, 2660 feet above the he sea. ugh, a lake formM by ise of the Shannon, se- 3alway and Clare from Y, 18 miles long, and 4 ; is a famed rebort of the their devotions. ;own in Kerry, on the jle Bay, the most w^est- n Ireland. Fop. 49^. DonMhadee (Donahadeo^)* a sea- port in Down, on the Irish Chan- nel. Packets ply regularly to Port- Patrick in Scotland: the channel being only 21 miles broad. Population 2795. Donegal (Dunegaul'j, a maritime county in the west of Ulster. Population 298,104. Donegal, a town in the county, and on a bay of the same name, at the moutjj of tiie Esk, now in a decayed state. Population 696. Down, a maritime county in the S. E. of Ulster. Pop. 552,571. Downpat'rick, the county town of Down, celebrated as the place'of St Patrick's interment. P. 4123. Drogheda (Drau'heda), a seaport in Louth, intersected by the Boyne. It is a county of itself. Population 17,365. Dromo're, a neat little city in the county of Down, the seat of a „ bishopric. Population 1861. Uubhn, a county of Irelard, in Leinster. Population 386,694. DuB'LiN, the capital of Ireland, in Dublin county, on the Lifley. Its situation is peculiarly beau- tifuJ : It is remarkable for its general elegance, and the miic. nihcenceof its public buildings • and in extent and population, it IS the second city in the British empire. Population 203,652. Dublin Bay, a bay at the mouth ?; X ,^ Liffey, about a mile below l>ublin. Dundalk', a seaport on Dundalk Bay. Here is a considerable manufacture of cambric, the -^on'y one in Ireland. Pop. 9256. Dundalk' Bay, in Louth, on the Irish Channel. At high water It 18 a considerable harbour, but at low water it is almost dry. Dungan'non, a town of Tyrone, the .ancient residence of the kings of Ulster. Pop. 3243. Durgdr'van, a town in Waterford. Situate on Dui.garvan Bay, much resorted to lor sea-batliing. Dunmanus Bay (Dumina'nus), a spacious and safe haven, S. of IRELAND. •7 -.^fiantry Bay, in Cork. I-LPHIN' a neat ■ episcopal city in Cxoldsmith. Pop. 1.169. En'ms, the principal town in the county of Clare, on the Fergus. Which IB navigable by large boats to the Shannoa Ennis contains the tinest Gothic abbey in the island. Population 6701. Enniscor'thy, a town in Wexford, on the Slaney. Pop. 3557. Eriniskirien, the county town of i ennanagh, situate on an island m Lough Erne. Pop. 2399. Erne, Lough, a beautiful lake in Fermanagh, consisting of 2 ba- sins, one of which is 20 miles, and the other 15 in length. Its greatest breatith is about 12 miles. Erne, River, rises in Longford, crosses the county bf Cavan, passes through Lough Erne, and flows into Donegal Bay. FAIR-HEAD, a promontory in Antrim, 5oo feet above the sea. It is composed of basaltic pillars, some ot them exceeding 200 feet m height, the largest that have yet been discovered in any part of the world. ' * Fetm&'tiagh, an inland county in Ulster. Population 149,555. Fermoy', a town in Cork, on the Blackwater, which is crossed by a bridge of 13 arches. Pop. 6702. Foyle, Lough, a bay in the N. of L-mdonderry, of an oval fotm, J..^ i-^Vi s long, and 8 broad. G^.LVViY, an extensive mari- time county in Connaught. Pc pulation 427,407.— The county town, on the -road sut^ni bv which the watei ■> of Lough Co^ • rib are dischargei ju o Galw y Bay. Pop. 33,120. ' Gal'way Bay, a large bi> w^.,w .-en Galway and Clare. Giant's Causeway, a promontory on the N. coast of Antrim, com- posed of lofty and regular basal, tic columns, which tun out a great way into the sea. Gort, a town in Galway. p. 25d9 Granard', a neat borough in Longl tf)rd. Pop. s?534. HOVVTH-HEAD, a promontory terminating the peninsula of Howth, on the north of Dublin Haven. K|;^LS, an ancient town in East Meath, on the Blackwater. Po- pulation 3fjl8. Kenmare itiver, an inlet of ♦he sea in the S. W. of Kerry, about 30 miles long, am)rding a sate. though little li-equented. h*t. bour. ' mmmmm 68 IRELAND. rt. Kerry, a county of Munster, sepa- rated ftrom Clare by the Shannon. Populatiun ^19,989. Kilbeg'gan, a town in West Meath. Population 1776. Kilda're, an inland county in Lein- ster. Pop. 108,401.-— A town in the above county, noted for the curragh or common in its neigh, bourhood, the flnest race-ground In Europe. Pop. 1516. Kilken'ny, a county in the S, W. of Leinster. Pop. 19.3,024.— The county town, a city of consider, able importance, beautifully si- tuate on the Nore. In its vici- nity are fine marble-quarries. Population 23,741. Kiliala', a pleasant little episcopal city in Mayo, which the French occu|.>ied for a short time in 1798. Population 1406. KillaWc, an ancient town in Clare, on the Shannon, over which is a bridge of 19 arches. Pop. 1002. Killar'ney, a neat and thriving town in Kerry, much frequented on account of its lakes, which exhibit the most picturesque scenery in Ireland. Pop. 7014. Kilmo're, a town in Cavan, which gives name to a bishopric. Kilrush, a town in Clare, on the Shannon. Population 3465. King's County, in the W. of Lein- ster, adjoining to I'ipperary, in Munster, on the S., and separat- ed from Galway, in Connaught, by the Shannon. Pop. Il4,0i'9. Kingstown, a town in the county of Dublin, with a fine harbour. Its name was Dunleary until the visit of Geo. IV. in 1821. Kinsa'le, an ancient seaport in Cork. Pop. 7068.— Kiusale har- bour, a fine bay at the mouth of the Bandon. Near the town 'is a fort, which completely com- mands the harbour. LAG'AN WATER, a river in Down, which falls into Carrick- fergus Bay. Lanesborough (Lains'burro), a town in Longford, pleasantly si- tuate on the Shannon. Lame, a seaport in Antrim, on Larne Lough. Pop. 2524. Lee, River, issues from a lake in Cork, and, njwing eastward, passes the city of Cork, and falls into the hartjour. Leinster (Lin'ster), an extensive province in the S. E. It wat the earliest settled by the Eng- lish, contains Dublin the capital, and is in general well cultivated. Population 1,927,967. Leitrim (LeCtrim), a county in the N. E. of Connaught. Popu- lation 141,3oa— A small town in the above county, on the Shan- non. Population 246. LiPfey, a nver which rises among the Wicklow mountains, and flows through Kildare and Dub- lin, into Dublin harbour. So numerous are its windings, that although the distance from its source to its mouth does not ex- ceed 10 miles, its course is 71. Lif ford, the assize town of Done- gal, on the Foyle, on the borders of Londonderry. Pop. 976. Lim'erick, a county of Munster, separated from Clare by the Shannon. P. 300,080 The ca- pital of this county, on the Shan- non, a flourishing city, enjoying an extensive trade, and having considerable manufactures of linen, wool, and paper. P. (56,575. Lisburn, a town of Antrim, on the Lagan. Pop. 4684. Lismo're, a town in Waterford, on the Blackwater. It is the see of a bishop. Pop. 2330. Lon'donder'ry, a maritime county in the N. of Ulster. Population 222,416.— The county town, a city of great antiquity, and of considerable importance, plea- santly situate on the Foyle. It sustained a memorable siege from the whole Irish forcec under James II., from December 1688 to August 1689. Pop. 9313. Longford, a county in the N. W. of Leinster. Pop. n?,591.— Thecountytownon theCamlin. Population 3783. Looi)-Head, a })roniontory in the S. W. of Clare. Loughrea, a well-built town in Galway. Pop. 5849. Louth, a maritime county in tiie N. E. of Leinster. P. 125,533. Lurgiin, u town in Armagh, with an extensii'e linen manufacture. Population 2715. MAGILLICIJDDY'S REF!K«. a mountain in Kerry, on the Lake of Killarney, the highest in Ire- land, being 3104 feet above the level of the sea. i in the S. E. It wa« est settled by the Eng. tains Dublin the capital, general well cultivated, on 1,927,967. L.ee'trim), a county in . of Connaught. Popu- 1,303. — A small town in e county, on the Shan- )I)ulation 246. "iver which rises among :klow mountains, and ough Kildare and Dub- Dubhn harbour. So 8 are its windings, that the distance from its its mouth does not ex- liles, its course is 71. e assize town of Done- e Foyle, on the borders iiderry. Pop. 976. a county ot Munster, from Clare by the P. 300,080— The ca- is county, on the Shan- urishing city, enjoying ive trade, and having ble manufactures of )1, and paper, P. (56,575. own of Antrim, on the ?op. 4684. town in Waterford, on water. It is the see of Pop. 2330. ry, a maritime county 3f Ulster. Population The county town, a eat antiquity, and of >le importance, plea- ate on the Foyle. It I memorable siege from i Irish forces under from December 1688 1689. Pop. 9313. coiinty in the N. W. er. Pop. 119,591 y town on theCamJin. I 3783. a promontory in the lare. i well-built town in Pop. 5849. iritime county in tiie Jinster. P. 125,53.3. )wn in Armagh, with 'e linen manufacture. 2715. fjnDY'S REF!K«. 3 n Kerry, on the Lake y, the highest in Ire- 3404 feet above the ( sea. MaJKliKHead, a cape in JDonegal Mal'low, a town in the county of cork, on the Blackwater. P.4114 Man'gerton, a hill in Kerry, near Killarney lakes. 2693 feet above the level of the sea. Mar'yborough, an assize town of yueen s county. Pop. 2677. ^ask, a lake of considerable ex. tent m Mayo, on the borders of Galway, Maynpoth', a town in Kildare, wherea college for theeducation ot the Roman Catholic clercv was established by the Irish par. Imment, A. D. 1795. Pop. 1364. wa yo, a maritime county in Con. naught. Population 367,956. Meath, East, a maritime county m Leinster. Pop. 177,023. Meath, West, an inland county in Lemster. Pop. 148,161. Miz'zen-Head, a cape in Cork, the Irel"*"d^ point in the S. W. of ^'•m ff^ 0° (J'?"'-*-"")' a county iq5 «.f %,^^'^^y' . Population iyo,aj2.— The principal town of the above county. Pop. 3738, Mountmell'ick, a neat town in Queen's county. Pop. 2388. Mourne, a river in Ulster, which joins the Foyle at Lifford. Mourne Mountains, a range of J,i' K^eP'i.^"' '*>« highest of which, Wiebh Donard, is 2654 feet above the sea. ^""•ngar'. the assize town of West Meath. Population 4100. ^"njler. a province occupying the b. W. of Ireland, and containing the great cities of Cork and Limerick. Pop. 2.165,193. iNAAts, an assize town of great Grand Canal. Pop. 3073. M ^1'u *" ^^'"^ town in East Meath on the Boyne. P. .5926. Neagh, Lough (Na'a). a lake in IRBLAND^ 69 m^rrZVon^rea%tLcou^ Ske?^ «> a course of 2(»'mUr" ties of Antrim, Down, Armagh. Tyrone, and Londonderry. It rnvll™'*^* i°"8' ^ ^^'■oad. and Npnh1« ^" ®''*^"' of 58,200 acres. Ifi^n^' f mountain in Mayo, •«o30 feet abf^vo th« »..„ ' * xvewcas'tle, atown in thecountyof Kri;^''"^''- Population 230. wewry. Population 10,013. | New Ro8$, a seaport in Wsxford. on a navigable stream foi-med by the Nore and Barrow, P 447< Newtonards. a town in Do>;n, on Lough y .igforri, with a diiper manufac.re. Population .33J2. Newtonlimava'dy. a*^neat tomTin the county of Londonderry, on the Roe. Population 2217 Newtonstewart, a neat smalltown m 1 yrone, on the Foyle. P. 1626. Nore. a river, which rises in Sliebh Bloom, parses by Kilkenny, and falls into the Barrow. O'M AGH, the assize town of Tvt rone. Population 2096 PHIL'IPsTOWN.theas^izetown So.J; ?.f p^hT"y'u"*'"«<* '" ho. \i.X*'*^'^*''''P' ^^^ husband of Mary, queen of England. Po- pulation 1931. Portar'lington, a town in Queen'g county, on the Barrow P 2R77 QUEEN'S COUNTY, in inffi county in Leinster. named in honour of Mary, queen Tkgt ^/a}^* *" '8i«nd o>' the N. of Antrim. 6 miles long, and scarcely a mile broad. ** Ree a lake formed by the Shannon below Lanesborouih. in which are some beautiful islands. Roscommon, a county in the E. of Connaught. Pop. 239,903.— The assize town of the above county a place of great antiquity. Pb^ pulation 3015. ^ Roscrea, a town in Tipperary. ^ Population 5239. f^^'^J* SHAN'NON, the principal river of Ireland, takes its rise fr'^lojgh Clean in Leitrim, passes through Loughs Allen, Baffin, Ree, a.?3 frn«fV ^fP^'ates Roscommon irom Leitnra, Longford, West Meath and King's county • gTi. Kpfr„ *PP.T,7'.^'™«"<^k. and Kerry, and falls into the Atlan- lie, alter a course of 200 miles. Dublin. Population"2272." Sla'ney or Slane, a river which mes in Wicklow, and fall* into Wexford harbour. Shebh Bloom fSleeve-blnnm'» - Jiiuge of mountains in Kih'a'a county and Queen's county. 17? 5nfi°"Th^ ^" Connaught. P. nliff «?^V°""'7 town, si. tuate on Sligo bay. Pop. 92S3. •W«*MMP«MP> MMMP 70 Slyne-Head, a cape on the W. of Galway. Straba'o^, the principal town -in Tyrone- on the Foyle. P. 4136. Strang't'ord, a bay in Down, about 17 miles long. Suir, a river which rises in Tippe- rary, flows through it, and falls into the Barrow at the head of Waterford harbour. Swil'ly, Lough, a bay in Donegal, affbrding one of the noblest har- bours in Europe, 20 miles long, itnd nearly 2 broad. Swords, a town in the county of r-ublin. Population 1727. Ti\ J-IOVV, a market-town of Wa- tarford, on the Bride. Pop. 2329. Tho'mastown, a town of KiUcenny, on the Nore. Population 2105. Thurles, a straggling town of Tin- perary, divided into 2 nearly equal parts by the Suir. P. 6040. Tippera'ry, a county in the N. E. of Munster. Pop. 402,598.— A town in the above county. Po- pulation 6.348. Tralee', a borough, and the assize town of Kerry, near the head of Tralee bay. Population 7547. Trim, an assize town of E»^* Meath, on the Boyne. P. 2^>', Tu'ara, a town in Galway, the of an archbishop. Pop. 4f Tulsk, once a place of impt < : v!.<(,v, ^ now a mere hamlet, in Rowx-iii mon. TuUamore, a neat town in King's county, intersected by a river of the same name. Pop. 5517. Tullow, a town in Carlow, on the Slaney. Population 2298. Tyro'ne, an inland county in the province of Ulster. P. 302,943. ULSTER, an extensive province IRELAND. occupying the N. of Ireland. It has been in a great measure peo- l)l(:d by emigrants from Scotland, v'ho profess the Presbyterian re- ligion. Population 2,2Ba,l28. Ur'ris-Head', a cape on the N. coast of Mayo. VALEN'TIA, an island off the coast of Kerry, 5 miles long; and 2 broad. W A'TERFORD, a county in the S E. of Munster. Population 17(5,898.— The county town, a seaport, and an episcopal see. Its trade is considerable, its pub- lic buildings elegant, and its quay one of the most beautiftil in Europe. Pop. 28,821. Westport, a wdUbuilt seaport in Mayo, on Chw Bay. Pop. 4326. Wex'ford, a county in the S. of Leinster. Population 182,991 The county town, at the mouth of the Slaney. Pop. 83'J6. Wex'ford Harbour, a large and beautiful harbour in St George's Channel. Wick'low, a raaritirac county in Leinster, distiuguished for the beauty of its scenery. Popula- tion 122,308.— A seaport, the county town. Pop. 2046. A^ick'low Head, a promontory in St George's Ciiannel, on which are 3 lighthouses and some curi- ous limestone caves. Wick'low Mountains, a range of mountains m the county of Wicklovv, famous for furnishing ^old, which is sometimes found ni the bed of a torrent descend* ing from Croughank.nshelly. YOUGH AL ( Yau'hal),a seaport in Cork, at the mouth of the Black- water. Population 8969. NORWAY l8 bounded N. and W. by the Northern Ocean, S. by the Skag:er Rack, and E. by Sweden. It ex- tends from 57° to 71" N. Lat., and from 5° 20' to 18" 20' E. Long. Its leng^th, from the Naze to the North Crd6^ ih QiiO niilea r ita hrAodth ^s^riAs from 250 to' ^ miles. Population in 1827, 1,050,132. »^ i<\fmmmmm pulation 8,293, 1S8. \ a cape on the N. layo. K, an island off the erry, 5 miles long; and ORD, a county in the Munster, Population The county town, a nd an episcopal see. R considerable, its pub- ig8 elegant, and its of the most beautlAil . Pop. 28,81^1. wc'tUbuilt seaport in Clow Bay. Pop. 4326. I county in the S. of Population 182,991 :y town, at the mouth ley. Pop. 83'26. [arbour, a large and larbour in St George's I niaritirac county in distinguished for the its scenery, Popula- 108. — A seaport, the m. Pop. 2046. Bad, a prctnontdry in 's Channel, on which houses and some curi« one caves. [ountains, a range of in the county of famous for furnishing :h is sometimes found of a torrent descender 'roughankinshelly. ( Yau'hal),a seaport in le mouth of the Biack- jpulation 8969. thera Ocean, S. weden. It ex- l from 5° 2(y to om the Naze to ition in 1827, NORWAV AND <^WEI>EN. H% Divisions This conn u- ,*u -a a * . . province.ea.ied ,.j/.. T. l^,^. tt,::::^^ Provinces. _ * '' i?i- 1 Cnlei Towns. SSyi^^: Wa«U.u„,, Vrara„g„. Southern Norway or Norvray Proper contains: ^™'"''«» DrontheiD,. Agger! ■uu;;o,Ch*tol..fe^nia, Fredericksudt, P«d -r*-- ^^.i-^^^j Mav8.- hristjania, DrontJieim, West Fiord Bavt ^\:^^^ ''"■"^''"*'' "■• "• "Naze' R.v.u.-Glon.men, Dram^enf ilog^X,. SWEDEN Is l)ounded N. and W. by Norn-ay ; S bv tlie Balfc and the Cattegat; E. by the Julf of XL wa and Russia. It stretches Lm 65" 20' to 6o° about 1000 mdes in iens-th, and between 200 and 300 mWes m breadth. Popuiation 2,790,Oo" Divisions. «vi ^n« West Bothnia- and Swed. ^h^To^ ■ «5„-KS:::::::::r:&^^ Gothland. r *.*"u®°^°'^ Nykoping. ' ^. ° " <^«ttenburg, darlscroL, Calmar. RuS and East Bothnia are now annexed to ^AKEs._Wenner, Wetter, Mffiler. RivBB8.~Gotha, Motala, Dahl, Tomca. IMAGR EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) /. {/ fiy 1.0 I.I 1.25 u 20 !.8 U 11.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREEV WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^V ,V ^^ \\ y^^ % ^^ %Sr^ it ? ipiMfiil 72 NOBWAY AND SWEDEN. Foreign Possession. — Island of St Bartholo- mew in the West Indies. Remarks. — The aspect of Nor^ray is rude, but pictur- esque, and in many places sublime. Mountains separated by .deep valleys, forests, rocks, precipices, and cataracts, are the striking features in the landscape. The vast range of mountains that separates this country from Sweden is of various elevation. The Dovr^feld, or central mountains, Are the loftiest, rising in some places to the height of 8000 feet above the level of the sea. They gradually decrease in elevation as they approach the Arctic Ocean. The rivers Of Norway are numerous, but in general so rocky and im- petuous as to be innavigable. When swollen by the sudden melting of the snow, they overflow their banks with great fury, often sweeping corn, cattle, and cottages in one com- mon ruin. The cavities between the mountains are often occupied with immense lakes. Tlie coast i& broken into numberless bays and creeks, and is lined, throughout almost tjie whole of its extent, with a succession of islands, varying in magnitude and fertility. Among the LofFoden Isles, roars the dangerous whirlpool called the Malstrom. So rude and barren is the soil of Norway in general, and so imperfectly is agriculture understood and practised, that not more than the hundredth part of the country is under tillage ; and although the inhabitants, particularly in the interior, eke out their scanty stores by mixing pinc^bark with their bread, it is necessary to import annually upwards of two hundred thousand quarters of grain for their support. In some parts of the country, however, particularly in the pro- vince of Bergen, there are tracts of considerable fertility. The crops are barley and oats, flax and hemp. Our com- mon fruits are cultivated with success; but gardening is very imperfectly understood. In the interior of Norway, and towards the eastern moun- tains, the cold of winter is intense ; but the air is pure and serene, and extremely conducive to health and longevity. On the coast the temperature is milder, being softened by the breezes from the Atlantic ; but the atmosphere is often loaded with clouds and fogs, which are equally unpleasant and insalubrious. The tiliur!.iiess of tne warm scasos sn summer is compensated by the length of the day : for the sun is scarcely five hours below the horizon, even in the southern provinces ; while, in the higher latitudes of Nord- •*^!fJSi««»^»«^,, NOBWAV AND SWi; BN. 73 within three mSStte corn f'"^^ «tremely rapid , ,nd. In winter aiain ,h.^ • '""'"• "Pen^d, and reaped. the northe;„ S;?;„l\\et''i:?„Tr'T''"^ 'J"'"'-"'^ ■» tion, relieved only by mn™ i"." f • fj'"".''^ weelcs'dura. snow, and by tbemLZh^ll^v '?.'"^ ""='='«'' f™™ «<» tudes, is pe/uUaHy brilfii'nr ''' "'"'''' '" '^'^ '"'S'' '»«- wolf, and leming a speeL irat" wM.h"' *" "Z^'' ''"'' ^as!^^n7 rr ^;;'^"o"/f '«A *e'copper.^!L of R„. rich and product";" Th^L'^''™,?"' ?'^ °'^" ?'»«»' «« duce of the fiS Jlth] * "^ '" '^!'r'». «"d 'he pro. the principal weahrf^h ""^ considerable, constitute sU^ a/filh:tf .hl'c^hieTeT^e, ^^l^'' «-' ThlJar^rSr.lTn':;^'",!:;'^^^^^ ^^nJtfar^hrSn^ ""^^^^^^^ tive monarchs tfc 'Veaf ,3"8? llf «"•'*"''•' ""y ''» "»" Denmark by the famLl^r .'^*'; "^en it was annexed 10 it continued to be ZerLnT" °-^ ^"'"i"''- ^""^ "■•' «■>« sioned bythe K^7rS:lfa'rr°irj" TT' 'r""" LVn^;^;.nt-;/2£"v'^^^^^^^^^^^ it had been deSVXTrD?nX"^r""' <>'"•■'''• .he*:::::'-? ??o™'fif r'-fr" "".' -"^ "- ^'™" -^ With .he eKcepU^oTWe X 'LZ'"^'"''^ •° «-''«•'• s not, indeed a m^,.„,.' ^ '"* "^'' «■"• "orth, it by i'i'^XtiZT'^zi'r'v ""' '■' '^ •*'"-■«'" l<.l.cfi>™ .u. _' Z™"''.'. 5""'™''s, and green vallevs. I.. The climate, though ve^ct^ ^0.^^ i^iTevere liMMH 74 NORWAY AND SWEDEN. £"' ihan might be expected in so high a latitude ; and the steady equable weather, without violent winds or frequent thaws, renders even winter a pleasant season. In summer the heat is great, and vegetation rapid. The trees and plants of Sweden are nearly similar to those of Great Britain, with the exception of the furze, broom, aad the walnut-tree, which cannot withstand the long and severe cold of a Swed- ish winter. Wheat can be raised in the southern provinces only ; where our common fruit-trees likewise grow. Oats, rye, and barley, are pretty generally raised. Berries of dif- ferent kinds grow spontaneously and luxuriantly. Agriculture and manufactures are here very imperfectly understood. The chief manufactures are those of the me- tals. Sweden has long been noted for its mineral treasures. The copper-mines of Dalecarlia are particularly famous, and the iron of Dannemora is not to be surpassed. The exports of Sweden are timber, iron, steel, copper, pitch and tar, alum, potash, and cured herrings. ,. . , , .u The government of Sweden is a limited monarchy, the power of the king being considerably circumscribed by the privileges of the nobility and people. In manners the Swedes bear a very striking resemblance to the Norwegians. EXEBCISES. How is Norway bounded ? Between what degrees of lati- tude and longitude does it lie? What are its length and breadth? What population does it contam ? What are SieLnd divisions of Norway ? What districts does Northern Norway contain ? Into what governments is ^Southern Norway divided ? Name the pnncip^ towns of ^^fircerhuus or Christiania. Name the towr^ of Fmmark. W^at are the principal islands of Norway ? Name its prin- cipal bays. Name its capes. What are the great ridges of mountains ? What are its chief lakes ? What are its prm- ^^^ow^sSweden bounded ? Between what degrees of lad- tude and longitude is it situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is the amount of its population ? Name its divisions. Name the towns of West Bothnia and Swedish Lapland; of Sweden Proper; of Gothland. To what country are Finland and East Bothnia now annexed ? Where is Dan- nemora, Christiania, Tyri, Stockholm, Upsala,'^ardhyu8, Waranffrr- Fahlun. Tornea, Loffoden Isles, Dovr^feld, Vj^}, Olommen, foraea, Kolen, Nykoping, Hitteren, Ueuinu, &c. r What foreign colony does Sweden possess ? Describe the general aspect of Norway. What are the loftiegt mountains of Norway ? To what height do they rise ? • and the steady frequent thaws. In summer the trees and plants ' Great Britain, the walnut-tree, ! cold of a Swed- uthern provinces se grow. Oats, , Berries of dif- iantly. very imperfectly those of the me- lineral treasures, larly famous, and jd. The exports r, pitch and tar, ed monarchy, the uroscribed by the mners the Swedes »rwegians. it degrees of lati- ire its length and ? I? What districts at governments is principal towns of owns of Finmark. ? Name its prin- the great ridges of What are its prin- lat degrees of lati- arc its length and ulation ? Name its )thnia and Swedish , To what country d? Where is Dan- Jpsala,^ardh^iu8, s, Dovr^feld, Uj^l, eren, Oetand, &c* ':' ? iy. What are the Height do they rise ? NORWAY AND SWEDEN. JQ "" -at is the character of the rivprs v «««, ^i. c..^n the mountains often occ" Died ? Wh«f'^ Ik^ *^^'*^^* *^- of the coast? Where is thp itf? 75*^8 the appearance state are the soU and agricuhuJf orN.^^^^'J"'?.^ ^'i *^^ inhabitants eke out thdf sranfv .♦ o'^'S*^ * "«^ ^^ the annually imported ? Are he?e^/n "?' * . ^V ™"*^*^ ^*»n i« What are the princM crom ? n ^ t":?cts of ^eat fertUity ? way. How is the Kne^J^nf.lS '''"''*' ^^^ ^^'"^^^ °^ ^or. Within what space or.?^e^sth/^^^^^^^ compensated? reaped? Describe th« wSfJ%^J corn sown, matured, and ffian Laplanders ? Whaf wn/l„; ^ weaitli of the Norwe- Vhich Sf them LPu il i'^ ZZn^Z'ri^C ""^'"^^^ Norway are particularly productive ? Who* *' •"''"•'* ,**» chief wealth of the countr? ? wio? • "*'. constitutes the What is the nSai 4L^.J^^^^^^^ what period did Norway rSf,» }^ Norwegians > Till its native raonarchs ? T?wSo "^ ?°**" *^ government of When wa^U ceded to Sw^eS ?' Hnw^- "^f '' '^^° *°"^^«d ? c ucu CO owetten f How is it now governed ? Wtf TsllTe'pSnMe'^^^ ' .^T '^ ^' <»-ersified ? tent do the lakes ocS^nvPn! l^^ landscape ? What ex- What rendeL even tKnt^rf Ji^^ *^' f'^'''^ «^ S^^en- try does Sweden resembirSfu SIT'^^'a '^i"'" ' ^^^' c^""- exceptions ? In whlTmavfJll ^'^^l^"<* P ^nts ? With what crops are morrgene^ilTwhatVn,]!:^'^' '^'''^ ' ^^*' ^^^er In what state are aJricuwi InH ' ^'*^T spontaneously ? has Sweden lonlbeeSToted^ *'«' '^hat the^st^Ste-mri.!^^^^^^ P-P.^e do the country? ^ »"»"ners :• vv hat is the population of DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. AG^GERHUUS, a province in Norway Proper, the largeS: and ULR GE|>f a province in Norway raZ"i7^'' "^'^^^ °f «he same name, is one of the most flour- ishing commercial towns in thp j fc'ngdom. Pop. 20,84?. " ^^^ ' on?Sh*'?:,^''*^r'*^® province ?Lk •'^ «ENMAHK. yjj boasts of several individuals of great cStvl f""^ educaUon at CoplSL^eJ: •"''"" •■•'' """*'' ""^ *«'y „, . EXERCISES. 1-yme.io.d Ba/p\^r »^at.x^ri:?^of^B^„ti•' 80 DENMARK. Danes ? What is their national character f Ut wnai uisuu ^Ted names in literature and science can they boast ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. fences proved insuflRclent against the bombardment by the British in Win, when its cathedral and university and above 500 houses were demolished, and the city was compelled to surrender. I'o- pulation 104,000. . „ , „ , ELSINO'R^.a town in Zealand, 20 miles N. of Copenhagen. Here, vessels passing through the Sound are obliged to pay toll to the king of Denmark. The Sound is here less than 4 miles broad. Population 7000. . Eyder (pr. I'der), the only river of importance in Denmark, sepa. rates Holstein from Sleswick, and tails into the German Oceaii, after a course of lOO miles. By means of the canal of Kiel, it completes the communication be. tween that ocean and the baltic. FAL'STER, a fertile and pleasant island in the Baltic, so produc- tive, especially of fruit, as to be styled the orchard of Denmark. Population 16,500. Fer'ro, or Fa'roe Islands, a group between Iceland and Shetland, scattered from 151" 15' to 62'' 20^ iw. La*. Thev are 25 in number, and 17 arc inhabited, in generai they are naked rocks, and the chief wealth of the inhabitants arises from fishing, sheep, and A\L'BORG, a city in a diocese of the same name, in N. Jutland. It is situate on the & shore of the LymeHord, and is the third city of Denmark in importance, i o- pulation 6600. . „ , , . Alto'na, a large city m Holstem, on the Elbe, about a mile W. ot Hamburg. It is a place ot consi- derable commerce. Pop. 3U,0UU. BELT, Great, a strait between the islands of Zealand and Funen, about 20 miles at its greatest breadth. . „ Belt, Little, a strait between tu- ncn and Jutland, varying trom 1 to 10 miles in width. Born'holm, an island in the Baltic, about 30 miles in length, and 20 in breadth, containing about iOO villages. It is rich in corn and cattle, and has a valuable sal- mon-fishery. .^ 1 „f COPENHA'GEN, the capital of the kingdom, and one of tne roost elegant cities in the N. ot Europe, stands on the L. coast of Zealand, on a low tract ot ground, surrounded with small lakes, and partly intersected by inlets of the sea. it iS Oi an o,^- long form, its walls extending nearly 5 English miles, and sur- roundetl bv a chain of bastions and a broad ditch. But these dc- the feathers of birds tion 5300. riens'burg, a seaport in Sleswiclc, with an excellent harbour, which admits of the largest vessels be- ing unloaded at the quay, and is completely screened trom every wind. Popcilation 600(). Fu'ncn, a large and fertile island, separated from Jutland by the Little Belt. It is 35 miles long, and Si) broad. The population of the bailiwick, which includes some other islands, is 137,000. GLUCK'STADT,atown in Hoi. stein, near the mouth of the ^Ibe, at Its junction with the Khu. It is the seat of the chief magistrates of Holstein, and of the provincial courts of justice. Population 6000. HOLSTEIN (HolsM'n^), an ex- tensive duchy in the northern extremity of Germany, forming an integral part of the kingdom oJ Denmark. Its superficial ex- tent IS about 3400 square miles. in^r ! V, population 350,000. iLi!.L,AND, a large island in the ^"antic ocean, between 63® and ov" N. Lat., and between la® and gS- W.Long. Its length is ^0 miles, and its breadth 210. Its surface is rugged and moun- tainous. Its soil barren, and its climate severe. Volcanic erup. tions are frequent in many parts of the island. Of Hecla, its principal burning mountain, six- teen eruptions are recorded, the last of which took place so late as October 1818. Springs of not water are numerous in Ice- land, of all degrees of tempera, tare, up to a state of violent ebul. iition. The most remarkable of these springs, called Geyser, throws into the air great jets of boiling water, to the height of »u, lOJ, and sometimes even 200 feet, accompanied with a noise like the explosion of cannon, and occasioning a tremor of the ad- jacent ground. Iceland is very thmly peopled, having only r ifT^°V' ^'^^ inhabitants. JUT'LAND, a large province of * iJenmark. which forrrsj^r!" -."?- prised the whole peninsula'caflwi by the ancients Cimbrica Cher, soneav^. But the name of Jut- land IS now confined to the DENMAKK. Popula 81 northern division of the iwnln. sula, extending from 65® to 68« N. Lat., in length 180 miles, and m breadth from 70 to 95 miles. Population 400,000. KIKL (Keel), a city in Holstein, tne seatof a university, in which there are not fewer than 19 re- gular and 10 exlraordlnarv pro- fessors, while the number 6f stu- dents seldom exceeds 160. The town is well built, its harbour U good, but its trade limited. Po- pulation 8000. LAA'LAND, an island at the en- trance of the Baltic, 60 miles long, and 14 broad. It is the most fertile tract in the Danish dominions. Its population, with that of Falster, is 60,000. l^nge'land, an island situate be- tween Zealand, Laaland, and tunen, 35 miles long, and fVom 3 to 5 broad. Population 1 1,200. Law enburg, a duchy in Germany, adjacent to Hamburg, on the right bank of the Elbe. It was a separate duchy till 1689, when, on the extinction of the ducal lamily, it passed to the House of Hanover. In 1815, it was ceded to Prussia, but soon after made over to Denmark, in exchange lor Rugen and Pomerania. Pop. 35.600. -The capital of the duchy. It draws a considerable revenue from a toU on the Elbe. Population 2200. Ly'mefiord, a long narrow gulf in Jutland, which runs westward trom the Cattegat across the pe- ninsula, and is prevented only by a slip of land from communica- niwlroi^^"^® German Ocean. ODENSEE', the principal town 01 Funen, situate on a river, about a mile from the sea. It carries on considerable manufac- tures of woollen cloths, leather, and soap. It is the residence of a bishop, and of the chief ma- bLES'WICK. a duchy forming the southern division of the penin- sula, formerly comprised under the name of Jutland. Its length is 72 miles ; its breadth varies xfi>in;juto56mile8. Pop. 316,000. — ine capital of the above du.Sy IS pleasantly situate on the f ; { river Sley. Population 800i>. " r bound, a strait between Sweden 82 HOLLAND. «nd Zealand.about 4 miles across. See Elsinorc, p. 80. VI'BORG, or Wi'borR, an an- cient town, on a small lake, near- ly In the centre of Jutland. Po- pulation 2400. ZEA'LAND, an island between . the CatteKat and the Baltic. It has an area ot 2(U)0 square miles, and contains 350,000 inhabiunts. Its aspect is finely varied with gentle pmlnenccH and cultivated fields; its soil is fertile, and its nu- merous bays and creeks alxiiind with fish. Here are concentrated most of the manufactures and trade of Denmark. HOLLAND Is bounded on the N. and W. by the German Ocean ; on the S. by Belgium ; on the E. by Ger- many. Exclusive of Luxemburg, which is disjoin- ed from it bv the intervention of Belgium, »t is si- tuate betw een 51° 12' and 53° 30' N. Lat., and be- tween 3° 30' and 7° 12' E. Long. It extends in length from the north of Friesland to the south ot North Brabant 170 miles, and in breadth 110. Population about 2,500,000. Divisions. . Chief Towns. Groningen, with Drenthe....Groningen. Friesland Leewarden. Overvssel Deventer,Zwoile. GelderVandV.'.' Arnheim, Nimeguen, /utphen. Utrecht Utrecht. HollandProper Amsteedam, Haerem, Alk- maer, Hoorn, U elder, l-iey- den, the Hague, Delft, Rot- terdam, Brit'l, Helvoetsluys, Dort. Zealand Middleburg, Flushiiig, Camp- N Brabant Breda, Bergen-op-Zoom, Bois- le-Duc. Luxemburg. Luxemburg. Islands.— Walcheren, North Beveland, South Beveland, Tholen, Schowen, in the province of Zea- land; Over Flakkee, Voorn, Ysselmonde, lexel, Vlieland, Schelling, Ameland,^ ^^ ^ _ ^^ Seas and Bays. — ziuyder See, iiaeriejn iriCer, Lauwer Zee, Dollart Bay. Rivers.— The Rhine, with its branches, the HOLLAND. gg SSle^"*'' ""'' ^'"^ ' ""^ M^''""-"'' *I''«»CJ the FoHEioK Possessions.— Ill t|,c Pa«t t,,j:„„ Java, and ,lie Spice lsh,„U; i„ S Ler ca Sur ' nam, and Cura^oa; in Africa, El Mi™a! ' i. A lit ^uyaer ^ee now occupies the trarf nf »« The islands that skirt iHp ^^-.k . «"iy miies to the sea. dent remains of an olVfract nf"''? " '^''''' "" '^"^ «^'- has established his doSn TZ^rZ "'"'^ ^^'^ ^^* ITo protect themselves fr^^^K' °^ *^*^ 'nhabitants. 3r in*, ^a. These mounds s bpe on each «iHp «« ^ • fome places so broad as to admi* nf ? '• "^ *'® '" breast. Similar "nT^^--^ . "?'' ?^ '''*' carnages goinff 84 HOLLAND. The 8oil/near the coasts, is chiefly sand, mixed with turf; but it I. cultivated with great care. In other parts of the ccniutry it is a deep loam. Owing to the humidity of the , climate, a great part of the country is kept in grass ; and |he pastures are of unrivalled luxuriance. The principal Crops cultivated are wheat, madder, tobacco, flax, and hemp. But the rural wealth of Holland consists chiefly of its cattle, and the produce of the dairy. Horticulture, es- pecially in the raising of flowers, has been brought to great perfection. In manufactures the same industry is displayed as in bus. bandry. They are various and extensive ; but linens, lea- ther, the distillation of gin, and that species of pottery called Delft ware, from the place where ii was originally manufac- tured, may be particularly mentioned. But it is chiefly to commerce that Holland has been in- debted for the remarkable prosperity which she has long en- joyed. After throwing off the Spanish yoke, she became distinguished by Ae superior efforts and success in trade, which are the natural fruits of independence. For centuries the carrying trade of almost all Europe was in her hands ; her fisheries, particularly of herrings, were most extensive and valuable ; and her colonies in the East Indies were the sources of a very active and lucrative trafiic. Successive wars hampered the manufactures, and clogged the commerce of this country, — and the tyranny of Bonaparte brought it to the verge of ruin. By the arrangements of the great Euro- pean powers, Holland was restored to independence, and placed in a fair way of recovering her commercial prosperity. Throughout this kingdom the advantages of education arc enjoyed in an eminent degree. Schools are established in every parish. The universities of Leyden, Utrechtj and Groningen have long been celebrated. The Dutch may boast of some attainments in letters and science, and even in the fine arts. In the former they possess the names of Erasmus, Grotius, Boerhaave, and Leeuwenhoeck ; in the latter those of Rembrandt and a number of distinguished landscape and marine painters. The Dutch are a laborious, plodding, calculating, grave, cold, but upright people. In religion they are Protestant Calvinists ; but they have long set the example of the most complete toleration. After the Dutch had thrown off the yoke of Spain, the provinces of Holland, called the Seven United Provinces, were so many federal republics, whose deputies met at the 2 ■y%. ■'•^ HOLLAND. Qf. in the time of WiSLm Tl^'t'^r t'lr^ ""'"^^'^^y kingdom, with a ZstituLnf''"^ """'^ """^^ '"to one however, was neverTpuW?rLf''''"'""":S T^i* "nion^ by which Charles X was eJ^l^Te ' '^"i*^^ "'ovement 18S0, was followed l^IuLsth J. -^T ^'■""*^^ ^» J"'y the issue of which harbeenX «^ "?»'1«»- «"« in Brussels, into two kingdon^^s HoVa '/^^^^^ North Brabant Cemburl fn7 *'"'".f '*'" P^«^''«ce» «? with the colonies. """"**"'«' »»d a small part of Limburg. EXERCISES. Nimeguen, Bergen-ob Zonm 'i?"^^' Amsterdam, BrcS/ ^hat are 'the pri^cS^^^^^ &^ ?' Name the isIanSs. Wh7ZZ H^T^ ?/ «^*« ^"^ bays, ^e branches of fhe Rhine Jn aJ^^^AV^r^^"^ ? ^'hat are Dollart Bay, Walcherei Amdan^w * ^J"^^ » SchelLiS ^e^ Vlieland, &c. ? ' ^'"^^^d, feouth Beveland, Laxx^i dununl,^^^^^^ Bywhatisthe Cp^^^td^^^^ ^i^^^?^m been e. of the Scheldt expand iitobri/^?' ""^^^""'y ^'^ the mouths was the salt lake Sea?CtSed?*^l^ "^w and wtn that inundation commit? R?^1k * *^^*' devastation did protect themselves from tL ^ ^^*' "^^^ns did the Duteh Sjities P . Whl^lLury t SreSnkf "^' dreadful ^^ the mvas on of a foreign en?mvTwrh^"'' ^^""'"^ ^S^^^t Holland kept in erass a wiT^ Vi"^ '"^ » great part of ^ated ? I„P,hat &.k. !!..!l^f »r« the crops chieflf cah?5 coiisist ? "" ••"- F""«pai ruiai wealth of Holland o \1 gg HOLLAND. What was it brought to the verge of ruin ? How was it placed in a. fair wav of recovering its commercial prosperity f In what/taVe is education in this country ? Are schools common? What universities have l«"g ^g^V^f ^^^^^^^ Of what literary and scientihc names can Hollana Doast . Whr^lebrated artist has it produced ? What is the Dutch rharacter ? What is their religion ? What was the nature of the Dutch government after they had thrown off the Spanish yoke ? What changes were caused by the French Revolution ? When was HolW united to Belgium ? How and when were they separated ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. ALKMAER (pr. Alkmi'r?), a laree, well-built, and fortified town in Holland Proper, situate on the canal which unites the Zuyder Zee with the North Sea. A'meland, an island to the N. of Friesland. Am'sterdam, the capital of the kingdom, situate on the river Amstel, is, next to London, the most commercial city in Europe. Pop. nearly "201,000. It is built on a marsh, upon wooden piles, and has a harbour capable ot con- taining 1000 vessels Amheim {Ameera'),the chief town of Gelderland, on the Rhine. Population 9500. BER'GEN -OP-ZOOM', an im- portant town and fortress m N. Brabant, communicating with the Easter Scheldt by a canal. It has stood several memovabie sieges ; and, in 1814, was exposed to a formidable, but unsuccess- M assault, by a British army un- der the command of Sir Thomas Graham, now Lord Lynedoch. Population 5600. , . *». Be'veland, North, an island m the province of Zealand, about 6 miles long, and 3 broad By the dreadful inundation of 1532, it was so completely overwhelmed, that for many years nothing but the tops of steeples was to be seen above water. ,. „ Be'vdand, South, an island inZea- land, separatedfirom North Beve- land by the island of Wolfers- <■ -tr T* *s 9.4 tnilM lonffs and from"5 to'8'broad,and is the most acreeable of all the Zealand Isles. Bob-le-Duc (BoawMe-D«tc), a ftrongly-fortified town in N. Brabant, at the confluence of the Dommel and Aa. Pop. 13,000. Brabant', North, formerly called Dutch Brabant, a province to the S. of Gelderland. Although a great part of it is covered with moss, heath, and wood, it is very productive in corn, hops, and flax. The superficial extent is about 1653 square miles, and the population 332,551. ^. „ Breda', a large town in North Bra- bant, on the Merck. It Is con- sidered one of the strongest places in Holland. Pop. 9000. Briel (Bril), a town on the N. coast of Voorn, having a large and commodious harbour. Here the confederates laid the foun- dation of the republic in 1572. Population 3300. CAMFVE'RE, a town on the N. side of the island of Walcheren. It sends a member to the General Assembly of the Church of Scot- DELFT, atown in Holland Proper, between Rotterdam and Leyden, noted for its manufacture ot earthenware; and still more celebrated as the birth-place of the learned Grotius. P. 12,900. Deven'ter, the chief town of Over- yssel, pleasantly situate on the right bank of the YsseL P. 9621. Dollart Bay, a large arm of the North Sea, between Groningen and East Friesland. It is said to have been formed by an inunda- tion of the sea, towards the close ofthelSth century. Dort. a town of consideraDie cele- brity in Holland Proper. It was the residence of the ancient counts of HoUand,-it ranked first in the States General on the . foundation of the Dutch repub! Uct—it was the birth-place of the famous brothers De Witt -and here was held, in I6I8-I9 the celebrated Synod of Sort bv which the tenets of Am niuJ FLVsm'^G'T P«P-^S' T.f !r*^3 ® seaport in the island of Walcheren, at the mouth of the Scheldt/ mtMn ^flS '%\^^«^^J^ough to contain Prio r^°'^'',1?-<'^-*'a"»e ships. Fnesland, West (Freez'Jand) a province in the k. of Holland having the Zuyder Zee on the t^; N ^V'* ^."•■"*^" 0«^«n on me JN. It contains nearly i2nn bd"""^'' ^^ 200,33/iiha. tne b. E. of the Zuyder Ze«> containing 2020 square milSl and a population of 293.396 If SSj *^® ^^'^'' *»>« Leek and the Maese; but the soil, in some ^^^^^^^"^^•'"••^y' *" other! fertile ^" ^' '" "•"= generally Gro'ningen, a province in thp north-eastern extremity of thi kingdom, having ab8ut 77I «quare miles of slpeS ex. tent, and a population of 154,000 difi* «nd fow, it is protected by dikes against the sea, and inter canals, for carrying off the wa- rfoh A pastures are extremely l^Lf^^t °' a" ancient and re- ^7,800 inhabitants. United with DrpSlhfM^ '^^ provTncrof ^enthe (Drent). containing ilrnKiirr^"^^^--"' "^Sf ?ow^n«?n^"SLS So- ET^lr '^^"^^^ Spaaren and thi li^erlem Meer. fn its princinal church IS an organ, supKPto be the largest in the world con Dining the sound of many instrti ..ments. PooulaHon™* /U""''^" HOLLAND. 87 H^^ »" " 'J^^'^'y ** Miles square and is navigable throughout a^resfeom^Se^d^' t?wn*is%h"^''^ to tht^!t- '^noie jJi uih navy. 9'jfi ^f '^"P*''' a province N of sUvof i?i '^^'"r'^^hlefor thedeS. ESS------ arin^ rS ^^^ *"** the discour- agmg restrictions on its com merce, to 748,000. In Is^s^f" was 845,404 *** '* ^"he Zu'Vder 7^^'f' ^- «*^«P<>^t «» KbouJsonfh^' ''^'l'"« the best fal^^into the Maese ab'ottf ^PrTesTanJ'on!?^ *=?'^^ *«^ of fnteScii°; ?h' Slf wh" ^^ rS^ras^^^y^^^^^^^ nccu, 80 as to form iiaV,^UiA-..t of the Kni'^ Prmcipal citie. branch of h!,S'2?' **^ « "mall PWr ^'^ff^. '*^'ne. in Holland iToper. It K inter«ected by « Hmvwqpppqii -tmrnmiii"' 88 HOLLAND. number of canali, forming up- wards of 50 small islands, which are connected together by more than 100 bridges. The princiiial street, in which the Stadthouse is situate, is one of the flnest in Europe. I«yden is the seat of a celebrated university, and has produced many eminent men. Population 28,600. Lux'emburg, a large province to the S. of Liege, having an extent of 2392 square miles, and contain- ing 298,655 inhabitants. It forms properly part of the German em- pire, and in the late partition the greater part of it remains attach- ed to Holland. Luxemburg, its capital, is, both by nature and art, one of the strongest places in Europe. Pop. 10,000. Here are many interesting remains of Ro- man antiquity. MAESB, or Meuse (Maiz, or Mcttz), alarge river which rises in the S, of Lorraine, in France, and flows through Namur,Liege, Limburg, and N. Brabant : after being joined by the Waal, the united river taxes the name of Maese, and falls into the German Ocean below Rotterdam. Maestricht (Maiz'trikt), the prin- cipal town of the province of Limburg, situate on the Maese, near its confluence with the Jaer. It is one of the strongest places in the Netherlands, but, by the late treaty, remained with the king of Holland. Its ramparts form agreeable promenades. Po- pulation 19,000. . , ,^ - Mid'dleburg.the principal town of the province of Zealand, situate near the centre of the island of Walcheren. It is a place ot great antiquity, and of consider- able trade. Population 13,200. Moselle (MozeV), a large river which rises among the Vosges mounteina, and, after quitting the French territory, forms the S. E. boundary of Luxemburg, and falls into the Rhine at Co- blentz. . Nimeguen (Nee'magen), a town in Gelderiand, on the left bank Overflak'kee, an m nd at the em- bouchure of the Maese Into the German Ocean. . Overys'sel, a province m the E. oi Holland, containing 1298 square miles, and 165,936 inhabitants. RHINE. See France, p. 103. Rotterdam', a large and important commercial city in Holland Fro- per, situate on the Maese, and traversed by the Rotte. The largest vessels are here brought close to the doors of the mer- chants' warehouses. This was the birth-place of the famous Erasmus, to whose memory his fellow-citizens have erected a bronze statue. Pop. 66,000. Schelling (Shel'ling), an island about 9 miles from the coast of Friesland. It is 15 miles long, •and 3 broad. Population 2000. oiiowen (Sho'en), an island at the mouth of the Scheldt, 15 miles long, and 5 broad. TEX'EL, an island at the entrance of the Zuyder Zee, separated from the continent by tb nar- row channel of jyiars-diep It is about 12 miles long, and 6 broad. Near this island Admiral Blake defeated the Dutch fleet under Van Tromp,A.D. 1653. P. 5000. Tho'len, a fertile and well culti- vated island at the mouth of the Scheldt, about 12 miles long, and 6 miles broad. ■VLIELAND (Vledand), a small island at the mouth of the Zuy- der Zee, 8 miles in length, and 3 in breadth. Population 800. Voorn, an island formed by two mouths of the Maese, about 25 miles in length, and 5 in breadth. UTRECHT (Oo'treht), a province to the E. of Holland Proper, and S. of the Zuyder Zee. Its super- ficlal extent is 542 square miles, and its population 122,31 ay- Utrecht, its principal town, is the seat of a celebrated univer- sity. Population 3(>,000. Here were concluded two memorable treaties.—the one, in 1579, unit- ing the Seven Provinces against the Spaniards,— the other, in 1713, terminating the wars of the Succession. ,. r *u„ WAAL, a large branch of the Rhine, flowing westward, and joining the Maese. ^ ^, ^ Walcheren( Wal'sheren), the most populous and best cuurvaiea oi the islands that compose the pro- vince of Zealand. Unfortuoat^ ly, it i» very unhealthy. It « 1* 2»B square abltants. p. loa im)x>rtant Hand Fro- [aese, and tte. The e brought the mer- This was le famous emory his erected a 66,000. an island le coast of niles long, ;ion 2000. and at the t,15 miles le entrance separated ly tb nar- diep It is .nd 6 broad, airal Blake fleet under .a P. 5000. well culti- outh of the >s long, and d), a small >f the Zuy- ngth, and 3 ion 800. led by two e, about 25 I in breadth. , a province Proper, and . Itssuper- uare miles, 122,313.-- al town, is ited univer- ,000. Here memorable I 1579, unit, fices against other, in B wars of the ich of the itward, and ■n), the most ;uiiiv«itcti Oi jose the pro- Jnfortunate- hy. Iti«18 miles in length, and 8 in breadth £e«dw 3 considerabk towns Middleburg.Flushing, wid Vwl* It contains a number ofvilS' Ysselmonde, a smaU island in Hot" w"** P«»Per, formed by the • nhii V „?•' ,* »^5«vuice composed chiefly of islands, viz. Schowen Du.eveland Tholen WaSS: rersayck, and a stripe of land on !Cf • • ^'-neldt. Its superricial area 18 about 588 squarrS and Its population iJsS ^*' BELGIUM. 09 «r^®"' '^u*"'^" '" Gelderlaud on he right bank of the YsS It 18 fortified, and strong fS abonf snll*'®.^^'"^" Ocean, about 80 miles long from N. to S.and^varyingfroml6to30in Zwolle, a town in the nrovinc« nf Overyssel, situate betwelS the Yssel and the Wecht. It is « place ot soma commerce. Po. pulation 12,800. ^^ BELGIUM to West s iV -I ^''T. ^^' ^^""Sth from East D-vln,. P^PU^ation exceeds 3,500,000. ^i^hurg Tongres.« ^^'«*'Towns. ^"^,«^trP-- Antwerp. J^^i^ult Mens, Toumav '"'S*- .Liege. ■ Mae. „. Meu.: with^.C^ tts^i;.'"" •nost ,„„,4, crept" TuTLf if!!!™' »? ?«!uratlo'„%^7S'"^"'^''^»^M Dyle (Deel), t, smau but naviga- 1 ble river in S. Brabant, rises near Marbais. passes by Louvain!and u|»t.ng with the Demer below ^rwTuSiirrXe^^pj: ted extent of E. Flanders is 1S32 7r70..'n"'V- ."« population 708, /Oa ; its chief town is Ghent 1 J e extent of W. Flanders is tforf 3?^807'"*•f'*^P«P"•«- "'St^y'^ink^TirH^^^^^)' ->««e ri 'o ! . • Flanders, situate on wie iiys. uy these rivers, and a number of navigable canah? LnH« """"k V^^'^^^ into JS1S lands, which communicate iby 360 wooden bridges. It is l^au titully situate on a plain. aS area 18 about 13 miles in circuit great part of it being occupS S J« «1!^^^"«' orchfrS. "S fi.elds. Here is still to be seen tne castle where Charles V w2 born. Ghent is the seat of ^ unii^ersity. and a bishop's see ^Population 8i> 000. * HAINAULT (HinoltO. an exten- sive province to the N. of the e^St'ifiS ^'^ «"P''«'?«» exient 18 1706 square miles • itci population 367.300. DmVren; places in this province have been the scenes ot some of tJie S celebrated wars records! in iSi history of Europe. '"^ i1.Jo r^//.t'S*fi "^^'' which falls LiPr pff **heldt at Condi. LIEGE (LeeaizhO. a large and nn. pulousprovi„ce''i„,l,f^."^% -■"c aiiigaom, iiaving a suuerfi- cial extent of 2173 s^iare mflS and a population oTa/y.sSi - rhe capital of the above d;^ vince w Situate in a pleaK wm 92 BELGIUM. A# valley on the Maese, tiuroMnded with cultivated hills. It is a flourishing town, and has exten. live manufactures, particularly in the different branches of iron- work and clock- worli. P. 49,000. Limburg (Lim'boorg), '•, u»cv«iice to the N. of Liege, having a su- perficial extent of 1785 square miles, and 328,'23'1 inhabitants. Fart of this province, including Maestricht, Us chief town, re- mains attached to the knig of Holland. Louvain (Loovaing'), a large town in 8. Brabant, on the Dyle. Its walls are nearly 7 miles in cir- cuit ; but the space which they enclose is chiefly occupied by gardens and vineyards. Its uni- versity, once celebrated, has been lately revived. P. 25,400. MALINES (Maleen),or Mechline iMek'hn), a large town in S. Irabant, on the Dyle, noted for manufactures of fine lace and ttnens. Population 20,000. Meuse. See Holland, p. 88. llooft (Muns), atown in Hainault, on the small river Fouille. It is strongly fortified, and is one of the principal barrier towns against France. Pop. 20,000. NAMUR (Namoof), a province 8. of Brabant, having a super- ficial extent of 1236 square miles, and a population of 194,845.— Nainur, the chief town, is situate between two rising grounds at the confluence of the Maese and Sambre. The mines and iron- works give employment to a great number of the inhabitants. Population 17,000. Nieuport, a fishing and trading town in W. Flanders. P. 3000. OSTENiy, a seaport in W. Flan- ders, trom which packets regu. larly sail to Dover, Ramsgate, Colchester, and London. Os- tend is famous in history for its obstinate defence against a siege of the Spaniards for upwards of ,1 years, A. D. 1601-1604. Po- pulation 10,500. Oudenarde jOodnard'), a small town in K, Flanders, on the Scheldt. Here the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene sained a memorable battle over the French, A. D. 1708. P. 5100. RAM'ILLIES, a village in S. Bra- bant, where, in 1706, the Duke of Marlborough gained a signal victory over the French. SAM'BU£, a river in Flanders, which falls into the Maese at Namur. , , Scheldt (Sheld), a large river which rises in Picardy, winds through £. Flanders, and falls into the German Ocean bv 2 branches, called the E. and W. Scheldt, after a course of 200 miles. TONGRES, the principal town of that part of Limburg assigned by the late treaty to Belgium. Tournay (Toornay), a large town of the province of Hainault, on the Scheldt. Pop. 23,256. WATERLOO', a village to the S. of Brussels, where the most cele- brated battle in modern times was gained by the Duke of Wel- lington over Napoleon. YPRES (Eep^ay'). a fortified town in W.Flanders, situate on a small river. Pop. 15,500. FRANCE Is bounded N. by Belgium and the English Chan- nd ; W. by the Bay of Biscay ; S. by the Py- renees and the Mediterranean ; and E. by Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. It lies between 42° gO', and 51° of N. Lat. ; and between 5° W., and ©o 1? Tr.r^.r l*;o, Ipno-thj from North to South, is nd its breadth, frojoi Bast to West, is contains a population of S2,560,934. l-'IlANCji:. 93 Divi8ioi.d — Franc provinces. At tht were subdivir)p/1 ;.,*« a ""'^'"" ui lyoy, these wLich, by the add on o?r''"!'"*'' '^' ""'"b^-" ^^ y »y me aaaition of Corsica «tv,ount8 to T^ Chief Towns. 1 Flanders North /Lill, Artois V.J ...KUf!?:; .AV^'^^.^e^^J^tion of 1789, these . . number ( Corsica, amounts to 86. Provinces. Department^ French Flanders North /Lille, Douay, Cam- * ^ bray, Dunkirk. •atraits of Calai.<' • Arras, St Omer, Ca- ^^icardy Somme' ^ a ^^i"' Boulogne, ', ""^ ...Amiens, Abbeville. i^ower Seine.. i -^^ouen? I>ieppe, Ha- Eure ■' i vre de Grace. Normandy \ ^aivado8.\;.;;;;::;;;;:ca^''n;'''' ^-«he i^J^^^oS^r^ri"! Isle of France - Orno ^ ranches. o^« ■•"• feat""""- Champagne. Seine and dise...,/^^"ailles, St Ger- Q .„^ (. mains. f:"' -Pahis^ St Denis. Seme and Marne. | ^^elun, Fountain- A^'^ennes MeziS's. CmK^*"' Chaimont. Lorraine |MSe;;;;.;::; K"fe^?f<^"«- TMeurthe ^ ' I^hionville. Alsace f Lower Rhine iyo!sger:;;;:;::;;:::::£pf„7£ 1nn«f S??°^ Strasbourg. 1 Upper Rhine Colmar. ^ tranche Compt^../DPPb's ^''"' - ^^^^"^• I Tnro -Besancon. r VonVe* i^^"' *^ Saulnier. ^"'^undy..........Wed'ce^ Orleannois i lZ*^ ■^"^"^••••'S ^rjeaus. I^iaine , { t Loire and Cher;.';.'.'.BloS &-:::::•••• i2ti^..» ne. 94 Provincei. FRANCE. Departmentt. r Hie and Vilaine Chief Towni. Rennes. I cTtes'du N ord. St Brieuc ' f Quimper Brest, Poitou. ©rittany , or Bre- J pi^i.^erre | ^ mSx. '*«"^ 3Iorbihan Vannes. I^Lower Loire Nantes. Aniou Maine and Loire.... Angers. Todraine:.:. Indre and Loire lours. (Cher Bourgea. Berri i Indre Chateauroux. Nivernois Nievre ^^T' fiiurbonnois Allier Moulins. r Rhone Lyons. Lyonnois | ^oire Montbrison^Roanne. f Puy de Dome Clermont. Auvergne |Cantal Aurillac. L»M"che :C,eu^.v -^^^ Vendue, Vendde | Fontenay. Two Sevres Niort. Vienne Y^^^^i^W ii i^fnw A •„ r ^^ . fRochelle, Rochfort, Aums. J Lower Charentcj gaintes. 5rCu-^"----lCharenle, Angouleme. ^ . f Upper Vienne Limoges. Limosin iCorreze Tulle. Dordogne P^rigueux. Gironde Bordeaux. Lot Cahors. Aveyron Rhodez. Tame and Garonne Montauban. Lot and Garonne ...Acen. Landes Mont^e-Marsan. (}qxs Auch. Upper Pyrenees Tarbes. 'Arddche Pri^s. Upper Loire w.Le Puy. Lozere -^JP^®* Gard Nimes. -.Herault Montpellief. t Tarn ..Alby, Castre*. Upper Garonne..... .fottlouse^ ^^ f Carcassone, Aude ..| bonne. (Isere :-'-^J^^' t Drome vaic Upper Alps G»P Guyenne . Gascony. Languedoc l: Nar- Dauphin^ C*llV4*VV. % PBANCB. jji; '^""'™<* I V.r. JDr^BUignan, Tou. Comtat d-Avignon. i"°"""°''""R'>one.Ma™;iIIe,, Ais. CAPB8._La Hotfue. Barfleur. Charente. Adl" ' ^''*"'*' ^^"^ «««' Veudee. PoBEioN Possessions.— In the W„t t„j: Martinique, G.iadaloupe, &c. ■ n Afr^^* *f' Goree, and Aleier t"^ ■" the valley, uninteresting. The Enirtii ., n . «'""«' '"'"e and miles »outhlrom Cal^s le^'"™"" has to Proceed 400 Auvergne. which «e S,„„^''Vuh .?„*' T^'''"' "^ Languedoc, nd Provence TM. '* °' Dauphintf, ;«ks, chie«y basawrrer, a"^'; Ct'Tr^T'"''*^'^ Other ndires Ai>A *h^ \t «^Ai,enc or J20 miles. Th«» tier; a cK^tS: I!^wh^c^""^"" the easter^ fri'! a„nd Prorence. «Ad .K^^Tll'*'^ .P«»«trates into Daunhin.< trance from tt»iv ar^^Z.i'^^T''^^ northwards, separates «««<1 .n 'hennddleof U,e,en,peW,one, Franceenjoys 98 FRANCK. • peculiarly fine dim«te. It varies, indeed, considerably in thrvai^ouVregions of the country. In the north it very much trbrerthe^c»imateofthesouth-we,tofEngJana;alth«u^h in summer it is rather hotter, as well as n^-7X';» ' ^^^f ;,". winter the cold is sometimes more severe. In the central re- ^iot particularly in the provinces of Touraine and L^osm L temperature is delightful, and the ^'^ PjeJ.ght^^ elastic. But in this region -»«!«" ^/»«'""^ ^„^/^.^,^"^^^^^^^ occasionally destroy the vintaf and corn ; and frosts ottur Uter in spring, and earli.r in utur-«, than in the south of FnJland Thp \m^ r. the so u, ' region isexcess.ve dur- fn^" fmonThs of Jun*, Jvil,, ..u, -t and pare of Septem- ber October and Noveu,b*r are here >he plf asante.t mor»ths of the year In ih* mmxntainous tracts of this region storm, often 'age with dreadful violence; and the swarms o fl.es and other insects ar. .qmMy annoying «»f^;^«''"^'j;^;,;i. The soil is various,-4>i»t the grea er par u_ >j '^/^J*;*;* and produces admirable c.oi>« Grain of all kinds is r- ned TZ northern districts, which .re not very avourabk^ to the growth of the vine. In the ni.ddled.stnct vines and everv soecies of grain, grow luxuriantly,— while, m the TtLrTrtrict, 'olivet, 'maize and even th-;ang^^^^^ . cultivated with advantage. The wines of F*-*"^^' P*/!l^"- Urly those of Bur^^undy, Champagne, and the dare, of Bor- deaux, are the most esteemed of any in Europe. Although >oal is found in various parts of France, and is wrought for r'u^VTm'an^ufactories! yet, as it is li^le employe^^^^^ meslic fuel, great plantations are raised in almost every pan SX countr'y, bot^ fcr firewood, and ^- -ve't ^ »^^^^ mals of the chase. Among the wild animals of France m^^^ be men led 'be wol>' and the bear,-.of which latter there a^^wo .pecie the carnivorous, and the vegetable-eaters. ?rc lU Lan^uedoc, and Dauphind maintain large flocks of herp/whicu'annually migrate from the mountainous to Se plain country, and back again They travel in^^^^^^^ of from 10,000 to 40.000. under the ^^-^^^^^^^^P^^^^^^^^^ are from 20 to 30 days on the journey. The most extensive and fertile pastures for cattle are m Normandy* The minerals of France are of .considerable importanc^ Lead abounds in Bretagne. Antimony « found m various places in such quantiti. as woujd 3^ur;^^^u^ai;d;r;i^Se Shefprodu^^^^^ SS;S. ' Jet is fbund in great ^-^^^^^^ ment of the Aube ; and turquoises, httle mfwr to th.^se ot FllANCK. 97 the East, are procured amnn« *i ^' orgue. Quarries of excXnffrt'^'"^""**^"' °^ ^ho Rou. of the kingdom, espociall^^lS tL „ ?^^^^^ '" '"-"y P«rt« quarnes of jasper in Franche (W^^^"'i'°°^ **^ ^•"*- bie in the Pyrenees. At SaUns .^ l' """^i **^ "^""^i^"' '"«•'- -Prings. The principal mineraTw«» *"''"" ^«'"*^'' «^« «alt. and Bareges. The^LotTZ 1?/^ "'' "' ^''^' ^«»"^''«». Among the natural curTosk l/nf T^"' "'* """^ ^"°^"- markable is the plain of La r. ^""f"^^' ^''^^ "^ost re. Rhone. It cove' s an area of abo«"t' .'o *'' '"f «^'^« ^^ *h« with gravel of quartz,Isomfof I '5!"^'*^^"««"^«' ^"ed man's head,..-and the ihoTe Ihi ;^^'*^^ ^'f «^ ^^''g^ «« a t'on as the shingle of the t£e " '' ^^^'""'« ^^ vegeta. France abounds in antiauitm« * a « XT- numerous and interesting^iSonum .n. ^r'S'* '^''' ^'^ ^or, any other city, pi^rhaos i^ i? ^ ""^ '^°"^»n «« than in Rome itself. VfXrih'mtYXUah.'" ^T^'^" ^^ Quarr^e, an edifice of beaudful arrT?/ ! ^ ^'^ '*'« ^•'^n entire as when built in the S o? A?. T' ""^ «^"«« «» fountain, with the remains of bath. Augustus ;-a beautiful ra^ons;^ building suppo^d fo l^i 1 ""'' '"^ «'^^^ deco- and the walls of an ampK t e nlr'" * P""*^^" J- Cohseum of Rome, and in" b;4 I^te'^or''""^ "« ''^^ Druidic circles and other monnnZJ L ^'^ P''eservation. and on the coast of Var .?„«"! "' '^u""^'" ^'«^dy; monument far surpassing that of^ionST'* '^''^ '* ^ ^'^^^ dral church of Bayeux. in Norman^ '"^ ^" '''"^*''^«- of tapestry, said to be the work Tfil j' ^'T'''^ « «"''« the Conqueror, representinTthe oro;rl ' T'^^ °^ ^'"'am the grand contest Ltween her h,f«h ^T ^"** *«''"»'nation of. In political imDortrnrp I ''"^^.^nd and Harold. '^ , tries in the wo ^d' tL ' mn."? '' ""/ "^ ^^« ««* coun- her the ready command ofTe^denl?' '^'. ^^^"^^^^^ g' ^es sources are ample, andhpr «t^ ® Population; her re- of military glor^Ch e'rer^^^^^^^^^ brave, ind fond pose or re.enforce her annfes k' M . ^^^'^'^ ^^"' *« ^^o™- froves what she is ableTo achW • '''^' under Napoleon, Hy amounted to 6oi!o^"4^^ifte^th ^" ''''^ "^'^ r ^as very greatly reduced bu^* ;„ . ' ^^^ P^«^« "^ 1815, hnts, it has been agar;u "mentpr"''3""""^ °^ '^<^«n >^ceed 300,000. Were the navvTpr' ""^ '^/upposed to [he would be the most fL^rl^'*"^^ ^q"«' to her army. pat importam; species of Vor'cTX^?"" *" ^"»-°P«- In ^'•'"»t Britain, i„ loonJhL '? ^^''^ ^«'' inferior to la 1830 she possessed only 49 ships of the H 98 FRANCE. line, and 31 frigates. Her revenue is about £41,(XA00a, »nd the debt j£ 1 94,400,000 sterling. Gr«at as her resources are, France yields the palm, botn in manufactures and commerce, to Great B"tain. Her sUkTand woollen cloths are, indeed remarkable ^'or the du- rability of their texture and their fine colours ; her aces L^d nens, her plate-glass and porcelains, are m great de mand • and her wines and brandies and prmtcd books are exnorted every where; but several circumstance., among Xh may be remarked deficient means of int^ernal com- luSL^on, the prevalent system of banking, and the regu- Utlon of her currency, combine to circumscribe her trade The great attachment to prohibitory laws and duties evmced bythLuccessiveracesofFrenchstatesmenhasalsoverymuc^^ hampered the development of her fine and various mdustry The manners of the French are extremely agreeable. They a^ lively, good-humoured, polite and attentive to strangers ; and their morals, except in large cities, are at least as pire as those of their neighbours. In literature and sdence ?he French have long held a distinguished place ; but they are more to be admired for graceful elegance, than for subLity of imagination. - P-f^V^h^fd Z^nt After the agitation of the Revolution had subsided, France Gradually returned from the anarchy of republicanism to the Sore settled state of monarchy. Under Bonaparte the mo- Trchy ^as military and absolute. On the restoration o Sourbon family , it was modified into a resemblance of that of BrS? Since the last revolution, which again expelled 1 Bombons and elevated Louis Philippe Duke of Orleans to the throne, the popular influence hasbeen greatly increased. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of France ? Between what de- irrees of latitude and longitude is it situate ? What is. its ex- Sit in length an^ breadtli ? What population does it con- Iain ^ w4t are its provinces ? Into what departments hav Sose provinces been ^divided ? What are the Fmcipal town nf PiSv V Of Normandy, &c ? Name the chief islands of France-its capes-its mountains-its rivers-its foreign IssSs. Where is Pau, Paris, Caen Marseilles, Ver- Ss Naibonne, Dunkirk Calais, Rochelle, Agen, &c.? Wh ; are the Cevennes Mountains, La Rogue, the Se.ne, -' • _ • - -i-~ « ^'^ r^rnp Loire. Beileisle, Bartteur,| '^Z^b^tl''ltf^^V^%<^'^^<=<' of France ? In what part; of *e Sointry IS^pictu^que and beautifulscenery occur ; • >^tr3 Hi j; At what distance from r:,Ui. ^ , wf mountains ? What ext«m7 ^°^^. ^^ traveller meet with semblage of rocks'' wtat'in^^'l^'y '^" enormous ^'s^ "^•Jjntains in France ? ^ "^® «*«' Principal ridges of coumr; dtStVern^^^^ '°^« ^^--e enjoy ? What what difTerence'?"^^^^^^^^^ inuring what months does excess i^Sl ? *^® ^^"t»"al region. th^JT'V^r- ^'^^^^ are the P?eaJ' fpf/ P'"^"? ^'« ^^e south- w/ . -^^^^^^ «viJ« i« hisTar "offh. ""^"'^^ ^'^ ^^e year What IS the general descrimfnn «? i^^ ^?,""*'y exposedf? prevailing productions in th^several , ''? •*'^^ ^ ^^'^^^ "^ 'he poses are great plantations raled in 1, '^"'^' ' ^«^ ^hat pur- By what species of wiJd anfmf ?„ " p^''^^ P^'"' ^f the countVy ? IS remarkable aboutThe Zln^^' l^ ^^^"«« infested ? wLt remarkable natf rircuriosTtv S FrTT 'n ^^^^ " ^he ^Sosl in antiquities ? At what X. a^/T' * ^°^« ^''*nce abound ments of Roman art ? SLndonX^^- ™?'','^'"a^^aWe monu-- provmces are Druidic Intern "K^P*^ f '^^°^' ^^ ^hat anuquity is preserved irthe^a?h'd?.?'if''"J .^^^t relic of . What rank d02s France hoH?nr^.''¥*"*'h of Bayeux ? circumstances contriCe to h-i.-P''^"'^^^ importance ? What recently proved w£t shefs aSo *'^"'^^^^^ ? ««^ has she SlirS^r °"°' of her ar,«y f ^fe "* ^'^^ ? Whatis Sana,V? '^^ ~ o' herTa^v^^^^V4atTh"erri^ ^i^^^,;^^- j^-j|;i^^^^^ and manu. their morals particXlf corr„m ^^ *^? *^^^«^h ? Are n literature and scienc^P For^wL.?^*'^' ^^^'^ ^« they hold chiefly to be admired ? ThroLh whfT ^ ^"^"^^ are they verament of France passe^rcfthltv^tep'" ^'^ ^- DESCRIPTIVE TABLE throutth*'ft^^''^"'^^^' ^nd flows Biscay. ''""^ *° '''^ Bay of A«en(A7h'er,g), atowninGuy.J Agmcourt (Ad'jinkort. or a,>,.„ for^Vh'n^ "'"age in Ar'tois, frrnoiis HenryVof^Fnif "7 gained"b; tober 1415. fop. S ^*'- 100 FRANCE. Aix (Em), an ancient city in Pro- vence, founded by the Roman S;eneral, Calvinus, 120 years be- bre the Christian era. Popula- tion 23,132. Alen^on, a town in Lower Nor- mandy. Population 14,071. Alsace (Awlzawss'), a province in the E. of France. Amiens (Awmyeng'), a town of Picardy, pleasantly situate on the Somme, with a noble cathe- dral. Here a treaty of peace was concluded between the Bri- tish and French, on the 25th March 1802. Pop. 43,032. Angers (AwngzhavO, a city in An- jou, near the junction of the Mayenne and Loire. P. 29,978. Angouleme (Awng-goolaim'), a town in Angouraois. P. 15,305. Angoumois (Ang-goomwaw'>, a province in the \v. of France. Anion (Awngzhoo'), a province S. E. of Bretagne. Aries, a fine ancient city of Lower Provence. Pop. 19,869. Ar'ras, a ?arge and strong town in Artois, on the Scarpe. It is fa- mous for its tapestry. Popula- tion 22,173. Artoia (Art'waw), a province in the N. of France. Auch (Osh), the capital of Gasco- ny, on the Gers. Pop. 10,844. Aurillac (Oreel'yac), a flourishing town In Auvergne, situate on the Jordane. Population 9576. Autun ((Vtung), an ancient city in Burgundy. Population 9936. Auvergne (Ovairn') , a mountainous province in theinteriorof France. Avignon (Avinyong'), a beautiful city in the county of the same name, on the Rhone. Popula- tion 31,180. . „ Auxerr'*, an ancient town in Bur- gundy, with a great trade m wood and wine. Pop. 12,348. BARFLY I7R, a promontory, and small town, on the coast ot Nor- mandy. , , Bay'eux, an ancient town in Lower Normandy, with a magnificent cathedral, in which is the fa- mous piece of tapestry 442 feet long, representing the conquest of England l»y William I. Po- niilatinn 10.0(50. Bayonne (Ba'yon'), a flourishing commercial town in Gascony, at the confluence of the Nive and Adour, 2 miles from the Bay of Biscay. Pop. 13,498. B^arn' (Bayarn'): a small province in the S. W. of France. B^awcair'e, a town in Languedoc, in V hich is held one of the great- est fairs in France. , , ^ „. Belleisle (Belleel'), an island oft the S. coast of Bretagne, 15 mile» long, and from 5 to 12 broad. Population 5570. . Ber'ri, a province in the interior ot France. Besancon (Bezangsong'), the prin- cipal town of Franchc Comte, situate on the river Doubs. It is a large, ancient, and well-for- tified city. Pop. 28,795. Beziers, an ancient city of Lower Languedoc. Pop. 16,515. Blois (Bloaw'), an ancient city m Orl6annai», situate on the Loire. Pop. 11,337. , ^ Boulogne (Boolo'ne), an ancient seaport on the coast of Picardy. Population 19,314. Bourbonnois (Boor'bonay), a pro- vince and duchy in the interior. Bordeaux (BordC), one of the largest and most opulent cities in France, and the capital of Guvenne, on the Garonne. It carries on an ext nslve com- merce in the wine of the neigh- bouring country. The poet Au- sonius, Montaigne, and Montes- quieu, were natives of this place. Pop. 93,549. .^ _ Bourges (Boorzh), a considerable town in Berri, at the conflux of the Evre and Auron. Louis XI. was born here. Pop. 19,500. Brest, a large seaport in Bretagne, the chief station of the French navy, with one of the best har- bours in Europe. Pop. 26,655. Bretagne (Bretan'). one of the largest provinces of France, oc- cupying its N. W. corner. Bur'gundy, a province in the E. of the kingdom, celebrated for its fine wines. CAEN (Kang), a town in Nor- mandy, the seat of a university. Here William the Conqueror was interred. Pop. .38,161. Calais (Calay', or Cal'Us), a sea- port in Picardy, nearly opposite to Dover. After a memorable siege, it surrendered iu Edwsr^i III. of England, and remained in the possession of the EngUsh FHANCE. 101 French Flander" ^^^J^?^*?. '" I ^^Uon (Deezhong') city of Kiir,TM«^„ French Flandpr* anl" -. — Jantal' ;i ,.i,„;l'" „ • rnntTi' '°^ ^^'^^^l. '"""• ^reDHion were natives ftn A ' Cevennes (Cevein ^ ^JJy^So. mountain^ in tiV'NEory °^ guedoc. remark!h^l-?:?LL«n CJialons (ShalongO, 12 41 near 01 abdication. Pon 7J.nn "^^^'y , terr °" •""»"'- w^rSfes ^?X'''p?re«™ flows K w Vk . Pyrenees, ofScl^''°^'"^^*"*^«S.W. ^wTh"'S*'<^^"«Zhenneng') . Nf'fef pl73"f„^^r ^ ^^ ™"e« a fine forest H^l^f '''""'^^ ^^ EngIanSo?dTriirh?s ihf Popu lation 9000 "®* renn'hi/i „ *. .' ^ Pop. 3017. o?a?„lf ^" if "^ 1° *he N. _^, aiuinia. It IS about Ho >!me. PopuJation°>i.M9 ^° fifair/^ o ,.1.....' „ « *• E. ot France. which the En^li.hLT-^"'!^* "ear naval vicfory^'''^ ^^"''^ ^ S^^^t moua^rn-^-^^/^./er^at chain of 'cn IS 6636 feet above the sea. h2 102 FRANCE. LA MARCH E (Lah Marsh'), an interior province of France. Languedoc(Lang-gdok'), an exten- sile and fine province in the b. Lille (Leel), a city on the Deule, in French Flanders, one of the strongest fortified places m t.\i- rope. Population 69,860. . Limoges (Leemozh'), a town m Li- inosin, the birth-place of Mar- montel. Pop. 25,612. Limosin (Leemo'zeng), an interior LSS^SwrO. a large river which rises in the Cevennes, and, flow- ing through Lyonnois, Burgun- dy. Nivernois, Orleannois, Tou- raine Anion, and Bretagne, falls S the Bay of Biscay after a course of 500 miles. L'Orient (L'O'riawng), a seaport m Bretagne. Pop. 15,31": ^ ^ „ Lorrain'e, a province m the N. L. Louvieres, a town in Normandy, ^the seat of the finest ^«^Uen ma- nufacture in France. P. v2 U. LuneviUe (LoonveeV), a handsome tSwn in iorraine. well known by the treaty ^between Austria and France in 1901. Pop. 12,378. L^Jmois (Leeonay). a province Ly'SnML^e5ng'),alargeandflou- ^fflng city in L^S foJmTb? ^ ar,d_Spa,„. Perdu i. ILs^J'-g townofR;i»: '* .*^ principal ViTa ne a?S"^' ^^^^^^on the the III!' ^l"\confluence with Rhe VRl^ ^oP">ation 29,37? Sre^'loTand.X^''^^^^ &Va^g^;enC«^"J-»tcityin <^oliegi;ffitt'/ee''of1lf/'y^' ^n?ate of France Pop 34 L-?"" Europe. Sext to fhfff* 'j^^^ i" Volga. It takpVf^ Danube and St Gothard In ^'*1"'? »" J^ont forn^rin 'a\Jif^^"^^d' «nd course thp hf !,* P^*"* o^ 'Is ^ran?e S o'erman^ 'r?TH^^» passes into f Ha lyrfK^', ^* ^^en lamer nf,K-*T° branches, the vEi .> "^^'^^^ ^'^ called the (A S '^"n"«'' with the German It, ,!:*:':'*"A!«*ter a course of 7nnT!.??5" £grth\"^v^;\-,\'^^^^^ Burgundy from Dauph ^1?! course is then due SV separating allM a cour.0 of ImZtaU. fer/fir„e'»^ •" naval st.u„™°„f°/,Ji»„'"Sf lation 1:^,909. P"" fSSS^L<"'''^^^'>» ^ strongly.for. ^^'5" TES (Sengt), the chief town Squufrth'/r^/"^^ Of grtatTn" ^ntW"^'^"^^'^'^ province Saumur, a town on the Loire a. Sedan' a town on the Meme, noted , PopXU^t?"oranufarS? Champagne, the Isle iTFraS and Normandv. fall« ;» " lu? ii-iigiish Channel. """ *""' "'*-■ ievr^, a river in Poltou, which 104 SPAIN. SoiBnons (Swasong'), a very ancient town m the Isle of Fraoce, the capital of Clovis. the first king of France. Population 7483. Sommff, a river which rises in Pi- cardy, and flows westward to the English Channel. Stras'boiirg, a city in Alsace. Its cathedral is.oneof the finest spe- cimens of Gothic architecture in the world, with a tower 470 feet in height. Population 49,707. THIONVILLE (Teeongveer), a fortified town in Lorraine, on the Moselle. Population 5821. Toulon (Toolong'), a seaport on the Mediterranean, in Provence, and one of the most important naval stations in France. P. 30,171. Toulouse (Toolooz'), the capital of Languedoc, on tne Garonne, an important city, and of great an- tiquity. Population ,53,319. Toui.-.i'''' a rich inland province of '"iJiafte, on the Loire. Tours (T«brs), the cliief town of Touvjune, finely situate on the Loire. Population 20,920. Troyes (Tro'aw), an ancient town in Champagne, on the Seine. • Population 25,.587. Tulle (Twl), a city in Limosin, at the confluence of the Corr^ze and Solane. Population 8479. VALENCE (Valangss'), a town in Dauphin^, on the Rhone. Po- pulation 10,283. Valencien'nw, a very strong town in French Flanders. The allies besieged it without success in 1792. Population 19,811. Vannes, a seaport in Brittany. Po- pulation 11,289. Vendue (Vangday')i a river of Poi- tou.— A department in the same province, celebrated for the he- roic stand in favour of tlie royal- ist cause which was made there at the beginning of the Revolu- tion. Versailles (Versailz'), atown in the Isle of France, with a magnifi- cent royal palace, 12 miles from Paris, W. by S. Pop. 29,701. ^Vienn'e, a town in Dauphin^, on ! the Rhone. Pop, 13,780. .Vilain'e, a considerable river in Brctagne. Uniting with the Ille, it falls into the Atlantic, after a course of 1 40 miles. Vosges (Vozh), a great chain of mountains in the E. of France, extending, in a line nearly pa- rallel to the Rhine, from Basle to Spire. Tilt d'Ours, the high- est peak, is 4580 feet. USHANT, (Ooshang'% a small isluud off the coast or Bretagne. SPAIN Is boiHidcd N. by the Bay of Biscay, and the Py- renees which separate it from France ; W. by Por- tugal and the Atlantic Ocean ; and S. and E. by the-Mediterranean. It extends from 36° to 43° 46' N. Lat., and from 9° 13' W. to S° 15' E. Long., being 650 miles in length from East to West, and 556 miles in breadth from North to South. In- cluding the islands in the Mediterranean, its popu- lation may be computed at thirteen miliioub-. Provinces. Chief Towns. Oalicia St Jago de Compostella, Corunna, Vigc, Ferrol. Asturias O viedo, Santillana. 1 .o/^n I .orkn Aatfiftra Soloiinflnra. Valljulr 1 Ifl. Old Castile Burgos. Biscay Bilboa, St Se^jastian, Vittoria. IS A C, V, Ni Ei Ar Or Ml Rema the most in tJiose might be The lofty barrier, is receives t to the Ba "^ secondi *he middl *»'ards to ( other chai Atlantic ; Toledo, S «ach of th, enplncr. n "-, lie SPA IV. m -Navarre.... p ^owna. ll ,4i-ragon....;;; ™ipeluna, Estella. tJatalonia... ^^^^ossa. Valentia... ^*[<^eJ«na, Tortosa, Tarrax^nnn Estremadura. '" r^J^^^^^ Toledo, Talavera Andaiusia":^:;;;;;;;^^^^^^^^^^^ wanada... -^eviiie Cadiz, Cordova ftihloi* Mountains of cITt^rT' ' ^"'""'"■'"•'f Asturias Remarks. ~~.\Vith tu^ ' — the most -ounVa nois eSv "" f «-''*-«riand, Spain fs - Uu,se wild, n,ag"St;id" bS?^ ihe lohy range of the Pyre^ee fL^"^"' '*' ^"^ ^ ^^^n^^t^. barrier, ,s continued throu Jh t hi' ^'"^ '*« north-eastern enH„ J "'^^'''^'''''e plains whiph .i,„„!^'^- Through 5f'« 106 >■■ SPAIN. Castile, is an devated table-land, containing sereral towns at a great height above the level of the sea. Madrid is 2200 feet, and St lidefonso 3800 feet above that level ; being the most elevated royal residence in Europe. In a country so mountainous as Spain, the climate is ne- cessarily various. In the valleys and low grounds, the heat, during the summer months, is excessive ; and the low dis- tricts of Andalusia, Murcia, and part of Valencia, are vi- sited by a scorching wind from Africa, called the Solano^ similar in its effects to the Sirocco of Italy and Greece. On the elevated grounds the temperature is cooler; and the interior is subject to piercing winds, which prevent the pro- duction of many fruits that thrive in the more northern la- titudes of Italy. The soil of Spain is, in general, fertile ; especially where irrigation can be employed. Besides wheat, maize, rice, hemp and flax of the finest quality, oats, and barley, — the usual products of southern latitudes, viz. olives, figs, vines, oranges, lemons, and sugar-cane, are found in Spain in great abundance. The vales on the eastern coast are par- ticularly remarkable for their fertility and perpetual suc- cession of crops. Its wine^, particularly those of Xeres, called Sherry, enjoy an extensive demand abroad. Agriculture is in a great measure neglected in many parts of Spain, for the rearing of flocks of Merino sheep, the wool of which is particularly valuable. These sheep are privileged to travel from one province to another, as the season and pasture require. The number which the country maintains is computed at 5,000,000. The horses, especially of Andalusia, have long been famous ; and the mules are likewise superior to those of oth^r countries. The bulls are remarkable for their fierceness ; and bull-feasts, or combats between bulls and men, are the favourite and most magni- ficent spectacles of the Spaniards. Wolves are the principal beasts of prey. The minerals of Spain are extremely valuable ; but since the discovery of the richer mines of America, they have been almost entirely neglected. A silver-mine is still wrought at Guadalcanal, in the province of Estremadura; iron abounds in many parts of the country— the iron-works of Arragon, Asturias, and particularly Biscay, have long been famous. Copper, tin, lead, and quicksilver, may be men- tioned among the other products of its mines. The manufactures and commerce of Spain are in a very languishing state ; and they must continue to languish while parate New ^^ ^pain ? ' ^hat is t SPAIN. Although it abounds whh.l ^ * "fetched eovernmB„. clo.h and other wo^lk"" '*^«'?«'. ""''I. Partff "sbToTd .■^"hoURhitsnilnesof ronl5 '•' ""P""*'* «-om bS„" The Roman Catholic veld?" '"'"'' ^°'"'»'ons. '^ . *«^»inds of the pe:p7e « "" '""«'^' """"itei sw^/over" TrSar;'°''»''«"'" '"^O.""' '" ""en here i„ S """ "■« -".or or Don ^.ir^st.^;?:: - What h ^^EflciSES. W'he"e7oe5,LiT'*"-? ' '"'*''''''!"»'<^'. «ajorea, fetltn'^'h-a-eotaell.ilnt" <"-«»« doe, it 108 SPAIN. of the Pyrenees called the Cantabrian chain. Describe the Iberian chain. What mountain-ranges stretch westward from this chain till they reach the Atlantic ? Wiiat is remaTkable about the valleys which those mountains enclose ? n hat is remarkable about the central part of Spain ? ^^ , What varieties of climate occur in Spain ? Of what na- ture is its soil ? What are its productions ? For what a»-e the vales on the eastern coast remarkable ? From what cause is aericulture much neglected in many parts of Spain ? What privilege is given to these sheep ? What number of them does the country maintain ? For what other domestic ani- mals is Spain famous ? What are the favourite spectacles ot the Spaniards ? , , i- o • u Since what time have the mineral treasures of Spain been almost entirely neglected? Where is a silver-mine still wrought ? What are its most famous iron-works ? What are the other products of its mines ? ^ r, n In what state are its commerce and manufactures ? Uoes Spain reap the full advantage of its abundance in wool and iron ? What are its principal manufactures ? By what cir- cumstance has its commerce been nearly annihilated ? What is the established religion of Spain ? What is the form of its government ? By whom is the power of the sove- reign in some degree controlled ? When was the Inquisition abolished ? . , . , o wru„f What qualities characterize the national manners ? W hat is the national vice of the Spaniards ? What is the present number of the Spanish universities .'' Can Spain boast of any eminent literary characters ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. ALCALA DE HENARES, a town in New Castile, with a university ; it is the birth-place , of Cervantes. Population 4760. Alcanta'ra, a town and district in Estremadura. Population 3000. Alicant', a very important mari- time town on the Meditorranean, in Valentia. Pop. 2.5,000. Alman'za, a town in Murcia, with a strong castle, near which a great battle was fought between the French and English in 1707. Andalu'sia,a large province in t h eS. Ar'ragon, a province in the N. E. A^'tor'ga, a city of great antiquity in Leon. Astu'rias, a province in the N. W. i}n.X-7njV/C3 \ISI. iiav. r.jvr-., j_rn-.iK j^—j or Bad'ahoB), a strong town, the capital of Estremadura, beauti- fully situate on the Guadiana. It was the Pax Augusta of the Romans. Population 14,000. Barcelo'na, the capital of Catalo- nia, one of the strongest and most important cities of Spain. It stands on the Mediterranean, and carries on an extensive com- merce. Pop. upwards of 140,000. Bilbo'a, the capital of Biscay, on a navigable river, about 6 miles from the sea. Its commerce is extensive, particularly in wool. Population 15,000. Bis'cav, a province in the N. Burgos, the capital of Old Castile, formerly the residence of the kings of Castile. Pop. 11,000. CA'DIZ, the principal seaport of Spain, situate on an island in Andalusia^ and which attained grearwealth by the commerce of America, but it has now great- ly declined. Population 40,000. Cflrtha the] tiflod of tli It Wil nian latior Castilv, CastilV, S. of ( Catalo'n Sl)ain. Compost tal of < bishop, ofSt Ji Cordova, erlytht dom. I tracrdii Corun'na, where ! ter repu army. the Gro Hum of Cuen'5«, i ^Populati doUro ( which ri Arragon, the Atla than half ^ the whoh EB'RO, a J on the bo flows S. 1 S- of Bisc^ and Catal ranean. Rstel'ia, a sii i-stremadu'r, frontier of Euro'paPoin mityofSpi FERKOL'.a withanexc( ^.iy fortiiied. figu'erai, th Spanish :or Catalonia. ^laisterr'e, C< w!y point ol . of Galicia. tormente'ra, ( , 'sland8.E.of GALI'ClA.ap J . *• W. extrpm K^ibraJ'tar.aniii fnes. ofAnd « has been ir SPAIN. 109 }'/ ti.e Lest lur&fn'Kn""" , " • J was founded by the r^r^h^'?* ^'J'«n. a se^nort n;\ t "'^ ^''"^'»' palace, called fh- K'W^^' ^''oso tf>e mo8? Send S ^"'^'"bra, i« Arabic arBn » ^^^^^rnentot ^PopuIatioTs'oS?^^ ^^'^""«- ^nd NevJ^rramf fl""'''^ ^^°'^"* ^«- "I- owSsIl:"""'' '"•"'"■«. tS"' "" ~- E- province „, B RO. a Jar«e riv.r u,..,„P!- I Moorisl, kingdomf^'pop ^jS'^.^^d ^ tJiN, a province nn »h„ i:„'^''"- «//mof the ancients. pTi'?,?;;;' flows sT ",";," °' y Unas : and rif er"'"?ie ';'^Sr ir/ *a.iW. ;ortre8«°,"S -h ° E o? ™»Krre, Cape, the iionh.«4,f I &£"'"•»'"• »■'"'■' St J sVe?t'.±'S,i"„ "-"^''a. the riK''ofZW°^^"Si,e,si„ ' ''ha'-Se^t''i:,l^J,'"«"M" M^aJaga, alargecityinGn^nada. I province th7/I^ •^'^^'i'*' ^^ the sequence, but nn«r Ti ^ ?**"" , Population 7000 ^ <^«caying. defeated Pomlffv^' ^^^'^ Caesar , ranius and pS'/^^^f '«. Af. MADRID' the cSj .K-J^,'^*^' iialea/4";4.0miTesfoni''"^J^^ ^'^^ ly as broad ifSl;^"** "ear- tain is 'imn f t "'^"est moun- Pn"nf.H2?,?fL«bove the sea. "S^J^I^'f -a. „, 110 SPAIN. on the coait of the Mcditerra- nean. It In noted tor its iiweet wim>« and fruit. Pop. .')12,:nn. Man'chH, ba, a large pastoral dis- trict in New Castile, the scene ot Don Quixote's adventures. Mei'lda, a town in Estreniadura, on the Guadiana. It wa» the Auguita Evurita of the llo- mans. Population 4500. Min'ho, a river which rises in the N. of Galicia, near Mondonedo, flows S. through Galicia, forms the boundary between that pro- vince and Portugal, and falls into the Atlantic. Winor'ca, in the Mediterranean, the second of the Balearic islands, about .'57 miles E. from Majorca. The highest elevation Is 4760 feet. It has a very strong harbour, and for about halfot last century was in the possession ot Britain. Population .'51,000. MonUerrat', a large and lotty mountain in Catalonia, remark- able for its hermitages and a mo- nastery of Benedictin^. Mur'cia, a province in the S. t.— The capital of the province, beau- tifUUy situate on the Segura. Population 35,000. Murvie'dro, a strong fortress of Va- lentia, the ancient Saguntum. Population 6910. . ,^ ^^ N AVARR'£, a province m the N. OR'TEGAL, Cape, on the N. coast of Galicia. OVie'do, the principal town ot AS- tunas, the seat of a univemty, and a bishop's see. Pop. 7405. PAL'MA, the chief town m the island of Majorca. Pop. 30,000. Palos, Cape, a promontory in the E. of Murcia. , ^, pampelu'na, or Pamplo'na, the principal town of Navarre, on the Arga,and a very strong fortress. Its castle, garrisoned by the PYcnch, was reduced by the Bri- tislfcarmv, 3l8t October 1813. PoAlation 14,000. REira, a manufacturing town m Catalonia. Population dO.OOO SALAMAN'CA.acity inLeon, the seat of a celebrated university. The French, um'or Marmont, were here completeljr defeat^ by Yveiiingloii, er^a. JUiy it3i~ Population 13,600. PantiUa'na, a town in AsturiM. Saragois'a, the principal city ot Arragon, on the Ebro, celebrated for tne heroism of its citi'/ei»« in sustaining the "It-Rt-s »{' V'^' Irench, lSl-8-9. Pop. ^-i.OOO. Scbas'tiiiii, St, a seaport in Biscny, strongly fortified. It was w rest- ed fVom the French by Lord l.ynedoch, 3lst August 181j. Population 12,000. Segu'ra, River, traverses Murcia, and foils into the Mediterranean. Sc'villc, the capital of Andalusia, and the second town of Spain, ontheGuadalquiver. P. 100,000. Sier'ra More'na, or Brown Moun- tains, separate New Castile from Andalusia. Sier'ra Neva'da, or Snowy Moun- tains, in Granada. Mulhacen, their loftiest summit, is ll,t<78 tt. TA'GUS.the largebt river in Symin, issuing from the mountains be- tween Castile and Arragon, flows through New Castile and the Estremaduras to the Atlantic. Talave'ra, a town in New Castile, on the Tagua. Here the !• rench were defeated by the British, m a sanguinary conflict, 27th and 28th July 1809. Pop. 5000. TarragCna, a very ancient and strong seaport in Catalonia, the seatofauniverslty.andabishop s see. Population 7500. Toledo, a city in New Castile, on the Tagus, long famous for the manufacture of sword-blades. The archbishop of Toledo is primate of Spain. One of the churches of this city was for- merly a Roman theatre, and the remains are still extensive i the roof is supported by 360 pillars of beautiful marble. Pop. 25,000. Torto'sa, a tQwn in Catalonia, on the Ebro,— a bishop's see. Po- pulation 10,700. VALEN'TIA.amaritimeprovmce in the E.— The capital ot the pro- vince, a very ancient and import- ant city at the mouth of the Gua- dalaviar, the seat of a university, and a bishop's see. Pop. 80,000. Valladolid', a city in Leon, the seat of a university and courts | of justice, and a bishop's see. Population 30,000. . : . , Vi'go, a small seaport m.(^lic!3, n.ifK Jin excellent h.ivbotir. L VittoTia, a town in i-.iscav, wlitrei the French gpneral, .»ounlai),l was defeated by Wellington m n ^^0 miies. Population upvvirof^^^^^^^ •r.'^^^'' _, Province«. "pvvarUs of three nnllions, ^f/'a-... ;:::: .^^^W^^** Miranda. Jb'Stremadura Jr^oimbra. St Vlnlt;;:^'' "' ^''''^°' Ca,« Espichcl, Cape ^0TOTA,N8._Sierra de Estrella G"»diana. C Jao„ • ^"'''"' ^»"''<'^<'. Tagu,. Madeira, Moz^tnhCl iJn i""^' .^^^ ^'»'<^. Remarks Traver-*.,! k~ 112 PORTUGAL. The mineral treasures of this country, like those of Spain, have been neglected since the discovery of the richer mines of America. Its manufactures and agriculture are in a state of backwardness almost incredible. Wine is the staple ma- nufacture of the country, and is exported in great quantities, chiefly to Great Britain. The other exports are oil, fruits, and cork. In return for these exports, Great Britain, to which the commerce of Portugal is almost wholly confined, sends woollen cloths, linen, cotton, hardware, and various other articles. The Portuguese are no less attached than the Spaniards to the Roman Catholic religion. Their ecclesiastics form a large proportion of the population ; and possess much of the land and opulence of the country. The government, till lately, was an absolute monarchy ; and although a more limited form of royalty was introduced, and supported by the influence of Britain, the people seemed in general attached to their ancient form of government, which has since been re-established. The manners of the } ortuguese in the northern and south- ern provinces are almost as different as if they were distinct nations. In the north they are industrious and blunt ; in the south, polite, but indolent. A want of regard to clean- liness is general. The ladies still ply the distaff in spin- ning ; and in many places retain the oriental fashion of sit- ting upon cushions on the floor. Education is much neglected in Portugal ; although some efforts have lately been made by government for its improve- ment. It has two universities, that of Coimbra, founded in 1308, and pretty numerously attended ; and that of Evora, on a smaller scale, founded in 1533. Camoens, author of a celebrated epic poem called the Lusiad, is the brightest star of Portuguese literature. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Portugal ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is it situate ? What is its extent in lengi and breadth ? What population does it contain ? Into what provinces is it divided ? What are its principal towns ? Name its capes ; mountains; rivers; foreign possessions. Where is Evora, Oporto, Miranda, Braganza, Lisbon, &c. ? Where is Cape Espichel, Cap St Vincent, the Cadaon, Mon- dego, &c. ? . . , 2 What country does Portugal resemble m its general aspect.^ WTiat is the nature of its soil r What crops arc rai.^cu lu its different regions ? What fruit-trees iare common in this coun- try ? What kind of climate does it enjoy ? Is much attention aTu\'^'K^' *^"t1f'^«i°;*e P«n4u«eP What li.e«tu.e"? '"" "-"ho, « .he brighter f t^^^^J-^J --^^ B'-%an'2a. an anSt town in t- ^^ovI the s^i ^'"^'^* ^^^^ *"eet *« in the s^?' J,"''5'.«'Wcll intheN W sS"*' ^ Province imports/betwi*"?!^' f ^^e name „and Minha ^ t^^'iversDouro „ebovethetea "'^ ^^^ feet tstremadu'ra •»*» :«,. . ...A*'«e provS'ce^n'Thr,^,^/" ™ari. --^^n.. Sierra de^-a^Vange Of 'nountains inVira ^.n'''"^^ «'" f«ct high. At uf«'^f'.f„^"^»' 7000 , lation 2(i0,000. * '^^P"- OPOR-f S SLV" t^e Atlantic. exportation of that kiS ^^ J^^ which has rece ivii i- ^^ °^ *^n« name of J^f^pf^ Jfow i' the Estremad.'.r^' ^i^il^. f town in for 4 grval naval ifi'^.Tl' ^a'no"* i]4 swrrzBBLAND. ^ c. T »,« I M E eeparatod from Spain l>y 14th February 1797, by Sir John f^^^J^^^''' Jarvis, afterwards created Earl 1 {Jfj^ErRA^townofEstrernadu. 8t Vincent. ^ _. P ,' celebrated for the signal vie- TA'GUS. See Spain, p. 110. Jn^v-caiiied there by the Duke Tavi'ra. or Tavi'la. a fortified sea- 7>^«tuniton over 'junot, 2lBt port in Algarva. PoP- «f \"- .,,. August 1808. Tras-os-Montes, a province in the l Augu SWITZERLAND Is bounded N. and E. by Germany, S-^y Italy, and W. by France. It is situate betvveen 4^ 50 and 47° 46' N. Lat., and betvreen 6; 5' and 10 35 E Lon,. Its length, from^Mount J-a t. ^^^^^ rol, is 205 miles; its breadth, ^^^ Comoro ^'^^^^ Rhine, 125 miles. Population by the census into thirteen cantons; but since the year 1815, it %a& been divided into twenty-two, viz.— Chief Towns. c u «•?"'""« .-. SchafFhausen. Schaffhausen Frauenfeldt. Thurgovia ;;;:zurich. Argovia or Argau • g^^^^ Basle ••••• Snleure. Solothurn or Soleure g>j;.^^^ rphun. ^erne. ..Lucerne. }^^cexne '.'Z...Zng. ^"g ••:;•• Schweitz. Schweitz •••• St Gall. " 8t trail.. ...Appenzel. Appenzel ; ^jf^^g, J>%"» ; Altorf. Underwalden Fribourg. Fnbourg... y Neufchatel. Neufchatel... • • Lausanne, Vevay. . Pays de Vaud • ^.^^^^^^ s ^^^7^ ;;;;;: sion. JJlH*^**" Lugano. • Jieino ;; c^gg. Orisons ^^ ^ . _ ai Mountains. -«»^-^^«" Ains: weivetmn ...p including Mont Rosa, Schrekhorn, Simplon, Mont lipililp Spain by 8tremadu- signal vic- the Duke unot, 21»t y Italy, 45° 50' , 10° 35' the Ty- to the ensus of r divided 1815, it ns. Lsen. dt. bun. L. tel. e, Vevay. Al..« 5lian ^-i.ip> lion, Mont ■ crland SWiTZEIlLANDi |25 in Eu7op1r~AT' ATo'r?„^ '^ ""' ■"?' mo„ma!„ous country These moumains^oS^lc '"'^ P"' °'" "' '"■""'<>■•• pendous height of 15 MO f J^ "5^ '"'*'""''' '" ">e stu- tion unknown in oiher^nl? • *"'' ^^'^''^ "> »° «'"«- tinent, present to °heX°rern?-,''H *""•"' "^ '"* ^^"^ -^o"" able scenes of unrivalled sihL-. ^ P'«'"-'=^-J>'e innumer. beauty. I„ many respects "r'/^"'' ''^ '''" 8''"«»' the most interentin, Pn^m!-' t^^f ^""l^rland is one of or the phUosX^ontemXrH '■'''"''''" "" "«'- variety of aspect from .hT"^ ; ?"* »"""■<' "'a" "ery" enchanting sweetneT Th"°" »"'^"',S'^'«1«'"'- to themos^ or ice-fields of t^errf;iest^T'"'"V"''' ^"°"»- "-« glaciers, of snow, fallbK like mn .m^!""'', *^ "«'«■«''>", or masses dations, 'the boS mgg^^re Se'tbTH"''!.'"'" "^"'^ ''<'"- the roaring torrent, STudrbits.r^^n"^ T'"'' ""'' more peaceful scenes below ,h. • i '5."'"'"*' '° ">« yard and the corn-field IZ^^ '"'"'* """"lland, the vine- cottages and crjs al sir'rh " t' "'i** "' ^™""« form a grand and intereSr„% T '''.'' ""^ Switzerland »omeof .he noblt, rhrrfin^E^rr •" "» '""Escape , and tains and „ind alon^rvlf """" '""^ '">•" "^ "«"">- themLriru^Sthstlr^^ I" and valleys often b^Z K, . 7 '"'' V"^ ' ™ *e plains ««ry difficulty •anS; ,""' '"''•'"'y here triumphs over clothed with Ji;,evard wh?r l" T^' """ ^"""i"-' "-d" «ot be expected to ffrow In ""^^''Kl't^'t herbage could «We except to U^e^Tb^v" fl^^'^'l ^'■'^'PP^" '"«««- B«idesU,ecommo„ kLTnf •'"''c"?'' >->■ «••« Plo-gh- abundance of flnTfrui ^^ p',?!*-'"' Switzerland produces Smss chiefly depend "' " " °" "'"■'• «""« «hat the ^"""-orr™irofirrT'"t^ i^ ""-» - swi,z- m tne cold of Lapland or Iceland to the exces- 116 SWITZERLAND. sive heat of Italy or Spain. The weather, too, is subject to sudden and violent changes. . Among the animals that Sequent the Alps may be m tioned the ibex, or rock-goat, which will ^^^^^^^^. springs a perpendicular rock fi^^^"/^^^; f,;;Xmois, lile an elastic ball when struck against a wall j ^he jham ^ a species of antelope ; and the marmot, which is oiten in a torpid state during winter. ^vnected in so Me Js are loss '^-''-^Tl^^^jt nes%"& ; but mountainous a country, iiii cnn-i "■■ silver, copper, and lead are »)^° '° ''^^'f "„n„ji„„ y,,, been The chief manufacture is linen *" "* '°"°" " lately introduced to a great exten^n the ^ rs-ctl^d re:;iStr ai->- of Nei.fcha^^^^^^^ Geneva. S»i.zerland ^a^ - -/^ ""' -de is^ca ^ ^^ ^eans Tir^X 'i-s, Jnd the Rhine; and »ith ^X:rTX:S%*e brav. a^^^^^^^^^^ TpII threw off the Austrian yoke m 1315, the form ot their leli, threw on me a j ^^j ^^ch canton was covernmrnt has been a tederai ^t^puu fegulated oyits own laws and «^«gf "^^^^^^^ ^"^^f .^^'e^ ™ "^^ tuallv bound to assist and protect each other m case oi tuaiiy Douuu w « -.^vernment was set aside when the -:-ry?:surrd=noft^^^^^^^^^^^^ field. An army «f . ^3 °00 me^ can tn ^^^ ,^ instantaneously ; although the wnoie revc r hardly exceeds £fO^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ Catholic religion is In ught of ^he cantons ^"^ ^ j ^^^^ remaining ^'sSidtV froisaUty, honesty, bravery, and a strong at- £b"rmeT,"Ge5ner, Haller, llousseau, Neckei, i^avatcr, c... ^f^wmmmmfg/m iibject to be men- at three )ounding chamois, en found ;ed in so ron; but has been I cantons ; chmaking hatel and is carried jrlands by and with I patriotic m of their :anton was I were mu- in case of e when the but it has ission, each len to the sed almost he republic I religion is remaining , but, of the se- fifths are a strong at- s of this in- j advantages in Scotland, istinguished lius the re. SWITZERLAND. Jjy EXERCISES. extent in length and breS" wl 'f '"""« ? "'h*' is its tain ? IntoL^ many cantons i7ulP.i W™>' " ™"- Wliat are their principal towns ? N.™ •'''' ^ ^""^ 'hem. laies; its rivers. #hereTFr».>™f Vl"!"'"""'*'''^! i'» AltoTt; Coire, &c.? Where doart£''pV*'"'"^' ^"S™", par??ft i: otup^feT^ tH^^f if-"-' and P What mouma ns give to the iandscMi. ? aS*' character do their the Swiss chiefly dependV WhJT 9{^^^^^ rural wealth do perienced in S witzerknd ? E„!f ""*'"' f l""^^^^ are ex- animals that frequent the Alps '^' remarkable cipd'^atJS^^^^^^^ ? What are its prin- does Switzerland cairy on tride ?'^"'''"'^ ^"^ ^3^ ^hat rU?s was it t"s?m/tfmefet^Tde r h''^ '-"^^^^^-^ ? When case of foreign aggressfo„ ? Vi^h.ffr '' ^" arm v raised iS almost instentanfLlytfdiefieJdp'^h'^ Switzerland ? What are X .k • "?* ^^ ^^^^ religion of Swiss ? In whaVsta e ff elcatir'''"''^" .qualities Vthl jon^e of the scientific a?dW^^^^ '^"1!.^ ^«"tion land has produced. ^ characters which Switzer- S E neT^"" '^^'^^ '•'«es in the the klf«?^^r"^' ^"'^ flows through the lakes of Brientz and Thun" aneeT^'"'^'^ •*"'* stupendous wnge ot mountains, twoorinri pal chains of which 4reTSe^Rh« the H>V'" '^« Grisons. aifd lai! ^^^l^etian Alps, in the Va ^^^^nd^then£u.ern^;!S: 'wlii^''^"** of Uri, situate <:w)e, femoiM fbr the noble re- DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. sistance of William TeJl to th« S.'^"i Geisler. which laid thl foundation of the indeoend Ap'penzel', r canton in the N.E. -The principal town of the can! ton, situate on the Sitter a tn butary of the Rhinef Pop'. 3000" Argau. a canton in the N. which derives its name from the Aa^. in cne N.VV — The caoital nftu^ canjon, on the Ithinb. the Veat S^.^^^'V^ersity, and the birth- gace of several eminent men Population 16,420. Befnard. Great St, oneofthe Alp« 118 SWITZERLAND. in the S. of Valais, towering to the height of 11,116 feet. Bem'e, a large canton in the inte- rior.— Fhe capital of the canton and of Switzerland, an elegant town on the Aar, the seat of a college, and the birth-place of the celebrated Haller. Pop. 18,000. Bienn'e, Lake of, between Soleure and Neufchatel. Brientz', Lake of, in Berne, not far from the source ot the Aar. COIR'£, the principal town ot ihe Grisons. Population 3.350. Constanc'e, Lake of, or Bodensee , in the N. E. between Switzer- land and Germany. It is ^5 miles long, and 12 broad. The Rhine flows through it. FRAU'ENFELDT, situate on a branch of the Thur, the capital of Thurgovia. Pop. 8i)0. Friboure (pr. Free'botirg'), a can- ton W. of Beine.— The capital of the canton, most romantically situate on the Sane. Pop. 6500. GALL, St, a canton S. of Lake Constance.— The capital of the canton, a place of considerable trade. Pop. nearly 10,000. Gene'va, a small canton m the S W. Oeiie'va Lake of, the largest in Switzerland, being 50 miles m length, and 10 in breadth. It is 1230 feet above the sea, and m some places its depth is 1000 feet. Its scenery is peculiarly beauti- ful and magnificent. Geneva, the capital of the canton, beatifuUy situate at the outlet of the Rhone from the lake. In its moral character it is one of the most important cities in Eu- rope. It was here that Calvin resided while he laboured in es- tablishing the Reformation. It is the birth-place broad, I9)n fil'"'/^' '''"?' «ea,and.']5oS£«l'«vethe Thurgovia (Tureo'viff* intheN. E ^* a canton Ti^cl'no, a canton in tho ng its name from Vh '■ *'^'"'^- valais (Va3; sistingpSeTpanVnf'A?*''"^"''- flows betwefn ^nrU't*'^^ '^^""^ tains, "^^^^^^n ^ery high moun- ts? Alps iri'Berne rS/;i^,«f ^^ins. """^^" ^^^^ '^igh moun: two of the forpcf f " URI,^ S. Of the Uk?o ISC 'th'''^ are verv TYioi,«*„- ™^* ^hey tween St Gall^and ^J^^^ '^*^- nected with thp r fi^^^P^' ^on- bytheSmat'"^^^^^^^^^^^^ l-^xl^ILS^iili'^einte. racywasSfo'rn.ed"anS"S- ^ven ts name in, *k "J^^^ countrv.-The caDi?«l n/.i,'"'^"'^ Simplon, one of the highest monn terns in Switzerland? ovir wh?rh Sa^'^oaTtf^^^^^^^ town of the V.r- ''• .*^« c^ief the RW« Valais, situate on '3e^ ?„Ug-,ro„6--a,, rior.-fhe canffT'Vl!! *^^ '"*«- ^ ^.- -^.v, ..ct aoove the sea " " ^«P- ^SOof-^ttil^^Vanton. which issues namp tj,^ '"vS> of the same tonTon the ISS ""' '^' ^«"- issnes from the^p^t soon after it town, the seat nf-~,^ fortified ofaboutlosemin/*'''"^^^' «"d ^-nptiot""CiU?U^^^^^^ T 1, . ITALY »nd the Mediterranean S F.T'L^- ^r ^'ance stretches from SToI^T'Z ^Julf of Venice. It f 40' to 18^ 30' E Lf T,""- ^="-' -d fro" from Mont Blanc to Cane f„. •*''"■*'"« ^''''^t''^ breadth, from thp a j.*?* "'^''''' '* 700 miles • its 320 milk Zt! f ^™'? t" the Alps of Savni !! 100 miles. li;^n»'/,T' '^™^'*"' ''^no'-nuchaw; .V ujci e ai e several states 120 ITALY. 1. Kingdom of Sardinia. ^avoy Chambern. Piedmont Turin, Casfil, Nice. Cienoa Genoa, Savona. Island of Sardinia.... Cagliari, Sassari. 2. Austrian Italy. . Bonnio & Valteline. Bormio, Chiavenna. jVliian Milan, Lodi, Pavia, Cremona. Mantua Mantua. Venice Venice, Padjya, Verona, Vicenza. 3. Parma Parma, Piacer-^a. 4. Modena Modena. „. , , c;o„„a 5 Tuscany Florence, Pisa, Leghorn, Sienna. €>', Lucca l^ucca, Massa, Carrara. . 7. States of the Church. Rome, CivitaVecchia, Peni?;ia, An- cona, Loretto, Ravenna, Bologna, Ferrara. 8. The Two Sicilies. ^ « . c i„.„„ ISanles . . . N ap le s, Gaeta, Benevento, Salerno, ^ Amalti, Reggio, Tarento. . Sicily Palermo, Messina, Catania, Agri- f gen to, Trapani. Islands.— Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Lsles of Lipari, or iEolian Isles, Malta (chief town, Va- letta), Capri, Ischia, Elba. Straits. — Bonifacio, Messina. Gulfs.— Genoa, Gaeta, Naples, Salerno, Poli- castro, Squillace, Tarento, Manfredonia, Gulf o» Venice, or Adriatic Gulf. Capes.— -Spartivento, Colonna, Lucca. Mountains.— Mont Blanc, Great St Bernard, Cenis, the Apennines, Vesuvius, Etna. Lakes.— Maggiore, Lugano, Como ; Iseo, Gar- da; Perugia. , Rivers.— Po, Adige, Fiumesino, Arno, liber, Volturuo. i?m«r;^s— Italy, in its long range, from Mount Cenis I to Cape Lucca, presents every variety of beauty of whwD landscape is susceptible. It may be regarded as a moun. . . ./ » „«^ oil tho vfiriptv nf elevation. torni,ana| aspect, which mountair^ can assume, is here to befounfl. ItTvalleys are delightful, and even its plains are mr^^m with gentle undulations, rivers, and woods. Its wiPdHig ITALY. irt- coast is indentpr] i»w « ., • •'** ^^tou,.a4t'/^^^^^^^^^^ and the clear a charm of colouring and dist inctne J P ''' r^*"^ °^>^' i" in countries where the atmosXre is- °"' ' ""''"°^'> and clouds. I„ dimate hkVaZ" T'^ °^^'"'*^^ ^^ ^^^s mg m,ld and genial in most oflH f ^ "'^"''"^ ' *^>e air bt are unhealth/i„ the sZmer and aur* ^^^^^ ^o-ever. ticuiarly the tract called Mrrpr ""^"'""«* "months ; par. horn to the Neapolitan W^a^^^^ having, at the CamahfrnTdiy? distance of 200 miles, and I" the Neapolitan^e^l^^ot ' hrhea't 'd"''' ^' '^ ™"^ - excessive ; and its effect is LIZ u ^"""S summer, is oppressive by a sultry wnd ca eTtl^'s" '^^^^'^ P^'^^'-^rly from the hot and ariS regions rATca^''"' "'^^^ ^^^^^ From the confines bf France to rlfK • . alluvial mould-farther sou"h Ti hp'^*"*'^'.*.'^^^«^I» «deep Corn, pulse, and other veSbes'^^r^^ ^'g^»t and s^ vines, olives, and delicious frWfi!' ^^' '^^^ ^°"on, «lk of this fertile country In Lorih' / ^™°"^ '^^ Productions ducted, particularly^; theSho ^ K"^^"'^ '« ^«» con! the system of irrigation is cSw.''^^ ""^'^^ ^o, where theotherpartsoftlecoun .;Tt t?,S '* ^"' ^ Among the domestic aniLal Jf 1?.^^^ t'*^^ understood. of Naples are famous; anr^v^n thj^/ *^^ ^^^^« ^nd sheep ri?§^^^^^ T"-' ~^ -a. glected. Marbles of uncomrnnnK * ""'"^^ ^^^ <^»tirely ne- and in the neighbourhSTlo 'e^e L^^^^ ^" ^^e "onh jasper, agate, rock-crystal cha cldon ?^'f""^- ^^abaster Hit other precious s'tone; are found^n^H^T^'^^'-y^-^'^^^^ Italy has few manufactures in nr^ V^^ Apennines. ' resources. Silk is the staple art'T'^r^ tured to a considerable extent in rl ^'^^^^^^ '^ manufac- There are likewise some mtnufLfor^^P^"^ ^^^^^ »'» V^^ Venice and Genoa once held Th 5 ''"^" ^"d woollen. commercial cities of Europe but ^h ^T '""^ «"^«"g th^ * ^tripped by England and Holland U ^""" ^'^" '"«'• «" ' horn is now m^-o a • . . onand, and even in Ifalu ? ports from i,a,, are L.'L";^^ considerable. The chief""" K 122 ITALY. • successfully cultivated at Rome, Venice, and l-lorence. The remains of antiquity still afford the finest models to the student of the line arts, and the most interesting objects* to the research of the traveller and the scholar. In all the states of Italy the Roman Catholic religion i» established. Rome, indeed, is the seat of the Pope, the head of the Roman Catholic church. But all other reli- eions are tolerated— provided the national worship be duly respected. Among the lower orders education i3 almost neglected,— and learning may be considered in a backward •tate, compared with the advances which it has made in other countries. Yet few countries have produced so great a number of men distinguished in literature and science. 1 he principal universities of Italy are those of Rome, Bologna, Padua, Parma, Pisa, Pavia, Naples, and Palermo. The government of the States of Italy is generally abso- lute, though some unsuccessful attempts have been made to obtain freedom. Naples and Sardinia are governed by their kings : the States of the Church by the Pope ; Tuscany by its Grand Duke; Parma by the ex- Em press Maria Louisa; Modena and Lucca by their Dukes. . Imagination, taste, and enthusiasm in the fine arts, vivaci- ty, sobriety, and courtesy to strangers, are the agreeable qua. lilies by which the Italians are in general characterized, in- dolence is their prevailing vice ; and robbery and assassina- tion are crimes by which they are too generally disgraced. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Italy ? Between what de^prees of longitude and latitude is it situate ? What are its extreme length and breadth ? What is its general breadth ? W hat population does it contain ? ,. .j j o wr\.^* ^^c tho Into what states is this country divided ? What ate th .chief towns of the kingdom of Sardinia ? Of Austrian Italy ? * Of Parma? Of Modena? Of Lucca? Of Tuscany ? Of Yhe Smt^s of the Church ? Of the T wo SiciHes ? Where is Rome, Padua, Turin, Leahorn, Palermo, feienna, Savona, Nice, Catania, Loretto, rfenevento, Pisa, Piacenza, Pavia, Cremona, Cagliari, Amalfi, Agrigento, Genoa, &c. ? V/ha^ | are the principal islands ? , at .^ „ ifc Name the straits of Italy. Name its ^l^- Name capes. What are its principal mountains ? What are i lakes? Name its rivers, and trace their courses. Where is Mount Cenis, Cape Colonna, Gulf of Gaeta, Lake Como, mesino, the Apennines, Mont Blanc, Mount Vesuvius, Cape Lucca, &c. ? . ITALY. do ley! , What is the Kinernl ».,„ ■'"3 •J; »na plains / vVhai i, ,L ' '" "'" "^''''raclcf of i"y^ M'hatislfiecfrectotit?fi„ntl.l "W"'™""" "'' its cl,,?' eaUhv"?"'r "'.'" "^"mate ''^, r"ali''5,!''f-'!I''=? Wha leaihv " "r °'>,'" '^"""'te? Are al ;,;,-'!'•' ^ What ^V"- *'- tuffs' .11' f >4 "iart.S.h3s;;','? ;'"ctio„s of tCe'un'tV^'L- Jl"'"™'" »»'"<= «f the pro tlie^Apennines ? ^^^^^^ P'^^^ous minerals are found "n ^S^'^-'n^^S'^hL Jit'- ^- P-. Cthe!i'^S'"^"^"^^'-"anmpor*rnce^^ K^^'^'i cities once 'he Tyrof anrt i "?"" through into tSe Guff Jv""?' ""'' '"'Is Sicily ^"^ W- t^oast of fi»n 29,79? *''''''""'■• Copula! Ap'ennines, a ch;iin ««• extending in a P.,rf T""**'"^, Apeni'S, ?w., "'"""e the ,„'Srs,----"^';.'2: "tK;;'?a,^„,fL-:i,j'iPK>t -■•V. ■oiaicij OI t Pulatioii 1.5,900. Bergamo, the capital of a province mmm mm 124 ITALY. of the lame name in Austrian Italy. Population 29,40S>. Ber'nard, Great St. See Swn zer- LkND, p. 1 17. Blanc, Mont (pr. Mong Blawng), on the eastern border ot Savoy, the higheht mountain in Europe, 15,fWi8 feet above the sea. Bologna (Bolon'ya), the ancient JBononia, the second jity in the States of the C;hurch, and the «eat of a famous university, si- tuate in a fertile plain at the foot of the Apennines. Pop. 63,420. Bonifacio (Bonifi'chlo), Straits, be- tween Corsica and Sardinia. Bor'mio, a district in Austrian Italy, formerly belonging to Switzerland. Population .5.100. Bren'ta, a river In Austrian Italy, which rises about 7 miles E. of Trent, and falls into the Adria- tic a little to the S. of Venice. Brescia, the capital of a province of the same name in Austrian Italy. The Inhabitants are industrious, feed numerous sheep, and carry on large iron- works. P. 34,168. CAGLIARI (Calya'ree), the capi- tal of Sardinia, on the S. coast. Population 27,.'570. Oala'bria, a mountainous and fer- tile province of Naples, forming the most southern part of Italy, and Inhabited by a rude and brave people. It has suffered most se- verely flrom earthquake?. Ca'prK, an island, about 5 miles long, and "2 broad, at the mouth of the Gulf of Naples. It was anciently called Capreo!, and was the favourite retreat of the em- perors Augustus and Tiberius. Population 3614. Carra'ra, a town in the duchy of Massa, noted for its marble quarries. Population 6000. Casal', a town in Piedmont, on the Po. Population 15,000. Cata'nia, an elegant city in Sicily, at the foot of M ount Etna, by the lava of which it has been three times destroyed. It was likewise wholly thrown down by an earth- quake in 1693, and partially by a shock in 1783. Pop. 45,100. Cen'is, a mountain of the Alps, 11,460 feet high, across which is tha principal paisage from France into Italy. Chamberri (Shawng'berry),thc ca- pjtal of Savoy, on the borders of l)auphln6. Population 11,991. Chiavenna (Keeaven'na),* a dis- trlct In Lombardy, or Austrian Italy, formerly belonging to Switzerland. Population 28OO. Chioggia, or Chlozza, a town built on piles in an island of the same name in the Gulf of Venice, be- longing to Austrian Italy. Po- pulation 24,000. Clvlta Vccchla (CheCvita Vek- kia),»a seaport on the Mediter- ranean, it) the States of the Church. Population 7111. Colon'na, Cape, on the E. coast of Calabria, Naples. Co'mo, Lake, between Milan and Chiavenna, 36 miles long, and from 1 to 4 broad. Also a pro- vince and town in the govern- ment of Milan. Co'ni, a very strong city on the western frontier of Piedmont. Population 16,500. Corsica. See France, p. 101. Cremo'na, a city of Milan, of great antiquity, noted for its manufac- ture of superior violins. Popu- latlon 27,000. ^ ElyBA, an Island opposite Tus- cany, 60 miles in circuit, the li- mited empire assigned to Bona- parte, when he was compelled to abdicate the French throne, in 1814. Population 13,700. Et'na, a mountain in Sicily, the most celebrated volcano in the world. Height 10,870 feet. FERRA'RA, a fine ancient city in the N. of the States of the Church, on a branch of the Po. Population 23,650. FiumesX'no, a small river in the N. of the States of the Church, the ancient Rubicon. Flo'bence, the capital of Tuscany, one of the finest cities in the world, beautifully situate on the A mo, and equally remarkable for architectural elegance and splen- did works of art. The collection of paintings and statues in th Medicean Gallery is one of tht noblest in existence. This city • The Italians sound ch as /t, and ce, ci, cci, like ch in cji d ;— a pro- juinciation which has now become common in this country. iioa, the (atjitli p*""^"^-^— tie- I)i.ring";in: h a , IT.;;' ^^'*'^- rifH it wa« the riv ,f v*' ''>'"^"- fade. and still c^h" "'*' *" tc'nslve commerce ;/i" ^l' *'*- n.i the declivity of a hi *'^"'^' J25 ^'"ico, a lake on the Oclin !« a nan Lombardy "^^*''' •" ^"«- lu8canv.thpnhV„* X -N. W. of 'ietwelnGenoi'aldT" '^"•'''y l^ucca. the c 1^^ V, ^"«-"»y— «ee. 'Slatf, n''? '"■'•'">"'hop'« ^tu/ca. Cape, "tlleT' ''''"^^^ Naples. "*- *^" t^^ast of f »-"y. It 18 oiiiy about yn .! . 'ong, and ]i> brcmd S i ■ ®* rfL'!^3 a cluster of i«l„«We the 8:tme name. boEnii."^.^^ "'^ 'narkrb?eof^^a»i;«"j^tre- PPulation 12 500 ^nfle^^'P*"' -hose erttit A?;i!.„l'"«"ca, of Naples. •«'«' ate on sime i 'amis at^?h*«'' **'*"■ places j;/£Srol 'he strongest hrated as the b.?tlp/aWof V J" .8il. Population 23,0()o '^" strait. lt8streetJandh..?M"'*' are I)cculiarjy eleS ^"''^'">''* unremitting. dt'4erTNann!"""'«"theAd. ^fhrsSt ,i?S«» gained one its neiSn rhS r'^^ries. In mesancheele^''?,^ is made Par. i'Oret'to -.ft.? • ^°P- I'J.yOO. Au Via,, i"X_f,r„ ""chy in 126 ITALY. 31.609 square miles, and a popu- lation in 1827 of 5,fi26,94fi.-It8 capital, delightfully situate on the beautiful bay to which it gives name, is the largest city m Italy. Population 357,273. Nice (Necss), a town in Piedmont, on the Mediterranean. P. 19,645. PAiyU A, a city in Venice, the seat of an ancient university, and the birth-place of Livy. Pop. 47,000. Paler'mo, the capital of Sicily, on the N. coast. It is a beautiful city, and its situation is enchant- ing. Population l(i8,()00. Parma, a cfuchy in the N.— Its ca- pital, Parma, is beautifully situ- ate on a small river of the same name, the seat of a university. Population 30,000. Pavi^, a town on the Ticlno, m Milan, the ancient capital ot Lombardy, a large but decaying city. It is the seat of a university. PerU'gia, Lake, the Lacus Thrast- menus of the Romatw, m the States of the Church. Peru'gia, a city in the States of the Church, most delightfully situ- ate on the Tiber. Pop. 30,000. Piacenza, or Placentia (Pyachen - za), a town in Parma, near the confluence of the Trebia and Po, the seat of a university. P. 2H,000. Piii've, a river in the E. of Austrian Italy, which flows through the Venetian territory from N. to b. and, dividing into two branches, falls into the Adriatic to the N.E. of Venice. Pied'mont, the largest and most im- portant of the continental pro- vinces of the king of Sardinia. Its surface is 13,405 square miles, and its population 2,547,255. Pi'sa, a city in Tuscany, on the Arno, the seat of a celebrated uni- versity, and a place of great anti- quity. Population about 5J0,0OO. Po, a large river which issues trom Mount Viso, and, traversing the N. of Italy from E. to W., dis- charges itself into the Adriatic by a number of mouths, after a course of upwards of 500 miles. Policas'tro, a gulf on the W. coast of Naples. RAVEN 'N A. an ancient town, near the mouth of the Monioue, ui tne E. of the States of the Church. Though once a seaport, yet, by the accumulation of mud, it is now between 3 and 4 mile« dis- tant ftom the sea. Pop. 16,000. Reggio (Red'jio), a considerable town near the southern extremi- ty of Naples. Population 17,205. —Another in Modena, the birth- place of the poet Ariosto, and or the naturalist SpaUanzani. Po- pulation l!t,000. , „^ , r Rome, the capital of the States of the Church, and once the ims- tress of the world, s'tuate on the Tiber. It abounds m noble monuments of antiquity; and among its moder> structures may be mentioned St Peter's, the most magnificent church in the world, the palace of the Vatican, and the castle of St Angelo. Po- pulation 138,370. SALER'NO. acity on the W. coast of Naples, the see of an archbi- shop,and the seat of a university. Population 11,000. .. ,, Sardin'ia, a large island m the Me- diterranean, S. of Corsica, 162 miles long, and from bO to 70 broad. Its soil is in general fer- tile, and its climate salubrious. Mount Schiuschiu, the highest peak in the island, is 6000 feet. Population 490,050. , . , ^ „ Sassari, a town in the island of Sardinia. Population 2u, 175. Savo'na, a seaport town in Genoa. Population 10,600. Sav'oy, a duchy in the king of Sar- dinia's dominions, the N. W. cor- ner of Italy. Pop. 50 1 ,165. Si'cily, the largest island of the Me- diterranean, separated from Italy by the Straits of Messina. Its extreme length is 180 miles, and its greatest breadth 130. The soil is rich, and the climate de- lightful. Population 1,787,771. Sien'na, a city in Tuscany, the seat of a university and several learn- ed institutions. Here the Italian language is spoken in its greatest purity. Population 24,000. Spartiven'to, Cape, the most south- ern point of Italy. Squiilace (Squilla'che), a gulf in the S. of Naples. Syr'acuse, a city of Sicily, much decayed, but having stil exten- sive remains of the celebrated : t. „»•.;»»! ne that name- Population 15,000. TAGLIAMENTO (Talyamen'to), a considerable river In Austrian e that. name. extreraitiesofltaly. ^^•*=• laren to the ancient Tarentum a considerable town on a sS islandin agulf of thPfi^mf ,f Ti'ber f ho r.1,0 • ,'".^ same name. 1 1 oer, ine classical river on whirh Kpme stands, rises in the Anpn ,;Mete??aS.^"'*"^"«^"'«^^« pictiiresouel V «it„!/:^"5*'il' "I9st ITALY. J 22 «of«;;J-t!ftneient or oiciiy. Fopulat on 24 s.S'n S;.f.^''yi"»'^^^"»«"t;'the ca- ts a nM *V''"^^^" monarchy. " '8 a noble town. deliehffniiJ 81 uateon the Po. FolTiimi Tus'cany, agrand duchy?A hi'cej' VALl!.l'TA,thecapitalorAJalt*^ beautiful and well-buil city^^ the E. side of the island ^ Austrian Italy, but for sl^J" number of imalJislnndu iPn-^* ed from each other by IhaR It IS a magnificent city j and we sents, at a distance, the sfneEur appearance of domes and spSf cfiurches and palaces. floatiSL on Vero'na'^T I^OP- 109,327. * " in tht%^ ^-'^'^ "'y «n the Adige n the territory of Venice. fiS architecture ?S"no4 "eS? Topulation 60.000. ""• rci2e?o/'H^*r^"^^^^^^^^^ PomnP i i ^erculaneum and .feeder ,s?"E«j; scnpts recovered. Thirtv •■!.; ™elS';sr'""^«°™^"e ViMii« 75. T' occurred. •he VeS^Sl' " '°™ '» b«wee'-„t;\V>SS^,°S,h'S° fluence of :i streams Thjc ♦ exhibits manyir^e^hnenTof the architectural skill VfP». r«M in ',;.!'" "'N-Pta, wliS TURKEY IN EUROPE ti.-ou. pan, orit"i"'i^^^r'T:''z ";t- fi'pe IS bounded N hv a . • ^"'^''ey "i Eii- ty the Mediterranean and X"a/?'^; """'" ' 'W'- Venice ; S. bv Gttoco ,1 I ^t'""'""' "' ^ulf of S«H of MarnZa E L it ^i^^ipeJago, and the tends fron. 16= ,o'^0» V J " ^''"^'' ®'=«- ^^ *«- 48°N.Lat. Prom'LA ■ "^'^ """* '''■'"" ^S" to ii is ioO miles- inri /r. ^^^V^"^"'""^'^' "'**-' •i-'rtUUoe. ^,. . Wines, anrt from Pn .,jitar] tip • - ' ^n fanatic, 600 mik^, p »pJe io the ^'pnlation about 9,000,000. 128 TURKEY IN EUROPE. Provinces. Chief Towiw. Part of Moldavia* Jassy. WaUachia Bucharest, Tergovist. ,,..,,. Bulgaria Sophia, Schumla, Varna, Widdin, *^ Nicopoli, Rutschuk, Silistna. Servia... Belgrade, Semendria, Nissa. Bosnia, including a ™ ., u* ^ part of Dalmatia.... Bosna-Seraio, Trawnik, Mostar. Part of Croatia Bihaez. Albania Janina, Durazzo, fecutan. Komelia, including Constantinople, Adrianople, Romaiia, Macedo- Philippopoli, Trajanopoli, (raUi- nia, Thessaly, and poli, Philippi, Contessa, feeres, ba- Epirus. lonica, Larissa, Pharsalia, Arta. Gulfs.— 'Gulf of Arta, Salonica, Cassandra, Monte Santo, Contessa, Saros. Straits.— The Dardanelles, Straits of Constan- tinople. Capes. — Cassandra, Drepano, Monte banto. ^ Islands.— Lemnos, Lesbos or Mitylene, Scio, Samos, Stanco, Rhodes, Scarpanto, Candia ; the vSeven Ionian Islands, now belonging to Britain, viz. Corfu, Paxo, Santa Maura, Teaki, Cefalonia, Zante ; to which is annexed Cengo. Mountains.— H8B«a«8» or Balkan, Rhodope, Olympus, Ossa, Pelion, Pindu8,Atho8. Rivers.— Danube, Save, Marizza, Vardari, Salampria. Renmrks.-'Turkey may be considered a mountainous ; country, although its mountains cannot vie with the stu- pendous ranges of the Alps or Carpathians. A great chain pervades the country from east to west, the eastern part ot ~ which is the ancient Haemus, ik)w called Balkan, llns extensive range communicates with the Carpathian Moun- tains by a chain which separates Servia from F Jgana. The Tliracian mountains of Rhodope are a branc ' from the Haemus. Two other chains diverge from the great range ; one of which traverses Albania, while the other extends * Part of this province, and the whole of Bessarabia, have lately bctn ceded lo Uuttisiu. J 29 '^VRKEY IS tiVROPB. 190 through the whnip nf n ^^^ Mori In .hettt/r of X' T- '" '"^ ^««"»"^ "f *e tarns of Ossa, Peli„„, Oiympus an"^ %-'a^ ""-'c moun. unrivalled beauty occuK in .h' " P'ndus. Scenerv of lUe lively i"ag Jatr/oy" hrLd?nrr5"T ''«'''™> »*-" want of industry, which isTht ^ "'^^ *° vegetation. The Potism, Prevonts^he 'nhabi a„ts"f"'^ '^''' «^ « «»«^n de ! to any considerable exten of t^"" T"^'"^ themselves, culture, manufactures, a'^' LtT "^^'^"^^ge^- Agri- neglected and backward smteTT* ''" ''"'^ '» « very wheat, barley, chestnuts anpfes Z ^ ''''1'^^''' provinces, produced. Maize, rice toKn ^ ?' ^"^ °*»^^»- ^>"»s, are oranges, olives, a/rnonds ^"^1"'" ''^ ^"«^^'--"-3 tions of the southern pro^inTes ^ ' ^'"''"^ ''^^ P^^^mc! long ^':£::^?;St:'t' *'°^^«^ ^hessaly, have "arable for their elega'n^t'sp ^alt^^^^^^ ^' ^«"-»- - re! Ihe government of TurkL fc .T • worst kind. Tbesoverln^ealief^^^^^ - Se.gn,or has unlimited po^w^r over thp ,?"^*^'»' o^ Grand of h s subjects,-.a power whrch^ILf.'''^' *"*^ P^-^P^^ty most tyrannical manner T? ° °^^^" exercised in the Grand Vizier, or PrW MTnLVr'Tn" '^'^^«*^^ »« the governors of provinces, who emn[' ""^/^ *^*^ ^^^^^^ or ar ""' '"^^ -^ - «''™-i"«r^^^ 'ngs. A large proportion of th^^T 1 • ^^'g'ous {^el. Tfe;tr;i'r:^ ^--iat^^d^^lrr ^^^-^ - ^^-^ and thei dTet,Trrnra met ^"^ '*^ P-possessing ; drapery of Asia and the ti^ht.ir ^^''^'^" ^^^^ ^^wiL* I'a^Jy becoming. Thev «!f , V?^ °^ ^"^OP^ ^ u! withstanding ,he cruel L l^^P'^^'^^^ and brave ; a'-e prone t « il despotism that oppresses tb, ... ,r"ne to msurrecfinn ti.„ t i'F'es'&es tin oev ,.""oiiy uneducated; law'ind hIV"""*" '"^"^^ ^'"^ almos\ I n of the higher classes. ^''''^'^^' '^"^t^^"**^ the learn. ■■«. 130 TURKEY IN EUROPE. EXERCISES. What territories are comprehended in the Turkish Empire ? What are the boundaries of Turkey m, Europe ? Between what degrees of longitude and latitude is it situate ? What Tre its leS and brfadth ? What population does it contain ? 'Name tie divisions of Turkey. What i%the chief to^^^^ Moldavia ? What are the principal towns of Wallachia ? Ut Bulgaria? Of Servia ? Of Bosnia ? Of Rome ha ? Of^^^^^^ hania" Croatia ^ What districts are included m Komeiia . Wheri is Var "a,- Tergovist, Schumla, Trajanopoli Co^tessa, Rutschuk, Jassy, Nissa, Bihaez, Larissa, feemendria, Mostar, "" WS it the Gulf of Arta the ^ardaneUes Mounl^H^- mu8, Straits of Constantinople, ^^yj^'^^X^^ji^Zt Santi), Samos, Hsmus, the Vardari, the S^an^Pf^^^^^'P*"" to, oJlf of Cassandra, the ^^^rissa, Mount Ossa.&c.? What is the general appearance of Turkey ? 1" ^ J^" rection does a great chain of mountams Pf J^f/^^^^^^^?^^^^ What name is given to the eastern part of this chain ? How does this range communicate with the Carpathians ? Ot what chaL is Rhoipe abranch ? What ether chains div^^^^^^^^ the great range ? What classic mountains occur in the latter of th^se chains ? What kind of scenery o<^^«^r« ^"^^^f/^^^^ mountains ? In what part of the country do extensive ana beautiful plains occur ? ., . m i a \^T\^a^ Vind nf What is the nature of the soil in Turkey ? What kind ot climate does it enjoy ? By what ca^e /re the^^^^^^^^^ prevented from reaping the full benefit of ^o^^^J^^"^^^^^^ j In what state are agriculture, manufactures, and commer^^^ What are the respective pr«)ducUon8 of the nOi^^^^ern ana southern provinces ? What domestic animals of Turkey are of the Turks? What is theirnational character ? Aretney in general well educated ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. A'DRIANCPLE, a large city in Romania, oituate in a beautitul *,.,* ..p.healthv Dl*io^ on the Ma- ri88!u' irwas the principal resi- dence of the sultans, previous to the taking of Constantinople l>y Mohammed II., and it still ranks < next to the capital in importance. The Russians entered it ontlie '^Oth August 1829. Pop. 90,00(1. Adriat'ic, or Gulf oi VeniCCj - branch of the Mediterranea^i. extending from S. E to N. Wm between Italy and lllyna, from TUJIKEY IN EUROPE. «' 10 «•. 3/ N Lat ,r" ".' """"''«• J3I Ai»"SSe';j»,r„t'S^-" ■Sfe--^'"-^- Pop.. of Venice on ?he W anJ^ ^"'* ontheS . iqV l,T;»anaEpiru8 //;/ n!" 7 • -^ ^"'■'^8 caU it >4rffl name of Mon£f*c '"^''^'^^d the Holy MouK® ^^***' «*• the monasteries' ^rf "" 'i^^ ""Serous 6000monReaSatfeofr^''y WeS!a^?.Ti' --tains. grrledpntoa'Si?^a"fe\^^^ Bos'Sk ,^°P"a«on 60,000. ^" Sclavonia^ th? ^^'?^'-«te« i* from wh!/>», » tne Dnnoon the ir Which separates it from Sei^S' i>almatia on thp S ^«^ ^erviaj on the W ifB ol •• ^P^ Croatia Panniau lit' f."^'^"* name was 820,0W * ^^"'''■- I*0Pulati0i. townof M^a/i^,^^*'"^' ^"^ chief browitzfl f * H^'* *^" the Dem. ""be It^iJ"i>"tary of the Da. " »s about 5 English 9 Moldavia and w'i', B^««"'abia. N., an J bVX^^^'^hia. „n the of the Vohiili •*'«"«'" the S. MouSlda'7fio/f7 l'^u^«'«« '*« ;tsce]eVr?tJfaIrtu,''*^il'-^ thore7A?^T,?o^f'l^'«"^ tile, and produce, nil 1- '^ ^*''- 1645 to 1669 p^*^ ^"f^*' trom Cassan'dra Gu,f ^P- '?«arly I2,ooo. of the Ar^hK^i^'" Ihe N W. ot the of the Arch pe"£go'" f .^„V f «fSalonili."^^» *^' oroatj, and conta ninir a nn^.,i tion of nearly 70 000 ^^P"^^^ markablv fprHio' ^ ^ " '"^ annually ar*» nf - """ tons quality?* ^ °^ * "^^y superior Ceri'go, the ancient Cufh^^^ ?"cky ' " "«'""«^0U8 and -""l_-"^./"ty in the vear 3^,^ empue, tm the year 1453, H hen 132 TURKEY IN EUROPK. it wag taken by the Turks under Mohammed II., who rendered it the metropolis of the Turkish dominions. Its situation, at the junction of the Bosi)horus with the Black Sea, is peculiarly ad- vi»ntageou8 ; and the view of the city from the harbour cannot be surpassed. It is so strongly for- tified on the side next the sea, as to be almost impregnable. Po- pulation variously given, but supposed to be fully 500,000. Constantinople, Straits of, called likewise the Bosphorus, the nar- row sea which joins the Sea of Marmora and the Black Sea. It is about i;0 miles long, and 1^ broad. . Contess'a, a seaport in Macedonia, situate on a small island at the bottom of the gulf. Contess'a, Gulf of, in the N. W. of the Archipelago, between the peninsula of Mount Athos and the coast of Macedonia. Corfu (Corfoo'), the ancient Cor- ct/ra, one of the Ionian Islands, at the entrance of the Adriatic, separated from the coast of Al- bania by a channel, which varies from 2 to 6 miles in width. The island is about 30 miles long, and 20 broad ; its population near •70 000. It is of considerable po- litical importance, as the key of the Adriatic; and is the first m rank, though only the second in size, of the islands composmg the Ionian republic. DAN'UBK, River. See Gbkman States. ^ o.. i* Dardanell'es, Straits of, or Straits of Gallipoli, called anciently the Hellespont, form the communi- cation between the Sea of Mar- mora and the Archipelago. On the European shore is the castle of Romania or Sestos ; and on the Asiatic shore, the castle of Natolia or Abudos. These cas- tles are properly called the Dar- danelles, and from them the Straits receive their name. Durazzo (Doorad'zo), a seaport on the coast of Albania in the Adri- atic, anciently called Dyrra- chium, the usual landing-piace frnm italv. It was here that Pompey was besieged by Caesar. EPl'llUS, an extensive district in Romelia, stretching along the 7 Adriatic, from the Acrocerau- nian Mountains to the Orult ot Arta. It is celebrated m an- cient history as the kingdom of Pyrrhus. . . GALLl'POLI, a commercial city in Romania, on the N. shore of the Dardanelles. It is well-built, has 2 good harbours, and is the residence of a Tiirki&h governor. Population 15,000. lO'NIAN ISLANDS, a group op- posite to the coast of Albania, consisting of Corfu, Zante, Ceta- lonia, Teaki, Santa Maura, Paxo, and Cerigo, which form a repub- lic under the protection and rai- litary occupation of Britain. Ipsa'ra, a small island, which, by the energy of its Greek inhabi- tants, was raised to a commer- cial and maritime importance, only second to that of Hydra. Population 2400. JANINA, or Joanni'na, thechiet town of Albania, is a flourishing city, most beautifully situate on the side of a lake, having before it a plain from 12 to 14 miles in length, covered with groves and gardens. Population 40,000. Jass'y, the principal town of Mol- davia, and the see of the Greek archbishop of the province. It is said to have once contained 80,000 inhabitants; but their numbers have been reduced by a series of drsasters to little more than 25,000. In 1753, it was al- most completely consumed by fire ; and it has recently expe- rienced a similar calamity. LARIS'SA, the principal town of Thessaly, in Romelia, beauti- fully situate on the right bank of the Salampria. Pop. 25,000. Lem'nos, called likewise Staly- me'neor Linige, an island in the Archipelago, between Monte Santo and the Dardanelles. It is 15 miles long, and 1 1 broad. Population 8000. , ^ Les'bos, or Mytilene, a large island ; near the eastern shore of the Ar- chipelago, celebrated in antiqui- ty as the birth-place of SapphOi I Alcseus, and Theophrastus ; and in modern times, of Barbarossa, so distinguished in the early ma- ritime riistoi'y of Europe. -• was noted for the voluptuousncM of its inhabitants. Pop. 40,0W. TUHKEY IN EUROPE. MACEDO'NIA an . '''^ "^ ^^ EUROPE. |oo "Si^'S^' ""'''».' the ancient long, and 120 broarf ^^™'l'» ce«sion of if. mJ™ *'""« "ic KMia, in 1812 f«™ P^" "> area does not '.v? '''l«'-»'!ial square Se^ Itf Sf"", "•«>" tbinly «ca tw J „£''"''a''™ " ^.PopulationSo ""^ofarms. Niss'a, a lar»» f;^ '^P- ^'"O"- in ancient history Is ,1/^"'°"'' of a battle between thpH'"'^"'' manf^^ Ro. father of Alexander thpT^' *^^ it was almost destrov^H t*"^^*' e«rihquakein Ifils n^^^o'^y a« ing from E. to W "SIS' "^*^"^- the ArchiSa^o S^^^'^^^'^eof times, it ifJr^no J^.ancient celebfatedTtates of'r ^''^ "'"^^• wealth, commefclaf P**^^'^' ^'"'^ and naval powS • anH"?^"'"*^"^^, history is KmZl J^^^^ Modern nate.thougffiaflv^.":,"' °^«- J-eslstance to th« «7u "^"'^'^essftil reduced to comni^lr **""cw Servia „;;tedVr'tsS:?^^tthf ^T^'"^'' ^tL'ln^^^^^^^^^^ ^28. 2ll'j..lt°^n in Croatia .f.^t ^^^^ PonfoundeS S, I^I^':9^* Servia. noted for if. '''^^^' '" No'vi, a town in V.*''^.^^"^ bath... conflux orfJ'L^'*"^"^' at the No'viX;/'.* ^a' !own' iS^''""-^- tain in T,,'^ celebrated moun- siimmit is S.^ the year its . -wcneavens. and^n h '^K^^i'^f'^ f Often confoundeS'S P^'^^^^ of which i?is onfyT nro??'"^^'^ bounded N. bv the Rjif""^',"^*^' '* tains, w)>ich set^r.f .^^" ^oun- gariaj E ' b^v tK^ "A«™ ^ul- Straits5'Snst|„^,^ck Sea and nXt\^^d^S Se bSdl^ Kle5i;S^!?(lS6o.SS 134 TURKEY IN EUROPE. town in Bulgaria, on the Danube. It is a place of considerable trade and commerce. Pop. 24,000. SALAM'PRIA, orSalempria, the ancient PeneuSy a river in Thes- aaly, issuing from Mount Pin- dus, and flowing through the beautiful Vale of Tempe, to the Gulfof Salonica. Saloni'ca , th e ax\c\eniThesmlonica, an Important city of Macedonia, at the northern extremity of the gulf that bears its name. It is beautifully situate on the accli- vity of a hill, and presents a most imposing appearance from the sea. It is strongly fortified ; the circumference of its walls is about 5 miles. P. nearly 70,000. Saloni'ca, Gulf of, a spacious bay in the S. of Macedonia. Sa'mos, a considerable island in the Archipelago, separated fVom the coast of Asia by a narrow strait. It is 21 miles long, 12 broad, and about 70 in circumference. It still retains its ancient celebrity for beauty, fertility, and the ex- cellence of its fruits, P. 50, 000. San'ta Mau'ra, the Leucadia of the ancients, an island in the Ionian Sea, on the W. coast of Greece, from which it is separated by a channel, in some places not 100 paces w'de. It is about 50 miles in circiimference. Us surface is mountainous and rugged; but its climate is mild, and it pro- duces fine fruits in abundance. Population 22,000. Sa'ro8,Giilf of, in the N. E. of the Archipelago. Save, a large river which rises in Illyna, flows through Styria and Croatia, separates Sclavonia from Turkey, and falls into the Da- nube between Semlia and Bel- grade. Scarpan'to, the ancient Carpathus, a small island in the Mediter- ranean, between Candia and Rhodes. Schumla (Shum'la), a very strong town in Bulgaria, on the great toad leading from Constantinople to Wallacbia. The Russians have repeatedly besieged it with- out success. It carries on a con ^ 1 _ BiueiKuIC Sraui; IIS WIS _, ware, and ready-made clothes for Constantinople, Pop. 30,000. Scio (SheCo), the ancient Chios, a considerable island in the Archi- pelago, near the Asiatic coast. Though rugged and mountain- ous, the industry of the inhabit- ants, who were nil Greeks, had rendered it very flourishing; but, having embraced the inde- pendent cause, it was overpower- ed by the Turks, who committed suclidreadfiil ravages, as render- eu it -almost a deseit. Scuta'ri, a fortified town in Alba- nia, situate on the Bog me, at the S. E. extremity of the Lake Scu- tari. The adjacent plain is one of the richest in Albania. Popu- lation 20,000. Semen'dria, a fortified town in Ser- via, on the S. side of the Danube. Population 9000. SCres, or Sirus, a large town in Macedonia, to the E. of the river Marmara. It has extensive ma- nufactories of towels, strong linen, and cotton cloth. Popu- lation 30,000. Ser'via, an extensive province In the N. of Turkey, the Moesia Su- perior of the Romans. Popula- tion about 800,000. Silis'tria, a fortified town in Bulga- ria, on the S. bank of the Da- nube, at its junction with the Dristra. After an obstinate siege this city fell into the hands of the Russians, 30rh June 1829.. Po- pulation about 24,000. Sophi'a, the capital of Bulgaria, on the river Bogania. Though an inland town, its trade Is consi- derable. Population 50,000. Stan'co, the ancient Co*, a small island in the Archipelago, near the Asiatic coast. It is celebrat- ed as the birthplace of Hippo- crates and Apelles. Su'li, a district of Southern Alba- nia, inhabited by Greeks of the most bold and intrepid character, but who were almost exterraina. ted in their wars with Ali Pasha and the Porte. The remains found shelter in the Ionian fsl^TldS * TEA'Kli the ancient Ithaca, one j of the seven Ionian Islands, to the N. of Cefalonia. It is about [ 18 miles long, and 5 broad, ann cnntains a Dooulation of 8000. It I is peculiarfy rugged and barren; its inhabitants depending fori their subsistence chiefly on m- Ulysses.^ *" ^^® kingdom of ''-HSi^o'nVeTvo^r'-'''-. ^Population 5S00' •'*'°'°n"ia. It is one Of the mSlv trl'l'"'^'''- being watered i,v' l^ ^"^ ^^^'^^ the ArcSS r^"" ^""''^e to Jan. frS' wVo7T'? ?^ '^'■^- OREECK. J3^ 1828 Pr.1 1 ? ^^^ campaign of mountainVon ih«A^ ? '*"8e of theDanulSonfh''l'''«,' «»** b/ P ""• *t 18 about «'>;n »,:i " .* length, and about ■,?n"""'^^» ."» jneciium breadth p^ \" ^'^ l."00,000. Population 'ifihi bank STh'p 'n^^^°" t''® residence of a TSrki.?^""^* the of a Greek aff-hhi P^*ha, and tion 20.000. '''°P- ^°P"Ja- AiVrc .1. iwlonlca. ° ^'^ ^he Gull ol and 30 i„ o^ ^^f,!^^^ ^n breadth. flows so h «t M«cedonia. and Sica '''^^^ to the Gilf of '^fej/al^^Srti^'^f"''^-* Bulgaria ar fhi ^'''^ town in i-iv^Var'na ll« .'"°i'^'' «^ the derable K«*h''l*''^*^« " consi. eraoie, its harbour large and and ^ ) i„ ' ."Sth, 8 in bre. the most in, if A^ 't 18 one of »'anr 'ri"Sm« k"^ these been well kn«. "^^^^^ have lonir Nation 5'j,000, "*""• Popu. 1 u . , GREECE Is bounded JV. hv Turkp„ w i , , neaD, S. and E. bv the Z' r " ^^ "'* Mediterra. and 24° £. Long-. !,« Wh. ?""' *'^'"'*«" 21" 10' •» the northern bounX; if ,7n'""?,*^''P? *^«'apan from Cape Clarenza t,, tl J '^"""'«SJ 'ts breadth Pop-latfon aCt^(;;;^ooo'"^*' "earJMarathon 150 Divisions. Continental G«ece.... Athens Th.K'*"^ ■^°'"'"- S HI ?»'"™ia, Napolidi & w 136 GREECE. Siphnos, Paro3, Scyra, Thermia, Zea, Salamis, Egina, Poro, Hydra, Spezzia, &c. Gulfs.— Lepanto, Egina, Napoli, Colokythia, Coron. Capes.— Clarenza, Modon, Matapan, Malia> or St Angelo, Skyleo, Colonna. Mountains. — Parnassus, Helicon, Taygetus or Mountains of Maina. Remarks.-^The territory of Greece, though of compara- tively small extent, is replete with interest, and capable of high improvement. It consists chiefly of a succession of valleys, diversified with mountains of moderate elevation, presenting the most picturesque aspects, and generally well adapted either for agriculture or pasturage. The traveller is particularly struck with the magnificent monuments, m the purest style of architecture, which adorn the principal cities. These, erected when Greece was in her greatest gloryj have very generally survived the lapse of ages. An extensive range of coast, indented by numerous bays, and the variety of the islands, not only diversify the scenery, but eminently fit it for commerce, which had begun to be carried on with much activity previous to the late contest. The Greeks, professing a form of Christianity, had, ever since the establishment of the Ottoman ascendency, been held under the most grievous oppression. Degenerated from the lofty and gallant spirit of former times, they en- dured this tyranny for centuries with tame submission. At length they caught a portion of that intelligence and spirit of liberty which had been spreading through Western Eu- rope, and were fired with an emulation of the heroic deeds and free condition of their ancestors. They took arms to rescue themselves from Turkish domination ; but the con. test was arduous and long doubtful. Notwithstanding very gallant achievements, th''- were reduced to a state of ex- treme exhaustion, when the armed interpo'sition of the three powers of Russia, Britain, and France, in pursuance of a treaty concluded at London, extorted from the Porte an agreement by which the independence of Greece was secured. It was stipulated that the country should be governed by a ;.nn£tituti£)nal monarchy ; but the Greeks, agitated by vio- 1 lent dissensions, did not for some time fix on tht sovereign j who was to rule them. The crown was offered to Pnnce| I-eopoId, now king of Beli.i„„. k ^^5 Nation 1-2,000 ** i^"'- Popu- ^'Sp°eU\^.f ^^'^"^ ^» the crystallized m^rh)^ '^''^'" «f when ligiited .m ® Presents, appearance p^' ^ ?°f^*^ brilliant ROPB, p Yai ^^«««v in JEu. lffi^i"re7iv?;Sr-^- Attica', and theVost rf^**^' ^^ chiefly afg„;J^b.UjUs but teresting remainr«? 5?^ ^'^^ *"" grandeur. It i"^r/ ",« ancient small and Bcan/v k"*H^ °" ^he streams iS.^^' •'V' ^ar-famed It suffered dtt?!*??.'* ^ephissus. nAcvrni;." •'•^e ureeks and t.,.!— raairto'wS,"? SS' '°#"« M8CBIPTIVE TABLK. vantaSslv sUnTti'T' " ^d" Isthmus of Corinf'h ® Sr^*"" *he fine arts were culHv.'fJ'^.'"'' t^e greatest success^^'/^i^^^"^ the didstyle'of?t?^,"5;^,*J«fPlen- gave rise to the S „i"k'*'"»» of the four orde« of r rl'"?^^ architecture. Aftor ?/ ^'^^''an .by the Roman ^ni'Ji M„2f P*"'^^ it rapidly decSp JJ"""™*"*. Co'ro„r oirr^; P.about20oT. the Gulf of1^.f "^"^^y <=aUed VV. of" he M^'^^Si" *^^ S- peninsula in thfs ^H?? f «>««« E^'l^^d seaport of cSi^„.'^ *^« f«'- ?he''Mor?a"^'?['/">.N.E.of *rom aS Sand l/.f ^' '^' "««e HE'LlroM ^* *'s entrance. mo'^.S'iSTSdPd sagara a the GuUof\J'^^fl\.^: from in ancient muth.".?^' '-■*''*^'"rau;d J "u me eastern coast of tho l2 mi GRBECIS. Morea, which, bv the industry of U8 i' 'mbjtunts, lias becomo the ci'utre of the marine ami commerce of modern (J recce, and «ui»ix)rt8 a population of 2(),()(M). It8 inhabitants took a distin- guished part in the deliverance of Greece, and performed many great actions. LBPAN'TO, the ancient Naupac- <«*, asmall seaport in Livadia, situate at the entrance of the gulf of the same name. Lepan'to, Gulf of, anciently the Gulf of Corinth, an inlet of the Ionian Sea, about 70 miles in length. It separates the H. coast of Romclia from the Morea. Liva'dia, an extensive province, containing the most interesting portion of ancient Greece. It extends about 180 miles in length, and 10 in breadth ; and, in this comparatively small space, comprehends the ancient territories of AcamarAa.EtoHn, Locris, Phocis, Jia'otia, Mc^mra, axiAAttka. It abounds, as might be expected, in interesting n mains of antiquity. MA'LIO, or St An'gelo, Cape, the S. E. extremity of the Morea. Matapan', Cai)e, the most southern point of the Morea, and of the continent of Europe. This was the Tuenarcum Promontoriutn of the ancients. Mt'lo, the ancient Meloe, a small island in the Archipelago. Its soil is volcanic, and extremely fertile. Population 500. MVsltra (Mi'stra) near the site of the ancient Sparta, a town in the Morea, beautifully situate at the fool of Mount Taygetus, once considerable, but now rapidly decaying. Population 4000. Missolon'ghi, a fortified town N. of the Gulf of Lepanto, and op- Kosite the Isle of Cefalonia. It as recently derived a melan- clioly interest as the place where our great poet, Lord Byron, died, 19th April 1824, .vhile promot- ing, with generous enthusiasm, the cause of Grecian liberty. Modon', or Motho'ne, the ancient Meth&ne, a seaport in the h>. W. ^f iV^- »»£iy^a. feitsj-it^ St thS fOOt of a mountain, on a small point of land projecting into the sea. It is «ie see of a Greek bishop. More'a, the ancient Veloponnetu , id an extcna88ed in beautv of scenery and in clas- sical interest by any part of the regions of Turkey ; nor does it yield in climate and fertihty to the most favoured portions of Europe. Pop. 400,000. N VP'OLl, distinguished by the name of Napoli di Komania, the ancient Nauplia, and the port ot \rgos, is a well-lnnlt and forti- fied town on the Gulf of Napoli, in the E. of the Morea. Nap'oli di MalvK'sia, called likewi&e Monembasia, or Mengcschc, a town in the S. E. of the Morea, built on the site of the ancient Evidaurus. Population ^000. Navarino (Navaree'no), a seaport in the S. TV. of thf> Morea, N. of Modon. Its harbour, the largest in the Movea, is capable of con- taining SjOOO sail. In this har- bour, on the 20th of October 1827, the combined Turkish and Egyptian fleets were destroyed by the united squadrons of Great Britain, France, and Russia. Nax'ia, an island in the Archipel- ago, S. of Mycone, having a su- perficial extent of about 170 square miles, and a population of 10,000. Although hilly, it is by no means unproductive.— Naxia, its chief town, is the seat of a Greek and a Catholic archbishop. Ne'gropont, or EgTipos, tho an- cient Eubfeot a long and narrow island along the coast of Livadia, from which it is separated by the narrow channel called Eunpus, remarkable for the irregularity of its tides. This island is about 100 miles long and 15 broad, and is connected with Livadia by a bridge over the Euripus, which is here only about 200 feet wide. Pop. (iO.OOO.— Negropont, the nrincipal town of the above- mentioned island, is a foiliiiM town of considerable size, situate on the W. coast. On the S. side » l«in . )■ I • .•" "■''^''rale,! i„„u„. RUSSIA IN KUROPB. 139 ancient Gro(>ka vaIii...i town in 1 iv I '^ ^"tpfilssa, a «ide o' Mount ft "" '^'^ «'"^^ and ?f " ^""^ifJerahle trade Accv,ulingto"tho';oti?caK,n I c JTi'^'^^'ion'^OW ^''■'''' ^''""'P*' luanaius. Pop. 12,000. Don- It exlT from 44' t%r'^^'^» -^ f'om 18° to 61" E. Un. p ^*^^ ^- ^«- and tremity of the Crimea i„ ,C"a ■ """"lern cx- '«Stl. wl700mie and :^/''^*'^ Ocean, i,, parallel of 56" is ,l6o mlljf ^ n' "'.""-^ ""^ t^omputed at 50,000,000." Population in * The Russian EmniTeis fho «>^ * . ~ — ' ~ ^«uirani8, three or four mtllion* 140 RUSSIA IN EUROPE. Divisions— In the Russian Empire there are iiftv-one governments or provinces, forty-one ot which are entirely in Europe, and four partly in Europe, partly in Asia. Provinces. Chief Towns. In the north,... Finland.... ^bo, Tornea. Viborg or Carelia.... Viborg. OloneTz Olonetz, Petrosavodsk. Avcbangel Archangel. VologdL.- Vologda. In the N.W.... Novgorod .......^ SSTsburo, Cron- Petersburg or Ingtia i'EiERSUUuu, v^iu** stadt. KevelorEsthonia... IJevel. Riga or Livonia 5^8^' Psiov P^l^o^ Vitepsk Vitqpsk. Couriand S^.^Jtau. ■yyilna Wilna. In the west, Mo^Mlev ;•;••; ^^^^^ Grodno Grodno. Volhynia Zytomiers. Kingdom of Poland. Warsaw. In the centre,.- Kostroma. Kostroma. Jaroslav Jaroslav. Tver J'^ver. Smolensko ?™«1^"«^?;„,,^5„„ Moscow ■?vr!f.«^.' ^«^°^'''*'- Vladimir vladimir. Nisnei-Novgorod .... Nisnei-Novgorod. Tambov Tambov. Riazan ^^^^^^ Tula Au a. Kaluga Kaluga. Orel. C)rel. Tchernigov Tchernigov. Kursk Kursk. Voronetz Voronetz. •« it represents no wore than the exact trutn. RUSSIA IN EUROPE. J4| In the east, Permr''"'''* ^^^'^^ Towns. Kasan... J^^^*^^- Simbirsk..:;: ■&"•, Penza.. ^^mhrnk. Tnfi . Saratov:; i^^"^^' In the south,... Slobodsk-iJkraine"' rTT' Poltova... ."'•••• pJf/^«^- Kiev. Poltova. Podoiia";; ^'^^: . Bessarabia and'n.o;; {r'''"^^"^ec, Choczim. ,,of iMoWav'ia.^ ^'' ^'^i^^ Ismail, Aker- Cherson or Nicolaev ChTrson m JKkaterinosIav J^^fsop, Odessa. the Crimea c i from Sweden iu isoo r!' ^;'^'^<' "'"s acquired davia from Tu"K mrTh ""^ ''"' "'^M'"- »'cst of the rivers DH-nl j i> • "'"""•y to the Courland, WuZ rZ %'l'f ^'^^n>^r, including '-yn-a, Kiel and A^r^' f "f"""'' ^ol! l^'-land. The duch v of W ""''^ '^'""Se'l «<> tho treaty of vie"nni in mlZiZ '"^"'T'- ''^ a ncvr kingdom of PolanH J.i. "as erected into Prinleg-es; but h U^Zt' "^'"' .*'>'"« important tl'ese in consequence of tt '^*P''"'"^ "^ ■»«*» of ■is independent " "*="" ""'"'Pt »» assert Z™Wa, Spitzbeljr' '^"'"'' ^"'^f'"''' Nova L:^S:^^S1^T'^''^, Va/dai. O'-. Kama, d'^ CNeWoX ■"' n "!' ^"'^'•' "I'ry. On Its eastern frontier. iDd.ed, f^/ 142 RUSSIA IN EUROPE, the vast chain of the Uralian Mountains stretches nearly from Nova Zembla to the Caspian ; rising in some places to the height of 8000 feet. In Lapland and in the Crimea there are mountains of considerable magnitude ; and tne Valdai Hills form an extensive table-land to the east and south of Petersburg. From these latter hills the principal rivers of Russia take their rise ; and so flat is the country through which they flow, that iheir course towards the sea is extremely tranquil. The distinguishing feature in the natural aspect of Russia is its steppes, which are vast plams formed chiefly of sand, and destitute of wood, except, here and there, a stunted birch. ,, * ^ «t»,or The climate of Russia is much colder than that of other European countries in the same parallel of latuude; and the farther we proceed eastward, we find it still the colder. For this peculiarity in the Russian climate various causes have been assigned,— its distance from the oceari,— the vast tract of land traversed by the north and easterly winds,— and the dreary uncultivated surface of the counl.y, a great proportion of which is occupied wiUi forests, lakes, and marshes. Beyond the latitude of 69^ the ground is cover- ed with snow and ice; corn crops cannot be depended on above 60** ; and do not become of consequence till we de- scend to 57". The fruits of temperate climates cannot be raised with advantage above SO*'. The summer-heat in Russia, however, is in general greater thf.i in other coun- tries under the same parallels of latitude. ^ Barley, oats, and rye are the principal grains ot tne northern provinces ; in the middle and southern provinces wheat is raised in great abundance. The meadows on tne Wolga, the Don, and some of the other rivers, are luxuri- ant in natural glasses. Hemp and flax are cultivated on the strong soils ; tobacco and m«ize in the south, chiefly in the Crimea. The f. uits varv with the varieiits of latitude and climate. Apples, plums, and cherries are common in the central provinces; peaches and melons ui the southern; and in Taurida and the Crimea, vines, figs, almonds, and pomegranates. In the centre of Russia are extensive tor- ests or all kinds of trees ; pine, fir, and birch trees abound in the northern regions. The n- The principal articles of expm Ip f '''"'"a *° '^^ »«ltic. low, potash, wax, soap, timber n. •'"''' '^' ^^^^''^'•' *«'- imports are suga^, coXp ? .! ' P""^''' ^^'' ^1^'"^, furs Thp -ollen and coLi doTr;, sX^/stu?^^ -^^^^"'"^^ ^^^^ pe annual value of the exDo«c • k^^' '^'"®' ^n^l brandy. the^Jjnports, nearly the same ^'^ '' "^°"* ^i 5,000,000, Jof of the^G^r^TchurS'^tTc^H^^^^^^^^ - «»-« - that t.ons, and even Mohammedan "Irvr/n" ^l'^^ ^-ominl* fcclesMstics are extrempl! .f. ^ ^"" toleration. The ;|««;umt.es and pr^tgel^ Terren' ''"' "^ ^-P^^nt ticularly on festival dafs are i^/r^-^'^"/ ^e^-emonies, par- government is an absolute mnrfJ^'** ^"^ ""Posing. Tfae I ;^^«^ will of the empe : "t a^rrtV" °"^^ ^-'^«-* -n to lie nobilityand clerffv and ^p^'' ^,"'"g tbe respect due j which an u4opn\,.rl!^:,l^l,'^^^^^^ by from which even the besM?w 'f/^^^t^mes removed, and pie are stiJI kept inaZvZ ^,'^'Sether secure. The peo- jPeasants, or b^ Je 7hf f '*^"'«/*^^« °f ^«««alage X whose lands the^^e "rn b^- ''"' '"'"''^" ^^ |;»g attempts to amelinl" \u^! government has been mak? 144 BUSSIA IN EUROPE. £17,500,000 ; and the expenses of the ..ar wiU. Bm^aparte ^rew it into considerable embarrassment, .i^*^^"""'''"^^^^ threw i"^ "» R,,.sian army, exc usive ot irregularb, was, B„. to this as - ofjj-- -f J^irnttro'ently r'T™l^7 Bv »lXerW utee issued in 1802, a plan ehial establishments in Seotla^ but .Ui^ not y ^^ rendered properly effec^ve L.tt e can b^ » ^._^^^^ ^j,^ the national character of the ^^"f ?"^„,"^„e„3 (^reeled into a university. Popi.ation 16,000. Cher'son, Kho 'son, or Nicolaev, an exierisive government b. vv. of Ekaterinoslw, containing from 20,000 to y«,000 square miles, and 523.(i0u iobabitants. Cher'son, the capital of the iibove covernment, situate on an ex- tensive ijsiiiii, L." lijc «'_•■' ••--— of the Dnieper, about 6,> miles from its mouth. Catherine, who wished to render it the Peters- burg of the south, endowed it with great commercial privi- leges ;l)ut its unfavourable situ- ation.' owing to the difficulty ot navigating the Dnieper, and the unhealthiness of the climate, has completely frustrated her inten- tion. The town is pretty, and regularly built. Here thf phi- lanthropic Howard died; he is buried about 8 miles trom the town, where a monument is erected to his memory. Popu- lation about 14,000. r'hoc'zim, or Chot'schim, a town m Podolia, on the right bank ot the Dnit v.er. It belonged formerly to the Turkish provnice ot Mol- davia, but was ceded to the Kus- siansin]812. It i'' a P'ace «t ereat strength, and h is been the scene of several battles and sieges. V .yulation 20,000. Cou/iand (Koor'land), a govern- ment of Russian Poland, sepurat- ed from Livonia by the Dwina. It is a fertile but ill-cultivated district, containing ]2,140 square miles, and 569,000 i'l^^bitants. Crim'ea, or Crim .1' 'tf /' ^he Chersonesus Taurica '^f the an- cieuts, a peiuusula »» the b. ot Taurida, formed by the Black Sea on the W. and S.- the Straits of Caffa, andUeSeaof Azophon theE.5 and the Isthmus ot Pe- recop on the N. It is aV*.it 208 miles long, and 124 broad. It i8 divided by the river Salgir into two parts, the northern of v. iich is a vast undu ..ting plain, com- nv,.o'; .f heaths or steppes, with. or • . ^;iagle tree, and fit only for nasv' f 'V^^ ^«>uthern is'xieot tiie m.- 1: (3 njJtful n-'^s «" the fat-eofh' ,iuHj; its mountains cTiclofeiH^ j*l!oysof the greatest iVrtility, i!Jh in all the produc tiwiic ot the soutV). Cron'stddt, a seaport and strong , fortress in the government ot Pe- tersburg, at the S.E. extremity of the island of Retusari, in he Gulf of Finland, 2 miles from the coast of Petersburg, and 8 froni thatofViborg. It protects th passage to Petersburg, and « the principal depot for the Ruj- «ian navv. It was built by Pet«| the Great, who employed '6WM men in the work. Pop. 30,0(ii,| besides 10,000 artillery trooi^l usually quartered here. coasts have rcnSoriffn' °" '^« to eropffl ii«i,f^ '^'* ^* necessary lu erecta lighthouse at Daacmat ts principal village. ""'^^S^o^t, zakovand Kinburn ^" "^■ Dniester (Nees'tpr'* fh« Hon ;^"^A ^ ^'^""«^ Of <^;, a (ovn of Livonia wiM. . university, whid. >:he SCi'ir m Sn1> ' "^ ^^^^'' declareKe SrF?nTan?'V''fK'* ?^ education anrf c. "j Esthonia, ai.cl Cour nSa i';"^«»ts3l0. Pop. 6o35. the bordp : «f.thesamename on anH ^ft ''^ P^^ov and Tver; and, after ^ course of 600 miles alls into thr> Gulf of Riga It fs Sl?ctrse"5'^ "^''^y "' , -ithPet'er^bt-g'^y^^ct?!' '"' I fo™;d%"fe";uL&,rs Juchoua and J„s, m th eVnJ,^ RUSSIA IN EUROPE. 147 TaiiriH ' * government N. of iight and sandy the Hinllfl commonlymil5/-Thec K;;- orthesamename isasmliiV»T * remarkable only 'for 1 «, ^'n"^^* manufacturesrwhi^h^' a'^T"^" counted the fiAesTi^Russfa P^ pulation about 5000. "' '^°- PIN'LAND, a country p nf «„ A.D I7Q'; I, , .. '^ crown, vernment of%iv^orod !J°: with Lafci r , J* commuaicates and obstinate re,l.ta„cey?h| ' "'*«. was one of the mr, J ■«„ general huwarrow. Thp tc^rri has decayed from its former im Portance, and is now pr"ndDan»" Ser\?i"a;Vs "'' ^'^""^nians, and JAROSLAV (Yaroslav'V a ^ brVoZda' 'Kn'f' ^^^^^ -ir, Tvi^an^d'lTg^oVod'^^^; contains about 15 0(m c '' mile«,audl,02y?awK! mmmimimm-"m^- 248 RUSSIA IN EUROPE. -.JaroBlav, the principal town, 1 Bltuate on the Volga, is a place of considerable importance, u is the see of a bishop, the seat ot an academy, high school, and . theological college, it has ex- tensive manufactures of suk, linen, and Russian leatJier ; be- sides smaller ones of other ar- ticles, and has a^.n^^cd bell- foundery. Population 19,000. KALGUEV (Kalgwev'), a dreai-y island in the Frozen Ocean, about 70 miles in diameter, and inha- bited by only a few scattered la- KSuirCKaloCga), a government Snded by Moscow, Smolonsko 'Tula and Orel. It contains 8()00 iuatemuSrand 1.159.600 iob^^^ Wtants. It contains iron-mines and important manufactures, . nearly a million sterling bemg Soyed in trade.-Jhe prmci- ^^town situate on the Oka^ Po- pulation 17,000, most of whom Sre employed in manu/acturcsoi woollen and cotton cloths, can- vass, paper, leather, and hats. Ka'ma.alarge river which rises in vK, traverses Perme irom N. to S.. and falls into the Volga 24 miles below Kasan. Kam'iniec. the chief town of Podo- iS fo the N. of the Dniester. Population 5600. „ Kasan', a government to the S. of Viatka, having 22,000 miles of superficial extent, and about 850.000 inhabitants, chiefly of Tartar origin.-The chief town is situate on the Kasanka It is abishop's see, the seat of a small university, and some other se- mTnaiie8,''and has .large soap- works and tanneries, besides woollen, cotton, and lace manu- Sres. in its vicinity IS a new naval establishment, f- j^.OOO. Kiev (Kioo), a government on the bnieper. contaimpg 17.000 Ke"arpart of the provinces occupied with pasturage.- J he Scipal town, once the capital 5f Russia, is of great extent si- * -.. » . ■■{cina ffround on ine riBhtoankof"tireDniei>er. In a monastery here are subterrane- r» vaults, divided ioto apart- ments and chapels, in which are kept a number of dead bodiw In an undecayed state, believed by the Russians to be the relics ot saints and martyrs. P. 40.000 Kostro'ma, a government »" Euro- nean Russia, containing 40,000 fquSre milesUnd ^'''-^^^OO '"h«. bitants. lti»«"T7^'"'l'^i^L*Ji covernmcntsof V ologda, Viatka, Nisne,-Novgorod,.Vladimir,and Jaroslav.— Ihe i)nncipal town is sftuate on the Volga, near its junction with the Kostroma. Po- pulation 90OO. . Kursk (Koorsk), a govej"'"^"' surrounded by those of Orel, vo- ronetz, Slobcdsk-Ukra-ne, and Tchcrnigov. It contains lo.UW square miles, and 1 ,61 1 ,200 inha- bitant8.-Thechief town 18 one of t he most ancient in the emP're, si- tuate on tbeTuskaia. P. 16,000. LA DO'G A , L AK E, aV*?t" „^ water, surrounded by the go- vernment8ofPetersburg,Viborg, and Olouetz. It is one of the largest lakes in Europe, being ISO miles long, and 75 broad It abounds in fish, particularly sal- mon. It is connected by canals with Lake llmcn and the Wolga; and thus forms a line ot commu- nication between the Baltic and the Caspian. -»-^a„rn. Livo'nia. or Riga, a maritime pro- vince in the N. W. haying Es- thonia on the N. and Courland nil thp S It contains 20,3W) sjuar'e'miles, and 137.734 inha- bivants. It exriorts a consider- able quantity of corn. Lub'lin, a town in Poland, almost surrounded by lakes and marshes. Popu ^i*?^'^ "^i'es, and i.^70, 100 inhabitants, it Is one m2 150 RUSSIA IN EUROPE. corn countriei in of the best PBrPUS, LAKE, surrcunded by *^The government, of Petersburg. Livonia. Esthonia. and Pskov. It is 60 miles long, and 3j broad, and communicates with the Gull of Finland by the river Narova. Pen'za, a government in the £.., having Nisnei-Novgorod on ihe N. and Saratov on the s. It con- tains IG.ftOO square miles, and nearly 800,()00}nhabitants -Ihe chief town is situate ^t^ he con- fluence of the I'enza and hura. Population 10,000. Perme. a government, partly ni Europe, partly in Asia, contain- w about i 16.000 square miles, and about 1.IO.J,000 inhabitants. —Its chief town is a small place, on the river Kama. r. o»uu. Petcbora (Petsho'ra), f large river which issues from the Uralian Mountains, aows northward through the governments oi Perme, Vologda, and Archangel, andfaUsintothe NorthernOcean, after a course of COO miles. Pe'tersburg, or In'gria, a govern ment at the eastern extremity of the Gulf of Finland, convaunng 18,40 1 square miles, and 8 lO.OUU inhabitants. Pp'tp rsburo. in the above govern- mentrtSe capital of the Russian empire, is situate at the mouth ol the Neva, at the eastern extre- mity of the Gulf of Finland. It "astounded by Peter the Great Ir 1703 : and before his death, in 1725, was a large city, (a therine II. made it the perma- nent residence of the courts, and it is now one of the largest and most elegant cities in t'Urope. It 18 divided into two parts by the Neva, which is here broader than the Thames at London, deep, rapid, and dear. Its form is nearly circular, and it is about 4 miles in diameter. P. 448,i2 1. Podo'Iia a government in Russian Poland, cSntaining 20,000 square miles, and 1,610,000 inhabitants. Pol'and, a large country of Lurope, between Russia and Germany, r " :v,^<>rw:>nd(>nt kinffdom ; S*'in"l772"tlie three powers of HU88 a Austria, and Prussia, par- t'itfonedpartofher territory and in 1793 they completed this un- lust proceeding by dividing Iho wholecountryamongthemBelves. By the treaty of Tilsit in 1807, Prussia yielded to Saxony mo»» of her share, which was formed Into the duchy of Warsaw. In 18H Russia obtained this terri- tory, and erected it into the new kingdom of Poland, much smaller than the original one, which the emperor governed un- der the title of king, and allowed to it a representative govern- ment and considerable privileges. Tliese were ill secured, how- ever ; and in consequence ot tne late gallant but unfortunate at- tempt to regain national inde- pendence, tliey have been with- drawn, and Poland in a great measure incorporated witn tne Russian empire. Polto'va, a fertile government be- tween Cherson and Cliarcov, hav- mganareaof 17,000 square miles, and 933,000 nhril.'tavjtJ. Its chief city, of t' ..-..iv:^ nnv. . . was the scene i^lif gfp.f oaitle m which Ch i.>o Xli. m Sweden was totall; defeated. Pop. 10,000. Pskov, or ries'kov, a government in the N.W. between Livonia and Smolensko. Its superficial area is abc .it 22,000 square miles, and its population 784,000.- '' priTicipal town,situate at the con- fluence of the Velikajaand Pskov, is the see of a Greek archbishop. Population 7000. HiT.V'EL, government ot. see Esthonia, p. 147. il, v'el, the chief town in the above Kovernment, is situate on a small bay of the Gulf of Finland. It is a place of considerable trade and has a spacious, sate, and well-pro- tected harbour. The town is very strongly fortified. Pop. 15,000. Riazai i . a central government L(rf Moscow, having an area of IcJ,Oji) square miles, and containing 1 270,.")00 inhabitants.— Its prin- cipal fown, situate on the Oka is the see of a Greek bishop, and « remarkabl(j for its """«"»' """• ber of churches. Pop. 5000. Ri'ea. government of. See Livonia,i %^'&-R>8a, th_e chief owM It is a placft of great trade, i exports ainuntiriC in value Asia. Great na^t'"/?' P^'^^^ *" uniit lor vegetal on S.f ^° *^ RUSSIA IN EUROPE. J51 i'enza and Saratov, having -n area of 21,000 square SeS*an3 a population of 1,391 388 !*» pnncipall town, «tua^^ onlhe if "«' 18 the see of a Greek bishon ^ perfldal extent Js 9M(fu^'„'uare" ^J^^'^'V^ ^overnment'^n ?ft able tract N?a;'dToV?r?>«- tuate on the Wol«a L 7," " '^• active trade, cfflv with t, "" squa?e mile i^" n'f^? °^ ^'^'"OO Jation of 850 ) A «^ P"''"- y on a hill' Tf r" ^P'^'"' P«"t- f ^^iaga a^ofg^r^Sr c,^":^near'y 12,000. ^ *^°P"'*- fngrnriiofSol^aua?^' V^ and I -«)7 n-- ' L *J"aremile8. chief town'^oneof^f,f^"*«-"« cientcitiS/JJ^hlrSn^e"^ on the left bank of the nn?"^^' which is herenavigable u *'^'' town was then «Pt Vfr. « "^ ' .toon. • ," ' W"" and cry ISjmS.,^, '!','.">;W' able. able tr^ict N. anti 17 Jf-tCSr Xl^,, '" '"Perllcial extent 1." containing 20 ouO «n.;a^» \^' vnd 1 o,^If .;''»"'" 8Q'»are miles, snUi '^''P^ inhabitants. Its soil u very /ertile— Its princina? town, oil the Desna i..i,P' ofaGreekarcnbThoW ^'"^ Ssk'^^'f t' "" T^cberkask (Cher'- g^hk), the capital of the Don Cossacks, situate on the AksaJ 2 »srca?s-S now H.f "P*"^*" Catherine, and S empire T-/T'^' city* in the wT < f '' stands on the creaf St2'?S Petersburg to Moscow fL\*7*'P"^"®"ce of the Tvertza the Wolga, and the Tmaka p«' puJaUon 20,000 ^™^«»- -Po- of 1:093 800 ' uf '' ? population pf Vhi '^^^r—^sprincipai town at the confluence of the TuH?a' ^"'\Upa, is called the Sheffield 01 itussia. Besides a cannon louiKjBry.a. 'f.. sformXts' bayoiiets, sw o Owork- Pimii "-"erv tor private use. (man authoritv „ ' ... ,»?«" URALIAN. or Ou.ai ,.„?!«• Mountains, an oxtensFve angi' ^''^f'. ^«u«hi.e greater pfft 152 RUSSIA IN EUROPE. of its extent, fo^tntthe boundary bctiVt'on Eur./pean and Asiatic Uussia. Tlic I'.twliii<«kuc> Kumen rises to the heiKht of (5819 fiot above thu level of the CaH()i:{i). VAI'GATZ (Wal'gau), a strait l)etween Nova Zembla and the island of VatKAtz. Val'gatz, an islnid, or rather a gruup of islands, between the continent of Russia and Nova Zembla. The land is bleak and uninhabited, visited only by hun- ters of bear., and other animals. Valdai Hills, an elevated tract of country in the centre of Rus- sia, never rising, however, above the height of I'i'UO feet. See Remarks, p. 14*3. Viat'ka, a government in the E., having an area of 47,01)0 square miles, with a population of l.O'JD.OOO.— Its cliief town, at the confluence of the Viatka and Chlinooka, is the see of a Greek bishop, and has some trade. Po- pulation 8f)( 0. Vi'borg, or Wy'borg, a government N. of the Gulf of Finland, having 16,000 square miles of Ruperticiju extent, with 186,000 inhabitants, — Its chief town, on the Gulf of Finland, is a fottitied place, and has considerable trade. P. 5500. Vltepsk, a government in the N. W. to the E. of Courland, having an area of 17,000 square miles, and 915,000 inhabitants.— Its chief town, situate at the confluence of the Dwina and Viteba, con- tains a population of 15,0C0. Vladimir', a governnient to the E. of Moscow, having an area of 20,000 square miles, with 1,300,046 inhabitants.— Its chief town, on tlK Kliasma, is a Greek bishop's see. Population 1500. Vol'ga, or Wolga, river, issues from Lake Seliger, among the Valdai Hills, in the N. of Tver, and flows in an eastward course, though with many windings, till it reaches Kasan ; it then takes a southward direction, forming the boundary between Europe and Asia for several hundred miles, after which it flows directly east- ward, and falls into the Caspim, after a course of 252U miles, tirough almoit th.; whole of whicli It i^ navlgabti. It han a longer course than any river in Europe ; and, with the exception of the Danube, pours a greater volume of water into the sea. Volhy'ma, a very fertile govern- ment m Polish Russia, between the government* of Grodno and Podoha, having a Buperlicial ex- tent of 30,0(10 square miles, with 1, ■164,000 inhabitants. Volog'da, a thinly-peopled govern- ment S. of Archangel, having a superficial extent of 180,000 sqi' te miles, with 8i)s?,178 in- hal)itant8.— Its chief town, on the Vologda, is of considerable imi)ortanc»\ having an active trade, and a nimdier of inanuiac- tures. Population 11,000. Vo'ronctz, a government W. of the Don Coosacks, having an area of 34,00U square miles, with a po- pulation of 1,436,400.— Its chief town, at tJie confluence of the Voronetz and the Don, is the see of rn archbishop, and a place of some trade. Pop. 14,500. VVAR'yAW, a large city, the capi- tal both of ancif 1 '^ Poland and of the smaller .ugdom which now bears that name. Besides the body of the city, there are four large suburbs; but the whole suflfbred dreadfully during the war of partition in 1782, as wel' IS in the sieges of 1794 and 185 . There are some handsome public buildings and a well-en- dowed university. Pop. about ia(),{)00,of whom 20,000 areJews. Wil'na, a government in the JV. of Lithuania, having an area of i.'4,()()0 square miles, and a popu latin several eminences, is a place of consider- able trade, beii g situated close to the navigable river Wilna. It is the see of a Greek and a Roman Catholic bishop, the seat of a university, and other seminaries. Population upwards of 30,000. ZYTO'MIERS, the chief town of Volhynia, situate on the rives Tetereo. It is the see oi a Greek and a Catholic bishop, and a place of some tratlic. Pop. 5500. boi by Av Be/g-iu great ] from 4 ^« Lor being h Jn breac in 1828 Prov Kast Pruj H^est Ppu Pomerania Josen Silesia ■Brandenbu ypper ar A^iisaiia. i'uchyofS ;festphalia Duchy of CI, Berg i>uchyof'th; -Kfiine... Neufciiafcel.'.'. it'nne, are 0^ Prussia h <^imel the 'H'U'.^tered 1 natiuual p(,i ^^'"zerlanci. V^ba,Kie - ■'^i^ii.Ks.- whole of It hn» H ly river in ; exception I a greater thi- 8ca. le govern- K, between r«)dno and eriicial ex- iniles, \vith cd govcrn- I, iiaving a If 180,000 102,178 in- town, on »nfiiderablc an active t'lnanuiao- ,()()(). tW. oftho an area of with a po- — Its clJief nee of the I, is the sec I a place of iO(i. f, the capi- 'oland and lom which s. BeHldfs there are but the jUy during in 1782, as f 1704 and handsome a well-en- *op. about 10 areJews, 1 the JV. of 1 area of nd a jKipu- -Its chief ■en several f consider- ed close to Una. It is [ a Roman seat of a eminaries. f 30,000. }f town of the rivts oi a Greek md a place 5i>00. 153 fat part of the nluM "A""' "^ ''"'and. arXa '"JS^Swasis^rsgjjo '""«»• Tlie population Provinces. J^'ast Prussia.... K.' h ^^^^'"^o^'M. H^est Prussia.. ^^^-dla'^d; l/fr ^'^^«^*^ ^^^mel, i'am2ic, iSlbini Ti, Pomerania, ., '■'»n»'erder. ' "• ^'"'■n, Mt. ^fexia......'.'" £■»» or !'„,„"'"• ^"K"". Colberg.. "--^ o'«axon,::: < Mate- ^«.t fe.""'«»' l>«hyofCleve,a„d 7 ^ """"' ^i^den, Paderbo™. , Jihine.. """"^er f Cologne, Coblenf^ a- . »-".^-.ercd by the Kinl ofp"*"-"' '^'"■<--'' ^ad" |^'-i^erla«d. '*"^' •" "«" as by position! ,o lV''n^?::.S'': M^.!!":?' .^'"e-. Vistula. Od.. • ■ i i 154 PRUSSIA. Remarks. — To the widely-scattered provinces of Prussia no general description will anply ; but tlie greater part of the country presents a level surface. The rivers by which it is traversed are slow in their cu.rent, having but a slight declination towards the sea. Its raountajn.tracts are the Hartz in Silesia, the Reisengebirge in Saxony, the Wester- wald in Westphalia, and the Hundsruck in the Lower Rhine ; but these are rather on the outskirts than in the in- terior of the Prussian territories. These mountain-tracts abound in wood, probably the remains of the Hercynian Foiest. In general, the soil is poor, being sandy and covered with heath. Silesia and Cleves and Berg are the most fertile and populous districts. In the western states the climate is warmer ihan that of England in the same latitudes,— in the eastern it is cold. The agricultural products of Prussia are nearly the same as in Britain ; but cultivation is in a much more backward state. Silesia and Westphalia have long been noted for their linens, — the weaving of which is the chief employment of the lower orders in these provinces, and to a considerable extent likewise in Pomerania. Woollen stuffs are also ma- nufactured in every town and village; but cotton cloths and hardware are the only manufactures carried on in col- lective establishments,— the woollens and linens being wrought by individuals in their cottages. Prussia is not rich in minerals ; but in the mountainous district of the Hartz are found iron, copper, iead, vitriol, alum, saltpetre, and small quantities of silver. Brine- springs abound in Prussian Saxony. Amber is found in considerable quantities in several parts of Prussia Proper,— particularly near Pillau, on a neck of land formed by the Frische-haff. In its rivers and canals Prussia enjoys great advantages for internal trade ; and in its seaports on the Baltic foreign commerce is carried on with considerable activity. The chief exports are corn, wool, timber, pitch, potash, linseed,: tobacco, wax, and linen— its principal imports are the cole nial produce and the manufactures of Great Britain. The form of government in Prussia is hereditary mo- narchy, and nearly absolute. Provincial states have recently been established ; but their power is limited. The establish- ed religion is Calvinist and Lutheran Protestantism; but| the professors of other religions not only enjoy free tolera- tion, but are admissible to all offices in the state. What of latitu and brea M^hat pal town Berg? I (lenburg i Prussia ? p, Steu iau, Cobl( ftom the 1 canton do( I verninent I -Name t course of J Where is ( |haff? J^hatisrei jfracts? In (tne general ]uistricts in enjoy? In ^ufactures 1 what are pteblishmer f » flat kind c llV.oy for intc *'^t are its ^'"<^e the time of FredenV *», ^ ^^5 -^urope. At present thp Pr.. ■ ^"" "^ost efficient In no country of V than in Prusmo' ' "^"^ope is education" mnr« .. , "?!>. I he literary annaU oP *. • ° '^espectabJe semino Ae na Leib'ni," ^.r,' a,': 'cZ"^"^ -J-™^ .t 5»"se of the'Sr'he o£- ^.^^^ "» '"^e.. Trace .h. I'.E . '?'«"">! trade ? Has it ,; t ?H'^' <^»« Prussia 156 PRUSSIA. What is the form of government in Prussia ? What is he established religion ? Vhat indulgence is extended to the professors of other religions ? What is the character of the Prussian soldiery ? What is the present a"^?""J^«^ jj^? army ? What people do the Prussians resemble m manners ? fr education niucl? attended to i^. Prussia? W^^ft literary institutions does it possess? Mention some of the distin- guished names that adorn its literary annals. DESCRTPTIVE TABLE. AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (pr. Aiz-la- Shapel'), an ancient city m the duchy of Lower Rhine, celebrat- ed for its baths. It was long the favourite residence of Charle- magne, and here it was cnsto- mary, till the middle of the 16th century, to crown the emperois of Germany. Pop. oS.OOO. BAUT'ZEN, or Budisain, a forti- fled town in Upper Lusatia. on the Spree, noted tor its cloth and stocking maniiiactories. Popu- lation 11,400. , .„t * Berg, a duchy in the circle of West- phalia, S. of the duchy of Cleves, with which it is now united. Btr'gen, a small town in the island of Rugen, in Poraerania. Beblin', the capital of the Prus- sian dominions, situate on the Spree, in Brandenburg, is one of the most beautiful cities in Eu- rope. Population 220,000. Bonn, a university town in the go- vernment of Cologne, pleasantly situate on the left bank of the Rhine. Population 11,000. Bran'denburg, Marquisate of, the most important of the Prussian states, and the foundation of the monarchy. Pop. 1.539,592.— A town in the sume province. Po- pulition 12,000. ., . Bres'lau, the chief town of Silesia, situate on the Oder, and inter- sected by its tributary, the Oh- lau. The university was re- moved hither from FiankfOiTt o.i the Oder in 1810. Population 82,000. .. . , r CLEVES, a duchy in the circle of Westphalia, now united with Berg and part of Juliers. The united duchy contains 3460 square iuli6», aiiu yooiWvi iliisaunasjvr;— Cleves, its capital, is one oi" the neatest towns in Germany. Po- pulation 6736. A Coblentz', a town in the province of Lower Rhine, delightfully si- tuate at the confluence of the Rhine and Moselle, opposite the fortress of Ehrenbreitstein. Its situation is peculiarly favourable for internal trade. Pop. 15,000. Col'berg, a forti Ked seaport in Po- meiania, situate on the Persante, about half a mile from its mouth. PopuliUion 1311. ^ Cologne (Colon'), the Colonta A- grippina of the Romans, a cele- brated town in the Lower Rhine, on the left bank of the river. Its university, founded in 1388, was supplanted by a. Lyceum erected by the French. It is the birth- place of Rubens ; and in the church of the Cordeliers is the tomb of Duns Scolus. Colope was one of the four principal Hanse towns. Pop. 64,000. Curische-haff (Koorish-haff), i. c. the Bay of Courland, a lake or arm of the sea in East Prussia, about 70 miles in length, but of very unequal breadth. Custrin (CoostreeiV), a strongly fortified town in Brandenburg, at the confluence of the Wartlu and Oder. Population 6000. DANT ZIC, a large and wealthy town in West Prussia, situate oa the Vistula, about 5 miles froij its mouth. Its exports, of whicl corn is the principal arti« amount in annual value », £ 1 ,500,000 sterling. Populatioub. with suburbs, 54,000. Jj Dusseldorf, a tov*^n in the ducD! of Cleves and Bor?, situate the Rhine at ith (-tion w; the Dussel. It is a well town, and has a consider trattic Pouulation !27.000 ELBi;, the JlMs of the Komai a large river which takes rise from the Reisengebirge bulH raiS tween its cou pny, £ feaxonj tant tr theGer below i Elb'erfelc in the i tion 25, Elb'ing, a ofthes£ sia, Poj Embs, a rii discbarg into the below El Er'furt,an in the di Gera. Pc of the 16 theentrej merce oi "early 60, Eylau (How sia, on ti Hereagrc was fough and Russi bruary 18C FRANK'FO place of o Brandenbu iriedJand (F East Prussi for a great i parte defeal Prussians, ] pulation 17{ Fnsche-haff(] or lake, in £ long, and 13 ^i'lg with the GLATZ,afort Pop. above 8 Wogaw', a well fortified towi 3.000, cornp, Goflitz, a towr on the Neisi , Its woollen ai l^tures Popui, '\fass-haff, a ba' the mouth oft about 36 mile breadth from < duchy of Cleve HALBioRsTat^ «"«hyofsaxo'r ""«. or the J wunswick to l fH RUSSIA. ^^^ Halle (HaWan ^tnl^^^^^'OOO. touchy of &vnnt ^^" *n the bank of the Saa" J' "J^^^e righ? in P,£?n 25,000. E«^*b\a^r?l»^^^ discbarges it eK^^^^'\ ^'^i'^h into the^iay of Sln«^.^^^"»^'Js below Embden "^'*' ^ ^^"le in the'd\?h';S^i;i^tified town Oera. Pop^i Joo .T; «« the % the 16& SenZy iVfur.'^"^" the entrepot of theiAtJrn^^„ri^ ^the Lower R?ir " "'^ *^"''^y of ^>i^^ehe-haff It Stan''. '"*« *he an island, but chi«fl'^^P^''"yon bankoftheriver jy«ntheJV. versity, erected in ASf ^""•- number of exceLnf ' t^"^ ^ Pop. 64,00'j ^^*^^"^nt schools. 'ong, and 13 broad ,snL' "* ™'^^ ^«.i ^^, a rortjfied town in ca • ,.,^op. above 8000 Silesia. ,>.a^ove8y*"^""» Silesia. IS^dJS;^!;;'*^^ strongly. onthe^fe^lteLusatia, itswooU?naK«"^»«ted for about r.emie^^anT' '" ?^"«*^ |HSSi^fife;V?^Crf^ j aucby of Samn« ' "^ *•?'*■" in the "ue, or 7hn J' "*? ^^"^ "olzen- PortiAEVtPruf fa'»^ ''^«- 5»ver Dange to f h« \t^^ ^'^ait Curische-hlff ^^hir^f h^' ""^ '^^ with the Baltic hv^'^ """^ strait. It Is a ni?^ * "3*^0^ trade, part cuLrfvf''? °^ Sre^t which is^/ioated down '/J, *r*^«^ ^or Niemen. Pop S^^^^^ei the *e.e?.'^fe'{;fi!^^*^«» were defeated by he Srif^ k^"^*' their allies in « -"^"nana lia on 'the small r °^ W««-^"- insurrection ^f'thTf "V*" '^n under John Bockels f^^^.^^P^-^ts ^bicirSminS'^^'''«t^eat3^ years war Tn f648 f!i^ ^^4 this place conUpJri., '^^^ Piven celebrity. Top^^s'Sia""*'''"'^*^ N 158 PRUSSIA. NIEMEN (NeCmen), or Memel, a large river which rises at Slo- nim, in the Russian government otGrodno, receives the Wilnaat Kowno, flows through East Prus- ' .ila, where it receives the name of Memel, and falls into the Cu- rische-haflf, by 2 branches, about 7 miles below Tilsit. lyOElt, a large river wWch rises in Moravia, flows through Sile- sia^ Brandenburg, and Pomera- nia, expands into the Grass-haff, and communicates with the Bal- tic by 3 branches, which form the large islands Usedom and "Wollen. Connected by canals with the Elbe and Vistula, this river is of great importance to PA'DERBORN, an ancient town . in Westphalia, in which Charle- magne IS said to have resided while prosecuting the war against the Saxons. Pop. (JOOO. JPiWau, a seaport in East Prussia, at the extremity of the long jje- ninsula between the Baltic and the Frische-haft'. It has a con- siderable but shallow harbour. Fooulation S'lOO. Pomera'nia, a province stretching along the S. coast of the Baltic. It is about 200 miles long, and varies in breadth from 30 to 80. Population 876,842. Po'sen, Grand Duchy of, comprises that part of Poland which was restored to Prussia by the treaty of Vienna, 1815. It contains an area of 11,6^8 square miles, and, with the military, a population of 1,064,506.— Posen, its chief town, at the confluence of the Wartha and Proszna, is of great antiquity. Pop. '-'5,000. Pots'dam, a town in Brandenburg, on the Havel, about 12 miles from Berlin. It is a regular and elegant town, and an occasional residence of his Prussian majesty and court. Pop. 30,000. Pre'gel, a considerable river in East Prussia, falling into the FriF«he-haff' below Konigsberg. Prussia (Prush'ya), East or Ducal, a province in the N E. of the kingdom, stretching along the Baltic. Its area is 15,1 15 f^quare miles. Population 1,216,154. Prus'sia, West, a province to the W. of East Prussia, containing 9761 flquare iniles. Populatior» 792 207. RATIBOIl, a town In Silesia, on the Oder, which here becomes navigable. Population 3500. Rhine, River. SeeFEANCE,p. 103. Rhine, Lower, Duchy of, a pro. vince S. of Cleves and Berg, com- posed of provinces taken trom France and the grand duchy of Berg in 1814, and assigned to Prussia by the congress of Vien- na, 1815. Its superficial extent is 5700 square miles, and its po- pulation 1,019,000. Ru'gen, an island in the Baltic, se- parated from Pomerania by a channel 1 mile broad. P. 28,150. SAX'ONY, Duchy of, a province W. of Brandenburg, and N. of the kingdom of Saxony. It con- tains an area of 9830 square miles. Population 1,109,388. Sile'sia, a province N. E. of Bohe- mia, the most beautiful, fertile, and important part of the Prus- sian dominions. It contains an area of 15,000 square miles, and 2,393,551 inhabitants. Its ma- nufactures of linen, woollen, and other articles are estimated at 3 millions sterling annually. Spir'ding-see'. a lake in E. Prussia, about 60 miles in circumference. Stettin, the capital of Pomerania, on the left bank of the Oder, about 60 miles from the Baltic. It is a place of considerable strength, and is large and well built. Population 26,000. Stral'sund, a seaport in Pomerania, on the strait which separates Rugen from the mainland. Its harbour is capacious and safe; its trade considerable, chiefly in corn. Population 15,900. THORN, a town in West Prussia, pleasantly situate on the right bank of the Vistula, about !)0 miles from its mouth. Coperni- cus, the famous astronomer, was a native of this town. Popula- tion 10,000 with the military. TJl'sit, a town in East Prussia, on the Niemen and the Tilse. Hero a peace was concluded, in lb07, between Bonaparte and the Em- peror Alexander of Russia. Po- 1 pulation 11,947. Rhine, the most ancient city in Germany, beautifully situate on the 2're isri( univ nasii VIST from Moui fiian and, hund theN Friscl strean into tl noble ] ral hii great c of con the int Is bou and til France Prussia, to 55'' ]S about 6 500 mi] 34>MO/ The 1 thirty-ei| Circles phalia; j Suabia; Them to Austria dominions names, ar states Jfecklcnbur ^Jng'lom of 2^«enburff.. Population 1 Silesia, on !re beoomes ion 3500. LNCE,p. 103. sr of, a pro- A Berg, coin- taken from nd duchy of assigned to •ess of Vien- ficial extent and its po- he Baltic, se- erania by a I. P. 28,150. ', a province '„ and N. of ony. It con- square miles. 8. E. of Bohe- tiful, fertile, of the Prus- L contains an re miles, and its. Its ma- woollen, and itimated at 3 nually, in E. Prussia, rcumference. f Pomerania, of the Oder, m the Baltic, considerable irge and well 26,000. n Pomerania, ich separates lainland. Its )U8 and safe; ble, chiefly in 15,900. West Prussia, on the right ula, about 90 Lth. Coperni- :ronomer, was )wn. Popula- te military. Lst Prussia, on eTilse. Hero jded, in 1807, e and the Em- 1 f Russia. Po- mcient city illy situate on I GERJUANY M<'untai„^r4^/?«47athja„ mneranr*?!"^ S^Oo's^S m^^ MUSS* rai hundrprf w,ji„^ . *^ °^V6- of th\c 4. ^ '""i tne univpr«i»n »f corn and other arSrS'?""'' "' «lie chu??h 5 n" ^mpHona is bounded JV 1.,- ,1. /^ »"d the Baltic; yi^^S"?,- O'-'T' ^'^'^^rk, Prussia, PoJa/d, and S^, a"d Italy; and E. by 'aSSoN.Lat anHf If'^y- ^t "^tends from 430 500 mile, ;„ b„ad»h S F Tw^' '.? ^•' ""^ 31,400,000. """ ^- «» W. Population ,.'!'iny!eiS"&„'tS:™^''// divided among Circles .•—Unner slvl ' r"^ comprised in nine P'-alia; U ^•'•rod, Fores 1 Mouni forests cultura Germa wine cc and Rh wines b iity are Austria! Germ and Erz and bism Bavaria i salt; fror The do f*"©™ thos iong beer or the dra troduced i of Spain, wolf; the J_ of superior The ind has urged t vantages, u linen, SiJesi brated ; and the war in e: roachinery, a >'We for the cloth of Saxe I porcelain, an i Comroerce I partly to the Joccupation of m chiefly to nowever, on th Nourishing tra One'greato t^fosperity of .'""O'V'T so man [0 many factii ^"ance and U Freyberg, itz. en, Dietz. Landshut, Blenheim, berg, Nu- Bayreuth; r, Spire, m. Vlanheim, knkfort on 8 Hartz >iebenge- iepholtz, ; Weser, GKRMANV. '•■«<), there are still deiachert , ■ ^61 £ o "i;;;;^ '/^-- ".ickiy ^z^z:f "^ «•"' ■^-rrr rr: " ^'^^^^'rZz:::^:^i^' -s ■•■"'' RSrJ„d7.rtE.t"V''^J^""«oo?rNe?'' wmes have Ir.«„ , ''^'^"^^ towards their rU^ L, -Neckar Bavaria is i^o'ted"? *"/''"'' "'« "ch'^mines ',? '^r..™"^". long bee, fem^ ^"'''^''''""■■ing coup.ri" h' """"a"? :™^"eed i„f;L.„?, «s°h'':r ?':'''-p"a xr;^ «fsupe„-„/s;*^«'"-""»''.aewii7b^:nsi:i,:s: sihio '""Vj and the scarcity of fnpi ^, "* ^^«'»" inferior porcelain are^'f^"'^'^'-. ■'= ""read, face W„ ^'" *'""^' j' "•»■>? factiftoarimeresr'; 7'°"' ^""'^ ''i'tiv^T^ ' n2 162 GERMANY. unity of eflfort and combination of resources. This sub- division imparts, likewise, a very anomalous character to the political as well as the fiscal government of Germany. While all the states are united under the name of the Ger- man Empire, each is governed by its own prince, who has absolute power to impose taxes, levy troops, and even form alliances, provided he do not interfere with the general interest. From the time of Charlemagne, in whose ex- tensive conquests this federative -mstitution originated, A. D. 800, the office of emperor, or head of the confedera- •tion, was elective, and was possessed at different periods by distinct lines of sovereign princes. But since the year 1438, the predominant power of Austria has secured the imperial dignity in hereditary succession to ils sovereign princes. In 1806, the emperor renounced the title and authority of Emperor of Germany, and assumed that of Emperor of Austria. The convocation of princes, and of the deputies of the four free««> Pwiof qualitv ? i- *' "'^ manufactured ir, ? " ""' <=»m- «v^y i?J&S G'e?S„;^' ^ff> --•-- ^^^^^^^^^^ «»veraniem ? rr 5'* subdivision of teS^f^. ^t"'j^"'"any ? «o«- loS° did fhT « ''■ P""™ possess i,h,''''''« "'"'»<• ? he then a.»unae ? Wh^dlfe^^ ^^a' 164 GERMANY What is the number of votes ? What is the military force of the confederated states on the peace and war estabhshments i What fortresses belon^j; to the confederation ? Wbax are the esti^blished forms of religion in dermany r* What sentiment towards each other characterizes the professors of those creeds ? What is the personal ajipearance ot the Ger- mans ? What are the valuable traits of their national charac- ter ? By what are they apt to bo misled ? By what are they distinguished in literature and scietice ? What is their favour- ite study ? In which of the Hne arts do they particularly excel .■' DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. AL'TENBITRG, the capital of a principality of the same name, in Saxe-Gotha. Pop. 10,100. Am'beTg, a town in Havaria. for- merly the capital of the Upper Palatinate, ou the Vils. P. OOOO. AnTialt, a small principality near the tibe, divided among 3 an- cient families, Dessau, Beraburg, and Kothen. Pop. 130,000. Anspacli (pr. Anspah'), a town in Bavaria, and capital of a piinci- pality of the same name, on the Lower Rezat. Pnp. 16,.37.'>. Augsburg, a large and ancient city in Bavaria, at the confluence of the Lech and Wertach. There are in this town considerable ma- nufactories in silver, fine cotton, wire, and minors; and, thiough its agents and bankers, Augsburg is the medium of commercial transactions between other coun- tries. It was here that the Pro- testants, in 155(;, presented their celebrated Confession to ti\e Em- periir Charles V. Pop. 33,500. Austria. See Austrian Empire, p. 173. Ba'DEN, a fraud duchy in the circle of Suabia, extending along the E. bank of the Rhine. It was formerly a margraviate. It is a fruitful province, containing 6000 square miles, and 1,130,000 inhabitants. The Grand Duke has 3 votes in the Diet. Ba'den, a town in the grand duchy, celebrated for its mineral baths. It is situate on the Oelbach, in a beautiful viae country. Popu- lation 3180. Bam'berg, the capital of an ancient principality of the same name in Havaria, on the Kegniti!, neai- ils junction with the Maine. Pop. 20,560. In the library of the Carmelite monastery here ate manv curious manuscripts. Baut'zen, a town in the kingdom of Saxony, where Bonaparte wiis dtfciitcd in 181."5 by the allies. Population 11,. 500. Bava'ria, Kin<,'don» of, one of the most considerable of the second- ary states .)f Europe, to the V/. of Austria Proper and Bohemia. It includes the circles of Bavaria and FrAnconia, with a small part of the Lower Rhine. Its super- ficial extent is about 30,8U2 square miles, and its popula- tion 4,370,017. Its revenue is £2,973,0t;u sterling; and Its army aniounis to nearly 50,000. Bavreulh', or Bareith (Bi'roif), a principality in Bavaria. — Its chief city, situate between the Red Maine and tv.) rivulets, ii a regular and well-built town, contMining 14,000 inhabitants. Blen'heim, a village in Bavaria, ou the Danube, famous for the great victory gained here by the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eu- gene over the French and Ba- varians, 13th August 1704. Bo'densee, or Lake of Constance, See Switzerland, p. 1 18. Bre'men, one of the free cities or Hanse Towns of Germany, on the Weser. It is governed t)y 4 burgomasters, and a council of 26 senate;;-. Its trade is consi- derable, a'tiuiugh only boats can appro « M I he town. Pop. 49,000 Brun.v'v, -UTv O'schvof, is composed of sevens; ^uattered territories in Upper ari Lower Saxony, and AVestphalia. It contains 145'i square miles, and S{42,0()0 in- habitants, itie royal ra:v:i: v os Great Britain is a branch of the I illustrious house of Brunswick. i-ruris'wick, ca a fortified cfl trade is consl, rank next to i frankfort. i ^i"P/f'emiIita CARLS RUHR capital of th( oaden. i>oni (^•«'«eJ thecaTil on the ui,(a. Chemnitz Kerr town in ti.ekii "" a small ri Chietnsee (Ki'en «ayaria, about] and 8 in bread!] Cobiirg, capital o. ofSaxe-Cobuig Franconia. pJea theltz. Pop. 90 paJity contains 4 and 8«,ooo U ha\ Constan'ctf, La o Constan'ee: a ow duchy of Bac/en. "•ousfortheEccl «lwhieha«Kombif "nd 1418, CO t ofH'ickliff-e, c, Huss and Jerome 4?'2^BT;he^S nver i„ E^^rope. spnngs at Donau the grand duchy of navigable at U'nS iser andinn. Neai s augmented by til the arge river JvforS course eastward an< 's swelled by ma.^ " e mountains of fl Turkey. FlowinrJo^ « turns to the isf' ll course of LSOO miW Sir v. "' ^?'"'«e riverin S'^" *^at of C'^^^i-ope. For. ,Si?oa7"^'^^'t^»^ "'WRheno-BavariaS' trade is cSSfe?able . .n?rv ^'» ^ank next tothu^enf'l «?'^'^«'" Frankfort. Ponni„*i ''^'P'^'^ an «n a small riv?rTf^'^''«"^ name. Pomm.;, 5 *"® S'trje Bavaria.aboiin •?>»«!? '*»^ in GERMANY. PaJity contains 4??",„' ^® P'-^nci- Constants a aw ^f ,?o^'ensce. duchy of BaUen.'r, ^,i^« .^'and and 1418 ,., "^" ''tween I !i4 ofW'iJjfilrer .Tent'"'/"*'^' the grand duchy of, '"'^ ^.i '" 8wng a N. B. courL i ^ "''- /ser, and Inn. itJlTil}}''[' ^eck, « augment^' by the ;S"'^''' theiarge river MoraL'"o " " °^ tt'wse eastward and Jn."* *' '^'^ >s swelled bv man „ «o»"'>wa! Turkey. FIow1n° i ""^^'^ «nd itturnstoM,:'Sf^"^^^«stward, •f^elf'in^V'X^'S&teharge. oiouths ifo Li *^^ *»*^a by j greate7th"fCTf°'"^^^^'*« f'om its moufh f ""^ ? S'^8^ way ^ttiles broad '' '^ ^^"°» 2 to 3 ^s^m. Po^^:P!'.""stadt. on tSe 'heMi;idrTnn'?J^"ha",cn 165 tuate nn ^^ Little ErlU«ch. ,t of the. ,si« \?'"*?'<^ ^^ition. f^'-epholt K^nte "***^» 5^« town in HlnoiJl >' * ^""^^ the same name •^' "" » 'ake of scritA It i h, V,*"'^"'e^ei8. oftheriier nm ,n1 ^"^ •''*">- -ver, sit»..ue neLr^lr ^''^ "*"- „ the Embs p , \^^ nnouf I, of Embs. Sep pi, ^''«''on 10,985. _ of ihelcinLo^'^-^^nt university oi moSntain; !?''-^^>' « chain fndSaxony^^*^4Jlfn Bohemia Jiieet t;,e Reis,., ^h'Sb, which ^owhichGer'S.'^'^'';«i'-cles "^' Bavaria o^;r: ^''^bii in\ ' states, si- on the N . thiT ^"'^ I buringia and Upper' Rhl^"*'' Palatinate Pwnk'fort on i"^^"-'he W. '° ,^he free towm ofl' '^"' «"« °f the viv. fiili "^""t import;, on fromit^,uS"o'^,«b«ut|Om„^ .« «s a place of aro^f "® Rhine. "nportince! tlfe h 'r,"™^'"«'«' Goethe. flQH *u_® .'^.'"hpjace of ^ manic Diets "'p^IT^t^' ^he Ger- Freiberg (Ftv^hJjl^' ^^'^^O- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■ 50 '""^» 2.5 1.4 12.2 1.6 6" V]

* -(^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y, 14S80 (716) 872-4503 ^^ ppp '^mfimr' '^IIW 166 GERMANY. the LEfne.^ In the castle are a valuable library and museum. Population 13,000. . Got'tlngen, a province m the &. rtf Hanover.— The capital oi tne Sro"K the seat of a celebratecl SSversity , founded by Georgell. ""1734 The library is perhaps Ihe most valuable collection of modern books in.the wor\'«. P"^ > pulation 9600. independent ot the military and studen s. HAM'BURG. one or tne iree towns; and the most important wmmerJial city jn Germany, is situate on the Elbe, about 70 miles from its^™"^*^-.,!'^ "Ja . is here from 3 to 6 "^^^es broad , and the city is intersected by canals from the Elbe and the Alster, which give it all the ai^ pearance and advantaces of a butch city. Pop. 148»000- 1 nc government is conducted by a fenate consisting of 4 burgo- masters, 4 syndics, 24 councii lors. 1 prothonotary, 1 archive, u^.u''7tT:Tin Hessc-^assel. "r"heKinzTc%^ritsJ.mrtion with the Maine. Pop. '/.OOO. Han'over. Kingdom of, a countiy ?n the W of Germany, belong- ing to the King of Great Britain It is about half the extent of Scotland.-I50 miles long. 100 broad;-having a superhci^ area of 14 910 square inil«, wltn a population of i.'iSq 000. Itjr.- vehue is about a million sterling, ISd its military f^t-^* *Jl«"' IS.OOO men.-Thecty of Han- over has a population of 28,200 chiefly supported ^Y ."« ;j'' dpnce of the court and gentry. Hartz. a mountain-tract chiefly m Se S. o?Hanover, 70 miles long, and sS broad. . It abounds m natural curiosities, of wh ch the most remarkable are the caverns S^charzfeld and Baumann - the former noted for its tossu bones, the latter for its preat S?enV. consisting of 14 vauUs^ -its.talactit^s,andjtshamaa- Snt;o3;Vhen;stvdckbydr^^^^^ of water from/h« J"°/; ^ nf water from the rooi. i"»- Brc;j&374^feetabovethC9ea^ Hei'delberg, an ancient city m Baden, on the Neckar, the seat of funrv^tyiitjasamagum. cent anc ent castle. P- /"•*"";„ nS-Cas'sel, a principality in the W of Germany, surrounded by uannver the Prussian States, JrcS-Hesse-Darm^^^^^^^ Nassau. Its superficia extent is 4350 square miles, and its po pulation 71 B,000. ^ n,irhv Hpss'e-Darmstadt', Grand Duchy of a territory situate near the Rhine!'' sup Jrficial extent 4156 square miles. P"P-f?, '^*2nci- Hess'e-Homburg, a small pr nci- pality near t\ie M-^ne. whose Wince is married to Princess Elizabeth of England. P;^21,000 Hild'burghausen, Saxe, a duchy in the%iterlor, «>"4^*" (finh^ square miles, an^J2?0<^« mtia^ bitants. Its cap>tel isasmaJl well-built town on the werra. Population 3529. ....^. -ow HU'deshelm, onceabishopnc, n<^ a Hanoverian principality, form- ed out of Lower ^xony. "Kv^* ?o&;on\t,oV 9ii miles E. fTom Munich, u nas acqm'led celebrity from a g.«a battle fought there on the ^0 December 1800, between the FreS,«nderMoreau andtj Austrians, in which the latwr town in Bavaria, on the Danuue. Population 4820. ' JENA, a small town on the SmIj. in the Prandduchy of Saxe-W mar and the seat of a celebraieu SveSty,attendedbyabout6flfl, students It has a good llbrarv SphUosophieal -m^XS^ an excellent -anatornical theatreJ Here Bonaparte d^f^ated tt^^ Prussians on the ^th OctoW 1806. in a decisive buttle. wWi»l ?een garrisoned by troops (rftj German confMeratlon. r. i-* Laudshut Lower JH was the cently rt church t 450 feet ] Leipsic, o flourishii the Pieis frequentc place of ^ which art Germany on to a gr« lately obt notoriety feat whicl in its neig October 1 i liU'beck, ont Germany, It stands miles abov Baltic. I; Mary are t paintings Its trade, tl that of Hare Population Luneburg (L in Hanover the duchy, same name, verlJmenau its junction I pulation 12, I MAIN-e, a h tributary ol formed by tl and White mountains c joins the I Mentz. it is I Bamberg. IManheim (Ma the grand di we eonflueno ithme. It is surrounded w >s perhaps the many. Pop., Weck'Jenbujff. •. theN. of Gei inerania. it l^chwerinandi ncial extent is I Its population m ningen, Saxi |OnV. haviM/rn., I miles, and^isc I — ihe ducal re ;• valley of the ""'mmmmmmmmm the seat of , maguifi- . 10,200. litv in the juiided by m States, i8tadt,anil lal extent rnd its po- nd Duchy e near the x.tent 4156 397,9(>1- , lall princi- ine, whose Princess P. 21,000. B, a duchy tainlnp 217 12,000 inha- 1 is a small the Werra. OEHMANF. 167 ihopric, now pality.form- onv. In 'the S. of Ion 13,000. e of Bavaria, linich. It lias from a great e on the 3d lietween the •eau, and the ;h the latter is memorable still greater (ublime verses 1 the duchy of ion 2000. t'), a fortified n the Danube. I on the Saale, yofSaxe-Wel; of a celebrated ed by about 600 a good librarv apparatus.anil ormcal theatre, defeated the ; 14th OctoM e battle, w*-"* Le Prussian the ^hiii Lower bIvS. SU'e"l»r S I M™"! '««ia>, or Uayence. a lar»» was IhB seat ol a u,iiver.Ttv rl' ' '">" '» Hesse-n,„„i™!?'5J';¥<' Leipsic, or LeTpzilf (Lin'sii^i^ « flourishing^ town Tn SaLny^'on the Pleisse, the seat of a welJ frequented university/ and l" wnicn are the most important ir! Germany, bookselling ir'anied on to a great extent. Leip;Ss f^Mfh^J'?,"^ ^^^ decisive de- October 1813. Pod. 4() TOO Lu'beck, one of the ? ee 'c2£s of Germauy, adjacent to Hofstein It stands on the Trave, aboutia aaJtic. In the church of St Mary are the famous alleeorlcal t£t of H«mV"^^ Y^"^ ^^"i^r to Sf«.?il*'^™l')?'"^' ^considerable. Population 40,650. M"*"^ (Loo'neburp), a town n Hanover, formerly capital of tf^e duchy, in a distriS of t "e same name, on the navigable ri yer Ilmenau, about lo mifesfrom Its junction with the Elbe Po pulatlon 12,000. ''' MAlN-£;, a large and imnortan^ tributary of the Rhin?^K formed by the union of the Red and White Maine from th? Sn?S^ g5,j^-«neonra"! and fient7 Hi?'^"? opposite to Bamberg" ""^^^«f^^^«^ far as Manheim (Ma'neem), a city In Rhine yfl"^^"/"^^ -Neckar and nnine. it is of an oval form surrounded with ramparts -and « perhaps the finest to'lJn in' Ger hiKL, ^"P- "Pwards of 21,000. r?&nSf o^v";E;!!«iJ'>-tein sax. irauon. *^. .!-.»■ vaiyey of the Werra. P.i2W. in';K'eS"sLf*;S?T museum nf n^ wars, and ita is saf,??i . Ron^an monuments out of /^.i^^^i"^ """St complete sive nf f h ^- *^^oP"l«tioii, exclu- Mun'Ln ^f garrison, 25,000. Mun den, a town in Hanover af ih^ confluence of the We^rland Fu ! da. whose united streams teke ' .'llir.^ o» Weser. p'SSoa tiie Iser Th'^'"' u"\"avaria, on built JAh T'^ough old, it is ^ell uuiit, and contains manv sniAn did public edifices, amoS whSh are several recent and strikin.^ nincence of its kings. Herp an* anMHp "''^ and several mport- ant literary establishments l7« liuesi in the world. Tho on ^'Sii^nS^^^^'^-^Hakeln the^ Pr^'' ? ''"'^i'y -surrounded by the Prussian territory- on thP JiXo? h""' ^^ 'h^ 'Seren? tenfc lofn" -f ^- Superficial ex- lent 19b0nnies. Pop. 337 000 -. anl^f. *r" ^" theWve'rchT N|e»n SSToi^n^-' A=ri J^9'^ '" manuscripts and Sf '"°"' of printed books I his town was the place whp«. m^ f' ^of.'^^^^ies back, been meSL*lH^ manufactures iS metais, and particularly for in Keof irVn" »^"e K: (yOER «il'«*^^"'^^''- P- 40.000. Jfi/j ^' S^c Prussia, p. i.^s O^^f b"rg. a ffrand ducKy consist- ing of several scattered terriS^ square miles. Pop.241,00a--The capital is a fortlAed town onThe n.S^- ^^opulation 6000. Osuaburg, or Os'nabruck, a pro- 168 GERMANY. vince of Hanover, l)etween Ol- denburg and Prussian Westpha- lia, SuKTficial extent 1800 square town is situate in a valley on ihe left bank of the Hase, a branch of the Embs. Here and in the province are manufactured, in ereat quan t\ties,the co« rse linens Inownby ; henanie of Osnaoui gs. Population 10,500. , - FASSAU\ a fortified town in Ba- varia at the confluence of the Inn and Danube,-chief place ot the district of the Lower Danube. It is romantically situate on a peninsula between the 2 rivers, which are here of nwirly equa. width. Population 10,oOO. Plan, a lake in Mecklenburg. RAT'ISBON, in Bavaria, on the b, bank of the Danulie, o.ie of tiu most ancient cil-es in Germany, -lone noted as the place wliore the Diet of the empire assembled. It is a place of considerable trade, and a bishop's see. P- ^6, 140. Reuss, a small PJ^nciEality in Up per Saxony. Pop. 81, 000. Reutlingen, a town m Wirtem- berg on the Echaz, ""ted for ex- tenfive tanneries. Pop. 10,000. Rhine, River. See FR*>^=' ^i ff Rhine, Lower and Upper, two of the circles inio which Germany was divided previously to 1806, intersecting each other, and both very irregular in lorm. Ihey are now parcelled out among the states of Baden, Bavaria, Hesse- Darmstadt, Hesse-Cassel, Nas- sau, Prussia, Hanover, &c. Ros't^k.the largest town of Meck- lenburp-Schwenn, situate on the Warnow. It is a place of some trade, and is the seat of a small university. Population 17,000. SAX'ONY, LOWER, one of the former circles of Germanv, hay- ing Westphalia and the Rhine to the W., and Sleswick, with the Baltic, to the N. Its superficial extent was 26,000 square miles, comprehending the electorate ot Hanover, the duchies of Mecfc- 16nburg, Brunswick, and Ho|- stein; the free towns of Ham- burg, Bremen, and Lubeck, with their terriTOricB, a»« « "' of small states. Sax'ony, Upper, a more extensive circle to the E. of the former, to the W. of Poland, Sileiia, and Lusatla, and N. of Bohemia and Franconia. Its.r^a *'5^*^"^ 43,000 square miles ; and it com- p, sed the electorates of Saxony Snd Brandenhurg, the duchy of Pomeiania, and a number of small principalities, •fex'onv Kingdom of, between Bo- ^lSoiltheS.andthePrus- SstatesontheN. It«ontaim 5870 square miles, and i,4l*,5-ftJ inliabitants. . . •»« i Schwerin (Shwe'rin), Lake, m Meek- SchweJin^'the capital of Mecklen- burg-Schwerin, pleasantly situate on the W. side of the lake. Po- pulation 12,000. Spire, a town situate at the conflu- ence of the Snirebach and the Rhine, and belonging partly to Bavana, partly to Baden. At a meeting of the German Diet in Spire, the reformers, A. p. 15.9, enterk that celehrated protest aeainst the proceedings of the Emperor which procured them the name of Protectants. P. 7700. Stre'litz, the capital of Mecklen. burg-Stvelitz, composed of Old and New Strelitz, a mile distant from each other. Pop. 5000. Stutt'gard, the capital of Wirtem- berg, situate on the Nisselbach, about 2 miles f.om the Neckar. In the royal library, consisting of 200,000 volumes, is a unique collection of 12,000 bibles, com- orising editions of every age and Ctfy. Population .'52,000. Sua'bia, one of the former circlesof Germany, separated from Wan« and Switzerfand l)y the Rhire This circle is now ..Kcupied bj nart of the Bavarian domlnioniL the kingdom of Wirtemberg, the ffrand duchy of Baden. TU'BINGEN, a city in Wu-tei berg, on the Neckar at its jund tion'with the Amer. It ijthi seat of a university. P. 700ft ULM, a considerable town in W temberg, on the right bank of a Danubl, where it receives Blau, which flows through Town. It is on the frontier tween Wirtemberg and Bavw Beinc a place of great imjv ance for the defence or in^ . pirc, the Germanic confederal have voted L.800,000sterlingi 8 the put tiflcatio dral is and ha The gra Pop. 11 WElMAf duchy ii several extent miles, V, The cap on tne b; tare is i ducal fa peculiar] court is ^terary c „Populallc We'ser, a lai junction c at M unde: theterrito Wick, Pru, Ocean. Westphalia, circles of G having abo ofsuperflci «A» p. 159. "ir'temberg. TH Js bounde ^. by Bj States; S* I States; an exclusive and from J J^m E. to P- to S., 4 This ext( , . Coun Memia....... womvia }»8trian Poh 'Ufgary, coi nungary Pj Silmls, and Dhemra and was al)Out and it com- 1 of Saxony ie duchy of number of iietween Bo- d the Prus- It contains nd 1,414,328 ake,inMeck- of Mecklen- santly situate tie lake. Po- it the conflu- >ach and the ing partly to Baden. At a rman Diet in ■8,A. D. 1529, )rated protest edings of the rocured them tants. P. 7700. 1 of Mecklen. iposed of Old a mile distant Pop. 5000. tal of Wirtem- tie Nisselbach, m the Neckar, ary, consisting es, is a unique 00 bibles, com- f ererv age and tion .Y2,000. brmer circles of edfrom France l)V the Rhine )w" .>i:cupietl bj rian domlnir"* iTirtemberg, of Baden, lity in Wirtei ;kar at its jm imer. It " iV (ity, P.700a ble town in Wj right bank (rf it receives »ws through 1 the frontier erg and Bavai of great imf fence of tnc- ,nic confederal )0,00OsterUngi Jhe purpose of renderinff its f„, wncations comnlete i?. A""^" dral i8 the largS in r-r^®^**^ -nd has a 8pirf!537"f2'r?.H' WEIMAR (Vimaar'» «»„« Sari chSSS*'- "?."■» «« Wir'temberg, a kingdom in the AU8TBMN EMPIRE. mSSh %«„eiS" .^» Nassau. i'opulation 8000. "*®'^- vorms, an anripnf «5«... . .. - -I'u tit nun uuuu. S3sffltroT?Lt^f''k"f^- „,the Rhine.' Pop 6230 ''^'^ "^^ WurtzT)ura acl?v'.„n ' . lightfullf'silul ^ on fh*S'.^«- It is the seat of I^ ^^^ **«'"- D*b,e,zi„; Keeker?, i°?^^,' o lyO AUSTRIAN BMPIRB' ^-»"- <^ssr"~"^'' Bannatof Temeswar.... Temeswar. Sclavonia f.^^f^Af Croatia Carhtadt. Circle of Austria, compre- AM^r of Austria... ViBKNA UnU/Aspem. I"!'!?-'* •.•.::: to'pS, Bnxen, T«nt, Cp.. ^y"" d'fstria. Catinthl* Clagenfurt. fStiii ::::::::;:: iZLib, Trieste, Fiume. Austrian Dalmatia. -^ara, nagusa, op MonNTAiNS-Carpathian, Sudetic Mountain., Bhffitian or Tyrolese Alps. Ei-zgebirge. T^.KEs— Cirknitz, Neusidlcr-See, Platten-hee. RXVBK8.-Danube'. with it» tributaries the Inn Drave. Muhr, Save. Morava, The.ss Maro^.-t k Elbe, Moldau, San, Dniester ; in Italy, Brenta, Piave, Livenza, Taglia mento. B-.««»-4» -The Austrian dominions, enlargedby the sue. Bemarlis.-—iuva . g„b,aee countries as van- •^^rn'SC^l pr^p'S^leir inhabitants are dit- ous in Uieir naiurai yi^^f nat;'>nal character. The ferent in '«°g»»8^J r^'^^Jnt f^^n.. almost e,«, The aspect of Hungary is ;eye«, exctpv exception, is countries of Europe , oniy^ .^ .maiingly fet- T'*TTotwS;ndT4 t^e taciwird ntate o» agriculta^ ^JSl^^^cr'suScll'tL themainte„ance_not^o.;Jy^j ^ • k.K:*ont« hilt for inoseoi mj« u«tn», ^" ;^ — , . i own inhabitants, out lor "•"»« u„-ths and sandy plaH V"h"';^trlL"*n;?^«s^:^l;:^Xle ca^^^ Mounti vine ; a In B except i these CO product Few At Crei niines ol in coppei only com Germanj ofCarint the quick tive than borders u and lead ; tensive an In Bgri with som< near Prag gently an neither nu of the coi to the sma of silk, go) mirrors, « gJass, h'ner about £3,C The gov but almost the empire, power of tl «'acy, who chambers, ^ the internal of Austria, maritime ft ^13,940,0(X , ^e preva I hut all other J The manr j -'^t ">fi«cturj| mrrors, ,„d porceWn" i^i "^ '•'*• ''"^^"^ ""'*', linens 8j««, linen, and papei ' Th. f"» " ""t^d ^ b^auS cbambers, which reg^^^^is "ll ™J.'fe"™',""'P°»«' "^ ««"> *; internal government of the ^.n^ '•^'"'"K «<• -axes and «f Austria, durine Dea«. i. „ """'?• Themilitary force Ia^v^ tuners ot the Austnans Hiffi... i:».i.. ^ 172 AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. cold civlUty characterizes their deportment to »trange«' The Hungarians are an indolent and prejudiced but h.^h- ^ritSX W, and affect to look down upon their Austnan m^^ ^TducaSon is still in ^ very backward state in rsUU; and few names of celebrity adorn its literary annals. EXERCISES. A»f.?£ri?Jy?"l^Srian Dalmatia? Name §.e ..«.- *^Wh^1r!he SnS"!^eto/the German portion of the iraUcia r* w nat j» rc»"« "^ wuh what is the soil occu- What is the nature of the soil ? ^^JJ J"*;;°,f Hungary is pied in many P«« «/^!j^,?7h*e^ ^^^^^ favourable to the §!f^^f j2nd ofXate in Bohemia, does i^P'« nr th^ 'v-^- Tneste communicating with »h« mainland bvadrawbrK o pulation 5000. ""^°"^«e. Po. SietaiTa^O^orabSr f f/**^' * ^^^^^ of BoheSa' si tuate in a charming vallev w« tered by the rive?Tefe7* 1?; baths rank among the most L* mous in Europe. Pod Sr« *" Carl'stadt. the chief JoSn^of ^c^o- atia, near the confluence of tht Dobra and Kulna nn thVu ders Of Carniok^'pSJ. 32!^'- Carnio'Ia a province to the S of Carinthia, having an areaof 47«S square miles. P^ %oS^^ ntama n small island in a seaport on tile Gulf of the borders of M^w • ™°* Wallachia"to^Ls'?'^i1?S*,„«"f and Gah^r^nd* MorS fri"" SUesia The most elevS^ Pi J;^"?"it«'. is 7962 feet high ^^* cKSr? ^ft 'U CarniS' rinthi' *¥ Chief town of Ca- nnthia, on the Glan. p qiq^*" Clau'senbure (nr rin„'o» u *^^* the capiSl^^of T«n "f°°'^^' beautifu^lly sltuate^nYe S;;f • rr^^'rr- Population 20.000 Cracow', a free city in Gaicia a^ Po.a„du«^Vbrcr?wn^'!^n°i tombf'^'p""^/ coS^the"? Adriatic, containing 6001 Su.r^* Cron f nf,"^ ^*^'270 rnhabi^nts Cronstadt', a tradine town in av «ylvania. on the Fa?Ss Pom*?" ^iation 25,000. '"*^^^' **opu-. DALMA'TIA- « VJ„«^«». -, .. Austrian eWiTe '*"'"; vfo„'^ '"^ along the E.'S5;:,^hheldr"aUc* K^l T9"?27 ''i ^•^""^^- ^^5 • "Z . J-./» in. It comprises the o2 AUSTRIAN EMPIllE. eovcrnments of Zara, Spalatro, Macarsca, Raffusa> Cattaro. Dan'ube. See Germany, p. 165. l>ebret'zin, a town la Hungary, between Tokay and Waradeln, having various manufactures and considerable trade. It is the seat of a celebrated academy. Population 45,000. Dniea'ter. See Russia, p. 147. Drave, a large river which rises in Tyrol, flows through Carinthia and Stiria, separates Croatia and Sclavonla from Hungary, and joins the Danube below Kssek. I?GER, a town In Bohemia, on a river of the same name. Here Wallenstein was assassinated in 163;}. Population 8111. FAhe. See Prussia, p. 156. Essck, a fortified town on the Drave, in Sclavonia. Pop. 9230. FIU'ME, a seaport of Austria, on a bay of the Adriatic, which carries on an extensive trade. Population 7526. GALI'CIA, or Galltzla, that nart of Poland which Is annexed to Austria, under the title of king, dom of Galltzla and Ludomiria, N. of Hungary. It contains 32,8 I8square mlles,and 4,385,608 inhabitants. Its soil Is in gene- ral fertile, and its climate fine. The hills abound in mineral salt, nearly 200,000 tons of which are dug out annually. Gratz. an ancient town, the capl- tal of Stiria, on the Muhr. Po- pulation 40,000. HERMANN'STADT', capital of Transylvania, beautifully situate on the Szeben. Pop. 18,313. Hun'gary, an ancient and Import- ant kingdom, now forming part of the Austrian dominions, one of the most interesting and least known countries of Europe. It is about 370 miles in length, 300 in breadth, and contains 88,650 square miles. Pop. 9,659,686. See Remarks, p. 170. INNS'PRUCK, thecapiUlofthe Tyrol, on the Inn, over which is a beautiful bridge. The town is small, but tlie suburbs are ex- tending. Pop. 10,237. The val- ley in which It stands is one of the largest and most beautiful r ..^.j t%«. *u<% AT/\i.*-1t£Bm Alrua lUIIUVU UJ "It-- iT-«- ••• '""" Is'tria, a province at the head of the Adriatic, whose ports of Trieste and Flume were long the only channels by which Austria could carry on foreign trade. KE TSKEMET, a town in the in- terior of Hungary, P. 23,000. Komorn, chief town of a district in Hungary of the same natee, near which is the very strong fortress so called. Ki/ningsgratz, a fortified town in Bohemia, on the Elbe. P. 5700. LAY'BACH, the capital of Car- niola, on a river of the same name, a branch of the Save, a place of considerable trade. Po- pulation 90UO. LemlDerg, the capital of Galicla, on the Peltew, a branch of the Bug, the seat of a university and other seminaries, and a place of great trade. Pop. 5.5,5()0. Lintz, chief town of Upper Austria, at the influx of the Traun into the Danube. A large woollen manufactory, established here by government, gives employment to nearly 30,000 persons In town and country. Pop. 17,234. Lublin, a town in (ialicia, on the Bistruza. Population 7100. MAROSS', a large river which rises among the Carijathian Mountains, crosses Transylva- nla, enters Hungary, and forms the boundary of the Bannat till it flails into the Theiss. Moldau', a large and rapid river which issues from the mountains that separate Bohemia from Ba- varla, and joins the Elbe a little above Melnlk, near Prague. Mora'va, or the March, a large river which springs from the lofty Schneeberg, at the junction of Bohemia and Moravia, flows through Moravia, separates Aus- tria from Hungary, and falls into the Danube above Presburg. Mora'via, a margraviate, and a German province of the empire, between Hungary and Bohemia, contains 10,209 square miles.! Pop. 1,994,850. In this province are large and flourishing manu- factories of woollen, linen, and cotton. Muhr (Mur),a river which issues from a lake in Saltzburg, flow' through Stiria, and joins the Drave in Hun ear v. I NEUSIDLER-SEE, a lake in thrj W. of Hungary, 30 miles long [ breodl OEDfiiN Ikva, 1 tween March. •—and ii ...PopuJa Pf«T,oi 'argest, orhnni the Dan da by a I m leugtj richly ei ed. Pop PMerwar'd Hungary the Dam Neuaatzn sidorable PJat'ten.Soe Hungary, from 1 to some pect andisfteqi „ 'ar water.f J*ttAoue, the "» the Mol and Weil great numb wlifices. ii t/ioJicarchb "'tJest univ« and famous l^f enlightei feformers J, romeofPrag teted much h andunderwei ooinbardmeui I „«n8in 1757. ^'^^ burg, once fary..and stlj the kings are . wtion, on a t IWatic. itif. e long the h Austria trade, in the In- . 23,000. ' a district me natee, ity strung ed town in . P. 5700. al of Car- the same le Save, a Lrade. Po- of Galicla, ich of the LrcfMty and 1 a place of ,5()0. •er Austria, i'raun into (e woollen led here by [nployment )n8 in town 7,254. cia, on the 17100. ver which Cariiatbian Transylva. and forms Bannat til! iS. rapid river ! mountains ia from Ba- :::ibe a little :*rague. ;h, a lai-ge from the he junction ravia, flows «»»«l about breadth. ^0 at iu greatest oreadth March l^ ;. : **' *"« river ^"d i- theel' r«'y ^"^tifit^" PopuiatirSS^ut'.'^ archbishop: ^MPIKE. m — aua IS t] "* H»n«arv on iP'?*""^""* city ^ by a bSe "?^*'i®'' ^'^b Bu. Hungary o/i fJ'^'T? ^^^o of the !)Si2' wh '^^^^ '^nk of Neusatznow'ca^J^f ''"'^"'b o? s'dcrable trade p" *",' « con- fro.„Yfe4'bra'%^*' «"S a«d well buS'r ^'«^' fortified great number of *.}'°"^*^"'n« a edifices. iVL th? ***"' Public thoJicarchhi h '"e see of a Ca «''im';j,ttfetbeseatoftlfo- and famous as VLJ ^e-ennany. Jbe enlig?SnS bu't S.'?'''^ «f reformers John W.,o^°'^'"nate romeofPriu" -n** ^"'^ ^e- and underweSt a «iS ^*'*'« ^"r ; bombardmen? <^ *'^*l»nd heavy ans in 17?7 J^<»™ the Prussi: ^'e«'burg.on- »f°P- ^.^7,000. i"dit8 twohar»^*^^"f by uature, ^ by fortificaS ' p^ ^'P'***^ .iS?r^«"-hSUe^„/r . ! *^"*^ °' the same name, ( »n iU vicln!?? ^"««*alt-worka «.ttriSf-a"""" «Aing;Xm^'i.T*?,"^°'««d. Cdtr^r'^^^^^^^^ ^^^?ituu.*^elp^'•'i'«. »» ?t tJje court of p!.!*'. ''-'''Wence iittiemo"re'*^ai'^Ai"»no*- Po- pulatiin 2?o? " * '''^^«- through SS;^*Vilacb.iio^ Parates SclavonS^1wV''"J|tia. ««- a"d falls into tt-^\™ Turkey. . tw'een Sem n ai S Hi^"""> bi* i>chemnit« (She,n«\» ^''^'ade. Hunxrarv ft.^ '" the N. w of Here is a celilf ' f ",** a^enic. a«d the liirV'l^'^*""be, ^, square miles p« '^^tent 682U J^m'Jin,atown«itn»r*.*^^'0[^. the nam'e. Of the Hi2*!l '''«• hy Marosg. It is „ «i he Theiss and ablemJnufactSSnT^ «f consider. ^ciaj importune "%andcommer. province ,^7^fy*he^annat. a bounded by TraVi-vi "^n^ary, ^yjhe Ma^oJ/ffil'ir.a. an^ cultivatju%i3'"^'a-h''^^^' 176 ASIA. TcmcHwar, lU principal town, on the river Bega and the canal of Inia, li strongly fortlfieti, a royal free city, and the seat of a bUhop of the Greek Church. Population 11, 0()0. ThelM (Teewi). a large river in Hungary, formed by two streams called the Blaik and the White ThelM. After a course of 500 miles, It flows into the Danube at Salankemen, and Is navigable almost to Its source. Tokay', a town in Hungary, at the confluence of the Thelss and Bodrog. It Is celebrated for its wine, one of the finest and most costly In Europe. Pop. *i800. Transylva'nia, a province between Hungary and Turkey, contain- ing 23,527 square miles. Popu- lation 2,027,566. Trent, a city In the Tyrol, on the Adlge, near the borders of Italy. It is the Tridentum of the Ro- mans; and Is famous for Its council of Catholic prelates from all parts of Europe, held here in 1545, and 18 years after, for the - purpose of suppressing the Re- formation. Pop. Il,o00. Trlest'tf , a province bordering on ' the Adriatic, Croatia, and the governirient of Laybach. Extent 50S50 square miles. Pop. 540,000. —lu chief town, a thriving sea- l)ort, with a great trade, near the north-eastern extremity of the Adriatic. Population 40,.'')30. Tyrol', a large mountainous pro- vince boundef Galicia, est exten- world, ex- lile under- U8 vaulted lapcU and rock-aalt. ' Austrian eAdriatic. d, and has . Popula- W. by itj Isth- Ocean ; e points between Taken Malacca i es; and neiles to ilation is 2q|jntrieii| Powns. J'^&R*^*^ ^ OL3XEB. & JiOTHjr^&^i^ia ^VTSiJ!iicn^iar^^ i Ba. t S^r -i-.r iW'i' 4W $:A Persia Afghai Hindo! Easteri China.. Thibet ^asterr Wester Asiatic ISLJ ned, C pan h\ MOL Teen-8l rat, Ta Seas of Beng km, Wl ofOcho of Aral, Stra da. Belli RiVE] ^f Saga Irrawad)i phrates. Lakes Remarks, [the earth, pole to pole £verjr vai extent. JVf fivers • and vbich the B In many i ^^ globe, ^an was crej ion. which - r«s the seen fod preparec -' . * •ASIA. T| ,JJy „ . Coimtries. ■*// irersia t-teefTown*. Afghanistan....... Teheran.' Hmdostari Peshawer. hmem Penfnsuii:;::;;; i>elhi. thma Ava Thibet Pekm. ^stem or Chinese' Taiiarv J'**^*- lorAXTT^o r-i Tobolsk. >•", Taurus, Leteno„:. fnara^d'H'"'?'"''' ^"- Seas and Gctp. hI^ c and Horeb. of Bengal, G^ofSilinl^^' ^'i'^^'^ ^'^<^y of Aral, Persian Gulf""*' ^'"P'"" Sea, Sea da'B:brr^*'"''»'"=''<='''0-us,Malacca, Su„- -''CrenT*'Ho:L'S'' ^^"'"1' ^-a. Amour -' plirates, Tigris, Oxus '"*»Se8, Indus, Eu- LAKEs—Baikal, Paltati. |.h/^r.:^Tndtd> tlS "•' *' S""* *"«on, of K"opole, andfro^sVtt'.iL'oc w' ",'"««• '"^ Every variety of climate .„j r =t *^ ^- ^"ng. ""»■•■ Man/of its^Sl,"'' °'^ ""w*"" i„ ,&, ,«. h'"s, and it f, int^ eS by v^tTh'?"'* .'^ ""gnifij;"? K"=h the Himmaleh chain is thTlnft- T- "•^."'"'"■••ins, of I In many respects Asiai. ,L ' "* '" ">« ""'M. eglobe/ It?, the „?rser,*rfZ'r'^"»''"S *visi™ of laq'fKl"^" -p?-eau, in time, over t}ii> i**^ ^^'li!" "' popuia- l»s the scene of «11 those ^r^^AA ®^ '^® ^^rJd. It h P-^P-ed .he ^orM-i:: TaltroTt- ^^t. 178 TURKEY IN ASIA. was the scene of those labours and sufferings by which the Messiah accomplished the salvation of npankind. Of the great empires which flourished in Asia at very remote pe- riods of antiquity, and which are frequer y mentioned ni the historical and prophetic books of Scripture, most have passed completely away, leaving no trace of their existence but the records of history, or a few architectural ruins. Its present empires and kingdoms will be described under the countries which they respectively occupy. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Asia ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude does it extend ? What are its length and breadth ? What is the amount of its population ? Name the principal countries which it contains. What are their chief towns ? Name the principal islands of Asia, and point them out on the map. Name its principal mountains, and trace them on the map. Name and point out its seas and gulfs. What are its principal straits? Point them out. What are its principal rivers V Trace theur course. What are its principal lakes ? Where is the Eastern Peninsula, Inde- Jendent Tartary, China, Siberia, Thibet, &c. ? What is the capital of Hindostan ? Of Chinese Tartary ? Of Persia ? Of China, &c.? ^ ^.r ^ • o * Where is Ceylon, Borneo, Cyprus, New Guinea, Sumatra, Java, the Japan Isles, &c. ? Where is Mount Caucasus, Lebanon, Taurus, Horeb, Ararat, the Altaian Mountains, Sinai, &c. ? Where is the Bay of Nankin, Sea of Ochotsk, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Whanghay or Yellow Sea, Cas- pian Sea, &c. ? ' « „ , . /. »« 1 Where is the Strait of Ormus, of Behnng, of Malacca, Bal^^lmandeb, &c. ? Trace the course of the Hoang-ho, the Ganges, the Oby, the Tigris, the Yenisei, the Euphrates, the Indus, the ICian-ku, &c. , ^ . What proportion does Asia bear to the otner great divisions of the globe ? What is its extent, including its islands? Can it ' boast of magnificent rivers and mountains ? In what respects is Asia the most interesting portion of the globe ? W^^^ is re- markable about the great empires that once flourished in Asia? TURKEY IN ASIA Is bounded N. by the Black Sea and Russia ; W. by the Levant and Archipelago; S. by Arabia and the Levant : E. bv Persia. It extends from 30° to| 42^ 10' N. Lat., and from 26° to 48° 30' E. Lond Its length, from Cape Baba on the Archipelago to| $ rVRKEY 11, ASIA, j^q "/Syria to the B/ack Sea ^,n ' r"'"" fro"""'- «'on h estimated at 10 liiiilff ""'"'• ^*" P^P"'"" * . -Divisions. ^ Caramania... i ®c?t» AmasTa. Armenia or TurnnVU-^* ^atalia. 'chaidS'"' *° "»"'='^"' "' " ^"""• • W; i^a-^^i ^fc dretta, Tripoli or T ^if^«»- "er, Orou.es, Jordaa! E^uVrS^Ti^r'^'' *^''- ™l ! and tbe soil, iwticul.rl. jIT,, .f ''""«*« '' delieht. "fe Fruiis of .he finest S. ** "*"*>"' «" emel, to produced abundantly b?cu .1™!'°" ^f^-t^n'ously, o'r wj "y ; but tillage is onlv n. .• t?°" '" ""' charaiinK co^ greater part of L L:.^ Pf'^Uy attended to bv fc^?u" «nd .he,> flocks ¥^1^"**'' •»'"« «cupied byThe^L 5* "nSnued fores" Of i j ^ P"^™' *be appearanc^^ , "^rk.ble .„ Za^ I'dtr"' "";"""»• "•"»«. re. |^„^'"*•™"«"el^n^'i;L!'*0^"^el!i^*'»"*^•^'^^ l«y «e may en„™er.i the lion fwhirh *""""' "^ Tur. I e 'ion (which never appears far- 1(]0 ARABIA. ther west than t^ie Euphrates), the hyena and jackal ; the ibex and the antelope. With the exception of the copper- mines of Tocat, the mineral treasures of this country are unknown. At Bursa, near the foot of Mount Olyrripus, there are hot medicinal springs. Asiatic Turkey is inha- bited by different tribes, whose employments and hafcits are equally various. The prevailing religion is the Mohamme- dan ; and the Turks of Asia are peculiarly bigoted. The Greek and Armenian Christians in this country are nume. rous, but are kept in a state of the most humiliating subjec- tion. A few of the wandering tribes still retain their Pagan superstitions. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Turkey in Asia ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is it situate ? What are its length and breadth ? What is the estimated amount of its population ? , . . , /, a • Name its divisions. What a»e the principal towns of Asia Minor ? Of Diarbeck ? Of Irak Arabi ? Of Kurdistan ? Of Armenia ? Of Syria ? Of Palestine ? Name its prin. cipal islands and mountains. Name its lakes. Name its princip^ rivers. . .„ „ »i.« i. Where is Aiosaluc, Jerusalem, Tyre, Smyrna, IliUah, Mount Caucasus, Asphaltites or the Dead Sea, Jaffa, Acre, Palmyra, Mosul, the Minder, the Jordan, Angora, Sidon, the Euphrates, &c. ? . What is the general aspect of Turkey in Asia ? What is the nature of its climate and soil ? Does It abound in fruits ? By what is the greater part of this country occupied ? What places are clothed with woods and forests ? What are the roost remarkable of the domestic animals in Turkey ? By what remarkable peculiarity are the animals of this district distinguished ? Mention some of its wild animals. Are the mineral treasures of this country well known ? Where arc hot medicinal springs found ? How is Asiatic Turkey in- habited ? In what state are the Christians kept in Asiatic Turkey ? What superstitions are still retained by some of the wandering tribes ? ARABIA Is bounded N. by the Mediterranean and Turkey; W. by the Red Sea and the Isthmus of Suez ; S. by the Indian Ocean ; and E. by the Persian Gulf. iLv C^'ktdiWO Jivrsii J. iv tfu- u.\r t^s ^j'^j- ^-s- ^----—j 32° 30' to 59^ E. Long. Prom the Straits of Ba^ beltn milet Sea, Hejaz. ivahsa, ^ejed; Oman. Hadrai i'emen I ARABIA. "■"«; and from J,f 2™^-*' '«» hngth h U60 Sea, m breadth I240mil« p„f ^'^^^ *" *''« ««• Hejaz.. ""'•"»■' ^"i;". fr 12.000,000. Hadramaut... Jlascat. i'emen Kostak, Seer. j^eb, Shammar, Arafat. whelms every ^CntT- *^^ '"^' ''^»ed from hX , ^^^'^^ j;aJs of Arabia are the hor^ J^h "^'^^ **^*''« ^omesLanT «., • 1Q2 PBBBIA. divine honours paid to Mohammed, considering him only an inspired prophet, and holding, as their peculiar tenet, that God alone should be adored. They had at one time overrun nearly all Arabia; but Mohammed Ali, pasha ot Egypt, has since driven them from Mecca and Medina, and destroyed their capital, Derayeh. ^ EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Arabia ? Between what de- crees of latitude and longitude is it "tuate ? What are Us fength and breadth ? Name its divisions. What are the prin- cinal towns of Heiaz? Of Yemen ? Of Hadramaut ? Of Oman? Of Larfsa ? Of Nejed ? Name the islands and mountains of Arabia. Where is Mocha, Mecca, Rostak, ^*wiiat irth'e mist remarkable feature in the aspect of Ara- bia ? How do travellers pass over those dreary wastes ? To what sufferings and dangers are they exposed ^ What is the appearance of the districts on the coast ? What valuable trees Ink shrubs do they produce ? What are the most noted do- mest c animalVKabia ? Which of its wild animals chiefly Hpsprve notice ? Bv what people is the interior of Arabia Sy inhabull ? 'how do^heV^ubsist ? In what manner do the Arabs on the coast live ? What religion is professed in Arabia ? What new sect sprang up there about the mid- die of last century ? What is the peculiar tenet o this sect What progress did they make ? W*^° 4~7S ^^^"^ ^'°°* Mecca and Medina, and destroyed their capital ? PEBSIA Is bounded N. by Georgia, the Caspian Sea, and Tartary ; W. by Turkey ; S. by the Indian Ocean ; and E. by Afghanistan. It extends from 25° 80 to 39° 30' N. Lat., and from 43° 30' to 62° 30' E. Long. From the south of Laristan to the Caspian Sea, is about 720 miles ; and along the 34th paraU kl 850 miles. Population about 12 millions. Provinces.* Chief Towns. Azerbijan Tabreez or launs. GhUan S^??"* u Mazenderan Balfruslu . ^ ;„ r»„^i,5a»«n shirvan.and Erivan. formerly provinces ofj Per«a,i;i nW'subrecTto" RuBsiaV^^^ comprehended under tne f vernment of Caucasus. See Asiatic Russia, p. 201. Heme south oi deserts c as well a districts, and fertil instead a in the in common ( the cedar, sumach, s ^^iis count pomegrani ciitnate ; a The mulbe articles of ( of Arabia ; are remark '^f'ghs mor 'his countr) and wild bo ^anufact are now aln ''ve wars wii , niost incessj and velvets, , and camels' ] !L«™ flo?fc?|:''' tbe cedar Z ' '^"''»- Among iteC "'"'='' a^^ ,he «ieWcuK~™^ and a"^^^^^ I anH , *^^^santjy ravaged tL- ^^"^"'^y* 't has been »] j^«;e «ub.«hed ^f,S^•strS!!.'''^P--n tl":S k. 184 AFGHANISTAN. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Persia ? Between what de- grees of latitude and longitude i« it situate ? What is its ex- tent in length and breadth ? What is the amount of its po- pulation ? Into what provinces is it divided ? Name their principal towns. Where is Hamadan, Ispahan, Teheran, Susa, Gombroon, Onnus, Bushire, Casbin, Baku, &c. ? What is the general aspect of Persia ? In what direction does a continued chain or deserts extend ? What is the ap- pearance of the mountains and plains in the south ? For what are the northern districts remarkable ? What are the common crops of Persia ? Mention some of its forest-trees. What is remarkable in the fruits of Persia ? Mention some of the fruit-trees common here. What other plants and shrubs are cultivated ? For what qualities are the horses and sheep of Persia remarkable ? Mention some of its wild animals. In what state are the manufactures of Persia ? What ma- nufactures of superior texture does it still retain ? By what qualities are the manners of the Persians characterized? What is the established religion in Persia ? To what wor- ship do some of the Persians still adhere ? Of what kind is the government of Persia ? AFGHANISTAN Is bounded N. by Independent Tartary ; W. by Persia ; S. by the Indian Ocean ; and E. by Hin- dostan. It extends from 25° to 38° N. Lat., and from 60° to 72° E. Long. Its length from N. to S. is 800 miles, and its breadth 700. The popula- tion is estimated at 14,000,000. Divisions. Chief Towns. . , Balkh Balkh. Cabiil Peshawer, Cabul, Ghizni. Candahar Candahar. Seistan Jellalabad. Beloochistan Kelat. Mountains. — Hindoo Coosb, or Indian Cau- casus, Sooiimaun rid^e. Rivers.— .Indus, Heermund, Cabul. Lake. — Durrah or Zerrah. The sovereign of Cabul or Afghanistan has also recently reduced t*. subjection Cashmere, with part uf Moultan and Lahore in India^ and Herat in the Pen of th Ret varied many i They ( great c contrar tan con the win product The. ed into i imian province Of Khorasan «• , ^^^ -f ^^e Indus is tnbuta ~im "^' '* '''^^"^""^^ Remarks. Thp «,...«. 1^ Beloochi, are a «erce and „ld» '""" '"''"P^dence ThJ fou es between India and Petl^'^«''*,?P'^' "•"> infest ,|,| •edges the supremacy of the King „? clbur"' "'"' amount of A««^i ^"*^ *^'eadth ? Wh«f ? u ^hat is the south? What i« tiJ^ ''''""''>' ^n the north 9 wu . «eloochis ? Who *;« th! •^?'?5*^ «*' the AfS mns ? ^»f i" are they govern^ ? \[Sf ^"*^«bitants of j^lf h ? « ^{^^^ HlNDOSTAIsr, OH INBM M^IXHIN THE GANGES ' « bounded N hir 'n -u „ * ,"'« Arabian taT S b^^e^'^ ^[^'""''»'«» »»ii'Ulon8. Chief Towm. Mountain Tetn'turif , PX)nipTising Cashmere Cashmere. Serinagur Serinagur. Kemaoon Almora. Nepaul Catmandoo. Gangetic Hindostan, comprising Delhi Delhi. Agra Agra. Oude Lucknow. Allahabad Allahabad, Benares. Bahar Patna. Bengal Calcutta, Moorshe- dabad, Dacca. Sindctic Hindostan, comprising Lahore Lahore. Mar Uan Moultan. Sint Tatta. Central Hindostan, comprising Ajmere Ajmere. Malwah Ougein. Guzerat • Ahmedabad, Cambay, Surat. Candeish Burhampore. Berar. Nagpore. Aurungabad or Dowlatabad... Aurungabad. Concan Bombay, Goa. Visiaporc Visiapore. Poonah. North part of k olconda Hydrabad. The Circarj Visagapatara. Orissa Cuttack, Juggernaut. Southern Hindostan, comprising South part of Golconda Masulipatam. Mysore Seringapatam, Banga- lore. The Carnatic Madras, Arcot, Pon- dicherry,Tranquebar, 1 Tanjore, Trichino- poly. Madura and some ft ^i. '^ali^ies on Madura, Cochin, Cali- the Malabar coa -. 'it, Mangalore. Islands.— -Cev^on, in which are the towns of Canj and J Gi JVI< malai Ghau Rn tra, 2 Kiatm Hema is» of CO HimmaJ frontier. and ioftj chains oi on the I reaches i sandy hil Sinde, tli( the burnii fields; an there ia a s and resinc northern p as along a 's marshy. presents be vests, whic smiling in ^'"Jcrpt j] t'j:so-i5, occi fixate of Hil seasons. X nor»h-west n pen regular! loasts of Coi ory season c< •"a'ny season of Julv all .L ranges and , ^'•xiy, Colombo a.»l T • ' "^7 Bay •''^ B"»,«r«/. "-''' Cambay, Manaar • GImuts. ^''' ^^'"'e"' and Western K'«t«a or Kri.):„i''lil;;Vy^'^-'«'T. B.iu.Colga. Smde, there flro ii . '° Giizerat, In #K« • °' presen.cT .^** '" ^^^ more ffenprri '"^^"O'". the soil "Of h-Ltl " "'""8''» «••« produced bv^h^ '''"^. »■«' "'"y '"-west monsoons • -inA f. • ^ ^"^ south-up'sf a^^i • r 188 Hir^DOSTAN. panse of water more than 100 miles wide. By these re- gular inundations extreme fertility is imparted to the soil. In many places, indeed, it requires no such fertilizing aid, consisting of rich vegetable mould to the depth of six feet. The luxuriance of vegetation is scarcely equalled in any other region of the globe. Forests of the most stalely growth, and fruit-trees of the finest kinds, occur in this coun. try. Of its forest-trees, one of the most valuable is the teak, which rivals the oak in firmness and durability, and is accordingly an excellent substitute for it in shipbuilding. Of its fruit-trees, the most noted are the various species of palms. Rice is the chief food of the Hindoos, and con- seqiiently the principal article of cultivation. In the husk it is called nellu^ and, when shelled, ori$si. Wheat, barley, millet, and maize, are also cultivated ; besides the sugar- cane, the mulberry-tree, cotton, indigo, and a variety of other vegetables. Among the domestic animals of Hindostan may be men- tioned the buffalo, camel, and elephant. The cattle are distinguished by a bunch on the shoulders : and the sheep have hair instead of wool. Among the wild animals are the leopard, which is frequently hunted ; the lion, seen only among the northern mountains ; the Bengal or royal tiger ; and the rhinoceros. Hindostan is rich in mineral treasures— of which the most valuable is the diamond, found in the provinces of Bengal, Bundelcund, Allahabad, Orissa, Berar, Visiaporc, Golconda, and the Carnatic. The diamonds of Golconda and Orissa are the most celebrated. The Hindoos have carried some manufactures to consi- derable perfection. The shawls of Cashmere, manufactured of the hair of the shawl-goat, are highly prized ; and till the late improvements in the cotton manufactures of Bri- tain, the Indian muslins were the finest in the world In delicate works in ivory and metals the Hindoos are still al- most unrivalled. Muslins, calicoes, raw silk, indigo, nitre, sugar, pepper, rice, and diamonds are the chief exports from this country. In a political view, the greater part of India is now un- der the immediate government of Britain. This is divided into three Presidencies, 1. Bengal, comprising Bengal, Bahar, Allahabad, Agra, Delhi; 2. Madras, comprising the Carnaticj Tanjore, the Northern Circart>, a large pro- portion of Mysore, and Visiapore ; 3. Bombay, containing an extensive portion of the provinces of Aurungabad, Caii' deish, tories i '■emain* states ei 1. The name; s bad; 3. Kajah o place, re 5' Holki 'vah; 6. &c. 7. J pulation < following dent ;-^i. provinces capital, i possess La 2t the mou tribute to estimated a <^^erry and Danes, Tra fife of scare The most of the Kin, Each of the from genera ^ney who hi accounted th f term of su "umijjatinff s '"'■'d and in( «nd the comf; permits polye tije horrid cul P"es of their 1 "'as prohibited I „ y^^ Hindo, I principal are \ V'shnu has air J '<* he inc;irno». h|;'er their deatl r^n»en or infe seen foliowinir terrJf« • "*^y amount to ^n -fi. ^^® Po- dent ; J^f S nT!*^'"*^^ «»»'" »>e consider!^ """i^"^* ^he possess Lahore ani^K!^^ °^ Nepaul. ^g^Th^^c 'ir '' ^'^ f the moutSoVth^e ?„?u^"^^>^'p-' of Mout n^t % ?° tribute i-i A A,u . ^"aus, governed hv .fc ^* ^mde, fhwry and r- . "j""""- The French h. Popu'atioa ai-eofscarrpN/ ""^^'■ampore- h..f ^k ' ^***'* 'he /hero: t™SafSe">' '■""""•"cer' '"^^'^ ^""""^'^ Ea-h „TT ™''°""s. soldiers I.k *'^'' "^ "''uch there fr'mgenlT'"^'^^ '■»"->*» invited """ '"«'""i'™ ^'■ey^hTC\trd""T'"^'^^^^^^ accounted ,l. " degraded from thl- ^"'^''^^arry. » 'e™ of uSf''" °'^^" ""'fortunes TreT.'T!; •"■'* '» ""d the comf«« ^ J ' P««"''arly formeW c? f««>idoos arc l»>-raits dT„ ""^ domestic lifef i?!'' *V' "■« quietude *« horriStS' f.'^ -'"<"" havI'L'^re^Jha'n''" ""«-" Pi'os of their bush °H "'""'"S "ido-vs a«ve o„ ?h °7 ""■' ' *« P'obibited by Z „''f "'"'■"'^d "H very U,et '^"r"'' I'" be inc^Ll'r."? "-«» incarnate J;,:'':.-i".^y''^"?ve that 'fer Iheir'dwh H,"™"' ''?'^ '»« "mer ThevV*/-" " '""' ^\ 190 HINDOSTAN. ness in the treatment of all living creatures, even to the meanest insect. In general they abstain from animal food, subsisting on rice, butter, milk, and vegetables. EXERCISES. Name the boundaries of Hindostan. Between what de- green of longitude and latitude is it situate ? What is its ex. tent in length and breadth ? What is the estimated amount of its population ? Into what great divisions is it portioned ? What provinces are contained in the Mountain Territories ? In Crangetic Hindostan ? In Sindetic Hindostan ? In Central Hindos- tan ? In Southern Hindostan ? What are the principal towns of the first division ? Of the second ? Of the third ? Of the fourth ? Where is Bhurt- pore, Allahabad, Hydrabad, Ahmedabad, Bombay, Calcut- ta, Benares, Visiapore, Bloorshedabad, Goa, Poonah, Tri- chinopoly, Pondicnerrv, Mangalore, Arcot, &c. ? Where is Ceylon, Salsette, the Maldives, the Nicobar Isles ? Where is the Gulf of Cutch, of Cambay, the Bay of Bengal ? What are the principal mountains of Hindostan ? Name its prin- cipal rivers. Trace their course. What mountains form the northern frontier of Hindostan ? What mountains run parallel to its eastern and western coasts? What is the direction of the central chains ? Where do series of rocky mountains and of sandy hills occur ? In what places are deserts of sand ? Where do numerous sa- vannans occur ? Where is the soil marshy ? What is the more general aspect of Hindostan ? In what provinces do the seasons occur in their most agreeable vicissitudes ? How is the i?*limate of Hindostan in general diversified ? liy what are those varieties caused ? What is remarkable about the cli- mate on the coasts of Malabar and Coromandel ? What are the periods of the dry and rainy seasons respectively in Ben- gal r What is the extent of the inundation on the course of the Ganges and Brahmapoutra ? What is the quality of the soil ? Mention one of the most valuable forest-trees. What are the most noted of the fruit-trees ? What is the principal article of cultivation ? What names are given to it in the husk, and when shelled ? What are the other articles of cul- tivation ? Mention some of the domestic animals of Hindostan. M''hat are its most remarkable beasts of prey ? What is its most valuable mineral ? Where is it lound ; and in what provinces is it most valuable ? In what manufactures have the Hindoos attained considerable dexterity ? In what kind i of works are they almost unrivalled ? What are the chief ex- ports from liiis country ? By what government is the greater part of India now controlled ? Into how many Presidencies Is boun dostan 2 Siam ar Gulf of from 1°. E. Long-. 960 mile 38.000,0 ^?sarn Airman En ^va ^^^gu t^ountries cc prising ijwacan... ^ergui... ^aJacca ionquin Ws Cpchin-Chin; n'^a ,^V»'"bodia..... I^^am.... «»«n8. WhenceS/.i. • '^°" some of thSlr"?^«"» did S-am and .he sSote'' ^^ "^ *»•« <^u'f "f pu'f of TonquiD and fh» f!^ .*^'=*' and E. bv thJ from i^so'l^eottt'^'ZZ^'''- ^'«'«»S: RLoDg., being in length irn^-i'*"" ^^o to I08» Assam ^'^"wns- Arracan Tavoy....* -Arracan. JJergui ....;;:;;•-;• Tavoy, Port Amherst Tenasserim.... il^ergui. '""erst. ^^^acca •■ Jenasseiim. /ODquin -Olalacca. i^aos Kesho. !;ocjiin-chi„a.;;;;;;; i»/ohan.iau„^. '•:aiiipa '"' «Ue-fo, Turnn C • >»ibodia..::: «iampa: ^"'^"'Saigong. Cambodia. piam 192 THE EASTERN PENINSULA. Gulps. — Gulfs of Siam and Tonguin. Rivers. — The Irravvady and Thaluan; the Meinam ; the Maykaung. Islands. — Domel, St Matthew's, Pulo Penang, Sincapore. Capes. — ^^legrais, Romania, Cambodia. jRemarks.'^'liy its external aspect, this portion of Asia is remarkably distinguished by its long parallel chains of mountains, enclosing distinct valleys, each watered by a considerable river. Those places in which rain does not fall abundantly, or remain long, exhibit a light powder barren as sand, or a crust as hard as rock ; while the mar- gins of the rives and the sides of the mountains are cloth- ed in perpetual verdure, and with trees, in comparison of whose gigantic height and expanse of foliage our loftiest trees dwindle tr the stature of dwarfs. Among the most noted of its fore t-productions are the eagle-wood, the white sandalwood, the teak.tree, the' iron~tree, the true ebony, which is here in Jgenous, the sycamore, the Indian-fig, the banana, the bigi/onias, and the fan-palms. The forests are the haunts of various species of monkeys, tigers,^ and ele- phants. The elephants of Siam are particularly admired for their beauty and sagacity. Fine fruits, aromatic aad medicinal planLr. the sago, the cocoa, the banana, and other nutritious plants, grow in abundance. Laos produces the benzoin and guF'^ lac ; and gamboge seems to be peculiar to Cambodia, iiice, sugar, cotton, and indigo are cuiti> vated to a great extent. These counti i>s are rich in minerals. Besides gold and silver, their mines produce tin, iron, lead, antimony, and zinc. The sapr hire and amethyst are found in various parts of the B^ lan empire ; rubies of peculiar beauty are found in Pegu and amber of uncommon purity is dug up in great quantrti^s near the river Irrawady. It does not appear that this peninsula was ever unite/l under one sovei«ign. The government of its different! countries, the mnnners and religion of their inhabitants, will be found un let their respective names in the D£SCBir«| Tiv£ Table. exercises. What are t^" boundaries of the Eastern Peninsula ? Be- tween what de ces of latitude and longitude is it situate ?• What Pulatii itsoth rivers, ably di present and th( What a wild an elephan in great extent ? In what amber, r divisions. JKan-su. };jen-si.::;: ^'flan-si . Tchyiy.:::;- Cbantoung. JJpn^nan fen-hoei... ^chi.Jciang.. ^^e pen <^ap»tal is h Islands ^''an ; Looj I I^akes.- I ^«ng--tse-hc ID ; the Penang, of Asia is chains of sred by a does not t powder ! the mar- are cloth- parison of Lir loftiest the most I the white ue ebony, m-iig, the forests are ^ and eie. jT admired matic and and other )duces the \e pecuh'ar are culti- s gold and nony, and in various beauty are is dug up What CHINA. -^h'^siinsZZtT " ^"^'^ beyond the G. presented between lu "* *^^ternal aspect px;^^?"^^^^ 'emark- «ild the mSfof-^f'^ P^^^«« whe?e raL ;f ^^^ *=««trast is What are th?mosf„'^V'^"" «»d sidelof .1"^' abundant, ^iid animah, are JL^!.^ "^^^« f«rest-produ..-^^ fountains? elephants of sLm I^T ^^u^^« '^^ hau JL ? Pn "' { ^^ «^hat ^n erreat abundanceT^J^^^ ? ^hat producSL''^^' ^'^ the Js bounded N hu^!?^^"^ tary and Tliibet • ^ S''''"f«e Tartary; W br T greateit /ength and bretltU t ^ ""''es in its '■««"«<» at 150 miriionr "• ''" P»P"'««'n is «- Divisions. r>u- ._ * K^nTu"." ?^^^ Towns. C'hen.si.; J-antchoo. Chan-si. t'T''- Cjiantoune t? ^* Hon.nan ?*T"- Kiang-su*: n'^^^W- %n-hoei v*"^,^"- ' ^^f «' is Kin,kZ^'''' '' '''^^'^^y to China; its I tAKBs_To„;:t^«»»-KeooIsles; Macao. ^ «»ng--tsc-hou. ^ *^"^"''' ^"yoff-hou, Tai-hou «'"" «i-r : anIZ' ^^1 "'^^'^ Kfanku. lang. 194 CHINA. Remnrka.'—China may be regarded, in general » as a flat and fertile country ; although, in some places, its aspect is varied by chains of mountains of considerable magnitude. One of the most remarkable features in the natural appear, ance of the country is the number and magnitude of its rivers, which have contributed in a great degree to its early civilisation. In a country so extensive, the chmate is ne- cessarily various. In the southern provinces the heat is greater than in Bengal ; in the northern, the rigour of a European winter is experienced. In no country m the East has agriculture attained greater perfection than in China. The cultivation of every spot is requisite for the support of its excessive population ; and the greatest in- genuity has accordingly been displayed in forming even the sides of lofty mountains into terraces, to which water is conveyed by buckets, or by conduits from reservoirs in which the rain is collected at the top. Where the raising of food for man is an object of such importance, the rearing of domestic animals is rather discouraged, except m so far as they are employed in subserviency to that primary pur- pose. The principal article of culture for food is rice, which is raised chiefly in the southern parts of the empire. The ingenuity and industry of the Chinese have discover- ed a method of cultivating even the beds of their lakes, ponds, and rivulets, where the j)etH, or water-chestnut, in particular, is planted, and produces a wholesome and deli- cate fruit. This fruit is contained in a cover formed by the root. Besides the orange, tamarind, and mulberry trees (of which there are two species, of the bark of one of which paper is made), the tallow-tree is peculiar to China, yielding a green wax, which is manufactured into candles. But of the native productions of China the most remarkible is the tea-plant, which grows chiefly in the hilly part of the country. It is about five feet high; its leaves are narrow and indented on the edges ; and it bios- soms from October to January. All the varieties of teas are obtained from the same plant, but gathered at ditterent times and prepared in different ways. The annual export to England alone is from 20 to 30 millions of pounds. In a country so densely peopled as China, there are but few forests or jungles to harbour wild beasts. Such as are occasionally seen differ not from those of other neighbour- ing countries. ^ .. j „„♦.. Among the minerals of China may oe mentiened a na..- ral composition of iron and zinc, called tutenag, a species of< kao Th, pou A nufa pape in d( are $ they two K at the remar to be the in a di'sta of onlj extendi is 200 ] elevate< low mai feet ab( frequeni (>y whic inundati Theg( species o\ origin. but the ii iowrer, an "1 general •ngofinf; tions of fe small feet ence to obt some resen ''"Pposed t( I ^.H'hatare ?f latitude ai padth ? .^ame its di 'sjributarvi ^"e most rem paper, an* th^ * '"***® of porcelain ^'r^y «ind of ma, "■•e silk. porSil 7 *■«' """al- Thefr I'-^*^ '"«' '» be 1500 miles in f ""V""" on the norihem fr„^ .' * ""«' •he inland n»vLri i^""' ="'' ">« Gr°^ /" ^ k'"' ™'' » distance of ^^^i T " ~n«inued fnml^V^'' ''^ "Wch «f only one d.?"'^' o*" "00 miles wTthfh'" •" ^'"^o". «te„d^s fi^m Xki'"'"™^^- Tba parti? .1,: '"'""'P"™ fee. .bov75.e ,«ei" f"^'' "^ ""bankme'^.stl,*'"'* '■» frequently its Xit ^^^'""•"■ding coLnT,^ ""^^O by "•hich it passes »'!,''!8''^' """n the walls o^/h -'^*' ."undations. '"^'' ""I " «.n,ethnes ocSteSul r^rd:;s^^ch7aisthe^,.^,,,„,,„,^^J'"' '"general, are stritVn i'?"^^^'°"' «nd avarice nf^tf' ^^ *^« ''ome resein "'^''^^"^abJe charm ^tL.*^. /"convene ----^TeroS^-Hind.^.^^^^^^^^ I ^hataretliPl.. ^ exercises. I ,,,;''"'•»• is ihe gSalT"^ "" '•»la"ds;i;ket an^ ''■'"'''«"'» ! "'at appearance of the 196 THIDBT. country. What are the varieties of its climate ? What in- genuity do the Chinese display in agriculture ? Is the rear- ing of domestic animals much encouraged in China? What is the principal article of cultivation for food ? How do they Cultivate even the beds of the rivers and lakes ? Mention some of the fruit-trees of China. M'hat is the most remark- able of its native productions ? Describe it. Does the same plant produce all the varieties of tea ? Are there man^y wild animals in China ? Mention some of its most important mi- nerals. In what part of the country does coal abound ? How is it used ? What are the most noted manufactures of the Chinese ? In what works do they particularly excel ? What are their chief exports ? What are the most remarkable of their national works ? What is the form of government in China ? What is peculiar in their character and manners ? What prac- tice is said to be frightfully common ? What peculiar notion of female beauty exposes their ladies to much pain and incon- venience ? What religion does that of China resemble ? THIBET Is bounded N. by Eastern Tartary ; W. by Inde- pendent Tartary; S. by Afghanistan, Hindostan, and the Eastern Peninsula ; E. by China. The geographical limits of this country cannot be fixed with precision. Its length is said to be about 1500 miles ; its breadth about 500 miles. The population is not accurately ascertained, but has been estimated at 3;ooo,ooo. Divisions. Chief Towns. The Undes Oortope, Daba. Ladak Ladak. Thibet Proper Lassa, Shiggatsee, Jeung. Bootan Tassisudon. Mountains. — Himmaleh, Kwan-lun. Lakes.— Terkiri, Jamdro or Palte, Mansarowar. Rivers. — Sanpoo, Indus. Remarks. — Low rocky hills and extensive arid plains are tbe ungainly features in the aspect of Tlubet Proper. The mountains of Bootan are clothed in perpetual verdure, or crowned with lofty forests ; their declivities and the valleys are rich in corn-iields and orchards. Thibet consists of a very lofty table plain surrounded by CHINESE TARTAR Y. IQ7 nooiintains clotlied with npr«o* 1 ^' not so intense as miVht be Tfn" T""' ^'' '^^ cold is vered with rich ZturelnA^^^'^'^' ^"<^ the fields are co! A country so n^ou'nSrlyTe":"^ ^^'^ «"^ ^-"- minerals. Though those of S^ ^^P^*^**^^ *<> abound in great extent, cinnabar ores ^ch in""' ."^^r^«"ght to any and tincal. or crude borax h«^! 1 V^^'^^^r, rock-salt quantities. The musSr r' ' n^^""'^ '" considerable with hair not unlike thelS of «™ '"^ -"^^ ^""^ in shape! ox, whose flowing andX v 5l .^^'""P'"^* *''*-' g''»"ting "ous orientals To? drivinraCflie?"^^ ^^ '^^ ^"*"- tl^e goat, whose fine hJr Tma^Tfa " '^^^ «»d may be mentioned among tieTnim"^ oTtI T"" ^^'""^^'- 1 he religion of Thibet is peculiar tT ^'^^'• or high priest, who is likewise th! 1 * ^ ^""^"^ ^^™«» object of adoration. no7sZl T^^'''*^ sovereign, is an soul is sometimes fanc"d to Z7 a "'?' '^ ^i*^' ^n^ his The natives are mild and LtlrtH '" !?' *^"^^ *^^ * ^'^»^- smgular peculiarity in the^ r!.o '^^'^ disposition. By a family have the sam^w fe X-"r' ,f '^^^ brothers of a privilege of selecting Ve^^^e'.'"/ ^^?^'^' ^^^ '^^ subject to the empire of China. ""'"^ *' «' P'^^^^t What »T. tT, u J EXERCISES. been found in Thibet in considS«Mo .^' Minerals have he animals of this country desSd ?"f *"^^^? Which^ tioned? U'hat idea Ha VkI "^^^7® to be particularlv men Uma ? b/wLT teptife? L^tr'" '"'• *'i' Grand" ""igular peculiarity prevauT h, .h Ji^ *"*"'"'^«'-' •' What empire i, the whole^cSId^subje*™ '"*""'" ' ^o »h»e EASTERN oT^il^E TARTARV fe " or latitude. Population about 8,000,000. Q2 198 CHINESE TAllTARY. DivUioiK. . Chief Towns. Mandshuria Sagalien Oula Hotun, Merguen, Nimgoula. Mongolia Karakarum, Aksu, Kouldja. Little Bucharia, coinprising ..,^,0^1. Hami or Chamil, Turfan, Hami or Chamil, Turfan, Cash- Cashgar, and Khotcn. gar, Yarkand, Khoten, Karia. Mountains. — Kwan-lun, Teen-shan, or Celes- tial Mountains, and the Altaian Mountains. Lakes. — Ba^kaah or Tengis, Zaizan, Kokonor or the Blue Lake. Rivers. — Amur or Sagalien, Yarkand, Ta. im. Hi: the Chinese rivers Hoang-ho and Kian-ku have their source in this country. Remarks Chinese Tartary is chiefly occupied ^\th vast elevated plains, or table-lands, whose stupendous pillars are the mountains already mentioned. This plain is inter- sected in one place by the desert of Gobi or Shamo, which is about 1400 miles long, and interspersed with very few habitable tracts or oases. Cold is the predominating cha- racter of the northern districts ; but several of the provinces of Little Bucharia, which is supposed by Humboldt to be only of moderate elevation, produce wine and silk, and pre- sent traces of ancient civilisation. The western portion of this vast country is occupied by the Mongul Tartars, who are subdivided into three great tribes, the Kalmucs, Eluths, and Kalkas. These are a wan- dering race, subsisting almost entirely upon the products of their flocks and herds. Mandshuria is inhabited by a more cultivated people, who live in fixed dwellings. The lan- guage and religion of these nations are as distinct as their origin. The religion of the Monguls is an idolatry, found- ed on the notion of good and evil spirits. The Mandshurs have neither temples nor idols, but are said to worship a Supreme Being, whom they style the Emperor of Heaven. The whole of these countries have, for nearly 100 years, been subject to China, though several formidable rebellions have broken out : one of these took place very recently, but the chief was taken and put to death. EXERCISES. c f -. ^«««*^A«*ir 9 What are the boUndfirica Ui x:i»Sfciu X raiiiii jT its extent in length and breadth What is What is its population ? sected V U^k * i "ccupieu ? fJo«^ : ,, . *"* "^n»t is Chinese Is^'SSV^^^fr^NT T.KTARV tion about 4,500,000: Tartary. PopuJa. Divisions. W^^tem T„,kUun...Ta»z., Cfajr^ . ttreat Buch,rfa i^''A"' l^'sl'en^. *'"• Badakshan. '>*maucand, Bokhara. .a^^''™-'^''«««-M„untai„,a„dBe,„„, ,^H™.-Giho„orOxus..Si..,SiLo„,orJax. Lakes or Inland Seas — T1,„ n ■ EAs^The Caspian, the Aral. *>efly inhabited by the &• ° S"' P'"'"'- ^he^^are no A and «.est of Bucharia anT.h ^'^ "** •''■^^'•«» to the brirl^f .-P"P- *e coun";rXr: .The .nalie:?:^ along the north side of ij the Aral as far as 200 ASIATIC RUSSIA. the river Saras on the south-east Tlie great horde extends to the south-east of the Aral Lake, over the country water- ed by the Sarasos and the Siir. Almost the whole of this country is a dreary waste of sand, interspersed here and there with hills of clay soil. During winter the cold is ex- treme. Great Bucharia, however, situate along the Oxus, and Turkistan along the Jaxartes, are fertile regions, abound, ing both in corn and pasturage. Antjong these tribes, horse- flesh is esteemed a great delicacy, and their favourite drink is koumiss, or fermented mare's milk. Kharism is a toler- ably fertile country, and its climate is temperate. In the twelfth century it was the seat of a powerful empire ; but it is now reduced to a province, whose extent is vaguely esti- mated, by saying that a man on horseback could ride over it in three days. The deserts which encompass it seem to be increasing. (For an account of Great Bucharia — See DEscaiPTivE Table.) EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Western Tartary ? What are its supposed length and breadth ? What is its population ? What are its divisions ? Name the principal towns of those divisions respectively. What mountains does Western Tar- tary contain ? Trace its rivers. By what is at least one-half of the country occupied ? By whom are the steppes chiefly inhabited ? By what is Kharism surrounded ? On what sides of Great Bucharia do deserts oc- cur ? What appearance do the eastern shores of the Caspian present ? Bow many tribes are there of the Kirguis ? How, are they governed ? What countries are occupied by these hordes respectively? What is the general aspect of their country ? What is the nature of the climate ? What pro- vinces abound in corn and pasturage ? What is esteemed a great delicacy among these tribes ? What is their favourite drink? In what does Kharism differ from this country? At what time was it the seat of a powerful empire ? How is its extent now vaguely estimated? What is remarkable about the encompassing deserts ? From what circumstance do the limits of Great Bucharia constantly vary ? What pro- vinces does It contain ? What is the general quality of the soil ? Of what empire was Bucharia the chief seat ? By what ople, and at what time was the last of the sultans expelled ? ''here did he then found a new empire ? ASIATIC RUSSIA T- I _.1_J XS iMiUIiUCU XT oy W I \v Russia in Europe; S. by Western and Eastern ■ASIATIC RUSSIA cu\ Putd at IO,50oS '■ ^"i'"'<"!»« com- ^ Governments. '^'"'^^ Irkutsk, if^Sriv- K V Tomsk.. rr^-tskl Ochlk?'^''' ^'"^^^^«> ^-' Tobolsk :: A^T^h JKolivan, Yeniseisk mi , '^ (lately ceded by the Turks) Mountain,? ^^''""'""''' ^ralian, and Altaian LAKE8.-BaikaI, Tcliany. be-trXrie^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Si. The northern and eastern nar^c ^'^ ^^''^'y °^ «spect. vast extent, covered wifh?i ^ ^ P'^'*^"' '"^'•siiy plains of -ted by Urge riversTtl^'^trs'uX"^ '"-- der surfaces of ice to;arrthrAr.I- n' '^''^'^ ^°"^«^ ""- central parts vegetation is LI "^ ^^^^"- Even i„ the ^^"•ty of the cold wh e"n ,r"' Tl"''^ ^^^^^^^ by the and luxuriant crops '. ! i^ ""^"'^ there are vast forest! t^e Baikal conl^ft^fin ;;^?h'rc^^^ ?f ^^« ^orTo? fens around. A featur^ Z\ cultivated fields and car ^^"dscape in this qua?^";VJr^ *° '"^^ ^-aUc" out a tree or a shrub, CtcoylT'^^'' ^' '^'' P'«'»« ^ith! nant herbage. ' "' ''°^^'^** '» "any places with luxu. The clinia«:A «r c;i — • , , 202 JAPAN. southern and western regions the soil is fertile, and the crops luxuriant. In the northern wastes the rein.deer supphes the place of the cow and the horse ; and wild horses and asses roam over the deserts in the south. Lasha stags, the musk animal, and the wild hoar, haunt the environs of Lake Baikal ; the formidable urus, or bison, and the ibex, are seen among the Mountains of Caucasus; the beaver fre- quents the banks of the Yenissei ; the argali, or wild sheep, is still an object of chase ; and the sable, a species of weasel, is much priced for its fur. The rivers of Siberia abound with fish from the neighbouring seas, especially salmon and sturgeon. The minerals are very valuable ; including i^ron, copper, and even a considerable quantity of gold and silver. The mines are worked by the government. This vast tract of country is inhabited by various distinct tribes. The south is occupied by tribes of Tartarian origin. Samoiedes, Ostiaks, Koriaks, and Tchutski, are the uncouth names of '^e northern occupants. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of Asiatic Russia? What are its length and breadth ? Into what governments is it divided ? What are their principal towns respectively ? What are the principal chains of mountains ? What are the nrincipa) rivers ? What is the appearance of the northern and eastern parts.'' What is the state of vegetation in the central parts ? What is the aspect of the southern districts ? What is the character of the scenery around Lake Baikal ? What feature is almost peculiar to the Asiatic landscape in this quarter ? What is the nature of the Siberian climate ? In what parts is the soil fertile and the crops luxuriant ? Mention some of the animals of Siberia. With what kinds of fish do the rivers abound ? Does Siberia possess much mineral wealth ? What people occupy the various districts of Siberia ? JAPAN Is an extensive empire in the eastern extremity of Asja, consisting of three large islands, Niphon, Si- kokf, and Kiusiu, with a number of smaller isles. These islands lie between 31° and 41° N. Lat., and betvreen 130° and 143° E. Long. Niphon is said ♦o he if?00 miles lonsf, and in the Centre about loO miles broad ; Kiusiurabout 220 miles in its great- est length, and 130 miles in breadth ; and Sikokt, JAPAN. o^o about 100 miles lomr h,r /t« • . , square miles ItltmE T""'"''! ^* ^^^'^^O at from 15 to 20 mlllfons "'^""'^ "^™P"^«^1 i25mar^5.— The cautious policv of th. t Europeans almost wholly from Xff i -^P.^""'" ^^*^'"des places can be more interestfnTto P ^<^"^»"'«ns,-yet few country is intersected by^a"? *?f"'T"" '"''°^"J^- The of which are volcanic, and some of fn "'!'"'"'' '''''^^ covered with perpetual snn^Q ^^T '** ^^^''^X as to be tiJe, although'thHon^irrt inTrX' ''' If "^'^ ^^ ^-- ordinary ingenuity and indusfrv n? I °-' u^"' *^^ "t^a. rendered even the most b"„-„' * - inhabitants have - China, high and stp S\r cTin'r'"^- «^-' «^ races, supported by retainini , 1i /"*** successive ter. crops even to their ^summit ^ ml: .f ''°?\^^^ bearing food, is of course the fo^ourite croi T""''^^^ *'''^^« of other grains are likewise cuTivaterC"^^'''' S'^^^^' «"d fs. This country is pecu ilr Iv Ij.^ '""*""' ^"«""- Japanese having imported «Ith. '" ^^S^tables ; the tal in other countries wth which ^7'^ T '^"^ °' °^»«^«"- abounds likewise in minera7talth ^ofd'T'^^^'^^' ^' per being found in abundance t^^-;?:^"^'-' «»d<^op- hence their nails, bolts &c ^Z l , '"^''^ '*''«i and In this interes'ting count;y a JS^ "^^^^ «f <^0PPer. considerable progress Tn fhL ^ ®''^" ^"^"^e has made Poi^elain,andlafqu:;ed^^^^^ "leir silk and cotton clJhl' *^'® •'apanese are unrivalled • China; theirmode oft IhTn.r'"'^ ^^?/ ^ ^''-^ of superiority i„ this art, Ihev are IIk??'^*'^^- *'°' t''^*' ^^ee.called .^«s vernL Vey LreTf IV""' ^""'^^^ quisitive people. They have a kind n? J"*?"'^^"* and in. fi'^ed wooden blocks/ SLtorv 1 »P""""^' ^^^'^"*^^ ''X pography, and ast onomv fj/ '*'^* ™"''"' P«'»*'ng, , baches of education Ti/^aVX;^.*^'^'' '"^^^""^ ^chpses, measure the altitude of thpK '^7 *^^" P^^^^^^ f calculate latitude. ^ *^® heavenly bodies, and 204 BAST INDIAN ISLANDS. There are two systems of religion in Japan. The one called Sinto, resembles the mythology of ancient Greece and Rome; consisting in the belief in one Supreme Being, with a number of inferior deities; the other* Budsdo, im- ported from Malabar, is nearly the same with that of Boodh, or Buddha;— metempsychosis, or the transmigration of souls, being its leading tenet. The Portuguese, the first Europeans who discovered this country, converted many of the natives to the Christian faith. But the nefarious con- duct of these settlers excited at length so strong a prejudice against their religion, that a massacre took place in 1590, in which 20,000 Christians are said to have perished ; and in a subsequent massacre, in 1638, they were nearly exter- minated. Since that time, Christianity has been held in de- testation ; and no intercourse is allowed with any European nation except the Dutch, who send an annual ship to Nan- gasaki. EXERCISES. What islands constitute the empire of Japan ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude do they lie ? >1 hat are said to be the length and breadth of each ? What the superficial extent of the whole ? What is the amount of the ^**What is the effect of Japanese policy ? Describe the ap- pearance of the country. What is the state of cultivation ? What are the principal crops ? Is Japan rich m vegetables ? What minerals abound ? In what manufactures are the Ja- panese unrivaUed ? To what are they indebted for their su- periority in the art of varnishing ? What kind of printing prevails amonff them ? What are their favourite branches of education ? What axe their attainments in astronomy ? Describe the Japanese government. What are their two systems of religion ? Who first discovered the country and intBoduced Chnstianity ? What consequences did the nefa- rious conduct of these settlers produce ? What is thednly European nation allowed to trade with them ? THE EAST INDIAN ISLANDS Comprise a very extensive archipelago situated to the south of India beyond the Ganges, having the Indian Ocean uu south and east. I.S.IV Sumatra , 205 EAST INDIAN ISLANDS. Islands. „. . „ <-h«ef Towns. , Acheen, Bencoolen, Pa. iiorneo Batavia. The Celebes.::::::::::;::::: j^r^^'^^pomiana.* llllT'''^ ^'^'^ ^"ndas;or Spice '^''''''''' Cipal are Luzon and MindanL.". ManiUa." - especially i„ the^•^t;L'"whTch l'"'^ ^^^ Mountainous, fully explored. The soil ;.T.r !?' however, has not been noble forests, of which T, 1 pr ctT'^^ ^«^^^-d wTtS ")g the most valuable sp^n th. ''''?:? ^' '"^^'«"d y'eld. digenous ih the Moluccas iL ^'''^^' ^he clove is in and they have never bee;* IduclT! *" '}!' ^^"^« '«'«" Js I Section. Borneo producef^dd fn '""^T ^" ^^"«' P^r- Banca, near SumaL has exCi ^•"'^^ abundance ; and The principal inhabi Int! / u ^^'' ^^"""^ ^*' tin. an ingenious Ld active ^^ 1 '^''' ^j'^"^« «re the Malays the coasts they are mu^h L^''*^^"^*^ practise with gVskTlf ThfT^:^ •'" .P^'^^^' ^»»*<^h they filled with an ugly and dlr!^^''"' '' ''«'• the most part Oriental Ne^^^oes^/ '^'^'^"^"^ '^^^ <^«iled Papuai^or ^rr^^^:^^;^^ -^ ^n Java They have recently been enga ' d ^-^T ^"^ w.th the native princes. A"fZse n - '^''^^^ Contests irom them by Britain during the Lr''''^'°"' ^^''^^^^'^^^^ at the peace. ^ *^^ ^^*e war, but were restored The Philippines belong to Spain. riry. EXERCISES tbey/ou„S^otth«t," ?,^''/''» *ua,ed? How are •re the principal tow„r?wr.^ ''""•'-'' consist ?Urh« «»' f VVhae^s Ae naturr^*? h'f P'^" ^"^"^ Wands JJ?.' P«ncipal inhabUamSr ^KfaUs'^.f ""if ''»• H^hot??h, «« those on the coast addictedV wu" """"^cter ? To what j^ngapd m severe contests .J* recen pines ' whom do the P] 'hilip. 206 ' AUSTRALIA. AUSTRALIA Is the name commonly given to the large island of New HolI.ind, and the smaller one of Van Diemen s Land. Thev lie between 11° and 44° S. Lat. and 113° and 154° E. Long. New Hcilland is about 2400 miles in length from W. to E., and 2000 in ^ breadth from N. to S. Divisions. Chief Towns. Eastern Coast or New -D^tT^^rof South Wales Sydney, Paratnatta, Bathurst. Western Coast Swan River bettlement. Van Demon's Land Hobart Town, Port Dalrymple. Mountains.— Blue Mountains. RiVEHS.— Hawkesbury, Lachlan, Macquarrie, Hast-ngH, Brisbane, Swan River; in Van Diemen s Land, Tamar, and Derwent. Remarh,^-S^ot above e t^of the surface of New Hoi- land hcs yet been explored. It is of various fertility, some parts being arid, while there are mter.or marshes of such extent that the waters of the Lachlan and Macquarne are lostii them; but there are large pains equally fitted for grain and pasturage. Van Diemen's Land, ^^f^'^^JJ^ L rivers, is still more productive : its sheep y»^>«^ J/^y fi"/ wool, which finds a ready market in B"'«>«lJ"*^ *^^^,^/i*- fishery is carried on from its port* with considerable advan- ** The natives of both these islands are very few in number, and in The rudest state of savage life, without government rsocial institutions, living on fish and the ^Vont^ue^JV^ duce of the cround. This region derives its importance from hav ng b^ecome the seat of^a British colony, which was formed in 1788, a^ a pUce of banishment for convicts. A Sfnu d succ'e^ion of these offender h^B -nee been s^^^^^ out, many of whom, on obtammg their liberty, apphed SSnselvel to industrious pursuits, and !»«'« «<=q"»;;^^^2 siderable wealth. Within the last 20 years al^o, nume ou individuals, in consequence of the diflSculty of finding sub sistence and employment in the moiner "^^^^^T-^V^ grated to these islands, ea|.ecially to Van Piemen s,whm Sey obtained grants of l*3id. A considerable recent exm- _rf> «""TH SEA I8I,AN1,8. O/v, I.nd am„„„,3 „„„ '^t- JS^T*""?" "''New Hoi? Land to 21,000, and the ""tern ■^' ^' "/ ^*° "'™en's "Pon the increase. "' "'^ '»"'' <"><•« cultivation is B|;e^^Jhatd%\i:*^lS^^^^^^^ What ,s their extent ? Name fh, ,?''■'?''«'''''•' ^o 'teyUe ? country ; and the producUons of vi^ r>- ^PPearaiice of the and condmon of the natives sptL u "' "« "le nnmbras Va'n"Sen%„'d' ?" '-''»^- ^» ttolCdTSt the geoe«d heads „fALsLT'''*'"'^'1;*"''^'' "'«'*' Australasia, LiL7Kj^v"'u"'\ ^"'yesia. -en's Land. S h^rh,"""'!""".'"* ^'" ^ie. Hebrides, ai/d NeVcallnla '"•'L'^''''"'''^'^^*'' "lands and ffroi,^ ^-'edonia, with some smaller ^^-Mt7?™r,:S;r ^^^^^ ■•- g^—I fenile a,d "joy a more temperate di™^^* ?""' '"P""^" "f^a "nciureofartsorlettera a^H. ^ unc.vihied, without any '"-"•S but other, d Zr'a "lidT/'*'" ««'«■»-"? fero! i'fJ' "^..however, s^ Xio "'"/.?i!?'?«!<";« .disposition. "^ */npo88ibie to include thor« /. ' ''■"*^"""*''»'^eu iiiat it would --» Wore s:^x-vr;^:~';j^' 208 ASIA. , EXERCISES. Under what heads are the islands in the Pacific comore- hended ? Name those in Australasia ; in Polynesia. What is the nature of the soil and climate of these islands ? What is the character of the natives ? . DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. A'CRE, an ancient city of Pales- iine, situate on a fine bay. Though now much reduced, it is wcllfortified, and is celebrated in history as a principal scene of the crusades ; and more recently for its memorable and successful resistance to Bonaparte, who, after besieging it for two months, was compelled to retreat, May 20, 1799. Population 2U,()()0. A'den, a seaport in the S. W. ex- tremity of Arabia. A'gra, a province in Hindostan, S. of Delhi, about 250 miles in length, and 180 in breadth ; wa- tered by the Ganges, the Jumna, and the Chumbul. S. of the Chumbul it belongs to the Mah- raltas : the rest of it is subject to the British or their allies. A'gra, its capital, called by the Mohammedans Akbarabad, is si- ' tuate on the S. W. bank of the . Jumna. Its mausoleum, per- haps the most superb in the world, is about 3 miles farther down the river. It is construct- ed of white marble inlaid with precious stones. This city was, from 1566 to 1647» the capital of the -Great Mogul. Pop. 60,000. Ajme're, a province in Hindostan, W. of Agra, and S. of Delhi, .S50 miles long, and 220 broad, wa- tered by the Chumbul and Ba- nass.— Its principal town, situate at the foot of a range of hills, be- longs to the British government. AWpo, the capital of Syria, in Turkey in Asia, once supposed to contain 250,000 inhabitants, but now much reduced. It is surrounded by a ditch, and by a strong wall with 9 gates. Its castle is deemed by the Turks im- pregnable. It is well built, and the streets have goodj)avement8. xne inhabitauts, who ate con- sidered the most polished in the Turkish dominions, amotmt to about 150,000. Alexandret'ta, or Scanderoon, a small seaport of Syria, on the Levant. Alhhaba6\ a province in Hindos. tan, S. of Oude and Agra, water- ed by the Ganges, Jumna, and some inferior streams. It now belongs entirely to the British, AUahabad', the capital of the i)ro. vince, derives celebrity from its fortress, situate at about 2 miles from the junction of the Ganges and Jumiia. Crowds of pilgrims from all parts of India encamp, for about 2 months each sum- mer, between the 2 rivers, to perform their purifications and other religious ceremonies. Po- pulation 20,000. Altai'an' Mountains, a vast chain, forming the southern boundary of Siberia, and extending, under various names, about 5000 miles. Italitzkoi is l0,735 feet above the sea. Ama'sia, a town in Roum, Asiatic Turkey, situate on the Kisil.lr- mak. Its population amounts to about 40,000, chiefly Christians. This town is said to be the birth- place of Strabo, the ancient geo- grapher. Ahme'dabad, theMohammedan cap pital of Guzerat, situate on the river Sabermaty, which falls into the Gulf of Cambay. Population about 200,000. Amherst Town, a seaport founded by the British government on the territory ceded to it in the S. of the Birman empire, and which is expected to become the centre of a great trade. Amur (pr. Amoor'), or Sagalien, a large river in Chinese I'artary, rising in 49® N. Lat., and 109^ E. Long., and falling irito the Sea of Ochotsk, about SS" N. Lat. A.nato'lia. or Natolia-. a nrovince in Turkey, occupying the western and chief iwrtion of Asia Minor. It is crossed in thfrS. by a chain waS'hv"'*^^"^^ Taurus; i8 CO cotton, and silk. ™' ^°*^c- ?ft??n in«.T'^".' ^^^ra. a verV»iA?.ri°^'^' "^^'^'^ amidst ficenerv on ?if ''"^ ^"^ «t"king K^at r&.K^^ hairof the Angora goat rival those of Cashmerp on S < A"'"«k). a cUy Sria on the Orontes, celebrated in an ' femousinThfhfstor^^ i'lfS^ AK?«f • i'opu'ation about I« m Pen?n"ula'° f"''"^ '? ^^^^ ^^iS a province Of the VrS 'em! «Tc^fKannrh°'*'^ '^^^ to Britain /// -f* ^2^^" ^^^cled «ver, and has a harbour caoa We of containing a JarSe ffi" A.!^?P"'«ion 100.000? ^^ ^*'^'- WesteWtlri"'""^. «^* '« Height 9600 fJlt"^^'"^''^^^^'^- rJJer'^whll^r^?' a considerable ASIA. 209 ri'n.t'3's^?Ch^'l,Modite. It includes Ana?nl!J®r?'**^'^ «ea. iOOOinileTi'n len^f •?'"«. «^"t 400 to 500 in bSfA **"?."■«»» mate is fine anri ?5 "" ^^» *-•«- lubrious ; but k A *^®"^^«' ^• Visited b^ ^"e'p'lagie^'T'?^"^ pt the most ceJebr^fL " '* °"« in ancient story !S'i?""''.^«' . many famous citts^""* *'''"^'»'* «-f^°h'et°Lt >^Y ^- in Asiatic vSa' ^n J."^*°^ ^^a m« with the Bla'k s^'""'"ca^ to S^Srks'^U''"?'^"^^ «»^i«ct Mingrelia i/ ?*^ ^"''"^ia and mounteinous in', '° K^"^^^! the tI«.:» fL ^"*^ ^* watered by XTTii'l^.^^Phrates, anl aS m v** *"^ beautiful. ^"^^^ A «8Mi'nor, the most western por- Kin?*aCt78?^1l^'^^^^ cumference On .^"*4 '» cir- bounded bvloflihfn«^ ^' '^ « ^re rugged^ Wgfrfj;'^!^"^ pices ; on the iv Vo *i. "' P^eci- Jeric^o."hrough'VhYch^'f;° "^ S/Jh'arSft' ""'^^^S vered. G"eat"5uaStfi\t^- "Pon its wS"""' »'""''• a<«t gal and Xhihet ™ lY,*" B'"- the Wolea thi IT \^^ ^*^^» of tributafe^t%?S^.andt,,, Slak^*^¥?^»» ^ nuSr^Jf on an is?a*ndfe^^*^H"""«te ^-S miles f?omi?LS%?^"' safgjs??^«^ Greeks, TarS pii^™^"**"^* ?»??^a'iSS« considerable, ^"""^^''^"^^es are k2 210 ASIA. A'va, an extensive kingdom, the principal part of the Birraan em- pire. — A large city, wliich, after being deserted for Ummerapoora, became again, in 1824, the capi- tal of the empire. Population about 150,000. Azerbijan, a province i Persia, separatev'. from Armenia by the JVrdX6S BABELM.\N'DEB,Strait8,achan- nel forming the entrance of the Red Sea from the Indian Ocean — upwards of 20 miles broad. Baghdad, a city in Irak-Arabi, si- tuate on the Tigris. It has a considerable trade, being the emporium for the products of Arabia, Persia, and India. Po- pulation 80,000. Bahar', a province in Hindostan, S. of Nepaul, containing about 26,000 square miles, ana one of the richest and best cultivated in India. Bahrein', a cluster of islands on the S. W. side of the Persian Gulf. The pearl-fishery among theae islancfs is one of the most valu- able in the world. Baiazid, an important city and fortress in Turkish Armenia, near the S.W. foot of Mount Ararat. Population 30,000. Bai'kal, a lake or inland sea in the government of Irkutsk in Siberia, about 366 miles long, and vary- ing in breadth from 20 to 'J. The Russians regard it with ve- ner^ttion, and call it the Holy Sea. Bain-Gonga, or Bhai-gonga, a tri- butary of the Godavery in Hin- dostan. See GoDAVERV, p. 217. Ba'ku, or Bad'ku, a town in the province of Shiivan, in Persia, situate on a peninsula in the Caspian Sea, Its port is spaci- ous and commodious: and it is a place of some trade. Since 1801 it has been in possession of the Russiiuis. Balbei/, anciently Heliopolis, both . ofwhich words signify the "City ■ 6f the Sun," a town of Syria, si- tuate in a fertile valley at the foot of Antilibanus. Here are the magnificent ruins of a " tem- ple of the sun,"6Upposed.to have been built by the direction of the Eaiperor Ante linus Fitio. It is now a miserable village. Balk, or Balkh, a province in Great Bucharia, formerly be- longing to Persia, but now to the Afghans. It is 8up|)osed to stretch about 250 miles from W. to E., and upwards of lOO miles from N. to S. It is inhabited by Usbeck Tartars and Arabs, who dwell partly in towns and partly in tents. Its cajpital, situate on the river Dehasn, is watered by 18 canals, issuing from a large reservoir in the neighbouring mountains. This wat, the Jiac- tria of the Greeks, supposed to havebeen the residenceof Cyrus, and is regarded by the Asiatics as the oldest city in the world. Balkash. See Tenois, p. 229. Banca, an island near Sumatra, with large tin-mines. Banda Islands, a group in the In- dian Sea, fbrming part of the Spice Islands, and famous for the nroduction of nutmeg. Bangalore, a b.rge and rtrong city of Mysore in Hmt'ustan, which was the residence of Hyder Ally. Bankok, the capital of the Siamese dominions, on the Meinam. By far the greater number of the houses float upon bamboo rafts moored along the banks. Popu- lation 412,000. Basso'ra, BussoTa, or Bas'rah, a large city in Irak-Arabi, on the W. bank of the Shalut Arab, en- compassed by a broad and deep ditch, and by a wall 7 miles in circuit, from 20 to 25 feet thick, and mounted with a great num- ber of cannon. It is a place of great trade. Pop. about 60,000. Batavia, the principal settlement of the Dutch in the island of Java, and the capital of their In- dian possessions. The harbour is excellent, and the situation fitted for an extensive com- merce ; but the air is very pesti- lential. Population 47,217- Bed'lis, or Bet'lis, an ancient, city in Kurdistan, said to have been foundedby Alexander the Great. Population ♦iO.OOO. BeA'ring, Straits of, a narrow sea between the W. coast of N. Ame- rica and the E. coast of Asia, so named from their discoverer, Behring, a Russian navigator. leagues, or 39 miles wide. Bclour-tagh, the ancient Imaus, a ^ain of mountains in Wesf r- OangM, between ,l,eWa„di?° i'*. oank ot the Ganges, is tlie spaf fn M? T"^ celebrated univergftv S « ^''^. Hindoos beiieve Bencoo'ien, >i district and citv in f"'»*t'-a. 'Pepoerand spicw'^atj £»c=ito!o^ ;.f a^^^SSaSoTg.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^t"^"^''? province ofHindostan extending 400 miles in lenSh' and 300 in breadth ;from'|Tc*fc ti W. Lat.,and ftom 86° to 92*= lertue, yieldiiiggreat abundance life ThTs'r "^-^ ^1^ luxuries? iite. This province has been call- Rrif^l,'""'' ^^'"«We jewel in ?he KLT^"- '^u^^ Presidency ot Bengal comprehends 306 om triangular shape. iWh in inanyplaces naturally fertiifit^s Bergamo, the ancient Pereamus^ city of Asia Mmor, whefe parch' was also the third of the 7 Jtt^ of Asia. It is situate about 18 miles from the Gulf of S?ern P ^n'^' *," ^^^'P'-^e *" the inff rho ?Vn'nsula> comprehend. ">g the kingdoms (;f Ava ami r^ef 'iSl' fomeother^'rerrito'! SeSth tW"' ^"^201) in and wariiki^ JnlfT"*"? ^""^ ^^rce comrtnf^ ' and having seldom come into contact with Europe- Sibir Ti?'? themselves ?^ n"Il'r°- . A'e"- war witli tho Mvp7L!!i."**^'"*J"^"*^^ out in 1824T fhccomrar?" *'"'?Wi„g lesson to 'c contrary. Aitcr a contest of ASIA. 211 f^JJ^ars. the emperor was «im pelJed to sue fo^ peace- whS He obtained on conffion' oYcS '»» Arracan, Chcduba T.^fz" Bokha'ra, Bukha'ria, or BoMr « lue oogd, about 5o miles t'mm Its junction with tbeotmft stands on the side of a £11 i'„^ the form of an amphitheal'J whe?e ^te' ,rr'"-»coZZ: stuT; law .1?s "SS't^?" yo"th miioii J„): ' ;' *"nabitants are iTfrLr^^^^*^ •" manufactures. Its trade is considerable. Pom.* lation 100,000. ^^^'P"" BomW an island on the W. coast S"hrr?s?d'ery*^^ra?? 6i miles long frora'N to S ,? aWt 1 mile broiS. A ont'wUh labar'fil^"""* i8lands"Ko^ E^taSa^iSKi^J^r^iif"^- acommcHloJiSfe^^^ Sjd'irCrrstSt'al^ connected with sTcfJi L*"** uSefo'^f^ii/i-rbari and presents a front of bold T' fiance towards the sm" •«.* •" fanf ^ ,f S»ded''to^:;ds'"th" sJve'-coii'nTeirS fb" ?'"' tripfi nn tu n z"^*'" the coun- oil with ,?f r'; ""<' *"■""" "rn cZ.. „f I "'?»«e™ and east. Zd SK".°,"';'''a. »ith China. n« .1 ' *°*"^^t>'tant8. mountainous, and coverei^^ff^ ^Ait-iisive lOiests. The raiilVVJ Bor-neo. nest to New Holland, tbe 212 ASIA largest island in the world, ex- tends from 4« N. »o 7" a^' S. Lat., and ftom 109" to 119^ E. Long., in length nearly 900 miles, and in breadth about 700. Popula- tion about 3,000,000. Thecoabt, for lo or 15 miles inland, is marshy and unhealthy. In th«.' centre is a ridge called the Crystal Mountains, from the number of fine crystals found there. Gold in great abundance, diamonds, . and other valuable minerals are found in various parts of the island. It is fruitful in spieeries, and its camphor is the best known in commeri-e. Its inhabitant-i are fierce and savage, subject to va- rious kings. Bor'neo, its principal town, is situ- ate on a river about 15 miles from the N.vV. coast. Thehou-ses are built on posts, and the chief comraunication is by means of boats in front of the houses. The market is kept sometimes on one part of the river, sometimes on another, and resembles a fleet of wherries lad* n with provi- sions, and floating, with the nu- merous purchaseis. The chief tradeof Borneo wasformerly with China, but now with Slncapore. Brahmapou'tra, or Burhampoo'ter, the largest of the Indian rivers, rises in Tliibet, near the sources of the Indus and Sutledge. It flows eastward till it approaches within 220 miles of the Chinese ftfovince of Yun-nan, then tuni- ng suddenly to the S. it reaches Assam ; it then flows nearly due "W. till it enters Bengal, when it takes a southern direction, and falls into the Bay of Bengal after a course of 2200 miles. It is call- ed the Sanpoo in the upper part of its course. Bucha'ria, Great, an extensive dis- trict of Western Tartary, whose limits, varying with the domi- nion of the Usbeck Tartars, to whom it belongs, cannot be fixed with precision. It contains the provinces of Sogd, Samarcand, and Balkh,— great part of which is exceedingly fertile. This was the Sogdiana of antiquity, and the Maweralnar of Arabian and iariariiisiurj. it ~"= ■-"- t-tn^s seat of the Monguls till the close of the fifteenth century, when the Sultan Baber, expelled by the Usbeck Tartars, penetrated into Hindostan, where he founded the Mogul empire. Bucha'ria, Little, an extensive dis- trict of Chinese Tartary, having Great Bucharia on the W., and Cashmere and Little Thibet on the S. This country Is but little known to Europeans. Its cli- mate is fine; its plains are in general fertile ; but great part of It is occupied with mountains. Burhampo're, the priiicl|.al city of Candeish in Hindostan, situate on the Taptee. It is of great extent, and carries on a consi- derable trade. Bur sa, a city in the Turki h pro- vince of Anatolia, situate in a plain at the foot of Mount Olym- pus It is noted for its mineral springs, l)oth hot and cold, over which are built elegant and com- modious baths. Pop. 60,000. Bushire (Busheer*), a town on the Persian Gulf, in the province of Fars, in Persia. The English East India Company have a fac- tory here. Population 5000. CABUL', an extensive province of Afghanistan.— ( abul, capital of the province, was long consider- ed as the gate of Hindostan to- wards Tartary. It is a place of considerable traffic. P. 80,000. Calcutta, the capital of Bengal, and of British India, is situate on the E. bank of the Hoogley, or western branch of the Ganges. It extends above 6 miles along the river; and, on being ap- proached {torn the sea, the spires of its churches, temples, anil mosques, the strong and regular citadel of Fort- William, its splen- did edifices, and elegant villas and gardens, present an appear- anceofmagnincence which seems to warrant its proud appellation of the •' City of Palaces." Po- pulation upwards of 500,000. Cal'icut, a town on the Malabar coast, Hindof tan, once a splen- did city, from which the first European vessel was freighted with Indian commodities by Vas- CO de Gama. This ancient city is now covered by the sea. The nrnconf K^uiit ia TYj pan in npn^ar- ance, but populous ; and carric* on a considerable trade. ASIA. Of the GuP/S^iif ^««*^'''» sl'ore ,' ""'es long and iS'h.^'^"^ ^OO went called g" mboj^ ^^^ ")^ P'S- ^ single street"*'' """"'""' »f a 61" and 68P p V ' *"^ between flouri;Ug%: tT^^'T,^. '« a 2J3 road beVwt.en KJa" *!l%8reat s:lrtfc?;;:rjj"'?f"\"'^-tan. K'ons, and extendfnl^ T*'*' *"«- as to leave a n«ri^ *^ outward so the coLt Thfs f r 7"» "°""d the D088M«i«« r^*"^'^°'« was in till i? Hhen ^i? IT^ P'-'nce consists of one 8tr2^' ^^P'*"*'' Jong, from whf.h **' ^ "™"es ianS Cch off nnlJl'i'"^^'^ o^' ^ right angles ^""^ '^^'^ «^e« at andis9/eTS;i?;^':i;5:?P; ?amille8^tev^°"*«*"'"» whole of As?» m'- *" extensive province tarv TivT^ "' ^'"nese 'Car- offfoat« "'i 'o"<^r. nair or wool r ver Jelum inw *l*"ate on the along eac' h«nif''**'.?''«^ '"»'«« jnent Of AstSanUVhe^N^'Sl- th/sVr«h^^'byPerXiJo'r p2li& o^DerbenJ' ^.P'^"'^" C^ircassia, S'par'to^/IS:,*"^ vernp an «vf„l.* „' and co- .„..*' an extent of l vegetables and tine fruits in gr^t profusion; but the most valuable of its plants Is thecinns. mon-tree, of which the natives enumerate ten species, only flvo of which, however, are fit for use. The snake called the boa con- strictor Is found hereof the enor- mous length of 30 feet,— and al- ligators 18 feet long. The ele- phants of Ceylon possess preat strenuth and sagacity. This island belongs to the King of Great Britain. Po|). 1,.V)(),00(). CAamil, or Hamll,atown of Little Bucharia, in t:hinev.e Tartary, E. from Loknor. Chan'si. a small province of China, W. of Tchyly, the origlnd seat of the founders of the, empire. Chantoung, a province of China, a ofthe Gulf of Tchyly. Chen'.Hi, an extensive provhice of China, separated by the Hoang- ho from Chansi on the W. Chenyang', a district of (Chinese Tartary, with a city of the same name, bounded on the S. by the great wall of China. Chingtoo, the capital of the pro- vince of Sreetchoar in China; it carries on an extei? . ♦rade. Circars, a province of Br ^ish In- dla, to the N. ofthe Carnatic, the Huperflcial area of which is calcu- lated at 17i"00 square miles. Circas'sia, a province of Asiatic Russia, occupying a great por- tion of the coimtry between the Black and Caspian Seas. It is inhabited by a number of warlike tribes, who, although they ac- knowledge a kind nf vassalage ' Russia, continue almost inde- pendent, neither paying tribute nor performing n ilitary service. The government is a feuc? d aris- t.M racy, each st ite ha\ ing its own prince,who8enobles,though almost independent in peace, are bound to attend him on warlike or pretlatory expeditions. The class next to the nobles are f^eed- men, and the test of the people are bondmen or slaves. The Circassians are remarkable for their elegance of person,— the beauty of the females has long been celebrated. Pop. 474,00ft Cochin (Cot'shi; 0, a small province of Hijidostan, between Calicut ailii 'iTaVoiiCOIr iK nyaxi J: in alliance with e British, d whom he maybe considered am va8sal.~.Ii has a conj Co'chin-Chi Eastern P cofjAjderal hendiog t •luln, Cami fides Coehi latter ext( along the Sea; and ii exuberant chiefly with lolom'tJo, th Ceylon, ig built town. Concan', an i Southern I the Westerr CoMstdmboul, , inavalleywa once the cap cnt kingdom Core'a, a cour consisting of ed by the Ye side, and the I other. ItBle mmilen, am Its king i, tri Cutch, an ext( nindoiitan, to vince of A\tt various indep< Cyprus, an i, Turkey, in the nades lortg, an nearly traveriM by two lofty chj which during \ fd with snow:' they afford ren Aeat intense ant ••land was cele! 'jnies for its fer n>r it* (i jjge poj we gayety and 'ti inhabitants. cuUrly grapes, st pre-eminence; i •uperiorfjuality: «ve dominion press* , industry ;jerted much of t Jf t. Two-thi totaats are Christ men are as beaut M voluptuous, as ^[enusmthisi.lii district m Bengal 'at Se«? and its «oil ji ,5 ♦hJ""^**^ exuberant tt-rt I tv u\^ '!"^* (■»«'a, a country ""^E 'f?-.. ^ I>» king U S^fta^'to riS'n''''"- press, industry^ and h»« t'®" Terted mii«h ^*-*l . . "^'S con- Wtaatsarl r^ • /^^ of the inha- ASIA. 2]/; ?!^^">i?X*«"o"Jrd"r'i"''- , tion about r),!i?r*- '^"P"^- a debarbre'r.rnrbSre:„^?H" vernment oV be .S^/''^ «•■ «"- tain 5(W) !,» ^' " '* "aid to eon, n«»«e of SL:*''?;'**"''' ^o the In the nE«i?„K2 ""rivalled and canals n»^a ^untains of sabreT w . ."manufacture now divided in»«*L*"*- ^' w -t/nd„.ns%°8'o'^^?riS' Ajat., having the O. * .{;• '*. a ranire of r " ""^ N.,MouItano w"\:^H'F mere on th vv^n»"«?^ '^" renders a- /;*«* ot water >iave covered in ♦K*"^ "* "»<* *<> Engli8h*re»?dP.. *.i^«:?. by the iJorbenii, a town ..f Po— ; Caspiai! Sea in »if ""* .°'» *e ' *'*' '" the province. of 216 ASIA. DaghiBtan. It is a place of consi- derable strength ; but it surren- dered to the Russians in 1796. Diarbeck, the ancient Mesopota- mia, a pashalic of Asiatic I'urkey , in Armenia, between the Tigris and Euphrates. Diarbc'kir, the capital of Diarbeck, stands in a flne plain on the W. bank of the Tigris. P. 50,000. Dowlatabad', a city and fortress of Hindostan, in the province of Aurungabad. Its fortress stands on the summit of a mountain , sur. rounded by several stone-walls, the lowest enclosing the city. E' R I V A N, a considerable province of Persia, on the N.of thcAraxes. —Its capital, of the same name, is situate on the Zengui, about 3 leagues from its junction with the Araxes. Pop. 10,00<». By the treaty of peace concluded be- tween Russia and Persia in 18!28, this province and that of Nakt- chivan were annexed to the Rus> sian empire, under the title of the province of Armenia. Erzcrum (Erzeroom), the chief city of Armenia, situate on a ris. ing ground at the base of a chain of mountains : the air is pure and healthy, but the winter is long and severe. It was taken by the Russians in 1829, but has been reetored to Turkey. Euphra'tes,one of the largest rivers in Asia, rises from two principal sources in the mountains of Ar- menia. About 1400 miles from its sources it receive? the Tigris, when the united streams fiow towards the Gulf of Persia, into which they fall about 130 miles from their junction. The course of the Euphrates is thus upwards of 1530 miles. FARy.or i-'arsistan', a province of Persia, E. of Kurdistan, and N. of the Persian Gulf. Fo'chen, or Foukien, an extensive province of China, on the coast of the Chinese Sea.— Its capital^ Footchoo, is a commercial citvj^ and celebrated tor its learrdv ■ men, and its bridge of 1 GO arcHeit across an arm of the sea. Fonno'sa, a large, beautiful, and fertile isiand nnnnsite thp c;hi- nese province of Foukien, in which it is politically compre- hended. Friendly Islands, a group - - - W. of the in tlie Pacific Ocean, to the Society Islands. The chief are Aramaboe&Tongataboo. They are in habited by a fine and inter- esting race, who have made some progress in civilisation. These isles have been frequently visited by English navigators. GAN'GES, a large and celebrated river of Hindostan. It issues in a small stream from beneath a mass of perpetual snow on the southern side of the Himmaleh Mountains. It is called the Ba. giruttee till it is joined by the Alacananda, when the united streams form the Ganges. Its confluence with the Jumna at Allahabad is venerated by the Hindoos as the most sacred place of ablution. In its course S. E. it is swelled by the accession of five large tributaries, with many smaller ones. At Sooty it divides into several branches, the two western of which resume the name of Bagiruttee, or the Hoog- ley, which, after passing Calcut- ta, falls into the Bay of Bengal at Sagor. The eastern branch assumes the name of Puddah, and receives the mighty Brah- mapoutra, before pouring its im- mense flood into the ocean. At both its mouths, the sudden in- flux of the tide, its conflict with the powerful current of the streams, and the number of sand- banks, render navigation ex- tremely difficult and dangerous. So sacred is the Ganges held by the Hindoos, that dead bodiesare thrown into it, and many drown themselves in its flood, as the surest passage to paradise. The length of its course is computed at upwards of S»000 miles ; during the rainy season it is 4 miles broad, and 60 feet deep at thedis- tance of 500 m iles from its mouth. Gaur*, or Gaoor', a range of moun- tains which separates Hindostan from Tartary. Geor'gia, an extensive country N. of Armenia, between the Caspian and the Black Sea. Although assigned in geographical works i to Turkey, the greater part of it j belonged' to Persia till within i the last 20 years, when conqueJt | has annexed it to Russia. Ceor- ^P- 825. Go'a, a distn coast of Hin the Portugu the same na island, 24 r ence, at the aova. Many. cularlythech able for mag cityhasdecaj recline of the ,.w India. &odav'ery,a]ar tan. which rii «de of the GJ vtnce of Aurt II a south- through nearJj wthepeninsuJ of 850 miles, *wo channels. Bengal. ^ GolcoD'da, or H wratedforitsdi jomu part of t the Niatam - G ^y the capital, i'c «UdeIofHydi P«"twy of the the world Thexrl''"""*''^* '« elegant, and rhe^'Sau'tv'^y ?I!^ women, likp ^hol "^*"'y of the thp !?!»/ n' '* proverbial over ,wie Ed«t. Pop. 2,375,487 -ISU. 217 great iraae E „I * •>'«=« of Ajmere, coinDut*^?.^ ^ }P.f *•:.«' ^ to aUtSfoO f^t" P^ '"'"« iS?''p!'r"*^'^l''«'*^apital of As. ■am. Eastern Ppnini..rr "' (^*- Jong, and ISObrSd. l/ f"""*^^ sected bv tlw. Pa^ A* ** '"*«•- other ri veTit isLlT^'. *^<* inhabitant are ai'^ii!' ****.**« people. ^ widurtriotw —cnjung, once the canifal ^r* '"habitants arp V« •!.'*"" '"^ «am. Eastern Penin^ ff °^:^^ , people. ^ *^* *" wdurtriotw city of great extent and 1^"*^ "* «AliaAMAUT' « ^?S»«»«nclentcilyof Afghan H^^'^^T'Ses. '° "^'^'»*» ^*><>00 man, formerly cani^I^il*-*^"" MJamadan' a f if i,«fT . . empire, but n'ow fn'de?!; ^§t' ^f^^ '^K t'^n'S/^"^ pulation about 9000 ^* - ■ **>« ancient Erh^fi the site of Gi1,on'.Jihon',orS;.S^n..„ L,l'°\"PWard«%S ^"P"'^* ^4'o^?^sjJrj£^^^^-. sides of the ftnnl"**®.'^" bo«h birthplace of^A^fe. '*. i» the the PortuRueS i'f^^°"8'"« to the same KTs'if,„*?r^'. °^ island, 24 S, in o**^ **" »" J«l"ie of thi PokZ L?™!*" Population's^ «««»l*or. ▼incenf ichi ti « . °* the pro- miles in ircimfoiL'" ^*'n«. »« markaWe foJ?hf*?'*i «>dre. situation '^® ''^"ty of its r^S"-^ into u,'e bT^T, "ae'TLS/^'^*"-'.'" .b»nk Of the trjil' *•«?:■> _ Bengal. KS^^t^incenti^ra'ndpSrt theNi^l!i°^^*^^ i- °«»«ion8 of I th^v .^l.^ie vicimty. s 218 ASIA. Thibet and Tartar, i the Dhwa- lagiri, or White Mountain » being 28,074 feet high. Hindoo Kho, or Coosh, a lofty r.'nge of mountahiti, forming the N. W. boundary of the district of CabuL Their elevation above the seais estimated at 22,000 feet. Hoang'-ho', or Yellow River, a very large river of China, issuing from the mountains of Thibet, and rursuing a circuitous course of 800 miles through some of the iinest provinces of China, till it falls into the Chinese Sea. HolTand.New. See Remark8,p.206. Hon'nan, a central province of China, S. of the Hoang-ho. It is so fertile as to be called the " Garden of China." Hong-tse-hou', an extensive lake N. ttom Mankin, in China. Hoog'ley, a branch of the Ganges, See Ganges and Calcutta, pp. 216, 212. HoTeb, a mountain in Arabia, ce- lebrated in sac! ed history as con- taming the tock from which, when struck by Moses, water is- sued to relieve the thirst of the Israelites. It is due W. from Mount Sinai. Hounan', and Houpe', two pro- vinces in the centre of China, watered by the Kian-ku. The latter is considered the granary of the empire. HuefC, the capital of Cochin-Chi- na, strongly fortified, and said to contain 30,000 inhabitants. Hy'drabad, or Hyderabad', the ca- pital of Golconda, in Hindostan, situate on the s. bank of the Musa. It is about 7 miles in cir- cumference, t^urrounded by a stone-wull. Pop. about 120,000. See Golconda, p. 217- I'da, a mountain in Asia Minor, opposite to the Hellespont, SiDsi feet high. Hi, a river of Chinese Tartary, which falls into Lake Balkash. Imeri'tia, a country to the N. of Persia, subject to Russia. Po- pulation Bi,0UO. In'dus, called also Nilab and Sinde, a very large river in Hindostan, which issues from the northern ^ny.ii.,>;»<> of a bi'?.nch of the Him- malehs,"' in 31'' »»' N. Lat., and 80*' SO* E. Long. Its stream is in many places rapid and deep. After a course estimated at 170O miles, through a country compa- ratively barren and uninterest- ing, it falls by a number of mouths into the Indian Ocean. For 760 geographical miles from the sea, it is navigable for ships of 200 tons. Irak-A«e'mi,or Irak, the most ex- tensive and important province of Persia, occupying the greater part of ancient Media. Irak- Ar'abi, a province or govern- ment of Asiatic Turkey, known likewise by the name of the pa- shalic of Bagdad. It is watered by the Euphrates and Tigris, and is one of the most important go- vernments in the Ottoman em- pire. It is 840 miles in length, and 636 in breadth. Irkutsk (Irkootsk'), a government, comprising all the eastern part of Siberia, and containing 126,460 geographical square miles. Irkutsk', a circle in the above go- vernment, in many places very fertile.— The chief city of the government, situate in a fine plain on the Angara, with a con- siderable commerce. P. 13,(i00. Irrawady, a river which rises on the bc-der of the desert of Cobi, flowf i,hrough Thibet and the Bi -.an Empire, and falls into tlie Bay of Bengal, west of Cape Negrais, by numerous mouths, after a course nearly due S. of 1800 miles. Ir'tish, or Irtysch, a large river which issues from Mount Bog- do, in Eastern Tartary, passes through Lake Nor Saisan, and, after a course of 200 miles, en- ters Siberia j then passing the government of 'I'obolsk, it joins the Gbi at Samara. It is naviga- ble as high as Lake Nor Saisan, and its length- from its source to the sea is 2^ miles. Ispahan', owl^pawn', in the pro- vince ot-all^ormerly the capi- tal ofa^sia, and one of the most splenSid cities of the East; though now much decayed, it is still a magnificent city. P.IOO.OOO. JiVF'FA, anciently Joppa, a town of Palestine in Syria, was the only port which the Jews possessed on the Mediterranean, and its trade was extensive. It is built , on a conical eminence, and the houses appear rising above eiic anoi phit barb thou Ja'va, matr ed bi 612 r Jation The I the S inaccc nicm( tow., tudina mate, peculis peans., fertile. I>utch, still for from th under i and resi «abitan( settlers, , 'ays. Ch '^ed'do.the on a bay island of Jer'icho, ai i" Palesi pastoral i dan. iti Jeru'salem, of Judea, vemment It stands fi'lJ, at thi tensive pi, "umber of Ing surface of the sea. ""■St and s( struction b- aemolition' PPfsion of I are events k of history, fusalem knd the Saracen Ject of the t^ken in jf Bouillon, wJ ofJerusalem wdm about 6 f ow a respec •'«'«). an island "«nd8, abou Ja'va, a large "slaSd «"t"- .. Matra, from whTch i/-^' "* S"" ed by the Straits nf « 'V^P^'^a*- 612 miles in 'enith""^J''. '^'« ts greatest brSdth*%",'^,*^«'» thes/lSd/ocl7"anrr'^y' ^accessible: A cLn n/^"?**'' nic mountains r..»^ of volca- to w ,1- . . ' 'unnine: from P row., divides the is]a.,i i . ' tudinallyinto 2 part, ^k""^'" mate. espedalJv onlL ^^^ *="- PeculiarlJ pern^icious^^.''''l?*' '' peans. The soil^o ^ ^ *'"'"o- fertile. Java i? amazingly iJutch buHhe „^«"'"«* ^y the from themin 1811 i^f '*"'^s'ed under Sir &,mji,*'^t''t British and restored m"f^,t"*^S"'?' ' iJabitants, besid J fl r,^^*^ '■ settlers, are nS^ f?® ^""""P* pastoral p af,J on ?h? •" * «"« dan. Itisnow^'H^ '■"^'" Jor- Jeru'salem/^he^elebS'.'Lr'"^^^- of Judea. is sfh !r ^-^^ «^P'tal vernment of nL *® '" the go. It stSds onte'^^?'n Syria, hill, atlhe^extremUv'V^^ ^''^ tensive plain «m!^„^ Z^ ^" ^x- immber of im, J^h ""'^^ ^y a Ing surfaces res^^te"»dulat- or the sea T^f ^i ® j'^® ^avcs first and second f''^^"?""'" of its structionbvTm^™P^J*« de. demoIitKf he ' t""* ^^^ «"«' PPrsion of the t J^".^' ^"^ dis. areeventsknoJnT' ^^^ Adrian, «fhistorr"S%lro7/rrorr"" f usa em and the ffS r/Ll:^^: ASIA. 219 fu^alem ^nd the SlanY/r^'^- .tne Saracens wa^TRl ° ^^^'^ iect of th« >^*?Ai"^.8«"eat ob- ject of th "*^*^' f^ jctc ot the Crusadpr« t7 t^ken in inoo iT i?' *t was Bouillon wK^ **y ^'^f'-ey de ir>jr2n.nKf^_y«city, contain. , one-fou7th arrrk"^"!?' "f whom •'^^ an island NSfS'^"-'- * aoout 150 miles long, I and 80 brna<4 T« • Japan hS moMn/' '"''J'** ^o focks. «n?raXs Si*''"*'**' AraC',;;'otSiceyH"?'»t^e the coast of the Roj r^^^^' on a place ofgrelt ,rL^^ '' « considered thlnortl^.' iS"^ *« though ^OmulsSant ^p^*^*^*» lation about 15,000 *' ^''P"" with some ofheJ c?ri ^''""'"^nff. small lake Merom ^^^^^^^ the called the sfa of?, ^'■eat lake then flowfngthmnlh'^"^''' ^"d «'ve plain t^theSead^^^*^"- Juggernaut' or mnri ^*^- g*tna'tha.theS>rdn?l^K''*/'y Ja- a celebrat^fi;? , °*^*he World, idol is a frightful fl»'''*^"- The representKniJfyi^ofwoocl. tions of VisUu nn * mcarna- occasions it is ^i-Pii Particular dressed, on an im^^» superbly or movinrJo^er W*"'^'^°t. wheels of whiXfJ' ^^^°^^ the votees. of whom ?'J!® ""^ ^^^ de- fe* ♦& fh"""*",y to the ai ?;^J'^«™selve8. and Jum -o pieces. ™hi ,ei7rnJ*C."'"dostan. leh AiouSns fl"'* ^'"»'na- Delhi and Agra S *^'«"8h courscof 780 mffes f2n' •''^^-' » 6 miles from tfebanl 'font Hoang.ho on n cu ?• ot the than the b*e5 of thLf ?**" ^'^^^r , extrem.ly liahi!. f^^ ""*^''» and Ka^ariah. 'th?'lncrem"?t'"°"^- Maxaca, a town iJf A-^'^*'*^^« on the Melas Po o*-'^ ^^'nor, Kamtschat'ka «f'^''-^'^'00«.' " intheNE'of'A«^^..P^"insuIa forming j«rto/th»^'''' '^"ssia. of IrkutsP Thou^E government in the temnira?^"P^**^edwith- ofthfsco™mrji8"'f«'"'««old the arctic regfon/' ^^h-^'^ «« *» 220 ASIA. tains, extending the whole length of the peninsula. The country abounds in wild animals, many of which bear precious furs. The inhabitants are rude, living in winter in huts under ground, and driven in sledges drawn hy dogs. Kan-kiang, a river of China which falls into the Eastern b^'as in Lat. 3(5" Sy N. Kelat', capital of Beloochistan, in Afghanistan. Ker'man, a province of Persia, N. E. of the Persian Gulf. Its chief city, of the same name, was once a place of great importance ; but hnving been taken by Aga Mohammed Khan in 1794, it has never recovered its former splen- dour. Population 20,000. Ke'sho, or Backin, the capital of Tonquin, is situate on the river Sang-kol. Population 40,000. Kha'rism, a province in Indepen- dent rartary, to the Si of the Sea of Aral, traversed by the Gihon. Khl'va, the chief city of the above provinpe, is situate on a canal of the Gihon. Population 10,000. Kiachta, a frontier town of AsiWic Russia, at which and the conti- guous Chinese town of Malmat- ghin, all the commerce of these two great empires is carried on. Klanku', more generally called Yang-tse-kiang, or the Blue Ri- ver, in China, the largest river in Asia, is supposed to have its rise in the N. of Thibet, near the desert of Cobi. It flows at first along the borders of China, and, on entering the empire, tra- verses the provinces of Sreet- choan, Houp6, and Ngan-hoei, and, after a course of 3290 miles, iklls into the Chinese Sea, about 120 miles E. of Nankin. KUang-si', a fine province of China, between Ngan-hoei and Konang- toung, Kiang.su, a fertile and commercial province in the E. of China, be- tweesi Ngan-hoei on the S., and Chantoung on the N. Kisil-hmak, the ancient Halys^ a rivet of Asia Minor, issues from Mount Taurus, and pursues a northern course to the Black Sea. Kist'na, or Krishna, an impuil- ant river of Hindogtan, issues ttom the Western Ohauts in the province of VIslapore, and re- c^ving, on its way across the peninnila, several important tri- butaries, falls into the Bay of Bengal to the S. W. of Masuli- patam, after a winding course of 700 miles. Kiusiu. See Japan, p. 202. Kouei-tcheou (Koytachoo*), a rug- ged and mountainous provmce near the 80uth-we«tern extre- mity of China. Kojend, a city in the province of Western Turkistan, in Inde- pendent Tartary, containing 30,0 )0 houses, Kokaun, a large city, capital of a Tartar Jcingdom of the same name, in a fine country on the Sirr or Sihon. According to Fraser, the town contains 50,000 houses. Kokonor, or Hohonor, the Blue, Lake, a large expanse of water in Chinese Tartary, on the bor. ders of China. Kolivan',a town in the government of Tomsk in Silieria, situate in the upper part of the course of theUbi. Konang-si, a province in the S. W. frontier of China, bordering on Tonquin. It has very productive gold-mines. < Konang-toung, a large and popu. lous province in the S. of China, washed on the E. and S. by the ocean. See Canton, p. 213. Konieh, the ancient tconium, a large city of Asia Minor, for- merly the capital of a Turkish kingdom. Pop 20,000. Kora'san, an extensive province in the N. of Persia, on the borders of Western Tartary. Koutahieh, the ancient Cotyeeum, a town in Central Asia Minor. Population 60, h 0. Kurdistan', . or Koordistan, the country of the Koords, a district of Asiatic Turkey, S. of Arme- nia, about 300 miles in length, and less than 150 in breadth. Ku'rilt? Isles, along range of small rslands in the eastern extremity of Asia, extending from the S. of Kamtschatka to the isle of Jesso. They are 22 in numlwr. Three in the S. belong to Japan; liie rest tc iiUosin. Kutto'rtf, a district of Sindetic Hindostan, occupying a great »he same name l^'/r'"^'"' "^ "ummitofaDe^nws"'*^^ °" the *i{. due E. of tb*. Phi- .'°^» The climate i« c„^ ^^'^'Ppines. men gofng naked "^ *'*^^^» ^^^^ the%'o"fH?r''.^P^"^'"<^ein Jonft JdarbTS'^/Omile^ vided into the mnun?*- " ** ^J- in the N. and *h""*J''"0"«t'-act known bvthPn'*'^ ^^' country 't is wKS bJ"tr'/"?J«"b^ . the Beyah thp 60"^^ Sutledge, nab, the BeW f^l *^^ Chu- andjfpropete.fi!?'^ ^^« Indus ; verned by a numhJl^f' J' " «<>- and otheVSft^lfPu^"ySeiJc wpital. is sltuLte oT tST' "' on the ereaf rn=H ? "^ Ravey, the Moguls in th7«^?? P*'*^^ ^^ river Astan! * *''"^*® «" 'he trade in sk Ss S "^''^ * S'^eat Madeofco%hafr'Sc^"^°'^ ported to Tartary * ^ " ®^- pS;in's^4???'"i the ^«t-rn Cochin-Ch'ina noorh?"'',"?" *"d and thinly p"opSfe't>-'''^^' " very unOfhv ^J"® climate 1,400,000 "^^- Population coast of ?S Pe fin "r^ '.l?"^/^^' the poorest SnSe^n^^^^^ thr;es?deSo?',H"^ Th'b^^^ -"d «r great hS of tlfe^sf ^ ^"«' ligjon. he Shaman re- ASIA. 221 JJ;rboriirr'Sfi^,°f.'i>^poiito Damascus there ari"'J; ^*^"^ caverns. ThelnffJ, ""'n«nse I-ebanon is covered^wS"'"'^ "*' peat part of the y^ar T7 * specimens of its ma^nffl '^ *®^ d^rs yet remain, ""^^^'^c^n* ce- «"hVrilS?nSr'"'«''^«ria. W. Of Lake'"BaikaT"S^?'r ^^• tween iJo^anTsoO SS'^i: ^^f {iin:en8iLs?bi"abou?Sr'-^'^ long, and from 12 to ff^"'¥ The soil is ferti l.?hl ^'■''*''- appearance beauuFui %f "^';*^ "late tempered hi «^*^^ *^" 8ea.breeze Th« iX ^.constant civilizIS!^, J^-^nhabitants are of theml? cantnff »""^''»'^en and Mr M.^ p^^ ^'"* ?*«'l Hall, tical de8crii&°"f if ^'^^ ^^^ age. Caotain hL°I. ^^'^ ^o^^en fii?^i^ V«P^'" oeechey. whr» v; sited them more recentlv h ^uck'noirtte'c^STftr'^'^'- taryofrhe'Gan^TV;N\^^^"- sidence of the |!S„ ^^l''^.^ '^' splendid oalarp o^' -» has a the Portuguesr* '^^°"^'"« ^o ofX^istn'WSreS.J^^ .town of the sarne^^i^^*' J/th ^ _^»ng to the Dutch * ''^'^"S- ?ongL'"to7K^^^ he- E.of ifindoiv^^^'^'tish in the S. «l>ore, oiTSiio, ',■',;! "'"a flat as'lSfX^'^'^^f-tack' ». — *•''*> tne nnniilof: — _ pref)en" * Pi'ie- til^. aresodi ioinS^f Pp'^elain ^appear to beoPone^''^"' '^^V Nantchang, the capUal Shpn. vince of KiangJi In rus P*^"" P^ace of c„nsiSfrabli"ra?J''«' ^ SToP^^ounr"^^^ "rint^iTSH"-^^^^ anrth^^%S^f^^^^^^ OuU^e,a^nrSr%fi«tt; S'alligl «i,r?^' =Sn2 la'h^^T^^^°---tU^:,?a"S above tSS sea^^^rom ' ST ^^' NerSud'^ra*""" ^'«00.O '"^et a number o;,oA;?'j,7,*"ch ari«e inir the sources of ml»' «""tain. ant riverT Tn "^"^ import- »ook. and «„_? A^wltoon. of 700 milM " * 'ourse Nertchinsk. a r^.!^ ^.- - ' after tho defeat of Tip. p^,./S^"' «" island in the s 224 ASIA. and S° S. of the equator } the in- land parts are rocky and moon- tainou8 ; but it is little known. New Caledonia, an island in the S. Pacitic, la** E. of New Hoi- land, generally mountainous, but flat in the north-eastern part and well cultivated. New Guinea, or Papua, a large island in the Eastern Seas, ex- tending ftrom the S. of Gilolo, and the N. of Ceram, in a !S. E. direction, about 1200 miles. Of this island little is known beyond the coasts. It seems to risc' into hills of considerable height ; and the forests of palm and uUier lotty trees afford a proof of Uv fertility of the soil. The natives, oriental negroes, are very savage. New Hebrides, a group of islands lying between 14" and iiO" S. Lat. and 20" E. of New Holland ; they are mountainous, well wooded, and fertile. New Holland. See Remarks, p. S06. New Ireland, an island lying to the N, E. of New Britain, from which it is separated by a nar- row channel, and which it re- sembles in appearance. New Zealand, the name jiven to 2 large islands in tlie PauiKc Ocean, about 1000 mile; E. from New Holland. Tiie «'>it is fertile; but the people arc in 'ine lowest state of civiiis^ti ; and carry on war with di'ei. 1 ferocity. ik)me English mmiyiiuies have, however, takoa^i'p ilieir resi- dence in thi (W-.-r \. Popula- tion about 5(»i»)(.;). Ngan-hoei, o;u!«*' tie most fertile and commer.cia! oiovincesin the E. of Chim-., net ween Kiang-su on the N., and Kiang-si and Tchi-kiang on the S. Ngan-kin, tlie capital of the above province, on the Kian-ku. Nicobar' Islands, a group in tne Bay of- Bengal, consisting of 7 large t^nd 12 small islands. They are all covered with wood, and seem fertile ; but their cUmat;^ is very pernicious to European con- stitutions. The natives are quiet and inoffensive. Ningouta (Ningoo'ta), a town in ««^_.j- J_L...^1— /"tUl^^^^ T^..u^»«a.. and the capital of a military go- vernment. I^iphon. See Japan, p. 20t'. OB, or Obi, a large river in Sibe- ria, which flows through the go- vemment of Tobolsk, is j(»ined by the Irtish, a river of nearly the same magnitude, and, alter a course of 2180 miles, expands into a wide gulf before faUiiig into the Northern Ocean. O'man, or Om'mon, an extensive district of Arabia, extending from the eastern extremity of the coast to the entrance of the Persian Gulf. (Orenburg, the westernmost go- vemment of Siberia. Though mountainous, it is fruitful in grain, and maintains great flocks and herds.— Its c.ipital, of the same name, is situate on the Ural river. It is regularly forti- fled, and its streets are straight and well built. Pop. 20,000. Orfa, a city of Diarbeck, in Asiatic Turkey, the Edessa of the Greeks and Romans, and sup- posed to be the Ur of the. Chal' dees mentioned in Scripture, Population 60,000. Oriss'a, an extensive province of Hindostan, having Bengal and the sea on the E., and Berar on the W. The districts W. of Bengal are inhabited by a savage race of Hindoos called Oureas. Or'mus, an island in the Per^iian Gulf, on which stood a city, once the most splendid and celebrated of all Asia, as the emporium of the trade between India and Per- sia, — but now so much decayed, as to contain not more than 5U0 inhabitants. It gives name to the straits which connect the Per. sian Gulf with the Arabian Sea. Oron'tes, a river of Syria, which is- sues from Mount Lebanon, N. of Damascus, and pursues a north- ern course, till, near Antioch, it bends to the W. and S., and falls into the Levant. Otahei'te, the principal of the So- ciety Islands, consists of 2 pe- ninsulas, connected by a mnrshy isthmus, about 3 miles across. The circumference of the whole island is 108 miles. The soil on the low grounds is amazingly fertile; and even the hills are magnificent forests, or with the deepest verdure. Of the valu- able bi 8 variei the he from th bynom ptaheit numan \ Mcrificc their reJ as the b( a futxxu seemed t »"eceptioi nowhere wJMionai greater a ">ily are the missi< 'Mpected **t prospe the whoi< 10,000. Oude (Ood), tan. fi. of miles in ler It hai the ern bound the Goomt other strea surface is i governed I dependence vemment. Oufa (Oofa), i ment of Urc the banks oi junction wit lation2500. Ougein', afciti getic Hiadot banks of th known to i nameofOze: Ox'us, Gi'hoD, river which table.land N and, flowing charia, falls ii D?'!'« a course PALEMBANG island of Sum of the Moost houses are bui «jl near the I elevated on c description ere oeyond water-i ^al'estme, or th ancient countr ^a tiie scene 6 OftheMosaici Pensations, is si their rejig ?u8Te_«.'*'r- *^'*° a future Vtate oVS V"? °' «*«n«i to prcMm fh*'"^"'^°n. greater sSS? rl *'"'*«' ^^'t^ tile missionar^l* **'^ converts : respeSrand ,hefe i,1r.T''^ est prosDect nrthL " the fair. other strS^d'aS'SST surface is flat and Sm'e ?»'•' governed bv a nahiSf • " ^t is dependence^uSoS the Rr ? l**"*^* Oufa (Oofa), a towiiTSL^- ment at &«& Tn s?hf h"'*'"" the banks of the SJEi?^"*' ""^ junction with the OuS: ^T "" latlon 2500. ""*" ^^Pu- °S'H?„^Jn^°^ ^•^'^^h, in Gan- geiic Hindostan, situate nn fil banks of the SiWerah t? *^® known to the^Sk^ hu 7if nameofOzene. "^^ ^^'^ PO-ations, is situate totbes w ASIA. 22B ofj&ieJrS?-»<»totl,»*:. dl«triST?^?rr«?°"!l''!f^« K?nt%eS^^^^^^^^ government The firu* i ?**." wafi poSed hv ♦^"^"'"'«n. Jordan and the f^-^ - l>etwecn ^ the tribes of^ ^a'.occupied ehar.andnfrtnf SP^"'"' '««- ui^_ '.1"° P**" of Manasseh j Ga ri ^j^*>— !▲. - ^ smaller di8t?iS^**'^^**«*^°to six Palmyra, the Tadmor of Saii^ur. an ancient city in thp n!^'^"'^*». the desert of SvruvL "* " the N of ft-oin f h ' f ° ^''^^ are exemn^ I ci ,"*» "ow .subject tn li.T . * °' t«Je, and ahri.m f '." .?^"<^''al fer- and other nro"i'*'*'^ *''e trees climes"*''ChthJe"';h"^?''"P'*^«' w about 97 nii&n^^* '^^^e'^N broad. On th « i.^"?' ^"^ 78 Owhyhfe.citff.ii^r^ l^^'^es of SikoE i ^?P"lation 15 OOO ed; yet they Sn^'^^^'^kilT: mild and /ViS" *!?^"' of a The Whole pfnul^i disposition, islands iseFtFrH^^i"," ""^ these ^^gO- See BR.HM.P0OTHA, p the\VaTo"X%^rabla. near «Pot where the ?!tv ^^«' the ..Moses; it is 78872f ?^' *t the extre- the seat of an ZJl '■ '^"d now Sc'uurf « « ^^^"^*~°«-m, Sin'sattlarl^S^rrt'^^'O^^. N. VV., talis, infn fh o*^' chiefly Oman Araw!i ^''^ ''^"^^nce of , (itilf ' '^'^'^ «n the Persian «rinaaii» ..... ftounthi^T''* ^"'^ *«wn in I Siv^s VV""* ""*> tne Sea of Ar^f , »*yW.^!SfVnn.!?5.„''_row„ce of | i «!k°r"*''" '■esidencp nT'?"' ^"" "'^ Shckerden, orr^iZJ '^^^ *^'h. I •«L'ttleThibS!^^'^^"'a town heatinf,, iJ""^* Situate afc ihi IS a place of sjiS IP^L^^^"- 't J-Iaim; the 4«jeat trade, and bmhplacaoff^a^^X'cSf \ \\ SS^ A6IA. 8oclaty Iitendt, a group la tb« 8. niciilc.ot which th chief it Ota. hMe. lying to the eMtward of the Frienaiy Islands. The aoil if fertile, producing cocoa-nuts, the bread-fruit, plaiitainf, &c. in groat abundance. The natives are distinguished for ingenuity. Soco'tra, Socotora, or .So«()tara, an island in the ndian Ocean, 4U leagues E. (turn Cap-^ Guardaful. It is governed by a Wing, who is tributary to Arabia. Solomon Islands, agrovp* lying be- tween 5*' and 10" S. Lat., and V 155° and 165'' E. Lom. On one of these islands La Perouse and his companions were wrecked. SreetchCan, a mountainous but fertile province on the western frontier of China. Sultania, a large city of Persia. Suma'tra, a large island, separated from the Ea*tern Peninsula by the Straits of Malacca, and from Java by the Straits of Sunda. It is divided obliquely by the equa- tor into almost equal parts, ex- tending in a direction N. W. and S. G. its length is estimated at 1050 miles, and its average breadth at 1 65. Pop. .5,000,000. In the interior are mountains, one of which. Mount Ouhir, rises to the height of I3,h40 feet above tbe sea. Amidst these mountains are extensive, beautiful, and fer- tile plains, pretty well cleared of wood, which overspreads other i>arts of the island. The heat is ess intense in Sumatra than might be expected fVom its lati- tude—the thermometer general- ly fluctuating between 82^ and 85° in the shade. On the west- ern coast the ground is very swampy ; but fertility is the ge- neral quality of the soil. The usual {HToducts of a tropical cli- mate are here found indigenous, or are easily raised by culture. Pepper is the principal object of cuulvation. ' Among its animals are tigers of unusual size and ferocity; and the Sumatran or Argus pheasant, of unrivalled beauty of plumage. This large island is politically divided into the empire of Meiuime^w and iiie rnai«yi>; iri» £inguc«u Ot Acheen; the Battas, the Re- iangii thet>eople of Lampong. Sun'da, Straitsof, an arm of the see luKtut 90 miles long, which sepa- rates Sumatra from Java. Sur, or Sour, the ancient Ture, a seaport of Syria, and of old the moKt celebrated commercial city in the world. Sacred and pro- fane writers give equally spleiidid descriptions of the magnificence of this " Queen of the Sea." Now it is little more than a miserable village. Surat', a large and populous city of Hindo8tan, in the province of Guzeratf situate on the S. bank of the Taptce, about SO miles from its mouth. Suster, or Shuster, a city of Per- sia, the ancient Susa, Sydney, thecapital of NewHolland, situate on a fine cove, which makes an excellent harbour. Syria, a fine provmce of Asiatic Turkey, situate alorig the coast of the Levant, and particularly celebrated in ancient tuxtory. TABRKEZ, or Tauris, supposed by some to be the ancient Ecba- tana, a large city in the province of Azerbijan, in Persia. It is si- tuate in an immense plain, on the banks of a small river. Popula- tion upwards of 50.000. Tad'mor. See Palmyra, p. 225. Taihou', a town and lake in the Chinese province of Kiang-si. Taihuen, the capital of the pro- vince of Chan-si, in China, a place of considerable trade, particular- ly in carpets resembling those of Turkey. Tanjo're, a city in tbe Carnatic, capital of a district of the same name, celebrated for a magnifi- cent pagoda. Taptce', a large river of Hindostan, which rises in the province of Candeish, and falls into the sea about 12 miles below Surat. Tarab'olo, or Trip'oli, a sea[)ort in Syria, capital of a pa^ihalic of the same name. Population 16,000. Taras, or Turkistan, an extensive country in Western Tartary, the original seat of the great Tarur race called Turks. Tarsus, a considerable town in Asia Minor, once the capital of Cllicia, and the birthplace of the Apos- ngf and 25 Thalwan', & n 'reniasuU^ fk peat valley I tainaofArnK ^'W"'*, a large a Of Asiatic Ti *n«n>ountaini 15 miles E.01 fuphrates, a 5>f,a great le [allel to that Aorna, when ( "*e the name or the river «>«ne Tigris is w*dTigr,ana of tile rapidity i«n( , , a conside Indian Sea. w ~"' ''ormgue ^»»»o»«k', thewos tant m^A °*^ considerable •« rafKSs Minor; hUihe^t,J:J*f!}J^^. A»la A9IA. 22S^ junction wifhVhi 'T l'."*!i^ **• Srafirsjj'^^yo^a^. T^h.*'"''o««t of China """ iWmtiw. i„S> "' "!« Tartar Po,.uI«|<»f,,Sy^ "t tlie Kur. monarch.. Po^lSASX"' ^"V^™ ^"^^"5?^ consequence of fhe* laS'S^T bank 0?^ Cater^"^' °" *^« * «. _ Cochin-Chinl. * -bjectto in"?!!!^?^ * •' *P"^* on lore *n the Carnati' .•*.,^» '*"*» 1 opulax.on 20,0(H, ^' the PeninsuTaTH,Si;j2^'^ ^ M^r? ,'„"ear t -Western Tartary. 1 frkiri, a lake la Thibet 7n «r -Jong. Md 25 broad ' ^^ "*"^ Pwttl^So'"^*"*?* Extern grTa^^^SlVbetiSn^ir^" '''' ^of Ch'«n»® capital of the ptoviacm lurfan, a district and tnum j^ _ Chinese Tartarv. ^ **» Ti„^ . 1 "^®" ""d Siam. ?.».•• » district and toi.m s^ K'.?.l'^*t»'»«' *^*^lebratS river T*^^'"^Tartarv. *** BuphrSes fn?^ *!i"''^^ °*" the &>*-'*-.- ^ri the same niSe ""' * '^^^ <>' Dtiarks, p, 206. ®^ wordTi^™ " derived from the «, t^' ^en's Land. See rZ w(»dTigr,anarrow,-expreMivl m^rks.p, 206. ^^ "*^ of the rapidity of iuToJrff *'"'® Vjsagapatam, a district »n^ » Tf' , a consitteral ?e island f; »i, <»f Hindost^ in tSf!. "^ *°^» I"di« Sea. v.hLVVS^'^^J^^ I .. the North^*c?r*5iWovmce of / 230 AFRICA. Vootchang, the capital of the pro- vince of Houp^, in China, a place of extensive commerce on the Kian-Vu. UMMERAPOCRA, formerly the capital of the Birman empire, • (now exchanged for Ava), situ- ate on the margin of a beautiful lake, at a short distance from the river Irrawady. Ural (Oo'ral), or Yaik, a large • river of Siberia, which issues from the Uralian Mountains, and flows first in a western, and then in a southern directiou to the Caspian. Urghenz', a town of Western Tar- tary, in the province of Khar- ism. Urmia, or Urumeah, a lar^e lake in the Persian provmceol A zer- bijan, remarkable for its extreme WHANG-HAY', or Yellow Sea, an extensive gulf between Chi- na and. the peninsula of the Corea. YAKUTSK, an ej^tenuive province In the E. of Siberia, yielding abundance of valuable furs. Its capital is a sm^ll city of the same name. Yang-tse-kiang. See Kiam-ku, p. 220. Yarkand, a large commercial city of Little Bucharia. in Chinese Tartary, situate on a river of the same name. Ye'men, the Arabia Felix of anti- quity, a province of Arabia, on the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea. Yenisei, a large river in Siberia, formed by the junction of 2 streams that issue frOm the mountains to the S. W.' of Lake Baikal, and flowing N. to the Arctic Ocean. Yesd, a flourishing city in the S. W. corner of the desert of Kho- rasan. Pop. 50,000. Yun-nan', a province in the S, W. frontier cf China.— Vun-nan, its capital, is situate at the extre- mity of a large lake, and. is the residence of the governor. ZAIZAN, a large lake in Chinese Tartary, near the frontiers of Si- beria. Zarang, the principal town of the Persian province of Seistan. AFRICA Is bounded N. by the Mediterranean; W. by the Atlantic ; S. by the Southern Ocean ; and E. by the Isthmus of Suez, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean. It extends from 37° N. to 35° S. Lat., and from 17*' SO' W. to 5V 30' E. Long-. Its length, from the Cape of Good Hope to^^j^j^editerranean, in a line due north, is 46*20 iii'lSp^rid its greatest breadth , from Cape Roxo to CapP&uardafui, nearly the same. Its population is verjf uncertain, but is generally computed at 70,000,000. The countries which it contains are, Barbary, including Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca; Western Africa, including Upper and Lower Guinea; Southern Africa; the Eastern Coast; A r.-:_. rv.. Abyssinia, r'^uDia, ana jugypt; Vventrai /^irica. v" sailing round the coasts of Africa from the Straits \( H f'^ tr r r jB jr *x^j^c ^ C Jdt^rtfnmifT"^ £quatnto&e£h. l^opc of CjgiricaaBaLJ WtAii^i^.f / 'i:E T BC »i M ? ^ ^ «{a ,J%^ g^^^^ J^t4^liskecl 6y OfUSTEa ABcrrD,^<^>?/ ,£dthfn{^h. tr: £. n -—• .w»,»W«" sailing round the coaiits <> F Africa frofntne d ;r it.: k Its of G Geer Pahr Volt J thissi ward St S Guar la Bays danha Bays; biqucj Medit Sy dra Th( and B of Sue The Azorei Fernai StHel or Mai Oftl verse tl Kong", Monnti The ne^al, ( The and Ma Remar *he four j political — -ssiiSS^Sit scjMrcely c teri||r ren 8 lllP|JJlini«.i mm mm ■* AFRICA. 231 of Gibraltar, we come to the foJIovvin^ Capes •- Voltas. and the Cape of Go»';b"ism ot the natives. A considerable extent of Interior Afnal^ novr been explored, and has been iound more fertile, more highly cultivated, and inhabited by milder races than the ccSntries previously known. Ethiopia, EgypJ> and the northern states, attained in ancient x^mes a high deg^^e of civilisation ; but ai present have greatly declmed. Various distinct races of men people ihis conVioent. J h. inhabitants of Egypt seem to be of Hindoo on j^, and the Abyssinians to have passed over ^-^o™ . Arab.a ; th. C^ tha- «niansmirrftl^*d from Tyre to establish a colony at riva. SrosperH., and otlie. re-ions of the norih were peopkd ay Medes, Persians, a^vl Amenians. The central and tb. westeri regions, from Bcne^:^ to C.^s Negro, are occupied by the ne^oos, appami^ly ;. 3mmt and indigenous race. The east coast, and piat :n. VIk^ interior, are occupied by the CaffVes. whose feature, are in general !«»« .««' f*^" ^^^^J:; the negroes, but who reRinble them m their thick lips, th. ir curled and woolly hair, and their complexion, varying fro.:* a yellow browr to a shining black. The Berbers and the B?4lus among the mountains of Barbary, and on the fron- ticrv of Morocco, are of a fairer complexion, and a lighter franie, than the Moors of the plains; and in their senti- ments, .morals, and manners are decidedly superior. Ibe Hottentois in the south appear to be a d«tmct race from both negroas and Caffres. Some of their external quahties to weui their language, seem to indicate their affimty with the Mongolian and Kalmuck Tartars. EXBRCISES. How is Afri,-a bounded ? What are its countries, its capes, &c ? What rank does Africa hold among the great divisions ff^he globe ? How far did the knowledge of this contment wmllThy the ancients, extend?-; What obstacles have CdriraveUers overcome^? What is the natur^fthe tex- ritories they have explored ? What was the state of Ethiop^^; Emrpt, and the northern states, in ancient times ? From Xt origin do the Egyptians, Ethiopians, Carthaginians, and other inhabitants of Ae north appear t« have sprung? S. what people are the central nnd western regionaot Afric«« - p Died ? What part oi the cc - nent is occupied by tht .ti»tiv i r r!^a?LtuLdothe3:re....bkanddi^ m what respects do iiic iierDers anuuic ^i.-=ii--= -^i^-.' » >- - Moors ? With what people do the language and soim- .^; -J- nal qualities of the Hottentots seem to indicate an afhat^v . »vellers nted by irism of rica ha and tht the fron- a lighter eir senti- or. The race from qualities, nity with its capes, t divisions continent, icles have of the ter- Ethiopia, ? From nians, a^d in^ ? ^, fricao m .i? ■:8? the THB 8TATBS OP BARBABY. 233 THE STATES OF BARBARV. Bloroccj) - Chief Towns. Tun...: ^-Sor^ci^r^- Tripoli..... So.'""» ^^*^-' ^or^o ^''""^ ••■■...':::::;;:.■::;: dVu^T' ^T'^'^* ^^^'^a- « ., p??"*' -Tabarca, Benxrazi Tufilet.'.'.".*.' Tatta. Segelmissa.!'. Tafilet. Helidulgerid. . ^^gelm issa. i'ezzan.. truergela. In Tnn:""-""',' : " '^''"'™"''' Temim, Z„ela. JtBtntlTics Tn 1? L. the region if MounTAtfCtbat e^t"^" ?^°graphers term it, tarns ,s the most remarkabV f^Jle "";i 'T^^ «*' "^oun: tween this range and the sea v7^Z^ ^''^ ^^^ ^«"d' be. m breadth, is watered by 2^12^1?"^ ^l '"* ^ "»'^«« and displays in general exXl^ff'Li-r '**^ '"^""^^'"'^^ <^ral products are nearly the ^^J ^"^t'^' ^'' ««">"»- are superior. ^ '^^ ^"^^ ^^ »n Europe ; its fruits employed ^Tbour!"' xt' fcrlTh""^ '^" T «^« ^h'«% ightness and speed. The fleeee,7f thrh " ^^^ ^'^^ '^ ra! coarse and hairy excentth^ !• ?/ *^®®P a»*e in gene- of which produce v^eVy C^'J^'.^^^/ ^P'occo, some bfeed" large.tail, composed of so^hllt ; J^^ " T ^P"*^'^«' ^^ose Among the wild animals at^\^^^^^^^ strength and ferocity, the nanfh ?' 'l''^ '"^"^^''^'^ble for the antelope or gazeUe, '„' iStS"' of" \''"^ *^° J«^^«', ladies paint thei^eyes black tf" u ""^"'^ ^"« ^yes the «- of a rat. are har^Te^ an^^^^^^^^ ""^ j/^^' '^''-'t the ^Serpents, scorpions, and loct:'±'!:!!;':"_"^"»»».-ground. ""^r'^^Ai ^^'^■"^'ariy afflicted. " ' "" """""^s*^* ^'"h which " ^*'- -Se y-ids silver, coppe, ,ead. .„a a„«„„„y T 2 234 WKSfBUN AFRICA. in considerable abundance. The plains are remarkable for the prevalence of saline substances. The lakes are nearly as salt as the sea. Salt springs are more numerous than fresh • and there are hills composed entirely of salt INitre [rfound in many places mixed witl he soil. Ho' ^-g^ and streams occur in various places , ^^f «^*[. ^°"^*^"""^; the heat of the water is so great as to calcine the rocks over "" ™s'?art"oT Africa was distinguished in ancient history. Carthage, the first commercial state of antiquity long dis- puted with Rome the empire of the world. After its fall Ihe northern provinces of Africa became the granary of Rome Under the Saracen princes who afterwards occu- Died it Barbary, especially Fez, acquired unusual lustre. Isdiffefent states have declined greatly in importance; and their maritime strength has, for ages, bf en exerted only in piratical excursions. Mohammedanism^is the established religion of these states. BXBR0I8E8. What are the .tales and towns of Barbary ? Wl»t is 4e .ne cons ! gulfs and bays, and comalnfnf "* #''^^'' branch.W into nant soil and dense ^0^00^7 ^^'^"^^' -ho-^^"i" the traveller from its^^ene^^^^ stretches from the AtLS.T u '"''*"^« and sterility J? 2900 miles in len^Th "'5 V^^ ^''"^"^^ «f Kgyp about western division^roasttf ^"J /J ^ ,!>-d'^ In" they are more numerous anTlIZr Z I' '" '^'^^^'^rn, pal are, Fezzan, Agades, AuilTn 9^ '^^'^' ^^'^ Princi. expanse of sand is traversed 1,''^°'^°«- ^his immense direction according to th/ r. ^ .^^^^a^^ns. which vary their where man and an^ml obJr;;TanV'%''T^^^"'^^^^^^ sometimes whole caravans conskl /f'^'*'™^"'? «nd sons and camels, perish In^?"? ""^ thousands of per" Ostriches and gaze^ieTroZ ov'er'^Ih^' 'V'^^ «"^ -« " the horrors of which are Savlted h'T *^''°^^^^ ^^S'°"« i serpents. A plant, resemblinll ^ ''°"'' P«"therl a„d thorny shrubs,^net.lesTndtlbtr'' ^'^-^-^ and ither vegetation of the desert **'*'"'''^«» constitute the scanty omo important "vers, alon^hTch I '' ^"^ ^^*^^^d by ^iant ; and the forests of co^oltl'^I.ri^*^^'^." '« ^uxu! -=. «*ma««ds, citrons, orances'aml r""^""*' P^'™«» hana. evidence of the depth ofthesofl b1 f^^'^Sr^^^^'s, afford • out thiB most colossal tree 236 SOUTHERN AFRICA. ;: W '.' IL of these regions is the hiohab, >vhose hollow trunk serves as a temple to the natives, or a liabitation for several ot their families. „ » The alimentary plants of these countries are varion and abundant ; and their flora is e; il, '." miiicent and rich. The elephant, hippopot.-'mug, rhmoruros, hon, pantuer, striped hyena, jackal, giratle, ^ebra, antelope, deer, and numerous speiies of monUys, are found m these regions. The boa constrictor, and various other species of serpents, lurk amid the rank vegetati )n ; venomous insects and clouds of locusts infest the «ir. Birds of the most -nlpn^id plu- mage, as the aigrette, and various spi .s or pauque.s, swarm in the woods. , The different tribes of inhabitants will be noUced in the Desc&iptive Taibtjet. EXERCISES. What counlvins and towns does WesLern Africa compre- hend ? In what view may the ?r'\rind'LS?'what considered ? What is its extent in len^^th and breadth i* W hat are its principal oases? How is this ^^fV u ^SfLavlns^ traversed ? What calamities sometimes befall the caravans ? What animals are fous d in these desolate regions ? What ^ants coSute the vegetation r What is the nat^re^f he Country between the Desert and Guinea." »y^^\VS It watered ? What species of trees abound here ? VVhicn is thrmostcolosral treeV those regions ? Are the alimentary plLTs numerous ? Is the ilora^ich ? What wi d animals Se founHn this country ? By what reptiles and insc ^s i. it infested ? What is remarkable about the birds .-' SOUTHERN AFRT A. Divisions. ChK i'owns. Country of the ^oshuanas... Lattakoo, Bakamkarri, Ivuree- cbanee. Caffraria. ,^ ,„ Cape Colony ^-ape ^o^'"* Rivers. — Orange aid OHphant. jRmarJfcs.-The country to the east c Cb Colony, and extending along the Indian Ocean, is ii ibi by the Cat- fres, a people entirely pastoral, and a tine nice of men, brave, frank, and honest- The Zoolas, however a Cattre tribe, near Cape Natal, have, under their chief Chaka, ._j^ .1 i_^ «.u« «,>rr<^r r»r all thi»ir HGiirhbours. Immediately south of the colony extends the territory oi nisgiisti, . characteristics. ,|,l. « , '''""'"less arc the Ilotteniots are wild and' flrl.^ '"""" »"<' »"'er free "?"■>,« parts of „,„ ,„^i^;° „rTT '" "'<''•• Jispositior «ry productive. The corn anir ^^^ "^ ^ood H„pe are spot pr„™r"- ^-nong^e '"Ppopotamus eiraff, ,h. '^ " "'« ^"'"-i. «l>e oleoh-n. P «vvn in Descriptxve Table. tHrn'-'Si^^^^^^ N.™e WK 7 ^*' terrhory e -r, ?,♦« !1 "^ '^'''**'" o^ their neiffh S p: ;,sr-^- 'f '■". ' n Set BTthittb*-"'"-™? -5|?s /-tsir jd . ,7 '-^p^^^^^ raais ot this country Ktr ™^k *. .. '®" ^ome of the wilH o«; coloni-ed? InZl; p^i^''*3'?P'''" people Sasi? tot ""mbc If Its iw..bi.antt ? "" " " no" ? What is t£ THE EAST^^^T^^^;^ Divisions. ^^ "^-^ - iilCA. ^,^^S-A^AdeI.. Zeila. '^''^^'r°--. S mbique. ^K. '"'^t' ^^«"^haza, C iio. iWocurangl' ^^^"^*"^' ^e, Qu^illnianet ©ofala.... c„<- 1 Sabia. ^°^*^«- l>e]agoa. Coassf nf \7„t_ Rivers.— I„ Ad^l is tfiP u ' the Havva«i. , iu M<-''inaar. ihe soil i\ in „ ", ' '"e stream nf ^.-^r "/ ™ark, cultivai on ' ^?'''*"^ extremeJy fertn^ "^'f^^^^nt periods. ^ne climate of P .'*"«''>=»> guished by the raro^^^* '^ extremely hot «m^ • i- • 30 years withstood the i„. '■: 240 COUNTRIES BOTHERING ON THE BED SEA. fluence of time, and seem destined to be coeval witli the earth that sustains them. They were the mausoleums or burying-places of the Egyptian kings. Egypt contains also the remains of temples, larger and more magnificent than those of Greece and Rome, though not constructed with equal taste. Egypt is considered to be a part of the Ottoman empire, but the present pasha has made himself nearly in- dependent. Availing himself of the services of intelligent Europeans, he has introduced great improvements, both in military discipline and in the v^^rious branches of industry. 7be religion is the Mohammedan, but one.twelfth of the people consists of Copts, a Christian sect. Pop. 2,500,000. Nubia is an extensive country between Egypt and Abys- sinia. It is almost entirely occupied by deserts, except on the banks of tiie Nile. The kingdoms of Dongola on the Nile, and Sennaar on the Blue River or Abyssinian I^ile, are more fertile and important than the rest of the country. The inhabitants, who amount to about 250,000, are represented as fierce and perfidious. In Sennaar are found large forests of the acacia tree. Nubia contains many excavated temples of great magnificence, particularly at Ebsamboul. Abyssinia, to the south of Nubia, is an extensive, and, in some respects, an interesting kingdom. It stretches from north to south about 770 miles, and its medium breadth is about 550 miles. In this country nature appears in rude magnificence. It is pervaded by ranges of mountains, sub» Unie in their height, and irregular in their forms. Vast rocks tower in the shape of pyramids, obelisks, and prisms; some appear like inverted, pyramids ; while others are so flat and thin, as to se^n scarce firm enough to resist the force of the wind. Of the numerous rivers of this country, the most important is the Bahr-eUaz^rek, or Blue River, called by the natives Abawi. The Lake Tzana, or De.nbea, is sixty miles long, and Ihirty-five in its greatest breadth. The climate, influenced by the mountainous situation of the country, is more temperate than might be expected under such a latitude. In the lo«^ grounds, however, it is exces- sively hot and unhealthy. There are generally two harvests in the year, one in autumn, and another in spring. Millet, barley, wheat, maize, and a grain called t^ or tafo, smaller than mustard-seed, but well tasted, are the principal objects of culture. Vines are cultivated; but wine is made onlyj in smajl quantities, l^ing little relished by the natives. The j flora of this country is particularly rich, the ^fields abound- ing < who has abou the c build valua and h Of of en of lab The t Amon ceros, hyena, boars, ^ with cr «»"e ext able is j varieties Noc< with troi of whose skin of tj ^e cattle are deseri Abyssi formerly i among sei from the c **^ it, and banners o ,^'hatco 'jiey contaii ^awaja ? ' banks of f|« indicated ? chief article! productions ( ^,ith there? /vhatprever *^at^ethe. "f eno™,ous ult''^%l'; "-ere is one species „i.h , boars, „azX= ^Z'* P"*i>larly f^^^; ' "■« g''««"e, the '"'le is a species o7rr """ variout rif "^Abyssinia manners of ihr„^ "asters of Gondar .h • 8™"' Pa" ".e people are barbarous t'tbt«Xe'- ^' 'iwy contain f g, Ifr »» Ae Ked Sea ? VPi. Zawaja? u/h., ? ™at countrv ar. .? i . "^''»* towns dn r ."^ J*%* and t'^r"' «P?^tr™ce"„^^.^»bea »d .•wnksoftiieNn. breadth? By wh», ? '^ ^-^W ? ".Vhat »dic..edr^fe>-;sdiffe™/hethsyjfr'"^ on Z ^'rf articles o'T, f- "•''''*'''y of the soil s fe"' P^'ods Pnxiuctiousofiv "X""™? Vhal J. . Wist are the »i!hthe™'fej'P'? W'hat til* iJ?^'«» »« indijreBo..' H-hat prevents fS " """kableabouiTh?'?'"""'^ "> be met •'ataSth^nundarr^^ '"•<" b^^nK^biTn'^-f^gW? nuoaatioKs occasioned > Wht 3 **"«^ ^y ■ "'nea does the river V 242 CENTRAL AFRICA. begin to sweM, attain its greatest height, and subside ? Wiiat animals, formerly common in Egypt, have now become rare ? What animals are still common ? For what is E^ypt cele- brated in sacred history ? flow long have its pyramids stood ? What purpose did they serve ? Of what empire does Egypt now form a part ? What has the pasha done to improve the country ? What is the established religion ? What is the population ? Wheye is Nubia situate ? What is its general appearance ? In what respcculo the kingdoms of Dongola and Sennaar differ from the rest of Nubia ? Of what species of tree are large forests found in Sennaar ? What is the character of the inhabitants ? What remarkable temples are found in Nubia ? What is the extent of Abyssinia in length and breadth ? What is the general aspect of the country ? What is the most important river of Abyssinia ? What is the extent of liake Tzana or Dembea ? What is the nature of the cliuiate ? How many harvests, and at what periods, has Abyssinia ? -What are ihe principal objects of culture ? Is wine made here ? Does this country abound in Howers ? What are its most remarkable trees ? By what peculiarity is one species of the Abyssinian cattle distinguished ? What arc the beasts of labour ? For what purposes arc the horses employed ? What are the wild ani- mals of this country ? With what -ninials do the lakes and rivers swarm ? Are there many va.i ies of birds in Abys- sinia ? What are the most remaikable of them ? Is this country much infested with insects ? What is the most for- midable of these ? What other insect is particularly de- structive ? Does Abyssinia contain more kingdoms than one? By what people has the country been conquered? What is the established religion ? Of what description are the manners ot the people ? CENTRAL Consists of a great rang^e doms to the south of the chiefly on the Niger and may be divided into — Countries bordering on the Desert. Chief Towns. Ijudamar .'.... Benowm. Beeroo =0 .. = = .. = ., = = = = \Valet. Asben Agades. AFRICA of countries and king- Great Desert, situate some other rivers. It Countries on the Senegal. Chief Towns. Bambouk Bambouk. Bondou Fattecondu. Kaarta Kemmoo. J 'I \ U B IV Y Fu Ki Kb He barrel are ft Jong I been ; Benin about portan The Niger j ^ith a 1 most c( countrjc Nytfl^ a ^ous in i t'le sea, dated. active co h the pr Houssi entirely a htahs, wti t'Je; tbej and carry powerful c ^atof the '0 Denhair bitants, is , except wlu people, whc :5.ooo,ooo. j '« an ex tens »'aJ between Countries on '^''^'^^^^ AFHIca. Vouri. vV"^^uctoo. Boussa*:: Rr''* Bore- -ooussa. Kirree f-'^^^^- 243 ^oussa. <^^"f Towns. Cassin^: ^f.«too. Kano. ^^^^''^"a. (iu1,er.'' '^^"«- ■^ornou.... R-„ , •••■ •••i-oboc. Remarks Manv "" " '^^•^^ttr'^^^^^V^r^ -dy and ■"•= fertile and eS.'T'''"'' "» »ng baffled everv «, ^ ^ P"l>uious. Tliis r,•:;/"^•'^"S'''■' fc -«ai„e?bvi?''/„- -p;- i's :or;' ,tt- vr„«.*^" "^e Lower JVio-pr x'. ^^^^avaii trade Th ,^yne, are perhan« tu ^^^S^r, 1 ourf, Boussa v ,' ■* "® ^o"s in all A i- ^ ^''^ "'osfc fruitful mif . • ' ^^'"^^K and by the prevalence ^f ,£'7°"^ ^"" *heir ifabi L?'*"^ ^" «" Houssa is an el^I • '^^^^"trade. '' '*"'^ corrupted liat of the p„ii,. I "^ 'ntenor of Afri,,, ,rii '" "'<>»* "'■tan.,, isl":!,^ .^f-'on, once eo„,"l ^''i^' -^'d^ 244 AFRICA. it is parched and steril in appearance ; but, during the rainy season, from June till September, the fields are covered with luxuriant verdure. The king takes the title of sultan. The natives area kind of negroes; dissolute, lying, and knavish. Population, according to Mr Browne's estimate, 200,000. For a more detailed account of these various countries, see Descriptive Table. EXERCISES. What is the situation of Central Africa ? Into what ter- ritories may it be divided ? What is the general aspect of Central Africa ? What river flows through it ? Into what gulf does the Niger flow ? What is the length of its course ? What advantages are expected to be derived from tlie discovery of its termination ? Describe the countries on the Senegal and the upper part of the Niger. What is the most celebrated seat of the interior caravan trade ? Describe the countries on the Lower Niger. What is the character of the people below NyfFi^ ? Where is Houssa situ- ate ? By what people has it been almost entirely conquered ? What is their capital ? What is the nature of their country— and the intellectual character of the people ? Is Bornou a powerful empire ? What is the nature of the country ? In what state do the natives live ? What is the estimated amount of the population ? Where is Darfur situate ? What variety of appearance does it assume in the dry and wet seasons ? What title does the king assume ? What is the character of the people ? What is the estimated amount of the population ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. Algiers (pr. Aljeers'), one of the Barbary States, bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean, W. by Morocco, S. by the Atlas range of mountains, separating it from Belidulgerid, and E. by Tunis, i. is about 500 miles long from E. to W., and from 40 to 100 in breadth. The government is a despotic viceroyalty, holding of the Grand Signior. The Dey, or sovereign, is elected by the janis- saries ; and his divan, or coun- cil, is composed of the oldest warriors. Popu 1 ation of the state about 2,500,000.— Algiers, the capital, rises beautifully from the shore in the form of an am- phitheatre; it is strongly forti- fietl, and contains a population of .5u,r>00. rhe piracies and inso- lence of the Alge-.ines provoked ABEX. See Habesh, p. 248, Abo'raey, the capital of Dahomey, situate about 80 miles from the Slave Coast. The roof of the pa- lace, only a sort of cottage, is stud- ded with human skulls. P. 24,000. Adamow'a, a kingdom and city on the Shary, in Central Africa. A'del. See Remarks, p. 238. Adow'a a town in Abyssinia. Po- pulation 800. Aga''des, capital of an interior Kingdom called Asben. A'jai- See Remarks, p. 238. Alexandri'a, a city for many ages the capital of Egypt, and one of the greatest in the ancient world. It is now much declined, but has etill a considerable trade. Near it are Pompey's Pillar, Cleopa- tra's Obelisk, knd other remark- able antiquities. P. about 14,000. the vei Lo] jiin the thoi X>ej »ec( tern 18:^0 Vvt'i] sion been rouiK Algo'a, thcE the c( the n distrit To th: tish er but dn their ci seasons such ni broken Alo'rie, a dom of latah s( fiigees t] ^ it is now Ango'Ja, a "ea, ex< fit-'"gUcJc Lat. Tb I'Jed on if extent. about 40, I'orted fr( fe'uese and Angor'nou, about i(J5 . Puiation S ^''^ra, a fe: *>iave Coas 'ney. Its name, is at Ascen'sion, a the Atlantic -Brazil, fre, account of . and turtle t Ashantee', a c fhe Gold C( brave and s ^'"g may no Jnasterofth, Alias, an extei 01 mountain tntcititti-i »u_ ^^7. The hi ieet above th junction With a Dutih K n'.,?,*^""- tASoflh'''^ •'" '"«"«• lu these J«JaS s X»?«- Of terms or the ,«.. ° *"- "«■ i«ao Algiers was '^"'^'•"'■s. In «Jonof t. tho.»h/^ V I*"«ses- heen able VoS^*^*'^ ^>«''e not the coait?^i^;^^%"i^;,-d HoV? the most fertile nnHK ^""ong districts in «,e Can" J'^^HtifuI ^» this (listriVt^n^ Territory. their-cror>nbrseS'l*'^«^^«^«d suchraiscrytharH^.^ ,*^^''" to broken up^ ^'"^^ ^^''^ coloiiy was iatah seiuers re nil. '''^.^y ^^^• tngees tiY>m Vu "''"^"'''-'^d by re- , it t nowr /arL'^i""^'-^' «« th'at «;denceofthegoJe?nor p^^*"^; trancTto^ fe^^S'-n^ing the en! Indian Ocean ^^ *'°"» 'he -chSe^.-^^-^ the. to^ I ^^'^^^f^^^^SJH^ abounds in go d whfph •*^''""^'-y 5_^" by the sfnynr*^i:f P5"C« ried on in thu^*" '" ^^""^^ '^ c^^- extent. i?'t ""'^^ *^ '-» g^eat ahn„..,.(Jt '8 computed that wu are annualiv *^,. " about 40 000 pL '^^'"Puted "tha eel fromVe'nVe bvTh'^P*^^"^ leandfepaS.^^'^^^^'-tu- «t'k%S"uiation Sw "^'■''•^"^^^- P«- T^s^^r^srA?--^"' the banlcs of the^S>i"-a> on ?n general very fert.if :!* ** ungated through /' ^"^ >« extent. The inLK-^/ ^hole floors and L" 'f "^"*« a.-e „ country a, pears v. "' "^''^ the Bar'ca, tKncfen^ ?vf P"P"h.us. extensive "act mnfl?'"''^^'^' an & the £ Of R^?'f ""' '»■">"'/ race.-Benin. tK.™„°,''^ «<»itte M « little di.,ta„of !;;&'^°ro- 246 AFRICA. montory S. of the coast of Mo- rocco, stretching far into the At- lantic. Bohoo', a largo city of Yarriba, formerly capital of that kingdom. Bon, a cape in Tuni;), opposite to Sicily. Boi'na, a seapoTt of Algiers, about a mile distant Arom the ruins of the ancient Hippo. Bondou (Bondoo'), a kingdom of Central Africa, on the western bank of the Falem^. The coun- try is fertile ; and the natives, a tribe of Foulahs, comparatively opulent. The king's residence is at Fatteconda. Bon'ny, a large town at the mouth of one of the principal branches of the Niger, which carries on a great tratflc up the river for slaves and paint oil. Borgoo, a mountainous country of Central Africa, W. of the Niger, divided into 8 kingdoms, of which the principal are Niki, Kiama, Loogoo, and Fundi. Bomou (Bornoo'). See Remarks, p. 243. Bo«hua'nas,or Bichua'nas, a people who inhabit a large tract of Southern Africa, to the N. of the Gape territory. They possess extensive herds. Among other large towns are LattakOo and Kureechanee. Bourbon (Boorbong'), an island belonging to France, in the In. dian Ocean, alxtut 60 miles long, and 45 broad. It is almost en- tirely of volcanic formation, and a mountain in the S. still emits flame, smoke, and ashes. Some parts uf the island are extremely fertile,theclimate delightful, and the sky always clear. P. 80,350. Boussa, a country and city on the Niger, where Park was killed. Clapperton and the Landers were well received bv the natives. The country is fertile. Pop. 12,000. Brass, the name given to one of the principal branches of the Niger, called by the Portuguese Nun, which separates into two channels before reaching the sea. The trade is impeded, how- ever, by a dangerous bat at its mouth. — Brass Town, on a creek to the eastward, consists of two ^^ i>. - 1- aiiU 6W(tuipy situation. CABES, a gulf of the Mediterra- nean, indenting the coast of Tu- nis, containing dangerous quick- sands, the Syrtis Minor of anti- quity. Cairo, the modem capital of Egypt, and probably the largest city in Africa. Pop. upwards of 2.50,000. It is in general ill built, but con- tains many elegant mosques. Calabar', a territory of Western Africa, at the mouth of a large branch of the Niger, and carry- ing on a considerable trad?. Cana'ries, an important group of islands in the Atlantic, near the N. W. coast of Africa. Of these islands, 13 in number, the larg- est are Teneriffe, Grand Canary, and Fuerteventura. The grouj- extends from 270 39' to 29° 26' N. Lat., and from 15® 20' to 18" 10' W. Long. They belong to the Spaniards, by whom, after long and sanguinary warti, the fine and brave race of natives, called Guanches, wascompU?tely exterminated. These islands are in general fertile and beautiful, and enjoy a delightful climate. They are elevated and mountain- ous ; and the celebrated Peak of Teneriffe, 12,176 feet in height, is seen by mariners at the dis- tance of 140 miles. Their most valuable production is wine, of which Teneriffe yields annual- ly from 20,000 to 24,000 pipes. l"heir whole superficial extent is about 700 square miks; their population 210,000. Ciipe Coast Castle, originally a Portuguese settlement, now the capital: f the British settlements on the Gold Coast. Cape Town, the capital of the Bri- tish possessions in Southern Af- rica, and a most important naval station, with a view to the pass- age, to the East Indies. Great part of the white population are Dutch, who hold most of the farms in the interior. Cassi'na, a kingdom and city of Central Africa, once very power- ful, but now subject to Sackatoo, though by the latest accounts there had arisen a formidable rebellion. Ceu'ta, a seaport of Fez, situate on longing to the Si)aniards. Cobbd, Popu Cow'go, I*owe ioanj orCoi of the climat «ro.na lively, pitable tute of consisti a 8peci« Constant] cient Ci giers. vince ol ed by a strongly many fl ^ architecl Coomas'sie dom of fl'ie pala( about 18, Corrieii'tes, ^, <-'oast, in Coss'eir, th( Egyptian OAHo'ME' dom in W( Siave Coa ^ar as knc remarkabli ttent is a ni *.s«ii and ( ferocious in skulls are - mentsofth »amietta,£la on the mos the Nile, p, to Savary, { -- «run gives c Darfar'. See ^P. 243. Da rah, a coui Atlas, which Morocco, to , Its chief prod ^eJago'a Bay, ' ^enzo Marqie **• «-. coast of ;);ay between tile Cape of r n»"t"h frequeni J^ea whalers, w. fp^tions, abou. } he natives a LVrIf ^" *»re Deaui consists in theiF fa a species of charm -"-'"«« strongly PfSS ^L' ^"'^ ^« *"any tine !•««, . "^''^ are ^ architecture T»lt. ^Z" o'^^'^an Coomas'sie "the ca^itettt^f'^^- DAHo'Mp'v f ^*'?^ '*ed Sea. Nave Coa«f -i.C "^^'^'Ofthe far as Sown t'o^ Eu?"'"^^* «« remarkably fertUe Th''^^"*' '« »ent is a most on»;^ ^ govern. i«raj and the Sp'^h^^'P"*- *erocious in thp^ ^5 *^® ™08t skulls are thlf ?""^''^- Human p. m; C^«Tii»i, afeici, Morocco, to u/hiAh * .^ ''^ *»*oni ^ K. c«a«t^ofl'fJLt"at?t"J/l! t"/ca^"o7"Go'Ji-i«Nue^;;^ »ea whalSfwho fin!^ lll^ ^"^h f/f/jons. abounding in'Thfr^ /lie natives arP cfJiL.^^ales --•v««c5 are OeautifuJ — -"' -^ "*= Clapperton to K ^i?**'*^ ''^ -_ cumierence ""^'^ '» cir- and fertile litUe is^«^h""**'"°"3 „W..„dLSi7oi£?fi"" Ss- • 'I' ;^ .e. dS r^^" ^''"■■'•S- thB .n<» . vahtlL .'"*^""'' noo- Der ' "true, a town luUarc, "^f.t- Its exten! \^^ ^'eat De. breadth." & Lf"** -^^ ^^ and when U," coS " '"'ense, 18 scarcely oleJab.l """*^ ^^^w^*. natives ; htit thJ^ ^^^" to the *^«W as t*o re der'fir'::'"'"'" ^'^ «« even to person?from ^^^'^^Ptable climate* The sofil? ^ •"?"'' ^'rn sasid. Pon ih V '^ a light deen formo'saS; **'*'"* ^<^'""<>- ^ ofthe1ji?i?'X.M^"^«"*hs lagooftheaL^Z^^^A'-'^^'P^ * Bitfsagc 'OS. It is about 248 AFRICA. 30 miles long, and 18 broad,—- fertile, but without water. Formo'sa, (lape, the eastern boun- dary of the BiKht of IJenin. Foulahs, an amiable negro race, widely dittUbed through Western Africa. Their principal liing- dom is Footah Jailo. Fun'da, a large town on the Tchad- da, or Shary, near its junction with the Niger. GAM'BI A, a large river of West- ern Africa, which rises among the mountains on the eastern frontier of Footah Jallo, and falls into the Atlantic Ocean, in about 13" 8' N. Lat., and 16'' 33' W. Long. Gir'geh, a considerable city, the capital of Upper Egypt. Gold Coast, a country in Upper Guinea, extending from Cape Apolloniato the llio Volta, along the coast of which the Britisli have several settlements. The country is in general very fertile, and has the advantage of two rainy seasons. Gold, from which the country derives its name, is brought down from the inte- rior. The Fantees and the Ash- antees are the chief native popu- lation. Gon'dar, the modern capital of Abyssinia, containing about li),000 families. Grain Coast, a country in Upper Guinea, so called from the Ma- laghetta, a kind of pepper with wliich it abounds. Guardafui (Gai'datwee^', Cape, the easternmost point of Africa. Guinea (Gee'nea). See p. 235. HA'BEbH', a country occupying the coast of the Red Sea, from Egypt to the Straits of Babel- mandeb. Hele'na, St, an island in the At- lantic Ocean, 10^ miles long, C3 broad, and about 28 miles in cir- cuiuference. It stands entirely by itself, and is about liiOO miles from the nearest land, on the coast of Southern Africa. From the sea its aspect is exceedingly bleak and dreary, presenting no- thing but an immense wall of per- pendiculf * rock from 600 to liJOO feet high, — as if nature had de- signed it for the purpose from vt V i 1 r vvi ^*. . much notoriety, as a prison for the great disturber of the peace of the world. It contains, how- evcF, some fertile and beautiful valleys; and its climate is tem- t)erate and agreeable. Here Jomeward-bound East India ships refresh,— the trade-wind prevents outward-bound ships from approaching it, without steering southward till they pass that wind's limit. Hous'sa. See Remarks, p. 243, IVORY COAST, a country in Upper Guinea, so called from the number of elephants' teeth procured in the interior. JACO'BA, a kingdom and city on the Shary, said to be large and flourishing. Jebel Kumrah, or Mountains of the Moon, an extensive chain which bounds Nigritia on the S. Jen'ne, a large and commercial city of Uambarra, in Central Af- rica. Population 1)000. KA'NO, a large city, once the ca- pital of Houssa, and still the chief seat of its commerce. Po- pulation about lOjOoO. Kaarta, a kingdom of Central Af- rica, VV. of Banibarra. Kia'ma, a country and city to the W. of the Niger. The inhabi- tants are rude, but hospitable. The Landers found many of them dressed in Manchester cot- tons, and the royal house adorn- ed with portraits of George IV., and other eminent British cha- racters. Kir'ree, a large trading town on the Niger, near vvliich a branch strikes off towards Benin. Kong, a country in Central Africa, traver.--eoi>iilatioii <^f li? OOO; Loggun, a i>opulou£ and industri- oi to Lud A of tiv rai cri fell wh tiv] edi tun ■Lut)a' Cftdi fton ^ ofG lAixor near anas the r Ma DA Ail, a of Afi rated bique. 25" 40 miles 1 breadt €ach o( Its sceii and mil putedt< ofinhat iivelyai Madei'ra, the nort jpng, by for its wi to 17,00C .ported. Magadox'a of the sar coast. TJ inhospital ^ their cour Manda'ra, a Africa, to daring on ofmountai Mandm'go, a Nigritia, a Niger and ; called Mar ^nd hospita spread ther countries o ii-Niger, Sene ^^''«u'ah,ala S"iia, by w^ ''-aueoftJhat) *^^nian', ore r town on tives are MoorJ^fh *' ^e "a. I 249 ^u^aTaSSSS'n^" "'-^ Ben. peans! ""known to Euro. tivit;?woutf^if[l".«!'"ngin'^S^' 1 ^^«J^5''»!u.. or i„e of France .n island in .i.r . ^».*" j«>portant?synti°n'???rV«» l^ean, about rton ,!^i ®, '"^ian Madagascar TS^fn*^- '■'■«'» or its proSSSr*^^'*"'''n«ny ItseboSyistbe^ iTe valuable: East InS iTade ^f^^^ ''"'? tured that year hv » n ■ "^^^ cap. '«' a victim • anVi m "?nton ^^hom they detain^ I ^'^ ^^rk, t'vity. would nrJhlM 'T« ^n «P- fd the sameCT/h *^^ «''«'^ , tunately marfo k' *" "® "ot for- ^mCaleSrH^T' reaching n-^^Vc^a«,,of Upper Egype. «jl. and fertil"'ifil!fH*?' '^^auti. of Africa, from JS^"u '• ^« ^^e E. »"ated by thpTh^^'^^ '* >» sepa^ bique Vt exin^"".*' °f MoS long bv ;r- *^i:" ^^oast. ^milef ^ ^"« P'ain. watei^' V'*"^*« '» Magadox'a „ P"^«"on 98,800 ^"^^ ^^e Atlantic at f^^"'^ f^^s tapafaTery eSnsi ^*'"«"'«- 'n Eastern Athcf ^ 1*^°""*^^ Of mo^nXilisTf thel '"''^ ^f'«^n Mandin'go a conn. ?^"'^ "ame. ^f'gritia l^^T^^y '" *he W. of Njler indtnelari:^ «^ ^''e ^Jjed MandfngS /^^"^"''es. fid iiospitable rS. "^f.^ P'^ ^_ — » uy urnicn oil iU - -^-'^ja~ Of Morocco, onre'Vnr^- ^as a fine appearand f"*'*^* ^t t-eenloSoand'p^ *'^*^"^"^^- W situate on^wat"'"'^; ^"^ ^^^•n^sand. P^pti^afiyoS: 250 AFRICA. MoVwas, a numcrnua and indus- trious people described by Dou- ville as living in the interior of Africa to the S. of the Line, in- land from Congo. Moinba'za, a country of Zangue- bar, S. of Melinda. Its natives, Owing to their wars with the Portuguese, whom they succeed, ed In expelling, are extremely hostile to Europeans, to whom, of course, their country is little known. It is represented as fer- tile, and the climate as temiif- rate and healthy. The town, si- tuate on an island, is large and well fortified, and carries on a considerable trade. Moroc'co, theancient Mauritania, an empire in the N. W. extre- mity of Africa, and the most im- portant of the Barbary States. Mount Atlas, which traverses it in two directions, from W. to E. and from N. to S., leaves a plain towards the sea from 60 to 100 miles broad, and from 400 to 500 long. This is the fertile and populous part of the empire. The territory beyond the Atlas, comprehending Darah, Tafilet, and Segelmissa, is at first fn o- ductive in dates and wool, hvi loses itself gradually in the a <'!<» of the Zaara. The got cr-un i nf is the most rigid d espotisu <,—';**• will of the emperor being Hui only law, and the lives and pro- i>erties of his subjects being^at lis uncontrolled disposal. The population, consisting of Ara- bian Moors and Brebers, are supposed to amount to about 8,000,000 ; but Mr Jackson esti- mates them at about 15,000,000. The Jews are numerous, but are kept in the most humiliating state of oppression. The na- tives, influenced by a gloomy superstition, and oppressed by a severe tyranny, are deceitful and cruel. The capital of the same name, situate on theN. of Atlas, in the centre of a vast plain covered with date and olive trees. Pop. estimated at 30,000. Mourzouk (Moorzook'), the capi- tal of Fezzan, is the emporium of the trade between the north- ern and eastern regions of Af- rica, its ancient edifices of stoiie, now in ruins, contrast strongly with the mud cottages winch form the dwellings of its present inhabitants. Mo/ambiquc, a city and couiifry, capital of the Portuguese settle- ments in Ea-'tern Africa. It is much decHned, but has .still some traffic in gold, ivory, and slaves. It gives name to a chan- nel between Madagascar and the eastern coast of Africa. NATAL'. See Eastern Africa, p. 238. Ni'ger. See Central Africa, p. 243. Nile, the river of Egypt, and one . f the most imjjortant in the Old World, concealing its mysterious sources from the inquisitive eye of science, was an object of won. der and veneration to the an- cients, and of eager curiosity to the moderns. Its true sources have never been viewed by any European, but are pretty well ascertained as situate among the mountains of Donga, to the S. of Darfur. From these sources is formed the Bahr-el-Abiad, or White River, the largest of those streams, which, uniting iii Sen. naar, form one large river, which flows through Nubia and Egypt, to the Mediterranean. In pass- ing through Upper Egypt, it is confined between the mountain, ranges, which leave only a nar- row strip on each side. Near Cairo, the valley widens, and the river spreads over the wide and level plain of the Delta. It then separates into branches, of which the most important are those of Kosetta and Daraietta, Ancient geographers inform us that it discharged its waters into the Mediterranean by 7 mouths. The length of its course is sup- I)osed to be 2000 miles. For an account of its inundations, see Egypt, p. 239. NyflR^, a country of Central Africa, east of the Niger, where trade and manufactures are very flour- ishing. It has lately been over- run bv the Fellatahs. O'R AN, a considerable town of Al- giers, about 170 miles S. W. from the capital. Orange, a river which rises near the N. Jii. extremity of the Cape territory, and flows N.W. and W. to , <;our.so 1AL'AL\ „ "linatii P. nil do ] ■Angola «uese i _' 'rb(nn Porto Far at fhoir Praya, a Coast. yUlLO'A bar. capi same liar for of Af ^ilh. It, «ff"hJe til ,,fale.stine. IUH'Ba, tl '^"igdoiu ( » a Count! .■uid ".iij^ Ite- niat.^. ^osettH, c ^'^'yr.t.attJ ctp.i. rare] "s name. S/j;yf cape, ^^HlA,acou versed by a , "ame, whicj «ian Ocean. .. '^"i-y, and g( J'ackatoo, a la ^^ rica, capif; ''Object to it ..fonisofCassi i'a Idan^Jia, a baj &ay^'«^-^^ Sallec, a large « coast of Fez. wouth of a r "ime. It is pro ;vh.ch comma? »y a redoubt, v entrance of tlu J^'fn was forme of the Moorish ^&r',st,the, i«E>^toMoS S^go, a large city, ^.' capital of L "egai, a large ri ^nfe'"ia, founded hvfK'"'"*"' '" peso i„ lr,jH,\^h^ PortM- ' TlKHir deft:„di.d hv^f '^ «"»'' Porto Fari'iia L "^ ^'»' rio" ^'; ya. a Beauor^ 1!^ 1 -^'da. ^^ PaleNtine. "'^^ "ead Sea in ^Smu',^te«*eif „the a count,- rodupMV'"-'""VM^ ,, /S'^^^raW^ town , „ »ts name. Po» 5L^''^ ^^^^ing «»x'o, a cane onihn ^"' ^'^^«00. «^'« lA. a Jountry^^ ^?1' Tl <^«ast. . • ?me, which falls 1 ^^^ same t'lan Ocean rtJ 'P^o the /n. name. Iti«nroiccto?L"'? «'"» """eh command, thL''^'"'""«y 'T » '■'"loi.bt, which f.i?''"^' »M built on a cti^ ''^'''taJ of Con-o 'r^rnZ^'^l'fSr^na rocky Zr' ^«!f »g to Morocco s'o?^ '^^- AtJas. "'-'^O'^- of Mount '^> capital Of '^,'^,^,^^"tral Afri. ^^«'. a large river in Western '^>'HICA. 2in An ,. Winch issues from a gre Black I< .^r t !"W"^' 'J'^^ copicjus'^rJ^K"""^/"'"'' their »»'«Scr.„»'"'s . »^ory, and oS erlrt if.'' "''*'• ^^W, ,«"^ ASca^deS'"^>^e«t. *'•?'» a monitaKf, "« name original PortuJn!>.« ^'^ "^^ f't? frra LeonaroSV''"^'-'" Si- ti^e Lioness'. I J^f, fountain of a considerable river n??"ed ^y name. Here f h o n^ ^^^ same established a setL^'^"**^' ^^ve ^^/•"evolent Virpo e r^.^ ^7^ the the "ativonesropl n? , ^'^'Jiziug the slave-trai^'^'H;?,"'' ':^'^^^7/e«ile.and the natives Ji-,L ^^"^a where _ of cultiv.;?.rl^>-arried the alf bofa'la ^ --•■■■' --^m: ■*-' "«, sl.uTc'K, °» "» S. E. ">"•■■• "<.l.e's".t;,!':,^,';;™"' Of a IMAGE EVALUATrON TEST TARGET (MT-3) / i/u 1.0 I.I Eh u us 2.0 m im 1.25 III ..4 ,.6 ^ 6" ► V] vQ / '^i Photographic Sciences , Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 \ v Cv cF \ A 'VS 6^ ri; ^ ■^ '/, V o m m \ 252 AFRICA. Spar'tel, Cape, the promontory which divides the Straits of Gib- raltar from the Atlantic. Sues, the famous isthmus which connects the two quarters of the globe, Asia and Africa, and se- parates the Mediterranean a)id Red Seas.— A considerable mari- time town, situate at the N. ex- tremity of the latter sea. Su'sa, or Suse, a province in ihe south-eastern extremity of Mo- rocco, blessed with a f<3rtile soil, and one of the finest climates in the world. Its olive-groves are particularly extensive. — Also a town in the kingdom of Tunis. Sy'dra or Si'dra, a large gulf in the E. of Tripoli, having in iU in- terior extensive quicksands, the Syrte$ of antiquity. Sye'n^, a city of Upper Egypt, on the border of the desert. TABAR'CA, a smaU seaport of Barca. TaTilet, a large district, S. E. of Mount Atlas, tributary to Mo- rocco. -It is a. vast level plain. Dates are its chief produce. Tangier (Tangeei^), a seaport of Fes, on the Straits of Gibraltar. Population 10,U00. Taf tah, or Akka, a station on the southern frontier of Morocco, where the caravans assemble that are to proceed to Timbuctoo. Tchad, a large lake or inland sea of Central AArica, 200 miles long and 150 broad, on which Bornou is situate. Temis'sa, a town of Fezzan, the first reached by the caravans fhim Cairo, after crossing the Libyan deserts. Te'tuan, a seaport of Fez, in Mo- rocco, immediately within the Straits of Gibralter. Thomas, St, an island in the Gulf of Guinea, al)out 40 miles long, and 30 in breadth, remarkable for its fertility ; but its climate is very pernicious to Europeans. It belongs to .jie Portuguese. Umbuctoo, a large city on the Niger, the most celebrated em- porium of Central Africa. Eu- ropeans for 3 ( -^nturies made fruitless effbrts to .each it ; Mf.. jor Laing was at last success- ful, but was killeit on his re- tuiti iiusuc. iti. v.aiitic, a s rciicu- man, however, reports it as le»8 8 extensive than has been gene- rally supposed. Trip'oli, the most easterly of the States of Barbary, consists chiefly of a line of coast about 800 miles in length, extending from Cape Razatin to Port Bomba. For a few miles inland it is extremely fertile, but bevond that limit it is occupied with deserts of sand, or with the mountainous districts of Garian and Mesulata. In this country was the Greek colony of Cyrene ; and the country in ge- neral abounds with Gre«k and Roman antiquities. See States OP Babbary, p. 23a Trip'oli, the capital, stands on a neck of land projecting a short distance into the sea. It is of ^eat extent ; but its population IS not supposed to exceed 25,000. Tu'nis, one of the most consider- able of the Barbary States, stretching in the form of a large peninsula into the Mediterra- nean. Its most seaward point is within loo miles of Sicily. To the commercial advantage of its situation is to be ascribed the • greatness of ancient Carthage, once the rival of Rome for uni- versal empire. The cultivated part of this state, reaching flrom s;00 to 250 miles into the inte- rior, is remarkable for its beauty and fertility. See States op Barbary, p. 333. Tu'nis, capital of the above terri- tory, is situate at the bottom of a bay, about ten miles S. W. tram the site of Carthage. P. 130,000, of whom 30,000 are Jews. VERD, CAPE DE, a promontory stretching out considerably into the Atlantic, and forming the westernmost point of Aflrica. Verd, Cape De, Islands, a group about 80 miles W, from the Cape. They are 10 in number. Fogo, one of the smallest, has a vol- cano, of which the eruptions are very frequent. Cotton and sea- &alt are tneir staple productions: their soil in general is not fertile. These islands belong to Portugal. Population about 42,000. Vol'ta, a river in Guinea, forming the boundary between the Gold and Slave Coasts. WALii: i , a c\K^ m Central Africa, capital of iu«i kingdom of Beeruo, ah . ^n Wav dis go< ^ cor Whi( rito ject Varj ottei Eve< lute, by U8 districts ata. In this ik colony of intry in ge- Greek and See States stands on a ing a short a. It is of I population ^eed 85.000. st consider- try States, n of a large Mediterra- ard point is Sicily. To ntage of its scribed the Canhage. me for uni. t cultivated ching from the inte> r its beauty States op R"". estimated hv FnZ "' ^ingdom,'vJ.'o7«.V"f P"P"Ious Jf'en by the name „?'f,f. called Eyeo. The govern^ J*f >"^'*^ta' /ute but the SinJ "^"* '« abso. tantsareremarSi ?^'^e inhabi- ,»«anufactu"^^»*Sn^"ldu«trious, l^is part of Af?£a /ni "^^^''^ "' ^^l|r^-''^^--ol"oK2 in Eastern \ftu-> * H''«e river *^'•0U8h MocaJank'"^"'^'' ^""'s «ften by the'ni ^^® ^'ger, called »h ^^^'^^eri i'^^l'v tl,e ^„«,„i^ o fe t''« S'utiiern Pacific; and ;' N. and 56- S J !f -l' ''"« between aCf •8«iwrij.__Ti,B j;, most reoiarkabl. Lr^"'"-'' "^ Ametict fom. Europeans. Th^ "'""»«» continJni ^'" "« 'lose of d'scovcred S &^« '° "P'ore a western n"' " ^o'""- J492. In . *'''»<'or, one of the Sth P^'f «" '<• India, "g? Vespucci.. mi!!_l Henry VIr. of E„„.l*.^*'>."'«» and, drawino- '..«"'"' ^"""^*'**vijfator Q«n«^ .l-''^""' Ame, -'■--«-o^::r£-r^^^^ ' e«ve to the whole X 254 AMERICA. continent his own name, America, which it has ever since retained. The discovery of such an immense continent as America • even then was supposed to be, interested, in a very high de- gree, the curiosity of Europe. America became now the grand object of commercial adventure and scientific re- search ; and the fartlier it was explored, the more deeply did it excite the wonder, and stimulate the enterprise of its new visitants. In magnitude it seemed far to exceed any of the great continents hitherto known ; while the unusual aspect •which Nature here assumed, led the beholders to regard it as a New World, which had risen but recently under the Creator*s hand. Forests of new species of trees, surpassing in extent and magnificence all that they had ever seen, vast mountain-ranges, in comparison with whose elevation even the loftiest of the Alps dwindled into insignificance, and rivers which rolled to the ocean with the majesty of seas, indignantly repelling the tides with which they seemed to disdain for a time to mingle — were the sublime features of this New World. Its animals differed no less from those with which Europeans were familiar, and it appeared inha- bited by a peculiar race of human beings. While these novel- ties excited the wonder of the adventurous strangers, its ve- getable and mineral wealth inflamed their cupidity. Its soil, of exhaustless fertility, abounded with the richest produc- tions; and mines of the precious metals, discovered in the mountainous regions, offered the tempting prospect of imme- diate and incalculable wealth to the fortunate discoverers. The unhappy natives soon had reason to deplore the ar- rival of tliese strangers on their shores. The Spaniards and Portuguese, having obtained from the Pope a grant of those lands, as if they had been at his absolute disposal, fitted out large expeditions, waged a relentless and almost exterminat. ing war with the n|itives, and spread themselves widely over both the Northern and Southern Continents. These na- lives, supposed to have originally migrated from Asia by Behring's Straits were of a copper colour, tall, and well formed in South America, slender— in North America, more vigorous and robust. When first visited by the Spa. niards, Peru and Mexico were populous and comparatively civilized kingdoms, and hordes of native tribes occupied, though partially, both continents, from the Northern to the Southern Oceans. According to recent estimates, the whole amount or ine muian pupuiauuii xu t,uc i.-^cnr ttvuuuuis not reach six millions. ^ORTH AMERICA. g^^' was first discovp?J 3 ^"^'^Peans ? Whar i.?* j**'^ America discovered .V^^. ^"'erican continent » h^ ( '" ^'^at year receive iS^n„.f ^o^«'.P»-ecedinif ? Fmm ^>: «^honihad it bewi ^a« thecupid^?yV/.,^;J? continents ? By JCri *"^ "^'^^^^ the natives rSfn *'^^^"^"ro«sdiscoverrr.1nfl"''^"!?'^"ces «n their shores ? Wk ^J'^iJ^ ^« the aSvi nf ?k ^""^^ ^ ^^ tions for America p H ' ^r^P^^n naS.„s tifj^*^ '''»"«ew what continenT«?„.K^**^ did they trea?*ho^^ °"* ^^JPedi- miirrated n^hat w^ll^res "^ Ainerid sJ^^^lT^,' ^'^^^ state werp mJ ' ' ^** their personal „ *"PPosed to havi. . aS-"'-« -^ O.^ .mo Nonh and Soul I« bounded rj JVT^'^^ Pacific Ocean- I i ^orfhern Ocean • W h. .1. Gulf of Sof aS V''' h''*"r" ""D^^e'Vi? fl/. " •" J6«° 17' W r„ ^- ^«v and from *376 miles in a diLrii„»T'"~^'''^ '■» 'en«h from tlie E. of Norr« ?• '^°"' ^- '» 8. • anrf P»pu/ati«„ S,"*?'-'^' 3000 mi/es in breadth t" 2^6 BillTISH POSSESSIONS. Its Islands, besides the West Indies, are, New- foundland, Bermudas, Fox Islands, Oonalaslika, Queen Charlotte's Isles, Nortii Georgian Islands, Cockburn Island, Southampton Island. Lakes. — Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, On- tario ; Slave, Athapescow, Winnipeg, Mistassiu ; Champlain, Nicaragua. Rivers. — Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, St Law- rence, Hudson, Arkansas, Red River, Columbia, Mackenzie. Bays, Gulfs, Straits. — Baffin's Bay, Davis' Straits, Prince Regent's Inlet, Coronation Gulf, Hudson's Bay, James' Bay, Gulf of St Lawrence, Fundy Bay, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Florida, Bay of Campeachy, Bay of Honduras, Gulf of California; Straits of Belleisle, Nootka Sound, Behring's Straits, Barrow's Straits, Strait of the Fury and Hecla. Capes. — Farewell, Chid ley, Charles, Florida, St Lucas, Mendocino, Icy Cape. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of North America? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude does it extend ? What are its length and breadth ? Wliat is the estimated amount of its population ? What are the divisions of North Ame- rica? Name its islands. Name its lakes. Name its rivers. Mention its bays, gulfs, and straits. Name its capes. Point out on the map its islands, lakes, &c. THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS Are bounded N. by Baffin's Bay and the Arctic Ocean ; W. by the Russian Territory ; S. by the United States ; and E. by the Atlantic Ocean. They lie between 42° and 70° N. Lat. and between 56° and 141° W. Long. From N. toS., between Point Turnag^in and the boundary of the Missouri Ter- ritory, is 1350 miles, and from Cape Charles to the North Pacific is 3000. The population is estimated at about 1,000,000. Nori PPP XiOlVi New Nova Hemar fnd from in length breadih. Its lake indeed, to most striki Perior is sj ^«ng, from feet deep ; feet above ( in length, ( feet deep. St Lawrenc successively into the Aih jesu'c river is for ships of 1 njagmficent€ And Pvon «!.- are in genera BRITISH P0SSBS8I0NS oe^ •■Tper Canada... /ork Fort. ^o-er Canada...:;::;— ^ 7^,^^,, ^ew Brunswick. , i«^v1e'rS. ^^^^'^'^ '^'0« JVova Scotia ; i^rederick's Town rfa„a «-^;^-.An„a;sk -n^Bay Jakes' t; Sof I:t' ®"""'' ^-^• ^y Bay. Straits of Bel e^l. n *' Lawrence, Fun. and fro™ 42^30^^o^5^'o^N^'■^°^ ;« ^^ngth from £ ^ W ^^ ^^''^ '>eing about l^in -f ' breadtii tu *^-> ^nd about 94n .^ f • ' ^^^ ™»Ies Periort 3S?^ f'";^ '» «>« aspect of ri"'°'"""'« 'h* ftet above th... ?''** '»"«. about 7r. : i. ' ""* ^50 in length 60 i^f' '!;'' '02 fm d'^".* ^° '° .'"■"'d'l'. 554 fevi dip Thl !"?*• 234 ftet abo've .hl"' "' """ St we;.cerx' to: %"T''" V 'hrLirwr successively through ? 1 "^^"^ ^afce Superior -S '^*'** JesUc river ii'^ol^^^^^^^^^^ -f 200^'X^" T^^ ''^"^ for ships of the ir^L r "^^ *' "* roouth and Jc ^-^ *""" x2 258 BRITISH POSSESSIONS. Cold and heat ar<>» here felt in their extremes, and the transition from winter to summer is very sudden. Although lying under the same parallel of latitude as France, the ther- mometer sometimes sinks 31° below zero; while in summer it occasionally rises as high as 90° or even 100*^". The year is divided between these seasons— spring and autumn being alnqost unknown. The frost begins in October ; and the snow disappears about the end of April, when vegetation proceeds wjth great activity. The soil of Lower Canada is fertile, and produces good crops of grain. Upper Canada has beautiful plains and verdant meadows. Apples and pears arrive at great per- fection in the neighbourhood of Montreal ; fruits of various kinds, particularly the pnelon and musk, appear indigenous to the country ; strawberries and rasps are abundant, and of exquisite flavour. Firs and evergreens, pine, maple, birch, elm, and limes, are the most common trees in the forests. The lakes and rivers abound with fish in great variety. The moose and the beaver may be mentioned among the wild animals ; the Canadian humming-bird is the smallest known ; the rattlesnake is the most dangerous of its reptiles. The ex- ports are chiefly furs, timber, potash, ginseng, fish, and corn. Canada was colonized by the French, in whose posses- sion it continued till thd year 1759, when it was conquered by the British. In Lower Canada, the greater part of the population is still of French descent, and the French lan- guage and manners are generally retained ; but Upper Ca- nada has been colonized from Britain (Scotland chiefly), and partly from the United States. In 1829, it contained 188,558 inhabitants. A legislative council and an assembly are appointed for each of the provinces, having power to make laws with the consent of the governor ; but the king may declare his dissent at any time within two years after receiving the bill. New Brunswick has been in the possession of the Eng- lish since the treaty of Utrecht, 1713. Timber and fish are its chief products. Miramichi, and the surrounding settle, ments in this province, were destroyed by a dreadful fire in 1825, which raged for several weeks. Besides the destruc- tion of property, which reduced many families to ruin, about 200 persons perished in the flames. The population of this province in 1829 amounted to 72,932. In Nova Scotia the soil is in ^, jeneral thin and poor ; but on the hanks of the rivers it is more fertile. Around Fundy Bay, which flows between Nova Scotia and New Bruns- *vick, tl The CO are the the coas includir Kbwj and sine lisb. D, ^arly unp cod-fishei iOthof Ai hundred i amount oj this fisher The Isli ^y a strait the soil is pfNewfoui importance and has Sim St John' St Lawrenc tered. It ,' tained a pof sidence of tl The BfiRa Nova Scotia 35 miles in h islands is ah paces in Jeng tJie same nair pulation of tl 4608 were sla in their cedar All the Re( 'am, and adm though she oc points of them territory of the titude, and fro g. ee of W. Loi Labrador is — '■■'rrti VI 11 to J-ocks, intcrsectt Jish n ^ ^^^ confinued in thl ^^^°^' ^n i497 this fisherv Th '['""^^n'l ions, are .C.ii'^P "» *» ">e - Nova Scotia and'he Af^^P «f islands half-wav I„, ?5 miles in length and Sa"'; '^''^ «''>''1« gro'p uT"" "'"-ds is about 2^,-,f "!, '"■•'^th. ThJargZt of ,?""' paces in length St r ' "."= ™''"«t not mSl ♦i,"'^'* *e same naiSe V„„ ' '^.•""•S'i s, ">e larKest hT . " ^°'* Pulation ofT; Xle7,7^ f'""' «0°« "' aWtants • T" "' 4608 were slaved 'rt ?"''''• '" '829, was ga^T % '^ P"*' in iheir cedar '• ?/'"^'' "^bes of he Berl '. ""^ "'''"» Poi..t!of1her"''T;i;.»'y '' '■''^ '"d "I- brt tt^d-i? '■^'' l,,!:!""^''?'' i^ a region dre„r.. ."- -u 'k- .n-^sec.«i b, l^;::"^'^"!.'!'"'''?,.'"- "oun'tarnt in' roc »'t'rs. 11,c«e wate »■& s«'arrn 260 BRITISH POSSESSIONS. with palmon, trout, and other fine fish. Rein-deer and beavers are very numerous— as are ferocious hears and wolves. The coasts and islands are frequented by great flocks of aquatic fowl, particularly the eider-duck. The beautiful felspar of Labrador is its most noted mineral production. The interior of the country is said to exhibit some appear- ance of fertility. The valleys are covered with pines, and produce wild celery and antiscorbutic plants in great abun- dance and variety. 1 he inhabitants of this dreary country •re Esquimaux, and some native Indians. The countries around Hudson's Bay, comprehending East Main, New North and South Wales, are, if possible, more dreary in their aspect than Labrador. Yet here the Bri- tish have established some companies for the fur-trade. Three tribes are found in the (jloomy regions in the North of America from Hudson's Bay to Behring's Straits, viz. the Esquimaux, the Chipaways, and the Knistenaux, or Cree In- dians. The Esquimaux are low, squat, and sluggish, and live in constant dread of the Chipaways, a more numerous tribe, and of a somewhat more robust frame. These, in their turn, are subject to the Knistenaux, who, though less numerous than the Chipaways, are of a still more active and vigorous form. They are the handsomest, indeed, of all the North American Indians; and their symmetry of figure and regu- larity of features would excite admiration even m Europe. The enterprise of British navigators has added lately to our knowledge some large islands and tracts within the Arc- tic Zone,— Melville Peninsula, the North Georgian Islands, &c. ; but these regions bein>5 still more barren and dreary, are interesting almost solely to science and curiosity. EXERCISES. How are the British Possessions in North America bound- ed ? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude do they lie ? What is their length and breadth ? What is the amount of the population ? Name the divisions and chief towns. Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is Canada situate? What is its extent in length and breadth ? What is the computed amount of its population ? What is the most striking feature in the aspect of Canada ? What i^ the extent of Lakes Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, respectively ? By what river are they connected ? M^hat is the length ot its course ? How wide is it at its mouth ? How far is it navi- gable for ships of the line ? What is the extent of Lake Mi- cUman ? With what are these lakes bordered ? What is re- markable in the climate ? What are the states of the ther- mometer, occasionally, in winter and summer respectively i j InM U "'"^'8H POSSESSIONS. o.., of CS: Ve^^e cL'l"^^ • ^^^-^ 'J^*^ principal fruits what do .he lakes and rivers aboinr?ra?" ^^^^^'-^'ees ? VVi h »^f particularly worti ^ of notice Wh!f"'^"'? ^"'J^^ «^' ^^c ani' ^y what people was r'anmir !. i ."^^'^'^the chief exports » Vrhat i« the population of CwP±^^ in l«2d ? *^escribe the soil nf \r/ \t i*runswick i* the ,cc„orv Zr,^ F«n?;fe" Vi7'"l' ".'•^""•''".ble in overspread ? Whar nr^ iL ^ * • ^V ^*^^^ ^i^at » Nova Scot\l chief- tishery? \fe Vt eCo7nf of r^^ ' f he^ft^ What IS tJie extent of NewfoSn?^^^^^^ ? was li discovered ? How W hll* '? f ^^^" ^^d by whom ^ritish ? What is the natu^f „p^V^ v^^" possessed by the Newfoundland chiefly vauable ? W?' ""^'T^'^ ? *^«^' ^^t is inence and cease ? ^Hmt iiumL ''" "^"^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ry com! f'pping are employed i^ i ? At wh^'^'^""? «"d tonnV of latwn estimated ? J' " '"^ *'' '^ ^i- what number is the pSpu- scribnts&,fc^^^ ^- N g^^^.^^ andTr^dtTo^lf^^^^^^^^^^ sizes of the largest aTidsmflCPnf.i?^^^^^ ^^'^ ref^peclvl flothellk ,»/SorthU ^'"'■■'«'"-= '«''* what fl* the Brincipal Iand"a, [^1 »"tiC°;^i'"">»"<' ? What are production ? By „hat peonle i, h- ' """ "'""' "'""al What u the general deStU o? I,?""""^ J"'"'''"^^ ? Hudson's Bay I For wh«. £.!? u ,° countries around ed factories here ? WhafiSl'™ "•=»"« estabrh. hese gloomy regions? iVS"!',?^"""',?™ ''ound in ?t»nd to each other s Bv wLTIf^ '?'"""«, condition do their IS the w«.t.™ ... ■" what people, and in ivh=.i „„..„vi' ?t»nd to each other s'Bvwh^Tr/ 7'""'°. condition do they Si^.r,'!r^--'v4rct^tt.?,y^»,.rl:.«p"v-ns^ I- what respects o'nly are they ?Stin^''™ """"= "^ *""•. ^p 262 UNITED STATES. RUSSIAN TERRITORIES. A LARGE north-western angle of America \s claim, ed by the Emperor of Ru8Mia, who has formed there a few settlements, though by far the greater part remainH in the posMession of the native tril)es. This region is bounded N. by the Northern Ocean ; W. by the Pacific; S. by the 5l8t degree of N. Lat., which separates it from the United States; and £. by the 14l8t degree of W. Long., which separates it from the British territory. Remarks.^-Thls region is in general dreary and unpro. ductive, thinly inhabited by iribes, many of whom are very ferocious; but it yields valuable furs; and the fisheries of the whale, sea- otter, &c. are very important. The long chain of the Aleutian Islands here extends between Asia and America. EXERCISES. What portion of North America is claimed by Russia ? What are its boundaries ? What is the general aspect of this region ? What is the character of its tribes ? What valuable productions does this region afford ? What chain of islands extends from America to Asia? THE UNITED STATES Are bounded N. by Canada ; W. by the Pacific Ocean and Mexico; S. by Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico; and E. by the Atlantic Ocean. They are divided into the Northern States or New England ; the Middle States ; the Southern States ; and the Western States. Divisions. Chief Towns. Northern States. Maine Augusta,* Portland, Belfast. New Hampshire Concord, Portsmoutli. Vermont Montpelier, Burlington, Middle- bury, Bennington, Windsor. « The potUiciil capitals, as given in the American Aimauac for 1832, are placed first. J^fassi ^'Onn( Khod( Middle ; New ] Penns_ New J Delawj Southern Mary la VWini iJistri North ( South t Georgia Alabami H estern 8 Ohio Indiana. Illinois.., Kentuckj Missouri. Tennessee Mississipi Louisiana Territories n edinioS Michigan.. f^orth-west Missouri. W'estern. I'lorida. Islands. Bays J Chesapeak, j Capbs.— . Lookout, Fe; MOUNTAI] tains. Rocky •"AKES. — I «'iores of the J I^lvlsiotjfc UNITBD STATKS. J>la88Hchuaett8 i. . ^, Chief Town. <:onnecticut i?««^."n. «ale.n, r'anXid^^e. 263 Newha^ iVew Vork »t Pennsylvania.;;;; n^.^^'''^' Albany. >^ew Jersey.. ^^"'•^fh? ' ^ ^"JaJelphia, Pitts- IMaware.. '''"enton. Southern States. '"®^^'"» Newcastle. J»^aryland. ^K^'inia ;;;; ^JPWolis Baltimore J»outh Carolina.' /l, ^^ ^ew Bern Eden.nn „ Alabama ^""h. A„guJ,.;"""""K S»v«„. Ohio™.!!"''- ^"««"«>«, Uha^ba, Mobile. Indiana;.;;;;;;; f»jumbu8, Cin< ^i^y :::::::- ^!i^^ Missouri ;;;; •^- *'i."k'ort, LouJ • ■ V-v- ■J'jnkfort, Louisville, Lexl„«. •'efferson Citv s# i":» .*^®*|"gton. Tennessee. ,, ^rid. ^''^' ^' ^«""» ^e w Ala. Aiississippi';;;;;;;;; j/i^v^'"\Knoxviiie. ' ^Louisiana i^^'^^P-Pi Whes. Territories not yet e;ect': "" ^'^^«"«- ed in 10 States. i^jfichixran... ta North-west. ^etroiu ^issouri. H^estern. ■Arkansas.. » • IsiA,^.,, T cola. ' *" "^"ff^ine, Pensa. WrmXt-"' ^-^^ May,- Henry. Hat.era,, f ? 264 UNITED STATES. BiVEBS—Mississippi with its tributaries. Mis. so.ui; Arkansas, Red lliver, Ol.io, Wabash, Ten- e ;, Illinois, St Peter's; St Cro.x Connect.cut. Hudson, Delaware, Susquchiinaali, Potomack, Sa- vannab. by the United States, extends from 25^ to 49 jN. ^at lid from 670 to 124^ W. Long Y]ZZ'orVur:aZi. the Pacific Ocean to the mouth of the ^ay ot l^undy, is 2780 miles; and its greatest breadth, f om the ^ore o Louisiana to the L.ke of the Woods, is » 300 miles ts superficial area about 2,300,000 square miles. J^e popula- tion in 1820 was 9,600,000 ; but in 1830 it was 12,85b/.07, of which 2,010,436, were slaves. ZunLit ^',^X^oX into the ^^^^^^ ?S0 mile ° East of the Hudson, they we d.smbuted in cu/y a breadth o? 100 miles. In Tennessee, -""e they teminate, they again break into groups «>"i »""".«" eqTal ele;atio/tothe highest of f «;"°"t™Rrcky M„l' - Sr- ir^he northern part of the range the.r height « l^OTO feet! while at their southern extremity m Mexico their Joftet pelirattain from 17,000 to 18,000. and are covered iJ ith ne?petual snow. These mountains are from 500 to ^ mneffrom the Pacific Ocean ; but another chain, o !^ch litrte Het known, intervenes between them and th !»« Neariv midway Between the Alleghany and Roc^ runtaWa^raVcaUed -be 0.arks.^fr_om JO, » tJ ^;;?;?/refJrfr^^ofo.wjret;bo,Tthe'..e| of the sea. ! I UNITED STATFS np^u ' ^^ ^"'^'^s 111 ienrrfj, I "^' ^"" ^"5 broad • anH »«'t Air ' ™P°"-' a e' h "S^'-r""*'' .he United Waters " p ^ ^^^'^ to the annp) i^ Junction, and of 2575 m Lf "^^«" -ith the latter tf tS"' '' 5-"'^ ''^«^- tacJe r«>nJ^ ^"^» ^h'ch presenf j ^'^^°"" " quite practi swelled by the w? "'*."'« Missouri^ ^.^.f"""' '«0™fe these tributaries are T ' , ^ ''Kansas and Rerf R- ^^"- noivincr thrni,«K t» & '"to a iarffe bav • ti,^ c ^ ^"d 1^ mnesfroniies month- iho <5,, ^ . '""■"^™ 'ur neariv '- ^-™ Gecgi., «.*d'^t;:br'to'T""« «"''■ o<^me to Augusta, 357 266 UNITED STATES. miles from the Atlantic ; the St Croix, separating tbe United States fr^ New Brunswick, and a number of other streams, flafford the most important facilities for internal commerce. The climate of the United States is remarkable for its inconstancy ; passing suddenly from extreme cold to scorch- irS and from drenching'rains to withering droughts T? the west of the Alleghany Mountams the climate ismore ''''te::teT£^:ofil^e country is that of a vast forest, bea^minrdeeper and thicker on proceeding westward. On thTrst^of the Alleghany Mountains, it expands mto great leverml^ows or savannahs. The soil in general is fertile. AmonT^e forests are several new species of oak walnut, noX m^Xthe white cedar, the occidental plane, the LKeS the magnoUa. The last of these, for its gi. JlnSc sTze its splendid flowers and fruit, stands unrivalled f veramfdst h^^^^^^^ of these magnificent forests. Inthl nor hern and middle states, the common spec.es of g^n tTaCed: Maize and rice are cultivate wi^ success The potato is here in its native so.l. Cotton, ind.go, ana tnhftcco. are cultivated in the southern states. Apples ana S^^SJ^ finest flavour, abound in the northej^ and '^ ^wiaVJions- the vine is cultivated, but with little suc- Te^tl ^e^e^lar^^^^^^^^^ peaches, from which brandy '' ThSn a species of buffalo, the moose deer the elk, J"nd'c:SS;u, are found in the plains and fores s; fhoui?itie7ow1;rimitation in the mocking-bird is very though tne powe brood is numerous and formidable. Z^SsnIu,:^ZT:.'l. a deadly poison is pe^arly ter rihle and various other species swarm in the forests. The cSallnrwith fishes: generally of the same species as f^urooe • there are also numerops amphibia, the most im- the world. BriW^rin" are fri '^' ^'rs^'^ ^°«'-fi^W« in oftheMiss,Wppi;aSdofirweZ"^^^^^^ the great valley extent, which are periodically c^^^^^^^^^^^^^ are plains of great The government of the Tin if ?o ^"^^^ "^^^^ salts, adm niseration of publk aSs^f -^^^^ « repub-ican. The legislature, viz. the senate ainh'^K"''"^ **» *^'« houses of and to a president or chfef " *?^/r'' ^'^ '^P'esentative^. two members to the 8en«5 "t^^'^'ate. Each state sends years, and there btLgg^JaTes^tr" *k"'' ^'^^ ^- ^^ consequently 48 ; the^ meS of tri?^'' ^^ ^^"ators is tatives are elected for onlv twf '^'^ ''^"'^ ^^ represen. gress their number was oLr/^**^!.*"^ »» »»>« 22d con. the territories of JVfichi^in' ^1,°"*^ ^^'^g^^*^^ ^om each "f president, elected by d£^^^^ «°d Florida. The ^ffi^e^four years. ^ '*'«*'"* ^^'^ each state, holds his g^Iatti oJilt;^^^^^^^^^^^^ for the r,. have the power of making or alteJn? *°^«' governments Perty and private ri«rhls dohL ♦! "« ^""^^ relative to pro. and civil officers, tKvyfn! „f ^' W^^ntn^ent of juC and powers not ;estedl7|"ff:L*;j^'an^ all othc^-'^rigfj No form of religion il l!. ^^ government. * The most numerous icts a?rp.*"g*"«'ally professed Methodists, Baptists and iL ^^"!?'^"*"''» Epis^paifans' are characterized by he gL/nTr^^^ TheAni^rS spring from the frl^" J ° . *"^, bad qualities that nafnron.! are characterized^y Ihe^odrd'b^'r'"- • ^! ^"-"^a" " the freedom^ enjoyed „1?"^'"'^' ''^^^ °«^"^ally etive. enterprising ?eueelt;\P.T ^«"»oeracy: t there .*« o ^5' ?c"*e,irank, hiffh-so riteH -/^ spring from me ireedom enioved ..hZ*"*""''' '"*' naturally They are active, enterprisin""^ ac„t"?''^'; \P"*'^ democracy, brave ; but there is a coirs" W^.n; ^^"^' »"gb-spirited, and the,r manners, with a prSn J "•"^'' ^"^ ^^'aggering in pothers, that are E?, r^riff-'V^to tflbusiLss Much attention is paid tnlT^- "tensive to strangers n?rthern and middle states T'T P«»-'^*c"'arly i/the ftitutiohs ; and can boast of some'^ *""!," ^^a-y literary i„! m literature and science. ' '"'^ distinguished names l?^^^^t!:^:ts^ :t -^ f- -•- of jn area of 32.odo s'quafe miles p"h ^'"^'''' ^•"bracing 1^ a fine harbour, and.ln ,«,n Zr.'«"^' '^^ ehief town! j-n«; tile population of the state ;"r'?^^.^2'^^^» inhabit-' |to 399,462. ^**'^ amounted in the same year '• '''"' ""*"''*''^' '"•"■g" • ".ountainous count., 268 UNITED STATES. clothed with wood, is very fertile. It is 160 miles in length, from 19 to 90 in. breadth, and has an area of 9280 square miles. It is chiefly an agricultural state, with little com. merce. It has only eighteen miles of seacoast ; but Ports, mouth, its largest town, has an excellent harbour. Popula- tion of Portsmouth, in 1830, 8082; of the state 26y,367. 3. Vermont is a very picturesque country, 157 miles long, 70 broad, and having an area of 10,212 square miles. Its mountains, clothed with evergreens, are called the Green Mountains; its pastures are rich; its crops, in general, abundant ; its streams numerous. It has two colleges, an academy in each county, and common schools in all the towns. Its largest town, Burlington, had a population of 3526 in 1830, while that of the state was 280,679. 4. Massachusetts is the richest, the most densely peopled, and perhaps the most civilized of the United States. It is 125 miles long, 50 broad, and has an area of 7800 square miles. Its surface is uneven and hilly ; near its western extremity mountainous. Its agriculture is well conducted ; its commerce is extensive ; and the advantages of education are diffused among all classes of the inhabitants. Boston, its chief town, which may be considered the literary capital of the Union, is beautifully situate otj Massachusetts Bay. Its harbour, capable of containing five hundred ships, is secure from hostile invasion, and from every wind. Its public buildings, wharfs, and bridges, indicate the taste and wealth of the inhabitants. This city is celebrated as the birthplace of Franklin, and the cradle of American independ- ence. Its population, in 1830, was 61,392. Population of the state, 610,014. 5. Counecfcut has an undulating surface and a fertile soil. Its area is 4674 square miles. In agriculture and manufactures it is particularly thriving, and enjoys a con- siderable coasting trade. Its inhabitants are well educated ; and Yale College, at Newhaven, in this state, is a very flourishing seminary. Population of the state, in 1830, 297,711. 6. Rhode Island, the smallest state in the Union, is 49 miles in length, and 29 in breadth, having an area of 1360 square miles. Its climate is said to be particularly salu- brious, and its soil moderately fertile. Its manufactures and commerce are very flourishing. Providence and Newport, its chief towns, enjoy a considerable trade; the population of the former, in 1830, was 16,832; that of tht whole state was 97,212. 7. ] Union of46,{ various ments astonis, the gre finely s Jong, a the iarg 1830, w state to has been i800,itt 1S25, to 8. Pel an area o tainous, i understoc nianufacti I'hiladelp and Schu junction, best-buiJt tJnguished harbour is SchuyJkiJJ, Filiation, h state was Wiliiam p( Charles IJ. founded the 9. New J and has an t harren, but i '>ut its man 327,779. 10. DelaM Rhode Islam of2068squa Wttle shipping Puliation, in i H. Marvh miles in Jengt of 10,800 squ ^ New York .. '"'"'^'' '''^''^'- 269 «ton«h„entofeverv traveller V r^,''"=»' «"'e the the great emporium of ,hr„j. ?** Yo'"'. tbe capital is finely situate at the held „Vi°'^ ^°'""" AmericJ^ Is «-«. and ha, an exXnt h- i'^""''"' ""y. "■>•« mi J, the largest vessels d"e" p „ ttf^" ''Pfle of admi™„g' «• Pen-tt'is'fsrm'ir'/'' ''^-S^oa:"'"*"'' '" an area of 43,950 square^^J^^°8' 156 bro«I, and has tainous, ,t is ,«, f^ jj * ""'e» . Though m general moun. understood here than i,!'„*7™""™ » "W to be better manufactures and comm ^^t:'.;"/ '"^ »•«'«' 'wk?J Philadelphia, its capitaHs siZ, ' h""* ""^ flourishing! ?nd Schuylkill rivers fl™ '. * between the DelawaS junction. Ld abiu, loS'' "''^» '''«'™ -he poin^X, best-built town in the Klfr" '^^o'^^"- It is SI t'ngu,shed by its literary and nh,!,! ""•'' ''* Peculiarly be Mis- capital ? How manv sJam kL* i • i " ^"^ situation of its 1«23 ? What isTe'^^rXtn^*^^^^^^ MissiHsippi in whole state ? ^ "pu^tion ot iVew Orleans, and of the ^^'^fmtftmli!i"''^^iTr^^^ Describe Ar. Augustine anf Pe'nSf ? " '"" ""^ *« «'«»«*>■>. of St MEXICO AND GUATIMALA the Pacific Ocean ; and E hv t]J TtV-* T e ^ and the Gulf of Mexiro Th . J'?^ ^*^*^' to 1(P TV t1. ^^^ff""' P'^y extend from 38° iw lu^ J^. L.at., and from 83° to 122° W Tnn^ Population of Mexico « 000 OOO-lof Cn.^ f' 2,000,000. o,vuv,uuu^ot Guatimala ^^ Divisions Of Mexico. ChiefTowns. New California" tn'r ^> ^J^uquerque, Taos. H',|:.«l -^H -^B^9 1 \ iiiH -'1^1 'jr i' 1 '^H " : ■ If )'^H w ' ^^H il 1 1 . ■ ■ PmII 11' 1 27H MEXICO AND GUATIMALA. Divisions of Mexico. c hief Towns. Old California j >tc Sonora. 8« '^^ ra Arispc, ClnaJoa, Culiacan, Nnw Biscay , l>uiang, San iiuis Potosi Monclova, New 8t Andero. Zacatecas ^.v Zacatecas. Guadalaxava Guadalaxara, rompostella, San Bias. Guanaxuato....i...^,„.. liaanaxuato, Sai. Miguel el Grande. Valladolid ,..,„ Valladolid. JJexico M; ^ico, Querctadro, Acap 'co. *^"ebla Pucbi I de los An^'clos, Tluscala, Cholula. Oaxaca Guaxaca or Oaxaca, Antequera. Vera Cruz Vera Cruz, Xalapa. Alerida or Yucatan.... Merida, Campeachy, Balizc. Divisions of Guatimala. Chief Towns. Chiapa Chiapa. Vera Paz Coban. Guatimala Guatimala. Honduras Truxillo. Nicaragua Leon, Nicaragua, Xeres. Costa Rica Carthago. ^ Capes. — Mendocino, St Lucas, Corrientes, Gra- cias Di(( Catoche. Gulfs and Bays.— Gulfs of Mexico, California; Bays of Campeachy, Honduras. Mountains. — Popocatepetl or the Smokinff Mountain, Peak of Orizaba. Rivers — Rio del Norte, Rio Colorado. Remarks — The most remarkable feature in the aspect of Mexico and Guatimala (formerly New Spain) is the exten- sive table-land which c xupies the provinces of Mexico and New Biscay. From this plateau, which is from 6562 to 8202 feet above the level of the sea, some lofty mountains tower to the height of 17,000 or 18,000 feet. Several of these nriountains are volcanic, particularly Popocatepetl, called by the Spaniards the great volcano. A necessary effect of this great elevation is, that the climate of this coun- try, though great part of s* Is situate within the torrid zone, is more generally cold and \v^perat^. than excessively hot. Indeed, the temnerat.nrp r.r v .u. tY '■— 7'^'r'-''' ♦r^v..:^ t^m perate, and frigid, is here e;iperi ncA i according to the vary- ing elevation ; and the traveller m passing aiong some of MKXICO AND OUATIMALA. 277 in w/xico Fro : ,he r„?:''t production. ,h.. „.^u„ foel, suKar. rotC in.U 1 "«-• ''"vation of nearly 5000 c>u. u.an ease f., nor a^,r.::tx.t;Lr^3r.^ cultivation are cotton inrfi,!!, .° <^onimon articles of the first rank lUs „ r^i !"""'^,'''''""'"»"'"°«n»''»W» land will y e d 4000 ?,„'^^.w1 "'."'"J "" ^""'^ P"""" "? produce oXillTrr;LTl'Zu't''''\ "l"'^* *»""« potatoes, and yams, are Ihe other artWcs of food P "^f" pot"als,?.«s, pr« pTces and'". ;"^ ?"" ''i'?'"^ an.id« ?er- plains of exubLIm fert;'it; and ."h^e t' "^ ""^"'" ''"'''"^»'- dilterent regions bordoH'2' J^. ? j™'' andj^getables of i„t.es.i^,pe^^^^^^^^^^^ are .be suflWs. if .TdS":vrr"''^r,'^ ""■'""'""' Mexico Norte; which rises amC .hri?'"'i' "T"- '^''^ ^•° ^d it has 'a courseTnT- ^flef fs oftL*!""'''""'' ,•'.""""«•• eoH I'l, 1 1° '' ^ uavigable, flows throneh an h ii, none „"fTe™ e^r""^- • '"""'"?'' Mexico ai^und" wui. tho'se of''c:nfdra,:r.bTun"it:dX"ef "^LTrr^f Chapala, in New Galicia covers 9n«7 ^f ^'-* °^ ground; one.fourth of the vallerof M • ''^ -^^^ """"^ °^ its lakes, five in number the tL/ ^ o '° *' °'^"P'^ ^^^ ,l^i,M ;„-.-. "Vyraoer, the Lake of Pazcuaso. in V»li/ and"tV; Cke'of n""' picturesque spots on the glo"be': inagn ude, its tdcTTnd^-r " "^"'"^ -markable for it^ o uue, Its tides, and its position. It is 120 miles in Z 27P MEXICO AND GUATIMATi^.' length, by 41 in breadth, is navigable for the largest vessels, and communicates with the sea by the St Juan, a river about 64 miles long. By this last it has been proposed to unite the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Among the animals of Mexico are different species of dogs— one, a kind of wolf, without hair — a second, without voice— and a third, distinguished by its small head, short tail, and ^ bunch ou its back. The coendou, a species of porcupine, the apaxa, or Mexican stag, the Mexican squir- rel, the wild sheep, and berendos (a species of antelope) of California, are peculiar to these regions. Of the other ani. mals the most remarkable are the jaguar and couguar, re- sembling the tiger and lion, the miztli, resembling a lion without mane, but of superior size, and the tapir or danta, whose bite is said to cut through the hardest wood. No country in the world is richer in minerals than this portion of the American continent. Its mines produced gold and silver to the amount of upwards of £4,500,000 annual- ly, though the revolutionary disorders reduced it to less than half that amount, and the efforts of English capitalists have not yet availed to restore their former value. There are, besides, mines of copper, iron, lead, and tin. This fine country was wrested from the native Mexicans by the Spaniards under Cortes, in 1521. Since that time it continued in the possession of Spain, one of the richest jewels in the diadem of his most Catholic Majesty, till the oppressions of government roused the people to rebellion, and, in 1821, Mexico became an independent federal re- public. Its constitution is modelled after that of the United St&tes; the government being vested in a congress, con- sisting of two houses and a president. The Catholic reli- gion is established by the new constitution, the public exer- cise of every other being prohibited. The native Indians, who amount to nearly three millions, still retain many of their Pagan superstitions, although they are Catholic Chris- tians by profession. The provinces of this country are too vaguely defined in their limits, and too imperfectly known, to admit of any particular description. Its principal towns are, 1. Mexico, one of the most splendid cities in the world. Its houses, built of porphyry and amygdaloid, present a most magnifi- cent annearanc6: Its nalaces are superb ; its churches slit- ter with plate and ornaments of the precious metals ; and its shops dazzle the eye with a profusion of gold, siher, and jewels. This city, although at the distance of 69 leagues MBXICO AND ODATlMAtA. 279 oval valley, encl,«ed by .Sou "tfinf ^?' ^ k '''"""'■°»' '"> » by fine lakes, i, e«reme?yS&fP''ff''''7>.'"«» "horned a Queretadro, in the saiie ™Z „ Pppu'wion 168,000. cities of Euro™ in tLTl?™f •. 'i'J'' "" "™' "« S-^t about 55.000 inhlbi ants T / **""'' »"^ ""•""ining that name, conuins S"o',e ^t foZfT^ " "P"""™ »' ed chiefly bv its silver m!„^u '9°° "''>al"'ants, support. of these'^slp^^dsjrS &«'•■"''•" •*!."<""• One 4. Zacatecas, remarkab e fo^h • i" P^P^^cuIar depth. cinity, con..lns™Ltf°nS'3r(L" Tp^^'" ''^^^^^ city with HourishiL manufMtuS.'T' I ^- ^'•/'>1«. » l»rge cutlery, contains a «.m.U^ ' °' «'*" """J armouref's Gu.x£a, situate in aStful vlir^K*' " ''^•<»* «• 38,000. 7. Vera Cru7 .h« • • ?' '"' » Population of the Atlantic, comains a n„™ 1 ?•"""?"' P"" «"" *« »«>««, on the principal "orrrth?'?: f^ "/ 'S'^" f " ^'"P"'"' a new republic Th» «M . '^" . Guatimala, capital of by a dreadful Earthquake- Z-'' '" ""'/""""-^l up ror the Sng'^ntf ^pj::!? rr.^^if„^' •^^ ^^«^ TT.>» n* . EXERCISES. ba^ mountains, and river? ^^""^ ^^ ^P^«' g«Ifs, table-Iand? Towhat WhTSn^ ^^f is the height of the from it ? What is remarll? u '*'"'^ °^ **^« mountains rise What efFerhl \Mm^^^^^^ changes of temperature iltrtrS *^ ""^'"^^^^ • '-^'^ what What other conLrJence ar es W^ ^'^P^sed ? Mention the Jcti^s wS occ^r tn'th^^^^^^^ of dfmate? What s the seneral nnalit^ «?^?u m o*^*^^'^^"^ '•egions. common articles ^fcuftivSn^P Wh!/K^V, Y^^^ ^^^ ^^e among the alimentary Sts^WhIt«L*^^^^^^ ^''^ '«°J^ ood ? Does this coumrrmodur; finl T ?^^^?f7, ^^^^^^es of interesting features in the hfnl.; ? ?*""? ^ ^^at are the inconvenience doS ths count" f^^ ^.^^^^^^^^^ Under what course have the principal rTve?s? Wh ".' ' ^^^^' ^^"^^h of commercial importaSc? p Does M^^' ''"*^^rs them of little «n* i„i,«„ o f%*^ .7" .• -^oes Mexico contnin vo..^^ ;.^ . _. „ .. i^escnoe tiie principal of them '^^ -"^f"«- ann*'uTuSc'eT/i;f ^ithf ''"'^ ^'•'" » *" metals does it pots ess ?" '' "'"* """'« ? ^'hM other 280 WEST INDIA ISLANDS. By whom and at what time was this country wrested from the native Mexicans ? When did it become an independent republic ? On what model is its constitution formed ? What form of religion is established ? What is the number of the native Indians ? What is their religion ? Describe the city of Mexico. Describe Queretadro. What is the population of Guanaxuato ? By what is it chiefly supported ? What is the perpendicular depth of one of its mines ? What popula- tion does Zacatecas contain ? W^hat flourishing manufactures has Puebla ? What is the estimated amount of its popula- tion ? Describe the situation and population of Guaxaca. What is the principal port on the Atlantic ? What is the amount of its population ? Where is Acupulco situate ? When and how was the old town of Guatimala destroyed ? Where is the new one situate ? What settlement has been formed by the British ? WEST INDIA ISLANDS. Op these islands there are six principal groups, — 1. The Great Antilles, consisting of Cuba, chief town, Havannah ; Jamaica, in which are Kingston, Spanish Town, Port Royal ; Hayti, St Domingo, or Hispaniola, with the towns San Do- mingo, Port au Prince ; Porto Rico, chief town, St Juan de Porto Rico. 2. The Little Antilles, Margarita, Bonaire, Cura9oa, Aruba. 3. The Leeward Islands, Anguilla, St Martin's, Saba, St Eustatia, St Bartholomew, St Christopher's or St Kitt*s, Barbuda, Antigua, Montserrat, Nevis, Guadaloupe, Deseada, Marigalaute, Dominica. 4. The Windward Islands, Martinico (chief town. Port Royal), St Lucia, St Vincent, Granada, Bar- badoes (capital, Bridgetown), Tobago, Trinidad. 5. The Virgin Isles, of which the principal are St Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada, St John's, Santa Cruz or St Croix. 6. The Bahama or LucAYA Islands, of which the principal are Bahama, Lucaya, Providence, Guanahani or St Salvador. The Leeward and Wind ward Islands are called likewise the Caribbee Islands. Ilemi dies froi nected i plore a do bono times cc Colon. Gulf of Here, between rains set said to ( autumn, night, cr< vegetatioi tied. Tl supportab does aboi fluence of ture, in t nights arc the smalle light flow little mooi fi'om trees, rays. Thi August, w ceeded by ] the second become gei Between tti these island ruin and d cember the the north w comes serer ing till the ( islands may temperature derate and s These isli tion. Fruii "ions, limes, apples, melc on the mouj WEST INDIA ISLANDS. 281 neced wi.U IndC^-^Lch' "tl^l ^ Ir^t""™- -- plore a western passage. To obW.f. .hi '"^^P^ns to ex- do honour 10 the memorvonheiri^ """''*' «"d to times called the cSian AreW^?*""' ''''5' "« »»»«- Colon. These islands Stend.wrT' "x,"'* ^'^^ «f Gulf of Vene«nela ' ""™ '^^O" Florida to the be"i:^s;i:etinnit;:et.r' '^ltv ^i-^^-* autumn. c„„U„T^ ffc&'lT;' 1* ""^ "^ night, creating a briaht veS» L^ 7 "'"'"' » '^n- vegetation. The "father [hi h.? ' 'T"^ ""'' '•'»""«nt tied. The sun bCs "i h ^ he« th'af '^' "^'- ""'* »>- fl~'trh:::.t^XTu"r; re'^^t^td'Sr"«■•"- thf smallest "LtereaSb^^^^^^^ " «• ""K"' *"» light flows LviZi.^Z^L''^''^}'''' ««treamofsoft Uttle jnoon, beamstifc^^^ti tVa'^L""/' '""" ' AugustytL?;^et.^^rd7l",rnd f """' ?^ ■""'"-^ ceeded by faint breezer«nHT . f™"" ''"^ ^^ '» 5«c- the seco/d orltuSTaty rs:^ 1"^ the preludes to become gene™l, p„„ri„g down wTtS'the fo^.?''?' ""* "'"• Between the beiriiinin» of A.Z . the force of cataracts. these islands «?v s^edVy dreS h"" •*'"' ™'' "^ °"'^' ruin and devastati^ faTar^^i''"";'"''' ""''' ^P''"''' cember the temperature is chan Jed i" ^h„ '"''. '" ^'^ the north wind the atmosphereVcIeafed ^.hr'* f" "^ comes serene and nleasant «„H ^„ ° ' ^ weather be. ing tai the end ofTp^"'' In gerra?rr' ""' "'■'^^''- islands maybe described as eiS. I '""' P"'' "^ the "iuns, nmes, shaddocks, cocoa cifrnn« ^' ~" "'="S^"^» ^e- apples, melons, &c. dreat Jar^ Hf ^ZST"' •"■"- on the mountains, as cedars, lignjl^vil^',"^^;^::; f™" Z 2 282 WEST INDIA ISLANDS. Other trees, which take the finest poh'sh, and are admirably adapted for cabinet-work. Sugar, coffee, and cotton, are the staple articles of culture; but ginger, indigo, pimento, tobacco, maize, Guinea corn, and various medicinal drugs, are likewise to be numbered among the productions of these islands. The exports from the British West Indies alone, amount in value to about nine millions sterling. Of the wild animals indigenous in these islands, it has been observed that they are in general small. Those de- serving notice are the agouti, which appears an intermediate species between the rabbit and rat ; the peccary, or Mexican hog, distinguished by a musky discharge from a gland in Its back, fend by its ornamented bristles ; the armadillo, opos- sum, racoon, musk-rat, alco, and smaller monkeys ; one animal peculiar to these islands is ihe land-crab, which is esteentied excellent food. The feathered creation is here dis- tinguished by brilliancy of plumage and elegance of form. Among these are the parrot in all its varieties, the flamingo, and the humming-bird. In the woods and marshes wildl fowl abound in the greatest variety, and of exquisite flavour. Lizprds and different kinds of serpents are not unfrequent • but few of them are noxious. Of these islands, Cuba, Porto Rico, and Margarita, be- long to Spain ; the British possessions are Jamaica, Bar- badoes, St Christopher's, Antigua, Barbuda, Anguilla, Do. mmica, St Vincent, Grenada, Tobago, St Lucia, Trinidad, Nevis, and Montserrat; to the French belong Martinique, Guadaloupe, Deseada, and Marigalante ; to Holland, St Eustatia and Cura9oa; to Sweden, Bartholomew; and to Denmark, St Croix and St Thomas. St Domingo, of which the western part belonged to the French, and the eastern to the Spaniards, was seized by the rebellious negroes in 1793, and is now an independent negro state, called the empire of Hayti. Cuba, the largest of the Great Antilles, is upwards of 700 miles in length, and about 70 in its medium breadth. Its soil is very fertile, and its climate comparatively temperate. Its tobacco is esteemed the best in the world. J^rds of wild cattle roam through the woods. Copper is its most valuable mineral production. Havannah, the capital, con- tains a population of about 100,000. Its harbour is capable of containing the largest fleet, but the entrance to it is so narrow as to admit of only one ship at a time. Its other towns are l*uerto del Principe, containing about 20,000; and St Jago, containing about 15,000 inhabitants. Cuba 8 WEST INDIA ISLANDS. 283 has risen from 44 to ir)« rnni ^ *'^**°™ ^^^^""ahaJone ftom 1 to36n,iuJo'„poi°l""t"8P2rr5y^lr "' '"''? of sugar were exported from the whfl. if T '°? P""""*' lion pounds of coffee ThTn„i .-.''*"''■ *""* ^ ■»■'- same year was 70^000 burut'°" ''^"'!""'"'"'f*« underrated. ' " " supposed to be rather I. Tra'?eftUe°. tauTfuranJ'" \l ""«"•' "^ ^° ■» "-''"'• lation 284,957. ' "«"-»'atered island. Popu. greates^reafi 'and™' ,*^ ""'^ '" '»«*• "<> ■" it" Snts. It Toil s'extremeT, rllJh "^Tr """o" "^ '"'""■t- .he mountain,, ^xcessl" 'Vof ' ClTh'' ^^'r»""'"g average value «r iic 1. . Before the revolution, the nuaiwl I?Drese„..h '^ ' ""°""'»d to £4,765,000 an! iu capit.1, contrsTp^tr&^S.- «' "-'"^o. It is divided intrZlI ^ ■ y*" '"<'"» settlements. Cornwall Ki'lstonhr""'"''' ,M'd<"««'. Surrey, anj inhabitan s. p"? Rova ft /'"''' '"""'. T""""^ W duced to comnarativ; i,Jl7' 'b' '^'■™" '''*'"'• ■«« been re. calamitierSpa:i^rTowr.1m"r''^"'S''"'''^^^«°'*'''h'' of the courtsT„"„'.ll7;^pX :: 71^'"'^"""' T<» unJi■r^h^eTnl?lmT:^tS:'c^aIrS-'•™<'»<' s/:Snr?s rbX:' Vtt-- «^^^^^^^^^^^ in length, and fs in breadth ""''' """'«'' ""'^ * miles hog^hiadsof sular and «ri?' T" """"'"y about 10,000 arlcles to a Sd:lfe^.S *°^:°f:7' "f "''' »"'" whom 81,900 are slaves Trin"^' . ^"P"'"'""' 102,000, of nentof SouAAmerica ; nelrW tlitl T'" "'".*'"' *"■«'- Its climate is excelW i^. / -^ ^°- ''^' '""S' «"'' ^0 ^road. productions vaZbL 'l s' Z .'L'" S™*''"' 8°°''' ""d its 24,000 are slav^ Thlf i^^P"''""" '» 44,000, of whom Great Britain/n isOK "^ "'" '^"'^ "^ ^P^" to in number''t2 onira!^"?*^* ""J"*/' *»'<* «<> ""^ about 500 o..eoftheseiifa:3i:rsfe;-:-;„-dS^^^ 4 . 284 WEST INDIA ISLANDS. by Columbus, in 1492. They were not known to the Eng- lish till 1667, when Captain Seyle, being driven among them on his passage to Carolina, gave one of them his own name ; and being driven to it a second time, called it Providence, The population amounts to 16,500, of whom 9300 are slaves. EXERCISES. ^ How many principal groups are there of the M^est India islands ? Name the first group, and the islands of which it consists. What are the principal towns in the Great Antilles ? JVame the second group and its islands. Name the third group with Its islands. Name the fourth group and its islands. JVame the fafth group and its islands. Name the sixth grouD with Its principal islands. ^ From whom did these islands receive the name of West In- dies ? -By what name are they now sometimes called 5» In what direction do they extend ? How is the year divided in gese islands ? When do the first periodical rains set in ? How long, and what time of the day, do they continue to fall ? What kind of weather succeeds ? At what houc does the sea-breeze usually spring up ? What effect does it produce ? IJescribe the appearance of the nights during this season. When does this state of the weather cease ? By what is the steady sea-breeze then succeeded ? When do the rains be- come general ? At what sfeason are these islands visited with hurricanes ? When does the temperature change ? What is now the state of the weather ? How long does it continue so ^ In what respects does the climate in general differ in the low grounds and the mountains ? Enumerate some of the fine fruits of these islands. Mention some of their valuable trees. What are the staple articles of culture ? What other articles must be reckoned among their usual productions ? What is the estimated amount of the exports ? What observation has been made concerning the \^d animals m the West Indies ? Mention those most worthy **L"^*^*^»; . "^^^^ ^^ ^^^ feathered creation here remark- able ? Mention some of them. Which of these islands belong to Spain ? Which of them to Great Britain ? Which of them to France ? Which of them to Holland ? Which of them to Sweden ? Which of them to Denmark ? To whom did St Domingo formerly be- long ? In whose possession is it now ? What is the extent of Cuba ? Of what description are its soil and climate ? For what plant is it particularly noted? Are its wild cattle numerous ? What is its principal mi- neral production ? What is the population of Havannah ? What is remarkable about its harbour ? What are its. nthpr towns, and ineur respective population ? In what exports has there betn a great increase since the beginning of the Century ? What ii and appi mingo ? soil and before t\ consist ; does its ( Into how their peci island ? Under Islands c ing? W exports ? the situa concernin amount oi What i How mar able aboui vidence re drawing sle culiarity of GREENLAND. 285 What is the population of the island ? Describe the extent mingo ? What is its population ? What is the nature nfL soil and climate ? wiat was the average valu7of is exnoJs ?n?-'/^^ revolution ? Of what do ifs exports now ch^eflv consist ; and what is their annual value ? What noT,nSj^ does ts capital contain ? What is he extent of ^ifmll? Into how many counties is it dividedr^me ts townrwhh islancfr"^'"' circumstances. What is the populSn Yaie iJI^Ha^"" "^^^^ ^^^^^^\ "^""^ »'e the Leeward and Windward Islands comprehended ? Which of them is the most flourish ex?ortsT^?I^Jf a\? ^"^!'"^ • ^^""'J' '"^^ amoun^ont^annu^ai fff c^* .• ^^^" '^^ nximher of its inhabitants ? What are the situation and extent of Trinidad ? What is observable concerning its climate, soil, and productions ? Wh«?7«, fi!! ' mrfi1^3Pr'^iJ^\' ^^^" waTS^toGrltr S. J^ What is said to be the number of the Bahama Islands ? How many of them are large and fertile ? IJSis remark able about San Salvador? Ivom what circumsfance dM^Pro" vidence receive its name ? What is the popiSaS 5 ! GREENLAND Jf/ It'^^T*'"'!^'*^ "^^'^'^^ ^'«« *^e^^^een Baffin's Bay stretches indehnitely towards the Pole. It can scarcely be considered as part of America, yet, hZl o h«?r\''' '""'''"^''J ^^°^^^y ^«'^%"^"« at leas! to that continent, it is here introduced. -RemarA-5.--.Greenland is described as « a mass of rork, inter«„ngled uith immense blocks of ice." Yet there S Zh h"l'^'' '^"^^^^ °^ ^"^^'^^*^'°" 5 «nd in tL soutTare ]aiid.animds the principal are large h™r'ab;; fo?fht dm;i;7sled;er"Tr' *?''' ^"^ ^^••g^ ^ogs employed in r^rS ? ? \. ^^.^'^ ^''S^ ^''^ distinguished by the ne- culianty of howhng instead of barking.^ The seas swa^rm I ! ;/| 286 NORTH AMERICA. with turbot, herrings, and whales. But the marine animal most prized by the natives is the seal. Its flesh is their principal food : its skin supplies them with dress, and with a covering for their canoes,— its tendons are made into thread, --its fat is used both as butter and tallow, — its blood is a highly-valued ingredient in soup,— and so essential an article of subsistence does the Greenlander account the seal, that he cannot comprehend how man could live without it. Large flocks of aquatic birds frequent the seas, rivers, and lakes. Providence, which adapts the endless diversity of nature's productions to every variety of climate and soil, and sup- plies the deficiencies of one region by the abundance of an- other, furnishes the steril shores of Greenland and other arctic regions with timber, which is borne by the tides and currents of the ocean from the coasts and river-banks of America and Asia. In such quantities is this timber drift- ed upon these northern shores, that a year's fuel may some- times be collected during the short season of summer ; and in such preservation is it found, as to afford excellent ma. terials for building houses and canoes. The Greenlanders are a branch of the Esquimaux : they are of short stature, with long black hair, small eyes, and flat faces. Their number, much reduced by the ravages of small-pox, is supposed not to exceed 10,000. Vaccination has, however, been introduced ; and the increase of the po- pulation may accordingly be expected to be more regularly progressive. This country is subject to Denmark, whose laudable exertions for the conversion of the natives to Chris- tianity are at length beginning to be crowned with success. EXERCISES. What description is given of Greenland ? What vegetable productions are found in the south ? How does the weather of the short summer dilFer on the mainland and in the islands ? How is the long night of winter relieved ? In what does the wealth of the Greenlander consist ? What are the principal land-animals ? What kinds of fish abound in the seas ? What marine animal is most prized by the Greenlander ? To what useful purposes does he convert it ? How are the shores of Greenland and other arctic regions supplied with timber? In what quantities, and in what state of preservation does it ar- rive ? Of what people are the Greenlanders a branch ? What IS their personal appearance ? At what number is the popula- tion estimated ? Frnm what rirpiuncfonno mati ;* K« «.r^ — i^A to be more regularly progressive ? To what European power is Greenland subject ? . ^ NORTH AMBRKA. DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. See Mexico, p 287 . ACAPUL'CO. 279. ^^p%T' ^^° ^^t^^o States, ^^'5*ny. a city In New York, situ- ate on Hudson's River. Ponu- lation 24,238. '^ Albuquerque (pr. Albukerk'), a Norte" ''°* °"*^^ ^'^^^^ ^1L^^'"J' °'" Apala'chian Moun- guis. hee United States, p. "^Wn'l**' '??^ *?^ 'he Leeward aU^^^V- P"P"lation 3080. n^^i^h''"' * ,*°^» i" Maryland, on Chesapeak Bay. Pop. 2623. —Another in Nova Scotia, on theBayofFundy. ' Anseque'rat, or Guaxaca. a town FuSly? ** °" *^^ ^*y °^ Anticos'ti, an Island almost unln. pajM*ed in the St Lawrence. It See West Indies, An?iJH? ""^1* ^°il?' and'so bVoad! 280 ® ^^^^ ^^^'^^' P' Antmefl. 280. "" M?xV *°^" °' ^^"O'^^' ^" Ar'can'sas, a large river in North America, which rises among the Rocky Mountains, and flowing is. Ai. falls mto the Mississinui after a course of 2173 miles.— Also a territory on this river See United States, p. 265 ArWolis, capital of the territory of Arkansas, United States. Arulia. a small island of the Little Antilles. See West Indies, p. ^^^apfs'covr, an extensive but shallow lake, contiguous to the I^ke of the Hills, in the N. W of America, Lfit. 59^ N. Its bankj are inhabited by a tribe of Indians of the same name or Indians of the same name. sessTons n o^o "«"ish Pos- *P^ o • ." "* ueorgia, on the Savannah, about 236 miles rrom the sea. Poriuiaf-m« ««"'* Pop. 3419. ^ ^fin"' 'll® Principal town of Mas- p?26"8 S^ United STATES, Bruns'wick, New. See British Possessions, p. 258. p 268 *°"' *^^e United States, ''Klttter^""^"^'^^-^' Califor'nia. See Mexico, p. 275 sS?s"''^^^!^^" *" M'aVchu. m United States, p. Cam^ch'y. See Mexico, p. 276. ''?/ssriT-2i9^.^^«™p-- 270. Cartx^a go, a town in the province of Costa Rica, Guatimaia. M *?' * ,^^y *" *he district of Maine, United States, between ^1 a '■ 288 NOIITH AMERICA. Cape Elizabeth and Cape Small Point. Cbam'plain, Lake, See United States, p. 26.5, Charles, Cape, on the east coast of Labrador.—Another in Mary- land, on the north of the en- trance of Chcsapeak Bay. Charl^s'ton, the capital of South Carolina. See United States, p. 270. Ch'ar'lotte'8 Town, the chief town of St John's Island. See Bri- Tisii Possessions, p. 259, Ches'apeak, one of the largest and safest bays in the world, extend- ing about 270 miles from N. to S., and dividing Virginia from Maryland. Chid'ley, Cape, on the north coast of Labrador, at the entrance of Hudson's Straits. Cholu'la, a city of Puebla, in Mexico. Cinaloa, a town in the province of Sonora, Mexico, containing about 9500 inhabitants. Cincinna'ti, the principal town of the Ohio state. See United States, p. 271. Co'ban, a town and river of Gua- timala, in the province of Vera Paz. Cod, Cape, the north point of the circular peninsula in Massachu- setts that encloses Boston Bay. Colora'do, Rio, a river in Mexico. See Mexico, p. 277. Colum'bia district. See p. 270. Colum'bia, a large river in the west of the United States. Colum'bus, the political capital of Ohio, United States. Popula- tion 2437. Compostel'la, a town of Mexico, in the province of Guadalaxara. Con'cord, a town of New Hamp- shire, United States. Popula- tion 3727. Connec'ticut. See United States. p. 268. Coppermine River, flows into liake Superior. — A larger one of the same name flows into the North- ern Ocean. Corona'tion Gulf, a large bay on the northern coast of America, discovered by Captain Frank, lin. mala. Cu'ba. See West Indies, p. 282, Cu'Hacan', a town in the province of Sonora, Mexico. Cura^oa (Cooraso'), an island of the Little Antilleft. Pop. about 36,000. See West Indies, p. 282. DAVIS* STRAITS, a narrow sea, discovered by Captain Davis in ISH.i. It extends N. W. about twenty deKrees from Cape Fare- well to Baffin's Bay. Del'aware, state. See United States, p. 2G9.— A river which separates Pennsylvania from New York and Jersey, and De- laware from Jersey.— An arm of the sea about 60 miles long, and 30 wide, between Jersey and Df,'- laware. Desea'da, one of the Leeward Islands. See West Indies, p. 282. Detroit (DetroaW), a town in Michigan, United States, situate on a river of the same name. Domin'go, St. See West Inuies, p. 283. Domini'ca, one of the Leeward Islands, belonging to Gr^at Bri- tain. Population 19,838. Do'vcr, the principal town of De- laware, situate on John's Creek. ~A town in New Hampshire. Population 5449. Duran'go, a town in the province of New Biscay, Mexico. Popu- lation 12,000. EDENTON, a town in North Ca- rolina. United States. E'rie, a lake in Canada. See Bri. TisH Possessions, p. 257. Eusta'tia, St, one of the Leeward Islands, belonging to Holland. Population about 20,000. FAREWELL', Cape, the most southern point of W. Greenland. Fear, Cape, on the coast of North Carolina. Flo'rida. See United States, p. 273. Fox, or Aleutian Islands, a chain of islands in the Sea of Kamtschat. ka, between Asia and America. Frank'fort, the chief town of Ken- tucky. See United States, p. 271. Fred'erickstown, a town in Mary- land, United States. P. 1427.— Also the chief town of New Brunswick. long, between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. NORTH AMERICA. 289 o^SaMii^SH 27of ''^^^^'TED States, p. Geor'glan, North, the namoKiveri Arlff^^y Captain Parry In thp ^/•^S." P'rfan. of which tfie chief i!r "2"' £"« "f 'he Windward Green'land. Seen Sft« Population 1 20.060. ^''' ihTnu'' *'•" S* ^aJ'^ador, one of P® ^^hama Islands, the first land connected with Ameripi V^ZTn^^ ColumbuT'See WEST Indies, p. 283. ^"f"f^«ato (Ganacha'to), a pro Ouatima'la. See p. 279 Ouaxaca (Gacha'ca), a town in the province of Oaxaca s^ Mexico, p. 276. ^^- ^°^ Scotir^?/ '^ ^«P't«' Of Nova River, United States^^ PoJui^* tion 9789. ^opuia- Hat'teras, a very dangerous nrn. rnontory whic/extends Sr fnto the ocean, from the rn^J^i- North Carolina, UnuldsSes Havan'nah, the capital of Cub; fh ^' 5^P®' »" Virginia, S of the entrance of Ciielapeak Ba? Wkst Indies, p. 283. ^ Honduras a province and bavin tiuatimala. whoi-o «-i,^ T,_"f . . •;aveas6ttteme„-,ftrmwS it"^;- oW"' °" '•>«' north. „«'.eS'h°ei^7S^' "■«<«- Ilhno s (lllnni') i V"o*- , See u'»S k-JS" "S?,"^- Tw''^^- *» West !„„,.,, 3?3iSf,^.f.Xt">e«re. KASKavku. a u,/,; ,„ ,ui. K™u,ck',. see United State.; ^pulation 33,000. '"*"**<^- -Po- icimessee. bee UmTto States, ''S"S.etr^».'S»^„b..„„ , Matte"-^""- SfJ' • «°"'Mliing (own in Haf^t^* ' ^^^P^' «0""h of Cape Loretio W" ^''•'^"^ Carolina. P^ x.oret to, a town in California 7^7^^ See UnitedX-tes. Lou'isvllle, the principal town of 2ffrr—^^"otherinKentu?kv See United Statro t^^o!:^"^^?' " — 19 — -'luocnen coveter, issues out of Slfl^ i-^e, and falls i„l„.h«yjj^« tiires.We8tTnr;L« J^'5*l«„An- Marigakii'te, onc^ofthe'LeSH Islands. See West iNml^^'p^ MartinY'quo, the largest of the 2 A mmp' 20() windward Islands. P. 101,865. Hoe West Indieh, p. ^82, Ma'rvland. See Unhkd States, p. '269. MassachuRotts ( Miwsatshoo'sets). See United States, p. 2($H. May, Cape, the southernmost jioint of New Jersey, United States. Mel'vlllc Island. See North Georgian iHr.ANna, p. 289. Mel'ville Peninsula, a large extent of territory lying between the Arctic Ocean ana the northern part of Hudson's Bay. MerK'da, a province of Mexico,— also its chief town. Population 10,000. Mex'ico. See Mexico and Goa- TIMALA, p. 216. Michigan (Mi'higan), a lake and territory of the United States. See United States, p. 273. Mississlp'pi. See United States, p. 272. Missouri (Messoo're). See Unit- ed States, p. 271. Mo'bild, a town in the Alabama territory, United States, situate on a river of the same name. Population .3194. Mondo'va, a town in the province of San Luis Potosl, Mexico, si- tuate on the Rio del Norte. MonticcUo (Montechel'lo), a large town of the Mississippi state, United Statos, situate on the Pearl River. Montreal', a large town of Lower Canada, situate on the S. side of the island of Montreal, which is encompassed by the united streams of the Otawas and the St Lawrence. It is a place of great trade, particularly in furs. Pop. about 15,000. Montserrat', one of the Leeward Islands. Fop. 740f), of whom only 330 are whites. See West Indies, p. ':!S"2. NANTUCK'ET, an island off the coast of Massachusetts, about 15 miles long, and 11 broad. Po- pulation 72J02. Nash'ville, a thriving town in Ten- nessee, situate on the Cumber- land River, United States. Po- pulation 5566. Natch'es, a flourishing town, capi- tal of the Mississippi ten'.tory, situate on the river of that name. Population 2790. Ne'vis, one of the Lecwiird Islands, NORTH AMERICA. West Indies. Pop. 11,959, of whom only 700 are whites. New Bern, a considerable trading town in North Carolina. P 377fi. New Bls'cay, a province of Mexico. New Bruns'wick. See British POHSBSHIONS, p. 2.'5H. Newcas'tle, a town In Delaware, United States. New Corn'wall, a country in the W. of North America, bordering on the Pacific Ocean, Newfound'land. See British Poa- SESSIONS, p. 259. New (ieor'gia, a country bordering on the Pacific Ocean. New Hamp'sthire. See United States, p. 2(>7. New Han'over, N. of New Georgia. Newha'ven, a considerable seaport in Connecticut, United States. Population 10,180. New Jer'sey. See United States, p. 2(i9. New Lon'don, a town of Connec- ticut, United States, on the Thames, about 3 miles firom its mouth. It is a place of consi. derable trade. Pop. 435fi. New Madrid', a town in the state of Mibsouri, United States, situ- ate in a rich plain, near the bank of the Mississippi. New Nor'fo/k, a country on the coast of the Pacific Ocean, N. of New Cornwall. New North Wales. See British Possessions, p. 260. New Or'leans, the chief city of Louisiana. See United States, p. 272. New'port, a seaport in Rhode Island, having a large and very safe harbour. See Unitei") States, p. 2fi8. New South Wales. See British Possessions, p. 260. New York. See United States, p. 269. Niag'ara, River, Issues from Lake Erie, and flows into Lake Onta- rio. Its course is only 36 miles, but It varies from half a mile to a league in breadth. Its falls are peculiarly stupendous. At the greatest, called the Horse-shoe, on the Canadian side, the breadth of the stream is COO yards, and it Is precipitated over a h eight of 1 oO feet. The second, on the Ame- rican side, is 350 yards wide, and 104 feet In perpendicular height. Lake. See Mkxico, Nicarag'iia, p. 27?. or the Paclflc Ocean, on the western coast of North AmeriJi Cook found the climate much ml der than under the same la 1 2d C« *"r "\VirKinla. Unit- N^„r t*^";.. i'opulation 981(;. Wo'va Sco'tia. See British Pus SESSIONS, p. 258. Ohi^n^'H't^ province of Mexico. <^"^« ■''o. Lake. SeeBniTisHPoH. SESSIONS, p. 257. Oonalash'ka, the largest of the Aleutian or Fox Islands, in the mountain, called the Starry Ota^^ nrVn^^'^^^- Pop. 8000 lo^ ' Of .Utawas, a river of Ca- 400 miles, falls into the St Law- fence, near Montreal. wzark Mountains. See United PENNSYLVA'NIA. See United States, p. 269. I'enobacot, a river of Maine, which flows into Penobscot Bay. S bay is about 30 miles in lei.ith and 18 in width. It affords Sy* DrTJ,?-"""' ';?' ^flipping, and piZn t^ ^''"i® beautiful scenery. Pen«.co'la, a town in Florida, sil tuate on the Gulf of Mexico. It has a fine harbour. Philadel'phia the principal city of Pennsylvania. See United States, p. 269. "^ " Pictou (Pictoo'), a river, bay, island, and settlement, in the north-east of Nova Scotia! Pittsburg, a flourishing commer- cial and manufacturing town in * Pennsylvania, situate ft the ter- mmation of a beautiful plain the Alleghany and Monongahela streams unite to form the Ohio. Population 12,542. Placen'tia, a town and bay in New- fnVi^! V"^ *^P^^^e of contain- ing 150 ships. Popocatepetl, or Smoking Moun- NORTH AMERICA. 21)1 in Mexico 17,720 tain, a volcars teet high. Port-au.r»rince (Port-o-Preni. '. « Port'land. ., town In Maine, situate .,?;^?s?;;^rii^j^;Bay.seo ^^^^i-.-'-^^'^-tcrs ^"tillL"'« °' T °^ **»« ^feat An. iw n* ^^? ^^^T Indikh, p. 2(iy ot Jamaica, with a very larae IvS"?'"""' «"'' '"f^ harbSu?!' the8a|)eak Bay, forming the ViS? ''?^%T Mary la.?d and p. 2S ^® ^''""*'" «'•'*•»■««. Poto'sY, San Luis, one of the Mex- lean provinces. Prov'idence, h flourishing town in ^s-o/tKlvtT SC s^e ,=inaanr^-«---*" ciJC'nVM^^''*® *"*> flourishing t m.p o^^^h"'"' ^'^P'**^ of apro- MExun *V ««"»e name. See on i.^» wv^l"^ Guatimala, p. 279. gULBLC, the capital of Canada ^tuate on the Iw. side of th^ fr,rm«7^^"/L®' "" * proinontory formed by that river and the St 0,u».n r^^ Population 18,000. ^coa8toft'h?p"^'l^''^""'^« «"the fr^^ ^T "^^ Pacific, are separated from New Hanover by a broad channel, or arm of the^sea. ^ IZVu.^^'''''''' S^e Mexico uALi,, a cape on the south-east coast of Newfoundland. ^owf. n.^ M^''?.' '^^ government town ot North Carolina, United States. Population 1700. n^'v?P^^' **i? south-west point of Newfoundland. Red River, a large tributary of the ^SKlmE'^"^*^^"^^^'^^"^^'^'^ Re'gent Inlet, Prince, a broad opening leading southward from Barrow's Strai«^» thr«..„i. .„k:_L nnTf'"* ^*"y '^a« unable" to penetrate. ^n!i'^»d. See United States, 292 NORTH AMERICA. Rich'mond, the capital of Virginia, situate on the James' River, about 159 miles from its mouth. It is flourishing and opulent, and its situation is highly picturesque. Population*! 6,060. Rio Colora'do. See Colorado, p. 288. ' *■ Rio del Norte, a river in Mexico. See Mexico and Guatimala, p. 277. Rocky Mountains. See United States, p. 264. SA'B A, one of the Leeward Islands. Sa'ble, <:ape, the south-western ex- tremity of Nova Scotia. St Augustine,, a town on the east coast of Florida, situate on the peninsula. Population 3000. St Chris'topher's, or St Kitfs, one of the Leeward Islands. Pop. 23,922, of whom 1612 are whites. See West Indies, p. 282. St Croix (Croaw'), a river which separates New Brunswick from the United States. St John's, the chief town of New- foundland, situate on the S. E. Being built of wood, the houses were destroyed, with prodigious loss of property, by three succes- sive conflagrations, in 1816, lbl7, and 1818, but they have been since rebuilt. St Law^rence, one of the largest rivers'of America. See British Possessions, p. 257. St Luci'a, one of the Windward Islands. Population 18,Sol, of wliom 972 are whites. St Mar'tln's, one of the Leeward Islands. St Salvador'. SeeGl7ANAHANi,p.289. St Salvador', a city of Guatimala. Population upwards of 12,000. StTho'mas,oneof theVirgin Isles, belonging to the Danes and Bran- denburghers. St Vin'cent's, one of the Windward Islands. Population 27,714, of whom 1301 are whites. Sa'lem, a flourishing seaport in Massachusetts. Pop. 13,886.— Also a town in New Jersey. San Car'los de Monte'rey, the chief town of New California, and the seut of the governor. Here the climate is peculiarly delightful. San Francisco, a town or military station in New California, situ- ate ujwn an extensive bay of the same name. San Luis, a town In the province of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Popu- lation 15,000. San'ta Bai^bara, a town in New CaUfornia, on a canal of the same name. Population 1100. San'ta Cruz (Crooz), or St Croix, one of the Virgin Isles, West Indies. San'ta Fe' (Fai), a town of New Mexico. Population 4000. Savaii'nah, a large river, forming the boundary between Georgia and Carolina.— Also the capital of Georgia. Pop. 7303. See United States, p. 270. Sev'ern, a river in Maryland, flows Into the Chesapeak, a little be- low Annapolis. Slave Lake, a very large lake in the north of America. Slave River, composed of the unit- ed streams of the Unjigan and the Atbapescow, flows into Slave Lake. Sono'ra, a province of Mexico. Sta'ten, an island belonging to New York, 18 miles in length, and 8 in breadth. Supe'rior Lake. See British Pos- sessions, p. 257. Susquehan'nah,ariver in Pennsyl. vania, which flows into the Bay of Chesapeak. See United States, p. 265. TAOS, a town in New Mexico. Ten'nessee. See United States, p. 272. Tlasca'la, a town in the province of Puebla, in Mexico, said to have contained 300,000 inhabitants, when discovered by the Span. iards ; but now so much reduced as scarcely to contain 3400. Toba'go, one of the Windward Islands, about 25 miles in length, and 12 in breadth. Pop. 14,042, of whom 322 are whites. See West Indies, p. 282. Torto'la, one of the Virgin Isles. Population 7172. Tren'ton, the chief town of New Jersey, situate on the east bank of the Delaware. Pop. 3000. Trinidad', the largest and most fer- tile of the Windward Island^s separated from South America by the Gulf of Paria. See W rst Indies, p. 282. Trois Rivieres (Troaw Reevyair'), or Three Rivers, a town of Lower Canada, situate at the confluence * ^H-' ^ irj/»'-' ■.■f %- ' T'^CJvgircajXuzco, rurosi. ^'^ t ^ (9^ To 7t OJ^U^*9 ^ ■'Xrcquipur- 2a2 TuMifhedby ouvis. itHiSSJi.Zdm. TjgsEomjm fhfd. by auvsa it Ti^sm.IIdmdtayh. c a r ate ujion an exteniiv¥baya? tHeTT" of THreeTOvS^s^OoWlnornS.. er same name. | Canada, situate at the confluence UpitK?'' ^. er uenco of the River St Maurice with the St Lawrence. Two islands at the mouth ot the former river divide It into three channels at its en- trance J and hence the town re- ceived its name. Pop. 2500. /Vi '"'. * **^^" i» tfie province V* r /?""^"*"»®' Guatimala. ^ti^^ADOLlD'. a province and town ot Mexico. Population of the town 18,000. !e?DnJf"nf^S'°°^>' * province and seaport of Mexico. See Mexico and GuATiMALA, p. 279. vfr^^^^f ' *fi'°'''?Fof Guatiraala. Vincennes, the chief town of in- ?hT^' y^'^^ S*^*es» situate on the east bank of the Wabash. Virgin Gor'da. See Gorda, p. 289. SOUTH AMERICA. 293 See United States] Virgi'nia. p. 270. V"8g^I«les, See West Indies, UNJIGAN, or Peace River, in worth America, receives the wa- ters of the Athapescow, and flows into the Slave Lake. ^*^°oP' ^^''®U » tributary of the Ohio. V See United States. p. ^65. ' Jnion. See United States, p. WiKliamsburg.atown of Virginia situate between two rivulets. ' lTn1?^%f^/''*'L •" Vermont, United States. Pop. 3134. Wm'nlpeg, a large lake, N. W. of T;^i^9?^"^-i"°l; '" ^PP" Canada. AA'LAPA, a considerable town in the province of Vera Cru^j. Mex. ico. PopulationlS.OOO. • Xe res, a town n the province of vr?u*i^!?A"*' I" Guatimala. xuRK^the chief town of Upper Canada, situate on an excellent harbour on the north-west coast of Lake Ontario. Pop. 2500. in catan, a province in the south- 7Ar i%'i^f/?l''c'"'*y °^Ne*v Spain. W& AC A 1 n, c AS, a province of Mex- ico, with a celebrated mining town of the same name. Sel Mexico and GuATiMALA, p. 279. SOUTH AMERICA IB bounded N. by tlie Isthmus of Darien and ti.e Canbbean Sea; W. by the PacifiQ Ocean; S. b^ the Southern Ocean ; and E. by the Atlantic. It extends from la- ^ ^ ^6" S. Lat., and from 3" UnJ^h e ^"^■' ^^'"^ "P"'*''*'* of 4660 miles in hTJlJr'" "'"■"' *° ^"'h' »■"' 3160 miles in breadth from east to west. Its population is esti- mated at upwards of 12,000,000. „, ■"•""'"'■ Chief lown,. Tma FirZ\"'^ Bogota, or Santa Fe de Bogota, Po. lerra Firma). Wa-, Quito Guyaqui], Wam^ i-orto Bello, Carthageua, Maracaibc, /}„•„. „ lieon de Caraccas. ' *■ Paramaribo, Essequibo, Demei-ara, Cay. Tj .| cnuc. ^Ri^t^''^'J'''d^ ^^^"^^^OT, or Bahia, Pen, T Maranham/Parr'^ """'^ ^ -"^mouco, " : • ^^M^' Callao, La Paz, Guamanga, Gu. .pcavehca, Cuzco, Potosi, Arequipa. ^ ^k -1? ^ / vrr 2 A 2 294 SOUTH AMERICA. DivWont. Chief Towns. Paraguay Assumption, Villa Rica. La Plata, or Buenos Ayres Buenos Ayres, Monte Video, Men- doza. S^ili*'V StJago, Valparaiso. Patagonia. Capes. — St Roque, Frio, Mary, Antonio, Horn. Gulfs, Bays, and STRAiTs.—Gulf of Darien, Bay of Panama, Bay of Buenaventura, Gulf of Guyaquil, Bay of All Saints, Straits of Magellan, Straits of Le Maire. Mountains.— Andes or Cordilleras, Parime, Mountains of Brazil. Lakes. — Parime, Titicaca, Xarayes. Rivers. — Amazons, La Plata, Orinoco. Islands. — Gallipago Islands, Juan Fernandez, Chiloe, Terra del Fuego, Falkland Isles. Remarks. — In no part of the world are the features of nature so bold and marked as in South America. Its mountains, rivers, and elevated plains, or tableland, are on a scale of unusual magnificence. The gigantic Andes, rising in chains or insulated mountains far beyond the re- gion of perpetual snow, form a table-land whose general elevation is 10,000 feet above the level of the ocean; extend almost from the Straits of Magellan through the whole length of South America; then traverse tlie Isthmus of Darien and New Spain, till they are lost in the unexplored regions of the N. W. Between these mountains and the Pacific Ocean, a space varying from 100 to 200 miles, the country next the shore is occupied, for the most part, with fiat low land, of a sandy soil. Proceeding towards the An- des, the traveller comes to land varied and mountainous, but still habitable ; beyond which are the inaccessible sum- mits called the Cordilleras. To the east of this mountain- tr^ct there is an expanse of country, of much greater breadth than that on the west, through which roll three immense rivers, with many smaller streams ; and, stiU farther to the east, rises another high land, inferior in elevation and ex- is 21,425 feet above the level of the sea, has been hitherto supposed to be the loftiest of the Andes; but, by the late SOUTH AMERICA. 205 24,200, and the second to 05 /wLflnH ' ^'^^ ^ the highest in America. ' '^"^ «'« consequently The plateaus and mountains of Thibet mn„ »;« ;„ 1 the Amazons, called likewise rijaraln or ollf"'' atint.^eirst^^eti'^Hr."^ jf .'^rr^^^^^ ZJcT""^ "P™'*' "f ' «<"""" "ide. So greatTs fhe ^reVSte'Sr/o^'^Lf^^^^ Se°?- ~^^^^^^^^^ -- Xt are the Parana and Paraguay. It falls into th^ i*. *" near the southern b„u„da^^/Brazil/''"Vrbfe:^^^^^^^^^ stream ,t nearly equals the Amazons, being SOmiles wide at Buenos Ayres, 200 miles from the icean. and imr h! . .ts mouth. Next, though much inferiorTo these fs the On" LT-- \'''r, '■'•'"" » ™»" '^ke in la.itude1» s'n and" =9 ^h^r^r^txree-^-tS =i^^=ia^-r-air7^^^^^^ 2^^ir^' fT' '.'^'"«'^' «"^' ^^*^' * course orabove o?^.^ •''/"'i"'^'"^ "' ^^"^'"g^' P""*-^ '^^ ^"'^"ense volume of water into the ocean, by above fifty different mouths^f which seven are navigable by large vessels. ' °*^ in uouth America the climate varies with the elevation no less than with the latitude. Under the equator the Infe" nor hm,t of perpetual snow is at the height of H 760 feet --and this Doundary is invariable and strongly defined Tho climate and vegetable productions of differfnt regions'of^he globe are found in rPm,Jar .„..«„.„: *=7 regions of tlie Between Thftrircl^ ^' *'''"" *** *'^ ^''^^' "^ »»'- A«des. xjetween the tropics, cassava, cocoa, maize, plantains indi go, sugar, cotton, and coffee, are cultivated frL tlTkv "l of 296 SOUTH AMI RICA. the sea to the Iieight of from 3000 to 5000 feet. There, too, oranges, pineapples* and the most dehcious fruits, grow luxuriantly. Between the altitudes of 6000 and 9000 feet is the climate best adapted to the culture of wheat and other European grains, and to the growth of the oak and other lofty forest-trees. Beyond the elevation of 9000 feet the large species of trees disappear, but dwarfish pines are found at an elevation of 13,000 feet. Extreme fertility is the general character of the soil in South America, and its magnificent rivers and internal re- sources seem to mark it out as destined to become tlie most important part of the globe. Under the thraldom of the old governments of Spain and Portugal, the colonists, indolent and dispirited, seemed scarcely aware of the advantages of their situation ; but now that they have succeeded in throw- ing off the yoke, the consciousness of independence, and the security of a free government, may be expected to call forth their energies, and to prompt them to avail themselves of their exhaustless resources. Of this vast continent, Spain, before the, late revolutions, possessed Terra Firma, Peru, Chili, and Paraguay, which are now independent countries ; Brazil belonged to the Por- tuguese ; Guiana still belongs to the English, Dutch, Por- tuguese, and French ; most of Amazonia and Patagonia are occupied by native tribes. Of her former extensive possessions in South America, Spain retains not a single spot. Her oppression, long en- dured with servile patience, at last provoked the American subjects to rebellion, and several important republics have been founded on the ruins of the old government. 1. THE REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA, established in 1 820, after a struggle of 10 years' duration, comprehended the provinces of Venezuela, Caraccas, and the rest of the ter- ritory formerly known by the name of Terra Firma ; but great dissensions prevailed, and Venezuela established itself as a separate commonwealth, under the presidency of La Paez. The population of both states amounts to 3,000,000. Colombia has valuable mines of silver, copper, and iron ; those of gold are nearly exhausted. 2. PERU, whose independence was not finally establish- ed till 1825, is divided into the two republics of Upper and Lower Peru. The former was erected by Bolivar into a separate renublin. imdpr iho namo nf Tt/^livia . Kh* ^.^^..^.k the opposition made by the Peruvians has, as yet, been fruit- less, it is doubtful iiow far this arrangement will be perma- SOUTH AMERICA. 297 It contains 355 streL", and ",?"'' '^=""'' P'-i" "f «■"«■. I.» population is e^Z'^Zi'l^^^' ?-?«"', ""'T' ''• Peruvian capital, is nearly equal to iim^"' °"""''^ "" tarn, traces of its ancient spSour nf '" T"'' "^ "" "bout 20,000. It is aboutMO Ss s 7?f" "'"" '' """' ■n»nga, occupying a ccntrsl sit? i?f , '1 "' "^""^ ^ua- Cuzco, contains about Bfimn-J^" ''""''™ L™" «nd flourishing seaportwilh'f^X ron':r580o'''";''" ■'? « 8 a large and well-built city watered b,,hf?S-i- ^'T'^'' tains a population of 2-1 000 N^ff ^f ^u?'"' »"■* "'"n- Lake Titicaca, 240 mil^sin J. ? ^""" ""' ""y '' the places 480 feet deen T.f„ f """•ntefence, and in many Which ■'^^coZt2Ljtz°^iz%':^:!-?zT"t' "^ it does not contain more'KSS^ "l?^'"'.5 "l? r,""' situate on a high but fertile iJhtT^j ^"''' ^'''ghtfully mountains, has a populati'™ ofio ^''' T'tl. *•' '""^^ chiefly in Paraguay tea ■'"."«). Its trade consist. extremes of heat and cold ahLf^^ ^''o™ 'he «>ne. This happy femp^^^^^^^^ ''"'"'^^""g «" ^^e torrid ing screened bvThf A^des on h "'''' '° '"5 '^^""*'°"' ^e. cooJing breezes'fromiL padfic it 'n"^. "''"?^^' *^^ mated at 800 OOO U n« ! • , ^ population is esti- silver, copp^;Td lead sf?' ^'^T^"^' '"'"^^ «^ g^J^, built lownVconta^inr^OOC^fTK-'''" ""P^*«'' " « «^«"- flourishing CMty hTi^Va '^„ 1- "^''^"''- Valparaiso is a ing a considerate loirne^c?"^"'^'" "^ '^'°^' «»d «"Joy- AylX^dozt'^stLoutt?^^^^^^ T"'-- °^ Buenos proclaimed its independence in ig,?' ^Th"""""' ""^ ^^'*«' a salubrious climate and a fine soi T J ^T-'^ ""J^^* Pampas, are covered with luxurLmhp h ^^^*,P^«^"«» called destitute of wood. ItriK,Dukf?nn r ^u^^^ ^^"'"^^ ^"^'••e^y half are native Indians ^r^nl ! ' °f '^^'^'^ '"^'"^ *han the to about_70o4o %\ers"A^:rlr!„lHP^ ^-, Jrora Us fine climate i«. df..™*^* '" ."" ■''^H»«^»', so caiied Plata, about 200";:^"™™"^™!.^ Allu''h"\'''-"'^ .3 here SO .iles broad, rocks, shXws, IlLreC^.r;' 298 SOUTH AMERICA. winds, render the navigation extremely difficult and dan- gerous. The city is spacious and well built, containing a population of 80,000. Monte Video, situate on the n6rth bank of the Plata has been a ground of war between Brazil and Buenos Ayres, but is now erected into an independent republic. It derives its name from a neighbouring moun- tain, on which is a lighthouse that commands an extensive view. Its harbour is the best on the river. When occupied by the British in 1806, its population was nearly 20,000; it is now only 10,000. Mendoza, situate on a plain at the foot of the Andes, owes its importance to a silver-mine in its vici- nity. Its population, rapidly increasing, amounted by a late estimate to 6000. Cordova, on the small river Primero, contains about 1500 Spanish inhabitants, with 4000 negroes. Tucuman is situate in a pleasant plain, rich in fruits and grain. It contains a cathedral, two convents, and a college. 5. PARAGUAY is an extensive and fertile province watered by numerous rivers which inundate the country, in the rainy season, to a wide extent, and occasion swamps and marshes, which occupy a great portion of it. There is no part of Spanish America in which the native Indians are more numerous and powerful. Of a population of 300,000, of whom a very small proportion are Spaniards, the most noted of the Indian tribes are the Abipones, who excel in subduing the wild horse, and in the use of the bow. For some time their warlike spirit proved formidable to the Span- iards ; since they have been reduced to the necessity of hav- ing recourse to their protection, they are employed in catch- ing, breaking, and training for cavalry, the wild horses which ramble in vast herds over the plains. Assumption, the ca- pital, stands on the eastern bank of the Paraguay, and is in- habited by about 700 families of Spaniards, which, with the Indians, amount to 12,000. This territory is, at present, governed despotically by a person called Dr Francia, who prohibits any communication with the neighbouring states. 6. BRAZIL was discovered by Alvarez Cabral, a Por. tuguese, in 1500, and belonged to Portugal till 1821, when, roused by the example of the Spanish colonies, and availing themselves of the revolution in the parent country, the Bra- zilians asserted their independence. The artful patriotism of the Prince. Royal, Don Pedro, who headed the insurrec^ tionists, preserved this fine country to the royal family. He himself framed a new constitution, vesting the government in a chamber of peers and a chamber of^deputTes, and as- suming to himself the title of enjperor. He has recently been ofth and i try h aboui prisir east i Para. 5,700 zons, ternal would rice, s great forests cabine a greai St S capital. popula able foj might I Africa, the Gre rum, til stones. of All j taininff 7. G Dutch ( rinam oi The Po climate moisture forests w free circi the usual Serpents every pai torpedo, i which ha! when tou at about i 8. PA country, SOUTH AMERICA. Ogo •bout 2240 milo, in urth Td Ihl.';?,^'''!."""''- " " l.ri.inK, besides BrazuTope" ^ar. „/'?'• '''"<';''-'''"'- east of Paraguay, and the east „f / "'"V*- "•« "orth. Para. The pop^ula'ron t he" e.ed t"""""'"' "'"' «"'«» 3,700,000. Its iniDorian ,!?! amount to nearly ^ons, 'the largest nX wor d Ir""?""^ "''l* ''» ""^ ^mj ternal commerce" and ^,.'°"' S«at facilities for in- would be almost iLexhaustibk'T"'' '^ ''"'>' ^""'""eJ. rice, sugar, coffi>r.ndir toW "1'"-^ "°P' ""■ ">«'« great varie y, are ra"sefwi h !f. '■•'T"'^' vegetables in forests yield the mn«r ,1 , ''", "''ghlest culture. The eabinet'purt;trrnVgr':nrdial:r "" ''""''"' a great annual amount diamonds are procured to captaf U is"k?I1d^Srd''''J^ ''•"!.^''"«'™' ■■'«"= P— « population of 2,5'^^"' i,"'',:f2i"'" •« ^"^,""'»>m"g a able for trade • andTlder 1 r ,°" '^P«■""arly favour, might becomc'agenerl^tartf^r 'if ""',•' '«i'»''""--ation, it Africa, Asia, and the n"merou, a^Jf™''""'""' "'" ^"™P«- the Great Ocean. Its Dr^Z"^ ""PO'tant islands of -m. timber, g„"d. dLTnd ,''fop'a?erlr„'r'°"' ^"?'''- Dutch Gua„r.buT'of^h;T^ ''l."''^'' '"•<> """'h and rinam o„lyl,h; re'^ hll J hr' "". ^""^^ ""^ '^''' S"- The Portuguese also hav. " ' '" ^"'"" '" ""*• climate is fa"d to h» v P"' °' ""'" territory. The moisture of Le oil VeTeat';? tr''','!''''^' -"""S "> '"' forests which oversoread ,h! L V' ''"""'*• '"'' ""e thick free circulation oTthe at Th^ 'r""^,: ""'' ™P^<'^ "•« the usual tropfcal orod ' WonT^ k'' Pf™"arly rank, yields Serpents and other ^oxL?. " '^"''''"« »""» perfection. at about 250,000. --'""—" " ^""latea oy Hunaboidt ^'^ smyect to storms, and to frequent earthquakes. 800 SOUTH AMBRICA. The natives, although placed in the most inhospitable climate, are the tallest and perhaps the handsomest race of men on the face of the globe. Few of them are un- der SIX feet, and many of them seven feet high. They are very expert in the use of the bow and arrow. Their cloth, ing consists of the skins of wild animals, which they wear with the hair or fur turned inmost. These and other inde- pendent nations in different parts of South America, may amount, it is supposed, to about 400,000. EXERCISES. What are the boundaries of South America ? Between what degrees of longitude and latitude does it extend ? What are its length and breadth ? What is the estimated amount of its population ? What are its principal capes ? What are its bays and gulfs ? Name its divisions. Nameits mountains,— its rivers,— Its islands. M'liat are the towns of Colombia ? ^^ ?^o'" V..9f ^^'^ ^ ^^ ^» ^^«^« ? Of Brazil and Ama- zonia? Ofduiana? Of Paraguay ? Of what character are the features of South America ? De- scribe the Andes. What is the extent of space between these mountains and the Pacific Ocean ? What is the general i^- scription of the country next the shore ? What changes oi country does the traveller meet on approaching and reaching the Andes ? Describe the country to the east of this mountain- tract. What are the names and elevation of the loftiest of the Andes ? In what circumstance is South America unrivalled ? Whicb 18 the chief of its rivers ? Of what streams is it composed ? What 18 the length of its course, and its width before reaching the ocean ? How far does it penetrate, pure and unmixed, into the ocean ? How far up the river is the influence of the tide distinctly felt ? What is the next river in magnitude ? What are the most important of the streams which unite to form it ? What is its width at Buenos ' /res, and at its mouth .» What river is next to these in magnitude ? Where does it rise ? What lake does it enter ? In what direction does It then flow ? How is it connected vith the Amazons ? What IS the length of its course ? ^ M'^ith what circumstances does the climate of South Ame- rica V ry ." What is the inferior limit of perpetual snow under the equator ? What products are cultivated, between the tro- ?aaa' ?""i ', ^^^^^ ®^ ^^^ »^* *« t*^e height of from 3000 to 5000 feet ? In what altitude is the climate best adapted to the f "i'"/® P:_r "''*^P®*" grains, and of lofty forest-trees ? What *^^^"^ "■^ ^^^^'^ ""^^ rouna at a gfcaicr elevation ? What is the general character of the soil in South Amerii i ? By what circumstance does it seem destined to become a most . SOUTH AMKRICA. 301 grower enr«r?""' "" ""^""""""y '» be ."{SLd'^.i; late ^voludon.? Wharp;;;V"iS„^rPoXif? doe» Ouiana belong ? What counTrie, .reS^ed To whom by native tribes ? When' fnttt![fr tVl?n '^ ^'f ^'",* ^"^^"^«" possessions ? wSnf^hl ^ What provinces does it comprehend? What «oi^^^ "''^^'"'? * ^P*'-*^^ commoSwe^th ? ars'^ greif:?" ^''' ^' ''''"^" • ^^^' -^"-ble mines Sable? Wh'a i«^h 'St^"^ ' k*^^' what Znes is" ifre! marKapie :* What is the difference between its former and if« present ponulation ? Describe the situation, and s^te the po! pulation of La Paz. What is the chief article of Us trade*^? When was the independence of Chili established ? What w remarkable about its climate ? To what does it owet^s Hc'SJd ?\t^\TT ''^''' PopulatiW Ih^reA^ lie estimatea f What valuable mines does it contain -^ Wha^ 2„r.rr„teLt'p'*''' '"« -^'^ ' '^^■'' -pre'! .When did La Plata establish its indeper. ice' Whati.™ " ?t »a; seS? ^'p^or^hfe'SSS name ? V^at was its populat Jon when occupied Whe British ? To what does Mendo.a owe its importance ? wC is Se no pulation of Cordova? Describe fucuman. "^ "^^ *« "^^ P^" What is the general description of Paraguay ? What i^ the amour t of population ? Which is the most noted of he native tribes ? In what are they now employ^ PDescr be did a.e SiSiiian. aS SfnSpS^^???^^ , J?!^ country preserved to the royal famify of Portugal ? Whit w^ the nature of the constitution frami by Don Pedro ?Wh^ 2b 302 SOUTH AMERICA. change has since taken place ? What kind of country is Brazil ? What is the extent of the empire in length and breadth ? What other countries does it contain besides Brazil Proper ? What advantages do its rivets afford ? Enumerate somd of its productions. What is the present capital ? In what respects is its situation particularly advantageous ? What is its population ? What are its principal exports ? Where is St Salvador situate ? What is its population ? How was Guiana formerly divided ? What part of it do the Dutch now retain ? To whom was the lest of Dutch Guiana ceded ? To what other nation does part of this terri- tory belong? Is the climate healthy ? To what causes is this owing ? What is the quality of the soil ? What noxious ani- mals abound in this country ? What singular fish is found in the waters ? What kind of country is Patagonia ? For what are the natives remarkable ? In what are they very expert ? Of what does their clothing consist ? DESCRIPTIVE TABLE. ALL-SAINTS, Bay of, or Todos Santos, a large and convenient bay, on the coast of Bahia, in , Brazil. It, is 37 miles long, and 27 at its greatest width. Amazo'nia, an extensive country on the Amazons. Am'azons, Mar'anon, or Orella'na, . the largest river in the world. See Remarks, p. 295. An'des, See Remarks, p. 294. Anto'nio, Cape, t he S. point of coast, at the rnouth of the La Plata. . Arauca'na, a territory of Chili, in- habited by a' brave native race, who, after many wars, have ne- ver been subdued. Arequi'pa, a town in Peru. See Remarks, p. 297. ' Assump'tion, a town in Paraguay. See Remarks, p. 298. BAHI'A. SeeSTSALVADOH,p. .504. Berbice', a district of Guiana, in possession of Britain since 1799, in which time it has been greatly improved. Population 23,000. Bogo'ta, or Sante Fe de Bogota, the capital of Colombia, in the pro- vince of New Grenada. U stands on an elevated table-land, up- wards of 8000 feet above the 3ea, near the stupendous cascade of Tequendama, on the river ""S"- ••3 Tttr-.tt .r-urj at, a vtvriiwjtr bound, about 570 feet, of perpen- dicular height. The town has many magnificent edifices, and contains 30,000 inhabitants. Bue'nos Ay'res. See Remarks, p. 297. ^ CALLA'O. the port of Lima, in Peru, situate on a river of the same name. In 1746, it was en- tirely destroyed by an earth, quake, but has since been rebuilt. Carac'cas, a large and fertile pro. vince of Colombia, on the Gull' of Mexico, forming the centre of what has been called the Spanish Main. It has a large and flour- ishing capital of the same name. Population about 30,000. Carthage'na, a city of Colombia, in the province of Popayan. Popu- lation about 18,000. Caxamar'ca, the chief town of a district of the same name in Up- per Peru. Poi)ulation 12,0i)0. Cayenn'e, an island, river, and city in French Guiana, remarkable for the pepper known by the same name. Chi'li. See Remarks, p. 297. Chi'lod, a cluster of islands situate in a large bay at the southern extremity of Chili. Chilo^, the largest, is about 120 miles in length, and 60 in its greatest breadth. The soil is fertile, but the climate is excessively humid. Choco, a province of Colombia, on i2:c i.-ua3t ui uiv x'ficinc, very moist and unhealthy, but aboun- ding in gold. Colom'bia. See Remarks, p. 296. Conception, a flourishing city of ChOi, capital of its southern dis- tncts. Population 10,000. Coquim'bo, a town in Chill. Po- pulation 8000. Cordillera*, the summits or hich- est regions of the Andes. Cuma'na, a considerable province of Colombia, on the Gulf of Mex- ico.— 1 he capital, of the same liame, is populous, but has been frequently destroyed by earth- quakes. Cuyaba, a town in Brazil, on a rivirofthesame name. Popu- lation 30,000. ^ Cuz'cQ, a city in Peru. See Re- marks, p. 297. DA'RJEN, an extensive gulf, in Colombia, in the former vice- royalty of New Grenada. It is between 70 and 80 miles in length, and 27 in breadth. iJemera'ra, a province in British ixuiana, traversed by a river of ^AA **??® "*™®' " has nearly 100 miles of seacoast ; and for ^0 miles inland the country con- sists of extensive meadows. The soil IS fertile, and the climate fa- vourable for every kind of West Indian produce. Pop. , including Essequibo, 78,800. ESSEgUl'BO, a river and settle, ment in Guiana, now in posses- sion of Britain. FALK'LAND ISLANDS, a group to the E. of tl)e Straits of Magel. Ian, consisting of 2 large and a number of small islands— from the inhospitable climate, and the swampy soil, unfit for the habi- tation of man. GALLIPA'GO ISLES, a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, near the equator; 9 of them are of considerable size, the largest be^ ing 65 miles long, and 45 wide. Ihey abound with turtle, and other fish of the most excellent kinds. Guaman'ga, a town in Peru. See Remarks, p. 297. Guancave'lica, or Huancavelica a town in Upper Peru, situate in a broken glen formed by the Andes. The vicinity is rich in gold and silver mines : and 5= celebrated tor a productive mine of quicksilver, in which the operations are carried on 1640 feet higher than the summit of the Peak of Teneriffe. The town SOUTH AMERICA. 303 Is elevated 12,308 feet above the sea. Population 5000. Guyaquil', a province and town in Colombia. The town, situate on a river of the same name, con- tains about 20,000 inhabitants. ^i»a'na. See Remarks, p. 299. "ORN, Cape, on the south coast of Terra del Fuego, the most southern extremity of America. Lat. 55" 58' S. LA PLATA. See Remarks, p. 297. Le Maire, Straits of, a channel or passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, between Terra del Fuego and Staten Land. It IS 15 miles long, and of equal width. ^ Li'ma, the capital of Peru. See Remarks, p. 297. MAGEL'LAN, Straits of, a pas- sage from the Atlantic to the Pa- cific Ocean, between Patagonia and Terra del Fuego, upwards of 300 miles in length, but of very unequal width. Maracai^o, a province and town in Colombia. The town is si- tuate on a lake of the same name, about six leagues from the Atlantic. It contains about 25,000 inhabitants. Maracai'bo, Lake, in the province of Venezuela, is about 150 miles long, and 90 broad, and is navi- gable for vessels of any burden. Maran'Aam, a province of Brazil, comprehending a considerable island of the same name, of great fertility. Its capital has a popu- lation of 30,000. Mendo'za, a town of La Plata. See Remarks, p. 298. Monte Vi'deo, a town of La Plata. See Remarks, p. 298. OLIN'DA, capital of the province of Pernambuco, in Brazil, si- tuate about a league from Per- nambuco on the shore of the At- lantic, with which town, how- ever, it is connected and identi. lied. Population of both 65,000. Orlno'co. See Remarks, p. 295. PANA'MA, a town of Colombia, situate at the bottom of the large Bay of Panama. . .- .... .. t.^rrii vi tsiazii, in ine ex- tensive province of Para. Popu- lation 18,000. Par'aguay. See Remarks, p. 298. Paramaribo, capital of the province of Surinam, in Guiana, situate 304 FROBL^BIS TO fiB SOLVED BY on the river Surinam, about 18 miles from its mouth. Popula- tion 5000. Pasco, a very rich mine in the in- terior of Peru, which, however, has suffbred much during the dvil wars.. Patego'nia. See Remarks, p. 299. Fern'. See Remarks, p. 296. Pojrafan, capital of a province of the same name, in Colombia. Population about 25,000. PoT'to Bello, a seaport on the fine narbour from which it derives its name, on the coast of the Isthmus of Darien in Colombia. Poto'slf. See Remarks, p. 297. gUIT'O, a province and town of Colombia, stretching eastward from the Pacific Ocean. The fowHi i^hich is large, is built on the side of a volcanic mountain, 9542 feet above the sea. Popu- lation 70,O()0. RFO GftAN'bE, capital of a con- siderable province m Brazil. Ri'o Janei'ro, or St Sebastian, the present capita} of Brazil. See Remarks, p. 299. ®'^^:1P° (Va'go), the capital of Cnili See Remarks, p, 297. St Roque (Rok), a very prominent cape on the coast of Brazil. St Salvador', a city of Brazil. See Remarks, p. 299. TER'RA DEL FUE'GO, a large island separated from the south- ern extremity bf South America by the Straits of Magellan. The aspect of the country is pecuH. arly dreary, consisting of a chain of stupendous rocks, covered with perpetual snow. Tucuman', a considerable country and city in the interior of South America, forming part of the confederated States of La Plata. VALDI'VIA, a strong and consi. derable seaport in the S. of Chili. Valen'tia, New, a town about 3 miles to the W. of a lake of the same name in Colombia. Popu- ;^ lation above 10,000. Valparaiso, the principal seaport of Chili, and by which most of the trade of that country is car- ried on. It is near St Jago. TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. The artificial terrestrial globe is a i .presentation of the figure of the earth, on which are delineated the^differeflt kingdoms, seas, lakes, islands, &c., with those circles which are necessary for deter- mininff the position of places on its surface, and for several other purposes. The globe is suspended on an axis in a brass ring-, which 18 called the Universal or Brazen Meridian and supported on a wooden frame, the upper surface of which is flat. It divides the globe into two he- mispheres, and represents the rational horizon of any place which lies in the zenith. The axis on Which the globe turns represents the imaginary axis or line round which the earth performs its diurnal revoiUtiuD. At the north pole is placed a small brass circle THE TEBBKSTBIAI, GLOBE. 305 dmded into 24 equal part8 to represent the hours of wLt%' r^ 'X " t'lf^fo™ called the Horary or uZ M *• °? ""' '^'' S'°'»» *'"> horary ciVclc L r^S"' '" t-'i ""y '«'"'' "'^y ^ brought to the mendmn, which serves as an index j but on others It ,8 fixed, and has a moveable index, which may be brought to any hour. hJi'*/'?S'V'/''" '■•"•"'shed with a pliable slip of fcoo'Il Jt^-'""^ '"u^"" '" ""^ direction/and mendmn ,n the zenith of any place, and as it turns round a pivot, ,t supplies the place of vertical cir. cles^and w therefore called the Quadrant of Altitude. uu the globe itself are drawn several circles, such M the Equator or Equinoctial Line, the Ecliptic, the Arctic and Antar - Circles, the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, i... *ell as parallels of lati- tude at equal distances, and meridians generally at the distance of 1 5 degrees from each other. ^ 1 he brazen meridian is divided into degrees and parts of a degree, and is numb ' on the upper half Ir,r.f **•' Tt'Z ^"' "' ^° «' the poles ; and on the under half from 0" . ,ich pole to V a the equator. *^ ^ The equator is divided into degrees and parts which are numbered both eastward and westward from the first meridian. It is also divided into 24 equal parts to represent the hours of the dav. The horizon is divided into degrees, &c., and numbered from 0» at the poles both ways to oo" on the east and west, and also from 0° at these points to 90^ at the poles. Besides these divisions! the 32 points of the compass, the calendar months and the signs and degrees of the «.|int;<. i„ ,„i.i,.u 2 b2 306 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED BY The eehptic is divided into 12 equal parts, called Signs, and each sign is subdivided into SO degrees. I he names of the signs, and the characters which represent them are i—Aries, the Ram T ; Taurus, the Bull » ; Gemini, the Twins n ; Cancer, the Crabsj; Leo the Lion S^ ; Virgo, the Virgin tiR ; Libra the Balance - ; Scorpio, the Scorpion m ; Sagittanus, the Archer ^ ; Capricornus, Ihe Goat KS ; Aquarius^ the Water-bearer ;::: ; Pisces, the Fishes K. The first six signs lie in the northern hemisphere, and are called the Northern Signs; the II !»\^»e in the southern hemisphere, and are called the Southern Signs. The ascending signs begin at 0° Capricorn, the most southerly point of the ecliptic, and end at 30° Gremini, the most northerly ; the other six are called the descending signs. PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED BY THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. Pboblem L^ToJind the latitude of a place. Rule.— Bring the place to the graduated edire ot the brazen meridian ; the degree of the meri- dian over it, north or south from the equator, shows the northern or southern latitude of the place. Ttf^/-^^ d"^^-;^.''** ^« *^^ latitude of London, Paris, Madrid, Rome Lisbon, Edinburgh, Dublin, Vienna, S stentmople ?— Ans. 51° 31' ;~48° SO' ;-40° 25' :_41° 54'^ What IS the latitude of the Cape of Good Hope, Candy, Bombajr,Madras,Calcutta,Pekin, Sydney, VaIparaiso,LimL banta Fe de Bogota, Rio Janeiro, Buenos Ayres, Cape Horn, feierra Leone, Gondar, and Cairo ? -^ ' i' *""'? Prob. ll.-^ToJind the longitude of a place. Rule.— Bring the place to the edge of the me- ridian ; the degree of the equator cut by it shows the THE TERRE8TBIAL OLOBE. 307 longitude of the place, east or west from Greenwich, our first meridian. Ex — What is the longitude of Petersburg, Calcutta, Naples, Pekin ?-.Ans. 30° 19' E. ;-88° 26' E. ;ll4° 16' E. I — and lib 28' G. What is the longitude of Cairo, Cape Town, St Helena, Ummerapoora, Mexico, Rio Janeiro, Kingston in Jamaic^ bikokf, Juan lernandez, Quebec, Lima, Valparaiso, Con- stantinople, Panama, and Jerusalem ? PaoB. UI.—^The longitude and latitude of a place being given, tojind that place. Rule. — Bring the given longitude to the meri- dian ; then under the given degree of latitude on the meridian is the place required. ^^R^'T"^^^* P^^^^s a^e situate in 30** 2' E. Long, and 31° JSo «V-^?*- ^ ^° ^^° 23' E. Long, and 34° 29' S. Lat. ? in nearly 69 W. liong. and 13° N. Lat. ?— Ans. Cairo, Cape of Good Hope, Barbadoes. What places are situate in 44° 28' E. Long, and 56° 20' N. Lat. ? in 56° 13' W. Long, and 24° 63' S. Lat. ? in 25° inl ^; J'®."^- and 37° 48' N. Lat. ? in 57° 28' E. Long, and ?® il?o^«.^*.V ^^" ^° ^2' W. Long, and 40° 25' N. lat. ? in 113° 31' E. Long, and 22° W N. Lat. ? in 151° 16' E. Long, and 33° 61' S. Lat. ? in 82° 23' W. Long, and 23° 9' N. Lat. ? and in 143° 7' W. Long, and 17° 11' I. Lat. ? Prob. IV. — To find the distance between any two places on the globe. Rule. — ^Lay the quadrant of altitude over the two places, and mark the number of degrees be- tween them.* Ex — What is the distance between Quebec and Rio Ja- neiro ? Rome and London ? Calcutta and the Cape of Good Hope ? The Cape of Good Hope and London ?— Ans. 74"* or 61241 miles ;— 12|° or 883 miles ;_88i° or 61114 miles :— and 88i°, or 611 IJ miles. s » What is the distance between Pekin and London ? Peters- burg and the North Cape in Kamtschatka ? Paris and Cairo ? Calcutta and Valparaiso? Buenos Ayres and Cape Town, measured east and west ? Edinhnnrh anH Npw V^rir 9 Av« ^ * When the distance is more than 90°, stretch a thread from the one place to the other, and measure the distance on the Equator. 308 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED BY Honf? n S^^^"^."*^ • Alexandria and the Cape of Good ■Hope ? Cape Mogadore and Suez ? ^ ^ Phob. v.— r^e hour at anyplace being given, to Jind what hour it is at any other place. ^ RuLE.--Bring the place at which the hour is giren to the meridian, set the index to that hour then turn the globe until the other place comes to the meridian, and the index will show the hour at that place. ^^\i[^' ?~^^^- ^1' ^^' i-and Ih. 3r M ' ^ ^ ^' '- timJ «? AV^"^°,"/«*1 4 o'clock at London, what is the Al^^irn R-^?' t^alcutta Cairo, Constantinople, Quebec Mexico, Rio Janeiro, and Ispahan ? When it is fti rT^^h PrS««? il; r^^Y^> the Azores, St Helena, the Mauritius Prince of Wales Island, Nankin, and Nootka Sound ?' Prob. VL^ro rectify the globe for the latitude qf any place, RuLE.^Elevate the north or south pole above £ku^~the"' '^^"" " "^ ^^"^^ '^ ''^ t .J^."*— Rectify the globe for Edinbureh, London Pari, Rec ify the g obe for MelviUe Island, Petmbure Caim nerSaSn^ol"?! M«=«'{.I^Pahan, 'fobo'll'l^Sifs^'S StafSd Beruf ""'""' "''"»°'"'' ^i^"* I^»»«. f ««- Phob. VII.— Z^_/«rf <^e ja„'j place in the ecliptic jor any given time. ,.J^J:\~^"'^ ''"1 ^^y "f t''* "•"nth on the :!rl".>^':'i!!"'.'. «"^ "PP->? to it, in the adjoin- in' Vr-T'.r'" "'«.'*'&" aiul degree of the ecliptic m wh.ch the sun i» for that day : fiud the samc^ f\ THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 309 Sign and degree of the ecliptic on the globe, and that 18 the sun's place in the ecliptic. Mfrrh""fKi.i? i?^ '"';'' ^^u^S? *^^ ^«' January, the 20th March the 24th December, the 2l8t June, and the 23d Sep- tember ?_Ans. V5 10° i5';_K 29<' W;-V9 2«' I5';~n 29°30';-andtTR30°. ^ moYth'of Afy'ear'f' ^'''^ "" '^*^ ^'' *°^ ^'^^ ^^^^ ^^^««^ Pbob. VIII. — Tojind at what hour the sun rises and sets, and the length of the day and night at any place, at a given time. Rule.— Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place; find the sun's place in the ecliptic for the given day, and bring it to the meridian ; set the in- dex to xii., and turn the sun's place to the eastern edge of the horizon--the index will show the hour ot rising; then bring it to the western edge of the horizon, and the index will show the time of setting. The hour of sunrise, doubled, gires the length of night ; and the hour of sunset, doubled, gives the length of day.* ^ A??"~^*i^-^^^*^™® ^^^^s the sun rise and set at Dublin, Archangel, Gibraltar, and the Cape of Good Hope, on the 15th June; and what is the length of the day and night at ih 1?^?^' '-^^^ ^^^^^ 3h- 35' M., sets 8h. 25' A. ;lrises Ih. 40 M., sets lOh. 20' A. ;^rises 4h. 45' M., sets 7h. 16' A- »— rises 7h. 5' M., sets 4h. 56' A. At what time does the sun rise and set at Cairo, St Helena, Bombay, Port Jackson, Cape Horn, Quebec. Mexico, and l-ekm, respectively, on the 22d June, 10th September 22d December, and 1st May ? At what time does the suA rise and set at Constantinople, Ispahan, Calcutta, Canton, Lima, Valparaiso, Sierra Leone, Madeira, Paris, Edinburgh, and h*.*sJ«i'Q 'fhl^l ^""*P!** ^' ^^^ length of the night is 12 hours: if havP «nn?!i ff ^r"«**'^°'^ *^^ ^^^ '« !» h«""- ^^^^^ on the equator Jn,T«i ^hJ^^ u^^^ ^"1 '""«^* »' 6; and, of course, day and night equal through the whole year. The length of the loncest oav increases with the latitude: ^nd a^ ^ho ^^lo^. " ; "ti J"t.„ ,"?!^,L 5^^ thftolpfVh^"^ '^^ ^T-^"'^* Hig"ht"the~sa^me:" From tKeleTiS" t J thlSo& thf S'-*=°"^*",r i? '^"gthen into weeks and Months: at 310 PROBLKMS TO BE SOLVED BY Pbob. lX,-^ToJind on what point of the compass the sunrises and sets, on a given day, at any particular place, « .7 j/ RuLB.--Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place, and find the sun's place for the particular day ; then observe what place in the circle of rhumbs on the wooden horizon, is cut by the sun's place in the ecliptic when brought to the eastern edge of the horizon and also when brought to the western, and that will be the point required. sefa^V7iS.«ir^*' ^?t^'iJ^{ *^.^ ?"""?*«« ^«es the sun rise and set at Gibraltar on the 17th July, at Petersburg on the 10th F ^i'foV'^ at Edinburgh on the 9th June ?- An Rises i:^?!rle^-^!t,^etf'ri:^7-"-^ ^- '''^' «" ^^ ^'^'T' Kd^nh!ir^i*'A"*^ ""^ the compass does the sun rise and set at ^dmburgh Archangel, Smyrna, Cairo, Cape Town, Calcut- it»r r"'i?^^"^T' ^^«"*^ ^ideo, and Alecca, on the 1st and 15th of each month, from 1st June to 1st January ? Prob. X.-^The day of the month being given, to Jind the surCs declination,^ and to what places the sun will be vertical on that day. ^ RuLE.—The sun's place in the ecliptic for the given day being brought to the meridian, the de- gree marked over it is the declination; turn the globe, and all the places which pass under that de- gree will have the sun vertical on that day. Ex.-- What is the sun's declination, and to what nlaces will he be vertical on the 7th of May, the 10th ot IWuar? ttn'l6A"'.'^Vi^°\'''*^ .VoTo'S"^'^-^"- Sun's decS wkA -\r'^^K ^- ?— 221° N. ;-_and 231° S. What 18 the sun s declination, and to whit places will he or"«>mh° ''''""'"'''° "'■"«' sun is Its distance from the equator, north THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 311 Prob. XL-^ToJind where the sun is vertical at a given place and hour. Rule — Find the sun's declination ; hvxm the given place to the meridian, and set the index to the given hour; turn the globe till the index points to xu. noon ; all the places then under the meridian have noon at the given hour ; and the place whose latitude corresponds with the sun's declination has the sun vertical at the given hour. u ^ «*~!!^^"^ ^^*^® sun vertical on the 8th of April, when on !>i iQ K^"'°'"'"u^ ^^ ^"^^^^ ? ^here is the sun vertical on the 19th September, when it is 4 o'clock in the morning at^ Amsterdam ?_Ans. Candy, in Ceylon ;-.island of Ter? frn^^TA^ ^^^ t""" vertical on the 1st and 15th of each month, trom 1st December to 1st July, when it is 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 A.M., and 2, 4, 6 8 and 10 p.m. at Edinburgh, Paris, Rome, ^MyP ""' Pekin, Lima, Mexico, anf Quebec resp^cl Prob. XII.— r/ie day, hour, and place being given, to find where the sun is then rising and setting, where it is noon or midnight. Rule — Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place to which the sun is vertical at the given hour and bring that place to the meridian. In thio posil tion of the globe, the sun is rising to all those places on the western edge of the horizon, and setting to those on the eastern ; to those under the upper half o\ the meridian it is noon or mid-day; to those un- der the lower half, midnight. ff ^ 7^;-n^S ^'^ '•' '' "°°'' ^"^ midnight, when at Edinburgh nninn^tl^^qnJJf'i""^' T *^^ \^'^ «^" ^^^^^ ? Where is it noon on the 30th June, when at London it is 9 in the evening ? Where is it midnight on the 6th February, when it is n(wn at Petersburg ?_Ans. Rising to the Madeira and CanaJy Ides and on the equator at 18i° W. Long. . spnin<. In k1^!! scnatka, ^olomon's Archipilago, New Caledonia ° NewZea- ifni i; ^"^ u" *^^ /Equator at 161 i° E. Long. ; noon at To- .f T ,1 ?!k^'^'' ^"^?^ ^"^ Kerguelen's Land ; midnight at Jiake Athapescow, Jongoapi, Les Alamos, Isles of Revil- 812 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED BY lagigedo, and Easter Island.— At King George's Island, ^.\V. coast of America, and Lord Hood*8 Island in the South bea — At Cook's Inlet, N.W. coast of America, Wal- ker's Isles, and Otaheite. To what places is the sun rising, to what places is he set- S?A,*°° where is it noon and midnight on the 2l8t June, 2Jd September, 21st December, and 20th March, when it is 6 and 10 a.m. and 6 and 10 p.m. at Edinburgh, Paris, Rome, Constantinople, Cairo, Bombay, Calcutta, Sydney, Pekin, Valparaiso, Lima, Mexico, and Quebec, respectively ? Pkob. XIII. — A place in the torrid zone beingr given, to find on what two days of the year tfie sun will be vertical there. Rule. — Find the latitude of the place, turn the globe, and observe the two points of the ecliptic that pass under the degree of latitude: opposite to these points, on the wooden horizon, will be found the days required. Ex.--On what days is the sun vertical at Madras, St He- lena, Cape Comorin, Lima, Cape Verd P—Ans. April 26th and Auffiwt I8th ;~February 6th and November 6th ;~April 11th and September 2d ;-. February IJth and October 25th ; —April 30tf and August 13th. On what uays is the sun vertical at Santa Fe de Bogota, Cuzco, Mexico, Porto Bello, Port au Prince, Kingston in Jamaica, Paramaribo, Pernambuco, Baliia, Traxillo, Cape Verd, Sierra Leone, Fernando Po, Timbuctoo, Sackatoo, Coomassie, Mecca, Mocha, Candy, Seringapatam, Bankok, Batavia, Manilla, and Surnam ? Prob. XIV. — To find the sim's meridian altitude at any given place, on a given day. Rule. — Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place; brings the sun's place foi-^ the given day to the meridian ; the number of degrees between that place and the horizon shows the altitude required. ^? — ^^** ^* ^he meridian altitude of the sun at London on die 1 1th January, at Constantinople on the 8th November, at Pekin on the 4th July ?_Ans. 16^% 32f , and 73°. What is the sun's meridian altitude on the 1st and 15th of each nionth from 1st June to 1st January at Edinburgh. i^T^*''»/'**?^^^ Sydney, Quebec, Sierra Leone, Mexico, Ban- kok, Mocha, Ispahan, Jerusalem, and the Mauritius respec- tively ? *^ I THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 313 PROB. XY.^ToJlndthe altitude of the sun at any given place and hour, ,^,^''''f'-:^^''^\^^^ S^oht for the latitude; brioff the sun 8 place to the meridian, and act the index to Xii. noon ; turn the globe till the index points to tl e S^'^^f f^'". ^'^ '^'' ^"^^'^"^ «f altUude in the forenoon ?-Ans. 52^° ;1.47<' ..land 30° ^"^^^ Cape Town, Sydnev, Pekin, Quebec,??^ Yo?k\^rl*p"' Arequipa, Monte v'ideo, St J^o, and Jesso relp^edvSy^""' eclipse of the mn or oj the moon (if large) will be visible at any instant. ^ ' „I=.^''f'*'T'l*"".""y *''* ^'""^ '■'»• the latitude of the place to which the sun is vertical at the given n Jtant and bring it to the meridian. Thf eclij^ .f of he sun, will be visible to all those pla^s wK are above the horizon; and, if of the moon, to all those places which are under the horizon. on Vad t;.:xiSo"ar?,i.et rr ?' «'-■"'-'' places was it visible" Ihcre li «„ 3 r ' "?'?.« ' "> "hat An« '\^^v c'\^.'' *' ^"^' places was it visible p Ans.^lheline of visibility stretches from the Gulf of /h/^ Islands at the mouth of the Ysuisei in s L,f * i * tv® ^? cutting the equator in 105° K wl^.^^^l^i^i^i^^? A^^' "ic equator m ii\^ vv. irtT,/«*„^^ rni-- \. :"'.""'!\v"« di«et line tf CapeVirattfonYh:"^. 'Ircot^iHe! 2c 314 PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED BY THE rica, and thence to the Island of New Zealand, cuttinir the equator in 166" W. Long. * The moon will be eclipsed at Greenwich on the 6th January 1833, at 8 o'clock a. m., to what places will the eclipse be then visible ? The moon will be eclipsed at (ireenwich on 1st July 1833, at midnight, to what places will the eclipse he then visible ? The sun will be eclipsed at Greenwich, July 17th, 1833. at 6 o'clock a. m., to what places will it be then visi- ble ? The moon will be eclipsed at Greenwich, December 26th, 1833, at 9 h. 30' p. m , to what places will it be then visible ? The moon will beecLpsed at Paris, December 16th, 1834, at d o'clock A. M., to what places will it be then visible ? PROB. XVII. — Any place in the north frigid zone being given, tojind how long the sun shines there without setting, and how long he is totally absent. Rule. — Subtract the latitude of the place from 90° ; the remainder is the sun's declination N./when the longest day begins and ends, or his declination S., when the longest night begins and ends. Observe what degrees in the ecliptic on each side of 30° n, and on each side of 30° / , agrees with the declina- tions, and find the days corresponding to them on the horizon. The days answering to the sun's place west of 30° n , and west of 30° / , will be^ the former the commencement of the longest day, and the latter that of the longest night ; and the days agreeing with the sun's place east of 30° n, and east of 30° f , will give, the former the end of the longest day, and the latter the end of the longest night. Ex. — What is the length of the longest day and night at the North Cape in Lapland, the southern point of Spitzbergen,and the northern point of Nova Zembla ? Captain Parry wintered on Melville Island, in 75° N. Lat. How long was he involved in darkness? — Ans. Longest day begins 16th May, ends July 29th ; longest night begins November 17th, ends Janu- ary 26th ; — longest day begins April 25th, ends August 19th ; longest night begins October 28th, ends February 14th ; same as last question ; — from November 3d to February 8th. What is the length of the longest day and longest night at Hecla and Fury Strait, Fair Foreland in Spitzbergen, Cape Munster in Nova Zembla, Nordi-east Cape in Siberia, Icy Cape, Croker Bay, Port Bowen, and at Discoyery Island ? THE TERHK8THIAL GLOBE. 315 Prob. XVIII — Tojind the anlceci* of a place. Rule. — Find the latitude of the place given ; at the corresponding latitude on tlie opposite side of the equator of the same meridian are the antceci. Ex.— Who are the antcrci of the people of Rarca, at Que- bec, at Oporto ?-Ans. Cupe Colony ;-the Patagonians ;- t*ouarn\s Isle. nZ!!!' Ti^^"" antceci of St Helena, of Cape Desolation, Greenland, Cape Fry, Fortune Land, Valdivia, of Rypcn in L^ndT Alexandria, Niphon, and of Van Diemen'a Prob. XIX. — Tojind ilie pericecif of a place. RuLE.—Bring the given place to th? ji^-idian, and observe the degree above it; set Utt ind^ x at xii. noon, and turn the globe till the .n...a ♦!,»«. „ * ^i ^ do not descend below the horizon. whVleothCTs^n Th^'SSslte'lSimof the heavens continue always below it. The formtT neversetTt the FHTU place for which the globe is rectified, and are caKe>c«mL/a? »tars i aiid the kUcr never rise at the given place. ^^rcumpotar I 320 PRQBLKMS TO BE SOLVED BY pKoft. VII. — To find on what day of the year any given star comes to the meridian at a given hour. Rule.-— Bring the given star to the meridian, and set the index to the given hour; turn the globe till the index points to xii. noon, and the day of the month which corresponds to the degree of the eclip- tic cut by the meridian is the day required. Ex — On r/hat day does Rigel, in Orion, come to the me- ridian at 8 o clock in the evening ? On what day does Sirius come to the meridian at 10 o'clock evening ?— Ans. Februarv 3d ;— January 28th. ^ On what days does Aldebaran come to the meridian at 7, 8, 10, 12, P.M. and 2, 4, 6, a.m. ? On what days do each of the stars mentioned in Prob. I. come to the meridian at 7 U, 11, P.M. and 1, 3, 5, a.m. respectively ? Prob. VIII — To find the altitude and azimuth of the sun or a star at any given place and time, RuLE.—Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place, and bring the sun's place in the ecliptic and :xii. on the hour circle to the brass meridian, and fix the quadrant in the zenith. Then turn the globe till the given hour comes to the meridian, and lay the graduated edge of the quadrant on the star; the degree of the quadiant over the star will be its alti- tude, and the number of degrees counted upon the horizon, from its intersection by the quadrant to the north or south point, will be its azimuth. At Edinburgh, on the 4th August, at lOh. p.m. what is the altitude and azimuth of Mirach, Almaach, and Altair— Ans. Alt. 29°, Az. 69° from N. towards E. ;-.Alt. 28^, Az. faidsT *"* ^' ''~^^'' ^^°' ^^' ^^^° ^'"™ '^^ *<»■ At Edinburgh on the 31st December, at 9h. and llh. p.m. what is thealutudeand azimuth of Capella, Dubhe, Regulus, Ahoth, Castor Procyon, Bellatrix, Sirius, Menkar, Al|enib Mirach, Algol, Shedir, Alderamin, Arided, and « £yrsBU At Lf the night ? A f il^^i'V* ^ u ^•' ^?^ ^^ ^^' ^•^- ?-7h. and lOh. 354.M. ♦i.n.il V i'r^^' ''".^^^ 1«* »"d 15th of June, when the al- A^f.AA^^^'^^^''''^ '? ^^° ' « ^y^* -^1% Alderamin 45% and Arided 45 respectively, what are the hours of the night? At SSr ^}'l}^\ *>£<^.^-t«ber and 15th of November, #hen the pSp« 070^*^5*5, il^5^ Altair 49% Almaach' 45% the riilhf? a!V*?*^ Aldebaran 22% what are the hours of the nigntr At Calcutta, on the 1st January and 1st February when the altitude of Menkar is 66A% Aigel 45% BeteS ^ght?'"'^'" 48% and Sirius 50% wUt arf the hours oT the Prob. X.-^The year and day being given, to find the place of a planet Rule— Find the sun's place for the given day, and bring it to the meridian ; set the index to xiif • then find in the Nautical or Edinburgh Almanac the time when the planet passes the meridian on the given day, and turn the globe till the index points to the hour thus found ; find in the almanac the decimation of the planet for the same day, and under it on the globe is the place of the planet. cemberlS?' w!, *!' 'n\P^^?.' ^f ^""»« «" '^^ ^^th De- Slarch 1831 ? F^Sl'''^ ^^ '^/f^^"" "^ ^'*^« «" *»>« 20th iif flii??l!. f ^"<1 the place of tfie moon and of each of the toll incCjv'e' ^'''' """ "' '*'^ """"'^ ""^ '^^ ^'""'^ 1830 A TABLE, IN GEOGRAPHICAL MILES AND DECIMALS, THE tENGTH OF A DEGREE OF LONGITUDi: AT EACH DE- GREE OF LATITUDE FROM THE EQUATOR TO THE NORTH AND SOUTH .POLES, THE EARTH BEING SUP- POSED A SPHERE. Ucftrees ot Latitude. Miles. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Hi 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 59.99 59.95 59.92 69.85 59.77 59.67 59.55 59.42 69.26 5909 58.90 68.69 58.46 58.22- 57.38 57.06 56.73 66.38 6601 65.63 55.23 54.81 64.38 63.93 63.46 52.98 52.48 51.96 Degrees of I.Htitude. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 61 52 53 54 65 66 67 68 69 60 Miles. 61.43 50.*^8 50.32 4fi74 49.'Irt 411.5^ ■'!■.'' «'",'; 47. ^K 40,63 45.96 45,28 41.59 43.88 43.16 42.43 41.68 40.92 40.15 39.36 38.57 37.76 36.94 36.11 35.27 34.41 33.55 32.68 31.80 30.90 30.00 D egrets of j Lati'ude. I Miles, 61 62 63 64 e^ 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 29.09 28.17 27.24 26.30 25.36 24.40 23.44 22.48 21.50 2052 19.53 18 54 17.54 16.54 15.53 14.52 13.50 12.47 11.45 10.42 9.39 8.35 731 6.27 5.23 4.19 3.14 2.09 1.05 0.00 THE END. Printed by Oliver & Boyd, Tweeddale Court, High Street, Edinburgh. BY OLIVER & BOYD, EDINBURGH. DISCOURSES on some IMPORTANT POINTS of CH R rsTi N DOCTRINE and DUTY. By the Rev. Alex. Stewart. Minkteirofjkmglas. 8vo, 10s. 6d. boards. " There is a coiTectness about Mr Stewart's composition which Blair never sur- passed, and an ease which he never arrived at."— Edinburgh Literary Gazette. "With more- energy of language, and greater practical power than the Ser- mons of Blair, they possess much of the finished elegance of Logan, and a great portion of the fervent piety to be found in the excellent Discourses of Walker."— Scoti Times, The history of SCOTLAND, from the Roman Invasion till the Suppression of the Rebellion in 1745 ; with Exercises ; for the Use of Schools, or of Private Students. By the Rev. Alex. Stewart. In one thick volume 12mo, 58. bound. <* A History of Scotland, by the Rev. Alexander Stewart, is a very able work, and possesses much higher claims to the favour of the public than historical works of far loftier pretensions. 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CORNELIUS NEPOS, with Marginal Notes, intended to explain Intricacies of Construction, Peculiarities of Phrase, and Ob- ficunties of Allusion ; a Chronological Table, comprising the principal J'.vents related in the Lives ja Roman Calendar, with an explanation of the Method of reckoning Dates by Calends, Nones, and Ides: a Vo- rabulary, containing all the words that occur in the work, with their various significations, and an accurate reference to the passages in which any peculiarity of translation is required; and an Index of Proper Names, calculated to throw much light on the text, by the Historical, Geo^aphical, and Mythological Information which it contains. Tenth JEdition i 18mo, 38. bound. An INTRODUCTION to LATIN SYNTAX ; containinir, •. J"^®*^^"'*" "^ Syntax, as delivered in Mr Ruddiman's Rudiments, with a brief Illustration. 2. Explanatory Notes. 3. Examples taken, for the most part, ftom the Classic Authors. 4. English Exercises. To which is subjoined an Epitome of Ancient History, flrom the Creation to the Birth of Christ j with a Collection of Historical and Chronological Questions. By John Maib, A. M — A New Edition ; with Improved £ogUsh Readings, Additional Notes, an English and Latin Vocabulary, and a Vocabulary of Proper Names. 18mo, 38. bound, or without Vo- cabularies, 2b. Inttie present edition. It has been the Editor's endeavour to render it still more oesCT^ng of ita established popularity, by replachig some of its antiquated or vul- gar phrases mth others more adapted to the refinement of modem taste ;— by in- trodudng corrections of several errors discovered on tiadng the sentences to their origi^Mithors ;— by adding a few Notes, illustrative of particular remarks, or '■^niliarities of construction ; and by coming an English and Latin Vocabulary, — theassistanecof the puinl in translating mto Latin the English Exerdses on each Rule ; with a Vocabulary of Proper Names, explanatory of every word that occurs hi the Work connected with Andent History, Geography, and Mythology. These additions will be received, it is hoped, as condderabfe improvements. They <«n scarcely ikil to fadllute materially the labours of the scholar ; and it is hoped they may likewise be found of some use in assisting the exertions of the teacher. ** The additfens and corrections of the present editor increase the value of one rf our most useful school-books, and one which will now probably be as well re- cdved on this side of the Tweed, as it has been extensively patronised on the ** Mr Mwi's Introduction to Latin Syntax is a school-book, the merits of whioh are javtty generally known ; and the improvements made by Mr Stewart, render it one of the best works, if not the best, of the kind."— ./4»ia«ic Journal. vyjzi 11.W '.viioic, ,,c v«*n ssiciy rccomiccnQ tuc picacjit ms tnc liiosc useitu edi- tion yet puWished of this long-established school-book. We may add, that it is nrinted W a very convenient form, and with great accuracy and neatness."— Edin- burgh Literary Jourmf. I ■^p^* [E HIS- the Death ncenient of Exercises. ;h entitles it and careful 8, to be the Burately and tended to e, and Ob- e principal ixplaoatioa des : a Vou with their es in which of Proper Historical, la. Tenth ntaining, tudimentq, i taken, for rclses. To Creation to ronoloigical Improved ocabulary, itbout Vo>. it atill more ited orvul- ste; — by in- ices to their remarks, or iTocabulary, Ixerdses on ' word that Mytholi^y. ents. They lit is hoped le teacher. alue of one as well re- ised on the Itsofwhi^h i^art, render al. i USerui edi- , that it is ss."— Edin- / i ..,— ■"'JP.WM ■J/ti4J-.^MU:.' /- ^• /